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INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY

A REVIEW

EDITED BY

A. GHOSH
Director General of Archaeology in India

Ira fea

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

NEW DELHI

1958

Price Rs. 7.50 or 12 shillings

PRINTED AT THE CORONATION; PRINTING WORKS, DELHI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

As in the four previous numbers of this annual Review, this being the fifth one in the Series,
21 H the information and illustrations contained in the following pages have been received from different
s o urces, viz. the officers of the Department of Archaeology of the Government of India and the heads of
tHer institutions connected with the archaeological activities in the country, but for whose ready co-
peration it would have been impossible to give the Review any semblance of completeness. To all of
them, my grateful thanks are due. I also acknowledge the valuable help I have received from my
c olleagues in the Department in editing the Review and seeing it through the Press.

In a co-operative endeavour of this nature, it is impossible for the editor or anybody else to
assiame full responsibility for the absolute accuracy of all the information and particularly for the inter-
pretation of the archaeological material brought to light. Further, the possibility of editorial slips hav-
ing crept in may not also be entirely ruled out, ihovgh it hes teen our best endeavour to avoid them.

DELHI : A. GHOSH

21st August 1958 Director General of Archaeology in India

CONTE NTS

PAGE

I. General ... ... ... ,

II. Explorations and excavations ... ... .. ^

III. Epigraphy ... .., ,.. _.. ^

IV. Numismatics and treasure-trove ... ... ..60

V. Other important discoveries ... ... ... 54

VI. Museums ... ... ... 71

VII. Architectural survey of temples ... ... ... 77

VIII. Preservation of monuments ... ... ... 79

IX. Archaeological chemistry ... ... ... 108

X. Archaeological gardens ... ... ...113

XI. Publications ... ... ... ... 115

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58

A REVIEW

I. GENERAL-

A RCHAEOLOGICAL exploration continued in full swing throughout the country
"- during the year under review.

A survey of some of the river-valleys in the Vindhyan plateau brought to light
sites with palaeolithic tools of Series I and II. Tools of Series II were also found at
many a site in Saurashtra, the Deccan and northern Orissa, some parts of the last-men-
tioned region being already well-known for tools of Series I. The industries of the
two Series, with their stations spread throughout the central highland and the Deccan,
seem to conform, typologically, to comparable patterns, and a close study, with the
objective of possible correlations, of the geological contexts to which they were affili-
ated and an intensive search for fossil-remains that their horizons may contain may go
S3, long way towards establishing a chronological table showing the time-lag inter se at
tlie stations where they co-occur and the geological relationship among the sites where
they appear individually.

The limestone caves in the Kurnool region, wherefrom, as early as 1882, human
fossil-remains had been reported, were re-examined. The results were negative in
character in that no fossils were found in the exploration, though the existence of pa-
laeoliths was noted in the valley of a neighbouring stream.

A joint expedition, in which the Department of Archaeology, Geological Sur-
vey of India, Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute and Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda collaborated, explored the valley of the Banganga in
3?anjab, primarily to correlate the implementiferous terraces with the glacial and inter-
glacial epochs. The data obtained in the expedition will now be utilized in examining
the upper reaches of the river-system and in comparing the glacial oscillations here
"with those in the Kashmir valley.

The palaeolithic industry of the Bombay region was noticed, for the first
time, to have been associated with river- terraces; the possibility of linking the terraces
at some places with the ancient sea-levels was also noticed.

The spread of the Harappa culture in western India assumed new signifi-
cance by the discovery of a station of that culture on the west coast even lower
than the Narmada estuary. Exploration in Saurashtra brought to light more Harappan
and late Harappan sites.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

As a result of continued excavation at Lotlial, an already-reputed Harappan

Si.'H'enient. it was noticed that, though the place was far removed from the Indus cities,
ii- inhabitants followed the same traditions of town-planning and public hygiene for
v<, hid* the Harappans are famous.

N'avdatoli, a single-culture chalcolithic site in Malwa, was subjected to an
cMcnM've horizontal excavation, whereby was gathered valuable evidence about con-

len-rwary domestic architecture, ceramics and artefacts.

Renewed exploration in Rajasthan indicated the wide spread of microliths and
nie black-and-red ware, found either independently or in association with each other.
A Sink between the archaeology of Rajasthan and that of the Ganga valley was provid-
ed by the occurrence at one of the sites of the early historical pottery similar to that
met wssh at Hastinapura.

Farther excavation at Ujjain in Malwa, one of the largest early cities of India
:y c.:,.d ;w alia the ancient industries of the place and the nature of its defences in
t :. ^ ce of \\hich timber had been employed as reinforcement on the riverside.

In the Chambal valley also in Malwa, were discovered a few rock-shelters with
panuings, apparently comparable with those occurring elsewhere in the Vindhya and
Satpura ranges, and a few microlithic and later sites. vmanya ana

of <o '

according to the excavator, one of the eieh^ranS^? < ? meS 'if 11 -? may iiavc uccn
Buddha immediately after his death RSpttS^ St f fas bmlt over the relics of

and later periods, a notable discovery befo^M?!^ I f? ain t S f the Mauryan
ing from Gupta times. s or an elabora tely-planned temple dat-

Nor^mBlack^oS^ 6 found ^^ f the ^ hist rical period, including

a.-^Si;SS3 s -WMasaaM

GENERAL

It is now becoming increasingly evident that the ill-fated site of Nagarjunakonda,
till recently famous only on account of its Buddhist remains, is important for many
additional reasons, inasmuch as it contains a continuous history of man in the region,
beginning right with the Early Stone Age and ending only with medieval times, during
which vast span of time it passed through the palaeolithic, neolithic-cw/w-chalcolithic
and megalithic stages and the historical periods under the Satavahanas, Ilcshvakus,
Chalukyas and even later rulers. This year's excavation included neolithic and megali-
thic burial-sites and the defences , erected by the Ikshvakus around their citadel, not to
mention religious edifices, Buddhist and Brahmanical, with which the valley is studded.

Opposite Nagarjunakonda, on the other bank of the Krishna, the site of Yelle-
swaram yielded extensive ruins of medieval temples.

Excavation at Ratnagiri in Orissa brought to light the remains of an early me-
dieval stupa, which, as far as evidence goes, had an earlier, Gupta, nucleus. The re-
covered sculptures may perhaps indicate that the Mahayana-Vajrayana development
of the Buddhist pantheon took place, at least in this part of the country, somewhat earlier
than is usually supposed.

Amongst other discoveries, mention may be made of a few remarkable sculp-
tures, discovered at the rock-cut caves at Pitalkhora, not far from Ajanta, which will
henceforth occupy a prominent place in early plastic art. In addition, the year wit-
nessed a very large number of other discoveries all over the country, ranging from the
palaeolithic to fairly recent times and including epigraphical and numismatic ones.

The regional and chronological study of temple-architecture progressed apace.

Other archaeological activities continued in the normal way. A vast number
of standing monuments received routine and special structural repairs. Particularly
remarkable success was achieved in the repairs to the decayed parts of rock-cut monu-
ments, specially at Ajanta and Ellora, by an appropriate use of suitably-tinted cement-
concrete, reinforced where necessary, simulating the massive and homogeneous appear-
ance of rock.

Many monuments and the paintings that some of them bear were chemically
cleaned and conserved according to methods evolved by a study of local conditions
and problems.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REVIEW

INDIA

EXPLORED REGIONS

AND

EXCAVATED SITES

EXPLORED REGIONS

EXCAVATED SlltS

TOWNS O

AGARJURAKONDA

, ARABIAN

SCALE OF /(U,OMET%E.S

ZOO ZOO 400

II. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS 1

ANDHRA PRADESH

1. EXCAVATION AT NAGARJUNAKONDA, DISTRICT GUNTUR. In progress since
1954 (Indian Archaeology 1954-55 A Review 2 , p. 22; 1955-56, p. 23; 1956-57, p. 35), the
excavation was further extended during this year to cover an area of about
1200 acres, under Dr. R. Subrahmanyam, assisted by Shri K. K. Sinha, Shri M. D.
Khare, Shri t H. Sarkar, Shri Raghbir Singh and Shri Abdul Wahid Khan.
The discoveries included palaeoliths, microliths, neoliths with associated graves,
and megaliths, besides numerous structures of the early historical period. Of the last,
the citadel, with its grand fortification-wall, ditch, gates and barracks, was indeed very
important, as it threw light on the town-planning and flourishing condition of the capital
of the Ikshvaku kings during the third century A.D. Another outstanding structure was a
huge oblong stadium, laid out between the north-western corner of the citadel and the
Pushpabhadrasvami temple at the foot of the Nagarjuna hill.

Six neolithic graves, located in the southern part of the valley, were exposed.
Although lying extended, roughly in a north-south direction, the skeletons did not show
proper articulation (fig. 2; pi. I A). Towards the feet were placed pots of wheel- as
well as hand-made burnished grey ware (fig. 3), similar to those found last year in the
neolithic habitation- area. Most of the vessels were spouted; the straight-sided bowl
with featureless rim was also represented by small fragments. There were no other
grave-goods.

Not far from the south-eastern corner of the citadel, where over a dozen mega-
liths had been previously discovered, a pit-circle (pi. I B), 24 ft. in diameter, was partly
excavated. Its 8-ft. wide central .pit, dug into the hard natural rock, yielded pottery
and iron implements. Another small pit-circle, located in the southern zone of the
valley, yielded only animal-bones.

Enclosing a trapezoidal area, about 3000 x 2000 ft., the citadel-wall (fig. 4) ran
along the right bank of the Krishna on the west at an average distance of 350 ft. from
it, while on the south it overlay the summit of the 170-ft. high Peddakundellagutta hill,
its maximum extant height on the plains being about 16 ft. above the outside ground-
level. Trenches laid across the wall, both on the east and west (p. II A), showed that it
had been built in two phases : the first or lower phase was represented by a rampart
of momm or mud, about 80 ft. wide at the base, resting on the natural soil, except on
the western (river) side, where it overlay an earlier occupational deposit represented by
a floor and a few hearths; the second phase was represented by a burnt-brick wall, 9
to 14 ft. thick, generally built either directly on the existing rampart or on a secondary
filling over it, but on naturally high grounds directly on the bare rock-surface. Save
for the portion overlying the Peddakundellagutta hill, the fortification-wall was surroun-
ded by a ditch, 12 ft. in depth and varying from 74 to 132 ft. in width. Two main gate-
ways, one each on the eastern and western sides, and a narrow postern gate, on the
northern side (pi. II B), possibly serving as an emergency-exit, were exposed. Close
to the eastern gateway were barracks including stables and a nicely-plastered masonry

1 See fig. 1.

* This publication is referred to in the following pages by the year only.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW \

extern. The western gateway, with a minimum width of 17 ft., lay near the asvamedha- \

site excavated last year. i

NAGAR1UNAKDNDA 1958
NEOLITHIC GRAVE 5

FIG. 2
The ceramic evidence from the pre- to post-rampart layers was essentially uni-

rn^l IT ^V^ g ^ ps f layers a PP ertai ^g to the Ikshvaku period,
cross berth the western and eastern defences showed that most of the religious

d Sf h7^ ^ l r re , c c , m P, arati vely late, having been built after the d tch had
been filled to a height of about 8 ft. from the bottom by the debris of the brick fortifi-

t One f th r struct ^ s was i B^r

uuto ouruae tne eastern fortification-wall, where a stone image of Buddha i
had len foS^l^ TheT , f "* "^ Ifeh ^ U Bn ^Sa5

-XJ* cuts: f ,' f 1 ? ?

four sides by flights of s epj Wt li

st fj *d to above (p 5,
rH\ d - 15 ft dee P' endo ^ on al'l

Z--XPLO RATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

^h wia v x/ x
-\i\ \w^^ ^

ii!$'^/( <^^
imu\\\\(-^=^^

\mm

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

i* - nhtfonn all round, the width of which, as noted on the southern side, was 11 ft.
: ,hii 5d- x airS. placed at regular intervals, each measuring 6ft. m width
iniiwd the ? rc na with the platform. They were strengthened by wo^n ^ rtor
,. for lhe fitline O f which slits were provided on each side in trie stiucuue.
Bo hlreadsind risers of the staircases were smaller than those of the steps that ran
around the radium, indicating that while the former served as passages the latter
ev dentlv meant for sitting. The pavilion, at the middle of the Astern side,
showed three- distinct phases. Square or oblong holes in the floors of the fiist am
second phases susccsted the use of pillars for holding the roof, of which tiles and fmials
were found all ove~r the area. The dimensions of the pavilions of the three phases foe-
cinnine from the earliest, were respectively 84x39 ft., 69x33 ft. and 50x44 ft Asso-
elated" with the latest pavilion was an enclosure-wall, with an entrance on the west
The debris of the structures of the third phase was covered with a 9-ft. thick layer ot
dark silt which was disturbed and finally sealed by a 10- to 12-ft. thick deposit of sand.
A 2-ft. wide drain (pi. IV A) passing through the northern wall of the stadium, cleared
out the rain-water from the arena.

The southern zone of the valley, along the right bank of the river, revealed a
laree number of religious and secular structures. Of these, the most interesting was a
complex lying within a brick enclosure, 200 x 150 ft., and comprising a pillared hall,
four square and two octagonal platforms and two apsidal shrines. It had also an ex-
tension on. the south in the form of a four-winged dormitory (pi. IV B). Some of the
best specimens of sculptures, depicting mithunas, bulls, scorpions, wrestlers, pitrna-
kumhhas, etc., all ascribable to the Ikshvaku period, were recovered from this site.

Close to the above complex was a three-winged monastery with a drain, a batli
and a privy in one corner.

Another octagonal shrine in the same vicinity, built of re-used bricks and en-
closed within a random-rubble wall, may be noted. No antiquities were found here
but the associated pottery could be assigned to the last phases of the Ikshvaku or ever
later period. Nearby were several pits which yielded animal-remains, terracotta ark
glass beads, querns, pestles and dull-grey pottery, the last being ascribable to the earl)
medieval times.

Further to the east was a stepped brick tank with an attached residential struo
ture. Here two phases of occupation were exposed along the river near the Putlaguderr

village. Each unit had three rooms with a common verandah in front, a lay-on
common at Nagarjunakonda and in the Satavahana levels at Brahmapuri and Kollia

pur.

Not far from the pit-area referred to above was an early medieval Siva shri IK
made of bricks veneered with slabs and having paved floors and neatly-plastered walls
It had a tiled roof resting probably on four wooden pillars. Particular interes
attched to a small ablution-tank connected with the cells by a drain. A number of stom
lingas were found inside the temple.

conspicuous bv the
J

el wooden pillars.

, Mrn ,,.7! le 1 m - t elabo [ ate amongst the Buddhist religious structures was a monastic
t"' p i c * "? lg 1 V 1C A P h avmaseliya sect, as mentioned in a pillar-inscHp
on dated in the eighth regnal year of Ehuvala Chamtamula. Situated on a

. uae on

outcrop, about 300 yards to the east of the citadel, the complex consisted of

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

42 ft. in diameter, a pillared hall surrounded on the three sides by a three-winged
vihara, a stupa-chaitya with two votive stupas and an enclosed Buddha-c/za/Vyfl with
a mutilated figure of Buddha inside it. The stupa was enclosed by a wall, with ah en-
trance on the east. In the low-lying tract contiguous to the stupa area was revealed
a network of rubble-built residential structures.

In the monastic area, an isolated brick drain, running for 48 ft. from east to
west, was excavated. It took off from a brick platform, 10 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 4 in., overlain
by a thick rubble wall, the latter serving as a bund against the water coming from the
nearby hills during the rains. This was evidently designed to divert water from the
important structures in the low-lying area.

A mandapa, supported by fortyeight limestone columns, was partly excavated
on the right bank of the Krishna, just at the foot of the Nagarjuna hill and north of the
citadel. The floor of the mandapa was paved with stone slabs, while a stone bench abut-
ting a plastered wall ran thoughout its length.

The pottery from these areas belonged mostly to the Ikshvaku period and
included the black polished, black-slipped, red-slipped and black-and-red wares.
Particular mention may be made of the sprinklers and handles of the Roman amphorae,
the latter in a very restricted number. Most of the pottery- types, except the late ones,
were analogous to those from Arikamedu, Brahmagiri, Chandravalli and Sisupalgarh.

The other antiquities included terracottas, beads of various materials, objects of
iron copper and shell, glass bangles, stucco fragments, inscribed material, coins (pi. V),
etc. The sculptural material consisted of bas-relief carvings and images in the round
(pis. VI and VII). The most representative specimens of the former category were
medallions and other fragments of the railings depicting mithuna-figuKS, dancing dwarfs,
wrestling scenes, dvara-palas, war-scenes, purna-kumbhas and animals. The out-
standing specimens of the latter category included images of Buddha and Karttikeya
and a more-than-life-size figure of a yaksha.

In addition to the lead coins of the first three Ikshvaku kings, a few specimens
of seals, sealings and clay bullae, the latter depicting the trident and a human head,
possibly copied from a Roman coin, were noteworthy.

2. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KURNOOL. The Prehistory Branch of the Depart-
ment, under Shri K.V. Soundara Rajan and Dr. R.V. Tolisi, carried out a brief season's
exploration of all the important caves, mentioned by Cammiade, in the limestone for-
mations near Kurnool, but did not find in them any Stone Age artefacts or fossils, al-
though one of the caves, viz. Billa Surgam, had yielded, to Bruce Foote, Pleistocene
mammalian fossil-remnants. Even a trial-excavation of one of the caves, Kishnama-
kona-gavi, did not throw up any culture-debris. However, in a neighbouring area,
in the Galaru valley, lying between Nandyal and Atmakuru, a rich Lower Palaeolithic
industry on quartzite, comprising Abbevilleo-Acheulian bifaces and plain-platform
flake-tools, was recorded.

3. EXCAVATION AT YELLESWARAM, DISTRICT NALGOND A. When the Nagar-
junasagar dam on the Krishna is completed, the site of Yelleswaram, like Nagarjuna-
konda on the other side of the river, will get submerged under water. With a view to
salvaging as much as possible of the ancient remains, the Department of Archaeology,
Government of Andhra Pradesh, under Dr. P. Sreenivasachar, undertook excavations
in the Yellaisvaramsyami temple-area, Chandaryya field and at Kisthapuram. To

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A

enable an ultimate co-ordination with Nagarjunakonda, the area was divided into sec-
tors on the lines followed at the site.

In the temple-area, beneath the ruins of the medieval temples and other build-
ings, were brought to light numerous brick structures, some with apsidal ends, ascribable
to "the Buddhistic period. The pottery was closely analogous to that from other Bud-
dhistic sites in Nalgonda District and elsewhere in Telangana. The other antiquities,
numbering over six hundred, included coins, beads, terracotta figurines, metal objects,
etc.

In the Chandrayya field were found crude furnaces and iron slag in abundance,
which threw valuable light on ancient metal working.

At Kisthapuram, a few stone-circles were excavated.

A general survey of the entire area also brought to light microliths and polished
stone axes, besides several inscriptions assignable from the Chalukyan period down
to the thirteenth century A.D.

BIHAR

4. EXCAVATION AT VAISALI, DISTRICT MUZAFFARPUR. The K. P. Jayaswal Re-
search Institute, under Dr. A.S. Altekar, conducted excavation at two sites, the peri-
phery of an ancient tank and a stupa, both about half-a-mile to the north-west of the
ruins of the fortified city of Vaisali, now known as Raja-Visal-ka-garh.

The first site, that of the tank, now called Kharauna-pokhra, with a length of
1420 ft. and width of 660 ft., is locally believed to represent the ancient abhisheka-
pushkarini of the Lichchhavis, in which none but the Lichchhavi chiefs was allowed
to bathe. Several trenches were laid all round the tank to find out whether it had been
anciently surrounded by any wall. It was established by excavation that while no wall
existed at the top of the tank-embankment, there had been one, 3 ft. 4 in. wide, along
its slope, very near the present-day water-level during the month of March. Its foun-
dation, with one or two brick-courses, could be followed over a stretch of 72 ft. on the
south, but it was found to be best preserved on the north-east, where it was traced over
a length of 95 ft., up to seven to thirteen courses in height (pi. VIII A). The meeting
points of the southern, eastern and western sides of the wall were also located. The
use of bricks of a uniform size (15x9x2 in.) throughout showed that the wall had been
built in one operation.

Near the centre of the southern embankment was found a concrete platform,
2 ft. below the foundation-level of the wall, and hence antedating it. The antiquities
in the intervening deposit and in the layers underlying the spoil-earth of the tank de-
posited on its embankment included cast coins and terracotta figurines stylistically
assignable to the Sunga age, which were indicative of the date of the wall. The origi-
nal tank of the Lichchhavis might have been a smaller one, which was subsequently
enlarged and surrounded by a wall, represented by its present remains, in about the
second century B.C., when the Lichchhavis might have once more become powerful
after the downfall of the Maurya empire.

The accounts of Hiuen Tsang indicate that during his time the Buddhists of
Vaisali believed that the stupa built by the Lichchhavis over the relics of Buddha lay
somewhere to the north-west of the city and south-east of the pillar of Asoka. It was
further thought that the stupa had been opened up by Asoka for its relic-contents.

A small mound to the north-east of the tank, conforming to this location, was

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

therefore taken up for excavation, which revealed that the mound represented the ruins
of a .stupa, enlarged four times after its initial construction (pi. VIII B).

The original stupa was a small structure, 25 ft. in diameter; it was built of layers
of piled-up mud separated from one another by thinner layers of cloddy clay (gangaf)
over a deposit which contained the Northern Black Polished Ware. Sherds of the same
Ware were also found in fairly large quantities in the core of the stupa as well as in
the deposits between the stupa and its first enlargement.

The first enlargement was in the shape of a fairly substantial structure, in which
burnt bricks, 15x9x2 in., were used. In the debris outside the enlargement were a few
fragments of polished Chunar sandstone, suggesting that it had ben carried out in the
Mauryan period, probably in the reign of Asoka. On the western side was noticed a
breach, subsequently filled up with earth.

The second enlargement was relatively flimsy, being almost entirely of re-used
burnt bricks and brick-bats, along with a few mud-bricks. The third enlargement,
also of burnt bricks and brick-bats, increased the diameter of the stupa to 40 ft. The
fourth and last enlargement was mainly in the nature of buttressing the preceding one.

Excavation in the core of the stupa showed that it had in its southern sector a
breach, 2 ft. 6 in. in width. ' Within the area disturbed by the breach, near the centre
of the stupa, was discovered a soapstone casket (pi. IX), cracked by the pressure from
above and only one-fourth full of ashy earth, together with a small conch, two glass
beads, a small piece of gold-leaf and a copper punch-marked coin.

As will be evident from the foregoing, the stupa was initially built during the
currency of the N. B. P. Ware, i.e. any time between 600 and 200 B.C., but as its first
enlargement probably took place in Mauryan times, its origin went back to pre-Mauryan
times. The excavator therefore feels that the stupa could have been the one built by the
Lichchhavis over their share of the relics of Buddha immediately after his death. The fact
that the relic-casket was found within a breach and was only partially full seems to con-
firm this identification, for, as tradition says, the stupa of the Lichchhavis had been
opened up for its relics by Asoka, who is also said to have left behind a portion of the
relics for worship by the Lichchhavis. Further, the breach on the western side of the
first enlargement (mentioned above) may be ascribed to the post-Asokan ruler who,
according to Hiuen Tsang, made an attempt to rifle the stupa but gave it up out of fear.
Thus, the archaeological and traditional evidences combine to indicate, suggests the
excavator, that the excavated stupa represented the original Lichchhavi stupa, though
the absence of any inscription on the casket makes it difficult to be definite on the point.

5. EXCAVATION AT RAJGIR, DISTRICT PATNA. Shri A. C. Banerji of the Mid-
eastern Circle of the Department carried out a small-scale excavation at Rajgir in the
area identified as Jiyakamravana and brought to light several additional elliptical and
oblong structures built variously of stone and bricks (1953-54, p. 9; 1954-55, p. 16). It
was also revealed that the long wall made of large blocks of stone overlain with red
earth, on the south of the road leading to Griddhrakuta, so long regarded as the inner
periphery, was in fact the remains of one of the banks of a large reservoir extending up
to the Sonagiri and touching the defence-wall descending from that hill in a crescentic
form. The reservoir might probably be identified with Sumagadha of the Pali literature.

BOMBAY

6. EXCAVATION AT LOTHAL (SARAGWALA), DISTRICT AHMADABAD. The Western

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1 957-58 A REVIEW

Circle of the Department, under Shri S. R. Rao, resumed excavation at the mound of
Lothal in village Saragwala with a view to rinding out the lay-out of the streets, the
plan and purpose of the mud-brick platforms and the ceramic sequence at the site with
special relerence_ to the black-and-red ware (1956-57, p. 15).

The habitation-area of the site was found to have been enclosed by an outer
platform of mud-bricks, constructed in the second of the five Sub-periods met with at
the site. It was exposed to the extent of 60 ft. and 350 ft. respectively on the southern
and eastern sides, on either side without reaching its end. On the western side too, a
similar platform^ was noticed, but its link with the one mentioned above remains to be
examined. Available to a, maximum height of 4 ft., the outer platform was built over
by the drains of the fourth Sub-period. On the eastern side was exposed a 10-ft. high
and > to 4-ft. wide revetment of kiln-burnt bricks (pi. XII A) over a length of 270 ft.,
e\idem,y put up to protect the platforms and houses against the floods to which the
area seems to have been subjected.

In the south-western sector of the habitation-area, another block of mud-brick
platforms measuring 70 ft.x50 ft. and assignable to the third and fourth Sub-periods,
was laid bare. On it stood some important buildings flanking an east-west street (pi.
XI A) Particularly notable was a 166-ft. long drain of burnt bricks with eight subsi-
?hp iy i tf nS conn , ec ^ n g an e q u al number of bath-rooms of the houses that stood on
or-LiK An?!' I B) - ft was Joined by another cross-drain with a steep
<S;^f 't 12 - tt - wide street of tr* second Sub-period, with houses built on either
"J : P ar tiai[y exposed in the northern sector of the mound (pi. XII B); this
chmem^ rT^i!*^ 11 l j e third and fourth Sub -periods, but there were en-
^ flow on\ v> J? ?i" h ? f USeS Wre mostly of mud -bricks, but wherever water
n nt P r * platform a veneer of kiln-burnt bricks was provided. The

n< ?n? P Yn A\ re 1 S pr Vlde ! l eir h ? Llses with one or more brick-paved
' A h privies with soakage-jars (pi. XIII B).

deen well ^YI^Y^ C -ru structm ' es were two large houses of mud-bricks and a 24-ft
9 ft. surrounded i. e , ccupants of one the house s, with an open courtyard, 18 ft.'
lar^e number of finki-^H A mS f, S ^l m j tO . been bead-makers, as suggested by a

court-yard NeV by wat"? ?" l' ' f lf Und n a WOrkin .S P'atform in the

four openings and its sides plastered i w thTs'mud (nl 'yfv A?^ Wit \ itS r i f having
for heatina the raw oead-miS inH iJlf ^ A ( E ? IV A); U m ^ have been used
kiln, askable ^^l^^^^^f^ & ' In anot ^ place, a pottery-

were met wfth. In the mud-^rick enclosure wer^S^^ 5 W ^ h f ur fin ger-marks,
pendant and a carnelian bead Laree urns with an^vS v f * r i ammal -bones, a gold
secured in position with bricks alon its rim i Ti 7 eletaj t re mams, one of them
beakers and bowls, besides beads and bonet Whii* lso j und buried i they contained
altars in what has been so far regarded as kiin f, C 3 utt " lg /, Cross one of the twelve
low the first two courses of mutbricks ' ^^ &nd b nes were not ^ed be-

tire and fourth Sub-periods presented the townshin

and the svstematicla^om^ the'S aTd h" f^ 6 drains with man-holes
wards the existence of a civic authority Aeain \t^^\ ,f e S i lb ;Penods pointed to-
number ot costly personal ornaments and obSs of dn^ ? Se ? ub -P eri ds that a vast
tound-all this standing in marked domestic and _^i ....

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

last Sub-periods. In the fifth Sub-period the earlier alignment of the streets was ig-
nored, the drains and baths were constructed shabbily with brick-bats and soakage-
jars were placed at the end of small localized drains, there being no public drains at
all.

The discovery of a cemetery in the north-west corner of the mound was of great
importance. In all, six burials, two of which, respectively at the depths of 9 in. and
1 ft. 6 in. below surface, found disturbed, were noticed. In another burial-pit, two
bodies, one each of an adult and a child, were found close to each other, along with
shell beads and a copper ring. The bodies were oriented north-south, with the heads
to the north (pi, XIV B). The funerary pottery (pi. XVII B) comprised the convex-
sided bowl, basin, small jar and dish-on-stand.

Amongst the painted motifs met with in the red ware (pis. XV-XVII A}, particular
mention maybe made of snakes, in one case below a tree (pi. XVI B) and in another
case one entering and another emerging out of an ant-hill (pi. XV B), and stags
(pis. XV A and XVII A). The black-and-red .ware, plain as well as painted, was found
in all the Sub-periods, though in small quantities. Some new types of earthen wares also
came to notice, viz. hollow and handled circular pot-stands and drain-pipes. Special
mention must also be made of potsherds painted in colours and designs seemingly
unusual to the Harappa Ware: they had either a buff body painted over in white
and black or pink colour or a pink body painted over in white; the designs included
multiple horizontal bands and wavy lines (pi. XVI A).

The terracotta human and animal figurines included a human head with an
oblong beard, sharp nose and sunken eyes (pi. XVIII C), a mother-goddess (pi. XVIII
B), a bull with movable head, a ram-head (pi. XVIII D) and a guerilla (pi. XVIII A).
Amongst other terracotta objects was a die, with markings' ranging from one to six on
its six sides, and a miniature boat.

Amongst the metal objects, particularly noteworthy were two cast copper figu-
rines, one each of the swan and dog, besides a drill, a chisel (pi. XXI B), arrow-
and spear-heads, axes (pi. XXI A) and fish-hooks, variously of copper and bronze.

Other small finds included chert blades, cubical weights of chert and agate
(pi. XIX A) and beads of gold, copper, jasper, agate, carnelian, steatitie, faience, shell,
ivory and bone, in various stages of manufacture. Of the last-named item, eye-beads,
etched carnelian beads, stamped steatite beads and an agate^bead with a screw in gold
deserve special mention.

Twelve seals (pis. XIX B and XX), variously of steatite, agate and terracotta,
and two terracotta sealings were found. One of the sealings bore impressions of three
different seals above the figure of a bull (pi. XX, 2). On one of the steatite seals
could be seen the Indus script engraved above a unicorn (pi. XX, 6). An excellent
example of engraving on hard material was provided by an agate seal (pi. XX, /).
A terracotta seal depicting a seed-drill (?) (pi. XX, 3) called for particular attention.
But no less important was a potsherd (pi. XX, 4) with inscribed letters that had no
apparent similarity with the Indus script.

7. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT AHMADNAGAR.-Shri B. P. Bopardikar of the
South-western Circle of the Department collected microlithis, comprising nicely-re-
touched blades and fluted cores of chalcedony, from the river-bed at Chichondi Patil-

8. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT BROACH AND SURAT. An exploration of the
coastal strip between the Mahi and Tapti rivers by Shri S. R. Rao brought to light four

13.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIB

IN KAEMADAANDTAPH VALLEYS

SITES WITH

HARAPPA WARE Q

LATE HARAPPA WARE.. A
LUSTROUS RED
EARLY HISTORICAL

AIATERIAL,_D

FIG. 5

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

important sites, viz. Bhagatrav, Mehgam, Telod and Hasanpur (fig. 5), of which the
first was assignable to the early Harappa period, the second and third to the late
Harappa period,, and the last to the 'transitional period' between the Harappa and
later chalcolithic cultures.

Situated at the mouth of the Kim river, half-a-mile south of village Jetpur in
Hansot Taluka of Broach District, and rising gradually to a height of 15 ft. above the
surrounding area, the mound of Bhagatrav extends over half-a-mile from south-west
to north-east. Trial-pits sunk on the western periphery of the mound revealed 8 ft.
of cultural debris representing two different Periods, I and II, assignable respectively
to the Harappan and early medieval times. The former was further divisible into two
Sub-periods, A and B, representing respectively the early and late phases of the Harap-
pa culture. Sub-period IA, represented by a deposit 4| ft. in thickness, yielded ce-
ramic types similar to those from Lothal and Rangpur II A, e. g. the carinated dish with
projected rim, beaker, dish-on-stand, bowl with short handle, basin, convex-sided bowl
and thick storage-jar with splayed rim (fig. 6; pi. XXII A). Made of finely-levigated
clay and well-fired, the vessels were sturdy and were painted either in black colour on
red or in buff colour on chocolate surface. The use of reserved slip and bichrome or
polychrome paintings was noticed on some sherds. The other finds included a terra-
cotta bull, two fragmentery chert blades and one faience and two carnelian beads
(pi. XXIII B-D). The settlement was destroyed by a flood, as indicated by the eroded
surface of the mound and. deposits of sand and silt.

Immediately overlying these deposits was a 2-ft. thick deposit of Sub-period IB,
wherein .was found the late Harappan pottery, such as the dish with short projected
rim and small jar with slightly elongated neck (fig. 7).

In Period II were found the jar and knobbed lid of coarse grey ware, assignable
to the early medieval times on the basis of the evidence obtained elsewhere, e. g. at
Akota.

Bhagatrav is the southernmost Harappan settlement known so far. It seems
to have been a port having contacts with the Harappan sites in Saurashtra.

Mehgam, near Broach on the Narmada estuary, was also subjected to a
trial-excavation, which yielded the dish-on- stand, jar with short neck, dish with slightly-
carinated shoulder, basin and convex-sided bowl (fig. 8; pis. XXII B and XXIII A).
Most of the vessels were painted in black over a red surface, the more noteworthy designs
being hatched diamonds, loops, concentric circles, horizontal bands, etc. Amongst
other finds, mention may be made of a biconical bead of agate and a few copper frag-
ments.

At Telod, not far from Mehgam, were found the shallow basin, thick storage-
jar and dish with expanded rim. The painted motifs included concentric circles, loops
with fronds and horizontal bands.

Both Mehgam and Telod are comparable with the late phase of Rangpur IIB,
in which the perforated jar, goblet and beaker had ceased to be in use but other Harappa
types, such as the dish-on-stand, dish, storage-jar, basin .'and bowl, were still popular.
The lower reaches of the mound at Telod were silted up with black clay, while at Meh-
gam the entire mound had been almost washed away by the Narmada which inundates
hundreds of square miles every year.

Hasanpur, 2 miles east of Bhatgaon in Olpad Taluka, District Surat, yielded
the Lustrous Red Ware and black-and red ware, the more prominent types being the
shallow dish with beaded rim, cup with everted rim and bowl with blunt or sharp-cari-
nated shoulder, typical of Rangpur IIC and III.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58-A REVIEW

/MH-.

FIG. 6. Bhagatrav: pottery-types of Period I A

Fso. 7. Bhagatrav: pottery-types of Period IB
16

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

f \l-

I
k

O 5-

ni?tlic\al

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

9, EXl'LORATJON IN DISTRICTS GOHILWAD, HALAR, JHALAWAR, MADHYA
SAI R -\SHTR A \N!) SORATH. In continuation of his previous work (1955-56, p. 70;
, p. 16). Shri P.P. Pandya carried out further explorations in these Districts and
so light three Stone Age, thirtyone Harappan, fiftyfive early historical and forty
1 sites. Of the Harappan sites, three had been also occupied by the people I
u*:ne thi; Lustrous Red, Prabhas and black-and-red wares. i

Tools of Scries II, comprising scrapers, borers, points and large flakes of agate I
nd chirt ifig. 9>. were collected from Rojdi, Sejakpur and Fala, respectively in Dis-f
trvcti. Madhya Saurashtra, Jhalawar and Halar.

The distribution of the Harappa and other wares is shown in the Table
on p. [9 % while the main types in the Harappa Ware are illustrated in figs. 10-12
ana pi. XXIV. Microliths comprising parallel-sided blades, sometimes showing thej
cresicc ndge, and fluted cores were found in association with the Harappa Ware an
Rojdi. Mandal and Jhanjmer, all in District Madhya Saurashtra. ^

The exploration included trial-excavations at Rojdi, Pithadia and Adkot in
Madhya Saurashtra and Motidharai in District Gohilwad.

f P -i mound at R J di ' situated on the ba nk of the Bhadar river, 34 miles south
i ajko( was scraped at several places, and revealed the remains of a protection- wall
of big boulders. A small trench at the eastern end of the mound brought to

deposits

veale traditions vTz' Jtnt f ", d ' 1 ?f fl & etc ' ^ ceramic ^dustries re-

Flo. 9. Tools of Series n.

- Sejakpur.- 2; Tola: J.

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

DISTRIBUTION OF WARES

(H=Harappa Ware; P=Prabhas Ware; ZJ?= Lustrous Red Ware; BR=Black-and-red
Ware (non-megalithic); and RP=.Red Polished Ware)

No. LOCALITY

SITE

WARE

No. LOCALITY

SITE

WARE

District

Gohilwad

41 Mewasa

Khakharba

1 Motidharai

Khodiyar

2 Moti-Khilori

Dhankani

District Halar

3 Moviya

Sasu

2 Bhayakhakharia

Bhayakhakharia

44 Parewala

Kundanpur

3 Chandrawara

Chandrawara

45 Pithadia

Pithadia

H&LR

4 Chandrawara

Vankiner

46 Ramod

Dobaria

5 Hathala

Khijagol

47 Rojdi

Rojdi

H&P

6 Kalavad

Kotda

48 Santhali

Rajathali

7 Lalparda

Lalparda

49 Sultan pur

Bhamakdal

8 Machlivar

Kuthriwad

50 Sultanpur

Bhatiwadi

H, P, RP,

9 Ranparda

Mulpadar

LR&BR

10 Ranparda

Ranparda

51 Vora-Kotra

Kalipat

11 Suriawadar

Damdawa

District Sorath

12 Tankaria

Tankaria

52 Ajota

Vikamsinh

District

Jhalawar

53 Asakada

Asakada

13 Sejakpur Sejakpxir
District Madhva Saurashtra

54 Bharwada
55 Bharwada

Bharwada
Somadwip

RP
RP

14 Adkot

Adkot

56 Bhuwara

Bhuwara

15 Akria

Nanavati

57 Chara

Chara

16 Ambardi

Deshamari

58 Chalala

Bodka

17 Ardoi

Ardoi

H&RP

59 Chaya

Dhingeshwar

18 Charkhardi

Vaori

60 Degam

.Lavadia

19 Dholidhar
20 Dhudasia

Jagapipalia
Koha

RP
H

61 Deval
62 Dudhiya

Bhimadenal
Timli

RP
RP

21 Gadharia
22 Goghawadar
23 Halenda

Dungarpur

Mavaohablm
Godhapadar

H
RP
H

63 Ghantwar
64 Harmatia
65 Kadwar

Tithad
Harmatia
Bhoji

T7- ;

RP
RP
RP

24 Jal
25 Jam-Ambardi
26 Jam-Kandorn
27 Jamwali
28 Jhanjmir
29 Jhanjmir
30 Jodhpur
31 Kamadia
32 Khandadhar
33 Khatli
34 Kundni
35 Makansar

Bhamandharo
Malgodh
Timaram
Jalansar
Belora
Hamaji
Jodhpur
Khari
Padar
Kalapan
Deudhar
Ajmer

RP
H
H
RP
H&P
RP
H
RP
H
H
H
H

66 Kaj
67 Khambhodar
68 Kunchri
69 Kunchri
70 Malsaram
71 Navagam
72 Navagam
73 Ramlechi
74 Ranawao
75 Renawara
76 Sarkharia
77 Simoni

7H TaVira

Kaj
Khambhodar
Charchanes
Kharapiaparnes
Malsaram
Dhrosan
Khadakli
Ramlechi
Jardeshwar
Renawara
Devkapatna
Simoni
Jilada

H, P&RP
RP
RP
RP
H&RP
RP
RP
RP
RP
RP
RP
RP

36 Mandal
37 Mandal
38 Mewasa
39 Mewasa
40 Mewasa

Dad
Mandal
Bharad
Chaparda
Haratnatala

H
RP
RP
RP
RP

/ O .LWl^lCl

79 Talala
80 Umri
81 Umri
82 Vachhoda

Hirneshwar
Bhutda
Tumada
Vachhoda

RP
RP
RP
RP

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A

also found. The designs, painted in black over red, buff or chocolate slip, included
fish, leaves, hatched triangles and diamonds, roundels, wavy lines, vertical bands, loops, <
prancing bull, etc. The pottery was associated with microliths, of which crested-ridge;
flakes may be particularly mentioned. 1;

Sub-period IB was characterized by a red ware, in which the beaker, perforated;
jar, ledge-necked vessel and square-rimmed jar were absent. The convex-sided bowk
with typical panelled designs comprising vertical bands between two horizontal lines |
in the Prabhas fabric emerged in the upper levels. The two Sub-periods of Rojdi ma J! ;
be correlated with the corresponding Sub-periods of Prabhas. s

The excavation at Adkot, on the bank of the Bhadar, 30 miles south-east ol;
Rajkot, exposed 5 ft. of occupational deposits representing the Harappa culture. 'Tto;
pottery consisted of the convex-sided and short-handled bowl, perforated jar, leoge-j
necked vessel, dish-on-stand, beaker, etc. Red and buff wares were found almost uij
equal proportions. The designs, painted in black, comprised a human figure feeding;
a pet, fish, leaves, suspended loops, hatched diamonds, wavy lines, etc. In addition!
to the above wares, a crude grey ware, represented by the trough, jar and disli, was;
also found. K

At Pithadia, nearly 44 miles south of Rajkot, the excavation revealed t\voj
periods of occupation. Period I was characterized by the Harappa ware in association?
with a crude grey ware. Amongst the other finds, mention may be made of conclrj-
bangles, terracotta beads and spindle-whorls. Period II was distinguished by ther
Lustrous Red Ware, in which the dish with or without stand was common.

At Motidharai, 10 miles north-east of Valabhipur, two periods of occupation,!
with a considerable hiatus in between, were brought to light. Period I was characterize^
by the Harappa ware, while period II was distinguished by crude grey and painted j
red wares of the early historical times. |

r/"
[

10. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICTS KOLABA AND THANA.Khandivli, 21 miles]-'
north of Bombay, has long been known to yield palaeoliths and later Stone Age tools,;
but the exact chronological positions of these industries in terms of the diffderent epochs;
of the Pleistocene yet remain to be determined. In order to ascertain if the industries
could be assigned to their proper terraces, which again could be correlated to the corres-
ponding ancient sea-levels, Shri B.B. Lai carried out a preliminary survey of trie area
lying between the sea-coast on the west and the Western Ghats on the east and between i
the Uihas river on the north and the town of Bombay on the south, with fairly en-
couraging results. It was observed that the different industries found by Todd in the
nullah-section at the back of the Padan Hill near Khandivli were not all in situ _- the
older ones may have originally belonged to a higher terrace to the east, where palace-
liths were collected from a weathered deposit of reddish earth and gravel. This indi-
cated that the different industries could indeed be sorted out according to terraces.
Secondly, between the Ghats and the coast, in the valley of the Ulhas, as many as four
terraces were observed, not counting the youngest one which is under formation, and
gets inundated when the sea is in high tide. In a shorter span, a similar set of terraces
was noted in the Dahisar valley between Kanheri Hill and Manori Creek, where tools
ascribable to Series II were also found on a terrace near the National Park. Ttie river
Ulhas, particularly between Thana and Ghor Bandar, provides an ideal link for corre-
lating the different terraces with ancient sea-levels,

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58-A REVIE\

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

FIG. 12. Painted pottery, Adkot: 1-3 and 11; Rojdi: 4, 5, 8 and 10; Dad: 6, 7, 9, 12 and 13

11. EXCAVATION AT TER, DISTRICT OSMANABAD. The Department of Archaeo-
logy, Government of Bombay, under Dr. P.M. Joshi, assisted by Dr. K.D. Banerji and
Shri B.N. Chapekar, both of the Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute,
Poona, carried out excavation at Ter, on the banks of the Terna, 12 miles north-east
of Osmanabad. The excavation revealed that the site had been under occupation from
circa fourth century B.C. to fourth century A.D., as indicated by the presence of the
Northern Black Polished Ware and Gupta terracottas, respectively in the lower and
upper levels.

No structures were encountered, except floorings made up of either undressed
stones and loose brown mud or pounded hemp and lime applied on the balck' soil
below.

Besides the N.B.P. Ware already referred to, mention may be made of the
black-and-red ware and Red Polished Ware. The other antiquities included fortyone
copper coins, mostly round but of varying sizes, stone querns and millers, iron objects
like lamps, arrow- and spear-heads and knife-blades, bone points and beads and bangles
of terracotta, shell, glass and stone. Noteworthy was also the discovery of charred
grains of rice, wheat a'nd pulses. The site was especially rich in terracottas: of the total

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

. e-r, K.'uu-ed specimens, twentyfour were toys and fortysix figurines,
," ' ^\ cast in double moulds and some evinced great artistic skill.

11. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT WEST KHANDESH. Shri S.A. Sali of the South-
rn Circle of the Department discovered several ancient sites in the District, mostly
e hanks of the Tapti and its tributaries.

Abbevilieo-Acheulian handaxes, cleavers, discoids, scrapers, etc., made on
;;id quanzite, together with pebble tools, were collected from Kirvada, Bhond-
gaoR. Arnoda. Sakri, Thalner, Kothali and Manjrod. At Bhondgaon and Amoda the
iool< were picked up respectively from the compact gravel-conglomerate and loose
calcareous pebble-conglomerate beds.

loots of Series 11, made on jasper, chert, chalcedony, etc., were collected from
ihe loose gravel-conglomerate bed at Chorgaon, Shajipur, Thalner (pi. XXV A, 4 and
6- /<>.!, Manjrod (pi. XXV A, 1-3 and 5) and Vadhoda. The collection was dominated
fry scrapers, blades being comparatively few.

Blades, points, scrapers, awls, etc., which may belong to a third Series, were
discovered at Shajipur, Sakri, Chorgaon, Thalner, Amoda, Manjrod, Mudavad and
vaujipda. At Vadhoda the tools were collected from a 2-ft. thick deposit of cemented
gra\tM overlying a yellowish silt mixed with kankar, which in its turn rested on the loose
gravel-conglomerate bed yielding Series II tools.

From the uppermost deposit, viz. the Black Cotton Soil, microliths, comprising
blades, arrow-heads, fluted cores, etc., and associated with an ochre-
pottery, were found at Dhamdai, Patharai, Nijhar, Ghuli, Palasi,
-M v,u i v\ 5 ar ' . D 1 evhala ' Shelu > Rakasvada, Kathora, Pimplod
''H-; u^ r P ^ ni, ra i lj ^ upa / Patonda ' Pimplod (Shinda), Loy, Kothali,

and Lonkhed ' d ' VarUl ' Shah&da ' K lda ' Daiidula "

sometimes oPt XXV

painted ro er , ic il of the
also found a c6ar e ev ware
and Bahal. Of thes* sit Ac
which ^ere assoda\ed o s ?f the
thick burial-urns containing skelet

Chinchoda. Kothali Pmpfod
been superimposed suoXdv bv
coarse red-slipped ware the latter
Am rii Tha^

Nalavak Budruk ' Bhondgaon,
Varu1 ' Kolda ' K thali, Lonkhed
da - &nd Dhadne ' microliths and
Jf as sociation with the balck-on-red

,1 f ^ ? eccan " Alongside was
from the Paleolithic levels at Brahmagiri

w* 8 " 1 ? 1 the rmains f burials > w ' th
Warebearm S graffiti. Fragments of

? und ' At Anturli, Thalner,
e D1 chalc lithic culture had
BIa ck-and-red Ware and a

DELHI

ast medie\-a!

,, irown

,?7T A ' DEL -Amo ng the i

AND EXCAVATIONS

utilized Lal-Kot as the inner citadel. To get more precise information about these
and associated antiquities, trial-excavations were carried out in the area by
the iNorth-western Circle of the Department, under Dr. Y.D. Sharma.

The existence of a. wall, running from Adham Khan's tomb to the Ranjit and
gates and thus dividing Lal-Kot into two parts, has been known for long. A
to the north of Adham Khan's tomb was laid across this wall. The original
overlying the bed-rock and built of rubble stones, was found to an approximate
t of 8 ft. It was noticed that its height had been raised subsequently
tl"L e superimposition of kiln-burnt bricks on. it, thirty courses of which were found,
ding to the top of the wall was a (light of steps, the lower and upper portions of
ioh were built respectively of stone and brick, corresponding to the respective por-
tions of the wall itself (pi. XXVI A). Possibly the stonework was erected by the Raj-
puts a pd the brickwork was added by the Muslims after Delhi had been wrested by
them from the former. To the west of this wall there was another stone wall with a
regular inner but a rugged outer face. The purpose of the 5-ft. wide passage between
the two walls was not clear. To the east of the main wall were several structures show-
ing t:i continuous housing activity.

A preliminary study of the pottery revealed two cultural phases. The pottery
in tlie earlier phase was plain red, sometimes with red slip, some of the types
corresponding to those found in the last period of Ahichchhatra. (A.ix 850- J 100). The
second phase was marked by a gradual introduction of glazed ware and black-slipped
grey ware, ascribable to the Muslims. The two phases were separated by a. deposit
of Burnt ash and earth mixed with the debris of fallen structures. The likely pre-Mus-
lim association of the earlier phase was confirmed by a coin of the Rajput bull-and-
horseman type picked up from the, surface.

A very small trench to the south of the Qutb-Minar brought to light a 5-ft.
wide medieval street, the height of the walls on its either side having been raised with
the gradual rise of the street-level (pi. XXVI B). In the middle of the street was a
lime- plastered open gutter, into which drains from the neighbouring houses fell.
An o tlier large-scale clearance of the Lal-Kot walls to the cast of the Qutb-Minar ex-
po seel the exterior face of the fortifications and revealed several late structures.

At Qila Rai Pithora, a trench was sunk across the ramparts to the south-west
of the Hodra-ka-Bagh. The bottom of the rampart was reached at 16 ft. below the
present top. The 20-ft. wide wall here, the sides of which were retained by a 2I~ to
3-ft. wide masonry and the interior filled with earth, showed two types of construction,
the lower part built of rubble stones, and the upper of oblong cut stones (pi. XXVII).
Here again, it appeared that the upper portion might have been a later construction
during the Muslim rule. On the inner side of the wall there was an occupational de-
posit, varying from 5 to 10 ft. in thickness, ascribable to (he same period on the basis
of pottery. Several well-laid structures, including an oven and floors of houses, were
exposed here.

MADHYA PRADESH

K EXPLORATION IN DISTRICTS DAMOII, PANNA, RA.IGARH, REWA, SATNA
ANI"> S.HAJAPUR. The Prehistory Branch of the Department, under Shri K.V. Soun-
dura. Kajan and Dr. R.V. Joshi, explored the river-valleys comprised in these Districts
and t>rought to light several sites yielding Stone Age tools of various categories

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

( pk. XXVI] f-XXX). At Bariarpur on the Ken, off Panna, were found developed bifacial
"ooU of the Madras handaxe culture, along with those made on large, rounded quartz-
*te pebbles. The latter, however, had no specific typological relationship with the
turly Soiian: instead, the stages of fabrication represented by them, revealed their own
story o!' gradual typological evolution from the unspecialized core to the bifacial hand-
axe. Thin emphasizes the need for reviewing the problem of the diffusion and mutual
impac! of the Sohan and Madras cultures in central and upper India. The hand-
ax - etc., were seen lying in the highest terrace of the Ken, while a flake-point-scraper
inGUMfv on chert, jasper, etc., similar to Series II of the Narmada-Godavari valleys,
was lound at a lower level in the vicinity. It is significant to note that at all the sites
on me Son or Ken the flake-point-scraper industry was seen to occur at a more or less
consign*, level in the main profile of the river-cliffs, at about 25 ft. above the river-
ed. It Has on,y on the Baghain river that a basal cemented gravel-bed yielding this
industry was recorded. At Chorhat and Deoland Bridge on the Son were also found,
J-V,V e ! P mmt ' e y eis - J - e - upon the loamy silt, microliths comprising backed blades,
nev Giv^-"'- 1 - !C -' COreS; -- - Cr ^ lthlC SitCS W6re als located at Chachai

the Chania! E coTm^ th ^ completion of a dam on

c^So^S: o^sr ^;* r ""Ssr ^ " Io b 8 t

UMCn tc^,?;,*^ $$*%%?Kg M ^ Prad - h >

'- Sls ---t--.^^^^

I i^ fr"^ ! S-i'l T^. i\ -I* *.! * 1 ,. _ . 1 . *

.-, . , s ,^ i . -,, ~^ ^ L j ^ L IJLIV oj^cmnit^J iy

c. r ? J' ! SJS^nh^'SS^ a S ; t :1 f rs .,r re f lrv ^ d - Thel ^'--

pur-l-rtoanpura road. The ceilini and walk of ^ 7' ^ Mori ' on the Ram-

ffi^S ; ;S!^S k S fe tH?^*^- ir ;ttSt^fS

ocnre and could be assigned to dBeren ^JT eXeCl " e - d in red or dark-rl^l

TU^

isolated c

ONS AND EXCA VATIONS

EXPLORATION IN

CHAMBAL VALLEY

t a n

KJLOMLTRES ;

4 <: tf

TEMPLES ft

ROCK PAINTINGS

S1TE5 WITH PAINTED /

POTTERY & A\!CRCtrTHS_. .-^ GHA^ODQ
MODERN TG'AWJ a \

~-j$'WPURA

FIG. 13

J.KJAIN

5 /

FIG. 14. Paintings in rock-shelters. Sitakhardl group: 1-4 ( J-J; Mori; 5

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEll

deer, monkey. lizard, etc..yoked carts, trees with peacocks and hunting scenes showing
men armed with battle-axes (parasu), bows and arrows, lances, etc (fig. 15). A figutt
of a wild buffalo, measuring about 4|- ft. across, executed in broad outline, with the
head partially filled in (figr 15, 4), was one of the most outstanding pictures in the
Chibbar-naia' group. Microliths comprising long blades, lunates and fluted cores of
aaaie aim chalcedony were also encountered in the shelters.

Two sites bearing black-on-red painted pottery and microliths were discovered
in the vicinity of Deopur.

Two other already-known sites, viz. Awra and Pasewa, were also visited. At
Awra were collected a large number of potsherds of the black-on-red ware as also mi-
croliths. which included a 2-in. long blade with crested ridge. At Pasewa a small-seal;
excavation brought to light a network of brick walls, some of them about 11 ft. iti
height (pi. XXXI). The vast quantity of pottery unearthed presented many interestiiij
types. _ such as the bowl with featureless rim, lid with pinnacle, spouted vessel, etc. Till
quantity of painted ware w ? as rather small; the patterns, executed in black over a rec
body, generally consisted of large bands on necks of large vessels, occasionally wilt
blobs or wavy lines. A large globular vessel with extremely thin walls was found it
a lustrous red ware, which, in the present state of our knowledge, is not matched by air

FIG. 15. Paintings in fock . sMters at chibbar-nala (1 and 2, & 3-5, |; 6, I)

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

FIG. 16. Navdatoli : pottery-types
29

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW^

other specimen. Among other finds were folded glass beads, terracotta bulls and aj

lemaie monkey holding her child against the breast. \,

16, EXCAVATION AT NAVDATOU, DISTRICT NLMAD. in order to get as detailed!,
a picture a s possible of the life and times of one of the largest chalcolithic settlements!;..
iuVintra! India, viz. Navdatoli (7953-54, p. 8), a large-scale horizontal excavation wa$S : ;
conducted a; Mound 4 of the site (pi. XXXII A) by Drs. H. D. Sankalia and S. B. Deof;
of the Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, Poona, in collaboratio^
with Dr. B. Subbarao of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda andH. V. Tri-j-
vcdi, Deputy Director of Archaeology, Government of Madhya Pradesh. 'p

The excavation revealed that the first settlers had occupied an area almost co-r
extensive wiih the present size of the mound, that is about 800 ft. from north to soutSii;
and 603 ft. from east to west. The close juxtaposition of the houses suggested that itj;
had been a nauseated settlement, with narrow passages between the houses, which werjj;
of varying Mzes and were square, oblong or round on plan (pis. XXXII C and XXXlIli;

.%. . . ..5 r\ , "T" '. . _ 1 1 , i . -i i 1* ^ _ -. *^ ., -, . -t -* f+, . j i. h

,,-.,. plastered or washed with lime. Whei

me walls hid teen subsequently burnt, impressions of the screens and posts were left!
on the mini! lumps of clay. The floors of the houses were made smooth, firm and in-i
sect-proot by a spread p[ lime on the black soil or yellow silt; the depressions, if any,
* ere tilled up wan black alluvium or sometimes by the burnt debris of the earlier period,
plastered over with lime. How the houses were roofed could not be ascertained; but
u some ot taedeoris may be taken to belong to the roof, the roof would appear to
auvc been made 01 day, bamboo-matting, etc,, and supported on wooden posts
,_ , , to , V' ^"ck occupational deposit represented essentially one and the
^1.1^ cuaviiut p^noa, out owing to certain minor variations in the ceramic industry,
divismk into four Sub-periods, named A, B, C and D, beginning with the
uus. auo-pciiod A was distinguished by the occurrence, though in a very
^Hv . ,K e Wack-and-red ware, often painted in white and

- i,. J; ' otller wares were the black-on-red and the white-

i- i,m,< cxvuirmg m a comparatively small quantity but still

r< %^C !n it ,-\i** **. ,-. .- ,,.'.i.1. ,1 n x __y. _ **!-****-.' At- J JU.t DUti

o ti n a

a ' 1 ' 4 * dy1 ournt ens overlying the latest floor.

, , -.] ( '*!l' IT - - -^ ***J5 VAAW -tw-tvoit. Jli Wi

'"T-;\ Si'?'''"? th \ ab P v e was Sub-period B, marked by a series of lime-
in A7i.^ a tiP w^MlSS^ trU 5 tionof the houses di5 nofSLngeT
principV! shap.4 (fe 16 1^ w^A e d S?^ 7? ^ PPSar ^ for the first time ' The

nent/the globuJar ve.< hvhh hbh cw,^dS ^f mg an inse ^ ted lutin S arrange-
,ti s _ - , ia = u ^ywve siaes ana the". f.nnp.avA ^ai-mo^^ ^,^n i .?

all Iiavmg^a' waw venlcai' or gwrnS^SSS^ m^ a ^ aated Sn ^ 11 bow11

" ThHiid' 1 ^ Sub^riod^B ^wls "aSin*^' V 1 ^ 6 ^^^P^ ware continued.
in spile of which, however, the habitation continued Th & W1 ? e " spread conflagration,
was dsstinguishsd by the presence of a red, well-halrH ni2L?, U J?l e 5 U ^L Sub "JE

as those in t

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

04 6/2 /<5 20

FIG. 17. Navdatoli: pottery-types
31

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REWW

period. The white-slipped ware was now considerably less in amount. A noteworthy
discovery of this Sub-period was a complete room with oblong and decorated pot-rests
in situ (pi. XXXIII D).

Sub-period D was characterized, structurally, by the regular use of pebbles for
soling the floors (pi. XXXII B) or filling in depressions, and in regard to ceramics, by
the first appearance of the channel- spouted cup (pi. XXXIV D : ) and vessel with round
bottom, high grooved neck and dish-like hollow top (fig. 18). There was also the vessel
with long tapering side-handles, as in the later amphora, of which, however, only four
specimens, two painted on the inside, were found.

In addition to the pottery-types briefly referred to above, there were certain
types deserving special mention, e. g. the large dough-plate, sometimes over 1 ft. in
diameter, and the storage-jar with coarse but well-baked fabric and incised or applied
decoration (pi. XXXIV A-^C). A large number of new painted designs were also no-
ticed, of which certain animal-forms, all highly stylized, two human figures, probably
symbolic, double spirals, etc., are illustrated (pis. XXXV and XXXVI). There were
also the graffiti, which sometimes occurred together with the paintings.

The antiquities included microliths, beads, toys and objects of metal and stone.

Of chacledony, the microliths (pi. XXXVII C) comprised the end-scraper on
long flake, pen-knife blade, lunate, trapeze, borer and paralled-sided flake, with provi-
sion for hafting in some cases.

In the descending order of frequency, the beads were made of steatite, faience,
semi-precious stones, shell and copper. From the point of view of the shape, the most
important were star-shaped beads of steatite, faience (pi. XXXVII B) and shell and
tubular beads of copper. .

Amongst the metallic objects, particular mention may be made of five flat axes
of copper (pi. XXXVII A) and wire-rings, bangles, fish-hooks, nail-parers, chisels and
thick pins of copper or bronze.

The stone objects (figs. 19 and 20) included rings, mace-heads, saddle-querns,
rubbers, hammer- stones, round balls and a polished axe (fig. 20, 3).

The inhabitants must have known agriculture, as is evidenced by the finds of
heavy stone-rings or mace-heads, probably attached to digging- sticks, and of a large ,
amount of charred grains, including wheat, rice, gram, peas, mung, tivda, kultya, per-
haps til (sesame), seeds of a species of beans and bers. Of these, wheat was found in
all the Sub-periods, while the other grains were confined to Sub-periods C and D.
Mention may also be made of the discovery of a clay hearth, plastered over with clay
and lime (pi. XXXIII C).

There was definite evidence to show that the chalcolithic layers had been sealed
by a deposit containing first the N. B. P. Ware and then the Red Polished Ware. This
would indicate circa 500 B. c. as the upper limit for the chalcolithic levels. More po-
sitive dating evidence comes from the fact that the distinctive channel-spouted cup
and certain other pottery-types occurring in Sub-period D are comparable with those
found in Cemetery B at Sialk, Iran, which is dated from about 800 to 1000 B, c. Thus,
taking into conideration the thickness of the cultural deposit, with a number of floor-
levels and three main conflagrations, the chalcolithic settlement at Navdatoli mav
safely be dated from circa 1200 to 700 B. C. J

17. EXCAVATION AT UJJAIN. In continuation ofpreyiousyear'swork(795<5-57
p. 20), the Excavations Branch of the Department, under Shri N. R. tianerjee, resumed'
the excavation at the Garh-Kalika mottnd on the outskirts of Ujjain.

. 32

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

o a

CMS.

FIG. 18. Navdatoli: pottery-types

* 33

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

This year's work revealed that the mud-fortifications, first exposed last year,
belonged to a citadel, the humbler habitations being in the undefended areas outside.
The rampart was noted to have been 245 ft. broad at the base, and the surrounding
moat 152 ft, wide at the top, in the earliest Period, I, datable from circa 700 to 500 B.C.
The cultural equipment of the people of the Period was characterized by mud-houses,
die use of iron in the form of spear- and arrow-heads and knives, terracotta beads and
.spindle-whorls, bone styluses and diverse pottery comprising a characteristic double-
slipped ware with thin black evanescent slip or wash over red surface, besides small quan-
tities of coarse gritty, black-slipped and black-and-red wares. The red-ware dish with
Inwardly tapering sides and greyish exterior of the base recalls its counterpart from
Ahichchhatra and Kausambi. There was also evidence of cattle-slaughter (pi. XXXVIII A).

A couple of bamboo baskets (pi. XXXVIII B) and a few objects of iron, includ-
ing the curved blade of a spade, were found in the make-up of the rampart, pointing to
the equipment employed in its construction.

The western or riverside fortification-wall, being exposed to erosion, was further
strengthened during Period I itself, not only by advancing the face riverward but by
reinforcing it with wooden logs and sleepers, laid in an elaborate manner (pi. XLI A).
This unique feature was observed over a length of 380 ft., roughly corresponding to the
inward bend of the river at this place. With this addition, the fortifications here mea-
sured more than 350 ft. in breadth.

During Period II (circa 500-200 B.C.), the outer edge of the moat was lined by
by a 3 ft. 9 in. wide brick wall (pi. XXXIX A). The brick lining of the succeeding
Period, III, showed that during this Period the width of the moat was reduced to 129 ft.
At the maximum, the moat seems to have been 27 ft. deep. Comparable with last
years discovery of a bovine skull and associated skeletal remains was the find of a
human skull (pi. XXXIX B) and a woven basket of bamboo at the lowest level of the
moat. Both the moat and rampart seem to have been in use till a late phase of Period II I.
i Several openings or breaches along the edge of the mound suggested the pro-
baole places where passages through the fortifications may have existed, but on exami-
nation they were mostly found filled up with erosional deposits. On the north-eastern
periphery oi the mound, however, several successive roads of different Periods (pi. XL),
viz. one of Period I six of Period II, two of Period III and two of Period IV, were
revealed These indicated not merely that there was a major entrance into the fortifica-
?"L a l* ls P l but f at Jhe passage was in constant use during the entire occupation
of the Mte. The constructional details of the roads were no less interesting A thin

^rte of f K S n?T SlZe Tr laid , Ve l a **-*u* and cSS S otfof
-o ! V ?? f Penod l was 24 ft ' Wlde ' those of Period II, varyin* from 23 ft to

-tf ft. m width, were marked with cart-tracks, the gauge being 5 ft 9 in How tS

moat was crossed remained to be examined,

A large number of unfinished beads of agate and chalcedony, including a
contained in a lidded pot on the mud-floor of a house of Period III WefoS

EXPLORA TIONS AND EXCA VATIONS

u
5
%

t-a
<>>

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REVIEW

Some of them also contained a residue of copper and lead, pointing to workings in those
metals during the Period.

That iron was known to the dwellers of Ujjain right from the earliest Period
was confirmed by this year's evidence. Furthermore, enormous quantities of < iron .
slag, lumps of iron ore in the form of limonite, which appears to be locally available
in the trap bed-rock, and finished iron objects themselves, in the deposits of Period
III, pointed to the prevalence of a flourishing industry of that metal, in_ which, evidence
showed, calcite was used as a flux. The large repertoire of iron objects (pi. XLIV)
included arrow-heads, both socketed and tanged, spear-heads, knives, blades, nails,
hooks and what appeared to be a pair of scissors. A noteworthy disocvery was that
of a blacksmith's furnace (pi. XLI B) ascribable to Period II.

Amongst the structural remains particular mention may be made of: an apsi-
dal structure, built of columnar dressed stones, belonging to the earliest levels of Period
II; a massive burnt-brick tank (pi. XLII B) of Period II; a sunk, brick-lined channel
(pi XLIII A), 36 ft. wide at the top and 8 ft. 6 in. wide at the base, also of Period. II;
retaining walls in the moat, of Periods II and III; and a 45-ft. deep well of Period 1 1,
constructed of wedge-shapsd bricks in ons hundred and sixtyfive courses. Terracotta
ring-wells were very common in Period III.

The pottery of Period I, along with the associated antiquities, has already been
dsscribsd above. The pottery of Periods II-IV conformed to what had been noted
last year.

The other antiquities of Period II included: hair-pins, knitting needles,
mirror-handles, combs, and dice of ivory ; arrow-heads (in one case found in a cluster
pi. XLIII B), human-shaped pendants, double-pointed styluses and cylindrical caskets of
bone; copper antimony-rods; shell and terracotta bangles; beads of ivory, terracotta,
agate, jaspsr, carnelian, crystal, glass, onyx and chalcedony, besides a gold bead
of human shape ; ear-ornaments of terracotta, jasper, agate, copper and glass;
iron arrow- and spear-heads, chisels, knives, daggers, and sickles; terracotta animal
and human figurines, including mother-goddesses, cones, gamesmen, balls, and flesh-
rubbers; saddle-querns and pestles of stone; and an ivory seal marked with the Ujjain
symbol and bearing the inscription gothajasa tisakasa in the Brahmi script of the third-
second century B.C.

The small finds of Period III comprised: terracotta votive tanks, human and

, ..*> , .

, -- .. f , , Wlt h impressed circlets all over its body ; a casket-lid and a

seal, both oi terracotta, bearing respectively the inscriptions Nagabudhisa pmvajitasa
and Asattemsa in Brahmi characters of the first century A.D.
TV x* A 1 - arge numl ? er of coins were also found in the deposits of Periods II, III and

^ rraC tta COilWn Uld Sh Wing the 6ffi f

Period IV was represented by a 10-ft. thick occupational deposit which was
Plts dug del iberately towa?S ffi S3 of llie

T -

Thus, not many intact structures were encountered. The Period was

characterized by unslipped red, dull-grey and mica-dusted wares and Muslnn coinl

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

MADRAS

18. EXCAVATION AT KUNNATTUR, DISTRICT CHINGLEPUT.-The Southern
Circle of the Department, under Shri V. D. Krishnaswami and Shri Ballabh Saran,
completed the excavation at Kunnattur, which, brought to light a new type of megalithic
burial, in addition to the three previously reported upon, and the existence of one more
occupational period in the habitation-area (1955-56, p. 23; 1956-57, p. 31).

Megalith 4 proved to be a cairn-circle with a diameter of 30 ft., having an ob-
long stone-lined pit, 14 x 7 x 6 ft., in the centre (pi. XLVI B). The pots, consisting
of the Black-and-red, black and red wares, were mostly placed in the northern half of
the pit. The more important types in the Black-and-red Ware included the bowl,
dish, ring-stand, lid and conical vessel. The three-legged vase with a tapering profile,
.globular pot and pyriform urn were all in the red-slipped ware. Iron objects, consist-
ing of fiat celts, spear-heads, knives and nails, were placed at the bottom of the pit, but
two pairs of horse-bits were found about 1 ft. higher in the pit-filling. No bone was
found.

Megalith 5, of a new type, was a cairn-circle, 33 ft. in diameer, with the central
oblong pit, 13 x 9 x 6ft., cut right into the hard rock (pi. XLV A). Inside the pit was
placed, in an east-west direction, a huge terracotta sarcophagus, measuring 6 ft. 6 in.
in length and 2 ft. 8 in. in width and having twentyone legs, in three rows of seven each.
Inside the sarcophagus were laid a few vessels of the Black-and-red Ware and an iron
pike, 4 ft. 9 in. long (pi. XLV B), and outside it were other iron implements like flat-
celts, knives, daggers and spear-heads. No bone was found. A considerable number
of pots, some of them in the Black-and-red Ware and others in plain red ware, were
placed in the southern half of the pit. The sarcophagus and the pots were all crushed,
probably due to the weight of the cairn-filling.

Outside the pit, towards the south but within the limits of the circle, were simi-
larly interred three smaller legged terracotta sarcophagi, again oriented east-west
(pi. XLV A). Sarcophagus A, measuring 4 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 5 in., had eight legs in two rows
of four each. Inside it were some bowls and conical vessels in the Black-and-red Ware
.and an iron spear-head. Each of the sarcophagi B and C had six legs, in two rows of
three each, and contained some sherds of the Black-and-red Ware. The lids of all the
three sarcophagi had holes. No bone was found in any of them, but overlying the
cairn-stones, in the north-western portion, were found a few pieces of bones in a broken
pot, suggesting a funeral rite after the complete sealing of the pit by the filling.

Megalith 6 had suffered badly due to spoliation. Some fragments of pyriform
urns, dressed granite slabs and a copper bowl containing decomposed husk were found
within.

Megalith 9, exposed to view through spoliation, contained an open terracotta
sarcophagus, 6 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 9 in., with twelve legs in two rows of six each. Inside it
were placed some human cranial and long bones (towards the east), an adze, two short
daggers, a chisel and a spear-head, all of iron, and bowls, dishes, ring-stands and lids
of the Black-and-red Ware (pi. XLVI A).

In the habitation-area, besides completing the work in KNT-1, a new trench,
KNT-2, measuring 15x10 ft., was dug down to the bed-rock. Three occupational
Periods, I-III, were revealed, of which the earliest, I, had not been met with last year.

Period, I, with a thickness up to 2 ft., was contemporary with the megalithic
.burials. It was characterized by small pits cut into the bed-rock and containing

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVISE

complete pottery- eroups, which included the bowl, dish, knobbed lid, ring-stand, etc., of
the Black-and-red" Ware and several pots of the ^red-slipped ware (pi. XLVII). Some
beads of quartz, glass and terracotta were also found.

Period iCcorresponding to last year's Period I, was divisible into two Sub-
periods, A and B. A brick wall, the size of bricks being 11x8x2$ in., was discovered,
The predominant pottery was a sturdy red ware, though the Black-and-red Ware con-
tinued in use. A noteworthy feature of the Period was the existence of ring-wells,
Amongst the small finds, mention may be made of beads of glass, quartz, paste and
carnelian, some badly-corroded copper coins and a few figurines and two seals of terra-
cotta, one of the latter having an inscription in characters of circa eighth, century,

Period III, corresponding to Period II of last year, was clearly separated from
the preceding Period by a sterile layer and could be dated to the medieval times. t Be-
longing to it was a brick wall, 4 ft. 3 in. long, the size of the bricks being 9 x 4| x 1 1 in.
A well-preserved ring-well, about 3 ft. in diameter, was also exposed down to the sub-
soil water-level. It was noticed that although originating in Period II, it had conti-
nued in use in Period III.

19. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT COIMBATORE. Shri V.N. Srinivasa Desikat
of the Southern Circle of the Department discovered the following : cairn-circles at
Virapandi, Gudalur, Billichi and Vellamadai; a double-chambered port-hole cist at
Kalapatti; urn-burials at Periyanayakanpalayam; the Russet-coated. Painted Ware at
Yellaimedu in Kalapatti, at Nattamedu in Sircar samakkulam and opposite the Nava-
koti-narayana-perumal temple at Ottakalmantapan; and two neolithic implements, a
celt and a hammer-stone (pi. XLVIII, 1 and 2), in the vicinity of an urn-burial site at
Sircar samakkulam. The celt had a triangular outline and an almost oblong transverse
section.

v 20 - EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT MADURAi.-Shri B.K. Gururaja Rao and Shri
K.V. Raman, both of the Southern Circle of the Department, brought to light sites of
various categories, viz. microlithic and neolithic sites, sites with the Russet-coated
Painted Ware, having both rectilinear and wavy-line designs, in association with the
megahthic Black-and-red Ware, sites with urn-burials of different types with or without
megalithic appendage and a few habitation-sites.
c** ~uo Kollanpatrai, near Kodangipatti, were discovered two small finely-polished

I * A ' ? P f 1 l l Shape and rollghly oblon S in transverse section (pi. XLVHI,
3 and 4), and a broken hammer-stone. A similar celt (pl s . XLVIII 5) was found at
Karappannaswamikoilmedu in Karuvelarnpatti. KoUanpatrai and thathanodannedi.

ned CrO

ores tere comprising blades, flake an

burials tfoii i ifi t - eoate d Painted Ware as well as urn

burials though it is doubtful if the culture represented by the microlithic
had anything to do with that represented by the painted potteiy LfS
burials were also found at Nagamalai Pudukkottai, SenguSni Vedar

^^^

swamikoilmedu and . ed nted Ware came from

with remains of ancient habitation were Sfd I at KochS? T dolmens. Mounds
on fce banks of the river Vai 8 ai,

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

MYSORE

21. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT BIJAPUR. Shri A. Sundara of the South-wes-
-tern Circle of the Department discovered the following ancient sites, located variously
on the banks of the Bhirna or its tributaries, viz. the Indihalla, Doddahalla, Navilelialla,
<3tc. : Dulakheda, Ingajgi, Jirankalgi, Indi, Gugihal, Kenginal, Masali Khurd, Ballolli,
[Bhairangi, Benkanhalli, Tamba, Hanchinal, Rodgi, Khydgi, Lingadhalli, Atharga,
.Shivpur Khurd, Inchgeri, Satalga (Indi) and Taddevadi. Of these, the first fourteen
yielded the painted black-on-red pottery characteristic of the chalcolithic cultures of
-the Deccan and a thick grey ware similar to that found at Brahmagiri and Bahal in
Association with microliths. Further, the first seven sites also yielded neolithic tools,
jxiostly axes, made on fine-grained trap (pi. XXV B, 1-3 and 5-7). Sherds of the Red
polished Ware were collected from Ingalgi, Indi, Lingadhalli, Atharga, Shivpur
OEChurd, Inchgeri, Satalga (Indi) and Taddevadi.

The discovery of a large number of sites in so small an area emphasizes the
<?lose distribution of the chalcolithic culture in the southern Deccan.

22. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT DHARWAR. Shri M.S. Nagaraj Rao of the
South-western Circle of the Department discovered at Akkur, on the bank of the
"Varada river, a site ascribable to the Satavahana period.

ORISSA

23. EXCAVATION AT RATNAGIRI, DISTRICT CUTTACK. Of the ruins of the
Buddhist establishments on the hills of Lalitagiri, Udayagiri and Ratnagiri (Lat. 20
38' N., Long. 86 20' E.), a part of those on the last-named hill was excavated by the
Eastern -Circle of the Department, under Shrimati D. Mitra.

The most prominent of the ruined edifices was a brick s tup ft, situated in the
south-western part of the hill, which was completely exposed (pi. XLIX) and consti-
tuted the focus of the excavated remains. Its base had an elaborate but symmetrical
plan. Discounting the projections, it was a 47-ft. square, each side facing a cardinal
direction and consisting of five recesses and six projections, of the latter of which the
central two jutted out beyond the rest. Each projection, in turn, was composed of
small but prominent facets forming re-entrant angles. The horizontal mouldings
consisted of receding and projecting courses of bricks, sometimes chamfered and half-
round. The maximum available height of the vertical face of the base was 9 ft. but
there is little doubt that it had originally been higher.

The facade of the stupa was very carefully executed with chiselled and rubbed
pricks, laid in mud but having very fine joints; it also bore traces of plaster of shell-lime
Here and there. With its recesses and projections, it must have originally produced a
delightful effect of _ light and shade.

.At what height the square of the stupa-ba.se gave way to the circle of the drum
it was difficult to determine in the absence of any vestige of the facing brickwork of the
superstructure. It was noticed that in the laying of the bricks in the core no attempt
o.ad been made to produce a circular effect, except at the extant top level, which had
vvedge-shaped spoke-like walls converging towards the central round platform, 10 ft,
-lu m. in diameter. There was no evidence of the prior existence of a pradakshinct-
at any level, nor of staircase in any direction.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

A pit, 6 ft. 9 in. square, excavated in the centre of the stupa, showed that its
solid core consisted of regularly-laid brick-courses, numbering sixtyfive from the bottom
to the extant top and attaining a height of 16 ft. 7in. It was also noticed that between
the bed-rock and the lowest brick-course was a packing of rammed stone chips
and earth varying in thickness from 6 in. to 1 ft. 6 in., laid in order to level the_ undulat-
ing rock-surface. No relic of any sort was found in the pit. However, it is not im-
possible that the relic, if any, had been deposited at a level higher than the present top
or else it lies at a spot other than the centre.

The area around the stupa contained several minor stupas of varying dimensions
and base-forms. They were mostly of stone (Khondolite), either monolithic or struc-
tural, but sometimes also of bricks. On the eastern side, which was studded with them,
they stood at three different levels (pi. L A), the lowest of which might be contemporary
with the early phase of the main stupa and the other two later. It is, however, also
likely that, on further investigation, some of the minor stupas may be found even to
antedate the main stupa.

Some of these stupas had, on one or all of the four faces, figures of Buddha,
Tara, Avalokitesvara and sometimes divinities of the typical Vajrayana pantheon like
Vajra-Tara. In the structural stupas they were sometimes of chlorite and were fixed
into the niches in the body (pis. L B and LIV); in the monolithic ones they were either
so fixed or carved out of the monoliths themselves. On the analogy of their counter-
parts at other Buddhist sites, they may generally be regarded as votive in nature, with
or without the enshrinement of some inscribed texts. However, in two cases their fune-
rary character was obvious, for near their bottoms there were sockets, in one case
plugged by a stone cube of the required size, containing bone-relics (pi. LIII).

While Ratnagiri, as stated above, shared with other Buddhist sites the charac-
teristic of the existence of minor stupas near the main edifice of worship, a unique
feature here was the existence of hundreds of miniature monolithic stupas (pi. LI),
often with decorative bands of lotus-petals, beaded tassels issuing from the mouths of
kirtti-mukhas and vajras, mostly relieved with Mahayana- Vajrayana deities and some-
times inscribed with the Buddhist creed, lying in a pell-mell condition over a wide area
to the south-west of the main stupa, somewhat away from it. They might have been
dedicated at this spot reserved for the purpose, or the enormous group formed an
atelier for their sale.

There is no direct evidence for dating the main stupa or its ancillary structures,
However, of the dharani-texte and the Buddhist creed found inscribed on some of the
stone stupas of the eastern group, situated at a level 1 ft. 10 in. higher than the initial
level of the main stupa, there was one which, on palaeographical grounds, was ascri-
bable to the late eighth or early ninth century. The construction of the main stupe
must, therefore, have taken place prior to that period. At the same time, that then
existed earlier Buddhist edifices at Ratnagiri is conclusively proved by the discover]
in the midst of the debris, of a stone slab inscribed with the Pratitya-samutpada-sutn
m characters of the Gupta period. In accordance with the practice, prevalent in thi
uupta times, of enshrining this particular text inside stupas, as evidenced at Nalanda
Kuanagara and Gopalpur, the Ratnagiri record also must have been orieinaUv placet
inside a contemporary stupa.

,1 ^ ] f s f phase of % main stupa was re P re sented by an attempted restoration
1 the erect n f tw drcuar Xlls (L LI1 A )> bllilt at two different levels

, m h >

Srt t,i rTX ffl %! a circular plan, the space between the top of the lowe
(outer) wall and the base of the higher (inner) one probably serving as a pradakshina

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

patha. Simultaneously, a wide quadrilateral compound-wall of bricks (pi. LII B) , brick-
bats and stone fragments was erected to enclose a wide area round the renovated stupa.
A fairly large number of small- to medium-sized Buddhist stone sculptures
(pis. LV and LVI), stone slabs and terracotta plaques, bearing inscribed texts of dharanis
and the Buddhist creed, were found in the debris round the stupa.

24. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT DHENKANAL, MAYURBHANJ AND SUNDARGARH.
Shri G. D. Mohapatra of the Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute,
Poona, surveyed northern Orissa (fig. 21), as a result of which nearly a dozen sites with
palaeolithic tools of Series I were found along the Brahmani river in Dhenkanal District.
Further upstream in Bonai Sub-division of Sundargarh District, tools of Series II were
found, either near the hills where jasper is exposed or in the beds of small streams,
tributaries of the Brahmani. Tools of Series I are comparatively rare in this area.

Another isolated site with Series I tools was found at Bishalbury, nearly 12 miles
from Sundargarh on the Sundargarh- Jharsuguda road. The tools occurred around an
outcrop of milky quartz on the river Saphei, a tributary of the river Ib.

In Mayurbhanj, the major object was the search for sites with tools of Series
II. As a result of the exploration, six such sites were discovered in Panchpir and Ba-
manghati Sub-divisions, very near similar sites of Chaibasa and Chakradharpur in Bihar.
In eastern Mayurbhanj, tools of Series II are totally absent, though those of Series I
are found in profusion, e.g. at Kuliana, Mahulia and Pratappur. An explanation of
this may lie in the non-availability in this region of raw materials like jasper, chalcedony,
chert, etc., used in the manufacture of tools of Series II.

Some of the tools of Series II, both from Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj Districts,
showed a characteristic microlithic tendency. They comprised some burins and blades
and may be regarded as the predecessors of microliths found in the neighbouring
areas of Bihar. So far, no real microlith has been found in Orissa.

Polished stone celts were found at Jangra, on the bank of the Brahmani in Bonai
Sub-division of Sundargarh District.

A table showing the distribution of tools of Series I and II is appended below.

DISTRIBUTION OF TOOLS OF SERIES I AND II
( /= Series I; //== Series II}

No.

LOCALITY

SITE

TOOL-
TYPE

No.

LOCALITY

SITE

TOOL-
TYPE

District Dhenkanal

Barasol

Khairi nullah and

1
2

Bhimkand
Chakrasil

Neighbouring fields

Forest

I
I

Bar Manda

Bhandan nullah
Khadkei nullah

I&II
II

3
4

Harichandanpur
Hindol Road

Forest
Bed of a small nullah

15
16

Bijatala
Domuhani

Bankabal nullah
R, Burhabalang

I&II
I

Kaliakata

Forest

Ghantasila

Laterite quarry near

Kharagprasad

R. Brahmani

R. Gangahar

Kulei

R. Brahmani and the

Mahulia

R. Burhabalang

Pallahara

hill-slopes
Mankara nullah

I
I

Naujora
Pratappur

Naujora nullah
R. Burhabalang

II
I

Parang

Bed of a small nullah

Rairangpur

Khadkei nullah

and the neighbou-
ring fields

District Sundargarh

Talcher

Laterite-gravels and

Bhaludungri

Surface

R. Brahmani

Bhanjgarh

Surface

District Mayurbhanj

24
25

Bishalbury
Jangra

R. Saphei
R. Brahmani

I
I

11
12

Banspal
Bonaikala

R. Son
Khadkei nullah

I
II

26
27

Khuntagaon
Kurhadi

Karapani nullah
R. Kurhadi

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PAN JAB

25. EXPLORATION IN THE BANGANGA VALLEY, DISTRICT KANGRA. A team
consisting of Drs. H. D. Sankalia and B. Subbarao, respectively of the Deccan College
Post-graduate and Research Institute, Poona, and the Maharaja Sayajirao Univer-
sity of Baroda, Shri S. C. Awasthi of the Geological Survey of India and Dr. K. N. Puri,
Shri B.B. Lai, Shri K.V. Sound a Rajan and Dr. R. V. Joshi of the Department explored
the valley of the Banganga, a tributary of the Beas, with a view to finding out if and
how the lithic industries and associated terraces previously discovered in the region
could be correlated with the different glacial and interglacial epochs of the Pleistocene,
Besides yielding more Stone Age artefacts, the survey brought to light useful data which
it is proposed to check up by a second season's work in the upper reaches of the same
river.

Between Guler and Kangra and higher up at Nagrota, the Banganga valley
was found carved into a series of five terraces, lying approximately at the heights of
540, 325, 190, 90 and 25 ft. respectively above the present river-level. The general com-
position of the terraces was of an unconsolidated boulder-bed mantled by a layer of
brownish silt. An evidence of the Quaternary glacial movement was met with within the
third terrace (T3) from the top in the. form of the occurrence, here and there, of huge
granitic blocks or 'erratics', which had evidently moved down the Banganga foreland
from their parental source much further upstream. The general valley-profile and other
topographical features of the terraces suggested diatrophic movement, apart from
periglacial climatic changes and alternative aggradational and erosional regimes, as one
of the probable factors for the present valley-formation. The observation of boulder
clays, presumably constituting mud-flows caused by tributary -glacial movement in the
vicinity of Palampur and Asa Bridge, would point to promising glacial ground-data in
the upper valley, since the river rises from permanent snow-beds of the Supdhar hills
of the Daula Dhar range. Thus, with further work upstream, it may be possible to
determine the exact relationship between the implementiferous fluviatile gravels on the
terraces and the advancing and retreating glacial epochs in the area.

The artefacts picked up at Guler and near Kangra indicated a rather slow and
conservative pace in the technical development of the Early Sohan. The incidence of
the Late Sohan traits was none too prominent, even in the lower terraces. There was
also a total absence of the typical tools of the Madras handaxe culture, although such
a commingling had been noticed in the Potwar region (Pakistan) by De Terra and
Paterson.

RAJSTHAN

26. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICTS BHILWARA, CHITTORGARH AND UDAIPUR.
In continuation of last year's work (1956-57, p. 8), the Exploration Branch, under Dn
K. N. Puri, resumed exploration in the south-eastern part of Rajasthan. The valleys
of the Banas and its affluents, Kothari and Berach, up to Bilio, a village situated at the
confluence of the Kothari and Banas, were thoroughly combed, bringing to light a num-
ber of ancient sites (fig. 22) with either microliths or black-and-red ware or both.

Microliths made of chert, jasper, chalcedony and agate and comprising blades,
points, side- and end-scrapers, fluted cores and crested-ridge flakes were collected from

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 AREVffll

o
p-l

WS AND EXCAVATIONS

\ 4 and 2 ^)' Deoli (P 1 - LVI1 ' /y ) and Mangrup in District Bhilwara
(pi. LVII, 8, 9, 12 and 22) in District Chitorgarh. There was no asso-

; ia v . S iga K hera (pi. LVII, 2-7, 70 and 79) and Kumaria in District Bhilwara,
Lvil, 7 and 13) and Purani Marmi (pi. LVII, 75, 77, /S, 20 and 27) in Dis-
rgarh and Goga Thala (pi. LVII, 16) in District Udaipur yielded both black-
re and microliths. The latter included leaf-shaped points, finely-retouched
.ngles and end-scrapers.

ongst the sites with black-and-red ware alone, mention may be made of
Joashia and Dhelana in District Bhilwara, Meroli, Bhagwanpura, Chhatri
Pachimtp in District Chitorgarh and Kotharia and Mangas in District
he more important types in the ware were the bowl with flaring or splayed-
i convex sides, or sharpened rim and almost straight sides, or incurved or
and blunt-carinated shoulder, or flaring rim and flanged shoulder, or roun-
L and straight-edged, flattened or obliquely-cut rim, the vase with splayed-
l blunt-carinated shoulder and the dish with sharpened rim (fig. 23). Beau-
d designs, executed in dull-white pigment both internally and externally,
able on a fairly large number of pots (pi. LVIII). The motifs included con-
ies, vertical strokes, wavy lines in groups, cross-hatched lozenges, oblique
ups from different directions, dots, vertical lines and dots and wavy lines
L horizontal band.

addition to the material mentioned above, Bhagwanpura, Goga Thala and
rmi also yielded black-on-red painted sherds with various designs, such as
bands, _ cross-hatched diamonds enclosed by horizontal bands and dots
rtical lines. The first-named site, with a deposit of about 20 ft., deserves
ittention, as it contained, besides the black-and-red and black-on-red wares
ntioned, dishes of grey ware with straight sides and incurved rim (fig. 23, 20),
; found in Period III of Hastinapura.

FURTHER EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CHITORGARH. Some of the tributa-

Berach river were surveyed by Shri S. R. Rao of the Western Circle of the

t, as a result of which two palaeolithic sites were discovered between.

and Menal. It may be rcalled that during 1954-55 a few other palaeoli-

ad been discovered in the region (1954-55, p. 58).

nullah near Bichore yielded palaeoliths in large numbers (pi. LIX A). In
lion, there lay, over the gneissic bed-rock, a 2- to 3-ft. thick deposit of com-
)merate, which, in turn, was superimposed successively by deposits of loose
brownish clay, All but three tools were found loose in the river-bed; of the
lay at the top of the cliff, while one, a cleaver, was extracted from the com-
3merate-bed. The industry may be regarded as late Acheulian in character.
rther north of Bichore is a rivulet which takes a 100-ft. leap from the rocky
he Menal temples and joins the Berach near Mandi after flowing past a village
tnaria no, 1. Near this village were found palaeolithic tools, mostly made
nd heavily rolled. They included ovates and cleavers, besides a fine specimen
eulian handaxe (pi. LIX B). Two scrapers were the only specimens of core-
3 concerned cliff-section revealed the following deposits over the gneissic
shale, 4 ft.; gravel-conglomerate, 7 to 8 ft.; silt, 1 ft.; and black soil, 2ft.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REVIEW

FiG, 23. Bfack-and-red and other pottery. Purani Marmi 1 4 m

20 ^ 2-

: 3, 5> !2U t 15

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

UTTAR PRADESH

28. EXCAVATION AT KAUSAMBI, DISTRICT ALLAHABAD.-The University
of Allahabad continued its excavation at Kausambi under Sliri G. R, Sharma. Pre-
vious excavation at the eastern gateway of the city had brought to light a 262-ft. long
wall forming the northern flank of the gateway-complex (1954-55, p. 18). This year's
trenches across the defences opposite the terminal point of the 330-ft. long curtain-wall
of the gateway brought to light five main Periods of the defences, besides a pre-defence
deposit with fine grey ware including a few painted specimens.

In the earliest Period, I, the defences consissted of a mud wall with a burnt-
brick revetment on the exterior, the latter being available to a height of 42 ft. 5 in. and
comprising one hundred and fiftyfour courses of bricks (pi. LX). The first thirty courses
from the bottom showed a batter of about 15 from the vertical and the upper courses
40, the bricks being laid throughout in the English bond. Up to the first thirty
courses the revetment was also covered by a 2- to 2J-in. thick mud plaster. At a height
of about 6 ft. from the bottom there were a number of holes, perhaps weep-holes,
situated 6 ft. apart from each other.

The Period was divisible into four Sub-periods, during two of which there was
a considerable building activity. The Northern Black Polished Ware was met with
for the first time in the latest Sub-period, the earlier Sub-periods being associated with
plain red and grey wares. The packing against the revetment of the Period also yielded
a few red-ware sherds, seemingly exotic to the usual range of the ceramics of
Kausambi.

Period II marked an appreciable change in the plan, the defences being raised
by at least 16 ft. and widened on the east by 28 ft. The extended portion was revetted
on the northern and southern sides by brick facings and on the eastern side by a curved
brick wall. The junction of the southern revetment and the curved wall was found
disturbed, but at the northern junction there were traces of guard-rooms. The northern
revetment was available to a length and height of 40 ft. 3 in. and 19 ft. respectively and
was battered back to 30. At its western end there was an oblong bastion, 4 ft. 6 in, x
9 ft. 6 in. (pi. LXI B). The southern revetment had mostly collapsed (pi. LXI A).

The curved wall had the lengths of 63 ft. 6 in. and 67 ft. 10 in. respectively on
the inner and outer (city) sides of the curve. Having an overall width of 6 ft. 10 in.,
it encased a stone-paved drain (or passage), 6 ft. 10 in. deep and 1 ft. 9 in. wide
(pi. LXIII B). The drain had a corbelled arch finally capped with widthwise-laid bricks
(pi. LXIV B). There was also a 2-ft. square man-hole about the middle of the extant
length. At each end of the drain was a pair of slits into which planks may have been
inserted.

Throughout this Period, with its four Sub-periods, the N. B .P. Ware was found
in abundance.

During Period III, which had two Sub-periods, the defences were further ex-
tended by 25 ft. on the eastern side. The brick revetment, available to a length of
54 ft., had a batter of 20 (pi. LXI B). Towards the city-side were added several guard-
rooms flanked by a tower each on the northern and southern sides, access to which
was had by a flight of steps. The walls, running from the guard-rooms to the rampart,
provided a passage 16 ft. 7 in. wide (pi. LXII).

An interesting discovery of this Period was that of a syena-chiti ('eagle-altar')
associated with pumshamedha (human sacrifice) described below (pp. 48 and 49).

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Coins of Miira kings were found during both the Sub-periods, while the second
Sub-period marked the upper limit of the N. B. P. Ware. The Period ended with an
extensive conflagration and destruction on a large scale perhaps indicating an invasion.

As would be clear from the above, the defences showed certain outstanding
constructional features: they were of mud with a battered burnt-brick revetment, built
according to the English brick-bond system; the roof of the drain (or passage) was cor-
belled. If one has to look for parallels at other ancient sites in India, one is reminded
ot Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, even though it would be difficult to say if at all and
through what process these sites might have influenced Kausambi.

Period IV, with three Sub-periods, marked some changes in the alignment of
the walls, but the general lay-out remained unaltered.

Amongst the structures of Period V, divisible into six Sub-periods, particular
mention may be made of the guard-rooms and flights of steps (pi. LXII). The last
bub-period witnessed destruction on an unparallelled scale: the entire area was burnt
down and the buildings were almost razed to the ground.

The excavation yielded a large number of minor antiquities, amongst which
Particular mention may be made of terracottas (pi. LXVII A), 'the more important of
which were human heads in the grey ware and N. B. P. Ware, and arrow-heads of bone
and iron (pi. LXVII B). The chief types of the latter were as follows: leaf-shaped
with a single or double tang; with curved blades; with three blades; four-flanged with
rnomboid or square cross-sections; conical; socketed; barbed; leaf-shaped with two
fl^v A K i ne l r , t i ie Faction of the blade and the tang; and with projected point
Hanked by three-bladed hooks. The first-named -type went back to the levels of the

derr~; Yl- ' \ he others were found variou sly in the later levels, this dating evi-
dence being m general agreement with that found by Marshall at Taxila

the diffi-iintpt S K ^ the Associated pottery, coins and terracottas, the beginnings of

Period H iff?? S p 0f - t ^??^ smay be dated as- follows: Period I, dr?a700B.C.j
Period H, *W B C.j Period III, 200 B.C.; Period IV, 50 B.C.; and Period V 150 A. D.

may be diL? h? SFC "W? 1 **' the syena-chiti, referred to above (p. 47),

Skitedln nn " ?** ** ^ LXHI A > LXIV A > LXV and LXVI)

wall the S^n^-t^T f T d u by the revetme t of Period III and its return-

iBg arei kroundtS l^efed frnhv ^l ^ ^l^ ' LXV B ^ The surround-
Lastly, through variou staS, L L P H 5' m Wmch clods of bricks were also used.

The Sd y C t W We ^P U !, UP n the levdled 8 r und

the procedure followed here a^c * u'i and head had been built separately,
Wiwwmtt than widf ^ in^ T/a^kaf f 6 ne P ^f SCribed in the AJastambi
head Is not mentioned. Q^^T^^" 10 ^ where in the Aiding of the
this feeing, however, , n accordance whhlc Wmg ', b dy and tail there we ^ bones '

Of the bodv 4r hver, nf hi Sata P at ^ Brahmdna.
specially-prepared wt-m^^^S** from another by a layer of

of a fifth layer, destroyed by a'subseauentnlT n?*f ^ comer there were traces

- , siiosequent nit. Of the head only one course of bricks

^EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

was left. The left wing had sunk and the hind part of the body and a portion of the
tail washed away.

Near the right wing there were two platforms, measuring 6 ft. x 3 ft. 9 m. and
3 ft. 3 in x 2 ft. 6 in. respectively, which may be identified with the marjaliya-platforms
of the texts. Behind the tail was another large platform, measuring 13 ft. 8 in. x 8 ft.,
which may be identified with the sadas, the seat of certain priests and respectable Brah-

manas.

The body was elliptical on plan, the maximum length and width being 19 ft.
6 in. and 13 ft. respectively. The neck, head and beak measured 7 ft. 9 in. along the
spine. The total width of the altar, inclusive of the two wings, was 32 ft. 6 in.

The details of the different layers of the body were as follows. In the lower-
most layer in the centre of the altar, there lay a small kankar-nodule with a spongy
surface (the textual svayamatrind), enclosed by a circle of bricks (pi. LXVI A.). A fire-
pan (ukha) was placed on a small brick platform at the distance of 1 ft. 6 in. (1 aratni
of the texts) towards the north-east from the centre (pi. LXV B). A terracotta female
figurine (pi. LXVII A, <5), stylistically ascribable to circa second century B.C., was found
: near the ukha.

1 A number of animal-bones bearing incision-marks and a tortoise-shell were

found in this layer. A human skull with a number of jars (pi. LXVI B) was found on.
the tail in a layer contiguous with the first layer of the body.

On the basis of their shape, size, colour, special marks and position on the plan,
many of the bricks in the layer, as also of the following ones, were identifiable with
those mentioned in the texts.

Separated from the preceding layer by a thin deposit of sand, the second layer
yielded five animal-bones, of which one, the lower jaw of the Bos namadicus, enclosed
by twenty special bricks, was placed in the centre of the body. It is significant that the
Satapatha Brahmana makes frequent references to animals in connexion with the
chhandasya bricks of this layer.

From, the third layer, between which and the preceding one there intervened a
thin deposit of mud, as many as one hundred and sixtytwo bones and bone-fragments
were recovered. Of these, the following were tentatively identified : three human skulls,
eleven fragments of human skull, five lower human jaws, nine human ribs, five human
pelvic bones, six animal-ribs and two animal-jaws. The human skulls were enclosed
with bricks. A 4^-in. thick deposit of compact mud sealed the layer.

From the uppermost layer, destroyed to a considerable extent by a subsequent
pit, thrityeight bones, including fragments, were recovered.

The available evidence indicated a date in the second century B.C. for this
altar associated with the purushamedha. And if one looks back to the Satapaiha Brah-
mana regarding the significance of this sacrifice, one may perhaps hazard a guess that
the founder of the Mitra dynasty may have performed it in order to commemorate the
establishment of his political authority,

29. EXCAVATION AT JAJMAU, DISTRICT KANPUR. The Department of
Archaeology, Government of Uttar Pradesh, under Shri M.M. Nagar, continued excava-
tion at Jajmau (1956-57, p. 29). The antiquities exhumed during the season included
a few sherds of the grey ware, a large quantity of the Northern Black Polished Ware,
Iron implements, ivory bangles, dice, terracotta figurines and weights, etc. Of the terra-
cotta figurines, particular interest attached to one with applied head-dress and ears,
pinched nose and slit eyes, associated with the grey ware.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A

30. EXCAVATION AT RAJGHAT (VARA.NASI). The Banaras Hindu University,
with Dr. A. K. Narain as the Director, carried out an excavation at Rajghat, which n ot
only confirmed the observations made during the salvage-excavations at the site in 1940
but also brought to light fresh material of importance. It may be recalled that the site
was brought to the notice of archaeologists as a result of the digging operations carried
out in the area for railway-constructions. t ;

Situated on the north-eastern outskirts of the city of Varanasi (Banaras), Raj-
ghat is an extensive tableland rising about 60 ft. above the surrounding ground-level.
It is enclosed on the north and north-east by the river Barna, on the west and north-
west by a steep depression said to be an old bed of the Barna and on the south-east by
the Ganga. The remains of a rampart with gates are noticeable. That the site repre-
sents ancient Varanasi was clearly demonstrated by the discovery, during the 1940- :
excavation, of a sealing inscribed in Gupta characters with Baranasy-adhishthan-adhikaM'
naysa, i. e. '(the seal) of the city-administration of Baranasi'. !

For various reasons, the area falling in the premises of the tomb of Lai Khan, '
a medieval monument standing on a part of the site, was selected for excavation, though
a major portion of the area had already been disturbed by the railway-diggings down
to a depth of about 20 ft. (in which portion the salvage operations were carried out sub-
sequently).

This year's excavation brought to light six Periods of human occupation, rang-
ing in date from circa sixth-fifth century B.C. to seventeenth century A.D., besides the
semi-fossilized remains of a mammal, lying embedded in the natural soil at a depth
of about 55 ft. from the surface. The more important features of the different Periods,
from bottom upwards, were as follows.

Period I (circa sixth to third century B.C.) was characterized by the presence
of the Northern Black Polished- Ware in coal-black, golden and steel-blue shades and
sherds of plain grey, unslipped red and black-and-red wares. Mention may also be made
of two sherds with a dull-black interior and ashy grey exterior, bearing black and
orange-red bands. No structures of this Period were found. The other small
finds included twenty beads of terracotta, glass, stone and copper and few terracotta
human and animal figurines.

Of Period II (circa second century B.C. to first century A.D.), a long drain, a
terracotta ring-well and the remains of a few walls were found, the size of the bricks
being 1 ft. 7 in. x 11 in. x 2 in. The N. B. P. Ware continued in use as in the preceding
Period, but the plain grey ware occurred only sporadically. The other finds included
six terracotta seals, five bearing the name of Revatimita in letters of the second-first'
century B.C. and one of Pushamitaor Agamita in letters of the first century A.D., unins-
cnbed cast copper coins, a broken terracotta plaque and thirtynine beads, variously of
stone, glass and terracotta.

p Belonging to Period III (circa second to fourth century A.D.) were the remains
01 several walls, but on account of the limited extent of the excavation definite plans
were not made out. The pottery included a thick red ware bearing the designs of wheel
lotus, sun, etc. (pi. LXIX B). A particularly interesting specimen had a stamped design
showing a railing with three flag-staffs surmounted respectively by a hollow cross a-
triratna and the dharma-chakra. Mention may also be made of a broken terracotta
votive tank showing a ladder and another unidentified object. A seal bearing the
design of a couchant humped bull and the inscription pushkarana or \ushkamta in
characters of second-third century A.D., some round copper coins and beads of tern
cotta, stone and glass were among the other finds of the Period.

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

Ascribable to Period IV (circa fifth to eighth century A.D.) were a few walls
and two square kundas with the sides tapering downwards (pi. LX VIII). While the red
ware occupied the dominant place, sherds of a black ware were also found. Particu-
larly noteworthy were the shapes of the spouts (pi. LXIX A) and terracotta sprinklers.
A few steatite pots of milky colour and. a few specimens of a glazed ware were also re-
corded. The other small finds comprised fine terracotta animal and human figurines,
(pi. LXX), a stone head of Buddha, two seals bearing respectively the names of Bha-
drasvami and Samudradatta, round copper coins and thirtyone beads of different
materials.

An interesting discovery was that of small lidded earthen jars containing charred
human bones, grains and cowries, pointing to the practice of post-cremation burial
during the Period.

During Period V (circa ninth to fourteenth century A.D.) were found some
flimsy remains of walls, a well and a number of fallen architectural fragments including
sikharas, amalakas, jambs and lintels, some being carved with decorative patterns. A
medieval Hindu coin (?), a number of terracottas and beads and a fragmentary stone
sculputre were among the other finds of the Period.

Period VI (circa fourteenth to seventeenth century A.D.) was characterized
by glazed and red wares and the use of lakhauri bricks for buildings. Amongst the
small finds, mention may be made of two coins, one each of the Suri king Islam Shah
and Akbar, a small stone image of Ganesa and polychrome glass bangles.

WEST BENGAL

31. EXCAVATION AT CHANDRAKETUGARH, DISTRICT 24-PARGANAs. The-

; University of Calcutta, under Shri K. G. Goswami, resumed the excavation at Chandra-

ketugarh (1956-57, p. 29): besides continuing work in the last year's trench to the west

of the Berachampa-Haroa road, excavation was done on a 14-ft high mound, locally

known as Khana-Mihiftr Dhipi, situated to the north of the Baraset-Basirhat road.

The drain of pottery-pipes, partly exposed last year, was further excavated
(pi. LXXI), and it was noticed that it had a definite slope towards the east. As noted
before, the site witnessed five successive occupational Periods, the earliest of them cha-
racterized by the use of a red ware, in the shape of the long-necked jar, big rimless round
cup and bowl, etc. (fig. 24), and ivory beads and bangles. The pottery of the later
Periods (fig. 24) comprised the dish and bowl of grey ware with stamped designs at the-
centre of the base, cup and dish in the Northern Black Polished Ware, bowl of both
black and red wares, with wide mouth, incurved rim, short beak-like spout, and dish
of the Rouletted Ware (pi. LXXII). The other antiquities included beads of different
semi-precious stones, antimony-rods of copper and ivory, a copper punch-marked coin,,
bearing the symbols of an elephant, fish-in-pond and sun-and-wheel, and a two-legged
armless terracotta figurine, probably a serpent-deity, having pinched head, round eyes,
five horizontal lines, one on throat and two below, and rows of circles indented on the
body (pi. LXXIII A).

The excavation in the Khana-Mihirer Dhipi area brought to light the western
wall of a stupendous polygonal brick structure, probably of the Gupta period. Avail-
able to a height of 14 ft. 6 in., the wall was 6 ft. 8 in, and 4 ft. wide respectively at the-
bottom and top. Starting from the northernmost" exposed point, it was found to-
run in the following order, the turns being always at right angles : southwards, 45 ft.;

; 51

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1951-58 A REVIEW

one of
Jte

times ^ me
nmes used i

' 24 ?' 9 l n - : wes ^ard S , 1 ft. 1 in.; southwards, 14 ft.
southwards (full length not exposed). Although
f ? Uy laid fe the re ' en trant angles suggested that it had betn
^ pr ? babl y a tem P le - With brick! of different sizes, the

f ren Vated n later occasi ns, decorative bricks being some-
place of ordinary ones.

Q
O

JNS.

FIG. 24. Chandraketugarh: pottery

. On the basis of the finds, the occupation in the area was divisible into six
Periods, numbered I. to VI from bottom upwards.

During Period I, which was earlier than the temple and may be assigned to the
? re 1 " C ^ U ? a 1 , age ' ?- 6S Were us - ed for kouse-buildmg on mud-plinth. The pottery (fig 25)
included the cooking pan with ring-handle and ar with high neck and everted rim in
grey ware and vase, dish bowl, cooking vessel and big jar with basket-design in red ware

Of the earty Gupta age Period II yielded a few cast copper coins and terra-
cotta plaques containing couples or mithunas (pi. LXXIIIB andG)

The pottery of Period III (fig. 25) included : the dish with incurved rim bowl with
tapermg sides, casket with concave base and incurved rim designed to hold the lidl
cylmdncal jar wrth horizontal grooves on the exterior and a potsherd
leaf-design and another with rosette-design, all of srev ware- thp
(pi. LXXII) and sherds of black-and-red S W are decorSf onThe i

StamP ed medamom with a b W- m tif withi t square pane

.EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

>:
o

t=s

ex,

"17

5 10 15 20 25

FIG. 25. Chandraketugarh; . pottery

Noteworthy in the pottery of Period IV were the carinated and flanged cooking
vessel and bowl of red ware. There were potsherds of grey ware with stamped wheel-
and rosette-designs.

During Period V (probably assignable to the Pala age) the upper part of the
massive wall was renovated with rubbed bricks.

During Period VI, the remains of a few structures were noted.

III. EPIGRAPHY

SANSKRITIC AND DRAVIDIAN INSCRIPTIONS 1

ANDHRA PRADESH

1. SANSKRIT INSCRIPTIONS, NAGARJUNAKONDA, DISTRICT GUNTUR. One
of the inscriptions records, in six different versions, the erection of a temple by talan
Elisri, son of Gandi and grandson of senapati Anikki, in the eleventh year of the rule of
Ehuvalasri. Another epigraph, engraved on a pillar, refers to the construction of a
temple of the god Pushpabhadra and the erection of a dhvaja-stambha in front of it in
the sixteenth year of Ehuvala-Chantamula by his son Purushadatta.

2. PRAKRIT INSCRIPTION, JAGGAYYAPETA, DISTRICT KRISHNA. The epigraph
is in Prakrit language and in Brahmi characters of about the second or third century
A.D. It records the gift of a coping stone, apparently meant for the railings of thestupa
that existed at the place.

3. YADAVA INSCRIPTION, KADIVELLA, DISTRICT KURNOOL. Engraved on
a huge; rock, the inscription records a grant of land made by Kandarasa, a subordinate
of the Yadava king Ramadeva, in the cyclic year Sarvajit, corresponding to the king's
seventeenth regnal year (A.D. 1287).

: 4. EARLY CHALUKYA GRANT, AMUDALAPADU, DISTRICT MAHBUBNAGAR.-
The_ plate records the grant of Iparumkal in Vamguravadi-vw&aya by king Vikramaditya I
in his fifth regnal year, A.D. 660, when he was camping at Marrura, in favour , of Sudar-
sanacharya as guru-dakshina on the occasion of the king's Siva-mandala-diksha.

5. WESTERN CHALUKYA INSCRIPTION, AINAVOLU, DISTRICT WARANGAL.-
Dated in the Chalukya-Yikrama year 43 (A.D. 1118) in the reign of Tribhuvanamalla
Vikramaditya VI, the epigraph records the gift of lands by dandanayaka Surayya for the
worship of and offerings to the god Suresvaradeva of Ayyanavolalu and for the feeding
of ascetics.

6. INSCRIPTION OF RECHARLAANAVOTA, AINAVOLU, DISTRICT WARANGAL.-
Dated m Saka 1291 (A.D. 1-369), the record furnishes the genealogy of the Recharla
iamily commencing with Vennaya and records the grant of the village Ayyanavrolu to
the god Mailaradeva by Anavota, son of Singama-nayaka.

T j- 1 Exce P t nos ' I4 > 15 > 22 ' 26 and 2 8 all have been reported on by the Government Epigraphist
for India out of about thirty copper plates and three hundred and fifty stone inscriptions examined by
him during the year. Nos, 14, 15 and 28 have been respectively noticed by the Superintendents, South-
SS^ eSt fi a d Eastern Circles of the Department, no. 22 by the Officer on Special Duty,

Mysofe State Sy ' ^ * SmS ' ^ Q ' 25 by the Director of

-EPIGRAPHY

7. INSCRIPTION OF RECHARLA-RUDRA, ELKURTI, DISTRICT WARANGAL-
The inscription records the construction of four temples for the gods, Rudresvara,
Anyesvara, Lokesvara and Ganesvara, by Rudra, who seems to have flourished in the
early half of the twelfth century.

8. KAKATIYA INSCRIPTIONS, HANAMKONDA, DISTRICT WARANGAL. The
earliest of the records mentions the Kakatiya ruler Beta II as the son of Prola and
grandson of Beta I of Durjaya-kula and as a subordinate of the Western Chalukya king
Tribhuvanamalla. Two other epigraphs belong to the time of Prola II, son of
Tribhuvanamalla and grandson of Beta II. Another inscription of the time of Rudra,
son and successor of Prola II, mentions Gangadhara, who took up service under the
father and rose to the position of the chief minister under the son.

9. WESTERN CHALUKYA INSCRIPTION, PUNYAVOLU, DISTRICT WARANGAL.
The epigraph, belonging to the rule of Irivabedangadeva and dated Saka 929 (wrongly
written as 939) and Plavanga (A.D. 1007), records the gift of lands in the villages of
AyyanvolaluandBilvolaasjwwwtf to Kesanamayya of the Yaji-kula by Arasapayya
the tantrapala and angaraksha of the king. '

. 10. INSCRIPTION OF THE POET NARASIMHA, WARANGAL. Four short Sanskrit
inscriptions in the fort at Warangal speak of the poet Narasimha. One of them refers
to the poet's ten rupakas and his prose-work entitled Malayavati. The other works of
the poet referred to in these inscriptions are the Kakatiya-charita in eight cantos, which
he claims to have completed in a single day, and a commentary on the Rigveda. In
one of the inscriptions, the poet describes the elephants of the Kakatiya king Pratapa-
mdra, who seems to have been his patron.

11. GAJAPATI INSCRIPTIONS, WARANGAL. The two epigraphs are engraved on
the eastern and western gates of the fort at Warangal and refer to the capture of the fort
by the Gajapati army. The one on the western gate belongs to Virabhadra Raghudeva,
son of Parasurama, who was the younger brother of the Gajapati Kapilesvara and the
son of Jagesvara. The record is dated in the Kali year 4561, Pramathin (A.D. 1460),
and states that Warangal lay within the dominions of Humayun Shah, Sultan of
Kalubarega (Gulbarga). The other inscription, set up about the same time, on the
.eastern gate mentions prince Hamvira-mahapatra, son of Kapilesa Gajapati, and states
that he captured the fort.

BIHAR

12. INSCRIPTIONS, GAYA. One of the inscriptions mentions king Prataparudra
and records that Gauri, the wife of the king's preceptor Mallikarjuna, performed her
husband's sraddha at Gaya. ' This Mallikarjuna may be identical with the great Saiva
teacher Mallikarjuna-panditaradhya and Prataparudra with the Kakatiya king Pra-
taparudra I, also called Rudra (A.D. 1163-95). Another inscription mentions Appana,
a priest of the Hoysala king Vira-Narasimha, and records the establishment of a
mat ha by the former for the use of the pilgrims who visited Gaya. Two other inscrip-
tions mention the Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya and his successor Achyutaraya.
Krishnadevaraya's epigraph, dated Saka 1444 (A.D. 1521), records the setting up of
the king's vijaya-sasani and mentions the poet Mukku-Timniana,, one of his court-
poets, as the author of the sasana. The record further quotes a verse from the poet's

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW*

Panjatapaharnamu. The fourth inscription is dated in the Salivahana-Saka (a mis-
take for Vikrama-rfa/MW/) 1588, Vikarin (A.D. 1531), and states that it was a dharma-
sasana of king Achyutaraya. A person named Timmananna performed the sraddha
of the kings of Vijayanagara at Gaya, apparently on behalf of Achyutaraya.

BOMBAY

13. YADAVA GRANTS, DEVALALI, DISTRICT AHMADNAGAR. The plates, now in
the possession of the Bharata Itihasa Samsodhaka Mandala, Poona, belong to the reign
of Bhillama III. The record, dated Saka 974 (A.D. 1052), registers the gift of certain
villages in favour of the Brahmana general Sridhara-dandanayaka, whose great-grand-
father served under the Paramara Vairisimha of Dhara. The same document contains
another grant of Yadava Seunachandra, the gift-land being stated to have been situated
in the territory of Chalukya Trailokyamalla alias Ahavamalladeva.

> 14. IMAGE-INSCRIPTION, AJANTA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD. A damaged
Sanskrit dedicatory inscription in box-headed characters of the fifth century was noticed
on the pedestal of the Buddha image in Cave 4. The inscription helps in ascribing
the cave to the Vakataka period.

15. CHAULUKYA CHARTER FROM CHANCHVEL, DISTRICT BROACH. A set of
copper-plates of a Chaulukya ruler Trilochanapala, dated Saka 972 (A.D. 1050-51),
records the grant of the village Kermatapura by mahamandalesvara Trilochanapala.

16. SENDRAKA CHARTER, MEHUNABARE, DISTRICT EAST KHANDESH. The
plates, now in the possession of the Bharata Itihasa Samsodhaka Mandala, Poona,
records the grant of a village by Vairadeva, son of Dandiraja and grandson of Deva-
sakti, in Saka 624 (A.D. 702).

GRA NT, PANDHTJRNA, DISTRICT NAGPUR.-The plates, impres-
sions of which were received from the Temple-survey Project, Northern Region, record
a grant of land by king Pravarasena II in the twentyninth year of his reign.

. 18. RASHTRAKUTA CHARTER, KHAKURDI, DISTRICT NAsiic.-The plates, now

m the possession of the Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, Poona,
register the grant of land made by a ruler named Dantidurga in favour of a Brahmana
in the cyclic year Tarana, probably corresponding to A.D. 1044.

MADRAS

A i t. 1 19 ' SHORE TEMPLE INSCRIPTION, MAHABALIPURAM, DISTRICT CHINGLEPUT
A label-inscription on one of the lintels of the temple reads ekavira, engraved in Pallava-
Grantha characters assignable to the seventh century.

MADHYA PRADESH

. ' 2- PLAT ESF INDRARAJA, MALGA, DISTRICT BlLASPUR.-The charter was
issued by samanta Indraraja from Mandaka in the eleventh year of his rule.

EPIGRAPHY

21. PLATES OF JAYARAJA OF SARABHAPURA, MALLAR, DISTRICT, BILASPUR
The plates record the grant of a village by Jayaraja in the fifth year of his rule.

22, PLATE OF NARENDRA OF SARABHAPURA, KURUD, DISTRICT RAIPUR. The
charter, belonging to the twentyfourth year of Narendra, an early Sarabhapura ruler,
records the confirmation of a grant made by his father to the son of the original
donee, as the original charter, written on ta/a-leaves, had been destroyed by fire.

MYSORE

23. LABEL-RECORDS, AIHOLE, DISTRICT BIJAPUR. Several label-records in
Chalukyan characters, assignable to the seventh century, were found engraved on the
pillars of a temple, some of them containing names like Anandasthavira, Maureyan,
Bisadan, etc.

24. WESTERN CHALUKYA INSCRIPTION, CHIKKERUR, DISTRICT DHARWAR -The
inscription, dated Saka 917 (A.D. 995), refers to mahamandalesvara Ahavamalla's march
against Uppala. The mahamandalesvara may be identified with Irivabedanga Satya-
sraya, the son and successor of Taila II, and his adversary Uppala with the Paramara
king Utpalaraja (Vakpati Munja). The Paramara king's death must have taken place
some time after the date of this epigraph.

25. CHALUKYA RECORDS, BANNTGOL, DISTRICT RAICHUR The inscription,
dated Saka 947 (A.D. 1025), mentions Vijayaditya Trailokyamalla as ruling from Maraga-
nur. He may be the Eastern Chalukya prince Vijayaditya, who was the step-brother
of Rajaraja and sought Western Chalukya aid in his dispute for the throne of Vengi.
Another inscription of the time of Trailokyamalla Somesvara mentions Revakabbarasi,
wife of dandanayaka Vavanarasa, as holding the office of mahapasayite and governing
over Bannigola.

26. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS. A fine -Ganga virago/ belonging to about the
ninth century and mentioning Nagattara, a Ganga chief, was discovered. A Hoysala
inscription discovered on a hill in District Chitaldrug belongs to the reign of the Hoy-
sala king Narasimha II. It commemorates the construction of a temple at the place
by Machideva, a subordinate of the Hoysalas. The temple stands in front of a large
cave which houses a linga. Yet another inscription belonging to the Hoysala king
Ballala III, discovered at Hanchikuppe, Bangalore District, is important in view of the
fact that it confirms that Ballala III was wandering from place to place during his last
days, as it mentions Mallipattana as the place of the king's residence. The votive ins-
"criptions discovered at Tirthahalli are important insofar as they furnish the names of
a number of devotees many of whom were under the service of the Keladi queen Chan-
nammaji and other nayaks or palaigars of various other places like Billigi, Harathi
and Tarikere.

ORISSA

27. EASTERN GANGA INSCRIPTION, SONPUR, DISTRICT BOLANGIR The inscrip-
tion, which is dated in the seventh anka-ysar of Vira-Bhanudeva, testifies to the inclusion of
the area around Sonpur in the dominions by the Imperial Gangas about the thirteenth century,

57:

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW
28. SOMAVAMSI CHARTER, RATNAG1RI, DISTRICT CUTTACK.-An incomplete Set

of copper-plates of the Somavamsi ruler Karnnadeva records the grant of a village in the
sixth year of his reign. This ruler is evidently the same as is mentioned in the commen-
tary on the Ramacharita as king of Utkala.

29. EASTERN GANGA RECORDS, KAPILAS, DISTRICT DHENK ANAL. These
epigraphs show that the temple of Kailasasikharesvara on the Kapilas hill was built by
king Narasimha I (circa A.D. 1239-64).

30. EASTERN GANGA INSCRIPTION, PURL Three inscriptions on the walls of the
Markandesvara temple at Puri are dated respectively in the thirtyseventh regnal year
of Anantavarman Chodaganga (A.D. 1078-1147), the third afc#-year of Raghava'
(circa 1156-70) and the fourteenth anka-year Bhanu (I or II).

RAJASTHAN

31. CHARTER OF DEVAPALA, BHINMAL, DISTRICT JALOR. It is a single plate
engraved in late characters and records a grant of maharajadhiraja Devapala, son of
Kanhardeva, . ,

32. CHAHAMANA INSCRIPTION, JALOR. Dated in the Vikrama year 1331 (A.D.
1274), this inscription of the maharajakula Chachigadeva of the Jalor branch of the
Chahamana dynasty registers certain grants to the god Mahavira in the Chandana-
vihara of the Jaina monastery attached to the Nanakiya-gachchha on the occasion of
the ashtahnika festival.

UTTAR PRADESH

33. INSCRIPTIONS OF- THE GAHADAVALAS.--A copper-plate, now preserved in
the Allahabad Municipal Museum, records a grant of the Gahadavala king Govindachan-
dra issued in the Vikrama year 1171 (A.D. 1115). A later Gahadavala king named
Avadakkamalla is mentioned in a Kausambi inscription of the Vikrama year 1294 (A.D.
1238). .

ARABIC AND PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS 1

ANDHRA PRADESH

1. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS, HYDERABAD. An inscription from
Hyderabad, dated A.H, 1167 (A.D. 1153-54), mentions the death of the Sufi saint
Khwaja Islam Khan Naqshbandi, Another records the construction of. the tomb of a saint
named Da'ud, son of Husain, by Khwaja Wahhab. It is dated A.H. 771 (A.D. 1369-70).

1 All have been reported on by the Assistant Superintendent for Arabic and Persian Inscriptions
of the Department.

" ' ' ' : '" ' ' : ' ' SB ' ' ' ''

EPIGRAPHY

BOMBAY

2. INSCRIPTIONS OF MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLUQ. An inscription from
Daulatabad, District Aurangabad, records the construction of a mosque during the reign
of Muhammad bin Tughluq at the instance of Maliku'l Nasiru'l Mulk, on the fourteenth
Rabi I, A.H. 733 (3rd December 1332). Another record of Muhammad bin Tughluq,
from the same place, records the construction of a step-well in A.H. 722 (A.D. 1322).

3. INSCRIPTION OF THE BAHMANI DYNASTY Another important inscription
from Daulatabad refers to the construction of a minaret during the reign of 'Ahmad Shah
II in A.H. 849 (A.D. 1445-46) by one Parwiz Abd-i-Sultani, who was dignified with the
status of mahi-o-maratib, given only to persons of the highest rank.

MYSORE

4. INSCRIPTIONS OF THE 'ADIL-SHAHIS OF BIJAPUR. A large number of
inscriptions belong to the Sultans of the Adil-Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, represented by
Isma'il, Mallu, 'Ali 'Adil-Shah I and Ibrahim 'Adil II. Two of them refer to Ibrahim
'Adil Shah : the first is dated A.H. 1032 (A.D. 1622-23) and records the construction of
nine mihrabs in a mosque, while the second records the construction of a congrega-
tional mosque (jamV-masjid) in his reign by 'Abdul Muhammad. One more inscrip-
tion of the same ruler is important as it records the holy visit of the king to the dargah of
Hadrat Sayyid Muhammad Hasaini Gaisu Daraz Banda Nawaz, the patron-saint of the
south. The inscription is dated A.H. 994 (A.D. 1585-86). Sultan Muhammad Shah is re-
presented by an inscription dated A.H. 1050 (A.D. 1640-41) and recording the construction
of the dargah of the same saint by Ali Rada bin Muhammad Aqa.

IV. NUMISMATICS AND TREASURE-TROVE 1

ANDHRA PRADESH

1. MUGHUL COINS, SIRKONDA, DISTRICT ADiLABAD. Five hundred and
fiftynine coins of the Mughul dynasty were found.

2. SATAVAHANA COINS, PYNA, DISTRICT EAST GODAVARL A copper coin of
Vasithiputa Siri Chada Sata was found.

3. PAGODAS, GARIKAPADU, DISTRICT GuNTUR. Five coins, appearing to be
issues called the pagodas of Madras, which had originated in the time of Rangaraja,
were found. This king, in one of his hauls to the East India Company, is stated to have
empowered the British to coin pagodas with the image of Chennakesavasvamin and
two goddesses. The present coins conform to this in having a deity (Vishnu) flanked
by two goddesses and may thus be specimens of this type of pagodas.

4. QUTB-SHAHI COINS, VEMALWADA, DISTRICT KARIMNAGAR One copper
coin of the Qutb-Shahi dynasty (1657) and six hundred and twentythree coins of the
Asaf-Jahi dynasty (1828-1911) were found.

5. VIJAYANAGARA COINS, KAMAGANIKUNTLA, DISTRICT KURNOOL. Twenty-
eight gold Vijayanagara pagodas and eight gold Vijayanagara half-pagodas (1508-30)
were found.

6. ASAF-JAHI COINS, BACHARAM, DISTRICT MEDAK. Twenty machine-made

silver coins of the Asaf-Jahi dynasty (1868-1911) were reported.

,. * 1' VIRAYA-FANAMS, NORTH AMALUR, DISTRICT NELLORE.-Over three
hundred gold corns, identifiable with the well-known Viraya-fanams, in circulation in
the south-eastern districts in the pre-British period, were found.

Jk .? AH ^ Tu 5 ' ? HATALp UM, DISTRICT ViSAKHAPATNAM.-Fifty copper
coins of Sultan Kallimullah, the last of the Bahmani rulers, were found. ^PP er

9. MISCELLANEOUS FINDS, ENTIKONNE, DISTRICT WARANGAL Eighteen
coins, sateen neck-stripes, one copitadu, three ring , two patakalus tight latakSus fivl

ear w /^all of go'ldand^of the perio '

^ 10,

no. 13, Superintendent, South-wes era Circle of the DeMrtm?^ ^ tl ^^ves, Bombay State

Western Circle of the Department; nos. 21 23 i D^tS JSL? ^' l l and 26 ' Superintendent,

. t ' ,

Artaeology, Mysore State; aos. 25, 30 and 31 SuSrin^nS ^1^' K % a1 ^ State = no - 24 Director of
27-29, Director of Archaeolok Uttor PrS State Pent> Eastera Circle of the Department; and

NUMISMATICS AND TREASURE-TROVE

BIHAR

10. COIN OF BHAiRAVASiMHA.-The coin, struck in Saka 1411 (A.D. 1489-90)
corresponding to the fifteenth regnal year of the Oinvar king Bhairavasimha of Tirhut,
shows that the ruler ascended the throne in circa 1475. The coin is one of the very
few known specimens of the Oinvars.

BOMBAY

11. MEDIEVAL COINS, AHMADABAD.-Thirteen silver coins of the Sultans of
Gujarat six of Mahmud I (1458-1511) and the rest of Muzaffar II (1511-1526)-were
found.

12. MEDIEVAL COINS, KHOHRA, MAHMADABAD, DISTRICT AHMADABAD.
A hoard of one hundred and one copper coins consisted of the issues of Akbar and
Jahangir and Ahmad Shah I, Muhammad Shah II and Mahmud I, Sultans of Gujarat,
besides worn-out and unidentifiable ones.

13. TUGHLUQ COINS, DAULATABAD AND ELLORA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD.
Two coins of Muhammad Tughluq, one from Daulatabad, of gold-plated copper, and
the other from Ellora, of copper, the latter bearing the name m-Mohamad in Nagari
characters, were found during clearance-operations.

14. KSHATRAPA COIN, KARWAN, DISTRICT BARODA A silver Kshatrapa
coin was found.

15. MEDIEVAL COINS, ERANDOL, DISTRICT EAST KHANDESH. An earthen
pot, containing fourteen coins was unearthed. Of the coins, twelve belonged to
Mahmud III of Gujarat (1537) and the remaining two to Akbar, one of them dated
A.H. 996 and the other Isfandarmuz 42 Ilahi, Tatta mint.

16. GUJARAT COINS, KHERVA, DISTRICT MEHSANA. Twentyone silver coins,
belonging to Muzaffar III, Sultan of Gujarat (1561-1573) and varying in date from A.H.
976 to 980, were discovered.

17. GADHAIYA COINS, MODHERA, DISTRICT MEHSANA.Two silver and one
copper Gadhaiya coins were found within the precincts of the Sun temple in the course
of the clearance of debris.

18. COINS OF THE SULTANS OF DELHI, KALEWADI, DISTRICT POONA. A hoard
of one silver and four hundred and fifty six copper coins and four silver ornaments was
discovered. The silver coin was of Muhammad Tughluq and the copper coins variously
of Balban, Muhammad II Khilji, Mubarak Khilji and Ghiyathu'd-Din Tughluq.

19. GOLD COINS, WALVE, DISTRICT SOUTH SAT ARA. A discovered hoard
consisted of twenty gold coins of peculiar types, their weights ranging from 8;05 to 12' 2
grains. They can be classified as follows : (i) four V-shaped coins, each hardly
quarter-inch long, made of thin gold plate. They bear on the obverse impressions of
three different dies, one of which is the figure of an unidentified animal, and another
consists of fragmentary legends in Kannada characters of the eleventh century;
(ii} three coins, small round pieces, bearing on one side the figure of an unidentified
animal and a double-storeyed south Indian temple with symbols of the sun and moon

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REVIEW

on the other ; and (iii) thirteen coins, also small and round, with Garuda on the

obverse and an ornamental figure, which 'is like a trident (but which can also be

identified as a Vaishnava tiJaka), on the reverse. The attribution of these coins to
any dynasty or ruler is not possible.

20. MUGHUL COINS, KAPURA, DISTRICT SURAT.-A hoard of nine hundred and
sixtyseven silver coins, all rupees, except seventytwo, which were half-rupees, was
found. The rupees belonged to Aurangzeb (eightyfour, mints Ahniadabad, Bareli,
Khambayat and Surat, A.H. 1082), Shah Alam Bahadur (twenty, mints Khambayat,
Shahjahanabad and Surat, A.H. 1124), Farrukhsiyar (fiftyeight, mints Ahmadabad,
Burhanpur, Gwalior, Junagadh, Murnbai and Surat, A.H. 1125-31), Rafiu'd-Darjat
(seven, mints Ahmadabad, Junagarh, Surat and Ujjain, A.H. 1131), Shah. Mian 11
(twentytwo, mints Ahmadabad, Mumbai and Surat, one mintless, A.H. 1131), Mu-
hammad Shah (fourteen, mints Ahmadabad, Aurangnagar, Burhanpur, Gwalior, Itawa
and Khambayat, A.H. 1134 and 1137), and Muhammad Shah (six hundred and eighty-
eight, mints Mumbai and Surat, A.H. 1131-43). The half-rupees were variously of
Aurangzeb (two, mint Surat A.H. 1094 and 1117), Farrukhsiyar (three, of which one
is certain and two doubtful, mint Surat, dates missing) and Muhammad Shah
(sixty six, mints Allahabad and Surat, dates missing).

KERALA

21. BRONZE SCULPTURE, NORTH WYNAAD TALUK, DISTRICT CANNANORE.-
A bronze sculpture, 10 in. high, probably depicting a Muslim warrior, was found.

22. VISHNU IMAGE, BADAGARU TALUK, DISTRICT KOZHIKODE. A granite
image of Vishnu, 2 ft. high, was found in the course of excavation for a dam-construc-
tion and will be acquired for the Trichur Museum.

23. METAL IMAGES,, .KUNNHIMANGALAM-AMSON, DISTRICT NORTH MALA-
BAR. A few brass images, etc., were discovered. Some of them are to be acquired
for the Trichur Museum.

MYSORE

24. MISCELLANEOUS FINDS Six hoards of coins, the earliest of them going back
to the penod of the Satavahanas and others belonging mostly to the local rulers, such
as Kantirava Narasaraja Wodeyar, Haider and Tipu, and to the East India Company,

were found.

ORISSA

25. LATE MUGHUL COIN, BARABATI FORT, CUTTACK.-A silver coin of
Muhammad Shah Badshah of the Murshidabad mint, dated A.H. 115(4), was found.

RAJASTHAN

26. EARLY COINS, NAGARI, DISTRICT CHITORGARH.-One hundred and eighteen
silver and copper coins were obtained. The identified ones include two silver ' and

NUMISMATICS AND TKEASV RE-TROVE

thirtyfour copper punch-marked coins and four Sivi and six silver Western Kshatrapa

ones,

UTTAR PRADESH

27. LATE MEDIEVAL COINS, DISTRICT HAMIRPUR. A hoard contained coins
issued in the name of the Durrani king 'Ahmad Shah by one Nawab 'Ahmad Ali Khan
Bahadur, who is unknown from any other source. The mint-name and date are missing.
The coins throw light on the history during the reign of the later Mughuls.

28. LATE MEDIEVAL COINS, DISTRICT PAURI GARHWAL.A discovered hoard
contained one hundred and ten coins, known as timashis, of some local rulers of Garhwal
issued in the name of Farrukhsiyar. Their joint authorship indicates the disintegra-
tion of the Mughul empire and assumption of autonomy by local rulers, still owing
allegiance to the court of Delhi.

29. OTHER HOARDS. The other hoards discovered in the State mostly contained
coins of the Indian States, some of them important on account of the symbols and dates
occurring on them.

WEST BENGAL

30. COINS OF THE SULTANS OF BENGAL, NAZIRKHANI, DISTRICT MALDA.-
A hoard of thirtysix gold coins, mostly issues of the Sultans of Bengal, was found.
Thirteen of them are being acquired for the National Museum.

V. OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

ANDHRA PRADESH

1. EARLY HISTORICAL SITE, DISTRICT ANANTAPUR Shri M. Venkataramayya
found sherds of the Rouletted Ware at Sasanakota, near Hindupur, a site which had
previously yielded the Black-and-red and Russet-coated Painted Wares (1955-56, p. 72).

2. PALAEOLITHIC SITES, DISTRICT CUDDAPAH Shri M. Venkataramayya
collected a large number of palaeoliths from Nandalur (pi. LXXIV A, B and C), lying
on a terrace which slopes down to the Cheyyar river near a hill-pass, locally known as
Lauja-Kanama. A solitary palaeolith (pi. LXXIV D) was also found within the fort-
area at Siddhavattam on the bank of the same river.

3. BUDDHIST REMAINS, DISTRICT KRISHNA. Two Buddhist images, assignable
to the Ikshvaku period, were discovered at Alluru. These, along with those previously
recovered (1956-57, p. 81), were removed to the Amaravati Museum.

4. EARLY HISTORICAL SITE, DISTRICT KURNOOL. Shri M. Venkataramayya
found the megalithic Black-and-red Ware at Jonnagiri, near the famous hill containing
the Yerragudi Rock-edicts of As oka.

5. PALAEOLITHIC SITE, DISTRICT MAHBUBNAGAR.-Shri K. M. Srivastava
discovered a few palaeolithic tools of Series II on the left bank of the Tungabhadra at
Singhvaram, about 2 miles south of Alampur. The tools, made on thick flakes of chert,
show prominent bulbs of percussion and high-angled striking platform, sometimes
indicating signs of preparation.

6. MEDIEVAL SCULPTURES AND INSCRIPTIONS, DISTRICT MAHBUBNAGAR.- .
Dr. P. Sreenivasachar discovered a large number of medieval sculptures and inscriptions
around Podur. They are being removed to the Alampur Museum.

7. MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES AND INSCRIPTIONS, DISTRICT NALGONDA.
Dr. P. Sreenivasachar discovered over seventy sculptures and inscriptions at Yelleswa-
ram, a site on the Krishna river opposite Nagarjunakonda. See also p. 9.

8. EARLY HISTORICAI/SITE, DISTRICT SRIKAKULAM Shri M. Venkataramayya
found sherds of the Rouletted Ware and the megalithic Black-and-red Ware at
Mukhalmgam on the Vamsadhara river. A Satavahana coin of the early centuries of
the Christian era was also picked up from the mound behind the famous temple of
Mukhalingesvara.

BIHAR

9. EARLY HISTORICAL SITE, DISTRICT PuRNEA.-Shri A. C. Banerji found a
pillar resembling an Asokan monolith at Sikligarh.

OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

BOMBAY

10. BUDDHIST CAVES, PITALKHORA, DISTRICT AuRANQABAD.-Durmg the
3-operations m the rock-cut caves at Pitalkhora, some unique architectural
of the early Buddhist caves at the place were revealed, informs Shri M. N
Deshpande. In front of the great chatty a a flight of twelve steps in two stages was

S S 3 r-T^T ? 1 ^ Slde ?v the 1 upper series carved fi ures of yakshas and a
winged horse (pi. LXXV A), resembling the sculptures in the caves at Bhafa. From the

evidence of the recovered architectural members, it appears that the chatty a had a low
screen with the entrance at 'the centre guarded by two yakshas, the one to the left
flaying an elaborate head-dress resembling that on the Sunga terracottas (pi LXXVI B}
Of special interest was the figure of a yaksha (p. LXXVII), carrying on its head a shallow
bowl; the outer side of the right palm bears a Brahmi inscription of the second
century B.C., reading Kanhadasena hiramna-karena kata ('made by the goldsmith

The clearance of debris in front of the vihara also revealed an entrance flanked
by dvara-palas carrying a spear and a shield (pi. LXXVI B). By the side of the door-
way m the plinth-area were found six carved elephants (pi. LXXV A).

Noteworthy amongst the loose sculptures and architectural pieces were the
sculptured friezes depicting a Jataka-stoty (pi. LXXIX), pilasters depicting mithunas

FIG. 26. Chandott; palaeoliths and neolhhs
65

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

(pi, LXXVIII A), dvara-palikas (p. LXXVIII B) and two miniature crystal stupas and
a crystal bead turned into a reliquary with two stone stoppers at either end
(pi. LXXVIII C).

11. PROTOHISTORIC AND EARLY HISTORICAL SITES, DISTRICT BROACH. Shri
S. R. Rao found the Red Polished Ware of the early historical period at Juni Andhi
and Kantyajala and the black-and-red ware, similar to that of Ujjain, at Nagal.

12. PROTOHISTORIC SITES, DISTRICT GOHiLWAD.-Shri S. R. Rao discovered a
late Harappan site at Akrau, near Bhimnath, and at Pavateswar Mahadev, near Tagadi.
The recovered pottery included the dish-on-stand, handled bowl, etc. The former
site also yielded chert blades and scrapers of jasper and agate.

13. MICROLITHIC SITE, DISTRICT JHALAWAR.-Shri S. R. Rao found microliths,
including parallel-sided blades and fluted cores, at Sejakpur.

TV l n P R 9 TOH ]STORic SITE, DISTRICT NASlK.-Following a report from the
District Publicity Officer, Shri M. K. Dhavalikar explored the ancient site at Pimpaldar
and iound on the surface chalcolithic painted pottery of the Nasik-Jorwe complex,
including the concave-sided bowl and spouted vessel (pi. LXXX). Noteworthy
amongst the painted designs was the motif of the deer with wavy horns. Besides,
thick grey ware, similar to that of the earliest levels at Brahmagiri, was also found.

?- RICK S J UP ^ P 15 07 OSMANABAD.-Shri B. B. Lai and Shri M. N.
nerin C H OVer t v ^ h il h T Und ' ^P^ s ^^ * brick ' stupa of the early
^^ south of Te '> ^ntified with the ancient

Fio. 27. Chandoll : cMcolithic pottery
66.

/MS.

OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

16. EARLY BUDDHIST CAVES, DISTRICT PoONA.-Sri R. L. Bhide reported the
existence of rock-cut Buddhist caves comprising a chaitya and three viharas (pi. LXXXI A)
in the Bhandara hill, near Induri. These caves, so far unnoticed by antiquarians, are
well-known as Vithoba-Rakhumaichi Leni to the local people, who hold them in great
reverence on account of their having been frequented by the saint Tukaram.

17. PREHISTORIC AND OTHER SITES, DISTRICT PooNA.-Dr. S. B. Deo and Shri
Z. A. Ansari discovered a chalcolithic site with polished stone axes and hammer-stones
at Chandoli (fig. 26). The recovered pottery was mainly of the Nasik-Jorwe type (fig. 27)
Shri Ansari also discovered a few palaeoliths in the river-gravel.

Dr. H. D. Sankalia,Dr. S. B. Deo and Shri Z, A. Ansari examined the mounds
at Junnar and found pieces of Roman amphorae.

Dr. H. D. Sankalia, Dr. S. B. Deo and Shri A. P. Khatri discovered a chalcolithic
site with the Nevasa-Jorwe pottery and palaeolithic tools of Series II at Karegaon, 16
miles north-easf of Poona.

Dr. H. D. Sankalia found a palaeolithic tool of Series I on the left bank of the
Mula-Mutha river near the Bund Garden at Poona and several tools of Series II a little
upstream in the gravel.

Dr. H. D. Sankalia, Dr. Theodore McCown and Professor Essor Henry Gleason
discovered a highly-cemented gravel-bed with huge basaltic or dolerite flakes and
pebbles on the Vel river at Shikarpur, 28| miles north-east of Poona.

Mrs. McCown found a fine chert point of Series II in the river-bed.

18. EARLY HISTORICAL SITE, DISTRICT THANA Shri M. N. Deshpande dis-
covered an ancient site at Kalyan, situated on the banks of the Ulhas river and referred
to in the inscriptions of the western Indian caves and the Periplus. The collected
finds included the patent Red Polished Ware and a few beads.

DELHI

19. SITE WITH THE PAINTED GREY WARE, DELHI. Shri Rameshwar Dayal
reported the occurrence of sherds of the Painted Grey Ware at a small mound, 2
furlongs north of the medieval Badli-ki-sarai. On a further examination by Shri B. B.
Lai and Dr. Y. D. Sharma, it was found that the strata yielding the Ware ranged from
3 to 5 ft. in thickness.

MADHYA PRADESH

20. SITE WITH THE NORTHERN BLACK POLISHED WARE, DISTRICT BHIND,
Shri J. P. Srivastava found the N. B. P. Ware at Lahar, 34 miles south of Bhind.

21 . PROTOHISTORIC SITES, DISTRICT DHAR. Shri R. B. Narain found micro-
liths, sherds of the black-and-red ware and black-and-grey ware, sometimes painted as at
Prakash, at Kanwan and Kesur.

22. MICROLITHIC SITES, DISTRICT INDORE, Shri R. B. Narain found microliths
at Bichauli Tekri, Patalpani and Choral.

23. MICROLITHIC SITES, DISTRICT JABALPUR. Shri C. B. Trivedi found micro-
liths at Hantala, Dongaria Rajaram, Dabkia and Sahajpuri.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58-A REVIEW

24. SITE wiTH THE NORTHERN BLACK POLISHED WARE, DISTRICT JABALPUR.--
Shri C. B. Trivedi found sherds of the N. B. P. Ware at Tewar, 8 miles to the west of
Jabalpur.

25. PROTOHISTORIC SITE, DISTRICT MANDASOR. Shri B. K. Thapar found
microliths, painted pottery of the chalcolithic assemblage, the Northern Black Polished
Ware and a sherd of fine grey ware at Awara on the bank of the Chambal river.

26. MlCROLlTffiC SITE, DISTRICT NlMAR (KHANDWA). Shri C. Krishna found
microliths at Kodri and Ner.

27. .PALAEOLITHIC SITE, DISTRICT NIMAR (KHARGAON). Shri B. B. Lai and
Shri B. K. Thapar found some palaeolithic tools and microliths along the Narbaoa at
Raver khedi.

28. STONE PILLAR, BHOPAL, DISTRICT SEHORE. A stone pillar, roughly ascrib-
able to the Gupta period, was recently spotted in Umrao Dullah's garden on the outskirts
of Bhopal (pi. LXXXII A). It seems to have been brought from elsewhere and erect-
ed on the present site, with provisions for hanging lights, etc., below the fimal. ine
polish and material of the pillar have a striking similarity with those of the Mauryan
times, but the shaft, which .bears an inscription in shell-characters (pi. LXXXII B), lacks
the characteristic taper of the Mauryan pillars.

MYSORE

29. EARLY HISTORICAL SITE, DISTRICT BANGALORE. Dr. M. Seshadri found the
Russet-coated Painted Ware at Anekal. Besides, some monuments of the thirteentn-
fourteenth century in the Dravidian style were also found here.

30. PALAEOLITHIC SITE, DISTRICT BDAPUR. Shri M. N. Deshpande discovered
palaeolithic tools, mostly rolled and lying loose in the bed of the Malaprabha river, near
the famous temple-township of Pattadakal. The tools comprised cleavers, _ chopper-
chopping tools and handaxes of the Abbevillean and Abbevilleo-Acheulian types.
Similar tools had previously been picked up at Nandikeshwar in the bed of the same
river (1955-55, p. 68).

31. EARLY MEDIEVAL SITE, DISTRICT CHITALDRUG. Dr. M. Seshadri found
inscribed viragals at Chikniadhure, a site of the early Ganga and Nolamba-Pallava periods.

PANJAB

32. EARLY MEDIEVAL SITE, DISTRICT KARNAL. Dr. Y. D. Sharma further
examined the already-explored rnound at Thaneswar, locally known as Harsh-ka-Qila
and traditionally believed to represent the capital of king Harshavardhana. Surface-
finds of pottery confirmed its early medieval date, possibly going back to the Gupta
period.

RAJASTHAN

33. SITES WITH THE PAINTED GREY WARE AND EARLY MEDIEVAL SCULPTURES,
DISTRICT BHARATPUR. Shri D. P. Agarwala found the Painted Grey Ware at Kaman,

OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

17 miles from Deeg. In the course of exposing the plinth of the so-called Chaurasi-
khamba mosque at the same site, a few sculptures and ornate architectural fragments,
including a stone inscription of circa ninth century A.D., were also discovered.

34. MICROL1THIC SITE, DISTRICT KOTAH. Shri B. K. Thapar found microliths
along the banks of the Parwani river at Kalconi.

. UTTAR PRADESH

35. STONE BUDDHA-HEAD AND EARLY MEDIEVAL SCULPTURES, DISTRICT AGRA.
Shri S. C. Chandra found a stone Buddha-head of the typical mottled Mathura red
sandstone (pi. LXXXI B) in an excavated trench near the Dak Bungalow at Fatehpur
Sikri and early medieval sculptures at Tehu, a village in Tehsil Etmadpur. From a
locality close to the latter site were also recovered a few Kushan coins.

36. SITES WITH THE PAINTED GREY AND NORTHERN BLACK POLISHED WARES,
DISTRICT BIJNOR. Shri S. C. Chandra found sherds of the Painted Grey Ware at
Daulatabad or Husainabad, 1 1 miles from Najibabad, on the left bank of the Gangan
river, and at Samipur, 4 miles from Najibabad, on the Najibabad-Kotdwara road. The
former site also yielded the N. B. P. Ware, besides punch-marked and cast copper coins.

37. EARLY MEDIEVAL SCULPTURES, DISTRICT ETAH.-Shri S. C. Chandra found
several sculptures of the early medieval period at the protected mounds of Nokhas and
Nokhera, the former having previously yielded the famous Rukmini image.

38. SITES WITH THE NORTHERN BLACK POLISHED WARE, DISTRICT
FATEHGARH. Shri S. C. Chandra found the N. B. P. Ware at Bahua, 15 miles from
Fatehpur on the Fatehpur-Banda road, at Baragaon, 6 miles west of Ghazipur, and at
Patna, about a mile to the north-east of Ghazipur.

39. SITES WITH THE NORTHERN BLACK POLISHED WARE, DISTRICT KANPUR -
Shri S. C. Chandra discovered the N. B. P. Ware at Ujhan and Umaragarh.

WEST BENGAL

40. MICROLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC SITE, DISTRICT BANKURA.-Shrimati D. Mitra
found a large number of microliths, three neoliths and five Puri-Kushan coins at Chiadah.

41. MEDIEVAL SCULPTURES, DISTRICT BURDWAN.-Shri Gour Mohan Ganguly
discovered a unique stone image of snake-hooded and twelve-handed Vishnu-Lokesvara
of circa twelfth century A.D. at Sanchra. See also p. 72.

42. EARLY MEDIEVAL AND LATER SITES, DISTRICT MIDNAPUR. Shri Gour
Mohan Ganguly found an inscribed terracotta plaque of the early Gupta period showing
a seated Buddha, at Panna (pi. LXXXVIIB), a sculpture of the eleventh century A.D.,
showing a bearded royal personage, apparently in the pose ofa'bhakta (pi. LXXXVIII B),
at Contai, and a stone image of Siva-Isana of the twelfth century A.D., at Byabatterhat
See also p. 72.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

43. EARLY HISTORICAL SITES, DISTRICT 24-PARGANAS The Asutosh Museum
of Indian Art, Calcutta, collected more objects from the previously-explored sites of
Atghara, Chandraketugarh and Harirmrayanpur (1956-57, p. 81). From Atghara, Shri
P. C. Das Gupta and Shri A. Chatterjee found an early terracotta depicting a male
warrior (pi. LXXXIII, 3), other figurines, both human and animal, and sherds of the
Rouletted Ware (pi. LXXXIII, 4 and 5). In addition, Shri S. Samanta collected an
inscribed seal. From Chandraketugarh Shri P. Shotne collected a terracotta seal,
which, in its treatment of the figures, shows foreign affinities (pi. LXXXIII, 1),
Other noteworthy antiquities from the same site included terracotta figurines showing
a headless warrior assignable to the Kushan period (pi. LXXXIV, 6\ a royal couple on
a caparisoned elephant led by a mahout, of the Sunga period (pi. LXXXIV, 5}, and
yakshis with elaborate head-dresses, of Mauryan period (pi. LXXXIV, 4), and polished
stone fragments inscribed in early Brahmi characters. Shri S. Roy discovered a red
sandstone figure of Buddha, resembling the seated Buddha of the Mathura school, at
Khana-Mihirer Dhipi in the environs of Chandraketugarh (pi. LXXXVII A). From
Harinarayanpur Shri P. C. Das Gupta secured a terracotta seal showing two beak-headed
abstract figures facing each other (pi. LXXXIII, 2), the treatment of the head roughly
recalling some of the Harappan seal-types. Besides, several terracotta figurines,
punch-marked and cast coins, beads and sherds of the black-and-red ware were also
collected from the site. Of the terracotta figurines, special mention may be made of
the plaques showing the lower part of a female figure with splayed-out hips of the pre-
Mauryan period (pi. LXXXIV, 3), a yakshi with diaphanous drapery (pi. LXXXIV, 1}
and a rattle with a seated figure (pi. LXXXIV, 2). See also pp. 51 and 72. Sherds of
the Rouletted Ware were found at Baral on the Adiganga, about 5 miles from South
Calcutta,

VI. MUSEUMS

1. RAJPUTANA MUSEUM, AJMER.-The following were the important acquisi-
tions : a miniature standing figure in stone, attributable to the eleventh century, from
Arai, District Ajmer; a fine image of Vishnu accompanied by Brahma with his consort
on his right side and Rudra with his consort on the left, of the same date, collected from
the neighbourhood of Kishangarh, District Ajmer; and an image of Parsvanatha in
marble, with a three-line inscription on the pedestal, bearing the date samvat 1150 (A.D.
1093). The additions to the coin-cabinet were two copper punch-marked coins and
two gold coins, one of the standard-type of Samudragupta and the other of the archer-
type of Chandragupta.

A long-felt inconvenience in the sculpture-gallery was removed by the instal-
lation of flood-light to give a clear view of the exhibits. Labels in English and Hindi
are being provided for all the exhibits.

2.' ALLAHABAD MUSEUM, ALLAHABAD. The acquisitions included fortythree
terracottas, variously from Jhusi, Kausambi, Ahichchhatra (pi. LXXXV), Bhita and
Mathura, seventyseven beads, fiftyfour paintings, three sealings and one sculpture, be-
sides a large number of coins. The important among the terracottas were a Mahisha-
mardini figurine, from Ahichchhatra, and two heads, one female, painted red, of
the Buxar type, and the other a male, resembling the Pataliputra type, and a mithuna
figure, from Kosam. Of the acquired coins mention may be made of four Gupta gold
and five copper coins, five rare coins of the Kotas and a cast coin of Kausambi. In
the paintings-section the more important additions were a dozen paintings from
Mathura in pure and mixed Mughul and Rajput styles, some of them illustrating the
story of Shirin and Farhad.

3. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, AMARAVATL Labels in English and Telugu
were provided for the exhibits. All the exhibits were numbered.

4. MUSEUM AND PICTURE-GALLERY, BARODA. The new additions were a head-
less image of Baladeva in reddish granite, of circa seventh century A.D., and a few medie-
val sculptures and a terracotta Ganesa, from Pavijetpur. A surface-collection of antiqui-
ties, comprising chert blades, beads, conch, terracotta bangle-pieces and figurines and
pottery was also added.

A special dust-proof show-case was prepared for a suitable display of terra-
cottas. Two show-cases in the historical archaeology section were also made dust-proof.

5. STATE MUSEUM, BHUBANESWAR. The following objects were acquired for
the Museum : three Buddhist images, including one of Buddha, from Mahanaga, Dis-
trict Cuttack; one image of Rishabhadeva, from Charampa, District Balasore; two sets
of copper-plate grants of Umavarman and Nandaprabhanjanavarman of the Mathara
dynasty, discovered in Chikti Taluk, District Ganjam; and three hundred and eighteen
Oriya palm-leaf manuscripts, acquired from different parts of Puri and Ganjam Dis-
tricts. Four stone sculptures and thirteen wood-carvings were received on an exchange-
basis from the Superintendent, Government Museum, Madras.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

6. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, BODH-GAYA Six stone sculptures, including
four images of Buddha and two, one each of Tara and Vishnu, all of the Pala period,
were acquired for the Museum.

7. MUSEUM OF THE DIRECTOR OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORICAL RECORDS,
BOMBAY, Two old guns, three wooden carriages and a few bronze and brass images
were acquired through gift or purchase.

8. PRINCE OF WALES MUSEUM, BOMBAY. The collection was enriched by
the acquisition of five remarkable sculptures from north Gujarat, the finest of them, an
image of Kshetrapala (pi. LXXXVI A), with three others, viz. a bull, a colossal Gana-
pati and Surya (pi. LXXXVI B), belonging to the early Rashtrakuta period, and the
fifth, also a Ganapati image, attributable to the late Rashtrakuta period. In both tile
Ganapati images the crown (karanda-makuta or jata-makutd) is absent and the ele-
phant's temple is fashioned in a natural way, a characteristic feature of the Ganapati
images of western India.

The following coins were added through gift or purchase : eight punch-marked
silver coins ; two silver Indo-Greek coins, three silver Western Kshatrapa coins ; one
copper Kalachuri coin ; four silver Chahamana coins ; three gold and fifteen silver coins
of the Sultans of Delhi; one gold coin of the Sultans of Jaunpur; two gold, one silver
and seven copper coins of the Mughuls;.two gold Vijayanagara coins; and -one silver
East Indian Company coin.

9. ASUTOSH MUSEUM OF INDIAN ART, CALCUTTA. The Museum was greatly
enriched by the acquisition of about two thousand antiquities, including a red sand-
stone figure of Buddha, terracotta seals and plaques, coins, beads and pottery, derived
from explorations at Chandraketugarh, Harinarayanpur and Atghara, all in the vici-
nity of Calcutta (above, pp. 51 and 60; pis. LXXXIII, LXXXIV and LXXXVII A). Fur-
ther, Shri Gour Mohan Ganguly collected the following: a terracotta plaque showing
Buddha in bhumisparsa-mudra, " inscribed with the Buddhist creed in early Gupta
characters, from Panna, District Midnapur (pi. LXXXVII B); an impressive statue
in chlorite (pi. LXXXVIII B) of a bearded royal personage, shown apparently in the
role of a devotee, accompanied by the members of his family and other attendants, of
circa eleventh century, and a stone image of Siva-Isana, of circa twelfth century, respec-
tively from Contai and Byabatterhat, District Midnapur ; and a multi-armed Vishnu
Lokesyara, of circa twelfth century, from Sanchra, District Burdwan (above, p. 60). Five
stone images from West Dinajpur, including a Vishnu- Vamana of the eighth-ninth cent-
ury (pi. LXXXVIII A), a seated Gaja-Lakshmi of circa tenth century and a seated Sada-
siva of circa twelfth century, and a seated bronze Buddha of circa tenth century, from
Maynamati, District Tipperah, and several gold coins of Akbar and Shah 'Alam II
were received as presents.

A number of paintings of the Mughul, Rajasthani and Pahari schools, . painted
banners, showing the Krishna legend and scenes from the epics, from Jodhpur, and tex-
tiles, including a fine old coloured muslin-piece of the agni-phul variety, from Dacca,
were acquired by purchase.

10. INDIAN MUSEUM, CALCUTTA. Substantial additions to the collection were
made through gift or purchase. Notable among them were stone sculptures of Va-
jrasana Buddha of circa twelfth century, from Barrackpore near Calcutta (pi. CXI A),
and Harihara-pitamaha of circa twelfth century (pi. LXXXIX B) and Vishnu of circa
tenth century (pi. LXXXIX A), both from Navagratn, District Murshidabad.

' ' : ' . ' 72 ' .' . " ' '

MUSEUMS

The collection of terracottas included some fine Sunga toys and animal and
human figurines of the early centuries of the Christian era. Fortyone potsherds
were acquired from Chandraketugarh and Harmarayanpur, both in District
24-Parganas. Further, pottery found in the excavations at Kausambi, Ahichchhatra
and Hastinapura were received on loan from the Director General of Archaeology.
Of the other acquired objects were a painted Nepalese wooden image of Manjusri
seated with his sakti, of circa seventeenth century (pi. XCI B), a palm-leaf Nepalese
manuscript of the Ashtasahsrika-prajnaparamita (pi. XC), an illuminated hand-made
paper. ' manuscript of the Pancharaksha of Newan-samvat 818 (A. D. 1698), written
during the rule of Bhupatindramalla of the Bhatgaon branch of the Malla dynasty of
Nepal, and a Nepalese tanka showing Avalokitesvara inside mandala, of circa seven-
teenth century. A few Arabic-Persian stone inscriptions were acquired ; they include
a Persian epigraph dated A. H. 1136 (A. D. 1723-24) from Lalbagh, District Murshida-
bad, a broken Arabic inscription (1489-90) of Sultan Nasiru'd-Din Muhammad Shah
II of Bengal, from Kama, District Burdwan, which supplies the missing portion of the
Arabic inscription found at the same place long ago ; and two inscriptions of Sultan
Alau'd-Din Firuz Shah (pi. LXXXIX C) and Sultan Husain Shah of Bengal, respec-
tively dated A, H. 939 (A. D. 1532-33) and A. H. 918 (A. D. 1512-13), both from Kama.

As many as one hundred and thirtysix coins were acquired. They included
one copper coin of Azes I, one die-struck coin and seventytwo cast copper coins from
Harinarayanpur, one copper cast and thirtythree silver punch-marked coins from
Chandraketugarh, besides three silver coins of Akbar and one silver coin of Islam Shah,
all acquired by purchase. The Government of Uttar Pradesh presented one gold coin of
Muhammad bin Tughluq struck in the name of Qalif al Haqim II, nine copper coins
of Slier Shah and Islam Shah, one bullion coin of Muhammad Shah of Jaunpur and
thirteen coins of Akbar.

11. CHANDRADHARI MUSEUM, DARBHANGA. The present collection,
originally belonging to Shri Chandradhari Singh and his sons of Darbhanga, was
purchased by the Government of Bihar, which has converted it into a State Museum.
The collection consists of more than ten thousand objects including paintings, textiles,
coins and manuscripts, besides other objects.

The paintings, numbering about nine hundred, represent all the important
schools, such as the Persian, Mughul, Rajasthan, Kangra, etc. Of special interest
are the sets of paintings illustrating the Ramayana, Gita, Gita-Govinda, Shah-namci,
etc. Of the manuscripts, about five hundred in number, those of the Virata-parvan of
the Mahabharata , written in the Mithilakshara of the fourteenth century, deserve
special mention. The collection of coins includes eleven Gupta gold coins, besides a
large number of punch-marked, Indo-Greek and Western Kshatrapa ones. The
exhibits are being properly displayed with labels in English, Hindi and Maithili.

The fresh acquisitions of the year comprised six sculptures, including those of
Bodhisattva, Tara, Surya and Ganesa, seventy six paintings of different schools and a
number of manuscripts, besides several other art-objects.

12. FORT MUSEUM, DELHI.The Museum received from the National Museum
two plaster-cast busts of Bahadur Shah II and Zinat-Mahal for display.

13. STATE MUSEUM, GAUHATL The acquisition included a glazed earthen jar
of China clay with two dragons in relief and clay models of temples, temple door-
frames and royal palaces of Assam, besides seventeen coins of the Ahom period.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

14. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, HAMPI About one hundred sculptures were
added to the collection, besides thirty copper coins, four brass figures of Dipa-Lakslimi,
Forty palm-leaf manuscripts, two pottery storage-jars and a fine shield of Bidri Ware.

15. MUSEUMS, JAMNAGAR AND 'JuNAGARH.-Some textile and handicraft
decora Jive pieces were acquired for both the. Museums.

16. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, KHAJURAHO. About a dozen sculptures

found within the area of western group of temples were transferred to the Musexim,
Labels were provided for all the important sculptures arranged in the central court of

the Museum.

17. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, KOLHAPUR. The following objects were
added to the collection through gift, collection or exchange : three paintings and two
embroidery-works; a copper coin of 1742 and three old copper coins; and four ancient
sculptures from the premises of the Maha-Lakshmi temple.

IS. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, KONDAPUR.-Microliths, about five hundred in
number, were collected by the Curator of the Museum, on the banks of a small stream
to the norm of the Museum-building. The collection, consisting of blades, scrapers,

cores, etc., was added to the Museum.

19. _STATE MUSEUM, LucKNOw.-Twentyfour objects were acquired for the
Archaeological Section, of which a Gupta terracotta panel with a leafy border, showhm
a male figure standing with outstretched arms, and a Mathura-stone stele originally
depicting the nava-grahas, now Sukra and Sani only extant, deserve special mention.

hi** *^ T" Was pa n d l ? the display of the exhibits - Copper-plate inscriptions,
f ^ f , V res f rve - co!Iectl ' were displayed chronologically in' a large show-case.
A new ca,e was also prepared tor displaying the Mohenjo-daro antiquities.

-cniisitkfn K Simf R? i M ^ SEUM ' MADRAS.-The collection was enriched by the
frd Sen rare mod ?" P i I Sh /? g th P laces f historical importance in south

andlwo 4kl mol^ t/^ SQd ^ m Col nel Ph y thian Adam of Ootacarmind
ana TOO fr oid mohm* and twelve gold coins, acquired as treasure-trove finds.

i M ^ RAS -T Tilirteen metal im ^B, including a

coins of the East India CoTpSwGaFanntina^H V J a 5"Wr a ruler Devaraya II;
Siillan of Mysore. Lompany ' l"Upati pagodas ; and corns of Haider Ali and Tipu

pieces

i-cabinet of the Museum is beinc re-
per coins. "".-' "" ^utuun or one gold, nine silver and twelve Sop-

MUSEUMS

24. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, NALANDA The acquisitions included a stone
image of a female deity and a slab showing a Jina in standing posture.

Extensive addtions and alterations to the building are in progress to make it
more suitable for museum-purposes.

25. CENTRAL ASIAN ANTIQUITIES MUSEUM, NEW DELHI. Several stucco figures
and paper paintings with Chinese inscriptions were taken out of the reserve-collection
and exhibited after chemical treatment. In order to improve the standard of display,
minor objects in the galleries were arranged typologically.

26. NATIONAL MUSEUM, NEW DELHI. The _ Museum witnessed considerable
progress in all directions. The objects in the collection were classified and accessioned
in respective registers. An elaborate programme was drawn up for publications, the
material for a number of which is now press-ready. The nucleus of a full-fledged
chemical laboratory was set up and the work of the treatment and preservation of art-
objects is progressing satisfactorily.

The collection was enriched by the acquisition of a large number of paintings,
textiles, jades, jewellery, etc., noteworthy of which were a set of Bhagavata paintings
of the Kangra school (pi. XCII B) and a rare manuscript of the Shah-nama, illustrated
with the paintings of the Shiraz school and attributable to the fourteenth century (pi.
XCII A). Among other additions mention may be made of an inscribed Buddha image
of the early Gupta period (pi. XCI C) and about five thousand antique arms, including
one dated dagger of Aurangzeb (pi. LXXXVI C), collected at Hyderabad during the
Razakar movement, which was among the objects presented to the Museum by the
Andhra Pradesh Government.

The Museum organized an exhibition on the occasion of the centenary celebra-
tions of the 1857-Movement in the Rashtrapati Bhavan during August and September
1957. The exhibits included life-size models of Bahadur Shah II and his empress
Begam Zinat-Mahal and of Tipu Sultan. The actual dress, jewellery and other articles
of personal use of emperor Bahadur Shah were displayed along with other relics of
importance. The original records and objects came from the National Archives and
Fort Museum, Delhi.

The annual exhibition of archaeological discoveries in the country, organized
by the Department of Archaeology, was held in the Museum in September 1957.

27. MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES, PADMANABHAPURAM. The exhibits were
re-arranged and a complete photographic inventory of the whole collection in the
Palace Museum was made.

28. PATNA MUSEUM, PATNA. The most important acquisition was a sandstone
bull-capital bearing traces of the Mauryan polish (pi. XCIII), found at Lohanipur near
Patna, which had yielded, in 1937, the well-known torso of a Jama tirthankara of
the Mauryan period, now housed in the Museum. Other acquisitions, through gift
or purchase, included a bronze image of Siva (pi. LXXXVII C), four stone sculptures
and two inscribed stone tablets of the Muslim period.

29. WATSON MUSEUM, RAJKOT.Over thirty portraits of historical personages,
such as the Rani of Jhansi, Tantya Tope, etc., were received as gift. A few textiles and
handicraft decorative pieces were also acquired.

30. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, SARNATH. Fourteen sculptures and architec-
tural pieces were transferred to the collection from the archaeological site of Sarnath,

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Among the other acquisitions were specimens of the Northern Black Polished Ware
from Rajghat and Palang-Shahid and knobbed ware from the'Aktha brickyard, all
in the neighbourhood of Varanasi.

31. TRICHUR STATE MUSEUM, TRICHUR. Plans for the development of the
Museum were implemented. An additional ground with a suitable building thereon
adjoining the existing Museum was acquired and the art and archaeological objects
were transferred to this new building.

32. BHARAT KALA BHAVAN, VARANASI. The collection of the Museum was
enriched by the acquisition of many important objects. With a grant from the All-India
Handicraft Board could be purchased several rare and representative specimens of
Mughul shawls, brocades and prints, which supplied new designs and inspirations to
the local artists and weavers of Banarasi saris. A large Nepalese banner depicting
the Dhyani-Buddha Amitabha (54 in. x 31 in.), perhaps one of the best examples of
its kind, dated colophons, leaves of some Jaina manuscripts, Rajasthani and other
paintings and an almanac of samvat 1620 formed valuable additions to the paintings-
section. Among other art-objects, mention may be made of some dagger-hilts of jade
and quartz, a large shield of rhinoceros-hide of the Mughul period and three large
pieces of ladli, inscribed respectively with the names of (1) Islam Shah, A. H. 951,
(2) Sahib Kiran Sani Akbar, A. H. 1016, Jahangir, A. H. 1016, and Shah Jahan, A. H. 1043,
and (3) 'Ahmad Shah Durrani, A. H. 1174.

The additions to the archaeological section included terracottas from Rajghat,
Ahichchhatra and several other sites from private collections, a Buddha head of the
Gupta period, two coppsr-plate grants of Raja Udyot Chandra Deo, dated Magha
sudi 15, Guru-vara, 1604 Saka, and a brass model of a medieval fortress of the
eighteenth century.

Three hundred and fprtyone coins, including silver punch-marked ones, Kushan
and Gupta gold ones and silver and gold Mughul onesj were acquired.

VII. ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF TEMPLES

The SUPERINTENDENT, TEMPLE-SURVEY PROJECT, NORTHERN REGION, com-
pleted his survey of the Gupta and late Gupta temples of central India (1956-57, p, 69) and
took up the other early temples of north India, dating from circa A. D. 400 to 800.

A survey was also made of the Pratihara and Kachchhapaghata temples of central
India, and work on the Paramara and Kalachuri temples in the same region is in pro-
gress. The Kalachuri temples covered during the year included the group of temples
at Bheraghat, Amarkantak, Gurgi, Chandrehe and Masaun, the temple of Vaidyanatha
at Baijnath, Mahadeva temple at Nohta, Siva temple at Marhibagh and Viratesvara
temple at Sohagpur, all in Madhya Pradesh.

Outside central India a study was undertaken of the groups of temples at
Chitorgarh, Jhalrapatan, Ekalinga, Kumbharia, Delwara on Mount Abu and Wadhwan
(pi. XCIV) in Rajasthan, of the early and the Chaulukya temples of Gujarat (pi. XCV) and
Saurashtra, of the cave-temples at Ajanta and Ellora and the excavated as well as struc- .
tural temples at Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal and Mahakutesvara in Bijapur District.
The study of the last-named group of monuments, undertaken jointly with the Superin-
tendent, Temple-survey Project, Southern Region, has provided evidence for the derivation
of the southern and northern styles from common sources and the gradual crystalliza-
tion of the peculiarities of the respective styles in course of their diffusion through time
and space.

The monograph on the Khajuraho temples has been completed but for finishing
touches, and work on a second monograph on the early temples of north India (circa
A. D. 400-800) is in hand.

The SUPERINTENDENT, TEMPLE-SURVEY PROJECT, SOUTHERN REGION, pre-
pared, as a result of the survey of the temples of the Pallavas (1956-57, p. 69), a monograph
on the Pallava cave-temples, completed with glossary and illustrations. The final draft of
the second monograph., on the monolithic temples of the Pallavas, is also being made ready
for the press, while the results of the survey of the structural temples, which form the
material for the third monograph, are under compilation. The study, particularly of
the structural temples, in comparison with those of the Chalukyan area, brings to pro-
minence the attempts of the Pallava builders to utilize in their structural experiments
hard stones like granite and gneiss, the rocks of which material they had successfully
excavated into or carved out as cave-temples or monolithic shrines. This is noticeable
in their attempts to use granite slabs, in the stripping of which from the rocks there had
been a long tradition dating from the megalithic times, in the construction of the struc-
tural temples. These attempts were either in the dolmenoid fashion, with the use of
large orthostatic slabs and roof-slabs, the former sculptured, or in the composition of
the various mouldings with tiers of thin slabs, laid flat or arranged to stand on edge,
recessed or projected as the case might be, while the walls were of large vertical slabs
or an alternating series of vertical and horizontal slabs, the box-like cavities inside being
filled up with, masonry. However, the attempts, which did not conduce much to sta-
bility or help in the erection of very large structures, were abandoned, and a deliberate

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

search for suitable soft stones like sandstone was made, so that their builders could com-
pete with the contemporary early Chalukyan builders in similar soft stones. It was this
stone from the local formations, a rather coarse greyish variety of sandstone, that was quar-
ried iii blocks and transported over distances to the site of work, cut, carved or moulded
according to requirements, for the construction of the many fine temples dating from the
time of Rajasimha (pis. XCVI and XCVII). But towards the close of the Pallava period
sufficient skill appears to have been acquired in the quarrying and working of hard
granites or gneisses and in the construction of temples with that material., very good
examples of which are found built from the times of Dantivarrnan and his successors.
That _ attempts were made to use hard stones like granite or gneiss as some constituents
even in the constructions of the earlier Pallava period, at least as pillars of mandapas of
the type reproduced by the rock-cut cave-temples if not in whole structures like the
vimanas, is revealed by a few extant granite or gneiss pillars with the inscriptions of
Mahendravarman I or Narasimhavarman I Mamalla.

Simultaneously, the survey of the cave-temples of the Muttaraiyars and the
Pandyas in the Chola and Pandya countries have brought out many features which
distinguish them not only from those of the Pallavas but also from each other. Such
cave-temples in Madurai and Tiruchirapalli Districts and parts of the Pudukkottai re-
gion have been surveyed. After the completion of the survey of a few remaining cave-
temples of this area in Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari Districts, the
material is to be compiled as a separate monograph.

Since the Deccan area, particularly Bijapur District, contains a large number
of early temples relating to the northern and southern styles occurring side by side, a
joint preliminary survey of these temples in the Chalukyan and Rashtrakuta area was
made with the Superintendent, Temple-survey Project, Northern Region. In addition to
facilitating the separation of the types as northern and southern, the survey has afforded
material for a comparative study useful in the finalization of the monograph on the
structural temples of the Pallavas.

VIII. PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

MONUMENTS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE
NORTH-WESTERN CIRCLE
Delhi

1 . ADHAM KHAN'S TOMB, DELHI The floor in the interior of the main tomb
and its adjoining verandahs, which had considerably decayed, was re-laid with lime-
cement concrete.

2. BAHLOL LODI'S TOMB, DELHI. The northern walls of the tomb were raised
to a further height by new masonry over the existing wall. The fallen and damaged
patches on the southern and western fencing- walls were repaired and open joints and
cracks pointed.

3. CITY-WALL, DELHI. A long stretch of the wall was reconstructed and other
portions re-pointed.

4. HAUZ-KHAS, DELHI. The broken eastern compound-wall was rebuilt after
a careful dismantlement. An interesting discovery was that of a flight of steps from the
north-eastern corner of the Hauz-khas complex to the reservoir below, which had been
lying buried under thick debris (pi. XCVIII).

5. JAHAZ-MAHAL, DELHI. The decayed floor on the western, northern and
eastern sides of the monument was removed and replaced by new lime-cement concrete.

6. JAMI'-MASJID, DELHI Work continued (1956-57, p. 44) steadily. A number
of weather-worn red sandstone slabs of the basement were replaced by new ones
on the south, west and north. Some ornamental stones of the eastern gateway were
fixed in lime-cement mortar with copper and stone dowels after a careful dismantle-
ment of the decayed stones. The joints and cracks all over the mosque were filled with
liquid cement-mortar and made watertight.

7. KALI-MASJID, DELHI. The northern and western walls of the imposing
Tughluq mosque, which had long been in disrepair, were rebuilt, while the open joints
of the masonry in other parts were repaired.

8. MANDHI-MASJID, DELHI. The worn-out floors of the main entrance and
the western verandah were removed and replaced by fresh material. Around the open
courtyard inside the mosque approach-paths were provided.

9. QADAM-SHARIF, DELHI. A portion of the dome on the south-west bastion
had collapsed and part of the plinth damaged. They were reconstructed to match with
the original appearance (pi. XCIX).

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

10. QILA RAI PiTHORA, DELHI. The fortification-wall on the east of the Delhi-
Qutb road was rebuilt with old material over a long length and was made watertight,

11. QUTB-MlNAR, DELHI. Certain portions of Alau'd-Din-Khalji's mosque
and Madrasa, which had developed wide open joints and cracks, were repaired. The
western and eastern compound-wall was also repaired in parts.

12. RED FORT, DELHI. The broken red sandstone pieces of the balcony of the
Rang-Mahal were replaced and its asbestos ceiling renewed. The ornamental marble
fountain in the centre of the hall was enclosed with a movable railing to protect it from
being gradually worn out under the shoes of the visitors. At the Moti-Masjid, the
fallen and damaged portions of the plastered exterior were repaired and colourwashed.

13. SULTAN GHARI'S TOMB, DELHI. A culvert was constructed over the
approach-path laid last year (1956-57, p. 44). The path itself, damaged by the rains,
was also repaired.

14. TUGHLAKABAD FORT, DELHI. In order to arrest further decay, the facing
of the eastern bastion of the main entrance opposite Ghiyathu'd-Din's tomb was rebuilt
in parts.

15. 'ABDUR RAHIM KHAN-l-KHANAN's TOMB, NEW DELHI. The decayed con-
crete on the roof around the main dome was removed and new lime-concrete laid. A few
worn-out red sandstones fixed in the plinth of the north-west chhatri were replaced with
new ones. With the work executed so far (1955-56, p. 34; 1956-57, p. 44), the monu-
ment has considerably improved (pi. C).

16. ARAB-SARAI, NEW DELHI. The masonry of the eastern and southern walls
had fallen and bulged out in parts. It was reconstructed and the open joints pointed
to arrest the growth of vegetation.

17. HUMAYUN'S TOMB, NEW DELHI. The roof and broken floors of the pass-
ages in this tomb were re-laid with new lime-concrete. The openings in the staircase,
were provided with shutters. Large broken patches on the eastern and northern com-
pound-walls were repaired.

18. KOTLA FIRUZ SHAH, NEW DELHI. A part of the northern rampart-wall of
the monument had been lying covered with debris and later accretions ; they were care-
fully cleared and the plan of the original gateway on the north exposed. Similarly, to
the north of the mosque between the Asokan pillar and the eastern rampart- wall, the
remains of a quadrangular structure were uncovered. The eastern rampart-wall was
also repaired over long stretches, some of the openings in it being provided with door-
shutters. The rubble-stone walls of the basement of the pyramidal edifice bearing the
Asokan pillar were extensively repaired. The incongruous turnstile at the main
entrance was replaced by iron gates.

19. NAJAF KHAN'S TOMB, NEW DELHI. The dead roof-concrete of the
monument was removed and replaced with fresh material.

20. SAFDARJANG'S TOMB, NEW DELHI. The damaged floors of the dalans
attached to the gate-house and cells below the mosque were re-laid with new lime-cement
concrete. The brickwork in the compound wall to the south of the entrance-gate was
partly reconstructed and the joint-cracks filled.

PRESERVATION OFMONVMENTS

Himachal Pradesh

21. TEMPLES, CHAMBA. The salt and lichen-accretions were eradicated from
the sikharas of Hari-rai, Bansi-Gopal and Vajresvari-devi temples and the open joints
and cracks were grouted with coloured cement-mortar to match with the original
appearance. The damaged wooden railing of the Hari-rai temple, a later addition, was
replaced by a masonry parapet. At the Bansi-Gopal temple a new drain was provided
for the proper drainage of water. The weather-worn slate roof of the Chamunda-devi
temple was carefully dismantled and re-laid, the missing and decayed slatestones and
wooden beams being replaced. The wide and deep openings on the top of the small
Siva temple were raked of thick vegetation and then grouted.

Panjab

22. FORT, BHATINDA. Both on the exterior and interior of the fortification-wall,
large patches of decayed brickwork were renewed with lime-cement mortar. The
foundations of some bastions were exposed in order to ascertain whether the repairs
in the superstructure would be able to bear the resultant load. Vegetation was also
removed from the high walls of the fort. The work is in progress.

23. SURAJ-KUND, DISTRICT GURGAON. The fallen and bulged walls of the
gw/zz-area on the west of this impressive reservoir were rebuilt with old material. An
entrance to this area, which had become blocked owing to long neglect, was brought
to light after a large-scale clearance of fallen stones.

24. FORT, KANGRA. The removal of the later .accretions brought to view two
massive pillars, the lower portion of one of them being inscribed. The clearance also
exposed an oval-shaped structure, about -20 ft. deep and 8 ft. in diameter.

Rajasthan

25. TARAGARH GATEWAYS, AIMER. The huge dilapidated wall adjoining the
gateway was thoroughly repaired and strengthened,

26. BHATNER FORT, HANUMANGARH, DISTRICT GANGANAGAR. The brick-
work on the exterior of the southern fortification-wall was renewed in patches. A drain
was constructed from the Hammian temple to the entrance-gateway. The pathways
were levelled and dressed and vegetation removed from the high walls.

27. HASRAT-MATA TEMPLE, ABANERI, DISTRICT JAIPUR.The fallen sculptured
stones of the temple, lying scattered in heaps all over the area, were arranged properly,
and the place was cleared of vegetation and debris,

NORTHERN CIRCLE

;-...- . Madhya Pradesh

28. GROUP OF TEMPLES, KHAJURAHO, DISTRICT CHHATARPUR.The work
consisted mainly of the general tidying up. of the compounds of all the temples in -the

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

different groups, making proper slopes for the easy draining of rain-water, further
improvements to the approach-roads and spreading of monim over them. Expanded-
metal frames were repaired and wire-net fixed where necessary to prevent bat-nuisance.
Suitably-toned recessed pointing was done to the interior of the Matangesvara _ temple
and the plinths of the other temples in the western group. The work of pointing on
the Kandariya temple is in progress. It is proposed to improve the setting of the site
by laying out lawns and plantations.

29. BiR SINGH'S PALACE, DATIA. This palace, of considerable architectural
importance, was till recently occupied by refugees, who had effected several additions and
alterations thereto. These accretions were dismantled and the precincts cleared of the
accumulation of rubbish and debris. The leaky portion of the terrace on the second
floor was made watertight, patch- plastering attended to and rank vegetation eradicated.
Pointing to the group of domes is in progress.

30. ASOKAN ROCK-EDICT, GUJARRA, DISTRICT DATIA. A shed _over this
important inscription to protect it against weather-effects is under construction.

Rajasthan

31. MONUMENTS, BAY ANA, DISTRICT BHARATPUR The fallen parapet-battle-
ments on the southern and eastern walls of the Usha-mandir were re-set and the leaky
roofs made watertight. The bulged parts of the enclosure- wall of the Brahmabad 'Idgah
were rebuilt and the cracks in the floor of the courtyard filled in after the removal of
the vegetation-growth.

32. PALACES, DEEG, DISTRICT BHARATPUR. The open joints in the floor of
the overhead tank, which furnishes water to the fountains, for which the palaces are
renowned, were pointed, to make it watertight. The sunken stone pavements of the
causeways were re-set and the broken wire-gauge of shutters replaced.

33. CHAURASI KHAMBA, KAMAN, DISTRICT BHARATPUR The accumulated
debris along the plmth of the temple was removed and the modern partition- walls
between the highly ornamental pillars were dismantled. During clearance a stone
inscription of the early Pratihara period and a few medieval sculptures and architec-
tural fragments were brought to light. The bulged and overhanging portion of the wall
on the south-western side was rebuilt and the facing stones re-set in position. The
work is in progress,

Uttar Pradesh

34. FORT, AGRA. Certain dilapidated floors of the more important buildings
were renewed with stone flags. One of the blocked passages to the royal lavatories,
situated to the south of the Jahangiri-Mahal, was opened up and its brickwork thorough-
ly repaired by way of underpinning and pointing. Further work is in progress.

35. IDGAH, AGRA. The work, which had been in progress during the previous
years (1955-56, p. 36 ; 1956-57, p. 46), was successfully completed. The rebuilding of
the roof df. the southern compartment involved the replacement of all the- 'twentyfour
decayed brackets, .and as many as -twenty: gardana-stonQs,- . - . ...

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS . . '.

36. 'ITIMADU'D-DAULA'S TOMB, AGRA. The work of re-setting the loose inlay-
pieces in the corner-towers and the plinth of the marble pavilion on the terrace was
continued (1956-57, p. 46). The enclosure-wall was underpinned and the open joints
filled.

37. RAM-BAGH, AGRA. The originally-painted wall-surfaces of the baradaris
in the Ram-bagh or Aram-bagh, traditionally ascribed to Babur and later associated
also with Jahangir and Nurjahan, had previously been extensively plastered over.
The flaking of the plaster revealed at a few places the underlying paintings, a part of
which was carefully exposed. In the lintel on the baradari to the north a series of
spirited and life-like animal-figures were noticed. In one of the niches a fine painting
of a lady, similar to the so-called Madonna at Fatehpur Sikri, also came to light. The
decayed patches of lime-concrete and plaster in the pavilions were attended to and
the portion of the fallen compound-wall on the north rebuilt.

38. TAJ MAHAL, AGRA. The work on the dislodged pilaster, taken up last year
(1956-57, p. 45), was successfully completed. The iron cramps, originally used for
holding the stones and anchored into stone blocks specially embedded in the brick-
work behind the veneering, had got rusted, causing the fracture of the bond-stones ;
eventually the pilaster stones had been pushed forward creating a gap of 3 to 6 in.
between the veneer and the brick core. The middle portion of the pilaster was the most-
affected, the dislodgement having taken the shape of a bow. At the same time, it was
gratifying to note that not a single crack had developed in the brickwork bshind the

pilaster.

The stones of the pilaster, together with the side-panels, were dismantled from
top to bottom, a height of 90 ft. The dislodged stones were re-set in position by
copper cramps, instead of iron ones, and the voids bshind the veneer were thoroughly
grouted. During the course of the repairs a broken marble inlaid stone, used as a
bond-stone, had to be replaced by a new stone, similarly inlaid. A few other fractured
or broken stones were also replaced and the missing inlay-pieces and bars restored.
The work involved the bringing down from and lifting to a considerable height of very
heavy stones, some weighing about 3 tons, on a high scaffolding (pi. CI).

The drain running along the foot of the wall on the riverside was opened to
ascertain the cause of the cracks and the percolation of water in the underground vaults
on the river-front. No cracks were noticed in the stone bed of the drain, but the
chequered stone pavement alongside had longitudinal cracks, through which water
apparently percolated. The cracks, one of them running to a length of 207 ft., were
thoroughly grouted with cement and hydraulic lime. Trial-pits dug along the outer
wall on the riverside to find out the foundation-strata exposed a series of wells used
as foundation (pi. CII). A large number of loose inlay-pieces on the mausoleum were
re-set and the missing ones restored to a great extent.

Similar work on the subsidiary buildings and the Mehman-Khana is m progress.
The open joints in the facade of the monument were grouted.

The levels of the ' Taj Mahal and the verticality of the minors, were again
checked by the Survey of India. To minimize errors, a permanent bench-mark was
constructed in the gardens.

39. GROUP OF MONUMENTS,FATEHPUR S'KRI, DISTRICT AGRA. The inner face
of the city- wall, to the south of the Agra gate, which had fallen a year back, was rebuilt
to a length of 16 ft. On the same wall, to the north of the gate, the outer facing of

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

the first bastion had collapsed during the rainy season. It was repaired together with
the embattled parapets to maintain the imposing view of the undulating wall-top.
In the Dargah of Sheikh Salim Chishti, the loose inlay-pieces of the great mosque were
re-set, while the replacement of the missing stones in the plinth of the tomb was
continued. In the Treasury, the rubble in-filling in the front wall was removed and the
facing stones restored. In the Turkish Sultana's Hammam, the bulged wall of rubble
masonry was reconstructed and the adjacent fallen wall of the compound rebuilt.
The dilapidated concrete floors of the dalans in the Pachchisi court were re-laid with
stone flags. The spoil-earth deposited at the southern end of the Diwan-i-'Am was
removed. The clearance of this heap has greatly enhanced the general appearance of
the adjacent buildings.

40. FORT, JAGNER, DISTRICT AGRA.-The dislodged stones of the second dalan
over the flight of steps leading to the Gwal-baba temple together with the uneven steps
between the first and the second dalans, were re-set.

41. AKBAR'S TOMB, SIKANDAR A, DISTRICT AGRA. The longitudinal cracks in
the centre of the five arches in the north-east comer of the dalans running all round the
main chamber of the mausoleum were attended to. The arches were opened out from
below and rebuilt in ashlar-masonry in lime. To strengthen these arches further,
reinforcement- bars were inserted at suitable intervals. The work is in progress. Some
of the dislodged marble galas, inlaid bars and moulded stones of the panellings of the
central arch of the mausoleum towards the north were re-set to a height of 40 ft.
after the grouting of the cavities at the back and changing of the broken members
thereof. The loose painted plaster inside the golden chamber was strengthened by the
injection of plaster of Paris through small holes drilled in the plaster and the broken
portions were neatly filleted. Decayed patches of concrete on the roof were treated
afresh, dislodged stones of the pavement were re-set and the decayed ones renewed,

42. MARIAM'S TOMB, SlKANDARA, DISTRICT AGRA. The open joints of the
cMaj/a-stones and the fractured portions of the intrados of the domes and pavilions were
filled with lime-mortar and the cavities at the back thoroughly grouted.

43. FORT, GARHWA, DISTRICT ALLAHABAD. The dislodged roof-slabs of the
mandapa of the Vishnu temple, together with the bulged stones of the shrine (1956-57,
p, 46) were dismantled and some of them re-set. The voids behind the facing stones
were thoroughly grouted. The two dilapidated tanks (baolis) in front of the temple
were repaired by the re-setting of the dislodged stones and recessed pointing of the
masonry. The work is in progress.

44. EXCAVATED REMAINS, KAUSAMBI, DISTRICT ALLAHABAD .-The remains of
the Ghoshitarama continued to receive attention. The topmost courses of the walls
were dismantled and re-set in well-recessed cement-mortar and the tops of the walls
covered with sifted earth,

45. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, KHUSRO-BAGH, ALLAHABAD.-~The floor of the

galleries around the tomb of Khusro's mother was re-concreted, some of the dislodged
dasa-sion&s of the platform re-set and the wire-gauze of the ventilators repaired.

_ 46. EXCAVATED REMAINS, AHICHCHHATRA, DISTRICT BAREILLY.-Portions of

bnck-work in Sites I, II and III were repaired, and the top two courses were re-set in
invisible cement-mortar to make the walls watertight.

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

47. JAMI'-MASJID, DISTRICT ETAWAH.-The compound-wall was underpinned,
cracks over the roof filled and patch-repair to the plaster carried out.

48. TOMB OF BALAPIR, KANAUJ, DISTRICT FARRUKHABAD. The dislodged and
loose facing stones were re-set after the eradication of rank vegetation and grouting of
the cavities at the back. The roof was rendered watertight by fresh concrete.

49. GULAB-BARI, FAlZABAD. The repairs consisted of the re-setting of the
dislodged coping stones of the first storey, pointing of open joints, filling of cracks,
patch-plastering, re-laying of water-absorbent patches with new concrete and removal
of rank vegetation.

50. BRICK TEMPLE, BHITARGAON, DISTRICT KANPUR The well-known Gupta
brick temple, one of the earliest specimens of the sikhara type, received special
attention. The whole of the upper portion of the sikhara down to the ornamental
cornice was thoroughly grouted and made watertight with stained mortar so as not to
provide a contrast with the subdued antiquity of the decayed brickwork. The self-
closing door of the cella was made to function and the compound-wall repaired.

51. IMAMBARA OF ASAFU'D-DAULA, LlJCKNOW. The fallen cupolas over the
central entrance of the second gateway to the Imambara were restored and the decayed
moulded plastering in the Rumi-Darwaza replaced.

52. NADAN MAHAL, LUCKNOW. The broken chhajja-stonss were replaced, the
wire-fencing strengthened and the compound tidied up.

53. RESIDENCY BUILDINGS, LUCKNOW. Further improvements were carried out
to the Residency buildings, transferred to the Union Department of Archaeology in
1956 (1956-57, p. 46). The compound-wall, broken at several places, was thoroughly
repaired, thus preventing all unauthorized entry into the grounds. The other repairs
consisted of extensive underpinning, pointing, edging, filling cracks, etc., in the diiferent
buildings and the replacement of six wooden steps in the mosque. The work of stone
flooring to the verandahs in the Model Room, which houses a number of important
historical paintings and other relics of the incidents of 1857, is in progress.

54. GOVIND-DEO TEMPLE, BRINDABAN, DISTRICT MATHURA. The dark stains
on the temple-facade, the result of rain-water, were cleaned and water-spouts provided
to prevent the 'dripping of water over the entire surface. Decayed patches of roof-
concrete were re-laid.

MID-EASTERN CIRCLE

Bihar

55. EXCAVATED STUPA, NANDANGARH, DISTRICT CHAMPARAN. The walls of
the stupa, badly affected by saltpetre, were treated with mustard-cakes dissolved in water
on an experimental basis to counteract salt-action. The result is being watched.

56. EXCAVATED REMAINS, NALANDA, DISTRICT PATNA The turfed areas both
inside and outside the excavations were maintained in a satisfactory condition. The

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

ai Th?f S l ?\ 0f S[ 12 was made P ucca for *e proper drainage of
m 'elP^r PS ^ f the Walls of votive stu P as around the same site and the
and 13 verl S made watertight. The undermined walls of shrines and Sites 8
and 1 3 were underpinned with chiselled and moulded bricks.

stoie foSfi^Hl F RT ', RAJG i R ' P' 8 01 PATNA.-The open joints in a part of the
stone loitriication were treated with recessed pointing.

of the omn^tfn^ G f Ay f s > ROHTAS, DISTRICT SHAHABAD.-The decayed floor
ceiling of Ae P S , f 1 *? f ^ ^ raJa ' 7 ' was made g od - Tll e open joints of the
repaired The^li ' Khoja-ghar and buildings near the Phul-Mahal were suitably
Slrme-concreS ^ fh f 7 ' "V^ COUrtyard of the Shish-Mahal were renovated
masonry nCIete ' and the ed S es of the pathways were demarcated with rubble-stone

suitably filled

floor and^S vS'LT MBj SASSARAM ' DISTRICT SHAHABAD.-The lime-concrete

Se waSf fife T? gIVei - Way ? places were re P aired and tlle holes and crevices
itably filled The P en J omts of the veneer-stones in the verandah were also

the

Uttar Pradesh

side ^ 6 ^1^^SZSJ S .' SARNATH ' P ISTRICT VARANASL-The turfed area in-
3000 lS^ f on ^2 n^STS? m a P i esentable condition and a further area of about

rep

on n

and extended A Lf n f. ^^ under turfin g- Tlie Pathways were
extended - A P ar t of decayed floor around the Dhamekh Stupa was

EASTERN CIRCLE
Assam

earth-filling, levelled and dressed up re Piaced. The compound was raised by

pinninwk^

brickfe^at 32 ^S^^^^^^^ 1 ^ ^ the rebuilSng of missing
of the dd terracinnal^tS

was !," ^nto fctpfootofof SS Sd ^^-^ S P"F plast

ui C uiiiooung 01 trees and repairs to consequent damages

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

66. GHANASYAM'S HOUSE, JOYSAGAR, DISTRICT SIBSAGAR. The condition of
the structure, remarkable for its terracotta plaques, was deplorable, with big trees having
taken deep roots into the fabric of the structure and with wide cracks due partly .to the
trees and partly to earthquakes. The structure was thoroughly conserved this year
with the eradication of the roots of the trees, grouting of cavities and voids and filling
of cracks with a finish to match the original (pi. GUI). The eaves-edge and teeth-bricks
were reproduced by cut tiles. The terracing was renewed after the re-setting of the
loose bricks in their proper position,

67. KARENGHAR PALACE, JOYSAGAR, DISTRICT SIBSAGAR. The exposed wall-
tops were made watertight and cracks filled in. Debris was cleared from the structure.

t 68. SIBDOL TEMPLE, JOYSAGAR, DISTRICT SIBSAGAR. Minor repairs by way of
uprooting trees, including repairs to damages, clearing weeds, filling in cracks and
renewing fallen plaster in patches were carried out.

69. VISHNUDOL TEMPLE, JOYSAGAR, DISTRICT SIBSAGAR. The decayed plaster
of the spire was renewed after the filling in of the open joints and cracks. The missing
and damaged brickwork on the spire, including the floral motifs, was replaced and the
loose ornamental stones re-set in their original position. Trees were uprooted after
the necessary dismantlement of brickwork and the consequent damages were made
good. Arrangements were made for proper drainage.

70. SIBDOL TEMPLE, NIGRITING, DISTRICT* SIBSAGAR. Plants were uprooted
and the damages mended. The cracks in the ceiling-wall and roof were filled in.

71. DEBIDOL TEMPLE, SIBSAGAR. The levelling and dressing of the compound,
uprooting of trees, making good of the damages caused by them and. filling in of cracks
in the ceiling and walls constituted the items of repairs.

Orissa

72. BUDDHIST REMAINS, LALITAGIRI HILL, DISTRICT CUTTACK, To house the
numerous sculptures lying scattered on the hill and in the village, the construction of a
building was taken up and is now in progress.

73. GROUP OF TEMPLES, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT PURL In the Vaital Deul
the leakage from the roof was arrested by large-scale grouting, re-setting of the dislocated
and fallen stones and pointing. Similarly, ill the Lingaraja temple, parts of the deul and
jagamohana were made watertight. The dislocated amalakas and kalasas of two
minor shrines in. the compound were re-set in their proper positions and the cracks
grouted. In the Rajarani temple, a large number of fallen stones of the cell over the
garbha-muda were re-set in their proper places and groivting done .on a large scale.
The Meghesvara temple, which had been profusely leaking, was thoroughly repaired
by grouting and re-setting of dislocated stones. The compound-wall of the Ananta-
Vasudeva temple, which "had been in a state of collapse, was strengthened by the re-
setting of the loose stones. The floor of the Markandeyesvara temple was paved with
stone flags.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

74. SAHASRALINGA TANK, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT PURL The Open joints
of the stones of the steps around the tank were pointed with suitably-coloured cement-
mortar.

75. CAVES, KHANDAGIRI-UDAYAGIRI, DISTRICT PURL The sculptured facade
of the Rani-nur cave had been exposed to sun and rain, with the result that the sculptures
were getting obliterated. To arrest this the scarped edge immediately above the sculp-
tured frieze was provide'd with mass cement-concrete, anchored into the natural rock
by copper pins. The course of rain-water was diverted by the provision of drains.
Three sculptures by the side of the Lalatendukesari cave were saved from the onslaught
of rains by the provision of a stone chhajja. A large number of cracks and crevices
on the tops of the caves admitting rain-water into the caves were grouted and concreted.

76. SUN TEMPLE, KONARAK, DISTRICT PuRl. In implementation of the recom-
mendations of the Konarak Temple Committee, a major part of the terracing over the
wall-tops, with a mixture of ironite as the waterproofing medium, was completed. The
boulders and stones lying in the compound were cleared so as to make the precincts
presentable. During the operation was exposed a fairly large brick-built well, which
yielded a chlorite image of Ganesa at a depth of 15 ft. from the surface. The whole
of the northern and parts of the western and eastern compound-walls were provided
with coping.

Tripura

77. CHATURDASA-DEVATA TEMPLE, UDAiPUR.-Following the clearance of
jungle last year (1956-57, p. 49), the monument was subjected to special repairs this year
(pi. CIV). The brickwork, damaged and missing at many places due to the growth of
trees into the structure, was made good with old bricks of the original size. The roots
of the trees were eradicated and the cavities filled in. The roofs of the temple and the
mandapa were re-terraced after the removal of the patches of old terrace. The domes
were plastered, the gaping cracks filled in and the open joints made watertight. The
compound and the floor of the temples were cleared of debris and brick-bats and the
area encompassed by the compound-wall dressed up with a slope away from the temple
after a large-scale excavation of heaps of earth and filling in of the pits. Similar large-
scale repairs, including the renewal of the flooring, were done to the Lakshmi-Narayana
shrine standing by the side of the main temple.

West Bengal

78. DAMODAR TEMPLE, SURI, DISTRICT BlRBHUM. The damaged terracing of
the platform, on which the temple stands, was renewed and pointing done to it.

79. TOMB OF BEHRAM SAKKA, BURDWAR-The roof of the porch was re-
terraced and the surface of the tomb replastered.

80. ICHAI GHOSH TEMPLE, GAURANGAPUR, DISTRICT BURDWAN -Deep-
rooted trees growing on the top of the temple were uprooted and the consequent
damages made go.od. The top and the sides of the pinnacle were made watertight

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

81. BRINDAVANACHANDRA THAKUR'S MATH, GUPTIPARA, DISTRICT
HOOGHLY. Special repairs to the group of four temples in tlie compound were taken up.
In the Ramachandra temple, the items of repairs completed were the removal of vege-
tation, re-laying of lime-concrete after picking up the damaged terracing, recessed
pointing in the joints of the terracotta plaques in the facade of the sikhara after raking
out old mortar, plastering over the terrace at the base of the sikhara renewal of the
missing moulded work in plain brickwork in the decorative cornice of the sikhara,
laying of a new floor to replace the damaged one and repairs to the cracks on the roofs.
The cracks in the platform of the Brindavanachandra temple were also attended to.
Eradication of the deep roots of trees from the roof of the Krishnachaiidra temple and
mending of the consequent damages were effected. The precinct was cleared of jungle.
The work is in progress.

82. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, GAUR, DISTRICT MALDA. The wall-tops of the
Chamkati mosque, Tatipara mosque and Dakhil-Darwaza were made watertight. In
the Baraduari mosque, repairs to the concrete of the domes and floor of the corridor
were done. Stagnation of rain-water around the Lukachuri and Chika mosque was
stopped by earth-cutting with a proper slope. The damaged mouldings in the south-
east corner of the Gumti gate were renewed.

83. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, PANDUA, DISTRICT MALDA In the Qlltb-Shahi
mosque, the floor was renewed and the top of the boundary- wall replastered. In
the Ek-lakhi tomb, the missing parts of the moulded brickwork were renewed and
stonework at the entrance in the Adina mosque was re-set.

84. TOMB AND MOSQUE OF MURSHID QULI KHAN, KATRA, DISTRICT
MURSHIDABAD. Katra no. 46 was cleared of debris and strengthened by the rebuilding
of the fallen portions of the walls, arches, squinches, doorway and dome. The work of
restoration of missing parts of two domes, which alone, of the five original domes, exist,
though only in halves, is in progress.

85. TOMBS OF ALIVARDI AND SIRAJU'D-DAULA, KHOSHBAG, DISTRICT
MURSHIDABAD. The repairs were mostly concentrated on the damaged gate and the
compound-wall and included the replacement of missing brickwork, renewal of old
flooring, plastering of the coping and eradication of trees.

86. PALPARA TEMPLE, CHAKDA, DISTRICT NADIA. Brickwork, plain and
moulded, was replaced on the necessary parts of the facade of the temple.

SOUTH-EASTERN CIRCLE
Andhra Pradesh

87. VIRABHADRA TEMPLE, LEPAKSHI, DISTRICT ANANTAPUR. The roofs of
the front dalan on the north and left of the main entrance and of the yaga-sala on the
north-east corner of the compound were made watertight by the laying of concrete in
combination-mortar with proper slopes. The roof of the vahana-mandapa and the
rear gopuram were also similarly treated. The tops of the compound-walls on the east
and north to the left of the main entrance, on the exterior walls of which there are
inscriptions, were made watertight with concrete. The compound-wall in cut-stone
masonry all round the monolithic bull, Basavanna, with gateway and steps, was completed.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

88. LOWER AND UPPER FORTS, CHANDRAGIRI, DISTRICT GHIITOOR. The Outer
casing wall of the gateway of the lower fort was reconstructed, together with trie gaping
portion oi the interior casing wall, with proper bond-stones and the hearting rilled in
with lime-concrete for proper strength and distribution of weight. In addition, the
wail-tops were re-laid in accordance with the original, with base-stones connecting the
inner and outer casing walls.

scale iJL^^^F^?* 1 TEMPLE > NAN A-LUR S DISTRICT CUDDAPAH. -Large-

in corSe e re se tin? tt f ple ? ere - Carried out: Ie ' 1 ^' 1 ^ the roofs of the and W
damaS roJnnnS g tt St ne floorm g m P r P er order and makin watertight the
damaged compound-wall were among the more important items of repairs.

Of the fort S^fJ? AT WAY, SIDDHAVATTAM, DISTRICT CUDDAPAH.'-A portion
about sewn wJn !' ^? ini "g the main entrance in the east had fallen down

fn the fortlficS S^ l the Mlen material was 1 V*S on the *> This breadl
pillared m on X 8 th t? ttanoe whi 'h ^s a brick ^tom on one side and a
bu was To C?v t rear ' h ? d n , 0t only de P rived the entrance-gateway of its beauty
wall was tkp 1 I 7 to , cause father collapse. The re-construction of the breached
wail was taken up and completed to a height of 15 ft. from the foundation.

providing aSdwl? f MA?NS ' MARAVA Ti, DISTRICT GUNTUR.-Part of the work of
providing a barbed-wne fencing all round the site with an iron gateway was completed,

first floofoF^ RT '?^ LC NDA , DlSTRICTHYDERABAD -- Tlle structures, especially the

BhLma i m ace wf f ' **! ^^ ? f debris and eX P osed to vie ^ T ^ to P roof ^ f ^
CuSne wnS.T reconst f] lc j ed with a proper gradient to stop the leaks in the roof.

SSS^Sv^^ The broke

es was SrSv ^r^' HYDERABAD. -The plastering on the floor, damaged in patch-

SeTJtones She tf ngmal form ' The ste P* in the ^"^ were re - set with
me nagstones wneiever they were wanting.

Belfry Mo^L^^ D '^^ A ^ ^ AS ^IPATNAM) 5 DISTRICT KRISHNA.-The
Se the co^oTfnd St and d Tl ge l in the P laster TO* made good . The garden
Sid Ae Sound w n fn 1$ T/ ^ 5 est in the localit y' was improved and fine turf

ire fendng over ^ low

Morum athwato vSd^SSl? ! MASULIPA A M), DISTRICT KRISHNA.

fallen compound-wall was ^Tlnd^^ ^ ^^^ The damaged

leakage was STthf U np?S^^ DlSTRICT KRISHNA.-A,

diverting the rain-waSr on tKpen roS S^TSi & dwarf ' w f was P r 7 ided for
to lead the water away fromTheTp of the elves E catch ' water dram was cut

pinned ithdb' s nf;S IS ^ RI ? TKU ^^ fort were * nder

damaged one basenient and the to P mad e watertight by fresh concrete to replace the

98. KALYANA-MANDAPAM/UDAYAGIRI
i. the compound were tiered

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

concrete in combination-mortar, shingle being used as in the original. The old floor-
ing of the Kalyana-mandapam was redone after the removal of the sunken old slabs,
re-laying them and pointing the joints with combination-mortar.

99. KRISHNA TEMPLE, UDAYAGIRI, DISTRICT NELLORE,-- The joints of the salt-
affected brickwork of the sikhara over the sanctum were pointed with combination-
mortar to match with the old surface'. 1 The damaged roof of the mukha-mandapa
was rendered watertight with a fresh layer of shingle-concrete combination-mortar after
the removal of the old one. The wide joints and cracks in the cut-stone walls were filled
with combination-mortar and the surface recess-pointed to match with the old surface.

100. RANGANAYAKULA TEMPLE,UDAYAGJRI, DISTRICT NELLORE. The cut-Stone
beams over the gateway of the eastern entrance of this Vijayanagara temple, originally
built on a grand scale, had developed many cracks, the concrete of the terrace of the
entrance had lost its grit and vegetation grew profusely. The old concrete was removed
and the surface re-laid with fresh concrete to render the top waterproof. The damaged
top of the brick vimana over the southern entrance-gateway with a part of the inside
facing in brickwork, in the form of corbel without bonding with the core behind, had
disappeared leaving the extant part overhanging. The patches were underpinned with
new brickwork to match with the old facing-work.

101. BUDDHIST REMAINS, SALIHUNDAM, DISTRICT SRIKAKTJLAM. The disturb-
ed stones of the two big stupa-chaityas were re-set in order, thereby restoring the stupas
to their original shape. The damaged and pitted racing of the large brick retaining wall
in front of the Buddha- chaitya was underpinned with old bricks. The stone-and
concrete pavement of the main pathway leading to the Mahastupa-cAmXya, etc., which
had been scoured and disturbed by rain, was re-set, grouted and bonded in cement-
concrete, matching in colour with the exposed face of the old concrete, present in small
patches here and there in the pitching.

102. BUDDHIST REMAINS, SANKARAM, DISTRICT VISAKHAPATNAM. The
damaged expanded-metal shutters at the two cave-temples were replaced by strong
automatically-closing type of expanded-metal shutters in flat iron frames. The top
layers of the brick stupas and monastic cells were re-set and provided with morum-coping.

103. RAMAPPA TEMPLE, PALAMPET, DISTRICT WARANGAL. The roof of the
main mandapa was re-surfaced with fresh concrete in slope, and the gaps formed in the
inner sikhara, due to the damaged wooden frame, were plugged and repaired.

104. FORT, WARANGAL Scattered sculptures were re-arranged in the Kush-
Mahal. The top of the mandapa of thje Ekasila temple was reconcreted .with a gra-
dient. The huge flooring stones of the temple of Venkatesvara were re-set with a pro-
proper level.

105. BUDDHIST REMAINS, ADAMALLI, DISTRICT WEST GODAVARI. Repairs
to the sculpture-shed were carried out.

Bombay

106. TEMPLE, ARMORI, DISTRICT CHANDA. A portion of the embankment
was formed on all the three sides abutting the tank to prevent the tank-water from
touching the temple.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-5S-A REVIEW

107. FORT, BALLARPUR, DISTRICT CHANDA. The inner sides of the eastern
and northern fort-walls were repaired after a large-scale clearance of heavy debris all
along. Similar repairs are proposed for the bastions also.

108. FORT-WALLS, CHANDA. -The vegetation-growth was removed and at the
places of such removal fresh mortar was -plugged in to stop the re-emergence of vege-
tation.

Madhya Pradesh

109. GATEWAYS, RATANPUR, DISTRICT BiLASPURScrub-jungle, grass, etc. were
cleared from the gateways to keep the monument in a tidy condition.

SOUTHERN CIRCLE
Kerala

110. FORT ST. ANGELA CANNANORE. Shutters were provided to the doors,
of the cells. The wooden bridge, doors and trelliswork of the barracks were repainted,
the guns were oiled and a breach near the moat was made good.

111. MATTANCHERY PALACE, COCHIN. Brass railings were provided around
the paintings in the central hall in the second floor to keep the visitors off the paintings.

112. ST. FRANCIS CHURCH, COCHIN. The replacement of the tiles of the
vestry, painting of the vestry and other parts and repairs to the eaves-gutters were carried
out.

113. KUDAKALLU PARAMBU, CHERAMANANGAD, DISTRICT TRICHUR. Barbed-
wire fencing was erected on the eastern side of the site to prevent cattle from damaging
the megalithic structures.

114. ROCK-CUT CAVE, KAKKAD, DISTRICT TRICHUR The coping of the

compound- wall was plastered.

115. ROCK-CUT CAVE, KANDANASSERI, DISTRICT TRICHUR. Barbed-wire
fencing was erected to protect the cave.

Madras . ' "

116. SHORE TEMPLE, MAHABALIPURAM, DISTRICT CHINGLEPUT. Some parts of
the walls of the monument were grouted under pressure with hydraulic lime.

117. NITYAKALYANA-VARAHASVAMI TEMPLE, TlRUVADANTHAI DISTRICT
CHINGLEPUT The dilapidated stone flooring was re-laid with a proper slope and the
doors were painted.

118. FORT ST. GEORGE, MADRAS. The decayed wooden doors., windows and
ventilators in Block XXXVI were removed and replaced by new ones in accordance

' ' . .'.." '.'... ' ; ; 92 " . ; '"' '..

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

with the originals. The walls of the portion of the building occupied by the Museum
were decorated with oil- and emulsion-paints following the old specifications.

119. OLD TOWN-HALL, TONDIARPET, MADRAS.-LI collaboration with the Cor-
poration of Madras, the walls were extensively plastered and underpinned to make
the locality beautiful for a terrace-garden.

120. KbCK-FORT, PALLAPATTI, DlNDIGUL, DISTRICT MADURAI. The
mandapa on the south side of the main temple at the top of the hill-fort was repaired
with new stone lintels in place of the missing ones, and roofing slabs were provided in
the front side of the mandapa. The flooring was also repaired with lime- concrete.

121. ROCK-CUT CAVE-TEMPLE, TlRUPPARANKUNRAM, DISTRICT MADURAI.
The stone steps leading to the cave-temple were dressed uniformly, so that now they
appear neat and tidy. The retaining walls of the grilled enclosure in front of the temple
were plastered. The top-surface of the stone platform leading to .the entrance of the
temple was dressed up. The well at the entrance was provided with a stone beam for
a new iron pulley.

122. DELHI GATE, ARGOT, DISTRICT NORTH ARCOT. The brickwork was
underpinned and the gate-wall plastered. A small bridge was constructed with
cut-stone slabs across the channel to facilitate access to the monument.

123. VEDANARAYANA-PERUMAL TEMPLE, PUDUPPADI, DISTRICT NORTH
ARCOT. The worn-out joists in the garbha-griha were renewed and the flooring in the
garbha-griha and ardha-mandapa was re-set. The mukha-mandapa was provided with
steps. The sides of the channel were protected with dry-rubble packing. Accretions
of earth were removed.

124. FORT, . VELLORE, DISTRICT NORTH ARCOT. The terrace of the main
gateway was made watertight, the brick portion of the rampart-walls was underpinned
and the pathways were gravelled.

125. JALAKANTESVARA TEMPLE, VELLORE, DISTRICT NORTH ARCOT. Steps
were constructed in cut-stone for the dalans in the inner side. Expanded-metal frames
were provided to combat the bat-nuisance. The walls of the second gopuram were plastered.
Wood-preservative was applied to the massive door and other woodwork in the temple.

126. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, GlNGEE, DISTRICT SOUTH ARCOT.General
maintenance, like the removal of vegetation, patch-plastering to the walls and floors,
underpinning and reconstruction of rubble-masonry wherever required, was attended to.

127. KALYANA-MAHAL, GINGEE, DISTRICT SOUTH ARCOT. The old broken
concrete in the dalans was carefully removed and the floor was re-laid with concrete.

128. BRIHADISVARA TEMPLE, TANJAVUR. The buried portion of the pierced
compound-wall enclosing the temple was exposed on the north-eastern side as well in
continuation of the work done in the previous years (1955-56, p. 43), the operation
bringing to light further Chola inscriptions on the wall- surf aces. The trenches all
round the outside compound-wall were gravelled and made into a good pathway.
The modern walls outside and inside the temple-corridors were removed, so that the
original Chola structures now clearly stand out.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

129. BRFHADISVARA TEMPLE, GANGAIKONDACHOLAPURAM, DISTRICT TIRU-
CHlRAPPALLl.-The broken stone beams in the amman shrine were replaced by new
beams dressed in conformity with the old ones. The scattered and loose stones tallen
from the front gopuram were removed and collected outside.

130. PALLAVA ROCK-CUT TEMPLE, KUDUMIYAMALAI, DISTRICT TIRUCHIRAP-
PALLi.-The fallen portions of the periphery-wall were re-erected and a gate provided at
the entrance. The approach-way was gravelled and the ugly undulations around the
temple-premises were levelled. The modern brick walls partitioning the front mandapa
of the Siva temple were removed.

131. ROCK-CUT SIVA TEMPLE, KUNNANDARKOVIL, DISTRICT TIRUCHIRAP-
PALLI. The stone flooring in front of the monument was re-laid properly from the
entrance and a flight of "steps was cut into the rock in front of the doorway in the
compound outside. The undulations in the front of the monuments were levelled.

132. ROCK-CUT JAINA CAVE-TEMPLE, SlTTANNAVASAL, DISTRICT TlRUCH I R AP-
PALL!. A platform was erected in front of the cave to present a decent appearance
and steps were built in stone at necessary places to facilitate the climb on the hillock.
The caves containing early Brahmi inscriptions were also made easily accessible by a
path to the hill-top.

133. KORANGANATHA TEMPLE, SRINIVASANALLUR, DISTRICT TIRUCH1RAP-
PALLl.-Two carved broken stone beams in the front mandapa of this important early
Chola temple were replaced by new ones.

134. BHAKTAVATSALA TEMPLE, SHERMADEVI, DISTRICT TIRUNELVELL All

the doors of the temple were painted. Expanded-metal fittings were provided to the two
openings in the gopuram and frames of the same material were fixed at the southern
and northern datans to prevent the entry of bats.

Mysore

135. OLD DUNGEON AND FORT-GATEWAY.BANGALORE. A portion of the north-
east corner ot the fort-wall, which had fallen on account of heavy rains in 1956-57,
was re-built in the original style with old material as far as possible (pi. CV).

136. ANANTASYANA TEMPLE, ANANTASAYANAGUDI, DISTRICT B ELLARY. The
removal of debris from inside the southern part of the monument is in progress ; the
removed boulders are being neatly stacked away from the monument. Bat-proof
netting was provided to the two ventilators of the vimana and the three entrances of
tnv mam shrine. The old concrete on the terraqe of the mukha-mandapa was removed.

D SLLTAN S UPPERFORT CITADEL AND NAGALACHERUVU, BELLARY.-

Thi* iSt S ?m ? d- T - he s ? atter < stones were removed and stacked
I nu.k jungle with big trees, causing damage to the fort-walls, was removed.

13S. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, HAMPI, DISTRICT BELLARY -The road and mth

(i a>" leading to the monuments were widened Th P \iv ? ^ P

'>;^sv*r* to T3ieet the neds of the ' P a thways were gravelled wherever
ard grominc and other repairs were done'teM? 5 H g vehic " lar traffic - Patch-plastering
Zarana encfcMtre. Kadalaikal Ganesa rhami * fr- Zara "R am a temple, Queen's Bath,

, Ljunaraseicnaia,- Sarasvati, octagonal pavilion,

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

etc. The floors of the mukha-mandapa and garbha-griha of the Achyutaraya temple
were pointed and the leaky terrace was made watertight.

139. AMRITESVARA TEMPLE, AMRITAPURA, DISTRICT CHIKMAGALUR. The
mandapa was made watertight and the granite stone steps and shutters of the shrine
were attended to.

140. VIRANARAYANA TEMPLE.B ELAVADI, DISTRICT CHIKMAGALUR The bench
stones all round the venu-Gopala and Narasimha shrines were re-set, the floor was
recess-pointed and the shutters of the three shrines were repaired.

141. FORTRESS AND TEMPLES, CHITALDRUG. Patch- plastering, grouting, jungle-
clearance and other minor repairs were carried .put.

142. RAJA'S SEAT, MERCARA DISTRICT COORG. The floor was concreted and
the monument was given a grey wash.

143. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, SRAVANABELGOLA, DISTRICT HASSAN. The entire
terraces of the temple and the mandapa at the top of the hill were made watertight by
the removal of the old porous concrete and laying of two courses of flat tiles in cement-
mortar mixed with 5 p.c. crude oil over a 4-in. thick brick-jelly concrete with a good
slope, roughly plastered over with two coats of lime-mortar mixed with myrobalans
(Terminalia chelabald).

144. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, SRIRANGAPATNA, DISTRICT MANDYA. In the
Daria-daulat-Bagh the dislocated stones in the ghat leading to the river Kaveri were
removed and re-set and the joints pointed. The zinc-sheet roofing over the painted
ceiling all round the corridor was removed and refixed with a greater overlapping to
increase, the slope of the roof by about 9 in. at the top. After the removal of the zinc
sheets,, the entire framework of teakwood was cleaned and painted with two coats of
wood-preservative. The worn-out teakwood scantlings were replaced wherever neces-
sary. This work has effectively protected the gorgeous painted surfaces from the rain-
water dripping through the roof. The fallen portion of the partition-wall of the pond
in-side the Juma-Masjid was conserved by the reconstruction of the portion in random-
rubble plastered over with lime-mortar. The leaky terrace of the main mandapa in
the Ranganathasvami temple was made watertight. The peeled-off portions of the
plastering in the merlons all over the temple-wal 1 were plastered over with lime-mortar.
Patch-plastering was also attended to in the terraces of the temple-kitchen and the bot-
tom .vimana of the shrine of the goddess. The leaky portions of the terrace and of the
chhajja of the Nagarkhana were made watertight.

145. RAMES VAR A TEMPLE, NARASAMANGALA; DISTRICT MYSORE. The modern
brick partition-wall between the pillars of the Sapta-matrika-mandapa was dismantled
and the debris cleared to allow more light insides 'the mandapa. For purposes of safety,
expanded-metal frames were fixed to the door. The leaky terraces of the main man-
dapa and that of the Sapta-matrika-mandapa were made watertight by the removal
of the old porous and dead mortar and relaying of fresh concrete in lime-mortar, over
which were laid two courses of flat tiles in cement-mortar mixed with crude oil, the
top roughly finished with suitably-coloured lime-mortar. The cracks in the vimana
were grouted with liquid lime-mortar and surface finished to match the old work.

146. KESAVA TEMPLE, SOMANATHAPUR, DISTRICT MYSORE. The irregular
floor-stones in the prakara round the main shrine were removed, cut and dressed to

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

recular shapes and re-used for the flooring of the dalans on the south, west and north
over a 3-In. thick bed of sand, the joints being pointed with coloured mortar. The
flooring of the prakara itself was "laid with newly-cut granite slabs of size, 3 to 4 in.
diick over a concrete-bed with a good slope towards the original outlet. The terraces
of the corridors all round were dismantled by the removal of the old concrete tor a
layer of fresh concrete. The work is in progress.

147. JAMALABAD FORT, NADAAND LAILA, DISTRICT SOUTH KANAKA. Heavy
jungle-clearance was done. The guide-lines were marked and the steps were numbered
in black and white paints.

148. FORT, MADHUGIRI, DISTRICT TUMKUR Steps in random-rubble were con-
structed in front of the ninth gate and near the fifth gate for easy ascent. The brick
parapet-wall between the fifth and sixth gates was rebuilt to a length of 140 ft. in
accordance with the original.

SOUTH-WESTERN CIRCLE

Bombay

?49. ROCK-CUT CAVES, AJANTA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD. A thorough and sys-
tematic programme of conservation of the caves has been chalked out : this includes items
like stopping water from flowing over the facade of the caves by the provision of rock-
cut drains and drip-courses, grouting cracks' on the surface with suitably-tinted cement-
mortar, treating the exfoliated portions, restoring weathered and broken pillars in
reinforced cement-concrete after the original models and dismantling masonry-supports
provided in the past and fashioning them in reinforced cement-concrete in imitation
ot rock-cut pillars. For such thorough treatments the caves lying at the western end
of the valley, Caves 29 to 21 were taken up. The cell attached to Cave 27 was
partiady reconstructed to protect the enshrined Buddha image which had been consi-
derably damaged m the past. The image itself was treated by the filling in of all cracks
and retains of damaged portion by means of pins and dowels. The ashlar-masonry
p ars in Caves 21, 24 (pis. CVI and CVH) and 26 were replaced by reinforced-concretc
pjHars to match the existing ones. Similarly, the decayed and overhanging portions
ot the jambs, walls, pillars, ceilings, etc., of Caves 21 (pi. CVIII), 22, 25 and 27 were
Providing copper pins and clamps wherever necessary. The decayed
s ff ^y caves and the hard rock covered with concrete

R - C H ut drains were Provided over Caves 21 to
com "f down over the facade. In order to provide easy

T? 1 15A) a ffight of ste P s ' was constructed near Cave 15

p ~^ decayed stone chhajja below the

rf 'SS?S W t0 ? 6 south - west f the main dome was replaced
mkSnf? ' me ^Pfcstering on the walls, wherever the

'nSfofZ STt^* ? e dama ^ ed stones of ^ pavement and

were ^placed with

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

151. ROCK-CUT CAVES, AURANGABAD. For easy access to the caves of the
second group, a proper pathway was laid and steps provided in front of Caves 6 and 9.

152. FpRT, DAULATABAD, DISTRICT AURANGABAD. Beside the usual clearance
of debris and jungle-growth, the leaking roof of the Kala-kot was repaired and made
watertight along with the fortification-walls near it. The Naya-darwaza was also
similarly treated.

153. ROCK-CUT CAVES, ELLORA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD. The programme of
work at Ellora has been planned, mutatis mutandis, on the same lines as at Ajanta.
Accordingly, the group of caves at the southern end, from Caves 1 to 9, has been taken
up for thorough repairs. The ceiling of Cave 1, where it joins the north wall, had
developed a crack, and, as a precautionary measure against any untoward development,
a massive concrete wall, with a surface resembling the rock, was erected as a support!
The heavy mouldings at the plinth of the lateral galleries of Cave 2, which had badly
weathered, were repaired in reinforced cement-concrete and finished to match with
the surroundings.. The damaged pillars and those previously repaired in ashlar-masonry
of the cave, as also those of Caves 6 (pi. CIX) 7, 8 and 9, together with the weathered
portions of jambs and walls, were repaired and fashioned with the same material.
Wide cracks and joints in the facades of the caves were filled in to stop further
disintegration due to water-action. ' To divert rain-water coming on the facade of the
caves, drains were cut into the rocky roof, as a result of which leakage of water through
the joints of rock has been considerably minimized. The inscription of Dantidurga,
carved on the wall of the western porch of the mandapa in front .of Cave 15, so long
exposed to weather due to the fall of the roof and the south-western supporting pillar,
was protected 'by providing a roof and the pillar in reinforced concrete (pi. CX).

The narrow culverts in front of Cave 14 and between Caves 11 and 12 were
widened for easy traffic. For easy access rock-cut steps were provided between Caves
22 and 29.

The clearance of debris in front of Cave 25 revealed unique features. The sur-
face, thought to be the ground-level so far, turned out to be the floor of a high platform
reached through an entrance, with a damaged panel of Gaja-lakshmi on the back
wall, leading to a flight of rock-cut steps, to the left. The clearance further brought
to light in the plinth an excavated cell with three pits, apparently an unfinished scheme,
in the floor and a porch in front of it at a lower level.

Fine repairs to the sculptures were part passu continued: the cracks and rock-
joints across the sculptures in Caves 2 to 4 were repaired with tinted mortar and the
overhanging and loose portions were secured by inserting copper pins and clamps.
The wide joints across the elephant-caryatids in the plinth of the main temple and the
dhvaja-stambhas in the plinth in the courtyard of Cave 16 were filled in. The Malii-
shasura-mardini panel in Cave 17 was also repaired.

154. AURANGZEB'S TOMB, KHULDABAD, DISTRICT AURANGABAD. The damag-
ed inlay-work of the inscribed tablet was repaired at Agra with semi-precious coloured
stones and the tablet restored to its original place. Repairs to the broken marble
jali-woTk are in progress. The decayed ornamental plasterwork on the facade of the
gate was repaired with reproductions of the original designs.

155. ROCK-CUT CAVES, PITALKHORA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD. Clearance in
front of the chaitya- and vz'Aara-caves revealed some unique features and sculptures
(above, p. 65). Further clearance is in progress.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REVIEW

156. ELEPHANTA CAVES, GHARAPURT, DISTRICT KOLABA. In pursuance of the
decisions previously arrived at (1956-57, p. 57) the following measures were taken in
Cave 1 : (1) grouting the fissure under pressure through holes bored into the roof by a rotary
borer down to varying depths; (2) laying on the roof mass-concrete with a proper slope
of an average thickness of 6 in. mixed with a waterproofing compound; and (3) covering
the concrete with a layer of earth. At the joints of the different sectors of concrete duly-
kmked copper plates were provided to drain out water which might otherwise perco-
late through the joints. Observations during and immediately after the monsoon show
that as a result of these measures leakage has been reduced but not completely stopped.
The whole problem is being reviewed in the light of the observations and implications.

157. PATALESWAR CAVES, POONA. All ruts and holes in the floor were repaired.
The damages in the compound-wall were made good.

158. SHANWARWADA, POONA. The wall-tops were made watertight and the
existing plinths of walls pointed. Regular pathways were laid to enable visitors to go
round the ruins. Lawns (below, p. 113) and an all-round tidying-up have provided a
pleasant setting to the ruins.

Mysore

159. DURGA TEMPLE, AlHOLl, DISTRICT BlJAPUR.-The wide joints in the roof
were rilled in. The work of providing roof-slabs to the mandapa, which is open to
sky, is in progress.

160. GROUPS OF MONUMENTS, BADAMI, DISTRICT BlJAPUR.-The temples in
the north fort were treated by way of making the leaking roofs watertight and pointing
wide joints. ' p

_ 161. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, BlJAPUR.-The pavement of the courtyard of

Juma-Masjid was pointed with suitable mortar. The tomb of Jahan Begarn and the
mausoleum of 'Ali II received attention and the ends of standing walls and arches were
made watertight.

WESTERN CIRCLE
Bombay

B 162. KANKARIA TANK, AHMADABAD. The inlet to the tank received special
repairs_ by way of providing stone railing on the terrace of the inlet in portions where it
was missing. The staircase leading to the terrace was repaired and the missing pilas-
ters m the interior of the inlet replaced.

AKf if J w^"^' DH LK ^ IS J R1CT AHMADABAD.-This mosque, built by
w B ^ ai ^ he commander of Mahmud Begarha's army in the fifteenth century,

I J?f r S f d by - the i removal f ?, ecayed concrete of the floor > which brought to light
an earlier floor in the prayer-hall.

m a dangerously leanin S state, received fur the? repairs

mranpt
(?95<l-57 H 58)

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

165. MALAY TANK, DHOLKA, DISTRICT AHMADABAD. The ramps and flights
of steps, of the tank were repaired in continuation of last year's work (1956-57, p. 59).
Rugged stones with proper bedding were provided in the western ramp. The sunken
steps are being re-set in their original position.

166. TOMB OF SYED USMAN, USMANPURA, DISTRICT AHMADABAD. The floor
was provided with fresh lime-cement-concrete mortar.

167. JUNAGADHI TEMPLE, VASAI, DISTRICT AMRELI. The temple was further
repaired (1956-57, p. 59) by the re-setting of the uneven stone flooring and provision of
drains.

168. HAZIRA, BARODA. The Hazira, the tomb of Qutbu'd-Din, tutor of Salim,
was further (1956-57, p. 58) repaired by the underpinning of the brickwork of the cor-
ridors and the underground cells in the high plinth of mausoleum.

169. FORT, DABHOI, DISTRICT BARODA.The pillared pavilions flanking the
Baroda gate in the eastern fort- wall, famous for the sculptures on its brackets, capitals
and pillars, were provided with stone pavement to prevent the seepage of rain-water.
The bulging ashlar-masonry in the inside wall of the Hira gate was rebuilt in plumb
and the roof rendered watertight.

170. ROCK-CUT CAVES, TALAJA HILL, DISTRICT GOHILWAD -The caves were
cleared of an enormous amount of debris, in the course of which two double-
storeyed caves were discovered; they are being opened up. In the midst of the debris
on the roof of one of the caves a brick-structure of the third-fourth century was un-
covered. A clay bulla of a Kshatrapa king and sherds of the Red Polished Ware
were also brought to light.

171. GUPTA TEMPLE, GOP, DISTRICT HALAR. The temple received further
attention (1956-57, p. 59). After excavation around the plinth, proper drainage was
provided to permit an easy flow of water. The sculptures in the plinth were fixed in
their proper positions and underpinning was carried out wherever necessary.

172. JAMI'-MASJID, CAMBAY, DISTRICT KAIRA. This earliest and largest
mosque in Gujarat stood in need of extensive repairs. Some of the overhanging pil-
lars and walls had previously been supported by masonry (1956-57, p. 58). This year,
the re-setting of the stone pavement in the central courtyard with proper bedding to
prevent the percolation of rain-water into the plinth was taken in hand. The unsightly
iron screens and wooden frames in the perforated window-screens were replaced by
carved stone screens in accordance with the original designs.

173. SUN TEMPLE, MODHERA, DISTRICT MEHSANA. The reservoir known as
Surya-kund in front of the temple had suffered heavy damages owing to the sinking -of
the flight of steps and the numerous miniature shrines standing over them. The sunken
steps were removed and re-set in position on a concrete-bedding and some of minia-
ture shrines were rendered watertight by grouting, pointing and rebuilding of the bul-
ged portions. In course of the removal of the heavy stones from the roof of the tnritya-
mandapa of the main temple, it was observed that during the repairs carried out
in the past loose lintels and brackets had been heaped up in a haphazard manner on
the roof. They were carefully removed and the architectural members in the circular
opening of the roof were properly supported on the core consolidated by grouting and
plugging hollows. The plinth of the tor ana standing in the north-east corner of the

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58-A REVIEW

main shrine was fully exposed to view by the excavation of the adjoining area and a
slope was provided to drain off water from the area. A shed to house the loose sculp-
tures is being constructed.

174. SAHASRALINGA TANK, PATAN, DISTRICT MEHSANA. The core of the
parapet- wall behind the pathway of the brick-built silt-chamber known as Rudrakupa was
underpinned and the ashlar-facing was re-set in position by copper clamps. The
flight of steps on the western embankment of the east-west channel was provided with
a bedding in brickwork in accordance with the original method of construction.

175. SIVA TEMPLE, BAVKA, DISTRICT PANCHMAHALS. The dislodged door-jambs
of the garbha-griha and the pillars of the sabha-mandapa of this Chaulukyan monu-
ment of the twelfth century were re-set. The carved horizontal members of the plinth
of the garbha-griha and sabha-mandapa were refixed to their original positions.

176. HELICAL WELL, CHAMPANER, DISTRICT PANCHMAHALS. This brick struc-
ture, built during trie time of Mahmud Begarha, was underpinned, as the bricks had
worn out. by the action of salt.

177. SHAHR-KI-MASJID, CHAMPANER, DISTRICT PANCHMAHALS .The north wall
of the well-known mosque, built by Mahmud Begarha, had suffered damage by percola-
tion of ram-water, as the ashlar-facing had collapsed, leaving the core exposed. Fresh
ashlar-masonry was erected after the consolidation of the core.

178. ROCK-CUT CAVES OF KHAPRAKODIA, JUNAGADH, DISTRICT SORATH.-
The roofs of the caves were found to be leaking owing to depressions and fissures in the
rock. The debris lying on the roof was removed and the fissures grouted and hollows
plugged in lime-cement concrete. Steps were provided and drains are being
dug out to prevent the stagnation of water.

Rajasthan

179. GROUP OF TEMPLES, ARTHUNA, DISTRICT BANSWARA.-Of the three groups
ot temples, the main group, Nilakanthesvara-Mahadeva, was taken up for repairs.
Jungle which had enveloped the small hut beautiful shrines was cleared. Further
work, including the construction of a sculpture-shed, is in progress.

180. MAHAKALA TEMPLE, BuoLiA, DISTRICT BHiLWARA.-The dislodged stones
pi this massive edifice with a high sikhara and fine sculptures on the facade were re-set
in position. Cracks were grouted and the seepage of water into the core' was stopped.
The joints in the masonry of the Mandakini-kund were grouted and pointed.

UTTAMA-SIKHARA PURANA ROCK-INSCRIPTION, BUOLIA, DISTRICT
P Ver ^ inscription after the existin closecTand

T* A r 182 -' 9* OI J OFTE M p LES,BADOLl DISTRICT CHlTORGARH.-The temples at
Badoh received further repairs (1956-57, p. 60). The sunken steps of the kundossa the road
were restored to position. The roof of the Siva shrine was made watertight and the
subsidiary shrines were repaired by the re-setting of the disjointed stones and provision
of a pavement around them to prevent percolation of waterinto the foundations which
is the most urgent problem at these monuments. Sculptures are being arranged for

100

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

display in the recently-constructed sculpture-shed. Further work at Sringar Chauri
and other monuments, including the building of a culvert across the nullah to provide
approach to the main group of temples, will be taken up shortly.

183. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, FORT, CHiTORGARH.-The Tower of Victory built
by Rana Kumbha in the fifteenth century to commemorate his victory over the Sultan
of Malwa, received special attention (pi. CXI). While the ground near the monument
was being cleared, it was found that there were hollows in the rubble-masonry of the
foundation of this 78-ft. high tower built on the bed-rock. In order to ensure the
safety of the monument and check the erosion of the soil the builders had provided support-
ing walls on the west and south sides, but it was noticed that the foundation of these
walls top was not sound. After a thorough grouting of the cracks and fissures in the
foundation, the hollows were plugged with stones of suitable sizes and a 3-ft. wide toe-
wall in rubble masonry was built up. The flanking walls were similarly supported.
The Siva temple in the Sati enclosure (pi. CXII) received special repairs by way
of underpinning the dangerously overhanging portion of the high plinth in rugged
masonry. The pradakshina-patha around the sanctum was restored. The beautifully-
carved door-jambs were re-set m plumb.

The eastern Sati gate had suffered heavy damage owing to jungle-growth,
leakage of water, etc. The massive lintels were found broken and the capitals cracked.
The roof had been precariously held in position by props given in dry masonry and the
side-walls had developed bulges. Extensive repairs were carried out to this monument.
The bulged masonry of the side-walls was taken down and re-set in plumb with the
ashlar-veneering securely held. The damaged niches were repaired by the replacement
of missing stones and the fixing in position of the dislodged sculptures. The high
plinth- walls of the platforms on the western side were rebuilt in plumb. The cracked
brackets and capitals are being replaced by fresh ones, after the completion of which
the roof will be attended to.

In Rana Kumbha's palace-complex the side-walls and the three-storeyed
rooms flanking the central hall of the heir-apparent' s palace were carefully repaired.
Half of the dome over the rooms had collapsed, the surviving part dangerously over-
hanging with the decay of wooden beams, lintels, etc., and the side- walls were support-
less. The repairs consisted of the provision of concealed reinforced cement-concrete
rings at the two floor-levels in the side-rooms, tied with vertical pillars of the same ma-
terial, also concealed, inserted at the four corners of the room and the verandah. The
fallen portion of the dome was rebuilt, the dome thus restored to its original shape
(pi. CXIII). In order to provide a bond between the longitudinal walls and the return-
walls a reinforced cement-concrete beam was inserted into the walls. The repairs in-
volved considerable risk but were carried out satisfactorily.

The woodwork in the palace of Padmini was coated with wood-preservative.
The garden in the courtyard was extended.

The temple of Ktikkutesvara had been made watertight last year (1956-57,
p. '60). This year the seepage of rain-water into the foundations was stopped by the
construction of a pavement around the temple and levelling of the surroundings.

The Rampura house, overgrown with jungle and with some of the walls collap-
sed, was attended to. After the removal of the jungle and debris the wall- tops were
made watertight, the door-jambs underpinned and the roof provided with fresh lime-
cement concrete. A proper approach-road was laid.

The other monuments that received attention were : Adbhutanathaji temple

101

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOY 1957-58 A REVIEW

and the smaller shrines standing on the Kukkutesvara tank, which were underpinned;
two other temples, the plinths of which were made watertight; and the miniature shrines
between the northern Sati gate and Samiddhesvara temple, the dislodged stones of the
sikharas and door-frames of which were re-set. In the course of the excavation within
the Sati enclosure two shrines with beautifully carved door-jambs, assignable to the
ninth-tenth century, were uncovered.

184. GROUP OF TEMPLES, MENAL, DISTRICT CHITORGARH. Heavy leakage of
water through the roofs and deep penetration of roots of large trees into the masonry
have been responsible for the total collapse of some of the structures and gaping cracks
in others. Even approach to the monument is difficult. As a preliminary step for
undertaking extensive conservation-measures, the huge trees were cut down and their
roots destroyed. The debris was removed and excavation carried out to expose the
stone pavements of the courtyard and the plinths of some of the shrines.

185. FORT, KUMBHALGARH, DISTRICT UDAIPUR. The temple of Bavan Deori,
including fiftyone subsidiary shrines in the enclosure, had suffered heavy damage due to
jungle-growth and leakage of water. After the removal of the debris of the shrines
which had collapsed in the north-west corner of the temple, the plinths were rebuilt up
to the basement of the shrines. Further work is in progress. Similarly, the dislodged
stones of the shrines in the south and south-west corners were taken down and re-set
in position. The roofs of some of the shrines were rendered watertight. The woodwork
in the palace known as Badal-Mahal was coated with wood-preservative. Some of the
small Jaina temples were attended to by way of clearance of debris and construction
of retaining walls to stop erosion of earth around the plinth. General clearance of
jungle and repairs to the approach-path were also executed.

186. TEMPLES OF SAS AND BAHU, NAGDA, DISTRICT UDAIPUR. The dislodged
chhajja-stones in the temples were re-set and the cracks in the facade grouted. The
high plinth_ with heavy mouldings had sunk due to large-scale percolation of water into
the foundation. The facade-stones of the plinth and the pavement were replaced in posi-
tion. The debris lying over the roof of the sabha-mandapa was removed and the bricks
were re-laid in lime-cement mortar. The brick sikhara is being underpinned.

CENTRAL CIRCLE
, Bombay

187. FORT, BALAPUR, DISTRICT AKOLA. A retaining wall of uncoursed rubble-
masonry was erected in a section to stop a further collapse of the fort-wall.

Madhya Pradesh

188. FORT, LANJI, DISTRICT BALAGHAT.-The upper part of the brick fortifica-
tion in the area behind the main temple was made watertight and the loose sculptures
lying in front of the main shrine were properly cleaned.

189. FORT, DEOGARH, DISTRICT CHHIND WARA.-The collapsed steps of the Moti
, 102

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

tank were repaired and rank vegetation removed from over a considerable area. The
approach-road was reconditioned.

190. ROCK-CUT CAVES, BAGH, DISTRICT DHAR. An important programme of
repairs has been initiated for these caves and is being closely followed. The work of
clearing the debris lying between Caves 3 and 4 was continued (1956-57, p. 61). This
large-scale clearance exposed some broken sculptures, noteworthy amongst which is
a part of a frieze (pi. CXVI), similar to that existing on the facade of Cave 3. It is likely,
therefore, that behind the debris will be found a new cave.

The colossal work of removing from the entire roof-area of Cave 4 the pulverized
claystone, at places upwards of 20 ft. high (pi. CXV), which overlies the sandstone
strata into which the caves are cut, and acts as a reservoir of moisture over the cave,
was continued (1956-57, p. 61). A wide crack running along the entire length of the
ceiling of the front gallery of Cave 4 was filled in with toned mortar, internally secured
and strengthened by copper pins and stone wedges.

191. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, MANDU, DISTRICT DHAR The steps leading to
Baz Bahadur's palace were exposed to their entire length, thus adding to the imposing
view afforded by the entrance. The decayed plaster on the top of the cupolas was re-
moved and a fresh layer applied. The extant tops of the walls were rendered water-
tight. The bulged portions of the eastern enclosure-wall of Dilawar Khan's mosque
were repaired by re-setting ; the wall was further consolidated by the filling of holes and
voids in the hearting wherever exposed. The marble dome and the side-walls of Ho-
shang Shah's tomb were rendered watertight by grouting. The leaky roofs of the im-
posing Jami'-Masjid are being repaired by the grouting of cracks and fissures and renewal
of lime-concrete in patches wherever needed. The dislodged finial of the northern
portico-dome was rebuilt. The tops of the walls on all the four sides were rendered
watertight and the bulged portions of the masonry, notably on the northern side, were
rebuilt and the open joints, voids and gaps filled. Further work on this monument is
in progress. In the Jahaz-Mahal, the decayed lime-plaster was properly filleted after
the pulverized portions over an extensive wall-surface had been raked. The exposed
core of the two columns in the Ashrafi-Mahal was consolidated with toned and
recessed mortar. The pitted floor of the main portico of this edifice was replaced by afresh
concrete floor, while its dome was rendered watertight from above. The long-neglect- ,
ed roofs of Malik Mughith's mosque were made watertight by grouting the cracks and"
fissures on the terrace. The angle-irons supporting the cracked lintels in different mo-
numents were repainted to avoid corrosion.

192. JAMI'-MASJID, CHANDERT, DISTRICT GUNA. The leaky roof of the prayer-
hall was rendered watertight by grouting cracks in the extrados of the domes and by
the renewal of golas (band) at their spring-line. Other repairs to this beautiful mos-
que comprised toning and recessing the mortar in the joints of the floor-slabs of the
southern colonnade,

193. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, FORT, GWALIOR. The ceiling of one of the apan
ments surrounding the first courtyard of the Man-mandir palace was provided with a
wire-net frame to stop bat-nuisance. Other minor repairs^ viz. renewal of concrete
and plaster in patches wherever needed, were also attended to. A noteworthy item of
repairs was the replacement of cracked lintels in the outhouses attached to the palace.
Work is in progress. Approach-roads of the Teli-ka-mandir and Sas-bahu temples
were reconditioned by a spread of morum. In the rock-cut Jaina colossi, an approach-

103

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

road of stone pitching was provided for the caves and images on the Mari-mata side,
which were hitherto difficult to reach. Silt-accumulation concealing the lower part
of the images near the Urwahi gate was removed.

194. GAURI-SANKARA AND CHAUSATH-YOGINI TEMPLES, BHERAGHAT, DISTRICT
JABALPUR. The decayed lime-plaster on the inner portion of the temple was raked
out and a fresh layer provided wherever needed. The cracks were properly filled in -with
toned mortar. The floor of the platform was also repaired.

195. VISHNU-VARAHA TEMPLE, KARANPUR, DISTRICT JABALPUR. The bulged
masonry of the platform was rebuilt.

196. SWA TEMPLES, NARESWAR, DISTRICT MORENA. An approach-road, properly
demarcated by guard-stones, was provided for this group of temples situated on the
banks of a tank on the top of a hill. The much-needed repairs to the dislodged sikharas
will be undertaken shortly.

197. FORT, ASIRGARH,DISTRICT NiMAR. Jungle-clearance over an extensive area
and reconditioning of approach-roads were undertaken at this important hill-fort.

198. BIBI SAHIB'S MOSQUE, BURHANPUR, DISTRICT NIMAR. The work of sup-
porting the minor was further continued (1956-57, p. 61). At the same time, fresh carved
veneer-stones were prepared for replacing the decayed ones. The work is in progress.

199. SHAH NAWAZ KHAN'S TOMB, BURHANPUR, DISTRICT NIMAR. A fresh lime-
concreted terrace was provided for the leaky roof of the verandah. Expaiided-metal
shutters were fixed to the openings to arrest bat-nuisance. The protected area around
the monument was fenced.

200. SHAH SHUJA'S TOMB, BURHANPUR, DISTRICT NIMAR. The pitted floor of
the platform around the tomb was repaired by the laying of fresh concrete.

201. MAHADEVA TEMPLE, BHOJPUR, DISTRICT RAISEN. The debris adjoining the
temple-walls was removed. The heavy dislodged stones lying precariously on the ex-
tant top were properly arranged and a part of the open sikhara was covered by fresh
stones, already hoisted last year (1956-57, p. 61). Further work is in progress.

# 202. FORT, ISLAMNAGAR, DISTRICT R AiSEN.-The collapsed portions of the boun-
dary-wall were rebuilt in coursed rubble-masonry to stop the entry of cattle. Expanded-
rnetal and glass fixtures were provided to broken panels of windows and doors of the
baradari and Shish-Bangla.

203. FORT, RAiSEN.This derelict fort, a stronghold of the Sultans of Malwa
in the fifteenth century, was attended to by repairs to the flanking walls of the approach-
road, eradication of thick vegetation from the high walls of the royal palaces and
making of the roof of a part of the Jhinjri-Mahal watertight.

204. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, SANCHI, DISTRICT RAISEN. After a thorough exa-
mination of the factors likely to affect the stability of Stupa 1, it was decided to grout
its body-fabric with a view to consolidating the loose inner core and making it a solid
watertight mass. To begin with, the cylindrical part of the Stupa below the middle
balustrade was subjected to drilling operations in sections and a series of staggered
holes were bored at four different levels to a varying axial depth of 3 to 5 ft. Through
these holes the grout-mixture of ascertained proportions was driven into the core
under pressure. The work is in progress.

104

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

The approach-road to Monastery 51, located on the lower terrace west of
Stupa 1, was payed with flagstones. Temple 17 was rendered watertight by the filling
in of the joints in the roof-slabs. The tops of walls of Temple 18 and Monastery 38
were made watertight by the re-laying of the upper brick-courses in lime-concrete mixed
with cement. Morum was spread over the pathways leading to the different monu-
ments.

205. FORT, KHIMLASA, DISTRICT SAGAR Rank vegetation was removed from
over an extensive surface of the fort. Cracks, voids and open joints in the fort-wall
were filled in to avoid dislodgement.

206. HELIODORUS PILLAR, BESNAGAR, DISTRICT VIDISHA. As a measure of
improving the monument, the modern structures lying in the vicinity were partly
removed and the area levelled (1956-57, p. 61).

207. ATHKHAMBA, GYARASPUR, DISTRICT VIDISHA The monument, compris-
ing eight pillars of the sabha-mandapa and the door-frame of the shrine, was fenced to
avoid trespass and misuse.

208. BHIMGAJA PILLAR, PATHARI, DISTRICT VIDISHA. The dislodged and sagged
stones of the platform around this monolithic Vaishnava pillar of the ninth century
were re-set over a 4-in. thick layer of lime-concrete. The missing stones in the plinth
were replaced.

209. ROCK-CUT CAVES, UDAIGTRI, DISTRICT VIDTSHA. The cracks in Caves 5
and 6 were grouted to stop the percolation of rain-water inside the main shrine.

Rajasthan

210. ROCK-CUT CAVES, KOLVI, DISTRICT JHALAWAR. The soft earth and
pulverized portions of the rock overlying the caves were removed along with rank
vegetation to stop the percolation of water.

MONUMENTS MAINTAINED BY STATES
ANDHRA PRADESH STATE

1 . SHAMSHIR KHOTA, GOLCONDA, HYDERABAD. Due to heavy rains, a portion
of the walls of the building had fallen down and several cracks had arisen in the roof
of the building, which had also a dump, causing hindrance to the flow of rain-water.
The wall was reconstructed, cracks repaired, debris cleared and vegetation removed.

2. QUTB-SHAHI MONUMENTS, MACHLIKAMAN, DISTRICT HYDERABAD.-A
wall constructed of Shahabad polished stones was repaired thoroughly.

3. NARASIMHASVAMI TEMPLE, ALAMPUR, DISTRICT MAHBUBNAGAR. The

leaky terrace was repaired by the scraping off of the old plaster and re-laying of lime-
mortar plaster in two coats and provision of necessary slopes on all sides.

4. RASASIDDHA-MATH, ALAMPUR, DISTRICT MAHBUBNAGAR The terrace

was concreted, with brick-jelly in lime and made waterproof. The j oints of the Shahabad

105

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

stone flooring were pointed with cement-mortar and necessary slopes to drain off rain-
water were provided,

5. FORT, MEDAK. The fortifications 1| miles in circuit, had been over-
grown with wild jungle. All rank vegetation was removed from the wall, entrance-
gate and bastions. A portion of the fortification-wall, 62ft. long and 14 it. wide,
damaged by rains and blocking up the entrance by its boulders, was reconstructed. Drains
were provided to divert rain-water. The approach-paths to the fort were cleared ol
the thorny bushes and .the buildings inside the fort were tidied up.

6. FORT, BALKONDA, DISTRICT NIZAMABAD. This medium- sized fort had been
covered with rank vegetation and the main entrances blocked by the falling of mud-
walls ; large cracks had been in evidence. The monument was preserved by the removal
of debris and vegetation and filling in of cracks.

7. RAMASVAMI TEMPLE, DITCHPALLI, DISTRICT NIZAMABAD. The landing
stages, filled with earth, were levelled with lime-concrete on both the sides of the stairs.
A 2-ft. high parapet-wall of rubble stone in lime-mortar was constructed on three sides
of the courtyard, the front (eastern) wall being 62 ft. and the other two (northern and
southern) 38 ft. long. Vegetation was removed from the platform and gates, and the
platform was given a proper slope by the trimming of grass. Drains were dug. me
cracks of the 'bastions were repaired and lime-pointed at some places.

' 8. MISCELLANEOUS Protection notice-boards were put up at eight monuments,

BOMBAY STATE

9. MONUMENTS, DISTRICT AURANGABAD Repairs were done to : Saivite
temple, Anwa; city- wall, gates, etc., Lai Masjid and Sunheri Mahal, Aurangabad; ano
five unidentified Bahmani tombs, Delhi Darwaza, Nizam-Shahi Darwaza, Old 'Idgan
and Rasai-Mata temple, Daulatabad.

10. MONUMENTS, BOMBAY. Vegetation was removed from the crevices of the
statues of Mount Stuart Elphinstpne and Wellesley, Elphinstone Circle Garden,
Bombay (work done by the Municipal staff).

11. SONKANSARI TEMPLES, GHUMLI, DISTRICT HALAR. Vegetation was
removed and scattered sculptures were arranged.

12. MONUMENTS, DISTRICT SORATH -The following were attended to : temple,
Madhopur ; Pancheswar caves, Junagadh; gates and walls, Juma-Masjid and Navaghan
well in Uparkot, Junagadh; caves, Mandor; Vaneswar temple, Patan; Kasturba House
and Sartanji Chora, Porbandar; caves, Prabhas Patan; and temple, Visavada.

KERALA STATE

13. MONUMENTS, DISTRICT TRiCHUR.~The following received attention,
mostly by way of clearance of vegetation and minor repairs : Portuguese fort and its
surroundings, Chermamangalam; the palace-site of the ra/a of Villaravattath (Kottayil-
kovilakam), Chennamangalam ; the Cheramanparambu, Kottapuram; dolmens and the
site round the Yelarkal temple, Porkalam; the Kizhtali temple, Thriruvanchipuram;

106

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

eastern and western gateways of the old palace, Trichur; the western gate of the
Vedakkechira palace, where a supporting wall was constructed; naga-raja\M naga-
yakxham Palace Thoppu; and monuments at the sites of the cremations of Saktan
Thanpuram and the Zamorin of Kozhikode. c umiuns* 01 aaxtan

MADRAS STATE

_ 14. PADMANABHAPURAM PALACE, DISTRICT KANYAKUMARI.-A few minor
repairs to the roof, including the preservation of the woodwork, were carried out.

RAJASTHAN STATE

15. AKBAR's FORT, AJMER.-Apart from internal annual repairs, special
measures were taken for the removal of small trees with their roots from the outer side
of the quadrangular wall. For the convenience of the visitors, the main block was
provided with flood-lighting arrangements without damage to the monument.

UTTAR PRADESH STATE

The following monuments received attention.

16. TOMB OF TAKHAT PAHLWAN, AGRA.

17. MONUMENTS, DISTRICT jHANSl.-Temple of Lakshmidevi of Rani Lakshmi
Bai and temple of Ramachandraji, Samthar.

18. RAS KHAN'S CHHATRI, GOKUL, DISTRICT MATHURA.

19. TEMPLE OF NAROTHAM KAIR, BARI, DISTRICT SITAPUR,

20. TOMB OF MALIK MUHAMMAD JAISI, AMETHI, DISTRICT SULTANPUR.

21. MONUMENTS, DISTRICT TEHRi-GARHWAL.-Jamadagni Rishi and Saileswar
Mahadeva temples.

22. TOMB OF LATIF SHAH, DISTRICT VARANASI.

1.07

IX. ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

TREATMENT OF MONUMENTS AND PAINTINGS 1

ANDHRA PRADESH

1. VIRABHADRASVAMI TEMPLE, LEPAKSHI, DISTRICT ANANTAPUR. Half the
area of the outer walls of the temple, nearly an equal area of the opposite wall and
about one-fourth of the area of the ceiling, all covered with soot, oil and dirty accretions,
which had become hardened and cemented to the painted surface, were cleaned and
the paintings brought to light.

BOMBAY

2. ROCK-CUT CAVES, AJANTA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD, The work of
removing shellac- varnish from the painted surfaces in Caves 16 and 17 was continued
(pis. CXVI-CXVIII), the method being the same as followed last year (1956-57, p. 66).
All the untreated squares in Cave 16 were cleaned, leaving only a few here and there
for comparison and watching of the effect of the treatment ; thus, nearly three-fifths of
the painted area have been cleaned. In Cave 17 the treatment of about one-third of
the area has been completed.

3. ROCK-CUT CAVES, ELLORA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD. The group of
paintings in the Ga.nQsa.-kna was given a preservative coating and the edges of loose
stuccoes were filleted' with suitably-tinted plaster of Paris. In Cave 32, last year's treat-
msnt (1956-57, p. 66) had brought out the details of the linear draughtsmanship of the
artist, but not the colours. This year, it was possible, through the use of various mixtures
of organic solvents, to uncover a series of brightly-coloured paintings of a new school
(pi. XCIX). Side by side, the work of .filleting the loose stucco-edges was continued,

4. TAMBEKARWADA, BAR.ODA.-The work of cleaning and preservation
of the paintings, which had been in progress for about three -years (1954-55, p. 48;
1955-56, p. 54; 1956-57, p. 65), was successfully completed during the year.

5. MAHAKALI TEMPLE, CHANDA. The remnants of the old paintings on the
temple-walls, exposed here and there, were freed from the overlying coat of lime and
subjected to treatment and preservation, with the result that paintings over a consider-
able area were brought to light (pi. CXX). The work is in progress. The treatment
of the paintings on the front arch of the temple was completed.

KERALA

6. SIVA TEMPLES, CHEMMANTHATTA, PALLIMANNA AND PERUVANAM,
DISTRICT TRICHUR. The painted surfaces in the three temples were cleaned
and the paintings preserved. In all cases, the work was completed.

1 Nos. 4, 5, 9-13, 15 and 18-26 were attended to by the Archaeological Chemist in India and the
others by the Assistant Archaeological Chemist.

108

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

7. VADAKKUNATHAN TEMPLE, TRICHUR. The paintings on the outer wall of
the Sankara-Narayana shrine and on the walls of the eastern and western chittambalam
and of the Vrishabha-vahana shrine were cleaned and preserved. In the nandi-
mandapa nearly three-fourths of the painted area were completed.

8. RAMA TEMPLE, TR1PRAYAR, DISTRICT TRICHUR. -The paintings on the
outer walls were completely cleaned and preserved.

MADHYA PRADESH

9. KANDARIA-MAHADEVA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO, DISTRICT CHHATARPUR.
The work of removing algal growth, other vegetation, injurious soluble salts and other
accretions (1956-57, p. 64) was continued during the year and is still in progress. The
fimgicidal and preservative treatment will be taken up after this work is complete.

10. ROCK-CUT CAVES, BAGH, DISTRICT DHAR. The treatment of wall-
paintings in the caves continued throughout the year (1956-57, p. 65). In Cave 3, tarry
accretions, grease and smoke, which had obscured the paintings, were thoroughly
removed by a judicious use of detergents, organic solvents and other reagents and the
paintings completely treated and preserved. A considerable painted area in Caves 2
and 4 received similar treatment.

11. ROCK-SHELTERS, PACHMARHI, DISTRICT HOSHANGABAD. The Bam'a Beri
and Dorothy Deep rock-shelters were treated, with the result that the flaking of the
pigments has been arrested.

12. MONUMENTS, SANCHI, DISTRICT RAISER A number of pillars and capitals
lying near Stupa 1 were subjected to an elaborate treatment and preservation. The
accretion of moss and lichen, the result of centuries of exposure, was removed and the
clean stonework given a fungicidal treatment. As a result, the pieces have regained
their original appearance.

13. ROCK-CUT CAVES, UDAIGIRI, DISTRICT VlDISHA. The sculptures and
inscriptions were successfully treated and preserved.

MADRAS

14. CAVE-TEMPLE, TIRUMALAIPURAM, DISTRICT TiRUNELVELi.-The broken
edges of the surviving patches of plaster were secured by filleting.

MYSORE

15. ASAR MAHAL, BIJAPUR, AND WATER-PAVILION, KUMATGI, DISTRICT
BlJAPUR. The treatment and preservation of the paintings on these monuments, which
had been brought under a scheme of special repairs about a couple of years ago (1955-56,
p. 54; 1956-57, p. 65), were completed this year with striking results. The loss of
the pigments through flaking has been completely stopped.

16. GOMMATESVARA STATUE, SRAVANABELGOLA, DISTRICT HASSAN.-As a result

of the last mastakabhisheka-csremony, the statue had been covered with organic

109

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

accretions, oils and stains. Since it is exposed to sun and rains, there had also been a
growth of moss and lichen on the surface. All the accretions were more or less remo-
ved on the back and sides of the statue and a few other parts were cleaned. The dis-
colonrations at other places of the statue are being attended to.

17. DARIA-DAULAT-BAGH, SRIRANGAPATNA, DISTRICT MANDYA. The paintings
on the outer eastern and western walls had been covered with accretions of dust, dirt, soot,
stains, cobwebs, insect-nests and cocoons. The two walls were divided into squares,
and each alternate square was cleaned. After this initial work, the entire wall-surfaces
were treated, leaving only a few squares untouched for purposes of comparison.

ORISSA

18. LINGAR AJA TEMPLE, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT PURL Intensive work was
continued (1956-57, p. 64) on the temple, as a result of which nearly three-fourths of the
surface-area were cleaned with very satisfactory results.

19. MUKTESVARA TEMPLE, BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT PURL The sculptured
walls were subjected to general cleaning and preservation. Attention was also directed to
the cleaning of the mortar-stains on the gateway of thtjagamohana.

20. ROCK-CUT CAVES, KHANDAGIRI, DISTRICT PURL Some sculptures, heavily
coated with oily and greasy accretions, were cleaned.

UTTAR PRADESH

21. 'ITIMADU'D-DAULAH'S TOMB, AGRA. As a result of continued, treatment
(7955-55, p. 54; 1956-57, p. 65), most of the paintings were freed from accretions,
grease and smoke and were preserved (pi. CXXI A). The remaining part of the work
will be finished shortly.

22. GROUP OF MONUMENTS, FATEHPUR SlKRl, DISTRICT AGRA. The paintings in
the different monuments were subjected to continued treatment (1955-56, p. 54; 1956-57,
p. 65), with the result that many obscure paintings were brought to light and . their
condition considerably improved (pi. CXXIII B). The work will be finished shortly.

23. AKBAR'STOMB, SIKANDARA, DISTRICT AGRA. Most of the painted area in
the Sunheri-Mahal continued to be treated and preserved (1956-57, p. 65) with highly
satisfactory results (pis. CXXII A and CXXIII A). The remaining partis under treat-
ment.

. 24. MONUMENTS, KHUSRO-BAGH, ALLAHABAD. The paintings continued to
receive attention (1955-56, p. 54; 1956-57, p. 65), so that three-fourths of the work
were completed in the tomb of Khusro (pi. CXXI B) and Sultanu'-n-Nisa Begam. The
remaining part will be completed shortly.

25. EXCAVATED REMAINS NEAR KALSI, DISTRICT DEHRA DUN. The work of
the treatment and preservation of the bricks, both inscribed and unin scribed, which
had been taken up earlier (1955-56, p. 53; 7956-57, p. 64), was completed, so that
.their disintegration has been arrested.

110

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

26. FORT, TALEBHAT, DISTRICT JHANSI. The work on the Narasimha temple,
continued from previous years (1955-56, p. 54 ; 1956-57; p. 65) was completed, so that
the paintings are now in a satisfactory condition (pi. CXXII B)

TREATMENT OF EXCAVATED OBJECTS AND MUSEUM-EXHIBITS

The ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMIST IN INDIA received for treatment six hundred
and fiftytwo objects of diverse nature, such as copper, hronze and iron objects and silver
and lead coins, mostly from Nagda, Bahal, Nagari and Lothal (Saragwala), of which
more than half were treated and the rest are receiving attention. In addition, one
hundred and sixtysix silver coins, two copper containers and one earthen pot were
also treated. A large number of objects, consisting of a wide variety of material, such
as pottery, terracottas, plaster, alloys, glass, etc., were studied.

The ASSISTANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMIST, MUSEUMS BRANCH, treated and
preserved upwards of twelve hundred objects, variously belonging to the Central
Asian Antiquities Museum, other Departmental museums and also the National
Museum.

The electrolytic treatment of metal objects was brought into regular service,
and it is planned to increase the capacity of this method by the addition of a few locally-
constructed apparatuses. Ways to overcome the shortcomings of this method, such
as the deposition on the objects so treated of a very thin incoherent film of some black
residual matter, present in the object or generated in the system, is under investigation.

About nine hundred objects recovered from excavations received attention.
Pieces of a small string and highly-charred disintegrated cloth from Ujjain, as also the
imprints of baskets on clay (pi. XXXVIII B) deserve particular mention. Over eight
hundred paper and palm-leaf manuscripts of the Hampi Museum were treated for
fungal growth and colonies of mould. Thirty sculptures of the same Museum, disfigured
by a complex type of accretion, as much as ^-in. thick on a few pieces, found to consist
of compacted lichen, oil, etc., were cleaned. Sixtysix sculptures of the Sarnath and
Bodh-Gaya Museums were cleaned of vegetational growth and lime and other incrus-
tations. Sculptures affected by efflorescence and subjected to exfoliation were freed
of deleterious salts. The work of the elimination of black paint and coal-tar streaks
from the sculptures in the Amaravati Museum was continued (1956-57, p. 67) and al-
most completed. The large bronze collection of the Nalanda Museum was re-examined
and the pieces requiring treatment were separated.

The painted surfaces over a few small areas of the previously-treated Central
Asian wall-paintings, showing a weakening of the bond with the under layers, were
strengthened. A painted stucco head from Central Asia was fully examined with a
view to finding out the technique of the painting. Valuable information having a
bearing on the ancient Central Asian art of wall-painting as compared with some tech-
niques of medieval Europe was obtained through the study.

The problem of the removal of resistant stains from antique painted silk and
cotton banners without affecting the colours was given intense attention (pi. CXXIV).
The surface-active properties of a few chemical agents were found to be of better utility
than processes involving only the dissolving action of solvents.

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW
RESEARCH

1. CERAMICS. The Archaeological Chemist continued his studies on ancient
ceramics and subjected several thin sections of pottery-specimens to microscopic exa-
mination.

The Assistant Archaeological Chemist undertook and completed a scientific
study of the pottery from Maski, District Raichur (1953-54, p. 8).

2. GEOCHRONOLOGY. As a result of a detailed analysis and microscopic exa-
mination by the Archaeological Chemist of the soil-samples collected from the excava-
ted site at Birbhanpur, District Burdwan (1956-57, p. 67), with a view to the determina-
tion of the conditions under which the deposits had been laid, it was possible to recons-
truct the climatic oscillations the site had undergone before and after the rmcrolithic
phase. Heavy mechanical analysis was also taken up, but the work will take some
time to complete. The work on the soil-samples from Rupar, District Ambala (ibid,\
was completed and the report thereon is under preparation.

3. TREATMENT OF PAINTINGS .The investigation on the chemical conservation
of ancient wall-paintings (1956-57, p. 68) was intensively pursued, and, as a result of
the collected data, it became possible to effect considerable improvements in the me-
thods of treatment and preservation. By the use of mixed solvents evolved as a result
of laboratory-research, the technique of removing tarry, greasy, smoky and resinous
accretions from painted surfaces was considerably improved. Investigation on the
further improvement of the film-softeners evolved last year (ibid.') to deal with dry
brittle pigments-layers was continued.

The Assistant Archaeological Chemist installed self-recording thermographs
and hydrographs at Ajanta and Tanjavur, as an experimental measure, to collect data
on the variations of temperature and humidity, which affect wall-paintings under cer-
tain circumstances.

4. TREATMENT OF MONUMENTS. The Archaeological Chemist conducted labo-
ratory-tests of waterproofing materials for dealing with the problem of dampness
and action of sea-salts on stonework. The question of the eradication of algal growth
from exposed monuments was also studied and experiments were conducted with a
number of materials.

The Assistant Archaeological Chemist prepared microscopic sections of the
Ajanta and Ellora rocks for the study of rock-disintegration.

112

X. ARCHAEOLOGICAL GARDENS

BOMBAY

1. BlBl-KA-MAQBARA, AURANGABAD. In order to re-lay the gardens a pipe-
line was laid for a considerable length for the supply of water. The existing water-
channels in between the plots were made watertight. The operation is in progress.

2. SHANWARWADA, POONA. The work initiated last year (1956-57, p. 76) was.
extended over a wider area this year. Most of the area was laid with lawns and plants,
with a pleasing effect. Concrete benches are being provided along the boundary-wall
for the use of visitors. With the bringing in of the remaining plots under operation in
1958-59, the whole compound will have been brought under the scheme of gardening.

DELHI

3. QUTB, DELHI. An extensive ear-park, with diversion-roads and avenues
of trees, was planned and partly laid. Suitable trees were planted along the roads for
shade.

4. HUMAYUN'S TOMB, NEW DELHI. The plots of land in front of 'Isa Khan's
tomb, which had been full of debris, were cleared and converted into lawns. The
nursery was enriched by the introduction of new varieties of plants for multiplication.
The cMc/c-house nursery was extended.

An outstanding feature was the creation of a miniature landscape-garden in
a 4-acre wild land on the north-western corner of the tomb. The area was dressed up
after the removal of all jungle-growth, the hardy shrubs and self-sown plants being,
however, retained at odd places. The natural contours of the land were maintained
and only the flat plots were grassed. A serpentine road and narrow foot-paths,
pitched with rubble, were laid. The area presents a pleasing contrast to the adjacent
formal Mughul garden round the tomb.

5. MISCELLANEOUS. All the gardens were maintained in proper trim. At
most monuments, deep-rooted plants growing in close proximity to the ancient walls
were pulled out and others were kept detached from the walls so as to allow the free
movement of air between the walls and the plants and to obviate all possible contacts
of transpiration-moisture with the walls. Old weedy lawns were regrassed at Kotla
Firuz Shah, Qutb and Red Fort.

UTTAR PRADESH

6. FORT, AGRA. Some of the shrubberies at the Akbari-Mahal were replanted
according to colour- and height-schemes. The main drive opposite the Diwan-i-'Am

113

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

area was slightly narrowed down and provided with edging stones. The Moti-Masjid
area was brightened up by the training of creepers into standards and pruning of shrubs
and trees.

7. KHAN-I-'ALAM NURSERY, AGRA.The propagational activities in the nursery
were kept in full swing. Many beds were laid out in a systematic order to increase the
-space for propagation. New varieties of plants and seeds were imported from different
parts fc of India and abroad. A new conservatory was built for delicate plants and the
glass-house was partly repaired. Worn-out pipe-lines were replaced.

8. TAJ MAHAL, AGRA.The garden facing the mausoleum was improved by
the removal of the central beds in the front lawns and of dead plants and judicious
pruning of the trees to expose the natural vistas and the focal points of the monuments.
Many shrubberies were overhauled keeping in view colours, heights, etc. Four plots
were returfed. Care was taken to keep the lawns weed-free by the use of cultural,
mechanical and chemical means.

9. MISCELLANEOUS. The other gardens at Agra, viz. Chini-ka-Rauza,
*Itimadu'd-Daulah, Ram-bagh, Roman Catholic Cemetery and Sikandara, were properly
maintained and improved.

The gardens attached to the Khusro-bagh, Allahabad, and Residency Buildings,
Lucknow, were maintained through the respective Superintendents of Gardens of the
State Government.

114

XL PUBLICATIONS

DEPARTMENTAL PUBLICATIONS

1 . ANCIENT INDIA. Number 13 (1957) of the journal was published. Number
14 (1958) is in the press and will be available by October 1958.

2. ANNUAL REPORT ON INDIAN EPIGRAPHY. The Reports for 1949-50 and
1950-51 were published and those for 1951-52, 1952-53 and 1953-54 were passed for
printing. The Reports for 1954-55, 1955-56 and 1956-57 are going through the press.

3 . CORPUS INSCRTPTIONUM INDICARUM. Part ii of volume II, Bharhut Inscrip-
tions, edited by H. Lueders and revised by E. Waldschmidt, is in the proof-stage.
Volume VI, Inscriptions of the Vakatakas, edited by V. V. Mirashi, is being made ready
for the press.

4. EPIGRAPHIA INDICA. Parts viii both of volumes XXVIII (October 1950) and
XXIX (October 1952), parts iv (October 1953), v (January 1954), vi (April 1954) and
vii (July 1954) of volume XXX and parts i (January 1955), ii (April 1955), iii (July 1955)
and iv (October 1955) of volume XXXI were published. Part viii of volume XXX
(October 1954) and parts v (January 1956), vi (April 1956) and vii (July 1956) of vo-
lume XXXI were passed for printing.

Part viii of volume XXXI (October 1956) and parts i (January 1957), ii (April
1957), iii (July 1957), iv (October 1957) and v (January 1958) of volume XXXII are in
the proof-stage and parts vi (April 1958) and vii (July 1958) of volume XXXII and
parts i (January 1959) and ii (April 1959) are with the press.

5. EPIGRAPHIA INDICA (ARABIC AND PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS). the number
for 1955-56 is in the final stage of printing.

6. GUIDE-BOOKS. The following were reprinted : Khajuraho, by B. L. Dhama
and S. C. Chandra, and Sarnath, by V. S. Agrawala. The reprinting of Ajanta, by
Debala Mitra, and Rajgir, by M. H. Kuraishi and A. Ghosh, is in progress. Sanchi,
by Debala Mitra, was published and Shubaneswar, by the same author, is being print-
ed. The Hindi versions' of Sarnath, Sravasti, Rajgir, Khajuraho and Kusinagam are
in the proof-stage.

7. INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY A REVIEW. The number for 1956-57 was published.

8. MEMOIRS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Number 74,
Kausambi, by G.R. Sharma, is going through the press.

9. PICTURE-POSTCARDS. The sets of Ajanta (monochrome and coloured),
Ellora, Nalanda and Sanchi were reprinted. New sets of Aihole, Bhubaneswar,
Khajuraho, Badami, Pattadakal and Mandu were printed, and the sets of Mahabali-
puram, Delhi (Sets A, B and C), Sarnath, Chitorgarh, Elephanta, Agra, Bijapur and
Kanheri are being reprinted. The following new sets are also being printed : Halebid,
Somanathapur and Behir.

115

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

10. TEMPLE-ARCHITECTURE SERiES.-Pallava Cave-temples, by K. R. Srinivasan,
is ready for the press, while Khajuraho, by Krishna Deva, is being made ready.

11.^ SOUTH INDIAN INSCRIPTIONS .-Volumes XV, Bombay-Karnatak Inscrip-
tions, part u, XVI, Telugu Inscriptions of the Kings of Vijayanagam, XVJI, Inscriptions
collected during 1903-1904, and XVIII, Bombay-Karnatak Inscriptions, part iii, were
sent to the Government Press, Madras.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

l - ANTIQUITIES AT NEVASA.-This work, by H. D. Sankalia and M. S. Mate,
being published by the Government of Bombay, is in the press.

^ * ?' BULLETIN OF THE MUSEUM AND PICTURE-GALLERY. BARODA. Volume
12 of the Bulletin was published.

3. EPIGRAPHIA CARNATIKA. The Tvmkur Supplement, being published by
the Government of Mysore, has been printed. The printing of the transliteration of
volume XVII is nearmg completion.

4. GUIDE-BOOKS. The Hindi versions of the Guides to Srirangapatna and
Belw are passing through the press and will be published by the Government of Mysore,

The Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay, published A Guide to the Antiquities
of the Historic Period.

AT, f 2 ' ^^ELLANEOUS -The Government of Bombay is publishing the following ;
Akota Bronzes by U. P. Shah; Excavations at Lakhabaval, Amara and Somnath;
Interim Report on Further Excavations at Prabhas Patan; Origin and Evolution of
bujarat My teoj Architecture, by P. P. Pandya and M. A. Dhanky; Architectural Activi-
S1L 7 / ? % P> P ; Pand y a > M - A - Dhanky and H. P. Shastri; atld Embroidery
M P Vorf Saurashtra, by J. M. Nanavati, M. A. Dhanky and

116

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE I

Nagarjunakonda : A, neolithic burials during excavation (scale of inches); B, Megalith 2 during excavation

(scale of feet) . See page 5

PLATE II

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REVIEW

S
<a

ft,

*lt

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE III

PLATE IV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Nagarjunakonda : A, part of northern wall of stadium with outlet-drain,
and Nagarjuna hill in background; B, four-winged dormitory.

Pushpabhadrasvami temple
See page 8

EXPLORATION SAND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE V

PLATE VI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

" IK ' s&AsJjti'-S?'

Nagarjunakonda ; A,

// r . flM . R ,
fe^

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCA VATIONS

PLATE VII

B C

Nagarjunakonda : A, stone yaksha (scale of inches); B, lower part of inscribed seated stone figure;

C, stone mithuna. See page 9

PLATE VHI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-S8-A REVIEW

Vaisali : A, wall on northern slope of Kharauna tank (scale of feet); B, stupa with five Periods, indicated
as I-V, with concrete floor in background (scale offoot-and-inches). See page 1Q

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE IX

Faisali : A, section across stupa, with relic-casket in situ (scales of feet and half-foot-and-inches);

US, steatite relic-casket (L). See page 11

PLATE X

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

I
13

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XI

general view of houses and .drains. See page 12

PLATE XI I

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

lothal : A, brick revetment; B 3 street flanked by houses. Seepage

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XIII

PLATE XIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58-A REVIEW

Lothal : ^furnace associated witti bead-manufacture (scale of feet); B, human skeletons
in cemetery (scale of inches). See pages 12 and 13

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XV

Lothal : painted pottery (A, \). See page 13

PLATE XVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 -A REVIEW

Lethal: painted and incised pottery. See page 13

IXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XVII

Lothal : A, miniature painted vase; B, burial-pottery. See page 75

PLATE XVIII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

I
I

-Cj

bo 4)

O 00

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XIX

Lothal : A, stone weights and gamestnen; B, steatite and terracotta seals and sealings. See p(ige 13

PLATE XX

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXI

Lothal : copper and bronze objects. See page 13

PLATE XXII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

A. Bhagatrav : pottery. See page 15

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXIII

o
o

"53
I

PLATE XXIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXV

cS ^*

**H sy

r
CO

PLATE XXVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

S
B
I

R V
O O 1

iJB
'
?

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXVH

Qiia R<ii Pithora (>elhl) .< walls of different Periods with fortificaiion-wall>at back (scale of feet).

PLATE XXVIII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

A. Kohari : tools of Scries I and II. See page 26

Ramnagar : tools of Series II. See page 26

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXIX

A. Chorhat : tools of Series If. See page 26

B. Bira : tools of Series II. See page 26

PLATE XXX

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Deoland Bridge ; tools of Series II. See page 26

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXXI

Pasewa : brick wall (scale of feet). See page 28

PLATE XXXII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

.V.

5
o

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXXIII

-s:

o
ft,

PLATE XXXIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

,
.

Q !

c
es.

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXXV

PLATE XXXVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 -A REVIEW

ffavdatoli : painted pottery. See page 32

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXXVH

<*>CM1,

N.mckiqli ; A, copper axes; B, star-shaped faience bead(\);, C, microlithic blades. Seepage 32.

PLATE XXXVIII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58^A REVIEW

Ujjain : A, cattle-bones in pit (scale of inches): B, impressions of baskets on clay in makz-up of rampart.

See page 34

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XXXIX

T-

03 *

-s;

PLATE XL

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Ujjain : section of roads of different Periods (scale of feet}. See page 34

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LXI

Ujjain : A, wooden construction in make-up of rampart (scales of feet andfoot-and- inches); B, ironsmith's

furnace (scale of inches). See page 34 and 36

PLATE XLII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1951-58 A REVIEW

t-4

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XLIII

Ujjain

A revetment-wall .at : south-west end of channel (scale of feet) ; B, collapsed manufactory of bone
' arrow-heads '(scale offoot-and-inches),- See page 36

PLATE XLIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XLV

Kunnattur: A, Megalith 5 with central sarcophagus and three sarcophagi, marked A-C, mar the top (scales
of feet and foot-and-inches); B, Megalith 5, central sarcophagus (scale of feet). See page 31

PLATE XLVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Kwmattw: A, Megalith 9, sarcophagus with bones, iron objects and pottery (scale of inches); B, Megalith 4,
stone-lined pit with iron objects and pottery (scale of foot-and-inches). See page 37

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XLVH

Kunnattur: habitation-site with Black-artd-red Ware vessels at the bottom (scale of feet). Seepage 38

PLATE XLVIII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

5SJ

-I
I

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE XLIX

S
e

V< l

R
I

PLATE L

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Ratnagiri : A, main stupa with flanking votive stupas on different levels (scale of foot-and-inches );
B, close view of votive stupas (scale of foot-and-inches). See page 40

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LI

Ratnagiri : clusters of monolithic votive stupas (scales of ' foot'ond-inches ) . See page 40

PLATE LH

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

Ratnagiri : A, later circular walls over ruined wall-tops of earlier stupa (scale offool-and-inches);
B, other later walls (scale offoot-and-inches) . See pages 40 and 41

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LIII

Ratnagiri : A, pedestal of monolithic votive stupa with socket filled with ashes and bones ;
B. base of monolithic votive stupa with plugged socket. See page 40

PLATE LIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Ratnagin: A, Arya-Sarasvati (?), and B, Vajrasattva^ in Defies of votive stupas. See page 40

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LV

C D

Ratnagiri: stone sculptures representing, A, Arapachana, B, Tara, C, Lokesvara, and D, Aparajita (?).

See page 41

PLATE LVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

Q
S"

.I 1

fea

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LVO

Microliths. Uncha : 1 and 13 ; Giga Khera : 2-7, 10 and 19 ; Ballu Khera : 8, 9, 12 and 22 ; Deoli : 11
Kurias : 14 and 23 : Purani Marmi ; 15, 17, 18, 20 and 21 ; Goga Thala : 16. See page 45

PLATE LVIII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Bhagvanpura, Kadukota, Kumaria, Pachimto and Purani Marmi ; painted black-and-red and red

See page 45

pottery.

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LTX

A. Bichore : paJaeoIiths. See page 45

B. Shamariu "no. 1 ;< palaeoliths . See page 45

PLATE LX

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

Kausambi ; brick revetment of defences, Period I. See page 47

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LXI

Kausambi : A, brick revetments of defences, Periods I and II, the latter collapsed (scale offset);
B, brick revetments of defences, Periods If and III (scale of feet). See page 47

PLATE LXII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Kausambi : guard-rooms, stairs and other structures of different Periods (scales o

See pages 47 and 48 /

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LXIII

Kausambi : A, syena-chiti, structures of defences in background; B, curved wall with drain or
passage (scale of feet). See pages 47 and 48

PLATE LXIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REVIEW

ffi

"S
3

g
I?

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LXV

Kanuimbi A, bones on syena-chiti (scale of indies); B, stages in the construction of syena-chHI (scales of

feet-and-inches). See pages 48 and 49

PLATE LXVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Kusambi : A, svayamatrina enclosed by bricks on syena-chiti ; B, ;a/-s and human skull on syen-chiti.

See pages 48 and 49

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LXV1I

.5
S

8
S
fc

PLATE LXVIII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY J957-58A REVIEW

Rajghat (Varanasi) : structures of different Periods (scales of feet). See page 51

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LXIX

Rajghat (Varanasi); A, pottery spouts; B, decorated sherds. See pages 50 and 51

PLATE LXX

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LXXI

Chandraketugarh : trench with pottery drain-pipes, Period II (scale of feet) . See paqe 51

PLATESLXXI1

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY I957-5NA REVIEW

5 7

Ghandraketugrdh : rouletted and stamped pottery (approximately \). See pages 57 and 52

EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

PLATE LXXIII

B C

Chmidraketugarh; A 5 terracotta naga figurine; B and C, terracotta mithuna plaques. See pages 51 and 52

PLATE LXXIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

PLATE LXXV

Pitalkhora : A, sculptured frieze beside steps of chaitya-hall; B, sculptures near vifwt a-entrance .

Seepage 65

PLATE LXXVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REVIEW

18
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OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

PLATE LXXVII

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5

PLATE LXXVIII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Pilalkhora : A, pilaster with mithunas (scale of foot-and-inches ) ; B, dvara-palika ; C, miniature
crystal reliquaries and crystal bead with^stopperQSee page 66

OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES

PLATE LXXIX

Pitalkhora : stone sculpture. See page 65

PLATE LXXX

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

O THER IMPORTANT DISCO VER IES

PLATE LXXXI

A. Induri : ruined chaitya-hall. See page 67

B. Fatehpur Sikri : sandstone Buddha head. See page 69

PLATE LXXXil

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 -REVIEW

Bhopal : sandstone pillar with shell-inscription. See page 68

THER IMPORTANT DISCO VERIES

PLATE LXXXIII

Chandraketugarh :. 1, terracotta seal (ht. 1 in.). Harinarayanpur ': 2, terracotta seal (ht. T ' in.). Atghara
3, terracotta figurine (ht. 6 in.) ; 4 and 5, Rouktted Ware (2 and |). See page 70

PLATE LXXX1V

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58- A REVIEW

I s

MUSEUMS

PLATE LXXXV

C D

Allahabad Museum : terracotta figurines. See page 71

PLATE LXXXVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58-A REVIEW

WS,

& B

MUSEUMS

PLATE LXXXVII

Asutosh Museum, Calcutta : A, sandstone Buddha (ht. 3g in.), Chandraketugarh ; B, terracotta plaque with
Buddha (ht. 7| in.), Panna, Patna Museum : C, bronze Siva (ht. 4 in,), findspot unknown.

See pages 72 and 75

PLATE LXXXVITI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY J957-58A REVIEW

MUSEUMS

PLATE LXXXIX

'"'"' "' "

Si ,:

Indian Museum, Calcutta: A, stone Vishnu (ht.2ft.), Navagram; B, Harihara-pitamaha (ht. 1 ft. 8 in.),
Navagram; C, stone inscription (length 3 ft. 5 in.) Kalna. See pages 72 and 73

PLATE XC

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957 -58 A REVIEW

Indian Museum, Calcutta: palm-leaf manuscript, Nepal. See page 73

MUSEUMS

PLATE XCI

PLATE XCII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957 -58 A REVIEW

National Museum, New Del hi : A, illustration from Shah-namah (length 6\ in.); B, Kangi-a painting

MUSEUMS

PLATE XCIII

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PLATE XCIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Ranakpur : Ranakdevi temple. See page 77

ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF TEMPLES

PLATE XCV

Modhera : Sun temple, southern facade of sabha-mandapa. Seepage 77

PALTE XCVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Kanchipuram " Piravatanesvara temple. See page 78

ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF TEMPLES

PLATE XCVII

Tirupparur : Kailascmatha temple. See page 78

PLATE XCVIII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

Delhi : Hauz-khas, flight of steps discovered during clearance. Seepage 79

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

PLATE XCIX

Delhi: Qadam-sharif, south-west corner, before and after repairs, See page 79

PLATE C

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOG Y 1957-58 A REVIEW

B
Delhi : tomb of 'Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, before and during repairs. See page 80

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

PLATE CI

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PLATE CII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

R
O

s
o

I
I

Joysagar : Ghanasyam's house, before and after repairs. See page 87

PLATE CIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

B
Udaipw ,' Chatwdasa-devata temple, before and after repairs. See page 88

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

PLATE CV

Bangalore ; compound-wall of old dungeon, before and after repairs. See page 94

PLATE CVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

Ajanta: Cave 24, A, left verandah-wall during repairs, B, right verandah-wall after repairs. See page 96

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

PLATE'CVII

Ajanta : Cave 24, pillars of left cell, during and after repairs. See page

PLATE CVIII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

1
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I

Ju*

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If

PLATE CX

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

Ellora : Cave 15, porch in front ofmandapa, duringlfmd after repairs. See page 97

PRESERVATION OFMONUMENTS

PLATE CXI

Chitorgarh : Tower of Victory, plinth, during and after repairs. Seepage 101

PLATE CXII

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REViLW

Chitorgarh : Siva temple in Sati-endosure, before and after repairs. See page 101

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

PLATE CX1II

PLATE CXIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

8
"S

PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS

PLATE CXV

Bagh : A, rock-strata over caves (the top soft clay stone marked A); B, roof of caves, chystone partly

removed. See page 103

PLATE CXVI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58A REVIEW

Ajanta : painting during treatment in Cave 17. See page 108

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

PLATE CXVII

AJanta : painting during treament in Cave 17. See page 108

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

PLATECXVIII

Ajanta : painting during treatment in Cave 17, See page 108

PLATE CXIX

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-5% A REVIEW

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

PLATE CXX

Chanda : Mahakali temple, painting during treatment. See page 108

PLATE CXXI

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-53 A REV1LW

A. Agra : 'Itimadu'd-Daulah, painting during treatment. See page 110

B. Allahabad : Khusro-bagh, painting during treatment. See page 110

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

PLATE CXXII

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PLATE CXXIV

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1957-58 A REVIEW

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