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DVENTURES IN REMOTE PAR!
UPPER AMAZON RIVER, Is
SOJOURN AMONG CANNIBAL I
BY
A young Indian of the Mangeroma tribe
using blow-gun with its poisoned arrows.
EDITED IN PART BY J. ODELL MAUSER
From a photograph by the author.
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
FREDERICK S. DEJLLENBAUGH
86 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS
BY THE AUTHOR
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
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1912
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ADVENTURES IN REMOTE PARTS OF THE
UPPER AMAZON RIVER, INCLUDING A
SOJOURN AMONG CANNIBAL INDIANS
BY
ALGOT\ANGE^
EDITED IN PART BY J. ODELL HAUSER
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
FREDERICK S. DELLENBAUGH
WITH 86 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS
BY THE AUTHOR
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Imicfeerbocfeer press
1912
COPYRIGHT, 1912
BY
ALGOT LANGE
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So
THE MEMORY OF
MY FATHER
INTRODUCTION
WHEN Mr. Algot Lange told me he
was going to the headwaters of the
Amazon, I was particularly interested because
once, years ago, T had turned my own mind
in that direction with considerable longing.
I knew he would encounter many set-backs,
but I never would have predicted the adven-
tures he actually passed through alive.
He started in fine spirits: buoyant, strong,
vigorous. When I saw him again in New
York, a year or so later, on his return, he
was an emaciated fever- wreck, placing one
foot before the other only with much exertion
and indeed barely able to hold himself erect.
A few weeks in the hospital, followed by a
daily diet of quinine, improved his condition,
but after months he had scarcely arrived at
his previous excellent physical state.
Many explorers have had experiences
similar to those related in this volume, but,
at least so far as the fever and the cannibals
fiHtlll* I tW
VI
Introduction
are concerned, they have seldom survived
to tell of them. Their interviews with
cannibals have been generally too painfully
confined to internal affairs to be available
in this world for authorship, whereas Mr.
Lange, happily, avoided not only a calamitous
intimacy, but was even permitted to view
the culinary preparations relating to the
absorption of less favoured individuals, and
himself could have joined the feast, had he
possessed the stomach for it.
These good friends of his, the Mangeromas,
conserved his life when they found him
almost dying, not, strange as it may appear,
for selfish banqueting purposes, but merely
that he might return to his own people. It
seems rather paradoxical that they should
have loved one stranger so well as to spare
him with suspicious kindness, and love others
to the extent of making them into table
delicacies. The explanation probably is that
these Mangeromas were the reverse of a cer-
tain foreign youth with only a small stock of
English, who, on being offered in New York
a fruit he had never seen before, replied,
'Thank you, I eat only my acquaintances" —
the Mangeromas eat only their enemies.
Mr. Lange's account of his stay with these
Introduction vii
people, of their weapons, habits, form of
battle, and method of cooking the human
captives, etc., forms one of the specially inter-
esting parts of the book, and is at the same
time a valuable contribution to the ethnology
of the western Amazon (or Maranon) region,
where dwell numerous similar tribes little
known to the white man. Particularly
notable is his description of the wonderful
wourahli (urari) poison, its extraordinary
effect, and the modus operandi of its making;
a poison used extensively by Amazonian
tribes but not made by all. He describes
also the bows and arrows, the war-clubs, and
the very scientific weapon, the blow-gun.
He was fortunate in securing a photograph
of a Mangeroma in the act of shooting this
gun. Special skill, of course, is necessary
for the effective use of this simple but terrible
arm, and, like that required for the boomerang
or lasso, practice begins with childhood.
The region of Mr. Lange's almost fatal
experiences, the region of the Javary River
(the boundary between Brazil and Peru),
is one of the most formidable and least known
portions of the South American continent.
It abounds with obstacles to exploration of
the most overwhelming kind. Low, swampy,
viii Introduction
with a heavy rainfall, it is inundated annu-
ally, like most of the Amazon basin, and at
time of high water the rivers know no limits.
Lying, as it does, so near the equator, the heat
is intense and constant, oppressive even to
the native. The forest-growth — and it is
forest wherever it is not river — is forced as in
a huge hothouse, and is so dense as to render
progress through it extremely difficult. Not
only are there obstructions in the way of tree
trunks, underbrush, and trailing vines and
creepers like ropes, but the footing is nothing
more than a mat of interlaced roots. The
forest is also sombre and gloomy. To take
a photograph required an exposure of from
three to five minutes. Not a stone, not even
a pebble, is anywhere to be found.
Disease is rampant, especially on the
smaller branches of the rivers. The incurable
beri-beri and a large assortment of fevers
claim first place as death dealers, smiting the
traveller with fearful facility. Next come a
myriad of insects and reptiles — alligators,
huge bird-eating spiders, and snakes of many
varieties. Snakes, both the poisonous and
non-poisonous kinds, find here conditions
precisely to their liking. The bush-master
is met with in the more open places, and there
Introduction ix
are many that are venomous, but the most
terrifying, though not a biting reptile, is the
water-boa, the sucuruju (Eunectes murinus) or
anaconda. It lives to a great age and reaches
a size almost beyond belief. Feeding, as gen-
erally it does at night, it escapes common
observation, and white men, heretofore, have
not seen the largest specimens reported, though
more than thirty feet is an accepted length,
and Bates, the English naturalist, mentions
one he heard of, forty-two feet long. It is
not surprising that Mr. Lange should have
met with one in the far wilderness he visited,
of even greater proportions, a hideous monster,
ranking in its huge bulk with the giant beasts
of antediluvian times. The sucuruju is said to
be able to swallow whole animals as large as a
goat or a donkey, or even larger, and the nat-
uralist referred to tells of a ten-year-old boy, son
of his neighbour, who, left to mind a canoe while
his father went into the forest, was, in broad
day, playing in the shade of the trees, stealthily
enwrapped by one of the monsters. His cries
brought his father to the rescue just in time.
As the Javary heads near the eastern slopes
and spurs of the great Peruvian Cordillera,
where once lived the powerful and wealthy
Inca race with their great stores of pure gold
x Introduction
obtained from prolific mines known to them,
it is again not surprising that Mr. Lange
should have stumbled upon a marvellously
rich deposit of the precious metal in a singular
form. The geology of the region is unknown
and the origin of the gold Mr. Lange found
cannot at present even be surmised.
Because of the immense value of the rubber
product, gold attracts less attention than it
would in some other country. The rubber
industry is extensive and thousands of the
wild rubber trees are located and tapped.
The trees usually are found near streams
and the search for them leads the rubber-
hunter farther and farther into the unbroken
wilderness. Expeditions from time to time
are sent out by rich owners of rubber " estates"
to explore for fresh trees, and after his sojourn
at Remate de Males and Floresta, so full
of interest, Mr. Lange accompanied one of
these parties into the unknown, with the
extraordinary results described so simply yet
dramatically in the following pages, which I
commend most cordially, both to the experi-
enced explorer and to the stay-by-the-fire,
as an unusual and exciting story of adventure.
FREDERICK S. DELLENBAUGH.
NEW YORK, November 24, 1911.
PREFACE
IT is difficult, if not impossible, to find a
1 more hospitable and generous nation than
the Brazilian. The recollection of my trip
through the wilds of Amazonas lingers in all
its details, and although my experiences were
not always of a pleasant character, yet the
good treatment and warm reception accorded
me make me feel the deepest sense of grati-
tude to the Brazilians, whose generosity will
always abide in my memory.
There is in the Brazilian language a word
that better than any other describes the feel-
ing with which one remembers a sojourn in
Brazil. This word, saudades, is charged with
an abundance of sentiment, and, though a
literal translation of it is difficult to arrive at,
its meaning approaches " sweet memories of
bygone days."
Although a limitation of space forbids my
expressing in full my obligation to all those
who treated me kindly, I must not omit to
xi
Xll
Preface
state my special indebtedness to three persons,
without whose invaluable assistance and co-
operation I would not have been able to com-
plete this book.
First of all, my thanks are due to the
worthy Colonel Rosendo da Silva, owner of
the rubber estate Floresta on the Itecoahy
River. Through his generosity and his inter-
est, I was enabled to study the work and the
life conditions of the rubber workers, the
employees on his estate.
The equally generous but slightly less
civilised Benjamin, high potentate of the
tribe of Mangeroma cannibals, is the second
to whom I wish to express my extreme grati-
tude, although my obligations to him are
of a slightly different character: in the first
place, because he did not order me to be killed
and served up, well or medium done, to suit
his fancy (which he had a perfect right to do) ;
and, in the second place, because he took a
great deal of interest in my personal welfare
and bestowed all the strange favours upon me
that are recorded in this book. He opened
my eyes to things which, at the time and
under the circumstances, did not impress me
much, but which, nevertheless, convinced me
that, even at this late period of the world's
Preface xiii
history, our earth has not been reduced to
a dead level of drab and commonplace exist-
ence, and that somewhere in the remote parts
of the world are still to be found people who
have never seen or heard of white men.
Last, but not least, I wish to express my
deep obligation to my valued friend, Fred-
erick S. Dellenbaugh, who, through his helpful
suggestions, made prior to my departure, con-
tributed essentially to the final success of this
enterprise, and whose friendly assistance has
been called into requisition and unstintingly
given in the course of the preparation of this
volume.
A. L.
NEW YORK, January, 1912.
„«**•*
XIV
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I REMATE DE MALES, OR "CULMINATION
OF EVILS" . : "..; ;..' . . 3
II THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF
REMATE DE MALES .... 55
III OTHER INCIDENTS DURING MY STAY IN
REMATE DE MALES . . . .81
IV THE JOURNEY UP THE ITECOAHY RIVER . 97
V FLORESTA: LIFE AMONG THE RUBBER-
WORKERS ..... 161
VI THE FATAL MARCH THROUGH THE
FOREST 253
VII THE FATAL " TAMBO No. 9" . . 277
VIII WHAT HAPPENED IN THE FOREST . 293
IX AMONG THE CANNIBAL MANGEROMAS . 315
X THE FIGHT BETWEEN THE MANGEROMAS
AND THE PERUVIANS . . . 367
INDEX 403
xv
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
A LITTLE VILLAGE BUILT ON POLES . . 5
THE JAVARY RIVER ..... 9
THE MOUTH OF THE ITECOAHY RIVER . . 13
NAZARETH 17
TRADER'S STORE . . . . . .21
REMATE DE MALES OR " CULMINATION OF EVILS" 25
THE STREET IN REMATE DE MALES ... 29
GENERAL VIEW OF REMATE DE MALES . . 33
SUNSET ON THE ITECOAHY RIVER ... 37
AN ANT NEST IN A TREE .... 41
THE LAUNCH " CAROLINA " 45
THE BANKS OF THE ITECOAHY 49
THE MOUTH OF THE ITUHY RIVER 57
THE TOUCAN . . . . Q .61
THE BANKS OF THE ITECOAHY RIVER . „ 65
CLEARING THE JUNGLE 69
URUBUS ....... 75
" NOVA AURORA " 83
xvii
XV111
Illustrations
" DEFUMADOR" OR SMOKING HUT . . 87
MATAMATA TREE . .91
THE URUCU PLANT . 99
THE AUTHOR IN THE JUNGLE . .103
THE MOUTH OF THE BRANCO . . .107
BRANDING RUBBER ON THE SAND-BAR . . in
THE LANDING AT FLORESTA . . .115
THE BANKS AT FLORESTA . . .119
A GENERAL VIEW OF FLORESTA . .123
MORNING ....... 127
CORONEL ROSENDO DA SlLVA . . . 13!
CHIEF MARQUES 135
INTERIOR OF A RUBBER- WORKER'S HUT . 139
JOAO . ... 143
THE MURUMURU PALM . . . . 147
A " SERINGUEIRO " TAPPING A RUBBER TREE . 151
SMOKING THE RUBBER-MILK . . .155
FOREST INTERIOR . . . . . .163
A FIG-TREE COMPLETELY OVERGROWN WITH
ORCHIDS ....... 167
CHICO, THE MONKEY . . . . 171
TURTLE EGGS ON THE SAND-BANK . . 175
THE PIRARUCU 181
THE LAST RESTING-PLACE OF THE RUBBER-
WORKERS . . . . . . .187
Illustrations xix
PAGE
ERINGUEIROS " . . 193
JOAO .... . . 199
FLORESTA CREEK ... . 205
LAKE INNOCENCE . . . . . .211
ij
ALLIGATOR FROM LAKE INNOCENCE . .215
ANOTHER ALLIGATOR FROM LAKE INNOCENCE . 219
RUBBER-WORKERS' HOME NEAR LAKE INNO-
CENCE 223
HARPOONING A LARGE STING-RAY . . .227
SHOOTING FISH ON LAKE INNOCENCE . .231
THE PIRARUCU 235
AMAZONIAN GAME-FISH .... 239
THE TRACK OF THE ANACONDA — THE SUCURUJU . 243
THE PACA 247
RUBBER-WORKER PERREIRA AND WIFE IN THEIR
SUNDAY CLOTHES ..... 255
A "NEW HOME" SEWING-MACHINE IN AN
INDIAN HUT ...... 259
THE REMARKABLE PACHIUBA PALM-TREE . 263
KITCHEN INTERIOR 267
THE BEGINNING OF THE FATAL EXPEDITION . 271
A HALT IN THE FOREST .... 279
JUNGLE SCENERY 285
FOREST CREEK 295
TOP OF HILL . . 301
xx Illustrations
PAGE
MARSH-DEER AND MUTUM-BIRD . . . 307
JUNGLE DARKNESS . . . . 317
CREEK IN THE UNKNOWN . . . .323
EATING OUR BROILED MONKEY AT TAMBO No. 5 329
HUNTING ....... 335
THE FATAL TAMBO No. 9 . . . 341
A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE AUTHOR . . . 347
THE FRONT VIEW OF TAMBO No. 9 . . 353
CAOUTCHOUC PROCESS No. i . . . . 359
CAOUTCHOUC PROCESS No. 2 . . . . 369
CAOUTCHOUC PROCESS No. 3 . . . . 375
CREEK NEAR TAMBO No. 9 .... 379
THE AUTHOR'S WORKING TABLE AT TAMBO No. 9 385
FOREST SCENERY NEAR TAMBO No. 9 . .391
OUR PARTING BREAKFAST .... 395
MANGEROMA VASE ..... 399
IN THE AMAZON JUNGLE
Remate de Males, or
"Culmination of Evils
In the Amazon Jungle
CHAPTER I
REMATE DE MALES, OR "CULMINATION OF EVILS"
MY eyes rested long upon the graceful
white-painted hull of the R. M. S.
Manco as she disappeared behind a bend
of the Amazon River, more than 2200 miles
from the Atlantic Ocean. After 47 days of
continuous travel aboard of her, I was at last
standing on the Brazilian frontier, watching
the steamer's plume of smoke still hanging
lazily over the immense, brooding forests.
More than a plume of smoke it was to me
then; it was the final link that bound me to
the outside world of civilisation. At last it
disappeared. I turned and waded through
the mud up to a small wooden hut built on
poles.
It was the end of January, 1910, that
3
4 In the Amazon Jungle
saw me approaching this house, built on
Brazilian terra firma — or rather terra aqua,
for water was inundating the entire land.
I had behind me the Amazon itself, and to
the right the Javary River, while the little
house that I was heading for was Esperanca,
the official frontier station of Brazil. The
opposite shore was Peru and presented an
unbroken range of dense, swampy forest,
grand but desolate to look upon.
A middle-aged man in uniform came
towards me and greeted me cordially, in fact
embraced me, and, ordering a servant to pull
my baggage out of the water, led me up a
ladder into the house. I told him that I
intended to go up the Javary River, to a place
called Remate de Males, where I would live
with a medical friend of mine, whereupon he
informed me that a launch was due this same
night, which would immediately proceed to
my proposed destination. Later in the
evening the launch came and I embarked after
being once more embraced by the courteous
Ccr. Monteiro, the frontier official. The
captain of this small trading launch was an
equally hospitable and courteous man; he in-
vited me into his cabin and tried to explain
that this river, and the town in particular.
A Night Voyage
where we were going, was a most unhealthy
and forbidding place, especially for a foreigner,
but he added cheerfully that he knew of one
white man, an Englishman, who had suc-
ceeded in living for several years on the
Javary without being killed by the fever,
but incidentally had drank himself to death.
The night was very dark and damp, and
I did not see much of the passing scenery;
a towering black wall of trees was my total
impression during the journey. However, T
managed at length to fall asleep on some coffee-
bags near the engine and did not wake till
the launch was exhausting its steam supply
through its whistle.
My next impression was that of a low river
bank fringed with dirty houses lighted by
candles. People were sitting in hammocks
smoking cigarettes, dogs were barking in-
cessantly, and frogs and crickets were making
a deafening noise when I walked up the main
and only street of this little town, which was
to be my headquarters for many months to
come.
After some inquiry, I finally found my
friend, Dr. M — , sitting in a dark, dismal
room in the so-called Hotel Agosto. With a
graceful motion of his hand he pointed to
8 In the Amazon Jungle
a chair of ancient structure, indicating that
having now travelled so many thousand miles
to reach this glorious place, I was entitled to
sit down and let repose overtake me. Indeed,
I was in Remate de Males.
Never shall I forget that first night's ex-
perience with mosquitoes and ants. Besides
this my debut in a hammock for a bed
was a pronounced failure, until a merciful
sleep temporarily took me from the sad
realities.
Remate de Males lies just where a step
farther would plunge one into an unmapped
country. It is a little village built on poles;
the last "blaze" of civilisation on the trail
of the upper river. When the rainy winter
season drives out of the forests every living
creature that can not take refuge in the trees,
the rubber-workers abandon the crude stages
of the manufacture that they carry on there
and gather in the village to make the best of
what life has to offer them in this region. At
such times the population rises to the number
of some 500 souls, for the most part Brazilians
and domesticated Indians or caboclos.
Nothing could better summarise the at-
tractions ( !) of the place than the name which
has become fixed upon it. Translated into
11
1 i
A Settler's Triumph u
English this means "Culmination of Evils,"
Remate de Males.
Some thirty years ago, a prospector with
his family and servants, in all about a score,
arrived at this spot near the junction of the
Javary and the Itecoahy rivers, close to the
equator. They came by the only possible
highway, the river, and decided to settle.
Soon the infinite variety of destroyers of
human life that abound on the upper Amazon
began their work on the little household,
reducing its number to four and threatening
to wipe it out altogether. But the prospector
stuck to it and eventually succeeded in giving
mankind a firm hold on this wilderness. In
memory of what he and succeeding settlers
went through, the village received its cynically
descriptive name.
Remate de Males, separated by weeks and
weeks of journey by boat from the nearest
spot of comparative civilisation down the
river, has grown wonderfully since its pioneer
days. Dismal as one finds it to be, if I
can give an adequate description in these
pages, it will be pronounced a monument to
man's nature- conquering instincts, and ability.
Surely no pioneers ever had a harder battle
than these Brazilians, standing with one foot
12 In the Amazon Jungle
in "the white man's grave," as the Javary
region is called in South America, while they
faced innumerable dangers. The markets
of the world need rubber, and the supplying
of this gives them each year a few months'
work in the forests at very high wages. I
always try to remember these facts when
I am tempted to harshly judge Remate de
Males according to our standards; moreover,
I can never look upon the place quite as an
outsider. I formed pleasant friendships there
and entered into the lives of many of its
people, so I shall always think of it with
affection. The village is placed where the
Itecoahy runs at right angles into the Javary,
the right-hand bank of the Itecoahy forming
at once its main and its only street. The
houses stand facing this street, all very primi-
tive and all elevated on palm-trunk poles
as far as possible above the usual high-water
mark of the river. Everything, from the
little sheet-iron church to the pig-sty, is built
on poles. Indeed, if there is anything in
the theory of evolution, it will not be many
generations before the inhabitants and do-
mestic animals are born equipped with stilts.
Opposite Remate de Males, across the
Itecoahy, is a collection of some ten huts that
Border Etiquette 15
'orm the village of Sao Francisco, while across
the Javary is the somewhat larger village of
Nazareth. Like every real metropolis, you
see, Remate de Males has its suburbs.
Nazareth is in Peruvian territory, the Javary
forming the boundary between Brazil and
Peru throughout its length of some 700 miles.
This same boundary line is a source of amusing
punctiliousness between the officials of each
country. To cross it is an affair requiring
the exercise of the limits of statesmanship.
I well remember an incident that occurred
during my stay in the village. A sojourner
in our town, an Indian rubber-worker from
the Ituhy River, had murdered a woman by
strangling her. He escaped in a canoe to
Nazareth before the Brazilian officials could
capture him, and calmly took refuge on the
porch of a house there, where he sat down in a
hammock and commenced to smoke cigarettes,
feeling confident that his pursuers would not
invade Peruvian soil. But local diplomacy
was equal to the emergency. Our officials went
to the shore opposite Nazareth, and, hiding be-
hind the trees, endeavoured to pick off their
man with their .44 Winchesters, reasoning that
though their crossing would be an international
incident, no one could object to a bullet's
16 In the Amazon Jungle
crossing. Their poor aim was the weak spot
in the plan. After a few vain shots had
rattled against the sheet-iron walls of the
house where the fugitive was sitting, he got
up from among his friends and lost himself
in the jungle, never to be heard of again.
About sixty-five houses, lining the bank
of the Itecoahy River over a distance of
what would be perhaps six blocks in New
York City, make up Remate de Males.
They are close together and each has a
ladder reaching from the street to the main
and only floor. At the bottom of every
ladder appears a rudimentary pavement,
probably five square feet in area and con-
sisting of fifty or sixty whiskey and gin bottles
placed with their necks downwards. Thus in
the rainy season when the water covers the
street to a height of seven feet, the ladders
always have a solid foundation. The floors
consist of split palm logs laid with the round
side up. Palm leaves form the roofs, and
rusty corrugated sheet-iron, for the most part,
the walls. Each house has a sort of back-
yard and kitchen, also on stilts and reached
by a bridge.
Through the roofs and rafters gambol all
sorts of wretched pests. Underneath the
2
W w
5S -8
A Skyscraper 19
houses roam pigs, goats, and other domestic
animals, which sometimes appear in closer
proximity than might be wished, owing to
the spaces between the logs of the floor.
That is in the dry season. In the winter,
or the wet season, these animals are moved
into the houses with you, and their places
underneath are occupied by river creatures,
alligators, water- snakes, and malignant, re-
pulsive fish, of which persons outside South
America know nothing.
Near the centre of the village is the "sky-
scraper," the Hotel de Augusto, which boasts
a story and a quarter in height. Farther
along are the Intendencia, or Government
building, painted blue, the post-office yellow,
the Recreio Popular pink; beyond, the resi-
dence of Mons. Danon, the plutocrat of
the village, and farther "downtown" the
church, unpainted. Do not try to picture
any of these places from familiar structures.
They are all most unpretentious ; their main
point of difference architecturally from the
rest of the village consists in more utterly
neglected facades.
The post-office and the meteorological
observatory, in one dilapidated house, presided
over by a single self-important official, deserve
20 In the Amazon Jungle
description here. The postmaster himself
is a pajama-clad gentleman, whose appearance
is calculated to strike terror to the souls of
humble seringueiros, or rubber- workers, who
apply for letters only at long intervals.
On each of these occasions I would see this
important gentleman, who had the word
coronet prefixed to his name, Joao Silva de
Costa Cabral, throw up his hands, in utter
despair at being disturbed, and slowly proceed
to his desk from which he would produce the
letters. With great pride this " Pooh-Bah"
had a large sign painted over the door. The
post-office over which he presides is by no
means overworked, as only one steamer
arrives every five weeks, or so, but still he has
the appearance of being "driven." But when
he fusses around his ' ' Observatorio meteor o-
logico" which consists of a maximum and
minimum thermometer and a pluviometer, in
a tightly closed box, raised above the ground on
a tall pole, then indeed, his air would impress
even the most blase town-sport. I was in the
village when this observatory was installed,
and after it had been running about a week,
the mighty official called on me and asked me
confidentially if I would not look the observa-
tory over and see if it was all right.
81
The Observatory 23
My examination showed that the thermome-
ters were screwed on tight, which accounted
for the amazingly uniform readings shown
on his chart. The pluviometer was inside
the box, and therefore it would have been
difficult to convince scientists that the clouds
had not entirely skipped Remate de Males
during the rainy season, unless the postmaster
were to put the whole observatory under
water by main force. He also had a chart
showing the distribution of clouds on each day
of the year. I noticed that the letter "N"
occupied a suspiciously large percentage of
the space on the chart, and when I asked him
for the meaning of this he said that "N"
—which in meteorological abbreviation means
Nimbus — stood for "NONE" (in Portuguese
NAO). And he thought that he must be
right because it was the rainy season.
The hotel, in which I passed several months
as a guest, until I finally decided to rent a
hut for myself, had points about it which
outdid anything that I have ever seen or
heard of in comic papers about "summer
boarding." The most noticeable feature
was the quarter-of-a-story higher than any
other house in the village. While this meant
a lead as to quantity I could never see that
24 In the Amazon Jungle
it represented anything in actual quality.
I would not have ventured up the ladder
which gave access to the extra story without
my Winchester in hand, and during the time
T was there I never saw anyone else do so.
The place was nominally a store-house, but
having gone undisturbed for long periods
it was an ideal sanctuary for hordes of vermin
—and these the vermin of the Amazon,
dangerous, poisonous, not merely the an-
noying species we know. Rats were there
in abundance, also deadly scolopendra and
centipedes; and large bird-eating spiders
were daily seen promenading up and down
the sheet-iron walls.
On the main floor the building had two large
rooms across the centre, one on the front and
one on the rear. At each side were four
small rooms. The large front-room was used
as a dining-room and had two broad tables
of planed palm trunks. The side-rooms
were bedrooms, generally speaking, though
most of the time I was there some were
used for stabling the pigs and goats, which
had to be taken in owing to the rainy
season.
It is a simple matter to keep a hotel on the
upper Amazon. Each room in the Hotel
Cost of Living 27
de Augusto was neatly and chastely furnished
with a pair of iron hooks from which to hang
the hammock, an article one had to provide
himself. There was nothing in the room
besides the hooks. No complete privacy
was possible because the corrugated sheet-
iron partitions forming the walls did not
extend to the roof. The floors were sections
of palm trees, with the flat side down, making
a vSuccession of ridges with open spaces of
about an inch between, through which the
ground or the water, according to the season,
was visible. The meals were of the usual
monotonous fare typical of the region. Food
is imported at an enormous cost to this
remote place, since there is absolutely no local
agriculture. Even sugar and rice, for in-
stance, which are among the important pro-
ducts of Brazil, can be had in New York for
about one-tenth of what the natives pay
for them in Remate de Males. A can of
condensed milk, made to sell in America for
eight or nine cents, brings sixty cents on the
upper Amazon, and preserved butter costs
$1.20 a pound.
The following prices which I have had to
pay during the wet season in this town will,
doubtless, be of interest:
28 In the Amazon Jungle
One box of sardines $ 1 .20
One pound of unrefined sugar .30
One roll of tobacco (16 pounds) 21.30
One basket of farinha retails in Para for
$4-50 I3-30
One bottle of ginger ale .60
One pound of potatoes .60
Calico with stamped pattern, pr. yd .90
One Collins machete, N. Y. price, $1.00 . ... 12.00
One pair of men's shoes i i.oo
One bottle of very plain port wine, 22.000
reis or 7.30
Under such circumstances, of course, the
food supply is very poor. Except for a few
dried cereals and staples, nothing is used but
canned goods; the instances where small
domestic animals are slaughtered are so few
as to be negligible. Furthermore, as a rule,
these very animals are converted into jerked
meat to be kept for months and months.
Some fish are taken from the river, but the
Amazon fish are none too palatable generally
speaking, with a few exceptions; besides, the
natives are not skilful enough to prepare
them to suit a civilised palate.
A typical, well provided table on the Ama-
zon would afford dry farinha in the first
place. This is the granulated root of the
Macacheira plant, the Jatropha manihot, which
as
The Bill of Fare 31
to our palates would seem like desiccated
sawdust, although it appears to be a necessity
for the Brazilian. He pours it on his meat,
into his soup, and even into his wine and jams.
Next you would have a black bean, which
for us lacks flavour even as much as the
farinha. With this there would probably
be rice, and on special occasions jerked beef,
a product as tender and succulent as the sole
of a riding boot. Great quantities of coffee
are drunk, made very thick and prepared
without milk or sugar. All these dishes are
served at once, so that they promptly get cold
and are even more tasteless before their turn
comes to be devoured.
For five months I experienced this torturing
menu at the hotel with never-ceasing regular-
ity. The only change I ever noticed was
on Sundays or days of feast when beans might
occupy the other end of the table.
But what can the Brazilians do? The cost
of living is about ten times as high as in New
York. Agriculture is impossible in the regions
where the land is flooded annually, and the
difficulties of shipping are enormous. When
I left the hotel and started housekeeping on
my own account, I found that I could not do
a great deal better. By specialising on one
32 In the Amazon Jungle
thing at a time I avoided monotony to some
extent, but then it was probably only because
I was a "new broom" at the business.
As illustrating the community life that
we enjoyed at the hotel, I will relate a happen-
ing that I have set down in my notes as an
instance of the great mortality of this region.
One afternoon a woman's three-months-old
child was suddenly taken ill. The child
grew worse rapidly and the mother finally
decided that it was going to die. Her
husband was up the river on the rubber estates
and she did not want to be left alone. So
she came to the hotel with the child and
besought them to let her in. The infant was
placed in a hammock where it lay crying
pitifully. At last the wailings of the poor
little creature became less frequent and the
child died.
Before the body was quite cold the mother
and the landlady commenced clearing a
table in the dining-room. I looked at this
performance in astonishment because it was
now evident that they were going to prepare
a "lit de parade" there, close to the tables
where our meals were served. The body
was then brought in. dressed in a white robe
adorned with pink, yellow, and sky-blue silk
1
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A Meal in a Morgue
35
ribbons. Loose leaves and branches were
scattered over the little emaciated body, care
being taken not to conceal any of the fancy
silk ribbons. Empty whiskey and gin bottles
were placed around the bier, a candle stuck
in the mouth of each bottle, and then the whole
thing was lighted up.
It was now getting dark fast, and as the
doors were wide open, a great crowd was soon
attracted by the brilliant display. All the
"400" of the little rubber town seemed to
pour in a steady stream into the dining-room.
It was a new experience, even in this hotel
where I had eaten with water up to my knees,
to take a meal with a funeral going on three
feet away. We had to partake of our food
with the body close by and the candle smoke
blowing in our faces, adding more local
colour to our jerked beef and beans than was
desirable. More and more people came in to
pay their respects to the child that hardly any
one had known while it was alive. Through
it all the mother sat on a trunk in a corner
peacefully smoking her pipe, evidently proud
of the celebration that was going on in honour
of her deceased offspring.
The kitchen boy brought in a large tray
with cups of steaming coffee; biscuits also
36 In the Amazon Jungle
were carried around to the spectators who
sat against the wall on wooden boxes. The
women seemed to get the most enjoyment
out of the mourning; drinking black coffee,
smoking their pipes, and paying little attention
to the cause of their being there, only too
happy to have an official occasion to show off
their finest skirts. The men had assembled
around the other 'table, which had been
cleared in the meantime, and they soon sent
the boy out for whiskey and beer, passing
away the time playing cards.
I modestly inquired how long this feast
was going to last, because my room adjoined
the dining-room and was separated only by
a thin sheet -iron partition open at the top.
The landlady, with a happy smile, informed
me that the mourning would continue till
the early hours, when a launch would arrive
to transport the deceased and the guests to
the cemetery. This was about four miles
down the Javary River and was a lonely,
half -submerged spot.
There was nothing for me to do but submit
and make the best of it. All night the
mourners went on, the women drinking black
coffee, while the men gambled and drank
whiskey in great quantities, the empty bottles
a
bb
1
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w "o
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- g
Wading to Dinner
39
being employed immediately as additional
candlesticks. Towards morning, due to their
heroic efforts, a multitude of bottles totally
obliterated the "lit de parade" from view.
I managed to fall asleep completely exhausted
when the guests finally went off at nine o'clock.
The doctor diagnosed the case of the dead
child as chronic indigestion, the result of the
mother's feeding a three-months-old infant
on jerked beef and black beans.
Life in the hotel during the rainy season
is variegated. I have spoken of having eaten
a meal with water up to my knees. That
happened often during the weeks when the
river was at its highest level. Once when we
were having our noon-day meal during the
extreme high- water period a man came pad-
dling his canoe in at the open door, sailed
past us,, splashing a little water on the table
as he did so, and navigated through to the
back room where he delivered some supplies.
-During this feat everybody displayed the
cheerful and courteous disposition usual to
the Brazilians. At this season you must wear
wading boots to eat a meal or do anything
else about the house. Sleeping is somewhat
easier as the hammocks are suspended about
three feet above the level of the water, but an
40 In the Amazon Jungle
involuntary plunge is a thing not entirely un-
known to an amateur sleeping in a hammock;
I know this from personal experience.
Every morning the butcher comes to the
village between five and six o'clock and
sharpens his knife while he awaits calls for
his ministrations. He is an undersized man
with very broad shoulders and a face remark-
able for its cunning, cruel expression. His
olive-brown complexion, slanting eyes, high
cheek-bones, and sharp-filed teeth are all
signs of his coming from the great unknown
interior. His business here is to slaughter
the cattle of the town. He does this deftly
by thrusting a long-bladed knife into the neck
of the animal at the base of the brain, until
it severs the medulla, whereupon the animal
collapses without any visible sign of suffering.
It is then skinned and the intestines thrown
into the water where they are immediately
devoured by a small but voracious fish called
the candiroo-escrivao. This whole operation
is carried on inside the house, in the back-
room, as long as the land is flooded.
It must be remembered that during the
rainy season an area equal in size to about
a third of the United States is entirely sub-
merged. There is a network of rivers that
AN ANT NEST IN A TREE
41
Water, Water, Water
43
eventually find their way into the Amazon
and the land between is completely inun-
dated. In all this immense territory there
are only a few spots of sufficient elevation
to be left high and dry. Remate de Males,
as I have explained, is at the junction of the
Itecoahy and the Javary rivers, the latter
700 miles in length, and thirty miles or so
below the village the Javary joins the Amazon
proper, or Solimoes as it is called here. Thus
we are in the heart of the submerged region.
When I first arrived in February, 1910, 1 found
the river still confined to its channel, with the
water about ten feet below the level of the
street. A few weeks later it was impos-
sible to take a single step on dry land
anywhere.
The water that drives the rubber-workers
out of the forests also drives all animal life
to safety. Some of the creatures seek refuge
in the village. I remember that we once had
a huge alligator take temporary lodgings in
the backyard of the hotel after he had travelled
no one knows how many miles through the
inundated forest. At all hours we could hear
him making excursions under the house to
snatch refuse thrown from the kitchen, but
we always knew he would have welcomed
44 In the Amazon Jungle
more eagerly a member of the household
who might drop his way.
And now a few words about the people
who lived under the conditions I have de-
scribed, and who keep up the struggle even
though, as they themselves have put it, "each
ton of rubber costs a human life."
In the first place I must correct any errone-
ous impression as to neatness that may have
been formed by my remarks about the animals
being kept in the dwellings during the rainy
season. The Brazilians are scrupulous about
their personal cleanliness, and in fact, go
through difficulties to secure a bath which
might well discourage more civilised folk.
No one would dream, for an instant, of
immersing himself in the rivers. In nine
cases out of ten it would amount to suicide
to do so, and the natives have bathhouses
along the shores; more literally bathhouses
than ours, for their baths are actually taken in
them. They are just as careful about clothing
being aired and clean. Indeed, the main item
of the Brazilian woman's housekeeping is
the washing. The cooking is rather happy-
go-lucky; and there is no use cleaning and
polishing iron walls; they get rusty anyhow.
The people are all occupied with the rubber
ft
A Life for a Ton 47
industry and the town owes its existence to
the economic necessity of having here a
shipping and trading point for the product.
The rubber is gathered farther up along the
shores of the Javary and the Itecoahy and
is transported by launch and canoe to Remate
de Males. Here it is shipped directly or sold
to travelling dealers who send it down to
Manaos or Para via the boat of the Amazon
Steam Navigation Co., which comes up during
the rainy season. Thence it goes to the ports
of the world.
The rubber- worker is a well paid labourer
even though he belongs to the unskilled class.
The tapping of the rubber trees and the
smoking of the milk pays from eight to ten
dollars a day in American gold. This, to
him, of course, is riches and the men labour
here in order that they may go back to their
own province as wealthy men. Nothing else
will yield this return; the land is not used
for other products. It is hard to see how
agriculture or cattle-raising could be carried
on in this region, and, if they could, they would
certainly not return more than one fourth or
one fifth of what the rubber industry does.
The owners of the great rubber estates, or
seringales, are enormously wealthy men.
48 In the Amazon Jungle
There are fewer women than men in
Remate de Males, and none of the former is
beautiful. They are for the most part
Indians or Brazilians from the province of
Gear a, with very dark skin, hair, and eyes,
and teeth filed like shark's teeth. They go
barefooted, as a rule. Here you will find all the
incongruities typical of a race taking the first
step in civilisation. The women show in
their dress how the well-paid men lavish on
them the extravagances that appeal to the
lingering savage left in their simple natures.
Women, who have spent most of their iso-
lated lives in utterly uncivilised surroundings,
will suddenly be brought into a community
where other women are found, and immediately
the instinct of self-adornment is brought into
full play. Each of them falls under the sway
of ' ' Dame Fashion ' '• —for there are the latest
things, even on the upper Amazon. Screaming
colours are favoured; a red skirt with green
stars was considered at one time the height
of fashion, until an inventive woman discovered
that yellow dots could also be worked in.
In addition to these dresses, the women will
squander money on elegant patent-leather
French slippers (with which they generally
neglect to wear stockings), and use silk
THE BANKS OF THE ITECOAHY
From a photograph taken during the dry season
49
Fashion's Sway 51
handkerchiefs perfumed with the finest
Parisian eau de Cologne, bought at a cost of
from fourteen to fifteen dollars a bottle.
Arrayed in all her glory on some gala occasion,
the whole effect enhanced by the use of a
short pipe from which she blows volumes of
smoke, the woman of Remate de Males is
a unique sight.
The Social -and'
Political Life in
Reimvte de Males
*#im, ;;^itt^pU|
53
CHAPTER II
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF REMATE
DE MALES
T
HE social life of the town is in about the
same stage of development as it must
have been during the Stone Age. When
darkness falls over the village, as it does at
six o'clock all the year round, life practically
stops, and a few hours afterwards everyone
is in his hammock.
There is one resort where the town-sports
come to spend their evenings, the so-called
Recreio Popular. Its principal patrons are
seringueiros , or rubber- workers, who have
large rolls of money that they are anxious to
spend with the least possible effort, and
generally get their desire over the gaming
boards. The place is furnished with a billiard
table and a gramophone with three badly
worn records. The billiard table is in constant
use by a certain element up to midnight, and
55
56 In the Amazon Jungle
so are the three eternal records of the gramo-
phone. It will take me years surrounded
by the comforts of civilisation to get those
three frightful tunes out of my head, and I
do not see how they could fail to drive even
the hardened seringueiros to an early grave.
Another resort close by, where the native
cachassa is sold, is patronised principally
by negroes and half-breeds. Here they play
the guitar, in combination with a home-made
instrument resembling a mandolin, as accom-
paniment to a monotonous native song,
which is kept up for hours. With the excep-
tion of these two places, the village does not
furnish any life or local colour after nightfall,
the natives spending their time around the
mis-treated gramophones, which are found in
almost every hut.
The men of the village, unlike the women,
are not picturesque in appearance. The
officials are well paid, so is everyone else,
yet they never think of spending money to
improve the looks of the village or even
their own. Most of them are ragged. A few
exhibit an inadequate elegance, dressed in
white suits, derby hats, and very high collars.
But in spite of the seeming poverty, there
is not a seringueirowho could not at a moment's
W in
> £
II
g .8
& £
w O
§
Men of Millions 59
notice produce a handful of bills that would
strike envy to the heart of many prosperous
business men of civilisation. The amount
will often run into millions of reis ; a sum that
may take away the breath of a stranger who
does not know that one thousand of these
Brazilian reis make but thirty cents in our
money.
The people of the Amazon love to gamble.
One night three merchants and a village
official came to the hotel to play cards.
They gathered around the dining-room table
at eight o'clock, ordered a case of Pabst beer,
which sells, by the way, at four dollars and
sixty cents a bottle in American gold, and
several boxes of our National Biscuit Com-
pany's products, and then began on a game,
which resembles our poker. They played till
midnight, when they took a recess of half an
hour, during which large quantities of the
warm beer and many crackers were consumed.
Then, properly nourished, they resumed the
game, which lasted until six o'clock the next
morning. This was a fair example of the
gambling that went on.
The stakes were high enough to do honours
to the fashionable gamblers of New York,
but there was never the slightest sign of
60 In the Amazon Jungle
excitement. At first I used to expect that
surely the card table would bring forth all
sorts of flashes of tropic temperament — even
a shooting or stabbing affair. But the com-
posure was always perfect. I have seen a
loser pay, without so much as a regretful
remark, the sum of three million and a half
reis, which, though only $1050 in our money,
is still a considerable sum for a labourer to
lose.
Once a month a launch comes down from
I quit os in Peru, about five days' journey up
the Amazon. This launch is sent out by
Iquitos merchants, to supply the wants of
settlers of the rubber estates on the various
affluents. It is hard to estimate what suf-
fering would result if these launches should
be prevented from reaching their destinations,
for the people are absolutely dependent upon
them, the region being non-producing, as I
have said, and the supplies very closely
calculated. In Remate de Males, the super-
intendent, or the mayor of the town, gen-
erally owns a few head of cattle brought by
steamer, and when these are consumed no
meat can be had in the region but Swift's
canned "Corned Beef."
Then there are the steamers from the outer
b
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£ C
w .t
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H c
Steamer Days 63
world. During the rainy season, the Maure-
tania could get up to Remate de Males from
the Atlantic Ocean without difficulty, though
there is no heavy navigation on the upper
Javary River. But steamers go up the Ama-
zon proper several days* journey farther. You
can at the present get a through steamer from
Iquitos in Peru down the Amazon to New
York.
These boats occasionally bring immigrants
from the eastern portions of Brazil, where
they have heard of the fortunes to be made
in working the rubber, and who have come,
just as our prospectors came into the West,
hoping to take gold and their lives back with
them. Besides passengers, these boats carry
cattle and merchandise and transport the
precious rubber back to Para and Manaos.
They are welcomed enthusiastically. As soon
as they are sighted, every man in town takes
his Winchester down from the wall and runs
into the street to empty the magazine as
many times as he feels that he can afford in
his exuberance of feeling at the prospect
of getting mail from home and fresh food
supplies.
On some occasions, marked with a red
letter on the calendar, canoes may be seen
64 In the Amazon Jungle
coming down the Itecoahy River, decorated
with leaves and burning candles galore.
They are filled with enthusiasts who are
setting off fireworks and shouting with delight.
They are devotees of some up-river saint,
who are taking this conventional way of paying
the headquarters a visit.
The priest, who occupies himself with
saving the hardened souls of the rubber-
workers, is a worthy-looking man, who wears
a dark-brown cassock, confined at the waist
with a rope. He is considered the champion
drinker of Remate de Males. The church
is one of the neatest buildings in the town,
though this may be because it is so small
as to hold only about twenty-five people.
It is devoid of any article of decoration,
but outside is a white-washed wooden cross
on whose foundation candles are burned,
when there is illness in some family, or the
local patron saint's influence is sought on
such a problem as getting a job. The religion
is, of course, Catholic, but, as in every case
where isolation from the source occurs, the
natives have grafted local influences into their
faith, until the result is a Catholicism different
from the one we know.
The administration of the town is in the
Some Officials 67
hands of the superintendent, who is a Federal
officer not elected by the villagers. His
power is practically absolute as far as this
community is concerned. Under him are
a number of Government officials, all of
whom are extremely well paid and whose
duty seems to consist in being on hand
promptly when the salaries are paid.
The chief of police is a man of very prepos-
sessing appearance, but with a slightly dis-
coloured nose. His appointment reminded
me of that of Sir Joseph Porter, K. C. B.,
in Pinafore, who was made "ruler of
the Queen's navee" in spite of a very slight
acquaintance with things nautical. Our chief
of police had been chef dj orchestre of the
military band of Manaos. They found there
that his bibulous habits were causing his nose
to blush more and more, so he was given the
position of Chief of Police of Remate de Males.
It must be admitted that in his new position
he has gone on developing the virtue that
secured it for him, so there is no telling how
high he may rise.
The police force consists of one man, and
a very versatile one, as will be seen, for he
is also the rank and file of the military force.
I saw this remarkable official only once.
68 In the Amazon Jungle
At that time he was in a sad condition
from over-indulgence in alcoholic beverages.
There are exact statistics of comparison
available for the police and military forces.
The former is just two-thirds of the latter
in number. Expressed in the most easily
understood terms, we can put it that our ver-
satile friend has a chief to command him when
a policeman, and a coronel and lieutenant
when he is a soldier. Whether there is any
graft in it or not, I do not know, but money
is saved by the police-military force being one
man with interchangeable uniforms, and the
money must go into somebody's pocket.
It might be thought that when the versatile
one had to appear in both capacities at once,
he might be at a loss. But not a bit of it.
The landing of one of the down-river steamers
offers such an occasion. As soon as the
gangplank is out, the policeman goes aboard
with the official papers. He is welcomed,
receives his fee, and disappears. Not two
minutes afterwards, the military force in
full uniform is seen to emerge from the same
hut into which the policeman went. He
appears on the scene with entire unconcern,
and the rough and ready diplomacy of Remate
de Males has again triumphed.
a I
W CD
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G
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S
Fatal Maladies 71
One of the reasons for the flattering ( !) name
of the town, " Culmination of Evils," is the
great mortality of the community, which it
has as a part of the great Javary district.
Its inhabitants suffer from all the functional
diseases found in other parts of the world,
and, in addition, maladies which are typical
of the region. Among the most important
of these are the paludismus, or malarial
swamp-fever, the yellow-fever, popularly
recognised as the black vomit, and last but
not least the beri-beri, the mysterious disease
which science does not yet fully understand.
The paludismus is so common that it is looked
upon as an unavoidable incident of the daily
life. It is generally caused by the infectious
bite of a mosquito, the Anopheles, which is
characterised by its attacking with its body
almost perpendicular to the surface it has
selected. It is only the female mosquito
that bites. There are always fever patients
on the Amazon, and the Anopheles, stinging
indiscriminately, transfers the malarial
microbes from a fever patient to the blood
of well persons. The latter are sure to be
laid up within ten days with the sezoes, as
the fever is called here, unless a heavy dose
of quinine is taken in time to check it.
In the Amazon Jungle
The yellow fever mosquito, the Stygoma
faciata, seems to prefer other down-river
localities, but is frequent enough to cause
anxiety. They call the yellow fever the
black vomit, because of this unmistakable
symptom of the disease, which, when once it
sets in, always means a fatal termination.
The beri-beri still remains a puzzling malady
from which no recoveries have yet been
reported, at least not on the Amazon. On
certain rivers, in the Matto Grosso province
of Brazil, or in Bolivian territory, the beri-
beri patients have some chance of recovery.
By immediately leaving the infested district
they can descend the rivers until they reach
a more favourable climate near the sea-coast,
or they can go to more elevated regions.
But here on the Amazon, where the only
avenue of escape is the river itself, throughout
its length a hot-bed of disease where no change
of climate occurs, the time consumed in
reaching the sea-coast is too long. The cause j
of this disease, and its cure, are unknown.
It manifests itself through paralysis of the
limbs, which begins at the finger-tips and!
gradually extends through the system until j;
the heart-muscles become paralysed and deat
occurs.
"Go to the Ant
73
The only precautionary measures available
are doses of quinine and the use of the mos-
quito-net, or mosquitero. The Matter's value
as a preventive is problematical, however, for
during each night one is bound to be bitten
frequently, yes, hundreds of times, by the
ever-present insects in spite of all.
But if we curse the mosquito, what are we
to say of certain other pests that add to the
miseries of life in that out-of-the-way corner
of the globe, and are more persistent in their
attentions than even the mosquito? In the
first place, there are the ants. They are
everywhere. They build their nests under
the houses, in the tables, and in the cracks
of the floors, and lie in ambush waiting the
arrival of a victim, whom they attack from
all sides. They fasten themselves on one
and sometimes it takes hours of labour to
extract them. Many are the breakfasts I
have delayed on awaking and finding myself
to be the object of their attention. It proved
necessary to tie wads of cotton covered with
vaseline to the fastenings of the hammock,
to keep the intruders off. But they even got
around this plan. As soon as the bodies of
the first arrivals covered the vaseline, the
rest of the troops marched across them in
74 In the Amazon Jungle
safety and gained access to the hammock,
causing a quick evacuation on my part.
Articles of food were completely destroyed
by these carnivorous creatures, within a few
minutes after I had placed them on the table.
I present here a list of the various species
of ants known to the natives, together with
the peculiarities by which they distinguish
them. I collected the information from
Indians on the Seringal "Floresta" on the
Itecoahy River.
Aracara — the dreaded fire-ant whose sting is felt
for hours.
Auhiqui — lives in the houses where it devours every-
thing edible.
Chicitaya — its bite gives a transient fever.
Monyuarah — clears a large space in the forest for
its nest.
Sauba — carries a green leaf over its head.
Tachee — a black ant whose bite gives a transient fever.
Tanajura — one inch long and edible when fried in lard.
Taxyrana — enters the houses like the auhigui.
Termita — builds a typical cone-shaped nest in the
dry part of the forests.
Tracoa — its bite gives no fever, but the effect is of
long duration.
Tucandeira — black and an inch and a half long, with
a bite not only painful but absolutely dangerous.
Tucushee — gives a transient fever.
U$a — builds large nests in the trees.
•
,x™, .
URUBUS
Vultures in a dead tree watching for prey
75
A Fellow-Lodger
77
While convalescing from my first attack
of swamp -fever, I had occasion to study a
most remarkable species of spider which
•% was a fellow lodger in the hut I then occupied.
In size, the specimen was very respectable,
being able to cover a circle of nearly six
inches in diameter. This spider subsists on
large insects and at times on the smaller
varieties of birds, like finches, etc. Its
scientific name is My gale avicularia. The
natives dread it for its poisonous bite and on
account of its great size and hairy body.
The first time I saw the one in my hut was
when it was climbing the wall in close prox-
imity to my hammock. I got up and tried
to crush it with my fist, but the spider made
a lightning-quick move and stopped about
five or six inches from where I hit the wall.
Several times I repeated the attack without
success, the spider always succeeding in
moving before it could be touched. Some-
what out of temper, I procured a hammer
of large size and continued the chase until
I was exhausted. When my hand grew steady
again, I took my automatic pistol, used for
big game, and, taking a steady aim on the
fat body of the spider, I fired. But with
another of the remarkably quick movements
78 In the Amazon Jungle
the spider landed the usual safe distance
from destruction. Then I gave it up. For
all I know, that animal, I can scarcely call
it an insect after using a big game pistol on it,
is still occupying the hut. About nine months
later I was telling Captain Barnett, of the
R. M. S. Napo which picked me up on the
Amazon on my way home, about my ill
success in hunting the spider. "Lange,"
he asked, "why didn't you try for him with
a frying-pan?"
Other Incidents
during my Stay* in
Remote de Males
79
CHAPTER III
OTHER INCIDENTS DURING MY STAY IN REMATE
DE MALES
DEMATE DE MALES, with Nazareth and
^ ^ Sao Francisco, is set down in the midst of
absolute wilderness. Directly behind the vil-
lage is the almost impenetrable maze of tropical
jungle. If with the aid of a machete one gets
a minute's walk into it, he cannot find his way
out except by the cackling of the hens around
the houses. A dense wall of vegetation shuts
in the settlement on every side. Tall palms
stand above the rest of the trees; lower down
is a mass of smaller but more luxuriant plants,
while everywhere is the twining, " tangled
lianas, making the forest a dark labyrinth
of devious ways. Here and there are patches
of tropical blossoms, towering ferns, fungoid
growths, or some rare and beautiful orchid
whose parasitical roots have attached them-
selves to a tree trunk. And there is always
81
82 In the Amazon Jungle
the subdued confusion that betokens the
teeming animal life.
Looking up the Itecoahy River, one can see
nothing but endless forest and jungle. And the
same scene continues for a distance of some
eight or nine hundred miles until reaching the
headwaters of the river somewhere far up in
Bolivian territory. No settlements are to
be found up there; a few seringales from
seventy-five to a hundred miles apart con-
stitute the only human habitations in this
large area. So wild and desolate is this river
that its length and course are only vaguely
indicated even on the best Brazilian maps.
It is popularly supposed that the Itecoahy
takes its actual rise about two weeks' journey
from its nominal head in an absolutely
unexplored region.
I found the life very monotonous in Remate
de Males, especially when the river began to
go down. This meant the almost complete
ending of communication with the outer
world; news from home reached me seldom
and there was no relief from the isolation.
In addition, the various torments of the region
are worse at this season. Sitting beside the
muddy banks of the Itecoahy at sunset,
when the vapours arose from the immense
Nocturnal Noises 85
swamps and the sky was coloured in fantastical
designs across the western horizon, was the
only relief from the sweltering heat of the day,
for a brief time before the night and its
tortures began. Soon the chorus of a million
frogs would start. At first is heard only the
croaking of a few; then gradually more and
more add their music until a loud penetrating
throb makes the still, vapour-laden atmo-
sphere vibrate. The sound reminded me
strikingly of that which is heard when pneu-
matic hammers are driving home rivets
through steel beams. There were other frogs
whose louder and deeper-pitched tones could
be distinguished through the main nocturnal
song. These seemed always to be grumbling
something about " Rubberboots — Rubberboots"
By-and-bye one would get used to the
sound and it would lose attention. The
water in the river floated slowly on its long
journey towards the ocean, almost 2500 miles
away. Large dolphins sometimes came to
the surface, saluting the calm evening with
a loud snort, and disappeared again with a
slow, graceful movement. Almost every
evening I could hear issuing from the forest
a horrible roar. It came from the farthest
depths and seemed as if it might well represent
86 In the Amazon Jungle
the mingled cries of some huge bull and
a prowling jaguar that had attacked him
unawares. Yet it all came, I found, from
one throat, that of the howling monkey.
He will sit alone for hours in a tree-top and
pour forth these dreadful sounds which are
well calculated to make the lonely wanderer
stop and light a camp-fire for protection.
On the other hand, is heard the noise of
the domestic animals of the village. Cows,
calves, goats, and pigs seemed to make a habit
of exercising their vocal organs thoroughly
before retiring. Dogs bark at the moon; cats
chase rats through openings of the palm-leaf
roofs, threatening every moment to fall, pur-
sued and pursuers, down upon the hammocks.
Vampires flutter around from room to room,
occasionally resting on the tops of the iron
partitions, and when the}7 halt, continuing
to chirp for a while like hoarse sparrows.
Occasionally there will come out of the dark-
ness of the river a disagreeable sound as if
some huge animal were gasping for its last
breath before suffocating in the mud. The
sound has its effect, even upon animals,
coming as it does out of the black mysterious
night, warning them not to venture far for
fear some uncanny force may drag them to
DEFUMADOR, OR SMOKING-HUT
87
Fevers
89
death in the dismal waters. It is the night
call of the alligator.
The sweet plaintive note of a little partridge,
called inamboo, would sometimes tremble
through the air and compel me to forget the
spell of unholy sounds arising from the
beasts of the jungle and river. Throughout
the evening this amorous bird would call
to its mate, and somewhere there would be
an answering call back in the woods. Many
were the nights when, weak with fever, I
awoke and listened to their calling and answer-
ing. Yet never did they seem to achieve the
bliss of meeting, for after a brief lull the calling
and answering voices would again take up
their pretty song.
Slowly the days went by and, with their
passing, the river fell lower and lower until
the waters receded from the land itself and
were confined once more to their old course
in the river-bed. As the ground began to
dry, the time came when the mosquitoes
were particularly vicious. They multiplied
by the million. Soon the village was filled
with malaria, and the hypodermic needle
was in full activity.
A crowd of about fifty Indians from the
Curuga River had been brought to Remate de
90 In the Amazon Jungle
Males by launch. They belonged to the
territory owned by Mons. Danon and slept
outside the store-rooms of this plutocrat.
Men, women, and children arranged their
quarters in the soft mud until they could be
taken to his rubber estate some hundred miles
up the Javary River. They were still waiting
to be equipped with rubber -workers' outfits
when the malaria began its work among them.
The poor mistreated Indians seemed to have
been literally saturated with the germs, as
they always slept without any protection
whatever; consequently their systems offered
less resistance to the disease than the ordinary
Brazilian's. In four days there were only
twelve persons left out of fifty-two.
During the last weeks of my stay in Remate
de Males, I received an invitation to take lunch
with the local Department Secretary, Professor
Silveiro, an extremely hospitable and well
educated Brazilian. The importance of such
an invitation meant for me a radical change
in appearance — an extensive alteration that
could not be wrought without considerable
pains. I had to have a five-months' beard
shaved off, and then get into my best New
York shirt, not to forget a high collar. I
.also considered that the occasion necessitated
MATAMATA TREE
Paddles are formed from the buttresses of this tree
An Antidote 93
the impressiveness of a frock-coat; which I
produced at the end of a long search among my
baggage and proceeded to don after extracting
a tarantula and some stray scolopendra
from the sleeves and pockets. The sensation
of wearing a stiff collar was novel, and not
altogether welcome, since the temperature
was near the 100° mark. The reward for
my discomfort came, however, in the shape
of the best meal I ever had in the Amazon
region.
During these dull days I was made happy
by finding a copy of Mark Twain's A Tramp
Abroad in a store over in Nazareth on the
Peruvian side of the Javary River. I took it
with me to my hammock, hailing with joy
the opportunity of receiving in the wilderness
something that promised a word from "God's
Own Country." But before T could begin
the book I had an attack of swamp-fever
that laid me up four days. During one of
the intermissions, when I was barely able to
move around, I commenced reading Mark
Twain. It did not take more than two
pages of the book to make me forget all
about my fever. When I got to the ninth
page, I laughed as T had not laughed for
months, and page 14 made me roar so athleti-
94 In the Amazon Jungle
cally that I lost my balance and fell out of
my hammock on the floor. I soon recovered
and crept back into the hammock, but out
I went when I reached page 16, and repeated
the performance at pages 19, 21, and 24
until the supplementary excitement became
monotonous. Whereupon I procured some
rags and excelsior, made a bed underneath
the hammock, and proceeded to enjoy our
eminent humourist's experience in peace.
The Journey* up the
Itecozxhy RiVer
95
CHAPTER IV
THE JOURNEY UP THE ITECOAHY RIVER
WITH the subsiding of the waters came my
long- desired opportunity to travel the
course of the unmapped Itecoahy. In the
month of June a local trader issued a notice
that he was to send a launch up the river for
trading purposes and to take the workers who
had been sojourning in Remate de Males back
to their places of employment, to commence
the annual extraction of rubber. The launch
was scheduled to sail on a Monday and would
ascend the Itecoahy to its headwaters, or
nearly so, thus passing the mouths of the
Ituhy, the Branco, and Las Pedras rivers,
affluents of considerable size which are never-
theless unrecorded on maps. The total length
of the Branco River is over three hundred
miles, and it has on its shores several large
and productive seringales.
When on my way up the Amazon to the
97
98 In the Amazon Jungle
Brazilian frontier, T had stopped at Manaos,
the capital of the State of Amazonas. There
T had occasion to consult an Englishman
about the Javary region. In answer to one
of my inquiries, T received the following letter,
which speaks for itself:
Referring to our conversation of recent date, I
should wish once more to impress upon your mind
the perilous nature of your journey, and I am not
basing this information upon hearsay, but upon
personal experience, having traversed the region in
question quite recently.
Owing to certain absolutely untrue articles written
by one H — -, claiming to be your countryman, I am
convinced that you can not rely upon the protection
of the employees of this company, as having been
so badly libelled by one, they are apt to forget that
such articles were not at your instigation, and as
is often the case the innocent may suffer for the
guilty.
On the other hand, without this protection you will
find yourself absolutely at the mercy of savage and
cannibal Indians.
I have this day spoken to the consul here at Manaos
and explained to him that, although I have no wish
to deter you from your voyage, you must be considered
as the only one responsible in any way for any ill that
may befall you.
Finally, I hope that before disregarding this advice
(which I offer you in a perfectly friendly spirit) you
will carefully consider the consequences which such]
THE URUCU PLANT
99
Adverse Counsel 101
a voyage might produce, and, frankly speaking, I
consider that your chance of bringing it to a successful
termination is Nil.
Believe me to be, etc.,
J. A. M.
During the time of my journey up the river
and of my stay in Remate de Males, I had
seen nothing of the particular dangers men-
tioned in this letter. The only Indians I had
seen were such as smoked long black cigars
and wore pink or blue pajamas. The letter
further developed an interest, started by the
hints of life in the interior, which had come
to me in the civilisation of Remate de Males.
I was, of course, particularly desirous of
finding out all I could about the wild people
of the inland regions, since I could not recall
that much had been written about them.
Henry W. Bates, the famous explorer who
ascended the Amazon as far as Teffe, came
within 120 miles of the mouth of the Javary
River in the year 1858, and makes the follow-
ing statement about the indigenous tribes of
this region:
The only other tribe of this neighbourhood con-
cerning which I obtained any information was the
Mangeromas, whose territory embraces several hun-
dred miles of the western banks of the river Javary,
102 In the Amazon Jungle
an affluent of the Solimoes, a hundred and twenty
miles beyond Sab Paolo da Olivenca. These are
fierce and indomitable and hostile people, like the
Araras of the Madeira River. They are also canni-
bals. The navigation of the Javary River is rendered
impossible on account of the Mangeromas lying in
wait on its banks to intercept and murder all
travellers.
Now to return to the letter; I thought that
perhaps my English friend had overdrawn
things a little in a laudable endeavour to
make me more cautious. In other words,
it was for me the old story over again, of
learning at the cost of experience — the story
of disregarded advice, and so I went on in
my confidence.
When the announcement of the launch's
sailing came, I went immediately for an
interview with the owner, a Brazilian named
Pedro Smith, whose kindness I shall never
forget. He offered me the chance of making
the entire trip on his boat, but would accept
no remuneration, saying that I would find
conditions on the little overcrowded vessel
very uncomfortable, and that the trip would
not be free from actual bodily risk. When
even he tried to dissuade me, I began to think
more seriously of the Englishman's letter, but
I
THE AUTHOR IN THE JUNGLE
I03
Into the Mystery 105
I told him that I had fully made up my mind
to penetrate the mystery of those little known
regions. I use the term "little known"
in the sense that while they are well enough
known to the handful of Indians and rubber-
workers yet they are "terra incognita"
to the outside world. The white man has
not as yet traversed this Itecoahy and its
affluents, although it would be a system
of no little importance if located in some
other country — for instance, in the United
States.
My object was to study the rubber-worker
at his labour, to find out the true length of
the Itecoahy River, and to photograph every-
thing worth while. I had with me all the
materials and instruments necessary — at least
so I thought.
The photographic outfit consisted of a
Graflex camera with a shutter of high speed,
which would come handy when taking animals
in motion, and a large-view camera with ten
dozen photographic plates and a corresponding
amount of prepared paper. In view of the
difficulties of travel, I had decided to develop
my plates as I went along and make prints
in the field, rather than run the risk of ruining
them by some unlucky accident. Perhaps
io6 In the Amazon Jungle
at the very end of the trip a quantity of
undeveloped plates might be lost, and such
a calamity would mean the failure of the whole
journey in one of its most important particu-
lars. vSuch a disastrous result was fore-
shadowed when a porter, loaded with my
effects, clambering down the sixty-foot incline
extreme low water made at Remate de Males,
lost his balance in the last few feet of the
descent and dropped into the water, completely
ruining a whole pack of photographic supplies
whose arrival from New York I had been
awaiting for months. Luckily this was at
the beginning of this trip and I could replace
them from my general stock.
A hypodermic outfit, quinine, and a few
bistouries completed my primitive medical
department. Later on these proved of the
greatest value. I would never think of
omitting such supplies even in a case where
a few pounds of extra weight are not rashly
to be considered. It turned out that in the
regions I penetrated, medical assistance was
a thing unheard of within a radius of several
hundred miles.
A Luger automatic pistol of a calibre of nine
millimetres, and several hundred cartridges,
were my armament, and for weeks this pistol
The " Carolina" 109
became my only means of providing a scant
food supply.
Thus equipped I was on hand early in the
morning of the day of starting, anxious to see
what sort of shipmates I was to have. They
proved all to be serin gueiros, bound for the
upper river. Our craft was a forty-foot launch
called the Carolina. There was a large crowd
of the passengers assembled when I arrived,
and they kept coming. To my amazement,
it developed that one hundred and twenty
souls were expected to find room on board,
together with several tons of merchandise.
The mystery of how the load was to be accom-
modated was somewhat solved, when I saw
them attach a lighter to each side of the
launch, and again . when some of the helpers
brought up a fleet of dugouts which they
proceeded to make fast by a stern hawser.
But the mystery was again increased, when I
was told that none of the passengers intended
to occupy permanent quarters on the auxiliary
fleet. As I was already taken care of, I
resolved that if the problem was to worry
anybody, it would be the seringueiros, though
I realised that I would be travelling by
"slow steamer" when the little old-fashioned
Carolina should at length begin the task of
*"**
no In the Amazon Jungle
fighting the five-mile current with this tagging
fleet to challenge its claim to a twelve-horse-
power engine.
The seringueiros and their families occupied
every foot of space that was not reserved for
merchandise. Hammocks were strung over
and under each other in every direction,
secured to the posts which supported the roof.
Between them the rubber-coated knapsacks
were suspended. On the roof was an indis-
criminate mass of chicken-coops with feathered
occupants; and humanity.
About midships on each lighter was a store-
room, one of which was occupied by the clerk
who accompanied the launch. In this they
generously offered me the opportunity of mak-
ing my headquarters during the trip. The
room was about six feet by eight and contained
a multitude of luxuries and necessities for the
rubber- workers. There were .44 Winchester
rifles in large numbers, the usual, indispensa-
ble Collins machete, and tobacco in six-feet-
long, spindle-shaped rolls. There was also the
"***" Hennessy cognac, selling at 40,000
reis ($14.00 gold) a bottle; and every variety
of canned edible from California pears to Hor-
lick's malted milk, from Armour's corned beef
to Heinz's sweet pickles.
En Route 113
Every one was anxious to get started; I,
who had more to look forward to than months
of monotonous labour in the forests, not the
least. At last the owner of the boat arrived,
it being then two o'clock in the afternoon.
He came aboard to shake hands with everyone
and after a long period of talking pulled the
cord leading to the steam- whistle, giving
the official signal for departure. It then
developed that one of the firemen was miss-
ing. Without him we could not start on our
journey. The whistling was continued for fully
forty minutes without any answer. Finally,
the longed-for gentleman was seen emerging
unsteadily from the local gin-shop with no
sign of haste. He managed to crawl on board
and we were off, amid much noise and firing
of guns.
After a two-hours' run we stopped at a
place consisting of two houses and a banana
patch. Evidently the owner of this property
made a side-business of supplying palm-wood
as fuel for the launch. A load was carried
on board and stowed beside the boiler, and
we went once more on our way. I cannot
say that the immediate surroundings were
comfortable. There were people everywhere.
They were lounging in the hammocks, or
ii4 In the Amazon Jungle
lying on the deck itself; and some "were even
sprawling uncomfortably on their trunks or
knapsacks. A cat would have had difficulty
in squeezing itself through this compact
mass of men, chattering women, and crying
children. But I had no sooner begun to reflect
adversely on the situation, than the old charm
of the Amazon asserted itself again and made
me oblivious to anything so trivial as personal
comfort surroundings. I became lost to my-
self in the enjoyment of the river.
That old fig-tree on the bank is worth look-
ing at. The mass of its branches, once so high-
reaching and ornamental, now lie on the
ground in a confused huddle, shattered and
covered with parasites and orchids, while
millions of ants are in full activity destroy-
ing the last clusters of foliage. It is only a
question of weeks, perhaps days, before some
blast of wind will throw this humbled forest-
monarch over the steep bank of the river.
When the water rises again, the trunk with
a few skeleton branches will be carried away
with the current to begin a slow but relentless
drift to old Father Amazon. Here and there
will be a little pause, while the river gods
decide, and then it will move on, to be caught
somewhere along the course and contribute
Monkey Scouts 117
to the formation of some new island or com-
plete its last long journey to the Atlantic
Ocean.
As the launch rounds bend after bend in
the river, the same magnificent forest scenery
is repeated over and over again. Sometimes
a tall matamata tree stands in a little ac-
cidental clearing, entirely covered with a
luxuriant growth of vegetation. But these
are borrowed plumes. Bushropes, climbers,
and vines have clothed it from root to topmost
branch, but they are only examples of the
legion of beautiful parasites that seem to
abound in the tropics. They will sap the
vitality of this masterpiece of Nature, until
in its turn it will fall before some stormy
night's blow. All along the shore there is
a myriad life among the trees and beauti-
fully coloured birds flash in and out of the
branches. You can hear a nervous chattering
and discern little brown bodies swinging from
branch to branch, or hanging suspended for
fractions of a second from the network of
climbers and aerial roots. They are monkeys.
They follow the launch along the trees on the
banks for a while and then disappear.
The sun is glaring down on the little craft
and its human freight. The temperature is
ii8 In the Amazon Jungle
112 degrees (F.) in the shade 'and the only
place for possible relief is on a box of cognac
alongside the commandant's hammock. He
has fastened this directly behind the wheel
so that he can watch the steersman, an Indian
with filed teeth and a machete stuck in his
belt.
Would anyone think that these trees, lining
the shore for miles and miles and looking so
Beautiful and harmless by day, have a mias-
matic breath or exhalation at night that pro-
duces a severe fever in one who is subjected for
any length of time to their influence. It would
be impossible for even the most fantastical
scenic artist to exaggerate the picturesque
combinations of colour and form ever changing
like a kaleidoscope to exhibit new delights.
A tall and slender palm can be seen in its
simple beauty alongside the white trunk of
the embauba tree, with umbrella-shaped crown,
covered and gracefully draped with vines
•and hanging plants, whose roots drop down
Until they, reach the water, or join and
twist themselves until they form a leaf-
portiere. : And for thousands of. square miles
this ever changing display of floral^ splendour.
|s repeated c and ^repeated. ' And it; would be
& treat for. an o^ithpldgist - to pass rup the
,
•e
a
A Treat for the Naturalist 121
river. A hundred times a day flocks of small
paroquets fly screaming over our heads and
settle behind the trees. Large, green, blue,
and scarlet parrots, the araras, fly in pairs, ut-
tering penetrating, harsh cries, and sometimes
an egret with her precious snow-white plum-
age would keep just ahead of us with graceful
wing-motion, until she chose a spot to alight
among the low bushes close to the water-front.
The dark blue toucan, with its enormous
scarlet and yellow beak, would suddenly
appear and fly up with peculiar jerky swoops,
at the same time uttering its yelping cry.
Several times I saw light green lizards of from
three to four feet in length stretched out on
branches of dead trees and staring at us as we
passed.
Night came and drew its sombre curtain
over the splendours. I was now shown a
place of unpretentious dimensions where I
could suspend my hammock, but, unluckily,
things were so crowded that there was no
room for a mosquito-net around me. Under
ordinary circumstances, neglect of this would
have been an inexcusable lack of prudence,
but I lay down trusting that the draft created
by the passage of the boat would keep the
insert pests away, as they told me it would.
122 In the Amazon Jungle
I found that experience had taught them
rightly.
To the post where I tied the foot-end of
my hammock there were fastened six other
hammocks. Consequently seven pairs of feet
were bound to come into pretty close contact
with each other. While I was lucky enough
to have the hammock closest to the rail,
I was unlucky enough to have as my next
neighbour a woman; she was part Brazilian
negro and part Indian. She had her teeth
filed sharp like shark's teeth, wore brass rings
in her ears, large enough to suspend portieres
from, and smoked a pipe continually. I
found later that it was a habit to take the
pipe to bed with her, so that she could begin
smoking the first thing in the morning. She
used a very expensive Parisian perfume,
whether to mitigate the, effects of the pipe or
not, I do not know.
Under the conditions I have described I
lay down in my hammock, but. found that
sleep was impossible. There was nothing to
do but resign myself to Fate and find amuse-
ment,, with " all the philosophy .possible, by
staring at the sky. I counted :the stars. QVet
'and qover again and 4riejd> to,:ideijti£yj old
friends .among : thej ' constellations. ^
Through the Night 125
them the Southern Cross was a stranger to
me, but the Great Dipper, one end of which
was almost hidden behind the trees, I recog-
nised with all the freedom of years of ac-
quaintance. My mind went back to the last
time I had seen it; across the house-tops of
old Manhattan it was, and under what widely
different conditions!
At last a merciful Providence closed my
eyes and I was soon transported by the arms
of Morpheus to the little lake in Central
Park that T had liked so well. I dreamed of
gliding slowly over the waters of that placid
lake, and awoke to find myself being ener-
getically kicked in the shins by my female
neighbour. There was nothing to do but in-
dulge in a few appropriate thoughts on this
community- sleeping- apartment life, and then
I got up to wander forward, as best I could in
the dark, across the sleeping forms and take
refuge on top of my case of cognac.
We seemed to be down in a pool of vast
darkness, of whose walls no one could guess
the limits. I listened to the gurgling of water
at the bow and wondered how it was possible
for the man at the wheel to guide our course
without colliding with the many tree trunks
that were scattered everywhere about us.
126 In the Amazon Jungle
The river wound back and forth, hardly ever
running straight for more than half a mile,
and the pilot continually had to steer the
boat almost to the opposite bank to keep the
trailing canoes from stranding on the sand-bars
at the turns. Now and then a lightning flash
would illuminate the wild banks, proving that
we were not on the bosom of some Cimmerian
lake, but following a continuous stream that
stretched far ahead, and I could get a glimpse
of the dark, doubly-mysterious forests on
either hand; and now and then a huge tree-
trunk would slip swiftly and silently past us.
The only interruption of the perfect quiet
that prevailed was the occasional outburst
of roars from the throat of the howling monkey,
which I had come to know as making the night
hideous in Remate de Males. But the present
environment added just the proper atmosphere
to make one think for a second that he was
participating in some phantasm of Dante's.
There was no particular incident to record
on the trip, till June the i6th, in the night-time,
when we arrived at Porto Alegre, the glad
harbour, which consisted of one hut. This
hut belonged to the proprietor of a serin gale.
I followed the captain and the clerk ashore
and, with them, was warmly received by the
^TTT'fl
A Brief Stop 129
owner, when we had clambered up the ladder
in front of the hut. He had not heard from
civilisation for seven months, and was very
glad to see people from the outside world,
especially as they were bringing a consign-
ment of merchandise that would enable him
to commence the annual tapping of the rubber
trees.
About a dozen seringueiros and their
families disembarked here and went without
ceremony to their quarters, where they had
a fire going in less than no time.
It is the custom in this section of Brazil
to make visitors welcome in a rather com-
plicated manner. You first place your arm
around the other man's waist, resting the
palm of your hand on his back. Then with
the other hand you pat him on the shoulder,
or as near that point as you can reach.
Whether it recalled my wrestling practice
or not, I do not know, but the first time T
ever tried this, I nearly succeeded in throwing
down the man I was seeking to honour.
After the proprietor had greeted each of us
in this cordial way, we sat down. A large
negress made her appearance, smoking a pipe
and carrying a tray full of tiny cups, filled
with the usual unsweetened jet-black coffee.
130 In the Amazon Jungle
After a brief stay, during which business was
discussed and an account given of the manner
of death of all the friends who had departed
this life during the season in Remate de Males,
we took our leave and were off again, in
the middle of the night, amid a general dis-
charging of rifles and much blowing of the
steam-whistle.
The night was intensely dark, what moon
there was being hidden behind clouds most
of the time, and an occasional flash of light-
ning would show us that we were running
very close to the shores. I decided to go on
the roof of the right -hand lighter, where I
thought I would get better air and feel more
comfortable than in the close quarters below.
On the roof I found some old rags and a rubber
coated knapsack. Taking these to the stern,
I lay down upon them and went to sleep. I
imagine that I must have been asleep about
two hours, when I was aroused by a crashing
sound that came from the forepart of the boat.
Luckily, I had fallen asleep with my eye-
glasses on, otherwise, as I am near-sighted,
I should not have been able to grasp the
situation as quickly as proved necessary.
We were so close to the shore that the
branches of a low-hanging tree swept across
Swept Away 133
the top of the lighter, and it was this branch
that caused the turmoil as the craft passed
through it, causing everything to be torn from
the roof; trunks, bags, and chicken-coops,
in a disordered mass. I had received no
warning and hardly had collected my senses
before this avalanche was upon me. Seizing
the branches as they came, I held on for dear
life. I tried to scramble over them to the
other part of the roof, but having fallen
asleep on the stern there was no chance.
I felt myself being lifted off the boat, and
as I blindly held on I had time to wonder
whether the tree would keep me out of the
water, or lower me into the waiting jaws of
some late alligator. But it did better than
that for me. The branches sagged under
my weight, and I soon saw that they were
going to lower me upon the trailing canoes.
I did not wait to choose any particular canoe,
but, as the first one came beneath me, I
dropped off, landing directly on top of a
sleeping rubber- worker and giving him proba-
bly as bad a scare as I had had. For the
remainder of the night I considered the case
of cognac, previously referred to, a marvel-
lously comfortable and safe place to stay.
During the next day we made two stops,
134 In the Amazon Jungle
and at the second took on board eighteen more
passengers. It seemed to me that they would
have to sleep in a vertical position, since, as
far as I could discover, the places where it
could be done horizontally were all occupied.
At five in the afternoon of this day, we arrived
at a small rubber estate called Boa Vista,
where the owner kept cut palm-wood to be
used for the launch, besides bananas, pine- j
apples, and a small patch of cocoa-plants.
The firemen of our launch were busily engaged
in carrying the wood, when one of them sud-
denly threw off his load and came running j
down the bank. The others scattered like j
frightened sheep, and only with difficulty J
could be brought to explain that they had I
seen a snake of a poisonous variety. We I
crept slowly up to the place under the wood- t
pile which they had pointed out. and there [r
about a foot of the tail of a beautifully dec- 1
orated snake was projecting. I jammed my E
twenty-four-inch machete through it longi- 1
tudinally, at the same time jumping back, i
since it was impossible to judge accurately!
where the head might come from. It
emerged suddenly about where we expected,
the thin tongue working in and out with
lightning speed and the reptile evidently in
•
CHIEF MARQUES
' is remarkable man was destined to figure prominently in later experiences
135
Canoe for a Couch 137
a state of great rage, for which I could hardly
blame it, as its tail was pinned down and
perforated with a machete. We dispatched
it with a blow on the head and on measuring
it found the length to be nearly nine feet.
The interrupted loading of wood continued
without much additional excitement and we
were soon on our way again.
That night I passed very badly. My
female neighbour insisted on using the edge
of my hammock for a foot-rest, and, to add
to my general discomfort, my hammock
persisted in assuming a convex shape rather
than a more conventional and convenient
concave, which put me in constant danger
of being thrown headlong into the river,
only a few inches away. Finally, I took my
hammock down from its fastenings and went
aft where I found a vacant canoe among those
still trailing behind. I threw my hammock
in the bottom and with this for a bed managed
to fall asleep, now and then receiving a blow
from some unusually low branch which threat-
ened to upset my floating couch.
The next morning it was found that we
had lost two canoes, evidently torn loose
during the night without anybody noticing
the accident. Luckily, T had not chosen
138 In the Amazon Jungle
either of these to sleep in, nor had anyone
else. I cannot help thinking what my feel-
ings would have been if I had found myself
adrift far behind the launch.
For several days more we continued going
up the seemingly endless river. Human
habitations were far apart, the last ones we
had seen as much as eighty-five miles below.
We expected soon to be in the territory owned
by Coronel da Silva, the richest rubber
proprietor in the Javary region. I found
the level of this land we were passing through
to be slightly higher than any I had traversed
as yet, although even here we were passing
through an entirely submerged stretch of
forest. There were high inland spaces that
had already begun to dry up, as we could see,
and this was the main indication of higher
altitude than had been found lower down the
river. Another indication was that big game
was more in evidence. The animals find here
a good feeding place without the necessity
of migrating to distant locations when the
water begins to come through the forest.
At a place, with the name of Nova Aurora,
again consisting of one hut, we found a quan-
tity of skins stretched in the sunlight to dry.
They were mostly the hides of yellow jaguars,
Roast Tapir 141
or pumas, as we call them in the United States,
and seven feet from the nose to the end of the
tail was not an unusual length. Although,
as we learned, they had been taken from the
animals only a few weeks previously, they had
already been partly destroyed by the gnawing
of rats. A tapir, weighing nearly seven
hundred and fifty pounds, had been shot the
day before and was being cut up for food when
we arrived. We were invited to stay and
take dinner here, and I had my first oppor-
tunity of tasting roast tapir. I found that
it resembled roast beef very much, only
sweeter, and the enjoyment of this food be-
longs among the very few pleasant memories
I preserve of this trip.
While they were getting dinner ready, I
noticed what I took to be a stuffed parrot
on a beam in the kitchen. But when I
touched its tail I found that it was enough
alive to come near snapping my finger off.
It was a very large arara parrot with two
tail feathers, each about thirty-six inches
long, a magnificent specimen, worthy of a
place in a museum. Parrots of this par-
ticular species are very difficult to handle,
being as stupid and malicious as they are
beautiful. They often made me think of
142 In the Amazon Jungle
dandies who go resplendent in fine clothes
but are less conspicuous for mental excellences.
After having indulged in black coffee, we
were invited to give the house and the sur-
roundings a general inspection. Directly
behind the structure was the smoking hut,
or defumador, as it is called. Inside this
are a number of sticks inclined in pyramid
form and covered with palm-leaves. In the
floor a hole was dug for the fire that serves
for coagulating the rubber-milk. Over this
pit is hung a sort of frame for guiding the
heavy stick employed in the smoking of the
rubber. At this time the process had not
become for me the familiar story that it was
destined to be. Beneath the hut were several
unfinished paddles and a canoe under
construction. The latter are invariably of
the "dugout" type. A shape is roughly cut
from a tree-trunk and then a fire is built
in the centre and kept burning in the selected
places until the trunk is well hollowed out.
It is then finished off by hand. Paddles are
formed from the buttresses which radiate
from the base of the matamata tree, forming
thin but very strong spurs. They are easily
cut into the desired shape by the men and
receive decorations from the hands of the
JOAO
The gang-boss at Floresta
143
A Collision 145
women who often produce striking colour
effects. A beautiful scarlet tint is obtained
from the fruit of the urucu plant, and the
genipapa produces a deep rich-black colour.
These dyes are remarkably glossy, and they
are waterproof and very stable.
After sunset the launch was off again.
Everything went quietly until midnight, when
we were awakened with great suddenness.
The launch had collided with a huge log that
came floating down the stream. It wedged
itself between the side of the boat and the
lighter and it required much labour to get
ourselves loose from it. After we got free,
the log tore two of the canoes from their
fastenings and they drifted off; but the loss
was not discovered until the next morning,
when we were about thirty-five miles from
the scene of the accident.
Two more days passed without any incident
of a more interesting nature than was afforded
by occasional stops at lonely barracdos
where merchandise was unloaded and fuel for
the engine taken in. We were always most
cordially received by the people and invited
to take coffee, while murmurs of " Esta casa e
a suas or denes" — This house is at your disposal
1 — followed our departure. Unlike many con-
146 In the Amazon Jungle
ventional phrases of politeness, T do not know
that the sentiment was entirely exaggerated.
It is typical of the Brazilian and is to
be reckoned with his other good qualities.
They always combine a respect for those
things that are foreign, with their decided
patriotism. The hospitality the stranger
receives at their hands is nothing short of
marvellous, and no greater insult can be in-
flicted than to offer to pay for accommodations.
I find any retrospective glance over the days
I spent among these people coloured with
much pleasure when I review incidents con-
nected with my contact with them. There is
a word in the Portuguese language which
holds a world of meaning for anyone who has
been in that land so richly bestowed with the
blessings of Nature, Brazil. It is saudadesi
a word that arouses only the sweetest and
tenderest of memories.
There were seven more days of travel
before we reached the headquarters of Flor-
esta, the largest rubber-estate in the Javary
region. It covers an area somewhat larger
than Long Island. Coronel da Silva, the
owner, lives in what would be called an un-
pretentious house in any other place but
the Amazon. Here it represents the highest
THE MURUMURU PALM
The estrada was guarded by a splendid palm-tree
To the Branco 149
achievement of architecture and modern
comfort. It is built on sixteen-foot poles
and stands on the outskirts of a half-cleared
space which contains also six smaller buildings
scattered around. The house had seven
medium-sized rooms, equipped with modern
furniture of an inexpensive grade. There
was also an office which, considering that it
was located about 2900 miles from civilisation,
could be almost called up-to-date. I remem-
ber, for instance, that a clock from New Haven
had found its way here. In charge of the
office was a secretary, a Mr. da Marinha,
who was a man of considerable education
and who had graduated in the Federal capital.
Several years of health-racking existence in
the swamps had made him a nervous and
indolent man, upon whose face a smile was
never seen. The launch stopped here twenty-
four hours, unloading several tons of merchan-
dise, to replenish the store-house close to the
river front. I took advantage of the wait
to converse with Coronel da Silva. He invited
me cordially to stop at his house and spend
the summer watching the rubber-work and
hunting the game that these forests contained.
It was finally proposed that I go with the
launch up to the Branco River, only two
150 In the Amazon Jungle
days* journey distant, and that on its return
I should disembark and stay as long as I
wished. To this I gladly assented. We
departed in the evening bound for the Branco
River. On this trip I had my first attack of
fever. I had no warning of the approaching
danger until a chill suddenly came over me
on the first day out from Floresta. T had
felt a peculiar drowsiness for several days,
but had paid little attention to it as one
generally feels drowsy and tired in the op-
pressive heat and humidity. When to this
was added a second chill that shook me from
head to foot with such violence that T thought
my last hour had come, I knew I was in for
my first experience of the dreaded Javary
fever. There was nothing to do but to take
copious doses of quinine and keep still in
my hammock close to the rail of the boat.
The fever soon got strong hold of me and I
alternated between shivering with cold and
burning with a temperature that reached
104 and 105 degrees. Towards midnight it
abated somewhat, but left me so nearly
exhausted that T was hardly able to raise
my head to see where we were going. Our
boat kept close to the bank so as to get all
possible advantage of the eddying currents.
A " SERINGUEIRO" TAPPING A RUBBER TREE
151
Another Collision 153
I was at length aroused from a feverish slum-
ber by being flung suddenly to the deck of the
launch with a violent shock, while men and
women shouted in excitement that the craft
would surely turn over. We were careened
at a dangerous angle when I awoke and in
my reduced condition it was not difficult to
imagine that a capsize was to be the result.
But with a ripping, rending sound the launch
suddenly righted itself. It developed that
we had had a more serious encounter with a
protruding branch than in any of the previous
collisions. This one had caught on the very
upright to which my hammock was secured.
The stanchion in this case was iron and its
failure to give way had caused the boat to tilt.
Finally the iron bent to an S shape and the
branch slipped off after tearing the post from
its upper fastenings. It was a narrow escape
from a calamity, but the additional excitement
aggravated my fever and I went from bad
to worse. Therefore it was found advisable,
when we arrived, late the next day, at the
mouth of the Branco, to put me ashore to
stay in the hut of the manager of the rubber
estate, so that I might not cause the crew and
the passengers of the launch inconvenience
through my sickness and perhaps ultimate
154 In the Amazon Jungle
death. I was carried up. to the ruaYand placed
in a hammock where I was given a heavy dose
of quinine. I dimly remember hearing the
farewell-toot of the launch as she left for the
down-river trip, and there T was alone in a
strange place among people of whose language
I understood very little. In the afternoon
a young boy was placed in a hammock next
to mine, and soon after they brought in a
big, heavy Brazilian negro, whom they put
on the other side. Like me they were suffering
from Javary fever and kept moaning all
through the afternoon in their pain, but all
three of us were too sick to pay any attention
to each other. That night my fever abated a
trifle and I could hear the big fellow raving
in delirium about snakes and lizards, which
he imagined he saw. When the sun rose at
six the next morning he was dead. The boy
expired during the afternoon.
It was torture to lie under the mosquito-
net with the fever pulsing through my veins
and keeping my blood at a high temperature,
but I dared not venture out, even if I had
possessed the strength to do so, for fear of the
mosquitoes and the sand-flies which buzzed out-
side in legions. For several days I remained
thus and then began to mend a little.
Back to Floresta 157
Whether it was because of the greater vitality
of the white race or because I had not absorbed
a fatal dose, I do not know, but I improved.
When I felt well enough, I got up and arranged
with the rubber-estate manager to give me two
Indians to paddle me and my baggage down
to Floresta. I wanted to get down there
where I could have better accommodations
before I should become sick again.
Life Atnond
The Rubber Workers
159
CHAPTER V
FLORESTA: LIFE AMONG THE RUBBER- WORKERS
TT was half past five in the morning when
we arrived at the landing of the Floresta
estate. Since it was too early to go up
to the house I placed my trunk on the bank,
and sat admiring the surrounding landscape,
partly enveloped in the mist that always
hangs over these damp forests until sunrise.
The sun was just beginning to colour the east-
ern sky with faint warm tints. Before me
was the placid surface of the Ttecoahy, which
seemed as though nothing but my Indian's
paddles had disturbed it for a century. Just
here the river made a wide turn and on the
sand-bar that was formed a few large fresh-
water turtles could be seen moving slowly
around. The banks were high and steep,
and it appeared incredible that the flood
could rise so high that it would inundate
the surrounding country and stand ten or
161
162 In the Amazon Jungle
twelve feet above the roots of the trees — a
rise that represented about sixty-seven feet
in all.
When I turned around I saw the half-
cleared space in front of me stretching over
a square mile of ground. To the right was
Coronel da Silva's house, already described,
and all about, the humbler barracabs or huts i
of the rubber- workers. In the clearing, palm-
trees and guava brush formed a fairly thick
covering for the ground, but compared with
the surrounding impenetrable jungle the little j
open space deserved its title of " clearing."
A few cows formed a rare sight as they wan- I
dered around nibbling at the sparse and sickly I
growth of grass.
By-and-bye the sun was fully up; but even I
then it could not fully disperse the mists I
that hung over the landscape. The birds $
were waking and their calls filled the air. I
The amorous notes of the inamboo were I
<
repeated and answered from far off by its!
mate, and the melancholy song of the wacuraol
piped musically out from the vastness ofl
the forest. Small green paroquets flew about I
and filled the air with their not altogether!
pleasant voices. These are the same birds?
that are well-known to the residents of New]
FOREST INTERIOR
The gloom that pervades these immense and wonderful woods
163
Sounds at Sunrise 165
York and other large cities, where a dozen
of them can often be seen in charge of an
intrepid Italian, who has them trained to
pick cards out of a box for anyone desiring
his fortune told for the sum of five cents.
Here they must provide by their own efforts
for their own futures, however. Even at
this hour the howling monkey had not left
off disturbing the peace with its hideous
din.
Gradually the camp woke up to the day's
work. A tall pa jama-clad man spied me and
was the first to come over. He was a very
serious-looking gentleman and with his full-
bearded face looked not unlike the artist's
conception of the Saviour. He bade me
welcome in the usual generous terms of the
Brazilians and invited" me into the house,
where I again met Coronel da Silva. This
first-mentioned grave-looking man was Mr.
da Marinha. The kindness with which he
welcomed me was most grateful; especially
so in my present physical condition. I
noticed what had not been so apparent on my
first meeting with him, that recent and con-
tinuous ravages of fevers and spleen troubles
had reduced him, though a fairly young man,
to the usual nerve-worn type that the white
166 In the Amazon Jungle
man seems bound to become after any long
stay in the upper Amazon region.
Not knowing where T might stop when I
left Remate de Males, I had brought with me
a case of canned goods. I only succeeded in
insulting the Coronel when I mentioned this.
He gave me his best room and sent for a new
hammock for me. Such attentions to a
stranger, who came without even a letter
of introduction, are typical of Brazilian
hospitality.
After a plentiful meal, consisting of fried
fish and roast loin of tapir, which tasted very
good, we drank black coffee and conversed
as well as my limited knowledge of the
Portuguese language permitted. After this,
naturally, feeling very tired from my travels
and the heat of the day, I arranged my future
room, strung my hammock, and slept until
a servant announced that supper was served.
This meal consisted of jerked beef, farinha,
rice, black beans, turtle soup, and the national
Goiabada marmalade. The cook, who was
nothing but a sick rubber- worker, had spoiled
the principal part of the meal by disregarding
the juices of the meat, and cooking it without
salt, besides mixing the inevitable farinha
with everything. But it was a part of the
A FIG-TREE COMPLETELY OVERGROWN WITH ORCHIDS
167
An Invalid 169
custom of the country and could not be helped.
De gustibus non est disputandum.
When this meal was over. I was invited to
go with the secretary, Mr. da Marinha, the
man who had first greeted me in the morning,
to see a sick person. At some distance from
the house was a small barracao, where we
were received by a seringueiro named Mar-
ques. This remarkable man was destined
to figure prominently in experiences that I
had to undergo later. He pulled aside a large
mosquito-net which guarded the entrance of
the inner room of this hut. In the hammock
we found a middle-aged woman; a native
of Gear a. Her face was not unattractive
but terribly emaciated, and she was evidently
very sick. She showed us an arm bound up
in rags, and the part exposed was wasted and
dark red. It was explained that three weeks
before, an accident had forced a wooden
splinter into her thumb and she had neglected
the inflammation that followed. I asked her
to undo the wrappings, a thing which I should
never have done, and the sight we saw was
most discouraging. The hand was swollen
until it would not have been recognised as a
hand, and there was an immense lesion
extending from the palm to the middle of the
170 In the Amazon Jungle
forearm, The latter was in a terrible con-
dition, the flesh having been eaten away to the
bone. It was plainly a case of gangrene of a
particularly vicious character.
Suddenly it dawned upon me that they all
took me for a doctor; and the questions they
asked as to what should be done, plainly
indicated that they looked to me for assistance.
I explained that I had no knowledge of
surgery, but that in spite of this I was sure
that if something were not done immediately
the woman would have little time to live.
I asked if there was not a doctor that could
be reached within a few days' journey. We
discussed sending the woman to Remate de
Males by canoe, but this idea was abandoned,
for the journey even undertaken by the most
skilful paddlers could not be made in less
than eighteen days, and by that time the
gangrene would surely have killed the patient.
Coronel da Silva was called in. He said
that the woman was the wife of the chief
of the caucheros and that her life must be
saved if possible. I explained my own inca-
pacity in this field once more, but insisted
that we would be justified in undertaking
an amputation as the only chance of prevent-
ing her death.
CHICO, THE MONKEY
Then, one day, he returned, chain and all
171
An Amputation 173
I now found myself in a terrible position.
The operation is a very difficult one even in
the hands of a skilful surgeon, and here I was
called to perform it with hardly an element-
ary knowledge of the science, and not even
adequate instruments. At the same time,
it seemed moral cowardice to avoid it, since
evidently I was the one best qualified, and
the woman would die in agony if not soon
relieved. I trembled all over when I concluded
that there was no escape. We went to the
room and got the bistoury and the forceps
given me by a medical friend before I left
home. Besides these, I took some corrosive
sublimate, intended for the preparation of
animal skins, and some photographic clips.
The secretary, after a search, produced an
old and rusty hacksaw as the only instrument
the estate could furnish. This we cleaned
as carefully as possible with cloths and then
immersed it in a solution of sublimate. Before
going to the patient's hut I asked the owner
and the woman's husband if they were
reconciled to my attempt and would not hold
me responsible in case of her death. They
answered that, as the woman was otherwise
going to die, we were entirely right in doing
whatever we could. I found the patient
174 In the Amazon Jungle
placidly smoking a pipe, her injured arm over
the edge of the hammock. By this time she
understood that she was to have her arm
amputated by a surgical novice. She seemed
not to be greatly concerned over the matter,
and went on smoking her pipe while we made
the arrangements. We placed her on the
floor and told her to lie still, We adjusted
some rubber cloth under the dead arm. Her
husband and three children stood watching
with expressionless faces. Two monkeys,
tied to a board in a corner, were playing and
fighting together. A large parrot was making
discursive comment on the whole affair,
while a little lame dog seemed to be the
most interested spectator. The secretary took
the bistoury from the bowl containing the
sublimate and handed it to me with a bow.
With a piece of cotton I washed the intended
spot of operation and traced a line with a
pencil on the arm.
Imagine with what emotions I worked!
After we had once started, however, we forgot
everything except the success of our operation.
I omit a description of the details, as they
might prove too gruesome. The woman
fainted from shock just before we touched
the bone, — Nature thus supplying an ef-
Counter-Effects of Surgery 177
fective, if rude, anaesthetic. We had for-
gotten about sewing together the flesh, and
when we came to this a boy was dispatched
to the owner's house for a package of stout
needles. These were held in the fire for a
few seconds, and then immersed when cold
in the sublimate before they were used to
join the flesh. By the time it was done, I
was, myself, feeling very sick. Finally I could
stand the little room of torture no longer,
and left the secretary dressing the wound.
Would she recover from the barbaric opera-
tion? This question kept coursing through
my head as I vainly tried for a long time to
go to sleep.
The next day, after an early observation of
my patient, who seemed to have recovered
from the shock and thus gave at least this
hope of success, I spent my time going around
to visit the homes of the serin gueiros. They
were all as polite as their chief, and after
exchanging the salute of "Boa dia," they
would invite me to climb up the ladder and
enter the hut. Here they would invariably
offer me a cup of strong coffee. There were
always two or three hammocks, of which I
was given the one I liked best. The huts
generally consist of two rooms with a few
178 In the Amazon Jungle
biscuit -boxes as chairs, and Winchester rifles
and some fancy-painted paddles to complete
the furniture.
The following day I arose with the sun and;
after some coffee, asked a huge small-pox-
scarred fellow to accompany me on my first
excursion into the real jungle. Up to this
time I had only seen it from my back porch
in Remate de Males and from the deck of the
launch Carolina, but now I was in the heart
of the forest and would indulge in jungle
trips to my heart's content. We entered
through a narrow pathway called an estrada,
whose gateway was guarded by a splendid
palm-tree, like a Cerberus at the gates of dark
Hades. The estrada led us past one hundred
to one hundred and fifty rubber trees, as it
wound its way over brooks and fallen trees.
Each of the producing trees had its rough
bark gashed with cuts to a height of ten to
twelve feet all around its circumference.
These marks were about an inch and a half
in length. Alongside of the tree was always
to be found a stick, on the end of which
were a dozen or so of small tin-cups used
in collecting the rubber-milk. Every worker
has two estradas to manage, and by tapping
along each one alternately he obtains the
The Howling Monkey 179
maximum of the product. This particular
estrada was now deserted as the seringueiro
happened to be at work on the other one
under his jurisdiction.
It was in a sense agreeable to work there
as the sun could not penetrate the dense
foliage and the air was therefore cool. After
we had walked for about an hour, my big
guide complained of being tired and of feeling
unwell. I told him he could go back to the
camp and leave me to find my way alone.
Accordingly he left me and I now had the task
of carrying without assistance my large 8 x 10
view-camera, a shotgun, a revolver, and a
machete.
Gradually my ear caught a terrible sound
which to the uninitiated would have seemed
like the roaring of a dozen lions in combat,
but the dreadful notes that vibrated through
the forest were only those of the howling
monkey. I always had a great desire to see
one of this species in the act of performing
this uncanny forest-concert, therefore I left
the rubber pathway after placing my camera
on the ground, up against a rubber tree, and
commenced following the noise, cutting my
way through the underbrush. I walked and
walked, but the sound seemed to remain the
iSo In the Amazon Jungle
same distance away, and I stopped to re-
connoitre.
I hesitated whether to proceed or not,
fearing I might lose the way and not be able
to find my camera again. The monkey was
not visible at all; it fact, it was not possible
to see anything, unless it was very close by,
so dense was the foliage. I laid my automatic
pistol on a fallen tree-trunk, and was trying
to figure out the chances of getting a look at
my simian friend and at the same time not
losing my valuable property on the pathway,
when I heard another startling sound, this
time near-by. I prepared myself for whatever
species of animal was due, and could feel the
excitement a hunter knows when he thinks
he is about to get a sight of big game. Sud-
denly the undergrowth parted in front of me
and a herd of wild boars came trotting out.
T drew a bead on the biggest of the lot and
fired, letting five soft-nose bullets go through
his head to make sure; the others fled, and I
hastened to the spot to examine my prize more
closely. It was a boar of medium size, weigh-
ing in the neighbourhood of one hundred and
twenty-five pounds, and he had a fine set of
tusks. He was rather vicious-looking and was
doing considerable kicking before he gave up
Curing the Rubber 183
the ghost. It was impossible for me to carry
him through the bush owing to the fact that
I had the valuable camera and apparatus to
:ake care of, so I made a mental note of the
spot, and cut his ears off. It took four hours'
search to find the camera, in spite of my belief
that I had not gone far, and it wras late in the
afternoon when I arrived at headquarters.
The very next morning there was a good
opportunity to see the smoking of rubber-
milk. A seringueiro had collected his product
and when I went to the smoking-hut I found
him busy turning over and over a big stick,
resting on two horizontal guides, built on
both sides of a funnel from which a dense
smoke was issuing. On the middle of the
stick was a huge ball of rubber. Over this
he kept pouring the milk from a tin-basin.
Gradually the substance lost its liquidity
and coagulated into a beautiful yellow-brown
mass which was rubber in its first crude ship-
ping state.
The funnel from which the smoke issued
was about three feet high and of a conical
shape. At its base was a fire of small wooden
chips, which when burning gave forth an
acrid smoke containing a large percentage
of creosote. It is this latter substance which
1 84 In the Amazon Jungle
has the coagulating effect upon the rubber-
milk. When the supply of milk was exhausted,
he lifted the ball and stick off the guides and
rolled it on a smooth plank to drive the
moisture out of the newly-smoked rubber.
Then he was through for the day. He placed
the stick on two forked branches and put
some green leaves over the funnel to smother
the fire. On top of the leaves he put a tin-
can and a chunk of clay, then filled the hole
in the ground with ashes. Under this arrange-
ment the fire would keep smouldering for
twenty-four hours, to be used anew for the
next repetition of the smoking process.
In the afternoon we again went out to hunt.
This time I took only a 12-gauge shotgun.
As we travelled through the forest I was
impressed once more by the fascination of
the grandly extravagant vegetation.
But there is little charm about it, nothing
of the tranquillity our idyllic Catskills or
even the sterner Adirondacks^ create. There
is no invitation to repose, no stimulus to
quiet enjoyment, for the myriad life of the
Amazon's jungle forest never rests. There
is always some sound or some movement which
is bound to stir in one the instinct of self-
preservation. You have to be constantly
Forest Sounds 185
alive to the danger of disagreeable annoyance
from the pests that abound, or of actual
bodily harm from animals of the reptilian
order.
Were I in possession of adequate descriptive
power I could picture the impression that
this jungle creates upon the mind of one from
the North, but now, as I once more sit in a
large city with sky-scrapers towering about
me, and hear the rattling noise of the elevated
railway train as it rushes past, my pen fails
me and I have to remove myself on the wings
of thought to those remote forests, fully
realising, "Beatus ille, qui procul negotiis,
ut" etc., etc. Then I can feel again the silence
and the gloom that pervade those immense
and wonderful woods. The few sounds of
birds and animals are, generally, of a pensive
and mysterious character, and they intensify
the feeling of solitude rather than impart
to it a sense of life and cheerfulness. Some-
times in the midst of the noon-day stillness,
a sudden yell or scream will startle one, coming
from some minor fruit-eating animal, set
upon by a carnivorous beast or serpent.
Morning and evening, the forest resounds
with the fearful roar of the howling monkeys,
and it is hard, even for the stoutest heart,
i86 In the Amazon Jungle
to maintain its buoyancy of spirit. The
sense of inhospitable wilderness, which the
jungle inspires, is increased tenfold by this
monstrous uproar. Often in the still hours
of night, a sudden crash will be heard, as some
great branch or a dead tree falls to the ground.
There are, besides, many sounds which are
impossible to account for and which the
natives are as much at a loss to explain as
myself. Sometimes a strange sound is heard,
like the clang of an iron bar against a hard,
hollow tree; or a piercing cry rends the air.
These are not repeated, and the succeeding
stillness only tends to heighten the unpleasant
impression which they produce on the mind.
The first thing that claimed our attention,
shortly after we started, was a sound of
breaking branches and falling leaves, some-
where in the distance. Through the trees
I could perceive that it was a big dark-grey
monkey, which we had alarmed. He was
scrambling up a tall tree when I fired at him.
I evidently missed, for T could see him
prepare for a mighty jump to a lower tree
where he would be out of sight. But in the
jump he got another load of pellets, which
struck him in the back. His leap fell short
of the mark and he landed headlong among
A Recuperating Monkey 189
some bushes, kicking violently as I came up
to him. As he seemed strongly built and had
a rather savage expression, it did not seem
wise to tackle him with bare hands, therefore,
as I desired to get him alive, I ran back and
procured my focussing cloth, which I tied
around his head. Thus I got him safely back
to the camp, where he was tied to a board and
the bullets extracted from his flesh. Then
his wounds, which were not serious, were
bound up and he was put into a cage with a
bunch of bananas and a saucer of goat's milk
to cheer him up a bit.
The suddenness with which these monkey
delicacies disappeared, convinced me that
his complete recovery was a matter of only
a short time, unless perchance some hungry
rubber-worker, surreptitiously, had removed
these viands while nobody was looking,
for bananas and milk are things which will
tempt any Amazonian from the narrow path
of rectitude; but it was not so in this case.
The conviction as to recovery proved right,
and with the improvement of his health he
displayed a cheerful and fond disposition
that decided me to take him back with me
to New York when I should go. I have since
been informed that he belonged to the
190 In the Amazon Jungle
Humboldt Sika species. I watched him for
several months and came to like him for the
innocent tricks he never tired of playing.
One night he managed to liberate himself
from the tree near the hut where he was tied.
He disappeared for two days, but on the
third he returned, chains and all. He had
doubtless found life in the jungle trees
not altogether cheerful with a heavy chain
secured to his waist, and he had returned
reconciled to captivity and regular meals.
There is at present one specimen of this kind
of monkey at the Bronx Zoological Gardens
in charge of the head-keeper.
At the time of low water, the so-called
pray as appear at the bends of the river;
they grow with the accumulation of sand and
mud. They are wide and often of a consider-
able area, and on them the alligators like
to bask in the sunshine of early morning
and late afternoon, and the tartarugas, or
fresh- water turtles, lay their eggs. These
eggs are laid in the months of September
and October on moon-lit nights and are
somewhat smaller than the ordinary hen's
egg, the yolk tasting very much the same,
but they are covered with a tough parchment-
like shell. Here on the upper Amazon the
A Peculiar Dish 191
people prepare a favourite meal by collecting
these eggs and storing them for two or three
weeks, when they tear open the shell and
squeeze out the yolks, mixing them all up
into a mush with the inevitable farinha.
Few people, except native Brazilians, ever
acquire a relish for this remarkable dish.
I spent a whole day waiting for the elusive
alligators on one of these sand-bars, but
evidently they were too wise, for they never
came within camera-range. I did, however, see
some tapir-tracks, leading down to the water's
edge. After the long wait I grew discouraged,
and chose a camping place farther up the
river, where I prepared a meal consisting
of turtle eggs and river water. The meal
was not absolutely undisturbed, as the air
was full of a species of fly that derives its
principal sustenance from the bodies of
various dead animals always to be found
through the jungle, whose teeming life crowds
out all but those fittest to survive.
I had begun my vigil before sunrise, when
there are two or three hours very cool and
humid. In the dry season the dew which
collects is of the greatest importance to
animal and plant life. For the tired and
thirsty wanderer, the calyx of the beautiful
192 In the Amazon Jungle
scarlet orchid, which grows abundantly in
this region, contains the refreshment of two
or three ounces of clear, cool water. But
you must look carefully into this cup of nature
to see that no insects lurk in its depths to
spoil the draught.
I have previously described the breakfast
table of the millionaire Coronel R. da Silva,
with its black beans, the dreadful farinha, the
black coffee, and the handful of mutilated
bolachas or biscuits. The only variable factor
was the meat, sometimes wild hog, occasion-
ally tapir, and very often the common green
parrot or the howling monkey. At most meals
the pirarucu fish appears, especially on Mon-
days when the rubber-workers have had the
whole of Sunday in which to indulge in the
sport of shooting this gamy two-hundred-
pound fish. They carry their pirarucu to
headquarters and courteously offer the best
cuts to the Coronel, afterwards cutting the rest
into long strips and leaving them to dry in the
sun. Jerked beef was always to be relied upon
when other supplies ran low.
There must have been some terrible mystery
connected with the milk. There were twenty-
one cows on the place, but never a drop of
milk from them was to be had. I was always
c/3 0)
o ^
O
The Cause of Fevers 195
afraid to ask any questions about this de-
ficiency for fear T might be treading on
dangerous ground, but with the lack of any
other explanation I ascribe it to continual
sickness from which the cattle must probably
suffer, in common with every other living
thing here.
During the month of September, the number
of patients from fever, pleurisy, and accidents,
at Floresta headquarters, amounted to 82%
of the population. A fever resembling
typhoid resulted in several cases from drinking
the river- water. The Coronel claimed that
Mangeroma Indians living in the interior
about 150 miles from Floresta had poisoned
the creeks and affluents of the Itecoahy to
take revenge upon the traders who brought
the much dreaded Peruvian rubber-workers
up to the Itecoahy River estates. These
Peruvians are hated because they abduct the
women of the indigenous tribes, when on
their expeditions far into the forests where
these tribes live, and consequently they are
hunted down and their entrance to the region
as far as possible prevented.
At this morning hour in New York (Floresta
is on the same meridian as New York) , thou-
sands of toilers are entering the hot subways
196 In the Amazon Jungle
and legions of workers are filing into their of-
fices and stuffy shops to take their places at
the huge machinery which keeps the world in
motion. At the very same hour a handful
of rubber-workers are passing my house,
returning from their first trip in the estradas,
where they have been tapping the trees,
and on their way to the huts and a frugal
breakfast. Here in the wilds of Brazil there
are no subways, no worry about the " market,"
nor indeed any thought for the morrow.
Nature supplies the rubber trees, and the
"boss" the tools to work them with; the
philosophy of the rubber -worker goes no
farther. A shirt, trousers, and a hat are all
the dress that fashion requires, and often
the worker even finds the shirt superfluous.
He wears a pair of overalls, and carries slung
over his shoulder his rifle and the little hatchet
for tapping the trees, besides a small rubber
bag in which he keeps a supply of farinha and
jerked beef, should he be prevented from
reaching his hut in regulation time.
The seringueiro is free in his movements
and in his mind, he is a quick and keen
observer of nature, and an expert in know-
ledge of the cries and calls of the animals of
the forest. He knows their habits and hiding-
The Native Naturalist 197
places to perfection, and he could probably
astonish the naturalist by informing him of
many things he has observed that his brother
scientist never has heard of. He knows the
names of the trees and plants in the forest and
what they can be used for, though his know-
ledge of them is often supplemented by supersti-
tious imaginings. He knows the multitudinous
fish of the Amazon, whether they are to be
caught with a net, speared, or shot with bow
and arrows, or, if the hunter is of a progressive
disposition, shot with rifle ball. There are
varieties that have, as yet, not been seen,
classified, or identified by the scientist of
to-day — I am positive of having seen several
such.
The inhabitant of this region is clean in his
habits and in his mind as soon as he gets
away from the evil influence of civilisation
— which for him is the town of Remate de
Males or " Culmination of Evils." He takes
a bath at least twice a day, and attends closely
to the cleanliness of his wardrobe, which for
that matter does not absorb any considerable
amount of time. As a rule, he is industrious,
but frequent attacks of fever, dysentery, liver
and spleen complaints, or pneumonia make
him in the end, like all living things here not
198 In the Amazon Jungle
native to the forests, sluggish in general,
and irritable on occasion.
A little distance from the headquarters
lies a beautiful lake. It is not wider than the
Itecoahy itself, four hundred feet on an aver-
age, and is about five miles long. It runs paral-
lel with the river, and has only one outlet. In
the dry season this amounts to nothing more
than a little rivulet across which a large
fallen tree has formed a natural bridge, but
in January, when the waters rise, the creek
is so full that the servants of Coronel da Silva
can wash the linen there. After some weeks
of sojourn at Floresta, I found my way to this
lake, and it was here that I was able to observe
some of the largest specimens of Amazonian
reptiles in their haunts, where the equatorial
sun had full opportunity to develop an
amazing growth of faunal and floral life.
It was a most enchanting stretch of water.
I had heard of the dangers lurking beneath
its surface long before I saw it, so when I
arrived there one morning I was surprised
to find a placid lake, set in picturesque and
romantic surroundings. My first impulse
was to exclaim, partly to myself, and partly
to the Indian Joab who accompanied me,
"Why, this is Lake Innocence," so peaceful
JOA"0
A shirt, trousers, and a hat are all that fashion requires
199
Lake "Innocence" 201
id it appear. In fact, so much did it charm
me that during the remainder of my stay at
Floresta there was hardly a day some part
of which I did not spend in the immediate
vicinity of this lake. But it was treacherous.
It was the home of six or seven old alligators
and of young ones — too numerous to count;
the oldest reaching a length of about seventeen
feet. They would lie perfectly still under the
banks, among the dead branches and snags,
which made the shores generally inaccessible
to boat or canoe, but when a'person approached
they would make their presence known by
violent splashing in the water and repeated
loud grunts, very much resembling those of
a walrus. Then they would burrow under
the soft mud and remain quiet for an hour or
two. In the early forenoon, before the sun
became too hot, they would sun themselves,
but in the sweltering mid-day hours they
remained buried in the mud, and were then
very hard to rouse.
I found, on the shores of the lake, two
alligator nests, formed of many twigs and
branches stuck together, half in the water
and half in the soft slimy mud. There they
deposited their eggs, oblong tough ones;
and one could always count on rinding the
202 In the Amazon Jungle
female in the neighbourhood, should one
desire to visit her. I came near stepping on
one of these female alligators during a
morning hunt with my camera. I was
intently examining a group of eggs I found
under a cluster of branches, when I was
startled by a splash in the water and a loud
grunt. As fast as the muddy ground would
let me, I scrambled up the bank, and when I
reached the top T saw the alligator swimming
away from the very spot where I had been
standing, its small close-set eyes fastened on
me. Then it disappeared in the mud.
My next encounter occurred one forenoon,
when I was sitting close to the dried-up canal
which formed the outlet of the lake. It
was almost mid-day. I was sitting in the
shade, safe from the blazing sun, enjoying
a peaceful smoke. The air was fairly vibrat-
ing with heat, causing the blood to surge
through my veins. Not a sound was heard
except the irritating buzz of the ever-present
mosquitoes. For some time I had been aware
of the slow, stealthy movement of a large
body near-by, though only half consciously.
The heat made me sluggish and sleepy, but
suddenly I awoke to the fact that the moving
thing, whatever it might be, was near me.
An Encounter with an Alligator 203
Mechanically, I released the " safety" of my
automatic pistol, and then realised that out
of the reeds near me was creeping a medium-
sized alligator. He was making straight
for the water, and I do not know whether he
was cognisant of my presence or not. He was
moving steadily, advancing a few inches,
stopping for a minute, then resuming the
journey. I believe I was not more than five
feet from the head as it emerged from the
fringe of reeds. I raised my camera, secured
a focus, and snapped the shutter. The click
of the apparatus and perhaps my movement
drew his attention. He stopped abruptly.
The long jaws opened toward me, displaying
an enormous expanse of pink flesh and two
rows of shining teeth. I lost not a second
in throwing aside the camera and jumping
back to a position of relative safety, whence
I fired into the open mouth of the beast. I
killed him. On examining the carcass, I
noticed that he had unusually large eyes,
indicating that he was a young specimen.
A few days later I again went to this lake
— which, from my remarks, had now come to
be generally called "Lago Innocencia" — to
catch fish with my Indian friend ]oab. He
carried a bow, four arrows with detachable
204 In the Amazon Jungle
heads, and a harpoon six feet long. The
little boat which we found close to the outlet
of the lake was pushed away from the shore,
we each seized one of the peculiarly decorated
paddles, and were off, looking for finny game.
We paddled quietly along near the shore,
now and then receiving a bump from some
concealed snag which nearly upset us. It
requires considerable skill to navigate one
of these poorly-made dugouts, the slightest
move causing a disproportionate amount of
disturbance of equilibrium.
Suddenly Joab jumped up, his black eyes
glowing with excitement. He motioned me
to keep quiet, but it was quiet superfluous
for him to do this, as I was unable to talk,
or even look around, for fear the canoe might
upset. He seized the harpoon, and with a
powerful swing sent it into the water ahead
of us, at the same time grasping the line which
was attached to the end. The spear sank
deep into the water, and then by the vivacity
with which it danced around I could tell there
was something on the end of it. As he began
to pull in the line, the struggle became so
violent that I crept forward on my knees in
the bottom of the canoe and helped him
recover the spear. Only after some strenuous
FLORESTA CREEK
Over this creek a large fallen tree has formed a natural bridge
205
The Sting-ray
207
balancing feats and a stiff fight by both of
us, did we land our game. It was a large
flat fish at least four feet square, with a long
whip-shaped tail, at the base of which were two
barbed bones each about three and a half
inches in length. Our first act was to sever
this tail with a hatchet, as it was far too active
to make the fish a pleasant neighbour in
close quarters. When the sting-ray, or, as
the Brazilians call it, the araya, was dead,
I cut out the two barbed bones and no longer
wondered why these fish are so dreaded by
those who know them. Joab told me that
they attack anyone who ventures into the
water, and with their sharp, barbed bones inflict
a wound that in most cases proves fatal, for
the bones are brittle and break off in the
flesh. Superstition and carelessness are the
main factors that .make the wound dangerous ;
the people believe too much in an ever-present
evil spirit which abides in all the vicious and
fiendish animals of the forest and swamp.
Once wounded by any of these malignant crea-
tures, they believe there is no hope of recovery
and they hardly try to survive. Besides, lack
of proper care and treatment of a wound gen-
erally results in its terminating in a case of
septicaemia and ultimately gangrene.
208 In the Amazon Jungle
I have mentioned the pirarucu several times
as being the largest edible fish of the Amazon.
When full grown, it attains a weight of two
hundred and fifty pounds. In Lake Innocence
we saw this remarkable fish feeding close to
the shore in shallow water, surrounded by
a school of young ones. The old one was
about seven feet in length and the others,
but recently hatched, from nine to ten
inches. The Indian who pointed them out
to me stood up in the bow of the canoe and,
fitting one of his five-foot arrows to the bow-
string, sent it through the air and into the
head of the big fellow.
The bow which he used was of his own
manufacture. It was about seven and a half
feet long, very tough and straight, and made
of Caripari wood. The shafts of the arrows
were made of long straight reeds, the stalks
of a certain species of wild cane. The de-
tachable part of the arrow is a short but
extremely hard piece of wood upon which is
fitted an iron head with two barbs. When
the point pierces the flesh this hard piece
comes off, but remains attached to the shaft
by a short stout cord. This allows the shaft
free play so that it will not break during the
struggles of the victim. Then there is a line
The Pirarucu 209
attached to the head itself so that the hunter
can handle the struggling animal or fish by
means of it and of the shaft of the arrow.
The whole contrivance is a marvel of ingenu-
ity in meeting the conditions the Amazon
hunter is called on to face. When the arrow
struck this particular pirarucu, at close
range, he made straight for the shore, hauling
the canoe and its contents after him at con-
siderable speed. We got tangled among the low
branches and fought the fish in considerable
danger of being overturned — and I should
not at all care to be capsized on Lake
Innocence.
Finally, we got our prize ashore. T sent
the Indian to headquarters, telling him to go,
as fast as he could and bring assistance so
that we could get the fish home. I myself
mounted guard over the carcass to see that
neither the turkey buzzards nor the carni-
vorous mammals should destroy it. If we
had left it alone for even a short time,
we would have found, on our return, little
to remind us of its existence. The Indian
returned shortly with two men. They stuck
a pole through the great gills of the pirarucu
and in this fashion carried it to the settlement.
These waters contain great quantities of
210 In the Amazon Jungle
another and smaller fish known as the piranha,
scientifically termed Serraselmus piraya. This
is quite as much dreaded by the natives
as the alligator, or even as the shark along
the coast. Its ferocity seems to know no
bounds. It will attack other fish and bite
large pieces out of their fins and tails. Al-
though it is not much larger than the herring
it can make fatal attacks on man when in
large numbers.
Mr. C. B. Brown in his work on Guiana
gives the following account of this fish:
The piranhas in the Corentins were so abundant and
were so ferocious that at times it was dangerous to
go into the water to a greater depth than the knees.
Even then small bodies of these hungry creatures
would swim in and make a dash close to our legs,
and then retreat to a short distance. They actually
bit the steering paddles as they were drawn through
the water astern of the boat. A tapir which I shot
as it swam across the water had his nose bitten off
by them whilst we were towing it to the shore. The
men used to catch some of them for the sport of it,
and in taking the hook from the mouth produced a
wound from which the blood ran freely. On throwing
them back into the water in this injured condition,
they were immediately set upon and devoured by
their companions. Even as one was being hauled
in on the line, its comrades, seeing that it was in
difficulties, attacked it at once.
^
Si
a a
The Piranha 213
I heard about these fiends but had no oppor-
tunity to witness their ferocity until one day,
in crossing the river in a dugout, we wounded
a wild hog that had also decided to cross at
the same time and at the same place. The
man with the stern paddle seized his machete
as he saw the hog swimming close by the
port-side of the canoe and stabbed it in the
shoulder, intending to tow it ashore and have
a luxurious dinner of roast hog. But his
dream was never realised, for the piranhas
which had tasted the blood, I suppose, came
in large numbers and set upon the unfortunate
hog. In a minute the water seemed to be
boiling, so great was the activity of the little
demons as they tore away pieces of the flesh
until it was vanishing by inches. When
we reached the other shore there was not
enough left of the hog to furnish a single
meal.
Later I learned that certain Indian tribes
leave their dead in the river for the piranhas
to strip the flesh from the bones. It is then
customary to take the remaining skeleton and
let it dry in the sun, after which it is rubbed
with the juice of the urucu plant (the Bixa Orel-
lana), which produces a bright scarlet colour.
Then it is hung up in the hut and the Indians
214 In the Amazon Jungle
consider that a token of great reverence has
been thus bestowed on the deceased.
Before leaving the subject of fish, I will
mention another species, smaller than the
piranha, yet, although not as ferocious, the
cause of much dread and annoyance to the
natives living near the banks of the rivers.
In fact, throughout the Amazon this little
worm-like creature, called the kandiroo, is so
omnipresent that a bath-house of a particular
construction is necessary. The kandiroo is
usually three to four inches long and one
sixteenth in thickness. It belongs to the
lampreys, and its particular group is the
Myxinos or slime-fish. Its body is coated
with a peculiar mucus. It is dangerous to
human beings, because when they are taking
a bath in the river it will approach and with
a swift powerful movement penetrate one
of the natural openings of the body whence it
can be removed only by a difficult and dan-
gerous operation.
A small but hard and pointed dorsal
fin acts as a barb and prevents the fish
from being drawn back. While I was in
Remate de Males the local doctor was
called upon to remove a kandiroo from the
urethra of a man. The man subsequently
W 3
U c\S
g <L>
^ Q^
w *§
2 a
!
The Kandiroo 217
died from the hemorrhage following the
operation.
Largely through the danger of the attack
from this scourge, though perhaps not entirely,
the natives have adopted the method of
bathing in use. A plunge into the river is
unheard of, and bath-houses are constructed
so as to make this unnecessary. A hole
about eighteen inches square is cut in the
middle of the floor — built immediately above
the water — through which the bather, provided
with a calabash or gourd of the bread-fruit
tree, dips water up and pours it over himself
after he has first examined it carefully. The
indigenous Indians, living in the remote
parts of the forest, do not use this mode of
protection, but cover the vulnerable portions
of the body carefully with strips of bark, which
render complete immersion less dangerous.
During my walks in the forest I often came
across snakes of considerable length, but never
found any difficulty in killing them, as they
were sluggish in their movements and seemed
to be inoffensive. The rubber- workers, who
had no doubt had many encounters with
reptiles, told me about large sucurujus or
boa-constrictors, which had their homes in
the river not many miles from headquarters.
2i8 In the Amazon Jungle
They told me that these snakes were in
possession of hypnotic powers, but this,
like many other assertions, should be taken
with a large grain of salt. However, I will
relate an incident which occurred while I
lived at Floresta, and in which I have absolute
faith, as I had the opportunity of talking to
the persons involved in the affair.
Jose Perreira, a rubber-worker, had left
headquarters after having delivered his weekly
report on the rubber extracted, and was.
paddling his canoe at a good rate down the
stream, expecting to reach his hut before
midnight. Arriving at a recess in the banks
formed by the confluence of a small creek
called Igarape do Inferno, or the Creek of
Hell, he thought that he heard the noise of
some game, probably a deer or tapir, drinking,
and he silently ran his canoe to the shore,
where he fastened it to a branch, at the same
time holding his rifle in readiness. Finally,
as he saw nothing, he returned to the canoe
and continued his way down-stream.
Hardly more than ten yards from the spot,
he stopped again and listened. He heard
only the distant howling of a monkey. This
he was used to on his nightly trips. No!
there was something else! He could not say
:• .A ';:
The Sucuruju 221
it was a sound. It was a strange something
that called him back to the bank that he had
left but a few minutes before. He fastened
his canoe again to the same branch and crept
up to the same place, feeling very uneasy and
uncomfortable, but seeing nothing tha^could
alarm him — nothing that he could draw* the
bead of his rifle on. Yet, something there
was! For the second time he left, without
being able to account for the mysterious force
that lured him to this gloomy, moon-lit place
on the dark, treacherous bank. Tn setting
out in the stream again he decided to fight
off the uncanny, unexplainable feeling that
had called him back, but scarcely a stone's
throw from the bank he had the same desire
to return, — a desire that he had never before
experienced. He went again, and looked,
and meditated over the thing that he did
not understand.
He had not drunk cachassa that day and
was consequently quite sober; he had not
had fever for two weeks and was in good
health physically as well as mentally; he had
never so much indulged in the dissipations of
civilisation that his nerves had been affected;
he had lived all his life in these surroundings
and knew no fear of man or beast. And
222 In the Amazon Jungle
now, this splendid type of manhood, free and
unbound in his thoughts and unprejudiced
by superstition, broke down completely and
hid his face in his hands, sobbing like a child
in a dark room afraid of ghosts. He had
been called to this spot three times without
knowing the cause, and now, the mysterious
force attracting him, as a magnet does a piece
of iron, he was unable to move. Helpless as
a child he awaited his fate.
Luckily three workers from headquarters
happened to pass on their way to their homes,
which lay not far above the "Creek of Hell,"
and when they heard sobbing from the bank
they called out.
The hypnotised seringueiro managed to
state that he had three times been forced,
by some strange power, to the spot where
he now was, unable to get away, and that he
was deadly frightened. The rubber- workers,
with rifles cocked, approached in their canoe,
fully prepared to meet a jaguar, but when
only a few yards from their comrade they saw
directly under the root where the man was sit-
ting the head of a monstrous boa-constrictor,
its eyes fastened on its prey. Though it
was only a few feet from him, he had been
unable to see it.
Length of Sucuruju 225
One of the men took good aim and fired,
crushing the head of the snake, and breaking
the spell, but the intended victim was com-
pletely played out and had to lie down in the
bottom of the canoe, shivering as if with ague.
The others took pains to measure the length
of the snake before leaving. It was 79 palmas
or 52 feet 8 inches. In circumference it meas-
ured ii palmas, corresponding to a diameter
of 28 inches. Its mouth, they said, was two
palmas or sixteen inches, but how they mean
this to be understood I do not know.
This event happened while I was living at
headquarters. I had a long talk with
Perreira, but could not shake his statement,
nor that of the three others; nevertheless,
I remained a sceptic as to this alleged charming
or mesmeric power of the snakes, at least so
far as man is concerned.
At that time we were awaiting the arrival
of the monthly launch from the town of
Remate de Males, and had spent a day
weighing rubber at the camp of one of the
employees, half a day's journey from head-
quarters. The rubber-pellets were loaded
into our large canoe to take up to Floresta.
We spent the evening drinking black coffee
and eating some large, sweet pineapples,
226 In the Amazon Jungle
whereafter we all took a nap lasting until
midnight, when we got up to start on our night
trip. It had been considered best to travel
at night, when it was nice and cool with none
of the pestering insects to torture us, and we
were soon paddling the heavy canoe at a merry
rate, smoking our pipes and singing in the
still, dark night. Soon we rounded a point
where the mighty trees, covered with orchids
and other parasitic plants, sent their branches
down to the very water which in its depths
was hiding the dreaded water-snakes. The
only sound we heard was the weird calling
of the night-owl, the " Mother of the Moon"
as the Indians call it. Except this and the
lapping sound of water, as we sped along,
nothing disturbed the tranquillity of the night.
I was in the act of lighting another pipe
when one of the men cried out :
"What's this?"
We all stopped paddling and stared
ahead at a large dark object, resting on a.
moon -lit sand-bar not far from us. Then
someone said, " Sucuruju." Few people can i
comprehend the feeling that creeps into one's
heart when this word is pronounced, under
such circumstances, in the far-off forest, in
the middle of the night. The word means 1
HARPOONING A LARGE STING-RAY
He seized the harpoon, and with a powerful swing sent it into the water
227
The King of the Swamps 229
boa-constrictor, but it meant a lot more at
this moment. An indescribable feeling of
awe seized me. I knew now that I was to face
the awful master of the swamps, the great
silent monster of the river, of which so much
had been said, and which so few ever meet
in its lair.
Running the canoe ashore we advanced in
single file. I now had a chance to inspect
the object. On a soft, muddy sand-bar,
half hidden by dead branches, I beheld a
somewhat cone-shaped mass about seven
feet in height. From the base of this came
the neck and head of the snake, flat on the
ground, with beady eyes staring at us as we
slowly advanced and stopped. The snake
was coiled, forming an enormous pile of
round, scaly monstrosity, large enough to
crush us all to death at once. We had stopped
at a distance of about fifteen feet from him,
and looked at each other. I felt as if T were
spellbound, unable to move a step farther
or even to think or act on my own initiative.
The snake still made no move, but in the
clear moonlight I could see its body expand
and contract in breathing; its yellow eyes
seeming to radiate a phosphorescent light.
I felt no fear, nor any inclination to retreat,
230 In the Amazon Jungle
yet I was now facing a beast that few men had
ever succeeded in seeing. Thus we stood look-
ing at each other, scarcely moving an eyelid,
while the great silent monster looked at us.
I slid my right hand down to the holster of
my automatic pistol, the Qmm. Luger, and
slowly removed the safety lock, at the same
time staring into the faces of the men. In
this manner I was less under the spell of the
mesmerism of the snake, and could to some ex-
tent think and act. I wheeled around while I
still held control of my faculties, and, perceiv-
ing a slight movement of the snake's coils,
I fired point-blank at the head, letting go the
entire chamber of soft-nose bullets. Instantly
the other men woke up from their trance and
in their turn fired, emptying their Winchesters
into the huge head, which by this time was
raised to a great height above us, loudly
hissing in agony.
Our wild yelling echoed through the deep
forest. The snake uncoiled itself and writhing
with pain made for the water's edge. By this
time we were relieved of the terrible suspense,
but we took care to keep at a respectful
distance from the struggling reptile and the
powerful lashing of its tail, which would have
killed a man with one blow.
SHOOTING FISH ON LAKE INNOCENCE
Fitting one of his five-foot arrows to the bow-string, he sent it
into the head of the pirarucu
231
Skinning the Boa 233
After half an hour the struggles grew weaker,
yet we hesitated to approach even when it
seemed quiet and had its head and a portion
of its body submerged in the water. We
decided to stay through the night and wait here
a day, as I was very anxious to skin the snake
and take the trophy home to the States as a
souvenir of a night's adventure in this far-off
jungle of the Amazon. We went up in the
bushes and lit a fire, suspended our hammocks
to some tree-trunks, and slept soundly not
more than ten yards from the dying leviathan.
We all got up before sunrise, had our
coffee in haste, and ran down to see the snake.
It was dead, its head practically shot to pieces.
We set to work, stretching the huge body
out on the sand-bar, and by eight o'clock we
had the entire snake flat on the ground,
ready to measure and skin.
It was a most astonishing sight, that giant
snake lying there full length, while around it
gathered six Amazon Indians and the one soli-
tary New Yorker, here in the woods about as
far from civilisation as it is possible to get.
I proceeded to take measurements and used
the span between my thumb and little finger
tips as a unit, knowing that this was exactly
eight inches.
234 In the Amazon Jungle
Beginning at the mouth of the snake, I
continued to the end and found that this
unit was contained eighty-four times. Thus
84 times 8 divided by 12 gives exactly 56
feet as the total length. In circumference,
the unit, the "palma," was contained 8 times
and a fraction, around the thickest part of
the body. From this I derived the diameter
2 feet i inch.
These measurements are the result of
very careful work. I went from the tail to
the nose over again so as to eliminate any
error, and then asked the men with me also
to take careful measurements in their own
manner, which only confirmed the figures
given above.
Then we proceeded to skin the snake,
which was no easy task under the fierce sun
now baking our backs. Great flocks of
urubus, or vultures, had smelled the carcass
and were circling above our heads waiting
for their share of the spoils. Each man had
his section to work on, using a wooden club
and his machete. The snake had been laid
on its belly and it was split open, following the
spinal column throughout its length, the
ventral part being far too hard and un-
yielding. About two o'clock in the after-
t
I
3 B
D bfl
Doubted by the Natives 237
noon we had the work finished and the
carcass was thrown into the river, where it
was instantly set upon by the vigilant piranhas
and alligators.
Standing in front of this .mmense skin I
could not withhold my elation.
"Men," I said, "here am T on this the
29th day of July, 1910, standing before a
snake-skin the size of which is wonderful.
When I return to my people in the United
States of America, and tell them that I
have seen and killed a boa-constrictor nearly
eighteen metres in length, they will laugh and
call me a man with a bad tongue."
Whereupon my friend, the chief, rose to
his full height and exclaimed in a grieved tone :
"Sir, you say that your people in the north
will not believe that we have snakes like
this or even larger. That is an insult to
Brazilians, yet you tell us that in your town
Nova York there are barracaos that have
thirty-five or even forty stories on top of
each other! How do you expect us to believe
such an improbable tale as that?"
I was in a sad plight between two realities
of such mighty proportions that they could
be disbelieved in localities far removed from
each other.
238 In the Amazon Jungle
We brought the skin to headquarters,
where I prepared it with arsenical soap and
boxed it for later shipment to New York.
The skin measured, when dried, 54 feet 8
inches, with a width of 5 feet I inch.
Kind reader, if you have grown weary
of my accounts of the reptilian life of the
Amazon, forgive me, but such an important
role does this life play in the every-day
experience of the brave rubber- workers that
the descriptions could not be omitted. A
story of life in the Amazon jungle without
them would be a deficient one, indeed.
There is a bird in the forests, before referred
to, called by the Indians "A mae da lua" or
the "Mother of the Moon." It is an owl
and makes its habitation in the large, dead,
hollow trees in the depths of the jungle, far
away from the river front, and it will fly out
of its nest only on still, moonlit nights, to
pour forth its desolate and melancholy song.
This consists of four notes uttered in a major
key, then a short pause lasting but a few
seconds, followed by another four notes in the
corresponding minor key. After a little while
the last two notes in the minor key will be
heard and then all is still.
The Mother of the Moon 241
When the lonely wanderer on the river in a
canoe, or sitting in his hammock, philosophises
over the perplexing questions of life, he is
assisted in his dreary analysis by the gloomy
and hair-raising cry of the mother of the moon.
When the first four notes strike his ear, he will
listen, thinking that some human being in dire
distress is somewhere out in the swamps, piti-
fully calling for help, but in so painful a
manner that it seems as if all hope were
abandoned. Still listening, he will hear the
four succeeding melancholy notes, sounding as
if the desolate sufferer were giving up the
ghost in a last desperate effort. The final
two notes, following after a brief interval, tell
him that he now hears the last despairing sobs
of a condemned soul. So harrowing and de-
pressing is this song that, once heard, the
memory of it alone will cause one's hair to
stand on end and he will be grateful when too
far away to hear again this sob of the forest.
A surprise was in store for me one day when
I visited the domicile of a rubber-worker
living at the extreme end of the estate. I
expected to find a dwelling of the ordinary
appearance, raised on poles above the ground,
but instead this hut was built among the
242 In the Amazon Jungle
branches of a tree some twenty feet above the
level of the earth. I commenced climbing
the rickety ladder leading to the door of the
hut. Half-way up a familiar sound reached
my ear. Yes, I had surely heard that sound
before, but far away from this place. When
I finally entered the habitation and had ex-
changed greetings with the head of the
family, I looked for the source of the sound.
Turning round I saw a woman sitting at
a sewing-machine, working on a shirt evi-
dently for her husband. I examined this
machine with great curiosity and found it
to be a " New Home ' ' sewing-machine from
New York. What journeys and transfers
had not this apparatus undergone before
it finally settled here in a tree-top in this
far-off wilderness!
One afternoon while sitting in the office
at headquarters discussing Amazonian politics
with Coronel da Silva, Francisco, a rubber-
worker, came up and talked for a while with
the Coronel, who then turned to me and said:
" Do you want to get the skin of a black jaguar?
Francisco has just killed one on his estrada
while collecting rubbber-milk ; he will take
you down to his barracao, and from there he
THE TRACK OF THE ANACONDA — THE SUCURUJU
243
A Black Jaguar 245
will lead you to the spot where the jaguar
lies, and there you can skin him."
I thanked Francisco for his information
and went for my machete, having my pistol
already in my belt. T joined him at the foot
of the river bank outside the main building,
where he was waiting for me in his canoe,
and we paddled down -stream to his hut.
On our way (he lived about two miles below
Floresta) he told me that he was walking at
a good rate on the narrow path of the estrada
when he was attracted by a growling and
snarling in the thicket. He stopped and saw
a black jaguar grappling with a full-grown
buck in a small opening between the trees.
The jaguar had felled the buck by jumping on
its back from the branches of a tree, and, with
claws deeply imbedded in the neck, broke its
spine and opened its throat, when Francisco
drew the bead on the head or neck of the
jaguar and fired. The jaguar fell, roaring
with pain. Francisco was too much in a
hurry to leave the narrow path of the rubber-
workers and go to the spot where the victim
was writhing in its death agonies, but hastened
on for his dinner. Remembering later that
the Coronel had offered an attractive sum of
money for any large game they would bag
246 In the Amazon Jungle
for my benefit, and having finished his dinner,
he paddled up to headquarters and reminded
the Coronel of the promised reward. When
we came to the hut of the rubber-worker
a large dog greeted us. This dog looked like
a cross between a great Dane and a Russian
greyhound; it was rather powerfully built,
although with a softness of movement that
did not correspond with its great frame.
Francisco whistled for the dog to follow us.
He carried his Winchester and a machete,
while I discovered that my pistol had been left
unloaded when I hurried from headquarters,
so I was armed with nothing but a machete.
After walking for nearly half an hour, we
slowed down a little and Francisco looked
around at the trees and said that he thought
we were on the spot where he had heard the
growlings of the jaguar. It was nearing half-
past five and the sun was low so we launched
ourselves into the thicket towards the spot
where the jaguar had been killed.
We advanced rapidly; then slower and
slower. The great dog at first had been very
brave, but the closer we came to the spot we
were looking for, the more timid the dog
became, until it uttered a fearful yell of
fright, and with its tail between its legs slunk
3s
I !
Searching for the Jaguar 249
back. There was nothing to do but to leave
the contemptible brute alone with its fear,
so we pushed ahead. Suddenly we came to
the place, but there was no jaguar. There
were plenty of evidences of the struggle.
The mutilated body of a beautiful marsh-deer
was lying on the moist ground, pieces of fur
and flesh were scattered around, and the
blood had even spurted on the surrounding
leaves and branches. Francisco had wounded
the jaguar, no doubt — at least he said so,
but plainly he had not killed it nor disabled
it to such extent that it had remained on the
spot.
We commenced searching in the underbrush,
for it was evident it could not be far off.
The bloody track could be followed for some
distance; in fact, in one place the thorny roots
of the remarkable pachiuba palm-tree, the
roots that the women here use for kitchen
graters, had torn off a bunch of long, beautiful
hair from the sides of the jaguar, which very
likely was weak and was dragging itself to
some cluster of trees where it could be safe,
or else to find a point of vantage to fall upon
its pursuers.
We searched for some time. The forest
was growing dark, and the many noises of
250 In the Amazon Jungle
the night began. First came the yelping
of the toucan, which sounded like the care-
free yap-yap of some clumsy little pup.
Then came the chattering of the night monkeys
and the croaking of the thousands of frogs
that hide in the swamps. And still no traces
of the jaguar. Again we separated. The dog
had run home utterly scared. Now and then
we would whistle so as not to lose track of
each other. I regretted that I had been so
careless as to leave my ammunition at home,
as it might happen that the wounded and
enraged cat would spring at us from some
dark cluster of branches, and then a machete
would hardly be an adequate weapon.
We searched for over an hour until it was
pitch dark, but, sad to relate, we never found
that jaguar. We went home silently. Fran-
cisco did not secure the reward.
This incident is of no particular interest
as the result of the excursion was nil and
our humour consequently very bad. But it
serves to show how the mind of man will be
influenced by local surroundings, and how it
adapts itself to strange customs, and how a
novice may be so greatly enthused that he
will, half-armed, enter upon a reckless hunt
for a wounded jaguar.
The FatedMsvrch
Through the Forest
251
CHAPTER VI
THE FATAL MARCH THROUGH THE FOREST
'HUS I lived among these kind and hos-
pitable people for five months until, one
day my lust for further excitement broke out
again, induced by a seemingly commonplace
notice posted outside the door of the store-
room. It read : ' ' The men — Marques, Freitas,
Anisette, Magellaes, Jerome, and Brabo — are to
make themselves ready to hunt caoutchouc in
the eastern virgin forest." Puzzled as to the
meaning of this, I consulted the Chief and
was informed that Coronel da Silva was about
to equip and send out a small expedition
into the forests, far beyond the explored
territory, to locate new caoutchouc trees,
which were to be cut and the rubber or
caoutchouc collected, whereupon the expe-
dition was to return to headquarters with
these samples and a report on the number
of trees observed. This greatly interested me,
253
254 In the Amazon Jungle
and T asked the Chief, Marques, whose wife
I had operated upon previously, if I could
accompany him on this trip. He consented
unwillingly, saying that it was very dangerous
and that the same number of men that went
out never came back. However, this was
too rare a chance to let pass, and I made my
preparations to accompany the expedition
on this journey into regions where even the
native caucheros had never before been.
On a Monday morning we all assembled
at the Floresta headquarters, where Coronel
da Silva bade us good-bye, and at the same
time once more warned me against venturing
on this trip, but I was determined and could
not be persuaded to give it up.
The expedition consisted of the six men,
above mentioned, all, except the Chief,
Marques, unmarried. After leaving the main
building we went down to the store-room where
we chose the necessary articles of food — enough
to last us for three or four weeks. Our staples
were to be dried pirarucu, the largest fish of
the Amazon, some dried or " jerked" beef, and
a large quantity of the farinha, the eternal
woody and unpalatable meal that figures
on every Brazilian's table. Besides these, we
carried sugar, coffee, rice, and several bottles
The Expedition Started 257
of "Painkiller1' from Fulton Street, N. Y.
Hammocks and cooking utensils completed
our outfit. I took with me a large plate
camera, photographic plates and paper,
chemicals, scales and weights ; also a magnify-
ing glass, a primitive surgical outfit, and a
hypodermic needle with several dozen prepared
"ampules." My men were armed with the
usual .44 Winchesters and some ancient muz-
zle-loaders, while I had my Qmm. automatic
Luger pistol. When we were fully packed,
each man carried a load weighing eighty-five
pounds, strapped by means of bark strips
to the shoulders, with his rifle in his left
hand and a machete to clear the path in his
right.
Thus equipped, we left headquarters, not
knowing how or when we would see it again,
while the natives fired a farewell salute,
wishing us God-speed.
After a few hours by canoe, up the Itecoahy,
we left the river and turned our faces inland.
Our way now led through dense forest, but
for four hours we travelled in a region familiar
to the rubber-workers, and we were able to
follow pathways used by them in their daily
work.
Let no one think that a jungle trail is broad
258 In the Amazon Jungle
and easy. As I stumbled along the tortuous,
uneven path, in the sweltering mid - day
heat, pestered by legions of plums or sand-
flies and the omnipresent mosquitoes, climb-
ing, fallen trees that impeded us at every turn,
I thought that I had reached the climax of
discomfort. Little could I know that during
the time to come I was to look back upon this
day as one of easy, delightful promenading.
The four hours' march brought us to an
open place, apparently a clearing, where the
estrada suddenly seemed to stop. Exhausted,
I threw myself on the moist ground while the
Chief explained our position. He said that
we were now at the end of the cut estrada
and that beyond this we would have no path
to follow, though he had somewhat explored
the region farther on the year previous, during
a similar expedition. We found that the
undergrowth had been renewed to such an
extent that his old track was indistinguishable,
and we had to hew our every step. When
we resumed the march I received a more
thorough understanding of what the word
jungle really means. Ahead of us was one
solid and apparently impenetrable wall of
vegetation, but my men attacked it system- j
atically with their heavy machetes. Slowly!
Cutting the Path 261
we advanced, but I wondered that we made
any progress at all. The skill of these sons
of the forest in cutting a pathway with their
long knives became a constant wonder to me.
Where an inexperienced person would have lost
himself, looking for a round-about easy course,
these men moved straight ahead, hewing and
hacking right and left, the play of the swift
blades seemingly dissolving all obstacles in
their path. Some idea of the density of the
growth can be gathered from the fact that if
a man moved off he became instantly invisible
although he might be only a yard or two away.
Late in the afternoon we reached a small
hut or tambo built on the former trip by the
Chief. It was nothing but a roof on poles,
but it was a welcome sight to us as it meant
rest and food. We were tired and hungry
and were glad to find a small creek close by
where we could refresh ourselves, taking care
to keep out of the reach of the alligators and
water-snakes swimming close to the weeds
by the shore. For our supper we gave the
dried pirarucu flesh a boil and soaked some
farinha in water, eating this tasteless repast
with as much gusto as we would if it had been
roast beef. Let me here recommend this
diet for any gourmet whose appetite has been
262 In the Amazon Jungle
impaired, and he will soon be able to enjoy
a stew of shoe-leather. One of the men, a
good-natured athlete, Jerome by name, was
sent out after fresh meat, and brought back
a weird little animal resembling a fox (cuti).
We decided to test it as a stew, but, lacking
salt, we found the dried pirarucu preferable.
The excitement of the night was furnished
by ants, which had built a nest in the tambo
where we had swung our hammocks. The
visitors swarmed up poles and down ropes
and would not be denied entrance. Wads
of cotton smeared with vaseline and bandaged
around the fastenings of the hammock proved
no obstacle. It was impossible to sleep;
mosquitoes came to the assistance of the
ants and managed to find their way through
the mosquito-net. To complete the general
11 cheerfulness," the tree-tops were full of
little spider-monkeys whispering mournfully
throughout the dark and showery night.
The second day's march took us through
the region which the Chief had explored the
year before, and we spent the night in another
tambo built on that occasion. Our progress,
however, was made with increasing difficulty,
as the land had become more hilly and broken
and the forest, if possible, more dense and
Crossing the Creeks 265
wild. We were now at a considerable dis-
tance from the river -front and in a region
where the yearly inundation could never reach.'
This stage of the journey remains among the
few pleasant memories of that terrible expe-
dition, through what I may call the gastronomic
revel with which it ended. Jerome had suc-
ceeded in bringing down with his muzzle-
loader a mutum, a bird which in flavour and
appearance reminds one of a turkey, while I
was so lucky as to bag a nice fat deer (marsh-
deer). This happened at tambo No. 2. We
called each successive hut by its respective
number. Here we had a great culinary feast,
so great that during the following days I
thought of this time with a sad "Us sont passe,
ces jours defete"
Now, guided by the position of the sun,
we held a course due west, our ultimate
destination being a far-off region where the
Chief expected to find large areas covered with
fine caoutchouc trees. The ground was hilly
and interspersed with deeply cut creeks where
we could see the ugly heads of the jararaca
snakes pop up as if they were waiting for us.
There was only one way of crossing these
creeks ; this was by felling a young tree across
the stream for a bridge. A long slender
266 In the Amazon Jungle
stick was then cut and one end placed at the
bottom of the creek, when each man seizing
this in his right hand steadied himself over
the tree to the other side of the deep treacher-
ous water. It required steady nerve to walk
this trunk, such as I did not possess, therefore
I found it safer to hang from the levelled bole
by my hands and travel across in that manner.
Tambo No. 3 we constructed ourselves, as we
did every other for the rest of the journey.
We always selected a site near a creek that
we were following, and cleared away the
underbrush so as to leave an open area of about
twenty-five feet square, always allowing one
tree to remain for a corner. A framework of
saplings tied together with strips of matamafa
bark was raised for a roof, and across this
were laid gigantic leaves of the murumuru,
twenty-five to thirty feet long. The ham-
mocks were then strung beneath, and we
managed to keep comparatively sheltered
from the nightly rain that always occurs
in these deep forests. After the frugal meal
of pirarucu and dried farinha, or of some game
we had picked up during the march, we would
creep into our hammocks and smoke, while
the men told hunting stories, or sang their
monotonous, unmelodious tribal songs.
i *
A Night's Disturbance 269
It must have been about two o'clock in
the morning when I was awakened by a
terrific roaring which fairly made the forest
tremble. Sitting up and staring fearfully into
the darkness, I heard the crashing of under-
brush and trees close upon us. My first
thought was of a hurricane, but in the confu-
sion of my senses, stunned by the impact of
sound, T had few clear impressions. My
companions were calling one another. The
noise grew louder, more terrifying. Suddenly
the little world around me went to smash
in one mad upheaval. The roof of the tambo
collapsed and fell upon us. At the same
instant I felt some huge body brush past me,
hurling me sprawling to the ground. The
noise was deafening, mingled with the shrieks
and excited yellings of my men, but the
object passed swiftly in the direction of the
creek.
Some one now thought of striking a light
to discover the extent of the damage. The
tambo was a wreck; the hammocks were one
tangled mass. Jerome, who had jumped
from his hammock when he first heard the
noise, followed the " hurricane" to the creek
and soon solved the mystery of the storm that
swept our little camp. He told us, it was a
270 In the Amazon Jungle
jaguar, which had sprung upon the back of
a large tapir while the animal was feeding in
the woods behind our tambo. The tapir
started for the creek in the hope of knocking
the jaguar off its back by rushing through the
underbrush; not succeeding in this, its next
hope was the water in the creek. It had
chosen a straight course through our tambo.
The next day we were successful in killing
two howling monkeys; these were greeted
with loud yells of joy, as we had not been able
to locate any game during the last twenty-four
hours' march. This is easy to understand.
We were much absorbed in cutting our way
through the bushes and the game was scared
away long before we could sight it.
After the ninth day of wearisome journeying,
the Chief found signs of numerous caoutchouc
trees, indicating a rich district, and it was
accordingly decided that tambo No. 9 should
be our last. We were now fully 150 miles
from the Floresta headquarters and some 120
miles back in the absolutely unknown. That
night the temperature went down to 41°
Fahrenheit, a remarkable drop so close to
the equator and on such low ground, but
it was undoubtedly due to the fact that the
sun never penetrates the dark foliage of the
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Tambo No. 9
273
surrounding dense forests where the swamps
between the hills give off their damp exhal-
ations.
Up to this point I had not feared the jungle
more than I would have feared any other
forest, but soon a dread commenced to take
hold of me, now that T could see how a great
danger crept closer and closer — danger of
starvation and sickness. Our supplies were
growing scant when we reached tambo No. 9,
and yet we lingered, forgetful of the precarious
position into which we had thrust ourselves,
and the violated wilderness was preparing
to take its revenge.
I suppose our carelessness in remaining
was due in part to the exhausted state to
which we had been reduced, and which made
us all rejoice in the comfort of effortless days
rather than face new exertions.
TamboN^C)
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^
275
CHAPTER VII
THE FATAL " TAMBO NO. 9"
WE were three weeks at tambo No. 9
before the sharp tooth of necessity began
to rouse us to the precarious situation. Occa-
sionally a lucky shot would bring down a
mutum or a couple of monkeys and, on one
occasion, a female tapir. Thus feasting to
repletion, we failed to notice that the lucky
strikes came at longer intervals; that the
animals were deserting our part of the forest.
During these three weeks we were not wholly
idle. The Chief had the men out every day
making excursions in the neighbourhood to
locate the caoutchouc trees. As soon as a
tree was found, they set to work bleeding the
base of it to let the milky sap ooze out on the
ground where it would collect in a small pool.
Then they would fell the tree and cut rings
in the bark at regular intervals so that the
milk could flow out. In a few days when the
277
278 In the Amazon Jungle
milk had coagulated, forming large patches
of caoutchouc, they would return for it. The
pieces were washed in the creek and then tied
into large bundles ready for transporting.
In all they located more than 800 caoutchouc
trees. At this time too I made my remarkable
discovery of gold deposits in the creek. It
seems to me now like the plot of some old
morality play, for while we were searching
eagerly for the thing that we considered the
ultimate goal of human desires — wealth,
the final master, Death, was closing his net
upon us day by day. Our food supply was
nearly gone.
While strolling along the shores of the
creek in search of game, I noticed irregular
clumps or nodules of clay which had accumu-
lated in large quantities in the bed of the
stream, especially where branches and logs
had caused whirlpools and eddies to form.
They had the appearance of pebbles or stones,
and were so heavy in proportion to their size
that my curiosity was aroused, and throwing
one of them on the bank I split it open with my
machete. My weakened heart then com-
menced to beat violently, for what I saw
looked like gold.
I took the two pieces to my working table
il
° *
u
Gold 281
near our tambo, and examining the dirty-
yellow heart with my magnifying glass,
I found the following: A central mass about
one cubic inch in size, containing a quantity
of yellowish grains measuring, say, one thirty-
second of an inch in diameter, slightly adhering
to each other, but separating upon pressure
of the finger, and around this a thick layer of
hard clay or mud of somewhat irregular shape.
It immediately struck me that the yellow
substance might be gold, though I could not
account for the presence of it in the centre of
the clay-balls.
I carefully scraped the granules out of the
clay, and washing them clean, placed them
on a sheet of paper to dry in the sun. By
this time the attention of the other men had
been attracted to what T was doing, and it
seemed to amuse the brave fellows immensely
to watch my painstaking efforts with the
yellow stuff. I produced some fine scales
I had for weighing chemicals for my photo-
graphic work, and suspended these above a
gourd filled with water. Then I went down to
the creek and collected more of the clay-balls
and scraped the mud of one away from the
solid centre of what I took to be grains of
gold. A fine thread I next wound around
282 In the Amazon Jungle
the gold ball and this was tied to one end of
the balance. After an equilibrium had been
established, I found that the weight of the
gold was 660 grains. Next I raised the
gourd until the water reached the suspended
ball, causing the opposite pan of the scales
to go down. To again establish equilibrium,
I had to add 35 grains. With this figure I
divided the actual weight of the gold, which
gave me 18.9, and this I remembered was
close to the specific gravity of pure gold.
Still a little in doubt, I broke the bulb of
one of my clinical thermometers and, placing
the small quantity of mercury thus obtained
in the bottom of a tray, I threw a few of the
grains into it, and found that they immediately
united, forming a dirty-grey amalgam. I was
now sure the substance was gold and in less
than five hours I collected enough to fill five
photographic 5x7 plate-boxes, the only
empty receptacles I could lay my hands on.
T could have filled a barrel, for the creek was
thick with the clay-balls as far as I could see;
but I had a continuous fever and this, with
the exhaustion from semi-starvation, caused
me to be indifferent to this great wealth. In
fact, I would have gladly given all the gold
in the creek for ONE square meal. If the
He Died and was Buried 283
difficulties in reaching this infernal region
were not so great, I have no doubt that a few
men could soon make themselves millionaires.
The deadly fever came among us after a few
days. It struck a young man called Brabo
first; the next day I fell sick with another
serious attack of swamp-fever, and we both
took to our hammocks. For five days and
nights I was delirious most of the time, listen-
ing to the mysterious noises of the forest and
seeing in my dreams visions of juicy steaks,
great loaves of bread, and cups of creamy
coffee. In those five days the only food in
the camp was howling monkey, the jerked
beef and the dried farinha having given out
much to my satisfaction, as I became so
heartily disgusted with this unpalatable food
that I preferred to starve rather than eat it
again. At first I felt the lack of food keenly,
but later the pain of hunger was dulled, and
only a warm, drugged sensation pervaded
my system. Starvation has its small mercies.
I became almost childishly interested in
small things. There was a peculiar sound that
came from the deep forest in the damp nights ;
I used to call it the " voice of the forest."
To close one's eyes and listen was almost
to imagine oneself near the murmuring crowd
284 In the Amazon Jungle
of a large city. It was the song of numer-
ous frogs which inhabited a creek near our
tambo. Then I would hear four musical
notes uttered in a major key from the tree-
tops close by, soon answered by another four
in a similar pitch, and this musical and
cheerful (!) conversation was continued all
night long. The men told me that this was
the note of a species of frog that lived in the
trees.
One day the jungle took the first toll from
us. Young Brabo was very low; I managed
to stagger out of my hammock to give him
a hypodermic injection, but he was too far
gone for it to do him any good. He died in
the early afternoon. We dug a grave with
our machetes right behind our tambo. No
stone marks this place; only a small wooden
cross tied together with bark-strips shows
where our comrade lies — a son of the forest
whom the forest claimed again.
The arrival of Death in our camp showed us
all how far we were in the grasp of actual,
threatening danger. We stood about the
grave in silence. These men, these Indians
of the Amazon, were very human; somehow,
I always considered them equals and not of
an inferior race. We had worked together,
w -^
1
.
Quinine, Quinine 287
eaten and slept and laughed together, and now
together we faced the mystery of Death.
The tie between us became closer ; the frater-
nity of common flesh and blood bound us.
The next day I arose and was able to walk
around, having injected my left arm with
copious doses of quinine and arsenical acid.
Borrowing thus false strength from drugs,
I was able, to some extent, to roam around
with my camera and secure photographs that
I wanted to take home with me to the States.
I had constructed a table of stalks of the
murumuru palm-leaves, and I had made a
sun-dial by the aid of a compass and a stick,
much to the delight of the men, who were now
able to tell the hour of the day with precision.
The next day I had another attack of fever
and bled my arm freely with the bistoury,
relieving myself of about sixteen ounces of
blood. Shortly after nine o'clock in the
morning I heard a shot which I recognised
as being that of Jerome's muzzle-loader;
soon afterward he made his appearance with
a splendid specimen of a jet-black jaguar,
killed by a shot behind the ear. He skinned
it after first asking me if I wanted to get up
and take a photograph of it, but I was too
weak to do it and had to decline.
288 In the Amazon Jungle
The Chief one day brought into camp a
fine deer and a mutum bird, which relieved
our hunger for a while. As we were preparing
a luxurious meal, Jerome returned with two
red howling monkeys, but we had all the meat
we could take care of, and these monkeys
were rejected and thrown away.
By this time the Chief informed us that
enough caoutchouc trees had been located
to justify our return to the Floresta head-
quarters with a satisfactory report — of course,
excepting the death of poor Brabo. Further-
more it was decided that owing to the lack
of provisions we should separate. He directed
that the men Freitas, Magellaes, and Anisette
should take a course at a right angle to the
Itecoahy, so as to reach this river in a short
time, where they were to procure a canoe
and secure assistance for the rest of us. This,
of course, was a chance, but under the cir-
cumstances every step was a chance. The
Chief himself, Jerome, and I would retrace
the route which we had lately travelled and
reach Floresta that way. The evening before
our departure I did not think myself strong
enough to carry my load a single step, but
the hypodermic needle, with quinine, which
had now become my constant stand-by, lent
The Departure 289
me an artificial strength, and when the pack-
ing was done the next morning, I stood up
with the rest and strapped the load on my
shoulders.
We parted with the other three men before
sunrise, with clasps of the hand that were
never to be repeated, and so turned our faces
toward the outer world. My only hope
was to retain sufficient strength in my
emaciated, fever-racked body to drag myself
back to Floresta, and from there, in the course
of time, get canoe or launch connection to
the frontier down the river, and then wait
for the steamer that would take me back to
"God's Country," where I could eat proper
food, and rest — rest.
The jungle no longer seemed beautiful or
wonderful to me, but horrible — a place of
terror and death.
In my drug-dazed sleep on that back-track,
I started up in my hammock, bathed in a
sweat of fear from a dream; T saw myself
and my companions engulfed in a sea of
poisonous green, caught by living creepers
that dragged us down and held us in a deadly
octopus embrace The forest was something
from which I fled; it was hideous, a trap,
with its impenetrable wall of vegetation,
IQ
290 In the Amazon Jungle
its dark shadows, and moist, treacherous
ground.
I longed for the open; struggled for it, as
the swimmer struggles up for air to escape
from the insidious sucking of the undertow.
Starving, weak from fever, oppressed by
the thought of death, but lashed on by
stimulants and the tenacity of life, I headed
with my two comrades out of the world of
the unknown, toward the world of men — to
LIFE.
What Happened
In The Forest
291
CHAPTER VIII
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE FOREST
the second day of the return trip, we had
a remarkable experience. Probably not
more than two hundred yards from the tambo
where we had spent the night, we heard the
noise, as we thought, of a tapir, but nothing
could surpass our astonishment when we saw a
human being. Who could it be that dared
alone to disturb the solitude of the virgin
forest, and who went along in these dreary
woods humming a melody?
It was a young Indian who approached
us cautiously when Jerome spoke in a
tongue I did not understand, and evidently
told him that we were friends on the way back
to our homes by the river. He was an un-
usually fine specimen of a savage, well built,
beautifully proportioned, and with a flawless
skin like polished bronze. His clothing
was limited to a bark girdle, and a feather
293
294 In the Amazon Jungle
head-dress not unlike that worn by some
North American Indians.
He was armed with bow and arrows and
a blow-gun; and he had a small rubber pouch
filled with a brownish substance, the remark-
able wourahli poison. He explained to Jerome
that his tribe lived in their maloca, or tribal
house, about 24 hours' march from this place,
and that he had been chasing a tapir all day,
but had lost its track, and was now returning
to his home. He pointed in a north-western
direction with his blow-gun, signifying thereby
the general route he was going to follow in
order to reach his destination. We sat down
on the ground and looked at each other for
quite a while, and thus I had my first chance
of studying a blow-gun and the poisoned
arrows, outside a museum, and in a place
where it was part of a man's life. At the
time I did not know that I was to have a
little later a more thorough opportunity of
examining this weapon. I asked the Indian,
Jerome acting as interpreter, to demonstrate
the use of the gun, to which he consented
with a grin. We soon heard the chattering
of monkeys in the tree- tops, and deftly in-
serting one of the thin poisoned arrows in the
ten-foot tube he pointed the weapon at a
FOREST CREEK
We were glad to find a creek close to our tambo
295
Shooting with Blow-gun 297
swiftly moving body among the branches,
and filling his lungs with air, let go. With
a slight noise, hardly perceptible, the arrow
flew out and pierced the left thigh of a little
monkey. Quick as lightning he inserted
another arrow and caught one of the other
monkeys as it was taking a tremendous
leap through the air to a lower branch. The
arrow struck this one in the shoulder, but
it was a glancing shot and the shaft dropped
to the ground. In the meantime the Indian
ran after the first monkey and carried it up
to me. It seemed fast asleep, suffering no
agony whatever; and after five or six minutes
its heart ceased beating. The other monkey
landed on the branch it was aiming for in its
leap, but after a short while it seemed uneasy
and sniffed at everything. Finally, its hold
on the branch relaxed, it dropped to the ground
and was dead in a few minutes. It was a
marvellous thing to behold these animals
wounded but slightly, the last one only
scratched, and yet dying after a few minutes
as if they were falling asleep. It was then
explained to me that the meat was still good
to eat and that the presence of poison would
not affect the consumer's stomach in the
least; in fact, most of the game these Indians
298 In the Amazon Jungle
get is procured in this manner. I was lucky
enough to secure a snap-shot of this man in
the act of using his blow-gun. It proved
to be the last photograph I took in the Brazil-
ian jungles. Accidents and sickness subse-
quently set in, and the fight for life became
too hard and all-absorbing even to think of
photographing. He left us after an hour's
conversation, and we resumed our journey
homewards.
We had a slight advantage in retracing
our former path. Although the reedy under-
growth had already choked it, we were
travelling over ground that we knew, and it
was also no longer necessary to delay for the
building of tambos; we used the old ones again.
Jerome had complained for some time of
a numbness in his fingers and toes, and also
of an increasing weakness of the heart that
made every step a torment. The Chief and
I tried our best to cheer him up, although I
felt certain that the brave fellow himself
knew what dreadful disease had laid its spell
upon him. However, we kept on walking
without any words that might tend to lower
our already depressed spirits.
But our march was no longer the animated
travel it had been on the way out; we talked
Exhaustion 299
like automatons rather than like human,
thinking beings. Suffering, hunger, and drugs
had dulled our senses. Only the will to
escape somehow, the instinct of self-preser-
vation, was fully awake in us. A sweep of
the machete to cut a barrier bushrope or
climber, one foot placed before the other,
meant that much nearer to home and safety.
Such was now the simple operation of our
stupefied and tired brains, brains that could
not hold one complex thought to its end; too
tired — tired !
At nightfall we stumbled into our old
tambo No. 7. There was no thought of
securing food, no possibility of getting any;
we had been too tired to even attempt to
shoot game during the day. The two monkeys
which the Indian had killed with his blow-
gun were the only food we had and these we
now broiled over the camp-fire and devoured
fiercely. After this meal, none too good,
we slung our hammocks with difficulty and
dropped in. Jerome's numbness increased
during the night. We were up and on the
trail again with the dawn.
In the afternoon we descended a hill to
find ourselves confronted by a swamp of
unusual extent. The Chief was in the lead
300 In the Amazon Jungle
as we crossed the swamp and we lost him
from our sight for a few minutes. While
crossing this wide, slimy-bottomed place,
I noticed a peculiar movement in the water
near me, and soon made out the slender bodies
of swamp -snakes as they whipped past
among the branches and reeds. These
snakes are called by the Brazilians jararacas
and are very poisonous; however, I had no
fear for myself as I wore heavy buffalo-hide
boots, but the men walked barefooted, and
were in great danger. I cried out a warning
to Jerome, who took care to thrash about
him. We supposed that we had passed this
snake-hole without mishap when we rejoined
the Chief on "terra firma." He was leaning
over, as we approached him, and he turned
a face to us that was stricken with fear. He
pointed to the instep of his right foot and
there on the skin were two tiny spots, marked
by the fangs of the snake. Without a word
we sank to the ground beside him in despair.
The unfortunate man, with dilated eyes fixed
upon the ground, crouched waiting for the
coming of the pain that would indicate that
the poison was working its deadly course,
and that the end was near if something was
not done immediately.
TOP OF HILL
The land had become more hilly and broken
301
A Desperate Remedy 303
Losing no more time, I cried to Jerome to
pour out some gunpowder while I sucked
the wound. While doing this I fumbled in
the spacious pockets of my khaki hunting-
coat and secured the bistoury with which I
made a deep incision in the flesh over the
wound, causing the blood to flow freely.
In the meantime, Jerome had filled a measure
with black powder and this was now emptied
into the bleeding wound and a burning match
applied at once. The object of this was to
cauterise the wound, a method that has been
used with success in the outskirts of the world
where poisonous reptiles abound and where
proper antidotes cannot be had.
The Chief stood the ordeal without a mur-
mur, never flinching even at the explosion of
the gunpowder. Jerome and T made him as
comfortable as possible, and sat sadly by
his side watching him suffer and die by
inches.
It is no easy thing to see a man meet death,
but under these circumstances it was particu-
larly distressing. The Chief had been a man
of a strong constitution particularly adapted
to the health-racking work of a rubber-hunter.
He it was who with his forest-wisdom had
planned all our moves, and had mapped our
304 In the Amazon Jungle
course through the blind forest, where a man
could be lost as easily as on the open sea.
He had proved himself a good leader, save
for the fatal mistake in delaying our return,
over-anxious as he was to render his employer,
Coronel da Silva, full and faithful service.
He was extremely capable, kind, and human,
and a good friend to us all.
We had looked to him for advice in all
our needs. He knew the language of the
wild beasts of the forest, he knew a way out
of everything, and at home he was a most
devoted father. Now, this splendid fellow,
the sole reliance, in this vast arid intricate
maze, of Jerome and myself, succumbed before
our eyes to one of the dangers of the merciless
wilderness. He was beyond all hope. Noth-
ing in our power could to any extent add to
the prolongation of his life which slowly ebbed
away. About four o'clock in the afternoon his
respirations grew difficult, and a few moments
later he drew his last painful breath. He died
three hours after being bitten by ihejararaca.
For the second time during that ill-fated
journey I went to work digging a grave with
my machete, Jerome lending me whatever
assistance he could in his enfeebled state.
My own condition was such that T had to
,
Beri-Beri 305
rest and recover my breath with every few
stabs of the machete.
We completed that day's journey late in
the afternoon, arriving at tambo No. 6
after taking almost an hour for the last half
mile. Jerome could now scarcely stand with-
out my assistance. There was no longer
any attempt to disguise the nature of his
sickness. He had beri-beri, and that meant
in our situation not the slightest chance of
recovery. Even with the best of care and
nursing his case would be hopeless, for in
these regions the disease is absolutely fatal.
We built a fire and managed to get our
hammocks fastened in some fashion, but there
was not a scrap of food to be had. The
heart-leaves from a young palm were chewed
in a mood of hopeless desperation.
The next morning it was a task of several
minutes for me to get out of the hammock
and on my feet. Jerome made several painful
efforts and, finally, solved his problem by
dropping to the ground. He could not rise
until I came to his assistance. Then we two
tottering wrecks attempted to carry our heavy
loads, but Jerome could not make it; he cast
from him everything he owned, even the
smallest personal belongings so dear to his
306 In the Amazon Jungle
simple, pure soul. It was heartrending to
see this young man, who in health would have
been able to handle three or four of his own
size, now reduced to such a pitiful state.
And in my own case, the fever which I
had fought off by constant use of the hypo-
dermic needle, now swept over me with
renewed violence. The drug did not have
the same effect as when I was new to the
ravages of the fever.
At this point my recollections became
almost inextricably confused. I know that
at times I raved wildly as I staggered on,
for occasionally I came to myself with strange
phrases on my lips addressed to no one in par-
ticular. When these lucid moments brought
coherent thought, it was the jungle, the
endless, all-embracing, fearful jungle, that
overwhelmed my mind. No shipwrecked
mariner driven to madness by long tossing
on a raft at sea ever conceived such hatred
and horror of his surroundings as that which
now came upon me for the fresh, perpetual,
monotonous green of the interminable forest.
About noon the weight on my back became
unbearable and I resolved to sacrifice my
precious cargo. I threw away my camera,
my unexposed plates, all utensils, and four of
Q £
2 05
« -d
g 2
•8
b£
Death of Jerome
309
the boxes of gold dust. This left me with one
box of gold, a few boxes of exposed plates
(which I eventually succeeded in carrying
all the way back to New York), and fifty-six
bullets, the automatic revolver, and the
machete. Last, but not least, I kept the
hypodermic needle and a few more ampules.
We had walked scarcely a quarter of a
mile when Jerome collapsed. The poor fel-
low declared that he was beaten; it was
no use to fight any more ; he begged me to
hurry the inevitable and send a bullet through
his brain. The prospect of another visitation
of Death aroused me from my sttipor. I
got him to a dry spot and found some dry
leaves and branches with which T started a
fire. Jerome was beyond recognising me. He
lay by the fire, drawing long, wheezing breaths,
and his face was horribly distorted, like that
of a man in a violent fit. He babbled
incessantly to himself and occasionally stared
at me and broke out into shrill, dreadful
laughter, that made my flesh creep.
All this overwhelmed me and sapped the
little energy I had left. I threw myself on
the ground some little distance from the fire,
not caring if T ever rose again.
How long it was before a penetrating, weird
310 In the Amazon Jungle
cry aroused me from this stupor, I do not
know, but when I raised my head I saw that
the forest was growing dark and the fire
burning low. I saw too that Jerome was
trying to get on his feet, his eyes bulging
from their sockets, his face crimson in colour.
He was on one knee, when the thread of life
snapped, and he fell headlong into the fire.
I saw this as through a hazy veil and almost
instantly my senses left me again.
I have no clear knowledge of what happened
after this. Throughout the rest of the night,
my madness mercifully left me insensible
to the full appreciation of the situation and
my future prospects. It was night again
before I was able to arouse myself from my
collapse. The fire was out, the forest dark
and still, except for the weird cry of the owl,
the uncanny " Mother of the Moon." Poor
Jerome lay quiet among the embers. I did
not have the courage, even if I had had the
vStrength, to pull the body away, for there
could be nothing left of his face by now.
I looked at him once more, shuddering, and
because I could not walk, I crept on all fours
through the brush, without any object in
mind, — just kept moving — just crept on like
a sick, worthless dog.
No Hope 311
One definite incident of the night I remem-
ber quite distinctly. Tt occurred during one
of those moments when my senses returned
for a while; when I could realise where T was
and how I got there. I was crawling through
the thicket making small, miserable progress,
my insensible face and hands torn and
scratched by spines and thorns which I did not
heed, when something bumped against my
thigh; I clutched at it and my hand closed
around the butt of my automatic pistol.
The weapon came out of its holster uncon-
sciously, but as I felt my finger rest in the curve
of the trigger, I knew that some numbed and
exhausted corner of my brain had prompted
me to do this thing; indeed, as T weighed the
matter with what coolness I could bring to bear,
it did not seem particularly wicked. With the
pistol in my hand and with the safety released,
I believed that the rest would have been easy
and even pleasant. What did I have in my
favour? What prospect did I have of escaping
the jungle? None whatever — none!
There was no shadow of hope for me, and
T had long ago given up believing in miracles.
For eight days I had scarcely had a mouthful
to eat, excepting the broiled monkey at
tambo No. 7, shot by the young Indian.
3i2 In the Amazon Jungle
The fever had me completely in its grasp.
I was left alone more than one hundred miles
from human beings in absolute wilderness.
T measured cynically the tenaciousness of
life, measured the thread that yet held me
among the number of the living, and I realised
now what the fight between life and death
meant to a man brought to bay. I had not
the slightest doubt in my mind that this was
the last of me. vSurely, no man could have
been brought lower or to greater extremity
and live; no man ever faced a more hopeless
proposition. Yet T could or would not yield,
but put the pistol back where it belonged.
All night long I crawled on and on and ever
on, through the underbrush, with no sense
of direction whatever, and still I am sure
that T did not crawl in a circle but that I
covered a considerable distance. For hours
I moved along at the absolute mercy of any
beast of the forest that might meet me.
The damp chill of the approaching morning
usual in these regions came to me with a
cooling touch and restored once more to some
extent my sanity. My clothes were almost
stripped from my body, and smeared with
mud, my hands and face were torn and my
knees were a mass of bruises.
mong The
Cannibal
Mangcro
r on r
CHAPTER IX
AMONG THE CANNIBAL MANGEROMAS
I HAVE a vague recollection of hearing the
barking of dogs, of changing my crawling
direction to head for the sound, and then,
suddenly, seeing in front of me a sight which
had the same effect as a rescuing steamer on
the shipwrecked.
To my confused vision it seemed that I
saw many men and women and children, and
a large, round house; I saw parrots fly across
the open space in brilliant, flashing plumage
and heard their shrill screaming. I cried
aloud and fell forward when a little curly-
haired dog jumped up and commenced licking
my face, and then I knew no more.
When I came to I was lying in a com-
fortable hammock in a large, dark room.
I heard the murmur of many voices and
presently a man came over and looked at me.
I did not understand where T was, but thought
315
316 In the Amazon Jungle
that T, finally, had gone mad. I fell asleep
again. The next time T woke up T saw an
old woman leaning over me and holding in her
hand a gourd containing some chicken-broth
which I swallowed slowly, not feeling the crav-
ings of hunger, in fact not knowing whether
I was dead or alive. The old woman had a
peculiar piece of wood through her lip and
looked very unreal to me, and T soon fell
asleep again.
On the fifth day, so T learned later, I began
to feel my senses return, my fever commenced
to abate, and I was able to grasp the fact
that T had crawled into the maloca, or com-
munal village, of the Mangeromas. I was
as weak as a kitten, and, indeed, it has been
a marvel to me ever since that I succeeded
at all in coming out of the Shadow. The
savages, by tender care, with strengthening
drinks prepared in their own primitive method,
wrought the miracle, and returned to life a
man who was as near death as any one could
be, and not complete the transition. They
fed me at regular intervals, thus checking
my sickness, and when I could make out
their meaning, I understood that I could
stay with them as long as T desired.
Luckily I had kept my spectacles on my
The Maloca 319
nose (they were the kind that fasten back
of the ears) during the previous hardships,
and T found these sticking in their position
when I awoke. My khaki coat was on the
ground under my hammock, and the first
thing was to ascertain if the precious contents
of its large pockets had been disturbed, but
I found everything safe. The exposed plates
were there in their closed boxes, the gold
dust was also there and mocked me with its
yellow glare, and my hypodermic outfit was
intact and was used without delay, much to
the astonishment of some of the men, standing
around my hammock.
When my head was clear and strong enough
to raise, I turned and began my first visual
exploration of my immediate surroundings.
The big room I found to be a colossal
hoxise, forty feet high and one hundred and
fifty feet in diameter, thatched with palm-
leaves and with sides formed of the stems of
the pachiuba tree. It was the communal
residence of this entire tribe, consisting, as
I learned later, of two hundred and fifty-eight
souls. A single door and a circular opening
in the roof were the only apertures of this
enormous structure. The door was very low,
not more than four feet, so that it was
32O In the Amazon Jungle
necessary to creep on one's knees to enter the
place, and this opening was closed at night,
that is to say, about six o'clock, by a slid-
ing door which fitted so snugly that I never
noticed any mosquitoes or plums in the dark,
cool room.
The next day I could get out of my ham-
mock, though I could not stand or walk with-
out the aid of two women, who took me over
to a man I later found to be the chief of the
tribe. He was well-fed, and by his elaborate
dress was distinguished from the rest of the
men. He had a very pleasant, good-natured
smile, and almost constantly displayed a
row of white, sharp-filed teeth. This smile
gave me some confidence, but I very well
knew that I was now living among cannibal
Indians, whose reputation in this part of
the Amazon is anything but flattering. I
prepared for the new ordeal without any
special fear — my feelings seemed by this time
to have been pretty well exhausted and any
appreciation of actual danger was consider-
ably reduced as a result of the gamut of the
terrors which I had run.
I addressed the Chief in the Portuguese
language, which I had learned during my stay
at Floresta headquarters, and also in Spanish,
Audience with the Chief 321
but he only shook his head; all my efforts
were useless. He let me know in a friendly
manner that my hammock was to be my
resting-place and that T would not be molested.
His tribe was one that occupied an almost
unknown region and had no connection with
white men or Brazilians or people near the
river. I tried in the course of the mimical
conversation to make him understand that,
with six companions from a big Chief's maloca
(meaning Coronel da Silva and the Floresta
headquarters) , I had penetrated into the woods
near this mighty Chief's maloca, — here I
pointed at the Chief — that the men had died
from fever and I was left alone and that
luckily, I had found my way to the free men
of the forest (here I made a sweeping move-
ment with my hands). He nodded and the
audience was over. I was led back to my
hammock to dream and eat, and dream again.
Although the Chief and his men presented
an appearance wholly unknown to me, yet
it did not seem to distract me at the first
glance, but as my faculties slowly returned
to their former activity, I looked at them
and found them very strange figures, indeed.
Every man had two feathers inserted in
the cartilage of his nose; at some distance
322 In the Amazon Jungle
it appeared as if they wore moustaches.
Besides this, the Chief had a sort of feather-
dress reaching half way down to his knees;
this was simply a quantity of mutum feath-
ers tied together as a girdle by means of
plant -fibres. The women wore no clothing
whatever, their only ornamentation being
the oval wooden piece in the lower lip and
fancifully arranged designs on face, arms,
and body. The colours which they preferred
were scarlet and black, and they procured
these dyes from two plants that grew in the
forest near by. They would squeeze the
pulp of the fruits and apply the rich-coloured
juice with their fingers, forming one scarlet
ring around each eye, outside of this a black
and larger ring, and, finally, two scarlet bands
reaching from the temples to the chin.
There were probably sixty-five families in
this communal hut, all having their little house-
holds scattered throughout the place without
any separating partitions whatever. The
many poles which supported the roof formed
the only way of distinguishing the individual
households. The men strung their hammocks
between the poles in such a way that they
formed a triangle, and in the middle of this
a fire was always going. Here the women
CREEK IN THE UNKNOWN
At times we could see the ugly heads of the jararaca snakes pop up as if
they were waiting for us
323
Family Life
325
were doing the cooking of game that the men
brought in at all times of the day. The men
;lept in the hammocks, while the women were
;reated less cavalierly; they slept with their
tildren on the ground under the hammocks
•ound the little family triangle. As a rule
they had woven mats made of grass-fibre
and coloured with the juices of the urucu
plant and the genipapa, but in many instances
they had skins of jaguars, and, which was
more frequent, the furs of the three-toed
sloths. These were placed around the family
fire, directly under the hammocks occupied
by the men. In these hammocks the men
did most of the repair work on their bows
and arrows when necessary, here they fitted
the arrow heads to the shafts, in fact, they
spent all their time in them when not actually
hunting in the forests.
The hospitality of my friends proved
unbounded. The Chief appointed two young
girls to care for me, and though they were
not startling from any point of view, especially
when remembering their labial ornaments
and their early developed abdominal hyper-
trophies, they were as kind as any one could
have been, watching me when I tried to walk
and supporting me when I became too weak.
326 In the Amazon Jungle
There was a certain broth they prepared,
which was delicious, but there were others
which were nauseating and which I had to
force myself to eat. I soon learned that it-
was impolite to refuse any dish that was put
in front of me, no matter how repugnant.
One day the Chiof ordered me to come over
to his family triangle and have dinner with
him. The meal consisted of some very tender
fried fish which were really delicious; then
followed three broiled parrots with fried
bananas which were equally good; but then
came a soup which I could not swallow.
The first- mouthful almost choked me, — the
meat which was one of the ingredients tasted
and smelled as if it had been kept for weeks,
the herbs which were used were so bitter
and gave out such a rank odour that my mouth
puckered and the muscles of my throat
refused to swallow. The Chief looked at me
and frowned, and then I remembered the
forest from which I had lately arrived and
the starvation and the terrors; I closed my
eyes and swallowed the dish, seeking what
mental relief I could find in the so-called
auto-suggestion.
But T had the greatest respect for the
impulsive, unreasoning nature of these sons
Habits of the Mangeromas 327
of the forest. Easily insulted, they are well-
nigh implacable. This incident shows upon
what a slender thread my life hung. The
friends of one moment might become vin-
dictive foes of the next.
Besides the head-Chief there were two sub-
Chiefs, so that in case of sickness or death
there would be always one regent. They
were plainly distinguished by their dress,
which consisted mainly of fancifully arranged
feather belts of arara, mutum, and trumpeter
plumes covering the shoulders and abdomen.
These articles of dress were made by young
women of the tribe: women who wanted to
become favourites of the Chief and sub-Chiefs.
They often worked for months on a feather
dress and when finished presented it to the
particular Chief whose favour they desired.
The Chiefs had several wives, but the tribes-
men were never allowed to take more than one.
Whenever a particularly pretty girl desired
to join the household of the Great Chief or of
a sub-Chief, she set to work and for months
and months she made necklaces of alligator
teeth, peccary teeth, and finely carved ivory
nuts and coloured pieces of wood. She also
would weave some elaborate hammock and
fringe this with the bushy tails of the squirrels
328 In the Amazon Jungle
and the forest-cats, and when these articles
were done, she would present them to the
Chief, who, in return for these favours, would
bestow upon her the great honour of accepting
her as a wife.
There seemed to be few maladies among
these people; in fact, during the five weeks
I spent with them, I never saw a case of fever
nor of anything else. When a person died the
body was carried far into the woods, where
a fire was built, and it was cremated. The
party would then leave in a hurry and never
return to the same spot; they were afraid of
the Spirit of the Dead. They told me that
they could hear the Spirit far off in the forests
at night when the moon was shining.
The men were good hunters and were
experts in the use of bow and arrow and also
the blow-gun, and never failed to bring home
a fresh supply of game for the village. This
supply was always divided equally, so that
no one should receive more than he needed
for the day. At first glance the men might
appear lazy, but why should they hurry and
worry when they have no landlord, and no
grocer's bills to pay; in fact, the value of
money is entirely unknown to them.
I was allowed to walk around as I pleased,
The Chief as a Teacher 331
everybody showing me a kindness for which
I shall ever gratefully remember these " sav-
ages." I frequently spent my forenoons on
a tree trunk outside the maloca with the
Chief, who took a particular interest in my
welfare. We would sit for hours and talk,
he sometimes pointing at an object and
giving its Indian name, which I would repeat
until I got the right pronunciation. Thus,
gradually instructed, and by watching the
men and women as they came and went,
day after day, I was able to understand some
of their language and learned to answer
questions fairly well. They never laughed
at my mistakes, but repeated a word until
I had it right.
The word of the 'Chief was law and no one
dared appeal from the decisions of this man.
In fact, there would have been nobody to
appeal to, for the natives believed him vested
with mysterious power which made him the
ruler of men. I once had occasion to see him
use the power which had been given him.
I had accompanied two young Indians, one
of whom was the man we had met in the
forest on our return trip not far from that
fatal tambo No. 3. His name, at least as
it sounded to me, was Rere. They carried
332 In the Amazon Jungle
bows and arrows and I my automatic pistol,
although I had no great intention of using it.
What little ammunition I had left I desired
to keep for an emergency and, besides, I
reasoned that I might, at some future time,
be able to use the power and noise of
the weapon to good advantage if I kept
the Indians ignorant of them for the
present.
We had scarcely gone a mile, when we dis-
covered on the opposite side of a creek, about
one hundred and fifty yards away, a wild
hog rooting for food. We were on a slight
elevation ourselves and under cover of the
brush, while the hog was exposed to view on
the next knoll. Almost simultaneously my
companions fitted arrows to their bow-strings.
Instead of shooting point blank, manipulating
the bows with their hands and arms, they
placed their great and second toes on the
cords on the ground, and with their left arms
gave the proper tension and inclination to
the bows which were at least eight feet long.
With a whirr the poisoned arrows shot forth
and, while the cords still twanged, sailed
gracefully through the air, describing a
hyperbola, fell with a speed that made them
almost invisible, and plunged into the animal
Two Hunters Dispute 333
on each side of his neck a little back from the
base of the brain.
The hog dropped in his tracks, and I doubt
if he could have lived even though the arrows
had not been poisoned. T}dng his feet
together with plant-fibres we slung the body
over a heavy pole and carried it to the maloca.
All the way the two fellows disputed as to
who was the owner of the hog, and from time
to time they put the carcass on the ground
to gesticulate and argue. I thought they
would come to blows. When they appealed
to me I declared that the arrows had sped
so rapidly that my eyes could not follow them
and therefore could not tell which arrow had
found its mark first.
A few yards from the house my friends
fell to arguing again, and a crowd collected
about them, cheering first the one then the
other. My suggestion that the game be
divided was rejected as showing very poor
judgment. Finally, the dispute grew to
such proportions that the Chief sent a
messenger to learn the cause of the trouble
and report it to him.
The emissary retired and the crowd
immediately began to disperse and the
combatants quieted. The messenger soon
334 In the Amazon Jungle
returned saying that the Great Chief would
judge the case and ordered the men to enter
the maloca. With some difficulty the hog
was dragged through the door opening and
all the inhabitants crawled in after. The
Chief was decked out in a new and splendid
feather dress, his face had received a fresh
coat of paint (in fact, the shells of the urucu
plant with which he coloured his face and body
scarlet were still lying under his hammock),
and his nose was supplied with a new set of
mutum feathers. He was sitting in his ham-
mock which was made of fine, braided, multi-
coloured grass-fibres and was fringed with
numerous squirrel tails. The whole picture
was one which impressed me as being weirdly
fantastic and extremely picturesque, the
reddish, flickering light from the fires adding
a mystic colour to the scene. On the opposite
side of the fire from where the Chief was sitting
lay the body of the hog, and at each end of
the carcass stood the two hunters, straight
as saplings ; gazing stolidly ahead. In a semi-
circle, facing the Chief and surrounding the
disputants, was the tribe, squatting on the
ground. The Chief motioned to me to seat
myself on the ground alongside of the ham-
mock where he was sitting. The men told
HUNTING
The next day two of the men succeeded in killing two howling monkeys
335
The Chief as a Judge 337
their story, now and then looking to me for
an affirmative nod of the head. After having
listened to the argument of the hunters
for a considerable time without uttering a
syllable, and regarding the crowd with a
steady, unblinking expression, with a trace
of a satirical smile around the corners of his
mouth, which suited him admirably, the
Chief finally spoke. He said, "The hog is
mine.— Go!"
The matter was ended with this wise
judgment, and there seemed to be no dispo-
sition to grumble or re-appeal to the great
authority.
My life among the Mangeromas was, for
the greater part, free from adventure, at least
as compared with former experiences, and
yet I was more than once within an inch
of meeting death. In fact, I think that I
looked more squarely in the eyes of death in
that peaceful little community than ever I
did out in the wilds of the jungle or in my
most perilous adventures. The creek that
ran near the maloca supplied the Indians with
what water they needed for drinking purposes.
Besides this the creek gave them an abundant
supply of fish, a dish that made its appearance
338 In the Amazon Jungle
at every meal. Whatever washing was to be
done — the natives took a bath at least twice
a day — was done at some distance down the
creek so as not to spoil the water for drinking
and culinary purposes. Whenever I was
thirsty I was in the habit of stooping down
at the water's edge to scoop the fluid up in
my curved hands. One morning T had been
tramping through the jungle with two com-
panions who were in search of game, and I
was very tired and hot when we came to a
little stream which T took to be the same that
ran past the maloca. My friends were at
a short distance from me, beating their way
through the underbrush, when I stooped to
quench my thirst. The cool water looked to
me like the very Elixir of Life. At that
moment, literally speaking, I was only two
inches from death. Hearing a sharp cry
behind me I turned slightly to feel a rough
hand upon my shoulders and found myself
flung backwards on the ground.
" Poison," was the reply to my angry
question. Then my friend explained, and as
he talked my knees wobbled and I turned
pale. It seems that the Mangeromas often
poison the streams below the drinking places
in order to get rid of their enemies. In the
Enemies 339
present case there had been a rumour that
a party of Peruvian rubber -workers might
be coming up the creek, and this is always
signal of trouble among these Indians.
Although you cannot induce a Brazilian to go
into the Indian settlements or malocas, the
Peruvians are more than willing to go there,
because of the chance of abducting girls.
To accomplish this, a few Peruvians sneak
close to the maloca at night, force the door,
which is always bolted to keep out the Evil
Spirit, but which without difficulty can be
cut open, and fire a volley of shots into the
hut. The Indians sleep with the blow-guns
and arrows suspended from the rafters, and
before they can collect their sleepy senses
and procure the weapons the Peruvians, in
the general confusion, have carried off some
of the girls. The Mangeromas, therefore,
hate the Peruvians and will go to any extreme
to compass their death. The poisoning of
the rivers is effected by the root of a plant
that is found throughout the Amazon valley;
the plant belongs to the genus Lonchocarpus
and bears a small cluster of bluish blossoms
which produce a pod about two inches in
length. It is only the yellow roots that are
used for poisoning the water. This is done
340 In the Amazon Jungle
by crushing the roots and throwing the pulp
into the stream, when all animal life will be
killed or driven away.
It seems strange that during my stay
among the Mangeromas, who were heathens
and even cannibals, I saw no signs of idolatry.
They believed implicitly in a good and an
evil spirit. The good spirit was too good to
do them any harm and consequently they did
not bother with him; but the evil spirit was
more active and could be heard in the dark
nights, howling and wailing far off in the forest
as he searched for lonely wanderers, whom he
was said to devour.
Thinking to amuse some of my friends, I
one day kindled a flame by means of my
magnifying glass and a few dry twigs. A
group of ten or twelve Indians had gathered
squatting in a circle about me, to see the
wonder that I was to exhibit, but at the sight
of smoke followed by flame they were badly
scared and ran for the house, where they
called the Chief. He arrived on the scene
with his usual smile.
He asked me to show him what I had done.
I applied the focussed rays of the sun to
some more dry leaves and twigs and, finally,
the flames broke out again. The Chief was
Some Traps
343
delighted and begged me to make him a
present of the magnifier. As I did not dare
to refuse, I showed him how to use it and then
presented it with as good grace as I could.
Some time after this, I learned that two
Peruvians had been caught in a trap set for
the purpose. The unfortunate men had
spent a whole night in a pit, nine feet deep,
and were discovered the next forenoon by
a party of hunters, who immediately killed
them with unpoisoned, big-game arrows. In
contrast to the North-American Indians they
never torture captives, but kill them as
quickly as possible.
I had plenty of opportunity to investigate
the different kinds of traps used by the
Mangeromas for catching Peruvian caboclos
or half-breeds. First of all in importance
is the pit-trap, into which the aforesaid .men
had fallen. It is simple but ingenious in its ar-
rangement. A hole about nine feet deep and
eight feet wide is dug in the ground at a place
where the caboclos are liable to come. A cover
is laid across this and cleverly disguised with
dead leaves and branches so as to exactly
resemble the surrounding soil. This cover
is constructed of branches placed parallel,
and is slightly smaller than the diameter of
344 In the Amazon Jungle
the pit. It is balanced on a stick, tied across
the middle in such a manner that the slightest
weight on any part will cause it to turn over
and precipitate the object into the pit whence
egress is impossible. Besides this, the walls
of the pit are inclined, the widest part being
at the bottom, and they gradually slope
inward till the level of the ground is reached.
When the victim is discovered he is quickly
killed, as in the case noted above.
The second trap, which I had an opportunity
to investigate, is the so-called araya trap.
It is merely a small piece of ground thickly
set with the barbed bones of the sting-ray.
These bones are slightly touched with
wourahli poison and, concealed as they are
under dead leaves, they inflict severe wounds
on the bare feet of the caboclos, and death
follows within a short period.
The third trap, and the most ingenious
of all, is the blow-gun trap. One day the
sub-Chief, a tall, gloomy-looking fellow, took
me to one of these traps and explained every-
thing, till I had obtained a thorough knowledge
of the complicated apparatus. The blow-
gun of these Indians is supplied with a wide
mouth-piece and requires but slight air press-
ure to shoot the arrow at a considerable speed.
An Ingenious Trap
345
In the trap one is placed horizontally so as
to point at a right angle to the path leading
to the maloca. At the "breech" of the gun
is a young sapling, severed five feet above
the ground. To this is tied a broad and
straight bark- strip which, when the sapling
is in its normal vertical position, completely
covers the mouth-piece. The gun was not
loaded on this occasion, as it had been acci-
dentally discharged the day before. To set
the trap, a long, thin, and pliable climber,
which in these forests is so plentiful, is attached
to the end of the severed sapling, when this
is bent to its extreme position and is then led
over branches, serving as pulleys, right across
the path and directly in front of the mouth
of the blow-gun and is tied to some small
root covered with leaves. When the cabodo
passes along this path at night to raid the
Indian maloca, he must sever this thin bush-
rope or climber, thereby releasing suddenly
the tension of the sapling. The bark-flap
is drawn quickly up against the mouth-piece
with a slap that forces sufficient air into the
gun to eject the arrow. All this takes place
in a fraction of a second; a slight flapping
sound is heard and the arrow lodges in the
skin of the unfortunate cabodo. He can never
346 In the Amazon Jungle
walk more than twenty yards, for the poison
rapidly paralyses his limbs. Death follows in
less than ten minutes.
The bodies of these captured caboclos
are soon found by the "police warriors" of
the tribe and carried to the maloca. On such
occasions a day of feasting always follows
and an obscure religious rite is performed.
It is true that the Mangeromas are canni-
bals, but at the same time their habits and
morals are otherwise remarkably clean. With-
out their good care and excellent treatment, I
have no doubt I would now be with my brave
companions out in that dark, green jungle.
But to return to my story of the two Peru-
vians caught in the pit-trap: the warriors
cut off the hands and feet of both corpses,
pulled the big game arrows out of the bodies,
and had an audience with the Chief. He
seemed to be well satisfied, but spoke little,
just nodding his head and smiling. Shortly
after the village prepared for a grand feast.
The fires were rebuilt, the pots and jars were
cleaned, and a scene followed which to me
was frightful. Had it not happened, I should
always have believed this little world out
in the wild forest an ideal, pure, and morally
clean community. But now I could only
A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE AUTHOR
347
Eating Human Flesh 349
hasten to my hammock and simulate sleep,
for I well knew, from previous experience,
that otherwise I would have to partake of
the meal in preparation: a horrible meal of
human flesh! It was enough for me to see
them strip the flesh from the palms of the
hands and the soles of the feet and fry these
delicacies in the lard of tapir I hoped to see
no more.
An awful thought coursed through my brain
when I beheld the men bend eagerly over the
pans to see if the meat were done. How long
would it be, I said to myself, before they
would forget themselves and place my own
extremities in the same pots and pans. Such
a possibility was not pleasant to contemplate,
but as I had found the word of these Indians
to be always good, I believed I was safe.
They were never false and they hated false-
hood. True, they were cunning, but once
their friend always their friend, through
thick and thin. And the Chief had promised
that I should not be eaten, either fried or
stewed ! Therefore I slept in peace.
I had long desired to see the hunters prepare
the mysterious wourahli poison, which acts
so quickly and painlessly, and which allows
the game killed by it to be eaten without
350 In the Amazon Jungle
interfering with the nutritive qualities. Only
three men in this village understood the proper
mixing of the ingredients, although everybody
knew the two plants from which the poisonous
juices were obtained. One of these is a vine
that grows close to the creeks. The stem is
about two inches in diameter and covered
with a rough greyish bark. It yields several
round fruits, shaped like an apple, containing
seeds imbedded in a very bitter pulp. The
other is also a vine and bears small bluish
flowers, but it is only the roots of this that
are used. These are crushed and steeped in
water for several days. The three men in
our village who understood the concoction
of this poison collected the plants themselves
once a month. When they returned from
their expedition they set to work at once
scraping the first named vine into fine shavings
and mixing these in an earthen jar with the
crushed pulp of the roots of the second plant.
The pot is then placed over a fire and kept
simmering for several hours. At this stage
the shavings are removed and thrown away
as useless and several large black ants, the
Tucandeiras , are added. This is the ant whose
bite is not only painful but absolutely danger-
ous to man. The concoction is kept boiling
Wourahli Poison 351
slowly until the next morning, when it has
assumed a thick consistency of a brown colour
and very bitter to the taste. The poison is
then tried on some arrows and if it comes up
to the standard it is placed in a small earthen
jar which is covered with a piece of animal
skin and it is ready for use. The arrows,
which are from ten to twelve inches long, are
made from the stalks of a certain palm-leaf,
the Jacy palm. They are absolutely straight
and true; in fact, they resemble very much
a lady's hat-pin. When the gun is to be used,
a piece of cotton is wound around the end
of an arrow and the other end or point inserted
first in the barrel, the cotton acting as a
piston by means of which the air forces the
shaft through the tube.
The men always carry a small rubber-
pouch containing a few drams of the poison;
the pouch was worn strapped to the waist
on the left side, when on their hunting excur-
sions, and they were extremely careful in
handling it and the arrows. The slightest
scratch with the poison would cause a quick
and sure death.
I was so far recuperated by this time that
I thought of returning to civilisation, and I,
accordingly, broached the subject to the
352 In the Amazon Jungle
Chief, who answered me very kindly, pro-
mising that he would send me by the next
full-moon, with some of the wourahli men,
down to the Branco River, and from there
they would guide me within a safe distance
of the rubber-estate, situated at the junction
with the Itecoahy.
One day I was informed that a friendly
call on a neighbouring tribe was being con-
templated and that I could accompany the
Chief and his men.
At last the time arrived and the expedition
was organised. I was not absolutely sure
how I would be treated by these up-stream
Indians, and I am almost ashamed to confess
that, in spite of all the faithful, unswerving
friendship which the Mangeromas had shown
me, I had it in my mind that these other
Indians might harm me, so black was the
name that people down at the settlements
had given them.
Until this time, as related above, I had
thought best not to exhibit the character of
my automatic pistol, and I had never used it
here, but before I started on this journey I
decided to give them an example of its power,
and possibly awe them. Inviting the Chief
and all the tribe to witness my experiment,
Fashion in " Jungle-Town " 355
I explained to them that this little weapon
would make a great noise and bore a hole
through a thick tree. The Chief examined
it gingerly after I had locked the trigger
mechanism. He had heard of such arms, he
said, but thought that they were much larger
and heavier. This one, he thought, must be
a baby and he was inclined to doubt its power.
Selecting an "assai" palm of about nine
inches diameter, across the creek, I took
steady aim and fired four bullets. Three of the
bullets went through the same hole and the
fourth pierced the trunk of the palm about
two inches higher. The Chief and his men
hurried across the creek and examined the
holes which caused then to discuss the affair
for more than an hour. The empty shells
which had been ejected from the magazine
were picked up by two young girls who
fastened them in their ears with wire-like
fibres, whereupon a dozen other women
surrounded me, beseeching me to give them
also cartridge-shells. I discharged more
than a dozen bullets, to please these children
of the forest, who were as completely the
slaves of fashion as are their sisters of more
civilised lands.
Early the next morning we started up the
356 In the Amazon Jungle
river. In one canoe the Chief and I sat on
jaguar skins, while two men paddled. In
another canoe were four men armed with
bows and arrows and blow-guns, and a fifth
who acted in the capacity of "Wireless
Operator." The system of signalling which
he employed was by far the most ingenious
device I saw while in Brazil, and considering
their resources and their low state of culture
the affair was little short of marvellous.
Before the canoes were launched, a man
fastened two upright forked sticks on each
side of one, near the middle. About three
and a half feet astern of these a cross-piece
was laid on the bottom of the craft. To
this was attached two shorter forked sticks.
Between each pair of upright forked sticks
was placed another cross-piece, thus forming'
two horizontal bars, parallel to each other,
one only a few inches from the bottom of the
boat and the other about a foot and a half
above the gunwales. Next, four slabs of Cari-
pari wood of varying thickness, about three
feet long and eight inches wide, were suspended
from these horizontal bars, so as to hang length-
wise of the canoe and at an angle of forty-five
degrees. Each pair of slabs was perforated
by a longitudinal slit and they were joined
A Musical Telegraph
357
firmly at their extremities by finely carved
and richly painted end-pieces.
The operator strikes the slabs with a wooden
mallet or hammer, the head of which is
wrapped with an inch layer of caoutchouc and
then with a cover of thick tapir-skin. Each
section of the wooden slabs gives forth a differ-
ent note when struck, a penetrating, xylo-
phonic, tone but devoid of the disagreeably
metallic, disharmonic bysounds of that in-
strument. The slabs of wood were suspended
by means of thin fibre-cords from the cross-
pieces, and in this manner all absorption by
the adjacent material was done away with.
By means of many different combinations
of the four notes obtained
which, as far as I could
ascertain, were DO — RE-
MI — FA, the operator was
able to send any message to a person who
understood this code. The operator seized
one mallet with each hand and gave the thick-
est section, the DO slat, a blow, followed by a
blow with the left hand mallet on the RE slat ; a
blow on the MI slat and on the FA slat followed
in quick succession. These four notes, given
rapidly and repeated several times, represented
the tuning up of the "wireless," calculated to
358
In the Amazon Jungle
catch the attention of the operator at the maloca
up-creek. The sound was very powerful, but
rather pleasant, and made the still forest
resound with a musical echo. He repeated
this tuning process several times, but received
no answer and we proceeded for a mile. Then
we stopped and signalled again. Very
faintly came a reply from some invisible
source. I learned afterwards that at this
time we were at least five miles from the
answering station. As soon as communication
was thus establivshed the first message was
sent through the air, and it was a moment of
extreme suspense for me when the powerful
notes vibrated through the depth of the forest.
I shall never forget this message, not only
because it was ethnographically interesting,
but because so much of my happiness depended
upon a favourable reply. T made the operator
repeat it for my benefit when we later returned
to our village, and I learned it by heart by
whistling it. When printed it looks like this:
After each message the operator ex-
plained its meaning. The purport of this
\ /
CAOUTCHOUC PROCESS NO. I
The men set to work bleeding the base of the Castilloa
359
Meeting Strangers
36i
first message was so important to me that T
awaited the translation with much the same
feelings that a prisoner listens for the verdict
of the jury when it files back into the court-
room.
Questions and answers now came in rapid
succession. "A white man is coming with us;
he seems to have a good heart, and to be of
good character."
Whereupon the deciding answer was trans-
lated: "You are all welcome provided you
place your arms in the bottom of the canoe."
Next message: "We ask you to place
your arms in the maloca; we are friends."
After the last message we paddled briskly
ahead, and at the end of one hour's work we
made a turn of the creek and saw a large
open space where probably five hundred In-
dians had assembled outside of two round
malocas, constructed like ours. How much I
now regretted leaving my precious camera out
in the forest, but that was a thing of the
past and the loss could not be repaired. The
view that presented itself to my eyes was a
splendid and rare one for a civilised man to see.
The crowd standing on the banks had never
seen a white man before ; how would they
greet me?
362 In the Amazon Jungle
Little dogs barked, large scarlet araras
screamed in the tree-tops, and the little
children hid themselves behind their equally
fearful mothers. The tribal Chief, a big fellow,
decorated with squirrel tails and feathers
of the mutum bird around his waist and with
the tail feathers of the scarlet and blue arara-
parrot adorning his handsome head, stood in
front with his arms folded.
We landed and the operator dismantled
his musical apparatus and laid it carefully
in the bottom of the canoe. The two Chiefs
embraced each other, at the same time uttering
their welcome greeting "He — He" I was
greeted in the same cordial manner and we
all entered the Chief's maloca in a long pro-
cession. Here in the village of the kindred
tribe we stayed for two days, enjoying un-
limited hospitality and kindness. Most of
the time was spent eating, walking around the
malocas, looking at dugouts, and at the farinha
plants.
On the third day we went back to our maloca
where I prepared for my return trip to civil-
isation. It was now the beginning of October.
I would, finally, have recorded many
words of the Mangeroma language had not
my pencil given out after I had been there
A Social Visit
363
a month. The pencil was an "ink-pencil,"
that is, a pencil with a solid "lead" of
bluish colour, very soft, sometimes called
"indelible pencil." This lead became brittle
from the moisture of the air and broke into
fragments so that I could do nothing with
it, and my recording was at an end. Fortun-
ately I had made memoranda covering the
life and customs before this.
c Fight
between the
Monger omi\s and the
ruvians
36S
CHAPTER X
THE FIGHT BETWEEN THE MANGEROMAS AND
THE PERUVIANS
I WAS sitting outside the maloca writing
my observations in the note-book which
I always carried in my hunting-coat, when two
young hunters hurried toward the Chief, who
was reclining in the shade of a banana-tree
near the other end of the large house. It was
early afternoon, when most of the men of the
Mangeromas were off hunting in the near-by
forests, while the women and children attended
to various duties around the village. Probably
not more than eight or ten men remained
about the maloca.
I had recovered from my sickness and was
not entirely devoid of a desire for excite-
ment— the best tonic of the explorer. The
two young hunters with bows and arrows
halted before the Chief. They were gesticu-
lating wildly; and although I could not
367
368 In the Amazon Jungle
understand what they were talking about,
I judged from the frown of the Chief that
something serious was the matter.
He arose with unusual agility for a man of
his size, and shouted something toward the
opening of the maloca, whence the men were
soon seen coming with leaps and bounds.
Anticipating trouble, I also ran over to the
Chief, and, in my defective Mangeroma lingo,
inquired the cause of the excitement. He
did not answer me, but, in a greater state of
agitation than I had previously observed in
him, he gave orders to his men. He called
the "wireless" operator and commanded him
to bring out his precious apparatus. This
was soon fastened to the gunwales of the
canoe where I had seen it used before, on my
trip to the neighbouring tribe, and soon the
same powerful, xylophonic sounds vibrated
through the forest. It was his intention to
summon the hunters that were still roaming
around the vicinity, by this "C. Q. D."
message. The message I could not interpret
nor repeat, although it was not nearly as
complex as the one I had learned before.
After a while, the men came streaming into
the maloca from all directions, with anxiety
darkening their faces. I had now my first
Summons by Music
37i
inkling of what was the cause of the commo-
tion, and it did not take me long to understand
that we were in danger from some Peruvian
caboclos. The two young men who had
brought the news to the Chief had spied a
detachment of Peruvian half-breeds as they
were camping in our old tambo No. 6, the
one we had built on our sixth day out from
Floresta. There were about a score of them,
all ugly caboclos, or half-breed caucheros,
hunting rubber and no doubt out also for prey
in the shape of young Mangeroma girls, as
was their custom. The traps set by the
Indians, as described in a previous chapter,
would be of no avail in this case, as the number
of Peruvians was greater than in any previous
experience.
The enemy had been observed more than
ten miles off, in an easterly direction, when our
two hunters were on the trail of a large herd
of peccaries, or wild boars, they had sighted
in the early morning. The Peruvians were
believed to be heading for the maloca of the
Mangeromas, as there were no other settle-
ments in this region excepting the up-creek
tribe, but this numbered at least five hundred
souls, and would be no easy prey for them.
I now had a remarkable opportunity to
372 In the Amazon Jungle
watch the war preparations of these savage,
cannibal people, my friends, the Mangeromas.
Their army consisted of twelve able-bodied
men, all fine muscular fellows, about five feet
ten in height, and bearing an array of vicious-
looking weapons such as few white men have
seen. First of all were three club-men, armed
with strong, slender clubs, of hard and
extremely tough Caripari wood. The handle,
which was very slim, was provided with a
knob at the end to prevent the club from
slipping out of the hand when in action.
The heavy end was furnished with six bicuspid
teeth of the black jaguar, embedded in the
wood and projecting about two inches beyond
the surface. The club had a total length of
five feet and weighed about eight pounds.
The second division of the wild-looking band
consisted of three spear-men, each provided
with the three-pronged spears, a horrible
weapon which always proves fatal in the hands
of these savages. It is a long straight shaft
of Caripari wood, about one inch in thickness,
divided into three parts at the end, each
division being tipped with a barbed bone of
the sting-ray. These bones, about three and
a half inches long, were smeared with wourahli
poison, and thus rendered absolutely fatal
Our Weapons
373
even when inflicting only a superficial wound.
Each man carried two of these spears, the
points being protected by grass-sheaths.
The third division was composed of three
bow-and-arrow men, the youngest men in
the tribe, boys of sixteen and seventeen.
They were armed with bows of great length,
from six to seven feet, and each bore, at his
left side, a quiver, containing a dozen big-
game arrows fully five feet long. These
arrows, as far as I could ascertain, were not
poisoned, but their shock-giving and rending
powers were extraordinary. The arrow-heads
were all made of the bones of the sting-ray,
in themselves formidable weapons, because
of the many jagged barbs that prevent
extraction from a wound except by the use
of great force, resulting in ugly laceration.
The fourth and last division consisted of
three blow-gun men, the most effective and
cunning of this deadly and imposing array.
As so much depended upon the success of a
first attack on the Peruvians, who not only
outnumbered us, but also were armed with
Winchesters, the blow-guns were in the hands
of the older and more experienced men. All,
except the club-men, wore, around the waist,
girdles fringed with mutum plumes, and the
374 In the Amazon Jungle
captains added to their uniforms multi-
coloured fringes of squirrel tails. Their
faces all had the usual scarlet and black
stripes. The Chief, and his principal aide,
or sub-Chief, had on their gayest feathers,
including head ornaments of arara plumes and
egrets. The club-men were naked, except
for their head-gear, which consisted simply
of a band of mutum plumes. When the
warriors stood together in their costumes,
ready for battle, they presented an awe-
inspiring sight.
The Chief gave the order for the bow-and-
arrow men to start in single file, the others to
follow after, in close succession. The Chief
and I fell in at the rear. In the meantime
I had examined my Luger automatic pistol
to make sure of the smooth action of the
mechanism, and found besides that I had in all
thirty-seven soft-nose bullets. This was my
only weapon, but previous narrow escapes from
death and many close contacts with danger
had hardened me, so I was willing to depend
entirely upon my pistol. The women and
children of the maloca stood around, as we
disappeared in the jungle, and, while they
showed some interest in the proceeding, they
displayed little or no emotion. A couple of
§
^ «*-,
en «fi
I?
P4 JxO
§ -g
To the Front
377
sweethearts exchanged kisses as composedly
as if they had been bluecoats parting with
the ladies of their choice before going to the
annual parade.
Soon we were in the dark, dense jungle
that I was now so well acquainted with,
and, strange to say, the green and tangled
mass of vegetation contained more terrors
for me than the bloody combat that was to
follow.
For an hour we travelled in a straight line,
pushing our way as noiselessly as possible
through the thick mass of creepers and lianas.
About three o'clock, one of the scouts sighted
the Peruvians, and our Chief decided that
an attack should be made as soon as possible,
before darkness could set in. We stopped and
sent out two bow-and-arrow men to recon-
noitre. An anxious half hour passed before
one of them returned with the report that the
Peruvians were now coming towards us and
would probably reach our position in a few
minutes. I could almost hear my heart
thump; my knees grew weak, and for a
moment I almost wished that I had stayed in
the maloca.
The Chief immediately directed certain
strategic movements which, in ingenuity
378 In the Amazon Jungle
and foresight, would have been worthy of a
Napoleon.
We were between two low hills, covered with
the usual dense vegetation, which made it
impossible to see an advancing enemy at a
distance of more than five yards. The three
blow-gun men were now ordered to ascend the
hills on each side of the valley and conceal
themselves about half-way up the slopes, and
towards the enemy. They were to insert
the poisoned arrows in their guns and draw
a bead on the Peruvians as they came on
cutting their way through the underbrush.
The bow-and-arrow men posted themselves
farther on; about five yards behind the blow-
gun men, with big-game arrows fitted to the
bowstrings, ready to shoot when the first vol-
ley of the deadly and silent poisoned arrows
had been fired. Farther back were the spear-
men with spears unsheathed, and finally
came the three brave and ferocious club -men.
Of these last warriors, a tall athlete was
visibly nervous, not from fear but from
anticipation. The veins of his forehead stood
out, pulsating with every throb of his heart.
He clutched the heavy club and continually
gritted his white, sharp-filed teeth in con-
centrated rage. It was wisely calculated that
CREEK NEAR TAMBO NO. 9
Irregular clumps of clay had formed in large quantities in the
bed of the stream
379
Poisoned Arrows 381
the Peruvians would unconsciously wedge
themselves into this trap, and by the time
they could realise their danger their return
would be cut off by our bow-and-arrow men
in their rear.
After a pause that seemed an eternity to
most of us no doubt, for the savage heart
beats as the white man's in time of danger
and action, we heard the talking and shouting
of the enemy as they advanced, following
the natural and easiest route between the
hills and cutting their way through the brush.
I stood near the Chief and the young club-
man Arara, who, on account of his bravery
and great ability in handling his club, had
been detailed to remain near us.
Before I could see any of the approaching
foe, I heard great shouts of anger and pain
from them. It was easy for me to understand
their cries as they spoke Spanish and their
cursings sounded loud through the forest.
The blow-gun men, perceiving the Peruvians
at the foot of the hill only some twenty feet
away, had prudently waited until at least
half a dozen were visible, before they fired a
volley of poisoned arrows. The three arrows
fired in this first volley all hit their mark.
Hardly had they gone forth, when other
382 In the Amazon Jungle
arrows were dexterously inserted in the tubes.
The work of the blow-gun men was soon
restricted to the picking out of any stray
enemy, their long, delicate, and cumbersome
blow-guns preventing them from taking an
active part in the melee. Now the conflict
was at its height and it was a most remarkable
one, on account of its swiftness and fierceness.
The bow-and-arrow men charging with their
sting-ray arrows poisoned with the wourahli
took the place of the cautiously retreating
blow-gun men. At the same instant the
spear-men rushed down, dashing through the
underbrush at the foot of the hill, like breakers
on a stormy night.
The rear-guard of the Peruvians now came
into action, having had a chance to view the
situation. Several of them filed to the right
and managed to fire their large-calibre bullets
into the backs of our charging bow-and-arrow
men, but, in their turn, they were picked off
by the blow-gun men, who kept firing their
poisoned darts from a safe distance. The
fearful yells of our men, mingled with the
cursing of the Peruvians, and the sharp
reports of their heavy rifles, so plainly heard,
proved that the centre of battle was not many
yards from the spot where I was standing.
Fierce Arara
383
The club-men now broke into action; they
could not be kept back any longer. The
tension had already been too painful for these
brave fellows, and with fierce war-cries of
"YOB — HEE — HEE" they launched themselves
into the fight, swinging their strong clubs
above their heads and crushing skulls from
left to right. By this time the Peruvians
had lost many men, but the slaughter went on.
The huge black clubs of the Mangeromas
fell again and again, with sickening thuds,
piercing the heads and brains of the enemy
with the pointed jaguar teeth.
Suddenly two Peruvians came into view
not more than twelve feet from where the
Chief, Arara the big club-man, and I were
standing. One of these was a Spaniard, evi-
dently the captain of this band of marauders
(or, to use their correct name, caucheros).
His face was of a sickly, yellowish hue, and a
big, black moustache hid the lower part of
his cruel and narrow chin. He took a quick
aim as he saw us in his path, but before he
could pull the trigger, Arara, with a mighty
side-swing of his club literally tore the
Spaniard's head off. Now, at last, the bonds
of restraint were broken for this handsome
devil Arara, and yelling himself hoarse,
384 In the Amazon Jungle
and with his strong but cruel face contracted
to a fiendish grin, he charged the enemy; I
saw him crush the life out of three.
The Chief took no active part in the fight
whatever, but added to the excitement by
bellowing with all his might an encouraging
11 AA — oo — AH." No doubt, this had a highly
beneficial effect upon the tribesmen, for they
never for an instant ceased their furious fight-
ing until the last Peruvian was killed. During
the final moments of the battle, several bullets
whirred by me at close range, but during the
whole affair I had had neither opportunity
nor necessity for using my pistol. Now,
however, a caboclo, with a large, bloody
machete in his hand, sprang from behind a
tree and made straight for me. I dodged
behind another tree and saw how the
branches were swept aside as he rushed
towards me.
Then I fired point-blank, sending three
bullets into his head. He fell on his face at
my feet. As I bent over him, I saw that he
had a blow-gun arrow in his left thigh ; he was
therefore a doomed man before he attacked me.
This was my first and only victim, during
this brief but horrible slaughter. As I was
already thoroughly sick from the noise of
</) p.
"oi X
O «
K .22
3 £
a
a
H
Horrible Slaughter 387
cracking rifles and the thumping of clubs
smashing their way into the brains of the
Peruvians, I rushed toward the centre of the
valley where the first attack on the advance
guard of the enemy had taken place, but even
more revolting was the sight that revealed
itself. Here and there bushes were shaking
as some cabodo crawled along on all fours
in his death agony. Those who were struck
by the blow-gun arrows seemed simply to
fall asleep without much pain or struggle,
but the victims of the club-men and the
bow-and-arrow men had a terrible death.
They could not die by the merciful wourahli
poison, like those shot by the blow-gun, but
expired from hemorrhages caused by the
injuries of the ruder weapons. One poor
fellow was groaning most pitifully. He had
received a well-directed big-game arrow in
the upper part of the abdomen, the arrow
having been shot with such terrible force
that about a foot of the shaft projected from
the man's back. The arrow-head had been
broken off by striking a vertebra.
The battle was over. Soon the urubus, or
vultures, were hanging over the tree-tops
waiting for their share of the spoils. The
men assembled in front of the Chief for roll-call.
388 In the Amazon Jungle
Four of our men were killed outright by rifle-
bullets, and. it was typical of these brave men
that none were killed by machete stabs.
The entire marauding expedition of twenty
Peruvians was completely wiped out, not
a single one escaping the deadly aim of the
Mangeromas. Thus was avoided the danger
of being attacked in the near future by a
greater force of Peruvians, called to this place
from the distant frontier by some returning
survivor.
It is true that the Mangeromas lay in ambush
for their enemy and killed them, for the greater
part, with poisoned arrows and spears, but
the odds were against the Indians, not only
because the caboclos were attacking them
in larger numbers, but because they came
with modern, repeating fire-arms against the
hand weapons of the Mangeromas. These
marauders, too, came with murder and girl-
robbery in their black hearts, while the
Mangeromas were defending their homes and
families. But it is true that after the battle,
so bravely fought, the Indians cut off the
hands and feet of their enemies, dead or
dying, and carried them home.
The fight lasted only some twenty min-
utes, but it was after sunset when we reached
A Cannibal Feast 389
the maloca. The women and children
received us with great demonstrations of
joy. Soon the pots and pans were boiling
inside the great house. I have previously
observed how the Mangeromas would partake
of parts of the human body as a sort of re-
ligious rite, whenever they had been suc-
cessful with their man-traps ; now they feasted
upon the hands and feet of the slain, these
parts having been distributed among the
different families.
T crept into my hammock and lit my pipe,
watching the great mass of naked humanity.
All the men had laid aside their feather-
dresses and squirrel tails, and were moving
around among the many fires on the floor of
the hut. Some were sitting in groups dis-
cussing the battle, while women bent over the
pots to examine the ghastly contents. Here,
a woman was engaged in stripping the flesh
from the palm of a hand and the sole of a
foot, which operation finished, she threw
both into a large earthen pot to boil ; there,
another woman was applying an herb-poultice
to her husband's wounds.
Over it all hung a thick, odoriferous smoke,
gradually finding its way out through the
central opening in the roof.
390 In the Amazon Jungle
This was a feast, indeed, such as few white
men, I believe, have witnessed.
That night and the next day, and the
following four days, great quantities of chicha
were drunk and much meat was consumed
to celebrate the great victory, the greatest
in the annals of the Mangeromas of Rio
Branco.
Earthen vessels and jars were used in the
cooking of food. The red clay (Tabatinga
clay) found abundantly in these regions
formed a superior material for these utensils.
They were always decorated symbolically
with juices of the scarlet urucu and the black
genipapa. Even when not burned into the
clay, these were permanent colours.
Men and women wore their hair long and
unt rimmed as far as I could observe. The
older and more experienced of the tribesmen
would have quite elaborate head-gear, con-
sisting of a band of mutum plumes, inter-
spersed with parrot-tail feathers, while the
younger hunters wore nothing but a band
of the mutum plumes. The body was un-
covered, save by a narrow strip of bark en-
circling the waist. A broad piece, woven
of several bark-strips into a sort of mat,
protected the lower anterior part of the
FOREST SCENERY NEAR TAMBO NO. 9
391
Good-bye
393
abdomen. The women wore no clothing
whatever.
Their colour was remarkably light. Prob-
ably nothing can designate this better than the
statement that if a Mangeroma were placed
alongside of an Italian, no difference would
be noticeable. Their cheek-bones were not
as high as is usual with tribes found on the
Amazon; they seemed to come from a different
race. Their eyes were set straight without
any tendency to the Mongolian slanting that
characterises the Peruvian caboclos and the
tribes of the northern affluents. The women
had unusually large feet, while those of the
men were small and well-shaped. The general
appearance of a young Mangeroma was that
of a well-proportioned athlete, standing about
five feet ten in his bare feet. No moccasins,
nor any other protection for the feet, were
worn.
The supply of wourahli poison had run low
and three wourahli men were to go out in the
forest to collect poison plants, a journey
which would require several days to complete.
This occasion was set as the time of my
departure.
It was a rainy morning when I wrapped my
few belongings in a leaf, tied some grass-fibres
394 In the Amazon Jungle
around them, and inserted them in the large
pocket of my khaki-coat. The box with the
gold dust was there, also the boxes with
the exposed photographic plates. Most of the
gold had filtered out of the box, but a neat
quantity still remained. One of my servants
—a handsome girl — who, excepting for the
labial ornaments, could have been transformed
into an individual of quite a civilised appear-
ance by opportunity, gave me a beautiful
black necklace as a souvenir. It was com-
posed of several hundred pieces, all carved out
of ebony nuts. It had cost her three weeks of
constant work. I embraced and was embraced
by almost everybody in the maloca, after
which ceremony we went in procession to
the canoe that was to take me down to the
Branco River. The Chief bade me a fond
farewell, that forever shall be implanted in
my heart. I had lived here weeks among
these cannibal Indians, had enjoyed their
kindness and generosity without charge; I
could give them nothing in return and they
asked nothing. I could have stayed here for
the rest of my natural life if I had so desired,
but now I was to say good-bye forever.
How wonderful was this farewell ! It was my
opportunity for acknowledging that the savage
To the Bran co 397
heart is by no means devoid of the feelings
and sentiments that characterise more ele-
vated, so-called civilised individuals.
For the last time I heard the little dog
bark, the same that had licked my face when
I fainted in front of the maloca upon my first
arrival; and the large arara screamed in the
tree-tops as I turned once more towards the
world of the white man.
The journey was without incident. The
wourahli men set me off near the mouth of
the Branco River, at a distance which T covered
in less than five hours by following the banks.
I was greeted by Coronel Maya of the Com-
pagnie Trans atlantique de Caoutchouc, who sent
me by canoe down the old Itecoahy, until we
reached the Floresta headquarters.
Here T gave Coronel da Silva an account
of the death of Chief Marques, and the brave
Jerome, which made a deep impression upon
this noble man.
The three men, Magellaes, Anisette, and
Freitas, had returned in safety after they
separated from us.
I met the wife of Chief Marques. She was
the woman whose arm I had amputated.
When I saw her she was carrying, with the
arm left to her, a pail of water from the
398 In the Amazon Jungle
little creek behind headquarters. She was a
different woman, and I was pleased to know
that my desperate surgical operation had
resulted so well. Her cheeks were full and
almost rosy. Her health, I was told, except-
ing for occasional attacks of ague, was very
good.
Soon after, the launch arrived from Remate
de Males and I put my baggage on board.
The Coronel accompanied me down river for
about forty -eight hours and then, reaching
the northern extremity of his estate, he bade
me a fond good-bye with the words : ' ' Sempre,
illustrissimo Senhor, minha casa e a suas
or denes'' "My house, most illustrious Sir, is
always at your disposal."
When I arrived at Remate de Males I had
another attack of malaria, which almost
severed the slender thread by which my life
hung; my physical resistance was gone. But
I managed to develop my plates before
breaking down completely, and after having
disposed of my small quantity of gold dust,
for which I realised some three hundred and
forty dollars, I was taken down to the mouth
of the Javary River, where I had landed almost
a year previous, now a physical and, I might
almost say, mental wreck. I stayed in the
MANGEROMA VASE
399
Sandy Hook Again 401
house of Coronel Monteiro, the frontier official
at Esperanca, for five long days, fighting with
death, until one afternoon I saw the white
hull of the R. M. S. Napo appear at a bend
of the Amazon, only five hundred yards away.
Closer she came — this rescuing instrument
of Providence. She was none too soon, for I
had now reached the last notch of human
endurance. She dropped anchor; a small
gasoline launch was lowered into the water;
three white-coated officers stepped into it—
they came ashore — they climbed the stairs.
The captain, a stout, kind-looking Englishman,
approached my hammock and found therein
a very sick white man. I was carried aboard
and placed in the hands of the ship's physi-
cian. At last those black forests of the
Amazon were left behind. After twenty -two
days' sail, Sandy Hook lighthouse loomed
on our port side, and soon after, I could
rest — rest, and live again!
INDEX
Alligator, haunts of the, 201;
encounter with an, 203, 215
219
Anaconda, see Sucuruju
Ants, attacked by, 73; varieties
of, 74
Arara- Parrot, 121, 141
B
Barigudo monkey, capture of
171, 186
Barraca"o, or house, construc-
tion of, 5; interior of, 177
Beri-beri, symptoms of, 298,
305; death from, 309; char-
acter of, 72
Bird-Eating spider, 77
Blow-Gun, shooting with, 294,
297; trap, 344; length of,
294
Boa-Constrictor, see Sucuruju
Candiroo or Kandiroo, habits
of, 214, 217
Caoutchouc-Tree, barbarous
extracting of milk from, 277
Castilloa elastica, see Caout-
chouc-Tree
Cauchero, 170, 254
D
Deer, appearance of, 307
Defumador, or smoking-hut,
see Rubber
Dolphin, 85
E
Egret, 121
Embauba-Tree, poisonous ex-
halations of, 118
Estrada 178
Eunectes murinus, see Sucu-
ruju
Farinha, taste of, 31; popu-
larity of, 1 66, 191, 192, 254,
261, 266
II
Howling monkey, roar of the,
86, 126; hunting, 179; as an
article of food, 270, 299;
killed by blow-gun, 297
Inamboo, call of the, 89, 162
Inundation, height of the
annual, 161
Itecoahy River, length of, 82
Jaguar, misfortune in hunting,
245
403
404
Index
Jararaca-Snake, result from
bite of, 303
Javary fever, see Malarial
fever
Javary River, location of, 15
M
Malarial fever, 71; symptoms
of, 150, 154
Maloca, or tribal village, size of,
319
Mangeroma Indian, first men-
tioned by H. W. Bates, 102;
personal encounter with, 293 ;
arrival at village of, 315;
mode of dressing of, 321
Matamata tree, use of the
buttresses, 142; use of the
bark, 266; appearance of,
91, 117
Mosquitoes, 71, 72
Mother of the Moon, super-
stitiously dreaded cry of, 238
Murumuru palm, use of leaves,
266; appearance of, 147; use
of leaf-stalks, 287
Musical frogs, 284
Musical telegraph, 356: code
system of, 358
Mutum bird, appearance of,
307; as an article of food,
277, 288 _
Mygale avicularis, see Bird-
Eating spider
N
Nazareth, location of, 15
P
Paca, 247
Pachiuba palm-tree, use of
aerial roots of, 249; appear-
ance of, 263
Paludismos, see Malarial
fever.
Peccary, see Wild boar
Piranha fish, habits of, 210;
encounter with, 213
Pirarucu fish, 181, 235; popu-
larity of, 192, 254, 261, 265;
size of, 208; capture of, 209
Poisoned arrows, manufacture
of, 351; shooting with 294;
killing wild boar with, 333
R
Remate de Males, location of,
12; inhabitants of, 8; cost
of living in, 27 ; mortality of,
71; administration of, 67
Rubber, smoking of, milk,
87, 155, 183; loading of,
balls, 107; branding of,
balls, in; tapping of, 151;
transshipment of, 115
Rubber-Tree, tapping of, 151
Rubber- Worker, see Serin-
gueiro
Seringa! rubber-estate, size of
a large, 146
Seringueiro, outfit of, 196; as a
naturalist, 197; work of the,
87, 178, 183; general appear-
ance of, 143, 193, 255
Solimoes River, 43
Sting-Ray, capture of a, 207;
barbed bones of, used for
arrows, 373; used for Indian
traps, 343; barbed bone of,
used for spears, 372
Sucuruju or Boa-Constrictor,
alleged hypnotic powers of,
218, 221; capture and skin-
ning of, 226, 238; track of,
243
Tapir, meat of the, 141
Tartaruga, see Turtle-Eggs
Toucan, 61,121; cry of the, 250
Index
405
Turtle-Eggs, collecting, 175; as
an article of food, 191
U
Urubus, 75
Urucu plant, as a dye for mats,
325; as a dye for skeletons,
214; to color the human
body, 322,334; paddles, 145;
pottery, 390; photo of, 99
V
Vampire, 86
W
Water-Snake, see Sucuruju
Wild boar, hunting wild boar,
1 80; boar attacked by pir-
anhas, 213
Wourahli- Poison, effect of, on
monkey, 297; preparation of,
349; plant, ingredients of,
350
Yellow fever, 72
American Waterways
The Columbia River
Its History— Its Myths— Its Scenery— Its Commerce
By William Denison Lyman
Professor of History in Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington
430 pages, with 80 Illustrations and a Map, $3.50 net
This is the first effort to present a book distinctively on the Columbia
River. It is the intention of the author to give some special prominence
to Nelson and the magnificent lake district by which it is surrounded.
As the joint possession of the United States and British Columbia, and
as the grandest scenic river of the continent, the Columbia is worthy of
special attention.
American Inland Waterways
Their Relation to Railway Transportation and to the National
Welfare f Their Creation, Restoration, and Maintenance
By Herbert Quick
262 pages, with 80 Illustrations and a Map, $3.50 net
A study of our water highways, and a comparison of them with the
like channels of trade and travel abroad. This book covers the question
of waterways in well-nigh all their aspects — their importance to the na-
tion's welfare, their relations to the railways, their creation, restoration, and
maintenance. The bearing of forestry upon the subject in question is
considered, and there is a suggested plan for a continental system of
waterways. There are a large number of illustrations of the first interest.
The Mississippi River
And Its Wonderful Valley Twentyseven Hundred and
Seventyfive Miles from Source to Sea
By Julius Chambers
Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
324 pages with 80 Illustrations and Maps. $3,50 net
Lake George and Lake Champlain
The War Trail of the Mohawk and the Battleground of France
and England in their Contest for the Control of North America
By W. Max Reid
Author of "The Mohawk Valley," " The Story of Old Fort Johnson," etc.
In Preparation:
The Story of the Chesapeake ey Rutheiia Mory
American W atcruoays
The Romance of the Colorado River
The Story of its Discovery in 1 540, with an account of the Later
Explorations, and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell
through the Line of the Great Canyons.
By Frederick S. Dellenbaugh
Member of the United States Colorado River Expedition of 1871 and 1872
435 pages, with 200 Illustrations, and Frontispiece in Color, $3,50 net
" His scientific training, his long experience in this region, and his eye
for natural scenery enable him to make this account of the Colorado River
most graphic and interesting. No other book equally good can be writ-
ten for many years to come — not until our knowledge of the river is
greatly enlarged." — The Boston Herald.
" Mr. Dellenbaugh writes with enthusiasm and balance about his
chief, and of the canyon with a fascination that make him disinclined to
leave it, and brings him thirty years later to its description with undimin-
ished interest. — New York Tribune.
The Ohio River
A COURSE OF EMPIRE
By Archer B. Hulbert
Associate Professor of American History, Marietta College,
Author of "Historic Highways of America," etc.
390 pages, with 100 Illustrations and a Map. $3.50 net
An interesting description from a fresh point of view of the interna-
tional struggle which ended with the English conquest of the Ohio Basin,
and includes many interesting details of the pioneer movement on the Ohio.
The most widely read students of the Ohio Valley will find a unique and
unexpected interest in Mr. Hulbert's chapters dealing with the Ohio River
in the Revolution, the rise of the cities of Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and Louis-
ville, the fighting Virginians, the old-time methods of navigation, etc.
"A wonderfully comprehensive and entirely fascinating book."-
Chicago Inter-Ocean.
merican Waterways
Narragansett Bay
Its Historic and Romantic Associations and Picturesque Setting
By Edgar Mayhew Bacon
Author of " The Hudson River," u Chronicles of Tarrytown," etc.
340 pages, with 50 Drawings by the Author, and with Numerous
Photographs and a Map. $3.50 net
Impressed by the important and singular part played by the settlers
of Narragansett in the development of American ideas and ideals, and
strongly attracted by the romantic tales that are inwoven with the warp
of history, as well as by the incomparable setting the great bay affords for
suck a subject, the author offers this result of his labor as a contribution
to the story of great American Waterways, with the hope that his readers
may be imbued with somewhat of his own enthusiasm.
" An attractive description of the picturesque part of Rhode Island.
Mr. Bacon dwells on the natural beauties, the legendary and historical asso-
ciations, rather than the present appearance of the shores." — N. Y. Sun.
The Great Lakes
Vessels That Plough Them, Their Owners, Theit Sailors, and Their Cargoes /
together with A Brief History of Our Inland Seas
By James Oliver Curwood
244 pages, with 72 Illustrations and a Map, $3,50 net
This profusely illustrated book, as entertaining as it is informing, has
the twofold advantage of being written by a man who knows the Lakes
and their shores as well as what has been written about them. The gen-
eral reader will enjoy the romance attaching to the past history of the
Lakes and not less the romance of the present — the story of the great
commercial fleets that plough our inland seas, created to transport the
fruits of the earth and the metals that are dug from the bowels of the
earth. To the business man who has interests in or about the Lakes, or
to the prospective investor in Great Lakes enterprises, the book will be
found suggestive. Comparatively little has been written of these fresh-
water seas, and many of his readers will be amazed at the wonderful
story which this volume tells.
American Waterways
The St. Lawrence River
Historical— Legendary — Picturesque
By George Waldo Browne
Author of " Japan — the Place and the People," " Paradise of the Pacific," etc.
385 pages, with 100 Illustrations and a Map, $3.50 net
While the St. Lawrence River has been the scene of many important
events connected with the discovery and development of a large portion
of North America, no attempt has heretofore been made to collect and
embody in one volume a complete and comprehensive narrative of this great
waterway. This is not denying that considerable has been written relating
to it, but the various offerings have been scattered through many volumes,
and most of these have become inaccessible to the general reader.
This work presents in a consecutive narrative the most important
historic incidents connected with the river, combined with descriptions of
some of its most picturesque scenery and delightful excursions into its
legendary lore. In selecting the hundred illustrations care has been taken
to give as wide a scope as possible to the views belonging to the river.
The Niagara River
By Archer Butler Hulbert
Professor of American History, Marietta College; author of " The Ohio River,"
" Historic Highways of America," etc.
350 pages, with 70 Illustrations and Maps, $3,50 net
Professor Hulbert tells all that is best worth recording of the history
of the river which gives the book its title, and of its commercial present
and its great commercial future. An immense amount of carefully ordered
information is here brought together into a most entertaining and informing
book. No mention of this volume can be quite adequate that fails to take
into account the extraordinary chapter which is given to chronicling the
mad achievements of that company of dare-devil bipeds of both sexes who
for decades have been sweeping over the Falls in barrels and other
receptacles, or who have gone dancing their dizzy way on ropes or wires
stretched from shore to shore above the boiling, leaping water beneath.
etc.
I American Waterways
-
The Hudson River
FROM OCEAN TO SOURCE
Historical — Legendary — Picturesque
By Edgar Mayhew Bacon
Author of " Chronicles of Tarrytown," " Narragansett Bay,' ....
600 Pages, with 100 Illustrations, Including a Sectional Map of the Hudson
Rivee. $3,50 net
"The value of this handsome quarto does not depend solely on
| the attractiveness with which Mr. Bacon has invested the whole subject,
it is a kind of footnote to the more conventional histories, because it
throws light upon the life and habits of the earliest settlers. It is a study
of Dutch civilization in the New World, severe enough in intentions to
be accurate, but easy enough in temper to make a great deal c; humor,
and to comment upon those characteristic customs and habits which, while
they escape the attention of the formal historian, are full of significance."
______m^^_^_ Outlook.
The Connecticut River
AND THE
Valley of the Connecticut
THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILES FROM MOUNTAIN TO SEA
Historical and Descriptive
By Edwin Munroe Bacon
Author of " Walks and Rides in the Country Round About Boston," etc.
500 Pages, with 100 Illustrations and a Map, $3,50 net
From ocean to source every mile of the Connecticut is crowded with
reminders of the early explorers, of the Indian wars, of the struggle of the
Colonies, and of the quaint, peaceful village existence of the early days of I
the Republic. Beginning with the Dutch discovery, Mr. Bacon traces I
the interesting movements and events which are associated with this chief I
river of New England.
American Waterways
The Columbia River
Its History — Its Myths — Its Scenery — Its Commerce
By William Denison Lyman
Professor of History in Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington
430 pages, with 80 Illustrations and a Map, $3,50 net
Reading Circle Edition. Small 8vo. $173 net
This is the first effort to present a book distinctively on the Columbia
River. It is the intention of the author to give some special prominence
to Nelson and the magnificent lake district by which it is surrounded.
As the joint possession of the United States and British Columbia, and
as the grandest scenic river of the continent, the Columbia is worthy of
special attention. In the volume will be found a narrative of the re-
markable series of events in the history of the Columbia, as well as a
portrayal of the scenic attractions of the great Western river. And
through the pages of this historically competent and thoroughly readable
volume breathes the very spirit of the West, of which its author is a
devoted son.
American Inland Waterways
Their Relation to Railway Transportation and to the National
Welfare / Their Creation, Restoration, and Maintenance
By Herbert Quick
262 pages, with 80 Illustrations and a Map, $3,50 net
A study of our water highways, and a comparison of them with the
like channels of trade and travel abroad. This book covers the question
of waterways in well-nigh all their aspects — their importance to the na-
tion's welfare, their relations to the railways, their creation, restoration, and
maintenance. The bearing of forestry upon the subject in question is
considered, and there is a suggested plan for a continental system of
waterways. There are a large number of illustrations of the first interest.
American Waterways
Lake George and Lake Champlain
The War Trail of the Mohawks and the Battle-ground of
France and England in their Contest for the
Control of North America
By W. Max Reid
Author of " The Mohawk Valley," " The Story of Old Fort Johnson," etc.
400 pages* With 90 Full"page Illustrations ftom Otiginal Photographs
by J, Arthur Maney, and Maps, S3, 50 net,
There is no spot on American soil that has witnessed more battles,
small and great, than the narrow shores of these lakes, making history for
two continents. Men that live in history, whose names are inseparably
connected with their attenuated lengths, have attained victory, or suffered
defeat, under the shadows of their wooded mountains, or on their crystal
waters. Daring explorers, self-sacrificing priests, hardy frontiersmen, wily
aborigines, cultured men of wealth with dreams of baronial manors and
seignories have been associated with their history. The author has
seized upon these dramatic incidents and has combined them in a nar-
rative that rn^es with unimpeded swiftness.
The Mohawk Valley
Its Legends and its History
By W. Max Reid
475 pages. With Seventy Fu&page Illustrations from Photographs
by J, Arthur Maney, Net, $3.50
"This is a book of intense interest; it is also one of real historic
value. There move before us stalking Indians, dashing French soldiers,
the red-coats, the proud Tory, the indomitable Jesuit, while above all
looms and dominates the picturesque, big-hearted, honorable, loose-living
Irishman, Sir William Johnson. The book is beautifully illustrated."
The Outlook
American Waterways
The Mississippi River
and Its Wonderful Valley
Twentyseven Hundred and Fifty Miles from Source to Sea
By Julius Chambers, F.R.G.S.
Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, Member of the National Geographic Society.
320 pages with 80 Illustrations and Maps, S3.5O net
The Mississippi, whether it be considered from the geographic or
historic standpoint, has a significance which few rivers possess. It is the
great dividing line between East and West ; it is in volume surpassed
only by the Amazon, in length only by the Nile. The Spanish conquis-
tadores and the Jesuit fathers paddled over its waters and hewed their
way through the wilderness that flanked its shores. Its peaceful banks
have witnessed in silent dismay the early conflict of Redman with Red-
man, the later warfare of Red with White, and the more recent clash
between Northerner and Southerner. Mr. Chambers has recorded in a
style worthy of a theme so mighty the great events that have been enacted
along the course of this river.
In Preparation
The Story of the Chesapeake
By Ruthella M. Bibbins
Will be fully illustrated and probably published at S3. 50 net.
SEP 27 1983
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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY