^ k
THE
INDIAN CALENDAR
THE
INDIAN CALENDAR
WITH TABLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF HINDU AND
MUHAMMADAN INTO A.D. DATES, AND VICE VERSA
ROBERT SEWELL
Late of Her Majesty's Indian Civil Service,
SANKARA BALKRISHNA DIKSHIT
Traitiing College, Poona.
WITH TABLES OF ECLIPSES VISIBLE IN INDIA
BY
Dr. ROBERT SCHRAM
Of Vienna.
LONDON
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & Co., Ltd.
Paternoster Square
^ENTlt.'X
Printed al the Motley J^ess, Amsterdam.
PREFACE.
This Volume is designed for the use, not only of those engaged in the decypherment
of Indian inscriptions and the compilation of Indian history, but also of Judicial Courts and
Government Ofifices in India. Documents bearing dates prior to those given in any existing
almanack are often produced before Courts of Justice as evidence of title ; and since forgeries,
many of them of great antiquity, abound, it is necessary to have at hand means for testing
and verifying the authenticity of these exhibits. Within the last ten years much light has been
thrown on the subject of the Indian methods of time-reckoning by the pubHcations of Professor
Jacobi, Dr. Schram, Professor Kielhorn, Dr. Fleet, Pandit Sahkara Balkrishna Dikshit, and others ;
but these, having appeared only in scientific periodicals, are not readily accessible to officials in
India. The Government of Madras, therefore, desiring to have a summary of the subject with
Tables for ready reference, requested me to undertake the work. In process of time the scheme
was widened, and in its present shape it embraces the whole of British India, receiving in that
capacity the recognition of the Secretary of State for India. Besides containing a full explanation
of the Indian chronological system, with the necessary tables, the volume is enriched by a set
of Tables of Eclipses most kindly sent to me by Dr. Robert Schram of Vienna.
In the earher stages of my labours I had the advantage of receiving much support and
assistance from Dr. J. Burgess (late Director-General of the Arch.-eological Survey of India) to
whom I desire to express my sincere thanks. After completing a large part of the calculations
necessary for determining the elements of Table I., and drawing up the draft of an introductory
treatise, I entered into correspondence with Mr. Sankara Balkrishna Dikshit, with the result that,
after^a short interval, we agreed to complete the work as joint authors. The introductory treatise
is mainly his, but I have added to it several explanatory paragraphs, amongst others those
relating to astronomical phenomena.
Tables XIV. and XV. were prepared by Mr. T. Lakshmiah Naidu of Madras.
It is impossible to over-estimate the value of the work done by Dr. Schram, which renders
it now for the first time easy for anyone to ascertain the incidence, in time and place, of every
solar eclipse occurring in India during the past 1600 years, but while thus briefly noting his services
in the cause of science, I cannot neglect this opportunity of expressing to him my gratitude for his
kindness to myself.
S38499
I must also tender my warm thanks for much invaluable help to Mr. 11. 11. Turner, Savilian
Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, to Professor Kiclhorn, CLE., of Gottingen, and to Professor
Jacobi.
The Tables have been tested and re-tested, and we believe that they may be safely relied
on for accuracy. No pains have been spared to secure this object.
R. SEWELL.
II.
It was only in September, 1893, that I became acquainted with Mr. R. Sewell, after he
had already made much progress in the calculations necessary for the principal articles of
Table I. of this work, and had almost finished a large portion of them.
The idea then occurred to me that by inserting the a, h, c figures (cols. 23, 24, and 25
of Table I.) which Mr. Sewell had already worked out for the initial days of the luni-solar years,
but had not proposed to print in full, and by adding some of Professor Jacobi's Tables published
in the Indian Antiquary, not only could the exact moment of the beginning and end of all luni-
solar tithis be calculated, but also the beginning and ending moments of the nakshatra, yoga,
and karana for any day of any year; and again, that by giving the exact moment of the Mesha
sankranti for each solar year the exact European equivalent for every solar date could also be
determined. I therefore proceeded to work out the details for the Mesha sankrantis, and then
framed rules and examples for the exact calculation of the required dates, for this purpose
extending and modifying Professor Jacobi's Tables to suit my methods. Full explanation of the
mode of calculation is given in the Text. The general scheme was originally propounded by
M. Largeteau, but we have to thank Professor Jacobi for his publications which have formed
the foundation on which we have built.
My calculation for the moments of Mesha sankrantis, of mean intercalations of months
(Mr. Sewell worked out the true intercalations), and of the samvatsaras of the cycle of Jupiter
were carried out by simple methods of my own. Mr. Sewell had prepared the rough draft of
a treatise giving an account of the Hindu and Muhammadan systems of reckoning, and collecting
much of the information now embodied in the Text. But I found it necessary to re-write this,
and to add a quantity of new matter.
I am responsible for all information given in this work which is either new to European
scholars, or which differs from that generally received by them. All points regarding which
any difference of opinion seems possible are printed in footnotes, and not in the Text. They
are not, of course, fully discussed as this is not a controversial work.
Every precaution has been taken to avoid error, but all corrections of mistakes which
may have crept in, as well as all suggestions for improvement in the future, will be gladly and
thankfully received.
S. BALKRISHNA DIKSHIT.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
The Hindu Calendar.
Art. I. Introductory I
Elciitents and Definitions.
Art. 4. The panchahga 2
„ 5. The vara, or week day 2
Days of the week 2
,, 6. Time divisions 2
Subdivisions of the day 2
„ 7. The tithi, amavasya, purnima 3
„ 8. The nakshatra 3
„ 9. The yoga 3
,, 10. The karana 3
„ II. The paksha • 4
„ 12. Lunar months 4
„ 13. Amanta and purnimanta systems 4
,, 14. Luni-solar month names 5
„ 15. The solar year, tropical, sidereal, and anomalistic 5
„ 16. The Kalpa. Mahayuga. Yuga. Julian Period 6
,, 17. Siddlianta year-measurement 6
„ 1 8. Siddhantas now used for the same 7
The Siddhantas a7id other Astronomical Works.
Art. 19. Siddhantas, Karanas, bija, Hindu schools of astronomers ... 7
„ 20. Note on the Siddhantas, and their authors and dates .... 7
,, 21. Authorities at present accepted by Hindus 9
Further details. Contents of the Pahchaiiga.
Art. 22. The Indian Zodiac, rasi, ariisa 9
,, 23. The Sankrantis. Names given to solar months 9
,, 24. Length of months .10
Duration of solar months. Table 10
,, 25. Adhika masas. Calendar used il
,, 26. True and mean sankrantis. Sodhya 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page
Art. 28. The beginning of a solar month 12
Rule I. (a) The midnight Rule (Bengal).
,, 1. (li) The any-time Rule (Orissa).
„ II. (a) The sunset Rule (Tamil).
„ II. (l>) The afternoon Rule (Malabar).
„ 29. Paiichangs, tithis 13
„ 30. Extract from an actual pafichanga 13
The Ahargana 16
„ 31. Correspondence of tithis and solar days 16
Performance of religious ceremonies, sraddhas, vratas 17
„ 32. Adhika and kshaya tithis 17
„ 34. Variation on account of longitude 18
„ 35. Examples of the same 19
„ 36. True and mean time 19
Mean sun, mean moon, true and mean sunrise 19
„ 37. Basis of calculation for the Tables 20
Elements of uncertainty 20
„ 38. Nakshatras 21
Yoga-taras. Equal and unequal space systems. Garga and Brahma
Siddlianta systems 21
Table. Longitude of Ending-points of Nakshatras 22
,, 39. Auspicious Yogas 22
„ 40. Karanas 23
,, 40fl. Eclipses 23
Oppolzer's Canon. Note by Professor Jacobi 23
„ 41 Lunar months and their names 24
Season-names, star-names 24
„ 42 — 44. Modern names of, derived from the nakshatras 24
Table shewing this derivation 25
,, 45. Adhika and kshaya masas. Rules 25
Table 26
,, 46. Their names. Rules 26
,, 47. Their determination according to true and mean systems .... 27
Change of practice about A.U. 1 100 .......... 27
Sripati. Bhaskaracharya 28
„ 48. Rules given in another form . • 28
„ 49. Different results by different Siddkantas 29
,, 50. Some peculiarities in the occurrence of adhika and kshaya masas . 29
,, 51. Intercalation of months by purnimiinta scheme 30
Years and Cycles.
„ 52. The Hindu New Year's Day in solar and luni-solar reckoning . 31
When the first month is intercalary 32
Differs in different tracts 32
,, 53. The si.\ty-year cycle of Jupiter 32
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page
Art. 54 — 55. Kshaya samvatsaras 33
56 — 57. Variations in expunction of samvatsaras 33
Jyotislia-tattva Rule 33
„ 58. To find the current samvatsara 34
,, 59. Rules for the same 34
(a) By the Siirya Siddhanta 34
(b) By the Arya Siddhhita 34
(c) By the Siirya Siddhanta with the bija 35
(d) Brihatsamhita and Jyotishatattva Rules 35
60. List of Expunged Samvatsaras by different authorities. Table . . 36
„ 61. Earliest use of Jupiter's cycle 30
„ 62. The southern (luni-solar) sixty-year cycle 3°
„ 63. The twelve-year cycle of Jupiter 37
Two kinds of Do 37
„ 64. The Graha-paravritti and Onko cycles 37
PART II.
The Various Eras.
Art. 65. General remarks 39
„ 66. Importation of eras into different tracts 39
,. 67. Examples of Do 39
„ 68. Eras differently treated by the same author 39
„ 69. Only one safe deduction 4°
„ 70. Current and expired years. Explanation 4°
„ 71. Description of the several eras 4°
The Kali-Yuga 4°
The Saptarshi Kala Era 4i
The Vikrama Era 4i
The Christian Era 42
The Saka Era 42
The Chedi or Kalachuri Era 42
The Gupta Era 43
The Valabhi Era 43
The Bengali San 43
The Vilayati Year 43
The Amli Era of Orissa 43
The Fasali Year 44
The Luni-solar Fasali Year 44
The Mahratta Sur San, or Shahur San 45
The Harsha Kala 45
The Magi San ^^
The Kollam Era, or Era of Parasurama 45
The Nevar Era ^5
The Chalukya Era 46
The Siiiiha Samvat 46
TAHI.E OK CONTENTS.
I'age
The Lakshmana Sena Era 46
The Ilahi Era 46
The Mahratta Raja Saka Era 47
Art. 72. Names of Hindi and N. W. Fasali months 47
PART III.
Description and Explanation of the Tables.
Art. 73 — 102. Table I. (general) 47
Art. 80. "Lunation-parts" or "tithi indices", or"/." explained . 49
81. Relation of " tithi-index " and "tithi-part" .... 50
82. To convert "/. " into solar time 50
83 — 86. Lunar conditions requisite for tlie intercalation or
suppression of a month 50
87. Reasons for adopting tithi-index notation 51
90. Method for arriving at correct intercalated and suppressed
months S-
91. Plan of work adopted for Table 1 52
96. Moments of Mesha-sankranti differ according to Ar_ya and
Surya Siddliantas 54
Table shewing difference 55
„ 102. a, b, c, (cols. 23, 24, 25) fully explained 56
Table. Increase of a, b, c. in a year and in a day . 57
103. Table II., Parts i. and ii. Correspondence ofamantaand purnimanta
months, and of months in different eras 57
104. Table II., Part iii. Do. of years of different eras 58
Rules for conversion of a year of one era into that of another . 58
105. Table III. (Collective duration of months) ■ • • ■ 59
106. Tables IV., V. {w. a, b. c for every day in a year, and for hours
and minutes) 59
107 — no. Tables VI., VII. (Lunar and solar equations of the centre 60
Equation of the centre explained 60
III. Tables VIII., VIIlA., VIIlB 62
112— 117. Tables IX. to XVI G2
PART IV.
Use of the Tables.
Purposes for which the Tables may be used 62
To find the corresponding year and month of other eras ... 63
To find the samvatsara 63
To find the added or suppressed month 63
-129. To convert a Hindu date into a date A.D. and vice versa . 63
By methods A, B, or C 63
-133. To find the nakshatra, yoga, and karana current on any date 64
Explanation of work for nakshatras and yogas 64
To convert a solar date into a luni-solar date, and vice versa . 65
Art. 118.
„ 119.
„' 120.
» 121.
„ 122-
.. 131-
M '34-
TABLE 0¥ CONTENTS.
Page
Art. 135 — 136. Details for work by Method A 65
Art. 135. (a) Conversion of a Hindu solar date into a date A. D. 65
(b) Do. of a date A.D. into a Hindu solar date . 66
„ 136. (a) Do. of a Hindu luni-solar date into a date A.D. 67
(b) Do. of a date A.D. into a Hindu luni-solar date 68
„ 137 — 138. Details for work by Method B 69
Art. 137. (a) Conversion of Hindu dates into dates A.D. . . 69
(a) Luni-solar Dates 70
(d) Solar Dates 73
„ 138. (b) Conversion of dates A.D. into Hindu dates . 74
(aj Luni-solar Dates 75
0) Solar Dates 76
„ 139—160. Details for work by Method C 77
Art. 139. (a) Conversion of Hindu luni-solar dates into dates A.D. 77
,, 142. A clue for finding when a tithi is probably repeated
or expunged 78
144. To find the moment of the ending of a tithi ... 78
145. Do. of its beginning 78
149. (b) Conversion of Hindu solar dates into dates A.D. 86
150. (c) Conversion into dates A.D. of tithis which are
coupled with solar months 89
151. (d) Conversion of dates A.D. into Hindu luni-solar dates 90
152. (e) Conversion of dates A.D. into Hindu solar dates . 93
153. (f) Determination of Karanas 96
156. (G) Do. of Nakshatras 97
159. (h) Do. of Yogas 97
160. (i) Verification of Indian dates 98
PART V.
The Muhamtnadan Calendar.
Art. 161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
Dr. Burgess's Perpetual Muhammadan Calendar
Epoch of the Hijra loi
Leap-years 102
The months. Table 102
A month begins with the heliacal rising of the moon .... 102
Occurrence of this under certain conditions 103
Difference in, — caused by difference in longitude 103
Days of the Week. Table 103
Compensation for New Style in Europe 103
Rules for conversion of a date A.H. into a date A.D. . . . 104
Rules for conversion of a date A.D. into a date A.H. . . . 105
/io6i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Table I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
vir.
VIII.
VIII A.
VIII B.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
Page
i to cii.
ciii to cvi.
cvii.
cviii to ex.
cxi.
cxii.
cxii.
cxiii.
cxiv.
cxiv, cxv.
cxvi, cxvii.
cxviii.
cxix, cxx.
cxxi.
cxxii.
cxxiii.
cxxiv, cxxivrt.
cxxv, cxxxvi.
APPENDIX.
Eclipses of the Sun in India by Dr. Robert Schram.
Table A
„ B
„ C
„ D
1 09 to 116.
1 17 to 127.
128 to 137.
138.
139 to 148.
Additions and Corrections
Index . . . .
149 to 161.
163 to 169.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
PART I.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
1. In articles ii8 to 134 below are detailed the various uses to which this work may
be applied. Briefly speaking our chief objects are three; firstly, to provide simple methods for
converting any Indian date — luni-solar or solar — faUing between the years A.D. 300 and 1900
into its equivalent date A.D., and vice versa, and for finding the week-day corresponding to any
such date; secondly, to enable a speedy calculation to be made for the determination of the re-
maining three of the five principal elements of an Indian /rt«r/^r?;>_f a (calendar), viz., th& Jiakskatra,
yoga, and karana, at any moment of any given date during the same period, whether that date be
given in Indian or European style; and thirdly, to provide an easy process for the verification of
Indian dates falling in the period of which we treat.
2. For securing these objects several Tables are given. Table I. is the principal Table,
the others are auxiliary. They are described in Part III. below. Three separate methods are
given for securing the first of the above objects, and these are detailed in Part IV.
All these three methods are simple and easy, the first two being remarkably so, and it is these
which we have designed for the use of courts and offices in India. The first method (A) {Arts. 135, 136)
is of the utmost simplicity, consisting solely in the use of an eye-table in conjunction with
Table I., no calculation whatever being required. The second (B) is a method for obtaining
approximate results by a very brief calculation [Arts. 137, 138) by the use of Tables I., III. and
IX. The result by both these methods is often correct, and it is always within one or two days
of the truth, the latter rarely. Standing by itself, that is, it can always, provided that the era
and the original bases of calculation of the given date are known, be depended on as being
within two days of the truth, and is often only one day out, while as often it is correct.
When the week-day happens to be mentioned in the given date its equivalent, always under
the above proviso, can be fixed correctly by either of these methods. ^ The third method (C)
1 See Art. 126 below.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
is a melliod by vliich cntiiely correct results may be obtained by the use of Tables 1. to XI.
{Arts. 1 39 to 1 60), and tlicugh a little more complicated is perfectly simple and easy when once studied
and upde.'st^'jod. From these results the nakshatra, yoga, and karana can be easily calculated.
3. Calculation of a date may be at once begun by using Part IV. below, but the process
will be more intelligible to the reader if the nature of the Indian calendar is carefully explained
to him beforehand, for this is much more intricate than any other known system in use.
Elements and Definitiotts.
4. The pancJidiiga. The paiichaitga (calendar), ///. that which has five {panchd) limbs
(aiigas). concerns chiefly five elements of time-division, viz., the vara, tithi, nakshatra, yoga
and karana.
5. The vara or week-day. The natural or solar day is called a savana divasa in Hindu
Astronomy. The days are named as in Europe after the sun, moon, and five principal planets, '
and are called varus (week-days), seven of which compose the week, or cycle of varas. A vara
begins at sunrise. The week-days, with their serial numbers as used in this work and their
various Sanskrit synonyms, are given in the following list. The more common names are given
in italics. The list is fairly exhaustive but does not pretend to be absolutely so.
Days of the Week.
1. Sunday. Adi, - Aditya, Ravi, Ahaskara, Arka, Aruna, Bhattaraka, Aharpati,
Bhaskara, Bradhna, Bhanu etc.
2. Monday. J)(?;«rt, Abja, Chandramas, Chandra, Indu, Nishpati, Kshapakara, etc.
3. Tuesday. Mangala, Aiigaraka, Bhauma, Mahisuta, Rohitanga.
4. Wednesday. Budha, Baudha, Rauhineya, Saumya.
5. Thursday. Guru, Angirasa, Brihaspati, Dhishana, Suracharya, Vachaspati, etc.
6. Friday. Sukra, Bhargava, Bhrigu, Daityaguru, Kavya, Usanas, Kavi.
7. ' Saturday. Sani, Sauri, Manda.
Time-Divisions.
6. The Indian time-divisions. The subdivisions of a solar day (sa'i'ana divasa) are as follow :
A prativipala (sura) is equal to 0.006 of a second.
60 prativipalas make i vipala (para, kashtha-kala) — 0.4 of a second.
60 vipalas do. 1 pala (vighati, vinadi) = 24 seconds.
60 palas do. 1 ghatika (ghati, danda, nadi, nadika) = 24 minutes.
60 ghatikas do. i divasa (dina, vara, vasara) = i solar day.
Again
10 vipalas do. i prana =. 4 seconds.
6 pranas do. i pala = 24 seconds.
1 It 8i-cm» iilmiist iTi-liiiii thai Ijotli sj^tciiisi lind » ramiiKm origin iu (JhuUo'ii. The lirsl is tin- day of till- siiu, Ibe swoiul
of thi- moon, the third of Mars, the fourth of Miiciirv, the fifth of Jupiter, thf sixth of \cuiiii, Ihi- sinnth of Solum [R. S]
- Thr word rar/i is to he affixed to eaeli of these namea; 7J/7pi=Sun, Jiavir^ra ^ Snuday .
• In the Table, for conveuicnov of addition, Saturday is styled 0.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 3
7. Tlic titlii, aDiavasya, purniind. Tlic nionieiit of new moon, or that point of time
when the longitudes of the sun and moon are equal, is called aniavasya (lit. the "dwelling
together" of the sun and moon). A titlii is the time occupied by the moon in increasing her
distance from the sun by 12 degrees; in other words, at the exact point of time when the moon
(whose apparent motion is much faster than that of the sun), moving eastwards from the sun
after the aniavasya, leaves the sun behind by 12 degrees, the first tithi, which is called/^-^/i'/rtf/ff
or pratipad, ends; and so with the rest, the complete synodic revolution of the moon or one
lunation occupying 30 tithis for the 360 degrees. Since, however, the motions of the sun and
moon are always varying in speed ^ the length of a tithi constantly alters. The variations in the
length of a tithi are as follow, according to Hindu calculations:
gh.
pa.
vipa.
h.
m.
s.
Average or mean length
59
3
40.23
23
37
28.092
Greatest length
65
16
0
26
6
24
Least length
53
56
0
21
34
24
The moment of full moon, or that point of time when the moon is furthest from the sun, —
astronomically speaking when the difference between the longitudes of the sun and moon amounts
to 180 degrees — is called piirnima. The tithi which ends with the moment of amavasya is
itself called "amavasya", and similarly the tithi which ends with the moment of full moon is
called "purnima." {For further details see Arts, sg, ji, J2.)
8. T/ie nakshatra. The 27th part of the ecliptic is called a nakshatra, and therefore each
nakshatra occupies (^^=- =) 1 3° 20'. The time which the moon (whose motion continually varies
in speed) or any other heavenly body requires to travel over the 27th part of the ecliptic is
also called a nakshatra. The length of the moon's nakshatra is :
gh.
pa.
vipa.
h.
III.
s.
Mean
60
42
534
24
17
9-36
Greatest
66
21
0
26
32
24
Least
55
56
0
22
22
24
It will be seen from this that the moon travels nearly one nakshatra daily. The daily
nakshatra of the moon is given in every panchaiig (native almanack) and forms one of its five articles.
The names of the 27 nakshatras will be found in Table VIIL, column 7. (See Arts. jS. ^2.)
9. The yoga. The period of time during which thejoint motion in longitude, or the sum of the mo-
tions, of the sun and moon is increasedby i3°2o',iscalledajY'^«, lit. "addition". Its length varies thus :
gh.
pa.
vipa.
h.
m.
s.
Mean
56
29
21.75
22
35
44-7
Greatest
61
3'
0
24
36
24
Least
52
12
0
20
52
48
The names of the 27 yogas will be found in Table VIIL, col. 12. (See Art. jp.J
10. The karana. A karana is half a tithi, or the time during which the difference of
the longitudes of the sun and moon is increased by 6 degrees. The names of the karanas are
given in Table VIIL, cols. 4 and 5. (See Art. .f.0.)
1 The variation is of coiu-st- really iu the motions of the earth and the moon. It is cansed by aetual alterations in rate of
rapidity of motion in consequence of the elliptical form of the orbits and the moon's actual perturbations; and by apparent
irregularities of motion in consequence of the plane of the moon's orbit being at an angle to the plane of the ecliptic. [R. S.]
4 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
11. The paksha. The next natural division of time greater than a solar day is the />tf/^.y//<7
(lit. a wing ') or moon's fortnight. The fortnight during which the moon is waxing has several names,
the commonest of which are sukla or iwrt'^/^rt (lit. " bright ", that during which the period of the night
following sunset is illuminated in consequence of the moon being above the horizon). The fortnight
during which the moon is waning \s c-aA&<\ Tao?X con\mov\y krishna o\ baltula ox vady a (lit. " black",
"dark", or the fortnight during which the portion of the night following sunset is dark in consequence
of the moon being below the horizon). The first fortnight begins with the end of amavasya and lasts
up to the end of piirnima ; the second lasts from the end of purnima to the end of amavasya.
The words "piarva" (former or first) and "apara" (latter or second) are sometimes used for
sukla and krishna respectively. "Sudi" (or "sudi") is sometimes used for sukla, and "vadi" or
" badi " for krishna. They are popular corruptions of the words " suddha " and " vadya " respectively.
12. Lunar months. The next natural division of time is the lunation, or lunar month of
two lunar fortnights, viz., the period of time between two successive new or full moons. It is
called a chandra niasa, or lunar month, and is the time of the moon's synodic revolution. -
The names of the lunar months will be found in Table II., Parts i. and ii., and Table III.,
col. 2, and a complete discussion on the luni-solar month system of the Hindus in Arts. 41
to 5 I . (For the solar months sec Arts. 22 to 2^.)
13. Amanta and piirnimanta systems. Since either the amavasya or purnima, the new
moon or the full moon, may be taken as the natural end of a lunar month, there are in use
in India two schemes of such beginning and ending. By one, called the amanta system, a
month ends with the moment of amavasya or new moon ; by the other it ends with the purnima
or full moon, and this latter is called a purnimanta month. The purnimanta scheme is now in
use in Northern India, and the amanta scheme in Southern India. There is epigraphical evidence
to show that the purnimanta scheme was also in use in at least some parts of Southern India
1 An apt title. The full moon stauiis as it neve with the waxiu? half on oue side and the waning half on the other. The week
is an arbitrary division.
- The "synodic revolution" of the moon is the period during which the moon completes one series of her snccessive phases,
roughly 291/3 days. The period of her exact orbital revolution is called her "sidereal revolution". The term "synodic" was given
because of the sun and moon being then together in the heavens (<•/■ " synod"). The sidereal revolution of the moon is less by
about two days than her synodic revolution in consequence of the forward movement of the earth on the ecliptic. This will be
best seen by the accompanying figure, where ST is a fixed star, S the sun, E the earth, C the ecliptic, M M' the moon. (A) the po-
sition at one new moon, (B) the position at the next new moon. The circle M to Ml representing the sidereal revolution, its synodic
revolution is M to Ml plus Ml to N. [R. S.]
57^-
S
ST Q-
C. A. Vouug (^"General Jalroiiomi)", Edit, of 1889, p 528) gives the following as the length in days of the various lunations:
d. h. m. .V.
Mean synodic month (new moon to new moon) 29 12 41 2 684
Sidereal month 27 7 43 ll..'i46
Tropical month (equinox to equinox) .... 27 7 43 4.68
Anomalistic month (perigee to perigee) ... 27 13 18 37.44
Nodical month (node to node) 27 5 5 85.SI
THE HINDU CALENDAR. S
up to about the beginning of the 9''' century A.D. ' The Marvadis of Northern India who,
originally from Marwar, have come to or have settled in Southern India still use their purniminta
arrangement of months and fortnights; and on the other hand the Dakhanis in Northern India use
the scheme of amanta fortnights and months common in their own country.
14. Lnni-solar motith 7iames. The general rule of naming the lunar months so as to
correspond with the solar year is that the amanta month in which the Mesha saiikranti
or entrance of the sun into the sign of the zodiac Mesha, or Aries, occurs in each year, is to be
called Chaitra, and so on in succession. For the list and succession see the Tables. (See Arts, ^i — ^j^
15. The solar year — tropical, sidereal, and anomalistic. Next we come to the solar year, or pe-
riod of the earth's orbital revolution, i.e., the time during which the annual seasons complete their
course. In Indian astronomy this is generally called a varsha, lit. " shower of rain", or " measured by a
rainy season ".
The period during which the earth makes one revolution round the sun with reference to
the fixed stars, " is called a sidereal year.
The period during which the earth in its revolution round the sun passes from one equi-
nox or tropic to the same again is called a tropical year. It marks the return of the same
season to any given part of the earth's surface. It is shorter than a sidereal year because the
equinoxes have a retrograde motion among the stars, which motion is called the precession of
the equinoxes. Its present annual rate is about 5o".264.^
Again, the line of apsides has an eastward motion of about 1 1".5 in a year; and the period during
which the earth in its revolution round the sun comes from one end of the apsides to the same again,
/'. c., from aphelion to aphelion, or from perihelion to perihelion, is called an anomalistic year. *
The length of the year varies owing to various causes, one of which is the obliquity of
the ecliptic, ° or the slightly varying relative position of the planes of the ecliptic and the equator.
Leverrier gives the obliquity in A.D. 1700 as 23° 28' 43".22, in A.D. i8ooas23°27' 55".63,and
1 See Fleet's Corpus Inscrip. Indic, vol HI., Introduction, p. 79 note; Ind. Ant., XVII., p. 141 /.
i Compare the note oa p. 4 on the moon's motion. [R. S]
3 This rate of annual precessioQ is that fixed by modern European Astronomy, but since the exact occurrence of the equinoxes can
never become a matter for obser»ation, we have, in dealing with Hindu Astronomy, to be guided by Hindu calculations alone. It must
therefore be borne in mind that almost all practical Hindu works (Karatias) fix the annual precession at one minute, or -Lth of a
degree, while the SHrya-Siddhdnta fixes it as 54" or i degrees, (see Art. 160a. given in the Addenda sheet.)
4 The anomaly of a planet is its angular distance from its perihelion, or an angle contained between a line drawn from the
sun to the planet, called the radius vector, and a line drawn from the sun to the perihelion point of its orbit. In the case in point,
the earth, after completing its sidereal revolulion, has not arrived quite at its perihelion because the apsidal point has shifted slightly
eastwards. Hence the year occupied in travelling from the old perihelion to the new perihelion is called the anomalistic year.
A planet's true anomaly is the actual angle as above whatever may be the variations in the planet's velocity at different periods of
its orbit. Its mean anomalij is the angle which would be obtained were its motion between perihelion and aphelion uniform in time,
and subject to no variation of velucity— in other words the angle described by a uniformly revolving radius vector. The angle
between the true and mean anomalies is called the equation of the centre. True ano/n.-^mean anom. ■\- equation of tlie centre.
The equation of the centre is zero at perihelion and aphelion, and a maximum midway between them. In the case of the
sun its greatest value is nearly 1°.55' for the present, the sun getting alternately that amount ahead of, and behind, the position
it would occupy if its motion were uniform. (C. A. Young, General Astronomy. Edit, of 1889, p. 125.)
Prof. Jacobi's, and our, a, 6, c, (Table 1., cols. 23, 24, 25) give a. the distance of the noon from the sun, expressed in lO.OOOths
of the unit of 360°; 6. the moon's mean anomaly; c. the sun's mean anomaly; the two last expressed in lOOOths of the unit of
360°. The respective equations of the centre are given in Tables VI. and VII. [R. S.]
5 "The ecliptic slightly and vei^ si iwly shifts its position among the stars, thus altering the latitudes of the stars and the angle
between the ecliptic and equator, i.e., the obliquity of the ecliptic. This obliquity is at present about 24' less than it was 2000 years ago,
and it is still decreasing about half a second a year. It is computed that this diminution will continue for about 15,000 years, reducing
the obliquity to 221/4°, when it will begin to increase. The whole change, according to Lagrange, can never exceed about 1" 2' on
each side of the mean." (C. A. Young, General Astronomy, p. 128.)
THE INDIAN CAIENDAR.
h.
m.
s.
6
5
6
9
48
13
9.29
45-37
48.61
in A.D. 1900 as 23° 17' o8".03. The various year-lengths for A.D. 1900, as calculated by present
standard authorities, are as follow :
d.
Mean Sidereal solar year 365
Do. Tropical do. 365
Do. Anomalistic do. 365
16. Kalpa. Mahdyiiga. Yiiga. Julian Period. A kalpa is the greatest Indian division of
time. It consists of looo maliayugas. A niahayuga is composed of four j'/c^a.r of different lengths,
named Krita, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali. The Kali-yuga consists of 43 2,000 solar years. The Dva-
para yuga is double the length of the Kali. The Treta-yuga is triple, and the Krita-yuga quadruple of
the Kali. A mahayuga therefore contains ten times the years of a Kali-yuga, viz., 4,320,000.
According to Indian tradition a kalpa is one day of Brahman, the god of creation. The Kali-
yuga is current at present; and from the beginning of the present kalpa up to the beginning
of the present Kali-yuga 4567 times the years of a Kali-yuga have passed. The present Kali-
yuga commenced, according to the Siirya Siddhanta, an authoritative Sanskrit work on Hindu
astronomy, at midnight on a Thursday corresponding to 17th — i8th F"ebruary, 3102 B.C., old
style; by others it is calculated to have commenced on the following sunrise, viz., Friday, 18th
February. According to the Siirya and some other SiddhUntas both the sun and moon were, with
reference to their mean longitude, precisely on the beginning point of the zodiacal sign Aries, the
Hindu sign Mesha, when the Kali-yuga began. *
European chronologists often use for purposes of comparison the 'Julian Period' of 7980
years, beginning Tuesday 1st January, 4713 B- C. The i8th February, 3102 B.C., coincided
with the 588,466th day of the Julian Period.
17. Siddhanta year-measurevicnt. The length of the year according to different Hindu
authorities is as follows:
.SiddhStitas.
Thp VciMnga .Ijotisha
The Paitimaha Siddhanta 1
The R(>maka ,,
The Paulisa - ,,
The original Surva Siddh&nta
Thi' Pi-fscnt Surya, Vfisishtha, Sfikalya-i
Brahma, Romaka,& Soma Siddhilntas I ■ • •
The first Arya Siddhanta ■'■ (.\. D. 499)
The Brahma SIddhilnta hy Brahma-gupta (A. 1).628)
The sei-ond Ai^a Siddhanta
The ParAsara Siddhlnta ■<
Rajamritraiika ■'• „ (A. D. 1042)
• Generally speaking an astronomical Sanskrit work, called a S'lddhdnla, treats of the subject theoretically. A practical work on astro-
nomy based ona Siddhilnta is called in Sanskrit a A'arn/m ThcPa/Wwrt/zcand following three Siddhdntas are not now cxiaul.but are alluded to
and described in the Pahchasiddhdnlikd, a Karana by VarAhamihira, composed in or about the Saka year 427 (A. P. 505). [S. B 11 J
2 Two other Vauliia Siddhdntas were known to Ulpala (.^.U. 9fi6), a well-known comnuntalor of \arAhamihini. The length
of the year in tbcm was the same as that in the original Surya Siddh&uta. [S. B. D ]
•• The duration of the year bv the First Arya-Siddh&nta is noted in the interesting chronogram mukhyah kdlomaiiamd(nUih.
5 1 1 3 6 1 B 6 3
These figures are to be read from right to left; thus— 365, 15, 31, 15 in Hindu notation of days. ghatikAs, etc. (I obtained this
from Dr Burgess — H S.)
* The Vard'nara Siddhdnla is not now eitant. It is described in the second Armt SiddhAnUi. The date of this latter is not
given, but in my opinion it is about A.D. 950. [S. B. D]
•■' The Rdjamtigdhka it a Karana by King Bhoja. It is dated in the Saka year 964 expired, A.D. 1012. [S. B 1>.'
Hindu reckoning
.
European reckoning.
daTfl-
eh.
p»
Tips.
r>. Ti.
days.
h.
niiis.
aee.
366
0
0
0
0
366
0
0
0
365
21
25
0
0
365
8
34
0
365
14
48
0
0
365
5
55
12
365
15
30
0
0
365
6
12
0
365
15
31
30
0
365
6
12
36
365
15
31
31
24
365
6
12
36.56
365
15
31
15
0
365
6
12
30
365
15
30
22
30
365
6
12
y
365
15
31
17
6
365
6
12
30.84
365
15
31
18
30
365
6
12
31.6
365
15
81
17
17.8
365
6
12
30.915
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 7
It will be seen that the duration of the year in all the above works except the first three
approximates closely to the anomalistic year; and is a little greater than that of the sidereal year.
In some of these works theoretically the year is sidereal; in the case of some of the others it cannot
be said definitely what year is meant ; while in none is it to be found how the calculations were
made. It may, however, be stated roughly that the Hindu year is sidereal for the last 2000 years.
18. The year as given in each of the above works must have been in use somewhere
or another in India at some period; but at present, so far as our information goes, the year
of only three works is in use, viz., that of the present Siirya Siddha>ita,t\\G first Arya Siddhanta.
and the Rajamfigahka.
The Siddhantas ami other astronomical luor/cs.
19. It will not be out of place here to devote .some consideration to these various astronomical
works; indeed it is almost necessary to do so for a thorough comprehension of the subject.
Many other Siddhantas and Karanas are extant besides those mentioned in the above list. We
know of at least thirty such works, and some of them are actually used at the present day in making
calculations for preparing almanacks. ' Many other similar works must, it is safe to suppose,
have fallen into oblivion, and that this is so is proved by allusions found in the existing books.
Some of these works merely follow others, but some contain original matter. The Karanas
give the length of the year, and the motions and places at a given time of the sun, moon, and
planets, and their apogees and nodes, according to the standard Siddhanta. They often add
corrections of their own, necessitated by actual observation, in order to make the calculations
agree. Such a correction is termed a bija. Generally, however, the length of the year is not
altered, but the motions and places are corrected to meet requirements
As before stated, each of these numerous works, and consequently the year-duration
and other elements contained in them, must have been in use somewhere or another and at some
period or another in India. At the present time, however, there are only three schools of
astronomers known; one is called the Sanra-paksha, consisting of followers of the present Siirya
Siddhanta: another is called the Arya-paksha, and follows the first Arya Siddlianta: and the
third is called the Brahnia-pa/csha, following the Rajainrigaii/ca, a work based on Brahma-
gupta's Brahma Siddhanta, with a certain bija. The distinctive feature of each of these schools
is that the length of the year accepted in all the works of that school is the same, though with
respect to other elements they may possibly disagree between themselves. The name Rajamri-
gahka is not now generally known, the work being superseded by others; but the year adopted
by the present Brahma-school is first found, so far as our information goes, in the Rajamrigaiika,
and the three schools exist from at least A. D. 1042, the date of that work.
20. It is most important to know what Siddhantas or Karanas were, or are now, regarded
as standard authorities, or were, or are, actually used for the calculations of panchai'igs (almanacks)
during particular periods or in particular tracts of country. - for unless this is borne in mind
we shall often go wrong when we attempt to convert Indian into European dates. The
sketch which follows must not, however, be considered as exhaustive. The original Siirya-
1 KaraiMs and other practical works, containing tables based on one or otlicr of the Siddlidntas, are used for these
calculations. [S. B. D.]
2 The positions and motions of the sun and moon and their apogees must necessarily be fixed and known for the con-ect calcu-
lation of a tithi, nakslialra, yoga or karaua. The length of the year is also an important clement, and in the samvatsara is governed
by the movement of the planet Jupiter. In the present work we are conrerncd chiefly with these six elements, viz., the sun,
moon, their apogees, the length of the year, and Jupiter. The sketch in the text is given chiefly keeping in view these elcmeuts.
When one authority differs from another in any of the first five of llicsc six elements the tithi as calculated by one will differ from
that derived from anotlier. [S. B. D.]
8 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
Siddlinnta was a standard work in early times, but it was .superseded by the present
Surya-Siddliania at some period not yet known, probably not later than A.D. looo. The
first Arya-Siddhanta. which was composed at Kusumapura (supposed to be Patna in Bengal),
came into use from A.D. 499. ' Varahamihira in his Pahchasiddliantika (A.D. 505) introduced
a bija to Jupiter's motion as given in the original Surya-Sidd/tanta, but did not take it into
account in his rule [see Art. 62 hcloiv) for calculating a samvatsara. Brahmagupta composed
his Bralima-Siddliaiila in A. D. 628. He was a native of Bhillamala (the present Bhinmal), 40
miles to tlie north-west of the Abu mountains. Lalla, in his work named Dhi-vriddhida, intro-
duced a hija to three of the elements of the first Arya-Siddlianta, namely, the moon, her
apogee, and Jupiter, i.e., three out of the six elements with which we are concerned. Lalla's
place and date are not known, but there is reason to believe that he flourished about A.D. 638.
The date and place of the second Arya-Siddhanta are also not known, but the date would
appear to have been about A.D. 950. It is alluded to by Bhaskaracharya (A.D. 11 50), but does
not seem to have been anywhere in use for a long time. The Rajamrigahka (A.D. 1042)
follows the Brahma-Siddhattta, ^ but gives a correction to almost all its mean motions and places,
and even to the length of the year. The three schools — Saura, Arya and Brahma — seem to have
been established from this date if not earlier, and the Brahma-Siddhanta in its orginal form
must have then dropped out of use. The Karaiia-prakasa, a work based on the first Arya-
Siddhanta as corrected by Lalla"s bija, was composed in A.D. 1092, and is considered an authority
even to the present day among many Vaishnavas of the central parts of Southern India, who
are followers of the Arya-Siddhanta. Bhaskaracharya's works, the .S'/rtV/Z^rfw/rt iV/-cw<7«/(A.D. 1 150)
and the Karana-Kutiihala {A.Y>. 1 183) are the same as the Rajamrigahka in the matter of the
calculation of a paiichahg. The Vakkya-Karana, a work of the Arya school, seems to
have been accepted as the guide for the preparation of solar panchangs in the Tamil and
Malayalam countries of Southern India from very ancient times, and even to the present day
either that or some similar work of the Arya school is so used. A Karana named iSZ/fbr'^?// was com-
posed in A.D. 1099, its birthplace according to a commentator being Jagannatha (or Puri) on the
east coast. The mean places and motions given in it are from the original Siirya-Siddhanta as
corrected by Varahamihira's bija, ' and it was an authority for a time in some parts of Northern
India. Vavilala Kochchanna, who resided somewhere in Telingana, composed a Karana in 1298 A.D.
He was a strict follower of the present Sitrya-Siddhanta, and since his day the latter Sidd-
hanta has governed the preparation of all Telugu luni-solar calendars. The Makaranda, another
Karana, was composed at Benares in A.D. 1478, its author following the present 5/?rjv?-5;V/rt'//rt«/rt,
but introducing a bija. The work is extensively used in Northern India in the present day for panchaiiga
calculations. Bengalis of the present day are followers of the Saura school, while in the western parts of
Northern India and in some parts of Gujarat the Brahma school is followed. T\\c Graha-laghava,
a Karana of the Saura school, was composed by Ganesa Daivjiia of Nandigrama (Nandgam),
a village to the South of Bombay, in A.D. 1520. The same author also produced the Brihat
and Laghntitliichintanianis in A.D. 1525, which may be considered as appendices to the
Graha-laghava. Gane.sa adopted the present Sitrya Siddhanta determinations for the length of
1 It is not to be understood that as soon as a standard work comes into use \\» predecessors go out of use from all parts of
the country. There is direct evidence to show that the origiua) Silri/a-Siddli^nta was in use till A.D. 665, the date of the A'^om^o-
thMi/a of Brahmagupta, though cvidenll_? not iu all parts of the country. [S. B. D.]
2 Whenever we allude simply to the 'Bralmia Sidilli/inta" by name, we mean Ihc Bralitxa-SiddhdHla of Brahmagupta.
' Out of the six elements alluded lo in niitc 1 ou the last ])age, only Jupiter has this bija. The present Stlr^a-Siddhdnta
had undoubtedly come into use before the date of the B/umati. [S. B. D.]
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 9
the year and the motions and places of the sun and moon and their apogees, with a small
correction for the moon's place and the sun's apogee; but he adopted from the Arya Siddhanta
as corrected by Lalla the figures relating to the motion and position of Jupiter.
The Graha-laghava and the Laghiitithichintaniani were used, and are so at the present
day, in preparing panchangs wherever the Mahrathi language was or is spoken, as well as in
some parts of Gujarat, in the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay and Madras Presidencies, and
in parts of Haidarabad, Maisur, the Berars, and the Central Provinces. Mahratha residents in
Northern India and even at Benares follow these works.
21. It may be stated briefly that in the present day the first Arya-Siddhanta is the
authority in the Tamil and Malayalani countries of Southern India; ' the Brahma-paksha
obtains in parts of Gujarat and in Rajputana and other western parts of Northern India; while
in almost all other parts of India the present Sitrya-Siddlianta is the standard authority. Thus
it appears that the present Siirya-Siddknnta has been the prevailing authority in India for many
centuries past down to the present day, and since this is so, we have chiefly followed it in this work. -
The bija as given in the Makaranda (A. D. 1478) to be applied to the elements of the
Surya-Siddkanta is generally taken into account by the later followers of the Siiry a- Siddhanta,
but is not met with in any earlier work so far as our information goes. We have, therefore,
introduced it into our tables after A.D. 1500 for all calculations which admit of it. The bija of the
Makaranda only applies to the moon's apogee and Jupiter, leaving the other four elements unaffected.
Further details. Contents of the Paiichaiiga.
22. The Indian Zodiac. The Indian Zodiac is divided, as in Europe, into 1 2 parts, each of
which is called arrtw or "sign". Each sign contains 30 degrees, a degree being called an ^wirt. Each
arhsa is divided into 60 kalas (minutes), and each kala into 60 vikalas (seconds). This sexagesimal
division of circle measurement is, it will be observed, precisely similar to that in use in Europe. ■''
23. TJie Saiikrajiti. The point of time when the sun leaves one zodiacal sign and enters another
is called a sahkranti. The period between one saiikranti and another, or the time required for
the sun to pass completely through one sign of the zodiac, is called a saura inasa, or solar
month. Twelve solar months make one solar year. The names of the solar months will be
found in Table II., Part ii., and Table III., col. 5. A sankranti on which a solar month commences
takes its name from the sign-name of that month. The Mesha sankranti marks the vernal equinox,
the moment of the sun's passing the first point of Aries. The Karka sankranti, three solar
months later, is also called the dakshinayana ("southward-going") sankranti: it is the point of
the summer solstice, and marks the moment when the sun turns southward. The Tula sankranti,
three solar months later, marks the autumnal equinox, or the moment of the sun's passing the
first point of Libra. The Makara sahkranti, three solar months later still, is also called the
uttarayana saiikranti ("northward-going"). It is the other solstitial point, the point or moment
when the sun turns northward. When we speak of " sahkrantis " in this volume we refer always to the
nirayana sahkrantis, i.e., the moments of the sun's entering the zodiacal signs, as calculated
in sidereal longitude — longitude measured from the fixed point in Aries — taking no account of the
annual precession of the equino.xes — {nirayana — "without movement", excluding the precession of the
solstitial — ay ana — points). But there is also in Hindu chronology the say ana saiikranti [sa-ayana — " with
1 It is probable that the first .iri/a-Siddlidnta was the standard authority for South Indian solar reckoning from the earliest
times. In Bengal the Siiri/a-Siddhdnia is the authority since about A.D. 1100, but in earlier times the first Arya-Siddhdnta was
apparently the standard. [S. B. D.]
- When we allude simply to the Surya or Ari/a Siddhdnla, it must be borne in mind that we mean the Present Stlrya
and the First Ari/a-Siddhdntas. S See note 1, p. 2 above. [R. S] 1
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
movement", including the movement of the ayana points), i.e., a sankranti calculated according to
tropical longitude — ^longitude measured from the vernal equinox, the precession being taken into
account. According to the present Siirya-Siddhanta the sidereal coincided with the tropical signs
inK. Y. 3600 expired, Saka 421 expired, and the annual precession is 54". By almost all other authori-
ties the coincidence took place in K. Y. 3623 expired, Saka 444 expired, and the annual precession is
(i') one minute. (The Siddhanta J)V/-<7W<?«/, however, fixes this coincidence as in K. Y. 362S). Taking
either year as a base, the difference in years between it and the given year, multiplied by the total
amount of annual precession, will shew the longitudinal distance by [which, in the given year,
the first point of the tropical (sayand) sign precedes the first point of the sidereal («/>«j'a««) sign.
Professor Jacobi {Epig. Ind., Vol. 1, p. 422, Art. j<?) points out that a calculation should be made
" whenever a date coupled with .a sankranti does not come out correct in all particulars. For it is
possible that a sayana sankranti may be intended, since these sankrantis too are suspicious moments."
We have, however, reason to believe that sayana sankrantis have not been in practical use for the last
1600 years or more. Dates may be tested according to the rule given in Art. i6o(rt).
It will be seen from cols. 8 to 13 of Table II., Part ii., that there are two distinct sets of
names given to the solar months. One set is the set of zodiac-month-names (" Mesha" etc.), the
other has the names of the lunar months. The zodiacsign-names of months evidently belong to
a later date than the others, since it is known that the names of the zodiacal signs themselves
came into use in India later than the lunar names, " Chaitra" and the rest. ^ Before sign-names
came into use the solar months must have been named after the names of the lunar months,
and we find that they are so named in Bengal and in the Tamil country at the present day. -
24. Length of months. It has been already pointed out that, owing to the fact that the
apparent motion of the sun and moon is not always the same, the lengths of the lunar and solar months
vary. We give here the lengths of the solar months according to the Siirya and Arya-Siddhantas.
a
NAME OP THE MONTH.
DURATION OP
EACB
MONTH.
Sign-
Beng&li
By
the Arya-Siddh&atn.
By the Sun/a-
Siddh
dnta.
'n
name.
name.
days
gh.
pa.
days hrs.
mn.
sec.
days
gh.
pa.
days
hrs.
mn.
sec.
1
Mesha
Sittirai (Chittirai)
Vaisakha
30
55
30
30
22
12
0
30
56
7
30
22
26
48
2
Vrishabha
Vaigasi, iir Vaijasi
Jycshtha
31
24
4
31
9
37
36
31
25
13
31
10
5
12
3
Mitbuna
Ani
Ashidha
31
36
26
31
14
34
24
31
38
41
31
15
28
24
4
Karka
Adi
Sravana
31
28
4
31
11
13
36
31
28
31
31
11
24
24
5
Simha
A vagi
Bhfidrapada
31
2
5
31
0
50
0
31
1
7
31
0
26
48
6
Kan}'&
PurattAdi, or PurattAsi
Asvina
30
27
24
30
10
57 1 36
30
26
29
30
10
35
86
7
Tulfi
Aippasi, or Arppisi, or
Appisi
Kftrttika
29
54
12
29
21
40
48
29
53
36
29
21
26
24 1
8
Vrischika
Kftrttigai
M^r^iasirsha
29
80
31
29
12
12
24
29
29
25
29
11
46
0
9
Dhanu»
MSrgali
Pausha
29
21
2
29
8
24
48
29
19
4
29
7
37
36
10
.Makarn
Tai
MUgha
29
27
24
29
10
57
36
29
26
53
29
10
45
12
11
Kumbha
.Masi
Ph&lguna
29
48
30
29
19
24
0
29
49
13
29
19
41
12
12
Mtna
Paiiguni
Chaitra
30
365
20
15
191/4
311/4
30
365
8
6
7
42
30
21
12.52
30
8
6
29
12
0.56
12
30
365
15
31.52
365
36.66
1 My present opinion is that the zodiacal-tign-names, Mesha, etc., began to be used in India bctweea 700 B. C. and 300 B. C,
not earlier than the farmer or later than the latter. [S. B. D.]
2 It will be seen that the Bengal names differ from the Tniiiil oiic» The same solar mnnlli ilesha, the first of the yeai-, is
THE HINDU CALENDAR. "
For calculation of the length by the Surya-Siddliaiita the longitude of the sun's apogee is taken
as •]^'' i6', which was its value in A. D. 1 1 37, a date about the middle of our Tables. Even if its value at
our extreme dates, i.e., either in A. D. 300 or 1900, were taken the lengtlis would be altered by
only one pala at most. By the Arya-Siddhanta the sun's apogee is taken as constantly at 78".'
The average (mean) length in days of solar and lunar months, and of a lunar year is as follows :
Surya-Siddhanta Modern science
Solar month (,'._, of a sidereal year) 30.438229707 30.438030.
Lunar month 29.530587946 29.530588.
Lunar year (12 lunations) .... 354.36705535 354.367056.
25. Adiiika niasas. Calendar used. A period of twelve lunar months falls short of the
solar year by about eleven days, and the Hindus, though they use lunar months, have not disre-
garded this fact ; but in order to bring their year as nearly as possible into accordance with the
solar year and the cycle of the seasons they add a lunar month to the lunar year at certain
intervals. Such a month is called an adiiika or intercalated month. The Indian year is thus
either solar or luni-solar. The Muhammadan year of the Hijra is purely lunar, consisting of twelve
lunar months, and its initial date therefore recedes about eleven days in each year. In
luni-solar calculations the periods used are tithis and lunar months, with intercalated and suppressed
months whenever necessary. In solar reckoning solar days and solar months are alone used.
In all parts of India luni-solar reckoning is used for most religious purposes, but solar reckoning
is used where it is prescribed by the religious authorities. For practical civil purposes solar
reckoning is used in Bengal and in the Tamil and Malayalam countries of the Madras Presi-
dency; in all other parts of the country luni-solar reckoning is adopted.
26. Tr?ic and mean sankrantis. Sodltya. When the sun enters one of the signs of the
zodiac, as calculated by his mean motion, such an entrance is called a mean saiikranti ; when
he enters it as calculated by his apparent or true motion, such a moment is his apparent or
true - sankranti. At the present day true sankrantis are used for religious as well as for
called Vaisdkha in Bengal and Sitlirai (ChailraJ in the Tamil country, Vais^kha being the second month in the south. To avoid con-
fusion, therefore, we use only the sign-names (Mesha, t\e.) in framing our rules.
1 The lengths of months by the .iri/a-Siddlidnta here given are somewhat different from those given by Warren. But Warren seems •
to have taken ihe longitude of the sun's apogee by the 5«Vya-iVrfrf/i(2«te in calculating the duration of months by the >i(rya-Sirfrf/j«'n^a, which
is wrong. He seems also to have taken into account the chara. * (See his Kdia Sahkalita, p. 11, art. 3, p. 22, explanation of Table
III., line 4; and p. 3 of the Tables). He has used the ayandmsa (the uniformly increasing arc between the point of the vernal
equinox each year and the fixed point in Aries) which is required for finding the chara in calculating the lengths of months. The
chara is uot the same at the begiuning of any given solai' mouth for all places or for all years. Ueuce it is wrong to use it for
general rules and tables. The inaccuracy of Warren's lengths of solar months according to the S«r//a-SiV;?rf/;i/«/« requires no elaborate
proof, for they are practically the same as those given by him according to the Ari/a-Siddhdnta, and that this cannot be the ease
is self-evident to all who have any experience of the two Siddhdntas. [S. B. D.]
* The chara: — "The time of rising of a heavenly body is assumed to take place six hours before it comes to the meridian.
Actually this is not the case for any locality not on the equator, and the chara is the correction required in consequence, i.e., the
excess or defect from six hours of the time between rising and reaching the meridian The name is also applied to the celestial
arc described in this time."
■ The Sanskrit word for "mean" is ;«(K///ya»w, and that for 'true' or 'appareut' \» .■tpashta.'VhtviMii ' madhiiama' ani ' spashta'
arc applied to many varieties of time and space; as, for instance, ^a/i (motion). M()^« (longtitude), .fa/U-ru'«</, »!«'«« (measure or reckon-
ing) and kdla (time). In the English Nautical Almanac the word "apparent" is used to cover almost all cases where the Sanskrit
word spashta would be applied, the word 'true' being sometimes, but rarely, used. "Apparent," therefore, is the best word to use in my
opinion; and we have adopted it prominently, in spite of the fact that previous writers on Hindu Astronomy have chiefly used the
word "true." There is as a fact a little diS'erence in the meaning of the phrases "apparent " and "true," but it is almost unknown
to Indian Astronomy, and we have therefore used the two words as synonyms. [S. B. D.]
12 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
civil purposes. In the present position of the sun's apogee, the mean Mesha sankranti takes
place after the true sankranti, the difference being two days and some ghatikas. This difference
is called the sodhya. It differs with different Sidd/iantas, and is not always the same even by
the same authority. We have taken it as 2d. logh. 14 p. 30 vipa. by the Surya-Sidd/ianta,
and 2d. 8 gh. 51 p. 15 vipa. by the Arya-Siddhanta The corresponding notion in modern
European Astronomy is the equation of time. The sodhya is the number of days required by
the sun to catch up the equation of time at the vernal equinox.
27. It must be remembered that whenever we use the word "saiikranti" alone, (e.g., "the
Mesha-sankranti ") the apparent and not the mean nirayana sankranti is meant.
28. The hdginning of a solar month. Astronomically a solar month may begin, that is
a sankranti may occur, at any moment of a day or night; but for practical purposes it would
be inconvenient to begin the month at irregular times of the day. Suppose, for example, that
a Makara-saiikranti occurred 6 hours 5 minutes after sunrise on a certain day, and that two written
agreements were passed between two parties, one at 5 hours and another at 7 hours after sun-
rise. If the month Makara were considered to have commenced at the exact moment of the
Makara-saiikranti, we should have to record that the first agreement was passed on the last
day of the month Dhanus, and the second on the first day of Makara, whereas in fact both were
executed on the same civil day. To avoid such confusion, the Hindus always treat the beginning of the
solar month as occurring, civilly, at sunrise. Hence a variation in practice.
(1) (a) In Bengal, when a sankranti takes place between sunrise and midnight of a civil day
the solar month begins on the following day ; and when it occurs after midnight the month begins
on the next following, or third, day. If, for example, a saiikranti occurs between sunrise and midnight
of a Friday, the month begins at sunrise on the next day, Saturday ; but if it takes place after mid-
night of Friday ^ the month begins at sunrise on the following Sunday. This may be termed the
Bengal Rule, (b) In Orissa the solar month of the Amli and Vilayati eras begins civilly on the same
day as the sankranti, whether this takes place before midnight or not. This we call the Orissa Rule.
(2) In Southern India there are two rules, (a) One is that when a saiikranti takes place
after sunrise and before sunset the month begins on the same day, while if it takes place after
sunset the month begins on the following day; if, for example, a saiikranti occurs on a Friday
between sunrise and sunset the month begins on the same day, Friday, but if it takes place
at any moment of Friday night after sunset the month begins on Saturday." (b) By another rule,
the day between sunrise and sunset being divided into five parts, if a saiikranti takes place
within the first three of them the month begins on the same day, otherwise it begins on the
following day. Suppose, for example, that a saiikranti occurred on a Friday, seven hours after sun-
ri.se, and that the length of that day was 12 hours and 30 minutes; then its fifth part was 2 hours
30 minutes, and three of these parts are equal to 7 hours 30 minutes. As the saiikranti took place
within the first three parts, the month began on the same day, Friday ; but if the sankranti had
occurred 8 hours after sunrise the month would have begun on Saturday. The latter (b) rule is
observed in the North and South Malayajam country, and the former (a) in other parts of
Southern India where the solar reckoning is used, viz., in the Tamil and Tinncvclly countries. ^
We call a. the Tamil Rule: b. the Malabar Rule.
' Utmcmber tliat the wctk-day is cuuiitcil from sunrise to sunrise.
- Urowii's Ephemerin follows this rule throughout in lixing the Jntc lorrcspondiiig to Ist Mi>hn, and consequently his solar
dates are often wrong b_v one day for those tracts where the 'I li rule is in use.
■I I deduced the Bengal rule from a Calcutta I'afichfiug for Saka 1776 (A.D. 1854 — 55) in my posssession. Afterwards it was
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
ij
29. Panchangs. Before proceeding we revert to the five principal articles of the paiichang.
There are 30 tithis in a lunar month, i 5 to each fortnight. The latter are generally denoted by the
ordinary numerals in Sanskrit, and these are used for the fifteen tithis of each fortnight. Some tithis
are, however, often called by special names. In pafichangs the tithis are generally particularized
by their appropriate numerals, but sometimes by letters. The Sanskrit names are here given. '
1
Sanskrit Names.
Vulgar Names.
s
Sanskrit Names.
Vulgar Names.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Pratipad, Pratipada,
Prathama . . . ■.
Dvitiyfi
Tritiy-a
Ciiatiirthi
Panchami
Shashthi
Saptami
Ashtami
Padvi, Padvami
Bija, Vidiyi
Tija, Tadiya
Chauth, Chauthi
Sath
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
30
Navami
Uasami
Ek&das!
Dvadasi
Trayfidasi
Chaturdasi
Puroimfi, Pauroima .
Purpamasi, Paiichadasi
AmSvasya, Darsa,
Paiichadasi
BUras
Teres
Punava, Punnami
The numeral 30 is generally applied to the amavasya (new moon day) in pafichangs, even in
Northern India where according to the purnimanta system the dark fortnight is the first fortnight of the
month and the month ends with the moment of full moon, the amavasya being really the i 5th tithi.
30. That our readers may understand clearly how a Hindu paiichang is prepared and
what information it contains, we append an extract from an actual panchaiig for Saka 18 16,
expired, A. D. 1894—95, published at Poona in the Bombay Presidency. ^
corroborated by infonnatiun kindly sent to me from Howrah by llr. G. A. Grierson through Dr. Fleet. It was also amply corroborated
by a set of Bengal Chronological Tables for A.D. 1882, published under the authority of the Calcutta High Court, a copy of which
was sent to rac by Mr. Scwell. I owe the Orissa Rule to the Chronological Tables published by Girishchandra Tai'kalaukar, who
follows the Orissa Court Tables with regard to the Amli and Vilayati years in Orissa. Dr. J. Burgess, in a note in Mr. Krishnasrumi
Naidu's "South Indian Chronological Tables" edited by Mr. Sewell. gives the i (a) Rule as in use in the North Malayalam country,
but I do not know what his autliority is. I ascerta ned from Tamil and Tinnevelly panchangs that the 2 (a) rule is in use there,
and the fact is corroborated by WaiTen's KMa Sankalita ; 1 ascertained also from some South Malaya]am paiichangs published at Cochin
and Trevandruni, and from a North Malaydjam paiichang published at Calicut, that the 2 {b) rule is followed there [S. B. D]
Notwithstanding all this I have no certain guarantee that these arc the onli/ rules, or that they are invariably followed in
the tracts mentioned. Thus I find from a Tamil solar pafichSng for Saka 1815 current, published at Madras, and from a Telu^u
luni-solar paiichung for Saka 1109 espireJ, also published .it Madras, in which the solar months also are given, that the rule observed
is that "when a sankranti occurs bciween sunrise and midnight the montli begins on the same day, otherwise on the following day",
thus differing from all the four rules given above. This varying fifth rule again is followed for all solar months of the Vilavati year
as given in the above-mentioned Bengal Chronological Tables for 1882, and by its use the month regularly begins one day i a advance
of the Bengali month. I find a sixth rule in some Bombay and Benares lunar panchaiigs, viz., that at whatever time the sankrSnti
may occur, the month begins on the next day; but (his is not found in any solar panchang. The rules may be furlhcr classified
as (1. a) the midnight rule (Bengal), (1. *) any time rule (Orissa), (2. n) the stinsft rule (Tamil), (3.4) the afternoon rule {^iaX&hat).
The fifth rule is a variety of the midnight rule, and the sixth a variety of the any time rule. I cannot say for how many years
past the rules now in use in the several provinces have been in force and effect.
An inscription at Kannanur, a village 5 miles north of Srirarigam near Trichinojjoly (see 'Epigraph. Indic, vol. III., p. 10, date No. V.,
note 3, and p. ij, is dated Tuesday the thirtceuth tithi of the bright fortnight of Sravana in the year Prajapati, which corresponded with
the 24th day of the (solar) month Adi (karka.) From other sources the year of this date is k-nown to be A.D. 1271 ; and on
carefully calculating I find that the day corresponds with the 21st July, and that the Karka saiikrAnti took place, by the Arga-Siddh£nta,
on the 27th June, Saturday, shortly before midnight. From this it follows that the month Adi began civilly on the 28th June, and
that one or the other of the two rules at present in use in Southern India was in use in Trichinopoly in A.D. 1271. [S. B. D.]
1 We cannot enumerate the vulgar or popular names which obtain in all parts of India, and it is not necessary that we should do so.
2 This is an ordinary paiichang in daily use. It was prepared by myself from Ganesa Daivjna's Grahaldghava and Laghu-
tithichintdmam. [S. B. D.]
Extract from an
Suia 1816 expired (iSiy current) (A.
D. iSg^) amanta Bhadrapada,
iukla-pakslia. Solar month.
" Sn'iika
1
Vfira.
Fri.
gl-.
!»■
Kalisliatra.
b'!"-
jia.
Yoga.
gh.
l-a.
Karaua.
b'l'-
pa.
i
1
s
"3
S i
S
1
43
59
Pui-TaPhalguni:
40
16
Siddha
31
22
Kiiiistagbna
16
30
Sii!iha*15
gh. pa.
30 59
16
29
31
2
Sat.
39
47
Uttara Phalguni :
37
57
Sidhya
25
23
Baiava
11
53
Kauj-a
30 57
17
30
1
3
Sun.
36
31
Hasta
36
29
Subha
19
31
Taitila
8
9
Kanya
30 54
18
1
2
4
>Ion.
34
23
Chitra
36
7
Sukla
14
50
Vauij
5
27
Kanya 6
30 52
19
2
3
5
Tues.
33
26
Svati
36
52
Brahman
11
7
Bava
3 54
Tula
30 49
20
3
4
6
■Wed.
33
58
Vis&kha
38
58
Aindra
.8
24
Kaulava
3
42
Tula 23
30 45
21
4
5
7
Thurs.
35
29
Anuradia
42
19
Vaidhriti
6
36
Gara
4
44
Vrischi:
30 44
22
5
6
8
Fri.
38
16
Jyeshthu
46
48
Visbkambha
5
49
Visbti
6
53
Vris:47
30 41
23
6
7
9
Sat.
42
9
MOla
52
13
Priti
6
3
Baiava
10
13
Dbanus
30 38
24
7
8
10
Sun.
46
48
Pflrva Ashudha
58
11
Ayushmat
6
53
Taitila
14
28
Dbanus
30 36
25
8
9
11
Mon.
51.
43
Uttara AshSdha
60
0
Saubhfigya
8 1
Vanij
19
16
Uba:15
30 33
26
9
10
12
Tues.
56
44
Uttara Ashadhu
4
35
Sobbana
9
29
Bava
24
14
Makara
30 30
27
10
11
13
Wed.
60
0
Sravaua
10
59
Atiganila
10
58
Kaulava
29
3
Maka ; 44
30 28
28
11
12
13
Thurs.
1 23
Dhanishthu
16
45
Sukavman
11
54
Taitila
1
23
Kumbha
30 25 1 29
12
13
U
Fri.
5
18
Satabhishaj
21
52
Dbriti
12
26
Vanij
5
18
Kumbha
30 22 1 30
13
14
15
Sal.
8
11
Pfirva Hhudru:
26
4
Sula
12
7
Bava
8
11
Kum:10
30 20 1 31
14
15
Aiitanta Bhadrapada krisltnapaksha.
Thurs.
Fri.
26 17
Bbarani
Robiui
Mrigasiras
Ardra
Mugha
Uttara I'bniguni
Vyaghttta
Vajra
Vyatipaia
Vanvas
Parigha
Siva
0 50
54 52
5 24
52 31
44 35
\\ tirre iKt numbers arc inserted
ulumn it mn»t l»
38 IC
nnJer^t.
Vauij
Vauy
NAga
7 26
26 17
Mitlm:l
Karka:
Siiiiha
Siiii: 14
30 17
29 47
the i-in" during ihe whole ilri
actual Panch&nga. ,f
and Kanya; Muhamniadan months Safar and Ra/'i-ii/a-H'ival. Rtii^lisli months Aus^tsl and Septcnihcr.
UTllKR 1'A1M'I('1]LAU.S
I'ositiuiis of I'laucU at sunrise Sukla 15tli Saturjav.
Mood'b
node.
C'liandi'a-dai>aua (union's heliaral rising) Scptuinbcr begins.
Ararita Siddhiyoga 36.29. ♦ llai-itaiilia. ManvMi: Varft-
hajajauti. Vaidhriti So.lOto ■14.42. Rabi-ulawwal begins.
Gapcsha clialurthi.
Rishipanchanii.
Amrita Siddhiyogii after 39. Venus enters Leo 45.44.
GaunSvilhana.
Gauri pilja. Dlrvu ashtaini.
Ganri visarjana. Aduhkba navanii.
Padma Ekudasi. Mrityu-yoga 60. Mercury enters Virgo 14.5.
V&mana dvfidasi.
Pradosha. Sun enters Utiara Plialguui 8.26.
Anantacbaturdasi. Mars retrogade.
Proshtliap, Pui'iii ; Sun enters Virgo 33.42.
Begrccs.
Ahargapa 34-227.
Horoscope for tbe above time.
(Punmnanta Asvina krishuapaksha.)
Posiliuus uf Planets a
suuris
Amavasya, Sal
irdav.
16
17
18
19
20
VyatipMat from 7 to 16.32.
Saukasbti chaturthi.
Signs.
5
1)
6
0
4
6
11
Degrees.
13
9
2
13
28
5
8
Minutes.
10
13
27
49
31
17
31
Seconds.
7
30
1
4
4
7
35
"o j^ a 1 mins.
59
8
95
5
73
7
3
21
22
Bhadra (Visbti) ends at 27.55.
« "^ 1 ( sees.
1
4 retro
56
54
44
2
11
Ahargapa 34—241.
23
24
ATidbavft navami.
Heliacal rising of Mercury.
Horoscope for llif above time.
\
Mercury .»^/'^\ 5 Venoa
s. 7 ^y^ \. ^
y
25
Indira ekftdasi. Sun enters HasU 46.37.
8
^.^'^N^ 6 Moon ^/'^^\,^
4
26
Pradosha.
y
^^ ^^ a
\
27
Sivaratri. Mercury in Libra 29.18.
\
^^^^ Jupiter
y
28
Pitri-amavasya. Vaidhriti 20.47 to 30.21.
10
^!>\. "oJc ° ^/><r
2
29
Solar eclipse. Mrityuyogu 55.38. Aumviisyri.
y^
-^" \>-<.:>
\
These tiijures show iihatikui uqJ
of a peculiar voga, the derliDatiou of sun and nioou beiuir then idi-Dtica).
r6 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
The above extract is for the amanta month Bhadrapada or August 31st to September 29th,
1894. The montli is divided into its two fortniglits. The uppermost horizontal column shews that the
first tithi, "pratipada", was current at sunrise on Friday, and that it ended at 43 gh. 59 p. after
sunrise. The moon was 12 degrees to the east of the sun at that moment, and after that the
second tithi, "dvitlya", commenced. The nakshatra Purva-Phalguni ended and Uttara-Phalguni
commenced at 40 gh. 16 p. after sunrise. The yoga Siddha ended, and Sadhya began, at 31 gh. 22 p.
after sunrise; and the karana Kiriistughna ended, and Bava began, at 16 gh. 30 p. after sunrise.
The moon was in the sign Sirhha up to 15 gh. after sunrise and then entered the sign Kanya.
The length of the day was 30 gh. 59 pa. (and consequently the length of the night was 29 gh.
1 pa.). The solar day was the i6th of Sirhha. ' The Muhammadan day was the 29th of Safar,
and the European day was the 31st of August. This will explain the bulk of the table and
the manner of using it.
Under the heading "other particulars" certain festival days, and some other information
useful for religious and other purposes, are given. To the right, read vertically, are given the
places of the sun and the principal planets at sunrise of the last day of each fortnight in signs
degrees, minutes, and seconds, with their daily motions in minutes and seconds. Thus the
figures under "sun" shew that the sun had, up to the moment in question, travelled through
4 signs, 29 degrees, 27 minutes, and 9 seconds; i.e., had completed 4 signs and stood in the 5th,
Sirhha, — had completed 29 degrees and stood in the 30th, and so on ; and that the rate of his daily
motion for that moment was 58 minutes and 30 seconds. Below are shown the same in signs
in the horoscope. The ahargana, here 34 — 227, means that since the epoch of the Cnz/i'tf/rt^/iiar'fl,^
i.e., sunrise on amanta Phalguna krishna 30th of Saka 1441 expired, or Monday 19th March, A.D.
1520, 34 cycles of 4016 days each, and 227 days, had elapsed at sunrise on Saturday the 15th
of the bright half of Bhadrapada. The horoscope entries are almost always given in panchai'igs
as they are considered excessively important by the Hindus.
3 1 . Titliis and solar days. Solar or civil days are always named after the week-days, and
where solar reckoning is in use are also counted by numbers, e.g., the 1st, 2nd, etc., of a named
solar month. But where solar reckoning does not prevail they bear the names and numerals of
the corresponding tithis. The tithis, however, beginning as they do at any hour of the day, do
not exactly coincide with solar days, and this gives rise to some little difficulty. The general
rule for civil purposes, as well as for some ordinary religious purposes for which no particular
time of day happens to be prescribed, is that the tithi current at sunrise of the solar day
gives its name and numeral to that day, and is coupled with its week-day. Thus Bhadrapada
sukla chaturdasl Sukravara (Friday the 14th of the first or bright fortnight of Bhadrapada) is
that civil day at whose sunrise the tithi called the 14th sukla is current, and its week-day is
F"riday. Suppose a written agreement to have been executed between two parties, or an ordinary
religious act to have been performed, at noon on that Friday at whose sunrise Bhadrapada Sukla chatur-
dasi of Saka 18 16 expired was current, and which ended (sec the table) 5 gh. iSp., (about
2 h. 7 m.) after sunrise, or at about 8.7 a.m. Then these two acts were actually done after the
chaturdasi had ended and the purnima was current, but they would be generally noted as having been
done on Friday sukla chaturdasi. It is, however, permissible, though such instances would be
1 Solar Uay« are not given in Honiljay pafichilngs, but I ba\'c entered them berc to complct* the calendar. Some entries
actually printed in the paneh&i'ig arc not very useful and ariNconsequcntly omitted in the extract. [S. B. D,]
* The sura total of days that have elapsed since any other standard epoch is also called the ahnriiana. For inslaniT, tbi- (i/wr-
i/ana from the beginning of the present kaliyuga is in constant use. The word means '• coUetTtion of days."
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 17
rare, to state the date of these actions as "Friday purnima;" and sometimes for religious pur-
poses the date would be expressed as "chaturdasi yukta purnima" (the 14th joined with the pur-
nima). Where, however, successive regular dating is kept up, as, for instance, in daily transactions
and accounts, a civil day can only bear the name of the tithi current at its sunrise.
Some religious ceremonies are ordered to be performed on stated tithis and at fixed times of
the day. For example, the worship of the god Ganesa is directed to take place on the Bhadra-
pada sukla chaturthi during the third part (madhyakna) of the five parts of the day. A sraddha,
a ceremony in honour of the pitris (manes), must be performed during the 4th (aparalina) of
these five periods. Take the case of a Brahmana, whose father is dead, and who has to perform
a sraddha on every amavasya. In the month covered by our extract above the amavasya is current
at sunrise on Saturday. It expired at 1 1 gh. 40 p. after sunrise on Saturday, or at about 1O.40 a.m.
Now the aparahna period of that Saturday began, of course, later than that hour, and so the
amavasya of this Bhadrapada was current during the aparahna, not of Saturday, but of the previous day,
Friday. The sraddha ordered to be performed on the amavasya must be performed, not on
Saturday, but on Friday in this case. Again, suppose a member of the family to have died on this
same Friday before the end of the tithi krishna chaturdasi, and another on the same day but
after the end of the tithi. A sraddha must be performed in the family every year, according
to invariable Hindu custom, on the tithi on which each person died. Therefore in the present
instance the sraddha of the first man must be performed every year on the day on which
Bhadrapada krishna chaturdasi is current, during the aparahna; while that of the second must
take place on the day on which the amavasya of that month is current during the aparahna,
and this may be separated by a whole day from the first. Lengthy treatises have been written
on this subject, laying down what should be done under all such circumstances. >
At the time of the performance of religious ceremonies the current tithi, vara, and all other
particulars have to be pronounced; and consequently the tithi, nakshatra, etc., so declared may
difiler from the tithi, etc., current at sunrise. There is a vrata (observance, vow) called Sahkashta-
nasana-chatiirthi, by which a man binds himself to observe a fast on every krishna chaturthi up
to moonrise, which takes place about 9 p.m. on that tithi, but is allowed to break the fast afterwards.
And this has of course to be done on the day on which the chaturthi is current at moonrise. From
the above extract the evening of the 1 8th September, Tuesday, is the day of this chaturthi, for
though the 3rd tithi, tritiya, of the krishna paksha was current at sunrise on Tuesday it
expired at 9 gh. 35 pa. after sunrise, or about 9.50 a.m. If we suppose that this man made a
grant of land at the time of breaking his fast on this occasion, we should find him dating
his grant "krishna chaturthi, Tuesday," though for civil purposes the date is krishna tritiya,
Tuesday.
The general rule may be given briefly that for all practical and civil purposes, as well as
for some ordinary religious purposes, the tithi is connected with that week-day or solar day at
whose sunrise it is current, while for other religious purposes, and sometimes, though rarely,
even for practical purposes also, the tithi which is current at any particular moment of a solar
day or week-day is connected with that day.
32. Adhika and kshaya tithis. Twelve lunar months are equal to about 354 solar days
(see Art. 2^ above), but there are 360 tithis during that time and it is thus evident that six tithis
must somehow be expunged in civil (solar^ reckoning. Ordinarily a tithi begins on one day and
1 The Nmiaijasimihu is cm<- of these authnrative works, and is in geueral use at tlic present time in most parts of India.
i.S THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
ends on the following clay, that is it touches two successive civil days. It will be seen, however,
from its length (Art. j abovcj that a tithi may sometimes begin and end within the limits of
the same natural day; while sometimes on the contrary it touches three natural days, occupying
the whole of one and parts of the two on each side of it.
.\ tithi on which the sun does not rise is expunged. It has sustained a diminution or
loss (kshaya), and is called a Icshaya tithi. On the other hand, a tithi on which the sun rises
twice is repeated. It has sustained an increase (vriddhi), and is called an adhika, or added, tithi.
Thus, for example, in the paiichang extract given above {Art. jo) there is no sunrise during
krishna saptami (7th), and it is therefore expunged. Krishna shashthi (6th) was current at sunrise on
Friday, for it ended 16 palas after sunrise ; while krishna saptami began 16 palas after that sunrise and
ended before the next sunrise ; and krishna ashtami (8th) is current at sunrise on the Saturday.
The first day is therefore named civilly the (6th) shashthi, Friday, and the second is named (8th)
ashtami, Saturday ; while no day is left for the saptami, and it has necessarily to be expunged
altogether, though, strictly speaking, it was current for a large portion of that Friday. On the
other hand, there are two sunrises on Bhadrapada sukla trayodasi (sukla 13th), and that tithi
is therefore repeated. It commenced after 56 gh. 44 pa. on Tuesday, i e., in European reckoning
about 4.20 a.m. on the Wednesday morning, was current on the whole of Wednesday, and
ended on Thursday at i gh. 23 pa. after sunrise, or about 6.33 a m. It therefore touched the
Tuesday (reckoned from sunrise to sunrise) the Wednesday and the Thursday; two natural civil
days began on it ; two civil days, Wednesday and Thursday, bear its numeral (13); and therefore
it is said to be repeated. '
In the case of an expunged tithi the day on which it begins and ends is its week-day.
In the case of a repeated tithi both the days at whose sunrise it is current are its week-days.
A clue for finding when a tithi is probably repeated or e.xpunged is given in Art. 142.
Generally there are thirteen expunctions (ksliayas) and seven repetitions (vriddhis) of
tithis in twelve lunar months.
The day on which no tithi ends, or on which two tithis end, is regarded as inauspicious.
In the panchang extract above (Art. ^0) Bhadrapada sukla trayodasi Wednesday, and
Bhadrapada krishna shashthi, Friday (on which the saptami was expunged), were therefore
inauspicious.
33. It will be seen from the above that it is an important problem with regard
to the Indian mode of reckoning time to ascertain what tithi, nakshatra, yoga, or karana was
current at sunrise on any day, and when it began and ended. Our work solves this problem
in all cases.
34. \'ariatio)i on account of longitude. The moment of time when the distance between
the sun and moon amounts to 12, or any multiple of I2, degrees,> or, in other words, the moment
of time when a tithi ends, is the same for all places on the earth's surface; and this also applies to
nakshatras, yogas, and karanas. But the moment of sunrise of course varies with the locality,
and therefore the ending moments of tlivisions of time such as tithis, when referred to sun-
rise, differ at different places. For instance, the tithi Bhadrapada sukla purnima (j<r rt/'d?t'<- ^/r/.jo)
ended at Poona at 8 gh. 11 pa. after sunrise, or about 9.16 a.m. At a place where the sun
rose I gh. earlier than it does at Poona the tithi would evidently have ended one ghatika later,
or at 9 gh. 1 1 pa. after sunrise, or at about 9.40 a.ni. On the other hand, at a place where
1 Any asBci'lluiui or definitions by previous writers on Hindu Ckronolo)?y ut Aslnuuini} nmlrnry to tlir above (lefinilions
onil eiainples are certainly crronrous, and due to misapprehcrnsioii. [S. B. D.]
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 19
the sun rose i gh. later than at Poona tlic tithi would have ended when 7 gh. i i pa. had
elapsed since the sunrise at that place, or at about 8.52 a.m.
35. For this reason the expunction and repetition of tithis often differs in different local-
ities. Thus the nakshatra Pijrvashadha [see pahchahg extract Art. ;^o) was 58 gh. 1 1 pa. ' at Poona
on Sunday, .sukla loth. At a place which is on the same parallel of latitude, but 12
degrees eastward, the sun rises 2 gh. earlier than at Poona, and there this nakshatra ended
(58 gh. II pa. -(-2 gh — ) 60 gh. II pa. after sunrise on Sunday, that is at 11 pa. after sunrise
on Monday. It therefore touches three natural days, and therefore it (Purvashadha) is repeated,
whereas at Poona it is Uttarashadha which is repeated. On the other hand, the nakshatra
Magha on Krishna 13th was 3 gh. 4 pa., and Purva-phalguni was(3 gh. 4 pa. -(- 56gh. - 5 i pa. =)
59 bh- 55 P^- *t Poona. At a place which has the same latitude as Poona, but is situated even at
so short a distance as i degree to the east, the nakshatra Purva-phalguni ended 60 gh. 5 pa after
sunrise on Thursday, that is 5 pa. after sunrise on Friday ; and therefore there will be no
kshaya of that nakshatra at that place, but the following nakshatra Uttara phalguni will be
expunged there.
16. True or apparent, and mean, time. The sun, or more strictly the earth in its orbit,
travels, not in the plane of the equator, but in that of the ecliptic, and with a motion which varies
every day ; the length of the day, therefore, is not always the same even on the equator. But for
calculating the motions of the heavenly bodies it is evidently convenient to have a day of uniform
length, and for this reason astronomers, with a view of obtaining a convenient and uniform
measure of time, have had recourse to a mean solar day, the length of which is equal to
the mean or average of all the apparent solar days in the year. An imaginary sun, called the
mean sun, is conceived to move uniformly in the equator with the mean angular velocity of the
true sun. The days marked by this mean sun will all be equal, and the interval between two
successive risings of the mean sun on the equator is the duration of the mean solar day, viz., 24
hours or 60 ghatikas. The time shown by the true sun is called true or apparent time, and the
time shown by the mean sun is known as mean time. Clocks and watches, whose hands move,
at least in theory, with uniform velocity, evidently give us mean time. With European astronomers
"mean noon" is the moment when the mean sun is on the meridian; and the "mean time" at
any in.stant is the hour angle of the mean sun reckoned westward from o h. to 24 h., mean
noon being o h. for astronomical purposes.
Indian astronomers count the day from sunrise, to sunrise, and give, at least in theory,
the ending moments of tithis in time reckoned from actual or true sunrise. The true or apparent
time of a place, therefore, in regard to the Indian paiichaiig, is the time counted from true
[i.e., actual) sunrise at that place. For several reasons it is convenient to take mean sunrise on
the equator under any given meridian to be the mean sunrise at all places under the same merid-
ian. The mean sunrise at any place is calculated as taking place at o gh. or o h. — roughl)-
6 a.m. in European civil reckoning; and the mean time of a place is the time counted from
O gh. or o h.
The moment of true sunrise is of course not always the same at all places, but varies with
the latitude and longitude. Even at the same place it varies with the declination of the sun, which
1 Instead of writing at full length that such and such a tithi "ends at so many ghatikila after suni'ise", Indian astronomers
say for brevity that the tithi "is so many ghatikls". The phrase is 30 used in the te.\t in this sense.
- In the case of kshayas in the j)aiich&ng extract the ghatikds of expunged tithis etc., are to be counted after the end of the
previons tithi etc. In some panchdiigs the ghatikus from sunrise — 59 gh. 55pa. in the pi-escnt instance— are given.
JO THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
varies every day of the year. And at any given place, and on any given day of the year, it is not
the same for all years. The calculation, therefore, of the exact moment of true sunrise at any
place is very complicated —too complicated to be given in this work, ' the aim of which is
extreme simplicity and readiness of calculation, and therefore mean time at the meridian of
. Ujjain - or Lanka is used throughout what follows.
All ending moments of tithis calculated by our method C (Arts, ijp to i6o) are in Ujjain
mean time; and to convert Ujjain mean time into that of any other given place the difference
of longitude in time— 4 minutes (10 palas) to a degree — should be added or subtracted according
as the place is east or west of Ujjain. Table XI. gives the differences of longitude in time for
some of the most important places of India.
The difference between the mean and apparent (true) time of any place in India at the
present day varies from Jiil (in March and October) to 26 minutes (in January and June) in
the extreme southern parts of the peninsular. It is nowhere more than 65 minutes.
37. Basis of calculation for the Tables. All calculations made in this work in accordance
with luni-solar reckoning are based on the Surya-Siddhanta, and those for solar reckoning on the
Sitrya and Arya Siddhantas. The elements of the other authorities being somewhat different, the
ending moments of tithis etc., or the times of sankrantis as calculated by them may sometimes
differ from results obtained by this work; and it must never be forgotten that, when checking the date
of a document or record which lays down, for instance, that on a certain week-day there fell a certain
tithi, nakshatra, or yoga, we can only be sure of accuracy in our results if we can ascertain
the actual Siddhanta or other authority used by the author of the calendar which the drafter
of the document consulted. Prof. Jacobi has given Tables for several of the principal Siddluiutas
in the Epigraphica Indica [Vol. If., pp. 4.03 et seq.), and these may be used whenever a doubt
exists on the point.
Although all possible precautions have been taken, there, must also be a slight
element of uncertainty in the results of a calculation made by our Tables owing to the difference
between mean and apparent time, independently of that arising from the use of different
authorities. Owing to these two defects it is necessary sometimes to be cautious. If by any
calculation it is found that a certain tithi, nakshatra. yoga, or karana ended nearly at
the close of a solar day — as, for example, 55 ghatikas after mean sunrise on a Sunday, i.e., 5
ghatikas before sunrise on the Monday — it is possible that it really ended shortly after true sunrise
on the Monday. And, similarly, if the results shew that a certain tithi ended shortly after
the commencement of a solar day,— for instance, 5 ghatikas after mean sunrise on a Sunday. — it
is possible that it really ended shortly before the true termination of the preceding day, Saturday.
1 Since this work was in the Press, Professor Jacobi lias imblishcd in the Epit/raphia Indica (Vol. 11, pp. 487 — 498)a ti-eatise
with tables for the calculation of Hindu dates in true local time, to which we refer our readers.
2 Here Lanka is not Ceylon, but a place supposed to be on the equator, or in lat. 0° 0' 0" on the meridian of Vjjain, or
longitude 75° 40'. It is of great imiiortauee to know the exact east longitude of Ujjain, since upon it depends the verification of
apparent phenomena throughout India. Calculation by the different Siddhftntas can be checked by the best European science if that
point can be certainly determined. The great Trigonometical Survey map makes the centre of the city 75° 49' 45' E. long, and
23° 11' 10" N. lat. But this is subject to tivo corrections; first, a correction of 1' 9" to reduce the longitude to the origin of the
Madras Observatory taken as 80° 17' 21", and secondly, a farther reduction of 2' 30" to reduce it to the latest value, 80° 14' 51".
of that Observatory, total 3' 39". This reduces the K. long, of the centre of Ujjain city to 75° 46' 06". I take it therefore, that
amidst conflicting authorities, the best of whom vary from 7.")° 43' to 75° 51', we may for the present accept 75° 46' as the nearest
approach to the truth. The accuracy of the base, the Observatory of Madras, will before long be again tested, and whatever dillereucc
is found to exist between the new fixture and 8(1° 14' 51", Ihal difference applied to 75° 46' will give the correct value of the
E. long, we require. [R. S.j
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 21
Five ghatikis is not the exact limit, nor of course the fixed limit. The period varies from nil
to about five ghatikas, rarely more in the case of tithis, nakshatras, and karanas; but in the case
of yogas it will sometimes reach seven ghatikas.
Calculations made by our method C will result in the finding of a " tithi indc.v " (A), or
a nakshatra or yoga-index («. or j'.), all of which will be explained further on ; but it may
be stated in this connection that when at any ascertained mean sunrise it is found that the
resulting index is within 30 of the ending index of the tithi, [Table VIII., col. j), nakshatra or
karana {id. col. S, p, 10), or within 50 of the ending index of a yoga {id. col. ij), it is possible
that the result may be one day wrong, as explained above. The results arrived at by our
Tables, however, may be safely reHed on for all ordinary purposes.
38. Nakshatras There are certain conspicuous stars or groups of stars in the moon's
observed path in the heavens, and from a very remote age these have attracted attention.
They are called in Sanskrit "Nakshatras". They were known to the Chaldceans and to the ancient
Indian Aryas. Roughly speaking the moon makes one revolution among the stars in about 27 days,
and this no doubt led to the number ^ of nakshatras being limited to 27.
The distance between the chief stars, called yoga-taras, of the different nakshatras is not
uniform. Naturally it should be 13° 20', but, in some cases it is less than 7", while in others
it is more than 20°. It is probable that in ancient times the moon's place was fixed merely by stating
that she was near a particular named nakshatra (star) on a certain night, or on a certain occasion.
Afterwards it was found necessary to make regular divisions of the moon's path in her orbit, for
the sake of calculating and foretelling her position; and hence the natural division of the ecliptic,
consisting of twenty-seven equal parts, came into use, and each of these parts was called after a
separate nakshatra {see Art. 8). The starry nakshatras, however, being always in view and familiar
for many centuries, could not be dispensed with, and therefore a second and unequal division
was resorted to. Thus two systems of nakshatras came into use. One we call the ordinary or equal-
space system, the othei' the unequal-space system. The names of the twenty-seven stellar nakshatras
are given to both sets. In the equal-space system each nakshatra has 13° 20' of space, and when
the sun, the moon, or a planet is between 0°, i.e., no degrees, and 1 3° 20' in longit ide it is said to be in
the first nakshatra Asvini, and so on. The unequal-space system is of two kinds. One is described
by Garga and others, and is called here the "Garga system." According to it fifteen of the
nakshatras are held to be of equal average (mean) length — i.e., 13° 20', — but six measure one
and-a-half times the average — i.e., 20", and six others only half the average, viz., 6° 40'. The other
system is described by Brahmagupta and others, and therefore we call it the " Brahma-Siddhanta "
system. In its leading feature it is the same with Garga's system, but it differs a little from
Garga's in introducing Abhijit in addition to the twenty-seven ordinary nakshatras. The moon's
daily mean motion, — 13 degrees, 10 minutes, 35 seconds, — is taken as the average space of a
nakshatra. And as the total of the spaces thus allotted to the usual twenty-seven nakshatras,
on a similar arrangement of unequal spaces, amounts to only 355 degrees, 45 minutes, 45 seconds,
the remainder, — 4 degrees, 14 minutes, 15 seconds, — is allotted to Abhijit, as an additional
nakshatra placed between Uttara-Ashadha and Sravana.
The longitude of the ending points of all the nakshatras according to these three systems
1 The mean length of the moon's revolution among the stars is 27.32166 days (27-321671 according to \.\i<: Siirya Siddhdnla).
Its least duration is 27 days, 4 hoars, and the jrreatest about 7 hours longer. The number of days is thus between 27 and 2S, and
therefore the number of n.ilishatriis was sometimes taken as 28 by the aucicnt Indian Aryiis. Tlic extra nakshaira is called Abliijit
{See Table Fill., cot. 7.) [S. B. B.]
22 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
is given below. The entries of "I/2" and "1 1/2" in subcolumn 3 mark the variation in length
from the average.
The nakshatras by any of these systems, for all years between 300 and 1900 A. D., can
be calculated by our Tables (sec method "C", Arts, ijp to 160). The indices for them, adapted
to our Tables, are given in Table VIII., cols. 8, 9, 10.
The ordinary or equal-space system of nakshatras is in general use at the present day, the un-
equal-space systems having almost dropped out of use. They were, however, undoubtedly prevalent to a
great extent in early times, and they were constantly made use of on important religious occasions. ^
Longtitudes of the Ending-points of the Nakshatras.
Oi-dcr of the Nakshatras.
S_vst«m of Equal
Spaces.
Systems of Unequal Spaces.
Garga System.
Brahma-SiddMnta
System.
Asvini
Bharaiii
Krittika
RohiiiS
Mriuasiras
Ardr&
Punarvasu
Pushya
Aslesha
Magha
Pnrva-Phalguni ....
Uttara-Phalguni . . .
Hasta
Chitra
Svati
VisSkha
Anuradha
Jyeshtha
Mflla'
Pflrva-Ashadha ....
Uttara-Ashadha ....
(Abhijil)
Sravapa
Dhanishtha or Sravishthu
SataU'iraka or Satabhishaj
Pflrvn Bhadi-apada . . .
Uttnra-Bhadrapadfi . . .
Revati
13°
26
40
53
66
80
93
106
120
133
146
160
173
186
200
213
226
240
253
293
306
320
333
346
3G0
Min.
20'
40
0
20
40
0
20
40
0
20
40
0
20
40
0
20
40
0
20
40
0
20
40
0
20
40
0
'/a
I'/j
'/2
l'/5
I'/i
(Balance)
1'/d
Deg.
13°
20
33
53
66
73
93
106
113
126
140
160
173
186
193
213
226
233
246
293
306
313
326
346
360
Sec.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
32
52
65
72
92
105
111
125
138
158
171
184
191
210
223
230
243
256
276
280
294
307
313
327
34fi
360
Miu. Sec.
10' 35"
45 52'/2
56 27'/j
42 20
52 55
28 12';2
14 5
24 40
59 57'/:
10 32';:
21 Vh
7 0
17 35
28 10
3 27V:
49 20
59 55
35 12';2
45 47V-
56 22'/:
42 15
17 40
52 57V3
3 32'h
49 25
39. Auspicious Yogas. Besides the 27 yogas described above {^Art. p), and quite different
from them, there are in the Indian Calendar certain conjunctions, also called yoi^as, which only
occur when certain conditions, as, for instance, the conjunction of certain varas and nakshatras,
or varas and tithis, are fulfilled. Thus, when the nakshatra Hasta falls on a Sunday there occurs
1 These systems of uakshatras arc more fully described by
of the Ind. Ant,, (p. 2 ff.) [S. B. D.l
in relation to ihc "twelve year cycle of Jupiter" in Vol. XVU.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 23
an amrita siddhiyoga. In the paiichang extract {Art. ^d) given above there is a.n awrita sidd/eij'oga
on the 2nd, 5th and i8th of September. It is considered an auspicious yoga, while some yogas
are inauspicious.
40. Karanas. A karana being half a tithi, there are 60 karanas in a lunar month. There
are seven karanas in a series of eight cycles — total 56 — every month, from the second half of
sukla pratipada (ist) up to the end of the first half of krishna chaturdasi (14th). The other four
karanas are respectively from the seconil half of krishna chaturdasi (14th) to the end of the first
half of sukla pratipada. '
Table VIII., col. 4, gives the serial numbers and names of karanas for the first half, and
col. 5 for the second half, of each tithi.
40«. Eclipses. Eclipses of the sun and moon play an important part in inscriptions, since,
according to ancient Indian ideas, the value of a royal grant was greatly enhanced by its being
made on the occasion of such a phenomenon ; and thus it often becomes essential that the moments
of their occurrence should be accurately ascertained. The inscription mentions a date, and an
eclipse as occurring on that date. Obviously we shall be greatly assisted in the determination of
the genuineness of the inscription if we can find out whether such was actually the case. Up to
the present the best list of eclipses procurable has been that published by Oppolzer in his
'^ Canon der Finsternisse" (Dejikschriften der Kaiserl. Akadoitie der Wisscnscliaften. Vienna,
Vo/. LI I.), but this concerns the whole of our globe, not merely a portion like India; the standard
meridian is that of Greenwich, requiring correction for longitude ; and the accompanying maps are
on too small a scale to be useful e.\cept as affording an approximation from which details can
be worked out. Our object is to save our readers from the necessity of working out such
complicated problems. Prof. Jacobi's Tables in the Indian Antiquary {Wo\. XVll.) and Epigrap/iia
Indica (Vol. II.) afford considerable help, but do not entirely meet the requirements of the
situation. Dr. Schram's contribution to this volume, and the lists prepared by him, give the dates
of all eclipses in India and the amount of obscuration observable at any place. His article speaks
for itself, but we think it will be well be add a few notes.
Prof. Jacobi writes (Epig. Ind., II., p. 422): — "The eclipses mentioned in inscriptions are
not always actually observed eclipses, but calculated ones. My reasons for this opinion are the
following : Firstly, eclipses are auspicious moments, when donations, such as are usually recorded
in inscriptions, are particularly meritorious. They were therefore probably selected for such
occasions, and must accordingly have been calculated beforehand. No doubt they were entered
in panchangs or almanacs in former times as they are now. Secondly, even larger eclipses
of the sun, up to seven digits, pass unobserved by common people, and smaller ones are only
visible under favourable circumstances. Thirdly, the Hindus place implicit trust in their Sastras,
and would not think it necessary to test their calculations by actual observation. The writers
of inscriptions would therefore mention an eclipse if they found one predicted in their almanacs."
Our general Table will occasionally be found of use. Thus a lunar eclipse can only occur
at the time of full moon (pi'irnima), and can only be visible when the moon is above the horizon
at the place of the observer; so that when the purnima is found by our Tables to occur dur-
ing most part of the daytime there can be no visible eclipse. But it is possibly visible
if the purnima is found, on any given meridian, to end within 4 ghatikas after sunrise, or within
4 ghatikas before sunset. A solar eclipse occurs only on an amavasya or new moon day. If
• According to the Siirya-Siddhdnta the four karauas are Sakuiii, Naga. Chatushparla and KiihstnKhna, but we have foUoned thf
present practice of Westeni India, which is supported by Var&hamihira and Brahmagupta.
24 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
the amavasya ends between sunset and sunrise it is not visible. If it ends between sunrise and
sunset it may be visible, but not of course always.
41. Lunar mo7iths and their names. The usual modern system of naming lunar months
is given above (Art. 14), and the names in use will be found in Tables II. and III. In early times,
however, the months were known by another set of names, which are given below, side by side
with those by which they are at present known.
Ancient names. Modern names. Ancient names. .Modern names.
1. Madhu Chaitra 7. Isha Asvina
2. Madhava Vaisakha 8. Urja Karttika
3- Sukra Jyeshtha 9. Sahas Margasirsha
4- Suchi Ashadha 10. Sahasya Pausha
5 . Nabhas Sravana 1 1 . Tapas Magha
6. Nabhasya Bhadrapada 12. Tapasya Phalguna
The names "Madhu'" and others evidently refer to certain seasons and may be called season-
names ' to distinguish them from " Chaitra " and those others which are derived from the nakshatras.
The latter may be termed sidereal names or star-names. Season-names are now nowhere in use,
but are often met with in Indian works on astronomy, and in Sanskrit literature generally.
The season-names of months are first met with in the mantra sections, or tlie Samhitas,
of both the Yajur-Vedas, and are certainly earlier than the .sidereal names which are not
found in the SamJiitirs of any of the Vedas, but only in some of the Bralimanas, and even
there but seldom. -
42. The sidereal names "Chaitra", etc., are originally derived from the names of the
nakshatras. The moon in her revolution passes about twelve times completely through the
twenty-seven starry nakshatras in the course of the year, and of necessity is at the full while
close to some of them. The full-moon tithi (purniina), on which the moon became full when
near the nakshatra Chitra, was called Chaitri; and the lunar month which contained the Chaitri
puniima was called Chaitra and so on.
43. But the stars or groups of stars which give their names to the months are not at
equal distances from one another; and as this circumstance, — together with the phenomenon of
the moon's apparent varying daily motion, and the fact that her synodic differs from her sidereal
revolution — prevents the moon from becoming full year after year in the same nakshatra, it was
natural that, while the twenty-seven nakshatras were allotted to the twelve months, the months
themselves should be named by taking the nakshatras more or less alternately. The nakshatras
thus allotted to each month are given on the next page.
44. It is clear that this practice, though it was natural in its origin and though it was
ingeniously modified in later years, must often have occasioned considerable confusion; and
so we find that the months gradually ceased to have their names regulated according to the
conjunction of full moons and nakshatras, and were habitually named after the solar montlis
in which they occurred. This change began to take place abjut 1400 B. C., the time of the
1 Madhu is "honey", "Bweet spring". Mddhava. "the sweet one". Sukra and Suehi both mean "bright". iVoiAo*, the rainy
season. Nabhasya, "vapoury", "rainy", hh or hha, •'draneht"or "refreshment", "fertile". Urj, "strength", "vigour". Sahat
"strength". Sahatya "strong". 7'aj>as "pcnoucc", "mortification", "pain", "fire". Tnpasya, "produced by heat", "pain". All
are Vedic words.
2 In my opinion the sidereal names "Chaitra" and the rest, came into use about 2000 U. C They are certainly not later
than 1500 B.C., and not earlier than 4000 B.C. [S. B D.]
THE HfNDU CALENDAR.
25
VcdaUga-jyotisha; and from the time when the zodiacal-sign-names, "Mesha" and the rest,
came into use till the present day, the general rule has been that that amanta lunar month in
which the Mesha sankranti occurs, is called Chaitra, and the rest in succession.
Derivation of the Names of the Lunar Months from the Nakshatras.
Names and Grouping of the Nakshatras.
Names of the .Months.
Krittiki; Rohiui
Kftrttika.
M&rgasirsba.
Pansba.
Magba.
Phalguna.
Chaitra.
Vaisukha.
Pflrva-Phalguni; Uttara-Phalguni ; JIasta
ChitrS; Sv6ti . ...
Visakhfi; Anuradhfi
Jyeshtha; Mula
Jyeshtha.
Asbfidha.
Sravaoa.
Bh4drapada
Asvina.
Pui-va-AshWha; Uttara-Ashadhu; (Abhijit)
(Abhijit); Sravapa' Dhanishthfi .
SatatArakd; Pilrva-13hadnipad4; Uttara-Bhadi-apada
Revati; Asvim; Bharaoi
45. Adiiika and' kshaya mdsas. It will be seen from Art. 24 that the mean length of
a solar month is 'greater by about nine-tenths of a day than that of a lunar month, and that the
true length of a solar month, according to the Sitrya-Siddhanta, varies from 29 d. 7 h. 38 m.
to 31 d. I5h. 28 m. Now the moon's synodic motion, viz., her motion relative to the sun, is also
irregular, and consequently all the lunar months vary in length. The variation is approximately
from 29 d. 7 h. 20 m. to 29 d. 19 h. 30 m., and thus it is clear that in a lunar month there will
often be no solar sankranti, and occasionally, though rarely, two. This will be best understood
by the following table and explanation. (See p. 26.)
We will suppose (see the left side of the diagram, cols. 1,2.) that the sun entered the sign Mesha, —
that is, that the Mesha sankranti took place, and therefore the solar month Mesha commenced, —
shortly before the end of an amanta lunar month, which was accordingly named " Chaitra " in con-
formity with the above rule (Art. 14. or ^.f) ; that the length of the solar month Mesha was greater than
that of the following lunar month; and that the sun therefore stood in the same sign during
the whole of that lunar month, entering the sign Vrishabha shortly after the beginning of the
third lunar month, which was consequently named Vaisakha because the Vrishabha sankranti
took place, and the solar month Vrishabha commenced, in it, — the Vrishabha sankranti being
the one next following the Mesha sankranti. Ordinarily there is one sankranti in each lunar
month, but in the present instance there was no sankranti whatever in the second lunar month
lying between Chaitra and Vai.sakha.
The lunar month in which there is no saiikranti is called an (?()'/i'//('rt (added or intercalated)
month ; while the month which is not adhika, but is a natural month because a sankranti actuall>-
occurred in it, is called iiija, i.e., true or regular month. ' We thus have an added month
between natural Chaitra and natural Vai.sakha.
1 Professor Kielhorn is satisfied that the terms adhika and nija are quite modern, the nomenclature usually adopted in docu-
ment3 and inscriptions earlier then the present century being prathama (first) and dvitii/d (second). He alluded to this in hid.
Ant., XX., p. 411. [R. S]
26
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
The next peculiarity is that when there are two saiikrantis in a lunar month there is a
kshaya masa, or a complete expunction of a month. Suppose, for instance, that the Vrischika
sankranti took place shortly after the beginning of the amanta lunar month Karttika {see the
lower half of the diagram col. 2) ; that in the next lunar month the Dhanus-saiikranti took place
Amdnla
lunar
months.
Solar months;
sahltrdnti to
sankranti.
Fortnights.
Purnimdnla lunar months. '
By one
system.
1 By anot/ter
1 system.
1
2
3
4
5
Chaitra. ■'
— Mesha sankranti
■2 ^
— Vrishabha saiikranli
(Several mout
— Vrischika sankrSnti
— Uhaniis sankranti
— Jlakara sankranti '
\
1
\
— Kumbha sankranti '
j Sukla
1/2 Chaitra
1/2 Chaitra
1 Krishna
Vaisakha
i First Vaisakha
Adhika ,
Vaisakha
' Sukla
Adhika
Vaisikha
Krishna
1
Second Vaisakha
Nija
Vaisftkha
Sukla ,
Vaisakha
Krishna 1
1/2 Jycshtha
1/3 Jyeshtha
Karttika '
Its are omitted here.)
Sukla f 1/0 Kfirttika
1/2 Karttika
Krishna )
MSrgasirsha
MSrgasirsha
Mai'gasirsha i
(Vauslia I
suppressed) 1
Sukla
Krishna )
(I'ausha ^
suppressed) 1
Mflgha
CPaiisha
suppressed)
MAgba
.Magha 1
Sukla
Krishna i
1'2 Phfilguna 1
I'o Phalguna
shortly after it began, and the Makara-sankranti shortly before it ended, so that there were
two saiikrantis in it; and that in the third month the Kumbha-sankranti took place before the end
of it. The lunar month in which the Kumbha-sankranti occurred is naturally the month Magha.
Thus between the natural Karttika and the natural Magha there was only one lunar month iiistead
of two, and consequently one is said to be expunged.
46. Thcr'r itai/tcs. It will be seen that the general brief rule (.-Irt. ././) for naming lunar
months is altogether wanting in many respects, and therefore rules had to be framed to meet
the emergency. But different rules were framed by different teachers, and so arose a difference
in practice. The rule followed at present is given in the following verse.
Mniadistho Ravir ycshaiii arai'iibha-prathatnc kshane \ bhavct tc 'Mc Chandra iiiasii.i
chaitradya dvadasa smritah."
1 The scheme of pirnim&nta months and t!ie rule for naming the intcrciilnted months knonn lo have been in osi- from the
12th century A.D., arc followed in this diogi-am.
THE iriNnu calendar. 27
"The twelve lunar months, at whose first moment the sun stands in Mina and the following
[signs], are called Chaitra, and the others (in succession]."
According to this rule the added month in the above example (,Art. /j) will be named
Vaisakha, since the sun was in Mesha when it began; and in the example of the expunged
month the month between the natural Karttika and the natural Magha will be named Margasirsha,
because the sun was in Vrischika when it commenced, and Pausha will be considered as expunged.
This rule is given in a work named Kalatatva-vlvechana, and is attributed to the sage Vyasa. The
celebrated astronomer Bhaskaracharya (A. D. 1 1 50) seems to have followed the same rule, ' and
it must thersfore have been in use at least as early as the 1 2th century A. D. As it is the general
rule obtaining through most part of India in the present day we have followed it in this work.
There is another rule which is referred to in some astronomical and other works, and is
attributed to the Brahma-Siddhanta. - It is as follows :
" Meshadisthe Savitari yo yo niasah prapuryate chandrak \ Chaitradyah sa jiieyah picrtid-
vitve 'dhimaso 'ntyah." \\
"That lunar month which is completed when the sun is in [the sign] Mesha etc., is to be
known as Chaitra, etc. [respectively] ; when there are two completions, the latter (of them] is an
added month."
It will be seen from the Table given above (p. 26) that for the names of ordinary months
both rules are the same, but that they differ in the case of added and suppressed months. The
added month between natural Chaitra and natural Vaisakha, in the example in Art. ./j, having
ended when the sun was in Mesha, would be named "Chaitra" by this second rule, but "Vai-
sakha" by the first rule, because it commenced when the sun was in Mesha. Again, the month
between natural Karttika and natural Magha, in the example of an expunged month, having
ended when the sun was in Makara, would be named "Pausha" by this second rule, and conse-
quently Margasirsha would be expunged; while by the first rule it would be named " Margasirsha "
since it commenced when the sun was in Vrischika, and Pausha would be the expunged
month. It will be noticed, of course, that the difference is only in name and not in the period
added or suppressed. ^ Both these rules should be carefully borne in mind when studying
inscriptions or records earlier than i lOO A. D.
47. Their determination according to true an d inea?i systems. It must be noted with regard
to the intercalation and suppression of months, that whereas at present these are regulated by the sun's
and moon's apparent motion, — in other words, by the apparent length of the solar and lunar
months — and though this practice has been in use at least from A. D. 1 100 and was followed
by Bhaskaracharya, there is evidence to show that in earlier times they were regulated by
the mean length of months. It was at the epoch of the celebrated astronomer Sripati, * or about
A. D. 1040, that the change of practice took place, as evidenced by the following passage in
his Siddhanta Sekhara, (quoted in the Jyotisha-darpaiia, in A. D. 1557-)
1 Sec his Siddlidnta-Siromani, madhyamddhihara, adhimdsanirtiatja, verse 6, and his own commentan' on it. [S. B. D.]
2 It is not to be found in either of the Brahma-Siddhdntas referred to above, but there is a third Brahma-Siddhftnta which
I have not seen as yet. [S. B. D.j
3 In Prof. Chattre's list of added and suppressed mouths, in th()^c published in Mr. Cowasjcc Patells' Chronology, and in
Genei'al Sir A. Cunningham's Indian Eras it is often noted that the same mouth is both added and suppressed. But it is clear from
the above rules and definitions that this is impossible. K month cannot be both added and suppressed at the same time. The mistake
arose probably from resort being made to the firet rule for naming adhika months, and to the second for the suppressed months.
* Thanks are due to Mr. Mahadco Chiiiipiji Apte. B.A., L.L.B., very recently deceased, the founder of the Anand&srama at
Poona, for his discovery of a part of Sripati's Karaiia named the Bhikoiida, from which I got Sripati's date. I find that it was
written in Saka 961 expired (A.D. 1039-40). [S. B. D.]
28 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
Madhyama-Ravi-sahkranti-pravesa-rahito bhaved adkikak
Madhyas Chandra maso madhyadhika-lakshanani cliaitat\
Vidvaihsas-ti'-acharya tiirasya madhyadhikam masani
Kuryiih sphuta-manena hi yato 'dliikah spashta eva syat. ||
"The lunar month which has no mean sun's entrance into a sign shall be a mean intercal-
ated month. This is the definition of a mean added month. The learned Acharyas should leave
off I using] the mean added months, and should go by apparent reckoning, by which the added
month would be apparent (true)."
It is clear, therefore, that mean intercalations were in use up to Sripatis time. In the Vc-
dahga Jyotisha only the mean motions of the sun and moon are taken into account, and it
may therefore be assumed that at that time the practice of regulating added and suppressed
months by apparent motions was unknown. These apparent motions of the sun and moon are
treated of in the astronomical Siddhantas at present in use, and so far as is known the present
system of astronomy came into force in India not later than 400 A. D. ' But on the other
hand, the method of calculating the ahargana (a most important matter), and of calculating the
places of planets, given in the Surya and other Siddhantas, is of such a nature that it seems
only natural to suppose that the system of mean intercalations obtained for many centuries after
the present system of astronomy came into force, and thus we find Sripati's utterance quoted in an
astronomical work of the 1 5th century. There can be no suppression of the month by the mean
system, for the mean length of a solar month is longer than that of a mean lunar month, and
therefore two mean sahkrantis cannot take place in a mean lunar month.
The date of the adoption of the true (apparent) system of calculating added and suppressed
months is not definitely known. Bhaskaracharya speaks of suppressed months, and it seems
from his work that mean intercalations were not known in his time (A. D. 11 50.) We have
therefore in our Tables given mean added months up to A. U. iioo. and true added and sup-
pressed months for the whole period covered by our Tables. -
48. For students more familiar with solar reckoning we will give the rules for the intercala-
tion and suppression of months in another form. Ordinarily one lunar month ends in each solar
month. When two lunar months end in a solar month the latter of the two is said to be an
adhika (added or intercalated) month, and by the present practice it receives the name of the
following natural lunar month, but with the prefix adhika. Thus in the Table on p. 25, two
lunar months end during the solar month Mesha, the second of which is adhika and receives,
by the present practice, the name of the following natural lunar month. V'ai.sakha. When no
lunar month ends in a solar month there is a kshaya niasa, or expunged or suppressed month;
i.e., the name of one lunar month is altogether dropped, viz., by the present practice, the one
following that which would be derived from the solar month. Thus, in the Table above, no lunar
month ends in the solar month Dhanus. IMarga.sirsha is the name of the month in which the
Dhanus saiikranti occurs; the name Pausha is therefore expunged.
The rule for naming natural lunar months, and the definition of, and rule for naming, added
' Up to rcccntlj tlie diitc was (•(insidcred to be iibuul llii- fith icnlurj- A.D. l)r TUibaut, oni- of the highest living authorities
on Indian Astronomy, fixes it at 400 A.D. (Sc« his edition of the Pa/ur/ia Siddhdntikii Introd., p LX.). My own opinion is that it
came into existence not later than the 2nd oentiiry 13 C. [S. B. D ]
* I am inclined to believe that of the two rules for naming lunar mouths the second was connected with the mean system
of added months, and that the first came into existcnee with the adoption of the tni<' system But I am nut as yet in possession of
any cvidcuec on the point. See, however, the note to Art. 61 below. [S. B. D.]
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 29
and suppressed months, may be summed up as follows. That amanta lunar month in whicii the
Mesha sankranti occurs is called Chaitra, and the rest in succession. That amanta lunar month
in which there is no sankranti is adhika and receives the name (i) of the preceding natural lunar
month by the old Brahma-Siddhanta rule, (2) of the following natural lunar month by the present
rule. When there are two sahkrantis in one amanta lunar month, the name which would be
derived from the first is dropped by the old Brahma-Siddhanta rule, the name which would be
derived from the second is dropped by the present rule.
49. Different results by different Siddhantas. The use of different Siddhantas will some-
times create a difference in the month to be intercalated or suppressed, but only when a san-
kranti takes place very close ' to the end of the amavasya. Such cases will be rare. Our
calculations for added and suppressed months have been made by the Siirya-Siddhanta,
and to assist investigation we have been at the pains to ascertain and particularize the
exact moments (given in tithi-indices, and tithis and decimals) of the sankrantis preceding and
succeeding an added or suppressed month, from which it can be readily seen if there be a probability
of any divergence in results if a different Siddhanta be used. The Special Tables published by
Professor Jacobi in the Epigraphia Indica (Vol., II., pp. 403 ff. ) must not be relied on for calculations
of added and suppressed months of Siddhantas other than the Snrya-Siddkanta. If a different
Siddhanta happened to have been used by the original computor of the given Hindu date,
and if such date is near to or actually in an added or suppressed month according to our
Table I., it is possible that the result as worked out by our Tables may be a whole month
wrong. Our mean intercalations from A. D. 300 to 11 00 are the same by the original Surya-
Siddhanta, the present Siirya-Siddlianta, and the first Arya-Siddhanta.
50. Sotne pcadiarities. Certain points are worth noticing in connection with our calcula-
tions of the added and suppressed months for the 1600 years from A. D. 300 to 1900 according
to the SHrya-Siddhaftta.
{a) Intercalations occur generally in the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 1 ith. 14th, i6th and 19th years of a cycle
of 1 9 years, [b) A month becomes intercalary at an interval of 1 9 years over a certain period,
and afterwards gives way generally to one of the months preceding it, but sometimes, though
rarely, to the following one. (c) Out of the seven intercalary months of a cycle one or two
are always changed in the ne.xt succeeding cycle, so that after a number of cycles the whole are
replaced by others, [d) During our period of 1600 years the months Margasirsha, Pausha, and
Magha are never intercalary, [e) The interval between years where a suppression of the month
occurs is worth noticing. In the period covered by our Tables the first suppressed month is in A.D. 404,
and the intervals are thus: 19,65, 38, 19, 19,46,19,141,122,19,141,141,65,19,19,19,19,46,
76, 46, 141, 141, and an unfinished period of 78 years. At first sight there seems no regularity,
but closer examination shews that the periods group themselves into three classes, viz., (i.) 19,
38, 76; (ii.) 141; and (iii.) 122,65 a"<i 4^ years; the first of which consists of 19 or its multiples,
the second is a constant, and the third is the difference between (ii.) and (i.) or between 141 and-
a multiple of 19. The unfinished period up to 1900 A.D. being 78 years, we are led by these
peculiarities to suppose that there will be no suppressed month till at earliest (122 years =)
1 It is difficult to define the exact limit, because it varies with different Siddlidntas. and even for one Siddluinta it is not always
the same. It is, however, generally not more than sis ghatikus, or about 33 of our tithi-indices (tj. But in the case of some
Siddhdntas as corrected with a bija the difference may amount sometimes to as much as 20 ghatikfis. or 113 of our tithi-indices. It
would be very rare to find any difference in true added months; but in the case of suppres-sed months we might expect some divergence, a
month suppressed by one authority not being the same as that suppressed by another, or there being no suppression at all by the latter
in some cases. Differences in mean added months would be very rare, except in the case of the Brahma-SiddMnia, (See Arl. i'i.J
30 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
A.D. 1944, and possibly not till (141 years =) A.D. 1963. ' (</) Magha is only once suppressed in
Saka 1398 current, Marg.is'irslia is suppressed six times, and I'ausha 18 times. Xo other month
is suppressed.
Bhaskaracharya lays down - that Karttika, Margasirsha and Pausha only arc liable to
be suppressed, but this seems applicable only to the Bralima-Siddhanta of which Bhaskaracharya
was a follower. He further states, "there was a suppressed month in the Saka year 974 expired,
and there will be one in Saka 11 15, 1256 and 1378 all expired", and this also seems applicable
to the Bralima-Siddhaiita only. By the Surya-Siddlianta there were suppressed months in all
these years except the last one, and there was an additional suppression in Saka 1180 expired.
Ganesa Daivaijfia, the famous author of the Gralialaghava (A.D. 1520), as quoted by his
grandson, in his commentary on the Siddhanta-Siromani, says, "By the Siirya-Siddlianta there
will be a suppressed month in Saka 1462, 1603, 1744, 1885,2026,2045,2148,2167,2232,2373,
2392, 2514, 2533, 2655, 2674, 2796 and 2815, and by the Arya-Siddhanta^ there will be one
in 1481, 1763, 1904, 2129, 2186, 2251 (all expired)." The first four by Siirya calculations agree
with our results.
51. By the piirninianta scheme. Notwithstanding that the purnimanta scheme of months
is and was in use in Northern India, the amanta scheme alone is recognized in the matter of the
nomenclature and intercalation of lunar months and the commencement of the luni-solar year.
The following is the method adopted — first, the ordinary rule of naming a month is applied to
an amanta lunar month, and then, by the purnimanta scheme, the dark fortnight of it receives
the name of the following month. The correspondence of amanta and purnimanta fortnights
for a year is shown in Table II., Part i., and it will be observed that the bright fortnights
have the same name by both schemes while the dark fortnights differ by a month, and thus
the purnimanta scheme is always a fortnight in advance of the amanta scheme.
The sankrantis take place in definite amanta lunar months, thus the Makara-sahkranti invariably
takes place in amanta Pausha, and in no other month ; but when it takes place in the krishna-
paksha of amanta Pausha it falls in purnimanta Magha, because that fortnight is said to
belong to Magha by the purnimanta scheme. If, however, it takes place in the sukla paksha,
the month is Pausha by both schemes. Thus the Makara-sankranti, though according to the
amanta scheme it can only fall in Pausha, may take place either in Pausha or Magha by the
purnimanta scheme; and so with the rest.
The following rules govern purnimanta intercalations. Months are intercalated at first
as if there were no purnimanta scheme, and afterwards the dark fortnight preceding the intercalated
month receives, as usual, the name of the month to which the following natural bright fortnight
belongs, and therefore the intercalated month also receives that name. Thus, in the example given
above {Art. ^5), intercalated amanta Vaisakha (as named by the first rule) lies between natural
amanta Chaitra and natural amanta Vaisakha. But by the purnimanta scheme the dark half
'of natural amanta Chaitra acquires the name of natural Vai.sakha; then follow the two fortnights
of adhika Vai.sakha; and after them comes the bright half of the (nija) natural purnimanta
1 ThiK relation of intervals is a distinct assistaurc tu calciilntion, as it shuiilj lead us to luuk with stispiriou on any su|)|)rcssiou
of a month which docs not conform to it.
■ Sec the Siddhdnla-Siromam, Madhijamddhikira . Bhftskara wrote in Saka 1073 (A.D. 1150). Ho did not give the names
of the 6U|>|>reii.scd niunths.
^ I have micctrlaincd that Gauesa has adopted in his Oralialdyhava sonic of the elements of the Ari/a-Siddhdnta as corrected
br Lalla's bijii, and by |>ulling to test one of the years noted I lind that in these caleulalions also the Aryn-Siddhdnta as corrected
by Ijtila's b!ja nas used. Onvesa was a most areurate calculator, and I feel certniu thai his resull.o can be depended u|>on. [S. B. D.]
THE HTXDU CALENDAR. .V
Vaisaklia. Thus it liippens that half of natural puniinianta Vaisakha comes before, and half
after, the intercalated month. '
Of the four fortnights thus having the name of the same month the first two fortnights
are sometimes called the "■First Vaiiak/ia," and the last two the "Second Vaisaklia."
It will be seen from Table II., Part i., that amanta Phalguna krishna is purnimanta Chaitra
krishna. The year, however, does not begin then, but on the same day as the amanta month,
i.e., with the new moon, or the beginning of the next bright fortnight.
Having discussed the lesser divisions of time, we now revert to the Hindu year. And,
first, its beginning.
Years and Cycles.
52. The Hindu Nezv-year's Day. — In Indian astronomical works the year is considered
to begin, if luni-solar, invariably with amanta Chaitra Sukla ist, — if solar with the Mesha
saiikranti; and in almost all works mean Mesha sankranti is taken for convenience of calculations,
very few works adopting the apparent or true one. At present in Bengal and the Tamil
country, where solar reckoning is in use, the year, for religious and astronomical purposes, com-
mences with the apparent Mesha-saiikranti, and the civil year with the first day of the month
Mesha, as determined by the practice of the country (See above Art. 28). But since mean Mesha-
saiikranti is taken as the commencement of the solar year in astronomical works, it is only reason-
able to suppose that the year actually began with it in practice in earlier times, and we have
to consider how long ago the practice ceased.
In a Karana named Bhasvati (A. D. 1099) the year commences with apparent Mesha
saiikranti, and though it is dangerous to theorize from one work, we may at least quote it as
shewing that the present practice was known as early as A. D. i lOO. This date coinciding fairly
well with Sripati's injunction quoted above (Art. ^y) we think it fair to assume for the present
that the practice of employing the mean Mesha sankranti for fi.xing the beginning of the year
ceased about the same time as the practice of mean intercalary months.
The luni-solar Chaitradi ^ year commences, for certain religious and astrological purposes,
with the first moment of the first tithi of Chaitra, or Chaitra sukla pratipada and this, of course,
may fall at any time of the day or night, since it depends on the moment of new moon. But
for the religious ceremonies connected with the beginning of a samvatsara (year), the sunrise
of the day on which Chaitra sukla pratipada is current at sunrise is taken as the first or opening
day of the year. When this tithi is current at sunrise on two days, as sometimes happens, the
first, and when it is not current at any sunrise {i.e., when it is expunged) then the day on which
it ends, is taken as the opening day. For astronomical purpo.ses the learned take any convenient
1 Such an anomaly with regard to the pftrpimfinta scheme could not occur if the two rules were applied, one that "that
purpimant!) month in which the Mesha sankrilnti occurs is always called Chaitra, and so on in succession," and the other that " that
pAruim&nta month in which no sankr&nti occuis is called an intercalated month." The rules were, I believe, in use in the sixth
century AD. (Si'e mij remarh Ind. -Int., XX., p. iO f) But the added month under such rules would never agree with the amfinta
added months. There would he from 14 to 17 months' diderence in the intercalated months between the two, and much inconvcuicuce
would arise thereby. It is for this reason probably that the purpim&nta scheme is not recognised in naming months, and that pflr^i-
manta months are named arbitrarily, as described in the first para, of Art. 51. This arbitrary rule was certainly in use in the
11th century A.D. (See Ind. Ant., rol. VI., p. 53, where the Makara-saiikrSnti is said to have taken place in Xldgha.^
After this arbitrary rule of naming the purnim&nta months once came into general use. it was iuipossible in Northern India
to continue using the second, or Brahma-Siddhdnta, rule for naming the months. For in the example in ,/r<. 45 above the intercalated
month would by that rule be named Chaitra, but if its preceding fortnight be a fortnight of VaisSkha it is obvious that the inter-
calated month cannot be named Chaitra. In Southern India the pi"actice may have continued in use a little longer. [S. B. D.]
2 Chaitrddi, "beginning with Chaitra"; Kiirttikudi, '-beginning with KSrttika ; Meshudi, with Mesha; and so on.
32 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
moment, — such as mean sunrise, noon, sunset, or midnight, but generally the sunrise, — on or
before Chaitra sukla pratipada, as their starting-point. ' Sometimes the beginning of the mean
Chaitra sukla pratipada is so taken.
When Chaitra is intercalary there seems to be a difference of opinion whether the year
in that case is to begin with the intercalated {adhika) or natural [nijd) Chaitra. For the purposes
of our Table I. (cols. 19 to 25) we have taken the adhika Chaitra of the true system as the first
month of the year.
But the year does not begin with Chaitra all over India. In Southern India and especially
in Gujarat the years of the Vikrama era commence in the present day with Karttika sukla pratipada.
In some parts of Kathiavad and Gujarat the Vikrama year commences with Ashadha sukla
pratipada. - In a part of Ganjam and Orissa, the year begins on Bhadrapada sukla 1 2th. {Sec jmder
Ohko reckoning, Art. 64.) The Amli year in Orissa begins on Bhadrapada sukla 12th. the
Vilayati year, also in general use in Orissa, begins with the Kanya sahkranti ; and the Fasli year,
which is luni-solar in Bengal, commences on purnimanta Asvina kri. ist (viz., 4 days later than
the Vilayati).
In the South Malayajam country (Travancore and Cochin), and in Tinnevelly, the solar
year of the KoUam era, or Kollam andu, begins with the month Chingam (Siriiha), and in the
North Malayajam tract it begins with the month Kanni (Kanya). In parts of the Madras Presidency
the Fasli year originally commenced on the ist of the solar month Adi (Karka), but by Govern-
ment order about A.D. 1800 it was made to begin on the 1 3th of July, and recently it was altered
again, so that now it begins on ist July. In parts of the Bombay Presidency the Fasli year begins
when the sun enters the nakshatra Mrigasirsha, which takes place at present about the Sth or 6th o0une.
Alberuni mentions (A.D. 1030) a year commencing with Margasirsha as having been in
use in Sindh, Multan, and Kanouj, as well as at Lahore and in that neighbourhood; also a
year commencing with Bhadrapada in the vicinity of Kashmir. ' In the MaliabJiarata the names
of the months are given in some places, commencing with Margasirsha. {Anusasana pama adhyayas
106 and locf). In the Vcdaiiga Jyotisha the year commences with Magha sukla pratipada.
53. The Sixty-year cycle of Jupiter. * In this reckoning the years are not known by numbers,
but are named in succession from a list of 60 names, often known as the " Brihaspati samvatsara
chakra," " the wheel or cycle of the years of Jupiter. Each of these years is called a "samvatsara."
The word " samvatsara " generally means a year, but in the case of this cycle the year is not
equal to a solar year. It is regulated by Jupiter's mean motion; and a Jovian year is the period
during which the planet Jupiter enters one sign of the zodiac and passes completel)' through it
1 Sec Ind. Ant., XIX., p. 45, second paragraph of my article on the Original Siiri/a-Siddhdnttt. [S. B. D.]
2 I have myself seen a panehui'ig which mentions this beginning of the year, and have also found some instances of the use
of it in the present day. 1 am told that at Idar in Gujarat the Vikrama samvat begins on Ash&clha krishpa dritiyft. [S. B. D.]
3 The passage, as Iranslatcd by Sachau (Vol. II., |i. 8 f), is as follows. "Those who use the Saka era, the astronomers,
begin the year with the month Chaitra, whilst the inhabilunts of Kaiiir. which is conterminous with Kashmir, begin it with the
month Bhftilnipada . . . All the people who inhabit the country bitwein Bardari iinil JUrigala bcjjin the year with the mouth
Kilrttika . . . The people living in the country of Nirahara, behind Mftrigaln, ns far as the utmost frontiers of Tfikcshar and lAihilvar,
begin the year with the month MflrBasii-sha . . . The people of I,anbaga, «'.(?., Lamghfln, follow ihcir etample. I have been told bv
the people of .Multiln that this system is peculiar to the people of Sindh and Knnoj, and that they used to begin the year with the
new moon of MArgasirsha, hut that the people of MultAn only a few years ago had given up this system, and had ado|)tcd the system
of the people of Ka.shinir, and followed their example in beginning the year with the new moon of Chaitra."
• Articles 53 to 61 arc applicable to Northern India only (See Art. 62^.
■'' The term is one not n-cognized in Sanskrit works. [S. B. D.l
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 33
with reference to his mean motion. The cycle commences with Prabhava. See Table I., cols. 6, 7,
and Table XII.
54. The duration of a Barhaspatya samvatsara, according to the Surya-Siddhanta, is about
361.026721 days, that is about 4.232 days less than a solar year. If, then, a samvatsara begins
exactly with the solar year the following samvatsara will commence 4.232 days before the end
of it. So that in each successive year the commencement of a samvatsara will be 4.232
days in advance, and a time will of course come when two samvatsaras will begin during
the same solar year. For example, by the Surya-Siddhanta with the bija, Prabhava (No. i) was
current at the beginning of the solar year*Saka 1779. Vibhava (No. 2) commenced 3.3 days
after the beginning of that year, that is after the Mesha sankranti; and Sukla (No. 3) began 361.03
days after Vibhava, that is 364.3 days after the beginning of the year. Thus Vibhava and Sukla
both began in the same solar year. Now as Prabhava was current at the beginning of Saka
1779, and Sukla was current at the beginning of 6aka 1780, Vibhava was expunged in the regular
method followed in the North. Thus the rule is that when two Barhaspatya samvatsaras begin
during one solar year the first is said to be expunged, or to have become kskaya; and it is
clear that when a samvatsara begins within a period of about 4.232 days after a Mesha sankranti
it will be expunged.
By the Surya Siddhanta 85^^ solar years are equal to 86|^^ Jovian years. So that one
expunction is due in every period of 85^^ solar years. But since it really takes place according
to the rule explained above, the interval between two expunctions is sometimes 85 and sometimes
86 years.
55. Generally speaking the samvatsara which is current at the beginning of a year is in
practice coupled with all the days of that year, notwithstanding that another samvatsara may have
begun during the course of the year. Indeed if there were no such practice there would be
no occasion for an expunction. Epigraphical and other instances, however, have been found in
which the actual samvatsara for the time is quoted with dates, notwithstanding that another sam-
vatsara was current at the beginning of the year. ^
56. Variations. As the length of the solar year and year of Jupiter differs with different
Siddhantas it follows that the expunction of samvatsaras similarly varies.
57. Further, since a samvatsara is expunged when two samvatsaras begin in the same
year, these expunctions will differ with the different kinds of year. Where luni-solar years are
in use it is only natural to suppose that the rule will be made applicable to that kind of year,
an expunction occurring when two samvatsaras begin in such a year; and there is evidence to
show that in some places at least, such was actually the case for a time. Now the length of an
ordinary luni-solar year (354 days) is less than that of a Jovian year (361 days), and therefore
the beginning of two consecutive samvatsaras can only occur in those luni-solar years in which
there is an intercalary month. Again, the solar year sometimes commences with the mean
Mesha-sankranti, and this again gives rise to a difference. "'
The Jyotislia-tattva rule (given below Art. spj gives the samvatsara current at the time
of the mean, not of the apparent, Mesha-sankranti, and hence all expunctions calculated thereby must
be held to refer to the solar year only when it is taken to commence with the mean Mesha-
sankranti. ' It is important that this should be remembered.
1 See Ind. Jut., Vol. XIX., pp. 27, 33, 187.
2 These points have not yet heen noticed by any European writer on Indian Astronomy. [S. B. D.]
* As to the mean Mesba-sai'ikrilnti, see Art. 26 above.
34 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
58. To find the current samratsara. The samvatsaras in our Table I., col. 7, are calculated
by the Sitrya-Sidd/Kinta without the bija up to A.D. 1 500, and with the bija from AD. 1 501 to 1900 ;
and are calculated from the apparent Mesha-.sankranti If the samvatsara current on a particular
day by some other authority is required, calculations must be made direct for that day according
to that authority, and we therefore proceed to give some rules for this process.
59. Rules for finding the Barliaspatya samvatsara current on a particular day. '
a. By the Siirya-Siddhanta. ' Multiply the expired Kali year by 211. Subtract 108 from
the product. Divide the result by 18000. To the quotient, excluding fractions, add the numeral
of the expired Kali year plus 27. Divide the sum by 60. The remainder, counting from Prabhava
as I, is the samvatsara current at the beginning of the given solar year, that is at its apparent
Mesha-sankranti. Subtract from 18000 the remainder previously left after dividing by 18000.
Multiply the result by 361, and divide the product by 18000. Calculate for days, ghatikas, and
palas. Add 1 5 palas to the result. The result is then the number of days, etc., elapsed between
the apparent Mesha-sahkranti and the end of the samvatsara current thereon. By this process can be
found the samvatsara current on any date.
Example I. — Wanted the samvatsara current at the beginning of Saka 233 expired and the date on
which it ended. Saka 233 expired = (Table I.) Kali 3412 expired, "'-".'j.'^^'" — 39H55^ 39 + 3412+27
= 3478. ?i^ =: 57^!. The remainder is 58; and wehaveitthat No. 58 Raktakshini^Zizi^/^ AY/.^ was the
samvatsara current at the beginning (apparent Mesha-safikranti) of the given year. Again ;
18000 — 17824 = 176. '""x^si _ 3 d. 31 gh. 47.2 p. Adding 15 pa. we have 3 d. 32 gh. 2.2 pa.
This shews that Raktakshin will end and Krodhana (No. 59) begin 3 d. 32 gh. 2.2 pa. after the
apparent Meska satikranti. This last, by the Surya Siddhanta, occurred on 17th March, A.D. 31 1,
at 27 gh. 23 pa. [see Table /., col. ij, and the Table in Art. p6), and therefore Krodhana began
on the 20th March at 59 gh. 25.2 pa., or 34.8 palas before mean sunrise on 2 1st March. We also know
that since Krodhana commences within four days after Mesha it will he expunged (Art. j;.faboz'e.)
b. By the Arya Siddhanta. Multiply the expired Kali year by 22. Subtract 1 1 from the product.
Divide the result by 1875. To the quotient excluding fractions add the expired Kali year + 27.
Divide the sum by 60. The remainder, counted from Prabhava as i, is the samvatsara current
at the beginning of the given solar year. Subtract from 1875 the remainder previously left after
dividing by 1875. Multiply the result by 361. Divide the product by 1875. Add i gh.
45 pa. to the quotient. The result gives the number of days, etc., that have elapsed between the
apparent Mesha-sankranti and the end of the samvatsara current thereon.
Example 2.— Required the samvatsara current at the beginning of Saka 230 expired, and
the time when it ended.
Saka 230 e.xpired = KaH 3409 expired. ill''^i??zli — 391!??. 39 + 3409 + 271= 3475, which,
divided by 60, gives the remainder 55. Then No. 55 Durmati (Table XII.) was current at the
beginning of the given year. Again; 1875— 1862 — 13. ^^' = 2 d. 30 gh. 10.56 pa. Adding i gh.
1 By all these rules the results will be correct witliin two ghatikfts where the nioiucut ol' the Mcshn-saukninti iiccording
to the authority used is kuown.
' The rule for the present Vamhtha, the SdkaUja Brahma, the Romaka, and the Soma Sidd/nUlas is eiactly the same. That
by the original Stlri/a-Sidithdnla is also similar, but in that case the result will be incorrect by about 2 ghatik&s (48 minutes). For
all these authorities take the time of the Mesha-sankrAnti by the present Silrya-Sidd/nUla or by the Jri/a-Siddlidnta, whichever may
be available. The moment of the Mesha-sankrlntri according to the Silrya-Siddtninla is given in our Tabic I. only for the years A.D.
1100 to 1900. The same moment for all years between A.D. 300 and 1100 can be found by the Table in Art. 96. If the Jrya-
Siddhanta saiikrHnti is used for years A.D. 300 to 1100 the result will never be incorrect by more than 2 ghatikfls 46 jmlas (1 hour
and 6 minutes). The Tabic should be referred to.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 35
45 pa., we get 2d. 31 gh. 55.5693. Add this to the moment of the Mesha sankranti as given in Table I.,
cols. 13—16, viz., i6th March, 308 A.D., Tuesday, at 41 gh. 40 p., and we have 19th March,
Friday, 13 gh. 35.56 p. after mean sunrise as the moment when Durmati ends and Dundubhi
begins. Here again, since Dundubhi commences within four days of the Mesha sankranti, it
will be expunged.
c. By the Surya-Siddhanta with the bija (to be used for years after about 1500 A.D.).
Multiply the expired Kali year by 117. Subtract 60 from the product. Divide the result by
icx)00. To the figures of the quotient, excluding fractions, add the number of the expired Kali
year plus 27. Divide the sum by 60. And the remainder, counted from Prabhava as i, is the
samvatsara current at the beginning of tlie given solar year. Subtract from loooothe remainder
left after the previous division by loooo. Multiply the difference by 361, and divide the product
by 1 0000. Add 1 5 pa. The result is the number of days, etc., that have elapsed between the apparent
Mesha sankranti and the end of the samvatsara current thereon. '
Example. — Required the samvatsara current at the beginning of Saka 1436 expired, and
the moment when it ends. Saka 1436 expired =: Kali 4615 expired (Table I.), lii^iilli::^ — 53^-
M-H615+27 _ -gi5 -pj^g remainder 1 5 shews that Vrisha was current at the Mesha-sankranti.
(10000-9896) 361 _|_ jj p. — 3 d. 47 gh. 25.8 p. + 1 5 p. = 3 d. 47 gh. 40.8 p. Table I. gives the Mesha-
sankranti as March 27th, 44 gh. 25 p., Monday. 27 d. 44 gh. 25 p. + 3 d. 47 gh. 40.8 p. = 31 d.
32 gh. 5.8 p.; and this means that Vrisha ended at 32 gh. 5.8 p. after mean sunrise at Ujjain
on Friday, 31st March. At that moment Chitrabhanu begins, and since it began within four days
of the Mesha-saiikranti. it is expunged.
d. Brihatsamhita and Jyotishatath'a Rules. The rules given in the Brihatsamhita and
the Jyotishatattoa seem to be much in use, and therefore we give them here. 'Y\\s. Jyotishatattva
rule is the same as that for the Arya-Siddhanta given above, except that it yields the year current
at the time of mean Mesha-sankranti, and that it is adapted to Saka years. The latter difference
is merely nominal of course, as the moment of the beginning of a samvatsara is evidently
the same by both. - We have slightly modified the rules, but in words only and not in sense.
The Jyotishatattva rule is this. Multiply the current Saka year by 22. Add 4291. Divide
the sum by 1875. To the quotient excluding fractions add the number of the current Saka year. Divide
the sum by 60. The remainder, counted from Prabhava as i, is the samvatsara current at the
beginning of the given year. Subtract the remainder left after previously dividing by 1875 from
1875. Multiply the result by 361. And divide the product by 1875. The result gives the
number of days by which, according to the Arya-Siddhanta, the samvatsara ends after mean Mesha-
sankranti. The mean ^ Mesha-sankranti will be obtained by adding 2d. 8 gh. 51 pa. 1 5 vipa. to
the time given in Table I., cols. 13 to 18.
Work out by this rule the example given above under the Arya-Siddhanta rule, and the
result will be found to be the same by both.
The Brihatsamhita rule. Multiply the expired Saka year by 44. Add 8589. Divide
the sum by 3750. To the quotient, excluding fractions, add the number of the expired Saka year
1 In these three rules the apparent Mesha-sankr&nti is taken. If we omit the subtraction of 108, 11, and 60, and do not
add 15 p., 1 gh. 45 p., and 15 p. respectively, the result will be correct with respect to the mean Mesha-sankranli.
2 I have not seen the Jt/oiiskatattm (or "Jyotishtava" as Warren calls it, but which seems to be a mistake), but I find the
rule in the Rainamdld ofSripati (A.D. 1039). It must be as old as that by the Arya-Siddhdnta, since both are the same. [S. B. D.]
8 If we add 4280 instead of 4291, and add 1 gh. 45 pa. to the final result, the time so arrived at will be the period elapsed since
apparent Mesha-sankranti. Those who interpret the J yotiahaiallm rule in any different way have failed to grasp its proper meaning [S. B. D.]
.-,6
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
plus I. Divide the sum by 60. The remainder, counted from Prabhava as i, is the samvatsara current
at thebeginnini^ of the year. Subtract from 3750 the remainder obtained after the previous division b\'
3750. Multiply the result by 361, and divide the product by 3750. This gives the number of
days by which the samvatsara current at the beginning of the year will end after the Mesha
sankranti. '
60. List of Expunged Samvatsaras. The following is a comparative list of expunged
samvatsaras as found by different authorities, taking the year to begin at the mean Mesha sankranti.
List of Expunged Samvatsaras.-
Firsl Arya-Siddluinla, Brihal-
Siiri/a-Siddlidnia Rule without
First Arya'Siddhiinta . Brihai-
Sitrya-SiddlidnU Rule without j
samhitd, Ratnamdld, Jt/otis-
bija up to 1500 A.D., and
saiiihild, Ratnamdld, Ji/olu-
bij
a up tu 1
500 A.D., and
hatattava Rules.
with blja
afterwards.
hatatlava Rules.
with bija
afterwards.
A.D.
Eipunged
Samvatsara.
is 3
-co "
A.D.
Expunged
Samvatsara.
'is
A. 1).
Expunged
Samvatsara.
-en "
A.D.
Expunged
Samvatsara.
232
309-10
57 RudMrodg&rin
234
311-12
59 Krodhana
1084
1161-62
19 Parthiva
1087
1164-65
22 Sai-vadhariu
317
394-95
23 Virodhin
319*
396-97
25 Khara
1169
1246-47
45 Virodhakrit
1172*
1249-50
48 Ananda
402
479-80
49 Rakshasa
404*
481-82
51 Pingala
1254
1331-32
1 1 Isvara
1258
1335-36
15 Vrisha
487
564-65
15 Vrisha
490
567-68
18 TSraija
1340
1417-18
38 Krodhin
1343
1420-21
41 Plavanga
572
649-50
41 Plavaiiga
575*
662-53
44 Sadharaiia
1425
1502-03
4 Pramoda
14.37
1514-15
16 Chitrabhanu
658
735-86
8 BMva
660*
737-38
10 Dhatri
1510
1587-88
30 Dunuukha
1522*
1599-
42 Kilaka
743
820-21
34 sarvari
746
823-24
37 .Sobhaiiii
1600
828
905-06
60 Kshaya
831
908-09
3 Sukla
1595
1672-73
56 Duudubhi
1608
1685-86
9 Yuvau
913
990-91
26 Nandana
916*
993-94
29 Manmatha
1680
1757-58
22 Sarvudharin
1693*
1770-71
35 Plava
999
1076-77
53 Siddharthin
1002
1079-80
56 Duudubhi
1766
1843-44
49 Rttkshasa
1779
1856-57
2 Vibhava
If we take the years to commence with the apparent Mesha-sahkranti the sam-
vatsaras expunged by Siirya Siddliania calculation will be found in Table I., col. 7 ; and
those by the Arya Siddhanta can be found by the rule for that Siddhtmta given in
Art. sg above.
61. The years of Jupiter's cycle are not mentioned in very early inscriptions. They are
mentioned in the Siirya-Siddhanta. Dr. J. Burgess states that he has reason to think that they
were first introduced about A.D. 349, and that they were certainly in use in A.D. 530. We
have therefore given them throughout in Table I.
62. The southern (luni-solar) sixty-year cycle. The sixty-year cycle is at present in daily
use in Southern India (south of the Narmada), but there the samvatsaras are made to correspond
with the luni-solar year as well as the .solar ; and we therefore term it the luni-solar 60-year cycle
in contradistinction to the more .scientific Barhaspatya cycle of the North.
1 It is not stated what Me..sha-saukruHti is meant, whether mean or apparcut. The rule is here given as giMurallj
interpreted by writers both Indian and Piuropean, but in this form its origin eannot be explained. I am strongly inclined to think
that Varahamihira, the author of the Bnlialsamhitu, meant the rule to run thus: Multijily the eurrcut Saka year by 44 Add 8582
(or 8581 or 8583). Divide the sum by 3750. To the integei-s of the quotient add the given eurrent Saka year ; (and the rest aa above).
Tlie result ie for the mean Mesha-saukranti." In this fonn it is the same as the Arya-Siddhdnia or the Jyotii/iafallva rule, and
can be easily explained. (S. fi. D.)
2 In this Table the Bnhalaainliild rule is worked as I interpret it. But as interpreted by othirs the ixpuuetions will
differ, the differences being in .Saka (current) 231, the 56th; 998, the 52nd; 1889, the 37th.
By the Surya Siddlidnta the years marked with an asterisk in the Saka column of this Table differ from those given in
Table I., col. 7, being in each case one earlier; the rest arc the same. (S. B. D.)
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 37
There is evidence ' to show that the cycle of Jupiter was in use in Southern India before
Saka 828 (A.D. 905-6); but from that year, according to the Arya Siddlianta, or from Saka
831 (A.D. 908-9) according to the .SVJr;'«-AV^d%(5«/rt, the expunction of the samvatsaras was altogether
neglected, with the result that the 60-year cycle in the south became luni-solar from that year.
At present the northern samvatsara has advanced by 12 on the southern! There is an easy
rule for finding the samvatsara according to the luni-solar cycle, viz., add 1 1 to the current
Saka year, and divide by 60; the remainder is the corresponding luni-solar cycle year. It must
not be forgotten that the samvatsaras of Jupiter's and the southern cycle, are always to betaken
as current years, not expired.
63. The twelve-year cycle of Jupiter. There is another cycle of Jupiter consisting of
twelve samvatsaras named after the lunar months. It is of two kinds. In one, the samvatsara begins
with the heliacal rising - of Jupiter and consists of about 400 solar days, one samvatsara being
expunged every 12 years or so.' In the other, which we have named the "twelve-year cycle
of Jupiter of the mean-sign system", the years are similar in length to those of the sixty-year
cycle of Jupiter just described, and begin at the same moment. Both kinds, though chiefly the
former, were in use in early times, and the latter is often employed in modern dates, especially in
those of the KoUam era. The samvatsaras of this heliacal rising system can only be found by direct
calculations according to some Sidd/ianta. The correspondence of the samvatsaras of the mean-sign
system with those of the sixty-year cycle are given in Table XII. They proceed regularly.
64. T/ie Graha-parivritti and Ohko cycles. There are two other cycles, but they are limited
to small tracts of country and would perhaps be better considered as eras. We however give
them here.
The southern inhabitants of the peninsula of India (chiefly of the Madura district) use a
cycle of 90 solar years which is called the Graha-parivritti. Warren has described the cycle,
deriving his information from the celebrated Portuguese missionary Beschi, who lived for over
forty years in Madura. The cycle consists of 90 solar years, the lengtli of one year being 365 d.
15 gh. 31 pa. 30 vi., and the year commences with Mesha. Warren was informed by native
astronomers at Madras that the cycle consisted of the sum in days of i revolution of the sun,
15 of Mars, 22 of Mercury, il of Jupiter, 5 of Venus and 29 of Saturn, .though this appears
to us quite meaningless. The length of this year is that ascertained by using the original
Sitrya-Siddhanta ; but from the method given by Warren for finding the beginning of the years
of this cycle it appears that astronomers have tried to keep it as nearly as possible in agreement
with calculations by the Arya-Siddlianta, and in fact the year may be said to belong to the
Arya-Siddhanta. The cycle commenced with Kali 3079 current (B. C. 24) and its epoch, i.e., the
Graha-parivritti year o current* is Kali 3078 current (B.C. 25).
1 See Corpus Inscrip. Indie, Vol. III., p. 80, note; Ind. Anliq., XVII., p. 142.
- The heliacal rising of a superior planet is its first vuible rising after its conjnnctions with the sun, i.e , when it is at a
sufficient distance from the sun to be first sefn on the horizon at its rising in the morning before sunrise, or, in the case of an
inferior planet (Mercury or Venus), at its setting in the evening after sunset. For Jupiter to be visible the sun must be about 11°
below the horizon. [R. S.]
3 It is fully described by me in the Indian Antiquary, vol. XVII. [S. B. D.]
■• In practice of course the word "current" cannot be applied to the year 0, but it is applied here (o distinguish it from the year
0 complete or expired, which means year 1 cuiTent. We use the word "epoch" to mean the year 0 cun-ent. The epoch of an era
given in a year of another era is useful for turning years of one into years of another era. Thus, by adding 3078 (thenimiber of the
Kali year coiTesponding to the Gralia-pari\Titti cycle epoch) to a Graha-parivritti year, we can get the equivalent Kali year; and by
subtracting the same from a Kali year we get the corresponding Graha-parivritti year.
38 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
To find the year of the Graha-parivritti cycle, add 72 to the current Kali-year, \ i to the
current Saka year, or 24 or 23 to the A.D. year, viz., 24 from Mesha to December 31st,
and 23 from January 1st to Mesha; divide by 90 and the remainder is the current year
of the cycle.
The Ohko ' cycle of 59 luni-solar years is in use in part of the Ganjam district of
the Madras Presidency. Its months are purnimanta, but it begins the year on the 12th of
Bhadrapada-suddha," calling that day the 12th not the 1st. In other words, the year changes its
numerical designation every 12th day of Bhadrapada-suddha. It is impossible as yet to say
decidedly when the Onko reckoning commenced. Some records in the temple of Jagannatha
at Purl (perfectly valueless from an historical point of view) show that it commenced with the
reign of Subhanideva in 319 A.D., but the absurdity of this is proved by the chronicler's
statement that the great Mughal invasion took place in 327 A.D. in the reign of that king's
successor. ' Some say that the reckoning commenced with the reign of Chodaganga or
Chorgahga, the founder of the Gangavarhsa, whose date is assigned usually to 1 131-32
A.D., while Sutton in his History of Orissa states that it was introduced in 1580 A.D. In
the zamindari tracts of Parlakimedi, Peddakimedi and Chinnakimedi the Oiiko Calendar is
followed, but the people there also observe each a special style, only differing from the parent
style and from one another in that they name their years after their own zamindars. A singular
feature common to all these four kinds of regnal years is that, in their notation, the years whose
nunjeral is 6, or whose numerals end with 6 or o (except 10), are dropped.* For instance, the
years succeeding the 5th and 19th Ohkos of a prince or zamindar are called the 7th and 21st Onkos
respectively. It is difficult to account for this mode of reckoning ; it may be, as the people
themselves allege, that these numerals are avoided because, according to their traditions and irt^/r^j,
they forebode evil, or it may possibly be, as some might be inclined to suppose, that the system
emanated from a desire to exaggerate the length of each reign. There is also another unique
convention according to which the Ohko years are not counted above 59, but the years succeed-
ing 59 begin with a second series, thus "second i ", " second 2", and so on. It is also important
to note that when a prince dies in the middle of an Ohko year, his successor's ist Ohko which
commences on his accession to the throne, does not run its full term of a year, but ends on the
nth day of Bhadrapada-suddha following; consequently the last regnal year of the one and the
first of the other together occupy only one year, and one year is dropped in effect. To find,
therefore, the English equivalent of a given Ohko year, it will be necessary first to ascertain the
style to which it relates, i.e., whether it is a Jagannatha Ohko or a Parlakimedi Ohko, and so on ;
and secondly to value the given year by excluding the years dropped (namely, the ist— possibly, the
6th, 1 6th, 20th, 26th, 30th, 36th, 40th, 46th, 50th, 56th). There are lists of Orissa princes
available, but up to 1797 A.D. they would appear to be perfectly inauthentic. '■> The list from
» Or Akka.
- On the 11th according to some, but all the evidence tends to shew that the year begins on the 12th.
3 The real date of the Muhammndan invasion seems to be 1568 A.D. (J. A. S. B. for 1883, LII., p. 233, no/;). The invasion
alluded to is evidently that of the " Yavanas", but as to these dates these temple chronicles must never be believed. [R. S.]
< Some say that the first year is also dropped, similarly; but this appeai-s to be the result of a misunderstanding, this
year being dropped only to fit in with the system described lower down in this article. Mr. J. Beames states that "the first two
years and every year that has a 6 or a 0 in it are omitted", so that the 87th Oiiko of the reign of Kamaehandra is really his 28th
year, since the years 1, 2, 6, 10, 16, 20, 26, 30 and 86 are omitted. (J. A. S. B. 1883, LII., p. 234, note. He appears to have
been misled about the first two years.
1> Scwell's Hketch of the Dynasties of Souihrrn India, p. 64, Arch.toloi/ical Survey of Southern India, vol. II.. p. 204.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 39
that date forwards is reliable, and below are given the names of those after whom the later
Ofiko years have been numbered, with the English dates corresponding to the commencement of
the 2nd Oiikos of their respective reigns.
Onko 2 of Mukundadeva .... September 2, 1797. (lihadrapada sukla 12th.)
Do. Ramachandradcva . . . September 22, 18 17. Do. Do.
Do. Virakesvaradeva . . . September 4, 1854. Do. Do.
Do. Divyasiiiihadeva . . . September 8, 1859. Do. Do.
PART 11.
THE VARIOUS ERAS.
65. General remarks. Different eras have, from remote antiquity, been in use in different
parts of India, having their years luni-solar or solar, commencing according to varying practice with
a given month or day; and in the case of luni-solar years, having the months calculated variously
according to the amanta or purnimanta system of pakshas. (Art. 12 above). The origin of
some eras is well known, but that of others has fallen into obscurity. It should never be forgotten,
as explaining at once the differences of practice we observe, that when considering " Indian "
science we are considering the science of a number of different tribes or nationalities, not of
one empire or of the inhabitants generally of one continent.
66. If a number of persons belonging to one of these nationalities, who have been in
the habit for many years of using a certain era with all its peculiarities, leave their original
country and settle in another, it is natural that they should continue to use their own era, not-
withstanding that another era may be in use in the country of their adoption ; or perhaps, while
adopting the new era, that they should apply to it the peculiarities of their own. And vice versa
it is only natural that the inhabitants of the country adopted should, when considering the
peculiarities of the imported era, treat it from their own stand-point.
6"]. And thus we actually find in the panchaiigs of some provinces a number of other
eras embodied, side by side with the era in ordinary use there, while the calendar-makers have
treated them by mistake in the same or nearly the same manner as that of their own reckoning.
For instance, there are extant solar panchangs of the Tamil country in which the year of the
Vikrama era is represented as a solar Meshadi year. And so again Saka years are solar in
Bengal and in the Tamil country, and luni-solar in other parts of the country. So also we
sometimes find that the framers of important documents have mentioned therein the years of
several eras, but have made mistakes regarding them. In such a case we might depend on the
dates in the document if we knew exactly the nationality of the authors, but very often this
cannot be discovered, and then it is obviously unsafe to rely on it in any sense as a guide. This
point should never be lost sight of
68. Another point to be always borne in mind is that, for the sake of convenience in
calculation a year of an era is sometimes treated differently by different authors in the same
province, or indeed even by the same author. Thus, Ganesa Daivajna makes Saka years begin
40 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
with Chaitra sukla pratipada in his Grahalaghava (A.D. 1520), but with mean Mesha saiikranti
in his Tithichintamani (A.D. 1525.)
69. It is evident therefore that a certain kind of year, e.g., the solar or luni-solar year,
or a certain opening month or day, or a certain arrangement of months and fortnights and the
like, cannot be strictly defined as belonging exclusively to a particular era or to a particular part
of India. We can distinctly affirm that the eras whose luni-solar years are Chaitradi {i.e., begin-
ning with Chaitra sukla pratipada) are always Meshadi (beginning with the Mesha sankranti)
in their corresponding solar reckoning, but beyond this it is unsafe to go.
70. Current and expired years. It is, we believe, now generally known what an " expired " or
"current" year is, but for the benefit of the uninitiated we think it desirable to explain the matter fully.
Thus; the same Saka year (A.D. 1894) which is numbered 18 17 z'«/-/'rtwrt««, or astronomically current,
in the paiichangs of the Tamil countries of the Madras Presidency, is numbered 1 8 i6_i,'-rt/a (" expired")
in other parts of India. This is not so unreasonable as Europeans may imagine, for they themselves
talk of the third furlong after the fourth mile on a road as "four miles three furlongs" which
means three furlongs after the expiry of the fourth mile, and the same in the matter of a person's age ;
and so September, A.D. 1894, (Saka 1817 current) would be styled in India " Saka 18 16 expired, Sep-
tember", equivalent to "September after the end of Saka 1816" or "after the end of 1893 A.D".
Moreover, Indian reckoning is based on careful calculations of astronomical phenomena, and
to calculate the planetary conditions of September, 1894, it is necessary first to take the planftary
conditions of the end of 1893, and then add to them the data for the following nine months.
That is, the end of 1893 is the basis of calculation. It is always necessary to bear this in mind because
often the word gata is omitted in practice, and it is therefore doubtful whether the real year in
which an inscription was written was the one mentioned therein, or that number decreased by one. '
In this work we have given the corresponding years of the Kali and Saka eras actually
current, and not the expired years. This is the case with all eras, including the year of the
Vikravia ^ era at present in use in Northern India.
71. Description of the several eras. In Table II., Part iii., below we give several eras,
chiefly those whose epoch is known or can be fixed with certainty, and we now proceed to
describe them in detail.
Tlie Kali-Yiiga. — The moment of its commencement has been already given {Art. 16
above'). Its years are both Chaitradi (luni-solar) and Meshadi (solar.) It is used both in astro-
1 Sec 'Calculations of Hindu datf-i', by Dr. Fleet, in the hid. Ant., vols. XFl. to XIX.; and my notes on the date of a
Jain Purdiia in Dr. Bhandilrkar's "Report on the search for Sankrit manuscript*" for 1883 — 1884 A. D., p.p. 429—30
§$ 36, 37. [S. B. D.]
'- The Vikrama era is never used by Indian astronomers. Out of 160 Vikrama dates examined by Dr. Kielhorn (/«</. Ant.,
XIX.), there are only sis which have to be taken as current years. Is it not, however, possible that all Viki-ama years are really cur-
rent years, but tliat sometimes in writings and inscriptions the authoi-s have made them doubly current in consequence of thinking
them erroneously to be expired years. There is an instance of a Saka year made twice current in an inscription jiublished in the
Ind. Ant., (vol. XX , p 191), The year was already 1155 current, but the number given by the writer of the inscription is 1156,
as if 1155 had been the expired year.
As a matter of fact I do not think that it is positively known whether the years of the Christian era arc themselves really
expired or current years. Warren, the author of the Kiilasaiiknlita was not certain. He calls the year corresponding to the Kali
year 8101 expired "A.D. 0 complete" (p 302) or "1 current" (p. 294). Thus, by his view, the Christian year corresponding to
the Kali year 3102 expired would be A.D. 1 cumplctc or A.D. 2 current. But generally European scholars fu .\. 1) 1 current
as corresponding to Kali 3102 expired. The current and expired years undoubtedly give rise to confusion. The years of the astionoraical
eras, the Kali and Saka for instance, may, unless the contrary is proved, be assuraeJ to be expired yeai's, and those of the non-
astronomical eras, such as the Vikrama, Gu])la, and many others, may be taken as current ones. (See, hojoever. Note 3, p. 42,
below.) fS. B. D.] ■ ■ ,:,(j,
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 41
nomical works and in panchaiigs. In the latter sometimes its expired years, sometimes current
years are given, and sometimes both. It is not often used in epigraphical records. '
Saptarslii- Kala. — This era is in use in Kashmir and the neighbourhood. At the time of
Alberuni (1030 A.D.), it appears to have been in use also in Multan and some other parts. It is
the only mode of reckoning mentioned in the Raja Tar aiigini. It is sometimes called the " Lau-
kika-Kala" and sometimes the " Sastra-Kala". It originated on the supposition that the seven Rishis
(the seven bright stars of Ursa Major) move through one nakshatra (27th part of the ecliptic)
in 100 years, and make one revolution in 2700 years; the era consequently consists of cycles of
2700 years. But in practice the hundreds are omitted, and as soon as the reckoning reaches lOO,
a fresh hundred begins from i. Kashmirian astronomers make the era, or at least one of its
cycles of 2700 years, begin with Chaitra .sukla ist of Kali 27 current. Disregarding the hundreds
we must add 47 to the Saptarshi year to find the corresponding current Saka year, and 24 — 25
for the corresponding Christian year. The years are Chaitradi. Dr. F. Kielhorn finds ^ that they
are mostly current years, and the months mostly purnimanta.
The Vikrama era. — In the present day this era is in use in Gujarat and over almost all
the north of India, except perhaps Bengal. ^ The inhabitants of these parts, when migrating to
other parts of India, carry the use of the era with them. In Northern India the year is Chaitradi,
and its months purnimanta, but in Gujarat it is Karttikadi and its months are amanta. The settlers
in the Madras Presidency from Northern India, especially the Marvadis who use the Vikrama
year, naturally begin the year with Chaitra sukla pratipada and employ the purnimanta scheme
of months; while immigrants from Gujarat follow their own scheme of a Karttikadi amanta year,
but always according to the Vikrama era. In some parts of Kathiavad and Gujarat the Vikrama
era is Ashadhadi * and its months amanta. The practice in the north and south leads in the
present day to the Chaitradi purnimanta Vikrama year being sometimes called the " Northern
Vikrama," and the Karttikadi amanta Vikrama year the "Southern Vikrama."
The correspondence of these three varieties of the Vikrama era with the Saka and other
eras, as well as of their months, will be found in Table II., Parts ii. and iii.
Prof. F. Kielhorn has treated of this era at considerable length in the hid. Antiq., vols. XIX.
and XX., and an examination of 150 different dates from 898 to 1877 of that era has led him
to the following conclusions (ibid., XX., p. j^8 ff.).
(i) It has been at all times the rule for those who use the Vikrama era to quote the
expired years, and only exceptionally = the current year.
(2) The Vikrama era was Karttikadi from the beginning, and it is probable that the
change which has gradually taken place in the direction of a more general use of the Chaitradi
year was owing to the increasing growth and influence of the Saka era. Whatever may be the
practice in quite modern times, it seems certain that down to about the 14th century of the
Vikrama era both kinds of years, the Karttikadi and the Chaitradi, were used over exactly the same
tracts of country, but more frequently the Karttikadi.
(3) While the use of the Karttikadi year has been coupled with the purnimanta as often as with the
1 Corpus Inacrip. Ind., Vol. III.. Introdiirtioti, p. 69, note.
2 Ind. Jnt, Vol. XX., p. U9 ff.
3 In BengSli panchaiigs the Vikrama Samvat, or Sambat, is given along with the Saka year, and, like the North-Indian
Vikrama Samvat, is Chaitradi pilrnimunta.
* See Ind. Ant., vol. XVII., p. 93; also note 3, p 31, and connected Text.
& See, however, note 2 on the previous page.
42 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
amanta scheme of months, the Chaitradi year is found to be more commonly joined with the purnimanta
scheme: but neither scheme can be exclusively connected with either the Karttikadi or Chaitradi year.
The era was called the " Malava" era from about A.D. 450 to 850. The earliest known
date containing the word "Vikrama" is Vikrama-samvat 898 (about A.D. 840); but there the era
is somewhat vaguely described as "the time called Vikrama"; and it is in a poem composed in
the Vikrama year 1050 (about A.D. 992) that we hear for the first timeof a king called Vikrama
in connection with it. (See Ind. Antiq., XX., p. 404).
At the present day the Vikrama era is sometimes called the " Vikrama-samvat ", and
sometimes the word " samvat " is used alone as meaning a year of that era. But we have
instances in which the word "samvat" (which is obviously an abbreviation of the word i'awj'iZAtfr^?,
or year) is used to denote the years of the Saka, Siihha, or Valabhi eras ' indiscriminately.
In some native pahchahgs from parts of the Madras presidency and Mysore for recent
years the current Vikrama dates are given in correspondence with current Saka dates ; for
example, the year corresponding to A.D. 1893—9413 said to be Saka 1 8 16, or Vikrama I95i- (-S^^
remarks o?i the Saka era abcn'e.)
The Christian era. This has come into use in India only since the establishment of the
English rule. Its years at present are tropical solar commencing with January ist, and are taken
as current years. January corresponds at the present time with parts of the luni-solar amanta
months Margasirsha and Pausha, or Pausha and Magha. Before the introduction of the new style,
however, in 1752 A.D., it coincided with parts of amanta Pausha and Magha, or Magha and
Phalguna. The Christian months, as regards their correspondence with luni-solar and solar months,
are given in Table II., Part ii.
The Saka era. — This era is extensively used over the whole of India ; and in most parts
of Southern India, except in Tinnevelly and part of Malabar, it is used exclusively. In other
parts it is used in addition to local eras. In all the Karanas, or practical works on astronomy
it is used almost exclusively. ^ Its years are Chaitradi for luni-solar, and Meshadi for solar,
reckoning. Its months are purnimanta in the North and amanta in Southern India. Current
years are given in some panchangs, but the expired years are in use in most ' parts of India.
The Chedi or Kalachuri era. — This era is not now in use. Prof. F. Kielhorn, examining
the dates contained in ten inscriptions of this era from 793 to 934, * has come to the conclusion
1 See Ind. Ant., vol. XII., pp. 213, 293; XI., p. 242 /.
- I have seen only two examples in which authors of Karaiias have used any other era along with the Saka. The author of
the Edma-vinoda gives, as the startinft-point for calculations, the .\kbar year 35 together with the Saka year 1312 (expireJ), and the
author of the Phatli-sdliapriikdisa fixes as its starting-point the 48th year of "Phattesllha" coupled with the Saka year 1626. [S. B D.]
^ Certain Telugu (luni-solar) and Tamil (solar) panehaiigs for the last few years, which I have procured, and which were
printed at Madras and are clearly in use in that Presidency, as well as a Canarese pafich&iig for A.D. 1893, (Sakft 181B current,
1815 expired) edited by the Palace Astronomer of H. H. the MahdrftjS of Mysore, give the current Saka years. But I strongly
doubt whether the authors of these paiichaugs are themselves acquainted with the distinction between so-called current .ind expired
years. For instance, there is a paiiohftng annually prepared by Mr. Auua AyyaiigAr. a resident of Kanjnur in the Tanjore District,
which appears to be in general use in the Tamil country, and in that for the solar Mcshfidi year corresponding to 1887 — 88 he uses
the expired Suka year, calling this 1809, while in those for two other years that I have seen the current Saka year is used. 1 have
conversed with several Tamil gentlemen at Poona, and learn from them that in their part of India the generality of people are
acquainted only with the name of the samvatsara of the 60-ycar cycle, and give no numerical value to the years. Where the years
are numbered, however, the expired year is in general use. I am therefore inclined to believe that the so-called current Saka years
are nowhere in use; and it becomes a question whether the soeullcd expired Saka year is really an expired one [S. B. D.]
4 Indian Antiquarij for August, 1888, vol. .WII., p. 215, and the Aeademt, of Kith Dec , 1887. p 391 f. I had myself
calculated these same inscription-dates in March, 1887, and had, in conjunction with Dr. Fleet, arrived at nearly the same conclusions
as Dr. Kielborn's, but we did not then settle the epoch, believing that the data were not sufficiently reliable (Corpus. Imrrip.
Indie., Vol. III., Introd., p 9. [S. B. D.] See also Dr. Kielborn's Paper read before the Orieutal Congress in London. [R. S]
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 43
that the ist day of the 1st iiirrcnt Chedi year corresponds to Asvina sukla pratipada of
Chaitradi Vikrama 306 current, (Saka 171 current, 5th Sept., A. D. 248); that consequently its years
are Asvinadi ; that they are used as current years; that its months are purnimanta; and that its
epoch, i.e., the beginning of Chedi year o current, is A. D. 247—48.
The era was used by the Kalachuri kings of Western and Central India, and it appears
to have been in use in that part of India in still earlier times.
The Gupta era. — This era is also not now in use. Dr. Fleet has treated it at great length
in the introduction to the Corpus, hiscrip . hid. (Vol. Ill, ''Gupta htscriptions'"), and again
in the Indian Antiquary (Vol. XX., pp. 376 ff.) His examination of dates in that era from 163
to 386 leads him to conclude that its years are current and Chaitradi; that the months are
purnimanta; and that the epoch, i.e., the beginning of Gupta Samvat o current, is Saka 242 current
(A. D. 319 — 20). The era was in use in Central India and Nepal, and was used by the Gupta kings.
The Valabhi era. — This is merely a continuation of the Gupta era with its name changed
into "Valabhi." It was in use in Kathiavad and the neighbourhood, and it seems to have been
introduced there in about the fourth Gupta century. The beginning of the year was thrown
back from Chaitra sukla ist to the previous Karttika sukla ist, and therefore its epoch went
back five months, and is synchronous with the current Karttikadi Vikrama year 376 (A. D. 318 — 19,
Saka 241 — 42 current). Its months seem to be both amanta and purnimanta.
The inscriptions as yet discovered which are dated in the Gupta and Valabhi era range
from the years 82 to 945 of that era.
The Bengali San. — An era named the " Bengali San " (sometimes written in English " Sen "")
is in use in Bengal. It is a solar year and runs witli the solar Saka year, beginning at the
Mesha sahkranti ; but the months receive lunar month names, and the first, which corresponds
with the Tamil Chaitra, or with Mesha according to the general reckoning, is here called Vaisakha,
and so on throughout the year, their Chaitra corresponding with the Tamil Phalguna, or with
the Mina of our Tables. We treat the years as current ones. Bengali San 1300 current cor-
responds with Saka 1816 current (A. D. 1893 — 94.) Its epoch was Saka 516 current, A. D. 593 — 94.
To convert a Bengali San date into a Saka date for purposes of our Tables, add 516 to the
former year, which gives the current Saka solar year, and adopt the comparison of months given
in Table II., Part, ii., cols. 8, 9.
The Vilayati year. — This is another solar year in use in parts of Bengal, and chiefly in
Orissa; it takes lunar-month names, and its epoch is nearly the same as that of the "Bengali
San", viz., Saka 515 — 16 current, A.D. 592 — 93, But it differs in two respects. First, it begins
the year with the solar month Kanya which corresponds to Bengal solar Asvina or Assin.
Secondly, the months begin on the day of the sahkranti instead of on the following (2nd) or 3rd
day (see Art. 28, the Orissa Rule).
The Anili Era of Orissa — This era is thus described in Girisa Chandra's " Chronological
Tables" (preface, p. xvi.): "The AmU commences from the birth of Indradyumna, Raja of Orissa,
on Bhadrapada sukla 12th, and each month commences from the moment when the sun enters
a new sign. The Amli San is used in business transactions and in the courts of law in Orissa." ^
1 The Vil&yati era, as given in some Bengal Government annual chi'onologiral Tables, and in a Bengali panchahg printed in
Calcutta that I have seen, is made identical with this Amli era in almost every respect, except that its months are made to com-
mence civilly in accordance with the second variety of the midnight rule (Art. 28). But facts seem to be that the Vilayati year
commences, not on lunar Bhildrapada sukla 12th, but with the Kanya sanki-anti, while the Amli year does begin on lunar Bhftdrapada
sukla 12th. It may be remarked that Warren writes— in A.D. 1823 — (Xi/ajandWiYa, Taite/J. /X) that the" Vilaity year is reckoned
from the 1st of the krishna paksha in Chaitra", and that its numerical designation is the same with the Bengali San. [S. B. D.]
44 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
It is thus luni-solar with respect to changing its numerical designation, but solar as regards the
months and days. But it seems probable that it is really luni-solar also as regards its months
and days.
The Kanya sankranti can take place on any day from about 1 1 day.s previous to lunar
Bhadrapada sukla 12th to about 18 days after it. With the difference of so many days the epoch
and numerical designation of the Amli and Vilayat! years are the same.
Tlic Fasali year. — This is the harvest year introduced, as some say, by Akbar, originally
derived from the Muhammadan year, and bearing the same number, but beginning in July.
It was, in most parts of India, a solar year, but the different customs of different parts of India
caused a divergence of reckoning. Its epoch is apparently A. H. 963 (A. D. 1556), when its
number coincided with that of the purely lunar Muhammadan year, and from that date its years
have been solar or luni-solar. Thus (A. H.) 963 ■\- 337 (solar years) = 1300, and (A. D.)
15564-337=1893 A.D., with a part of which year Fasali 1300 coincides, while the same
year is A. H. 1310. The era being purely official, and not appealing to the feelings of the people
of India, the reckoning is often found to be loose and unreliable. In Madras the Fasali year
originally commenced with the 1st day of the solar month Adi (Karka), but about the year
1800 A.D. the British Government, finding that this date then coincided with July 13th, fixed
July 13th as the permanent initial date; and in A.D. 1855 altered this for convenience to July
1st, the present reckoning. In parts of Bombay the Fasali begins when the sun enters the
nakshatra Mrigasirsha, viz., (at present) about the 5th or 6th June. The Bengali year and the
Vilayati year both bear the same number as the Fasali year.
The names of months, their periods of beginning, and the serial number of days are the
same as in the Hijra year, but the year changes its numerical designation on a stated solar day.
Thus the year is already a solar year, as it was evidently intended to be from its name. But
at the present time it is luni-solar in Bengal, and, we believe, over all North-Western India, and
this gives rise to a variety, to be now described.
The hmi-solar Fasali year.- — This reckoning, though taking its name from a Muhammadan
source, is a purely Hindu year, being luni-solar, purnimanta, and A.svinadi. Thus the luni-solar
Fasali year in Bengal and N. W. India began (purnimanta Asvina krishna pratipada, Saka 18 15
currents) Sept. 7th, 1882. A peculiarity about the reckoning, however, is that the months are
not divided into bright and dark fortnights, but that the whole runs without distinction of pakshas,
and without addition or cxpunction of tithis from the 1st to the end of the mouth, beginning
with the full moon. Its epoch is the same as that of the Vilayati year, only that it begins
with the full moon next preceding or succeeding the Kanya sankranti, instead of on the sankranti day.
In Southern India the FasaH year 1302 began on June 5th, 1892, in Bombay, and on
July 1st, 1892, in Madras. It will be seen, therefore, that it is about two years and a quarter in
advance of Bengal.
To convert a luni-solar Bengali or N. W. Fasali date, approximately, into a date easily
workable by our Tables, treat the year as an ordinary luni-solar purnimanta year; count the
days after the i 5th of the month as if they were days in the sukla fortnight, 1 5 being deducted
from the given figure ; add 515 to make the year correspond with the Saka year, for dates
between Asvina 1st and Chaitra 15th ( =: amanta Bhadrapada krishna ist and amanta Phalguna
krishna 30th) — and 516 between Chaitra 15th and Asvina i.st. Thus, let Chaitra 25th 1290 be
the given date. The 25th .should be converted into .sukla 10th; adding 5 16 to 1290 we have 1806,
the equivalent Saka year. The corresponding Saka date is therefore amanta Chaitra sukla lotli,
THE HTNDU CALENDAR. 45
1806 current. From this the conversion to an A. D. date can be worked by the Tables. For
an exact equivalent the sankranti day must be a.scertained.
The Mahratta Siir-saii or Slialitir-san. — This is sometimes called the Arabi-san. It was
extensively used during the Mahratta supremacy, and is even now sometimes found, though
rarely. It is nine years behind the Fasali of the Dakhan, but in other respects is just the same;
thus, its year commences when the sun enters the nakshatra Mrigasirsha, in which respect it is
solar, but the days and months correspond with Hijra reckoning. It only diverged from the Hijra
in A.D. 1344, according to the best computation, since when it has been a solar year as
described above. On May 15th, AD. 1344, the Hijra year 745 began. But since then the
Shahur reckoning was carried on by itself as a solar year. To convert it to an A.D. year,
add 599.
The Harsha-Kala. — This era was founded by Harshavardhana of Kanauj, ' or more properly
of Thancsar. At the time of Alberuni (A.D. 1030) it was in use in Mathura (Muttra) and Kanauj.
Its epoch seems to be Saka 529 current, A.D. 606 — 7. More than ten inscriptions have been
discovered in Nepal ^ dated in the first and second century of this era. In all those discovered
as yet the years are qualified only by the word " samvat ".
The Magi-San.— 'Y\i\<i era is current in the District of Chittagong. It is very similar to
the Bengali-san, the days and months in each being exactly alike. The Magi is, however, 45 years
behind the Bengali year,' e.g.. Magi 1200= Bengali 1245.
The Kollam era, or era of Farasitrawa. — The year of this era is known as the Kollam
andu. Kollam (anglice Quilon) means "western", andu means "a year". The era is in use in
Malabar from Mangalore to Cape Comorin, and in the Tinnevelly district. The year is sidereal
solar. In North Malabar it begins with the solar month Kanni (Kanya), and in South Malabar
and Tinnevelly with the month Chiiigam (Siriiha). In Malabar the names of the months are
sign-names, though corrupted from the original Sanskrit ; but in Tinnevelly the names are chiefly
those of lunar months, also corrupted from Sanskrit, such as Sittirai or Chittirai for the Sanskrit
Chaitra, corresponding with Mesha, and so on. The sign-names as well as the lunar-month names
are given in the paiichangs of Tinnevelly and the Tamil country. All the names will be found
in Table II., Part ii. The first Kollam andu commenced in Kali 3927 current, Saka 748 current,
A.D. 825 — 26, the epoch being Saka 747 — 48 current, A.D. 824 — 25. The years of this era as
used are current years, and we have treated them so in our Tables.
The era is also called the "era of Parasurama", and the years run in cycles of 1000. The
present cycle is said to be the fourth, but in actual modern use the number has been allowed
to run on over the 1000, A.D. 1894 — 95 being called Kollam 1070. We believe that there is
no record extant of its use earlier than A.D. 825, and we have therefore, in our Table I., left the
appropriate column blank for the years A.D. 300 — 825. If there were really three cycles ending
with the year 1000, which expired A.D. 824 — 25, then it would follow that the Parasurama, or
Kollam, era began in Kali 1927 current, or the year 3528 of the Julian period. *
The Nevar era. This era was in use in Nepal up to A.D. 1768, when the Saka era
1 Alberuni'a India, b^nglish translation by Sachau, Vol. II., p. 5.
- Corpus Inscrip. Indie, Vol. III., Introd., p. 177 ff.
3 Girisa Chandra's Chronological Tables for A.D. 1764 (o 1900.
* Wan-en (Kiila-miikalita, p. 298^ makes it comnieuce in "the year 3537 of the Julian period, answering to the 1926th of
the Kali yug". But this is wrong if, as we believe, the Kollam ycara are current years, and we know no reason to think them
otherwise. Warren's account was based on that of Dr. Buchanan who made the 977th year of the third cycle commence in A.D. 1800.
Bnt according to the present Malabar use it is quite clear that the year commencing in 1800 A.D., was the 976th Kollam vear.
46 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
was introduced. ' Its years are Karttikadi, its months amanta, and its epoch (the beginning of the
Nevar year o current) is the Karttikadi Vikrama year 936 current, Saka 801 — 2 current, A.D. 878 — 79.
Dr. F. Kielhorn, in his hidian Antiquary paper on the "Epoch of the Nevvar era"- has come
to the conclusion that its years are generally given in expired years, only two out of twenty-five
dates examined by him, running from the 235th to the 995th year of the era, being current
ones. The era is called the "Nepal era" in inscriptions, and in Sanskrit manuscripts ; "Nevar"
seems to be a corruption of that word. Table II., Part iii., below gives the correspondence of
the years with those of other eras.
The Chalukya era. This was a short-lived era that lasted from Saka 998 (A.D. 1076)
to Saka 1084 (A.D. 1162) only. It was instituted by the Chalukya king Vikramaditya Tribhuvana
Malla, and seems to have ceased after the defeat of the Eastern Chalukyas in A.D. 1162 by
Vijala Kalachuri. It followed the Saka reckoning of months and pakshas. The epoch was Saka
998 — 99 current, A.D. 1075 — 76.
The Simha Samvat. — This era was in use in Kathiavad and Gujarat. From four dates
in that era of the years 32, 93, 96 and 151, discussed in the Indian Antiquary (Vols. XVIII.
and XIX. and elsewhere), we infer that its year is luni-solar and current; the months are presumably
amanta, but in one instance they seem to be purnimanta, and the year is most probably Ashadhadi.
It is certainly neither Karttikadi nor Chaitradi. Its epoch is Saka 1036 — 37 current, A.D. 11 13— 14.
Tlie Lakshmana Sena era. — This era is in use in Tirhut and Mithila, but always along
with the Vikrama or Saka year. The people who use it know little or nothing about it.
There is a difference of opinion as to its epoch. Colebrooke (A.D. 1796) makes the first year
of this era correspond with A.D. 1105; Buchanan (A.D. 1810) fi.xes it as A.D. 1105 or 1106;
Tirhut almanacs, however, for the years between A.D. 1776 and 1880 shew that it corresponds
with A.D. 1 108 or 1 109. Buchanan states that the year commences on the first day after the
full moon of the month Ashadha, while Dr. Rajendra Lai Mitra (A.D. 1878) and General Cunningham
assert that it begins on the first Magha badi (Magha krishna ist). ' Dr. F. Kielhorn, examining six
independent inscriptions dated in that era (from A.D. 11 94 to 1551), concludes'' that the year
of the era is Karttikadi ; that the months are amanta ; that its first year corresponds with A.D.
1 119 — 20, the epoch being A.D. II 18— 19, Saka 1041 — 42 current ; and that documents and inscriptions
are generally dated in the expired year. This conclusion is supported by Abul Fazal's statement
in the Akbarnama (Saka 1506, A.D. 1584). Dr. Kielhorn gives, in support of his conclusion,
the equation "Laksh: sam: 505 = Saka sam: 1546" from a manuscript oithe. Smrititattc'amrita,
and proves the correctness of his epoch by other dates than the six first given.
The Ilahi era. — The "Tarikh-i Ilahi," that is "the mighty or divine era," was established by
the emperor Akbar. It dates from his accession, which, according to the Tabakat-i-Akbari, was
Friday the 2nd of Rabi-us-sani, A.H. 963, or 14th February, '■> 1556 (O. S.), Saka 1478 current.
It was employed extensively, though not exclusively on the coins of Akbar and Jahangir, and
appears to have fallen into disuse early in the reign of Shah-Jahan. According to Abul Fazal,
the days and months are both natural solar, without any intercalations. The names of tlie months
and days correspond with the ancient Persian. The months have from 29 to 30 days each.
' General Sir A. Cunuingham's Indian Ertu, j>. 74.
« Ind Ant., Vol. XVU., p. 246 ff.
* This much information is from General Cunningham's "Indian Eras"
* Ind. Ant., XIX., p. 1 ff.
* General Cunningham, iu his "Indian Eras", gives it an 15th February; but that day wn» 11 Saturday..
I
Farwardin
5
2
Ardi-behisht
6
3
Khurdiid
7
4
Tir
8
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 47
There are no weeks, the whole 30 days being distinguished by different names, and in those
months which have 32 days the two last are named roz o j/trti^ (day and night), and to distinguish
one from another are called "first" and " second ". 1 Here the lengths of the months are said to be
"from 29 to 30 days each", but in the old Persian calendar of Yazdajird they had 30 days
each, the same as amongst the Parsees of the present day. The names of the twelve months
are as follow. —
Mirdad 9 Ader
Shariur 10 Dei
Mihir 1 1 Bahman
Aban 1 2 Isfandarmaz
The Mahratta Raja Saka era. — This is also called the " Rajyabhisheka Saka". The
word "Saka" is used here in the sense of an era. It was established by Sivaji, the founder
of the Mahratta kingdom, and commenced on the day of his accession to the throne, i.e., Jyeshtha
sukla trayodasi (13th) of Saka 1596 expired, 1597 current, the Ananda samvatsara. The number
of the year changes every Jyeshtha sukla trayodasi ; the years are current ; in other respects it
is the same as the Southern luni-solar amanta Saka years. Its epoch is Saka 1596 — 97 current,
A.D. 1673 — 74. It is not now in use.
72. Names of Hindi and N. W. Fasali months. — Some of the months in the North of India
and Bengal are named differently from those in the Peninsula. Names which are manifestly
corruptions need not be noticed, though "BhadCm" for Bhadrapada is rather obscure. But " Kuar"
for Asvina, and "Aghan", or "Aghran", for Margasirsha deserve notice. The former seems to
be a corruption of Kumari, a synonym of Kanya (=:Virgo, the damsel), the solar sign-name. If so,
it is a peculiar instance of applying a solar sign-name to a lunar month. " Aghan " (or " Aghran ")
is a corrupt form of Agrahayana, which is another name of Margasirsha.
PART III.
DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.
73. Table I. — Table I. is our principal and general Table, and it forms the basis for all
calculations. It will be found divided into three sections, (i) Table of concurrent years ; (2) inter-
calated and suppressed months; (3) moments of commencement of the solar and luni solar years.
All the figures refer to mean solar time at the meridian of (Jjjain. The calculations are based on the
Siirya-Siddlianta, without the bija up to 1500 A.D. and with it afterwards, with the exception
of cols. 13 to 17 inclusive for which the Arya-Siddhanta has been used. Throughout the table
the solar year is taken to commence at the moment of the apparent Mesha saiikranti or first
point of Aries, and the luni-solar year with amanta Chaitra sukla pratipada. The months are
taken as amanta.
74. Cols. I to J. — In these columns the concurrent years of the six principal eras are
1 Prinsep's Indian Antiquities, 11., Vseful Tables, p. 171.
48 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
given. (As to current and expired years see Art. 70 above.) A short description of eras is given
in Art. 71. The years in the first three columns are used ahke as solar and luni-solar, commenc-
ing respectively with Mesha or Chaitra. (For the beginning point of the year see Art. 52 above.)
The Vikrama year given in col. 3 is the Chaitradi Vikrama year, or, when treated as a solar
year which is very rarely the case, the Meshadi year. The Ashadhadi and Karttikadi Vikrama
years are not given, as they can be regularly calculated from the Chaitradi year, remembering
that the number of the former year is one less than that of the Chaitradi year from Chaitra to
Jyeshtha or A.svina (both inclusive), as the case may be, and the same as the Chaitradi year from
Ashadha or Karttika to the end of Phalguna.
Cols. ^ atid J. The eras in cols. 4 and 5 are described above (Art. 71.) The double
number is entered in col. 4 so that it may not be forgotten that the Kollam year is non-Chaitradi
or non-Meshadi, since it commences with either Kanni (Kanya) or Chingam (Sirhha). In the case
of the Christian era of course the first year entered corresponds to the Kali, Saka or Chaitradi
Vikrama year for about three-quarters of the latter's course, and for about the last quarter the
second Christian year entered must be taken. The corresponding parts of the years of all these
eras as well as of several others will be found in Table II., Parts ii. and iii.
75. Co/s. 6 and 7. — These columns give the number and name of the current samvatsara
of the sijrty-year cycle. There is reason to believe that the sixty-year luni-solar cycle (in use
mostly in Southern India) came into existence only from about A. D. 909; and that before
that the cycle of Jupiter was in use all over India. That is to say, before A. D'. 909 the samvat-
saras in Southern India were the same as those of the Jupiter cycle in the North. If, however,
it is found in any case that in a year previous to A.D. 908 the samvatsara given does not agree
with our Tables, the rule in Art. 62 should be applied, in order to ascertain whether it was a
luni-solar samvatsara.
The samvatsara given in col. 7 is that which was current at the time of the Mesha safi-
kranti of the year mentioned in cols, i to 3. To find the samvatsara current on any particular
day of the year the rules given in Art. 59 should be applied. For other facts regarding the
samvatsaras, see Arts. 53 to 63 above.
76. Cols. 8 to 12, and 8a to 12a. These concern the adiiika (intercalated) and kshaya
(suppressed) months. For full particulars see Arts. 45 to 51. V>y the mean system of interca-
lations there can be no suppressed months, and by the true system only a few. We have given the
suppressed months in italics with the sufifix '' Ksh'" for "kshaya." As mean added months were
only in use up to A.D. 1 100 (Art. ^y) we have not given them after that year.
JJ. The name of the month entered in col. 8 or 8« is fixed according to the first rule
for naming a lunar month {Art. y<5), which is in use at the present day. Thus, the name As/uid/ia,
in cols. 8 or 8rt, shows that there was an intercalated month between natural Jyeshtha and natural
Ashadha, and by the first rule its name is " Adhika Ashadha", natural Ashadha being " Nija Ashadha."
By the second rule it might have been called Jyeshtha, but the intercalated period is the same
in either case. In the case of expunged months the word "Pausha", for instance, in col. 8
shows that in the lunar month between natural Karttika and natural Magha tl;ere were two
safikrantis; and according to the rule adopted by us that lunar month is called Marga^irsha,
Pausha being expunged.
78. Lists of intercalary and expunged months are given by the late Prof K. L. Chhatre
in a h.st published in Vol. I., No. 12 (March 185 1) of a Mahrathi monthly magazine called
Jhihiaprasaraka, formerly published in Bombay, but now discontinued ; as well as in Cowasjee
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 49
Patell's ''Chronology", and in the late Gen. Sir A. Cunningham's " Indian Eras,"' ' But in none
of these three works is a single word said as to how, or following what authority, the calculations
were made, so that we have no guide to aid us in checking the correctness of their results.
79. An added lunar month being one in which no saiikranti of the sun occurs, it is
evident that a sankranti must fall shortly before the beginning, and another one shortly after the
end, of such a month, or in other words, a solar month must begin shortly before and must end
shortly after the added lunar month. It is further evident that, since such is the case, calculation
made by some other Siddhanta may yield a different result, even though the difference in the
astronomical data which form the basis of calculation is but slight. Hence we have deemed it
essential, not only to make our own calculations afresh throughout, but to publish the actual
resulting figures which fix the months to be added and suppressed, so that the reader may judge
in each case how far it is likely that the use of a different authority would cause a difference
in the months affected. Our columns fix the moment of the sankranti before and the sankranti
after the added month, as well as the sankranti after the beginning, and the sankranti before the
end, of the suppressed month ; or in other words, determine the limits of the adhika and kshaya
masas. The accuracy of our calculation can be easily tested by the plan shewn in Art. 90 below.
(See also Art. 88 below.) The moments of time are expressed in two ways, viz., in lunation-
parts and tithis, the former following Prof. Jacobi's system as given in Ind. Ant., Vol. XVII.
80. Lunation-parts or, as we elsewhere call them, " tithi-indices " (or "/") are extensively
used throughout this work and require full explanation. Shortly stated a lunation-part is
iWo*'^ of an apparent synodic revolution of the moon {see Note 2, Art. 12 above'). It will be
well to put this more clearly. When the difference between the longitude of the sun and moon,
or in other words, the eastward distance between them, is nil, the sun and moon are said to be
in conjunction ; and at that moment of time occurs (the end ot) amavasya, or new moon. {Arts. 7.29
abcc'e) Since the moon travels faster than the sun, the difference between their longitudes, or their
distance from one another, daily increases during one half and decreases during the other half of the
month till another conjunction takes place. The time between two conjunctions is a synodic
lunar month or a lunation, during which the moon goes through all its phases. The lunation
may thus be taken to represent not only time but space. We could of course have expressed parts
of a lunation by time-measure, such as by hours and minutes, or ghatikas and palas, or by
space-measure, such as degrees, minutes, or seconds, but we prefer to express it in lunation-parts,
because then the same number does for either time or space [see Art. S^ belozv). A lunation
consists of 30 tithis. -!-th of a lunation consequently represents the time-duration of a tithi or the
space-measurement of 12 degrees. Our lunation is divided into 10,000 parts, and about 333
lunation-parts (-!-ths) go to one tithi, 667 to two tithis, looo to three and so on. Lunation-
parts are therefore styled "tithi-indices", and by abbreviation simply "/". Further, a lunation
or its parts may be taken as apparent or mean. Our tithi-, nakshatra-, and yoga-indices are
apparent and not mean, except in the case of mean added months, where the index, like the
whole lunation, is mean.
1 Gen. Cunningliam admittedly (p. 91) follows Cowasjee Patell's "C4ro»o/cyy"in this respect, and on eiamination I find that the
added and suppressed months in these two works (setting aside some few mistakes of their own) agree throughout with Prof. Chhatre's
list, even so far as to include certain instances where the latter was incorrect. Patell's " Chronoloi/ij" was published fifteen years after
the publication of Prof. Chhatre's list, and it is not improbable that the former was a copy of the latter. It is odd that not a single
word is said in Cowasjee Patell's work to shew how his calculations were made, though in those days he would hare required months
or even years of intricate calculation before he could arrive at his results. [S B. D.]
50 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
Our tithi-index, or "/", therefore shows in the case of true added months as well as
elsewhere, the space-difference between the apparent, and in the case of mean intercalations between
the mean, longitudes of the sun and moon, or the time required for the motions of the sun and
moon to create that difference, expressed in io,oooths of a unit, which is a circle in the case of
space, and a lunation or synodic revolution of the moon in the case of time. Briefly the tithi-
index "/" shews the position of the moon in her orbit with respect to the sun, or the time
necessary for her to gain that position., <'.^^., "o" is new moon, " 5CX)0" full moon, " 10,000" or "o"
new moon; "50" shews that the moon has recently [i.e., by ,-;^„ths, or 3 hours n minutes —
Table X.. col. 3) passed the point or moment of conjunction (new moon) ; 9950 shews that she
is approaching new-moon phase, which will occur in another 3 hours and 33 minutes.
81. A lunation being equal to 30 tithis, the tithi-index, which expresses the io,OOOth part of a
lunation, can easily be converted into tithi-notation, for the index multiplied by 30 (practically
by 3), gives, with the decimal figures marked off, the required figure in tithis and decimals.
Thus if the tithi-index is 9950, which is really 0.9950, it is equal to (0.9950 X 30=) 29.850
tithis, and the meaning is that ^/hs of the lunation, or 29.850 tithis have expired. Conversely
a figure given in tithis and decimals divided by 30 expresses the same in io,oooths parts of a
lunation.
82. The tithi-index or tithi is often required to be converted into a measure of solar
time, such as hours or ghatikas. Now the length of an apparent lunation, or of an apparent tithi,
perpetually varies, indeed it is varying at every moment, and consequently it is practically im-
possible to ascertain it except by elaborate and special calculations; but the length of a mean
lunation, or of a mean tithi, remains permanently unchanged. Ignoring, therefore, the difference
between apparent and mean lunations, the tithi-index or tithi can be readily converted into time
by our Table X.. which shews the time-value of the mean lunation-part (~th of the mean lunation),
and of the mean tithi-part (J^th of the mean tithi). Thus, if / = 50, Table X. gives the duration
as 3 hours 33 minutes; and if the tithi-part ^ is given as 0.150 we have by Table X. (2 h. 22 m.
-f I h. 1 1 min. = ) 3 h. 33 m.
It must be understood of course that the time thus given is not very accurate, because
the tithi-index (/) is an apparent index, while the values in Table X. are for the mean index.
The same remark applies to the nakshatra («) or yoga (y) indices, and if accuracy is desired
the process of calculation must be somewhat lengthened. This is fully explained in example i
in Art. 148 below. In the case of mean added months the value of (/) the tithi-index is at
once absolutely accurate.
83. The sankrantis preceding and succeeding an added month, as given in our Table I.,
of course take place respectively in the lunar month preceding and succeeding thzi added mon\h.
84. To make the general remarks in Arts. 80, 81, 82 quite clear for tlie intercalation of
months we will take an actual example. Thus, for the Kali year 3403 the entries in cols. 9 and
1 1 are 9950 and 287, again.st the true added month Asvina in col. 8. This shews us that the
saiikranti preceding the true added, or Adhika, Asvina took place when 9950 lunation-parts of
the natural month Bhadrapada (preceding Adhika Asvina) had elapsed, or when (10,000 — 9950=)
50 parts had to elapse before the end of Bhadrapada, or again when 50 parts had to elapse
1 A thuunandth part of n tithi is equal to 1.42 minutes, which is sufficiently minute for our purposes, but a Ihuusaudlh of n
lunation is equivalent to 7 hours & minutes, and this is too large j so that nc have to tiike the lOOOOth of a lunation as our unit,
which is equal to 4,25 minutes, and this suffices for all practical purposes In this work therefore a lunation is treated of as haviui;
10,000 parts, and a tithi 1000 parts
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 5'
before the beginning of the added month ; and that the sankranti succeeding true Adhika Asvina
took place when 287 parts of the natural month Nija Asvina had elapsed, or when 287 parts
had elapsed after the end of the added month Adhika Asvina.
85. The moments of the sankrantis are further given in tithis and decimals in cols. 10,
12, \0a and \2a. Thus, in the above example we find that the preceding sankranti took place
when 29-850 tithis of the preceding month lihadrapada had elapsed, i.e., when (30 — 29-850 =)
0-150 tithis had still to elapse before the end of Bhadrapada ; and that the succeeding sankranti
took place when o-86i of a tithi of the succeeding month, Asvina, had passed.
To turn these figures into time is rendered easy by Table X. We learn from it that the
preceding sankranti took place (50 lunation parts or 0-150 tithi parts) about 3 h. 33 m. before
the beginning of Adhika Asvina; and that the succeeding sankranti took place (287 lunation parts,
or -861 tithi parts) about 20 h. 20 m. after the end of Adhika Asvina. This time is approximate.
For exact time see Arts. 82 and 90.
The tithi-indices here shew (see Art. SS] that there is no probability of a different month
being intercalated if the calculation be made according to a different authority.
86. To constitute an expunged month we have shewn that two sankrantis must occur
in one lunar month, one shortly after the beginning and the other shortly before the end of
the month; and in cols. 9 and 10 the moment of the first sankranti, and in cols. 11 and 12
that of the second sankranti, is given. For example see the entries against Kali 35^^ 't*
Table I. As already stated, there can never be an expunged month by the mean system
87. In the case of an added month the moon must be waning at the time of the pre-
ceding, and waxing at the time of the succeeding sankranti, and therefore the figure ofthetithi-
index must be approaching 10,000 at the preceding, and over 10,000, or beginning a new
term of 10,000, at the succeeding, sankranti. In the case of expunged months the case
is " reversed, and the moon must be waxing at the first, and waning at the second sankranti ;
and therefore the tithi-index must be near the beginning of a period of 10,000 at the first,
and approaching 10,000 at the second, sankranti.
88. When by the Siirya-Siddhanta a new moon (the end of the amavasya) takes place
within about 6 ghatikas, or 33 lunation-parts, of the sankranti, or beginning and end of a solar
month, there may be a difference in the added or suppressed month if the calculation be made
according to another Siddlumta. Hence when, in the case of an added month, the figure in
col. 9 or ga. is more than (10,000 — 33 =) 9967, or when that in col. 11 or iirt is less than 33;
and in the case of an expunged month when the figure in col. 9 is less than 33, or when that
in col. 1 1 is more than 9967, it is possible that calculation by another Siddhanta will yield a
different month as intercalated or expunged ; or possibly there will be no e.xpunction of a month
at all. In such cases fresh calculations should be made by Prof. Jacobi's Special Tables {Epig.
hid., Vol. II.) or direct from the Sidd/uhita in question. In all other cases it may be regarded
as certain that our months are correct for all Sidd/uhitas. The limit of 33 lunation-parts here
given is generally sufficient, but it must not be forgotten that where Siddkantas are used with
a bija correction the difference may amount to as much as 20 ghatikas, or 113 lunation-parts
(See above, note to Art. 4.^).
In the case of the Surya-Siddltanta it may be noted that the added and suppressed months
are the same in almost all cases, whether the blja is applied or not.
89. We have spared no pains to secure accuracy in the calculation of the figures entered
in cols. 9 to 12 and 9a to I2fl, and we believe that they may be accepted as finally correct,
52 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
but it should be remembered that their time-equivalent as obtained from Table X. is only approxi-
mate for the reason given above [Art. S2.) Since Indian readers are more familiar with tithis
than with lunation-parts, and since the expression of time in tithis may be considered desirable
by some European workers, we have given the times of all the required sankrantis in tithis and
decimals in our columns, as well as in lunation-parts ; but for turning our figures into time-figures
it is easier to work with lunation-parts than with tithi-parts. It may be thought by some readers
that instead of recording the phenomena in lunation-parts and tithis it would have been
better to have given at once the solar time corresponding to the moments of the sankrantis
in hours and minutes. But there are several reasons which induced us, after careful consideration,
to select the plan we have finally adopted. First, great labour is saved in calculation ; for to
fix the exact moments in solar time at least five processes must be gone through in each case,
as shewn in our Example I. below {^Art. 14.8) It is true that, by the single process used by us,
the time-equivalents of the given lunation-parts are only approximate, but the lunation-parts and
tithis are in themselves exact. Secondly, the time shewn by our figures in the case of the mean
added months is the same by the Original Sitrya, the Present Siirya, and the Arya-Siddhanta,
as well as by the Present Surya-Siddhanta with the b'ija, whereas, if converted into solar time,
all of these would vary and require separate columns. Thirdly, the notation used by us serves
one important purpose. It shews in one simple figure the distance in time of the sankrantis
from the beginning and end of the added or suppressed month, and points at a glance to the
probability or otherwise of there being a difference in the added or suppressed month in the
case of the use of another authority. Fourthly, there is a special convenience in our method for
working out such problems as are noticed in the following articles.
90. Supposing it is desired to prove the correctness of our added and suppressed months,
or to work them out independently, this can easily be done by the following method : The
moment of the Mesha saiikranti according to the Surya-Siddhanta is given in cols. 13, 14 and 15^
to ija for all years from A.D. 1 100 to 1900, and for other years it can be calculated by the
aid of Table D. in Art. g6 below. Now we wish to ascertain the moment of two consecutive new
moons connected with the month in question, and we proceed thus. The interval of time between
the beginning of the solar year and the beginning or end of any solar month according to the
Surya-Siddhanta, is given in Table III., cols. 8 or 9; and by it we can obtain by the rules in
Art. 151 below, the tithi-index for the moment of beginning and end of the required solar month,
i.e., the moments of the solar sankrantis, whose position with reference to the new moon determines
the addition or suppression of the luni-solar month. The exact interval also in solar time between
those respective sankrantis and the new moons (remembering that at new moon "/" = lo.ooo)
can be calculated by the same rules. This process will at once shew whether the moon was
waning or waxing at the preceding and succeeding sankrantis, and this of course determines the
addition or suppression of the month. The above, however, applies only to the apparent or true
intercalations and suppressions. For mean added months the Sodhya (2 d. 8 gh. 5 i p. 15 vi.) must
be added {see Art. 26) to the Mesha-sarikranti time according to the Arya-Siddhanta {Tabic /.,
col. 15), and the result will be the time of the mean Mesha sahkranti. For the required sub-
sequent sankrantis all that is necessary is to add the proper figures of duration as given in
Art. 24, which shews the mean length of solar months, and to find the "a" for the results so
obtained by Art. 151. Then add 200 to the totals and the result will be the required tithi-indices.
91. It will of course be asked how our figures in Table I. were obtained, and what guarantee
we can give for their accuracy. It is therefore desirable to explain these points. Our calcula-
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 53
tions for true intercalated and suppressed months were first made according to the method and Tables
published by Prof. Jacobi {in the hid. Ant., Fc/. .\'/'7/.,/V- /^J /c /liV; as corrected by the errata list
printed in the same volume. We based our calculations on his Tables i to lo, and the method given in
his example 4 on pp. 152 — 53,' but with certain differences, the necessity of which must now be explain-
ed. Prof Jacobi's Tables 1 to 4, which give the dates of the commencement of the solar months, and the
hour and minute, were based on the Arya-Siddhanta, while Tables 5 to 10 followed the Surya-
Siddhanta, and these two Siddhantas differ. In con.sequence several points had to be attended to.
First, in Prof. Jacobi's Tables l to 4 the solar months are supposed to begin exactly at Ujjain
mean sunset, while in fact they begin (as explained by himself at p. \ \'])?X or shortly after m&Vin
sunset. This state of things is harmless as regards calculations made for the purpose for which
the Professor designed and chiefly uses these Tables, but such is not the case when the task is
to determine an intercalary month, where a mere fraction may make all the difference, and where the
exact moment of a safikranti must positively be ascertained. Secondly, the beginning of the
solar year, i.e., the moment of the Mesha-sankranti, differs when calculated according to those
two Siddhantas, as will be seen by comparing cols. 15 to 17 with cols. 15^ to \ja of our
Table 1., the difference being nil in A.D. 496 and 6 gh 23 pa. 41.4 pra. vi. in 1900 A.D. Thirdly,
even if we suppose the year to begin simultaneously by both Siddhantas, still the collective
duration of the months from the beginning of the year to the end of the required solar month is
not the same, " as will be seen by comparing cols. 6 or 7 with cols. 8 or 9 of our Table III.
We have applied all the corrections necessitated by these three differences to the figures obtained
from Prof Jacobi's Tables and have given the final results in cols. 9 and 11. We know of no
independent test which can be applied to determine the accuracy of the results of our calculations
for true added and suppressed months; but the first calculations were made exceedingly carefully
and were checked and rechecked. They were made quite independently of any previously existing
lists of added and suppressed months, and the results were afterwards compared with Prof. Chhatre's
list ; and whenever a difference appeared the calculations were completely re-examined. In some
cases of e.xpunged months the difference between the two lists is only nominal, but in other cases
of difference it can be said with certainty that Prof. Chhatre's list is wrong. [See note to Art. 46.)
Moreover, since the greatest possible error in the value of the tithi-index that can result by use
of Prof. Jacobi's Table is 7 {see his Table p. 16^), whenever the tithi-inde.x for added and sup-
pressed months obtained by our computation fell within 7 of 10,000, i.e., whenever the resulting
index was below 7 or over 9993, the results were again tested direct by the Siirya-Siddhanta. '
As regards mean intercalations every figure in our cols, ga to I2« was found correct by
independent test. The months and the times of the sahkrantis expressed in tithi-indices and
tithis were calculated by the present Siirya-Siddhanta, and the results are the same whether
1 For finding the initial date of the luni-sohir years Prof, Jacobi's Tables I. to XI. were used, and in the course of the ealou-
Utions it was necessary lo introdace a few alterations, and to correct some misprints which had crept in in addition lo those noted in
the alre-ady published eiTata-list. Thus, the eai'liest date noted in Tables I. to IV., being A.D. 354, these Tables had to be extended
backwards by adding two lines more of figures above those already given. In Table VI., as corrected by the errata, the bija is taken
into account only from A.D fiOl, whereas we consi ler that it should be introduced from A.D. 1501 (see Art. 21). In Table VI.
the century correction is given for the New (Gregorian) Style from A.D 1600 according to the pi"actice iu the most part of Europe.
I have preferred, however, to introduce the New Style into our Tables from Sept. A.D. 1752 to suit English readers, and this necessi-
tated an alteration in the centuiy data for two centuries [R. S.]
2 It is the same according to Warren, but iu this respect he is in error. (See note to AH. 2i.J
^ 42 calculations were thus made direct by the Siirija-Sidd/idnta with and without the bija, with the satisfactory result that
the error in the final figure of the tithi-index originally arrived at was generally only of 1 or 2 units, while in some cases it was
nil It was rarely 3, and only once 4. It never e.xceeded 4. It may therefore he fairly assumed that our results are accurate. [S.BD.]
54 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
worked by that or by the Original Surya-Siddkanta, the First Arya-Siddhanta, or the Present
SuryaSiddhanta with the bija.
We think, therefore, that the list of true added and suppressed months and that of the
mean added months as given by us is finally reliable.
92. Cols. /? to ij or to 17a. The solar year begins from the moment of the Mesha
sankranti and this is taken as apparent and not mean. We give the exact moment for all years
from A.D. 300 to 1900 by the Arya-Siddhanta, and in addition for years between A.D. 1 1 00 and
1900 by the Siirya-Siddhantas as well. {See also Art. g6). Every figure has been independently
tested, and found correct. The week-day and day of the month A.D. as given in cols. 13 and
14 are applicable to both the Siddhantas, but particular attention must be paid to the footnote in
Table I., annexed to A.D. 11 17 — 18 and some other subsequent years. The entries in cols. 15
and iSa for Indian reckoning in ghatikas and palas, and in cols. 17 and ija for hours and
minutes, imply that at the instant of the sankranti so much time has elapsed since mean sunrise
at Ujjain on the day in question. Ujjain mean sunrise is generally assumed to be 6.0 a.m.
93. The alteration of week-day and day of the month alluded to inthe footnote mentioned in the
last paragraph (Table I., A.D. 11 17 — 18) is due to the difference resulting from calculations made by
the two Siddhantas, the day fixed by the Sicrya-Siddhanta being sometimes one later than that found
by the Arya-Siddhanta. It must be remembered, however, that the day in question runs from sun-
rise to sunrise, and therefore a moment of time fixed as falling between midnight and sunrise belongs to
the preceding day in Indian reckoning, though to the succeeding day by European nomenclature. For
example, the Mesha sankranti in Saka 1039 expired (A.D. 1 1 1 7) took place, according to the Arya-Sidd-
hanta on Friday 23rd March at 58 gh. i p. after Ujjain mean sunrise (23 h. 12 m. after sunrise on Friday,
or 5.12 a.m. on Saturday morning, 24th); while by the 5«rj'rt-.SVrt'a'/<'(7;//rt it fell on Saturday 24th at
o gh. 51 pa. (=0 h. 20 m. after sunrise or 6.20 a.m.). This only happens of course when the
sankranti according to the Arya-Siddhanta falls nearly at the end of a day, or near mean sunrise.
94. In calculating the instant of the apparent Mesha-saiikrantis, we have taken the sodhya
at 2 d. 8 gh. 51 pa. 15 vipa. according to the Arya-Siddhanta, and 2d. 10 gh. 14 pa. 30 vipa.
according to the Sftrya-Siddhanta. {See Art. 26.)
95. The figure given in brackets after the day and month in cols. 13 and 19 is the
number of that day in the P2nglish common year, reckoning from January 1st. For instance, 75
against i6th March shows that i6th March is the 7Sth day from January 1st inclusive. This figure
is called the "date indicator", or shortly {d), in the methods of computation " B " and "C " given
below {Part IV.), and is intended as a guide with reference to Table IX., in which the collective
duration of days is given in the English common year.
96. The fixture of the moments of the 1600 Mesha-sankrantis noted in this volume will
be found advantageous for many purposes, but we have designed it chiefly to facilitate the
conversion of solar dates as they are used in Bengal and Southern India. ^ We have not given
the moments of Mesha-sankrantis according to the Surya-Siddhanta prior to A.D. 1 1 00, so that
the Arya-Siddhanta computation must be used for dates earlier than that, even those occurring in
Bengal. There is little danger in so doing, since the difference between the times of the Mesha-
sankrantis according to the two Siddhantas during that period is very slight, being ////in A.D. 496,
and only increasing to i h. 6 m. at the most in 1 100 A.D. It is, however, advisable to give
a correction Table so as to ensure accuracy, and consequently we append the Table which follows, by
which the difference for any year lying between A.D. 496 and 1 100 A.D. can be found. It is
1 Sec Art. 21, and the first foutnote ap|>ende(l tu it.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
55
used in the following manner. F"irst find the interval in years between the given year and A.D.
496. Then take the difference given for that number of years in the Table, and subtract or
add it to the moment of the Mesha-saiikranti fixed by us in Table 1. by the Arya-Siddkanta, according
as the given year is prior or subsequent to A.U. 496. The quotient gives the moment of the
Mesha-sahkranti by the Surya-Siddlumta.
TABLE
Shewing the difference between the moments of the Mesha-sankranti as calculated by the
Present Surya and the first Arya-Siddhantas; the difference in AD. 496 (Saka 496 current)
being o.
No.
of
years.
Difference
No.
of
years.
Difference
No.
of
vears.
Difference
Eipressed in
Expressed in
Expressed in
gh-
pa.
minutes.
gh-
pa.
minutes.
gh.
pa.
minntes.
1
0
0.3
0.1
10
0
2.7
1.1
100
0
27.3
10.9
2
0
0.5
0.2
30
0
5.5
2.2
200
0
54.6
21.9
3
0
0.8
0.3
HO
0
8.2
3.3
300
1
22.0
32.8
\
0
1.1 ' 0.4
40
0
10.9
4.4
400
1
49.3
43.7
5
0
1.4 : 0..5
50
0
13.7
5.5
500
2
16.6
54.7
C
0
1.6 0 7
00
0
16.4
6.6
600
2
44.0
65.6
7
0
1.9 1 0.8
70
0
19.1
7.7
700
3
11.3
76.5
8
0
•l.i ! 0.9
80
0
21.9
8.7
800
3
38.6
87.5
9
0
..5 ^ 1.0
90
0
24.6
9.8
900
4
6.0
98.4
Example. Find the time of the Mesha sankranti by the Surya-Siddhanta in A.D. lOOO.
The difference for (1000—496=:) 504 years is (2 gh. 16. 6 pa. -|- i • i pa. =) 2 gh. 17.7 pa. Adding
this to Friday, 22nd March, 42gh. 5pa., i.e., the time fixed by the Arya-Siddhanta {Table I.,
cols, i^, ij), we have 44 gh. 22.7 pa. from sunrise on that Friday as the actual time by the
STirya-StddMnla.
97. Cols, ip to 2^. The entries in these columns enable us to convert and verify Indian
luni-solar dates. They were first calculated, as already stated, according to the Tables published
by Prof. Jacobi in the Indian Antiquary ^ (Vol. XVII.). The calculations were not only most
carefully made, but every figure was found to be correct by independent test. As now finally
issued, however, the figures are those obtained from calculations direct from the Surya-Siddhanta,
specially made by Mr. S. Balkrishna D'ikshit. The articles a. b, c, in cols. 23 to 25 are very
important as they form the basis for all calculations of dates demanding an exact result. Their
meaning is fully described below {Art. 102.).
The meaning of the phrase "moon's age" (heading of cols. 21, 22) in the Nautical
Almanack is the mean time in days elapsed since the moon's conjunction with the sun {amavasya,
new moon). For our purposes the moon's age is its age in lunation-parts and tithis, and these
have been fully explained above.
98. The week-day and day of the month A.D. given in cols. 19 and 20 shew the civil
day on which Chaitra sukla pratipada of each year, as an apparent tithi, ends. - The figures
given in cols. 21 to 25 relate to Ujjain mean sunrise on that day.
1 See note 1 to Art. 91
• We have seen before (Arts. 45 etc. above) how months and tithis are sometimes added or expunged. Now in case of Chaitra
sukla pratipad& being current at sunrise on two successive days, as sometimes happens, the first of these civil days, i.e., the Aiy preeioiu
to that given by us, is taken as the 8rst day of the Indian luni-solar year (see Art. 52/ This does not, however, create any con-
fusion in our method C since the quantities given in cols. 23 to 25 are correct for the day and lime for which they are gi ven ; while
as for our methods A and B, the day noted by us is more convenient.
56 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
99 When an intercalary Chaitra occurs by the true system (Arts, ./j etc. above) it must
be remembered that the entries in cols. 19 to 25 are for the sukla-pratipada of the intercalated^
not the true, Chaitra.
lOO. The first tithi of the year (Chaitra sukla pratipada) in Table I., cols. 19 to 25, is
taken as an apparent, not mean, tithi, which practice conforms to that of the ordinary native
panchaiigs. By this system, as worked out according to our methods A and B, the English
equivalents of all subsequent tithis will be found as often correct as if the first had been taken
as a mean tithi ; — probably more often.
lOi. The figures given in cols. 21 and 22, except in those cases where a minus sign is
found prefixed {e.g., Kali 4074 current), constitute a fir.st approximation showing how much of
chaitra sukla pratipada had expired on the occurrence of mean sunrise at Ujjain on the day given
in cols. 19 and 20. Col. 21 gives the expired lunation-parts or tithi-index, and col. 22 shews
the same period in tithi-parts, i.e., decimals of a tithi. The meaning of both of these is explained
above (Arts. So and Si). We differ from the ordinary panchahgs in one respect, viz., that while
they give the portion of the tithi which has to run after mean sunrise, we have given, as in some
ways more convenient, the portion already elapsed at sunrise. Thus, the entry 286 in col. 21
means that 286 lunation-parts of Chaitra sukla isthad expired at mean sunrise. The new moon
therefore took place 286 lunation-parts before mean sunrise, and by Table X., col. 3, 286
lunation-parts are equal to (14 h. 10 m. -{-6 h. 6 m. =) 20 h. 16 m. The new moon therefore
took place 20 h. 16 m. before sunrise, or at 9.44 a.m. on the previous day by European reckoning.
The ending-moment of Chaitra sukla pratipada can be calculated in the same way, remembering
that there are 333 lunation-parts to a tithi.
We allude in the last paragraph to those entries in cols. 21 and 22 which stand with a
minus sign prefixed. Their meaning is as follows: — Just as other tithis have sometimes to be
expunged so it occasionally happens that Chaitra sukla ist has to be expunged. In other
words, the last tithi of Phalguna, or the tithi called amavasya, is current at sunrise on one civil
day and the 2nd tithi of Chaitra (Chaitra sukla dvitiya) at sunrise on the following civil day. In such
a case the first of these is the civil day corresponding to Chaitra sukla ist; and accordingly we
give this civil day in cols. 19 and 20. But since the amavasya-tithi (the last tithi of Phalguna) was
actually current at sunrise on that civU day we give in cols. 21 and 22 the lunation-parts and tithi-
parts of the amavasya-tithi which have to run after sunrise with a minus sign prefixed to them.
Thus, " — 12" in col. 21 means that the tithi-index at sunrise was 10,000 — 12 = or 9988, and that
the amavasya-tithi (Phalguna Krishna 15 or 30) (Table VIII., col. j) will end 12 lunation-parts
after sunrise, while the next tithi will end 333 lunation-parts after that.
102. {a, b. c, cols. 2j, 24, 2j). The moment of any new moon, or that moment in each
lunation when the sun and moon are nearest together, in other words when the longitudes
of the sun and moon are equal, cannot be ascertained without fixing the following three elements, —
{a) The eastward distance of the moon from the sun in mean longitude, (/;) the moon's mean
anomaly (Art. ij and note), which is here taken to be her distance from her perigee in mean
longitude, {c) the sun's mean anomaly, or his distance from his perigee in mean longitude.
And thus our "a", "■b", "c", have the above meanings; "a" being expressed in io,oooths of
a circle reduced by 200.6 for purposes of convenience of use, all calculations being then additive,
"/;" and "c" being given in loooths of the circle. To take an example. At Ujjain mean sunrise
on Chaitra sukla pratipada of the Kali year 3402 (Friday. 8th March, A.D. 300), tlie mean long-
itudes calculated direct from the Siirya-Siddhanta were as follow: The sun, 349° 22' 27". 92.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
57
The sun's perigee, 257" 14' 22 ".86. The 1110011,355 " 55' 35".32. The moon's perigee, 33" 39' 58". 03.
The moon's distance from the sun therefore was (355" 55' 35"- 32 — 349° 22' 27". 92 =) 6° 33'
7". 4 =.0182 of the orbit of 360". This (1.0182) reduced by 0.0200,6 comes to 0.998 14;
and consequently "«" for that moment 139981-41. The moon's mean anomaly " b" was (355°
55' 35"- 3- — 33° 39' 58"o3 =:) 322° 15' 37". 29 := 895 • 17. And the sun's mean anomaly "r " was (349"
22' 27". 92 — 257° 14' 22". 86=) 92" 8' 5".o6=: 25593. ' We therefore give rt:^998i, ^-^895,
c = 256. The figures for any other year can if necessary be calculated from the following Table,
which represents the motion. The increase in a, />, c, for the several lengths of the luni-solar year
and for i day, is given under their respective heads; the figures in brackets in the first column
representing the day of the week, and the first figures the number of days in the year.
Increase of a, b, c, in one year, and in one day.
Number of days
b.
b.
in the year.
leithoul bija.
with bija.
354(4)
9875.703337
847.2197487
847.220646
969.1758567
355(5)
214.335267
8835113299
883.5122f0
971.9136416
383(5)
9696.029305
899.675604
899.676575
48.57161909
384(8)
34661235
935.967185
935.968158
51.3094039
385(0)
373.293166
972.258766
972.2597-12
54.04789
1(1)
338.i)319303:i
36.291581211
36.291583746
2.737784906
103. Table II., Part i., of this table will speak for itself {see also Art. ji above). In the
second part is given, in the first five columns, the correspondence of a cycle of twelve lunar
months of a number of different eras with the twelve lunar months of the Saka year looo, -
which itself corresponds exactly with Kali 4179, Chaitradi Vikrama 1135, and Gupta 738. Cols.
8 to 13 give a similar concurrence of months of the solar year Saka lOOO. The concurrence
of parts of solar months and of parts of the European months with the luni-solar months is
given in cols. 6 and 7, and of the same parts with the solar months in cols. 14 and 15. Thu.s,
the luni-solar amanta month Ashadha of the Chaitradi Saka year 1000 corresponds with amanta
Ashadha of Kali 4179, of Chaitradi Vikrama 1135, and of the Gupta era 758; of the
Ashadhadi Vikrama year 11 35, and of the Chedi or Kalachuri 828; of the Karttikadi Vikrama
year 11 34, and of the Nevar year 198. Parts of the solar months Mithuna and Karka, and
parts of June and July of 1077 A.D. correspond with it; in some years parts of the other
1 Calculating by Prof. Jacobi's T.ibles, a, b, c, are 9980, 896 and 255, each of which is wrong by 1.
The above figures were submitted by me to Dr. Downing of ihe Nautical Almanack office, with a request that he would test
the results by scientific European methods. In reply he gave me the following quantities, for the sun from Leven'ier's Tables, and
and for the moon from Hansen's Tables (for the epoch A.D. 300, March 8th, 6 am., for the meridian of Ujjain). Mean long of
sun 345° 5r47"-7, Do. of sun's perigee 253° 54' 58" 5, Do. of moon 353° 0' 36"-0, Do. of moon's peri-ee 36° 9' 48"-4 He
also verified the statement that the sunrise on the morning of March 8th was that immediately following new moon. The diflerence
in result is partly caused by the fact that Leverrier's and Hansen's longitudes are tropical, and those of the S«>y«-St(/rMi/nfe sidereal.
Comparing the two results we find a difference of 0° 35' 40"-9 in "a". 5° 24' 49"-69 in "b", 0° 11' 15"-87 in "c". The closeness
of the results obtained from the use of (1) purely Hindu (2) purely European methods is remarkable. Our Tables being for Indian
documents and inscriptions we of course work by the former, [R. S.]
4 This year Saka 1000 is chosen for convenience of addition or snbstraction when ealcu.ating other years, and therefore wc
have not taken into account the fact that S 1000 was really an intercalary year, having 'joth an Adhika Jyeshtha and a Nija
Jyeshtha month. That peculiarity affects only that one year and not the concurrence of other months of previous or subsequent
veal's in other eras.
58 THE INDIAN CAIENDAR.
two Christian months noted in col. 7 will correspond with it. In the year Saka 1000, taken as
a Meshadi solar year, the month Siriiha corresponds with the Bengali Bhadrapada and the Tamil
Avani of the Meshadi Kali 4179, and Meshadi Vikrama 1 135 ; with Avani of the Sirhhadi Tinnevelly
year 253; with Chingam of the South Malayalam Siitihadi KoUam andu 253, and of the North
Malayajani Kanyadi Kollam andu 252. Parts of the lunar months .Sravana and Bhadrapada
correspond with it, as well as parts of July and August of the European year 1077 A. D ; in some
years parts of August and September will correspond with it.
All the years in this Table are current years, and all the lunar months are amanta.
It will be noticed that the Tuju names of lunar months and the Tamil and Tinnevelly names
of solar months are corruptions of the original Sanskrit names of lunar months ; while the north
and south Malayajam names of solar months are corruptions of the original Sanskrit sign-names.
Corruptions differing from these are likely to be found in use in many parts of India. In the
Tamil Districts and the district of Tinnevelly the solar sign-names are also in use in some places.
104. Table II.. Part iii. This portion of the Table, when read with the notes printed
below would seem to be simple and easy to be understood, but to make it still clearer we give
the following rules: —
I. Rule for turning into a Chaitradi or Meshadi year (for example, into a luni-solar Saka, or
solar Saka, year) a year of another era, whether earlier or later, which is non-Chaitradi or non-
Meshadi.
(rt) For an earlier era. When the given date falls between the first moment of Chaitra
or Mesha and the first moment of the month in which, as shewn by the heading, the year of
the given earlier era begins, subtract from the given year the first, otherwise the second, of the
double figures given under the heading of the earlier era along the line of the year O of the
required Chaitradi or Meshadi era {e.g., the Saka).
Examples. (l) To turn Vaisakha Sukla ist of the Ashadhadi Vikrama year 1837, or
Sravana sukla ist of the Karttikadi Vikrama year 1837 '"to corresponding Saka reckoning. The
year is (1837 — 134=) 1703 Saka. The day and month are the same in each case. (2) To
turn Magha sukla ist of the Karttikadi Vikrama samvat 1838 into the corresponding Saka date.
The year is (1838 — 135 =) 1703 Saka. The day and month are the same. (3) Given 1st December,
1822 A.D. The year is (1822 — 77 =) 1745 Saka current. (4) Given 2nd January, 1823 A.D.
The year is (1823 — 78=) 1745 Saka current.
(b) For a later era. When the given day falls between the first moment of Chaitra or
Mesha and the first moment of the month in which, as .shewn by the heading, the later era begins,
add to the number of the given year the figure in the Table under the heading of tlie required
Chaitradi or Meshadi era along the line of the year 01 of the given later era. In the reverse
case add that number reduced by one.
Examples, (i) To turn the ist day of Mithuna 1061 of the South MalayaUm Kollam
Andu into the corresponding Saka date. The year is (1061 -|- 748;^) Saka 1809 current. The
day and month are the same. (2) To turn the ist day of Makara 1062 of the South Malayalam
Kollum Andu into the corresponding Saka date. The year is (1062 -|- 747=) 1809 Saka current.
The day and month are the same.
II. Rule for turning a Chaitradi or Meshadi (<.^'-., a Saka) year into a non-Chaitradi or
non-Meshadi year of an earlier or later era.
(a) For an earlier era. When the given day falls between the first moment of Chaitra
or Mesha and the first moment of the month in which, as shown by the heading, the year of the
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 59
earlier era begins, add to the given Chaitradi or Mcshatli year the first, otherwise the second,
of the double figures given under the heading of the earlier era along the line of the year o of
the Chaitradi or Meshadi era given.
Examples, (i) To turn Bhadrapada krishna 30th of the Saka year 1699 into the corres-
ponding Karttikadi Vikrama year. The year is (1699 + 134=) >'*533 of the Karttikadi Vikrama
era. The day and month are the same. (2) To turn the same Bhadrapada krishna 30th, Saka
1699, into the corresponding Ashadhadi Vikrama year. The year is (1699+ 135=) 1834 of the
Ashadhadi Vikrama era. The day and month are the same.
{b) For a later era. When the given day falls between the first moment of Chaitra or Mesha and
the first moment of the month in which, as shown by the heading, the later era begins, subtract from
the given year the number under the heading of the given Chaitradi or Meshadi era along the line
of the year o/i of the given later era; in the reverse case subtract that number reduced by one.
Examples, (i) To turn the 20th day of Sirhha Saka 1727 current into the corresponding
North Malayalam Kollam Andu date. The day and month are the same. The era is a Kanyadi
era, and therefore the required year is (1727—748 — ) 979 of the required era. (2) To turn
the 20th day of Sirhha Saka 1727 current into the corresponding South Malayalam (Tinnevelly)
Kollam Andu date. The day and month are the same. The era is Siriihadi, and therefore the
required year is (1727 — 747 —) 980 of the required era.
Ill Rule for turning a year of one Chaitradi or Meshadi era into one of another Chai-
tradi or Meshadi era. This is obviously so simple that no explanations or examples are required.
IV. Rule for turning a year of a non-Chaitradi or non-Meshadi era into one of another
year equally non-Chaitradi or non-Meshadi These are not required for our methods, but if any
reader is curious he can easily do it for himself
This Table must be used for all our three methods of conversion of dates.
105. Table III. — The numbers given in columns ^a and 10 are intended for use when cal-
culation is made approximately by means of our method " B " [Arts, ijj, 138).
It will be observed that the number of days in lunar months given in col. 3^ is alternately
30 and 29 ; but such is not always the case in actual fact. In all the twelve months it occurs
that the number of days is sometimes 29 and sometimes 30. Thus Bhadrapada has by our Table
29 days, whereas it will be seen from the parichaiig extract printed in Art. 30 above that in
A.D. 1894 (Saka 18 16 expired) it had 30 days.
The numbers given in col. 10 also are only approximate, as will be seen by comparing
them with those given in cols. 6 to 9.
Thus all calculations made by use of cols. 3« and 10 will be sometimes wrong by a day.
This is unavoidable, since the condition of things changes every year, so that no single Table can
be positively accurate in this respect ; but, other elements of the date being certain, calculations so
made will only be wrong by one day, and if the week-day is given in the document or inscription
concerned the date may be fi.xed with a fair pretence to accuracy. If entire accuracy is demanded,
our method " C " must be followed. (See Arts. 2 and 126.)
The details in cols. 3, and 6 to 9, are exactly accurate to the unit of a pala, or 24 seconds.
The figure in brackets, or week-day index {id), is the remainder after casting out sevens from
the number of days; thus, casting out sevens from 30 the remainder is 2, and this is the {u<)
for 30. To guard against mistakes it may be mentioned that the figure " 2 " does not of course
mean that the Mesha or Vrishabha sankranti always takes place on (2) Monday.
106. Tables IV. atid V. These tables give the value of (a-) (week-day) and [a) [b) and
6o THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
{c) for any required number of civil days, hours, and minutes, according to the Surya Siddhanta. It will be
seen that the figures given in these Tables are calculated by the value for one day given in Art. 102.
Table IV. is Prof. Jacobi's /W/V?« ^«/;(7«(?;^' (Vol. XVII.) Table 7, slightly modified to suit our
purposes; the days being run on instead of being divided into months, and the figures being
given for the end of each period of 24 hours, instead of at its commencement. Table V. is
Prof. Jacobi's Table 8.
107. Tables VI. and VII. These are Prof. Jacobi's Tables 9 and 10 re-arranged. It
will be well that their meaning and use should be understood before the reader undertakes com-
putations according to our method "C". It will be observed that the centre column of each column-
triplet gives a figure constituting the equation for each figure of the argument from o to looo,
the centre figure corresponding to either of the figures to right or left. These last are given
only in periods of 10 for convenience, an auxiliary Table being added to enable the proper equation
to be determined for all arguments. Table VI. gives the lunar equation of the centre. Table VII. the
solar equation of the centre. {Art. 75 note 3 above). The argument-figures are expressed in loooths
of the circle, while the equation-figures are expressed in io,oooths to correspond with the figures
of our "«," to which they have to be added. Our [b) and [c] give the mean anomaly of the moon
and sun for any moment, (a) being the mean longitudinal distance of the moon from the sun.
To convert this last (a) into true longitudinal distance the equation of the centre for both moon
and sun must be discovered and applied to (a) and these Tables give the requisite quantities. The
case may perhaps be better understood if more simply explained. The moon and earth are
constantly in motion in their orbits, and for calculation of a tithi we have to ascertain their
relative positions with regard to the sun. Now supposing a railway train runs from one station
to another twenty miles off in an hour. The average rate of running will be twenty miles an
hour, but the actual speed will vary, being slower at starting and stopping than in the middle.
Thus at the end of the first quarter of an hour it will not be quite five miles from the start, but
some little distance short of this, say m yards. This distance is made up as full speed is acquired,
and after three-quarters of an hour the train will be rather more than 1 5 miles from the start,
since the speed will be slackened in approaching the station, — say w yards more than the i 5 miles.
These distances of m yards and n yards, the one in defect and the other in e.xcess, correspond
to the "Equation of the Centre" in planetary motion. The planetary motions are not uniform
and a planet is thus sometimes behind, sometimes in front of, its mean or average place. To
get the true longitude we must apply to the mean longitude the equation of the centre. And this last
for both sun (or earth) and moon is what we give in these two Tables. All the requisite data
for calculating the mean anomalies of the sun and moon, and the equations of the centre for
each planet, are given in the Indian Siddliantas and Karaitas, the details being obtained from
actual observation ; and since our Tables generally are worked according to the Siirya Sidd/iattto,
we have given in Tables VI. and VII. the equations of the centre by that authority.
Thus, the Tables enable us to ascertain {a) the mean distance of moon from sun at any
moment, {b) the correction for the moon's true (or apparent) place with reference to the earth,
and {c) the correction for the earth's true (or apparent) place with reference to the sun ; and with these
corrections applied to the (a) we have the true(or apparent) distance of the moon from the sun, which
marks the occurrence of the true (or apparent) tithi ; and this result is our tithi-index, or (/). From
this tithi-index (/i the tithi current at any given moment is found from Table VIII.. and the time
equivalent is found by Table X. Full explanation for actual work is given in Part IV. below
(.Arts. 139—160).
THE HfNDU CALENDAR. 6i
The method for calculating a nakshatia or yoga is explained in Art. 133.
108. Since the planet's true motion is sometimes greater and sometimes less than its
mean motion it follows that the two equations of the centre found from {b) and (r) by our Tables
VI. and VII. have sometimes to be added to and sometimes subtracted from the mean longitu-
dinal distance [a], if it is required to find the true (or apparent) longitudinal distance (/). Hut to
simplify calculation it is advisable to eliminate this inconvenient element, and to prepare the
Tables so that the sum to be worked may always be one of addition. Now it is clear that this
can be done by increasing every figure of each equation by its largest amount, and decreasing
the figure [a] by the sum of the largest amount of both, and this is what has been done in the
Tables. According to the Siirya Siddhanta the greatest possible lunar equation of the centre
is 5° 2' 47". 17 (= .0140,2 in our tithi-inde.x computation), and the greatest possible solar equation
of the centre is 2" 10' 32".35 (= .0060,4). But the solar equation of the centre, or the equation
for the earth, must be introduced into the figure representing the distance of the moon from the
sun with reversed sign, because a positive correction to the earth's longitude implies a negative
correction to the distance of moon from sun. This will be clear from a diagram.
^' M' ■
JX \p
s*-
Let S be the sun, M the moon, E the earth, I' the direction of perigee. Then the angle
SEM represents the distance of moon from sun. But if we add a positive correction to (i.e.,
increase) the earth's longitude PSE and make it PSE' (greater than PSE by ESE') we thereby decrease
the angle SEM to SE'M', and we decrease it by exactly the same amount, since the angle
SEM =r / SE'M' + / ESE', as may be seen if we draw the line EX parallel to E'S; for
the angle SEX = / ESE' by Euclid.
Every figure of each equation is thus increased in our Tables VI. and VII. by its greatest
value, i.e., that of the moon by 140,2 and that of the sun by 60,4, and every figure of (a) is
decreased by the sum of both, or (140,2 + 60,4 =) 200,6. '
In conclusion, Table VI. yields the lunar equation of the centre calculated by the Siirya
Siddhanta, turned into io,oooths of a circle, and increased by 140.2; and Table VII. yields the
solar equation of the centre calculated by the Siirya Siddhanta, with sign reversed, converted into
lO.OOOths of a circle, and increased by 60.4.^ This explains why for argument o the equation
given is lunar 140 and solar 60. If there were no such alteration made the lunar equation for
Arg. o would be ± o, for Arg. 250 (or 90") f 140, for Arg. 500 (180") ± O, and for Arg. 750 (or 270°)
— 140, and so on.
109. The lunar and solar equations of the centre for every degree of anomaly are given
1 Prof. Jacobi gives this as 200.5, but after most careful calculation I find it to be 200 6. [S B D.]
* Prof. Jacobi bas uot explained these Tables.
62 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
in the Makararida, and from these the figures given by us for every — th of a circle, or lO
units of the argument of the Tables, are easily deduced.
no. The use of the auxiliary Table is fully explained on the Table itself.
111. Table VIII. This is designed for use with our method C, the rules for which are
given in Arts. 139—160. As regards the tithi-index. see Art. 80. The period of a nakshatra or
yoga is the 27th part of a circle, that is 13° 20' or ~ — no^~. Thus, the index for the ending
point of the first nakshatra or yoga is 370 and so on.' Tables VIII. A. and VIII. B. speak for
themselves. They have been inserted for convenience of reference.
112. Tabic IX. is used in both methods B and C. See the rules for work.
113. Table X. {See the rules for work by method C.) The mean values in solar time of
the several elements noted herein, as calculated by the Sitrya-Siddhanta. are as follow: —
A tithi = 141 7.46822 minutes.
A lunation =42524.046642 do.
A sidereal month = 39343.21 do.
A yoga-chakra =36605.116 do.
From these values the time-equivalents noted in this Table ^ have been calculated. {See
also note to Art. 82!)
1 14. Table XI. This Table enables calculations to be made for observations at different
places in India. {See Art. jd, and the rules for zvorking by our method C.)
115. Table XII. We here give the names and numbers of the samvatsaras. or years of
the sixty-year cycle of Jupiter, with those of the twelve-year cycle corresponding thereto. (See
the description of these cycles given above, Arts, jj to 6j.)
116. Table XIII. This Table was furnished by Dr. Burgess and is designed to enable
the week-day corresponding to any European date to be ascertained. It explains itself Results
of calculations made by all our methods may be tested and verified by the use of this Table.
117. Tables XIV. and XV. are for use by our method yi (.y^v ///^ /-//A-.?), and were invented
and prepared by Mr. T. Lakshmiah Naidu of Madras.
Table XVI. is explained in Part V.
P A R T IV.
USE OF THE TABLES.
118. The Tables now published may be used for several purposes, of which some are
enumerated below.
(l) For finding the year and month of the Christian or any Indian era corresponding to
a given year and month in any of the eras under consideration.
' This Table coiilniiiB Prof. Jacobi's Table U ylnd. Ant., XVIl.^p. \M) and hia Tabic 17, p. 181, in n moaificd form [S. B. D.]
a The Table contains Prof. Jacobi's Table 11 {Ind. Ani., XFIL, p. 172), a» wcUashis Table 17 Part II. (iV/.;). 181) mojified
and enlarged. I have also added the c()uivalent3 for tithi parts, and an eiplanalion. [S. B I>.'
I T/IE HINDU CALENDAR. 63
(2) For finding the samvatsara of the sixty-year cycle of Jupiter, whether in tiie southern
(luni-solar) or northern (mean-sign) scheme, and of the twelve-year cycle of Jupiter, corresponding
to the beginning of a solar (Meshadi) year, or for any day of such a year.
(3) For finding the added or suppressed months, if any. in any year.
But the chief and most important use of them are;
(4) The conversion of any Indian date — luni-solar (tithi) or solar — into the corresponding
date A.D. and vice versa, from A.D. 300 to 1900, and finding the week-day of any such date;
(5) Finding the karana. nakshatra. and yoga for any moment of any Indian or European
date, and thereby verifying any given Indian date;
(6) Turning a Hindu solar date into a luni-solar date, and vice versa.
(7) Conversion of a Muhammadan Hijra date into the corresponding date A.D., and vice
versa. This is fully explained in Part V. below.
119. (i) For tlie first purpose Table I., cols, i to 5. or Table II., must be used, with
the explanation given in Part III. above. For eras not noted in these two Tables see the description
of them given in Art. 71. In the case of obscure eras whose exact nature is not yet well
known, the results will only be approximate.
(N.B. — It will be observed that in Table II., Part ii., portions of two solar months or of four '
Christian months are made to correspond to a lunar month and vice versa, and therefore that
if this Table only be used the results may not be exact).
The following note, though not yielding very accurate results, will be found useful for
finding tlie corresponding parts of lunar and solar months. The tithi corresponding to the Mesha-
saiikranti can be approximately - found by comparing its English date (Table I., col. 13) with
that of the luni-solar Chaitra sukla ist (Table I., col. 19); generally the sankrantis from Vnshabha
to Tula fall in successive lunar months, either one or two tithis later than the given one. Tula
falls about 10 tithis later in the month than Mesha; and the sankrantis from Vrischika to Mina
generally fall on the same tithi as that of Tula. Thus, if the Mesha sankranti falls on sukla
paiichami (5th) the Vrishabha sankranti will fall on sukla shasthi (6th) or saptami (7th), the
Mithuna saiikranti on sukla ashtami (8th) or navami (9th). and so on.
120. (2) For the samvatsara of the southern sixty-year cycle see col. 6 of Table I., or
calculate it by the rule given in Art. 62. For that of the si.xty-year cycle of Jupiter of the mean sign
system, according to Siirya Siddhaiita calculations, current at the beginning of the solar year, /.<>.,
at the true (or apparent) Mesha sankranti, see col. 7 of Table I.; and for that current on any day in
the year according to either the Siirya or Arya Siddhantas, use the rules in Art. 59. To find
the samvatsara of the twelve-year cycle of the mean-sign system corresponding to that of the
Jupiter sixty-year cycle see Table XII.
F2I. (2) To find the added or suppressed month according to the Siirya Siddhaiita by
the true (apparent) system see col. 8 of Table I. throughout; and for an added month of the
mean system according to either the Original or Present Siirya Siddhantas, or by the Arya
Siddhanta, see col. 8« of Table I. for any year from A. D. 300 to 1 100.
122. (4) For conversion of an Itidian date into a date A.D. and vice versa, and to find
the week day of any given date, we give below three methods, with rules and examples
for work.
123. The first method A (Arts. 135, 136), the invention of Mr. T. Lakshmiah Naidu of
1 Of course only two in a single case, but four during the entire period of 1600 years covered by our Tables.
2 The exact titbi can be calcalated by Arts. 149 and 151.
64 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
Madras, is a method for obtaining approximate results without any calculation by the careful
use of mere eye-tables, viz., Tables XIV. and XV. These, with the proper use of Table I., are
alone necessary. But it must never be forgotten that this result may differ by one, or at the
utmost two, days from the true one, and that it is not safe to trust to them unless the era and
bases of calculation of the given date are clearly known. [See Art. 126 below.)
124. By our second method B (Arts. 137, 138), which follows the system established by
Mr. W. S. Krishnasvami Naidu of Madras, author of "South Indian Chrofwlogical Tables'"
(Madras 1889), and which is intended to enable an approximation to be made by a very simple
calculation, a generally accurate correspondence of dates can be obtained by the use of Tables I.,
III., and IX. The calculation is so easy that it can be done in the head after a little practice.
It is liable to precisely the same inaccuracies as method A, neither more nor less.
125. Tables II. and III. will also be sometimes required for both these methods.
126. The result obtained by either of these methods will thus be correct to within one
or two days, and as often as not will be found to be quite correct; but there must always be
an element of uncertainty connected with their use. If, however, the era and original bases of
calculation of the given date are certainly known, the result arrived at from the use of these
eye-Tables may be corrected by the week-day if that has been stated; since the day of the month
and year will not be wrong by more than a day, or two at the most, and the day of the
week will determine the corresponding civil day. Suppose, for instance, that the given
Hindu date is Wednesday, Vaisakha sukla Sth, and it is found by method A or method B
that the corresponding day according to European reckoning fell on a Thursday, it may be
assumed, presuming that all other calculations for the year and month have been correctly made,
that the civil date A.D. corresponding to the Wednesday is the real equivalentof Vaisaklia sukla
5th. But these rough methods should never be trusted to in important cases. For a specimen
of a date where the bases of calculation are not known see example xxv., Art. 160 below.
127. When Tables XIV. and XV. are once understood (and they are perfectly simple) it
will probably be found advisable to use method A in preference to method B.
128. As already stated, our method'' C" enables the conversion of dates to be made with precise
accuracy; the exact moments of the beginning and ending of every tithi can be ascertained ; and
the corresponding date is obtained, simultaneously with the week-day, in the required reckoning.
129. The weekday for any European date can be found independently by Table XIII..
which was supplied by Dr. Burgess.
131 ' (5) ^0 find the karana. nakshatra, or yoga citrroit on any Indian or European
date; and to verify any Indian date.
Method C includes calculations for the karana. nakshatra and yoga current at any given
moment of any given day, as well as the instants of their beginnings and endings; but for this
purpose, if the given date is other than a tithi or a European date, it must be first turned into
one or the other according to our rules (Art. /jp to IJ2.J
132. It is impossible, of course, to verify any tithi or solar date unless the week-day, nakshatra.
karana, or yoga, or more than one of these, is also given ; but when this requirement is satisfied
our method C will afford proof as to the correctness of the date. To verify a solar date it must
first be turned into a tithi or European date. {Art. 13.^ or 14^.)
133. For an explanation of the method of calculating tithis and half-tithis (karanas)
see Art. 107 above. Our method of calculation for nakshatras and yogas requires a little
' Art. l.'id hns been "milled
TflE HINDU CALENDAR. 65
more explanation. The moon's nakshatra (Arts. 8, 38) is found from lier apparent longi-
tude. By our method C we shew how to find / (= the difference of the apparent longitudes
of sun and moon), and equation ' c (=: the solar equation of the centre) for any given moment.
To obtain (/) the sun's apparent longitude is subtracted from that of the moon, so that if we add
the sun's apparent longitude to (/) we shall have the moon's apparent longitude. Our (c) (Table 1.,
last column) is the sun's mean anomaly, being the mean sun's distance from his perigee. If we
add the longitude of the sun's perigee to [c], we have the sun's mean longitude, and if we apply
to this the solar equation of tlie centre (+ or — ) we have the sun's apparent longitude." According
to the Siirya-Siddkaiita the sun's perigee has only a very slight motion, amounting to 3' 5".8 in
1600 years. Its longitude for A.D. 1 100, the middle of the period covered by our Tables, was
257° l5'S5"-7 or .7146,3 of a circle, and therefore this may be taken as a constant for all the
years covered by our Tables.
Now, true or apparant sun = mean sun + equation of centre. But we have not tabulated
in Table VII., col. 2, the exact equation of the centre ; we have tabulated a quantity (say x)
the value of which is expressed thus ; —
x — 60,4 — equation of centre {see Art. /08).
So that equation of centre — 60.4 — x.
Hence, apparent sun = mean sun + 60,4 — x.
But mean sun = r + perigee, (which is 7146,3 in tithi-indices.)
= f + 7146,3-
Hence apparent sun (which we call j) =: f -|- 7146,3 +60,4 — x.
= (• + 7206,7 — X ; or, say, = f + 7207 — x
where x is, as stated, the quantity tabulated in col. 2, Table VII.
((•) is expressed in lOOOths, while 7207 and the solar equation in Table VII. are given in
looooths of the circle, and therefore we must multiply [c) by 10. / + j = apparent moon = « (the
index of a nakshatra.) This explains the rule given below for work (Art. ij6).
For a yoga, the addition of the apparent longitude of the sun [s) and moon (;/) is required.
s+ «=/ (the index of a yoga.) And so the rule in Art. 159.
134. (6) To turn a solar date into its corresponding liini-solar date and vice versa.
First turn the given date into its European equivalent by either of our three methods and
then turn it into the required one. The problem can be worked direct by anyone who has
thoroughly grasped the principle of these methods.
Method A.
APPROXIMATE COMPUTATION OF DATES BY USE OF THE EYE- TABLE.
Thi3 is the method invcnteil by Mr. T. Iiakahmiah Naidu, nephew of the lati- W H. Krishnasvami Naidu of Madras, author
of "South Indian Chronological Tables."
Results fouud by this method maij be inaceurale by as much as two days, but not mure. If the era and bases of calculatiou
of the given Hindu date are elearly known, and if the given date mentions a week-day, the day found by the Tables may be altered
to suit it. Thus, if the Table yield result Jan. 10th, Thursday, but the inscription mentions the week-day as "Tuesday", then Tuesday,
January 8th, may be assumed to be the correct date A.D. corresponding to the given Hindu date, if the priuei|>le on which the
Hindu date was fixed is known. If not, this method must not be trusted to
135. (A.) Conversion of a Hindu solar date into the corresponding date A.D. Work by
the following rules, always bearing in mind that when using the Kaliyuga or Saka year Hindus
' Equation c is the equation in Table VII.
2 Reference to the diagram in Art. 108 will make all this plain, if PSE be tjiken as the sun's mean anomaly, and ESE' the
equation of the centre, PSE' + longitude of the suu's perigee being the sun's true or appari'nt longitude.
66 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
usually give the number of the expired year, and not that astronomically current, {e.g., Kaliyuga
4904 means in full phrase "after 4904 years of the Kaliyuga had elapsed") — but when using the
name of the cyclic year they give that of the one then current. All the years given in Table I.
are current years. The Table to work by is Table XIV.
Rule I. From Table I., cols, i to 7, and Table II., as the case may be, find the year
(current) and its initial date, and week-day (cols. 13, 14, Table I.). But if the given Hindu date
belongs to any of the months printed in italics at the head of Table XIV., take the next follow-
ing initial date and weekday in cols. 13, 14 of Table I. The months printed in the heading in
capitals are the initial months of the years according to the different reckonings.
Rule II. For either of the modes of reckoning given at the left of the head-columns of
months, find the given month, and under it the given date.
Rule III. From the given date so found, run the eye to the left and find the week-day
in the same line under the week-day number found by Rule I. This is the required week-day.
Rule IV. Note number in brackets in the same line on extreme left.
Rule V. In the columns to left of the body of the Table choose that headed by the
bracket-number so found, and run the eye down till the initial date found by Rule I. is obtained.
Rule VI. From the month and date in the upper columns (found by Rule II.) run the
eye down to the point of junction (vertical and horizontal lines) of this with the initial date found
by Rule V. This is the required date A. D.
Rule VII. If the date A. D. falls on or after ist January in columns to the right, it belongs
to the next following year. If such next following year is a leap-year (marked by an asterisk
in Table I.) and the date falls after February 28th in the above columns, reduce the date
by one day.
N.B. — The dates A.D. obtained from this Table for solar years are Old Style dates up
to 8th April, 1753, inclusive.
Example. Find date A.D. corresponding to 20th Panguni of the Tamil year Rudhirodgari,
Kali 4904 e.xpired.
Hy Rule I. Kali 4905 current, 2 (Monday), iith y\pril, 1803.
,, ,, II. Tamil Panguni 20.
„ „ III. (under "2") Friday.
„ „ IV. Bracket-number (5).
V. [Under (5)]. Run down to April i ith.
,, „ VI. (Point of junctions) March 31st.
„ „ VII. March 30th. (1804 is a leap year.)
Atiszver. — Friday, March 30th, 1804 N.S. (See example 11, p. 74.)
(B.) Conversion of a date A.D. into the corresponding Hindu solar date. (See Rule V..
method B, Art. 137, p. 70.) Use Table XIV.
Rule I. From Tables I., cols, i to 7 and 13, 14, and Tabic II., as the case may be. find
the Hindu year, and its initial date and week-day, opposite the given year A. U. If the given
date falls before such initial date, take the next previous Hindu year and its initial date and
week-day A.D.
Rule II. From the columns to the left of the />ody of Tabic .\IV. find that initial date
found by Rule I. which is in a line, when carrying the eye horizontally to the right, willi the
given A.D. date, and note point of junction.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 67
Rule III. Note the bracket-figure at head of the column on left so selected.
Rule IV. From the point of junction (Rule II.) run the eye vertically up to the Hindu
date-columns above, and select that date which is in the same horizontal line as the
bracket-figure on the extreme left corresponding with that found by Rule III. This is the
required date.
Rule V. If the given date falls in the columns to the right after the 28th February in
a leap-year (marked with an asterisk in Table I.), add i to the resulting date.
Rule VI. From the date found by Rule IV. or V., as the case may be, carry the eye
horizontally to the weekday columns at the top on the left, and select the day which lies under
the week-day number found from Table I. (Rule I.). This is the required week-day.
Rule VII. If the Hindu date arrived at falls under any of the months printed in italics
in the Hindu month-columns at head of Table, the required year is the one next previous to that
given in Table I. (Rule I.).
Example. Find the Tamil solar date corresponding to March 30th, 1804 (N.S.).
(By Rule I.) Rudhirodgari, Kali 4905 current. 2 (Monday) April i ith. (March 30th precedes
April nth.)
(By Rules II., III.) The point of junction of March 30th (body of Table), and April nth,
(columns on left) is under "(4)." Other entries of April nth do not correspond with any
entry of March 30).
(By Rule IV.) The date at the junction of the vertical column containing this " March 30th"
with "(4)" horizontal is 19th Panguni.
(By Rule V.) (1804 is a leap-year) 20th Panguni.
(By Rule VI.) Under "2" (Rule I.), Friday.
Answer. — Friday, 20th Paiiguni, of Rudhirodgari, Kali 4905 current. (See example 15, p. 76.
1 36. (A.) Conversion of a Hindu luni-solar date into the corresponding date A.D. Work
by the following rules, using Tables XV. A., and XV.B.
Rule I. From Table I. find the current year and its initial day and week-day in A.D.
reckoning, remembering that if the given Hindu date falls in one of the months printed in italics
at the head of Table XV. the calculation must be made for the next following A.D. year. (The
months printed in capitals are the initial months of the years according to the dift'erent reckonings
enumerated in the column to the left.)
Rule II. [a.) Find the given month, and under it the given date, in the columns at the
head of Table XV., in the same line witli the appropriate mode of reckoning given in the column
to the left. The dates printed in black type are krishna, or dark fortnight, dates.
(/; ) In intercalary years (cols. 8 to 12, 8« to 12a of Table I.), if the given month is itself
an adhika masa (intercalary month), read it, for purpose of this Table, as if it were not so; but
if the given month is styled nija, or if it falls after a repeated month, but before an expunged
one (if any), work in this Table for the month next following the given one, as if that and not
the given month had been given. If the given month is preceded by both an intercalated and
a suppressed month, work as if the year were an ordinary one.
Rule III. From the date found by Rule II. carry the eye to the left, and find the week-
day in the same horizontal line, but directly under the initial week-day found by Rule I.
Rule IV. Note the number in brackets on the extreme left opposite the week-day last
found.
Rule V. In the columns to the left of the body of the Table choose that headed by the
68 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
bracket-number so found, and run the eye down till the initial date found by Rule I. is obtained.
Rule VI. From the Hindu date found by Rule II. run the eye down to the point of junction,
(vertical and horizontal lines) of this date with the date found by Rule V. The result is the
required date A.D.
Rule VII (a.) If the date A.D. falls on or after January 1st in the columns to the right, it
belongs to the next following year A.D.
(/;.) If it is after February 28th in a leap-year (marked by an asterisk in col. 5, Table I.)
reduce the date by one day, e.Kcept in a leap-year in which the initial date (found in Table I.)
itself falls after February 28th.
[c.) The dates obtained up to April 3rd, A.D. 1753, are Old Style dates.
Example. To find the date A. D. corresponding to amanta Karttika krishna 2nd of Kali
4923 expired, Saka 1744 expired, Karttikadi Vikrama 1878 expired, Chaitradi Vikrama 1879 expired
(1880 current), " Vijaya " in the Brihaspati cycle," Chitrabhanu " in the luni-solar 60-year cycle.
(By Rule I.) (Kali 4924 current), i Sunday, March 24th, 1822.
(By Rule II.) (Karttika, the 8th month, falls after the repeated month, 7 Asvina, and before
the suppressed month, 10 Pausha), Margasirsha krishna 2nd.
(By Rule III.) (Under " i "), i Sunday.
(By Rule IV.) Bracket-number (i).
(By Rule V.) Under (i) run down to March 24th (Rule I.)
(By Rule VI.) (Point of junction) December ist.
Answer. — Sunday, December ist, 1822.
(B.) Conversion of a date A. D. into the corresponding luni-solar Hindu date. (See Rule V.
method B, p. 67 below). Use Tables XV.A., XV.B.
Rule I. From Table I. find the Hindu year, and its initial date and week-day, using also
Table II., Parts ii., iii. If the given date falls before such initial date take the next previous
Hindu year, and its initial date and weekday.
Rule II. In the columns to the left of the body of Table XV. note the initial date found
by Rule I., which is in the same horizontal line with the given date in the body of the Table.
Rule III. Carrying the eye upwards, note the bracket-figure at the head of the initial
date-column so noted.
Rule IV. From the given date found in the body of the Table (Rule 11.) run the eye
upwards to the Hindu date-columns above, and select the date which is in the same horizontal
line as the bracket-figure in the extreme left found by Rule III. This is the required Hindu date.
Rule V. Note in Table I. if the year is an intercalary one (cols. 8 to i2,and8«to 12a).
If it is so, note if the Hindu month found by Rule IV. [a) precedes the fir.st intercalary month,
(/') follows one intercalated and one suppressed month, (r) follows an intercalated, but precedes a
suppressed month, [d^ follows two intercalated months and one suppressed month. In cases {ai)
and {b) work as though the year were a common year, i.e., make no alteration in the date found
by Rule IV. In cases (r) and {d) if the found month immediatel)- follows the intercalated month,
the name of the required Hindu month is to be the name of the intercalated month with the
prefix "nija," and not the name of the month actually found; and if the found month docs not
immediately follow the intercalated month, then the required 1 lindu month is the month immediately
preceding the found month. If the found month is itself intercalary, it retains its name, but with
the prefi.x "adhika." If the found month is itself suppressed, the requiretl month is the month
immediately preceding the found month.
rilE HINDU CALENDAR. (^
Rule VI. If the given date A.D. falls after February 29th in the columns to the right,
in a leap-year (marked with an asterisk in Table I.), add i to the resulting Hindu date.
Rule VII. From the date found by Rule IV. carry the eye horizontally to the week-day
columns on the left, and select the day which lies under the initial week-day number found by
Rule I. This is the required week-day.
Rule VIII. If the Hindu date arrived at falls under any of the months printed in italics
in the I lindu month-columns at head of the table, the required year is the one next previous to
that given by Table I. (Rule I. above.)
Example. Find the Telugu luni-solar date corresponding to Sunday, December 1st, 1822.
(By Rule I.) A.D. 1822 — 23, Sunday, March 24th, Kali 4923 expired, Saka 1744 expired,
Chitrabhanu samvatsara in the luni-solar 60-year or southern cycle reckoning, Vijaya in the
northern cycle.
(By Rules II., III.) (Bracket-figure) i.
(By Rule IV.) Margasirsha krishna 2nd.
(By Rule Vc.) (Asvina being intercalated and Pausha suppressed in that year), Karttika
krishna 2nd.
(By Rule VI.) The year was not a leap-year.
(By Rule VII.) Sunday.
(By Rule VIII.) Does not apply.
Answer. — Sunday, Karttika krishna 2nd, Kali 4923 expired, Saka 1744 expired. (This can
be applied to all Chaitradi years.) (See example 12 below, p. 75.)
Method B.
APPROXIMATE COMPUTATION OF DATES BY A SIMPLE PROCESS.
This is the system introduced by Mr. W. S. Krishiiasviimi Naidu of Madras into his "South-Indian Chi'onological Tables."
137. (A.) Conversioti of Hindu dates into dates A.D. (See Art. 135 above, para, i.)
Rule I. Given a Hindu year, month and date. Convert it if necessary by cols, i to 5 of Table I.,
and by Table II., into a Chaitradi Kali or Saka year, and the month into an amanta month. (See
Art. 104.) Write down in a horizontal line (</) the date-indicator given in brackets in col. 13
or 19 of Table I., following the names of the initial civil day and month of the year in question
as so converted, and (w) the week-day number (col. 14 or 20) corresponding to the initial date
A.D. given in cols. 13 or 19. To both [d] and [w) add, from Table III., the collective duration
of days from the beginning of the year as given in cols, la or 10 as the case may be, up to
the end of the month preceding the given month, and also add the number of given Hindu
days in the given month minus 1. If the given date is luni-solar and belongs to the krishiia
paksha, add 15 to the collective duration and proceed as before.
Rule II. From the sum of the first addition find in Table IX. (top and side columns)
70 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
the required English date, remembering that when this is over 365 in a common year or 366
in a leap-year the date A.D. falls in the ensuing A.D. year.
Rule III. From the sum of the second addition cut out sevens. The remainder shews
the required day of the week.
Rule IV. If the Hindu date is in a luni-solar year where, according to cols. 8 to 12,
there was an added [adiiikd) or suppressed [kshaya] month, and falls after such month, the addition
or suppression or both must be allowed for in calculating the collective duration of days; i.e.,
add 30 days for an added month, and deduct 30 for a suppressed month.
Rule V. The results are Old Style dates up to, and New Style dates from, 1752 A.D.
The New style in England was introduced with effect from after 2nd September, 1752. Since
the initial dates of 1752, 1753 only are given, remember to apply the correction (+ 11 days)
to any date between 2nd September, 1752, and 9th April, 1753, in calculating by the Hindu
solar year, or between 2nd September, 1752, and 4th April, 1753, in calculating by the Hindu luni-
solar year, so as to bring out the result in New Style dates A.D. The day of the week requires
no alteration.
Rule VI. If the date A.D. found as above falls after February 29th in a leap-year, it
must be reduced by one day.
(a) Luni-Solar Dates.
Example i. Required the A.D. equivalent of (luni-solar) Vaisakha sukla shashthi (6th),
year Sarvari, Saka 1702 expired, (1703 current).
The A.D. year is 1 780 (a leap-year). The initial date (d) = 5th April (96), and (-f) — 4
Wednesday, (Table I., cols. 5, 19, 20).
d. re.
State this accordingly 96 4
Collective duration (Table III., col. 3a) 30 30
Given date (6)— i 5 5
131
I (Rule VI.)
130 39-5-7 = Rem. 4
The result gives 130 (Table IX.) = May loth, and 4 = Wednesday. The required date is
therefore Wednesday, May loth, A.D. 1780.
Example 2. Required the A.D. equivalent of (luni-solar) Karttika sukla panchami (5th)
Saka 1698 expired (1699 current).
The A.D. year is 1 776, and the initial date is (d) = 20th March (80), (w) — Wednesday (4).
This is a leap-year, and the Table shews us that the month (6) Bhadrapada was intercalated. So
there is both an adhika Bhadrapada and a nija Bhadrapada in this year, which compels us to
treat the given month Karttika as if it were the succeeding month Marga-sirsha in order to get
at the proper figure for the collective duration.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
d.
w.
80
4
236
236
4
4
320
-I (Rule VI.)
The given figures are . .
Collective duration (Table III.)i ^
for Margasirsha . . . .^
Given date (S)— i ....
319 244 -J- 7 — Rem. 6.
319 = (Table IX.) November 15th. 6 = Friday
Ansivcr. — Friday, November ijth, A.D. 1776.
Example 3. Required the A.D. equivalent of Karttika krishna paiichami (5th) of the
same luni-solar year.
d. w.
As before 80 4
Collective duration (Table III., col. 3a.) 236 236
Given date (5 + 15) — i 19 19
335
— I (Rule VI.)
334 259^7, Rem. o.
334 = (Table IX.) November 30th. o = Saturday.
>-i«.STi'ty. — Saturday, November 30th, A.D. 1776.
Ex.VMPLE 4. Required the A.D. equivalent of Magha krishna padyami (ist) ofK.Y. 4923
expired (4924 current). This corresponds (Table I., col. 5) to A.D. 1822, the Chitrabhanu sam-
vatsara, and col. 8 shews us that the month Asvina was intercalated (aditika), and the month
Pausha suppressed (kshaya). We have therefore to add 30 days for the adhika month and
subtract 30 days for the kshaya month, since Magha comes after Pausha. Hence the relative
place of the month Magha remains unaltered,
Table I. gives 24th March (83), (i) Sunday, as the initial day.
d. It/.
Initial date 83 1
Collective duration (Table III., col. 3a) . 295 295
Given date (i + 15)— i 15 (Rule I.) 15
393 311 ^7. Rem. 3.
3 = Tuesday. 393 —January 28th of the following A.D. year (Table IX.).
Answer. — Tuesday, January 28th, A.D. 1823.
This is correct by the Tables, but as there happened to be an e.xpunged tithi in Magha
.sukla, the first fortnight of Magha, the result is wrong by one day. The corresponding day was
really Monday, January 27th, and to this we should have been guided if the given date had
included the mention of Monday as the week-day. That is, we should have fi.xed Monday, January
27th, as the required day A.D. because our result gave Tuesday, January 28th, and we knew that
the date given fell on a Monday,
■J2 rilE INDIAN CALENDAR.
Example 5. Required the A.D. equivalent of Pausha sukla trayodasi (13th) K.Y. 4853
expired, Angiras samvatsara in luni-solar or southern reckoning. This is K. Y. 4854 current.
The year (Table I., col. 5) is A.D. 1752, a leap-year. The initial date (cols. 19, 20) is 5th
March (65), (5) Thursday. The month Ashadha was intercalated. Therefore the given month
(Pausha) must be treated, for collective duration, as if it were the succeeding month Magha.
d. 'w.
Initial date
Collective duration (Table III., col. 3a)
Given date (13) — 1
65
5
29s
295
12
12
372
— I (Rule VI)
371 312 -f- 7, Rem. 4.
We must add eleven days to the amount 371 to make it a New Style date, because it
falls after September 2nd, 1752, and before 4th April, 1753, (after which all dates will be in New
Style by the Tables). 371 + 1 1 = 382 = January 17th (Table IX.). 4 ;:^ Wednesday.
Answer. — Wednesday, January 17th, A.D. 1753.
Example 6. Required the A.D. equivalent of Vikrama samvatsara 1879 Ashadha krishna
dvitiya (2nd). If this is a southern Vikrama year, as used in Gujarat, Western India, and countries
south of the Narmada, the year is Karttikadi and amanta, i.e., the sequence of fortnights makes
the month begin with sukla 1st. The first process is to convert the date by Table 11., Part iii.,
col. 3, Table II., Part ii., and Table I., into a Chaitradi year and month. Thus— Ashadha isthe
ninth month of the year and corresponds to Ashadha of the following Chaitradi Kali year, so that
the given month Ashadha of Vikrama 1879 corresponds to Ashadha of Kali 4924. Work as before,
using Table I. for Kali 4924. Initial date, 24th March (83), (i) Sunday.
d. w.
Initial date 83 i
Collective duration (Table III., col. la) 89 89
Given date (2 + 15) — i 16 16
188 106^7 Rem. I
188 (Table IX.) =: July 7th. i = Sunday.
Answer. — Sunday, July 7th, A.D. 1822.'
If the year given be a northern Vikrama year, as used in Malwa, Benares, Ujjain, and
countries north of the Narmada, the Vikrama year is Chaitradi and corresponds to the Kali 4923,
except that, being purnimanta, the sequence of fortnights differs (see Table II., Part i.). In such a
case Ashadha krishna of the Vikrama year corresponds to Jyeshtha krishna in amanta months,
and we must work for Kali 4923 Jyeshtha krishna 2nd. By Table I. the initial date is April 3rd
(93)> {3) Tuesday. The A.D. year is 1821—22.
• This is nduallv wroiij; by one day, owing to the upproximotc oolledivc duration of days (Table III, 3«) being taken as 89.
11 might equally well b(^ taken u» 88. U it is desired to ronvert tilhis into days (p. 7S. note 2) a fifth part should be subtraeted.
The collective duration of the last day of Jyeshtha in tithisisQO. 90 4-61 = 1.40. 90— 1 40 = 88 60. If taken as 88 theau»«er
would be .Saturday, July Cth, whieh is actually correct. This serves to shew ho» errors may arise in days when calculation it only
made approximately.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. U
d. w.
93 3
Collective duration (Table III., col. 3^) 59 59
Given date (2+ 15) — ! 16 16
168 78-H7, Rem. I.
168^ June 17th. I =: Sunday,
y^wjzwr.— Sunday. June 17th, A.D. 182 1.
(b) Solar Dates.
Example 7. Required the date A.D. corresponding to the Tamil (solar) 1 8th Purattasi of
Rudhirodgarin — K.Y. 4904 expired, or 4905 current.
Table I., cols. 13 and 14, give (</) = April i ith (i 01), (w) = (2) Monday, and the year A.D. 1803.
d. w.
Initial date loi 2
Collective duration (Table III., col. 10) 156 156
Given date (18)— i 17 17
274 I75"i"7' Rem. o.
274 (Table IX.) gives October 1st. o — Saturday.
Answer. — Saturday, October ist, A.D. 1803.
Example 8. Required the equivalent A.D. of the Tinnevelly Andu 1024, 20th Avani.
The reckoning is the same as the Tamil as regards months, but the year begins with
Avani. Andu 1024= K.Y. 4950. It is a .solar year beginning (see Table I.) iith April (102),
(3) Tuesday, A.D. 1848 (a leap-year).
d. w.
Initial date 102 3
Tables II., Part ii., cols. 10 & 7, and III., col. 10. 125 125
Given date (20)— i 19 19
246
— I (Rule VI.)
245 147 H- 7, Rem. o.
0=: Saturday; 245 = (Table IX.) September 2nd.
Answer. — Saturday, September 2nd, A.D. 1848.
Example 9. Required the equivalent date A.D. of the South Malayalam Andu 1 024,
20th Chingam. The corresponding Tamil month and date (Table II., Part ii., cols. 9 and 11) is
20th Avani K.Y. 4950, and the answer is the same as in the last example.
Ex.\MPLE 10. Required the equivalent date A.D. of the North Malayalam (KoUam) Andu
1023, 20th Chingam. This (Chiiigam) is the 12th month of the KoUam Andu year which begins
with Kanni. It corresponds with the Tamil 20th Avani K.Y. 4950 (Table II., Part ii., cols. 9,
12, and Table II., Part iii.), and the answer is similar to that in the two previous examples.
[The difference in the years will of course be noted. The same Tamil date corresponds
74 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
to South Malayalam Ancju 1024, 20tli Chiiigam, and to the same day of the month in the North
Malayalam (Kollam) Andu 1023, the reason being tliat in the former reckoning the year begins
with Chingam, and in the latter with Kanni.)
Example ii. Required the A.D. equivalent of the Tamil date, 20th Panguni of Rudhirod-
garin, K.Y. 4905 current (or 4904 expired.)
Table I. gives [d] nth April (loi), 1803 A.D. as the initial date of the solar year, and
its week-day (ziy) is (2) Monday.
d. w.
Initial date . lOi 2
Collective duration (Table III., col. 10)
Given date, (20) — i
335
335
'9
19
455
— I (Rule VI.)
454 356 -s- 7' Rem. 6.
6 = Friday; 454 (Table IX.) = March 30th in the following A.D. year, 1804.
Arisiuer. — Friday, March 30th, 1804. (See example i, above.)
138. (B.) Conversion of dates A.D. into Hindu dates. (See Art. 135 above, par. i.)
Rule I. Given a year, month, and date A.D. Write down in a horizontal line [d] the date-
indicator of the initial date |in brackets (Table I., cols. 13 or 19, as the case may be)) of the corresponding
Hindu year required, and (if) the week-day number of that initial date (col. 14 or 20), remembering that,
if the given date A.D. is earlier than such initial date, the [d] and (zc) of the previous Hindu year
must be taken. Subtract the date-indicator from the date number of the given A.D. date in
Table IX., remembering that, if the previous Hindu year has been taken down, the number to
be taken from Table IX. is that on the right-hand side of the Table and not that on the left.
From the result subtract (Table III., col. ^a or 10) the collective-duration-figure which is nearest to,
but lower than, that amount, and add i to the total so obtained ; and to the {lii) add the figure
resulting from the second process under {d), and divide by 7. The result gives the required week-
day. The resulting {d) gives the day of the Hindu month following that whose collective duration
was subtracted.
Rule II. Observe (Table I., cols. 8 or 8a) if there has been an addition or suppression
of a month prior to the month found by Rule I. and proceed accordingly.
An easy rule for dealing with the added and suppressed month is the following. When
the intercalated month (Table I., col. 8 or 8a) precedes the month immediately preceding the one
found, such immediately preceding month is the required month; when the intercalated month
immediately precedes the one found, such immediately preceding month with the prefix "nija,"
natural, is the required month ; when the intercalated month is the same as that found, such month
with the prefix "adhika" is the recjuircd month. When a suppressed month precedes the month
found, the required month is the same as that found, because there is never a suppression of a
month without the intercalation of a previous month, which nullifies the suppression so far as
regards the collective duration of preceding days. But if the given month falls after two intercal-
ations and one suppression, act as above for one intercalation onh'.
Rule III. See Art. 137 (A) Rule V. (p. 70), but subtract the eleven days instead of adding.
Rule IV. If the given A.D. date falls in a leap-year after 29th l-'ebruary, or if its date-number
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 75
(right-hand side of Table IX.) is more than 365, and the year next preceding it was a leap-year, add
I to the date-number of the given European date found by Table IX., before subtracting the
figure of the date-indicator
Rule V. Where the required date is a Hindu luni-solar date the second total, if less than
15, indicates a sukia date. If more than 15, deduct 15, and the remainder will be a krishna
date. Krishna 15 is generally termed krishna 30; and often sukla 15 is called "piirnima" (full-
moon day), and krishna 15 (or "30") is called amavasya (new-moon day).
[a] Luni-Solar Dates.
E.XAMI'I.E 12. Required the Telugu or Tulu equivalent of December ist, 1822. The
luni-solar year began 24th March (83) on (i) Sunday (Tabic I., cols. 19 and 20.)
d. w.
(d) and (if) of initial date (Table I.) 83 I
(Table IX.) 1st December (335) (335— 83=)252 25*
(Table III.) Collective duration to end of Karttika — 236
.Add I to remainder i6-f i = 17 253 -*- 7, Rem. i.
17 indicates a krishna date. Deduct 15. Remainder 2. The right-hand remainder shews
(i) Sunday.
The result so far is Sunday Margasirsha krishna 2nd. But see Table I., col. 8. Previous
to this month Asvina was intercalated. (The suppression of Pausha need not be considered
because that month comes after Margasirsha.) Therefore the required month is not Margasirsha,
but Karttika; and the answer is Sunday Karttika krishna 2nd (Telugu), or Jarde (Tulu), of the
year Chitrabhanu, K.Y. 4923 expired, Saka 1744 expired. (See the example on p. 69.)
(Note.) As in example 6 above, this date is actually wrong by one day, because it hap-
pened that in Karttika sukla there was a tithi, the 12th, suppressed, and consequently the real
day corresponding to the civil day was Sunday Karttika krishna 3rd. These differences cannot
possibly be avoided in methods A and B, nor by any method unless the duration of every tithi
of every year be separately calculated. (See example xvii., p. 92.)
Example 13. Required the Chaitradi Northern Vikrama date corresponding to .April 9th
1822. By Table I. A.D. 1822 — 23 = Chaitradi Vikrama 18S0 current. The reckoning is luni-solar.
Initial day {d) March 24th (83), (zi') i Sunday
d. K'.
From Table 1 83 i
(Table IX.) April 9th (99) 99—83 = 16 16
Add I
17
For sukla dates — 15
2 17 "^7- Rem. 3.
This is Tuesday, amanta Chaitra krishna 2nd.' But it should be converted into Vaisakha
krishna 2nd, because of the custom of beginning the month with the full-moon (Table II., Part i.).
1 The actual date was Tuesday, amenta Chaitra krishua 3rd, the difference being caused by a tithi having been expunged in
the sukla fortnight of the same month (see note to examples 6 and 12 above).
76 TJIE INDIAN CALENDAR.
Since the Chaitradi Vikraina year begins with Chaitra, the required Vikrama year is 1880 current,
1879 expired. But if the required date were in the Southern reckoning, the year would be 1878
expired, since 1879 in that reckoning does not begin till Karttika.
[b) Solar Dates.
Example 14. i. Required the Tamil equivalent of May 30th, 1803 A.D.
Table I. gives the initial date April i ith (10 1), and week-day number 2 Monday.
d. If.
From Table 1 101 2
(Table IX.) May 30th (150) 150 — loi =49 49
(Table III.) Collective duration to end of Sittirai (Mesha) . — 31
18
Add I +1
19 5 1 ~ 7. Rem. 2.
The day is the 19th; the month is Vaiya.si, the month following Sittirai; the week-day
is (2) Monday.
Answer. — Monday, 19th Vaiyasi of the year Rudhirodgarin, K.Y. 4904 e.vpired, Saka
1725 expired.
Example 15. Required the Tamil equivalent of March 30th, 1804. The given date pre-
cedes the initial date in 1804 A.D. (Table 1., col. 13) April loth, so the preceding Hindu
year must be taken. Its initial day is iith April (lOi), and the initial week-day is (2) Monday.
1804 was a leap-year.
d. w.
From Table I lOi 2
(Table IX.) (March 30th) 454 Y i for leap-year, 455 — 101 = 354 354
(Table III., col. 10) Collective duration to end of^
Masi^ Kumbha (Table II., Fart ii.) . . . .\ ~^^^
19
Add I -f 1
20 356 -f- 7, Rem. 6.
Answer. — Friday 20th Panguni of the year Rudhirodgarin K.Y. 4904 expired, Saka 1725
expired. (See the example on p. 67.)
Example 16. Required the North Malayajam Andu equivalent of September 2nd. 1S48.
Work as by the Chaitradi year. The year is solar. 1848 is a leap-year.
,/. w.
F"rom Table 1 102 3
(Table IX.) SeiHember _'nd (245) h ' for leap
year 246— 102 :^ 144 144
Coll. duration to end of Karka — 125
19
Add 1 -f 1
20 147 -.- 7, Rem. o
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 77
Answer. — Saturday 20th Chingani. This is the 12th month of the North Malayajam Andu
which begins with Kanni. The year therefore is 1023.
If the date required had been in South Malayalam reckoning, the date would be the
same, 20th Chingam, but as the South MalayaUs begin the year with Chii'igam as the first month,
the required South Malayalam year would be Andu 1024.
Method C.
EXACT CALCULATION OF DATES.
(a.) Conversion of Hhidu luni-solar dates into dates A.D.
139. To calculate the iveek-day. the equivalent date A.D., and the moment of beginning or
ending of a tithi. Given a Hindu year, month, and tithi. — Turn the given year into a Chaitradi
Kali, Saka, or Vikrama year, and the given month into an amanta month (if they are not already so)
and find the corresponding year A.D., by the aid of columns i to 5 ' of Table I., and Table II.,
Parts i., ii., iii. Referring to Table I., carry the eye along the line of the Chaitradi year so found,
and write down ' in a horizontal line the following five quantities corresponding to the day of
commencement (Chaitra sukla pratipada) of that Chaitradi-year, viz., [d) the date-indicator given in
brackets after the day and month A.D. (Table I., col. 19), (w) the week-day number (col. 20), and [a]. {/>).
(c) (cols. 23, 24, 25). Find the number of tithis which have intervened between the initial day
of the year (Chaitra sukla pratipada), and the given tithi, by adding together the number of tithis
(collective duration) up to the end of the month previous to the given one (col. 3, Table III.), and
the number of elapsed tithis of the given month (that is the serial number of the given tithi reduced
by one), taking into account the extra 15 days of the sukla paksha if the tithi belongs to the krishna
paksha, and also the intervening intercalary month,' if any, given in col. 8 (or Sa) of Table I.
This would give the result in tithis. But days, not tithis, are required. To reduce the tithis to
days, reduce the sum of the tithis by its 60th part,* taking fractions larger than a half as one,
and neglecting half or less The result is the ((/), the approximate number of days which have inter-
vened since the initial day of the Hindu year. Write this number under head (</), and write under
their respective heads, the {21'). {a). {/>), (c) for that number of days from Table IV. Add together the
two lines of five quantities, but in the case of (w) divide the result by 7 and write only the remainder,
in the case of (a) write only the remainder under lOOOO, and in the case of (d) and (c) only the
remainder under 1000.^ Find separately the equations to arguments (/;) and (f) in Tables VI. and VII.
respectively, and add them to the total under (a). The sum (/) is the tithi-index, which, by
cols. 2 and 3 of Table VIII., will indicate the tithi current at mean sunrise on the week-day
found under (te/). If the number of the tithi so indicated is not the same as that of the given
one, but is greater or less by one (or by two in rare cases), subtract one (or two) from, or add
1 The initial days in cols 1.? and 19, T.iblc I , beloni; to the first of the double years A.I) given in col 5
2 It will be well for a beginner to take an example at once, and work it out according to the rule After a little jiractice
the calculations can be made rapidly.
3 When the intercalary month is Chaitra, count that also. See Art. 99 above.
< This number is taken for easy calculation. Properly speaking, to convert tithis into days the C4th part should be subtracted.
The difference does not introduce any material error.
5 Generally with regard to (ic), (a), {i), (c) in working addition sums, take only the remainder respectively over 7, 10000, 1000 and
1000; and in subtracting, if the sura to be subtracted be greater, add respectively 7, 10000, 1000 and 1000 to the figure above.
78 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
one (or two) to, both {d) and (w);' subtract from, or add to, the {a) {b) {c) already found, their
value for one (or two) days (Table IV.); add to («) the equations for (<5) and (r) (Tables VI. and VII.)
and the sum (/) will then indicate the tithi. If this is the same as given (if not, proceed again
as before till it corresponds), the («') is its week-day, and the date shewn in the top line and
side columns of Table IX. corresponding with the ascertained {d) is its equivalent date A.D. The
year A.D. is found on the line of the given Chaitradi year in col. 5, Table I. Double figures
are given in that column ; if {d) is not greater than 365 in a common year, or 366 in a leap-year,
the first, otherwise the second, of the double figures shows the proper A.D. year.
140. For all practical purposes and for some ordinary religious purposes a tithi is con-
nected with that week-day at whose sunrise it is current. For some religious purposes, however,
and sometimes even for practical purposes also, a tithi which is current at any particular moment
of a week-day is connected with that week-day. {See Art. ,v above.)
141. In the case of an expunged tithi, the day on which it begins and ends is its week-
day and equivalent. In the case of a repeated tithi, both the civil days at whose sunrise it
is current," are its week-days and equivalents.
142. A clue for finding zvhen a titlii is probably repeated or expunged. When tjie tithi-
inde.x corresponding to a sunrise is greater or less, within 40, than the ending index of a tithi,
and when the equation for (/;) (Table VI.) is decreasing, a repetition of the same or another
tithi takes place shortly after or before that sunrise; and when the equation for (b) is increasing
an e-\-punction of a tithi (different from the one in question) takes place shortly before or after it.
143. The identification of the date A.D. with the week-day arrived at by the above
method, may be verified by Table XIII. The verification, however, is not in itself proof of the
correctness of our results.
144. To find the moment of the ending of a titlii. Find the difference between the (/)
on the given day at sunrise and the (?) of the tithi-inde.x which shews the ending point of that
tithi (Table VIII.). With this difference as argument find the corresponding time either in
ghatikas and palas, or hours and minutes, according to choice, from Table X. The given tithi
ends after the given sunrise by the interval of time so found. But this interval is not always
absolutely accurate. {See Art. 82). If accuracy is desired add the {a){b){e) for this interval of time
(Table V.) to the {a) {b) {c) already obtained for sunrise. Add as before to {a) the equations of
(b) and {c) from Tables VI. and VII., and find the difference between the (/) thus arrived at and the
(/) of the ending point of the tithi (Table VIII.). The time corresponding to that difference, found from
Table X., will show the ending of the tithi before or after the first found time. If still greater accur-
acy is desired, proceed until (/) amounts exactly to the (/) of the ending point (Table VIII.) For
ordinary purposes, however, the first found time, or at least that arrived at after one more process, is
sufficiently accurate.
145. The moment of the beginning of a tithi is the same as the moment of ending of
the tithi next preceding it; and this can be found either by calculating backwards from the (/)
of the same tithi, or independently from the (/) of the preceding tithi.
146. The moment of beginning or ending of tithis thus found is in mean time, and is
applicable to all places on the meridian of Ujjain, which is the same as that of Lanka. If the
1 'I'liuB fui' the process will fjue tlie conLit lesull if (hore be iiii probability by the rule given below of the expunction
(,t.iAai/a) or repetition {vridd/ii) of a tithi sborllj jiri-ieding or following'; nud the (itj and (ic) arrived at at this stage will indicate
by use of Table IX. the A.B. equivalent, and the week-day of the given tithi.
2 For the definitions of expunged and repealed tilbin see Art .32 above.
THE HTNDU CALENDAR. 7Q
exact mean time for otlier places is reciuircd, appl)' the correction given in Table XI., according
to the rule given under that Table. If after this correction the ending time of a tithi is found
to fall on the previous or following day the id) and {iv) .should be altered accordingly.
Mean time is used throughout the parts of the Tables used for these rules, and it may
sometimes differ from the true, used, at least in theory, in Hindu panchangs or almanacks.
The ending time of a tithi arrived at by these Tables may also somewhat differ from the
ending time as arrived at from authorities other than the Siirya Siddhanta which is used by us.
The results, however, arrived at by the present Tables, may be safely relied on for all ordinary
purposes.'
147. N.B. i. Up to 1100 A.D. both mean and true intercalary months are given in
Table I. [see Art. 47 aboi'e). When it is not certain whether the given year is an expired or
current year, whether it is a Chaitradi year or one of another kind, whether the given month
is amanta or purnimanta, and whether the intercalary month, if any, was taken true or mean,
the only course is to try all possible years and months.
N.B. a. The results are all Old Style dates up to, and New Style dates from, 1753 A.D The
New Style was introduced with effect from after 2nd September, 1752. Since only the initial
dates of 1752 and 1753 are given, remember to apply the correction (+ 11 days) to any
date between 2nd September, 1752, and 9th April, 1753, in calculating by the Hindu solar year,
and between 2nd September, 1752, and 4th April, 1753, in calculating by the Hindu luni-solar year,
so as to bring out the result in New Style dates A.D. The day of the week requires no alteration.
A'.B. Hi. If the date A.D. found above falls after F"ebruary 28th in a leap-year, it must
be reduced by i.
N.B. iv. The Hindus generally use expired [gatd) years, while current years are given
throughout the Tables. For example, for Saka year 1702 "expired" 1703 current is given.
148. Example I. Required the week-day and the A.D. year, month, and day correspond-
ing to Jyeshtha sukla paiichami (5th), year Sarvari, Saka year 1702 expired (1703 current), and
the ending and beginning time of that tithi.
The given year is Chaitradi (see N.B. ii.. Table II., Part iii.). It does not matter whether the
month is amanta or purnimanta, because the fortnight belongs to Jyeshtha by both systems (see
Table II., Part i.). Looking to Table I. along the given current Saka year 1703, we find that
its initial day falls in A.D. 1780 (see note [ to Art. 139), a leap-year, on the 5th April, Wednesday;
and that d (col. 19). w (col. 20), a (col. 23). /; (col. 24) and c (col. 25) are 96,4, 1,657 and 267
respectively. We write them in a horizontal line (see the working of the example below). From
Table I., col. 8, we find that there is no added month in the year. The number therefore of tithis
between Chaitra .s. i and Jyeshtha s. 5 was 64, viz., 60 up to the end of Vaisakha (see Table III.,
col. 3), the month preceding the given one, and 4 in Jyeshtha. The sixtieth part of 64 (neglecting
tlie fraction ^ because it is not more than half) is r. Reduce 64 by one and we have 63 as the approx-
imate number of days between Chaitra .s. i and Jyeshtha s. 5. We write this number under
{d). Turning to Table IV. with the argument 63 we find under (w) («) (/J) (c) the numbers o, 1334,
286, 172, respectively, and we write them under their respective heads, and add together the two
quantities under each head. With the argument (/') (943) we turn to Table VI. for the equation.
We do not find exactly the number 943 given, but we have 940 and 950 and must see the
difference between the corresponding equation-figures and fix the appropriate figure for 943.
The auxiliary table given will fi.x this, but in practice it can be easily calculated in the head. (The
1 See Arts. 36 and 37 in which all the points noted in this article are fully treated of.
So THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
full numbers are not given so as to avoid cunibrousness in the tables.) Thus the equation for (/')
(943) is found to be 90, and from Table VII. the equation for (c) is found to be 38. Adding 90 and
38 to (a) (133s) we get 1463, which is the required tithi-index (/). Turning with this to Table VIII.,
col. 3, we find by col. 2 that the tithi current was .sukla 5, i.e., the given date. Then (:i') 4,
Wednesday, was its week-day; and the tithi was current at mean sunrise on the meridian of Ujjain
on that week-day. Turning with [d] 159 to Table IX., we find that the equivalent date A.D.
was 8th June; but as this was after 28th February in a leap-year, we fix 7th June, A.D. 1780.
(see N.B. iii.. Art. 147) as the equivalent of the given tithi. As (t) is not within 40 of 1667, the
(I) of the 5th tithi (Table VIII.), there is no probability of an expunction or repetition shortly
preceding or following (Art. 142). The answer therefore is Wednesday, June 7th, A.D. 1780.
To find tlie ending time of the tithi. (t) at sunrise is 1463; and Table VIII., col. 3, shews
that the tithi will end when (/) amounts to 1667. (1667 — 1463=) 204 = (Table X.) 14 hours,
27 minutes, and this process shews us that the tithi will end 14 hours, 27 minutes, after sunrise
on Wednesday, June 7th. This time is, however, approximate. To find the time more accurately
we add the increase in (a) {b) {c) for 14 h. 27 m. (Table V.) to the already calculated (a) {/>) (c)
at sunrise; and adding to (a) as before the equations of (d) and (c) (Tables VI. and VII.) we find
that the resulting (/) amounts to 1686. 1686 — 1667=19 = 1 hour and 2 1 minutes (Table X.). But
this is a period beyond the end of the tithi, and the amount must be deducted from the 14 h.
27 m. first found to get the true end. The true end then is 13 h. 6 m. after sunrise on June 7th. This
time is accurate for ordinary purposes, but for still further accuracy we proceed again as before.
We may either add the increase in (a) (b) (c) for 13 h. 6 m. to the value of (a) (/;) (t) at sunrise,
or subtract the increase of {a) (b) (c) for i h. 21 m. from their value at 14 h. 27 m. By either
process we obtain (/)= 1665. Proceed again. 1667 — 1665 = 2 = (Table X.) 9 minutes after 13 h. 6 m.
or 13 h. 15 m. Work through again for 13 h. 15 m. and we obtain (/) = 1668. Proceed again.
1668 — 1667 = I = (Table X.) 4 minutes before 13 h. 15 m. or 13 h. 1 1 m. Work for 13 h. 1 1 m.,
and we at last have 1667, the known ending point. It is thus proved that 13 h. 11 m. after sunrise
is the absolutely accurate mean ending time of the tithi in question by the Siirya-Siddhanta.
To find the beginning time of the given tithi. We may find this independently b>' cal-
culating as before the (/) at sunrise for the preceding tithi, (in this case sukla 4th) and thence finding
its ending time. But in the example given we calculate it from the (/) of the given tithi. The
tithi begins when (/) amounts to 1333 (Table VIll.). or (1463 — 1333) 130 before sunrise on June
7th. 130 is (Table X.) 9 h. 13 m. Proceed as before, but deduct the {a) (b) (c) instead of adding,
and (see working below) we eventually find that (/) amounts exactly to 1333 and therefore the
tithi begins at 8 h. 26 m. before sunrise on June 7th, that is 1 5 h. 34 m. after sunrise on Tuesday
the 6th. The beginning and ending times are by Ujjain or Lanka mean time. If we want the time,
for instance, for Benares the difference in longitude in time, 29 minutes, should be added to the
above result (See Ta,ble XI.). This, however, does not affect the day.
It is often very necessary to know the moments of beginning and ending of a tithi.
Thus our result brings out Wednesday, June 7th, but since the Sth tithi began 1 5 h. 34 m. after
sunrise on Tuesday, i.e., about 9 h. 34 m. p.m.. it might well happen that an inscription might
record a ceremony that took place at 10 p.m., and therefore fix the day as Tuesdaj- the 5th
tithi, which, unless the facts were known, would appear incorrect.
I-"rom Table XII. we find that 7th June, A.D. 1780, was a Wednesday, and this helps to
fix that day as current.
We now give the working of Examii.k i.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 81
WORKING OF EXAMPLE I.
(a) The day corresponding to Jyeshtha siikla 5th. d. w. a. b. c.
Saka 1703 current, Chaitra sukla (st, (Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23,
24. 25) 96 4 I 657 267
Approximate number of days from Chaitra sukla 1st to Jyeslitha suk. 5th,
(64 tithis reduced by a 60th part, neglecting fractions, — 62,) with
its (if/) («) (/;) (c) (Table IV.) 63 O 1334 286 172
'59 4 1335 943 439
Equation for (/;) (943) (Table VI.) 90
Do. {c) (439) (Table VII.) 38
1463 - 1.
{t) gives .sukla 5th (Table VIII., cols. 2, 3) (the same as the given tithi).
{d) — I, (N.B. Hi., Art. 147), or the number of days elapsed from
January i st, ::r 158
I58=june 7th (Table IX.). A.D. 1780 is the corre.sponding year, and 4 (w) Wednesday is
the week-day of the given tithi.
Answer. — Wednesday, June 7th, 1780 A.D.
(b) The ending of the tithi Jyeshtha mk. 5. (Table VIII.) 1667 — 1463 = 204 = (14 h. 10 m.
+ oh. I7m.)=i4h. 27 m. (Table X.). Therefore the tithi ends ati4h. 27 m. after mean sunrise
on Wednesday. For more accurate time we proceed as follows:
a. b. c.
At sunrise on Wednesday {see above) 1335 943 439
For 14 hours (Table V.) 198 21 2
For 27 minutes, (Do.) 6 i o
1539 965 441
Equation for {b) (965) (Table VI.) 109
Do. (r) (441) (Do. VII.) 38
1686 = /.
1686 — 1667 (Table VIII.) = 19 := i h. 21m.; and i h. 21m. deducted from 14 h. 27 m. gives
13 h. 6 m. after sunrise on Wednesday as the moment when the tithi ended. This is sufficient
for all practical purposes. For absolute accuracy we proceed again.
a. b. c.
For sunrise {as before') 1335 943 439
For 13 hours (Table V.) 183 20 i
For 6 minutes (Do.) i o o
15 19 963 440
Equation for (/;) (963) (Table VI.) 108
Do. {c) (440) (Do. VII.) 38
1665 —t.
6
82 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
1667 — 1 665 =2 =9111. after 13 h. 6 m. = 13 h. 15 h. a. b. c.
Again for sunrise {as before) 1335 943 439
For 13 hours (Table V.) 183 20 i
For 1 5 minutes (Do.) 4 o o
1522 963 440
Equation for {b) (963) 108
Do. ic) (440) 38
1668 = /.
i668 — 1 667 = I = 4 m. before 13 h. 15 m. = 13 h. 1 1 m.
Again for sunrise {as before) 1335 943 439
For 13 hours (Table V.) 183 20 i
For 1 1 minutes (Do.) 3 o o
1 52 1 963 440
Equation for (b) (963) 108
Do. (f) (440) 38
Actual end of the tithi 1 667 = /.
Thus 1 3 h. 1 1 m. after sunrise is the absolutely accurate ending time of the tithi.
{c) The begiimijig of the tithi, Jyeshtha suk. 5. Now for the beginning. 1463 (the original /. as
found)— 1333 (beginningofthetithi, (Table VIII.) = 130= (Table X.) (7 h. 5 m. + 2h.8m.) = 9h. 13 m.;
and we have this as the point of time before sunrise on Wednesday when the tithi begins.
a. b. c.
For sunrise {as before) 133S 943 439
a. b. e.
For 9 li. (Table V.) 127 14 i
For 13 m. (Do.) 3 o o
Deduct 130 14 I . . . 130 14 I
1205 929 438
Equation for b. (929) 79
Do. c. (438) 37
1321 —t.
(The beginning of the tithi) 1333 — 1321 = 12 = Table X.) 51 m. after the above time
(9h 13 m.), and this gives 8 h. 22 m. before sunrise. We proceed again.
a. b. c.
For 9 h. 13 m. before sunrise {found above) .... 1205 929 43S
Plus for 51 minutes (Table V.) 12 i o
1217 930 438
Equation for b. (930) 80
Do. c. (438) 37
1334 = /-
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 83
1334 — 1333 = I =4m. before the above time (viz., 8 h. 22 m.) i.e., 8h. 26m. before sun-
rise. Proceed again.
a. b. c.
For 8 h. 22 m. before sunrise {found above) 12 17 930 438
Deduct for 4 m. (Table V.) i o o
1216 930 438
Equation for b. (930) 80
Do. c. (438) 37
1333 -t.
The result is precisely the same as the beginning point of the tithi (Table VIII.), and
we know that the tithi actually began 8 hours 26 minutes before sunrise on Wednesday, or at
15 h. 34 m. after sunrise on Tuesday, 6th June.
Example II. Required the week-day and equivalent A.D. of Jyeshtha suk. dasami (lOth) of
the southern Vikrama year 1836 expired, 1837 current. The given year is «f/ Chaitradi. Referring
to Table II., Parts ii., and iii., we find, by comparing the non-Chaitradi Vikrama year with the
Saka, that the corresponding Saka year is 1703 current, that is the same as in the first example.
We know that the months are amanta.
d. w. a. b. c.
State the figures for the initial day (Table I., cols. 19, 20,23,24,25) 96 4 i 657 267
The number of intervened tithis down to end of Vaisakha, 60,
(Table III.) -|- the number of the given date minus 1,1369; reduced
by a 60th part = 68, and by Table IV. we have 68 5 3027 468 186
164 2 3028 125 453
Equation for {b) 125 (Table VI.) 239
Do- (0 453 (Table VII.) 42
3309 = ^-
{d) (164)— I {N.B. in., Art. 147) =163.
The result, 3309, fixes the day as sukla loth (Table VIII., cols. 2, 3), the same as given.
Answer. — (By Table IX.) 163 = June 12th, 2 = Monday. The year is A.D. 1780 (Table II.,
Part ii.). The tithi will end at (3333 — 3309:1; 24, or by Table X.) I h. 42 m. after sunrise, since
3309 represents the state of that tithi at sunrise, and it then had 24 lunation-parts to run. Note
that this (/) (3309) is less by 24 than 3333, the ending point of the lOth tithi; that 24 is less
than 40 ; and that the equation for {Jj) is increasing. This shows that an expunction of a tithi
will shortly occur {Art. 142.)
Example in. Required the week-day and equivalent A.D. of Jyeshtha sukla ekadasi (i ith)
of the same Saka year as in example 2, i.e., S. 1703 current.
84 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
d. w. a. b. c.
See (Table I.) example 2 96 4 '657 267
Intervened days (to end of Vaisakha 59, 4- 11 given days — 1)1=69.
By Table IV 69 6 3366 504 189
165 3 3367 "'^' 456
Equation for {h) (161) (Table VI.) 258
Do. [c] (456) (Table VII.) 43
3668 - 1.
This figure (/ =:: 3668) by Table VIII., cols. 2, 3, indicates sukla 12th.
d — I {N.B. in.. Art. 147) = 164 and Table IX. gives this as June 13th. The (ic) is 3 n: Tuesday.
The year (Table II. Part iii.) is 1780 A.D.
The figure of (t), 3668, shows that the 12th tithi and not the required tithi (iith) was
current at sunrise on Tuesday; but we found in example 2 that the loth tithi was current at
sunrise on Monday, June 12th, and we therefore learn that the iith tithi was expunged. It
commenced i h. 42 min. after sunrise on Monday and ended 4 minutes before sunrise on Tues-
day, 13th June.' The corresponding day answering to sukla lOth is therefore Monday, June
1 2th, and that answering to sukla 12 is Tuesday the 13th June.
Ex.VMl'LE IV. Required the week-day and equivalent A.D. of the purnimanta Ashadha
krishiia dvitiya (2) of the Northern Vikrama year 1837 expired. 1838 current. The northern
Vikrama is a Chaitradi year, and so the year is the same as in the previous example, viz., A.D.
1780 — I (Table II., Part iii.). The corresponding amanta month is Jyeshtha (Table II., Part i.).
Work therefore for Jyeshtha krishna 2nd in A.D. 1780 — I (Table I.).
d. w. a. b. c.
See example I (Table I.) 96 4 1 657 267
60 (coll. dur. to end Vai.s.) + 1 5 (for krishna fortnight) + i (given
date minus 1)^76 tithis = 75 days (as before); Table IV. gives . 75 5 5397 722 205
171 2 5398 379 472
Equation for (1^) (379) 237
Do. \c) (472) SO
568s = /.
(d)—\ {N.B. Hi., Art. 147) := 170 = (Table IX.) 19th June. (2) = Monday. The year is 1780 A.D.
So far we have Monday, 19th June, A.D. 1780. But the figure 5685 for(/) shows that kri. 3rd and
not the 2nd was current at sunrise on Monday the 19th June. It commenced (5685 — 5667= 18=)
I h. 17 m. before sunrise on Monday. (/) being greater, but within 40, than tlie ending point of kri. 2nd,
and the equation for (b) decreasing, it appears that a repetition of a tithi will shortly follow (but
not precede). And thus we know that Sunday the i8th June is the equivalent of kri. 2nd.
Example v. Required the week-day and equivalent A.D. of the amanta Jyeshtha kri. 3rd
of the Saka year 1703 current, the same as in the last 4 examples.
• Thie is sliLWii by {() zz 3(108 al sunrise, the end being indicated by 3007. DifTireneo 1 lunation-unit, or \ minutes.
THE HINDU CALENDAR, 85
d. w. a. b. c.
(See example i) 96 4 ' 657 267
60 (coll. dur. to end Vais.) ^ 15 + 2 = 77 tithis = 76 days. (Table IV.) 76 6 5736 758 208
172 3 5737 415 475
Equation for (i^) (415) 211
Do. (c) (475) S«
5999
This indicates krishna 3rd, the same tithi as given, {d) — i =171= 20th June, 1780 A.D.
From these last two examples we learn that krishna 3rd stands at sunrise on Tuesday 20th
as well as Monday 19th. It is therefore a repeated or vriddhi tithi, and both days 19th and 20th
correspond to it. It ends on Tuesday (6000 — 5999= 1=) 4 minutes after sunrise.
Example VI. Required the week-day and A.D. equivalent of Karttika sukla 5th of the
Northern Vikrama year 1833 expired (1834 current). (See example 2, page 70.)
The given year is Chaitradi. It matters not whether the month is amanta or purnimanta
because the given tithi is in the sukla fortnight. The initial day of the given year falls on
(Table I., col. 19) 20th March (80), (col. 20) 4 Wednesday; and looking in Table I. along the line
of the given year, we find in col. 8 that the month Bhadrapada was intercalated or added (adhika)
in it. So the number of months which intervened between the beginning of the year and the
given tithi was 8, one more than in ordinary year.
d. w. a. b. c.
(Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25) 80 4 9841 54 223
(Coll. dur.) 240 + 4=244 = 240 days (Table IV.,) 240 2 1272 710 657
320 6 1 113 764 880
Equation for {b) (764) O
Do. (0 (880) 102
1 2 1 5 = /.
This indicates, not kri. 5 as given, but kri. 4 (Table VIII.)
Adding i to (d) and {iv) (see Rule above. Art. 139) 321 o
a—\ (N.B. Hi., Art. 147) 320 = (Table IX.) Nov. i6th, A.D. 1776. o = Saturday.
(/) being not within 40 of the ending point of the tithi there is no probability of a repeti-
tion or expunction shortly preceding or following, and therefore Saturday the i6th November,
1776 A.D., is the equivalent of the given tithi.
E.n:ample VII. Required the week-day and A.D. equivalent of amanta Magha krishna ist
of Kali 4923 expired, 4924 current. (See example 4, page 71.)
The given year is Chaitradi. Looking in Table I. along the line of the given year, we
see that its initial day falls on 24th March (83), 1822 A.D., i Sunday, and that (col. 8) the month
(7) Asvina was intercalated and (10) Pausha expunged. So that, in counting, the number of in-
tervened months is the same, viz., 10, as in an ordinary year, Magha coming after Pausha.
86 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
d. w. a. b. c.
(Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 23) 83 i 212 899 229
(Coll. dur.) 300+15 (sukla paksha) + (i — 1=) 0 = 315 tithis = 3io
days. By (Table IV.) 310 2 4976 250 849
393 3 5188 149 78
Equation for (3) (149) (Table VI.) 252
Do. {c) (78) (Table VII.) 32
5472=/.
The figure 5472 indicates (Table VIII.) kri. 2nd, i.e., not the same as given (ist), but the
tithi following. We therefore subtract i from (d) and (zf) (Art. 139) making them 392 and 2.
Since (/) is not within 40 of the ending point of the tithi, there is no probability of a
kshaya or vriddhi shortly following or preceding, (w) 2 = Monday. 392 = (Table IX.) 27th
January. And therefore 27th January, A.D. 1823, Monday, is the equivalent of the given tithi.
Example VIII. Required the week-day and the A.D. equivalent of sukla 1 3th of the Tulu
month Puntelu, Kali year 4853 expired, 4854 current, " Angiras samvatsara " in the luni-solar
or southern 60-year cycle. (See example 5, page 72.)
The initial day (Table I.) is Old Style 5th March (65), A.D. 1752, a leap-year, (5) Thursday;
and Ashadha was intercalated. The Tulu month Puntelu corresponds to the Sanskrit Pausha
(Table II., Part ii.), ordinarily the loth, but now the nth, month on account of the intercalated
Ashadha.
d. w. a. b. c.
(Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25) 65 5 39 ^^^ 213
(Coll. dur.) 300-1-12 (given tithi minus i) = 3l2 tithis = 307 days
(Table IV.) 307 6 3960 142 840
372 4 3999 919 53
Equation for (^) (919) 71
Do. {c) (53) 40
4110 = /.
The result, 41 10, indicates sukla 13th, i.e., the same tithi as that given.
(d)—\ {N.B. Hi., Art. 147) =371 :^ (by Table IX.) January 6th, A.D. 1753.
We must add 11 days to this to make it a New Style date, because it falls after Septem-
ber 2nd, 1752, and before 4th April, 1753, the week-day remaining unaltered [see N.B. ii..
Art. 14J), and 17th January, 1753 A.D., is therefore the equivalent of the given date.
(b.) Conversion of Hindu solar dates into dates A.D.
149. To calculate the week-day and the equivalent date A.D. Turn the given year into a
Meshadi Kali, Saka, or Vikrama year, and the name of the given month into a sign-name, if they
are not already given as .such, and find the corresponding year A.D. by the aid of columns i to 5,
Table I., and Table II., Parts ii., and iii. Looking in Table I. along the line of the Meshadi year so
obtained, write down in a horizontal line the following three quantities corresponding to the
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 8?
commencement of that (Meshadi) year, viz., (</) the date-indicator given in brackets after the day
and month A.D. in col. 13, (li-) the week-day number (c^/. /./), and the time — either in ghatikas and
palas, or in hours and minutes as desired — of the Mesha sankranti according to the /i;-j'a-.SVa'</'/w«te
(cols. 15, or 17). For a BengaH date falling between A.D. 1100 and 1900, take the time
by the Surya-Siddhanta from cols, ija or X^a. When the result is wanted for a place
not on the meridian of Ujjain, apply to the Mesha sankranti time the correction given in
Table XI. Under these items write from Table 111., cols. 6, 7, 8, or 9 as the case may be, the
collective duration of time from the beginning of the year up to the end of the month preceding
the given one — days under (d), week-day under (w), and hours and minutes or ghatikas and palas
under h.m., or gh.p. respectively. Add together the three quantities. If the sum of hours
exceeds 24, or if the sum of ghatikas exceeds 60, write down the remainder only, and add one
each to {w) and (d). If the sum of (w) exceeds 7, cast out sevens from it. The result is the
time of the astronomical beginning of the current (given) month. Determine its civil beginning
by the rules given in Art. 28 above.
When the month begins civilly on the same day as, on the day following, or on the third day after,
the sankranti day, subtract i from, or add O, or l, to both [d) and (zc), and then to each of them
add the number of the given day, casting out sevens from it in the case of {w). {w) is then the
required week-day, and {d) will show, by Table IX., the A.D. equivalent of the given day.
N.B. i. When it is not certain whether the given year is Meshadi or of another kind,
or what rule for the civil beginning of the month applies, all possible ways must be tried.
N.B. ii. See N.B. ii.. Hi., /V., Art. 147, under the rules for the conversion of luni-solar dates.
Example ix. Required the week-day and the date A.D. corresponding to (Tamil) i8th
Purattasi of Rudhirodgarin, Kali year 4904 expired, (4905 currenti. (See example 7, p. yi.)
The given year, taken as a solar year, is Meshadi. The month Purattadi, or Purattasi,
corresponds to Kanya (Table II., Part ii. ), and the year is a Tamil (Southern) one, to which
the Arya Siddhanta is applicable [see Art. 21). Looking in Table I. along the line of the given
year, we find that it commenced on iith April (col. 13), A.DJ|i8o3, and we write as follows : —
d. w. h. m.
(Table 1., cols. 13, 14, 17) lOi 2 10 7
(Table 111., col. 7) collective duration up to the end of Simha . . . . 156 2 10 28
257 4 20 35
This shows that the Kanya sankranti took place on a (4) Wednesday, at
20 h. 35 m. after sunrise, or 2.35 a.m. on the European Thursday. (Always
remember that the Hindu week-day begins at sunrise.) The month Kanya,
therefore, begins civilly on Thursday. ^ [Rtde 2(a), Art. 28.) We add, therefore O
to (d) and \U') 00
Add 1 8, the serial number of the given day, to (d) and, casting out sevens
from the same figure, 18, add 4 to {20) 18 4
275 I
Then {iu)-=i, i.e., Sunday, and 275= (Table IX.) 2nd October.
Answer. — Sunday, 2nd October, 1803 A.D.
Example X. Required the week-day and A.D. date corresponding to the 20th day of
the Bengali (solar) month Phalguna of Saka 1776 expired, 1777 current, at Calcutta.
1 It would have so begun if the saukxinti occurred at 7 p.m. on the Wednesday, or at any time after sunset (6 p.m.)
88 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
The year is Meshadi and from Bengal, to which the Surya Siddhanta applies {see Art. 21).
The Bengali month Phalguna corresponds to Kumbha (Table II., Part ii.)- The year com-
menced on nth April, 1854, A.D. (Table I.)-
d. w. h. 7)1.
(Table I., cols. 13,14, I7«) loi 3 17 13
Difference of longitude for Calcutta (Table XI.) +50
Collective duration up to the end of Makara (Table III., col. 9.) 305 422
406 o 20 5
This result represents the moment of the astronomical beginning of
Kumbha, which is after midnight on Saturday, for 20 h. 5 m. after sun-
rise is 2.5 a.m. on the European Sunday morning. The month, therefore,
begins civilly on Monday (Art. 28, Rule i above).
Add, therefore, i to (d) and (w) 11
Add 20 (given day) to {(T), and, casting out sevens from 20,
add 6 to (li') 20 6
0 = Saturday, 427= 3rd March (Table IX.) . 427 o
Answer. — Saturday, 3rd March, A.D. 1855.
Ex.\MPLE XI. Required the week-day and A.D. date corresponding to the Tinnevelly Aiulu
1024, 20th day of Avani. (See example 8, p. 73.)
The year is South Indian. It is not Meshadi, but Siriihadi. Its corresponding Saka year
is 1 77 1 current; and the sign-name of the month corresponding to Avani is Siriiha (Table I.,
and Table II., Parts ii., and iii.) The Saka year 1771 commenced on nth April (102), A.D.
1848 (a leap-year), on (3) Tuesday. Work by the Arya-Siddhatita (Art. 21).
d. IV. k. in.
(Table I., cols. 13, 14. 17) 102 3 i 30
Collective duration up to the end of Karka 125 6 9 38
227 2
The month begins civilly on the same day by one of the South
Indian systems (Art. 28, Rule 2, a)\ therefore subtract i from both
{d) and {w) 11
226 I
Add 20, the serial number of the given day, to {d) and (less
sevens) to {w) 20 6
246 o
Deduct I for 29th February {N.B. ii., Art. 149 and N.B.iii., Art. 147) i
^45
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 89
0 = Saturday. 245 = (Table IX.) Sept. 2nd.
Answer. — Saturday, September 2nd, 1848 A.D.
EX/\^^'LE XII. Required the week-day and A.D. date corresponding to the South
Malayalam Andu 1024, 19th Chingam. (The calculations in Example xi. shew that the South-
Malayalam month Chingam began civilly one day later (Art. 28, Rule 2b). Therefore the Tamil
20th Avani was the 19th South-Malayahmi.)
Referring to Table II., Part ii., we see that the date is the same as in the last example.
EX.VMPLE XIII. Required the week-day and A.D. date corresponding to the North Mala-
yakm Andu 1023, 20th Chingam.
Referring to Table II., Part ii., we see that the date is the same as in the last two examples.
(c.) Conversion into dates A.D. of titkis zchic/t are coupled with solar months.
150. Many inscriptions have been discovered containing dates, in expressing which a
tithi has been coupled, not with a lunar, but with a solar month. We therefore find it necessary
to give rules for the conversion of such dates.
Parts of two lunar months corresponding to each solar month are noted in Table II., Part ii.,
col. 14. Determine by Art. 1 19, or in doubtful cases by direct calculation made under Arts. 149
and 151, to which of these two months the given tithi of the given fortnight belongs, and then
proceed according to the rules given in Art. 139.
It sometimes happens that the same solar month contains the given tithi of both the lunar
months noted in Table II., Part ii., col. 14, one occurring at the beginning of it and the other at
the end. Thus, suppose that in a certain year the solar month Mesha commenced on the luni-
solar tithi Chaitra sukla ashtami (8th) and ended on Vaisakha sukla dasami (lOth). In this case
the tithi sukla navami (9th) of both the lunar months Chaitra and Vaisakha fell in the same
solar month Mesha. In such a case the exact corresponding lunar month cannot be determined
unless the vara (week-day), nakshatra, or yoga is given, as well as the tithi. If it is given, examine
the date for both months, and after ascertaining when the given details agree with the given
tithi, determine the date accordingly.
Ex.\MPLE XIV. Required the A.D. year, month, and day corresponding to a date given as
follows; — "Saka 1187, on the day of the nakshatra Rohini, which fell on Saturday the
thirteenth tithi of the second fortnight in the month of Mithuna." '
It is not stated whether the Saka year is expired or current. We will therefore try it
first as expired. The current year therefore is 1188. Turning to Table I. we find that its initial
day, Chaitra sukla ist, falls on 20th March (79), Friday (6), A.D. 1265. From Table II., Part ii.,
col. 14, we find that parts of the lunar months Jyeshtha and Ashadha correspond to the solar
month Mithuna. The Mesha sankranti in that year falls on (Table I., col. 13) 25th March, Wednesday,
that is on or about Chaitra sukla shashthi (6th), and therefore the Mithuna sankranti falls on
(about) Jyeshtha sukla da.saml (loth) and the Karka sankranti on (about) Ashadha sukla dvadasi
(i2th) {see Art. iig). Thus we see that the thirteenth tithi of tlie second fortnight falling in
the solar month of Mithuna of the given date must belong to amanta Jyeshtha.
1 This date is from an actual inscription in Southern India. (See Ind. Ant., XXII., p. 219).
90 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
d. w. a. b. c.
S. 1188, Chaitra s. ist (Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25) ... 79 6 287 879 265
Approximate number of days from Ch. s. ist to Jyesh. kri. 13th (87
tithis reduced by 60th part = 86) with its (w) (a) {/)) (c) (Table IV.) 86 2 9122 121 235
165 I 9409 o 500
Equation for {b) (o) (Table VI.) 140
Do. {c) (500) TableVII.) 60
The resulting number 9609 fixes the tithi as krishna 14th (Table VIII.,
cols. 2, 3), i.e., the tithi immediately following the given tithi. There
is no probability of a kshaya or vriddhi shortly before or after this
{^Art 14.2). Deduct, therefore, i from (</) and (w)
164 = (Table IX.) 13th June; o = Saturday.
Answer. — 13th June, 1265 A.D., Saturday, (as required).
9609:
164
(d.) Conversion of dates A.D. " into Hindu luni-solar dates.
151. Given a year, month, and date A.D., write down in a horizontal line \t.v) the week-
day number, and (a), (b). (c) (Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24. 25) of the initial day (Chaitra s. i) of the
Hindu Chaitradi (Saka) year corresponding to the given year; remembering that if the given
date A.D. is earlier than such initial day, the (jc) (a) (U) (f) of the previous Hindu year' must be
taken. Subtract the date-indicator of the initial date (in brackets. Table I., col. 19) from the date
number of the given date (Table IX.), remembering that, if the initial day of the previous Hindu
year has been taken, the number to be taken from Table IX. is that on the right-hand side, and
not that on the left [see also N.B. it. below). The remainder is the number of days which have
intervened between the beginning of the Hindu year and the required date. Write down, under
their respective heads, the (w) {a) {Ji) (c) of the number of intervening days from Table IV.,
and add them together as before (see rules for conversion of limi-solar dates ittto dates A. D.). Add
to {a) the equation for {b) and (c) (Tables VI., VII.) and the sum (/) will indicate the tithi (Table VIII.)
at sunrise of the given day ; {w) is its week-day. To the number of intervening days add its
sixtieth * part. See the number of tithis next lower than this total ° (Table III., col. 3) and the
lunar month along the same line (col. 2). Then this month is the month preceding the required
month, and the following month is the required month.
When there is an added month in the year, as shown along the line in col. 8 or $a of
Table I., if it comes prior to the resulting month, the month next preceding the resulting month
It is found by actual ralcuktion under Art. 1B6 that the given nskshatra falls on the same date, and therefore we know
that the above result is correct.
2 Tliis problem is easier than its converse, the number of intervening days here being certain
■' If the Rule I((i) in Art. 104 (Tabic II,, Part iii.) be applied, this latter part of the rule necessarily follows.
•' A o'Jth part, or more properly 03rd, should be added, but by adding a 60th, which is more convenient, there will be no
difference in the ultimate result Neglect the fraction half or less, and take more than half as c<iuivalcnt to one.
'< This total is the approximate number of tithis which have intervened. When it is the same as, or very near to, the number of
tithis forming the collective duration up to the cud of a month (as given in col. S, Tabic 111.), there will be some doubt about the re-
quired month ) but this diHiculty will be easily solved by comparing together the resulting tithi and the number of tithis which have intervened.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. Qi
is the required month ; if the added niontli is the same as the resulting month, the date belongs
to that added month itself; and if the resulting month comes earlier than the added month,
the result is not affected.
When there is a suppressed month in the year, if it is the same as, or prior to, the resulting
month, the month next following the resulting month is the required month. If it is subsequent
to the resulting month the result is not affected. If the resulting month falls after both an
added and suppressed month the result is unaffected.
From the date in a Chaitradi year thus found, any other Hindu year corresponding to
it can be found, if required, by reference to Table II., Parts ii., and iii.
The tithi thus found is the tithi corresponding to the given date A.D. ; but sometimes a
tithi which is current at any moment of an A.D. date may be said to be its corresponding tithi.
N.B. i. See N.B. ii.. Art. 147; but for "+ 11 " read " — 11".
N.B. ii. If the given A.D. date falls in a leap-year after 29th February, or if its date-number
is more than 365 (taken from the right-hand side of Table IX.) and the year next preceding it
was a leap-year, add i to the date-number before subtracting the date-indicator from it.
Example xv. Required the tithi and month in the Saka year corresponding to
7th June, 1780 A.D.
The Saka year corresponding to the given date is 1703 current. Its initial day falls on
(4) Wednesday, 5th April, the date-indicator being 96. w. a. b. c.
(Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24, 25) 4 i 657 267
7th June = .... 158 (Table IX.)
Add -f I for leap-year (N.B. ii.)
159
Deduct 96 the {d) of the initial date
(Table I., col. 19).
Days that have intervened 63. By Table IV. 63 = . . .0 1334 286 172
4 1335 943 439
Equation for {b) (943) (Table VI.) 90
Do. {e) (439) (Table VII.) 38
4 1463=/-
Sukla 5th (Table VIII.) is the required tithi. and (4) Wednesday is the week-day. Now
63 +-J5-=64A.. The next lowest number in col. 3, Table III., is 60. which shows Vaisakha to
be the preceding month. Jyeshtha is therefore the required month.
Answer. — Saka 1703 current, Jyeshtha sukla 5th, Wednesday.
If the exact beginning or ending time of the tithi is required, proceed as in example i
above {Art. 148.)
We have seen in example i above {Art. 148) that this Jyeshtha 5th ended, and sukla 6th
commenced, at 13 h. 11 m. after sunrise on the given date; and after that hour sukla 6th cor-
responded with the given date. Sukla 6th therefore may be sometimes said to correspond
to the given date as well as sukla 5th.
Example xvl — Required the tithi and month in the southern Vikrama year correspond-
ing to 1 2th September, 1776 A.D.
92 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
The Saka year corresponding to the given date is 1699 current. Its initial date
falls on 20th March (80), 4 Wednesday, A.D. 1776. Bhadrapada was intercalated in that
year.
w. a. b. c.
(Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24, 25) 4 9841 54 223
12 September := . . . 255 (Table IX.)
Add I for leap-year {N.B. ii.)
256
Deduct 80 the {d) of tlie initial day.
Days that have intervened 176=: (Table IV.) i 9599 387 482
5 9440 441 705
Equation for {b) (441) (Table VI.) 191
Do. {c) (70s) (Table VII.) 118
5 9749 = t.
This indicates (Table VIII.) krishna 30th (amavasya, or new moon day), Thursday.
The intervening tithis are 176 + — — 179. The number next below this in col. 3, Table III.,
is 150, and shows that Sravana preceded the required month. But Bhadrapada was intercalated
this year and it immediately followed Sravana. Therefore the resulting tithi belongs to the
intercalated or adhika Bhadrapada.
A/iszuer. — Adhika Bhadrapada kri : 30th of Saka 1699 current, that is adhika Bhadrapada
kri. 30th of the Southern Vikrama Karttikadi year 1833 current, 1832 expired. (Table II., Part ii.).
E.V.\MPLE XVII. Required the Telugu and Tula equivalents of December 1st, 1822 A.D.
The corresponding Telugu or Tuju Chaitradi Saka year is 1745 current. Asvina was
intercalary and Pausha was expunged (col. 8, Table I.). Its initial date falls on 24 March (83),
A.D. 1822, (i) Sunday.
zu. a. b. c.
Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24, 25) i 212 899 229
1st Decembers . . . 335 (Table IX.)
Deduct 83 (The d. of the initial day)
Days that have intervened 252 = (Table IV.) o 5335 145 690
I 5547 44 9>9
Equation for {b) (44) (Table IV.) 180
Do. \c) (919) (Do. VII.) 90
The results give us knshna 3, Sunday (i), (Table VIII.) . i 5817 = /.
252 +^ = 256. The number next below 256 in col. 3, Table III., is 240. and shews that
Karttika preceded the required month, and the required month would therefore be Marga-
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 93
sirsha. But Asvina, which is prior to Margasirsha, was intercalated. Karttika therefore is the
required month. Pausha was expunged, but being later than Karttika the result is not affected.
Answer. — Sunday, Karttika (Telugu), or Jarde (Tulu) (Table II., Part] ii.), kr. 3rd of the
year Chitrabhanu, Saka 1745 (1744 expired). Kali j'ear 4923 expired.
Example XVIII. Required the tithi and purnimanta month in the Saka year corresponding
to 1 8th January, 1541 A.U.
The given date is prior to Chaitra .sukla 1 in the given year. We take therefore the
initial day in the previous year, A.D. 1540, which falls on Tuesday the 9th^ March (69).
The corresponding Saka year is 1463 current. w. a. b. c.
(Table I., cols. 20, 23, 24, 25) 3 108 756 229
1 8th January = . . 383 (Table IX.)
Add for leap-year . . i (N.B. ii., latter part.)
384
Deduct 69 (The d. of the initial day.)
No. of intervening days. . 3 15 = (by Table IV.) O 6669 432 862
3 6777 188 9J
Equation for (/;) (188) (Table VI.) 269
Do. (c) (91) (Do. VII.) 28
3 7074 = t.
The result gives us krishna 7th, Tuesday (3) (Table VIII.).
315 + ^ = 320 tithis. The next lower number to 320 in col. 3, Table III., is
300, which shews Pausha as preceding the required month, and the required month would
therefore be Magha. Asvina, however, which is prior to Magha, was intercalary in this year;
Pausha, therefore, would be the required month ; but it was expunged ; Magha, therefore, becomes
again the required month. Adhika Asvina and kshaya Pausha being both prior to Magha, they
do not affect the result. By Table II. amanta Magha krishna is purnimanta Phalguna krishna.
Therefore purnimanta Phalguna krishna 7th, Tuesday, Saka 1463 current, is the required date.
(e.) Conversion of A.D. dates into Hindu solar dates.
152. Given a year, month, and date A.D., write down from Table I. in a horizontal line the
{d) {w) and (Ii) (m) (the time) ofthe Meshasankranti, by thcf^r/a or5«r)'a-5?(3W/«««/a ^ as the case
may require, of the Hindu Meshadi year, remembering that if the given day A.D. is earlier than the
Mesha safikranti day in that year the previous^ Hindu year must be taken. Subtract the date-indicator
of the Mesha sankranti day from the date-number of the given date (Table IX.), remembering
that if the Mesha sankranti time of the previous Hindu year is taken the number to be taken
from Table IX. is that on the right-hand side, and not that on the left [see also Art. iji, N.B. ii.) ; the
remainder is the number of days which intervened between the Mesha sankranti and the given
day. Find from Table III., cols. 6, 7, 8 or 9, as the case may be, the number next below that
number of intervening days. Write its three quantities {d), {iv), and the time of the .sankranti
{h. ;«.), under their respective heads, and add together the three quantities separately {See Art. i^p
1 See Art. 21, and notes 1 and 2, and Arts. 93 and 96.
2 See note 4, p. 90.
94 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
above). The sum is the time of the astronomical beginning of the required month, and the
month next following that given in col. 5, on the line of the next lowest number, is the month
required.
Ascertain the day of the civil beginning of the current required month by the rules in
Art. 28. When it falls on the same day as the safikranti day, or the following, or the third day,
respectively, subtract i from, or add o or i to, both [d) and iw). Subtract (</) from the date-number
of the given date. The remainder is the required Hindu day. Add that remainder, casting out
sevens from it, to (w). The sum is the week-day required.
From the Meshadi year and the sign-name of the month thus found, any other corresponding
Hindu year can be found by reference to Table III., Parts ii., and iii.
Observe the cautions contained in N.B. i. and ii. to Art. 151.
Example XIX. Required the Tamil, Tinnevelly, and South and North Malayalam equiva-
lents of 30th May, 1803 A.D. (See example 14, p. 76.)
The corresponding Meshadi Saka year current is 1726. Its Mesha sankranti falls on
April nth (lOi), 2 Monday. The Arya Siddhania z.^^\\q.%. (See Art. 21.)
d. w. Ji. m.
(Table I., cols. 13 14, 17) loi 2 10 7
May 30th = . 150 (Table IX.)
Deduct . . . 1 01, the (^) of the initial day.
Intervening days 49
The number next below 49, (Table III., col. 7), for the end of
Mesha and beginning of Vrishabha, is 30, and we have .... 30 2 22 12
[Total of hours — 32. i day of 24 hours carried over to (d) and (tc).]
Astronomical beginning of Vrishabha 1325 819
By all South Indian reckonings, except that in the South Mala-
yalam country, the month begins civilly on the same day as the
sankranti. Subtract, therefore, i from (d) and (w) 11
131 4
Subtract 131 id) from the number of the given date . . . 150
Remainder, 19, is the required date in the month of Vrishabha. 19
Add 19, casting out sevens, to {iv) 5
Required week-day 2
Answer. — Monday, 19th day of the month Vrishabha, Tamil Vaigasi, of Saka 1726
current (1725 expired); Kali 4904 expired (Table I., or Table II., Part iii.); Tinnevelly Andu
978, Vaigasi 19th; North Malayajam Andu 978, Edavam 19th.
The Vrishabha sankranti took place 8 h. 19 m. after sunrise, viz., not witliin the first -itlis
of the day. Therefore by the South Malayajam system the month Vrishabha began civilly, not
on (s) Thursday, but on the following day (6) Friday. Therefore we have to add or subtract
nothing from 132 and 5. Subtracting 132 from 150, the remainder, i8th, is the required day.
Adding (18-5-7) to 5 (w) we get (2) Monday as the required week-day. Therefore Monday iSth
of Edavam, Kollam Andu 978, is the required South Malayalam equivalent.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 95
Example XX. Required the week-day and Bengali date at Calcutta corresponding to
March 3rd, 1855 A.D. The Siirya-Siddlianta is the authority in Bengal. The given day is
earlier than the Mesha sankranti in the year given. We must take therefore as our .starting-
point tlie Mesha sankranti of the previous year, which falls on nth April (loi), Tuesday, (3)
Saka 1777 current, A.D. 1854.
d. w. h. III.
(Table I., cols. 13, 14, 17a) loi 3 17 13
Difference of longitude for Calcutta (Table XI.) +50
March 3rd, 1855= . . 427 (Table IX.)
Deduct [d) of the initial day loi
Intervening days . 326
The number next below 326 (Table III. col. 9), for the end of
Makara and beginning of Kumbha is 305 422
The astronomical beginning of Kumbha, after midnight on Saturday 1= 406 o 20 5
The civil beginning falls on the third day, Monday (Art. 28). We
add therefore i to {d) and {w) 11
The last civil day of Makara =: 407 i
Subtract (d) 407 from the date number of 3rd March . . . ,^427
Remainder 20, and the required date is 20th Kumbha. . . 20
Add 20 to (ic) casting out sevens 6
The required week-day is Saturday o
The Bengali month corresponding to Kumbha is Phalguna (Table II., Part ii.).
Answer. — The 20th day of Phalguna, Saturday, Saka, 1776 expired. (See example x above.)
Example xxl Required the South Indian solar dates equivalent to 2nd September, 1 848 A.D.
The corresponding Meshadi Saka year (currentj is 177 1. It commenced on i ith April
(102), Tuesday (3).
d. w. h. m.
(Table I., cols. 13, 14, 17) . 102 3 i 30
2nd Septembers .... 245 (Table IX.)
Add I for leap-year ... i (^N.B. ii, Art. 151.)
Date-number of the given day 246
Deduct {d') of the initial day . 102
Intervening days .... 144
The number next below 144, (col. 7, Table III.), for the end of
Karka and beginning of Sirhha is 125, and we write 125 6 9 38
The astronomical beginning of Sirhha is 227 211 8
This is the civil beginning by one of tlie Southern systems.
96 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
d. w. Ii. m.
(Brought over) . . . 277 2 1 1 8
Subtract i from (</) and (zu) 11
Last civil day of Karka — 226 i
Subtract 226 from the date number 246 (Table IX.) of the
given day 246
Required date in the month Siihha 20
Add this to (zv) casting out sevens 6
The required week-day is Saturday o
The equivalents are therefore: — (see Table II., Part ii.)
Saturday 19th Chingam, South Malayalam Andu 1024 (See example XII., p. 89.)
Do. 20th Do. North Do. 1023
Do. 20th Avani Tinnevelly Aiidu 1024
Do. 20th Do. Tamil Saka year 1771 (current).
(f.) Deter7nination of Karanas.
153. We now proceed to give rules for finding the karanas on a given day, — the
exact moments of their beginning and ending, and the karana current at sunrise on any given
day, or at any moment of any given day.
The karanas ^ of a given tithi may be found by the following rule. Multiply the number
of expired tithis by two. Divide this by 7 ; and the remainder is the karana for the current half
of the tithi. Exainple. — Find the karana for the second half of krishna 8th. The number of
expired tithis from the beginning of the month is (15 +7-!=) 22-i-. 22-i-X2=:4S. Casting
out sevens the 3rd, or Kaulava, is the required karana.
154. To find the exact moments on which the karanas corresponding to a given tithi
begin and end. Find the duration of the tithi from its beginning and ending moments, as calculated
by the method given in Arts. 139, 144, and 145 above. The first half of the tithi is the period
of duration of its first karana, and the second half that of the second.
EX/\MPLE XXII. Find the karanas, and the periods of their duration, current on Jyeshtha
sukla paiichami (5th) of the Saka year 1702 expired (1703 current). From Table VIII., cols. 4
and 5 we observe that (i) Bava is the first, and (2) Balava is the second, karana corresponding
to the 5th tithi. In the first example above {Art. 1^8) we have found that the tithi commenced
on Tuesday, 6th June, A.D. 1 780. at 1 5 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise, and that it ended on Wednesday,
7th June, at 13 h. 11 m. after mean sunrise. It lasted therefore for 21 h. 37 m. (8 h. 26 m. on
Tuesday and 13 h. 1 1 m. on Wednesday). Half of this duration is 10 h. 48 m. The Bava
karana lasted therefore from 1 5 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, June 6th, to 2 h. 22 m.
after mean sunrise on Wednesday, June 7th, and the Balava karana lasted thence to the end of the tithi.
155. The karana at sunrise or at any other time can of course easily be found by the
above method. It can also be calculated independently by finding the (/) for the time given.
Its beginning or ending time also can be found, with its index, by the same method as is used
for that of a tithi. The index of a karana can be easily found from that of a tithi by finding
the middle point of the latter. For example, the index of tlie middle point of sukla 14th
1 For the definition uf j^arapiu, and othor information regarding them, see Arts. 10 and 40.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 97
is 4500, or 4333 + half the difference between 4333 and 4667 {Table VIII.), and therefore the
indices for the beginning and ending of the 5th karana on sukla 14th are 4333 and 4500, and
of the 6th karana on the same tithi 4500 and 4667.
EX/\Mi'LE xxii(a). Find the karana at sunrise on Wednesday the 7th June, A.D. 1780,
Jyeshtha sukla 5th, Saka 1702 expired (1703 current).
In examples i. and xv. above we have found (/) at the given sunrise to be 1463. Turning
with this to Table VIII. we see that the karana was the ist or 2nd. The index of the first is
1333 to 1500, and therefore the first karana, Bava, was current at the given sunri.se.
(g) Determination of Nakshatras.
156. To find the Jiakshatra at sunrise, or at any other moment, 0/ an Indian or European
date. If the given date be other than a tithi or a European date, turn it into one or other
of these. F"ind the (a) {I?) {c) and (/) for the given moment by the method given in Arts. 139,
148 or 151, (Examples i. or xv.) above. Multiply ((■)by ten; add 7207 to the product, and from this
sum subtract the equation for {c) (Table VII.). Call the remainder {s). Add (s) to (t). Call the result («).
Taken as an index, («) shows, by Table VIII., col. 6, 7, 8, the nakshatra current at the given
moment as calculated by the ordinary system.
157. If the nakshatra according to the Garga or Brahma Siddhdnta system is required,
use cols. 9 or 10 respectively of Table VIII.
158. The beginning or ending time of the nakshatra can be calculated in the same
manner as that of a tithi. Since (r) is expressed in loooths, and looooths of it are neglected, the
time will not be absolutely correct.
Example xxni. Find the nakshatra current at sunrise on Wednesday, Jyeshtha sukla
5th, Saka 1702 e-xpired, (7th June, 1780 A.D.)
Equation
'• '^- for c. (Table VII.)
As calculated in Example i. or xv. above . 1463 . 439 38
Multiply (<■) by 10 . 439X10=4390
Add .... 7207
1597
Subtract equation for (r) .... 38
Add (.) to (/-) 1559 .... 1559= C-f)
3022 = («)
This result («) gives Aslesha (Table VIII., cols. 6, 7, 8) as the required current nakshatra
The («) so found 3022 — 2963 (index to beginning point of Aslesha) =; 59. Therefore
Aslesha begins 3 h. 52 m. (Table X., col. 4) before sunrise on the Wednesday.
3333 (snd of Aslesha) — 3022(«) = 3ii, and therefore Aslesha ends (i9h. 40 m. f 43 m. =)
20 h. 23 m. after sunrise on the Wednesday.
For greater accuracy we may proceed as in Example i {Art. 14S.)
(h.) Determination of Yogas.
1 59. The next problem is to find the yoga at sunrise or at any other moment of an
Indian or European date. If the given date is other than a tithi or a European date, turn it
7
98 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
into one or the other of these. Find {a) (/>) (c) (/) (s) and («) for the given moment as above
{Ar/. ijd). Add (s) to («). Call the sum fj'J. This, as index, shews by Table VIII., cols, ii, 12,
13, the yoga current at the given moment.
Ex.\MPLE XXIV. Find the yoga at sunrise on Jyeshtha sukla 5th, Saka 1702 e.xpired,
7th June, 1780 A.D.
As calculated in example xviii. (•?)= i5S9 («) = 3022
Add («) to (.f) {") — 3022
Required yoga 0')= • • • 458' =('3) Vyaghata (Table VIII.).
We find the beginning point of Vyaghata from this.
The (j') so found 4581 — 4444 (beginning point of Vyaghata) = 137 := (6 h. 6 m. + 2 h.
15 m. =)8h. 21 m. before .sunri.se on Wednesday (Table X., col. 5).
The end of Vyaghata is found thus:
(End of Vyaghata) 4815 — 4581 (j) = 234 =(12 h. 12 m. + 2 h. 4 m. =) 14 h. 16 m. after
sunrise on Wednesday.
(i.) Verification of Indian dates.
1 60. {See Art. ij2.) The following is an example of the facility afforded by the Tables
in this volume for verifying Indian dates.
Example xxv. Suppose an inscription to contain the following record of its date, —
"Saka 666, Karttika krishna amavasya (30), Sunday, nakshatra Hasta." The problem is to verify
this date and find its equivalent A.D. There is nothing here to shew whether the given year
is current or expired, whether the given month is amanta or purnimanta, and whether, if the
year be the current one, the intercalary month in it was taken as true or mean.^
First let us suppose that the year is an expired one (667 current) and the month amanta.
There was no intercalary month in that year. The given month would therefore be the eighth,
and the number of intervening months from the beginning of the year is 7.
d. w. a. b. c.
Saka 667 current. (Table I., cols. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25) .... 80 6 324 773 278
210 (7 months) + 15 (sukla) + 14 (kr. amavasya is 15, and i must
be substracted by rule) ::= 239 tithis = 235 days 235 4 9578 529 643
315 3 9902 302 921
liquation for (/;) (302) (Table VI.) 271
Do. \c) (921) (Do. VII.) 90
3 263 = A
This gives us Tuesday, .sukla ist (Table VIII.). Index, ("=263, proves that 263 parts of
the tithi had expired at sunrise on Tuesday, and thence we learn that this .sukla i .st commenced
on Monday, and that the preceding tithi kri. 30 would possibly commence on Sunday. If so, can
we connect the tithi kri. 30 with the Sunday f Let us see.
1 'I'liia nill illnati-atc- llic daiiKiT uf Inistiii); l.i 'I'ablin XIV. iiiij XV. ill iiniiDi-liiiit casi'.i.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. 99
d. w. a. h. c.
Already obtained 3153 9902 302 92 1
Subtract value for two days (Table IV.) 22 677 73 5
313 I 9225 229 916
Equation for (b) (229) (Table VI.) 279
Do. (c) (916) (Do. VII.) 91
1 9595 - 1.
This index gives us krishna 14th (Table VIII.) as current at sunrise on Sunday (i). The
tithi ended and kri. 30 commenced (9667 — 9595 = 72 rr) 5 h. 6 m. after sunrise on Sunday.
This kri. 30 therefore can be connected with a Sunday, and if the nakshatra comes right — Hasta
— then this would be the given date. We calculate the nakshatra at sunrise on Sunday.
t. c.
As calculated above 9595 916
{c) multiplied by 10 916X10 = 9160
Add constant 7207
6367
Subtract the equation for (r) (Table VII.) 91
Add {s) to {() 6276 6276 = (j)
5871 =(«)
This index («) gives nakshatra No. 16 Visakha (Table VIII., col. 6, 7, 8). Therefore No. 13
Hasta had already passed, and this proves that the date obtained above is incorrect.
Now if Karttika in the given record be purnimanta, the amanta month corresponding (Table II.,
Part i) would be Asvina, the 7th month, and it is possible that Asvina kri. 30, falling back as it
does 29 or 30 days from the date calculated, might fall on a Sunday. Let us see if it did so.
d. w. a. h. c.
Chaitra sukla i, Saka d^i current (as above) 80 6 324 773 278
180 (6 expired months) + 15 (sukla) + 14 {see abo7'e) ■=20g tithis
= 206 days 206 3 9758 476 564
286 2 82 249 842
?:quation for {b) (249) (Table VI.) 280
Do. (r) (842) (Do. VII.) Ill
2 473 = W
The result gives us Monday, sukla 2nd. '
1 Note that this tipproximate calculation, which is the same as that by method B, comes out actually nTong by two days.
100 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
d. zv. a. b. c.
State the figures for this 286 2 82 249 842
Subtract value for two days (Table IV.) 22 677 73 5
284 o 9405 176 837
Equation for (b) (176) (Table VI.) 265
Do. (f) (842) (Do. VII.) 112
o 9782
This gives Saturday krishna (30), amavasya. i.e., that tithi had (10,000 — 9782) 218 parts to
run at sunrise on Saturday. Therefore it ended on Saturday, and cannot be connected with a
Sunday. Here again we have not the correct date.
Now let us suppose that the given year 666 is a current amanta year. Then the given
month, Karttika, is amanta, and the intercalary month was Bhadrapada. The given month would
be the 9th.
d. w. a. b. c.
Chaitra .sukla 1st, Saka 666 current (Table I.) 61 o 289 837 227
240 (for 8 months) + 15 (sukla) + 14 (as aboz/e) :=.26g tithies — 265
days (Table IV.) 265 6 9737 617 726
326 6 26 454 953
Equation for (/-) (454) (Table VI.) 180
iJo (<•) (953) (Uo. VII.) ■ 78
6 284 = (/)
This gives us Friday, sukla ist. The preceding day is krishna amavasya, and this
therefore ends on Thursday and can in no way be connected with a Sunday. This date is
therefore again wrong. The amavasya of the previous month (29 days back) would end on a
Wednesday or perhaps Tuesday, so that cannot help us. If we go back yet a month more, it
is possible that the krishna amavasya might fall on a Sunday. That month could only be called
Karttika if it were treated according to the purnimanta system and if there were no intercalary
month. The given month would then be the 7th in the year. We test this as usual.
d. w. ti. b. c.
Chaitra .sukla ist, Saka 666 current 61 o 289 837 227
1 80 (6 expired months) + 1 5 sukla + 1 4 [as before) — 209 tithis = 206
days (Table IV.) 206 3 9758 476 564
267 3 47 3'3 791
Equation for {h) (313) (Table VI.) 269
Do. (f) (791) (Do. VII.) 119
3 435=/-
This gives Tuesday,' ^ukla 2nd, two tithis in advance of the required one.
1 In this cniu' tlii' I'eaull by the ii|i|ji'<ixiijiiiti' mi'thiiJ A ur II nill \k nroiig by tno >ln\s.
THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR. roi
Wc may either subtract the value of (lu) (a) (h) (f) for two days from their value as already
obtained, or may add the value for (206—2 =) 204 days to the value at the beginning of the
year. We try the latter.
d. w. a. b. c.
Chaitra sukla 1st, Saka 666 current (Table I.) 61 O 289 837 227
204 days (Table IV.) 204 i 9081 403 559
265 I 9370 240 786
Equation for (/;) (240) (Table VI.) 280
Do. ('■) (786) (Do. VII.) 119
I 9769 = t.
This gives us krishna amavasya, (i) Sunday, as required.
(^0 = 265 = (Table IX.) 22nd September, 743 A.D. (Table I.). From Table XIII. we see
that the week-day is right. If the nakshatra Hasta comes right, then this is the given date.
We calculate it according to rule.
/. c.
As already obtained 97^9 l'^^
(c) multiplied by 10 7860
Add constant 7207
5067
Subtract the equation for (c) (786) (Table VII.) 119
Add (j) to (/) 4948 4948 = (.f)
4717 = («)
This result gives No. 13 Hasta (Table VIII.) as required.
This therefore is the given date. Its equivalent A.D. is 22nd September, 743 A.D. The
data were imaginary. If they had been taken from an actual record they would have proved
that mean and not true intercalary months were in use in A.D. 743, because we have found
that there was no intercalary month prior to the given month Karttika. The mean intercalary month
in that year (Table I.) was the 9th month, Margasirsha, and of course Karttika was unaffected by it.
i6o(/J). See page of Addenda and Errata.
PART V.
THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.
161. The Muhammadan era of the Hijra, or "flight," dates from the flight of Muhammad
(Anglice Mahomet) which took place, according to the Hissabi or astronomical reckoning, on the
evening of July 15th, A.D. 622. But in the Hela/i, or chronological reckoning, Friday, July i6th,
is made the initial date. The era was introduced by the Khalif Umar.
I02 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
162. The year is purely lunar, and the month begins with the first heliacal rising of the
moon after the new moon. The year is one of 354 days, and of 355 in intercalary years. The
months have alternately 30 and 29 days each (but see below), with an extra day added to the
last month eleven times in a cycle of thirty years. These are usually taken as the 2nd, 5th, 7th,
lOth, 13th, 15th, i8th, 2ist, 24th, 26th, and 29th in the cycle, but Jervis gives the 8th, i6th,
19th, and 27th as intercalary instead of the 7th, 15th, 18th and 26th, though he mentions the
usual list. Ulug Beg mentions the i6th as a leap-year. It may be taken as certain that the
practice varies in different countries, and sometimes even at different periods in the same country.
30 years are equal to (354 x 30+ 11=) 10,631 days and the mean length of the year is
354,^ days.i
Since each Hijra year begins 10 or 11 civil days earlier than the last, in the course of
33 years the beginning of the Muhammadan year runs through the whole course of the seasons.
163. Table XVI. gives a complete list of the initial dates of the Muhammadan Hijra years
from A.D. 300 to A.D. 1 900. The asterisk in col. i shews the leap-years, when the year consists
of 355 days, an extra day being added to the last month Zi'1-hijjat. The numbers in brackets
following the date in col. 3 refer to Table IX. (see abo've, Art. pij), and are for purposes of
cilculaticn as shewn below.
Muhammadan Months.
Days.
Muharram
Safar
Rabi-ul awwal
Rabi-ul akhir, or Rabi-us sani.
Jumada'l awwal
Jumada'l akhir, or Jumada-s sani
30
29
30
29
30
29
30
59
89
118
148
177
Rajab
Sha'ban .
Ramazan
Shawwal
30
29
30
29
Zi-1-ka'da 1 30
Zi-I-hijja 29 /
In leap-years . . . 30 ^
207
236
266
295
325
354/
3S5<
164. Since the Muhammadan year invariably begins with the heliacal rising of the moon,
or her first observed appearance on the western horizon shortly after the sunset following the
new-moon (the amavasya day of the Hindu luni-solar calendar), it follows that this rising is due about
the end of the first tithi (sukla pratipada) of every lunar month, and that she is actually seen on
the evening of the civil day corresponding to the 1st or 2nd tithi of the sukla (bright) fortnight.
As, however, the Muhammadan day — contrary to Hindu practice, which counts the day from
sunrise to sunrise — consists of the period from sunset to sunset, the first date of a Muhammadan
month is always entered in Hindu almanacks as corresponding with the next following Hindu
civil day. For instance, if the heliacal rising of the moon takes place shortly after sunset on a
Saturday, the ist day of the Muhammadan month is, in Hindu pafichangs, coupled with tlie
' \ year of the Hijra = 0.970223 of 0 Gregorian year, and a Gregorian ycai-= 1 030C9 ycare of the Hijra. Thus 32Gri^-
rian years arc about c<jual to 33 years of the Hijra, or more nearly 163 Gregoriau ycam are within less than a day of 168 Hijra years.
THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.
•03
Sunday which bec^ins at Ihc next sunrise. Rut the Muhanimadan day and the first day
of the Muhanimadan month begin witli the Saturday sunset. {See Arl. jo, and the paiichahg
extract attached.)
165. It will be well to note that where the first tithi of a month ends not less than 5
ghatikas, about two hours, before sunset, the heliacal rising of the moon will most probably take
place on the same evening ; but where the first tithi ends 5 ghatikas or more after sunset the
heliacal rising will probably not take place till the following evening. When the first tithi ends
within these two periods, i.e., 5 ghatikas before or after sunset, the day of the heliacal rising
can only be ascertained by elaborate calculations. In the panchang extract appended to Art. 30
it is noted that the heliacal rising of the moon takes place on the day corresponding to September ist.
166. It must also be specially noted that variation of latitude and longitude .sometimes
causes a difference in the number of days in a month; for since the beginning of the Muhammadan
month depends on the heliacal rising of the moon, the month may begin a day earlier at one
place than at another, and therefore the following month may contain in one case a day more
than in the other. Hence it is not right to lay down a law for all places in the world where
Muhammadan reckoning is used, asserting that invariably months have alternately 29 and 30
days. The month Safar, for instance, is said to have 29 days, but in the panchang extract given
above {Art. jo) it has 30 days. No universal rule can be made, therefore, and each case can
only be a matter of calculation. ' The rule may be accepted as fairly accurate.
167. The days of the week are named as in the following Table.
Days of the Week.
Hindustani.
Persian.
Ara/>ic.
Hindi.
I. Sun.
Itwar.
Yak-shamba.
Yaumu'1-ahad.
Rabi-bar.
2. Mon.
Somwar, or Pir.
Do-shamba.
„ -isnain.
Som-bar.
3. Tues.
Mangal.
Sih-shamba.
,, -salasa'.
Mangal-bar.
4. Wed.
Budh.
Chahar-shamba.
„ -arba'.
Budh-bar.
5. Thurs.
Jum'a-rat.
Panj-shamba.
„ -khamis.
Brihaspati-bar.
6. Fri.
Jum'a.
Adina.
„ -Jum'ah.
Sukra-bar.
7. Sat.
Sanichar.
Shamba, or Hafta.
Yaumu's-sab't.
Sani-bar.
Old and New style.
168. The New Style was introduced into all the Roman Catholic countries in Europe
from October 5th, 1582 A.D., the year 1600 remaining a leap-year, while it was ordained that
1700, 1800, and 1900 should be common and not leap-years. This was not introduced into
England till September 3rd, A.D. 1752. In the Table of Muhammadan initial dates we have
given the comparative dates according to English computation, and if it is desired to assimilate
the date to that of any Catholic country, 10 days must be added to the initial dates given by
us from Hijra 991 to Hijra iiii inclusive, and 11 days from H. 11 12 to 1165 inclusive. Thus,
for Catholic countries H. 1002 must be taken as beginning on September 27th, A.D. 1593.
1 So far as I know no European chronologist of the present century has noticed this point. Tables could be constructed for
the heliacal rising of the moon in every month of every year, but it would be too great a work for the present publication. [S. B. D.]
104 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
The Catholic dates will be found in Professor R. Wiistenfeld's " VergleichungsTabellen
der Miihainiiiadanisckcn iind Christlichen Zcitrcclumng" {Leipzic 18^4).
To convert a date A.H. into a date A.D.
169. Rule I. Given a Muhammadan year, month, and date. Take down {w) the week-
day number of the initial day of the given year from Table XVI., col. 2, and {d) the date-indicator
in brackets given in col. 3 of the same Table {Art. i6t, and pj above) Add to each the
collective duration up to the end of the month preceding the one given, as also the moment of
the given date minus i {Table in Art. i6j above). Of the two totals the first gives the day
of the week by casting out sevens, and the second gives the day of the month with reference
to Table IX.
Rule 2. Where the day indicated by the second total falls on or after February 29th in
an English leap-year, reduce the total by one day.
Rule 3. For Old and New Style between Hijra 991 and 1165 see the preceding article.
Example i. Required the English equivalent of 20th Muharram, A.H. 1260.
A.H. 1260 begins (Table XVI.) January 22nd, 1844.
{w) Col. 2 (d) Col. 3
2 22
Given date minus i rr 19 19
21 41 = (Table IX.) Feb. loth.
Cast out sevens = 21
o =: Saturday.
Answer. — Saturday, February loth, A.D. 1844.
Examplf; 2. Required the English equivalent of 9th Rajab, A.H. 131 1.
A.H. 1311 begins July 15th, 1893.
w. d.
o 196
9th Rajab = (177 -f 8)= 185 185
7 I 185 381 =Jan. 1 6th, 1S94.
(26) 3 — Tuesday.
Answer. — Tuesday, January i6th, A.D. 1894.
This last example has been designedly introduced to prove the point we have insisted on
viz., that care must be exercised in dealing with Muhammadan dates. According to Traill's
Indian Diary, Comparative Table of Dates, giving the correspondence of English, Bengali, N.W.
Fasali, "Samvat", Muhammadan, and Burmese dates, Rajab 1st corresponded with January 9th,
and therefore Rajab 9th was Wednesday, January 17th, but Letts and Whitaker give Rajab ist
as corresponding with January 8th, and therefore Rajab 9th — Tuesday, January 16th, as by
our Tables.
THE .MLII.\MM.\n.\X CALENDAR. 105
To convert a date A.D. into a date A.H.
170. Rule I. Take down (w) the week-day number of the initial day of the corresponding
Muhammadan year, or the year previous if the given date falls before its initial date, from Table
XVI., col. 2, and [d) the corresponding date-indicator in brackets as given in col. 3. Subtract («f)
from the collective duration up to the given A.D. date, as given in Table IX., Parts i. or ii. as
the case may be. .-Xdd the remainder to (zy). From the same remainder subtract the collective
duration given in the Table in Art. 163 above which is next lowest, and add r. Of these two
totals (ic) gives, by casting out sevens, the day of the week, and (</) the date of the Muhammadan
montli following that whose collective duration was taken.
Rule 2. When the given English date is in a leap-year, and falls on or after February 29th,
or when its date-number is more than 365 (taken from the right-hand side of Table IX.), and
the year preceding it was a leap-year, add i to the collective duration given in Table IX.
Rule 3. For Old and New Style see above. Art. 167.
Example. Required the Muhammadan equivalent of January i6th, 894 A.D.
Since by Table XVI. we see that A.H. 1312 began July 5th, 1894 A.D., it is clear that
we must take the figures of the previous year. This gives us the following :
o 196
Jan. 16th (Table IX.) -381
— 196
185 185
7 I 185
(26) 3:= Tuesday. Coll. dur. (Art. 163)— 177
8
+ I
9
Answer. — Tuesday, Rajab 9th, A.H. 131 1.
Perpetual Muhammadan Calendar.
By the kindness of Dr. J. Burgess we are able to publish the following perpetual Muham-
madan Calendar, which is verj' simple and may be found of use. Where the week-day is known
this Calendar gives a choice of four or five days in the month. But where it is not known it must
be found, and in that case our own process will be the simpler, besides fixing the day exactly
instead of merely giving a choice of several days.
io6
THE TNDIAN CALENDAR.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
PERPETUAL MUHAMMADAN
5-
420
450
480
510
540
370
600
CALENDAR.
£
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1260
1080
1290
1110
1320
1140
1350
1170
1380
1200
1410
1230
1440
For odd years.
\
0
5»
8
13'
21*
29»
Dominical Letters.
""e^
G
B
D
F
A
C
1
9
17
25
C
E
G
B
U
F
A
2*
10*
18*
20'
F
A
C
E
G
B
U
3
11
16*
19
24*
27
\
(;
E
G
B
U
F
4
12
20
28
II
F
A
C
E
G
B
6
14
22
B
D
F
A
C
E
G
7*
15
23
E
G
B
D
F
A
C
1 Mnhari-am
10 Shawwal . . .
A
G
F
E
D
C
B
2 Safar ....
7 Rajab ...
C
B
A
G
F
E
D
3 Rabi'l-awwal . .
12 Zi'l-hijjat . . .
D
C
B
A
G
F
e
4 Rabi'l-aithir .
9 Ramadan .
F
E
D
C
B
A
G
.") JamSda-l-awwal .
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
6 Jamada-l-Skhir .
11 Zn-ka'dat . .
B
A
G
F
E
D
C
8 Sha'bfin
E
D
C
B
A
G
F
1
8
15
22
29
Sun.
Mon.
Tues.
Wed.
Thur.
Fi-i.
Sat.
2
9
16
23
30
Men,
Tucs.
Wed.
Thur.
Fri.
Sat.
Sun.
3
10
17
24
Tucs,
Wed.
Thur.
Fri.
Sat.
Sun.
Mon.
4
11
18
25
Wed.
Thur.
Fri.
Sat.
Sun.
Mon.
Tues.
5
12
19
26
Thm-.
Fri.
Sat.
Sun.
Mon.
Tues.
Wed.
0 13
20
27
Fri.
Sat.
Sun.
Mon.
Tucs.
Wed.
Thur.
7 14
21
28
Sat.
Sun
Mun.
Tues.
Wed.
Thur
Fri.
From the Hijra date subtract the ne.xt greatest at the head of the first Table, and in that
column find the Dominical letter corresponding to the remainder. In the second Table, with the
Dominical letter opposite the given month, run down to the week-days, and on the left will be
found the dates and vice versa.
Example. For Ramadan, A.H. 1310. The nearest year above is 1290, difference 20; in
the same column with 1290, and in line with 20, is F. In line with Ramadan and the column
F we find Sunday ist, 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th, etc.
• In the II years markid with an asterisk the month Zi'l-ka'dut has 3(1 dii\>; in all others 29. Thus AH. 1300
(1290 + 16) had 355 days, the 30th of Zi'l-kuMut being Sunday.
TABLES.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Lunnlion-parls = lO.OOOM.v of a circle. A tithi ^ '/'"''' of the moon's si/nodic retolutiou.
I CONCURRENT YTIAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
True.
(Soulhcru.)
6
cjxle
(Norllievn)
current
at Mesha
saiikrfinti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrflnti
espresscd in
a \^
Time of the
succeeding
sai'ikranti
expressed in
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
341
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
8434
»300-
301-
302-
303-
»304-
305-
306-
307-
*308-
309-
310-
311-
*312-
313-
314-
315-
*316-
317-
318-
319-
*320-
321-
322-
323-
•324-
325-
326-
327-
♦328-
329-
330-
331-
•332-
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
56
57
58
60
1
2
3
4
5
G
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
■-'0
Pramddin .
Ananda. . .
7 Asvina ,
287
Anala
Pingala
Kftlayukta. . ,
Siddharthin .
Raudra
Durmati . . . .
Duudabhi . . .
Rudhirodu;firi
Raktfikaha 1) .
Kshaya
Prabhava . . .
Vibhava . . . .
Sukla
Pramoda. . . .
Prajapati, . . .
Aiigiras
Sriraukha . . .
Bhiva
Yuvaii
Dhatri
Isvara
Bahudbunya .
Pramftthin . .
Vikrama ....
Vrisha
Chitrablulnu .
Subh&nu. . . .
Tflrava
PArthiva
Vmuu.. ,
Sravaiia.
28.755
6 Bhadrapada.
9767
3 Jycshtha.
29.757
648
312
9770
8 Jycshtha .
28.227
6 llhildrapada .
848
360
') Krodhana, No. 59, was suppressed.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
{Col. 23) a z= Distance of moon from .tun. (Cot. 24) b zz: moon's mean anomaly. (Col. 25) c = sun's mean anomaly.
II ADDED H NAl! MONTHS
' (continiii it )
HI. COMMENCEMKNT HI' Till:
Meau.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
Name of
mouth.
Time of the
preceding
saiikrflnti
expressed in
9a
10a
Time of the
succeediiifc
sankri^iiti
expressed in
11a
Day
and Month
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Mesha
saiikrilDti.)
Week
dov.
14
By the Arya
Siddh&nta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
15
17
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
meridian of Dijain.
21
22 I 23
24
26
287
6 BhAdrapada.
'A Jyeshtha.
1 1 Magha
9793
29.874
29.380
0.796
0.302
1 Chaitra.
9 Marsaslrsha
9914
9750
29.743
29.249
0.605
0.171
6 Bh&drapada.
29.678
2 Vaisdkha.
11 M&gha.
9728
9871
29.184
29.612
0.106
0.534
7 Asvina.
16 Mar.
76)
16 Mar.
75)
17 Mar.
76)
17 Mar.
76)
16 Mar.
76)
16 Mar.
75)
17 Mai-.
76)
17 Mar.
76)
10 Mar.
76)
16 Mar.
75)
17 Mar.
76)
17 Mar.
76)
16 Mar.
76)
16 Mar.
75)
17 Mar.
76)
17 Mar
76)
16 Mar.
76)
17 Mar.
76)
17 Mar.
76)
17 Mar.
70)
16 Mar.
76)
17xMar.
76)
17 Mar
76)
17 Mar.
76)
16 Mai-.
76)
17 Mar.
76)
17 Mar.
76)
17 Mar
76)
16 Mar.
76)
17 Mar
76)
17 Mar
76)
17 Mar.
76)
16 Mar
76)
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Thai-.
6Fri.
ISun.
2 Mou.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Vx\.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Men.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6Fi-i.
ISun.
2 Mou.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Hon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
2Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed
5 Thur
37 30
53 1
8 32
24 4
39 35
55 6
10 37
26
41 40
57 11
12 42
28 14
43 45
59 16
14 47
30 19
45 50
1 21
16 52
32 24
47 55
3 26
18 57
34 29
50 0
5 31
21 2
36 34
52
7
23
38 39
5-t 10
15
21 12
3 25
9 37
15 50
22 2
4 15
10 27
16 40
22 52
5 5
11 17
17 30
23 42
5
12 7
18 20
0 32
6 45
12 57
19 10
1 22
7 35
13 47
20 0
2 12
8 25
14 37
20 50
3 2
9 15
15 27
21 40
8 Mar.
26 Feb.
17 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feh.
13 Mar.
2 Mar.
20 Feb.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Feb.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
14 Mar.
4 -Mar.
21 Feb.
11 Mar.
1 Mar.
18 Feb
9 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
12. Mar.
2 Mar.
20 Feb.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
16 Feb.
7 Mar
24 Feb
14 Mar
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
0 Sat.
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
a Mon.
OSat.
5 Thnr
2 Mon.
1 Suu.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
2 .Mon.
6ri-i.
5 Thnr.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
3 Tues
ISun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
1 Suu.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues
9981
190
230
106
107
141
17
231
266
142
9838
52
9928
9962
177
52
87
9963
9997
9873
9749
9783
9998
212
247
122
9998
33
9908
9943
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
;!428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
THE [NDfAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Liu
afioii'pdrtii
— lU.OlMlM
s of a cirde. A
lithi =r ' juM of the moon's si/nodk revoliilion.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
Kali.
Saka.
1
Kollam.
A. D.
Samvatsara.
True.
(Southeru.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesiia
sankr&nti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankT^nti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sanki-Snti
expressed in
H
E^
1
2
3
3a
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
343.5
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3461
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3407
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
•.'88
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
-
,
333-34
334-35
335-3C
*336-37
337-38
338-39
339-40
•340-41
341-42
342-43
343-44
»344-45
345-46
346-47
347-48
•348-49
349-50
350-51
351-52
♦352-53
353-54
354-55
355-56
•356-57
357-68
358-59
359-60
•360-61
361-62
362-63
363-64
•364-65
365-66
21 Sarv
22 Sarv
23 Viro
24 Vikr
25 Kha
adh&rin
4 Ashudha
9718
29.154
474
1.422
ita
3 Jyeshtha
9861
29.583
607
1.821
26 Nau
27 Vija.
28 Java
29 Man
30 Dun
31 Hem
32 Vila
33 A'ika
34 sarv
35 Plav
36 Subb
37 Sob!
38 Krot
39 Visv
40 Pai-a
41 Plav
42 Kila
43 Sauu
44 Sfidl
45 Viro
46 Pari
47 Pran
48 Anai
49 lUkE
50 Alia
51 Piiig
52 K41a
53 SiiW
7 Asviua
9888
29.664
275
0.825
5 Sravaua
9957
29.871
532
1.596
3 Jyeshtha ....
9384
28.152
152
0.456
1 Chaitra
9890
29.670
86
0.258
hin
6 Bhadrapada..
9998
29.994
438
1.314
4 Ashrxlha ....
9701
29.103
550
1.650
araua
3 Jyeshtha
9956
29.868
60S
1.809
7 Asvina
9983
29.799
266
0.768
4 AshAilha ....
9245
27.736
67
0.201
Bin
3 Jye«hthn ....
9443
23.329
192
0.576
lArtliin
THE HfNDU CAfRNDAR.
TAHLK I.
(Vol. 2!!) (I = Distance of mum from sun. (Col. iV) h r= moons meiin anomaly. (Col. 25) r = sun's mean anomaly
ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
III. f'OMJlENCEMENT OF THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Name uf
month.
Time of the
prioeding
sai'ikrfinti
expressed in
Time of the
siuTcedinf;
sai'iknlnti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
13
(Time of the Mcsha
saiikr4nti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddh&nta.
17
Luni-Solar year. (Civilday of tlaitra.Siikla 1st.)
Day
and Month
A. D.
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrlso on
meridian of njjaln.
Moon's
Age.
21
22
23 24
1 Ash&dha .
9 Mftrgasirsha
9992
9827
6 BhSdrapada.
9970
2 Vais'akha.... 9805
11 Mfigha.
7 Asv
12 Phillguna.
9 Mirgasirsha
Srflvaoa.
29.647
29.975
29.481
29.909
29.844
29.350
0.897
277
29.778
29.285
2 Vais&kha...
29.647
0.338
0.766
0.272
0.701
0.207
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
16 Mar (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 -Mar. (76)
16 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (77)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 iMai-. (76)
17 Mar. (77)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (77)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (77)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (77)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (76)
17 Mar. (77)
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
3 Tuea.
5 Thur
fi Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Thur
OSat.
1 Sun
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Thur
6 Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
17 Mar. (76) 5 Thur
3 52
10
16 17
22 30
4 42
10 55
17 7
23 20
5 32
11 45
17 57
0 10
6 22
12 35
IS 47
1 0
7 12
13 25
19 37
1 50
8 2
14 15
20 27
2 40
8 52
15 5
21 17
3 30
9 42
15 55
22 7
4 20
4 Mar,
21 Feb.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
18 Feb.
9 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
2 Mar.
20 Feb
10 Mar
28 Feb.
17 Feb.
6 Mar.
24 Feb.
15 Mar,
3 Mar.
21 Feb.
12 Mar,
1 Mar.
18 Feb.
8 Mar.
5 Feb.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
3 Mar
20 Feb.
.(63)
(52)
(71)
(61)
(49)
(68)
(57)
(76)
(64)
(53)
(72)
(62)
(51)
(69)
(59)
(48)
.(65)
(55)
.(74)
,(63)
(52)
(71)
(60)
(49)
(67)
(56)
(75)
(65)
(53)
ISun,
5 Thur
4 Wed
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
Thur
2 Mon.
ISun.
Thur
2 Mon.
ISun.
6 Fri.
4 Wed
2 .Mon
OSat.
4 Wed
2 Mon
OSat.
6Fi-i.
3 Tues
1 Sun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
Thur.
.963
.579
.510
.909
.516
.705
.708
.966
.777
.237
.180
.525
.984
.060
157
33
68
282
158
192
68
103
9979
.186
(72) 4 Wed.
(62) 2 .Mon.
(51) 6 Fri,
10 32llOM.ar.(69) 5Thur
144
110
148
318
70
52
212
124 .372
202 .606
876
909
192
.561
.558
204
165
432
330
.444
954
210
.156
636
103
318
14
228
104
9800
14
49
9924
139
173
49
925
172 244
20 213
9870
83
9960
9994
209
84
119
956
839
686
622
469
406
253
100
36
920
803
703
586
433
333
217
152
1000
883
819
666
514
450
297
233
116
963
900
783
630
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
.3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
345
2723433
241 3454
213 3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
2591.3467
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
LutKition-jjiirtx =: 10,000//« of u circle. A tiihi = ''•mtli of the moon's si/nodk resolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
True.
(SoUtllcTIl.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sai'iki'anti.
Name of
niontti.
Time of the
preceding
saiikrunti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankranti
expressed in
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
347
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
349:
3493
3494
349
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
29S
299
300
301
302
303
304
30
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
417
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
45.'
450
366-07
367-68
'368-69
369-70
370-71
371-72
•372-73
373-74
374-75
375-76
*376-77
377-78
378-79
379-80
*380-81
381-82
382-83
388-84
*384-85
385-86
386-87
387-88
•388-89
389-90
390-91
391-92
•392-93
393-94
394-95
395-96
•396-97
397-98
398-99
54 Raudra
55 Durmati
56 Dundubhi
57 Rudhirodgririu .
58 Kaktaksha
59 Krudhana
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajapati
6 Aiigiras
7 Srimnkha ....
8 Bhava
9 Yuvan
10 DhStri
, 11 {svara
. 12 liahudhunya..
, 13 PraTiulthiu . . .
. 14 Vikrama
. 15 Vrisha
. 16 Chitrabhfinu. .
. 17 Siibhunu
. 18 Tflraya
. 19 Parthiva
. 20 Vyaya
. 21 Sarvajit
. 22 SarvadhHrin . .
. 23 Virodbin
. 24 Vikrita
. 25 Kliara •)
. 27 Viji.ya.,
12 Phulguna ,
6 BhiVlrapada.
29.742
28.722
9747
9202
12 Phr.lgu
5 SravSua.
6 Bhildrnpada.
9687
9875
9831
270
.Nnndaiia, No. 20, was supiircswd.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. \
TABLE 1.
{Col. 23) a ^=. Uinlance of moon from sun. (Cot. 2+) b z:: moon's mean unomuly. [Col. 25) c ^r sun's mean anomaly.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
III. COMiMENCE.\lENT OF THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Ciril day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
Name of
month.
8a
Time of the
preceding
aankrftnti
eiprcssed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankrtlati
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
13
(Time of the Mesha
saiikrinti )
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddhdnta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
15
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
meridian uf Ujjaln
Moon's
Ane.
0.076
7 Asvina
12 Ph&lguna...
0.010
0.439
9 Mftrgasirsha .
0.867
3 SrSrana.
9817
29.879
29.386
0.801
0.308
7 .\svina.
0.736
12 Phaiguna.
9773
9916
29.320
29.748
0.242
0.670
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
17 Mar.
erri.
OSat.
2 Men.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thnr.
GFri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
.5 Thur.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
6Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon
3 Tnes
4 W.d.
41 52
57 24
12 55
28 26
43 57
59 29
15 0
30 31
46 2
1 34
17
32 36
48
3 39
19 10
34 41
50 12
5 44
21 15
36 4fi
52 17
7 49
23 20
38 51
54 22
9 54
25
40 56
56 27
11 59
27 30
43 1
58 32
27 Feb.
58)
18 Mar.
77)
6 Mar.
66)
24 Feb.
55)
15 Mar.
74)
4 Mar.
83)
22 Feb.
53)
12 Mar.
71)
1 Mar.
60)
18 Feb.
49)
7 Mar.
67)
25 Feb.
56)
16 Mar.
75)
6 Mar.
65)
23 Feb.
54)
13 Mar.
72)
2 Mar.
61)
19 Feb.
50)
9 Mar.
69)
26 Feb.
57)
17 Mar.
76)
7 Mar.
6K)
25 Feb.
56)
15 Mar
74)
4 Mar.
63)
21 Feb.
52)
UMar.
71)
28 Feb.
59)
17 Feb
48)
8 Mar.
67)
26 Feb.
57)
16 Mar.
75)
6 Mar.
65)
2 Mon.
ISun.
Thur.
3 Tuts.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
0 Sat.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
OSat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
ISuu.
OSat.
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
ISun.
6 Fri.
Thur
2 Mon.
6Fi-i.
5 Thur
2 Mm.
fi Fri.
5 Thur
3 Tues.
Mon.
0 Sat.
30
9905
120
154
30
244
279
1
30
9726
9941
9975
190
65
100
9976
9851
9886
,9762
9796
11
225
280
136
11
46
9922
9797
9832
46
81
295
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3486
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Luiiulioii-parts nr: in,(l()ll/^.( of a circle. A tithi ^ '/suM of the mootix synodic retoliiiion.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
True.
(Southern.)
Brihaspati
eyclc
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sankrilnti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrSnti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankrfinti
expressed in
3a
10
11
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3507
328
463
3508
329
464
3509
330
465
3510
331
466
3511
332
467
3512
333
468
3513
334
469
3514
335
470
3515
336
471
3516
337
472
3517
338
473
3518
339
474
3519
340
475
3520
341
476
3521
342
477
3522
343
478
3523
344
479
3524
345
480
3526
3527
3529
3530
399-400
•400-401
401- 2
402- 3
4,03- 4
405- 6
406- 7
407- 8
*408- 9
409- 10
410- II
411- 12
*412- 13
413- 14
414- 15
415- 16
•416- 17
417- 18
418- 19
419- 20
•420- 21
421- 22
422- 23
423- 24
•424- 25
425- 26
426- 27
427- 28
•428- 29
28 Jaya
29 Manmatha . .
30 Durmukha .
31 Hemalamba.
32 Vilamba ...
3 Jyeshtha .
S Kurttika . . .
9 M(!rgas.(Kth.
12 Phalguna...
29.871
0.060
29.577
34 SSrvari
35 Plava
36 Subhakrit . . .
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhin
39 Visvfivasu. . .
40 Parabhava . .
41 Plavaiiga . . .
42 Kilaka
43 Saumya
44 Sadhfirana . . .
45 Virodhakrit, .
46 Paridhfivin . .
47 Pramudin. . ,
48 Auanda
49 UiU-shasa
50 Auala
51 Piugala
4 .\shri'lha . . . .
9908
6 BhSdrapada..
27.882
3 Jyeshtha.
29.847
52 Kfilayukla
53 Siddhfirthin . . .
54 Raudra
55 Burmali
56 Dundubhi
57 liudhimdu'Arin .
7 Asvina. . .
10 Pau3lui(K,h.)
1 Chaitra . .
9920
93
9985
29.760
0.279
29.955
20
9968
154
9955
324
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
{Col. 23) a :zz Distance of moon from sun. {Cot. 24) b m moon's mean anomaly. {Col. 25) c := sun's mean annmali/.
II. ADDED LUNAK MONTHS
(conttnufd.J
III. CO.MMENCE.MENT 01' THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
Name of
month.
Time of the
preccJini;
sankr&nti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
saiikrunti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
(Time of the >Iesha
sankrfinti.)
By the Arya
Siddhanta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
day.
At Sunrise on
meridian of Ujjain.
Moon's
Age.
8a
10a
11a
12a
13
14
15
17
19
20
22
23
5 SrAvapa.
9872
29.617
29.552
29.980
0.474
0.902
9829
9972
29.421
257
0.771
6 Bh&drapada. .
0.278
18 Mar. (77
17 Mar. (77
17 Mar. (76
18 Mar. (77
18 Mar. (77;
17 Mar. (77
17 Mar. (76;
18 Mai-. (77
18 Mar. (77:
17 Mar. (77
17 Mar. (76
18 Mar. (77
18 Mar. (77;
17 Mar. (77!
17 Mar. (76;
18 Mar. (77
18 Mar. (77
17 Mar. (77
17 Mar. (76;
18 Mar. (77
18 Mar. (77
17 Mar. (77!
17 Mar. (76;
18 Mar. (77
18 Mar. (77
17 Mar. (77
17 Mar. (76
18 Mar. (77
18 Mar. (77
17 Mar i 77
ePri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
i Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mod.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Thur.
OSat.
ISnn.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur
6 Fri.
OSat.
14 4
29 35
45 6
0 3
16 9
47 11
2 42
18 14
33 45
49 16
4 47
20 19
35 50
51 21
6 52
22 14
37 55
53 26
8 57
24 29
40 0
55 31
11 2
26 34
42 5
57 36
13 7
28 39
\i 10
5 37
11 50
18 2
0 15
6 27
10 37
16 50
23 2
5 15
11 27
IT -40
23 Feb. (54;
13 Mar. (73
2 Mar. (61
19 Feb. (50;
10 Mar. (69
27 Feb. (58
17 Mar. (76
7 Mar. (66;
24 Feb. (55
14 Mar. (74
4 Mar. (63
21 Feb. (52;
11 Mar. (70
29 Feb. (60
17 Feb. (48
8 Mar. (67
26 Feb. (57
16 Mar. (76
5 Mar. (64
22 Feb. (53;
13 Mar. (72
1 Mar. (61
18 Feb. (49
9 Mar. (68;
27 Feb. (58;
17 Feb. (48;
7 Mar. (66;
24 Feb. (55
15 Mar (74
3 Mar (l'.3
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tnes.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
ISun.
OSat.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
OSat.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
6 Fri.
Thur
2 Mon.
6Fi-i.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thnr.
3 Tues.
ISun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues,
OSat
171
206
82
995
9992
192
©_,
32
306
313
73
304
104
82
201
202
80
64
153
122
©■
0-30
9902
117
9992
27
241
117
9813
27
9903
9938
152
1
63
9938
9973
9849
9724
9759
9973
188
222
98
133
8
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3507
3508
35
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
© See Text. Art. 101 above,
Lii»(itio)i-parts
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
10,0U0/^4 of a circle. A tiihi =: '/:t"M nf the moon's synodic retotiiiion.
I. CONCUKKEXT YEAK.
n. ADDED I.UNAK MONTHS,
1
4 5
True.
(Southei'u.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
at Mesha
saukr&nti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrflnti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sunkr&nti
expressed in
S531
3533
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
354:;
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3654
3555
3556
355:
355!
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
49S
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
429-
430-
431-
•432-
433-
434-
435-
»436-
437-
438-
439-
•440-
441-
442-
443-
•444-
445-
446-
447-
•448-
449-
450-
451-
•453-
453-
454-
455-
•456-
457-
458-
459-
•460-
461-
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Raktaksba ..
Krodhana . . .
Kshaya
Prabhava . . .
Vibhava
Sukla
Pramoda. . . .
Prajapati.. . .
Angiras
Srimukha . . .
Bhava
Ynvan
DhStri
Isvara
Kahudhftuja.
Pramathin . .
Vikrama. . . .
Vrisba
Chitrabhfinu
Subhanu. . . .
Taraiia
Purtbiva
Vyaya
Sarvajit . . . .
Sarvadhuriu .
Virodhin . . .
Vikrita
Khai'B
Nandnna. . . .
Vijaya
Java
Manmatha. . .
Durinuklia . .
9870
6 Bhadrapada..
29.685
6 Bhadrapada.
28.824
.572
6 Uhildrapada..
6 Uhiidrnpada.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
{Vol. 2.'!) a n; Distance of inoon from fun. (Cot. 24) h ^ moon'.i mean anomalj/. {Col. 25) r = .vtf«'.v mean anomuli/.
11 ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
III. COMMENCEMENT OK THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia 1st.)
Name nf
month.
8a
Time of the
preceding
saiikr&nti
expressed iu
10a
Time of thi
succeeding
saiikr&nti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Mesha
sankr&nti.)
Week
dav
14
By the Arya
Siddhinta.
Day
and Month
A. D
15
17
19
Week
day.
20
At Bonrise on
meridian of Ujjaln.
Moon's
Age.
22 23
24
11 M^ha.
29.784
29.290
0.706
0.212
29.718
9741
9 Margasirsha.
9720
29.653
29.159
0.575
0.081
170
11 Magha.
9698
9841
29.093
29.522
0.016
0.444
0.378
9962
9797
29.885
29.391
0.807
0.313
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar
17 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
17 Mar.
18 Miir.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
8 Mar.
8 Mar
1 Sun
3 Tucs.
4 Wed.
5 Thur
OSat,
1 Sun
2 Mon.
3 Tues
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Thur.
6 Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thui-.
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
2 Mon.
3 Tucs.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSal.
59 41
15 12
30 44
46 15
1 46
17 17
32 49
48 20
3
19 22
34 54
50 25
5 56
21 27
36 59
52 30
8 1
23 32
39 4
54 35
10 6
25 37
41 9
56 40
12 11
27 42
43 14
58 45
14 16
29 47
45 19
0 50
16 21
20 Feb
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
18 Feb.
8 Mar.
26 Feb.
17 Mar.
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
12 Mar.
2 Mai-.
19 Feb.
10 Mar
27 Feb.
18 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
14 Mar
3 Mar.
21 Feb.
11 Mar.
1 Mar
18 Feb.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
1 6 Mar.
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
12 Mar.
2 Mar.
19 Feb.
9 Mar.
27 Feb.
4 Wed.
3 Tues
OSat.
5 Thur
4 Wed
2 Mon
1 Suu.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
OSat.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
Thur.
2 Mon.
OSat.
6Fi-i
4 Wed.
ISun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tucs.
OSat
4 Wed.
3 Tnes.
1 Sun.
Thur.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
166
.498
9884
265
192
.576
9919
201
©-M
-.075
9794
48
93
.279
8
932
79
.237
43
868
258
.774
257
751
304
.912
292
687
278
.834
168
534
281
.843
44
381
17
.051
9740
281
214
.642
9954
165
0-16
-.048
9830
12
329
.987
203
984
97
.291
79
832
115
.345
113
767
36
.108
9989
615
39
.117
9865
462
124
.372
9900
398
55
.165
9775
245
232
.696
9989
129
219
.657
24
64
332
.996
238
948
122
.366
114
795
150
.450
149
731
99
.297
24
578
186
.558
59
515
182
.546
9935
361
89
.267
9811
209
96
.288
9845
145
224
.672
60
28
0-21
-.063
9935
875
0-19
-057
9970
812
194 .582
185
695
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
35
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
0 See Text. Art. lUl above, para. 2.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
LunatUm-jiarls ^ 10,OOOMs nf a cirrle. A tithi = '/aoM of the moon's si/tiodic revolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
a, ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
True.
(Southern.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sankranti.
Name of
month
Time of the
preceding
sanln'anti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sahkr&nti
cipressed in
3 3a
10
3561
3565
3566
3567
3568
3509
3570
357!
3572
3573
3574
357
3570
3577
3578
3579
35
3581
3882
3583
3584
3585
3580
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3893
8594
3595
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
39-1
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
462-63
463-64
'464-65
465-60
466-67
467-68
*468-69
469-70
470-71
471-72
*472-73
473-74
474-75
475-76
*476-77
477-78
478-79
479-80
*480-81
481-82
482-83
483-84
»484-85
485-86
486-87
487-88
*488-89
489-90
■190-91
491-92
•492-93
493-94
31 Hemalambn ...
32 Vilamba
33 Vikarin
34 sarvari
35 Plava
36 Subhakrit
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhin
39 Vis'vavasu
40 Parabhava
41 Plavanga
42 Kilaka
43 Saumya
44 Siidharai.ia
45 Virodhakrit.. . .
46 Paridhivin
47 Pramfidin
48 Auanda
49 Rakshasa
50 Anala
. 51 Piiigala 1)
. 53 Siddhftrthin. . . .
. 54 Raudra
. 55 Dnrmati
. 56 Dundubhi
. 57 Riidhirodg&rin
6 Bhadrapada.
4 Ashiidha . . .
7 Asviua.
3 Jvcshlha.
58 Raktilksha
59 Krodhana .
60 Kshaya . . .
1 PrabbavB. .
2 Vibhava. .
3 .Sukla
8 KArttika
10 Pimilm(Ksh^
1 Chailra..
6 BhAdrapada..
9953
9476
9928
64
9887
29.811
29.784
0.192
29.661
') KAlayukta, No. 52, was aujiprcssud.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
[Cot. i'X) (I zir Distance of mnoii fro>,i sun. {Cui -M) //
iioon'x mean aiiomah/. {Cot. 25)
tun s mean an\
oinaty.
ADDED LLNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
111. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Name of
luoiitb.
Time of the
preceding
saiikrfinti
expressed in
9a
10a
Time of the
succeeding
sankr&nti
expressed in
11a
Day
and Month
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Mesha
saiikr&nti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddhunta
17
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia 1st.)
Day
and Month
A. D.
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
meridian of UJJaln.
22
23
24
6 Bh&drapada.
29.819
247
0.741
7 Asiina. .
9 Mirgasirsha .
5 Srivana.
9731
9874
9710
0.479
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (78
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (77)
18 Mar. (77)
19 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. u 7)
1 Sun.
2 Men.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Kri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur,
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur
6Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
0 Thur.
6Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon,
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
53
9
24
40
55
11
26
42
57
13
28
44 22
59 54
15 25
30 66
46 27
1 59
17 30
33 1
15
21
3
9
16
22
4
10
16 55
23 7
5 20
11 32
17 45
23 57
6 10
12 22
18 35
0 47
7 0
13 \i
18 Mar, (77)
7 Mar. (66)
24 Feb. (55)
14 Mar. (73)
3 Mar. (62)
21 Feb. (52)
11 Mar. (71)
28 Feb. (59)
18 Feb. (49)
8 Mar. (67)
26 Feb. (57)
15 Mar. (74)
5 Mar. (64)
22 Feb. (53)
12 Mar. (72)
2 Mar. (61^
19 Feb. (50)
10 Mar. (69)
27 Feb. (58)
17 Mar. (76)
6 Mar. (65)
23 Feb. (54)
13 Mar. (73)
3 Mar. (62)
21 Feb. (52)
12 Mar. (71)
:9 Feb. (60)
17 Feb. (48)
8 Mar. (67)
25 Feb. (56)
15 Mar. (75)
1 Sun.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
Thur
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
OSat.
5 Thur
3 Tues.
0 Sat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
Wed.
3 Tues.
ISun
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
3 Mon.
1 Sun.
257
255
235
285
110
230
208
7
246
6
321
83
319
120
99
216
44
91
71
164
132
0-7
0-14
102
233
239
144
.771
.765
.703
.855
.330
.690
.624
.021
.738
.018
.963
.249
.957
.360
.297
.648
.132
.273
.213
.492
.396
.021 973
9772
)986
201
235
432
9970
9881
95
130
5
220
9916
130
9826
41
9916
9951
165
41
76
951
9986
9861
4Mar. (63i 5Thur.0.
429
681
531
.621
21
9897
9932
9807
9987 486
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
.3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
199 3591
250 3592
2193593
2713594
2403595
See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Lull n lion-parts =r 10,000Mi of a rirrle. A tithi =r ^'laith of (he moon's synodic rnolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
% i
Trae.
(Southern.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sankrSnti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrSnti
eiprcssed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankr&nti
11
3596
3597
3598
3599
3B00
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
361)7
3608
3609
36111
3()11
3612
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
3613 434
3614 -435
361
3616
3R17
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3823
3624
362;
3626
55
553
554
555
556
B57
558
659
560
561
562
563
564
56
560
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
57S
579
580
681
496-
97
497-
98
498-
99
499-500
500-
1
5(11-
2
502-
3
503-
4
•504-
5
505-
6
506-
7
507-
8
'508-
9
509-
10
510-
11
511-
12
•512-
13
513-
14
514-
15
515-
16
•516-
17
517-
18
518-
19
519-
20
•520-
21
521-
22
622-
23
523-
24
•524-
25
525-
26
4 Pramoda ...
5 Prajapati . . .
6 Angiras
7 Srimukha . . .
8 Bhiva
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
11 Isvara
12 Bahudhfinja
13 Praiufithin . .
14 Vikrama. . . .
15 Vrisha
16 Chiirabhauu.
17 Subhanu
18 Tarana
19 Parthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Siirrajit
22 Sarvadbarin .
23 Vii-odhin . . .
24 Vikrita
25 Khaia
26 Nandaca. . . .
27 Vijayn
28 Jiiya
29 Manmatha. .
30 Durniukha .
31 Hcmalamba.
, 32 Vilamba....
. 33 Vikftrin....
. 34 Sftrvari
. 35 Plava
3 Jyeshtha .
7 Asvina.. .
12 Phalguna.
6 Bhftdrapada
3 Jyeshtha.
9597
29.949
28.791
9737
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
(CoL 23) a = DisUince of moon from sun. (Col. 24) h ■=: moon's mean unnmaly. [Col. 25) r zr: sun's mean rinomtily.
II ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
(continued )
III. COMMKNCEMENT 01' TIIK
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
Name of
month.
Time of t&e
prccidinf:
sai'ikrfinti
expressed in
9a
10a
Time of the
succeeding
saiikr&nti
expressed in
11a
Day
and Month
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Mesha
saiikr&nti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddhanta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
16
17
19
Week
dav.
20
At Sanrlsa on
mertdlan of Ujjain.
Moon'e
Age.
21
23
24
12 Ph&lgUDa.
9973
9809
29 920
29.426
0.842
0.348
9 Mirgasirsha.
29.789
29.295
0.711
0.217
3 Jyeshtha .
12 Phalguna.
29.230
29.658
0.152
0.580
5 Sr&vana
18 Mar.
19 Mar
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
1 9 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
6Fri.
ISun.
2Mon
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6Fri.
nsat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
D Thur.
6Fri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues
4 Wed.
0 Thur.
I) Sat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues
5 Thnr.
erri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Men.
3 Tues.
19 35
35 6
50 37
6 9
21 40
37 11
52 42
8 14
23 45
39 16
54 47
10 19
25 50
41 21
56 52
12 24
27 55
43 26
58 57
14 29
30 0
45 31
1 2
16 34
32 5
47 36
3 7
18 39
34 10
49 41
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
2 Mar.
19 Feb
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
16 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
14 Mar.
3 Mar.
21 Feb.
11 Mar
28 Feb
18 Mar.
7 Mar.
25 Feb.
16 Mar.
4 Mar.
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
47 2 Mar,
0 19 Feb.
12 9 Mar.
26 Feb.
37 17 Mar.
50 6 Mar
2 23 Feb.
15 14 Mar.
27 4 Mar.
40 21 Feb.
2 U Mar.
3 Tues
2 Mon.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
5 Thur
3 Tues
OSat.
6Fri.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
Thur
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
6Fri.
5 Thur,
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur
2 Mon
1 Sun
6 Fri
3 Tues.
2 Mon
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues
109
96
271
206
287
289
29
229
0
0-24
112
311
47
48
13
68
248
236
0-
137
162
108
116
192
101
110
0-
0-
204
174
264
22
57
271
147
181
57
9753
9967
9843
9878
92
306
9878
9912
9788
3
37
9913
128
162
38
913
9948
9824
58
73
9949
9983
197
73
108
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
362
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
© See Teit, Art. 101, para. 2.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
J,unation-]j((rts ^= 10,OOOM.< of u circle. A tithi = ',,ii,M of the moon's nj/iioi/ir rcndufif,!.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
True
(Soiithi-i-n.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(.N'orlhern)
current
at Mesha
sankraati.
Name of
month.
8
Time of the
preceding
saukrSnti
expressed in
9
10
Time of the
succeeding
saiikranli
expressed in
11
362'J
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
585
5S6
587
58S
589
590
591
592
593
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
604
605
606
607
608
60«
010
611
61i
529
530
531
*532
533
534
535
♦536
537
538
539
•o40-
541-
542-
543-
•544-
546-
547-
•548-
549-
550-
551-
•552-
553-
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
5S
59
60
1
2
3
Sobhaua
Krodhiu ....
Vi.^vavasu . . .
Parabhava . . .
Plavaiiga.. . .
Kilaka
Saumya
Sadharaiia . . .
Virodhakrit .
Paridhivin.
Prarafldin. .
Anauda
Rflkshasa . . . ,
Auala
Piiigala
Kiilayukta
Siddhilrthiu . .
Rauih'a
Dundtibhi
Uudhirodgurin .
liuklaksha
Krodhaua
Kshaya
Prabhava
Vibhava
Sukla
1'ramo.ln
8 Karttika.
10 eausha(Ksh)
12 Phiilsuna
6 Bhiidrapada.
3 Jveshtha
S Karttika. .
10 Pamha(Ksh)
12 PhiUguna....
5 SrAvaua.
9878
15
9998
9747
29.634
0.045
29.994
29.727
29.895
0.090
29.874
9824 29.472
55
9961
110
)70 4S2 1.4tfi
THE HINDU CALENDAR. x
TABLE I.
{Col. 23) a ■=!. DisUiiire of moon from sun. [Col. iV) h ■=:z moon's mean anomaly. {Col. 25) r zr sunx mean anomaly.
II. ADDED IX'.VAR MONTHS
(continued.)
III. COMMENCEMENT 01' TilK
Mean.
Name "f
month.
Solar year.
Time of the
prcctdinf;
sankriinti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
saiikr^nti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. ».
13
(Time of the Mesha
sankrdnti.)
Week
dav.
By the Arya
Siddh&uta,
17
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
dav.
20
Moon's
Age.
8 Karttika.
0.877
0.384
0.812
0.746
9777
29.759
6 Bhadrapada.
9755
29.693
29.200
0.615
0.122
19 Mar. (7
19 Mar
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar
19 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
18 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
18 Mai-.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mai-.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar
18 Mar.
19 Mar
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
18 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar
6 Kri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
i Wed.
5 Thur.
6Fi-i.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tiies.
4 Wed.
6Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Eri.
OSal.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed
5 Thur.
20 44
36 15
51 46
7 17
22 49
38 20
53 51
9 22
24 54
40 25
65
11 27
26 59
42 30
58 1
13 32
29
44 35
15 37
31
46 40
2 11
17 42
33 14
48 45
4 1
19 4
28 Feb. (59)
8 17
14 30
20 42
2 55
9 7
15 20
21 32
3 45
9 57
16 10
22 22
4 35
10 47
17 0
23 12
5 25
11 37
17 50
6 15
12 27
18 40
0 52
7
13 17
19 30
1 42
19 Mar.
(78)
7 Mar.
(67)
25 Feb.
(56)
16 Mar.
(75)
5 Mar.
(64)
n Feb.
(54)
12 Mar.
(71)
2 Mar.
(61)
19 Feb.
(50)
9 Mar.
(69)
26 Feb.
(57)
17 Mar.
(76)
7 Mar.
(66)
24 Feb.
(55)
14 Mar.
(73)
3 Mar.
(62)
20 Feb.
(51)
10 Mar.
l70)
27 Feb.
(58)
18 Mar.
(77)
8 Mar.
(67^
26 Feb.
(57)
16 ilar.
(75)
5 Mar.
(64)
22 Feb.
(53)
12 Mar.
(72)
1 Mar.
(60)
18 Feb
(491
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
OSat.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur
4 Wed
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur
1 Sun.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
.741
.894
.378
.735
67
.066
.768
.045
.990
.891
.999
.408
.348
.696
.168
.306
.243
.249
.435
1
9894
108
143
19
233
9929
143
19
54
9930
9964
1
54
9840
9876
9751
9785
0
214
249
124
0
35
9910
9786
3629
36.30
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3613
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
lunulimi-ifarls
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
10,000/^* of II i-ii-vlr. A lithi =: ' ;.iM of the moon's synodic retoluth
CONCURRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTB.'^
3a
5
True.
(Southern.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
cun'cnt
at Mesha
sankrSnti
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikr&nti
expressed in
9 "^
►3 '%
10
Time of the
succeeding
eankr&nti
eipi'essed in
11
3657
365S
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
366
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3680
3687
555-56
•556-57
557-58
558-59
559-60
*560-61
561-62
562-63
563-64
565-66
566-67
567-68
»568-69
569-70
570-71
571-72
*572-73
573-74
574-75
575-76
*576-77
577-78
578-79
579-80
•580-81
581-82
582-83
588-84
•584-85
585-86
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Arigiras
Srimukha. . .
Bhava
Yuvan
Dhatri
Isvara
Buhudhdnja .
Pramdthin . .
6 Bhadrapada.
9967
527
7 Asvina. . .
10 Pausha(Ksh.)
12 Phfikuna.
9921
104
29.763
0.312
29.844
140
9989
70
Vrisha
Chitrahh&nn .
Subh&nu '). .
PSrthiva. . .
Vyaya
Sarvajit
Sarvadhfirin .
Virodhin ....
Vikrita
Khara
Nandana. . . .
Vijaya
Java
Manmatha. . .
Durmukha . .
llcmalamba. .
Vilamba ....
Vikflrin
.SArvari
Plnva
Subhakrit . . .
6 Bhildrapada.
551
567
2 Vai^Akhn.
6 BhAdrapada.
'j TArapa, No. 18, was supprcsbcil.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. x
TABLE I.
[Col. 23) a ^ IHatance of moon from mn. (Col. 24) A =: moon's mean anomaly. (Col. 25) e = mn't mean anomaly.
ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
111. COMMENCEMENT OF TllK
Meao.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)
Name of
moDth.
8a
Time of the
priced ing
sankrSnti
expressed in
Oa
10a
Time of the
succeeding
SQi'ikr^iiti
cxjjressed in
11a
and Month
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Mesha
sankr&nti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddhanta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
15
H. M.
17
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
meridian of DJJaln.
22
23
6 Bhidrapada
3 Jyeshtha . .
U MSgha ...
8 Karttika
1 Chaitra
9 Mlrgasirsha
9876
9711
9997 29.991 304
9789
9767
29.497
29.925
29.431
29.860
29.794
29.300
0.847
0.710
19 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
18 Mai-. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
18 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (79)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (7
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (79)
19 Mar. (78)
6Fri
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tucs.
4 Wed.
5Thur
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
Thur
6Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
.5 Thur
e Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
Thur.
6Fii.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Thur.
6 Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon,
3.0 19
50 50
6 21
21 52
37 24
52 55
8 26
23 57
39 29
10 31
26 2
41 34
57
12 36
28 7
43 39
59 10
14 41
30 12
45 44
1 15
16 46
32 17
47 49
3 20
18 51
34 22
49 54
5 25
20 56
14
20 20
2 32
8 45
14
21 10
3 22
9 3
15 4
9 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
7 Mar.
24 Feb.
14 Mar.
3 Mar.
20 Feb.
11 Mar.
28 Feb. (59)
4 12
10 25
16 37
22 50
5 2
11 15
17 27
23 40
5 52
12
18 17
0 30
6
12
19
1 20
7 32
13 45
19 57
2 10
8 22
18 Mar
8 Mar,
26 Feb.
15 Mar
4 Mar
21 Feb
12 Mar.
• 1 Mar.
18 Feb.
9 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
6 Mar
23 Feb.
14 Mar.
2 Mar.
20 Feb.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
18 Mar.
8 Mar,
(77)
(67)
(57)
(75)
(63)
(52)
(71)
(61)
(49)
(68)
(58)
(77)
(65)
(54)
(73)
(62)
(51)
(70)
(59)
(78)
(67)
3 Tues.
ISun.
OSat.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
ISun.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
ISun
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
OSat.
Thur
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur,
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues
OSat,
Thur
4 Wed.
ISun.
OSat.
Thur,
0-6
127
322
58
57
.033
.372
.336
.852
.642
.888
.900
.687
.735
35
70
28-t
160
194
70
9946
262
21
0-2
150
17
118
1
203
114
278
258
9
10
217
174
171
111
246
786
063
—.006
450
.525
.354
.378
.609
.342
,834
774
027
030
651
891
105
319
16
9891
9767
9802
16
92
9926
141
17
51
9927
9961
9837
51
86
9962
9996
211:
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3634
3685
368G
3687
0 See Text. Art 101 above
THE INDIAN CAIENDAR.
TABLE I.
Lunation-piirts ^z 10,0O0Mi of a rirclf. A tithi = '/;iuM nf the Moon's synodic revolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
% I
5>
KoUam.
True.
(Southern.)
Brihaspati
cvrle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
8ankr4nti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikrilnti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
saiikrSnti
expressed in
3a
6
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
644
645
646
64
648
649
650
651
669
670
671
67
673
674
67
586-
587-
*588-
589-
590-
591-
»592-
593-
594-
597- 98
599-
600
600-
1
601-
2
602-
3
603-
4
604-
5
605-
(i
606-
7
607-
8
60H-
y
609-
10
611-
12
612-
13
613-
14
614-
15
615-
16
616-
17
617-
18
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhin
39 Visvavasu
40 Parabhava
41 Plavanga
42 Kilaka
43 Saumya
44 SSdh^rana
45 Virodhakrit . . .
46 Paridhavin . . . .
47 Praraadin
48 Ananda
49 R&kshasa
50 Anala
51 Piiigala
52 Kalayukta
53 Siddhilrthin . . .
54 Raudra
5 5 Durmati
56 Dundubhi
57 Rudhirodgarin .
58 Raktaksha
59 Krodhana
60 Ksluiva
1 Trabhava..
2 Vibhavn...
3 Sukla
4 Pnimoda..
5 Prajflpati .
6 Ai'igiras. . .
7 Snmuklia .
S Bhfiva
Sravava.
3 Jyeshtha.
29.814
6 Bhi'idrapada
527
584
6 Bbrulra])ada.
8 Kllrttika . . .
9 Jturffas(Ksli)
2 Vaisfikha.
9960
30
9954
0.090
29 . 8C2
30
9937
492
6 Bhfldrapada..
4 .AshA.lha 9819
29.457
476
THE HINDU CALENDAR. >
TABLE I.
[Vol. iW) u = Distiincf. of monn from suii. {Col. •21-) i zz: mumi's ineun annmalij. (Col. 25) r zn .sun s mean iiHuiiiuli/.
ADBED LUNAR MONTHS
(cuntitiiied.)
III. COMMENCEMENT OP THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sai'ikrfinti
expressed in
Qa
Time of the
succeeding;
sai'ikri'tnti
expressed in
11a
and Month
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Mesha
sai'ikr&nti.)
Week
day.
By the Arva
Siddhftnta.
Gh.Pa H. M
17
Luni-Solaryear. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)
Day
and Month
A. D.
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
meridian of Ujjain.
Moon's
Age.
22
23
25
G Bbfidrapada.
U Magha.
29.23
29.663
.1866
9701
9 MArgasirsha
6 BhSdrapada .
11 MiVha.
0.817
19 Mar,
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar
19 Mar
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mai-.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar
19 Mar.
20 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar
20 Mar
19 Mar.
19 Mar
(78) 3 Tues.
19 Mar (78)
4 Wed.
fi Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
■t Wed.
Thur
6Fi-i.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mou.
4 Wed.
Thur
6 Kri.
OSat.
i Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
20 Mar. (79)
19 Mar. (79)
19 Mar. (78)
19 Mar. (78)
20 Mar. (79),
19 Mar. (79) 6 Fri
19 .Mar. (78^0 Sat
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mou.
3 Tues.
5 Thur
2.5
40
.56
11
27
42
58
13
29
44
0
15
31
46
2
17
33
48 57
4 2'
20 0
35 31
51 2
6 34
22 5
37 36
14 35
20 47
3 0
9 12
15 25
21 37
3 50
10 2
16 15
22 27
4 40
10
17
23 17
5 30
11 4£
17 5o
0 7
6 20
12 32
18 4.=
0 57
7 10
13 22
19 35
1 47
8 0
14 12
20 25
2 37
8 50
15
25 Feb.
16 Mar
4 Mar
21 Feb.
12 Mar
2 Mar.
19 Feb.
9 Mar
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
5 JIar.
23 Feb.
13 Mar.
3 Mar
21 Feb.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
19 Mar.
7 Mar.
24 Feb.
15 Mar.
4 Mar.
22 Feb.
12 Mar.
2 Mar. (61)
19 Feb. (50)
9 Mar. (69)
26 Feb (57)
17 Mar. (76)
6 Mar. (65)
23 Feb. (54)
13 Mar (72)
2 Mon
1 Sun.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
ISun
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
OSat.
Thur
2 Mon.
OSat.
Thur
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
Thur
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
Thur.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
549
819
774
423
423
786
078
10
79:
072
087
924
— .000
456
.810
.747
.201
,345
273
,276
471
066
480
401
121
9997
9872
9907
122
9997
32
246
99+2
9817,
32
9728
9943
157
192
67
102
9764
9978
13
227
103
138
13
48
9924
9799
3688
36S9
3690
3691
3692
369:(
3694
3695
3696
3697
369S
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
21o|3718
261 3719
© See Text. Art. 101 above, para 2.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
l.uiintwn-jiiirts nr 10, DOOM.? of a circle. A lithi ^ '/30/A of the moon's synodic revolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
\3.
True.
(Southern.)
6
lirihaspati
cytic
(Northcni)
current
at Mesha
sanki'lnti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrAnti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
saiikrSnti
expressed in
11
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3730
37-10
3741
3742
3743
374+
3745
3746
3747
3748
374<J
3750
3751
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
553
554
555
618-
619-
*620-
621-
622-
623-
*624-
625-
626-
627-
*628-
630-
631-
•632-
633-
634-
635-
•636-
637-
638-
639-
•640-
641-
642-
643-
•644-
645-
646-
647-
•648-
649-
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Yuvan
Dhatri
Isvara
Bahudhunya .
Pramathin. . .
Vikrama. . . .
Vrisha
Chitrabh4uu .
Subhanu. . . .
Tirana
Parthiva
Vyaya .
Sarvajit . . . .
Sarvadhfirin .
Virodhin.. . .
Vikrita
Khara
Naudana . . . .
Vijaya
Manmatha..
Durmukha .
Hcmalamba.
Vilamba . . .
Vikilrin
Sftrvari ....
Plavn
Subhakrit. .
Sobhana.. . .
Krodhin . . .
Viivfivasn. .
I'aifibhova. .
28.407
6 Bhfidrapada .
5 Sravana.
I
7 Asvina. . .
10 Pattaha(Ksh)
1 Chaitra . .
9640
101
9870
28.920
0.303
29.610
Sr&vaps.
6 Bh^drapada.
3 Jyeshtha.
358
19
9963
70
7
323
171
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE ].
(To/. 23) II = Uislinire nf moon from sun. (Cot. 21) /; n: mooii'.t menu unoiiiidi/. (Col. 25) r =: sun's mean
11. ADDKU LUNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
111. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Mean.
Soliir year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
Name of
month.
8a
Time of the
preceding
sankrilnfi
expressed in
9a
10a
Time of the
succeeding
sankrAnti
expressed in
11a
Day
and Month
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Mesha
sankrilnti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddhanta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
15
17
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
meridian of Uijain.
Moon's
Age.
21
22
23
24
9 M^rgasirsha
2 VaisSkha . . . .
7 Asvina
9878
12 Phfllanna.
9713
9856
29,1S9
29.568
9 MTirgasirsha
SvSvaoa .
9977
9812
29.930
29.437
0.853
0.359
19 Mar.
78)
20 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
78)
19 Mar.
78)
20 Mar,
79)
19 Mar.
79)
19 Mar,
78)
19 Mar.
78)
20 Mar.
79)
19 Mar
79)
19 Mar.
78)
19 Mar.
78)
20 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
78)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
78)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
78)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
78)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
78)
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Thiir.
erri.
ISuu,
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 W\.
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
Thur.
6 Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Kri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
:> Tluir.
43 51
59 22
14 54
30 25
45 5fi
1 27
16 59
32 30
48 1
3 32
19 4
34 35
50 fi
5 37
21 9
36 40
52 11
7 42
23 14
38 45
.-)4 16
3 Mar.
62)
21 Feb.
52^
11 Mar.
71)
28 Feb.
59)
19 Mar.
78)
8 Mar.
67)
25 Feb.
56)
15 Mar.
74)
4 Mar.
63)
22 Feb.
53)
12 Mar.
72)
1 JIar.
60)
19 Feb,
50)
9 Mar,
68)
26 Feb.
57)
16 Mar.
75)
6 Mar.
65)
23 Feb.
54)
13 Mar.
73l
3 Mar
62)
20 Feb.
51)
11 Mai-
70)
28 Feb.
59)
18 Mar,
77)
7 Mar.
66)
25 Feb.
56)
15 Mar.
75)
4 Mar.
63)
22 Feb.
53)
13 Mar.
72)
1 Mar.
61)
20 Mar.
79)
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
ISun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tue'i.
ISun.
5 Thur,
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
6 Fi-i.
Thur,
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3Tnes.
OSat.
i; Fri.
.420
.843
.891
.666
.624
.930
.720
.780
.093
.447
426
.012
.861
.198
.141
.28.
.834
.111
.048
.489
.171
.384
.402
.645
.381
.876
.825
.072
.576
.681
.576
48
263
297
173
208
83
)959
9994
9994
208
9904
9780
981.-
29
990
9940
1.54
30
64
r)940
997
98.50
65
99
9975
189
224
100
134
3720
3721
3721
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
37
37
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
;i744
i745
3746
3747
3748
;i749
3750
3751
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Limalion-parls := 10,OOOM,v of <i circle. A tillii ^ ^i.wlli of the moon's si/nodic retolutin
I. CONCURRENT YEAR
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
3a
True
(Sovitheni.)
6
6riha.<tputi
cycle-
(Norllieru)
cun-cnt
at Mcsha
sai'ikruiiti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrftnti
ei pressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankrunli
expressed in
3752
3753
375-4
3755
3756
3757
375
3759
3700
3701
3702
3763
370-i
3705
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
377-t
3775
3770
3777
3778
377'J
3780
3781
3782
3783
378-1
650-
651-
*652-
653-
654-
655-
*656-
657-
658-
659-
*660-
661-
062-
063-
•664-
665-
666-
667-
•668-
669-
670-
671-
•672-
673-
674-
675-
•676-
677-
678-
079-
•080-
681-
082-
41 Plavanga
42 K'laka
43 Saumya
44 SSdharaiia 1) . . .
46 Paridhfivin. . . ,
47 Pramudin . . . ,
48 Auanda
49 Raicshasa
50 Anala
51 Piiigala
52 Kalayukta
53 Siddharthin . . .
54 Raudra
55 Durmati
56 Dundubhi
57 Rudhirodgilrin .
58 Raktaksha
59 Krodhana
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajftpati
6 Angiras
7 Srimukha
8 BhSva
9 Yuvan
10 Dhfitri
1 1 tsvara
12 llahudbanyD . . .
13 Praniftthin
14 Vikriiraa
9871
2 VaisukUa.. .
29.175
6 Iihadi-ai)ada.,
28.914
3 Jyeshtha . .
29.877
6 Bhildrapada.
20.493
4 AshWha
937»
l( Virodlmkrit, Nu. 45
THE HINDU CALENDAR. x
TABLE I.
[Vol. 23) a z= Distance of moon from sun. [Col. 24) b = moon's mean anomaly. (Col. 25) r =: sun's mean anomaly.
II. ADDED I,UNAR MONTHS
(conllnued.J
III. COMMENCEMENT OK THE
Mean.
liUni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
Name of
month.
Time of the
precedini^
saiikrflnti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
saiiknlnti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
(Time of the Mcsha
saiikrilnti.)
Week
day.
By the Arya
SiddhSnta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
day.
At Sunrise on
meridian of Ujjain.
Moon's
Atje.
9a
10a
11a
12a
13
14
15
17
19
20
1
7 Asvina
29.371
29.800
0.293
0.722
9747
29.240
29.669
0.162
0.591
6 BhAdrapada
972.5
0.097
3 Jvcshtha.
9703
29.603
29.109
0.525
0.031
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
19 Mar.
19 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
19 Mar.
20 Mai-
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
19 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
19 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
19 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
19 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
19 Mar.
20 Mar.
20 Mar.
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thui-.
6Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Tbur.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6Pri.
ISun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
9 47
25 19
40 50
56 21
11 52
27 24
42 55
58 26
13 57
29 29
45 0
0 31
16 2
31 34
47 5
2 36
18 7
33 39
49 10
4 41
20 12
35 44
51 15
6 46
22 17
37 49
53 20
8 51
24 22
39 54
55 25
10 56
20 27
3 55
10 7
16 20
22 32
4 45
10 57
17 10
23 22
5 35
11 47
18 0
0 12
6 25
12 37
18 50
1 2
7 15
13 27
19 40
1 52
8 5
14 17
20 30
2 42
8 55
15 7
21 20
3 32
9 45
15 57
22
4 2
10 3
10
9 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
14 Mar.
3 Mar.
20 Feb.
10 Mar.
28 Feb.
17 Mar.
7 Mar.
25 Feb.
16 Mar.
4 Mar.
21 Feb.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
26 Feb.
17 Jfar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
14 Mar.
3 Mar
20 Feb.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
18 Mar.
7 Mar.
25 Feb.
16 Mar.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
ISnn.
OSat.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
OSat.
5 Thur.
3 Tnes.
1 Sun.
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
ISun.
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tlcs.
OSat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
I Sun.
9920
13
10
45
259
135
9831
46
974
9956
170
205
81
9956
9991
9867
9901
9777
9991
26
240
116
151
27
9902
9937
9813
9847
62
276
310
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
376.5
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
377=
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
LaiiiitiOH-jjarts zr lO.OOOM.v of ti cinle. A tilhi =: ',j.,M of (he moon's synodic revolu/ion.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
True.
(Southern.)
6
Bribaspati
cycle
(Xorlhern)
rurrenl
at Misha
sai'ikrSnti.
Name of
irioiilh.
Time of the
preceding
saiikr&nti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sAukrunti
expressed in '
3785 606
3786 607
3787 608
3788
371
37H(l
3791
3792
3793
3794
379.-.
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
38(13
3801
38<).i
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3811
13816
1381
609
610
611
612
613
614
61.T
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
62.5
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
741
742
743
744
74.1
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
7
754
7
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
76.':
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
683-
*684-
685-
686-
687-
»688-
689-
690-
691-
*692-
693-
694-
695-
*696-
697-
698-
699-
*700-
701-
702-
703-
*704-
705-
706-
707-
*708-
709-
7J0-
711-
♦712-
713-
714-
715-
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Vrisha
Chitrabhfiiiu .
Subhuuu . . . .
Taraiia
Pilnhiva
^'yaj a
Sarvajit
Sarvadhurin .
Virodhin.. . .
Vikrita
Khara
Naiidaua .. . .
Vijava
Jaya
Manmatha. . .
Durmukhn. . .
Hemalainba . .
Vilambn . . . .
Vikurin
Silrvari
Plava
Subhakrit . . .
Subhana . . . .
Krodhin . . . .
Visvfivasu. . .
Parftbhava . .
I'lavaiiga. . . .
Kilaka
Sanniya
SildbAraua.. .
Virodhakrit .
ParidhAvin. .
PraniAdiii. . .
3 Jyeshtha.
9770
29.982
9787
9748
27.948
7 Asv
SrAvaua .
9987
29.961
358
116
515
131
THE IlfNDU CALENDAR. xx
TABLE I.
{Col. 23) II = Dislnniv of mnnu from .lun. {Col. 21) h zrr mnoii's hieiiii aiiomali/. (Col. 25) r = .i««'.! mniii iiiin„iiili/.
II ADDK.II I.INAK MONTHS
(conlmaeil.)
III. ((iMMKNCKMKiNT UK TIIK
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-SoUr jear. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)
Name of
montti.
8a
Time of the
preceding
saiikrinti
expressed in
9a
10a
Time of the
sutTeedinii
saiikrAiiti
expressed in
Day
aud Month
A. D.
12a
(Time of the Mcsha
saukr&nti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddhinta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Gh. Pa
16
H. M.
17
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
meridian of DJitaiii.
Moon's
Age.
21
22
23
26
10 Pausha.
6 Bhftdrapada.
S Jycshtha .
11 Milgha.
9780
9 Mflrgasirsha .
6 Bliftdrapada.
2 Vaisikha.
11 Magha
29.472
9967
0.394
0.823
29.407
0.757
0.263
9759
9901
9737
0.626
0.132
9879
0.067
0.495
20 Mar.
79)
19 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
7a)
20 Mar.
79)
19 .Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mai-.
79)
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mai-.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar
80)
20 Mar
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mai-.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar
79)
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mai-.
79)
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mar
79)
20 Mar.
79)
20 Mar.
79)
6Fri
0 Sat.
2Mou.
3 Taes.
4 Wed.
Thur
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mou
4 Wed.
Thur
6 Fri.
OSat.
2 Mun
3 Tius
4 Wed.
Thur
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mou.
3 Tues.
5 Thur
6 Fri
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur
61-Vi.
1 Sun.
2 .Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
20 Mar.
8 Mar.
26 Feb.
17 Mar.
6 Mar.
24 Feb.
13 Mar.
2 Mar.
20 Feb.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
18 Mar.
8 Mar.
23 Feb.
15 Mar.
4 Mar
21 Feb.
10 11 Mar.
22 1 Mar.
20 Mar.
47 9 Mar.
0 27 Feb.
12 17 Mar.
25 6 Mar.
37 23 Feb.
.50 13 Mar.
2 2 Mar.
15 20 Feb.
27 11 Mar,
5 Thur
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur
4 Wed.
1 Sun
6 Fri.
5 Thur,
2 Mon
OSat.
5 Tliur
2 Mon
OSat.
6 Kri.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
OSat,
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
Thur,
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur
3 Tues
2 Mon.
186
62
97
9972
7
9883
97
132
7
222
9918
9793
8
42
9918
9.53
167
43
78
9953
9829
9864
78
113
9988
203
237
113
9989
23
9899
113
148
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3790
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3800
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
Luiuilioii-jMi-ts r=. lO.OOOMi of a circle. A lithi -^z '/30M of the moons .synodic ri-colulioii.
I CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
3 3a
True.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sankrAnti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikranti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankr&nti
expressed in
9 10
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
13849
3850
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
13
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
1
149
150
151
152
153
154
1
■716-17
717-18
718-19
719-20
•720-21
721-22
722-23
723-24
'724-25
725-26
726-27
727-28
*728-29
729-30
730-31
731-32
•732-33
733-34
734-35
735-36
•736-37
737-38
738-39
739-40
•740-41
741-42
742-43
743-44
•744-45
745-46
746-47
747-48
•7-18-49
48 Ananda
49 Rakshasa
50 Anala .......
5 1 Pingala
52 Kalaynkta
53 Siddhartiu . . . .
54 Raudra
55 Durmati
56 Dundubhi
57 Rudhirodgurin .
58 Raktaksha
59 Krodhana
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Siikla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajapati ....
6 Aiigiras
7 Srimukha ....
. 8 Bhava
. 9 Yuvan
. 10 Dhatril)
. 1 2 Bahudhftnya . . .
. 13 Praniathin
. 14 Vikrama
. 15 Vrisha
. 16 Chitrabh&nu. .
. 17 Subhdnu
. 18 Tftraua
. 19 Pftrthiva
. 20 Vyaya
. 21 Sai'vajit
5 Sravaua 9301 27.903
6 BhUdrapada.
3 JyeshUia 9610
5 Srava^a
6 Bhfidmpada.
5 SrAvatia.
29.184 522
29.070
27.783
9612
9780
.770
28.836
') !bvara, N". 11, was 8up|iressed.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
(Col. 2S) a = Dislaiiif of mnnii from .tun. (Col. •2i) i rr moon's mean iiiiomaly. (Col. 2a)
,'iun\s lafan tmohuili/.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
111. COMMENCEMENT OP THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solarjcar. (Civilday of ChaitraSukla Ut.)
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikrHnti
expressed in
Da
Time of the
succeeding
sahkranti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
13
(Time of the Mcsha
sankr&nti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddh&nta.
Day
id Month
A. D.
16
17
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
meridian of Cijaln.
23
26
4 Ashidlia .
29.507
9 M&rgaisirsha
9979
9814
29.936
29.442
6 Bhfidi-apada.
9957
29.870
a Migha.
9792
9935
29.376
29.80i
7 Asvina.
9770
12 Ph&Iguna.
9913
9749
29.739
29.246
9 MArgasirsha
29.674
5 Sriivapa.
9727
0.8.58
0.364
0.792
0.299
0.727
20 Mar. (80;
20 Mar. (79
20 Mar. (79
21 Mar
:0 Mar (80
20 Mar (79
20 Mar. (79
21 Mar. (80
20 Mar. (80]
20 Mar (79
20 Mar (79
21 Mar. (80;
20 Mar. (80
20 Mar. (79
20 Mar. (79
21 Mar. (80
20 Mar. (80;
20 Mar. (79
20 Mar. (79
21 Mar. (80;
20 Mar. (80
20 Mar. (79
20 Mar (79
21 Mar.
20 Mar. (80;
20 Mar (79
20 Mar. (79
21 Mar. (80;
20 Mar. (80
20 Mar. (79
20 Mar. (79
21 Mar. (80
10 Mar. (80
') 6 Fri.
') 0 Sat.
) 1 Sun.
') 3 Tues.
I) 4 Wed.
') 5 Thur
) 6 IVi.
') 1 Sun.
) 2 Mon.
i) 3 Tues.
) 4 Wed.
I) 6 Fri.
I) 0 Sat.
) 1 Sun.
) 2 Mon.
) 4 Wed
) 5 Thiu-.
') 6 Fri.
) 0 Sat.
I) 2 Mon.
■) 3 Tues.
) 4 Wed.
I) 5 Thiu".
) 0 Sat.
I) 1 Sun.
) 2 Mon.
) 3 Tues.
I) 5 Thur.
i) 6 IVi.
I) 0 Sat
) 1 Sun.
) 3 Tues.
) 4 Wed.
14 10
29 41
45 12
0 44
16 15
31 46
47 17
2 49
18 20
33 51
49 22
4 54
20 25
35 56
51 27
6 59
22 30
38 1
53 32
9 4
24 3
40 6
55 37
11 9
26 40
42 11
57 42
13 14
28 45
44 16
59 47
15 19
30 50
5 40
11 52
18
0 17
6 30
12 42
18 =
1 7
7 20
13 32
19 45
1
8 10
14 22
20 3
2 47
9 0
15 12
21 25
3 37
9 50
16 2
22 15
4 27
10 40
16 52
23 5
5 17
11 30
17 42
23 55
6 7
12 20
28 Feb. (59)
18 Mar. (77)
8 Mar. (67)
25 Feb (56)
14 Mar, (74)
4 Mar. (63)
21 Feb. (52)
12 Mar. (71)
1 Mar (61)
20 Mar. (79)
9 Mar
26 Feb. (57)
16 Mar. (76)
5 .Mar. (64)
22 Feb. (53)
13 Mar, (72)
2 Mar. (62)
20 Feb. (51)
11 Mar. (70)
28 Feb. (59)
18 Mar. (78)
Mar, (66)
24 Feb. (55)
15 Mar. (74)
3 Mar. (63)
21 Feb. (52)
12 Mar. (71)
2 Mar. (61)
20 Mar. (80)
9 Mar. (68)
26 Feb, (57)
17 Mar. (76)
5 Mar. (65)'
6Fi-i.
5 Thur
3 Tues.
OSat.
5 Thur,
3 Tues.
0 Sat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
0 Sat.
4 Wed
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
;i Tue«.
1 Sun
6 Fri.
Thur.
2 Mun,
1 Sun.
Thur
2 Mou.
1 Sun.
Thur.
3 Tufs,
2 Mon.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues,
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
24
58
273
1
9845
59
9935
9969
184
218
94
9970
9756
9790
5
219
2.54
129
164
40
9915
9950
9826
40
75
289
324
200
75
110
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
;i840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
I.uniitioji-jiurls i= JO.OOOMs nf a circle. .1 (ithi ^ '.luM of the moon's si/nodic recolulio
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
„
^
,
•'■
'jz ^
.^-.^
kali.
Saka.
'il.^
CJ >
1
1
2
3
3a
True.
(Southeru.)
Brihaspatl
cvclc
(Northern)
current
at Mcsha
sankr&nti.
Name of
mouth.
Time of the
preccdiDg
sai'ikranti
expressed in
10
Time of the
sucreeding
saiikrSnti
expressed in
11
SS51
3852
S853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
38(11
3K62
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
387
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
749-
750-
751-
*7.52-
7.53-
754-
755-
•756-
757-
758-
7.59-
•760-
761-
762-
763-
•764
765'
766
767
•768
769
771-
•772-
773-
774-
775-
•776-
777-
778-
779-
•780.
Sarvadharin .
A'irodhiu . . . .
Vikrita
Khara
Nandaua. . . .
Vijaya
Jaya
Manmatha. .
Purmukha. .
Hemalamba.
Vilamba ...
Vikarin,. . .
Sarvari ....
Plava
Subhakrit. .
Sobhana . . .
Krodhin . . .
Visvavasu. .
I'arabhava. .
I'lavanga.. .
Kilaka
SSdh&ra(ia.. .
Virodhakrit .
ParidhSvin . .
I'ramudhin . .
Anauda . . . .
lUkshasa.. . .
.\uala
I'ingala
KAlavukta . .
SiddhAi'thin .
6 Bhadrap.ida
5 Sravaya
7 A»\ ina. . .
10 Pausha(Ksh)
1 Chaitra . .
5 .Sr&vaoa.
9723
9740
115
9860
29.220
0.345
29.580
9964
86
THE HINDU CALENDAR. x;
TABLP] 1.
'ol. 23) (/ =: DisUime of moon from saii. {Col. 21) i z=. moon's mean unomuli/. [Col. 25) r -zz sun's mean tiuomiili/.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
Name iif
miinth.
8a
Time of tie
preceding
sai'ikrHnti
expressed in
10a
Time of the
suceeedin^
sai'ikrAnti
expressed in
11a
Day
and Month
A. D.
(Time of the Mcsha
sanknlnti.)
12a
13
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddh&nta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
IS
17
le
Week
dav.
20
At Sanrlse on
meridian of Ujjain.
Moon's
Age.
21
22
23
26
29 . 608
29.115
0..')30
0.037
9990
9826
29.971
29.477
0.893
0.399
9 M&rgasirsha
Sravava . .
9947
7 Asvina..
29.775
12 Phaiguna.
9760
9903
29.281
29.709
0.203
0.631
20 Mar.
79)
21 Mar
80)
21 Mar.
80l
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
79)
21 Mar.
80)
21 Mar
80)
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mar
79)
21 Mar.
80)
21 Mar.
80)
20 Mar
80)
20 Mar
79)
21 Mar.
80)
21 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
79)
21 Mar.
80)
21 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mar
79)
21 Mar.
80)
21 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
79)
21 Mar.
80)
21 Mar.
80)
20 .Mar.
80)
21 Mar.
80 1
21 Mai-.
80)
21 Mar.
80)
20 Mar.
80)
5 Thur
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2Mon
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
eivi.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Thur.
6Fi-i.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4B 21
1 52
17 24
32 55
48 26
3 57
19 29
35 0
.50 31
6 2
21 34
37 5
52 36
8 7
23 39
39 10
54 41
10 12
25 44
41 15
.56 46
12 17
27 49
43 20
58 51
14 22
29 54
45 25
0 56
16 27
31 .59
47 30
18 32
0 45
6 57
13 10
19 22
1 35
7 47
14 0
20 12
2 25
8 37
14 50
21 2
3 15
9 27
15 40
21 52
4 5
10 17
16 30
22 42
4 55
11 7
17 20
23 32
5 45
11 57
18 10
0 22
6 35
12 -11
lit 0
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
3 Mar.
20 Feb.
10 Mar.
28 Feb.
18 Mar.
6 Mar
24 Feb.
15 Mar
4 Mai-.
22 Feb.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
20 Mar.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
16 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
13 Mar.
3 .Mar.
20 Feb.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
18 Mar.
7 Mar.
24 Feb.
15 Mar.
4 Mar.
22 Feb.
12 Mar
OSat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
OSat.
Thur.
3 Tues.
OSat.
Thur.
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
6Fi-i.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thar.
2 Mon.
ISun.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
OSat.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
84
66
181
0-11
28
305
86
;o
299
309
68
194
192
77
148
1.52
119
156
323
75
56
219
134
211
217
292
183
©-34
313
70
254
9861
9896
111
9986
21
235
9931
9807
1
6
9931
146
180
56
91
9966
9842
9877
91
9967
1
216
92
126
2
37
9912
9788
161
37
251
286
97 206
34 257
917
764
700
584
483
331
214
1.50
997
881
817
664
600
447
294
231
114
961
897
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
387
3876
7
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Luiiulioiipurts rz K),OnflMs of a circle. A liihi r=: ' uiM of the mo'iit.^ st/nodir retolulion.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
U. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
o a
3 3a
True.
(Southern.)
6
Brihasp.ili
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Meshii
saiikr&nti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
]irecediDg
sai'ikr&nti
expressed in
9 10
Time of the
succeeding
saiikr£nti
11
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3900
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
.3912
3913
3914
3913
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
73:
73fi
839
188
840
189
841
190
842
191
843
192
844
193
845
194
846
195
847
196
848
197
849
198
850
199
851
200
852
201
853
202
854
203
855
204
856
205
857
206
858
207
859
208
860
209
861
210
862
211
863
212
804
213
865
214
860
215
867
216
808
217
869
218
87(
219
781- 82
782- 83
783- 84
•784- 85
785- 86
786- 87
787- 88
♦788- 89
789- 90
790- 91
791- 92
»792- 93
793- 94
794- 95
795- 96
•796- 97
797- 98
798- 99
799-800
*800- 1
801- 2
802- 3
803- 4
♦804- 5
805- 6
806- 7
807- 8
•808- 9
809- 10
810- 11
811- 12
•812- 13
M3- 14
. 54 Raudra
. 55 Durmati
. 56 Dundubhi
. 57 Rudhirodgirin .
. 58 Raktaksha
. 59 Kroilhana. . . .
. 60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
. 5 Prajapati
. 6 Aiigiras
7 Srimukba ....
. 8 Bhava
9 Yuvan
. 10 Dhatri
. 11 isvai-a
. 12 Bahudhauva..
.13 Pramdthin . . .
. 14 Vikrama
. 15 Vrisha
. . 16 (.'hitrabhfiuu . .
. . 17 Subliiiuu
, . 18 Taraua
. . 19 Pai-thiva
. . 20 Vya.vB
. . 21 Sarvajit
. . 22 Sarvadhflriu . .
. . 23 VirodUin
. . 24 Viknta
. . 25 Kharo
l'O .\oniliin;i.
6 Bhadrapada.
6 Bhadrapada.
9715
9648
7 Asvina.
434
98
792
29.145
28.944
152
155
(Cot. 23) (/ = Distil lire of moon front
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Ml. (Col. i\i) I) =^ moon's mean unomiily. {Cot. 25) r m
eun imoiiiiitij .
ADDKD LUNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla let.)
Name (if
month.
Time of tie
preceding
sankr&nti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeilinj;
sankranti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
(Time of the Mesha
sankranti.)
Week
dav.
By the Arya
SiddhSnta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Gh. Pa. H. M
Week
dav.
At Sanrise on
meridian of Ujjaln
Moon'f
Age.
8a
9a 10a 11a 12a
13
14
15
17
10
20
21
23
5 Sravapa.
12 Philguna..
5 Sr&vava.
9937
29.578
0.137
0.072
0.500
0.007
0.435
0.863
0.798
0.304
0.732
29.316 79
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar (80
21 Mar. (80
20 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
20 Mar (80
21 Mar. (80;
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
20 Mar. (80
2niar.(80
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
20 Mar (80
21 Mar. (80;
21 Mar
21 Mar. (80;
20 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar (80
21 Mar. (81
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar.
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar (81
21 Mar (80
21 Mar (80;
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (81
21 Mar. fSff
4 Wed.
5 Thnr
6Fri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tnes.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
OSat.
ISnn.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur
6 Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues
4 Wed
5 Thur
6 Fri
1 Sun.
2 Mon
3 1
18 32
34 4
49 35
5 6
20 37
36 9
51 40
7 11
22 42
38 14
53 45
9 16
24 47
40 19
55 50
11 21
26 52
42 24
57
13 26
28 57
44 2
0 0
15 31
31 2
46 34
2
17 36
33 7
48 39
4 10
19 41
1 12
7 25
13 37
19 50
2 2
8 15
14 27
20 40
2 52
9 5
15 17
21 30
3 42
9 55
16 7
22 20
4 32
10 45
16 57
23 10
5 22
11 3
17 47
0 0
6 12
12 25
18 37
0 50
7 2
13 15
19 27
1 40
1 Mar.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
13 Mar.
2 Mar.
21 Mar.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mai-.
7 Mar,
25 Feb.
15 Mar.
4 Mar.
21 Feb.
12 Mar.
29 Feb
19 Mar
8 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
14 Mar.
2 Mar.
20 Mar.
10 ilar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
.Mar
5 Thur.
3 Tues
OSat.
5 Thnr.
4 Wed
Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
2 Mon
1 Sun.
Thur.
2 Mon
1 Sun.
6 Fri.
4 Wed
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
ISun.
OSat.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur.
3 Tues
1 Sun.
5 Thur
4 Wed.
2 Mon
162
9858
9733
9948
9982
197
72
107
9983
1
9893
9769
9804
18
232
267
143
18 572
53
9929
9963
9839
53
88
302
178
213
88
9784
9909
9875
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
.3914
391, i
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
Luiiution-jHirls r= 10,(l(l(lMi' of <i cinii-. A litlii z= ' .ml/i of //ir moon's .si/iiodir rcvoluliuu.
I. CONCDRRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
True.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspnti
cycle
(Northeni)
cun'ent
at Mesha
sanki'finti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
])ri'i'eding
sai'ikrinti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sai'ikranti
expressed in
3916
391
3918
3919
3920
3921
922
39-23
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3930
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
394.T
3946
3947
0- 1
1- 2
2- 3
3- 4
4- 5
5- «
fi- 7
7- 8
8- 9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
814-15
815-16
*816-17
817-18
818-19
819-20
*820-21
821-22
822-23
823-24
•824-25
825-26
826-27
827-28
•828-29
829-30
830-31
831-32
•832-33
833-34
834-35
835-36
*83()-37
837-38
838-39
839-40
•840-41
841-42
842-43
843-44
•844-45
845-46
27 Vijaya
28 Jaya
29 Manmatha . . . .
30 Durmukha . . . .
31 Hemalamba. . .
32 Vilamba
33 Vikilrin
34 S&rvarin
35 Plava
36 Subhakrit 1) . . .
38 Krodhin
39 Visvavasu
40 Pan'ibhavu
41 Plavaiiga
42 Kilaka...-
43 Sauinya
44 S'ldhdraiia
45 Virodhakrit. . . .
46 Paridhftviu. . .
47 Praniadin
48 .\nanda
49 Knkshasa
50 Anala
5 1 Piliuala
52 K&layukta
53 Siddiiiirthin . . .
54 Raudra
55 Durmati
56 Dundubhi
37 Rudhirodgnrin .
58 Kaktfikshu
59 Krndhiini,
29.730
9740
Sravaiia .
29 . 760
3 Srftvava
'j Sobhaiia, No 37,
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TAIUiE 1.
((<,/. 2:!) ,/ :
= Distance of moon from
v«//. (Col.
21) // :
- „,
lOll
.V Mean
anoiiiuli/. (Col. 25
) '■ =
= SUI
.V meon anoyna
h-
1! ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
fcottlinued.J
II
. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla
1st.)
Kali.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikr&nti
expressed in
Time of the
sneceediug
saiikr&nli
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
(Time of the Meaha
sankrilnti )
Day
and .Month
A. 1)
Week
day.
At Sunrise on
meridian of Ujjain
Moon's !
Age.
b.
-
Week
day.
By the Arj
Siddhdnta
a
a
-5 s.
15
li
^
?
Is
it
^■f
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
8a
9a
10a
lla
12a
13
14
15
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
3 Jjeshtha
9915
29.745
222
0.667
21 -Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar, (80)
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar, (81)
21 .Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
22 Mar. (81
21 Mar. (81
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
2 Mon,
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur,
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
2 Mon,
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
0 Sat,
35
50
6
21
37
8
23
39
54
10
25
41
56
12
28
43
59
14
30
45
1
Ifi
32
47
3
18
34
49
20
36
12
44
15
46
17
49
20
51
22
54
25
56
27
59
30
1
32
4
35
«
37
9
40
11
42
14
45
16
47
19
50
21
14
20
2
8
14
21
3
9
15
21
4
10
16
22
11
17
23
5
12
18
0
6
12
19
1
7
13
19
2
8
14
17
30
42
55
20
32
45
57
10
22
35
47
0
12
25
37
50
15
27
40
52
17
30
42
7
20
32
24 Feb, (55)
15 Mar. (74)
3 Mar. (63)
21 Feb, (52)
11 Mar. (70)
1 Mar. (60)
19 Mar. (79)
8 Mar. (67)
26 Feb. (57)
17 Mar. (76)
5 Mar. (65)
22 Feb. (53)
13 Mar. (72)
2 Mar. (61)
20 Mar. (80)
9 Mar. (68)
27 Feb. (58)
18 Mar. (77)
7 Mar. (67)
24 Feb. (55)
15 Mar. (74)
4 Mar. (63)
21 Feb. (52)
11 Mar. (70)
28 Feb. (59)
20 Mar. (79)
8 Mar. (68)
26 Feb. (57)
17 Jfar. (76)
6 Mai-. (65)
23 Feb. (54)
12 Mar. (71)
6 Fri.
5 Thnr
2 Mon.
OSat.
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
0 Sat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
0 Sat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
OSat.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
ISun.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
ISun.
5 Thm-.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
0 Sat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
5 Thur,
2
40
3
323
81
312
324
87
208
206
87
76
162
131
171
0-2S
91
73
232
144
221
226
174
199
0-17
330
86
267
311
286
289
24
.006
.120
.009
.969
.243
.936
.972
.261
.624
.618
.261
.228
.486
.393
.513
—.076
.273
.219
.696
.432
.663
.678
..522
.597
-.051
.990
.268
.801
.933
.858
.867
.072
9999
34
9909
124
9820
34
69
9945
1,59
194
69
9945
9980
9855
9890
9766
9980
15
229
105
139
15
9891
9926
9801
174
50
265
299
175
51
9747
769
704
5.52
435
335
218
154
885
821
668
515
452
299
235
82
965
901
785
632
568
415
263
198
46
18
865
749
685
532
379
279
210
261
230
202
250
222
274
243
215
266
235
204
2.56
225
276
245
217
269
240
210
261
230
199
251
220
274
243
215
266
235
205
253
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
.3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
11 Mfigha
9750
29.251
58
0.173
8 KAittika
9893
29.679
200
0.601
4 .Ashfiilha ....
9728
29.185
36
0.107
1 Chaitra
9 .MSi-gaslrsha .
9871
9707
29.614
29.120
179
14
0.536
0.042
6 Hhri(lra]>a(la . .
9849
29.548
157
0.470
3 Jveshtha ....
9992
29.976
299
0.898
11 Mfigha
9828
29.483
135
0.405
8 Karttika
9970
29.911
27H
0.833
21 Mar. (81
21 Mar. (80
21 Mar. (80
4 AshAdha ....
9806
29.417
113
0.339
1 Chaitra
9948
29.845
256
0.767
21 Mar. (81
21 Mar. (80
0 See Text. Art 101 above, para.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Liiiiation-ptirts =: 10,000M.« of a rirrle. J tithi ^ ', loM of the moon's synodic retolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
42 c
3a
True.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaapati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sauki'ilnti
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sai'ikrunti
expressed in
a ^
10
Time of the
succeeding
sai'ikrunti
expressed in
11
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
395;
395fi
3957
3958
3959
39C0
39(11
39r,2
39fJ3
39C4
3965
39fill
39(r
39(iK
3909
3970
3971
397:i
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
397H
3979
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
79
80
81
■82
83
'84
78.0
786
787
■88
■89
■90
■91
796
'97
f98
799
HOO
21-22
22-23
23-24
24-25
25-28
26-27
27-28
28-29
29-30
30-31
31-32
32-33
33-34
34-35
35-36
36-37
37-38
38-39
39-40
40-41
41-42
42-43
43-44
44-45
45-46
46-47
47-48
48-49
49-50
60-51
51-52
52-53
846-
847-
•848-
849-
850-
851-
♦852-
853-
854-
855-
»856-
857-
858-
859-
•860-
861-
862-
863-
•864-
865-
866-
867-
•868-
869-
870-
871-
•872-
873-
874-
875-
•876-
877-
60 Kshaya ....
1 Prabhava . . .
2 Vibhava
3 Sakla
4 Pramoda. . . .
5 Prajapati . . .
6 Angiras
7 Srimukha . . .
8 Bhava
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
11 Isvara
12 Bahudhilnja.
13 Pramathin...
14 Vikrama. . . .
15 Vrisha
10 Chitrabhfinu.
17 Subhanu . . . .
18 TSrava
19 Pftrthiva . . . .
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit
22 Sarvadharin .
23 Virodhin....
24 Vikrita
25 Khnra
26 Nandana . . . .
27 Vyaya
28 Joya
29 Manmatha. . .
80 Durmukha. . .
31 Hcmalambn..
7 Asvina.
750
9827
5 Sruvana.
9679
6 Bhadrapada.
5 SrAva;ia.
9786
151
170
THE HINDU CALENDAR. xxx
TABLE 1.
{Col. 23) a Z3 Distance of moon from sun. (Col. 21-) b =: moon's mean anomaly. (Col. 25) e z= tun's mean anomaly.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
CcoHlimued.J
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)
Kali.
Name of
moutli.
Time of the
preceding
saiikiinti
expressed in
Time of the
succeedini;
sankrSnti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
(Time of the Mesha
saukranti.)
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
day.
At Sunrise on
meridian of Ujlaln.
Moon's
6.
"
Week
day.
By the Arya
SiddhanU.
li
.2
si
^
ll
"
Gh.
Pa
H.
M.
8a
9a
10a
lla
12a
13
14
15
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
1
9 Mirgasirsha.
9784
29.352
91
0.274
21 Mar. (80)
22 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mar. (80)
22 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
21 Mai-. (80)
22 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
21 ifar. (80)
22 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
22 Mar. (81)
22 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
22 Mar. (81)
22 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
22 Mar. (81)
22 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
22 Mar. (81)
22 Mai-. (81)
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur
6 l-'ri.
ISon.
2 Mon.
3 Tqcs.
4 Wed.
6Fri.
OSat.
ISnn.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6Fri.
ISun.
2 Mon.
3 Taes.
4 Wed.
fiFri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5Thnr
6Pi-i.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Taes.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
51
7
22
38
53
9
25
40
56
11
m
42
58
13
29
44
0
15
31
46
2
17
33
48
4
19
35
50
6
21
37
53
52
24
55
26
57
29
0
31
2
34
5
36
7
39
10
41
12
44
15
46
17
49
20
51
22
54
25
56
27
59
30
1
20
2
9
15
21
3
10
16
22
4
10
17
23
11
17
0
6
12
18
0
7
13
19
1
7
14
20
2
8
15
?^
45
57
10
22
35
47
0
12
25
37
50
2
15
27
40
52
5
17
30
42
55
7
20
32
45
57
10
22
35
47
0
12
2 Mar. (61)
21 Mar. (80)
9 Mar. (69)
27 Feb. (58)
18 Mar. (77)
7 Mar. (66)
24 Feb. (55)
14 Mar. (73)
3 Mar. (62)
21 Feb. (52)
11 Mai-. (71)
28 Feb. (59)
20 Mar. (79)
9 Mar. (68)
26 Feb. (57)
16 Mai-. (75)
5 Mar. (64)
22 Feb. (53)
12 Mar. (72)
2 Mar. (61)
21 Mar. (80)
10 Mar. (69)
28 Feb. (59)
18 Mar. (77)
7 Mar. (66)
24 Feb. (55)
14 Mar. (74)
3 Mar. (62)
21 Feb. (52)
12 Mai-. (71)
29 Feb. (60)
19 Mar. (78)
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
6Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
0 Sat.
5Thnr.
4 Wed.
ISun.
ISnn.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
ISun
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
6 Fri.
5 Thnr.
2 Mon.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
ei-ri.
3 Tnes.
1 Sun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tnes.
220
218
0-36
104
120
45
49
135
63
239
225
0-27
325
157
108
196
191
96
101
229
209
0-13
202
266
263
245
292
116
236
213
15
53
.660
.654
—.108
.312
.360
.135
.147
.405
.189
.717
.675
—.081
.975
.471
.324
.588
.573
.288
.303
.687
.627
— .039
.606
.798
.789
.735
.876
.348
.708
.639
.045
.159
9961
9996
9871
86
120
9996
9872
9906
9783
9996
31
9907
280
156
31
66
9942
9818
9852
67
101
9977
191
226
102
9977
12
9888
102
137
12
47
162
98
946
829
765
612
459
395
243
126
62
909
882
729
576
512
359
206
142
26
962
809
693
628
476
323
259
106
990
926
773
709
225
276
246
217
269
238
207
258
228
200
251
220
274
243
212
264
233
202
253
225
277
246
218
269
238
207
259
228
200
251
220
272
3948
3949
3050
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
6 BhSdrapada.
9927
29.780
234
0.702
2 VaUaJdia....
9762
29.286
69
0.208
11 .\lagha
9905
29.714
212
0.637
7 Aivina
9740
29.221
48
0.143
4 AshiVlha ....
9883
29.649
190
0.571
12-Phalguna....
9718
29.155
26
0.077
9 Mai-gasirsha. .
9861
29.583
169
0.506
a Sravaiia
9697
29.090
4
0.012
2 Vai^kha....
9839
29.518
147
0.440
11 MAgha
9982
29.946
289
0.868
7 Asvina
9818
29.453
125
0.875
21 Mar. (81)
21 Mar. (80)
0 Sec Tract Art. 101 above, para 2.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
I.iiiiiition-parls := 10,0O0M.s of a rirrle. J lilhi zr '/ju/// of llir niooii's spiodic recolat'wn .
1. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
3a
True.
(Simtlicrn.)
Bribaspati
cydc
(NorthiTu)
current
at Mesha
sai'ikrllnti.
Name of
montli.
Time of the
preceding
saukr&nti
expressed in
Time uf the
succeeding
saiikrunti
expressed in
3980
3981
398S
3983
3984
398.-
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
399fi
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4000
4007
4008
4009
4010
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
94:
946
94
948
949
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
54-55
55-56
56-57
57-58
58-59
59-60
60-61
61-62
62-63
63-64
64-65
05-66
66-67
67-68
68-69
69-70
70-71
71-72
72-73
73-74
74-75
75-76
76-77
77-78
78-79
79-80
80-81
81-82
878-
879-
•880-
881-
882-
883-
»884-
885-
886-
887-
*888-
889-
890-
891-
893-
894-
895-
•890-
897-
898-
899-
•900-
901-
902-
903-
•904-
905-
900-
907-
•908-
32 Vilaraba
33 VikSrin
34 SSrvari
35 Plava
36 Subhakfit
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhin
39 Visvavasu . . . .
40 Par&bha\ a . . . .
4 1 Plavaiiga . . . .
42 Kilaka
43 Saumya
44 Sadhfirana.. . .
45 Virodhakrit . .
46 Paridh.'vin...
47 Prainfidin
48 Ananda
49 IWkshasa
50 Aiiala
51 Pingala
52 Killayukta
53 Siddhilrthin . .
54 Raudra
55 Durmati
56 DundubUi
57 RudliirddgAriu
38 llaktAksha . . .
59 Krodhana . . . .
60 Kshajii
1 Prabbava
2 Vibhavo 1) ...
6 Bbildrapada.
Srilvaiia .
3 Jveshtba .
*9.259
8 Karttika,
9 Murijas.{Ksh.)
1 Chiiitra..
9974
8
9780
29.922
0.024
29 . 340
6 lihadrapada.
SrAvatm.
9912
111
iilj|jn>M'd In Ibc nurlli, liul In
sup)>ivs.<t)uu hiiicf this dale
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
lyCol. 23| (/ zz DisliDiie o/' moon from sun. (Col. 2t) /i
moon s meo
{Col. 25) r Tzz sunx mean iinoinuli/.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
(eonlinued.J
III. COMMENCEMENT OK THE
Mean.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.
Name of
month.
8a
Time of Ihc
precedinu;
sanknlnti
ei])ro^9cd in
9a
10a
Time of the
sueeecding
sanki'Dnti
expressed in
o ^
,A g.
Day
and Montb
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Mcslia
saiikrfinti.)
Week
dav.
14
By the Arya
Siddhanta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
17
19
Week
dav.
20
At Sunrise on
merldlaa of UJJaln.
Moon's
Ase.
21
23
25
1
9960
9796
29.881
29.387
0.803
0.309
9 M&rgssTrslia.
0.737
a SrSvapa.
3 Jycshtha.
12 Phalguna.
9730
9873
29.191
29.619
0.113
0.541
5 Srilvaua . . .
0.475
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
21 Mar.
21 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
21 Mar.
21 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 iMar.
21 Mar.
21 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
21 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
21 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
21 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mai-.
22 Mar.
21 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
21 Mar.
0 Sat.
ISun.
2 Men.
3 Tues
Thui-
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur
6 Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Men.
3 Tues.
Thur
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur
6 Fri.
1 Suu.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
1 Suu.
2 Mon.
45 50
1 21
16
32 24
47
3 26
18 57
34 29
50 0
5 31
21 2
36 34
52 5
7 36
23 7
38 39
54 10
18 20
0 32
6
12
19 10
1 22
7 35
13 47
20 0
2 12
8 25
14 37
20 50
3 2
9 15
15 27
21 40
8 Mar.
26 Feb.
15 Mar.
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
2 Mar.
21 Mar.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
14 Mar.
3 Mar.
21 Feb.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
16 Mar.
4 Mar.
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
3 Mar.
21 Mar.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
6 Mar
OSat.
5 Thur
3 Tues.
ISun.
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
2 Men
1 Sun.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
ISun.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
ISun.
OSat.
5 Thur
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
u
.042
332
.996
91
.273
325
.975
126
.378
103
.309
223
.669
224
.672
99
.297
82
.246
172
.516
141
.423
0-0
-.000
0-8
-.034
7
.021
239
.717
246
.738
153
.459
230
.690
238
.714
285
.855
213
.639
0-1
-.003
114
.342
101
.303
278
.834
324
.972
298
.894
299
.897
36
.108
235
.705
19923
137
19833
47
19923
19958
1
207
83
9869
9744
9779
208
242
118
153
28
9904
9939
1814
29
63
278
312
188
64
9760
9974
3980
3981
:i982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
261 4001
4002
4003
4004
231
202
254
226 4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
401o|
© See Text. Art. 101 abuv
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
'ilion-jmrU =i 10,OOOM.v oj n circle. A titlii ^ '/auM of the mo'/»\\ synoi/ic rerulu/iim.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
True
Luni-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
Briliaspati
cycle
(Northera)
current
nt Meslia
sai'ikranti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikrftnti
expressed iu
a^
Time of the
succeeding
SRiikn'mti
expressed in
4011
WM
4013
4014
401.-i
401 f.
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
403fi
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
832
833
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
33
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
84- 85
85- 86
909-10
910-11
87-
88
*912-13
88-
89
913-14
89-
90
914-15
90-
91
915-16
91-
92
•916-17
92-
93
917-18
93-
94
918-19
94-
95
919-20
95-
96
♦920-21
96-
97
921-22
97-
98
922-23
98-
99
923-24
99-
ion
♦924-25
100-
1
925-26
ini-
2
926-27
102-
3
927-28
103-
4
♦928-29
104-
5
929-30
105-
6
930-31
106-
7
931-32
107-
8
•932-33
108-
9
933-34
109-
10
934-35
110-
11
935-36
111-
12
•936-37
112-
13
937-38
113-
14
938-39
114-
15
939-40
115-
16
•yn)-4i
Sukla
Pramoda . .
Prajapati .
Aiigiras . . .
SrimukUa.
Pramoda l). .
Prajfipati . . . .
6 Aiigiras.
Yavan
Dhatri
Isvara
Bahudhauya . .
Pramathin.. . .
Vikrama
Vrisha
Chitrabhanu . .
SubliAnu
Tarawa
Parthiva
Vjaya
Sarvajit
Sarvadhari . . .
Virodhin
Vikrita
Khara
Nandana
Vijaya
Jaya
Manmathn.. . .
Durmukba . . .
Hcmalnniba.. .
Vilamha
Vikflriii
Srimuklia . . .
Bhava
Y'uvan
Dhatri
l.svara
Ikhudhaiiya .
PramSthin.. .
Vikrama . . . .
Vpsha
Chitrabhanu .
Subhanu . . . .
Tarana
parthiva....
Vyaya
Sarvajit
SarvadhArin .
Virodhin . . .
Vikrita
Khara
Nandana. . . .
Vijaya ......
Jaya
Manmatha.. .
Durmukha . .
Ilemalamba. .
Vlhimba . . . .
Vikarin
SArvari
7 Asvina. . .
10 Pamha(K3h.)
1 Chaitra..
9818
108
9865
29.454
0.324
29.595
9967
6 Bhudrapada.
7 As
SrAvaua .
27.906
2 VaisAkha. . . .
29.172
olc I, \m\ p.'i;
THE HINDU CALENDAR. xli
TABLE I.
[i'ol. 23) <i 1= Disliinre of maon from sun. (Col. 24) i ^ moo/i'x iiieiiii anomiili/. (Vol. 25) r ^ »««'.« w«;« nnnmatif.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
fcontinued.J
III. COM^rENCBMENT OF THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of CJlmilra Sukla Ut.)
Name of
month.
Time of the
prcceilitii;
sai'ikrAnti
cij)rcs8cJ ill
Time of the
succeeding
sankrflnti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
(Time of the Mcsha
sankrftnti.)
Week
day.
By the Ai-yo
SiddfaAnta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
day.
At Banrlse on
meridian of UJJain.
Moon's
Age.
9a
10a
12a
13
17
20
21
22
12 IMiAlsiina
29.422
29.851
29.357
20.78;
29.291
29.720
0 Bhadrapuda .
9742
29.6.54
29.100
0.838
0.773
0.279
0.707
0.576
22 Mai'.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
21 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
21 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 JIar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6Fri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur,
6Fri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thnr.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thar.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 TucB.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6Fi-i.
1 Sun
9 41
25 12
40 44
56 15
11 46
27 17
42 49
58 20
13 51
29 22
44 54
0
15 56
31 27
46 59
2 30
18 1
33 32
49 -
4 3;
20 (
35 3;
51 !
6 40
22 11
37 42
53 14
8 45
24 16
39 47
55 19
10 50
3 52
10 5
23 Feb.
54)
14 Mar.
73)
4 Mar.
63)
22 Feb.
53)
11 Mar.
70)
28 Feb.
59)
19 Mar.
78)
7 Mar.
67)
25 Feb.
56)
16 Mar.
75)
5 Mar.
64)
23 Feb.
54)
13 Mar.
72)
2 Mar.
61)
21 Mar.
80)
9 Mar.
69)
26 Feb.
57)
17 Mar.
76)
7 Mar.
66)
24 Feb.
55)
14 Mar.
73)
4 Mar.
63)
23 Mar.
82)
11 Mar.
71)
28 Feb.
59)
19 Mar.
78)
8 Mar.
67)
26 Feb.
57)
16 Mar.
75)
5 Mar.
64)
23 Feb.
54)
12 Mar.
72)
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
OSat.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
ISun.
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
0 Sat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
OSat.
5 Tliur.
4 Wed.
ISun.
5 Thur.
4 Wed
ISun.
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
OSat
5 Thur
319
56
57
144
254
242
0-13
143
171
118
205
201
109
llfi
246
0
212
276
272
256
305
131
252
231
28
264
23
012
—.057
.351
.957
.168
.171
.432
.225
.762
.726
-.03»
.429
.513
.354
.61
.603
32
.348
.738
—.000
.006
.636
.828
.816
.768
.915
.393
.756
.693
.084
.792
.069
9850
9H8i
9885
9920
9795
10
44
9920
134
169
45
79
9955
9831
9865
80
9955
9990
204
239
115
9991
25
9901
115
150
26
240
9930
toil
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
© Se.' Te.vt. Art. 101 above
xlii
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TA P»hK I.
Liinalion-parU nr 10,000M« of o rircle. A tU/ii =r ',j„;/; of the moon's si/nodic revolution.
I. CONCLRRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTU.S
Kali
Sakii.
s
It
•-a
s
Kollam.
A. I).
Samvatsara.
True,
Lmii-Sular
(•y<-l...
(SoiUhi-ni.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at -Mesha
sankrSDti.
.Name of
month
Time of the
preceding
sankranti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankranti
expressed in
^
?
1
2
3
3a
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
40(i8
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
tii7r,
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
K89
890
891
892
893
894
895
H!t(l
999
1000
1001
1002
1O03
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
116-17
117-18
118-19
119-20
120-21
121-22
122-23
123-24
124-25
125-26
126-27
127-28
128-29
129-30
130-31
131-32
132-33
133-34
134-35
135-36
136-37
137-38
138-39
139-40
140-41
141-42
142-43
143-44
144-45
145-46
146-47
147-48
I4H.49
941-42
942-43
943-44
•944-45
945-46
946-47
947-48
•948-49
949-50
950-51
951-52
•952-53
9.53-54
954-55
955-56
•956-57
957-58
958-59
959-60
•960-61
961-62
962-63
963-64
•964-65
965-66
906-67
967-68
•968-09
969-70
970-71
971-72
•972-73
973-74
35 Plava
36 Subhakrit ...
G Bhadrapada .
9677
29.031
233
0.699
36 Subhakrit
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhiii
39 Visvavasu
40 Parabhava
41 Plavai'iga
42 Kilaka
43 Saumva
44 Sadbaraiia
45 Vii-odhakril . . .
46 Paridhavi
47 Pramudiu
48 Ananda
49 Rakshasa
50 Anala
38 Krodhiu
39 Viii-avasu ...
40 Parabhava
4 Ashadba ....
9581
28.743
298
0.894
42 Kilaka
3 Jyeshtha...
9727
29.181
495
1.485
44 Sadharaua. . . .
45 Virodhakrit
7 Asvina
9768
29.304
167
0..501
40 Paridliuvin
47 Pramadiu
48 Ananda
5 Sravaiia
9773
29.319
340
1 . 020
49 Rakshasa
50 Anala
3 Jyeshtha ....
9260
27.780
42
0.126
52 Kaiavukta. . . .
53 Siddharthiu...
2 Vaisakha ...
9894
29.682
298
0.894
52 Kaiavukta
53 Siddhavthin.. .
55 Durinati
6 Hhadmpada .
9S09
29 . 427
274
0.822
56 Dundubhi ....
57 Rudhirodplriii
58 Raktaksha .
59 Krodliana ....
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibliava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajajiati
6 Aiigiriis
7 Srimnkha , , . .
57 Rudhirodgarin
58 Raktaksha....
4 Ashadha ....
9588
28.764
411
1 . 233
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava.
3 Jyeshtha ....
9786
29.358
472
1.416
3 Sukla
7 Asvina
9783
29.349
131
0.393
6 Ai'igiras
5 Srava(ia
9916
29.748
537
1.611
8 \\Ma:\
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
xliii
{Col. 33) (I zz: Distuiirc of mnnn from mil. (Col. '24) b r= moon's meuii anomuli). (Cot. 25) r =i .«««'.« mraii iiiioiiiah).
II Al)l)i;i) I.INAK MONTHS
111. f'OMMENC'EMKNT Ol' Tl
Mean.
Solar year.
Name (if
muntli.
Time of the
preceding
sai'ikr&nti
expressed in
Time of the
suweeding
saiil<ranti
expressed in
Bay
and Month
A. D.
11a 12a
13
(Time of the Mesha
sankr&nti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddhftnta.
15
17
Luni-Solar year. (Civilday of ChaitraSukla 1st.)
Day
and Month
A. D.
18
20
At Sunrise on
meridian of UJJaln.
Moon's
A"e.
22
23
S Karltika . . . . a863
6 Uhfulrapada
11 Magha.
9 Miirgasii'sha
6 Bhadrapada.
29.323
29.952
29.886
29.392
9776
9897
0.874
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 .Mar.
23 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
23 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
23 Mar.
22 Mar.
2 Mar.
2 Mar.
23 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
23 Mar.
22 JIar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
23 Mar.
22 Mar.
22 Mar.
Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Kri.
ISun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thiu"
fi Pri.
OSat.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5Thui-
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
0 Kri
0 Sat
IMar.
20 Mar.
9 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
7 Mar.
24 Feb.
14 Mar.
3 Mar
22 Mar.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
18 Mar.
8 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 -Mar.
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
1 Mar.
20 Mar.
9 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
7 Mar.
24 Feb.
15 Mar.
3 Mar.
21 Mar.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
18 Mar.
S Mar.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
.Mon.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fi'i.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
6 Fri.
5 Thur
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
ISun.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
090
312
—.024
426
360
714
189
330
270
546
,459
042
021
,37
762
780
489
483
741
591
681
048
390
.351
873
669
,915
924
,147
750
OCO
2 Mou. I© -3
OSat. 133
9812
9846
9722
9936
9971
185
61
96
9971
6
9882
9758
9792
7
42
991
9952
9828
291
167
201
77
)773
9987
9863
9S98
\\i
223 4043
272 4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4033
4054
4053
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
216 4073
267
239
0 See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2.
xliv THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
Lunatioii-iiiiits = 10,OOOM,s of u circle. J tithi ^ '.loM of the moon's synodic rccolulioii.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
2
4076
407
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
40S3
4084
408
4086
408
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
409
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
HOo
U06
4107
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
92fi
927
928
3a
5
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
104(i
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
10
1053
1054
105
1056
105
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
149-50
150-51
151-52
152-63
153-54
154-55
155-56
156-57
157-58
158-59
1 59-fiO
160-61
161-62
162-63
163-64
164-65
165-66
166-67
107-68
168-69
169-70
170-71
171-72
172-73
173-74
174-75
175-76
176-77
177-78
178-79
179-80
180-81
974-
975-
»976-
977-
978-
979-
»980-
981-
982-
983-
*984-
985-
986-
987-
♦988-
989-
990-
991-
*992-
993-
994-
995-
•996-
997-
998-
999-
■1000-
1001-
1002-
1003-
'1004-
1005-
True.
l.uiii-Soliir
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
cun-cnt
at Mcsliii
s'nikrJnti.
Name of
month.
75
76
77
'7:
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
9.:
96
97
98
99
1000
1
Bhiiva
Yuvau
Dhatri
Isvara
Babudhanya . .
Pramathiu . . ,
Vikrama ....
Vrisha
Chitrabhauu .
Subhanu ....
Taraiia
Piirthiva ....
Vyaya
Sarvajit
Sarvadhariii .
Viroilhin ....
Vikrita
Khara
Nandana. . . .
Vijaya
Jaya
Manmatha.. .
Durmnkha . .
lleuialaiiiba..
Vilamba ....
Vikilriu
Sftrvari
Plava
Subhakrit . . .
Sobhann ....
Kvudhin . . .
Visvftvasu . . .
Yuvan
Dhatri
Isvara
Babudhanya .
Pramathiu.. .
Vikrama. . . .
Vrisha
Chitrabhauu.
Sublitlnu. . . .
Taraiia
PJrthiva. . . .
Vyaya
Sarfajit
Sai'vadhariu. .
Virodhin ....
Vikrita
Kbara
Nandaua. . . .
Vijaya
Jaya
Maumatha ').
Hemalamba..
Vilamba
Vikilrin
Sirvari
Plava
.Subhakrit . . .
Sobbana, . . . .
Krodhin . . . .
Visvivasu . .
ParAbhava. .
Plavangn . .
7 Asvina.
Sravaua .
5 Sravaua.
Time of the
preceding
saiikrAnti
expressed in
9287
29.076
29.754
Time of the
succeeding
Siiiikr&nti
expressed in
') Duriiiukha, No. 30, was supprcsbcd in the north.
THE HfNDU CALENDAR. xlv
TABLE 1.
(Col. S.S) (I =: IHsltitti-r of innoii from fuii. {Col. •l\) h zr mooii'x hicuii uniinwli/. (Col. 25) <■ := .lun'.s mean UHouiali/.
11. ADDED l.LNAR MONTHS
(cunlinued.)
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Mean.
Solar year.
Liini-Solar year. (Civil day of ChaitraSukla Ut.)
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sai'ikrSnti
expressed iu
a -r
5. =
Oa
10a
Time of the
succeeding
saiikrunti
expressed in
Day
and Month
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Meshn
sai'ikranli.)
Week
dnv.
14
By the Arya
SiddhftnU.
Day
and Month
A. D.
15
17
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise ou
meridian of Ujjain.
22
23
25
2 Vaisnktia
H Maeha.
9732
9875
29.196
29.624
0.118
0.546
29.987
29,493
0.909
0.415
fi bhadrapada
2 Vaisakha.
29.428
29.856
0.350
0.778
9787
0.284
9930
9766
29.790
29.297
0.713
0.219
22 Jlar.
(81)
23 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
8-2)
22 Mar.
(81)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
(82)
22 Mar.
(82)
22 Mai-.
(81)
23 Slar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
81)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
81)
23 Mai-.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
81)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
82)
22 Mai-.
81)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
81)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
82)
22 Mar.
81)
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Tliur.
0 Sat.
1 Suu
2 Moil.
3 Tues.
5 Thur
6 Eri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 \Y\.
ISun.
Mon,
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
Thur.
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
2 Mon
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Tliur'
.58 32
14 4
29 35
45 6
0 37
Ifi 9
31 40
47 11
2 42
18 14
33 45
49 16
4 47
20 19
35 50
51 21
6 52
22 24
37 55
53 26
8 57
24 29
40 0
55 31
11 2
26 34
42 5
57 36
13 7
28 39
44 10
59 41
23 25
5 37
11 50
18 2
0 15
6 27
12 40
18 52
1 5
7 17
13 30
19 42
1 55
8 7
14 20
20 32
2 45
8 57
15 10
21 22
3 35
9 47
16 0
22 12
4 25
10 37
16 50
23 2
5
11 2
17 4
23 5
15
25 Feb.
16 Mar.
4 Mar.
21 Feb.
12 Mar.
2 Mar.
20 Mar.
9 Mar.
27 Feb.
18 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
14 Mar.
4 Mar.
21 Mar.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
16 JIar.
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
12 Mar.
2 Mar.
21 Mar.
9 JIar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
6 Mar.
24 Feb.
13 Mar.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
ISun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
ISun.
5 Thur.
2 Mou.
1 Sun.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
Thur.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tuea.
OSat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
Thur.
3 Tues.
OSat.
Thnr.
3 Tues.
.006
.195
.198
.138
.264
.807
.774
.016
.471
.546
.381
.408
633
.831
.396
.78
.045
.048
.672
.579
.846
.804
.447
.441
.801
.738
.126
.825
.099
.117
.948
.018
9898
9774
9808
23
57
9933
148
182
58
9934
9968
183
9879
93
9969
3
218
93
128
9914
128
163
39
253
9949
9825
39
9735
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
I.uiuii'w,i-}iiuis == 10,000Mi nf a circle. A lilhi
iilli of llic MOOii's synodic revolutioii.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
i &
Tiue.
Lmii-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
Brill aspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mcshii
sankranti.
Name nf
mouth.
Time of the
preceding
(iaiikranti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankr&nti
ei pressed in
3a
5
6
10
11
UOR
'.)2U
1064
413
4IO!t
930
1065
414
■1110
931
1066
415
4111
932
1067
416
4112
933
1068
417
4113
934
1069
418
4114
935
1070
419
4115
936
1071
420
4116
937
1072
421
4117
938
1073
422
tllR
939
1074
423
4119
940
1075
424
4120
941
1076
425
4121
942
1077
426
4122
943
1078
427
4123
944
1079
428
4124
945
1080
429
4125
946
1081
430
4120
947
1082
431
4127
948
1083
432
4128
949
1084
433
412'J
9.50
1085
434
4130
951
1086
435
4131
952
1087
436
4132
953
1088
437
4133
954
1089
438
4134
955
1090
439
4135
956
1091
440
41 3«
957
1092
441
4137
958
1093
442
4138
959
1094
443
413«
960
1095
444
181-
82
182-
83
183-
84
184-
85
185-
86
186-
87
187-
88
188-
89
189-
90
190-
91
191-
92
192-
93
193-
94
19.4-
95
195-
96
196-
97
197-
98
198-
99
199-
200
200-
1
201-
2
202-
3
203-
4
204-
5
205-
6
206-
7
207-
H
208-
9
209-
10
210-
11
211-
12
212-
13
1006- 7
1007- 8
•1008- 9
1009-10
1010-11
1011-12
>1012-13
1013-14
1014-15
1015-16
►1016-17
1017-18
1018-19
1019-20
*1020-21
1021-22
1022-23
1023-24
•1024-25
1025-26
1026-27
1027-28
•1028-29
1029-30
1030-31
1031-32
•1032-33
1033-34
1 034-35
1035-36
•1036-37
1037-38
40 Parabha\ a . . .
41 Plavai'i^a
42 Kilaka
43 Saumya
44 Sildharaua
45 Virodhakrit . .
46 Paridhavin.. .
47 Framadiu. . . .
48 Ananda
49 Rakshasa
50 Anala
51 Pingala
52 Kal.nukta. . . .
53 Siddhilrthin. . .
54 Raudra
55 Durmati
56 Uundubhi. . . .
57 Rudhirodgariu
58 RaktAksha....
59 Krodhana . . . .
60 Kshaja
1 Prabhava . . . .
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajupati
6 Aiigiras
7 Snmukha . . . .
8 Bhftvn
9 Yuvau
10 Dhfitri
11 Isvara
42 Kilaka
43 Saoniya ....
44 Sadharaiia . .
45 Virodhakrit.
46 PariiUiaviu .
47 Pramadin . .
48 .\uanda. . . .
49 Rakshasa...
0 Auala
51 Pingala
2 KSlayukla. . . .
53 Siddhrirtliiu . .
4 Raudra
55 Hurniati
56 Duudnbhi
7 Rudhirodgarin
8 Raktaksha . . . .
9 Krodhana . . . .
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajapali
6 Angiras
7 Snmukha . . . .
8 Bhftva
9 Yuvan
10 DUAtri
11 fsvara
1 2 BahudhAnya . .
13"PrftmAthin., . ,
6 Bhadrapada.
2 VaiiAkha.
6 Bhadrapada.
1 Chaitra.
5 SrAvavn.
9474
29.694
9859
9438
29.577
28.314
251
253
288
263
215
241
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
{Col. 23) a ^=. IHsUiiue of moon, from sun. [Col. 24) h ^ moon'! meiin anomaly. (Col. 25)
xlvii
anomaly.
ADDKD LUNAR MONTHS
(continued.)
Ill ((I\I.MI:N( F.MKNT OT TIIK
Mean.
Liini-Solar year. (Civil day uf Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
Name of
muntli.
Time of the
))rcccdiii^
saiikriinii
expressed in
9a
Time (if the
suceceding
sankrunli
eijii'esscd in
Day
and Month
A. D.
(Time of the Mesha
sai'ikr^nti.)
11a 12a
13
Week
dav.
14
By the A178
Siddhfinta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
15
17
19
Week
dav.
20
Moon's
Age.
21
22 23
24
'J Margasirsha
.725
9886
9722
0.582
0.088
986;
12 I'hr.li;un;i.
9700
9843
29 100
29 . 529
9 .MArgasirslia
5 SrJvaiia
7 Asvina
29.891
29.398
0.S13
0.320
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
22 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
22 Mar.
23 Mar
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
22 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
22 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mai-.
22 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar
22 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 .Mar.
22 Mar
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
; Mar.
23 Mar.
r.\ >hr.
OSat
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
2 Mod.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Tliur.
6 Kri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues,
4 Wed.
oThui-
6 Kri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed
15 12
30 44
46 15
1 46
17 17
32 49
48 20
3 51
19 22
34 54
50 25
5 5t
21 i\
36 59
52 30
8 1
23 32
39
54 35
10 6
25 37
41 9
56 40
12 11
27 42
43 14
58 45
14 16
29 47
45 19
0 50
Ifi 21
3 Mar.
22 Mar.
U Mar.
28 Feb.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
15 Mar.
4 Mar.
22 Feb.
12 Mar.
i Mar.
21 Mar.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
13 Mar.
3 Mar
22 .Mar.
12 Mar.
29 Feb.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
15 Mar.
4 Mar.
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
1 Mar.
<2 20Mar
1 Sun.
OSat.
Thur.
2 Mon.
ISun.
Thur.
2 Jlon.
1 Sun.
5 Thui'.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
5 TUur
4 Wed.
ISun.
5 Thur
4 Wed.
ISun.
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
.474
.411
.765
.227
.366
.303
.300
.495
.084
.495
.420
.804
.825
.522
.504
.771
.624
.141
.096
.438
.399
.912
.696
.948
.957
.74-1
.798
.108
.468
.444
.036
.231
199
74
109
998.-
9860
9895
9771
9985
20
234
269
144
9930
9806
9841
55
90
304
180
21
9
9966
1
9876
91
125
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
2.5ll|4137
2194138
270 4139
xlMii ■ THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
[.KiKilioii-jiiirl.s := lO/KIOM.v of a cii-ck. A lilhi zr '/j.p/// of the. nwoiis si/noJir recoliilin,,
I. CONCUKKENT YEAR.
II. AIJUED LUNAR MONTHf>.
^ bo
o s
3a
Lmii-Soliir
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
Brihnsjiuli
cjclc
(N.ii-theru)
cuiTcnt
at Meslui
sankranli.
Time uf the
|>i'cceding
saiikr&nti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sanki'anti
exprcsseil in
4140
4141
4U2
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
415a
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
416
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
976
977
97K
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
1006
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1103
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
nil
1112
1113
IIU
111
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
U24
1125
1126
213- 14
214- 15
215- 16
216- 17
217- 18
218- 19
219- 20
220- 21
221- 22
222- 23
223- 24
224- 35
225- 26
226- 27
227- 28
228- 29
229- 30
230- 31
231- 32
232- 33
233- 34
234- 35
235- 36
236- 37
237- 38
238- 39
239- 40
240- 41
241- 42
242- 43
243- 44
1038-39
1039-40
•1040-41
1041-42
1042-43
1043-44
♦1044-45
1045-46
1046-47
1047-48
•1048-49
1049-50
1050-51
1051-52
•1052-53
1053-54
1054-55
1055-56
•1056-57
1057-58
1058-59
1059-60
•1060-61
1061-62
1062-63
1063-64
•1064-65
1065-66
1066-87
1067-68
•1068-69
Bahudhimya
Pramathin . .
Vikrama . . . .
Vrisha
Chitrabh^uu .
SnbhSnu . . . .
T^raiia
Parthiva .. . .
■^'yay
Sarvajit
Sarvadh^riu .
Virodhiu....
Vikrita
Khara
Vikrama . . . .
Vrisha
C'hitrabhunu .
Subhanu . . . .
Tarapa
Parthiva
Vyaya
Sarvajit
Survadhfirin,.
Virodhiu , . . .
Vikrita
Kharn
Nandana . . . .
9763
6 lihadrapada.
343
465
1.029
1.395
5 Sravava.
17 V
Vijaya
Jaya
Mauniatha. . .
Uunnukha . .
llemalamba. .
Vilamba
Vikarin
SSrvari
Plava
Subhakrit. . .
Subhana
Krodhin ....
Visvivasu . , .
Paribhava . . .
Plavaiiga ....
Kilnkn
ij='>"
Jaya
ilaumatha..
Durniukba .
llenuilamba.
Vilauiba . . .
VikSriu ....
Sarvari ....
Plava
Subhakrit . .
Sobhana. . . .
Krodhin . . .
VisvfivasH. .
Parflbhavn . .
Plavanga . . .
Kilaka
Saumya ....
Sftdhftnuin .
7 Asvina.. .
10 l'amlia(ksh.)
1 Chaiti-a..
9874
93
9896
29.622
0.279
147
9938
193
0.4411
29. 814 J
0.579
S8.356
28.146
2 Vaisdklia.
9726
29.178
HhAtlnipatlii
316
870
0.948
1.110
9475
THE HINDU CALENDAR. xlix
TABLE I.
(Col. 23) a :zi JHsUinre of moon from sun. (Col. 24) b = moon's mean anmniily. (Col. 25) r = .?a«'.« /iieaii iiitoiiiali/.
II AUDKU li;n.\k months
III. COMMKNCKMENT OF TilK
Mean.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra .Sukla 1st.)
Xainc of
month.
8a
Time of the
precedina:
sai'ikrAuti
expressed in
9a
10a
Time of the
siiceeedinsi
sankrilnti
expressed iu
Day
and Mouth
.\. 1).
12a
13
(Time of the Mcsha
saiikrunti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Ai^a
SiddhanlJi.
Day
and Month
A. D.
17
19
Week
dav.
20
Moon's
Age.
23
25
9777
9920
29.332
29.760
0.254
0.682
9756
J.267
0.617
6 BhAdrapadii
9712
12 PhAlguna.
9855
9997
29.564
29.992
0.486
0.914
SrAvaiia
9976
29.927
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
83)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
83)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mai-.
83)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
83)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
83)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
83)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
23 .Mar.
83)
23 Mar.
82)
23 Mar.
82)
24 Mar.
83)
23 Mar.
83)
5Thur
61'>i.
1 Son.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
2Mou.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
Thur
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
OSat.
1 Sun.
53 39
9 10
24 41
40 12
55 44
11 1
26 46
42 17
57 49
13 20
28 51
44 22
.59 54
15 25
30 56
46 27
1 59
17 30
9 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
14 Mar.
3 Mar
22 Mar
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
18 Mar
7 Mar
25 Feb.
16 Mar
3 40
9 52
16 5
22 17
4 30
10 42
16 55
23 7
5 20
11 32
17 45
23 57
6 10
12 22
18 35
0 47
7 0
4 Mar. (64
Feb. (53;
Mar. (72;
Mar. (61
Mar. (80;
Mar. (68
Feb. (5
Mar. (76;
Mar. (66;
Feb. (54:
Mar. (73:
Mar. (63
Mar. (81
-Mar. (69
Feb. (59:
Mar. (77:
Mar. (67:
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
OSat.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
1 Snu.
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
5 Tliur.
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
6 lYi.
9911
9787
9822
36
9912
9946
161
195
71
994
9981
1857
71
106
9982
196
231
107
141
17
9892
1927
142
17
52
266
9962
9888
52
9748
9963
4140
4I4I
4142
41 43
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
I.i(,i(i/w,i-],(irlx = l(),l"l(l///.v of II lifiii: A lithi
nth nf Hif moon's fi/iioJic recoliitioii.
I. CONOUKUENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
a
k
>■.
Huka.
■a OS
«|
"^
1
s
2
3
3a
992
1127
476
993
1128
477
994
1129
478
995
1130
479
996
1131
480
997
1132
481
998
1133
482
999
1134
483
1000
1135
484
1001
1136
485
1002
1137
486
1003
1138
487
100+
1139
488
100.5
1140
489
1000
1141
490
1007
1142
491
1008
1143
492
1009
1144
493
1010
1145
494
1011
1146
495
1012
1147
496
1013
1148
497
lOU
1149
498
101.5
1150
499
1016
1151
500
1017
1152
501
1018
1153
502
1019
1154
503
1020
1155
504
1021
1156
505
1022
1157
506
1023
1158
507
True.
Luui-Solar
cycle.
(Southeru.)
6
Brihaspali
cycle
(Northern)
ciirrenl
at Meslia
sanki'anti.
Name nf
month.
Time of the
preceding
sai'ikrSnti
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
sankrSuti
expressed in
B :^
11
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
41
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
418
41Sfi
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
119
4196
419
419K
4199
4200
4201
1202
244-45
245-46
246-47
247-48
248-49
249-50
250-51
251-52
252-53
253-54
254-55
255-56
256-57
257-58
258-59
259-60
260-61
261-62
262-63
263-64
264-65
265-66
266-67
267-68
268-69
269-70
270-71
271-72
272-73
273-74
274-75
275-76
1069- 70
1070- 71
1071- 72
■1072- 73
1073- 74
1074- 75
1075- 76
■1076- 77
1077- 78
1078- 79
1079- 80
'1080- 81
1081- 82
1082- 83
1083- 84
■1084- 85
1085- 86
1086- 87
1087- 88
■1088- 89
1089- 90
1090- 91
1091- 92
■1092- 93
1093- 94
1094- 95
1095- 96
'1096- 97
1097- 98
1098- 99
1099-100
■lion- 1
Saumya
SudhArai.ia . . .
Virodhakrit . . .
Paridhavin . . .
Prainadin . . . .
Ananda
Rakshasa
Anala
Piiigala
Kalayukta . . . .
Siddhilrlhin . .
Raudra
Durmati
Uuiidubhi . . . .
Rudhirodgarin
RaktAksha . . , .
Krodhaua . . . .
Kshaya
Prahhava
Vibhava
Sukla
Pramoda
Prajapati
.\ngiras
Srimukha . . . .
Bhi'iva
Vuvaii
Dhatri
I.svara
Bahudhloya . .
Prainftthin. . . .
Vikraraa
Virodhakrit.
Paridhavia .
Pramadiu . .
Ananda. . . .
Rakshasa...
7 Asvina. ,
Anala
Piiigala
Kalayukta.. . .
Siddharthin . .
Raudra
Durmati l). . . .
Rudhirodgarin
Raktaksha.. . .
Krodhana . . . .
Kshaya
Prabhava. . . .
Vibhava
Sukla
Pramoda
PrajSpati
AiiL'iras
6 Bliadrapada.
9756
9733
Srimukha . . .
IJhAva
Yuvau
UhAtn
iMara
UahudhAnya.
PramAlhin. . .
Vikrania . . . .
Vrislia
Chit rabhanu .
SubliAau . ,
7 Asvina..
5 SrAvaiin..
9763
612
258
281
329
U7
Dundubhi, .No, M, \\:\- -»y\n\~»A ni tlj<
THE HINDU CALF.Xn.lR.
TAHliK I.
[Vol. 2.'i) II :=: Distunce of moon from xiiii. (Col. i\) h =: moon's mean iinomuli/. [Cot. 25)
su» .V menu aiinmiili
II ADDED UNAU MONTHS
(conCiniieil.)
Mean.
III. (■OMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar yeur.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Cliaim Suklii Ist.
Name i>^
mouth.
8a
Time of the
preceding
sai'ikr&nti
expressed in
9a
10a
Time of the
suececdin^
snnkr&nti
expressed in
11a
Day
and Month
A. D.
12a
13
(Time of the Mesha
saiikrfinti.)
Week
dav
14
By the .^rya
Siddh&nta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
15
17
19
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
meridian of Ujjaln.
Age.
21
22 23
24
29.433
29.861
0.355
0.783
fi HhailnipadiK .
3 .lyeshfha .
11 Ma-ha.
9982
976'
29.796
29.302
S Kilrttika...
29 . 730
9745
I Chaitr
U MSivaiirsha.
9888
9724
29.665
29.171
0.587
0.093
6 Kl,?,drapa.la
2 VaiJAkha.
11 M%ha..
9702
9845
29.105
29.. 534
0.028
0.456
23 Mar.
28 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mai-.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
2 Mon
3 Tues.
5 Thur
6 Kri.
OSat.
ISun.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
TUur
6 Fri.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
fiFri.
OSat.
ISun.
2 Mon.
4 Wed.
Thur.
6 Fri.
OSat.
i Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
6 Fri.
OSat.
1 Sun.
2 Mou.
4 Wed.
5 Thur
fi Fri,
33
48 32
4 4
19 3;;
35 6
50 37
6 9
21 40
37 11
62 42
8 14
23 45
39 16
54 47
10 19
25 50
41 21
56 52
12 24
27 55
43 26
58 57
14 29
30 0
45 31
1 2
16 34
32 5
47 36
3 7
18 39
34 10
13 12
19 25
1 37
7 50
14
20 15
2 27
8 40
14 52
21
3 17
9 30
15 42
21 55
4 7
10 20
16 32
22 45
4 57
11 10
17 22
23 35
5 47
12 0
18 12
0 25
6 37
12 .50
19 2
1 15
7 27
13 40
25 Feb.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
23 Mar.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
20 ilar.
8 Mai-.
26 Feb.
17 Mar.
7 Mar.
24 Feb.
14 Mar.
3 Mar.
22 Mar.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
18 Mar.
8 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
23 Mar.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
20 Mar.
9 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 .Mar.
6 Mar.
24 Feb
13 Mar.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
1 Sun.
OSat.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
1 Sun.
5 Tliur.
4 Wed.
1 Sun.
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
OSat.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
ISun.
6 Fri.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
6 Fri.
4 Wed.
3 Tues.
OSat.
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
177
212
87
122
9998
9874
9908
9784
998
33
247
123
158
33
08
9944
9819
9854
68
283
317
193
9889
103
9979
14
9889
104
138
14
229
9925
4171
4172
4173
4174
417
4176
417
4178
4179
4180
4181
41H2
4183
4184
41«5
418(1
4187
41S8
41S9
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
419.-.
419(1
U97
U9,S
4199
4200
4201
4202
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Lii»iitio>i-]wrt.<i ^ lO.OOOM.'! of a cinlf. A tithi = ^ mIIi nf the /noon's si/iiotlic recolulioii.
I. CONCURKENT YEAK.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
2
3a
4
True.
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
Briliasiiati
cycle
(Northern)
cui-rent
at Mcsliii
sankrdnti.
Name of
mouth.
Time of the
preceding
8aiikrinti
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
sai'ikriinti
expressed in
4203
4204
420
420C
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
421
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
422.1
422fi
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
>23
1024
102.5
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
10.50
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
117
1178
1179
1180
1181
118
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
270- 77
277- 78
278- 79
279- 80
280- 81
281- 82
282- 83
283- 84
284- 85
285- 86
286- 87
287- 88
288- 89
289- 90
290- 91
291- 92
292- 93
293- 94
294- 95
295- 96
296- 97
297- 98
298- 99
299-300
300- 1
.301- 2
302- 3
303- 4
304- 5
305- 6
306- 7
307- 8
308- 9
1101- 2
1102- 3
1103- 4
ni04- 5
1105- 6
1106- 7
1107- 8
•1108- 9
1109-10
1110-11
1111-12
•1112-13
1113-14
1114-15
1115-16
*1116-17
1117-18
1118-19
1119-20
♦1120-21
1121-22
1122-23
1123-24
* 1124-25
1125-26
1126-27
1127-28
•1128-29
1129-30
1130-31
1131-32
•1132-33
1133-34
Vrisha
Chitrabhanu . .
Subh4nu
Tdraoa
PSrthiva
Vyaya
Sarvajit
Sarvadharin . .
Virodhin
Viki-ita
Khara
Nandana
Vijaya
Jaya
Manmatha.. . .
Durmukha . . .
Uemalamba.. .
Vilamba
Vikfirin
SSrvari
Plava
Subhakrit . . . .
Sobhann
Krodhin
Visvilvasu. . . .
Parfibhava . . . .
Plavaiiga
Kilaka
Saumya
Sadhia-ava . . , .
Virodhakrit.. .
Paridhftviu . . .
I'ramridin . . . .
TArana
Pfirthiva. .
Vyaya
Sarvajit
Sarvadharin .
Virodliini .
Vikrita
Khara
Nandana . . . .
Vijaya
6 Bhudrapada.
Manmatha..
Durniuklia .
Hemahimba
Vilamba . . .
Vikfirin....
Plava
Subhakn-it . .
Sobhana. . . .
Krodliin.. . .
VisvAvasu. .
Parabhava . .
Plavaiiga . . .
Kilaka
Saumya ....
Sfidhftraiia..
Virodhakrit.
Paridhftvin .
PrainAdin . .
Anandn. . . .
RAkshnsa . . .
Aniila.
7 .\svina.
SrAvava .
28.047
liliAdnipada
3 Jvcshtha.
29.817
563
230
107
78
421
575
223
TlfE HINDU C A LEX PAR.
TABLE 1.
{(ol. i'.\) (I =: DixtiiiK-e of moon from xiiii. {Col. iV) li -=z mooii'-i mean anomaly. [Col. 25) r
mean iiiiomnlj/.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Luni-Solar .year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
Day
i.J Month.
.\. D.
13
(Time of tlic Mushii sniikrfmti.)
Week
day.
14
By the .\iya , By the Sftrya
Siddhanta Siddhanta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Gh. Pa.
15
17
15a
19
Week
day.
20
At Haniise on
meridian ot Ujjaln.
Moon'i
Age.
23
25
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 .Mar.
23 .Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
-'.! Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 >Iar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 .Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Jlar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
;83)..
(83)..
;82)..
:83)..
;83)..
;83)..
(82)..
:83). .
;83)..
;83)..
;82). .
:83)..
;83)..
;83)..
;82)..
;83)..
(83). .
(83)..
:83)..
0 Sat...
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun. .
2 Mon.
3 Tnes.
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
1 Sua..
3 Tnes.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
1 Sun..
2 Mon..
3 Tues.
.") Thur.
fi Fri...
0 Sat.. .
1 Sun..
3 Tues.
4 Wed..
5 Thui-.
8 Fri...
1 Sun. .
2 Mon
3 Tues.,
4 Wed .
fi Fri...
49 41
a 12
20 44
36 1.5
.51 46
7 17
22 49
24 54
40 25
55 56
11 27
26 59
42 30
58 1
13 32
29 4
44 35
n 6
15
31
46
2
17
33
37
9
40
11
42
14
48 45
4 16
2 Mar. (61).
21 Mar.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
18 Mar
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
15 Mai-.
4 Mar.
23 Mar.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
20 Mar.
9 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
6 Mar.
23 Feb.
14 Mar.
2 Mai-.
21 Mar.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
18 Mar.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
15 Mar.
3 Mar.
22 Mar.
12 Mar.
2 Mar.
20 Mar.
9 Mar.
0 Sat....
6 tVi,...
4 Wed...
1 Snn. . .
0 Sat....
5 Thur..
2 Mon...
1 Sun...
5 Thur..
4 Wed...
1 Sun...
6 Fri
5 Thur..
2 Mon...
0 Sat
6 Fri
3 Tues...,
0 Sat
6 Fri
3 Tues....
2 Mon....
0 Sat
4 Wed...
3 Tues....
1 Sun
5 Thur...
3 Tues....
0 Sat
6 Fri
4 Wed. . . .
2 Mon....
1 .Sun....
5 Tlnir...
9800
983.-
49
9925
9960
174
50
84
9870
210
244
120
)995
30
9906
9941
155
31
65
280
155
851
9727
9762
9976
190
225
101
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
t Whei-ever these marks occur the day of the month and neek-day in cols 13, 14 should, for Snrya Siddhanta calculations
be advanced by 1. Thus in A.)). 1117-18 the .Mcsha sai'ikranti date by the Siii-ya Siddhduta is March 24tb, (0) Saturday.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
I.utuilidii-jKirl^ ^ lO.OOOM,^- of n cinlc. A tithi r= \i,Mi of tlir 1,100ns si/iiodic recolulion
1. CONCURRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
Kali.
Saka.
1
Kullain.
.A. 1).
Samvatsai-a.
True.
l.uni-Siilar
cycle.
(Soutbern.)
Rrihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
saiikrSnti.
Name of
nitmtb.
Time of the
preceding
saiikranti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
saiikranti
expressed in
3 i
£
.2 -^
i i.
^
H
1
2
3
3a
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
1243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
425]
4252
4253
4254
4255
4250
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
426H
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1005
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
107H
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
56f
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
309-10
310-11
311-12
312-13
313-14
314-15
315-16
316-17
317-18
318-19
319-20
320-21
321-22
322-23
323-24
324-25
325-20
326-27
327-28
328-29
329-30
330-31
331-32
332-33
333-34
334-35
335-36
336-37
337-38
338-39
339-40
340-41
341-42
1134-35
1135-36
♦1136-37
1137-38
1138-39
1139-40
•1140-41
1141-42
1142-43
1143-44
•1144-45
1145-46
1146-47
1147-48
•1148-49
1149-50
1150-51
1151-52
•1152-53
1153-54
1154-55
1155-56
•1156-57
1157-58
1158-59
1159-60
•1160-61
1161-62
1162-63
1163-64
•1164-65
1165-66
1160-07
48-Ananda
49 Rakehasa
50 Anala
51 Piiigala
3 Jyesbtha
9422
28.266
92
0.276
54 Raudra
1 Cbaitra
9987
29.961
212
0.630
52 Killayukta. . ..
53 Siddbfirthiu...
56 Diindubhi . . .
57 Rudbirodgarin
5 Sravaya
9547
28.641
182
0.546
56 nundubbi
57 RiidhirodgSrin
58 RaktSksha
59 Krodbaiia ....
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Praji'ipati
6 Aiigiras
7 Sriinukba
8 Bhilva
9 Yuvan
10 Dhutri
11 Isviira
12 Bahudbanya..
13 Pramfitbin....
14 Vikrama
15 Vriaba
16 Chitrabbunu. .
17 Subhfinu
18 Tfiraua
19 Pftrtbiva
20 Vyina
59 Krodhana . . . .
4 Ashfidha ....
9623
28.869
490
1.470
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
2 Vaisfikha....
9733
29.199
136
0.408
4 Pramoda
5 Prajfipati .....
6 Blifulrapailn .
9653
28 . 959
05
0.195
7 Srimukha . . . .
8 Bhilva
4 Ashfidha
9lrt0
27.480
35
0.105
9 Yuvan
10 Dbfitpi
3 .lyeshtba ....
9591
28.773
169
0.507
12 Bahudbfinya . .
13 Pramfitbin
12 Pbulguna. . . .
9851
29.553
0
0.001
15 Vrisba
5 Srfivaiia
9578
28.734
314
0.942
18 TftnHin
4 Asbildha
9664
28.992
455
1.365
21 Sarvajit 1)
2 Vaisftkba.. . .
9849
29.547
310
0.930
2 i Vikriln
6 BlifiilRi|milu .
9813
29 439
201
0.783
'1 .Sarviidhllriii, Nu
iippl-osrd ill llic llolib.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
{Col. 23) u ^ Dislanre of moon from sun. (Vol. i\) It ^ moon's menu unomuly. {Vol. 25) r =: sunn mciDi iinnmali/.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
I.uni-Solar jeai'. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukln Ist.)
Day
and Month.
.\. D
13
(Time of (he Mesha sankranti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddh&nta.
Gh. Pa. H. M
15
By the Sflrya
SiddMnto.
Day
and Month.
A. D.
17a
19
Week
dav.
20
At Sonrlso on
meridian of Ujjaln.
Moon's
Age.
I -3
25
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
23 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Slar.
24 Mor.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
(83)
0 Sat.. .
1 Sun . .
2 Mon..
4 Wed.
5 Thar.
6 Fi-i...
0 Sat. . .
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
0 Sat...
1 Sun. .
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
5 Thar.
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
2 Mon.
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
0 Sat. . .
1 Son. .
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
5 Thur.
6 Kri...
0 Sat...
1 Sun..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
1
6 13
12 26
18 39
to 51
7 4
13 16
19 29
26 Feb.
17 Mar.
5 Mar.
22 Feb.
13 Mar.
3 Mar.
21 Mar.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
19 Mar.
7 Mar.
24 Feb.
15 Mar.
4 Mar.
22 Mar.
12 Mar.
2 Mar.
21 Mar.
9 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar.
6 Mar.
24 Mar.
13 Mar.
3 Mar.
22 Mar.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
18 Mar.
7 Mar.
25 Feb.
15 Mar.
4 Mar
2 Mon.
1 Sun.,
5 Thur,
2 Mon.
1 Sun. ,
6 Fi-i..,
0 Thur,
3 Tues.
0 Sat...
6 P'ri. .,
3 Tues.
0 Sat. . .
6 Fri..,
3 Tues.
2 Mon.
0 Sat. . ,
5 Thur,
4 Wed.,
1 Sun.,
5 Thur,
3 Tues.
1 Sun. .
0 Sat. . .
4 Wed.
2 Mon.
1 Snn. .
5 Thur.
2 Mon.
1 Sun..
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
2 Mon.,
6 Fri...
9976
11
87
9763
9797
12
46
261
136
171
47
9922
9957
9833
9867
82
296
331
206
82
9778
9992
27
9903
117
152
28
9903
9938
9814
28
63
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
425
4256
1257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
Sec footnote p. liii .ibove.
Ivi
THE INDIAN CALENDAR
TABLE 1.
hiDKition-jiinls =r IO.OOOMa of o circle. A titlii =z '/auM of the diooii'x synodic reroliilioii.
I CONCLillUENT YEAR,
II. ADDED LUNAK .MONTHS.
2
True.
Luni-Solar
cycle.
(Southcni.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mcsh!i
saukrauti.
Name of
luontli.
Time of the
preceding
saiikr&nti
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
s«iikranti
expressed in
11
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4270
42'
427S
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
428;
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
43(10
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1090
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
llOfi
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
UIH
1119
1120
II 21
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1210
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1 256
342-43
343-44
344-45
345-46
346-47
347-48
348-49
349-50
350-51
351-52
352-53
353-54
354-55
355-56
356-57
357-58
358-59
359-60
360-61
361-62
362-63
363-64
304-65
365-66
366-67
867-68
368-69
369-70
370-71
871-72
372-73
373-74
1107-68
♦1168-09
1169-70
1170-71
1171-72
*1172-73
1173-74
1174-75
1175-76
»1176-77
1177-78
1178-79
1179-80
♦1180-81
1181-82
1182-83
1183-84
♦1184-85
1185-86
1186-87
1187-88
*1188-89
1189-90
1190-91
1191-92
♦1192-93
1193-94
1194-95
1195-90
♦1190-97
1 197-98
1198-99
21 Sai'vajit
22 Sarvadharin.. .
23 Virodhin
24 Vikrita
25 Khara
26 Nandana
27 Vijaya
28 Jaya
29 Manmatha . . .
30 Durmukba . . .
31 Hemalainbn.. .
32 Vilamba
33 Vikiirin
34 Sarvari
35 Plava
36 Subhakrit
37 Sobbaua
38 Krodhin
39 Visvavasu . . . .
40 Parubhava . . . .
41 Plavaiiga
42 Kilaka
43 Saumya
44 Sftdhftraua
45 Virodbakrit. , .
46 Paridh&vin . . .
47 Pramfidin . . ,
48 Ananda
49 Rukshasa
60 Auala
51 Pingala. . . . .
52 Kulavnkla. . .
Khara
Nandana . . .
Vijaya
Jaya
Manmatha..
Durmukba..
Hemalamba.
Vilaraba . . .
Vikarin ....
sarvari ....
Plava
Subhakrit . .
Sobhana. . . .
Krodhin. . . .
Visvavasu .
ParSbhava .
Plavaiiga . . .
Kilaka
Saumya ....
Sadh&raya..
Virodbakrit
Paridbavin .
Praniadin . .
Ananda. . . .
RUkshasa . . .
Anala
il Piiigala.
Kalayukta. .
SiddbAnhin.
lUudra ....
Durraati . . .
Unndublii. .
29.979
324
342
6 BhAilrapada.
9866
9875
29.598
29 . 625
414
414
5 Sravaua.
760
3 Jyeshtha.
7 Asvina
10 Paiaha {Ksh.
1 Cliaitra
9906
82
9951
29.718
0.246
29.863
145
9941
282
5 SrAvaya.
THR HINDU CAf.fXPAR. Ivii
TABLE I.
(Vol. 23) II = Distiiiire of moon f mm sun. (Col. 21) h zzi mooii'.i mciin unouiiily. (Vol. i'\) r ^ sun'.i mean iinomiili/.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar ye
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)
Day
and Month.
.\. 1).
13
(Time (if the Mcshn saiikrflnti.)
Week
Jay.
14
By the Arya
SiddhAnta.
15
17
By the Surya
Siddhfinta.
Day
and Month.
A D.
Gh. Pa. H. M
17a
Week
day.
20
At Sanrlse on
meridian ol Ujjaln.
Moon's
Age.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
2.-) Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
25 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
25 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
25 Mar.
24 Mar.
1 24 Mar.
24 Mar.
25 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
24 Mar.
6 Fri. . .
1 Sun . .
2 Mou
3 Tues..
4 Wed .
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
1 Sun..
2 Mon..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
6 Fri..:
1 Sun. .
2 Mon..
3 Tnes..
4 Wed..
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun . .
2 Mon..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun..
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
21
37
57
7
22
51
23 Mar. (82)..
3
50
12
39
5
3
12 Mar. (72),
10
2
28
10
11
16
1 Mar. (60)..
Ifi
15
43
42
17
29
20 Mar. (79). .
a2
27
59
13
23
41
9 Mar. (68)..
4
40
14
45
5
54
26 Feb. (57)..
10
52
30
16
12
6
16 Mar. (75)..
17
5
45
48
18
19
6 Mar. (65) . .
23
17
+1
19
to
32
23 Feb. (54)..
5
30
16
51
6
44
13 Mar. (73)..
U
42
32
22
12
57
3 Mar. (62)..
17
55
47
54
19
10
22 Mar. (81)..
0
7
3
25
1
22
U Mar. (70)..
()
20
18
57
7
35
28 Feb. (59)..
12
32
34
28
13
47
18 Mar. (77)..
18
45
50
0
2
0
7 Mar. (66)..
0
57
5
31
2
13
24 Feb. (55)..
7
10
21
3
8
25
15 Mar. (75)..
13
22
36
35
14
38
4 Mar. (63). .
li)
35
52
6
20
50
23 Mar. (82)..
1
47
7
38
3
3
13 Mar. (72)..
8
0
23
9
9
16
1 Mar. (61)..
14
12
38
41
15
28
19 Mar. (78). .
20
25
54
12
21
41
8 Mar. (67). .
2
37
9
44
3
53
26 Feb. (57)..
8
50
25
15
10
6
16 Mar. (76)..
15
2
40
47
16
19
6 Mar. (65). .
21
15
56
18
22
31
23 Feb. (54)..
3
27
11
50
4
44
14 Mar. (73)..
9
40
27
21
10
57
2 Mar. (62)..
15
52
42
53
17
9
21 Mar. (80). .
22
5
58
24
23
22
10 Mar. (69)..
5 Thur. . .
54
.162
9973
3 Tues. . .
198
.594
187
0 Sat
85
.255
63
6 Fri
157
.471
98
3 Tues. . . .
161
,483
9973
0 Sat
127
.381
9849
6 Fri
163
.489
9884
4 Wed....
329
.987
98
1 San
81
.243
9974
0 Sat
61
.183
8
5 Thur. . .
227
.681
223
4 Wed....
261
.783
257
1 Sun. ..
220
.600
133
5 Thur...
227
.681
9
4 Wed..,.
299
.897
43
1 Sun
190
.570
9919
5 Thur. . .
0-28
— .osj
9795
5 Thur...
318
.954
168
2 Mon. . . .
76
.228
44
1 Snn
84
.252
79
6 Fri
307
.921
293
3 Tues....
289
.867
169
1 Sun
69
.207
9865
5 Thur...
19
.057
9740
3 Tues....
213
.639
9955
2 Mon....
206
.618
9989
0 Sat
322
.966
204
4 Wed....
96
.288
79
3 Tues....
114
.342
114
0 Sat
44
.132
9990
6 Fri
128
. 384
24
3 Tues. , . .
131
.393
9900
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
428
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
f Sec fodtnott' [I, Mil above
® See Text, Art. 101 abovt-, para. 2.
LioKilioii-parts
THE INDIAN CALENDAR
TABLE 1.
10,OnO///A of (I cinlc. A litlii = ',.i..M of (he moan's fi/noJic rerolufin
I. CONCURRENT YEAR,
II. ADDED LUNAR .MONTHS.
Kali.
True.
Luni-Solar
cycle.
(Southcni.)
Brihasputi
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
saiikruuti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankr&nti
cvprcsscd in
Time of the
succeeding
sankrtinti
expressed in
2
6
10
11
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
430fi
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
432fi
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1140
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
lir>3
1154
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
126.i
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
128;
1286
1287
1288
1289
606
607
608
609
610
611
012
613
614
015
010
017
618
019
620
021
022
023
624
625
026
627
028
629
030
031
632
033
634
035
636
637
638
374- 75
375- 76
376- 77
377- 78
378- 79
379- 80
380- 81
381- 82
382- 83
383- 84
384- 85
385- 86
386- 87
387- 88
388- 89
389- 90
390- 91
391- 92
392- 93
393- 94
394- 95
395- 96
396- 97
397- 98
398- 99
399-400
400- 1
401- 2
402- 3
403- 4
404- 5
405- 6
406- 7
1199-200
■1200- 1
1201- 2
1202- 3
1203- 4
■1204- 5
1205- 0
1206- 7
1207- 8
'1208- 9
1209- 10
1210-11
1211- 12
■1212- 13
1213- 14
1214- 15
1215- 16
■1216- 17
1217- 18
1218- 19
1219- 20
'1220- 21
1221- 22
1222- 23
1223- 24
'1224- 25
1225- 20
1226- 27
1227- 28
'1228- 29
1229- 30
1230- 31
1231- 32
3 Siddhai-thin...
54 Raudra
55 Durmati
56 Dundubhi
57 Rndhirodgi'irin
58 Raktuksha... ,
59 Krodhana ....
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 PrajSpati
6 Angiras
7 Srimukha ....
8 Bhilva
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
11 Isirara
12 BahudhSnya..
13 Pramfithin . . .
14 Vikrama
15 Vrisha
16 Chitrabhftnu . .
17 Subhfinu
18 Tfiraoa
19 Pfirthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit
22 Sarvadhfirin . .
23 Virodhin
24 Vikrita
25 Kliarn
57 Rudhirodgirin
58 Raktaksha.. . .
9 Krodhana . . . .
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajilpati
6 Angiras
7 Srimukha
8 Bhava
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
11 isvara
12 Bahudhanya . .
13 Pramfithin . . .
14 Vikrama
15 Vrisha
16 Chitrabhanu . .
17 Sublnnin
18 Tfiraua
19 Pftrthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit
22 Sarvadhflrin . .
23 Virodhin
24 Vikrita
25 Khara
26 Nandana
27 Vyaya
28 Jaya
29 Manmatha. . . .
29.478
6 BhAdrapada.
7 Asvina.
5 SrSvaua.
28.704
6 BluVlrapada .
39.776
422
406
667
304
380
435
705
364
THE HINDU CALENDAR. lix
TABLE I.
{Col. 2li) (/ =: Distance of moon from sun. {Cot. 24) b ■zz moon's mean anomaly. {Vol. 25) r := sun's mean unomulij.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE 1
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
At Sonrtse on
meridian uf Ujjaln.
Day
and .Month
A. 1).
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week '
day.
Moon's
Age.
a.
*.
c.
Kali.
1
day.
By the .\ry
Siddh&nla.
»
By the SiU-y
Siddhftnta.
a
p. .
•sl
II
ll
Oh.
Pa.
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
13
14
15
17
16a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
25 Mar. (84)..
5 Thur. .
10
44
4
17
13
56
5
34
27 Feb,
58)..
0 Sat... .
58
.174
9776
236
208
4301
24 Mar. (84)..
6 Fri....
26
15
10
30
29
27
11
47
17 Mar.
(77)- •
6 Fri. . . .
74
222
9810
172
259
4302
24 Mar. (83)..
0 Sat....
41
46
16
42
44
59
18
0
7 Mar.
66)..
4 Wed...
213
.639
25
55
231
4303
24 Mar. (83)..
1 Sun...
57
17
22
55
to
30
to
12
25 Feb.
56)..
2 Mon...
329
.987
239
939
203
4304
25 Mar. (84)..
3 Tues...
12
49
5
7
16
2
6
25
16 Mar.
75)..
1 Sun...
315
.945
274
875
254
4305
24 Mar. (84). .
4 Wed...
28
20
11
20
31
33
12
37
4 Mar.
64)..
5 Thur. .
153
.459
149
722
223
4306
24 Mar. (83)..
5 Thur. .
43
51
17
32
47
5
18
50
23 Mar.
82)..
4 Wed...
205
.615
184
658
275
4307
21 Mar. (83). .
6 Fri . . .
59
22
23
45
+2
3(i
tl
3
12 Mar.
71)..
1 Sun...
196
.588
60
505
244
4308
25 Mar. (84)..
1 Sun. . .
14
54
5
57
18
8
7
13
1 Mar.
60)..
5 Thur. .
189
.567
9935
3.52
213
4809
24 Mar. (84). .
2 Mon...
30
25
12
10
33
40
13
28
19 Mar.
79)..
4 Wed. . .
246
.738
9970
288
264
4310
24 Mar. (83)..
3 Tues...
45
36
18
22
49
10
19
40
8 Mar.
67)..
1 Sun...
92
276
9846
136
233
4311
25 Mar. (84) . .
5 Thur. .
1
27
0
35
4
43
1
53
26 Feb.
57)..
6 Fri...
220
.660
60
19
205
4312
25 Mar. (84)..
6 Fri....
16
59
(•)
47
20
14
s
6
17 Mar.
76)..
5 Thur. .
195
.585
95
955
257
4313
24 Mar. (84). .
0 Sat...
32
30
13
0
35
46
14
18
6 Jlar.
66)..
3 Tues...
330
.990
309
839
228
4314
24 Mar. (83)..
1 Sun. . .
48
1
19
12
51
17
20
31
24 Mai-.
83)..
1 Sun...
6
.018
3
738
277
4315
25 Mar. (84)..
3 Tues...
3
32
1
25
6
49
2
43
14 Mar.
73)..
6 Fri....
263
.789
220
622
249
4316
f
25 Mar. (84). .
4 Wed...
19
4
7
37
22
20
8
56
3 Mar.
62)..
3 Tues...
260
.780
95
469
218
4317
24 Mar. (84). .
5 Thur..
34
35
13
50
37
52
15
9
20 Mar.
80)..
1 Sun...
34
.102
9791
369
267
4318
24 Mar. (88). .
6 Fri....
50
6
20
2
53
23
21
21
10 Mar.
69)..
6 Fri....
286
.858
6
252
239
4319
25 Mar. (84)..
1 Sun...
5
37
2
15
8
55
3
34
27 Feb.
58)..
3 Tues...
106
.318
9881
99
208
4320
25 Mar. (84). .
2 Mon...
21
9
8
27
24
26
9
46
18 Mar.
77)..
2 Mon...
86
.258
9916
33
259
4321
24 Mar. (84)..
3 Tues...
36
40
14
40
39
58
13
59
7 Mar.
67)..
0 Sat. . . .
201
.603
130
919
231
4322
24 Mar. (83)..
4 Wed...
52
11
20
52
55
29
22
12
24 Feb.
55)..
4 Wed...
10
.030
6
766
200
4323
25 Mar. (84)..
6 Fri....
7
42
3
5
11
1
4
24
15 Mar:
74)..
3 Tues...
47
.141
41
702
252
4324
25 Mar. (84) . .
0 Sat
23
14
9
17
26
32
10
37
4 Mai-.
63)..
0 Sat. . . .
14
.042 9916
549
221
4325
24 Mar. (84) . .
1 Sun...
38
45
15
30
42
4
16
50
22 Mar.
82)..
6 Fri....
104
.312 9951
485
272
4326
24 Mar. (83). .
2 Mon...
54
16.
21
42
37
35
23
2
11 Mar.
70)..
3 Tnes...
89
.267
9827
332
241
4327
25 Mar. (84) . .
4 Wed...
9
47
3
55
13
7
5
15
1 Mar.
60)..
1 Sun...
320
.960
41
216
213
4328
25 Mar. (84)..
5 Thur. .
25
19
10
7
28
38
11
27
20 Mar.
79)..
0 Sat....
330
.990
76
152
264
4329
24 Mar. (84)..
6 Fri. . . .
40
50
16
20
44
10
17
40
8 Mai-.
68)..
4 Wed...
91
.273
9951
999
234
4330
24 Mai-. (83). .
0 Sat....
56
21
22
32
59
42
23
53
26 Feb.
57)..
2 Mon...
214
.642
166
883
205
4331
25 Mar. (84)..
2 Mon...
11
52
4
45
15
13
6
5
17 Mai-.
76)..
1 Sun...
213
.639
200
819
257
4332
25 Miir. (84). .
3 Tues...
27
24
10
57
30
45
12
18
6 Mar.
63)..
5 Tlmr..
95
.285
76
666
226
4333
t See footnote p. liii
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Lunalioii-iiurts = lO.OOOM* of a circle. A tithi = ',.wM of the moons synodic rnolulion.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
True.
Luni-Solai'
cycle.
(Southern.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sahkrSnti.
Name of
month ,
Time of the
preceding
saukranti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
saiiki'&nti
eipresscd in
3a
5
6
10
11
4334
433
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
434
4346
4347
4348
4349
43.50
43.51
4352
4353
4354
435
4356
4357
■4358
435'J
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
11C6
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
4361
4362
4363
4364
43(1
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1815
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
639
640
611
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
407- 8
408- 9
409-10
410-11
411-12
412-13
413-14
414-15
415-16
416-17
417-18
418-19
419-20
420-21
421-22
422-23
423-24
424-25
425-26
426-27
427-28
428-29
429-30
430-31
431-32
432-33
433-34
434-35
435-36
436-37
437-38
■138-39
'1232-33
1233-34
1234-35
1235-36
•1236-37
1237-38
1238-39
1239-40
* 1240-4 I
1241-42
1242-43
1243-44
♦1244-45
1245-46
1246-47
1247-48
*1248-49
1249-50
1250-51
1251-52
* 1252-53
1253-.54
12.54-55
1255-,56
♦1256-57
1257-58
1258-.59
1259-60
•1260-61
1261-62
1262-63
1263-64
26 Nandaua . . . .
27 Vijaya
28 Jaya
29 Manmalha.. .
30 Durraiikha.. .
31 Hcmalamba. ,
32 Vilamba . . .
33 Vikarin ....
34 Survari ....
Plava
36 .Subhakrit . .
37 Sobhana.. . .
38 Krodhin . .
39 Visvavasu . .
40 ParSbhava . .
41 I'lavanga . . .
42 Kilaka
43 Saumj a ....
44 Sadhilrana . .
45 Virodhakrit.
46 Paridhilviu .
47 Pranifidin .
48 Ananda ....
49 Rakshasa . . .
50 Anala
5 1 Pii'igala ....
30 Durmukha.. .
31 Hcmalamba..
32 Vilamba ....
33 Vikarin
34 Sarvari
35 Plava
36 Subhakrit . . .
37 Sobhana . . . .
38 Krodhin....
39 Visvavasu . . .
40 Parabhava . .
41 Plavai'iga . . . .
42 Kilaka
43 Saumj a
44 Sildhiiraua . . .
45 Virodhakrit..
46 ParldhJvin . .
47 Pramadin. . .
48 Ananda l) . . .
50 Anala
51 Pii'igala
52 KSlayukta...
53 Siddharthin .
54 Haudra
55 Durmati . . . ,
56 Dundublii . .
Srftvaija .
6 liliadrapada
52 Kalayukta.
53 Siddhartbin .
54 Raudra
55 Durmati ....
56 Duudubhi . .
57 KuJhiriidgurii:
57 Uudiiirodiiar
58 Rjiktaksha..
59 Krodhaua . .
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava. . .
2 Vibhava . . .
3 Jyeslitha.
7 .\svina. . .
5 Srivaya.
8 Karttika . . .
10 I'ltiisha (lis/i
1 Chaitra. . . .
6 llhadnipadn.
9746
35
9876
377
406
670
342
29.658
0.105
29.628
51
9930
65
447
') Kakshaita, .No. 49, nan suppressed iu the uortli.
THE If/NDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Ixi
(Col. i:\) 11 -
= Dislanii'
of moon J
rom sun.
(Col
24)
b =
moon's mean onomiili/. {Col. i.
r .««»
'■» mfan finomti
b/.
111. COM.MENCEMENT OV THE 1
Solai
year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist )
(Time
of the Mesha saiikrftnti )
At Sunrise on
mertdian of Ujjain.
Moon's
Age.
Day
ni«l .Montli
A. D.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
day.
b.
c.
Kali.
• Week
day.
By the Ary
Siddh&nta.
1
By the Siirj
Siddh&nta.
a
3 .5
J1
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
13
14
15
17
16a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
24 Mar. (84)..
4 Wed....
42
55
17
10
46
16
18
30
24 Mar. (84)..
4 Wed...
168
504
111
602
277
4334
24 Mar. (83)..
5 Thur. . .
58
26
23
22
tl
48
to
43
13 Mar. (72)..
1 Sun...
172
.516
9987
449
246
4335
25 Mar. (84)..
0 Sat
13
57
5
35
17
19
6
56
2 Mar. (61)..
5 Thur..
137
.411
9862
296
216
4336
25 Mar. (84)..
1 Sun
29
29
11
47
32
51
13
8
21 Mar. (80). .
4 Wed...
176
.528
9897
232
267
4337
24 Mar. (84)..
2 Mod....
45
0
18
0
48
22
19
21
9 Mar. (69)..
1 Sun...
©-19
-.057
9773
80
236
4338
25 Mar (84)..
4 Wed. . . .
0
31
0
12
3
54
1
33
27 Feb. (58)..
6 Fri....
97
.291
9987
963
208
4339
25 Mar. (84)..
5 Thur. . .
10
2
6
25
19
25
7
46
18 Mar. (77). .
5 Thur. .
78
.234
22
899
2.59
4340
25 Mar. (84)..
6 Fri
31
34
12
37
34
57
13
59
8 Mar. (67)..
3 Tues...
239
.717
236
782
231
4341
24 .Mar. (84)..
0 Sat
47
5
18
50
50
28
20
11
25 Feb. (56)..
0 Sat....
153
.459
112
630
200
4342
25 Mar. (84). .
2 Mod... .
2
36
1
2
6
0
2
24
15 Mar. (74)..
6 Fri....
229
.687
146
566
252
4343
23 Mar. (S4). .
3 Tues....
18
7
7
15
21
31
8
37
4 Mar. (63)..
3 Tues...
236
.708
22
413
221
4344
25 Mar. (84)..
4 Wed....
33
39
13
27
37
3
14
49
23 Mar. (82). .
2 Mon...
311
.933
57
349
272
4345
24 Mar. (84)..
5 Thur. . .
49
10
19
40
52
34
21
2
11 Mar. (71)..
6 Fri....
204
.612
9932
196
241
4346
25 Mar. (84) . .
0 Sat
4
41
1
52
8
6
3
14
28 Feb. (59)..
3 Tues...
0-13
— .036
9808
43
211
4347
25 Mar. (84). .
1 Sun ....
20
12
8
5
23
37
9
27
19 Mar. (78)..
2 Mon...
0-36
-.108
9843
979
262
4348
25 Mar. (84). .
2 Mon....
35
44
14
17
39
9
15
40
9 Mar. (68)..
0 Sat....
91
.273
57
863
234
4349
24 x\Iar. (84)..
3 Tues....
51
15
20
30
54
40
21
52
27 Feb. (58)..
5 Thur. .
273
.819
271
746
206
4350
25 Mar. (84). .
5 Thur. . .
C
46
2
42
10
12
4
5
17 Mar. (76)..
4 Wed...
318
.934
306
682
257
4351
25 Mar. (84). .
6 Fri
22
17
8
55
25
44
10
17
6 Mar. (65). .
1 Sun . . .
296
.888
182
530
226
4352
25 Mar. (84)..
0 Sat
37
49
15
7
41
15
16
30
24 Mar. (83)..
6 Fri. . . .
79
.237
9878
429
275
4353
24 .Mar. (84)..
1 Sun. . . .
53
20
21
20
56
47
22
43
12 Mar. (72)..
3 Tues...
32
.096
9754
276
244
4354
25 Mar. (84)..
3 Tues. . . .
S
51
3
32
12
18
4
55
2 Mar. (61)..
1 Sun...
227
.681
9968
160
216
4355
25 Mar. (84)..
4 Wed...
24
22
9
45
27
50
11
8
21 Mar. (80)..
0 Sat
233
.699
3
96
267
4356
25 Mar. (84)..
5 Thur. . .
39
54
15
57
43
21
17
20
10 Mar. (69)..
4 Wed...
0-33
—.096
9878
943
236
4357
24 .Mar. (84)..
6 Fri
55
25
22
10
58
53
23
33
28 Feb. (59)..
2 Mon...
111
.333
93
827
208
4358
25 Mar. (84). .
1 Sun
10
56
4
22
14
24
3
46
18 Mai-. (77). .
1 Sun...
127
.381
127
763
260
4359
125 Mar. (84)..
2 Mon...
26
27
10
35
29
56
11
58
7 Mar. (66). .
5 Thur. .
53
.159
3
610
229
4360
25 Mar. (84). .
3 Tues. . .
41
59
16
47
45
27
18
11
24 Feb. (55). .
2 Man...
50
.150
9879
457
198
4361
24 Mar. (84). .
4 Wed. . . .
57
30
23
0
to
59
to
24
14 Mar. (74). .
1 Suu . . .
141
.423
9913
393
249
4362
25 .Mar. (84)..
6 Fri
13
1
5
12
16
30
6
36
3 Mar. (62)..
5 Thur. .
70
.210
9789
240
218
4363
25 Mar. (84). .
0 Sat
28
32
11
25
32
2
12
49
22 Mar. (81). .
4 Wed...
89
.267
9824
176
270
4364
25 >Iar. (84)..
1 Sun....
44
4
17
37
47
33
19
1
12 Mar. (71)..
2 Mon...
230
1
.690
38
60J 242
4363
t See footnote p. liii above. © Sec Text Art. 101. para. 2.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
I.uiialioii-jmi-ts r= 10,000M« of a circle. A liihi ^ '/^oM of (he moon's sj/nodic rcmluiwn.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
True.
Luni-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
Brihaspati
cvdc
(Nort liei-n)
current
at Mesha
sankranti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceiling
sankrdnti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankr&nti
6
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
437.5
4376
4377
4378
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1322
1323
1324
132
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
133
1333
1334
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
438
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
439.')
4396
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
134
1346
1347
1348
13-19
13.50
1351
13.52
439-40
■MO-41
441-42
442-43
443-44
444-45
445-46
446-47
447-48
448-49
449-50
450-51
451-52
453-54
454-55
455-56
466-57
457-58
458-59
459-60
460-61
461-62
462-63
463-64
464-65
465-66
466-67
467-68
468-69
169-70
'1264-65
1265-66
1266-67
1267-68
»1268-69
1269-70
1270-71
1271-72
•1272-73
1273-74
1274-75
1275-76
*1276-77
1277-78
1278-79
1279-80
•1280-81
1281-82
1282-83
1283-84
•1284-85
1285-86
1286-87
1287-88
•1288-89
1289-90
1290-91
1291-92
•1292-93
1293-94
1294-9.5
Raktaksha .
Krodhana .
Kshaja . . .
Prabhava..
Vibhava.. .
Sukla
Pramoda . .
Prajapati..
Angiras . . .
Srimukha .
Bhava ....
Vuvan .. . .
Dhatri...
11 Isv
Buhudhanya .
Pi'ani&thin. . .
Vikrama ....
Vrisha
Cbitrabhanu.
Subhauu ....
TAi-aua
ITirthiva ....
Vjaya
SarvBJit
Sarvadh&rin .
Virodhin.. . .
Vikrita
Khara
Nandana. . . .
Vyaya
J"va
Sukla
Pramoda . . .
Prajapati.. . .
Angiras . . . .
Srimukha . . .
Bhava
Yuvan
Dhatri
Isvara
Bahudhanya .
Pnimathin.. .
Vikrama . . . .
Vrisha
17 Subhauu....
18 Taraiia
19 Parthiva
20 Vyaya
21Sarvajit
22 Sarvadharin .
23 Virodhin . . . .
24 Vikrita
25 Khara
26 Nandana . . . .
27 Vijaya
8 Jaya
29 Maumatha. . .
30 Diirmukha . ,
31 Ilemalamba.,
32 Vihimba
33 Vik.irin . . .
3 Jveshtlia .
8 Karttika ,
10 Paii3ka{Ksh)
12 Phaiguna
5 Sriivana
6 Bhftdrapada
9846
45
9955
9730
4 Aahadha... 9266 27.798
29.277
29.874
643
306
29,538
0.135
25
9982
32
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
(CoL 23) (/ in IHsUiHfe of moon from sun. {Col. 24) b =: moon's mean anom/ily. (Col. 25)
bdii
.iuh'k mean anomaly.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF Till.
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
Day
and Month
A. U.
13
(Time of the Mesha sankrflnti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddhfinta.
16
By the Sflrya
Siddhanta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
16a
17a
18
Week
day.
20
At Sunrise on
mertdian of CJJaIn
Moon's
Age.
23
26
24 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar.
25 Mar
25 .Mar.
84).
;84).
;84).
;84).
;85).,
84).
;84).
84).
85).
84).
84).
84).
85).
84).
:84).
84).
85).
84).
:84).
84).
;85).
;84).
84).
84).
85).
84).
84).
:84).
;85).
84).
84)
2 Mon..
4 Wed .
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
1 Snn. .
2 Mon. .
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun..
2 Mon..
4 Wed..
6 Fri
0 Sat
2 Mon....
3 Tues....
4 Wed. . . .
5 Thar. . .
0 Sat
1 Sun . . . .
2 Mon....
3 Tues. . . .
5 Thur. . .
6 Fri
0 Sat
1 Sun
3 Tues... .
4 Wed. . .
5 Thur. .
59 35
15 6
30 37
46 9
1 40
17 11
32 42
48 14
3 45
19 16
34 47
.50 19
18 27
0 40
6 52
13 5
19 17
1 30
7 42
13 55
20 7
2 20
16 10
22 23
4 36
in 48
1
14
26
39
51
4
6 17
12 29
18 42
to 54
7 7
29 Feb.
20 Mar.
9 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
24 Mar.
13 Mar.
2 Mar.
21 Mar.
10 Mar.
28 Feb
18 Mar.
7 Mar.
25 Mar.
15 Mar.
3 Mar.
22 Mar.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
23 Mar.
13 Mai-.
3 Mar.
21 Mar.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
60). .
79). .
68). .
57)..
76)..
64)..
83)..
72). .
62). .
80)..
69). .
59)..
78)..
66)..
;84). .
74) .
;63). .
;81)..
71)..
(60). .
:79). .
;67). .
[56)..
75). .
[65). .
;82)..
:72)..
;62)..
;8l)..
(69)..
6 Fri. . .
6 Fri...
3 Tue8..
0 Sat..
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
6 Fri...
4 Wed..
3 Tues..
0 Sat. . .
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
6 Fri...
4 Wed..
1 Sun..
0 Sat.. .
5 Thur.
2 Mon..
1 Sun..
5 Thur.
2 Mon..
1 Sun..
6 Fri...
4 Wed..
2 Mon..
0 Sat...
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
0 Sal. .
©-=>
330
165
118
204
200
259
107
235
212
©-;
210
273
45
299
121
104
217
22
59
22
31
100
332
©-»
109
228
228
106
91
9914
287
163
38
73
9949
9983
9859
73
108
9984
198
233
9804
19
9894
9929
143
19
54
9930
9805
9840
54
9750
9965
179
214
89
9965
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
t See footnote p. liii above.
® Sec Text. Art. 101, pai-a
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
LiiiiutioH-parls
=1 W,WUlh
s of II i-irrlt: A titlii z=. ^ iuth of thf moon's si/ii
oi/ir recoliitioii .
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
Kali.
Saka.
1 1
-1
KoUain.
A. 1).
Samvatsara.
True.
Luni-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
at Mesha
sanki-anti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrAnti
expressed in
Time of the
suCT-eeding
saukrAnti
expressed in
P
a Q
iJ 2
3
S
1
2
3
3a
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
44U'
4413
4U4
Ula
44 IC
4117
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1 246
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1302
1363
1.S64
1365
1366
1367
1368
1309
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1875
1376
1377
1378
1379
1880
13H1
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
470-71
471-72
472-73
473-74
474-75
475-76
476-77
477-78
478-79
479-80
480-81
481-82
482-83
483-84
484-85
485-86
486-87
487-88
488-89
489-90
490-91
491-92
492-93
493-94
494-95
495-96
496-97
497-98
498-99
129.5-
♦1296-
1297-
1298-
1299-
•1300-
1301-
1302-
1303-
♦1304-
1305-
1306-
1307-
•1308-
1309-
1310-
1311-
•1312-
1313-
1314-
1315-
•1316-
1317-
1318-
1319-
•1S20-
1821-
1322-
1323-
96
97
98
99
300
1
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
29 Maiimatha . . .
34 .Sarvari
35 Plava |
9 Murgasirsha .
10 I'lius/miKsA.)
12 Phalguna...
9991
1
9964
29.973
0.003
29.892
1
9954
91
0.003|
29 . 862 \
0.273)
31 Hcmalamba.. .
36 SubhakTit
37 Sobhanu
33 VikSrin
34 Sfirvari
35 Plava
38 Krodhin
5 Sravana
9661
28.983
344
1.032
40 Parabhava
36 Subhakrit
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhin
39 Visvavasu ....
40 ParSbhava...
41 Plavanga
42 Kilaka
43 Sauiiiya
44 Sfidharaua . . .
45 Virodhakrit..
46 Paridhaviii . . .
47 Praraadin ....
48 Ananda
49 Hilksliasa
50 Anala
41 Plavanga
42 Kilaka
4 Asbadha
9715
29.145
554
1.662
44 Sadhaiana. . . .
45 Virodhakrit.. .
2 \aisakha ....
9889
29.667
310
0.930
46 Paridhavin . . .
6 Bbfulrapada..
9827
29 481
250
0.750
49 Rakshasa
4 .ishfiilha
9239
27.717
101
0.303
51 Pingiila
52 K&layukta
3 Jycshtha
9776
29.328
328
0.984
54 Raudra <
8 Karttika
9 .Mdri/as.(Ksh.)
12 Phftlguna. . , .
9950
31
9917
29.850
0.093
29.751
31
9996
67
0.093|
29.9881
0.20l|
52 Killayukta ....
53 SiddhArlhin.. .
54 Kaudra
55 Diinnati
56 Uundiibhi....
57 Hudhirodgfiriu
57 RudhirodgArin
58 llaktaksha
5 Srflvava
9048
28.944
425
1.275
60 Kshnya
4 .\shAdhn
9800
29 . 400
547
1.641
2 Viblmvn
THE HINDU CALENDAR. Ixv
TABLE I.
{Col. 23) a zr Dulanee of moon from sun. (Cot. 2i) b ^ nwon.s mean anomaly. (Col. 25) c ■^ suit't mean anomaly.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Liini-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia I at.)
Day
and Moiitii
A. D.
(Time (if the Mesha sai'iki'fmti.]
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddbanta.
Gh. Pa. H. M
15
17
By the Siirya
Siddbanta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Gh. Pa. H. M
17a
Week
day.
At Sunilae on
meridian of Ujjaln.
.Moon's
Age.
24
1
43'J7
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
440.-)
4400
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
441.5
4416
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
26 Mar
85)..
25 Mar.
85),.
25 Mar.
84)..
25 Mar.
(84)..
26 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(84). .
25 Mar.
(84)..
26 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(84)..
25 Mar.
(84)..
26 Mar.
(85). .
25 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(84)..
25 Mar
(84)..
26 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(84)..
25 Mar.
84)..
20 Mar.
85)..
25 Mar.
(85).
25 Mai-.
(84)..
25 Mar.
(84)..
26 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(85). .
26 Mar.
(84)..
25 Mar.
(84). .
26 Mar.
(85)..
2 Mod ..
3 Tues. .
5 Tbur. .
6 JVi...
0 Sat . . .
1 Sun . . .
3 Tues...
4 Wed...
5 Tbur.,
6 Fri...
1 Sun...
2 Men...
3 Tues..
4 Wed...
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun . . .
2 Mou..
5 Thnr.
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
2 Mon..
3 Tuea .
4 Wed..
5 Tbur.
0 Sat. . .
26 40
42 11
35 25
50 57
C 28
18 Mar. (77)..
,60).
25 Mar.
14 Mar.
4 Mar.
22 Mar.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
20 Mar.
8 Mar.
25 Feb.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
23 Mar.
13 Mar.
3 Mar.
21 Mar.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
17 Mar.
25 Mar.
14 Mar.
4 Mar.
23 Mar.
U Mar
28 Feb.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
84).
82)..
71)..
60). .
79)..
68). .
56). .
7.5). .
64). .
83)..
72)..
;62)..
80)..
70)..
58)..
76)..
06)..
73)..
63). .
:82)..
71)..
59)..
78)..
(17)..
2 Men..
6 Fri...
4 Wed. .
3 Tues..
1 Sun . .
5 Tbur.
4 Wed..
1 SUH..
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
1 Sun . .
0 Sat. . .
5 Thur.
3 Tues..
1 Sun..
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
1 Sun. .
5 Thur.
2 Mon..
0 Sat. . .
fl Fri. . .
3 Tuis..
0 Sat. . .
6 Fri .
3 Tues. .
112
95
253
163
239
245
194
219
4
0-18
106
20
— .045
372
423
192
204
453
246
9875
0
35
249
125
159
35
9911
9946
9821
9856
70
285
9981
195
71
9767
16
9891
106
140
16
9892
9926
9802
f See footuote p. liii above.
0 See Text. Art. 101, para. 2.
Ixvi THE rNDfAN CALENDAR.
TABLE L
l,ii,iulioii-jiiii-ls =: 10,OOOM.« of a rircli\ A tillii r= ',3oM of tlie mooii\i si/nodic revolulioii.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
2
3a
Sainvatsara.
True.
]>uiii-Sular
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northeni)
cuiTeiit
at Mesha
sankrSnti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
Bankrfinti
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
saiikrdnti
expressed in
c :^
11
4+26
4127
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4143
4444
4445
444(5
4447
444K
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
445
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1258
12.59
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1 266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1382
1383
1384
138,
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
500-
.501-
502-
503-
504-
505-
506-
507-
508-
510- 11
511- 12
512- 13
513- 14
514- 15
515- 16
516- 17
517- IH
518- 19
519- 20
520- 21
521- 22
522- 23
523- 24
524- 25
525- 26
526- 27
627- 28
528- 29
529- 30
•1324-25
1325-26
1326-27
1327-28
♦1328-29
1329-30
1330-31
1331-32
•1332-33
1333-34
1335-36
•1336-37
1337-38
1338-39
1339-40
•1340-41
1341-42
1342-43
1343-44
•1344-45
1345-46
1346-47
1347-48
•1348-49
1349-50
1350-51
1351-52
•1352-53
1353-54
1354-55
Raktaksha . . .
Krodhaua . . ,
Kshaya
Prabhava.. . .
Vibhava
Sukla
Pramoda. . . .
AiigU-as...
Srimukhii .
Yuvan
Dhatri
Isvara
liabudhauyn . .
PramStbin . . .
Vikrama
Vrisba
CbitrabbHnu . .
Subhduu
Tirana
PArthiva
Vyaya
Sarvajit
Sarvadhilrin . .
Virodhin
VikriU
khara
Naudaua
Vijnya
.I:iv,-i
Sukla
Pramoda . .
Prajapali..
Angiras.. .
Srimukha .
Bbava....
Yuvan. . . .
Dhatri...
Isvara
Bahudbauva .
Vikrama 1). . .
Chitrabbanu .
Subhanu . . . .
Taraua
Parthiva . . . .
Vyaya
Sarvajit
Sarvadbirin .
Virodhin. . . .
Vikfita
Khara
Nandana ....
Vijaya
Java
Manmatha . .
Durmukba. .
Ilcnialaniba. .
Vilamba
VikArin
6 Bbudrapada
461
433
9297
27.891
7 Asvina. . .
10 I'aitsha (Ksh.)
12 Phalguna.
9
9915
29.727
0.027
29.745
130
9942
33
SrAvapa.
28.827
4 AsliAdha .
627
2 Vaisakba . . .
6 BbAdrapada.
9957
29.871
514
538
4 AsbAdha .
2 Vai.sftkha . . .
6 ItlimhMpada.
9471
'J Vrisba, No. 15, Viia suppressed in the north.
THE HINDU CALENDAR. Kvii
TAIiliE I.
{Col. 2.'i) II zrz Dislinire of moon from xiiii. (Cnl. i\) h = mdoiis meun iniomulj/. (Col. 25) r r= sun'.': menu iiiwaiiiUj.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE 1
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
Kali.
Day
and Month
A. 1).
Time
of the Mesha sai'ikr&nti.)
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
day.
At Sunrise on
meridian of tJJJaln.
Moon's
Age.
a
b.
c.
Week
liny.
By the A17
Siddh&nta.
a
By the Surya
Siddhanta.
i-
J1
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
E--I
13
14
16
17
15a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
1
25 Mar. (85)..
1 Sun
30
50
12
20
34
36
13
50
26 Feb. (57)..
1 Son
260
.780
16
128
201
4426
25 Mar. (84)..
2 Mod. ...
46
21
18
32
50
8
20
3
16 Mar. (75)..
0 Sat
246
.738
51
64
252
4427
26 Mar. (85)..
4 Wed. . . .
1
52
0
45
5
39
2
16
5 Mar. (64)..
4 Wed....
0-6
-.018
9927
911
222
4428
26 Mar. (85)..
5 Thur. . .
17
24
6
57
21
11
8
28
24 Mar. (83)..
8 Tues....
0-12
-.036
9962
847
273
4429
25 Mar. (85)..
6 Fri
32
55
13
10
36
42
14
41
13 Mar. (73)..
1 Sun ....
177
.531
176
731
245
4430
25 Mar. (84)..
0 Sat
48
26
19
22
52
14
20
54
2 Mar. (61)..
5 Thur...
128
.384
52
578
214
4431
26 Mar. (85)..
2 Mod....
3
57
1
35
7
45
3
6
21 Mar. (80). .
4 Wed...
213
.639
86
514
265
4432
26 Mar. (85)..
3 Tucs. . . .
19
29
7
47
23
17
9
19
10 Mar. (69). .
1 Sun ... .
209
.627
9962
361
235
4433
25 Mar. (85)..
4 Wed....
35
0
14
0
38
48
15
31
27 Feb. (58)..
5 Thur . .
116
.348
9838
208
204
4434
25 Mar. (84). .
5 Thur...
50
31
20
12
54
20
21
44
17 Mar. (76). .
4 Wed....
122
.366
9872
144
255
4435
26 Mar. (85)..
0 Sat
fi
2
2
25
9
51
3
57
7 Mar. (66). .
2 Mon. .. .
251
.753
87
28
227
4436
26 Mar. (85)..
1 Sun
21
34
S
37
25
23
10
9
26 Mar. (85). .
1 Sun. . . .
231
.693
121
964
278
4437
25 Mar. (85). .
2 Mon...
37
5
14
50
40
55
16
22
14 Mar. (74). .
5 Thur. . .
7
.021
9997
811
247
4438
25 Mar. (84)..
3 Tues...
52
36
21
2
56
26
22
34
4 Mar. (63) .
3 Tues. . . .
221
.663
211
694
219
4439
26 Mar. (85)..
5 Thur. . .
8
7
3
15
11
58
4
47
23 Mar. (82). .
2 Mon. . . .
284
.852
246
630
271
4440
26 Mar. (85)..
6 Fri
23
39
9
27
27
29
11
0
12 Mar. (71)..
6 Fri
282
.846
122
478
240
4441
25 Mar. (85)..
0 Sat
39
10
15
40
43
1
17
12
29 Feb. (60)..
3 Tues. . . .
264
.792
9997
325
209
4442
25 Mar. (84). .
1 Sun ... .
54
41
21
52
58
32
23
25
19 Mar. (78)..
2 Mon....
312
.936
32
261
260
4443
26 Mar. (85). .
3 Tues...
10
12
4
5
14
4
5
37
8 Mar. (67). .
6 Fri
137
.411
9908
109
230
4444
26 Mar. (85)..
4 Wed. . . .
25
44
10
17
29
35
11
50
26 Feb. (57)..
4 Wed...
258
.774
122
992
201
4445
25 Mar. (85)..
5 Thur. . .
41
15
16
30
45
7
18
3
16 Mar. (76)..
3 Tues. . . .
235
.705
157
928
253
4446
25 Mar. (84)..
6 Fri
56
46
22
42
to
38
to
15
5 Mar. (64)..
0 Sat
35
.105
32
775
222
4447
26 Mar. (85). .
1 Sun ....
12
17
4
55
16
10
6
28
24 Mar. (83)..
6 \\\
71
.213
67
711
273
4448
26 Mar. (85)..
2 Mod....
27
49
11
7
31
41
12
41
13 Mar. (72)..
3 Tues. . . .
33
.099
9943
558
242
4449
25 Mar. (85)..
3 Tues. . . .
43
20
17
20
47
13
18
53
1 Mar. (61)..
0 Sat
39
.117
9818
405
212
4450
25 Mar. (84)..
4 Wed....
58
51
23
32
+2
44
tl
6
20 Mar. (79)..
6 Fri
111
.333
9853
341
263
4451
26 Mar. (85)..
6 Fri
14
22
5
45
18
le
7
18
9 Mar. (68)..
3 Taes. . . .
©-S
-.006
9729
188
232
4452
26 Mar. (85). .
0 Sat
29
54
11
57
33
47
13
31
27 Feb. (58) .
1 Son
148
.444
9943
72
204
4453
25 Mar. (85). .
1 Sun ....
45
25
18
10
49
19
19
44
17 Mar. (77)..
0 Sat
125
.375
9978
8
255
4454
26 Mar. (85)..
3 Tues....
0
56
0
22
4
50
1
56
7 Mar. (66)..
5 Thnr. . .
243
.729
192
891
227
4455
26 Mar. (85)..
4 Wed....
16
27
6
35
20
22
8
9
26 Mar. (85)..
4 Wed. . . .
244
.732
227
827
279
4456
f Sec footnote p. liii above.
© Sec Text. Art. 101 above, para. "l.
Ixviii THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
hiiiHition-puTta = 10,000//(.« of ti rirrlf. A lilhi ^ '/muM of the moon's synodic recolatioii.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
3a
True.
l.uni-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sai'iki'lnli.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sai'ikrunti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sahkrunti
expressed in
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
446
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
447
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
448:
4486
4487
44S8
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
128;
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
129'
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
130;
1308
1309
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
143
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
530-31
531-32
532-33
533-34
534-35
535-36
536-37
537-38
538-39
539-40
540-41
541-42
542-43
543-44
544-45
545-46
546-47
547-48
548-49
549-50
550-51
551-52
552-53
553-54
554-55
555-56
556-57
557-58
558-59
559-60
560-61
561-62
1355-56
*1356-57
1357-58
1358-59
1359-60
•1360-61
1361-62
1362-63
1363-64
*1364-65
1365-66
1366-67
1367-68
•1368-69
1369-70
1370-71
1371-72
» 1372-73
1373-74
1374-75
1375-76
•1376-77
1377-78
1378-79
1379-80
•1380-81
1381-82
1382-83
1383-84
•1384-85
1385-86
1386-87
Manmatha . .
Durmukha . .
Hemalamba. .
Vilamba ....
Vikai'in
Sfirvari
Plava
Subhakrit . . .
Sobhana
Krodhiu ....
Visvavasu. . .
Parabhava . . .
Plavauga ....
Kilaka
Sauraya
Sudharaua.. .
Virodhakrit..
Paridhuvin . .
Pramadiu . . .
Anauda
Rakshasa.. . .
Aiiala
Piiigala
KAIayukta. . .
Siddharthin..
Plava
Subhakrit . .
Sobhana. . . .
Krodhin . . .
Visvfivasu . .
ParSbhava .
Plavaiiga. . ,
Kilaka
Sauniya. . .
SSdhfiraiia .
Virodhakrit
Paridhavin .
Praniadin .
Anauda. . .
Rakshasa . .
Anala
Piiigala ...
Kalayuktn. ,
Sidlulrthiu. ,
Raudra ...
Durmati
Dundubhi.
Rudhirodgtirin
Raktaksba
Krodhana .
28.872
374
6 Bhadraiiada
490
544
6 BUadrapaJa .
5 SrAvava.
9743
29.229
28.731
Dunnati
Dundubhi. . . .
KiidhirodgAriii
Raktaksha.. . .
Krodhana . . . .
Kshuva
CiO Kshaya . .
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava. .
3 Suklu . . .
4 Pranioda.
5 PrajApati.
6 Aiiginis..
8 Kfirttikn.
9 Mdrgai.(Ksh)
2 Vaisakha.
9987
15
9927
29.811
0.045
29.781
15
9927
455
6 Bhadra|)ada.
29.718
29.397
THr. [ff.XDU CAI.EXDAR. Ixix
TABLE 1.
(Tn/. 23) (I =z Disliiiire of moon from sun. (Col. 21-) li ^ niuonn mean unomalij. [Cot. 25) c m .iiin'.s mean anomaly.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
Day
and Mmith
A. 1).
(Time of the Mesha sankrfinti.)
W.tk
day.
By the Arya
SiddfaSnta.
By the Silrya
Siddhauta.
Day
nod Month
A. 1).
Week
day
At Sanrlse on
morldiaD of tTjJalD.
Moon's
Age.
13
14
15
17
15a
17a
19
20
23
24
26 Mai-.
(85). .
25 Mar.
(85)..
26 Mar.
(85). .
26 Mar.
(85). .
26 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(85). .
26 Mar.
(85)..
26 Mar.
(85)..
26 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(85)..
26 Mar.
(85)..
26 Mar.
(85)..
26 Mar.
(85)..
25 Mar.
(85)..
26 Mar.
(85). .
26 Mar.
(85)..
26 Mar.
(85). .
25 Mar.
(85)..
26 Mar.
85)..
26 Mar.
85)..
26 Mar.
85)..
25 Mar.
85)..
26 Mar.
85) .
26 Mar.
85)..
26 Mar.
85)..
26 Mar.
86)..
26 Mar.
85)..
26 Mar.
85)..
26 Mar.
85)..
26 Mar.
86)..
26 Mar.
85)..
26 Mar.
85)..
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
1 Sun . .
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
1 Sun. .
2 Mon..
4 Wed..
5 Thm-.
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
4 Wed. .
5 Thur.
0 Sat...
1 Sun . .
2 Mon..
3 Tue9 .
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
2 Mon...
3 Tues...
4 Wed...
5 Thur. .
0 Sat. . . .
1 Sun . . .
2 Mon ..
33
19
35 5
50 36
12 21
IS 34
to 46
6 .-)9
13 11
19 24
15 Mar. (74).
3 Mai-. (63).
22 Mar. (81).
11 Mar. (70).
28 Feb. (59).
18 Mar. (78).
8 Mar. (67).
26 Feb. (57).
17 Mar. (76).
5 Mar. (65).
24 Mar. (83).
13 Mar. (72).
2 Mar. (61)..
20 Mar. (80)..
9 Mar. (68)..
27 Feb. (.58)..
18 Mar. (77)..
7 Mar. (67)..
25 Mai-. (84)..
15 Mar. (74). .
4 Mar. (63). .
21 Mar. (81)..
11 Mar. (70)..
28 Feb. (59)..
19 Mar. (78)..
8 Mar. (68)..
25 Feb. (56). .
16 Mar. (75). .
5 Mar. (64)..
23 Mar. (83). .
12 Mai-. (71). .
2 Mar. (61)..
1 Sun. .
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
1 Sun .
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
2 Mon..
0 Sat. . .
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Men..
6 Fi-i...
4 Wed..
3 Tnes..
1 Sun . .
6 Fri...
4 Wed..
1 Sun. .
6 Fri. . .
4 Wed..
1 Sun. .
0 Sat. .
5 Thur.
2 Mon .
1 Sun . .
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
1 Sun . .
6 Fri...
103
9978
13
9889
9764
9799
13
228
262
138
173
48
9924
9959
83.-
49
83
298
9994
208
84
9780
9994
9870
29
9905
9940
981.-
30
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
44B3
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
447B
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
f See footnote j). liii above
I.vx THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Liaiation-pnrls =^ 10,O00M.v nf n cirrli-. .1 tithi := ';'au//< of the moon's synodic revolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
2
True.
I.uni-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sankr^nti
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikr^nti
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
sankr9nti
cipnssed in
4489
4490
4491
4498
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4500
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
451
4518
4519
4520
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
132i
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
133:
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1 340
1341
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
562-63
563-64
564-65
565-66
566-67
567-68
568-69
569-70
570-71
571-72
572-73
573-74
574-75
575-76
576-77
577-78
578-79
579-80
580-81
581-82
582-83
583-84
584-85
585-86
586-87
587-88
588-89
589-90
590-91
591-92
592-93
593-94
1387- 88
1388- 89
1389- 90
1390- 91
1391- 92
■1392- 93
1393- 94
1394- 95
1395- 96
■1396- 97
1397- 98
1398- 99
1399-400
'1400- 1
1401- 2
1402- 3
1403- 4
■1404- 5
1405- 6
1406- 7
1407- 8
•1408- 9
1409- 10
1410- 11
1411- 12
'1412- 13
1413- 14
1414- 15
1415- 16
'1416- 17
1417- 18
141 S- 19
1 Prabhava.. . .
2 Vikhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda ....
5 Praj&pati
6 Ai'igiras
7 Srimukha . . .
8 Bhava
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
11 Isvara
12 liahudhanya.
13 Pramfithiu.. . .
14 Vikrama. . . .
15 Vrisha
16 CUitrabhanu.
17 Subhfinu....
1 8 Tiiratia
19 Pfirthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit
22 Sarvadhftrin .
23 Virodhiu
24 Vikrita
25 Kharu
26 Nandana. . . .
27 Vijaya
28 Java
29 Manmatha.. .
30 Durmukha. . .
31 Hemalamba..
32 Vilamba ....
Srimukha .
Bhava. . . .
Yuvan . . . .
Dhatri
6 Bhadrapada
Bahudhanya .
Pramathin. . .
Vikrama . . . .
Vrisha
Chitrabhanu.
Subhunn . . . .
Tarava
5 Sravana
3 Jveshtha .
Vyaya .......
Sarvajit
Sarvadharin .
Virodhin.. . .
Vikrita
Kbara
Nandana . . . .
Vijaya
Jaya
Maumatha.. .
Durmukha . .
lliinnlamba. .
Vilamba . . . .
Vikariii
savvari
8 Kai-ttika.
10 Pau3h/i(Ksh.)
1 Chaitra . .
29.943
0.240
29.586
121
9950
56
6 Bhftdrapada.
29.967
6 Bhadrapada.
Plava
Subhakrit .
Sobbaoa. . .
Krodhin . .
THE HINDU CALENDAR. Ixxi
TABLE 1.
yCol. 23) II ^ IHstiinre of moon from sun. (Col. 2I) li ^= nioon'.i mean unomali/. [Col. 25) r := sun's mean iinniiiali/.
in. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla lal.)
aud Month.
A. D.
13
(Time of the Mesbn sankrunti.)
Week
day.
14
By the Arya
Siddh&nta.
17
By the SOrya
Siddh&nta.
Day
and Month.
A. 1).
17a
19
Week
day.
20
At SuQTlae on
meridian ot UJjaln.
Moon's
Age.
21
22
23
20 Mar.
85).
26 Mar
86).
26 Mar.
85).
26 Mar
85).
26 Mar.
85).
26 Mar.
86).
26 Mar.
85).
26 Mar.
85).
26 Mar.
85).
26 Mar.
86).
26 Mar.
85).
26 Mar
85).
26 Mar.
85).
26 Mai-.
86).
26 Mar.
85).
26 Mar.
85).
26 Mar.
(85).
26 Mar.
(86).
26 Mar.
(85).
26 Mar.
(85).
26 Mar.
(85).
26 Mar.
(86).
26 Mar.
(85).
26 Mar.
(85).
27 Mar.
(86).
26 Mar.
(86).
26 Mar.
(85).
26 Mar.
(85).
27 Mar.
(86).
26 Mar.
(86).
26 Mar.
(85).
26 Mar
(85).
3 Tues.
5 Thui-.
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun. .
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
1 Suu. .
2 Moil.
3 Tues.
-t Wed.
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun . .
2 Men..
4 Wed.,
5 Thur.
6 Fri. . .
0 Sat. . .
2 Mon.
3 Tues.,
4 Wed.,
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun..
2 Mou.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
0 Silt. . .
to 27
6 39
12 52
I'J 4
fl 17
7 30
13 42
19 55
21 Mar.
9 Mar.
27 Feb.
18 Mar.
7 Mar.
25 Mar.
14 Mar.
3 Mar.
22 Mar.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
19 Mar.
9 Mar.
26 Feb.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
24 Mar.
12 Mar.
2 Mar.
21 Mar.
10 Mar.
28 Feb.
17 Mar.
6 Mar.
25 Mar.
13 Mar.
3 Mar.
22 Mar.
12 Mar.
29 Feb.
19 Mai-.
8 Mar.
5 Thur.
2 Mon.,
0 Sal...
6 Fri. . .
3 Tues.,
2 Mon.,
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Mon.,
0 Sat. . .
4 Wed.,
3 Tues.
1 Sun . .
5 Thur.
4 Wed.,
1 Sun..
0 Sat. . .
4 Wed..
2 Mon.
1 Sun..
5 Thur.
3 Tues.
1 Sun..
5 Thnr.
4 Wed..
1 Sim,.
6 Fri. . .
5 Thur.
3 Tues..
0 Sat...
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
.786
.027
.492
.570
.408
.672
.660
.387
.414
.804
.063
.063
.693
.609
.873
.825
.973
.450
.819
.756
.147
.855
.120
.144
.366
.039
.489
.426
.777
.249
.387
.327
64
9940
1
1
65
99
9975
9851
9886
100
9976
10
224
100
135
11
45
9921
13
170
46
260
9956
9832
9866
9742
9956
9991
205
81
lie
9992
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4.505
4500
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
t Sec footnote p. liii ahoye.
Ixxii
THE INDIAN CALENDAR
TABLE 1.
LuiiiilioH-parts ^ 1 U,tJI)U//j.v oj a cinlc. A lillii z^ \.titli of the moon's synodic retoliihn
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
True
Limi-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
Brihasputi
cycle
(Norlheni)
current
at Mesha
sankrSnti.
N'amc of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankr&nti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankranti
3
3a
6
11
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
50
4551
4552
4553
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1.500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
594-
595-
596-
597-
598-
599-
600-
601-
602-
603-
G04-
605-
606-
607-
608-
609-
610-
611-
612-
613-
614-
615-
016-
017-
618-
619-
620-
621-
622-
623-
624-
625-
026-
1419-
*1420-
1421-
1422-
1423-
*U24-
1425-
1426-
1427-
'1428-
1429-
1430-
1431-
*1432-
1433-
1434-
1435-
*1436-
1437-
1438-
1439-
*1440-
1441-
1442-
1443-
•1444-
1445-
1446-
1447-
•1448-
1449-
1450-
1451-
Vikilriu . .
Sarvari . .
Plava.. . .
Subhakrit
Sobhana. .
Krodhin .
Visvavasu
Parabhava
Plavanga
Kilaka..
Sauiaya.,
Sudhilrana
Virodhakrit
Paridhavin
Pramadin
Ananda. .
Rakshasa .
Anala ...
Piiigala . .
Klllayukta
Siddharthi
Kaudra . .
Durmati .
Dundubhi
Uudhirodgi
Raktaksha
Krodhaua
Kshaya . .
Prabhava.
Vibhava. .
Sukla.. . .
Pramnda .
I'n.jn|iati,
Visvuvasu ....
Parabhava ') . .
Kilaka
Saumya
Sadharapa . . . .
Virodhakrit.. .
Paridhavin . . .
Pramadin . . . .
Ananda
Rakshasa
Anala
Piiigala
Kalayukta. . . .
Siddhiirthin.. .
Raudra
Durmati
Dundubhi. . . .
Kudhirodgariu
Raktaksha . . . .
Ki'odhana . . . .
Kshaya
Prabhava
Vibhava
Sukla
Pramoda
Prajfipati
Ai'igiras
Srimukha . . . .
Bhdva
Yuvan
Dhfltri
Isvara
Ualiudhaiivn
28.776
29.487
6 Bhadrapada.
28.887
111
81
173
3 Jveshtha.
28.788
264
90
5 Srftvapa.
297
6 Bhfidrapada.
29.475
'; Plavniiga No. 41 wan suppressed in the .N'orlh.
THE HfNDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
Ixxiii
(Col. 23) (1 -
= Disliiiire
of moon from
sun.
(Col
24)
b =
moon's mean unoniiili/. (Col. 25
) '• =
= suns menn 1
n„ma
('/■
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar ycai'.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil da;
of Chaitra Sukla 1st.)
(Time "f "'" Af—l'n iioiil-i-
nti ^
At Sunrise on
meridian ol Ujjaln.
Day
and Month.
A. D
Day
and Month.
A. D.
Week
day.
Moon's
Age.
a.
b.
c.
Kali.
Week
day.
By the A17
Siddh&nta.
ly the Surya
SiddhJnta.
a
1
■si
II
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
5 ^
13
14
15
17
15a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
1
27 Mar.
86)..
2 Mon.. . .
5
19
2
7
9
31
3
48
27 Mar. (86). .
2 Mon...
200
.600
26
462
279
4521
26 Mar.
(86)..
3 Tue3....
20
50
8
20
25
2
10
1
13 Mar. (75). .
6 Fri
172
.516
9902
309
248
4522
26 Mar.
(85). .
4 Wed....
30
21
14
32
40
34
16
14
4 Mar. (63)..
3 Tues....
35
.105
9778
156
217
4523
26 Slar.
(85)..
5 Thar. . .
51
52
20
43
36
6
22
26
23 Mar. (82)..
2 Mon...
29
.087
9812
92
269
4524
27 Mar.
(86). .
0 Sat
7
24
2
57
11
37
4
39
13 Mar. (72)..
0 Sat
146
.438
27
976
241
4325
26 Mar.
(86)..
1 Sun
22
55
9
10
27
9
10
51
2 Mar. (62)..
5 Thur.. .
275
.823
241
860
213
4526
26 Ma.-.
85)..
2 Mon...
38
26
13
22
42
40
17
4
21 Mar. (80)..
4 Wed ...
282
.846
276
795
264
4527
26 Mar.
(85)..
3 Tues....
33
57
21
35
58
12
23
17
10 Mar. (69)..
1 Sun
182
.546
151
643
233
4528
27 Mar.
86)..
5 Thur. . .
9
29
3
47
13
43
3
29
27 Feb. (38)..
5 Thur. . .
179
.537
27
490
202
4529
26 Mar.
86)..
6 Fri
23
0
10
0
29
15
11
42
17 Mar. (77)..
4 Wed. . . .
265
.795
62
426
233
4530
26 Mar.
83)..
0 Sat
40
31
16
12
44
46
17
54
6 Mar. (65)..
1 Sun
216
.648
9937
273
223
4531
26 Mar.
85)..
1 San
56
2
22
25
to
18
to
7
25 Mar. (84)..
0 Sat
248
.744
9972
209
274
4532
27 Mar.
86)..
3 Tues. . .
11
34
4
37
15
49
6
20
14 Mar. (73)..
4 Wed....
37
.111
9848
56
243
4533
26 Mar.
86)..
4 Wed. . . .
27
5
10
50
31
21
12
32
3 Mar. (63)..
2 Mon
151
.453
62
940
215
4534
26 Mar.
85)..
5 Thar. . .
42
36
17
2
46
52
18
43
22 Mar. (81)..
1 Sun...
139
.417
97
876
266
4533
26 Mar.
85)..
6 Fri
58
7
23
15
t2
24
to
57
12 Mar. (71)..
6 Fri
311
.933
311
759
238
4336
27 Mar.
86)..
1 Sun
13
39
.5
27
17
53
7
10
1 Mar. (60). .
3 Tues. . . .
242
.726
187
606
207
4337
26 Mar.
86)..
2 Mon. . . .
29
10
11
40
33
27
13
23
19 Mar. (79)..
2 Hon....
324
972
221
542
259
4538
26 Mar.
85)..
3 Tues....
44
41
17
52
48
58
19
35
8 Mar. (67).
6 Fri
327
.981
97
390
228
4339
27 Mar.
86)..
3 Thui-. . .
0
12
0
5
4
30
1
48
26 Mar. (85)..
4 Wed....
70
.210
9793
289
276
4540
27 Maiv
86)..
6 Fri
15
44
6
17
20
1
8
1
16 Mar. (75)..
2 Mon. . . .
272
.816
8
173
248
4541
26 Mar.
86)..
0 Sat
31
15
12
30
33
33
14
.13
4 Mar. (64)..
6 Fri
42
.126
9883
20
218
4542
26 Mar.
85)..
1 Sun....
46
46
18
42
51
4
20
26
23 Mar. (82)..
5 Thui-...
19
.057
9918
956
269
4543
27 Mar.
86)..
3 Tues....
2
17
0
55
6
36
2
38
13 Mar. (72)..
3 Tues....
154
.462
132
840
241
4544
27 Mar.
86)..
4 Wed....
17
49
7
7
22
8
8
51
2 Mar. (61)..
0 Sat
21
.063
8
687
210
4343
26 Mar.
86)..
5 Thur.. .
33
20
13
20
37
39
15
4
20 Mar. (80)..
6 Fri
85
.255
43
623
261
4546
26 Mar.
85)..
6 Fi-i
48
31
19
32
53
11
21
16
9 Mar. (68)..
3 Tues....
84
.252
9918
470
230
4547
27 Mar.
86)..
1 Sun...
4
22
1
45
8
42
3
29
26 Feb. (57)..
0 Sat
65
.195
9794
317
200
4548
27 Mar.
86)..
2 Mon... .
19
54
7
57
24
14
9
41
17 Mar. (76)..
6 Fri
109
.327
9829
253
251
4549
26 Mar.
86)..
3 Tues...
35
25
14
10
39
45
13
54
fi Mar. (66)..
4 Wed....
290
.870
43
137
223
4350
26 Mar.
85)..
4 Wed. . . .
50
56
20
22
55
17
22
7
25 Mar. (84)..
3 Tues...
280
.840
78
73
274
4551
27 Mar.
86)..
6 Fri
6
27
2
35
10
48
4
19
14 Mar. (73)..
0 Sat
25
.075
9953
920
243
4552
27 Mar.
86)..
0 Sat
21
39
8
47
26
20
10
32
4 Mar. (63)..
5 Thur. . .
177
.531 168
1
803
215 43531
t See footnote p. liii abov
Ixxiv
THE INDIAN CALENDAR
TABLE 1.
•iliaii-jHirl.i =r 10,0UU//i.s of ii rircle. A tillii 3= '/.wM nf the moon's lynodic rerolutii.n.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS
Kali.
Saka.
"S 1
1
s
Kollam.
A. 1).
Samvatsara.
True.
l,uni-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sankrAnti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrAnti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
SRiikrinli
expressed iu
3
S
s ^
P
1
2
3
3a
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
4.'>,">4
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4.573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4.578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4683
45K4
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1 405
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1.536
1537
1538
1.539
1540
8.59
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
KH!I
627-28
628-29
629-30
630-31
631-32
632-33
633-34
634-35
635-36
636-37
637-38
638-39
639-40
640-41
641-42
642-43
643-44
644-45
645-46
646-47
647-48
648-49
649-50
650-51
051-52
652-53
653-54
654-55
655-56
656-57
657-58
* 1452-53
1453-54
1454-55
1455-56
♦1456-57
1457-58
1458-59
1459-60
•1460-61
1461-62
1462-63
1463-64
•1464-65
1465-66
1466-67
1467-68
•1468-69
1469-70
1470-71
1471-72
•1472-73
1473-74
1474-75
147.5-76
•1476-77
1477-78
1478-79
1479-80
•1480-81
1481-82
1482-83
6 Aiigiras
7 Srimukba
8 Bhava
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
11 Isvava
12 BahudhuDva . .
13 Pramath'm
14 Vikrama. ....
15 Vrisha
16 Chitrabhanu . .
17 Subhanu
18 Tarawa
19 Parthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit
22 Sarvadhariu . .
23 Virodhin
24 Vikrita .
13 Pramfithin.. .
14 Vikrama
15 Vri»ha
3 Jyeshtha
9764
29.292
338
1.014
17 Subhanu
8 Karttika
9971
29.913
84
0.252
19 Parthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarv.ijit
5 SrSvaua
9750
29 . 250
485
1.455
22 Sarvadbfirin. . .
'
23 Virodhin
24 Vikrita
4 .\shadha ....
9836
29.508
626
1.878
26 Nandana
27 Vijaya
1 Chaitra
9712
29.136
21
0.063
28 Java
6 UhadrapaJa..
9983
29.949
433
1.299
29 Manmatha.
30 Durmukha. . . .
31 Hemalamba.. .
4 .\$hi'iilba ....
9342
28.026
164
0.492
25 Khara
26 Nandana
27 Vijaya
28 Java
29 Manmntlm....
30 Burniukha. . . .
31 Hemalamba...
32 Vilamba
33 VikArin
34 Sflrvari
35 Plava
36 Sublmkrit ....
33- VikArin
34 SArvari
35 Plava
3 Jyeshtha
9959
29.877
507
1.521
36 Subhakrit . . . J
7 Asvina
11 M,!(ilia(Ksh.)
12 PhAlgiiaa, . . ,
9902
16
9990
29.706
0.048
29.970
121
9990
131
0.3631
29.970
O.393I
39 VisvAvasu
40 Parftbhava.. . .
5 Sravaua
9712
29.136
516
1.548
42 Kilakn
43 Saumva
4 .\8hAaha ....
9974
29.922
661
1.988
iCol. 2:i) ,1 = Distann- of
THE HIXDU CALEMhlK.
TABLE 1.
front .11111. I Co/. •2i) h rr Mooii'.i uieiiii iiiiomiili/. (Col. 25)
Ixxv
fiati/.
111. COMMENCEMKNT OF TUB
Luni-Soliu' year. (Civil day of Chaitra .Siiltla Ist)
Day
and Monti
A. D.
(Time of the Mcshii sankrAnli )
Week
dav.
By the Aiy^i
Siddhilntn.
By the Surya
Siddhanta.
Day
>d .Month
A. I).
Wfi'k
At Hanriso <iii
meridian of UJJalD
Moon's
Age.
13
14
15
17
17a
19
20
23
25
26 Mar.
26 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 Mar.
26 Mar.
26 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 Mai-.
26 Mar.
28 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 Mar.
26 Mar.
26 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 JIar.
26 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 Mar.
26 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 Mar.
26 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 Mar.
26 Mar.
27 Mar.
27 Mar.
86)
1 SUD. .
2 Mod.
4 Wed.
5 Thur,
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
0 Sat. . .
1 Siin..
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
.5 Thur.
6 Fri. . .
0 Sat. . .
2 .Mon.
3 Tues.
i Wed.
5 Thur.
0 Sat...
1 Sun . .
3 Tues.
5 Thur.
6 Fi-i...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun. .
3 Tues..
4 Wed .
50 0
.5 31
21 2
36 34
52 5
7 36
23 7
54 28
U oil
25 31
41 2
5f, 34
12 5
27 37
22 .Mar.
11 Mar.
28 Feb.
19 Mar.
7 Mar.
26 Mar.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
23 Mar.
13 Mar.
2 Mar.
21 Mar.
9 .Mar.
26 Feb.
17 Mar.
7 JIar.
25 Mar.
14 Mar.
4 Mar.
22 Mar.
10 Mar.
27 Feb.
18 .Mar.
26 Mar.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
24 Mar.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
20 Mar.
:82). .
70)..
59)..
78)..
67)..
85)..
75)..
:64). .
83)..
72)..
61). .
80)..
69)..
57)..
76)..
66)..
85)..
73)..
63)..
81)..
70).
58)..
77)..
67) .
86)..
75)..
64)..
83)..
72)..
60)..
79)..
4 Wed..
1 Sun . .
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
1 Sun . .
0 Sat.. .
5 Thnr.
2 Mon. .
1 Sun..
6 Fri. . .
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Mon. .
0 tat. . .
6 Fri...
3 Tufs .
1 Sun. .
6 Fri. . .
3 Tues..
0 Sat. . .
6 Fri...
3 Tues.
1 Sun..
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
1 Sun..
5 Thur.
4 Wed.
202
78
9954
9988
9864
9899
113
9989
23
238
114
148
24
9900
9934
149
183
59
273
9969
9845
9721
9755
4
219
94
129
5
9880
9915
267 4554
230 4555
205 4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
14577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
208 4583
259 4584
Sec footnote p. liii above.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
[.Hiiiitiihi-pitrls zr lO.OOOMs of a circle. A /Mi =r 'liot/i of IJie moon's si/nodic revolulioii.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAK MONTHS.
3a
5
True.
Luni-Sular
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sankrauti.
Name ()f
month.
Time of the
preceding
sauki'anti
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
saiikrlnti
expressed in
11
4.585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4C01
H'Mi
4003
4(104
4005
4606
4607
4008
4609
4010
401 1
4012
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1542
1543
1544
154
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
155
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1502
1503
1564
1565
1506
1507
1508
15
1570
1571
1572
1573
899
900
901
90:
903
904
90
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
91
910
917
918
919
920
921
658-59
659-60
660-61
061-62
062-63
663-64
664-65
665-66
666-67
667-68
068-69
609-70
670-71
671-72
672-73
673-74
674-75
675-76
676-77
677-78
678-79
679-80
680-81
081-82
682-83
083-84
684-85
685-80
686-87
687-88
688-89
689-90
690-9 1
1483-
1484-
1485-
1486-
1487-
^488-
1489-
1490-
1491-
■1492-
1493-
1494-
1495-
•1496-
1497-
1498-
1499-
1500-
1501-
1502-
1503-
1504-
1505-
1506-
1507-
■1508-
1.509-
1510-
1511-
'1512-
1513
1514
1515
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhin
39 Visvavasu. . .
40 Parabhava.. .
41 Plavai'iga ....
42 Kilaka.. . . .
43 Saumya,. . . .
44 Sadharana . .
45 Virodhakrit..
46 Paridhavin . .
47 Pramadin . . .
48 Anauda
49 Rakshasa
50 Anala .....
51 Piiigala
52 Killayukta .
53 Siddharthiu . .
54 Raudra
155 Dunnati
56 Dundubhi. . . .
57 RudhirodirArin
58 Raktuksha
59 Krodhana . . . .
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajilpati
6 Ai'igiras
7 Srimukha ...
8 Bhftva
9 Vuvan
44 Sadharana. . . .
Virodhakrit.. .
46 ParidhSvin . . .
47 Pramadin ....
48 Ananda
49 Rakshasa
50 Anala
51 Piiigala
Kalayukta. . . .
53 Siddharthiu . .
54 Raudra
55 Dai-mati
56 Dundubhi . . . .
57 Rudhirodgurin
58 Raktaksha . . . .
59 Krodhana . . .
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vikhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajapati ....
0 Aiigiras
7 Srimukha . . ,
8 Bhfiva
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
11 isvara
1 2 BahudhAnya .
13 Pramftthin.. .
14 Vikrama ...
15 Vrishal)
, 17 SuljhAmi.
5 Sravaoa.
6 Bhadrapada.
9679
27.777
28.770
5 Sravatia
6 Bhadrapada
137
145
1) Chitrahhiinu, No. 10, «a
M.ppi
rill.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Ixxvii
(Vol 2:i) a z
= DUUtnr,-
of moon J
'mm
<w^/.
(Col
21)
h —
moon's iiiedn tinnmuli/. (Col. 2
5) <• =
=: .suii'.i iiieaii aiwuiiili/.
III. COMMENCExMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
'Time
Uf th" ^lo°l>« aD^Irl^ntl \
At Sunrise on
meridian of UJjaln.
Day
aiu' Mond,
i. U.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
day.
Moon's
Age.
24
25
Kali.
Wixk
(la.v.
By the .\rya
Siddhdnta.
By the Sui-j
Siddh^nfa.
a
II
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
13
14
15
17
15a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
1
■in Mai (86)..
5 Thur. . .
38
39
15
27
43
8
17
15
9 Mar. (68). .
1 Sun...
49
.147
9791
161
228
4585
26 Mai (8G)..
6 Fri
.54
10
21
40
58
40
23
28
27 Feb. (58)..
6 Fri....
187
.561
5
44
200
4586
■27 Mar (86)..
1 Sun
9
41
3
52
14
12
5
41
17 Mar. (76)..
5 Thur. .
162
.486
40
980
251
4587
27 Mai. (86)..
2 Mou ...
25
12
10
5
29
43
11
53
7 Mar. (66)..
3 Tues...
289
.867
254
864
223
4588
27 Mai. (86)..
3 Tues. . . .
40
44
16
17
45
15
18
6
26 Mar. (85)..
2 Mon...
296
.888
289
800
275
4589
26 Mai (86)..
4 Wed....
56
15
22
30
to
46
to
18
14 Mar. (74)..
6 Fri....
194
.582
165
647
244
4590
27 Mai (86)..
6 Kri
n
46
4
42
16
18
6
31
3 Mar. (62). .
3 Tnes...
187
.561
40
494
213
4591
27 Mai (86)..
0 Sat
27
17
10
55
31
49
12
44
22 Mar. (81)..
2 Mon...
275
.825
75
430
264
4592
27 Mai (86). .
1 Sun
42
49
17
7
47
21
18
56
11 Mar. (70). .
6 Fri. . . .
229
.687
9951
277
234
4593
26 Mai (86)..
2 Mon....
58
20
23
20
t2
52
tl
9
28 Feb. (59)..
3 Tues...
68
.204
9826
125
203
4.594
27 Mai (86)..
4 Wed....
13
51
5
32
18
24
7
21
18 Mar. (77)..
2 Mon...
54
.162
9861
61
254
4595
27 Mai (86)..
5 Thur...
29
22
11
45
33
55
13
34
8 Mar. (67)..
0 Sat. . . .
166
.498
75
944
226
4596
27 Mar. (86). .
6 Fri
44
54
17
57
49
27
19
47
27 Mar. (86)..
6 Fri....
155
.465
110
880
277
4597
27 Mar. (86). .
1 Sun. . . .
0
25
n
10
4
58
1
59
16 Mar. (76)..
4 Wed...
324
.972
324
764
249
4598
27 Mar. (86)..
2 Mon....
15
56
6
22
20
30
8
12
5 Mar. (64)..
1 Sun. . .
250
750
200
611
218
4599
27 Kar. (86). .
3 Tues. . . .
31
27
12
35
36
1
14
25
23 Mar. (82)..
6 Fri. . . .
26
.078
9896
511
267
4600
27 Jiai-. (86)..
4 Wed....
46
59
18
47
51
33
20
37
12 Mar. (71)..
3 Tues...
21
.063
9772
358
236
4601
27 Itai-. (87)..
6 Fri
2
30
1
0
7
4
2
50
1 Mar. (61). .
1 Sun...
268
.804
9986
241
208
4602
27 >:ar. (86)..
0 Sat
18
1
7
12
22
36
9
2
20 Mar. (79)..
0 Sat
288
.864
21
181
259
4603
27 Wai-. (86)..
1 Sun . . . .
33
32
13
25
38
7
15
15
9 Mar. (68)..
4 Wed...
(il
.183
9896
29
228
4604
27 Mar. (86)..
2 Mon. . . .
49
4
19
37
53
39
21
28
27 Feb. (58). .
2 Mon...
180
..540
111
912
200
4605
27 Mar. (87)..
4 Wed...
4
35
1
50
9
10
3
40
17 Mar. (77). .
1 Sun..
171
.513
145
848
252
4606
27 Mar. (86)..
5 Thur. . .
20
6
8
2
24
42
9
53
6 Mar. (65)..
5 Thur..
31
.093
21
695
221
4607
27 Mar. (86)..
6 Fri
35
37
14
15
40
13
16
5
25 Mar. (84)..
4 Wed...
93
.279
56
631
272
4608
27 Mar. (86). .
0 Sat
51
y
20
27
55
45
22
18
14 Mar. (73)..
1 Sun...
90
270
9931
479
241
4609
27 Mar. (87). .
2 Mon....
G
40
2
40
11
17
4
31
2 Mar. (62)..
5 Thur. .
74
.222
9807
326
210
4610
27 Mar. (86). .
3 Tues...
22
11
8
52
26
48
10
43
21 Mar. (80)..
4 Wed...
122
.366
9842
262
262
4611
27 Mar. (86)..
4 Wed....
37_
42
15
5
42
20
16
56
11 Mar. (70)..
2 Mon. . .
307
.921
56
145
234
4612
27 Mar. (86). .
5 Thur. . .
53
14
21
17
57
51
23
8
28 Feb. (59)..
6 Fri....
68
.204
9932
992
203
4613
27 Mar. (87). .
0 Sat
8
45
3
30
13
23
5
21
18 Mar. (78)..
5 Thur..
45
.135
9967
928
254
4614
27 Mar. (86). .
1 Sun. . . .
24
16
9
42
28
54
11
34
8 Mar. (67)..
3 Tues...
192
.576
181
812
226
4615
27 Mar. (86)..
2 Mon...
39
47
15
55
44
2B
17
46
27 Mar. (86)..
2 Mon. .
217
.651
216
748
277
4616
27 Mar. (SCi..
3 Turs....
55
19
22
7
59
57
23
59
16 Mar. (75). .
C Fri....
152
.456
91
595
247
4617
t See footnote p. liii above.
Ixxviii THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TAlJliK I.
Liiniilio)i-iiUi-ts = lO.OOOMi of a rirele. A tithi = '/aoM of the moon's synodic revotulion.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. .\DDED LUNAR MONTHS.
3a
Trne.
Luni-.Salar
oyclc.
(Southern.)
6
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
saukrauti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrAnti
expressed in
Time of the
succeeding
sankrSnfi
cxpresscil in
1-^ C.
11 12
4f)18
4fil9
tCc'l
Wii
4623
4624
4625
462(1
4627
4628
462!)
KiliO
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
463'J
4640
4641
4642
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
4643 1464
4644 1465
464
4646
4647
464K
1460
1467
1408
1469
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
158,
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
115
1599
1000
1601
1602
1003
1604
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
691- 92
692- 93
693- 94
694- 95
695- 96
696- 97
697- 98
698- 99
699-700
700- 1
701- 2
702- 3
703- 4
704- 5
705- 6
706- 7
707- 8
708- 9
709- 10
710- 11
711- 12
712- 13
713- 14
714- 15
715- 16
716- 17
717- 18
718- 19
719- 20
720- 21
721- 22
•1516-17
1517-18
1518-19
1519-20
•1520-21
1521-22
1522-23
1523-24
»1524-25
1525-26
1526-27
1527-28
*1528-29
1529-30
1530-31
1531-32
*1 532-33
1533-34
1534-35
1535-36
•1536-37
1537-38
1538-39
1539-40
•1540-41
1541-42
1542-43
1543-44
•1544-45
1545-46
1540-47
10 Dhatn
11 Isvara
12 Bahudhanya .
13 Pramathin...
14 Vikrama . . . .
15 Vrisha
16 Chitrabhilim.
17 .SubhAuu
18 Tiiraiia
19 Parthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit
22 Sarvadhru'in .
23 Virodhin....
24 Viknta
25 Khara
i& Nandana ...
27 Vijaya
28 Jaya
29 Manmatlm. .
30 Uurmukha.
31 Hemalamba
32 Vilamba . . .
83 Vikfirin
34 SHrvari .
18 Taraua...
19 Parthiva.
20 Vyaya . . .
21 Sarrajit..
22 Sarvadhar
23 Virodhin..
4 Vikrita . . . .
25 Khara
6 Nandana . . .
27 Vijaya
28 Jaya
29 Manmatha. .
30 Durnuikha .
31 Hemalainba
32 Vilamba...
33 Vikurin. . .
34 Survari ...
Plava
36 Subhaki-it .
37 Sobhana . .
38 Krodhin. . .
39 Visvilvaau .
40 Farabhava.
41 PlaTanga. .
35 Plava
36 Subhakrit . . .
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhin
89 VisvUvasu . . .
40 I'arlibhava ..
3 Jveshtha .
8 KarCtika .
9 Mdrgas.(Ksh.)
2 Vaiiikha.
6 Bliadi'apada .
6 Bhadrapada..
9756
458 1.374
9961
12
42 Kilaka.
48 Saumya. . . .
44 SildhfiraQa. .
45 Virodhakrit.
46 ParidhJfin .
47 Pnimi'idin . .
48 .\nanda
3 Jveshtlia .
7 A?vina. . .
10 l'ausl,a(Kah.)
1 Chaitra . .
5 Srilvava.
9649
9704
96
9847
9348
29.883
0.036
29.967
12 0.036]
9911 29.733}
558 1.674
616 I 1.848
29.748
J.947
29.112
0.288
29.541
60
9948
65
0.747
0.1801
29.844)
0.195
{Co/. 33) ./ = Dhliiiirc of moon /,■
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLP] 1.
II. {Cil. 21) /j nr hioon's mean iiHniiiiilj/. {Cut. 25)
Ixxix
pj'.v iiieiiii II noiniilij .
111. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil da;
of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
(Tim(
«1° the Meoho ooAki-Anti 1
At Sunrise on
meridian of tJJJaln.
Dav
and Month
A. D.
Day
and Month
Week
day.
Moon's
As;e.
a.
b.
c.
Kali.
Week
(lay.
By the .\r)
Siddhftntn.
a
By the Silrya
Siddbanta.
Jl
li
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
y
13
14
15
17
15a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
27 Mar.
87)..
.5 Thur. . .
10
50
4
20
15
29
6
11
4 Mar. (64)..
3 Tues....
158
.474
9967
442
216
4618
27 Mar.
86)..
6 Fri
2fi
21
10
32
31
0
12
24
23 Mar. (82)..
2 Mod....
239
.717
2
378
267
4619
27 Mar.
86)..
0 Sat
41
52
16
45
46
32
18
37
12 .Mar. (71)..
6 Fri
155
.465
9877
226
236
4620
27 Mar.
86)..
1 Sun....
57
24
22
57
t2
3
to
49
2 Mar. (61)..
4 Wed....
323
.969
92
109
208
4621
27 Mar.
87)..
3 Tues....
12
55
5
10
17
35
7
2
20 Mar. (80). .
3 Tues....
306
.918
126
45
259
4622
27 -Mar.
86)..
4 Wed....
2S
26
11
22
33
fi
13
15
9 Mar. (68)..
0 Sat
53
.159
2
892
229
4623
27 Mar.
86)..
5 Thur...
43
•57
17
35
48
38
19
27
27 Feb. (58)..
5 Thur...
221
.663
216
776
201
4624
27 Mar.
86)..
6 Fri
.59
29
23
47
t4
9
tl
40
18 Mar. (77)..
4 Wed....
255
.765
251
712
252
4625
27 Mar.
87)..
1 Suu
1.5
0
6
0
19
41
7
52
C Mar. (66)..
1 Sun
217
.651
127
5.59
221
4626
27 Mar.
86)..
2 Men....
30
31
12
12
35
12
14
5
25 Mar. (84)..
0 Sat
306
.918
161
495
272
4627
27 Mar.
86)..
3 Tues... .
46
2
18
25
50
44
20
IH
14 Mar. (73)..
4 Wed....
294
.882
37
342
241
4628
28 Mar.
87)..
5 Thur...
1
34
0
37
()
15
2
30
3 Mar. (62)..
1 Suu ....
185
. 555
9913
189
211
4629
27 Mar
87)..
6 Fri
17
5
6
50
21
47
8
43
21 Mar. (81)..
0 Sat
187
.561
9947
125
262
4630
27 Mai-.
86)..
0 Sat
32
36
13
2
37
19
14
55
11 Mar. (70)..
5 Thur. . .
310
.930
162
9
234
4631
27 Mar.
86)..
1 Sun....
48
7
19
15
52
50
21
8
28 Feb. (59)..
2 Mon...
70
.210
37
856
203
4632
28 Mar.
87)..
3 Tues....
3
39
1
27
8
22
3
21
19 Mar. (78)..
1 Sun
77
.231
72
792
254
4633
27 Mar.
87)..
4 Wed...
19
10
7
40
23
53
9
33
8 Mar. (68). .
6 Fi-i
301
.903
286
675
226
4634
27 Mar.
86)..
5 Thur. . .
34
41
13
52
39
25
15
46
26 Mar. (85)..
4 Wed....
58
.174
9982
575
275
4635
27 Mar.
86)..
6 Fri
50
12
20
5
54
56
21
58
15 Mar. (74)..
1 Sun
64
.192
9858
422
244
4636
28 Mar.
87)..
1 Sun
5
44
2
17
10
28
4
11
4 Mar. (63)..
5 Thur...
15
.045
9734
270
213
4637
27 Mar.
87)..
2 Mon....
21
15
8
30
25
59
10
24
22 Mar. (82)..
4 Wed. . . .
44
.132
9769
206
265
4638
27 Mar.
86)..
3 Tues...
30
46
14
42
41
31
16
36
12 Mar. (71)..
2 Mon....
197
.591
9983
89
236
4639
27 Mar.
86)..
4 Wed...
52
17
20
55
57
2
22
49
2 Mar. (61)..
0 Sat
315
.945
197
973
208
4640
28 Mar.
87)..
6 Fri
7
49
3
7
12
34
•'
2
21 Mar. (80)..
6 Fri
296
.888
232
909
260
4641
|27 Mar.
87)..
0 Sat
23
20
9
20
28
5
11
14
9 Mar. (69)..
3 Tues. . . .
108
.324
108
756
229
4642
27 Mar.
86)..
1 Sun. . . .
38
51
15
32
43
37
17
27
2(1 Feb. (57). .
0 Sat
41
.123
9983
603
198
4643
27 Mar.
86)..
2 Mou....
54
22
21
45
59
8
23
39
17 Mar. (76). .
6 Fri
124
.372
18
539
249
4644
28 Mar.
87)..
4 Wed.. .
9
54
3
57
14
4(1
5
52
6 Mar. (65)..
3 Tues. . . .
127
.381
9894
386
218
4645
27 Mar.
87)..
5 Thur...
25
25
10
10
30
11
12
5
24 Mar. (84)..
2 .Mon..,.
194
..582
9928
322
270
4646
27 Mar.
86)..
6 Fri ... .
40
56
16
22
45
43
18
17
13 .Mar. (72)..
6 Fri
67
.201
9804
169
239
4647
27 Mar.
86)..
0 Sat
SC.
27
22
35
tl
14
II
30
3 Mar. ifi2). .
4 Wed....
206
.filS
IS
53
211
41)48
t See footnote )). li
Ix.xx
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Lii,i(ilio,i-jjiiiis = Kl.OOflM.v of II ririli: A titlii = ','3oM nf Ihr moon'!' si/,iijJii- ncoliilwii.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
g
^
-;^—
= 2
'^^
ZJ>
3
3a
1605
954
1606
955
1607
956
1608
957
1609
958
1610
959
1611
960
1612
961
1613
962
IfiU
963
1615
964
1616
965
1617
966
1618
967
16iy
968
1620
969
1621
970
1622
971
1623
972
1621
973
1625
974
1626
975
1627
976
1628
977
1629
978
1630
979
1631
980
1632
981
1633
982
163+
983
1635
984
1636
985
1637
986
5
True.
Liini-Solai'
i-yclc.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sanki'anti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikranti
expressed in
Time of the
snccecding
saiikraDti
expressed in
11
4650
4651
4552
4653
4654
465
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
WlKl
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
M82
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1.500
l.-.Ol
15(12
722-23
723-24
724-25
725-26
726-27
727-28
728-29
729-30
730-31
731-32
732-33
733-34
734-35
735-36
736-37
737-38
738-39
739-40
740-41
741-42
742-43
743-44
744-45
745-46
746-47
747-48
748-49
749-50
750-51
751-52
752-53
753-54
754-55
1547-48
•1548-49
1549-50
1550-51
1551-52
•1552-53
1553-54
1554-55
1555-56
•15.56-57
1557-58
1558-59
1559-60
•1560-61
1.561-62
1562-63
1563-64
•1564-65
1565-66
1566-67
1567-68
'1568-69
1569-70
1570-71
1571-72
•1572-73
1573-74
1574-75
1575-76
•1576-77
1577-78
1578-79
1.579-SO
41 Plavauga
42 Kilaka
43 Saumja
44 Sadharaiia . . . .
45 Virodhakril.. .
46 Paridhavin . . .
47 Pramadin . . . .
48 Ananda
49 Rakshasa
50 Auala
51 Piiigala
52 Kaiayukta
53 SiddhSrthin . .
54 Raudra
55 Durmati
56 Uundubhi. . . .
57 Rudhirodgiifiu
58 Raktuksha.. . .
59 Krudhaua . . . .
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 PiTijapati
6 Ai'igivas
7 Snmukha . . . .
8 lihfiva
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatn
11 l^varu
12 Rahudhfinya . .
13 Pruiuathin . . .
Rakshasa
Anala
Piiigala
Kalayukta. . . .
SiddhSrthin.. .
Raudra
Buvmati
Dundubhi. . . .
Rudhirodgarin
Raklaksha.. . .
Krodhana
Kshaya
Prabhava
Vibhava
Sukla
Pramoda
Prajapati
Aiigiras
Srimukha . . . .
BhAva
Yuvau
Dhatfi
Isvara
Bahudhunya . .
PraraSthin. . . .
Viki-ama
Vrisha
Chitrabhiinu . .
Subhinu
Tilrana
Pfirthiva
Vyaya
.Sarvajit
2 Vaisakha.
6 Bhadrapada.
4 Ashiidha .
3 Jveshtha .
7 Abvina.
Sravaya .
6 Bhadrapada.
4 Ashadhn.
28.677
28.431
394
63
753
129
126
THE HINDU CALENDAR. Ixxxi
TABLE I.
(Col. 2.'{) (/ ^ IHstiimc of moon from snii. (Col. )l\) h :=: moon's menu nnomnli/. iCnI. 25) r =: xun's mean nnomnli/.
JII. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
Day
ami Month
A. D.
(Time of the Mesha sankrfinti.)
Week
day.
By the Arya
SiddhAnta.
By the Siirja
SiddbAnta.
Day
and Montli
A. D.
Wuck
dav.
At SanrlM on
meridian of UUaln-
Moon's
Age.
13
17
17a
19
20
23
24
25
28 .Mar.
87)..
27 Mar.
87)..
27 Mar.
86)..
27 Mar.
86)..
28 Mar.
87)..
27 Mar.
87)..
27 Mar.
86)..
28 Mar.
87)..
28 Mar.
87)..
27 Mar.
87)..
27 Mar.
86)..
28 Mar.
87)..
28 Mar.
87)..
27 Mar.
87)..
27 Mar.
86)..
28 Mar.
87)..
28 Mai-.
(%1). .
27 Mar.
87)..
27 Mar.
(86)..
28 Mar.
(87)..
28 Mar.
(87)..
27 Mar.
(87)..
27 Mar.
(86)..
28 Mar.
(87)..
28 Mar.
(87)..
27 Mar.
(87)..
27 Mar.
(86). .
28 Mar.
(87). .
28 Mar.
(87)..
27 Mai-.
(87)..
27 Mar.
(86)..
28 Mar.
(87). .
28 Mar
(87).
2 Mon. . . .
11
59
4
47
16
46
6
42
3 Tues. . . .
27
30
11
0
32
17
12
55
4 Wed....
43
1
17
12
47
49
19
8
5 Thur...
.58
32
23
25
Yi
21
tl
20
0 Sat
14
4
5
37
18
52
7
33
1 Sun
29
35
11
50
34
24
13
45
2 Mon...
45
f)
18
2
49
55
19
58
4 Wed. ..
0
37
0
15
5
27
2
11
5 Thar. . .
16
9
6
27
20
58
8
23
6 Fri
31
40
12
40
36
30
14
36
0 Sat
47
11
18
52
52
1
20
48
2 Mon....
2
42
1
5
7
33
3
1
3 Taes...
18
14
7
17
23
4
9
14
4 Wed. . . .
33
45
13
30
38
36
15
26
5 Thm-...
49
16
19
42
54
7
21
39
0 Sat
4
47
1
55
9
39
3
52
1 Sun
20
19
8
7
25
10
10
4
2 Mon...
35
50
14
20
40
42
16
17
3 Taes. . . .
51
21
20
32
56
13
22
29
5 Thur...
6
52
2
45
11
45
4
42
6 Fri
22
24
8
57
27
16
10
55
0 Sat
37
55
15
10
42
48
17
7
1 Sun....
53
26
21
22
58
19
23
20
3 Tues. . . .
8
57
3
35
13
51
5
32
4 Wed...
24
29
9
47
29
23
11
45
5 Thur. . .
40
0
16
0
44
54
17
58
6 Fri
55
31
22
12
to
2fi
to
10
1 Sun
11
2
4
25
15
57
6
23
2 Mon...
26
34
10
37
31
29
12
35
3 Tues. . . .
42
5
16
50
47
0
18
48
4 Wed...
57
36
23
2
t2
32
tl
1
6 Fri
13
7
5
15
18
3
7
13
0 Sat
28
39
11
27
33
35
13
26
22 Mar. (81).
11 Mar. (71).
28 Feb. (59).
19 Mar. (78).
8 Mar. (67).
26 Mar. (86).
15 Mar. (74).
4 Mar. (63).
23 Mar. (82).
12 Mar. (72).
2 Mar. (61).
20 Mar. (79).
10 Mar. (69).
27 Mar. (87).
16 Mar. (75).
6 Mar. (65).
25 Mar. (84).
13 Mar (73).
3 Mar. (62).
22 Mar. (81).
11 Mar. (70).
28 Feb. (59).
18 Mar. (77).
7 Mai-. (66).
26 Mar. (85).
15 Mar. (75).
4 Mar. (63).
23 Mar. (82).
13 Mar. (72).
1 Mar. (61).
20 .Mar. (79).
9 Mar. (68).
28 .Mar. (87).
3 Toes....
183
.549
53
989
1 Sun ....
306
.918
267
872
5 Thur. . .
149
.447
143
720
4 Wed....
202
.606
178
656
1 Sun
191
.573
53
503
0 Sat
281
.843
88
439
4 Wed....
240
.720
9964
286
1 Sun
86
.258
9840
133
0 Sat
73
.219
9874
69
5 Thur...
188
..564
89
953
3 Tues....
325
.975
303
836
1 Sun
0-1
— .003
9999
736
6 Fri
258
.774
213
619
4 Wed. . . .
33
.099
9909
519
1 Sun....
29
.087
9785
366
6 Fri
280
.840
9999
2.50
5 Thur. . .
303
.909
34
186
2 Mon. . . .
79
.237
9910
33
0 Sat
196
.588
124
917
6 Fri
287
.861
159
852
3 Tues. . . .
41
.123
34
700
0 Sat
12
.036
9910
547
6 Fri
101
.303
9945
483
3 Taes....
84
.252
9820
330
2 Mon...
134
.402
9855
266
0 Sat
322
.966
69
150
4 Wed...
84
.252
9945
997
3 Tues....
02
.186
9980
933
1 Sun....
206
.618
194
816
5 Thur...
92
.276
70
664
4 Wed. .
162
.486
105
600
1 Sun ....
166
.498
9980
447
0 Hat
250
.750
15
383
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
t See footnote p. liii
See Text. Art. 101 above, pai-a. 2.
THE IXDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
I.iiiiiilioii-piiiis =^ V),(UI(l//is of II circli'. A lithi ^ ' nutli itf Ih: mrjim s si/,iudir fticoliiliun .
I. CONCUKKENT YEAR.
11. AUDEU LUNAR MONTHS.
3a
Triic
Ijuni-Solai'
I'jcle.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspati
rydc
(Ncirtheni)
fiin'cnl
ul Mesha
sauki-anti.
Name nf
innntli.
Time of the
])rice(ling
sankranti
i',\iii-esfed in
9 10 11
Time of the
succeeding
suiikranti
expressed in
B ^
4fi82
4683
4684
468;
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4B99
47(10
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
47 1 4
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1.524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1.531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1(170
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
755-56
756-57
757-58
758-59
759-60
760-61
761-62
762-63
763-64
764-65
765-66
766-67
767-68
768-69
769-70
770-71
771-72
772-73
773-74
774-75
775-76
776-77
777-78
778-79
779-80
780-81
781-82
782-83
783-84
784-85
785-86
786-87
7W7-KK
'1580- 81
1581- 82
1582- 83
1583- 84
•1584- 85
1585- 86
1586- 87
1587- 88
'1588- 89
1589- 90
1590- 91
1591- 92
'1592- 93
1593- 94
1594- 95
1595- 96
'1596- 97
1597- 98
1598- 99
1599-600
'1600- 1
1601- 2
1602- 3
1603- 4
■1604- 5
1605- 6
1606- 7
1607- 8
'1608- 9
1609- 10
1810- 11
1611- 12
•1612- 13
) .SuuMlja, .\o
Vikrama . . . .
Vrisha
Chitrabhanu .
Siibhi'inu . . . .
Tarana
I'arthiva . . . .
Vyaja
Sarvajit
Sarvailharin .
Virodhin . . . .
Vikrita
Khara
Naudana. . . .
Vijava
Jaya
.Maumatha.. .
Durmukha . .
llemalamba..
Vilamba . . . .
Vikurin
Sartari
Plava
Subhakrit . . .
Sobhana
Krodhin . . . .
Visvuvasu . . .
ParAbhava.. .
Plavaiiga . . . .
Kilaka
Sauniya
Sildhurava . ■ .
\irodhakrit..
I'aiiilhnvin . .
nurih.
Sarvadhariu.
Virodhin.. .
Vikrita
Khara
Nandana . . .
Vijaya
Java
Manmatha..
Durmukha .
Hemalamba.
Vilamba.. . .
Vikarin
SSrvari ....
Plava
Sttbhakrit . .
Sobhana. . . .
Krodhin ...
Visvavasu . .
Parabhava . .
Plavaiiga . . .
Kilaka 1).. .
Sadharana . .
Virodhakrit.
Paridhi'iviu .
PramAdiu . .
Auanda. ...
Rftkshasa.. ,
Annla
Piiigala
KAIayuktn. .
Siddhilrtbiu
Raudrn
Diiriiiati
9752 29.256
9894 i 29.682
9894 29.682
6 Bhadrapada
9806 29.418
9443 28.329
9753
7 As
9728
9789
6 BhAdrapada.
9997
280
233
375
21
731
THE /i/XDU CAI.F.XDAR.
TABLE I.
{Vol. 2:{) (I = Dislanre of moon from sun. (Col. il) Ij =r iiwonx mean atiomuli/. (Col. 25)
Ixxxiii
^ .tiin'.i mean anomaly.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Siikla Ist.)
D..V
niul Miiiit
.\. I).
(Time of tlic Mesha snnkiAiili )
Week
(lay.
By the Arya
Siddh&nta.
By the Sftrya
Siddhanta.
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
dav.
At Snnrise on
meridian of UJJaln.
Moon's
Age.
13
14
15
15a
17a
19
20
21
23
25
il Mar
-11 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
27 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
27 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
27 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
27 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
27 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
27 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
27 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
28 Mar.
L>S Mar.
,87)..
86)..
:87)..
;87). .
:87)..
:87)..
;87)..
;87). .
(87). .
:87)..
:87)..
(87)..
;87)..
:87)..
7)..
7)..
;87)..
7)..
7)..
7)..
;87)..
;87). .
7)..
7)..
:87). .
(87) .
;87)..
:87). .
(87). .
:87)..
;87)..
:87). .
1 Sun..
2 Mod..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
1 Sun..
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun . .
2 Mon..
4 Wed..
5 Thui-.
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun..
2 Mon .
3 Tues..
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun . .
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
.5 Thur.
0 Saf...
38
9
41
12
fi 44
22 1.5
37 47
.53 18
8 50
24 21
39 53
55 25
10 56
26 28
41 59
57
13
28
44
59
15
30
46
tl
17
31
2
34
37
8
40
U
43
14
32 46
48 17
t3 49
19 20
34 52
50 23
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
25 Mar.
14 Mar.
8 Mar.
22 Mar.
n Mar.
28 Feb.
18 Mar.
7 Mar.
26 Mar.
16 Mar.
4 Mar.
23 Mar.
13 Mar.
2 Mar.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
27 Mar.
17 Mar.
6 Mar.
25 Mar.
14 Mar.
3 Mar.
21 Mar.
10 Mai-.
27 Feb.
18 Mar.
7 Mar.
26 Mar.
16 Mar.
5 Mar.
23 Mar.
4 Wed..
1 Sun..
1 Sun..
5 Thur.
3 Taes..
2 Mon..
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
6 Fri...
5 Thur.
3 Tues..
0 Sat. . .
6 Fri...
4 Wed..
1 Sun..
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
0 Sat. . .
5 Thur.
4 Wed. .
1 Sun..
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
1 Sun . .
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
2 Men..
1 Sun..
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
i Mon..
169
0-27
322
70
235
267
226
233
305
198
203
327
85
91
313
293
73
26
59
214
331
312
121
51
133
136
66
82
223
200
323
160
213
507
9890
-.081
9766
966
139
210
15
705
230
801
264
678
140
699
16
915
50
594
9926
609
9961
981
175
255
51
273
85
939
300
879
175
219
9871
078
9747
177
9782
642
9996
993
210
936
245
363
121
153
9997
399
31
408
9907
198
9783
246
9817
669
32
600
66
969
281
480
156
639
191
46S2
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4C94
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
t See footnote p. liii abov
© See Test. Art, 101 nbo
para.
THE TNDTAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
I.uinitwn-parif ^ 1 (l,O00///.v of ii tirrlt: A lithi r= ';.;oM of tin- moon's si/iiodii- retolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
C
-.
>.
^ .
Knli
.Siika.
^S^
SJ2
-'23
■■J>
1
2
3
3a
True.
I.mii-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
:tl
cycle
(Northcru)
current
at Mesha
saiiki'lnti.
Name uf
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankranti
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
sankranti
expressed in
11
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
472'
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
47i
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1.567
1568
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
168,
1686
1687
1
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
169.=
1696
1697
1698
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
102'
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
103
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1699 1048
1700 10-19
1701 10.50
1702 1051
1703 1052
789- 90
790- 91
791- 92
792- 93
793- 94
794- 95
795- 96
796- 97
797- 98
798- 99
799-800
800- 1
801- 2
802- 3
803- 4
804- 5
805- 0
806- 7
807- 8
808- 9
809- 10
810- 11
811- 12
812- 13
813- 14
814- 15
815- 16
816- 17
817- 18
818- 19
819- 20
820- 21
1613-14
1614-15
1615-16
•1616-17
1617-18
1618-19
1619-20
*1620-21
1621-22
1622-23
1623-24
* 1624-25
1625-26
1626-27
1627-28
*1628-29
1629-30
1630-31
1631-32
•1632-33
1633-34
1634-35
1635-36
* 1636-37
1637-38
1638-39
1639-40
•1640-41
1641-42
1642-43
1643-44
•1644-45
1645-46
47 Pramudin . .
48 Anauda
49 Rakshasa
50 Anala
1 Piugala
52 Kalayukta. . . .
53 Siddharthin . .
54 Raudi'a
55 Durmati
56 Dundubhi ....
57 Rudhirodgfirin
58 Raktaksha... .
59 Kriidhana ....
60 Kshaya
1 Prabliava
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajapati
6 Aiigiras
7 Srimukha ...
8 Bhilva
9 Yuvan
10 Dhfitri
11 Isvara
1 2 Bahudhfinya . .
13 PramAthin
14 Vikrama
1 5 Vrislia
16 ChitrabhAnu . .
17 Subhftnu...
18 TAraya
19 PArthiva
Dundubhi. . . .
Rudliirodgarin
RaktAksha.. . .
Krodhana . . . .
Kshaya
Prabliava
Vibhava
Sukla
Pramoda
Prajapati
Angiras
Srimukha . . . .
BhAva
Yuvan
DhAtri
Isvara
BahudhAnya .
PramAtliin .
Vikrama ....
Vrisha
CliitrabhAuu .
Subhanu ....
TAraya
PArthiva
Vyaya
Sarvajit
SarvadhArin .
Virodhin ....
Vikrita
Khara
Nandnna ....
Vijaya
Java
3 Jveshtha .
4 AshAdha .
6 BhAdrapada.
5 Srirapa.
29.829
29.640
29.373
29.247
495
119
720
rffi-: inxnv cAirxDAit \\\
TABLE I.
[(til. i'.\] II z= Di.iliinie of iiition J'rviii ■•■■iiii. {Oil. ii) h = moon's menu idkhiiiiIi/. (Col. 25) r :=: .sun'.i meiin iiiioiiinly.
in COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia Ut.)
At Sanrise on
(Tim
of Ihc Mc3h!i
anki-
•inti.)
moridian of Cjjain.
Day
and Month
Day
and Month
Week
Moon's
Age.
Kali.
Jv the Arva
Uv the Surva
"C C"
A. D
Week
day.
SiddhSnta
SiddhAnta
A.
I).
11
<*■
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
Oh.
Pa.
H.
M.
13
14
15
17
15a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
1
28 Mar.
(87)..
1 Sun
16
21
6
32
21
26
s
35
12 Mar.
(71)..
6 Fri
201
.603
67
507
2354715]
28 Mar.
(87)..
2 .Mon...
31
52
12
45
36
58
14
47
1 Mar.
(60)..
3 Tues....
196
.588
9942
354
204
4716
28 Mar.
(87)..
3 Tucs. . . .
47
24
18
57
52
30
21
0
20 Mar.
(79). .
2 Mon....
253
.759
9977
290
255
4717
28 Mar.
(88)..
a Thur. . .
2
55
1
10
8
1
3
12
8 Mar.
(68)..
6 Fri
101
.303
9853
138
224
4718
28 Mar.
(87)..
6 Fri
18
26
7
22
23
33
9
25
27 Mar.
(86)..
5 Thur. . .
92
.276
9888
74
276
4719
28 Mar.
(87)..
0 Sat
33
57
13
35
39
4
15
38
17 Mar.
(76)..
3 Tues....
204
.612
102
957
248
4720
28 Mar.
(87)..
1 Sun...
4!)
211
19
47
54
36
21
50
6 Mar.
(65)..
0 Sat
0-n
-.042
9977
804
217
4721
28 Mar.
(88)..
3 Tues. . . .
:>
II
2
0
10
7
4
3
24 Mar.
(84)..
6 Fi-i
12
.0.36
12
740
268
4722
28 Mai-.
(87)..
4 Wed ....
20
31
S
12
25
39
10
15
14 Mar.
(73). .
4 Wed....
268
.804
226
624
240
4723
28 Mar.
(87). .
.5 Thur...
36
2
14
25
41
10
16
28
3 Mar.
(62). .
1 Sun
269
.807
102
471
209
4724
28 Mar.
87)..
6 Fri
.51
34
20
37
56
42
22
41
21 Mar.
(80)..
6 Fri
39
.117
9798
371
258
4725
28 Mar.
88)..
1 Sun ... .
7
5
2
50
12
13
4
53
10 Mar.
(70)..
4 Wed....
292
.876
12
254
230
4726
28 Mar.
(87)..
2 Mon....
22
36
9
2
27
45
11
6
27 Feb.
(58)..
1 Sun. . . .
115
.345
9888
101
199
4727
28 Mar.
87)..
3 Tues. . . .
38
7
15
15
43
16
17
19
18 Mar.
(77)..
0 Sat
95
.285
9923
37
250
4728
28 Mar.
87)..
4 Wed....
53
39
21
27
58
48
23
31
8 Mar.
(67)..
5 Thur. . .
211
.633
137
921
222
4729
28 Mar.
88)..
6 Fri
9
10
3
40
14
19
5
44
26 Mar.
(86)..
4 Wed....
203
.609
172
857
273
4730
28 Mar.
87)..
0 Sat
24
41
9
52
29
51
11
56
15 Mar.
(74)..
1 Sun. . . .
54
.162
48
704
242
4731
23 Mar.
87)..
1 Sun
40
12
16
5
45
22
18
9
5 Mar.
(64)..
6 Fri
330
.990
262
588
214
4732
28 Mar.
87)..
2 Mon....
.5.5
44
22
17
to
54
to
22
23 Mar.
(82)..
4 Wed...
110
.330
9958
487
263
4733
28 Mar.
88)..
4 Wed...
11
15
4
30
16
25
6
34
11 Mar.
(71)..
1 Sun
94
.282
9834
335
232
4734
28 Mar.
87)..
5 Thur. . .
2fi
46
10
42
31
57
12
47
1 Mar.
(60)..
6 Fri
328
.984
48
218
204
4735
28 Mar.
87)..
6 Fri
42
17
16
55
47
28
18
59
19 Mar.
(78). .
4 Wed....
0-11
-.033
9744
118
253
4736
28 Mar.
87)..
0 Sat
57
49
23
7
t3
0
tl
12
9 Mar.
(68)..
2 Mon....
100
.300
9958
1
225
4737
28 Mar.
88)..
2 Mon....
13
20
5
20
18
32
7
25
27 Mai-.
(87)..
1 Sun....
80
.240
9993
937
276
4738
28 Mar.
37)..
3 Tues....
28
51
11
32
34
3
13
37
17 Mar.
(76)..
6 Fri
220
.660
207
821
248
4739
28 Mar.
87)..
4 Wed. . . .
44
22
17
45
49
35
19
50
6 Jlar.
(65)..
3 Tucs. . . .
102
.306
83
663
217
4740
28 Mar.
87)..
5 Thnr...
59
54
23
57
t5
6
t2
2
25 Mar.
(84)..
2 Mon....
172
.516
118
604
268
4741
28 Mar.
8';)..
0 Sat
15
25
6
10
20
38
8
15
13 Mar.
(73)..
6 Fri
176
..528
9993
451
237
4742
28 Mar.
87)..
1 Sun....
30
56
12
22
36
9
14
28
2 Mar.
(61)..
3 Tues. . . .
145
.435
9869
298
207
4743
28 Mar.
87)..
2 Mon....
46
27
18
35
51
41
20
40
21 Mar.
(80)..
2 Mon....
183
.549
9904
234
258
4744
29 Mar.
88)..
4 Wed...
1
59
0
47
7
12
2
53
10 Mar.
(69)..
6 Fri
©-12
—.036
9779
82
227
4745
28 Mar.
88)..
5 Thur..
17
30
7
0
22
44
9
5
28 Feb.
(59)..
4 Wed....
107
.321
9994
965
199
4746
28 Mar.
87)..
6 Fri
33
1
13
12
38
15
15
18
18 Mar.
(77)..
3 Tues . . .
86
.258
28
901
250 4747 1
t See footnote j). Iiii above.
© See Test. Art. 101 above, para 2.
Ixxxvi THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
f.iiiiiitioii-piirls := lO.OOOM.v nf a rirclf. J lithi zn 'jjot/i of tin' moon's synodic revolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAH.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
C 5
2
-I %
3 3a
5
True.
Liini-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Me8ha
sankrunti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikranti
expressed in
o i
Time of the
succeeding
saiikrSnti
expressed in
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
475fi
4757
4758
4759
47fiO
47fil
4702
4703
47fi4
4765
47fi6
47fi
47CH
47fi«
4770
4771
4772
4773
47
47
477fi
4777
4778
4779
47H()
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1.592
1593
1594
1595
1.596
1.59'
1 598
1599
1600
1601
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
171
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
172
1726
172'
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
173r'
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
106."
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
107
1076
107'
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
108.-)
821-22
822-23
823-24
824-25
825-26
826-27
827-28
828-29
829-30
830-31
831-32
832-33
833-34
834-35
835-36
836-37
837-38
838-39
839-40
840-41
841-42
842-43
843-44
844-45
845-46
846-47
847-48
848-49
849-50
850-51
851-52
852-53
K.i3-54
1646-47
1647-48
* 1648-49
1649-50
1650-51
1651-52
*1652-53
1653-54
1654-55
1655-56
* 1656-57
1657-58
1658-59
1659-60
♦1660-61
1661-62
1662-63
1663-64
* 1664-65
1665-66
1666-67
1667-68
•1668-69
1669-70
1B70-71
1671-72
♦1672-73
1673-74
1674-75
1675-76
•1676-77
1677-78
167S-7it
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit ....
22 SarradhSrin . .
23 Virodhin
24 Vikrita
25 Khara
26 Nandana ....
27 Vijaja
28 Jaya
29 Manmatha. . .
30 Durnmkha . .
3 1 Hcmalamba . .
32 Vilamba
33 VikArin
34 Sarvari
35 Plava
36 Subhakrit . . .
37 Sobhana
38 Krodbin
Visvavasu.. .
40 Parabhava.. .
41 Plavaiiga.. . .
42 Kilaka
43 Saumya
44 SAdhai'ava.. .
45 Virodhakrit..
46 ParidhAvin . .
47 PramAdiu . . .
48 Ananda
49 RAkshnsa ....
50 Anala,
51 Piiigala
52 KAIavukta...
Manmatha.
Dunnukiia
Hemalamba
Vilamba . .
VikArin. . .
27.984
Sarva
Plava
Subhakrit . .
Sobhana . . .
Krodhin . . .
Visvavasu . .
Parabhava . .
Plavaiiga . . .
Kilaka
Saumya. . . .
SadliAraua. .
Virodhakrit
ParidhAvin .
PiamAdin .
.\nanda ....
RAkshasa..
Anala
Pii'igala ...
KAlayukta.
SiddliArthin
liiiudra . . .
Durmati .
Duudubbi .
RudhirodgAriu
RaktAkslia
Krodbana .
Kshayn . . .
Prabhava..
28.974
6 BliAJrapada .
SrAvaiia .
SrAvaya .
27.957
6 BhAdraiutda.
SrAvaua
216
219
212
262
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
Ixxxvii
[f'ol. 2."?) (I := Disltnire of mnon from sun. (Col. 21-) 4 z= mouii'.i mean uiwukiIi/. (Col. 25) r := .tun's mean rniomah/.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil da;
of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
Kali.
Day
and Month.
A. D
(Time of t
ic Mesha saiikrunti.)
Day
and Month.
A. D.
Week
day.
At Sunrise on
meridian ot Cjjain.
Moon's
Age.
a
h.
c.
Week
day.
By the Ai-y
Siddhinta.
1
3y the Sflrj
Siddhinta.
a
a
1
Is
n
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
iq ^
13
14
16
17
16a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
1
28 Mar. (87)..
0 Sat....
48
32
19
25
53
47
21
31
8 Mar. (67)..
1 Sun
247
.741
243
784
222
4748
29 Mar. (88)..
2 Mon...
4
4
1
37
9
18
3
43
27 .Mar. (86)..
0 Sat
280
.840
277
721
273
4749
28 Mar. (88)..
.3 Tucs...
19
35
7
50
24
50
9
56
15 Mar. (75)..
4 Wed....
235
.705
1.53
568
243
4750
28 Mar. (87). .
4 Wed. . .
3.5
0
14
2
40
21
16
9
4 Mar. (63)..
a Sun ...
242
.726
29
415
212
4751
28 Mar. (87). .
5 Thui-..
50
37
20
15
55
53
22
21
23 Mar. (82)..
0 Sat
315
.945
63
351
263
4752
29 Mar. (88). .
0 Sat. . . .
fi
9
2
27
11
24
4
34
12 Mar. (71)..
4 Wed....
211
.633
9939
198
232
4753
28 Mar. (88)..
1 Sun...
21
40
8
40
26
56
10
46
29 Feb. (60)..
1 Sun ... .
0-3
—.(106
9815
45
202
4754
28 Mar. (87)..
2 Mon .
37
11
14
52
42
27
16
59
19 Mar. (78)..
0 Sat
0-37
-.081
98.50
981
253
4755
28 Mar. (87)..
3 Tues...
.52
42
21
5
57
59
23
12
9 Mar. (68)..
5 Thur. . .
100
..300
64
865
225
4756
29 Mar. (88)..
5 Thur. .
8
14
3
17
13
30
5
24
28 Mar. (87)..
4 Wed. . . .
107
.321
99
801
276
4757
28 Mar. (88)..
6 Fri....
23
45
9
30
29
2
11
37
16 Mar. (76)..
1 Sun
2
.006
9974
648
245
4758
28 Mar. (87)..
0 Sat....
39
16
15
42
44
34
17
49
6 Mar. (65). .
6 Fri
302
.906
189
532
217
4759
28 Mar. (87)..
1 Sun...
54
47
21
55
to
5
to
2
24 Mar. (83)..
4 Wed....
84
.252
9885
431
266
4760
29 Mar. (88)..
3 Tues ..
10
19
4
7
15
37
6
15
13 Mar. (72). .
1 Sun
37
.112
9760
278
235
4761
28 Mar. (88). .
4 Wed...
25
50
10
20
31
8
12
27
2 Mar. (62)..
6 Fri
236
.708
9975
162
207
4762
28 Mar. (87). .
5 Thur. .
41
21
16
32
46
40
18
40
21 Mar. (80)..
5 Thur...
230
.690
9
98
258
4763
28 Mai-. (87)..
6 Kri....
56
52
22
45
t2
11
to
52
10 Mar. (69)..
2 Mon.. .
0-S3
-.009
9885
945
227
4764
29 Mar. (88)..
1 Sat....
12
24
4
57
17
43
7
5
28 Feb. (.59)..
0 Sat
119
.357
99
829
199
4765
28 Mar. (88). .
2 Mon...
27
55
11
10
33
14
13
18
18 Mar. (78)..
6 Fri
134
.402
134
765
251
4766
28 Mar. (87)..
3 Tues. . .
43
26
17
22
48
46
19
30
7 Mar. (66)..
3 Tues...
60
.180
10
612
220
4767
28 Mar. (87) . .
4 Wed. . .
58
57
23
35
t-i
17
tl
43
26 Mar. (85)..
2 Mon....
142
.426
44
546
271
4768
29 Mar. (88)..
6 F\-i....
14
29
5
47
19
49
7
56
15 Mar. (74).
6 Fri
147
.441
9920
395
240
4769
28 Mar. (88)..
0 Sat. . . .
30
0
12
0
35
20
14
8
3 Mar. (63)..
3 Tues. . . .
78
.234
9796
242
209
4770
28 Mar. (87)..
1 Sun...
45
31
18
12
50
52
20
21
22 Mar. (81). .
2 Mon....
97
.293
9831
178
261
4771
29 Mar. (88)..
3 Tues...
1
2
0
25
6
23
2
33
12 Mar. (71). .
0 Sat. . . .
238
.714
44
62
233
4772
29 Mar. (88)..
4 Wed...
16
34
6
37
21
55
8
46
1 Mar. (60)..
4 Wed....
0-12
—.036
9921
909
202
4773
28 Mar. (88)..
5 Thur..
32
5
12
50
37
26
14
59
19 Mar. (80)..
3 Tues. . . .
0-M
— .060
9955
845
253
4774
28 Mar. (87)..
6 Fri....
47
36
19
2
52
58
21
11
9 Mar. (68). .
1 Sun....
172
.516
170
728
225
4775
29 Mar. (88)..
1 Sun. . .
3
7
1
15
8
29
3
24
28 Mar. (87). .
0 Sat
225
.675
204
664
276
4776
29 Mar. (88)..
2 Mon...
18
39
7
27
24
1
9
36
17 Mar. (76)..
4 Wed....
209
.627
80
512
245
4777
28 Mar. (88)..
3 Tues..
34
10
13
40
39
32
15
49
5 Mar. (65)..
1 Sun
205
.615
9956
359
215
477S
28 Mar. (87)..
4 Wed...
49
41
19
52
55
4
22
2
24 Mar. (83)..
0 Sat
265
.795
9990
295
266
4779
29 Mar. (S8) . .
fi Kri....
'
12
2
5
10
36
4
14
13 Mar. (72)..
4 Wed. . .
115
.345
9866
142
235 4780
t See I'ootniile j). liii abo
© See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2.
Ixxxviii THE INDIAN CALENDAR
TABLE 1.
Ijunrilion-jHirix =^ ]U,(JI)U///.v 0/ ti rirrle. A litlii =^ ^jiuth of the moon's stynoilic revolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
3a
True.
Luni -Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
Brihaspali
cjclct
(Norlheni)
current
at Mcsha
saiikriiutk
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sankrSnti
espnssed in
Time of the
succeeding
saiikrunti
11
4783
4782
4783
4784
478.5
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
175
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
176.';
1766
1767
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
110
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
854-55
855-56
856-57
857-58
858-59
859-60
860-61
861-62
862-63
863-64
864-65
865-06
866-67
867-68
868-69
869-70
870-71
871-72
872-73
873-74
874-75
875-70
876-77
877-78
878-79
879-80
880-81
881-82
882-83
883-84
884-85
1679- 80
1680- 81
1681- 82
1682- 83
1683- 84
1684- 85
1685- 86
1686- 87
1687- 88
1688- 89
1689- 90
1690- 91
1691- 92
■1692- 93
1693- 94
1694- 95
1695- 96
■1696- 97
1697- 98
1698- 99
1 699-700
53 Siddfaarthin.
54 Raudra ....
2 Vibhava.
3 Sukla. . .
9755
55 Durniati .
4 Pramoda.
■1700-
1701-
1702-
1703-
'1704-
1705- 6
1706J 7
1707- 8
'1708- 9
1709- 10
56 Dundubhi . . . .
57 Rudhirodgfirin
58 Raktakshn. . . .
59 Krodhana . . . .
60 Kshaya
1 PrabhavB
2 Vibhava
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda
5 Prajnpati
6 Aiigiras
7 Srimukha . . . .
8 Bhava
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
11 Isvara
12 Bahudh&nya . .
13 Pramdthin . .
14 Vikrama
15 Vriaha
16 Chitrahhfinu..
17 Subhfinu
18 TArava
19 PArthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarv^jit
22 SarvadhArin . .
23 Virodhin
5 PrajSpati.. . .
6 Ai'igiraa
7 Srimukha . . .
8 BhAva 1) . . . .
10 Dhatri
11 Isvara
12 Bahudhunya.
13 Pramathin.. .
14 Vikrama . . . .
1 5 Vrisha
16 ChitrabhSuu .
17 Subhanu . . . .
18 Turana
19 PArthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit
22 SarvadhArin..
23 Virodhin .. . .
24 Vikrita
25 Kliara
26 Nauduna . . . .
27 Vijnya
28 Jaya
29 Manmatlia . . .
30 Durmuklia. . .
31 Ilemahiniba .
32 Vilaniba
33 VikAriu
7 Asvina.. .
10 Pamha{Ksk.)
I Chaitra . .
94
9920
29.364
0.282
29.760
no
9936
6 BhAdrapada .
28.827
169
216
7 Asvina.
9772
511
147
SrAvana .
<; Yuvnii, Nil. 9. was supprcssril in the imrtli.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
Ixxxix
(Cot. 23) a z
= Oistiinre
n/ moon from
V//W.
{Col
21)
/.. =
monn'.i iiieuii unomali/. (Col. 25
) '• =
= suns mean iirioma
'.'/■
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil ds;
of Chniti-a Sukla Ist.)
(Time "f ""■ l^T
nti.)
At Sunrise on
meridian of UJJaln.
Day
and Month.
A. D
Day
and Month.
A. D.
Week
day.
Moon's
Age.
o.
b.
c.
Kali.
Week
day.
By the Ary
Siddh&nta.
Jy the Sttr
Siddh&nta.
a
a
I
f s
tl
It
S-3
Gh.
Pa
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
13
14
16
17
16a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
1
29 Mar.
88)..
0 Sat
20
44
8
17
26
7
10
27
3 Mar.
62)..
2 Mon....
245
.735
80
26
207
4781
28 Mar
88)..
1 Sun....
36
15
14
30
41
39
16
39
21 Mar.
81)..
1 Sun. . . .
222
.666
115
962
258
4782
28 Mar
87)..
2 .Moil . .
.51
46
20
42
57
10
22
52
10 Mar.
69)..
5 Thur. . .
1
.003
9991
809
228
4783
29 Mar.
88)..
4 Wed....
7
17
2
55
12
42
5
5
28 Feb.
59)..
3 Tues. . . .
217
.651
205
694
199
4784
29 Mar.
88)..
5 Thur...
22
49
9
7
28
13
11
17
19 Mar.
78)..
2 Mon....
279
.837
240
628
251
4785
28 Mar.
88)..
6 Fri
38
20
15
20
43
45
17
30
7 Mar.
67)..
6 Fi-i
278
.834
115
475
220
4786
28 Mar
87)..
0 Sat
.53
51
21
32
59
16
23
42
25 Mar.
84)..
4 Wed...
50
.150
9811
375
269
4787
29 Mai-.
88)..
2 Mon....
9
22
3
45
14
48
5
55
15 Mar.
74)..
2 Mon....
306
.918
26
259
240
4788
29 Mar.
88)..
3 Tues. . . .
24
54
9
57
30
19
12
8
4 Mar.
63)..
6 Fri
130
.390
9901
106
210
4789
28 Mar.
88)..
4 Wed....
40
25
16
10
45
51
18
20
22 Mar.
82)..
5 Thur...
113
.339
9936
42
261
4790
28 Mar.
87)..
5 Thur. . .
55
56
22
22
tl
22
+0
33
12 Mar.
71)..
3 Tues....
226
.678
150
925
233
4791
29 Mar.
88)..
0 Sat
11
27
4
35
16
54
6
46
1 Mar.
60)..
0 Sat
31
.093
26
773
202
4792
29 Mai-.
88)..
1 Sun
26
59
10
47
32
25
12
58
20 Mar.
79)..
6 Fri
66
.198
61
708
253
4793
28 Mar.
88)..
2 Mon....
42
30
17
0
47
57
19
11
8 Mar.
68)..
3 Tues....
28
.084
9936
556
222
4794
28 Mar.
(87)..
3 Tucs....
58
1
23
12
t3
28
tl
23
27 Mar.
86)..
2 Mon. . . .
118
.3.54
9971
492
274
4795
29 Mar.
88)..
5 Thnr. . .
13
32
5
25
19
0
7
36
16 Mar.
75)..
6 Fri
105
.315
9847
339
243
4796
29 Mar.
88)..
6 Fri
29
4
11
37
34
31
13
49
5 Mar.
64)..
3 Tues. . . .
0-6
— .OlS
9723
186
212
4797
28 Mar.
88)..
0 Sat
44
35
17
50
50
3
20
1
23 Mar.
83)..
2 Mon....
0-6
—.018
9757
122
263
4798
29 Mar.
88)..
2 Mon...
0
6
0
2
5
34
2
14
13 Mar.
72)..
0 Sat
117
.351
9972
6
235
4799
29 Mar.
88)..
3 Tues...
15
37
6
15
21
6
8
26
3 Mar.
62)..
5 Thur...
237
.711
186
889
207
4800
29 Mar.
88)..
4 Wed....
31
9
12
27
36
38
14
39
22 Mar.
81)..
4 Wed....
236
.708
221
825
259
4801
28 Mar.
88)..
.5 Thur...
46
40
18
40
52
9
20
52
10 Mar.
70)..
1 Sun....
112
.336
96
672
228
4802
29 Mar.
88)..
0 Sat
2
11
0
52
7
41
3
4
29 Mar.
88)..
0 Sat
183
.549
131
608
279
4803
29 Mar.
88)..
1 Sun....
17
42
7
5
23
12
9
17
18 Mar.
77)..
4 Wed...
186
.558
7
455
248
4804
29 Mar.
88)..
2 Mon...
33
14
13
17
38
44
15
29
7 Mar.
66)..
1 Sun
155
.465
9882
303
217
4805
28 Mar.
88)..
3 Tues. . . .
48
45
19
30
54
15
21
42
25 Mar.
85)..
0 Sat
197
.591
9917
239
269
4806
29 Mar.
88)..
5 Thur...
4
16
1
42
9
47
3
55
14 Mar.
73)..
4 Wed. . .
5
.015
9793
86
238
4807
29 Mar.
88)..
6 Fri
19
47
7
55
25
18
10
7
4 Mar.
63)..
2 Mon. . . .
122
.366
7
969
210
4808
29 Mar.
88)..
0 Sat
35
19
14
7
40
50
16
20
23 Mar.
82)..
1 Sun
103
.309
42
905
261
4809
28 Mar.
88)..
1 Sun....
50
50
20
20
56
21
22
32
12 Mar.
72)..
6 Fri
260
.780
256
789
233
4810
29 Mar.
88)..
3 Tues...
6
21
'^
32
11
53
4
45
1 Mar.
60)..
3 Tues...
169
.507
132
636
202
4811
Set' footnote [) liii above.
0 See Text. Art. 101 above, para. 2.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR
TABLE 1.
Liauilion-jKirts ^ 10,0(IOMi' oj a circle. A lithi ^ ',,'"''' "f '^'' mo(jii's synodic revolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
2
3
3a
'i'ruf.
Luni-Solar
fvde.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspali
fvclf
(Nortliern)
ciuTcnt
at Mcsha
saiikranti.
Name of
month.
Time of the
preceding
sai'ikr&nti
e\'pr»-ssed in
Time of the
succeeding
soi'ikrunti
expressed in
11
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
483H
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
179
1796
1797
1798
1799
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
113
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
114'
114H
8S5- 86
886- 87
887- 88
888- 89
889- 90
890- 91
891- 92
892- 93
893- 94
894- 95
895- 96
896- 97
897- 98
898- 99
899-900
900- 1
901- 2
902- 3
903- 4
904- 5
905- 6
906- 7
907- 8
908- 9
909- 10
910- 11
911- 12
912- 13
913- 14
914- 15
915- 16
916- 17
1710-11
1711-12
•1712-13
1713-14
1714-15
1715-16
•1716-17
1717-18
1718-19
1719-20
•1720-21
1721-22
1722-23
1723-24
•1724-25
1725-26
1726-27
1727-28
•1728-29
1729-30
1730-31
1731-32
•1732-33
1733-34
1734-35
1735-36
•1736-37
1737-38
1738-39
1739-40
•1740-41
1741-42
Vikrita
Khara
Nandana
Vijaya
Java
Manmatha ....
Durmukha . . .
Heraalamba . .
Vilaraba
Vikarin
Siirvari
Plava
Subhakrit ...
Subhana
Krodhin
Visvfivasu ....
Pai'fibhava ...
Plavariga
Kilaka
Saumya
Siidharatia ....
Virodhakrit.. .
Pai-idh&vin. . .
Pramildin . . . .
.\nanda
Rnkshasa
Auala
Pii'igala
KAhiyukttt.. . .
Siddh&rthin. . .
Ksudra
Durniati
Sfirvari
Plava
Subhakrit . . . .
Sobhana
Krodhin
Visvavasu ...
Parabhava ...
Plavaiiga
Kilaka
Saumja
Sadht'iraua ....
Virodhakrit . . .
Paridhavin . . .
Pramadin . . . .
A nanda
Rilkshasa
Anala
Pii'igala
K&layukta. . . .
Siddhjirthin.. .
Raudra
Dui'mati
Dundubhi . . . .
Riidhirodgarin
Raktaksha . . . .
Krodhana . . . .
Ksliaya
Pn\bhava
Vibhava
Sukla
Praniuda
PmjApati
6 Bhadiapada.
7 Asvina.
457
128
6 Bbadrapada.
280
252
9552
7 Asvina.
9763
9754
29.289
29.262
458
96
5 SrAvana
9893
29.676
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
iTo/. 23) •! -
— nhtiiiiiv
of moin/ from
>■«//.
(r«
f. 24)
h -
: moon's iiicdii a
II omul If. (Col. 2."
1 '• :
=: .««//'.( Mfdii
"""'"
l,j.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Iiuni-Solar year. (Civil da;
of Chaitra Sukla Ist )
(Tim
■ of the .Mr-l'" .J. ..M-. ■.■."!; N
At Sunrise on
meridian of UJiain.
niul Monlli
A. 1).
l).iy
and Month
A. 1).
Week
day.
Moon's
Age.
a.
«.
24
25
Kali.
1
Week
day.
By the Arj
SiddhAnln.
"
By the Silrya
Siddhanta.
ll
.3~
'a
Gh.
I'a.
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
11.
M.
13
14
15
17
15a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
2'J Mar
88)..
\ We.l....
21
52
8
45
27
24
10
58
20 Mar.
(79)..
2 Mon. . . .
244
.732
166
572
254
4812
29 M»i-.
88)..
.5 Thiir. . .
37
24
14
57
42
56
17
10
9 Mar.
(68)..
6 Fri
252
.756
42
419
223
4813
28 Mar.
88)..
6 Fi-i
52
55
21
10
58
27
23
23
27 Mai-.
(87)..
5 Thur. . .
.327
.981
77
355
274
4814
29 Mar.
88)..
1 Sun
8
26
3
22
13
59
5
36
16 Mar.
(75)..
2 Mon...
226
.678]9952
203
243
4815
29 Mar.
88)..
2 Mon. . . .
23
57
9
35
29
30
11
48
5 Mar.
64)..
6 Fri
14
.042
9828
50
212
4816
29 Mar.
88)..
3 Tues....
39
29
15
47
45
2
18
1
24 .Mar.
(83)..
5 Thur. . .
0-1"
—.030
9863
986
264
4817
28 Mar.
88)..
4 Wed. . . .
55
0
22
0
to
33
+0
13
13 Mar.
(73). .
3 Tues....
114
.342
77
869
236
4818
29 Mar.
88)..
6 Fri
10
31
4
12
16
5
6
26
3 Mar.
(62)..
1 Suu....
294
.882
292
753
207
4819
29 Mar.
88)..
0 Sat
26
2
10
25
31
36
12
38
21 Mai-.
80)..
6 Fri
13
.039
9987
652
2.56
4820
29 Mar.
88)..
1 Sun
41
34
16
37
47
8
18
51
11 .Mar.
70)..
4 Wed....
311
.933
202
536
228
4821
28 JIar.
88) .
2 Mon....
57
5
22
50
t2
39
fl
4
28 Mar.
88)..
2 Mon....
94
.282
9898
436
276
4822
29 Mar.
88) . .
4 Wed....
12
36
5
2
18
11
7
16
17 Mar.
76)..
6 Fri
51
.153
9774
283
246
4823
29 Mar.
88)..
5 Thur..
28
7
11
15
33
43
13
29
7 Mar.
66)..
4 Wed. . . .
250
.750
9988
166
218
4824
29 Mar.
88)..
6 Fri
43
39
17
27
49
14
19
42
26 Mar.
85)..
3 Tues....
247
.741
23
102
269
4825
28 Mar.
S8)..
0 Sat
59
10
23
40
-i-4
46
tl
54
14 Mar.
74)..
0 Sat
0-7
—.021
9898
949
238
4826
29 .Mar.
88)..
2 Mon....
14
41
5
52
20
17
s
7
4 Mar.
63)..
5 Thur...
133
.399
113
833
210
4827
29 Mar.
88)..
3 Tues....
30
12
12
5
35
49
14
19
23 Mar.
82)..
4 Wed....
148
.444
147
769
261
4828
29 Mar.
88)..
4 Wed....
45
44
18
17
51
20
20
32
12 Mar.
71)..
1 Sun. . . .
69
.207
23
616
230
4829
29 Mai-.
89)..
6 Fri
1
15
0
30
6
52
~
45
29 Feb.
60)..
5 Thur...
74
.222
9899
463
200
4830
29 Mar.
88)..
0 Sat
in
46
6
42
22
23
8
57
19 Mai-.
78)..
4 Wed...
158
.474
9933
399
251
4831
29 Mar.
88)..
1 Sun
32
17
12
55
37
55
15
10
8 Mar.
67)..
1 Suu....
90
.270
9809
247
220
4832
29 Mar.
88)..
2 Mon....
47
49
19
7
53
26
21
22
27 Mar.
86)..
0 Sat
112
.336
9844
183
272
4833
29 Mar.
89)..
4 Wed... .
3
20
1
20
8
58
3
35
16 Mai-.
76)..
5 Thur. . .
255
.765
58
66
243
4834
29 Mar.
88)..
.5 Thur. . .
18
51
7
32
24
29
9
48
5 Mar.
64)..
2 Mon. . . .
3
.009
9934
913
213
4835
29 Mar.
88)..
6 Fi-i
34
22
13
45
40
1
16
0
24 Mai-.
83)..
1 Sun....
0-s
— .015
9968
849
264
4836
29 Mar.
88)..
0 Sat. . . .
49
54
19
57
55
32
22
13
14 Mar.
73)..
6 Fri
184
.552
183
733
236
4837
29 JIar.
89)..
2 Mou....
5
25
2
10
11
4
4
26
2 Mar.
6-2). .
3 Tues....
134
.402
59
580
205
4838
29 Mar.
88)..
3 Tues....
20
56
8
22
26
35
10
38
21 Mar.
80)..
2 Mon...
219
.657
93
516
256
4839
29 Mar.
88)..
4 Wed....
3fl
27
14
35
42
7
16
51
10 Mar.
69)..
6 Fri
215
.645
9969
363
225
4840
29 Mar.
88)..
5 Thur...
51
59
20
47
57
38
23
3
29 Mar.
88)..
5 Thur...
277
.831
3
299
277
4841
29 Mar.
89)..
0 Sat
7
30
3
0
13
10
5
16
17 Mar.
77)..
2 Mon...
130
.390
9879
146
246
4842
29 Mai-.
88)..
1 Sun....
23
1
9
12
28
41
11
28
7 Mar.
66)..
0 Sat
260
.780
93
30
218
4843
f See fuotnote p. liii abuv
0 Sec Text. Ait. 101 :ib<p
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
Luiwiion-iiaits :=. 10,OOOMs of a rircte. A tithi = 'jinl/i of the moon's synodic recolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II, ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
3
3a
True.
Lmii-Suhu-
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
cun-cnt
at Mesha
sai'ikrSnti.
Name (jf
month.
Time of the
preceding
saiikrant i
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
saiiki-finti
expressed in
4844
4K45
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
485B
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4S62
4863
4864
486
4SG6
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1G85
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
116
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
917-18
918-19
919-20
920-21
921-22
922-23
923-24
924-25
925-26
926-27
927-28
928-29
929-30
930-31
931-32
932-33
933-34
934-35
935-36
936-37
937-38
938-39
939-40
940-41
941-42
942-43
943-44
944-45
945-46
946-47
947-48
948-49
1742-43
1743-44
♦1744-45
1745-46
1746-47
1747-48
•1748-49
1749-50
1730-51
1751-52
*1752-53
1753-54
1754-55
1755-56
♦1756-57
1757-58
1758-59
17.59-60
♦1760-61
1761-62
1762-63
1763-64
♦1764-65
1765-66
1766-67
1767-68
♦1768-69
1769-70
1770-71
1771-72
♦1772-73
1773-74
56 Dundubhi ....
57 Rudhirodgarin
58 Raktaksha.. . .
59 Krodhana ....
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhava
2 Vibhava
3 Snkls
4 Pi'amoda
5 Prajapati
6 Aiigiras
7 Srimukha ....
8 Bhava
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
1 1 Isvara
12 Bahudhanya . .
13 Pramathin. . . .
14 Vikrama
1 5 Vrisha
16 Chitrabhanu. .
17 Subhfinu...
18 Tdraiia
19 Parthiva. ..
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit.. . .
22 Sarvadhfirin
23 Virodhin . . .
24 Vikrita
25 Khara
26 Nandann . . .
27 Vijaya..'. ..
6 Ai'igiras
7 Srimukha . . ,
8 Bhava
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
1 1 Isvara
1 2 BahudhJnya .
13 Pramathin.. .
14 Vikrama . . . .
15 Vrisha
16 Chitrabhanu.
17 Subhanu . . . .
18 Tarana
19 PArthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit
22 Sarvadharin .
23 Virodhiu . . . .
24 Vikrite
25 Khara
26 Nandana . . . .
27 Vijaya
28 Java
29 Manmatha. . .
30 Durmakha . .
31 Hemalamba..
32 Vilamba
33 Vikuriu
34 Sirvarin . .. .
35 Plaval)
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhin .
6 Bhadrapada.
9878
5 Sravava.
9779
29.837
') Subhakril, No. 36, was suppressed in (he n()r(h.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
iro/. 2.'i) ii ^ Diftuiiir of iiionii from xiiti. {Col. '^1) b ■zz iiiooii''s nieaii aiiomiili/. (Col. 25) c =:
t'tin OllOnllltt/.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra SukU Ist.)
Day
Hii.i Month
A. i).
13
(Time of the Mesha sankrinti.)
Wtck
<lav.
14
By the Arya
Siildh&nla.
16
17
By the Siirya
Siddh&nta.
Day
and Month
A. 1).
15a
19
Week
dav.
20
At Sanrfse on
mfrtdlon of UJjsln.
Moon's
Age.
23
29 Mar.
29 Mar.
29 Mar.
29 Mai-.
29 Mar.
29 Mar.
29 Mar.
29 Mar.
29 Mar.
29 Mar.
29 Mar.
9 April
9 April
10 April
9 April
9 April
9 April
10 April
9 April
9 April
9 April
10 April
9 April
9 April
9 April
10 April
9 April
9 April
9 April
10 April
9 April
9 April
89)
99) X
,99). .
100).
100).
99). .
99)..
100).
100).
;99)..
99)..
100).
100).
99)..
99)..
100).
100).
2 Mod .
3 Tucs..
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
1 SuD . .
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
6 Fii...
1 Sun..
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun. .
3 Tues..
4 Wed
5 Thur.
6 Fri. . .
1 Sun. .
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun..
2 Mon..
4 Wed .
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
26 Mar.
15 Mar.
4 Mar.
23 Mar.
12 Mar.
1 Mar.
19 Mar.
8 Mar.
27 Mar.
17 Mar.
5 Mar.
4 April
24 Mar.
13 Mar.
31 Mar.
20 Mar.
8 April
29 Mar.
18 Mar.
6 April
26 Mar.
15 Mar.
2 April
22 Mar.
11 Mar.
30 Mar.
19 Mar.
7 April
28 Mar.
17 Mar.
4 April
24 Mar.
85)..
74)..
64)..
:82)..
71)..
60). .
79)..
67). .
86)..
76)..
65)..
i94)X
83)..
72)..
91)..
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
1 Sun..
0 Sat...
4 Wed..
1 Sun..
0 Sat. . .
4 Wed..
3 Tues..
1 Sun..
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
1 Sun. .
5 Thur.
4 Wed..
1 Sun..
0 Sat...
5 Thur.
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
6 Fri...
3 Tnes..
2 Mon. .
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
0 Sat. . .
6 Fri...
4 Wed..
1 Sun. .
0 Sat...
4 Wed..
128
4
218
254
129
4
39
9915
9949
164
39
74
9950
9825
9860
9736
9770
9985
199
234
109
9985
20
9896
9771
9806
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
485
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
See fuutnute p. liii above.
X From here (inelusive) forward the dates are New Style.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Liinatioii-iiUi-ts ^ 10,000Mi of a circle. A lithi z= '/30M of llie moon's si/nodic revolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
11. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
3a
True.
Limi-Soliu-
cydo,
(Southern.)
6
Brihiispati
cycle
(Northern)
ClUTCIlt
at Mcsha
sanki'unti.
Name »f
month.
Time of the
precedinfT
saijki'anti
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
sai'ikr&uti
expressed in
4S76
4877
4S78
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
488.i
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
48'.)3
4894
489.5
4890
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
490;i
4904
490!:
4900
4907
lfi97
lfi98
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
ll\h
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
172.')
1726
1727
1728
1832
1833
1834
183.5
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1181
1182
1183
1184
11 85
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
949-50
950-51
951-52
952-53
953-54
954-55
955-56
956-57
957-58
958-59
959-60
960-61
961-62
962-63
963-64
9C4-65
965-66
966-67
967-68
968-69
969-70
970-71
971-72
972-73
973-74
974-75
975-76
976-77
977-78
978-79
979-80
980-81
1774-
1775-
1776-
1777-
1778-
1779-
1780-
1781-
1782-
1783-
■1784-
1785-
1786-
1787-
'1788-
1789-
1790-
1791-
'1792-
1793-
1791-
179.5-
•1796-
1797-
1798-
1799-
1800 5
1801-
1802-
1803-
•1804-
1 805-
28 Java
29 Manmatha. . .
30 Durmukba. .
31 Hemalamba.
32 Vilamba ...
33 Vikarin
34 Silrvari
35 Plava
Subhakrit . .
37 Sobhana. . . .
38 Krodhin . . .
39 Visvilvasu . .
40 Parabhava . .
41 Plavaiiga . . .
Kllaka
43 Saumj a ....
44 Sadharai.ia..
45 Virodhakrit.
46 I'aridhuvin .
47 Pramadin . .
48 A nanda ....
49 Rfikshasa . . .
50 Anala
51 Pingnla
52 KSlavukta.. . .
53 Siddharthin. . .
54 Kaudra
55 Durmati
56 Dundubhi
57 Kudhirodgririn
58 llaktllksha
59 Krodhnnn . . . .
39 VisVilvasu . .
40 Parabhava..
41 Plava^ga . . .
42 Kilaka
43 Saumya.. . .
44 SSdhfirapa..
45 Virodhakrit.
46 Paridhavin .
47 Pramadin . .
48 Ananda. . . .
49 R&kshasa . . .
50 Anala
51 Piiigala
52 Kfilavukta. .
53 .Siddharthin,
54 Raudra ....
55 Durmati . . .
56 Dundubhi. .
57 RudhirodgSrin
58 Raktiiksha.
59 Krodhaua .
60 Kshaya . . .
1 Prabhava..
2 Vibhava. . .
3 Sukla
4 Pramoda . .
5 Prajapati..
6 .'Viigiras. . .
7 Srimukha .
8 iJhfiva ...
9 Yuvan ....
10 Dhfltri,
6 Bhadiapada.
3 Jvcshtlia.
1 Chaitra.
5 Sravapa.
4 .^shailha
6 Rhadrapada.
5 Sri'iTaoa.
3 Jveshtha.
217
221
27.684
J The jcjir 1800 was not a leap-year.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLK I.
[iol. 23) ti = Distiiiiic of moon from sun. (Cot. iV) h = moons mean
Ij/. {Col. 25)
iDlomdIi/.
111. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukla Ut.)
(Time
„f tbo Moohn cn.-.l-vilni; ^
At Sunrise un
meridian of Cjjain
Day
:M.a Mclllh
.\. 1).
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
day.
.Moon's
Age.
a.
4.
Kalll
Week
•lay.
By the Ary
Siddhauta.
)
By the
Siddh
Sfirv
Anta.
a
c.
~-|
It
H S
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
a S"
13
14
15
17
15a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
1
9 AprU(99)..
0 Sat. . . .
55
12
22
5
tl
2
to
25
13 Mar. (72). .
1 Sun . . . .
213
.639
9931
271
203
4876
10 April (100).
i Mod...
10
44
4
17
16
33
6
37
1 April (91)..
0 Sat
241
.723
9966
207
2.54
4877
9 April (100).
3 Tues...
26
15
10
30
32
5
12
50
20 Mar. (80). .
4 Wed...
29
.087
9841
54
223
4878
9 April (99)..
4 Wed...
41
46
16
42
47
36
19
3
8 April (98)..
3 Tues . . .
8
.024
9876
990
275
4879
9 April (99). .
.5 Thur. .
57
17
22
55
t3
8
fl
15
29 Mar. (88)..
1 Sun
130
.390
90
874
246
4880
10 April (100).
0 Sat
12
49
5
7
18
39
7
28
19 Mar. (78)..
6 Fri
306
.918
305
757
218
4881
y April (100).
1 Sun...
28
20
11
20
34
11
13
40
5 April (96)..
4 Wed....
24
.072
1
657
267
4882
9 April (99). .
2 Mon...
43
51
17
32
49
42
19
53
25 Mar. (84). .
1 Sun
12
.036
9876
504
236
4883
9 April (99). .
3 Tucs...
59
22
23
45
f3
14
t2
6
14 Mar. (73)..
5 Thur. . .
8
.024
9752
351
205
4884
10 April (IflO).
5 Thiu-..
14
54
5
57
20
45
8
18
2 April (92). .
4 Wed....
63
.189
9787
287
256
4885
9 April (100).
6 Fri....
30
25
12
10
36
17
14
31
22 Mar. (82). .
2 Mon....
264
.792
1
171
228
4886
9 April (99). .
0 Sat. . . .
45
56
18
22
51
49
20
43
11 Mar. (70)..
6 Fri
36
.108
9877
18
198
4887
10 April (100).
2 Mon...
1
27
0
35
7
20
2
56
30 Mar. (89)..
5 Thiu-...
11
.033
9911
954
249
4888
10 April (100).
3 Tues...
Ifi
59
6
47
22
52
9
9
20 Mar. (79)..
3 Tues. . . .
148
.444
126
837
221
4889
9 April (100).
i Wed...
32
30
13
0
38
23
15
21
7 April (98)..
2 Mon....
163
.489
161
773
272
4890
9 April (99). .
.5 Thur. .
48
1
19
12
53
55
21
34
27 Mar. (86)..
6 Fri
79
.237
36
621
241
4891
10 April (100).
0 Sat....
3
32
1
25
9
26
3
46
16 Mar. (75)..
3 Tues....
82
.246
9912
468
211
4892
10 April (100).
1 Sun . . .
19
4
7
37
24
58
9
59
4 April (94)..
2 Mon. . . .
167
.501
9947
404
262
4893
9 April (100).
2 Mon...
34
35
13
50
40
29
16
12
23 Mar. (83)..
6 Fri
102
.306
9822
251
231
4894
9 April (99)..
3 Tues...
50
e
20
2
56
1
22
24
13 Mar. (72)..
4 Wed....
284
.852
37
134
203
4895
10 April (100).
5 Thur. .
5
37
2
15
11
32
4
37
1 April (91)..
3 Tues. . . .
271
.813
71
70
2.54
4896
10 April (100).
6 Fri...
21
9
8
27
27
4
10
49
21 Mar. (80)..
0 Sat
19
.0.57
9947
918
223
4897
9 April (100).
0 Sat...
3C
40
14
40
42
35
17
2
8 April (99)..
6 Fri
12
.036
9982
854
275
4898
9 April (99)..
1 Sun...
52
11
20
52
58
7
23
15
29 Mar. (88). .
4 Wed....
196
.588
196
737
247
4899
in April (100).
3 Tues...
7
42
3
5
13
38
5
27
18 Mar. (77)..
1 Sun
142
.426
72
584
216
4900
10 April (100).
4 Wed...
23
14
9
17
29
10
11
40
6 April (96). .
0 Sat
228
.684
106
520
267
4901
10 April (100).
5 Thur. .
38
45
15
30
44
41
17
53
26 Mar. (85). .
4 Wed....
225
.675
9982
368
236
4902
10 April (100).
6 Fri....
54
16
21
42
■fO
13
to
5
15 Mar. (74). .
1 Sun
137
.411
9858
215
205
4903
U April (101).
1 Sun. . .
9
47
3
55
15
44
«
IH
3 April (93). .
0 Sat
146
.438
9892
151
257
4904
11 April (101).
2 Mon...
25
19
10
7
31
16
12
30
24 Mar. (83)..
5 Thur...
277
.831
107
34
229
4905
10 April (101).
3 Tues...
40
50
16
20
46
47
IS
43
12 Mar. (72). .
2 Mon....
30
,090
9982
882
198
4906
10 April (100).
4 Wed. . .
5fi
21
22
32
t2
19
to
3 .5
31 Mar. (90)..
1 Sun
29
.087
17
817
249
4907
See foiitnote p. liii abdve.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
I.ii,i,itio,i-]Hirlf — \U,UWtli.s of II rirrli: J titlii = ^ ...Mi of tin- moon's s,/,ioiJir i-cniii/io
I. CONCUKRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
3
3a
5
True.
liUiii-Solar
cycle.
(Southern.)
6
Brihaspali
cycle
(Northeni)
cuiTeiit
at Mesha
sai'ikranti.
X;mie of
jM.mlh.
Time of the
preceding
sai'ikr&nti
expressed in
10
Time of the
succeeding
sankrfinti
expressed in
n
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4913
4916
491
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4826
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
173.^.
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1864
1865
1
1867
1868
1
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1213
1214
121
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1 243
981-
982-
983-
986-
987-
990-
991-
992-
993-
994-
995-
996-
997- 98
998- 99
999-1000
1000-
1001-
1002-
1003-
1004-
1005-
lOOC-
1007-
1008-
1009-
1010-
1011-
1806- 7
1807- 8
*1808- 9
1809-10
1810-11
1811-12
♦1812-13
1813-14
1814-15
1815-16
*1816-17
1817-18
1818-19
1819-20
•1820-21
1821-22
1822-23
1823-24
♦1824-25
1825-26
1826-27
1827-28
•1828-29
1829-30
1830-31
1831-32
•1832-33
1833-34
1834-35
1835-36
•1836-37
60 Kshaya
1 Prabhavii . . .
2 Vibhava. . . .
3 Sukla
4 Pnimoda . . .
5 Prajilpati . . .
6 Aiigiras . . . .
7 Srimukha. .
8 Bhava
9 Yuvau
10 Dhatri
11 Isvara
12 Bahudhanya
13 Pramalhiu .
14 Vikrama. . .
15 Vrisha
Isvara
Balimllianya .
Pramathin. . .
Vikrama . . . .
Vrisha
Cliitrabhauu.
Sublianu . . . .
Tarana
Parthiva ....
Vvaya
5 Sraraiia.
0 Bhildrapada.
308
336
Sarvajit.. . .
SarvadUariu
Virodhin ...
Vikrita ....
Khara
Nandaua . . .
16 Chitrabbanu.
27 Vijaya.
17 Subhauu...
18 Tarana
19 PArthiva
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit
22 Sarvadhilrin .
3 Virodhiu....
24 Vikrita
25 Khara
26 Naudaoa ...
27 Vijaya
28 Jaya
29 .Maiiinatha. . .
30 Durmiikha . .
Jaya
Maumatha. .
Durmukha. .
Ucmalamba.
Vilamba. . . .
Vikarin....
Sarvari ....
Plava
Subbakrit . .
Stibbana. . . .
Krodbiu . . .
Visvfivasu . .
ParAbbava . .
Plavnnia .
7 Asvina. . .
10 l'ait3ha(Ksh.)
1 Cbaitra . .
74
9870
29.544
0.222
29 610
127
9918
161
5 Srava^a..
9427
6 Bbtulnipada.
9707
4 .\sb(\dha 9160
28.380 251 0.7-53
THE HINDU CALENDAR. xc
TABLE I.
[Col. 23) It iz: DisUiiiic of moon front sun. (Col. ii) h m moon's menu iitKimiily . (Col. 25) <■ = sun's mean (inomiili/.
III. COMMENCEMENT OK THE
Solar year.
Lani-Solar year. (Civil ilay of Chaitra Sukla Ist.)
Day
and .Mouth
A. 1).
13
(Time of the Mesha sankrjlnti.)
Week
.lav.
14
By the Arya
Siddhnnta.
17
By the Surya
Siddhanta.
Day
and Mouth
A. D.
15a
17a
19
Week
day.
20
Moon's
Ape.
23
24
25
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
10 April
101)
10 April
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
10 April
101)
11 AprU
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
10 April
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
10 April
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
10 April
101)
11 .\pril
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
10 April
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
10 April
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
11 April
101)
10 April
101)
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Snn..
2 Mod..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
1 Sun..
2 Mon. .
3 Tues..
i Wed..
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
1 Sun . .
2 Mon..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
6 Fi'i...
0 Sat...
2 Mon.
3 Toes.
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
0 Sat...
1 Snn. .
2 Mon.
3 Tues
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun . .
23 22
5 3.5
17 50
33 22
48 54
t4 25
19 57
35 28
51 0
fi 31
7 8
13 21
19 33
tl 46
26 15
41 46
57 18
12 49
28 21
52
43
14 56
30 27
45 59
fl 30
17 2
32 33
48 5
t3 36
to 36
6 49
21 Mar. (80).
9 April (99).
28 Mar. (88).
17 Mar. (76).
0 April (95).
25 Mai-. (84).
14 Mar. (74).
2 April (92).
22 Mar. (81).
10 April (100)
29 Mar. (89).
18 Mar. (77).
6 April (96).
26 Mar. (85).
15 Mar. (75).
3 April (93).
24 Mai-. (83).
13 Mar. (72).
31 Mar. (91).
20 Mar. (79).
8 April (98).
28 Mar. (87).
16 Mar. (76).
4 April (94).
25 Mar. (84).
15 Mar. (74).
2 April (93).
22 Mai-. (81).
10 April (100)
30 Mar. (89)
18 Mar. (78).
6 Fri...
5 Thur.
2 Mon..
6 Fri...
5 Thur.
2 Mon..
0 Sat. . .
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
6 Fri...
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
6 Fi-i...
4 Wed..
3 Tues..
1 Sun..
5 Thur.
4 Wed. .
1 Sun. .
0 Sat. . .
4 Wed..
1 Snn. .
0 Sat. . .
5 Thni-.
3 Tues..
2 Mon..
6 Fii...
5 Thur.
2 Mon..
6 Fri...
231
266
142
17
52
9928
142
177
53
87
9963
9839
9873
9749
9963
9998
212
88
123
9998
33
9909
9784
9819
33
248
282
158
193
69
994
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
18
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
See tootnote p. liii above.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
I.iiiiiilioii-jiiirls = l<l/MI(lMs of i( ririh'. .i titlii ^ ' j.iM of I lie niooiix s>//ioi/if recnliilio
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR iMONTHS.
True.
I.uiii-Solai'
cydc.
(Southern.)
6
Brihiispati
cjclc
(Northern)
current
at Meslia
sankrrinti.
Name of
mouth.
Time of the
preceding
sankr&nti
expressed in
c .*^
Time of the
succeeding
sankr&nti
expressed in
10
11
•1939
•1910
I9il
4942
4943
4944
494.5
494(!
494*
494S
4949
4950
49.51
495i2
4953
4954
4955
49.56
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4961
4965
49(;fi
496
496S
4969
4970
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
190
1906
190
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1201
1262
1263
1264
1265
1260
1267
1268
1209
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1012-13
1013-14
1014-15
1015-16
1016-17
1017-18
1018-19
1019-20
1020-21
1021-22
1022-23
1023-24
1024-25
1025-26
1026-27
1027-28
1028-29
1029-30
1030-31
1031-32
1032-33
1033-34
1034-35
1035-36
1036-37
1037-38
1038-39
1039-40
1040-41
1041-42
1042-43
1043-44
1837-38
1838-39
1839-40
•1840-41
1841-42
1842-43
1843-44
*1844-45
1845-46
1846-47
1847-48
♦1848-49
1849-50
1850-51
1851-52
*1852-53
18.53-54
1854-55
1855-56
•1856-57
1857-58
1858-59
1859-60
•1860-61
1861-62
1862-63
1863-04
•1864-65
1865-06
1866-67
1867-68
•1868-69
31 Uenialamba. . .
32 Vilamba
33 Vikfirin
34 Sarvari
35 Plava
36 Subhakril
37 Sobhana
38 Krodhin
39 Visvuvasu . . . .
40 Parubhava
41 Plavanga
Kilaka
43 ISaumya
44 Sadhilrana.. . .
45 Virodhakrit.. .
46 Paridhuvin . . .
47 Pramfidiu . . . .
48 .^nauda
49 Uukshasa
50 Anala
51 Piii^ala
KAlayukt.'i. . . .
53 Siddhilrthin.. .
54 Raudra
5 Durmati ....
56 Dundubhi. . . .
i7 RudhirodgAriu
>8 RiikliUsha....
59 Krodhaua . . . .
CO Ksliaya
1 Prabhnva
2 Vibliava
Kilaka
Saumya
SSdliSraua ....
Virodhakrit.. .
Paridhiivin . . ,
Pramadin . . . .
Ananda
Rakshasa
Anala
Piiigala
Kiilayukta ....
Siddharthin. . .
Raudra
Durmati
Duudubhi ....
Rudhirodgarin
Raktaksha.. . .
Krodhaua . . . .
Kshaya
Prabhava 1) . . .
Sukla
Pramoda
PrajSpuli
Ai'iginis
Srimukha ....
lihilva
Vuvan
DhStri
7 Asviua.
9876
6 Bhi'idrapada
7 Asviua.
5 Sravana.
BalmdliAnya .
PrauiAthin. . .
Vikrama , .
') Vibhava, No. 2, Mas auppresscd in the niutli.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
{(•f.l. 2.'!) n
= nUlmice
nf iiirtnn
from
xini.
{Co
. 24
b =
I iiiooii's met/It anomali/. (Col. 2:'
)^-
— xiiH's mean ttnomt
/y.
in. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Luni-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra .Sukia 1st.)
Kali.
Day
and .Month
(Time
of the Mesha sankranti )
Day
and Month
Week
day
At Sunrise on
meridian of Ujjain.
Moon's
Age.
By the .\rya
By the Surya
r "^
A. 1).
Week
day.
Siddhttnta.
Siddiinta.
A. D.
s ^
a.
b.
..
Gh.
Pa.
H
M.
Gh.
Pa.
H.
M.
1 S.
^-1
13
14
15
17
16a
17a
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
11 April (101)
3 Tues....
13
1
.-,
12
19
8
7
39
6 April (96). .
5 Thnr. . .
255
.765
9979
212
264
4939
11 April (101).
4 Wed....
28
32
11
25
34
39
13
52
26 Mar. (85)..
2 Mon. . . .
46
.138
9855
59
233
4940
11 April (101).
5 Thur...
44
4
17
37
50
11
20
4
16 Mar. (75). .
0 Sat
161
.483
69
942
205
4941
10 April (101).
6 PYi
59
35
23
50
1-5
42
t2
17
3 April (94). .
6 Fri
147
.441
104
878
256
4942
11 April (101).
1 Sun
1.5
f.
6
2
21
14
8
29
24 Mar. (83). .
4 Wed. . . .
318
.954
318
761
228
4943
11 April (101).
2 Mod...
SO
37
12
15
36
45
14
42
11 April (101).
2 Mon....
36
.108
14
661
277
4944
U April (101).
3 Tucs . .
46
9
18
27
52
17
20
55
31 Mar. (90)..
6 Fi-i
23
.069
9890
508
246
4945
11 April (102).
5 Thur...
1
40
0
40
7
48
3
7
19 Mar. (79)..
3 Tues. . . .
16
.048
9765
350
215
4946
11 April (101).
6 Fri
17
11
6
52
23
20
9
20
7 AprU(97)..
2 Mon....
75
.225
9800
292
266
4947
11 April (101).
0 Sat
32
42
13
5
38
51
15
33
28 Mai-. (87)..
0 Sat
279
.837
14
175
238
4948
11 April (101)
1 Sun
48
14
19
17
54
23
21
45
17 Mar. (76)..
4 Wed....
52
.156
9890
22
208
4949
11 April (102).
3 Tues...
3
45
1
30
9
54
3
58
4 April (95)..
3 Tues....
28
.084
9925
958
259
4950
11 April (101).
4 Wed. . . .
19
IR
7
42
25
26
10
10
25 Mar. (84)..
1 Sun
162
.486
139
842
231
4951
11 April (101).
5 Thur. . .
34
47
13
55
40
58
16
23
14 Mar. (73)..
5 Thur. . .
28
.084
15
689
200
4952
U April (101).
6 lYi
•50
19
20
7
56
29
22
36
2 April (92). .
4 Wed....
90
.270
49
625
251
4953
11 April (102).
1 Sun....
5
50
2
20
12
1
4
48
21 Mar. (81)..
1 Son
90
.270
9925
472
220
4954
11 April (101).
2 Mon. ...
21
21
8
32
27
32
11
1
9 April (99). .
0 Sat
177
.531
9960
408
272
4955
11 April (101).
3 Tues....
3fi
52
14
45
43
4
17
13
29 Mar. (88)..
4 Wed....
115
.345
9835
255
241
4956
n April (101).
4 Wed . ..
52
24
20
57
58
35
23
26
19 Mar. (78)..
2 Mon....
299
.897
50
139
213
4957
11 April (102).
6 Fri
7
55
3
10
14
7
5
39
6 AprU(97)..
1 Sun
288
.864
84
75
264
4958
11 April (101).
0 Sat
23
26
9
22
29
38
11
51
26 .Mar. (85)..
5 Thur...
34
.102
9960
922
233
4959
11 AprU(lOl).
1 Sun....
38
57
15
35
45
10
18
4
16 Mar. (75)..
3 Tues....
186
.558
175
806
205
4960
11 April (101).
2 Mon ....
54
29
21
47
to
41
to
16
4 April (94)..
2 Mon...
209
.627
209
741
257
4961
11 April (102).
4 Wed
10
0
4
0
16
13
6
29
23 Mar. (83)..
6 Fri
151
.453
85
589
226
4962
11 April (101).
.5 Thur...
25
31
10
12
31
44
12
42
11 April (101).
5 Thur. . .
239
.717
120
525
277
4963
11 April (101).
6 Fri
41
2
16
25
47
16
18
54
31 Mar. (90)..
2 Men....
236
.708
9995
372
246
4964
11 April (101).
0 Sat
5fi
34
22
37
+2
47
tl
7
20 Mar. (79)..
6 i'Vi
149
.447
9871
219
215
4965
11 April (102).
2 Mon. . .
12
5
4
50
18
19
7
20
7 AprU (98). .
5 Thur...
161
.483
9906
155
267
4966
11 April (101)
3 Tues....
27
3fi
11
2
33
50
13
32
28 Mar. (87)..
3 Tuea....
294
.882
120
39
239
4967
11 April (101).
4 Wed...
43
7
17
15
49
22
19
45
17 Mar. (76)..
0 Sat
46
.138
9996
886
208
4968
11 April (101).
5 Thur...
58
39
23
27
+4
53
tl
57
5 .\pril(95)..
6 Fi-i. . . . .
44
.132
30
822
259
4969
11 April (102).
0 Sat
14
10
^
40
20
25
8
10
25 Mar. (85)..
4 Wed...
250
.7.50
245
705
231
4970
Sec footnote p. liii above.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE I.
Liincitimi-jmrls ^: 10,000M.s of ii rirrle. .1 lithi = ^jiM of the moon's synodic revolution.
I. CONCURRENT YEAR.
II. ADDED LUNAR MONTHS.
2
3a
True.
I.mii-Solar
cycle.
(Soutlieni.)
6
Brihaspati
cycle
(Northern)
current
at Mesha
sai'ikranti.
Name of
mouth.
Time of the
preceding
sanki'uuti
cipreased in
10
Time of the
succeeding
bai'ikranti
csjiressed in
11
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
49
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
498
4986
498
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
499
499B
499
4998'
4999
.-)000
5001
5002
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1H17
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
129
1296
129
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1044-45
1045-46
1046-47
1047-48
1048-49
1049-50
1050-51
1051-52
1052-53
1053-54
1054-55
1055-56
1056-57
1057-58
1058-59
1059-60
1060-61
1061-62
1062-63
1063-64
1064-65
1065-66
1066-67
1067-68
1068-69
1069-70
1070-71
1071-72
1072-73
1073-74
1074-75
1075-76
1869- 70
1870- 71
1871- 72
'1872- 73
1873- 74
1874- 75
1875- 76
'1876- 77
1877- 78
1878- 79
1879- 80
•1880- 81
1881- 82
1882- 83
1883- 84
►1884- 85
1885- 86
1886- 87
1887- 88
»1888- 89
1889- 90
1890- 91
1891- 92
•1892- 93
1893- 94
1894- 95
1895- 96
•1896- 97
1897- 98
1898- 99
1899-900
1900J- 1
3 Sakla
4 Pramoda . . .
5 Prajapati
6 Ai'igiras ....
7 Srimutha . .
8 Bhilfa
9 Yuvan
10 Dhatri
11 Jsvara
12 Bahudhanja
13 Pramfithin .
14 Vikrama. . .
15 Vrisha
16 Chitrabhfinu
17 Subhiluu . . .
18 Tarann
19 Parthiva...
20 Vyaya
21 Sarvajit....
22 Sarf adharin. . .
23 Virodhin . . .
24 Vikrita
25 Khara
6 Nandaua . . .
27 Vijaya
28 Java
29 .Manniatha..
30 Durmukha .
31 Hcmalaniba.
32 Vilamba...
33 Vikftrin....
34 Sarvari
Vrisha
Chitrabhauu .
Subhanu . . . .
Tai-ana
Parthiva. . . .
Vyaya
Sarvajit
Sarvadharin. .
Virodhin . . . .
Vikrita
Khara
Nandana . . . .
Vijaya
Jaya
Manuiatha.. .
Durmukha . .
Hemalamba . .
Vilamba . . . .
Vikurin
Sarvari
Plava
Subhakrit . . .
Sobhuna . . . .
Krodhin . . . .
Visvavasu . . .
Parabhava . . .
Plavaugii . . .
Kilaka
Saumya
Sadharaua . .
Virodhakrit.
Paridhavin .
2 A'aisakha.. .
6 Bhadrapada .
7 Asviua. . .
527
194
Sravaua.
29.763
6 Blu'idnipada.
62
402
7 Asvina.
544
189
i The year 1900 A 1) «ill not l,r :, leap-year.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 1.
[Cnl. 2.'i) a :=: Distance of moon from siiii. (Col. i\) h ^ /iwoii'x nieini ininmuli/. [Col. 25) r := sun'.i mean iiiiomuli/.
III. COMMENCEMENT OF THE
Solar year.
Day
and Month
A. D.
(Time of the Mesha sankraiiti .)
Week
(lav.
By the Arya
Siddhunta.
By the Sunn
Siddhliuta.
I.uui-Solar year. (Civil day of Chaitra Sukia Ut.)
Day
and Month
A. D.
Week
dnv .
At Saurlae or,
meridian of UJJaln.
Moon's
Age.
13
14
16
17
15a
17a
le
20
21
22
23
25
11 April (101)
11 April (101)
12 April (102)
11 April (102).
11 April (101).
11 April (101).
12 April (102).
11 April (102).
11 April (101).
11 April (101).
12 April (102).
11 April (102).
11 April (101).
11 April (101).
April (102).
11 April (102).
11 April (101).
U April (101).
12 April (102).
11 April (102).
11 April (101).
11 April (101).
April (102).
11 April (102).
11 April (101).
U April (101).
April (102).
11 April (102).
11 April (101).
11 April (101).
April (102).
12 April (102).
1 Sun. .
2 Mon. .
4 Wed..
.5 Thiir.
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
0 Sat...
1 Siin..
2 Mon..
3 Toes..
a Thur.
f. Fri...
0 Sat. . .
1 Sun..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
5 Thur.
6 Fri...
1 Sun..
2 Mon..
3 Tues..
4 Wed..
6 Fri...
0 Sat...
1 Sun..
2 Mon..,
4 Wed..
5 Thur. ,
.59
15 24
.30 5.5
46 27
tl 58
17 30
33 2
48 33
t4 5
19 36
35 8
50 39
14 Mar. (73). .
2 April (92)..
22 Mar. (81).,
8 April (99). .
29 Mar. (88)..
19 Mar. (78)..
7 April (97).,
26 Mar. (86)..
16 Mar. (75)..
3 April (93). .
23 Mar. (82)..
10 April (101).
30 Mar. (89)..
20 Mar. (79)..
8 April (98)..
28 Mar. (88)..
17 Mar. (76)..
5 April (95). .
25 Mar. (84)..
13 Mar. (73)..
1 April (91)..
21 Mar. (SO). .
9 April (99). .
29 Mar. (89)..
19 Mar. (78)..
7 April (97)..
27 Mar. (86)..
15 Mar. (75)..
3 April (93)..
23 Mar. (82)..
11 April (101).
31 Mar. (90)..
1 Sun . . .
0 Sat....
4 Wed...
2 Mon...
0 Sat....
5 Thur..
4 Wed...
1 Sun...
6 Fri....
4 Wed...
1 Sun...
0 Sat. . . .
4 Wed. . .
2 Mon. . .
1 Sun...
C Fri....
3 Tues...
2 Mon...
6 Fri....
3 Tues...
2 Mon...
6 Fri....
5 Thur..
3 Tues...
1 Snn . . .
0 Sat
4 Wed...
1 Sun . . .
0 Sat
4 Wed...,
3 Tues....
0 Sat
.651
.918
.876
.021
.528
.897
.828
.210
.900
.171
.189
.417
.10:
.564
.504
.855
.309
.441
.369
.378
.570
.147
.162
.513
.897
.912
.594
.582
.840
.70;
.810
.186
120
155
31
9727
9941
155
190
66
280
9976
11
226
101
136
12
1887
9922
9798
9832
47
261
296
171
47
82
9957
9992
1971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
001
5002
Si-f footnotr p. liii above.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 11. PART 1.
CORRESPONDENCE OP AMANTA AND PtjUNIMANTA MONTHS
(See Arl. 51 J
Amantn iiumllis.
rrm.iimfiuta monllis
4 Ashitdha.
7 Asvina.
1 1 MAaha .
Sukla.
5 Sruvaya
(i Bhailrapaila . . .
s
I Krishna . .
I Sukla. . . .
t Krishna . .
I Sukla
I Krishua . .
I Sukla
I Krishna . .
I Sukla
^ Krishiia . .
I Sukla
I Krishua . .
I Sukla
t Krishna . .
I Sukla . . . .
/ Krishna . .
I Sukla. . . .
I Krishna . .
I Sukla. . . .
( Krishria . .
I Sukla
/ Krishna . .
I Sukla. . . ,
I Krishiia . .
Jycshtha.
BhaJrapada
Phalgnna.
Sukla ::: Suddha and other synonyms.
Krishpa z^ Bahula, Vadya, and other synonyms.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE II. PART II.
CORKESPONDENCE OP MONTHS IX DIFFERENT ERAS.
(\,v .Irl. lli:i uf the 'JWl.)
LUNI-SOLAR YEAR.
Other months corresponding to
Luuar months.
Chaitradi.
Ashadhadi.
Asvinadi.
KArttikAdi.
Sanskrit names
of months.
Tulu names.
Sanskrit names of mc
nths.
Solar mouths.
Mouths A. D.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Kidi 417'J.
Saka 1000.
Vikrama
Samvat
Chedi
(Kalaelmri)
Vikrama 113-1.
A. D. 1077.
Vikrama 113.5.
Gupta 758.
1134.
829.
NevAr 198.
1
Chaitra.
Paggu.
Chaitra.
Chailra
Chaitra.
Mina, Mcsha.
Feb.. March, April. .May.
a
Vaisukha.
BesS.
Vaisakha.
Vaisakha.
Vaisakha.
Mesha, Vrishahha.
March, April, Slay, June.
S
Jyeshtha.
Kartehi.
Jyeshtha.
1135.
Jyeshtha.
Jyeshtha.
Vrishahha, Mithuna.
April, May, June, July.
4
AshAdlia.
Ati.
Ashadha.
Asha.lha.
AshAdha.
Mithuna, Karka.
May, June, July. Aug.
5
Si-avana.
Sui.ia.
Sravana.
Sravana.
SrAvana.
Kark.a, Siiiilia.
June. July, Aug., Sept.
6
Bhadrapaila.
Nirvilla
Bhi'idrapada.
Bhadrapada.
830.
BhAdrapada.
Siiiiha, KanyA.
July, Aug., Sept , Oct.
7
.\sviua.
Hontclu.
Asvina.
Asvina.
Asvina.
1135; 199.
KanyA, Tula.
Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov.
H
KHrttika.
Jardc.
KArttika.
KarKika.
Karttika.
TulA, Vri.^chika
Sept., Oct., Nov., Pec.
1078.
'.)
Margasii'sha.
Pcrarde.
Margasirsha.
Margasirsha.
M argasirslia.
Vrischika, Dhanus.
Oct., Nov , Dec, Jan.
10
Pausha.
Pl'iutflll.
Pausha.
Pausha.
Pausha.
Dhanus, llakai-n.
Nov . Dec, Jan , Feb.
11
Mugha.
Mflyi.
Magha.
MAgha.
MAgha.
Makara, Kumbha.
Dec., Jan., Feb., March.
12
Phdiguna.
Suggi.
Phfilgmia.
PhAlgnna.
PliAlguna.
Kumbha, M5ua.
Jan., Feb., March, April.
N.B. i. All the years are current, and the lunar-mouths arc umAula.
N.B. ii. Cliailrildi ■^ "heginuiug with Chaitra"; Meshddi n "beginuiug with Mesha" and so uu.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TARLE II. PART 11. (continuer)
coin: KSI'ON DEN CE OF MONTHS IN DIFFERENT ERAS.
(See Art 103 of the Text. J
SOLAR YEAR.
Other montl
s corresponding
MeshJdi.
Siiiihadi.
Kanyadi.
to Solai months.
Sign
names.
Bengali
names.
Tamil names.
TiiinevcUy names.
Snutb
Malayalam
uames.
Nortb
Malayalam
names
Orissa
names.
Lunar
months.
Months A. D
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Knli 4179. Vita-ama 113.5.
Saka HIOO. Bengali San 484.
TiunevcUy 252.
Kollam
252.
Kollam
252.
Vilayati
484.
A. 0, 1077
1
Mcsha.
Vaisakha (Baisiik).
C'bittirai (Sittirai).
Chittirai (Sittirai).
Medam.
MEdam.
Baisak.
Chait., Vais.
Mar., Apr., May.
2
Vrishabba
Jyeshlha (Joistho).
Vaigusi, Vaiyasi.
Vaigasi (Vaiyusi).
Edavam.
Edavam.
Joistho.
Vais., Jyesh.
Apr, May, June.
3
Mithnna.
AsbAi.lha (Assar).
Ani.
Ani.
Midunam.
Midunam.
Assar.
Jyesh.jAsha.
May, June, July.
4
Karka.
Sruvaua (ShrSban)
A.li.
.\<li.
253.
Karkadakam
253.
Karkadakam.
Sawun.
.\sha., Srav.
June, July, Ang.
•''
Siii.lia.
HbSJi-apada (Bbudro).
.\vani.
Avani.
Chihgam.
('hiiigam.
253.
BhSdro.
485.
Srav., BhSd.
July, Aug , Sept.
i\
KanyA.
Asviua (Assin).
Purattuili
— (Purattusi).
PtirattAdi
— (Purattasi).
Kanui.
Kauni.
Assin.
Bhad., Asv.
Aug., Sept., Oet
7
Tula.
Kilrttika (Kfirttik).
Aippasi (Arppisi,
— Ai)pisi).
Aippasi (Arppisi,
— Appisi).
TulAm.
Tulam.
Kurtfik.
.\sv., Kartt.
Sept.. Oct., Nov.
8
Vrischika.
MargasJrsha (Aghran).
Karttigai.
Karttigai.
Vrisobikam
Vriscbikam.
Agbr"ai.
K3rt., Marg.
Oct,, Nov., Dee.
^
1078.
9
Dbanus.
Pausha (Paus)
.Mr.i-gali.
Mai'gali.
Dhanu.
Dhana.
Paus.
-\I"irg.,Paus.
Nov., Dec, Jan.
10
Makara.
Magha.
Tai.
Tai.
Makaram.
Makaram.
Magha.
Paus., Magh.
Dee., Jan., Feb.
11
Kumbha.
Phalguna (Falgun).
Masi.
Milsi.
Kumbbam.
Kumbbam
Falgun.
Magh., Pbra.
Jan., Feb., Mar.
12
Mmn.
Chaitra (Choitro).
Pan gun i.
Panguni.
Minam.
.Mi nam.
Choitro.
Phfd., Chait.
Feb., M.ar., Apr.
=var
ttika).
0
CMlukya
(initial month
doubtful).
17-8
0
Simha
(Asbadha).
t4-5
1
37-8
0
Lakshmana
Sena
(KSrttika).
!
42-8
5-6
0
Ilahi.
■6-7
479-80
441-2
436-7
0
RAjasaka
(Jjeshtha).
14-5
597-8
559-60
554-5
118-9
0
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
Kali.
T A JD IJ ill 11. r A li 1 111.
■ CORRESPONDENCE OF YEARS OF DIFFERENT ERA
N.B. i The month in which Ihe year of a oon-ChaitrMi or non-MeshMi era begi
An era which has no month printed under it in the heading is Chaitrldi or MeshSdi.
N.B. ii. To turn a year of one era into that of another, use the year 0 under one a
horizontal line under the other. For instance, to turn a Saka year into a Vikrama ye
S.
ns is given in
nd the corres
ar and vice v
Vikrama 57
brackets in
lending year
ersa, Saka 0
-8; and so 0
he heading.
on the same
= Chaitradi
. (See also
0
Saptarshi.
26
0
Viltramfl.
3044
3018
0
Vikrama
(AshSdha.
Kirttika).
Vikrama 136 = .Ashadhldi
Art. 104 of the test.)
or Klirttikadi Vikrama 134-5. A. D. 0 = either kind of
3044-5
3018-9
0-1
0
A. D.
(January).
3101-2
3076-6
57-8
57-8
0
Saka.
3179
3153
135
134-5
77-8
0
Chedi
(Asvina).
3349-SO
3323-4
305-6
305-6
304-5
247-8
170-1
0
Valabhi
(Karttika).
3420-1
8394-5
376-7
376-7
376
318-9
241-2
71-2
0
Gupta.
3421
3395
377
376-7
319-20
242
71-2
0-1
0
Fasali of
South
(June, July).
3692-3
3666-7
646-9
648-9
647-8
590-1
513-4
342-3
271-2
271-2
0
(Alvin.)
Ainll (BhldTkp.d>)-
3694-5
3668-9
660-1
650-1
649-50
592-3
515-6
344-5
273-4
273-4
2-3
0
Bengali.
3695
3669
651
650-1
593-4
516
345-6
274-5
274
2-3
0-1
0
Sflr-San
(June).
3701-2
3675-6
657-8
656-7
599-600
522-3
351-2
280-1
280-1
8-9
6-7
6-7
0
Harsha.
3708
3682
664
663-4
606-7
529
S58-9
287-8
287
16-6
13-4
13
6-7
0
MSg!.
3740
3714
696
695-6
638-9
661
390-1
319-20
319
47-8
46-6
45
38-9
32
0
Kollam
(Simha,
Kanyi).
3926-7
3900-1
882-3
882-3
881-2
824-5
747-8
576-7
605-6
;605-6
284-5
231-2
232
231-2
225-6
218-9
186-7
0
Nevar
(Ktottika).
3980-1
3954-5
936-7
935-6
936
878-9
801-2
631-2
560
!i.69-60
288-9
286-7
286-6
279-80
272-3
240-1
54-5
0
Chilukya
(initial month
doubtful).
4177-8
4151-2
1133-4
1133-4
1075-6
998-9
828-9
767-8
756-7
486-6
463-4
482-3
476-7
469-70
437-8
261-2
197-S
0
Simh.
(Ashadha).
4215-6
4189-90
1171-2
1171
1170-1
1113-4
1036-7
865-6
794-5
794-5
522-3
623-4
620-1
520-1
514-5
613-4
507-8
475-6
288-9
284-5
37-8
0
I^kshmana
Sena
(K«rttik»).
4220-1
4194-5
1176-7
1176-7
1176
1118-9
1041-2
871-2
800
799-600
528-9
626-7
626-6
619-20
512-3
480-1
294-5
240
42-8
5-6
0
nuii.
4656-7
4630-1
1612-3
1612-3
1655-6
1477-8
1307-8
1236-7
]| 235-6
964-5
962-3
961-2
966-6
948-9
916-7
730-1
676-7
479-80
441-2
*S6-7
0
Rj^fasaka
(Jwshtk.'.
4T::,-«
4749-60
1731-2
1730-1
1673-4
1596-7
1425-6
1364-6
1364-5
1082-3
1081-2
1080-1
1073-4
1067-8
1035-6
84S-9
794-5
597-8
559-60
554-J ; ;>-->
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE 111.
COLLEC'I'lVE DURATION OF MONTHS
1' V K T i.
Pakt 11
Lur
i-Solar year (Chaitradi).
Solar year (MesMdi).
Collective
doratloQ
from the
beginning
of ttie year
to the end
of each
month.
1
1
Name
of
Mont h.
SaiikrSnti
at end of
month in
cul. 5.
Collective duration (in days) from the beginning of the year to the
end of the month in col. 5, or to the saiikranti in col. 5 a.
■J.
Name
..f
M 0 n 1 h.
Exact.
a
1
<
By the Anja Siddhdnia.
By the Siiri/a Hiddhdula.
1 ~
% S
<
Hindu
reckoning.
European
reckoning.
Hindu
reckoning.
European
reckoning.
D.
GH.
P.
D.
H.
M.
D.
GH.
P.
D.
H.
M
1
1
:i
l!
s
9
10
11
12
2
3
3a
4
6
6a
6
7
8
9
10
Cliaitra ....
Vaisakha . . .
Jyeshtha . . .
.\sha.lha . . .
.Snivaiia ....
Bhadrapada.
.Vsvina
Karttika
.Margasirsha
Pausha ....
Magha
Phalguna ..
In interca-
lary years.
30
BO
90
120
150
ISO
210
240
270
•!00
330
160
390
30
59
89
lis
US
177
207
236
266
295
325
354
3S4
1
2
3
4
fi
7
8
9
10
11
12
Mesha
Vrishabha..
Mithuna.. .
Karka
Siiiiha
Kanyil ....
Tula
Vrischika . .
Dhauus . . .
.\lakara . . .
Kumbha.. .
Mina
Vrisliabha..
Mithuna. . .
Karka
Siiiiha
Kanya
Tula
Vrischika.. .
Dhanus. . . .
Makara
Kumbha . . .
MSna
Mesha (of
the follow.
ingycar)t.
30(2)
62(6)
93(2)
125(6)
156(2)
186(4)
216(6)
246(1)
275(2)
305(4)
334(5)
365(1)
55
19
56
24
26
53
47
18
39
6
55
15
30
34
0
4
9
33
45
16
18
42
12
31
30(2)
62(6)
93(2)
125(6)
156(2)
186(4)
216(6)
246(1)
275(2)
305(4)
334(5)
365(1)
22
7
22
9
10
21
19
7
15
2
22
6
12
49
24
38
28
6
18
43
41
5
12
30(2)
62(6)
94(3)
125(6)
156(21
186(4)
216(6)
246(1)
275(2)
305(4)
334(5)
365(1)
56
21
0
28
29
56
49
19
38
54
15
7
20
1
32
39
8
44
9
13
6
19
32
30(2)
62(6)
94(3)
125(6)
156(2)
186(4)
216(6)
246(1)
275(2)
305(4)
334(5)
365(1)
22
8
0
11
11
22
19
7
15
2
21
6
27
32
0
25
52
27
54
40
17
44
13
31
62
94
125
156
187
217
246
276
305
335
365
The figures in brackets in columns 6, 7, S, 9 give the (ir) or weekday iiidcN.
The moment of the Mesha sankriinti coincides with the exact beginning of the solar yea
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE ill.
COLLKCTIVK DURATION OF MdNTllS
I'.virr II.
Luni-Solar year (Chaitrudi).
Solar year (McshMi).
Collective
duration
from the
beginning
of the yeai
to the end
of each
month.
3a
X il 111 c
of
Mont h.
Sai'ikrAnti
at end of
mouth iu
col. 5.
6a
Collective duration (iu days) from the bcgiuning of the year to the
end of the month in col. 5, or to the saiikrfmti in col. 3 a.
By the Arya Siddhdnta.
Hindu
reckoning.
European
reckoning.
By the Siirija Siddhiiuta.
Hindu
reckoning.
D. GH. P
European
reckouing.
D. H. M
10
Cliaitra
Vaisukha...
Jyeshtha. . .
,\shailha . . .
Sravaiia . . . .
BhAdrapada.
.\5vi11a
Karttika. . . .
Margasirsha
Pausha . . . ,
Matrha
Phalguna . .
In interca-
lary years.
Mesha. . . .
Vrishablia.
Mithuna..
Karka. . .
Siiiiha. . . .
KanvH . . .
Tula
Vrischika .
Dhanus . .
.Makara . .
Kumbha . .
Mma ...
Vrisliabha . .
Mithuna . . .
Karka
Siiiiha
Kanya
Tula
Vrischika...
Dhanus. . . .
Makara ....
Kumbha . . .
Mina
3n(2)
62(6)
93(2)
125(6)
156(2)
186(4)
216i6)
246(1)
275(2)
305(4)
334(5)
Mesha (of
the follow-
ing ycar)t.
365(1)
30(2)
22
62(6)
7
93(2)
22
125(6)
9
156(2)
10
186(4)
21
216(6)
19
246(1)
7
275(2)
15
305(4)
2
334(5)
22
365(1)
6
30(2)
56
62(6)
21
94(3)
0
125(6)
28
156(2)
29
186(4)
56
216(6)
49
246(1)
19
275(2)
38
305(4)
5
334(5)
54
365(1)
13
7
30(2)
22
20
62(6)
8
1
94(3)
0
32
125(6)
11
39
156(2)
11
8
186(4)
22
44
216(6)
19
9
246(1)
7
13
275(2)
15
6
305(4)
2
19
334(5)
21
32 365(1)
6
31
62
94
125
156
187
17
246
276
305
335
The figures in brackets in columns fi, 7, S, 9 givi- the («■) or weckihi) index.
The moment of the Mesha saiikranti coincides with the esact beginning of the solar year.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE IV.
(//■) {.t) (B) (C) FOR EATIRY DAY IN THE YEAK.
{Prof. Ja
cobt's Table 7 in
Ind. Ant., Vol
xrii
, modified and corrected
.
No.
No.
No.
of
{«,.)
{"■)
ffi)
(<••)
of
(w)
(«•)
(4.)
{<■)
of
(-..)
(a)
(*.)
(<•)
days.
days.
days.
1
1
339
36
3
43
1
4561
561
118
85
1
8784
85
233
i
2
fi77
73
5
44
2
4900
597
120
86
2
9122
121
235
;!
3
1010
109
8
45
3
5238
633
123
87
3
9461
157
238
I
4
1355
145
11
46
4
5577
669
126
88
4
9800
194
241
5
5
1693
181
14
47
5
5916
706
129
89
5
138
230
244
(i
6
2032
218
16
48
6
6254
742
131
90
C
477
266
246
7
0
2370
254
19
49
0
6593
778
134
91
0
816
303
249
s
1
2709
290
22
50
1
6932
815
137
92
1
1154
339
252
9
2
3048
327
25
51
2
7270
851
140
93
2
1493
375
255
111
3
3386
363
27
52
3
7609
887
142
94
3
1831
411
257
11
4
3725
399
30
53
4
7947
923
145
95
4
2170
448
260
U
5
4064
435
33
54
5
8286
960
148
96
5
2509
484
263
i:i
6
4402
472
36
55
6
8625
996
151
97
6
2847
520
266
It
0
4741
508
38
56
0
8963
32
153
98
0
3186
557
268
lo
1
5079
544
41
57
1
9302
69
1.56
99
1
3525
593
271
16
•>
5418
581
44
58
2
9641
105
159
100
2
3863
629
274
17
3
5757
017
47
59
3
9979
141
162
101
3
4202
665
277
18
4
6095
653
49
60
4
318
177
104
102
4
4540
702
279
1!)
5
6434
690
52
61
5
657
214
167
103
5
4879
738
282
20
6
6773
726
55
62
0
995
250
170
104
6
5218
774
285
21
0
7111
762
57
63
0
1334
286
172
105
0
5556
811
287
22
1
7450
798
60
64
1
1672
323
175
106
1
5895
847
290
23
2
7789
835
63
65
2
2011
359
178
107
2
6234
883
293
24
3
8127
871
66
66
3
2350
395
181
108
3
6572
919
296
25
4
8466
907
68
67
4
2688
432
183
109
4
6911
956
298
2(i
5
8804
944
71
68
5
3027
468
186
110
5
7250
992
301
27
6
9143
9 SO
74
09
0
3300
504
189
111
0
7588
28
304
28
0
9482
16
77
70
0
3704
540
192
112
0
7927
65
307
29
1
9820
52
79
71
1
4043
577
194
113
1
8265
101
309
:io
2
159
89
82
72
2
4381
613
197
114
2
8604
137
312
:il
3
498
125
85
73
3
4720
649
200
115
3
8943
174
315
32
4
836
161
88
74
4
5059
686
203
116
4
9281
210
318
33
5
1175
198
90
75
5
5397
722
205
117
5
9620
240
320
34
fi
1513
234
93
76
6
5736
758
208
118
0
9959
282
323
3.'-)
(1
1852
270
96
77
0
6075
794
211
119
0
297
319
326
3C
1
2191
306
99
78
1
6413
831
214
120
1
636
355
329
37
2
2529
343
101
79
2
6752
867
216
121
2
974
391
331
38
3
2868
379
104
80
3
7091
903
219
122
3
1313
428
334
39
4
3207
415
107
81
4
7429
940
222
123
4
1652
464
337
4(1
.5
3545
452
110
82
5
7768
976
224
124
5
1990
500
889
41
r,
3884
488
112
83
6
8106
12
227
125
6
2329
530
342
I J
II
4223
524
115
84
0
8445
48
230
126
0
266S
573
345
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
T A B L E IV. (CONTINUED).
N..
No.
No.
of
(*'•)
(")
{«.)
Kc)
of
(K-)
(«)
(*)
(<■)
of
(«;.)
(«.)
(*)
(<•)
,bjs.
ilavs.
daj-9.
127
1
8006
609
348
171
3
7906
206
468
215
5
2806
803
589
128
2
3345
645
350
172
4
8245
242
471
216
6
3144
839
591
12'J
3
3684
682
353
173
5
8583
278
474
217
0
3483
875
594
130
4
4022
718
356
174
6
8922
315
4i76
218
1
3822
912
597
131
5
4361
754
359
175
0
9261
351
479
219
2
4160
948
600
132
6
4699
790
361
176
1
9599
387
482
220
3
4499
984
602
133
0
5038
827
364
177
2
9938
424
485
221
4
4838
20
605
134
1
5377
863
367
178
3
276
460
487
222-
5
5176
57
608
135
2
5715
899
370
179
4
615
496
490
223
6
5515
93
fill
136
3
6054
936
372
180
5
954
532
493
224
0
5854
129
613
137
4
6393
972
375
181
6
1292
569
496
225
1
6192
166
616
13S
5
6731
8
378
182
0
1631
605
498
226
2
6531
202
619
139
6
7070
45
381
183
1
1970
641
501
227
3
6869
238
621
liO
0
7408
81
383
184
2
2308
678
504
228
4
7208
274
624
in
1
7747
117
386
185
3
2647 ■
714
506
229
5
7547
311
627
142
2
8086
153
389
186
4
2986
750
509
230
6
7885
347
630
143
3
8424
190
392
187
5
3324
787
512
231
0
8224
383
632
144
4
8763
226
394
188
6
3663
823
515
232
1
8563
420
635
145
5
9102
262
397
189
0
4001
859
517
233
2
8901
456
638
146
6
9440
299
400
190
1
4340
895
520
234
3
9240
492
641
147
0
9779
335
402
191
2
4679
932
523
235
4
9579
529
643
148
1
118
371
405
192
3
5017
968
526
236
5
9917
565
646
149
2
456
407
408
193
4
5356
4
528
237
6
256
601
649
150
3
795
444
411
194
5
5695
41
531
238
0
594
637
652
151
4
1133
480
413
195
6
6033
77
534
239
1
933
674
6.54
152
5
1472
516
416
196
0
6372
113
537
240
2
1272
710
657
153
6
1811
553
419
197
1
6710
149
539
241
3
1610
746
660
154
0
2149
589
422
198
2
7049
186
542
242
4
1949
783
663
155
1
2488
625
424
199
3
7388
222
545
243
5
2288
819
665
156
2
2827
661
427
200
4
7726
258
548
244
6
2626
855
668
157
3
3165
698
430
201
3
8065
295
550
245
0
2965
891
671
158
4
3504
734
433
202
6
8404
331
553
246
1
3303
928
673
159
5
3842
770
435
203
0
8742
367
556
247
2
3642
964
676
160
6
4181
807
438
204
1
9081
403
559
248
3
3981
0
679
161
0
4520
843
441
205
2
9420
440
561
249
4
4319
37
682
162
1
4858
879
444
206
3
9758
476
564
250
5
4658
73
684
163
2
5197
916
446
207
4
97
512
567
251
6
4997
109
687
164
3
5536
952
449
208
5
435
549
569
252
0
5335
145
690
165
4
5874
988
452
209
6
774
585
572
253
1
5674
182
693
166
5
6213
24
454
210
0
1113
621
575
254
2
6013
218
695
167
6
6552
61
457
211
1
1451
658
578
255
3
6351
254
698
108
0
6890
97
460
212
2
1790
694
580
256
4
6690
291
701
169
1
7229
133
463
213
3
2129
730
583
257
5
7028
327
704
170
2
7567
170
465
214
4
2467
766
586
258
6
7367
363
706
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE IV. (CONTINUED)
X.I.
No.
No.
of
(-)
(")
(<)
(c.)
of
('")
(«,)
(«)
('■)
of
(■"•)
(«.)
(«.)
(<^)
ll»)S.
(Inj's.
days.
259
0
7706
400
709
302
1
2267
960
827
344
1
6489
484
942
260
1
8044
436
712
303
2
2605
996
830
345
2
6828
521
945
2G1
2
8383
472
715
304
3
2944
33
832
346
3
7167
557
947
262
3
8722
508
717
305
4
3283
69
835
347
4
7505
593
950
263
4
9060
545
720
306
5
3621
105
838
348
5
7844
629
953
264
5
9399
581
723
307
6
3960
142
840
349
6
8183
666
955
265
6
9737
617
726
308
0
4299
178
843
350
0
8521
702
958
266
0
76
654
728
309
1
4637
214
846
351
1
8860
738
961
267
1
415
690
731
310
3
4976
250
849
352
2
9198
775
964
268
2
753
726
734
311
3
5315
287
851
353
3
9537
811
966
269
3
1092
762
736
312
4
5653
323
854
354
4
9876
847
969
270
4
1431
799
739
313
5
5992
359
857
355
5
214
884
972
271
1769
835
742
314
6
6330
396
860
356
6
553
920
975
272
6
2108
871
745
315
0
6669
432
862
357
0
892
956
977
273
0
2447
908
747
316
1
7008
468
865
358
1
1230
992
980
274
1
2785
944
750
317
2
7346
504
868
359
2
1569
29
983
275
2
3124
980
753
318
3
7685
541
871
360
3
1907
65
986
276
3
3462
16
756
319
4
8024
577
873
361
4
2246
101
988
277
4
3801
53
758
320
5
8362
613
876
362
5
2585
138
991
278
5
4140
89
761
321
6
8701
650
879
363
6
2923
174
994
279
G
4478
125
764
322
0
9039
686
882
364
0
3262
210
997
280
0
4817
162
767
323
1
9378
722
884
365
1
3601
246
999
281
1
5156
198
769
324
2
9717
758
887
366
2
3939
283
2
282
2
5494
234
772
325
3
55
795
890
367
3
4278
319
5
283
3
5833
271
775
326
4
394
831
893
368
4
4617
355
8
284
4
6171
307
778
327
5
733
867
895
369
5
4955
392
10
285
5
6510
343
780
328
6
1071
904
898
370
6
5294
428
13
286
6
6849
379
783
329
0
1410
940
901
371
0
5632
464
16
287
0
7187
416
786
330
1
1749
976
903
372
1
5971
500
18
288
1
7526
452
788
331
2
2087
13
906
373
2
6310
537
21
289
2
7865
488
791
332
3
2426
49
909
374
3
6648
573
24
290
3
8203
525
794
333
4
2764
85
912
375
4
6987
609
27
291
4
8542
561
797
334
5
3103
121
914
376
5
7326
646
29
292
5
8881
597
799
335
6
3442
158
917
377
6
7664
682
32
293
6
9219
633
802
336
0
3780
194
920
378
0
8003
718
35
294
0
9558
670
805
337
1
4119
230
923
379
1
8342
755
38
295
1
9896
706
808
338
2
4458
267
925
380
0
8680
791
40
296
2
235
742
810
339
3
4796
303
928
381
3
9019
827
43
297
3
574
779
813
340
4
5135
339
931
382
4
9357
863
46
298
4
912
815
816
341
5
5473
375
934
383
5
9696
900
49
299
5
1251
851
819
342
6
5812
412
936
384
6
35
936
51
300
6
1590
887
821
343
0
6151
448
939
385
0
373
972
54
301
0
1928
924
824
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE V.
M) (B) (C) KOI! IIOUKS AND MINUTES.
(Trof. Jaculns Ind. Ant., Table 8).
Hours.
(a.)
{''■)
('•)
Minu-
tes.
("■)
{'•■)
(<■)
Miuu-
tes.
(«)
('')
(..)
1
U
0
1
0
0
0
31
7
0
0
28
3
0
2
0
0
0
32
8
0
3
42
5
0
3
0
0
33
8
0
4
50
6
0
4
0
0
34
8
0
5
71
8
5
0
0
35
8
0
6
85
9
6
0
0
36
8
0
7
99
11
7
0
0
37
9
0
8
113
12
8
0
0
38
9
0
9
127
14
9
0
0
39
9
0
10
141
15
10
0
0
40
9
0
11
155
17
11
0
0
41
10
0
12
169
18
12
0
0
42
10
0
13
183
20
13
0
0
43
10
n
14
198
21
14
0
0
44
10
0
15
212
23
15
0
0
45
11
0
16
226
24
16
0
0
46
11
0
17
240
26
17
0
0
47
11
0
18
254
27
18
0
0
48
11
0
19
268
29
19
0
0
49
12
0
20
282
30
20
0
50
12
0
21
296
32
21
0
51
12
0
22
310
33
22
0
52
12
0
23
325
35
3
23
5
0
53
12
(1
24
339
36
3
24
6
0
54
13
0
—
_
—
25
6
0
55
13
0
_
_
_
26
6
0
56
13
0
_
_
_
27
6
0
57
13
0
_"
__
—
28
7
0
58
14
0
_
29
7
0
59
14
0
-
-
-
-
30
7
0
60
14
2
0
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TAJiLE VI.
LUNAR EQUATION.
(ArU. 107,108).
Akovuk.nt (i).
N.B. The equation in col. 2 corresponds lu either of the
ai-gumcnts in cols. 1 and 3.
(This u Prof. Jamil's Ind. Ant., Vol. XFII., Table 9,
re-arrariged.)
TABLE Vll.
SOLAK EQUATION.
(Aria. 107,108).
AUGUUENT (c).
N.B. The equation in rol. 2 coiTesponds to either of the
arguments in cols. 1 and 3.
(Thix is Prof, .lacohi's Ind. Aid., Vol. XVII., Table 10,
re-arranged.)
Argn.
Equ.
Argu.
Argu.
Equ.
Argu.
Argu.
1
Equ.
2
Argu
3
Argu.
Equ
Argu.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
0
140
500
500
140
1000
0
60
500
500
60
1000
10
149
490
510
131
990
10
57
490
510
64
990
20
158
480
520
122
980
20
53
■ts(l
520
68
980
.30
166
470
530
114
970
30
49
170
530
72
970
40
175
460
540
105
960
40
45
460
540
76
960
50
1S4
450
550
96
950
50
41
450
550
79
950
fiO
192
440
560
88
940
60
38
440
560
83
940
70
200
430
570
80
930
70
34
430
570
86
930
80
208
420
580
72
920
80
31
420
580
90
920
90
215
410
590
65
910
90
28
110
590
93
910
100
223
400
liOO
57
900
100
25
400
600
96
900
III!
230
390
fiUI
50
89(1
110
22
39(1
610
99
890
120
236
380
(i20
44
8S0
120
19
3S0
620
102
880
130
242
370
63(1
38
870
130
16
370
630
105
870
140
248
360
filO
32
860
140
14
360
640
107
860
150
253
350
1150
27
850
1.50
11
350
6.50
109
850
IfiO
258
340
(iliO
22
840
160
9
340
660
112
840
1711
263
330
I'lTO
17
83(1
170
7
33(1
670
113
830
IKO
267
320
r,80
13
820
180
6
32(1
680
115
820
190
270
310
(i'.)O
10
810
190
4
310
690
117
810
200
273
300
7110
7
8011
200
3
300
700
118
800
210
276
290
710
4
790
210
2
290
710
119
790
220
277
280
720
3
780
220
1
2SII
720
120
780
230
279
270
73(1
1
77(1
230
0
27(1
730
120-
770
240
280
260
740
0
760
240
0
260
740
121
760
250
280
250
750
0
750
250
0
25(1
750
121
7.50
Dim-rtnci-
e()Uution.
Last Eigiiik of .\iigi .mk.nt. |
9
«
7 1 6 1 5 4 1 3
2
A
All!) Olt SUBTRArT. |
9
8
7
6
5
4or5
4
3
8
7
6
6
5
4
3
2
7
6
6
5
4
3 or 4
3
2
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
5
4 or 5
4
3 or 4
3
2 or 3
2
lor 2
Ourl
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
0
3
3
2
2
2
lor 2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
Oorl
(I
(1
Al MLIAHV TABLE TO TABLES VI. .VND VII
Not
the difference iu the (Tables VI., VII.) equation-figures
for the nearest figures of the argument. Take this ditTcreucc in
the left-hand column of this Tabic, and run the eye to the
right till it reaches the figure standing under the last figure
of the given ai'gumcnt. The result is to be added to or sub-
tracted from the cc|Uiit ion-figure for the lower of the two argu-
ment figures, according as the scale is increasing or decreasing.
Thus; Table VI., argument 334. Difference between equations
for 330 and 340 is (263 — 258) 5, decreasing. The figure
in the AuxiliaiT Table opposite 5 and under 4 is 2 The
proper equation therefore is 263 — 2 or 261.
Argument 837. DiflVreucc between 830 and 840 is (22 — 17)
5. increasing. The figure opposite 5 and under 7 is 3 or 4. The
cipialion therefore is 17 -f 3 = 20, or 17 + 4 zz 21.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE VI 11.
INDICES OF TITIllS, NAKSHATRAS, AND YOGAS; AND THE KARANAS OF TITHIS.
TITHI AND KARANA.
ia S
Index
KaraQos.
For the
1st half of
the tithi.
For the
2nd half of
the tithi.
NAKSHATRA.
Index
(«)
(Ordinal")'
system).
8
Index for the
coding point of
tlie Nakahatra
accordic); to tlie
unequal
space system of
Garga
firulimi
Sidd-
hflnta.
10
11
Index
13
§akla.
1
5
0
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
U
1.5
Krish.
1
0-
333-
667-
1000-
1333-
1667-
2000-
2333-
2667-
3000-
3333-
3667-
4000-
4333-
4667-
5000-
.5333-
5667-
6000-
6333-
6667-
333
667
1000
1333
1667
2000
2333
2667
3000
3333
3667
4000
4333
4667
5000
5333
5667
6000
6333
06C7
7000
Kiiiistaghna
2 Biilava . . .
4 Taitila...
6 Vaiiij.. . .
1 Bava....
3 Kaulava..
5 Gara . . .
7 Vishti f..
2 Balava...
4 Taitila...
6 Vaiiij.. . .
1 Bava....
3 Kaulava..
5 Gara
7 Vishti . . .
2 Bilava...
4 Taitila . . .
6 A'aiiij . . .
1 Bava . . . .
3 Kaulava..
5 Gara . . . .
7000- 7333
7333- 7667
7667- 8000
8000- 8333
8333- 8667
8667- 9000
9000- 9333
9333- 9667
9667-10000
7 Vishti . . .
2 Balava...
4 Taitila. . .
6 Va(iij ....
1 Bava ....
3 Kaulava . .
5 Gara ....
7 Vishti . . .
Chatashpada
1 Bava.
3 Kaulava.
5 Gara.
7 Vishti t.
2 Bulava.
4 Taitila.
6 Vavij.
1 Bava.
3 Kaulava.
5 Gara.
7 Vishti.
2 Balava.
4 Taitila.
6 Vaijij.
1 Bava.
3 Kaulava.
5 Gara.
7 Vishti.
2 Balava.
4 Taitila.
6 Vaoij.
1 Bava.
3 Kaulava.
5 Gara.
7 Vishti.
2 BAlava.
4 Taitila.
6 Vaoij.
Sakuni.
N5ga.
Asvini
Bharan!
Krittika
Rohiiii
Mrigasiras
Ardra
Punarvasu
Pnshja
.\sleshi
Magha
Purva Phalsuni.
Uttara Phalguni .
Hasta
Chitra
Svati
0-
370-
741-
Ull-
1481-
1852-
2222-
2593-
2963-
3333-
3704-
4074-
4444-
4815-
5185-
Visakha
Anurddha
Jjeshtha
Mula
I'llrva Asliadha. . .
Uttara Ashadha. .
Ahhijit
Sravana
DhanishthS *♦ . . .
Satabhishaj \^. . . .
Pilrva Bhadrapada
Uttara Bhadrapadu
Rcvali
5556-
5926-
6296-
6667-
7037-
7407-
(7685-
7778-
8148-
8519-
8889-
9259-
9630-
370
741
1111
1481
1852
2222
2.593
2963
3333
3704
4074
4444
4815
5185
5556
5926
6296
6667
7037
7407
7778
7802)
8148
8519
8889
9259
9630
10000
370
556
926
1481
1852
2037
2593
2963
3148
3518
3888
4444
4815
5185
5370
6481
6852
7222
7778
8148
8519
8704
9074
9630
10000
366
549
915
1464
18,30
2013
2562
2928
3111
3477
3843
4392
4758
5124
5307
6222
6405
6771
7137
7686
7804
8170
8536
8719
9085
9634
10000
Vishkambha
Priti
Ayuahmat . .
Saubhagya . .
Sobhana. . . .
Atigatida. . .
Snkaiiiiau . .
Dhriti
Sula
Gatxla
Vriddhi , . .
Dhruva . . . .
VySghata.. .
Harshatia. . .
Vajra
0- 370
370- 741
741- nil
nil- 1481
1481- 1852
1852- 2222
2222- 2593
2593- 2963
2963- 3333
3333- 3704
3704- 4074
4074- 4444
4444- 4815
481.5- 5185
5185- 5556
5556- 5926
5926- 6296
6296- 6667
6667- 7037
7037- 7407
7407- 7778
7778- 8148
8148- 8519
85 19- 8889
Brahman... 8889- 9259
Indra 9259- 96.30
Vaidhriti... 9630-10000
Siddhi§....
Vyatipata. . .
Variyas . . . .
Parigha . . . .
Siva
Siddha
Sadhya ,
Subha . .
Sukla.. .
' in- KiiiilUiilma.
t Vishti is also called Bhadra, Kal_\;"u,ii
** or Sravishtha.
tt or Satataraka.
$ or Asrij.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE VII1\
LONGITUDES OF KNDING-POINTS OF TITHIS.
TABLE VIIIB.
LONGITUDES OF PARTS OK TITHIS, NAKSHATRAS
AND YOGAS.
Tithi-Indes
(Lunation-
parts)
(0
Tithi.
Degrees.
1
2
3
333
1
12° 0'
667
2
24° 0'
1000
3
36° 0'
1333
4
48° 0'
1667
5
60° 0'
2000
6
72° 0'
2333
7
84° 0'
2667
8
96° 0'
3000
9
108° 0'
3333
10
120° 0'
3667
11
132° 0'
4000
12
144° 0'
4333
13
156° 0'
4667
14
168° 0'
5000
15
180° 0'
5333
16
192° 0'
5667
17
204° 0'
6000
18
216° 0'
6333
19
228° 0'
6667
20
240° 0'
7000
21
252° 0'
7333
22
264° 0'
7667
23
276° 0'
8000
24
288° 0'
8333
25
300° 0'
8667
26
312° 0'
9000
27
324° 0'
9333
28
336° 0'
9667
29
348° 0'
10000
30
360° 0'
For longitudes uf endiiig-jmijits nf Nakshatras and Yogas,
text, Table Art. 38.
1 TITHI-
NAKSHATKA and
YOGA.
Tithi-Index
(Lunation parts)
(/.)
2"
.2 S
ja 'S
^1
Ok.—,
"^ -rt at-,
« a
1 §> ^
•S ;S s
Nakshatras and
Yogas
(and decimals).
i 1
5
1
2
3
4
5
e
33
0.1
1° 12'
33
0.09
1° 12'
(16
0.2
2° 24'
66
0.18
2° 24'
100
0.3
3° 36'
100
0.27
3° 36'
200
0.6
7° 12'
200
0.54
7° 12'
300
0.9
10° 48'
300
0.81
10° 48'
400
1.2
14° 24'
400
1.08
14° 24'
500
1.5
18° 0'
500
1.35
18° 0'
600
1.8
21° 36'
fiOO
1.62
21° 36'
700
2 1
25° 12'
700
1.89
25° 12'
800
2,4
28° 48'
800
2.16
28° 48'
900
2.7
32° 24'
900
2.43
82° 24'
1000
3.0
36° 0'
1000
2.70
36° 0'
1100
3.3
39° 36'
1100
2.97
39° 36'
1200
3.6
43° 12'
1200
3.24
43° 12'
1300
3.9
46° 48'
1300
3.51
46° 48'
1400
4.2
50° 24'
1400
3.78
50° 24'
1.500
4.5
54° 0'
1500
4.05
54° 0'
1600
4.8
57° 36'
1600
4.32
57° 36'
1700
5.1
61° 12'
1700
4.59
61° 12'
1800
5.4
64° 48'
1800
4.86
64° 48'
1900
5.7
68° 24'
1900
5.13
68° 24'
2000
6.0
72° 0'
2000
5.40
72° 0'
2100
6.3
75° 36'
2100
5.67
75° 36'
2200
6.6
79° 12'
2200
5.94
79° 12'
2300
6.9
82° 48'
2300
6.21
82° 48'
2400
7.2
86° 24'
2400
6.48
86° 24'
2500
7.5
90° 0'
2500
6.75
90° 0'
2600
7.8
93° 36'
2600
7.02
93° 36'
2700
8.1
97° 12'
2700
7.29
97° 12'
2800
8.4
100° 48'
2800
7.56
100° 48'
2900
8.7
104° 24'
2900
7.83
104° 24'
3000
9.0
108° 0'
3000
8.10
108° 0'
3100
9.3
111° 36'
3100
8.87
111° 36'
3200
9.6
115° 12'
3200
8.64
115° 12'
3300
9.9
118° 48'
3300
8.91
118° 48'
HKKl
10. L'
122^ 2f
litOO
9. IS
VI-1-' -iv
THE HINDU CALENDAR. cxv
T A B L P] V I I 1 «. (coNTiMiED.) T ABLE V J 1 1 ». (continued)
TITIU.
NAk.SII.VTHA A.Mi
VDCA.
2 'S
1
i
S a
§= 1
Q -3
z
Nakshatras and
Y'ogas
(and decimals).
p .i
1
2
3
4
6
6
3500
10.5
126° 0'
3500
9.45
126° 0'
3600
10.8
129° 36'
3600
9.72
129° 36'
3700
n.i
133° 12'
3700
9.99
133° 12'
3800
11.4
136° 48'
3800
10.26
136° 48'
3900
11.7
140° 24'
3900
10.53
140° 24'
4000
12.0
144° 0'
4000
10.80
144° 0'
4100
12.3
147° 36'
4100
11.07
147° 36'
4200
12.6
151° 12'
4200
11.34
151° 12'
4300
12.9
154° 48'
4300
11.61
154° 4S'
4400
13.2
158° 24'
4400
11.88
158° 24'
4500
13.5
162° 0'
4500
12.15
162° 0'
4C00
13.8
165° 36'
4600
12.42
165° 36'
47110
14.1
169° 12'
4700
12.69
169° 12'
4800
14.4
172° 48'
4800
12.96
172° 48'
4900
14.7
176° 24'
4900
13.23
176° 24'
5000
15.0
180° 0'
5000
13.50
180° 0'
5100
15.3
183° 36'
5100
13.77
183° 36'
5200
15.6
187° 12'
5200
14.04
187° 12'
5300
15.9
190° 48'
5300
14.31
190° 48'
5400
16.2
194° 24'
5400
14.58
194° 24'
5500
16.5
198° 0'
5500
14.85
198° 0'
5600
16.8
201° 36'
5600
15.12
201° 36'
5700
17.1
205° 12'
5700
15.39
205° 12'
5S00
17.4
208° 48'
5800
15.66
208° 48'
5900
17.7
212° 24'
5900
15.93
212° 24'
COOO
18.0
216° 0'
6000
16.20
216° 0'
6100
18.3
219° 36'
6100
16.47
219° 36'
62011
18.6
223° 12'
6200
16.74
223° 12'
630(1
18.9
226° 48'
6300
17.01
226° 48'
6400
19.2
230° 24'
6400
17.28
230° 24'
6500
19.5
234° 0'
6500
17.55
234° 0'
6600
19.8
237° 36'
6600
17.82
237° 36'
6700
20.1
241° 12'
6700
18.09
241° 12'
6800
20.4
244° 48'
6800
18.36
244° 48'
6900
20.7
248° 24'
6900
18.63
248° 24'
7000
21.0
252° C
7000
18.90
252° 0'
7100
21.3
255° 36'
7100
19.17
255° 36'
7200
21.6
259° 12'
7200
19 44
259° 12'
iriiii.
NAKMiATUA A.N]
^•JCA.
3"
•i
i
is.-.
and
als).
8
^ B -^
•2 .=
%
3
si,-
e 3|
2 3
I'ithi-
iiiatio
^ 13
t
a
a
1^:
•3 >• —
1 %
a
hJ
z
z &
~ —
1
2
3
4
6
6
7300
21.9
262°
48'
7300
19.71
262° 48'
7400
22.2
266°
24'
7400
19.98
266° 24'
7500
22.5
270°
0'
7500
20.25
270° 0'
7600
22.8
273°
36'
7600
20.52
273° 36'
7700
23.1
277°
12'
7700
20.79
277° 12'
7800
23.4
280°
48'
7800
21.06
280° 48'
7900
23.7
284°
24'
7900
21.33
284° 24'
8000
24.0
288°
0'
8000
21.60
288° 0'
8100
24.3
291°
36'
8100
21.87
291° 36'
8200
24.6
295°
12'
8200
22.14
295° 12'
8300
24.9
298°
48'
8300
22.41
298° 48'
8400
25.2
302°
24'
8400
22.68
302° 24'
8500
25.5
306°
0'
8500
22.95
306° 0'
8600
25.8
309°
36'
8600
23.22
309° 36'
8700
26.1
313°
12'
8700
23.49
313° 12'
8800
26.4
316°
48'
8800
23.76
316° 48'
8900
26.7
320°
24'
8900
24.03
320° 24'
9000
27.0
324°
0'
9000
24.30
324° 0'
9100
27.3
327°
36'
9100
24.57
327° 36'
9200
27.6
331°
12'
9200
24.84
331° 12'
9300
27.9
334°
48'
9300
25.11
334° 48'
9400
28.2
338°
24'
9400
25.38
338° 24'
9500
28.5
342°
0'
9500
25.65
342° 0'
9600
28.8
345°
36'
9600
25.92
345° 36'
9700
29.1
349°
12'
9700
26.19
349° 12'
9800
29.4
352°
48'
9800
26.46
352° 48'
9900
29.7
356°
24'
9900
26.73
356° 24'
10000
30.0
360°
0'
10000
27.00
360° 0'
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE IX.
TABLE GIVING THE SERIAL NUMBER 01' DAVS FROM THE END OF A YEAR AD. FOR TWO
CONSECUTIVE AD. YEARS.
Pakt I.
Number
of days reckoned
from the 1st of January of the same year.
Jan.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
Juuc.
July.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1
1
32
fiO
91
121
152
182
213
244
274
305
335
1
2
2
33
f.l
93
122
153
183
314
245
275
300
336
2
3
3
3-t
fi2
93
123
154
184
215
246
276
307
337
3
4
■1
3.5
(13
94
124
155
185
316
247
277
308
338
4
5
r.
38
Ii4
95
125
156
186
217
248
278
309
339
5
6
c
37
C5
96
126
157
187
218
249
279
310
340
6
7
7
38
fifi
97
127
158
188
219
250
280
311
341
7
8
s
39
07
98
128
159
189
220
251
281
312
342
8
9
9
40
BS
99
129
160
190
221
252
282
313
343
9
10
10
41
C9
100
130
161
191
222
253
283
314
344
10
11
11
42
70
101
131
162
193
223
254
284
315
345
11
12
12
43
71
102
133
163
193
224
255
285
316
346
12
13
13
44
73
103
133
164
194
225
256
286
317
347
13
14
U
45
73
104
134
165
195
226
257
287
318
348
14
15
l.->
4fi
74
105
135
166
196
227
258
288
319
349
15
16
IB
47
75
106
136
167
197
228
259
289
320
350
16
17
17
48
7fi
107
137
168
198
229
260
290
321
351
17
18
18
49
77
108
13S
169
199
230
261
291
322
352
18
19
lU
50
78
109
139
170
200
231
262
292
323
353
19
20
20
51
79
110
140
171
301
333
263
293
324
354
20
21
21
52
SO
111
141
173
302
233
264
294
325
355
21
22
22
53
81
112
142
173
203
234
265
295
326
356
22
23
23
54
82
US
143
174
204
235
266
296
327
357
23
24
24
55
S3
114
144
175
305
236
267
297
328
358
24
25
2."i
50
84
115
145
176
306
237
208
298
329
359
26
26
2fi
57
85
UB
UB
177
307
238
269
299
330
360
26
27
27
58
SO
117
147
178
208
239
270
300
331
361
27
28
28
59
87
US
148
179
309
240
271
301
332
362
28
29
2'.)
CO
88
119
149
180
310
241
272
302
833
303
29
30
30
-
89
120
150
181
211
242
273
303
334
364
30
31
31
-
90
-
151
-
213
243
-
304
-
365
31
Jim.
1-cb.
Mnrrh.
April.
May.
June
July.
Auic.
S,p.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE IX. (CONTIMJKD.)
I'ABI.K GIVINT, Till'. SKIUAI. NUMHEK OF DAYS FIIOM TllK END OK A VEAK AD. KOI! TWO
CONSEClil'lVE A.B. YEARS.
!■ \ u 1 1 1.
Number of days reckoned from the 1st of January of the prec
ding year.
1
Jnn.
Feb.
March.
April.
May.
Jiinr.
July.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec
1
Sfifi
397
425
456
486
517
547
578
009
039
670
700
2
H(i7
398
426
457
487
518
548
579
610
640
071
701
2
3
HCiS
399
427
458
488
519
549
580
611
641
672
702
3
4
;«iu
K)(l
428
459
489
520
550
581
612
642
673
703
4
5
37(1
■Kll
429
4G0
490
521
551
582
013
643
074
704
5
6
371
Wi
430
401
491
522
552
583
614
044
075
705
6
7
•x\i
403
431
462
492
523
553
584
015
645
070
706
7
8
373
■tot
432
463
493
524
554
585
016
646
077
707
8
9
374
405
433
464
494
525
555
586
017
647
678
708
9
10
375
406
434
465
495
526
556
587
018
648
679
709
10
11
37fi
407
435
400
490
527
557
588
019
649
080
710
11
12
377
408
436
407
497
528
558
589
620
650
681
711
12
13
37S
409
437
468
498
529
559
590
621
651
682
712
13
14
371)
410
438
469
499
530
500
591
622
652
083
713
14
15
3S(I
411
439
470
500
531
501
592
623
653
684
714
15
16
381
412
440
471
501
532
562
593
624
654
685
715
16
17
3S2
413
441
472
502
533
563
594
625
055
080
716
17
18
3S3
414
442
473
503
534
564
595
626
656
687
717
18
19
38t
415
443
474
504
535
565
596
627
657
088
718
19
20
3S.-)
410
444
475
505
536
500
597
628
658
089
719
20
21
380
417
445
470
500
537
567
598
029
059
090
720
21
22
387
418
446
477
507
538
508
599
030
000
091
721
22
23
3SS
419
447
47S
.508
539
509
600
631
601
092
722
23
24
389
420
448
479
509
540
570
601
032
602
093
723
24
25
390
421
449
480
510
541
571
602
033
603
094
724
25
26
391
422
450
481
511
542
572
003
634
004
(;95
725
26
27
392
423
451
482
512
543
573
004
635
605
090
720
27
28
393
424
452
483
513
544
574
605
630
000
097
727
28
29
39 \
425
453
484
514
545
575
006
637
607
698
728
29
30
39.^>
-
454
485
515
540
576
007
038
608
699
729
30
31
39fi
-
455
-
510
-
577
608
-
069
-
730
31
Jan.
Feb.
Marcli.
A,,vil.
May.
June.
.Inly.
An-.
Sop.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec
i THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE X.
FOR CONVERTING TITHI-PARTS, AND INDICES OF TITHIS, NAKSHATRAS, AND YOGAS INTO TIJIE
[N.B. In this Table a tithi is supposed to eontain 1,000 parts.
In this Table a tithi
., „ „ ,, lunation
„ „ „ „ sidereal month
» i> » ., yoga ehakra
Therefore :
In the case of Titbi-parts
„ „ „ „ Tithi-index (t)
„ „ ,, ,, Nakshatra-indes («) .
,, „ ,, ., Ydgn-index (//)
10,000
10,000
10,000
the argument shews l,000ths of a tithi.
„ lO.OOOths „ „ lunation.
10,000ths „ „ sidereal month.
, lO.OOOths „ „ yoga-i-halvra].
1
Tim.- .'quivnleiit of
£
<
Time equivalent of
a
1
<
Time equivalent of 1
=3
1 1
s
g ^
a
•r <=■
•5 "
is.
1
■7 !»
>•
H.
M.
H.
M.
H.
M.
H.
M.
H.
M.
li.
M.
H.
M.
H.
M.
H.
M.
H.
M.
H.
M.
H.
M.
1
0
1
0
4
0
4
0
4
41
0
68
2
54
2
41
2
30
81
1
55
5
44
5
19
4
57
2
0
3
0
9
0
8
0
7
42
0
2
59
2
45
2
34
82
1
56
5
49
5
23
5
0
.•i
0
4
0
13
0
12
0
11
43
1
3
3
2
49
2
37
83
1
58
5
53
5
27
5
4
4
0
6
0
17
0
16
0
15
44
2
3
7
2
53
2
41
84
1
59
5
57
5
30
5
7
•'
0
7
0
21
0
20
0
18
45
4
3
11
2
57
2
45
85
2
0
6
1
0
34
5
11
(>
0
9
0
26
0
24
0
22
46
5
3
16
3
1
2
48
86
2
2
6
6
5
38
5
15
7
0
10
0
30
0
28
0
26
47
7
3
20
3
5
2
52
87
2
3
6
10
5
42
5
18
s
0
11
0
34
0
31
0
29
48
8
3
24
3
9
2
56
88
2
5
6
14
5
46
5
22
9
0
13
0
38
0
35
0
33
49
9
3
28
3
13
2
59
89
2
6
6
18
5
50
5
26
10
0
14
0
43
n
39
0
37
50
11
3
33
3
17
3
3
90
2
8
6
23
5
54
5
29
11
0
16
0
47
0
43
0
40
51
12
3
37
3
21
3
7
91
2
9
6
27
5
58
5
33
12
0
17
0
51
0
47
0
44
52
14
3
41
3
25
3
10
92
2
10
6
31
6
2
5
37
13
0
18
0
55
0
51
0
48
53
15
3
45
3
29
3
14
93
2
12
6
35
6
6
5
40
14
0
20
0
0
55
0
51
54
17
3
50
3
32
3
18
94
2
13
6
40
6
10
5
44
15
0
21
4
0
59
0
55
55
18
3
54
3
36
3
21
95
2
15
6
44
6
14
5
48
IC
0
23
8
3
0
59
56
19
3
58
3
40
3
25
96
2
16
6
48
6
18
5
51
17
0
24
12
7
1
2
57
21
4
2
3
44
3
29
97
2
17
6
52
6
22
5
55
18
0
26
17
11
1
6
58
22
4
7
3
48
3
32
98
2
19
6
57
C
26
5
59
19
0
27
21
15
10
59
24
4
11
3
52
3
36
99
2
20
7
1
6
29
6
2
20
0
28
25
19
13
fiO
25
4
15
3
56
3
40
100
3
22
7
5
6
33
6
6
21
0
30
29
23
17
61
2(i
4
19
4
0
3
43
200
4
43
14
10
13
7
12
12
22
0
31
34
27
21
62
28
4
24
4
4
3
47
300
7
5
21
16
19
40
18
18
23
0
33
38
30
24
63
29
4
28
4
8
3
51
400
9
27
28
21
_
24
0
34
42
34
28
64
31
4
32
4
12
3
54
500
11
49
35
26
25
0
35
46
38
32
65
32
4
36
4
16
3
58
600
14
10
42
31
—
—
—
—
26
0
37
51
42
35
66
34
4
41
4
20
4
2
700
16
32
49
37
_
_
_
27
0
38
55
46
39
67
35
4
45
4
24
4
5
800
18
54
56
42
28
0
40
59
50
42
68
36
4
49
4
28
4
9
900
21
16
63
47
29
0
41
2
3
54
46
69
38
4
53
4
31
4
13
1000
23
37
70
52
30
0
43
2
8
58
50
70
39
4
58
4
35
4
16
31
0
44
2
12
2
2
53
71
41
5
2
4
39
4
20
32
u
45
2
16
2
6
57
72
42
5
6
4
43
4
24
83
0
47
2
20
2
10
2
1
73
43
5
10
4
47
4
27
34
0
48
2
25
2
14
2
4
74
45
5
15
4
51
4
31
35
0
50
2
29
2
18
2
8
75
46
5
19
4
55
4
35
36
0
51
2
33
2
22
2
12
76
48
5
23
4
59
4
38
37
0
52
2
37
2
26
2
15
77
49
5
27
5
3
4
42
38
0
54
2
42
2
30
2
19
78
51
5
32
5
7
4
46
89
0
55
2
46
2
33
2
23
79
52
5
36
5
11
4
49
40
0
57
2
50
2
37
2
26
80
—
5
40
'"
15
4
53
THE HINDU CALENDAR. cxi
TABLE XL
LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF PRINCIPAL PLACES.
(Latitudes and lonc/itudes in degrees and minutes; Longitudes in minutes of time, being the difference in time beticeen Ujjain
and the place in question.)
[N.B. This Table is based on the maps of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, but all longitudes require a correction
III' — ;!' 39" to bring thcni to the latest corrected longitude of the Madras Observatory, namely, 80° 14' 51"].
To convert Ujjain mean time, as found by the previous Tables, into local mean time, add to or subtract from the former
the minutes of longitude of the place in question, as indicated by the sign of plus or minus in this Table.
NAxME OF PLACE.
N.
Latitude.
Long. E
from
Greenwich.
Long.
from
njjain In
minutes
of time.
NAME OF PLACE.
N.
Latitude.
Long. E
from
Greenwich.
from
Ujjain in
minates
of time.
Abrt (Arbuda)
.isi-a (Fort)
Ahmadubad
Ahmaduagar
Ajanta
Ajna-r
Aligadh (Allyghnr. Coel)
Allahabiul (Prayfuja)
.Aniaravati (on the Krishna)* ••
Amaruvati (Amraoti, Oomra-
wnttee, in Berar)
Amritsar
Anhilvad (Patan)
Arcot (.irkUdu)
I Aurangabad
Ayodhya (see Oudc)
B'ldami
Balagavi, or Balagaiiivc
Bauavasi
Bai'dhvun (Burdnan)
Bai-oda (Badoda)
Barsi
Bclgaum . .
Iknares
HhAgalpur (Bengal)
liharatpur (Bhurtpoor)
Blulsa
Blinpill
Bihar (Birhar. in Bengal)
Bijapur (Becjapoor)
Hijuagar (see Vijayanagai-)
Hikauer
24" 36'
27° 10'
23° 1'
19° 4'
20° 32'
20° 30'
27° 52'
25° 26'
16° 34'
20° 55'
31° 37'
23° 51'
12° 54'
19° 54'
15° 55'
14° 23'
14° 32'
23° 14'
22° 18'
18° 13'
15° 51'
25° 19'
25° 15'
27° 13'
23° 32'
23° 15'
25° 11'
16° 50'
72° 50'
78° 5'
72° 39'
74° 48'
75° 49'
74° 45'
78° 8'
81° 54'
80° 25'
77° 49'
74° 56'
72° 11'
79° 24'
75° 24'
75° 45'
75° 18'
75° 5'
87° 55'
73° 16'
75° 46'
74° 35'
83° 4'
87° 2'
77° 33'
77° 52'
77° 28'
85° 35'
75° 47'
- 0
- 4
+ 9
+ 24
+ 18
+ 8
- 4
- 15
+ 14
- 2
- 0
- 2
- 3
+ 48
- 10
- 0
- 5
+ 29
+ 45
+ 7
+ 8
+ 0
+ 39
- 0
Bombay (Gt. Trig. Station) . . .
Broach (Bhrigukachha)
Bundi
BurhSnpur
Calcutta (Foi-t William)
Calingapatam (see Kalii'igapatam]
Cambay (Khambat, Sthambarati)
Cannpore (Kahupar, Old City)
Cochin
Congeeveram (see Klnchi). . . .
Cuttack (see Katak)
Dacca (Dhaka)
Debli (Delhi, Old City)
Devagiri (Daulatabad)
DhSra (Dhar)
DharvSd (Dharwar)
Dholpur (City)
Dhnlia
Dvaraka
Ellora (Velapura)
Farukhabad (Furruck°.)
Gaya
GhSzipur
Gimir
Goa (G6pakapattana)
Gorakhapur (Goruckpoor) ....
Gurkha
Gwalior
Haidarabad (l)i:khan)
Haidarubad (Sindh)
Harda (in Gwalior)
Ilardwilr
18° 54'
21° 42'
25° 26'
21° 19'
22° 33'
22° 18'
26° 29'
9° 58'
23° 43'
28° 39'
19° 57'
22° 36'
15° 27'
26° 41'
20° 54'
22° 14'
20° 2'
27° 23'
24° 47'
25° 35'
21° 32'
15° 30'
26° 45'
26° 14'
17° 22'
25° 23'
22° 20'
29° 57'
72° 52'
73° 2'
75° 42'
76° 18'
88° 24'
72° 41'
80° 22'
76° 18'
90° 27'
77° 18'
75° 17'
7.5° 22'
75° 5'
77° 58'
74° 50'
69° 2'
75° 14'
79° 37'
85° 4'
83° 39'
70° 36'
73° 57'
83° 25'
84° 30'
78° 14'
78° 32'
68° 26'
77° 9'
78° 14'
- 12
- 11
- 1
+
+ 50
- 13
4- 18
+ 58
+
- 2
- 2
- 3
+ 9
- 4
- 27
- 2
+ 15
+ 37
+ 31
- 21
- 8
+ 30
+ 35
+ 10
+ 11
- 30
+ 5
+ 10
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
T A B L E X I. (CONTIM El) )
NAME OF PLACE.
N.
Latitude.
Luug. E
from
Greenwich.
from
Cjjain in
minutes
of time.
NAME oy PLACE
N.
Latitude.
Lon;;. E
from
Greenwich.
HoshangAbad
Indorc
Jabalinir (Jubbulpore)
Jaganathapuri
Jalgaum
Jaypur (Jeypore, in Rajputilna)
JhAnsi
Jcidlipur
JunagiuIIi
Kalii'igapatam (Calingapatam) .
Kalvan (Bombaj)
Kalyan (Kalliannce, Nizam's
Dominions)
Kanauj
Kai'ichi (or Congceveram) . .
Katak (Cuttack)
Khatmaniju
Kfllapnr (Kolhapur)
Labor (Lahore)
Lakhnau (Lucknow)
Madhura (Jladura, Madras Prcs.)
Madras (Observatory) 1
Maisfir (Mysore)
.Malkhcil (Manvaklif-ta)
Maudavi (in Catch)
Maiigalur (Mangalort)
Mathura (Muttra N.W.P.) . .
Mongir (or Muriger)
MultSn (Mooltau)
NSgpur (Nagpore)
Nfisik
Oomrawuttee (.iw Amaravati
22° 45'
22° 43'
23° 11'
19° 48'
21° 1'
26° 55'
25° 28'
26° 18'
21° 31'
18° 20'
19° 15'
17° 53'
27° 3'
12° 50'
20° 28'
27° 39'
16° 41'
31° 35'
26° 51'
9° 55'
13° 4'
12° 18'
17° 12'
22° 50'
12° 52'
27° 30'
25° 23'
30° 12'
21° y
20° 0'
77° 47'
75° 55'
80° 0'
85° 53'
75° 38'
75° 53'
78° 38'
73° 5'
70° 31'
84° 11'
73° 11'
77° 1'
79° 59'
79° 46'
85° 56'
85° 19'
74° 17'
74° 23'
80° 58'
78° 11'
80° ISVs
76° 43'
77° 13'
69° 25'
74° 54'
77° 45'
86° 32'
71° 32'
79° 10'
73° 51'
+ 8
- 0
+ 17
+ 40
- 1
- 0
+ 11
- 11
- 21
+ 33
- 11
+ 17
+ 16
+ 40
+ 38
- 6
- 6
+ 21
+ 9
+ IS
+ 4
+ 6
- 26
- 4
+ 8
+ 43
- 17
+ 13
■- 8
Oude (Oudh, Ayodhya)
Paithan
Pandhapiir
Pfitan {see Ai.ibilwad)
Patau {see Somnathpatan) . .
Patiahl
Patpa
Peshawur
Poona (Puijem)
Pooree (Pari, see Jagannathapurl)
Puriiiya (Poomeah)
Ramesvara (Rameshwur)
Batnagiri
RevS (Rewa, Riwiiui)
Sigar (Saugor)
Sahet Mahet (Sravasti) 2
Sambhalpur (Sumbulpore) ....
Satilra
Seringapatam (Srirangapattana)
Sholapur
Sironj
.Somnathpatan
Srinagar (in Kashmir)
Surat
Taujore (Tanjiivi'ir)
Thi'uia (Tannah)
Travancore (Tirnvai'ikudu) . . . .
Trichinopoly
Trivandrum
Udaipur (Oodeypore)
I'jjain ■'
Vijayanagar
26° 48'
19° 29'
17° 41'
30° 19'
25° 36'
34° 0'
18° 30'
25° 48'
9° 17'
17° 0'
24° 31'
23° 50'
27° 31'
21° 28'
17° 41'
12° 25'
17° 41'
24° 6'
20° 53'
34° 6'
21° 12'
10° 47'
19° 12'
8° 14'
10° 49'
8° 29'
24° 34'
23° 11'
15° 19'
82° 16'
75° 27'
75° 24'
76° 28'
85° 16'
71° 40'
73° 55'
87° 34'
79° 23'
73° 21'
81° 21'
78° 48'
82° 5'
84° 2'
74° 3'
76° 44'
75° 58'
77° 45'
70° 28'
74° 52'
72° 53'
79° 12'
73° 1'
77° 19'
78° 45'
77° C
73° 45'
75° 50'
76° 32'
1 The longitude of the .Madras Observatory, wliieh forms llic basis of the Indian tieo-i-apliieal surveys, has been lalel\
corrected to 80° 14' 51". '
•i Sahet Mahet is not on the Survey of India map. The particulars are taken from the Imperial Gazetteer.
'■'• With the curiwtion noted in note 1 above (— 3' 39") the longitude of Ujjaiu comes to 75° 46' 6".
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE XII.
(See Arts.
53 to 03.;
Sam vatsaras
<.f the
CO-year cycle
of
Jupiti-r.
SaiuvaUisra uf
tbc twelve-year cycle
of the meau-sign
system.
Mian-sign of Jupiter
by his
mean longitude.
.Samvatsaras
of the
60-year cycle
of
Jupiter.
Samvatsara of
the twelve-year cycle
of the mean-sign
system.
Mean-sign of Jupiter
by his
mean longitude.
Corresponding to the samvatsara of the
siity-year cycle of the mean-sign system.
Corresponding to the samvatsara of the
siity-ycar cycle of the mean-sign system.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1 Prabhava
5 SrSvaiia
11 Kumbha.
31 Hemalamba.. . .
11 .Magha
5 Simha.
- Vibhava
0 Bhadrapada
12 Miua.
32 Vilamba
12 Phalguna
6 KanvA.
3 Sukla
7 Asvina
1 Mcsha.
33 Vikarin
1 Chaitra
7 Tula.
•I Pramoda
8 Kurttika
2 Vrishabha.
34 Sarvari
2 Vaisakha
8 Vrischika.
") Prajapati
fi Ai'igiras
9 Margasirsha . . .
10 Pausha
3 .Mithuna.
35 Plava
3 Jveshtha
9 Dhanus.
4 Karka.
36 Subhakrit
4 Ashailha
10 Makara.
7 Sniniikba
11 MagUa
5 Siihha.
37 Sobhana
5 Sruvaua
11 Kumbha.
8 Bhava
12 Phalguna
0 Kanyu.
38 Krodhin
6 Bhadrapada
12 Mina.
"J Yuvan
1 Chaitra
7 Tula.
39 Visvavasu
7 Asvina
1 ilesha.
10 Dhfttri
2 Vaisakha
8 Vrischika.
40 Parabhava
8 KSrttika
2 Vrishabha.
1 1 tsvara
3 Jveshtha
9 Dhanus.
41 Plavaiiga
9 Margasirsha . . .
3 Mithuna.
12 Rihuilhauva. . . .
4 Ashadha
10 Makara.
42 Kllaka
10 Pausha
4 Karka.
13 Pramathin
5 Sravaua
11 Kumbha.
43 Saumya
11 Magha
5 Siiiiha.
14 Vikrama
6 Bhudrapada
12 Mina.
44 Sadhiiraua
12 Phalguna
6 Kanvil.
13 Vrisha
7 Asviua
1 Mesha.
45 Virodhakrit
1 Chaitra
7 Tula.
10 Chitrabhanu . . .
8 Karttika
2 Vrishabha.
46 Paridhavin ....
2 Vaisakha
8 Vrischika.
17 Sublianu
9 Margasirsha . . .
3 Mithuna.
47 Pramadiu
3 Jyeshtha
9 Dhanns.
18 THravia
10 Pausha
4 Karka.
48 Ananda
4 Ashadha
10 Makara.
19 Parthiva
11 Magha
5 Simba.
49 Rakshasa
5 Sravaoa
11 Kumbha.
20 Vvava
12 Phalguna
50 Anala
6 Bhadrapada ....
7 Asvina
12 Mina.
21 Sarvajit
1 Chaitra
7 Tula.
51 Phigala
1 Mesha.
22 Sarvadharin. . . .
2 VaLsakha
8 Vrischika.
52 Kulayukta
8 Karttika
2 Vrishabha.
23 Virodhin
3 Jveshtha
9 Dhanus.
53 Siddhlrtin
9 Margasirsha . . .
3 Mithuna.
24 VikTita
4 Ashadha
10 Mak.-vra.
54 Kaudra
10 Pausha
4 Karka.
25 Khara
5 Sravaua
11 Kumbha.
35 Durmati
11 Magha
5 Simha.
20 Nandana
6 Bhildi-apada ....
12 Mina.
56 Dundubhi
12 Phalguna
6 Kanya.
27 Vijaya
7 Asvina
1 Mesha.
57 Rudhirodgarin..
1 Chaitra
7 Tula.
28 Jaya . .
8 Karttika
2 Vrishabha
58 Raktaksha
2 Vaisakha
8 Vrischika
29 Manmatha
9 Mirgaslrsha
3 Mithuna.
59 Krodhana
3 Jveshtha
9 Dhanus.
30 Dumiukha
10 Pausha
4 Karka.
4 Ashadha
10 Makara.
N.B. i. The samvatsara and sign (cols. 2. 3.) correspond to the samvatsara in col. 1 only when the latter is taken as
the samvatsara of the mean-siyn (Northern) GO-ycar cycle (Table J , col. 7).
N.B. ii. Jupiter's sign by his apparent longitude is either the same, as or tbc next preceding, or the next sncceetling
his mean-sign. Thus, in Prabhava Jupiter stands in mean Kumbha, when be may have been cither in apparent Makara,
Kumbha, or Mina.
;xii THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XI 11.
(Tlie foUow'wq Table fur fiiidiwi thi- ilai/ of Hit- ireek for anij date from A. J). 300 lo 2300 has been sujijjiied bi/ Dr. Burgess)
CAIENnAK FOl! THE YEARS FROM A.I). :500 TO 2'MW.
300
400
500
Olio
700
800
900
CO
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
—
—
—
~
—
1500
1600
1700
1800
^.^■
1900
2000
2100
2200
G *
C
E
Odd Years of the Centuries.
0
28
56
84
CF
AG
BA
CB
DC
ED
FE
1
29
57
85
E
F
G
A
B
c
1)
2
30
58
86
11
E
F
G
A
B
C
3
31
59
87
C
I)
E
F
G
A
B
4
32
60
88
BA
CB
DC
ED
FE
GF
AG
5
33
fil
89
G
A
B
C
I)
E
F
(;
34
02
90
F
G
A
B
C
D
K
7
35
(13
91
E
F
G
A
B
C
11
■s
3(!
04
92
lie
ED
FK
GF
AG
BA
Cll
9
37
65
93
H
C
D
E
F
G
A
10
38
66
94
A
B
(■
D
E
F
G
11
39
67
95
G
A
H
C
D
E
F
12
40
68
90
FE
GF
AG
BA
CB
DC
ED
13
41
09
97
1)
E
F
G
A
B
C
14
42
70
98
c;
D
E
1'
G
A
B
15
43
71
99
B
V.
1)
E
F
(i
A
1(1
44
72
AG
BA
CB
DC
ED
I'E
GF
17
45
73
F
G
A
B
C
1)
E
IS
40
74
E
F
G
A
B
V,
D
19
47
75
—
D
E
F
G
A
B
C
20
48
76
_
CB
DC
ED
FE
GF
AG
BA
21
49
77
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
22
50
78
G
A
B
C
1)
E
F
23
51
79
—
F
G
A
B
C
D
E
24
52
so
__
ED
FE
GF
AG
BA
CB
DC
25
53
81
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
20
54
82
B
C
D
E
F
G
A
27
55
S3
—
A
B
C
D
E
]•
G
the years 1500, 1700, \c. (N.8.) wliu'li nrc not liap
A
D
G
C
F
B
E
A
D
G
C
F
B
E
February, March
Novembei
April
May
luly
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
li
E
C
F
A
D
B
E
G
C
A
D
F
B
G
C
E
A
F
B
1)
G
E
A
C
F
D
G
September
December
1
8
15
22
29
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 W.d.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
2
9
16
23
30
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
3
10
17
24
31
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
4
11
18
25
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
0 Fri.
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2 Mon.
3 Tues.
12
19
26
B Thur.
B IVi.
0 Sat.
1 Sum.
2 .Miiu.
3 Tu.8.
4 W,-.l.
0
13
20
27
6 Fri.
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2 Men.
3 Tues.
4 Wed.
5 Thur.
14
21
28
—
0 Sat.
1 Sun.
2 Mt)u.
3 T,„s.
4 We.1.
5 Thur.
0 Fri.
I.oc.k out fur (he century in the \\n\A ui the Talile. ami the o.l.l u'liis in the left hand eoluinns; ami in (he eorrespondiuj;
culninn and line is the Domini'eal letter. Thus for 1893 .N.S. (he Dominical letter is found to be A.
In the 2nd Tabic find the month, ami in line with it the same Dominical Idler, in the same column with which arc the
days of the week corrcspouding to the days of the month on the left. Thus, for July 1893, we fiud, in line with July. A
(ill the last c(duinn). and in the column below Saturday corresponds to the Isl, 8th, 15lh. &c. of the monlli, Sun lay lo 2ud, 9ih. &c.
When there arc two letters together it is a Icnji year and the first letter serves for January and I'cbinary, tlie second for the
rest of the year. Thus, for A.I). 600, the Domiuicul leltcre are CB, and 29tU February is found with C to be Monday
1st .March is found with U to be Tuesday.
cx.xiii
t-iiihte. Where iib.ioliite '
iii-i-erliiess is reijuired, proreeil hi/ Art. 119.7
», I'auska
in. Makurn. Mftghn
11. Kumbha. PhAlgunn
2. Mina, Cliait
■u
|{Tam.)
Tai (Tarn.)
MAsi (Tarn.)
Pangun
Clam.)
MArgaH.
0. Mnkai'aiii, Tni.
7. Kumbhain, .MA;i.
8
Miuain
, Paiigii
ui.
IlKllU.
5. Makaram.
t). KuiiiWiam.
7. .\
!„a,n.
1
21
28
6
12
19
26 —
4
11
•18
25
2
9
16
23
30
(1)
5
22
29
6
13
20
27 —
5
12
19
26
—
3
1(1
17
24
i2)
6
23
30
_
7
14
21
28 i -
6
13
20
27
—
4
11
18
25
<3i
7
24
1
S
15
22
29 —
7
14
21
28
3
12
19
26
(4.
%
25
2
9
16
23
— 1
8
15
22
29
—
6
13
20
27
(5)
9
26
3
10
17
24
— 2
9
16
23
30
7
14
21
28
(6)
0
27
—
4
11
18
25
— 1 3
10
17
24
—
1
8
15
22
29
—
(7)
.27
Dec. 4
Dec. 1 1
Dec. 11
1
Dec. 18 Dec. 25
Jan. 1
Jan. 8
Jan. 8
Jan. 15
Jan. 22
Jan. 29
Feb. 5
Feb. 5
Feb. 12
Feb. 19
Feb. 26
-Mar. 5
Mai-. 12
Marl 3
28
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
9
16
23
30
6
6
13
20
27
6
13
14
2S)
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
7
14
15
30
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
11
IS
25
Feb. 1
8
8
15
22
Mar. 1
8
15
16
. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
9
16
23
2
9
16
17
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
3
10
17
18
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
4
11
18
19
4
11
18
18
25
Jan. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
5
12
19
20
6
12
19
19
26
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
6
13
20
21
6
13
20
20
27
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
7
14
21
22
7
14
21
21
28
4
11
18
18
25
Feb. 1
8
1.5
15
22
Mar. 1
8
15
22
23
8
15
22
22
29
5
12
19
19
26
2
9
16
16
23
2
9
16
23
24
9
16
23
23
30
6
13
20
20
27
3
10
17
17
24
3
10
17
24
25
10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
21
28
4
11
18
l.S
25
4
11
18
25
26
11
18
25
25
Jan. 1
8
15
22
22
29
5
12
19
19
26
5
12
19
26
27
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
23
30
B
13
20
20
27
6
13
20
27
28
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
21
28
7
14
21
28
29
U
21
28
28
4
11
18
25
25
Feb. 1
8
15
22
22
Mai-. 1
8
15
22
29
30
15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
23
2
9
16
23
30
31
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
24
3
10
17
24
31
Apr. 1
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
4
11
18
25
25
4
11
18
25
Apr. 1
2
18
25
Jan. 1
Jan. 1
8
15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
26
5
12
19
26
2
3
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
6
13
20
27
3
4
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
7
14
21
28
4
5
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
Feb. 1
Feb. 1
8
15
22
Mar. 1
Mar. 1
8
15
22
29
5
6
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
2
2
9
16
23
30
6
7
23
30
6
6
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
3
3
10
17
24
31
7
8
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
4
4
11
IS
25
4
4
11
18
25
Apr. 1
8
9
25
Jan. 1
8
8
15
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
5
5
12
19
26
2
9
10
26
2
9
9
16
23
30
6
C
13
20
27
6
6
13
20
27
3
10
11
27
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
7
7
14
21
28
4
11
12
28
4
11
11
18
25
Feb. 1
8
8
15
22
.Mar. 1
8
8
15
22
29
5
12
13
29
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
i»
16
23
2
9
9
16
23
30
6
13
14
30
6
l.S
18
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
3
10
10
17
24
11"
7
14
15
31
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
4
11
11
18
25
Apr. 1
8
15
16
. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
16
17
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
17
18
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
18
19
4
11
18
18
25
Feb. 1
8
15
15
22LMar. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
19
20
5l 12
19
19
26
2
9
16
16
23 2' <)
in
If)
23
.SO
f.
13
20
21
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE XIV.
/Wm r.
(r^d
.„„.» (. ^
../».
.««,
/„,<../««,./
..
/"'
IMu DaU „
*.,„
»>
"y
rr*,.
-, M
-1.J
™^
-w/
w *
„W,.
„/...
Hi::.
ifc r.
J/r, «.
Vl ./to nrr-
„, i.
/to .»
-s il
...A
y. «.
,...«, (, to
Jy-
Hi,
.Mi,
■4.^
,.,«
v-i.
Ir. B
to, .4
.(.tr
,„,
,M.
„«,,i
'j.f
. l«.j
llESuiM VEAILH
ai»BA. VAn'^m.
J Vn
Ulilu, J^»litb«
J Mc.b,,,,.. A.bk
»•
4 kirk.. Sr
....
5.
diiiiba. Bhnjnipul>
8. K.nj», Aiti.n
7. T.II. Klnl,l.
8. YriwhilB. Mftrgailr.Ii
9. Dl...... P,..b,
10. SLkflm. Mfl^h.
11 K.nbb.. Pbilg...
"■ ' ■'"'.''?':"■ ■';'„'
" ' ■'
>,™««| ,1W,)
,1.1 (T.n )
A.. (T...1
A« rr.,.
1
A..,i (Tm.l
P^ttAdi (T,.,.)
Aipprii (Tarn.)
KArdlgui <T>ini.)
MArgBli (Tarn)
T.1 ,Tml
Mli fr.m)
P..j,.l T...
IX'W'! ,''"""
u. jri£i«, jy;»<rdi
10. £A>ua. foi^^ii.
11 j;,rf»r.a«. .I«.,
.,A-„W.>..,..V„
~2.K...,.P.„„,«.
~~"-
..Vr...,„.„,K.r.„.,.
6. DtoO, Mllpll.
...,.>.,..,.,>,.
7K..bb..,.„..
,„-,..„. P..,„,.
KAM^I.r us
^
(l(<Vin..ir.g "HI, haiofl, h«Ni), (\uflh MbIbjUIM.
or Auin (N, W IliJls).
Ji/SMII.
IS c..,,™.
.......
S >,..„„
; ■ *:b».iWi.iu
7. Mlu..
rrritl ,umi„, /o»i ftam Jhih 1.
;.;
1 ) 2 1 3
4
6 16 10
»;;■ ;;:;
w<^
Th^r.
1'liur,
S^l
Hun
>
8
»5
!»
3
»
M
M
-
5
9
I«
»3
so
-
B
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(ibaolute correctness is
required, proceed by
Art. i;!'J.7
10. Pnuaha (Tel. Can )
11. .MAgha (Tel. Can.)
12. PhAlguna (Tel. Can )
10. Pflntelu (Tulu.)
11. Ma>i (Tulu)
12. Suggi (Tuhi.)
•
PaDsha
ukla.
11. MAgha
krishpa.
11. Mftgha 12. PhUguna
aukla. krishoa.
)2. Ph&lsaaa
ankla.
1. Chaitra
irislipa.
\ 13tl
Month
in intercalary year».
3. Paasha
5. Mfigha
5. Phi'ilguna
I
(S. Vikraraa. Ncvilr.)
(S. Vikrama. Nevftr.)
(S. Vikrama. Nevfir.)
I
Sukla.
Kris
W^.
Sukla.
Krisbva.
Sukla.
Krishpa.
Mikla.
Krishna.
8
15
7
14or30
7
14
6
13
5
12
4 11
4
11
3
10
9
Kr.l
8
Sii.l
8
15
7
14
—
6
13
5 12
5
12
4
11
10
2
9
—
2
9
Kr.l
8
30
—
7
14
6
13
6
13
6
12
11
S
10
—
3
10
2
9
—
Su. 1
8
15
7
14...30
—
7
14
6
13
12
4
11
4
11
3
10
2
9
Kr.l
8
Su. 1
8
15
7
14
13
6
12
—
5
12
4
11
—
3
10
2
9
—
2
9
Kr.l
8
30
14
6
13
—
6
13
6
12
—
4
11
3
10
—
3
10
2
9
—
9
Nov.16
Nov. 23
Nov. 30
Dec. 7
Dec. 7
Dec. 14
Dec. 21
Dec. 28
Jan. 4
Jan. 4
Jan. 11
Jan. 18
Jan. 25
Feb. 1
Feb. 1
Feb 8
Feb. 15
Feb. 22
Mar. 1
D
17
24
Dec. 1
8
8
15
22
29
6
5
12
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
2
1
18
25
2
9
9
16
23
30
6
6
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
3
i
19
26
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
4
3
20
27
4
11
11
18
25
Jan. 1
8
8
15
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
5
I
21
28
5
12
12
19
26
0
9
9
16
23
30
0
6
13
20
27
fi
5
22
29
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
7
5
23
30
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
Feb. 1
8
8
15
22
Mar. 1
s
?
24
Dec. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
9
16
23
2
y
3
25
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
3
10
}
26
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
4
11
)
27
4
11
18
18
25
Jan. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
5
12
I
28
5
12
19
19
26
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
6
13
}
29
6
13
20
20
27
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
7
14
i
30
7
U
21
21
28
4
11
18
18
25
Feb. 1
8
15
15
22
Mar. 1
8
15
I
Dec. 1
8
15
22
22
29
5
12
19
19
26
2
9
IB
16
23
2
9
16
i
2
9
16
23
23
30
6
13
20
20
27
3
10
17
17
24
3
10
17
i
3
10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
21
28
4
11
IS
18
25
4
11
18
r
4
11
18
25
25
Jan. 1
8
15
23
22
29
5
12
19
19
26
»
12
19
5
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
23
30
6
13
20
20
27
6
13
20
6
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
21
28
7
14
21
7
14
21
28
28
4
11
18
25
25
Feb. 1
8
15
22
22
Mar. 1
8
15
22
8
15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
23
2
9
16
23
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
24
3
10
17
24
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
4
11
18
25
25
4
11
18
25
11
18
25
Jan. 1
Jan, 1
8
15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
26
5
12
19
26
12
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
6
13
20
27
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
7
14
21
28
14
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
Feb. 1
Feb. 1
b
15
22
.Mar. 1
Mar. 1
8
15
22
29
I 15
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
0
9
16
23
2
2
9
If.
23
30
1 16
23
30
6
6 13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
3
3
10
17
24
31
1 17
U
31
7
7 14
21
28
4
4
u
18
25
4
4
11
IS
2B
.\pr. 1
Where
absolute correctnes
1 is
required, proceed hi/
Art. i:?y.7
10. Pausha (Tel. Can )
11. Mftghii (Tel. Can.)
12. Phfilgunn C
'el. Can.)
j
10. I'ftntelu (Tulu.)
11. M(l)i (Tuju.)
12. Suggi (Tuju.)
1
. Paasha
U. Mfigha
11. MSgha
12. PMlguna
12. Phftlgnna
1. Chaitra
f
\ 13th
.Month
ill intercalary year*. 1
eukla.
krishQa,
sukla.
kTis}l^a.
8nkU.
■ Srisilma.
3. Pausha
5. MAgha
5. Phf.lgi
na
(S. Vikrama. Nevfii-.)
(S. Vikrama. Nevftr.)
(S. Vikrama.
VevSr.)
Sukla.
Krislniii.
Sukla.
Krishna.
Sukla.
Krishpa.
Mikln.
Kri>bua.
8
15
7 14..
30
7
14
6
13
_
5
12
4
11
4
11
3
10
9
Kr.l
8
-
Su. 1
8
15
7
14
—
6
13
5
12
—
5
12
4
11
10
2
9
-
2
9
Kr.l
8
30
7
14
e
13
6
13
5
12
11
8
10
-
3
10
2
9
—
Su. 1
8
15
7
14or30
7
14
6
13
12
4
11
-
4
11
3
10
—
2
9
Kr.l
8
—
Su. 1
8
15
7
14
18
6
12
-
5
12
4
11
3
10
2
9
2
9
Kr.l
8
30
U
6
13
-
6
13
6
12
—
4
11
3
10
—
3
10
2
9
—
9 Nov. 16
Nov. 23
Nov. 30
Dec
7
Dec. 7
Dec. 14
Dec. 21
Dec. 28
Jan. 4
Jan. 4
Jan. 11
Jan. 18
Jan. 25
Feb. 1
Feb. 1
Feb 8
Feb. 15
Feb. 22
Mar. 1
a 17
24
Dec. 1
8
8
15
22
29
6
5
12
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
■I
1 18
25
2
9
9 16
23
30
6
6
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
3
i 19
26
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
4
5 20
27
4
11
11
18
25
Jan. 1
8
8
15
22
29
5
=
12
19
26
5
I 21
28
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
9
16
23
30
C
6
13
20
27
f.
5 22
29
G
13
13
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
7
3 23
30
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
Feb. 1
8
8
15
22
Mar. i
8
1 24
Dec. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
9
16
23
2
9
5 25
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
3
111
J 26
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
4
11
) 27
4
11
18
18
25
Jan. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
5
12
I 28
5
12
19
19
26
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
6
13
i 29
6
IS
20
20
27
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
7
14
) 30
7
14
21
21
28
4
11
18
18
25
Feb. 1
8
15
15
22
Mar. 1
8
15
t Dec. 1
8
15
22
22
29
5
12
19
19
26
2
9
16
16
23
2
9
16
. 2
9
16
23
23
30
6
13
20
20
27
3
10
17
17
24
3
10
17
) 3
10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
21
28
4
11
lb
18
25
4
11
18
r 4
11
18
25
25
Jan. 1
8
15
23
22
29
5
12
19
19
26
5
12
19
i 5
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
23
30
6
13
20
20
27
6
13
2(1
1 R
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
21
28
7
14
21
) 7
14
21
28
28
4
11
18
25
25
Feb. 1
8
15
22
22
Mar. 1
8
15
22
8
15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
23
2
9
16
23
! y
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
24
3
10
17
24
1 10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
4
11
18
25
25
4
11
18
25
h 11
18
25
Jan
. 1
Jau. 1
8
15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
26
5
12
19
26
i 12
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
6
13
20
27
\ 13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
7
14
21
28
' 14
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
Feb. 1
Feb. 1
8
15
22
.Mar. 1
.Mar. 1
8
15
22
29
I IB
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
2
■2
9
16
23
2
2
9
16
23
30
• 16
23
30
6
6
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
3
3
10
17
24
31
t 17
24
311
7
7
14
21
28
4
4| 11
18
25
4
4
11
18
25
.\pr. 1
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE XV.
/;< .. .
.< ../.
/O KM
Hi. r.
Ji,
»J
«,lt
fcta
./«
laMn ./ H
SUtn
Hi.^.
0.^,
„h.
,.
,
to Wn, .,. »
.»,.
rjfe
"j™
ns
"utT"!
,a,f
W/r
»"iil
«.'
f^;4
./(»
ZT
,,/!,
HTOOJF
i, •«
i.j, .
1',™.
«, 1,
I«W.
„ ™m.. ^
^,e,.
.-.....*..
n..
„.,
.,.A.„r„
/«««
,».ir.
erf, pf«
«rf*,
^rti
8.7
(Mshrfibi Trf- CdJ, Qf P.KK« rl'u|u )
1. P..01, (T.1..J
« V.LaU. |T.l Cu)
I i^ cr.J..|
8 JjHbtlu (T(I Cio)
4 ...bWh. ira. c..,i
4 At, (T.I..)
I S,l..,. (T,l. C.)
6. Bb»dr.p«di. IT<1. Cn 1
8 Niroflli (Tuln.)
7. BoDlelu IThIu)
8. Klrltik. IT,I. C. )
8 JlrJ. |T,.l..l
9 Mflrxwlnlii iTtL Cm)
VZZZ'
11. Migh.cr»i CiD)
11. Mir tr*.l
12. PbUgDsi rT<]. C«o 1
U. Sogg. (Talo-t
1
bt^^DDUg «iU, Chiilra SdU.
<Ch«.rtdi Vik™„.)(ita,^. S«D..t,
MT"
8. VtiUUa
' <r""
S. J;t*bUii
8- Jr-kii. 1. A.bMh.
i.kU. lQi.b,l
4. Aibi^
'JC"
5. Srt.,M
8. Bbldnp«lB
e. Bh&dnpodn 7. Airiai
fukl*. triibva
jukln. kTi.ho«.
. nmik.
B MArg.>1r.b.
kr,.bu.
9. Milrg«lr.h. 10, Pau.ho
—
Pnosh.
11. MighB
11. Mlgb. 12. PUUgoiu
iniU. 1 kTi.bo.. :
.,-ia:.pUIgnu '>. Chiitn
|,.,.._„
(S V.knm^ Vr.it.)
„ viri.,,
(3, Viknroi, N«Jr.)
8 Jylihlka
(S V.knn... Ncvflf )
,. J^LT"!,
It. MJJr-pada
,2.1:72.,
(S Vikrama. Nf.lr)
2. Mlrgaiitril..
s v'k^"""
S. Sllgb.
(S. Vikramx JJevtt.)
(5 ViknmL Nntr.)
I . 1 >| s|4| a| a|o
S.IU.
K^.„,
s.kU. 1 Kri.b..
S""-^ 1 K -
S.kU. K„,L,..
•.M, 1 kn.l..
iM,. 1 Kr..l.«=.
S.kl.
--
S.kl.
Kn.b...
Sukh. j Kri.boj-
Sukb.
Xr.b...
SokU- 1 lin,h^
Sokli 1 Kiiiisi
I
iC'
s,.
Mo,^
1
wS
Thar.
S..1
iS
"'a
i
so
S./I
i;
^'l
10
fcrSO
i
10
l'
Kll
»l
SuH
;
Kil
t
4'^
I
^
i
I
13
1
Sii.l
i ^1
1
4»a)
1
i
1
10
30
3ii 1
;
'"a
I
£0
5«ri
\
15
J
a
l
1;
Kt.l
4
12
^"S
ii
1
J
14
i
10
Kr.l
i
■|"J
\
J
1
1 ;
r
»p..
::
28
2B
»pr, 1
Apt.lJ
20
M., 1
S
4
»pt.l!
i[.r 1
A,r20
18
M., i
26
>1.,11
M.jlB
:;
:
Jul "'
21
2.
8
'i
Aug. :
20
2i
A»B. 1
Aug. 1
81
A.g. 1
11
B.p, 1
A.S.10
S.p. 1
A.,.;.
14
It
S.p. 1
A.gli
% 1
Aug."
i
5.p. 1
ii
;
ti
J
80
S.p. 7
Ii
2.,. 2.
if
ii
,!
li
I
]
"•'1
1(
sS
■ 3 li
S li
8 li
e 11
16 31
as ai
s 10
\
so
a
3
4
i
s
JO
IM. 1
ii
D«.28
::
i
9
28
90
i
S
«
19
SO
-'i
<
i
9 !
30 iO
S3 S3
38 35
11
>i«1
L — ' '
J
1 ::
1""!
iJ
11
1 -
su
( l
*i
"
Ap
1
laa
i
s.,
M
:;
j
lr*2
cxxivrt
•re abiolttte correctness is
required, proceed hi/ Art. l.'?!)./
Pausha (\\-\. Can
11. MAghu CIVI Can.)
1
2. rhi'dguna (Til. Can.)
1
Pdntelu (Tolu.)
11. M4)i (Tu!u.)
12. Snggi (Tula.)
isha 11. MAgha
11. Mftgha
12. I'hnlguna
12
Phfclguna
1 . CUailra
\ 13lh
Month in intercalarr
years.
kriahoa.
sukla.
krishna.
ukla.
krishua.
j
3. Pausha
5. MAgha
5. Phftlguna
Vikraiiia. Ncvfir.)
(S. Vikrama. Xevfir.)
(S. Vikrama. Ncvflr.)
la. Krisluui.
Sukla. Krisbpa.
Sukla. Krishna.
Sukla.
Kri
boa.
i
15
7
14or30
7
14 6
13
5
12
4
11
4
11
3
10
1
Kr.l
8
—
Sn 1
8
15 7
14
—
6
13
5
12
5
12
4
11
D
2
9
—
2
9
Kr.l 8
30
—
7
14
6
13
6
13
5
12
I
3
10
—
3
10
2 9
—
Sii. 1
8
15
7
14or30
7
14
6
13
2
4
11
—
4
11
3 10
—
2
9
Kr.l
8
Su. 1
8
15
7
14
5
5
12
—
5
12
4 11
—
3
10
2
9
2
9
Kr.l
8
30
%
6
13
—
6
13
6 1 12
—
4
11
3
10
—
3
10
2
e
.11
Dec. 18
Dec. 25
Jan. 1
Jan. 1
Jan. 8
Jan. 15
Jan. 22
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Feb. 5
Feb. 12
Feb. 19
Feb. 26
Feb. 26
Mar. 5
Mar.l2
Mar.l9
Mar.26
12
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
6
13
20
27
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
7
14
21
28
14
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
Feb. 1
Feb 1
8
15
22
Mar. 1
Mar. 1
8
15
22
29
15
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
2
2
9
16
23
30
16
23
30
6
6
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
3
3
10
17
24
81
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
4
4
11
18
25
Apr. 1
18
25
Jan. 1
8
8
15
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
5
5
12
19
26
2
19
26
2
9
9
16
23
30
6
6
13
20
27
6
6
13
20
27
8
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
7
7
14
21
28
4
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
Feb. 1
8
8
15
22
Mar. 1
8
8
15
22
29
5
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
9
16
23
2
9
9
16
23
30
6
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
4
11
11
18
25
Apr. 1
8
25
Jan. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
26
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
27
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
28
4
n
18
18
25
Feb. 1
8
15
15
22
Mar. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
29
5
12
19
19
26
2
9
Ifi
16
23
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
30
6
13
20
20
27
3
10
17
17
24
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
31
7
14
21
21
28
4
11
18
18
25
4
11
18
18
25
Apr. 1
8
15
1
8
15
22
22
29
5
12
19
19
26
5
12
19
19
26
2
9
16
2
9
16
23
23
30
6
13
20
20
27
6
13
20
20
27
3
10
17
3
10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
21
28
7
14
21
21
28
4
11
18
4
11
18
25
25
Feb. 1
8
15
22
22
Mar. 1
8
15
22
22
29
5
12
19
5
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
23
2
9
16
23
23
30
6
13
20
6
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
24
3
10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
7
14
21
28
2S
4
11
18
25
25
4
11
18
25
25
Apr. 1
8
15
22
81 15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
26
5
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
6
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
7
14
21
28
28
4
n
18
25
11
18
25
Feb. 1
Feb. 1
8
15
22
.Mar. 1
.Mar 1
8
15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
12
19
26
2
9
16
23
i
2
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
3
3
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
14
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
4
4
11
18
25 Apr. 1
.\pr. 1
8
15
22
29
15
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
5
5
12
19
20 2
-'
9
Ifi
23
:w
cxxiv«
tre abiolule eorreclnes
i>
required, proceed hi/ Art. 139./
Paiisha (Ti-1. ton i
a. .Miigha (Ttl. Can.)
12. Phalguna (Tel. Can )
J
Pflntclu (Tuju.)
11. M4>i (Tula.)
12. Suggi (Tulu.)
1
isha 11. MSgba
11. Jia^'hu
12. Phal^unn
12
Phalguna
1 . Cliaitra
[
\ 13th
Mont)' in interonlarv
viar-i
krishpa.
sukla.
krishpa.
iikla.
krishaa.
8. Pausha
5. .MAgha
5. PhAlguna
Vikrama. Nevfir.)
(S. Vikrama. Neviir.)
(S. A'ikrama. NevSr.)
la.
Krishna.
Sukla. Krishna.
Sukla.
Krishna.
Sukla.
Kr.
hna.
5
15
7
14or30
7
14 1 6
13
_
5
12
4
11
4
11
3
10
>
Kr.l
8
—
Sn 1
8
15 1 7
14
—
6
13
6
12
_
5
12
4
11
)
2
9
—
-
2
9
Kr.l 8
30
—
7
14
6
13
—
6
13
5
12
1
3
10
—
-
3
10
2 9
—
Su. 1
8
15
7
14"r30
7
14
6
13
e
4
11
-
-
4
11
3 10
—
2
9
Kr.l
8 -
,Su. 1
8
15
7
14
3
5
12
—
-
5
12
4 11
—
3
10
2
9
—
2
9
Krl
8
30
t
6
13
-
-
6
13
5 I 12
—
4
11
3
10
—
3
10
2
9
.11
Dec. 18
Dec. 25
Jnn
1
Jan 1
Jan. 8
Jan. 15
Jan. 22
Jan. 29
Jan 29
Feb 5
Feb. 12
Feb. 19
Feb. 26
Feb. 26
Mar. 5
Mar.l2
Mar.l9
Mar.26
12
19
26
0
2
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
6
13
20
27
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
7
14
21
28
14
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
Feb. 1
Feb 1
8
15
22
Mar. 1
Mar. 1
8
15
22
29
16
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
2
2
9
16
23
30
16
23
30
6
6
13
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
3
3
10
17
24
31
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
4
4
11
18
25
4
4
11
18
25
Apr. 1
18
25
Jan. 1
8
8
15
22
29
5
5
12
19
26
5
5
12
19
26
2
19
26
2
9
9
16
23
30
6
6
13
20
27
6
6
13
20
27
3
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
7
14
21
28
7
7
14
21
28
4
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
Feb. 1
8
8
15
22
Mar. 1
8
8
15
22
29
5
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
9
16
23
2
9
9
16
23
30
6
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
10
17
24
3
10
10
17
24
31
7
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
11
18
25
4
11
11
18
25
Apr. 1
8
25
Jan. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
12
19
26
5
12
12
19
26
2
9
26
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
13
20
27
6
13
13
20
27
3
10
27
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
14
21
28
7
14
14
21
28
4
11
28
4
11
18
18
25
Feb. 1
8
15
15
22
Mar. 1
8
15
15
22
29
5
12
29
5
12
19
19
26
2
9
16
16
23
2
9
16
16
23
30
6
13
30
6
13
20
20
27
3
10
17
17
24
3
10
17
17
24
31
7
14
31
7
14
21
21
28
4
11
18
18
25
4
11
18
18
25
Apr. 1
8
15
1
8
15
22
22
29
5
12
19
19
26
5
12
19
19
26
2
9
16
i 2
9
16
23
23
30
6
13
20
20
27
6
13
20
20
27
3
10
17
1 81 10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
21
28
7
14
21
21
28
4
11
18
' 4
11
18
25
25
Feb. 1
8
15
22
22
iMar. 1
8
15
22
22
29
5
12
19
5
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
23
2
9
16
23
23
30
6
13
20
6
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
24
3
10
17
24
24
31
7
14
21
7
14
21
28
28
4
11
18
25
25
4
11
18
25
25
Apr. 1
8
15
22
8
15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
26
5
12
19
26
26
2
9
16
23
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
27
6
13
20
27
27
3
10
17
24
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
28
7
14
21
28
28
4
11
18
25
11
18
25
Feb
1
Feb. 1
8
15
22
Mar. 1
.Mar 1
8
15
22
29
29
5
12
19
26
12
19
26
2
2
9
16
23
2
2
9
16
23
30
30
6
13
20
27
18
20
27
3
3
10
17
24
3
3
10
17
24
31
31
7
14
21
28
14
21
28
4
4
11
18 23
4
4
11
18
25
Apr. 1
.\pr. 1
8
15
22
29
15
22
29
0
5
12
19 26
5
5
12
19
20
2
2
9
Ifi
23
30
THE HINDU CALENDAR.
TABLE XV. (coNTiNUBn.)
/7, „ .
«../,
« MU
i^T,
fc
.1^,11
tto.
./™
.fik,
.,^.
H^.
D.U.
.,W
r
in l<q
.„y
»-.;
™;
°™»
",'™,°
«t,"
n
.../
..dfi
™.i
w/I
MON^lt
./»
w,°
» 0//W
"„,'
«, .«,
d,),.
L».»,A,
md.,
^...
..<,,
^>u.
«.,
.«.^„,.
„«„
r^pUrtJ. pro^
.»-
*r
„M,
»^;
(Milirtii Td- C« >. or Phku (Tula )
1. P...01I (Tnru.)
!. V.iau,. (T>1. C.P.)
','r:,"ir;'
4 isbfl^h. (Td- CD.)
1 At, (TlI. )
S SI.. (T.I..)
6. llhMrap.dn (T.l. t^n.)
« N,r.ll. (T.I..)
7. AW.. (T.l C.)
' rz
(T.l. a.)
(Tulu.)
9 ,MllT¥lv.1rih« (Trl. Cad.)
10 Pau.lu lT(l. Can.)
10. PttDttU fToK)
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THE MLHAMMADAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XVI.
INITIAL DAYS OF MUHAMMADAN YEAKS OK TlIK III.IKA.
N.U. i. Asteritkt indicate Leap-yfara.
ii. lj> U, llijra 11G5 iiielusire, Ihr .1.1). daU.i are Old Sl,,le.
llijra
year.
C'uiniDcnccnient u
r the year.
Hijra
year.
CommcDceinent o
f the year.
Hijra
year.
CoiumencemcDt o
f the year.
Weekday
Date i.D.
Weekday.
Da
c AD.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
6 iVi.
16 July
622 (197)
38
0 Sat.
9 June
658 (160)
75
0 Sun,
2 May
694 (122,
•2
3 Tuc».
5 July
623 (186)
39
4 Wed.
29 .May
6.59 (149)
•76
4 Wed
21 Apr.
695 (111)
3
1 Sun.
24 June
624* (176)
•40
1 Sun.
17 May
660* (138)
77
2 Mon.
10 Apr.
696^ (101)
i
5 Thurs.
13 Juuc
625 (164)
41
6 Fri.
7 May
661 (127)
•78
6 Fri.
30 Mar.
697 (89)
•5
2 .\lon.
2 June
626 (153)
42
3 Tucs.
26 Apr,
662 (116)
79
4 Wed.
20 Mar.
698 (79)
6
0 Sal.
23 May
627 (143)
•43
0 Sal.
15 Apr.
663 (105)
80
1 Sun.
9 Mar,
699 (68)
•7
4 Wid.
11 May
628* (132)
44
5 Thurs.
4 Apr,
664* (9.5)
*81
5 Thurs,
26 Feb,
700* (57)
8
2 Mon.
1 May
629 (121)
45
2 Mou.
24 .Mar.
665 (83)
82
3 Tucs.
15 Feb.
701 (46)
y
6 Fri.
20 Apr.
630 (110)
»46
6 Fri.
13 Mar.
666 (72)
83
0 Sat.
4 Feb,
702 (35)
•1(1
3 Tues.
9 Apr.
631 (99)
47
4 Wed.
3 Mar.
667 (62)
*84
4 Wed.
24 Jau.
703 (24)
11
1 Sun.
29 Mar.
632* (89)
»48
1 Sun.
20 Feb.
668* (51)
85
2 Mon.
14 Jan.
704^ (14)
12
5 Thurs.
18 Mar.
633 (77)
49
6 Fri.
9 Feb.
669 (40)
*86
6 Fri.
2 Jau.
705 (2)
•13
2 Mon.
7 Mar.
634 (66)
50
3 Tucs.
29 Jau.
670 (29)
87
4 Wed.
23 Dec.
705 (357)
U
0 Sat.
23 Feb.
635 (56)
*51
0 Sat.
18 Jan.
671 (18)
88
1 Suu.
12 Dec.
706 (346)
15
4 Wed
14 Feb.
636* (45)
52
5 Thurs.
8 Jau.
672* (8)
*89
5 Thurs,
1 Dec,
707 (335)
»lfi
1 Suu.
2 Feb.
637 (33)
53
2 Mou.
27 Dec.
672* (362)
90
3 Tues.
20 Nov.
708* (325)
17
6 Fri.
23 Jan.
638 (23)
*54
6 Fri.
16 Dec.
673 (350)
91
0 Sat.
9 Nov.
709 (313)
•IS
3 Tucs.
12 Jau.
639 (12)
55
4 Wed.
6 Dec.
674 (340)
•92
4 Wed,
29 Oct.
710 (302)
19
1 Sun.
2 Jan.
040» (2)
•56
1 Sun.
25 Nov.
675 (329)
93
2 Mon.
19 Oct.
711 (292)
20
5 Thurs.
21 Dec.
640* (356)
57
6 Fri.
14 Nov.
676* (319)
94
6 Fri.
7 Oct.
712^ (281)
•21
2 Mon.
10 Dec.
641 (344)
58
3 Tues.
3 Nov,
677 (307)
•95
3 Tues.
26 Sep.
713 (269)
22
0 Sat.
30 Nov.
642 (334)
*59
0 Sat.
23 Oct.
678 (296)
96
1 Sun.
16 Sep,
714 (259)
23
4 Wed.
19 Nov.
643 (323)
60
5 Thurs.
13 Oct.
679 (286)
•97
5 Thurs.
5 Sep.
715 (248)
'24
1 Sun.
7 Nov.
644* (312)
61
2 Mon.
1 Oct.
680* (275)
98
3 Tues.
25 Aug.
716^ (238)
25
6 Fri.
28 Oct.
645 (301)
*62
6 Fri.
20 Sep.
681 (263)
99
0 Sat,
14 Aug,
717 (226)
♦26
3 Tues.
17 Oct.
646 (290)
63
4 Wed.
10 Sep.
682 (253)
•100
4 Wed.
3 Aug.
718 (215)
27
1 Sun.
7 Oct.
647 (280)
64
1 Sun.
30 Aug.
683 (242)
101
2 Mon.
24 July
719 (205)
28
5 Thurs.
25 Sep.
648* (269)
*65
5 Thurs.
18 Aug.
684* (231)
102
6 Fri.
12 July
720^ (194)
•29
2 Mon.
14 Sep.
649 (257)
06
3 Tues.
8 Aug.
685 (220)
•103
3 Tucs.
1 July
721 (182)
30
0 Sat.
4 Sep,
650 (247)
•67
0 Sat.
28 July
686 (209)
104
1 Sun.
21 June
722 (172)
31
4 Wed.
24 Aug.
651 (236)
68
5 Thurs.
18 July
687 (199)
105
5 Thurs.
10 June
723 (161)
•32
1 Suu.
12 Aug.
652* (225)
69
2 Mon.
6 July
688* (188)
•106
2 Mon.
29 Jlay
724* (150)
33
6 Fri.
2 Aug.
653 (214)
•70
6 Fri.
25 June
689 (176)
107
0 Sat.
19 May
725 (139)
31
3 Tues.
22 July
654 (203)
71
4 Wed.
15 June
690 (166)
•108
4 Wed.
8 May
726 (128)
*35
0 Sat.
11 July
655 (192)
72
1 Suu.
4 June
691 (155)
109
2 Mon.
28 Apr.
727 (118)
36
5 Thurs.
30 June
656* (182)
•73
5 Thurs.
23 May
692* (144)
110
6 Fri.
16 Apr.
728* (107)
•37
2 Mon.
19 June
657 (170^
74
3 Tucs,
13 .May
693 (133'i
•111
3 Tucs.
5 Apr.
729 (95)
THE MUHAMMAD AN CALENDAR.
TABLE XVI.
INITIAI, DAYS OK MUHAMMADAN YEARS OF TIIK III.IKA.
N'.li. i. Axlrriaks imiicale Leap-ijeara.
ii. //. In Ilijra 11(15 inclusive, llir .1.1). dal,:i ar^ Old Sl,,lf.
Ilijra
yonr.
Coinmi'iiiTiiifnt u
f tlie year.
Ilijra
year.
Cuminencement c
f the year.
Ilijra
year.
Counnencenicut a
f the year.
Weekday.
Date A. 11.
Weekday.
Date AD.
Weekday.
Di.
e A.D.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3 1
1
G Fri.
16 July
622 (197)
38
0 Sat.
9 June
658 (160)
75
0 Sun.
2 .May
694 (122)
'i
3 Tui-9.
5 July
623 (186)
39
4 Weil.
29 May
059 (149)
♦76
4 Wed.
21 Apr.
095 (111)
i
1 Sun.
24 June
624» (176)
•40
1 Sun.
17 May
660' (138)
77
2 Mou.
11) Apr.
OUO* (101)
I
5 Thurs.
13 June
025 (164)
41
6 Fri.
7 May
601 (127)
•78
0 Fri.
30 Mar.
097 (89)
•5
2 M.in.
2 June
626 (153)
42
3 Tues.
26 Apr.
602 (ill))
79
4 Wed.
20 Mar.
698 (79)
6
0 Sat.
23 May
627 (143)
•43
0 Sat.
15 Apr.
663 (105)
80
1 Sun.
9 Mar.
699 (68)
•7
4 W.il.
11 May
628* (132)
44
5 Thurs.
4 Apr.
004' (95)
•81
5 Thurs.
26 Feb.
700' (57)
8
2 Mon.
1 May
629 (121)
45
2 Mon.
24 .Mar.
605 (83)
82
3 Tues.
15 Feb.
701 (40)
U
6 I'ri.
20 Apr.
630 (110)
•46
6 Fri.
13 Mar.
0G6 (72)
83
0 Sat.
4 Feb.
702 (35)
•10
3 Tuos.
9 Apr.
631 (99)
47
4 Wed.
3 Mar.
067 (62)
•84
4 Wed.
24 Jan.
703 (24)
n
1 Sun.
29 Mar.
632" (89)
•48
1 Sun.
20 Feb.
068* (51)
85
2 Mon.
14 Jan.
704^ (14)
li
5 Thurs.
18 Mar.
633 (77)
49
6 Fri.
9 Feb.
669 (40)
*86
6 Fri.
2 Jan.
705 (2)
•13
2 -Mon.
7 Mar.
634 (66)
50
3 Tues.
29 Jan.
670 (29)
87
4 Wed.
23 Dec.
705 (357)
u
0 Sat.
25 F.b.
635 (56)
•51
0 Sat.
18 Jan.
671 (18)
88
1 Sun.
12 Dec.
700 (346)
15
4 Wed.
14 Feh.
636* (45)
52
a Thurs.
8 Jan.
672* (8)
*89
5 Thurs.
1 Dec.
707 (335)
•Hi
1 Sun.
2 Feb.
637 (33)
53
2 Mon.
27 Dec.
672* (362)
90
3 Tufs.
20 Nov.
708» (325)
17
6 Fri.
23 Jan.
638 (23)
•54
6 Fi-i.
16 Dec.
673 (350)
91
0 Sat.
9 Nov.
709 (313)
•18
3 Tues.
12 Jan.
639 (12)
55
4 Wed.
6 Dec.
674 (340)
*92
4 Wed.
29 Oct.
710 (302)
19
1 Sun.
2 Jan.
640* (2)
•50
1 Sun.
25 Nov.
675 (329)
93
2 Jlon.
19 Oct.
711 (292)
i<i
5 Thurs.
21 T)ce.
640» (336)
57
6 Fri.
14 Nov.
676* (319)
94
6 Fri.
7 Oct.
712^ (281)
♦21
2 Mon.
10 Dec.
641 (344)
58
3 Tues.
3 Nov.
677 (307)
•95
3 Tues.
26 Sep.
713 (269)
ii
0 Sat.
30 Nov.
642 (334)
•59
0 Sat.
23 Oct.
078 (296)
96
1 Sun.
16 Sep.
714 (-259)
23
4 Wed.
19 Nov.
643 (323)
CO
5 Thurs.
13 Get.
079 (286)
•97
5 Thurs.
5 Sep.
715 (248)
'24
1 Sun.
7 Not.
644* (312)
61
2 Mon.
1 Oct.
680* (275)
98
3 Tues.
25 Aug.
716* (238)
25
6 Fri.
28 Oct.
645 (301)
•62
6 Fri.
20 Sep.
681 (263)
99
0 Sat.
14 Aug.
717 (226)
•2fi
3 Tncs.
17 Oi-t.
646 (290)
63
4 Wed.
10 Sep.
682 (253)
*100
4 Wed.
3 Aug.
718 (215)
27
1 Sun.
7 Get.
647 (280)
64
1 Sun.
30 Aug.
683 (242)
101
2 Mon.
24 July
719 (205)
28
5 Thurs.
25 Sep.
648* (269)
•65
5 Thurs.
18 Aug.
684* (231)
102
6 Fri.
12 July
720* (194)
•29
2 Mon.
14 Sep.
649 (257)
66
3 Tues.
8 Aug.
685 (320)
•103
3 Tues.
1 July
721 (182)
30
0 Sat.
4 Sep.
650 (247)
•67
0 Sat.
28 July
686 (209)
104
1 Sun.
21 June
722 (172)
31
4 Wed.
24 Aug.
651 (236)
68
5 Thurs.
18 July
687 (199)
105
5 Thnrs.
10 June
723 (161)
•32
1 Suu.
12 Aug.
652' (225)
69
2 Mon.
6 July
688* (188)
•106
2 Mon.
29 Jlay
724* (150)
33
6 Fri.
2 Ang.
653 (214)
•70
0 Fri.
25 June
689 (176)
107
0 Sat.
19 Jlay
723 (139)
34
3 Tues.
22 July
654 (203)
71
4 Wed.
15 June
690 (166)
*108
4 Wed.
8 May
726 (128)
*35
0 Sal.
11 July
655 (192)
72
1 Suu.
4 June
691 (155)
109
2 Mon.
28 Apr.
727 (118)
38
5 Thurs.
30 Jnne
656* (182)
•73
5 Thurs.
23 May
692* (144)
110
6 Fri.
16 Apr.
728* (107)
•37
2 Mon.
19 Jnne
657 (170)
74
3 Tues.
13 May
093 (1331
•111
3 Tues.
5 Apr.
729 (95)
TffE IXDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XV I. (CONTINUED)
INITIAL DA.YS OF MUIIAMMADAN YEARS Ol' THE IIIJKA.
N.B. i. Asterisks indicate Leap-years.
ii. I']) lu Hijra
1105 iucliisire, the
.I.D. flates are Old Sti/I
Hijra
jear.
Cummeucement of the year.
Hijra
year.
Commencement o
f the yeai-.
Hijra
year.
Commencement u
f the year.
Wcckdaj
Dat
e A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Da
e AD.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
= 1
112
1 Sun.
26 Mar.
730 (8.5)
•149
1 Sun.
16 Feb.
766 (47)
186
2 Mon.
10 Jan.
802 (10)
n:i
5 Tliurs.
15 Miir.
731 (74)
1.50
6 Fri.
6 Feb.
707 (37)
♦187
6 Fri.
30 Dec.
802 (364)
•HI
2 Moil.
3 .Mar.
732^ (63)
151
3 Tues.
26 Jan.
768* (26)
188
4 Wed.
20 Dec.
803 (354)
115
0 Sat
21 Feb.
733 (52)
•152
0 Sat.
14 Jan,
709 (14)
189
1 Sun.
8 Dec.
804* (343)
*116
4 Weil.
10 Feb.
734 (41)
153
5 Thurs.
4 Jan.
770 (4)
•190
5 Thurs.
27 Nov.
805 (331)
117
2 Mon.
31 Jan.
735 (31)
154
2 Mon.
24 Dec.
770 (358)
191
3 Tues.
17 Nov.
806 (321)
us
f. Fri.
20 .Tan.
736* (20)
•155
fi Fri.
13 Dec.
771 (347)
192
0 Sat.
6 Nov.
807 (310)
•ll'J
3 Tucs.
8 Jan.
737 (8)
156
4 Wed.
2 Dec.
772^ (337)
•193
4 Wed.
25 Oct.
808* (299)
120
1 Sun.
29 Dec.
737 (363)
•157
1 Sun.
21 Nov.
773 (325)
194
2 Mon.
15 Oct.
809 (288)
121
5 Thurs.
18 Dec.
738 (352)
158
6 Fri.
11 Nov.
774 (315)
195
0 Fri.
4 Oct.
810 (277)
*122
2 Mod.
7 Dec.
739 (341)
159
3 Tucs.
31 Oct.
775 (304)
•196
3 Tues.
23 Sep.
811 (266)
123
0 Sat.
26 Nov.
740* (331)
•160
0 Sat.
19 Oct.
776* (293)
197
1 Sun.
12 Sep.
812* (2,56)
\U
4 Wed.
15 Nov.
741 (319)
161
5 Thurs.
9 Oct.
777 (282)
•198
5 Thurs.
1 Sep.
813 (244)
»125
1 Sun.
4 Nov.
742 (308)
162
2 Mon.
28 Sep.
778 (271)
199
3 Tucs.
22 Ang.
814 (234)
126
6 Fri.
25 Oct.
743 (298)
•163
6 Fri.
17 Sep.
779 (260)
200
0 Sat.
11 Aug.
815 (2231
*127
3 Tuus.
13 Oct.
744* (287)
164
4 Wed.
6 Sep.
780^ (250)
•201
4 Wed.
30 July
816* (212)
128
1 Sun.
3 Oct.
745 (276)
165
1 Sun.
26 Aug.
781 (238)
202
2 Mon.
20 July
817 (201)
129
5 Thurs.
22 Sep.
746 (265)
•166
5 Thurs.
15 Aug.
782 (227)
203
6 Fri.
9 July
818 (190)
•130
2 Jlon.
11 Sep.
747 (254)
167
3 Tues.
5 Aug.
783 (217)
•204
3 Tues.
28 June
819 (179)
131
0 Sat.
31 Ang.
748^ (244)
•168
0 Sat.
24 July
784* (206)
205
1 Sun.
17 June
820» (169)
132
4 WrJ.
20 Aug.
749 (232)
169
a Thurs.
14 July
785 (19.5)
•200
5 Thurs.
6 June
821 (157)
* 1 33
1 Suu.
y Aug.
750 (221)
170
2 Mon.
3 July
786 (184)
207
3 Tues.
27 May
822 (147)
13 1
ti Fri.
30 July
751 (211)
•171
6 Fri.
22 June
787 (173)
208
0 Sat.
16 May
823 (136)
135
3 Tu.s.
IS July
752* (200)
172
4 Wed.
11 June
788* (163)
•209
4 Wed.
4 May
824* (12.5)
*130
0 Sat.
7 July
753 (188)
173
1 Sun.
31 May
789 (151)
210
2 Mon.
24 Apr.
825 (114)
137
5 Thurs.
27 June
754 (178)
•174
5 Thurs.
20 May
790 (140)
211
6 Fri.
13 Apr.
820 (103)
•138
2 Mon.
16 June
755 (167)
175
3 Tucs.
10 May
791 (130)
•212
3 Tues.
2 Apr.
827 (92)
139
0 Sat.
5 June
756* (157)
•176
0 Sat.
28 Apr.
792* (119)
213
1 Sun.
22 Mar.
828* (82)
140
4 Wrd.
25 May
757 (145)
177
5 Thurs.
18 Apr.
793 (108)
214
5 Thui-s.
11 Mar.
829 (70)
•141
1 Sun.
14 May
758 (134)
178
2 Mon.
7 Apr.
794 (97)
•215
2 Mon.
28 Feb.
830 (59)
142
C Fri.
4 May
759 (124)
•179
6 Fri.
27 Mar.
795 (86)
216
0 Sat.
18 Feb.
831 (49)
143
3 Tucs.
22 Apr.
760^ (113)
180
4 Wed.
ir, Mar.
796^ (76)
•217
4 Wed.
7 Feb.
832* (38)
•144
0 Sat.
11 Apr.
761 (101)
181
1 Sun.
5 Mar.
797 (64)
218
2 Mon
27 Jan.
.S33 (27)
145
5 Thurs.
1 Apr.
762 (91)
•182
5 Thurs.
22 Feb.
798 (53)
219
6 Fri.
16 Jan.
.S34 (16i
•14fi
2 .M.in
21 .Mar.
763 (80)
183
3 Tues.
12 Feb.
799 (43)
•220
3 Tucs.
5 Jau.
835 (5)
147
0 Sat.
10 Mai'.
764' (70)
184
0 Sat.
1 Feb.
800» (32)
221
1 Sua.
26 Dec.
835 (360)
148
4 Wed.
27 Feb.
765 (58)
•185
4 Wed.
20 Jan.
801 (20)
222
5 Thurs.
14 Dec
836* (3.19)
THE Ml IfAMMADAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XVI. (CONTINUED.)
INITIAL DAYS OP MUIIAMMADAN YEARS OF THE IlIJRA.
N.li. i. Asterhka imUcalv Lcaji-i/ears.
ii. //. I, I llijra lltir) i,ic!i(.iive, the A.D. d,il,:s nr,- (llil M.,lr
llijni
vnir.
('(immcnocmeiit
1" the year.
llijrn
year.
Commencement i
f the year.
Hyra
year.
CoinmeDccraent c
f the year. 1
WcckJny.
Date A.l).
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
•223
2 Man.
3 Dec.
837 (337)
260
3 Tucs.
27 Oct.
873 (300)
297
4 Wed.
20 Sep.
909 (263)
m
0 Sat
23 Nov.
838 (327)
•261
0 Sat.
16 Oct.
874 (289)
298
1 Sun.
9 Sep.
910 (252)
235
4 Wed.
12 Nov.
839 (316)
262
5 Thurs.
6 Oct.
875 (279)
•299
5 Thurs.
29 Aug.
911 (241)
•226
1 Sun.
31 Oct.
840^ (305)
263
2 Mon.
24 Sep.
876' (268)
300
3 Tues.
18 Aut;.
912* (231)
227
6 Fri.
21 Oct.
841 (294)
•264
6 Fri.
13 Sep.
877 (256)
301
0 Sat.
7 Aug.
913 (219)
•228
3 Tiies.
10 Oct.
842 (283)
265
4 Wed.
3 Sep.
878 (246)
•302
4 Wed.
27 July
914 (208)
229
1 Sun.
30 Sep.
843 (273)
•266
1 Sun.
23 Aug.
879 (235)
303
2 Mon.
17 July
915 (198)
230
5 Thurs.
18 Sep.
844* (262)
267
6 IVi.
12 Aug.
880* (225)
304
6 Fri.
5 July
916* (187)
•231
2 Mon.
7 Sep.
845 (250)
268
3 Tues.
1 Aug.
881 (213)
•305
3 Tues.
24 June
917 (175)
232
0 Sat.
28 Aug.
846 (240)
•269
0 Sat.
21 July
882 (202)
306
1 Sun.
14 June
918 (165)
233
4 Wed.
17 Aug.
847 (229)
270
5 Thurs.
11 July
883 (192)
•307
5 Thurs.
3 June
919 (154)
•234
1 Sun.
5 Aug.
848» (218)
271
2 Mon.
29 June
884» (181)
308
3 Tues.
23 May
920* (144)
235
6 Fi-i.
26 July
849 (207)
•272
6 Fii.
18 June
885 (169)
309
0 Sat.
12 May
921 (132)
•236
3 Tucs.
15 July
850 (196)
273
4 Wed.
8 June
886 (159)
•310
4 Wed.
1 May
922 (121)
237
1 Sun.
5 July
851 (186)
274
1 Sun.
28 May
887 (148)
311
2 Mon.
21 Apr.
923 (111)
238
5 Tliui-s.
23 June
852^ (175)
♦275
5 Thurs.
16 May
888^ (137)
312
6 Fri.
9 Apr.
924* (100)
•239
2 Mon.
12 June
853 (163)
270
3 Tues.
6 May
889 (126)
•313
3 Tues.
29 Mar.
925 (88)
240
0 Sat.
2 June
854 (153)
•277
0 Silt
25 Apr.
890 (115)
314
1 Suu.
19 Mar.
926 (78)
241
4 Wed.
22 May
855 (142)
27H
5 Thurs.
15 Apr.
891 (105)
315
5 Tliurs.
8 Mar.
927 (67)
•242
1 Sun.
10 May
856* (131)
279
2 Mon.
3 Apr.
892* (94)
•316
2 Mon.
25 Feb.
928* (56)
243
6 Fri.
30 Apr.
857 (120)
•280
6 Fri.
23 Mar.
893 (82)
317
0 Sat.
14 Feb.
929 (45)
244
3 Tues.
19 Apr.
858 (109)
281
4 Wed.
13 Mar.
894 (72)
•318
4 Wed.
3 Feb.
930 (34)
•245
0 Sat.
8 Apr.
859 (98)
282
1 Sun.
2 Mai-.
895 (61)
319
2 Mon.
24 J.in.
931 (24)
246
5 Thurs.
28 Mar.
860* (88)
*283
5 Thurs.
19 Feb.
896* (50)
320
6 Fri.
13 Jan.
932* (13)
•247
2 Mon.
17 Mar.
861 (76)
284
3 Tues.
8 Feb.
897 (39)
•321
3 Tucs.
1 Jan.
933 (1)
248
0 Sat.
7 Mar.
862 (66)
285
0 Sat.
28 Jan.
898 (28)
322
1 Sun.
22 Dec.
933 (356)
249
4 Wed.
24 Feb.
863 (55)
•286
4 Wed.
17 Jan.
899 (17)
323
5 Thurs.
11 Dec.
934 (345)
•250
1 Sun.
13 Feb.
864* (44)
287
2 Mon.
7 Jan.
900* (7)
•324
2 Mon.
30 .\ov.
935 (334)
251
6 Fii.
2 Feb.
865 (33)
♦288
6 Fri.
26 Dec.
900* (361)
325
0 Sat.
19 Nov.
936* (324)
252
3 Tues.
22 J.nn.
866 (22)
289
4 Wed.
16 Dec.
901 (350)
•326
4 Wed.
8 Nov.
937 (312)
•253
0 Sat.
11 Jan.
867 (11)
290
1 Sun.
5 Dec.
902 (339)
327
2 Mon.
29 Oel.
938 (302)
254
5 Thurs.
1 Jan.
868^ (1)
*291
5 Thurs.
24 Nov.
903 (328)
328
6 Fri.
18 Oct.
939 (291)
255
2 Mon.
20 Dec.
868* (355)
292
3 Tucs.
13 Nov.
904* (318)
*329
3 Tues.
6 Oct.
940* (280)
•256
6 Kri.
9 Dee.
869 (343)
293
0 Sat.
2 Nov.
905 (306)
330
1 Sun.
26 Sep.
941 (269)
25"
4 Wed.
29 Nov.
870 (333)
*294
4 Wed.
22 Oct.
906 (295)
331
5 Thurs.
15 Sep.
942 (258)
•258
1 Sun.
18 Nov.
871 (322) ,
295
2 Mon.
12 Oct.
907 (285)
*332
2 Mon.
4 Sep.
943 (247)
259
6 Fri
7 Nov.
872* (312) '
•39fi
6 Fri.
30 Sep.
908* (274)
333
0 Sal.
24 Aug.
9 It* (237)
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XVI. (CONTINUED.)
INITI.a, DAYS OF MDHAMMADAN YEARS OK THE HIJRA.
N.B. i. Asterisks indicate Leap-j/ears.
ii. I'p to Uijra llfiS inclusive, llir A.l). dittcs are Old Style.
llijia
year.
Conimeucemeut o
Ihe year.
Uijra
year.
Coniineueenient o
f Ihe year.
Uijra
year.
Cuuime
ueemeut of tlie year.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Da
e A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
3;i4
4 Wed.
13 Aug.
945 (225)
371
5 Thurs.
7 July
981 (188)
•408
5 Thurs.
30 May 1017 (150)
*3:i.^
I Sun.
2 Aug.
946 (214)
372
2 Mon.
26 June
982 (177)
409
3 Tues.
20 May 1018 (140)
3.'i«
6 Fri.
23 July
947 (204)
•373
6 Fri.
15 June
983 (166)
410
0 Sat.
9 May 1019 (129)
•337
3 Tucs.
11 July
948* (193)
374
4 Wed.
4 June
984* (1561
•411
4 Wed.
27 Apr. 1020^ (118)
338
1 Sun.
1 July
949 (182)
375
1 Snn.
24 May
985 (144)
412
2 Mon. .
17 ^pr. 1021 (107)'
339
0 Thurs.
20 June
950 (171)
•376
5 Thurs.
13 May
986 (133)
413
6 Fri.
6 Apr. 1022 (96)
»34()
2 Mun.
9 June
951 (160)
377
3 Tucs.
3 May
987 (123)
•414
3 Tucs.
26 Mar. 1023 (85)
341
0 Sal.
29 May
952* (150)
•378
0 Sat.
21 Apr.
988* (112)
415
1 Suu.
15 Mar. 1024^ (75)
342
4 Wed.
18 May
953 (138)
379
5 Thurs.
11 Apr.
989 (101)
•416
5 Thui-s.
4 Mar. 1025 (63)
*343
1 Snn.
7 May
954 (127)
380
2 Mon.
31 Mar.
990 i90)
417
3 Tucs.
22 Feb. 1026 (53)
344
6 Fri.
27 Apr.
955 (117)
*381
6 Fri.
20 Mar
991 (79)
418
0 Sat.
11 Feb. 1027 (42)
345
3 Tues.
15 Apr.
956* (106)
382
4 Wed.
9 Mar.
992* (69)
•419
4 Wed.
31 Jan. 1028* (31)
•34fi
0 Sat.
.4 Apr.
957 (94)
383
1 Sun.
20 Feb.
993 (57)
420
2 Mon.
20 Jan 1029 (20)
347
5 Thurs.
25 Mar.
958 (84)
•384
5 Thurs.
15 Feb.
994 (46)
421
6 Fri.
9 Jan. 1030 (9)
»34S
2 Mon.
14 Mar.
959 (73)
385
3 Tucs.
5 Feb.
995 (36)
•422
3 Tues.
29 Dec. 1030 (363)
34a
0 Sat.
3 iMar.
960* (63)
*386
0 Sat.
25 Jan.
996* (25)
423
1 Suu.
19 Dee. 1031 (353)
350
4 Wed.
20 Feb.
961 (51)
387
5 Thurs.
14 Jan.
997 (14)
424
5 Thurs.
7 Dee. 1032* (342)
*351
1 Sun.
9 Feb.
962 (40)
388
2 Mon.
3 Jan.
998 (3)
*425
2 Mon.
26 Nov. 1033 (330)
352
fi Fri.
30 Jan.
963 (30)
•389
6 Fri.
23 Dee.
998 (357)
426
0 Sat.
10 Nov. 1034 (320)
353
3 Tues.
19 Jan.
964* (19)
390
4 Wed.
13 Dee.
999 (347)
•427
4 Wed.
5 Nov. 1035 (309)
•354
0 Sat.
7 Jan.
965 (7)
391
1 Sun.
1 Dee.
1000^ (336)
428
2 Mon.
25 Oct. 1036* (299)
355
5 Thurs.
28 Dec.
965 (362)
•392
5 Thui-6.
20 Nov.
1001 (324)
429
6 Fri.
14 Oct. 1037 (287)
•356
2 Mon.
17 Dec.
966 (351)
393
3 Tues.
10 Nov.
1002 (314)
•430
3 Tucs.
3 Oct. 1038 (276)
357
0 Sat.
7 Dec.
967 (341)
394
0 Sat.
30 Oct.
1003 (303)
431
1 Sun.
23 Sep. 1039 (266)
358
4 Wed.
25 Nov.
968* (330)
•395
4 Wed.
18 Oet.
1004» (292)
432
5 Thurs.
11 Sep. 1040* (255)
•3.59
\ Sun.
14 Nov.
969 (318)
396
2 Mon.
8 Oet.
1005 (281)
•433
2 Mon.
31 Aug. 1041 (2431
3fil)
6 Fri.
4 Nov.
970 (308)
*397
6 Fri.
27 Sep.
1006 (270)
434
0 Sat.
21 Aug. 1042 (233)
3(11
3 Tuca.
24 Oct.
971 (297)
398
4 Wed.
17 Sep.
1007 (260)
435
4 Wed.
10 Aug. 1043 (222)
•362
0 Sat.
12 Oct.
972* (286)
399
1 Sun.
5 Sep.
1008^ (249)
•436
1 Sun.
29 July 1044^ (211)
363
5 Thurs.
2 Oct.
973 (275)
*400
5 Thurs.
25 Ang.
1009 (237)
437
6 Fri.
19 July 1045 (200)
364
2 Mon.
21 Sep.
974 (264)
401
3 Tucs.
15 Aug.
1010 (227)
•438
3 Tucs.
8 July 1046 (189)
•365
6 Fri.
10 Sep.
975 (253)
402
0 Sat
4 Aug.
1011 (216)
439
1 Sun.
28 June 1047 (179)
366
4 Wed.
30 Aug.
976* (243)
•403
4 Wed.
23 July
1012^ (205)
440
5 Thm-s.
16 June 1048* (168)
♦367
1 Sun.
19 Ang.
977 (231)
404
2 Mon.
13 July
1013 (194)
•441
2 Mon.
5 June 1049 (156)
368
6 Fri.
9 Aug.
978 (221)
405
6 Fri.
2 July
1014 (183)
442
0 Sat.
26 May 1050 (146)
369
3 Tues.
29 July
979 (210)
•406
3 Tucs.
21 June
1015 (172)
443
4 Wed.
15 May 1051 (135)
'370
0 Sat.
17 July
980* (199)
407
1 Sun.
10 Juni
1016» (162)
' •441
i
1 Suu.
3 May 10.-)2* (1241
THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XVI. (CONTJNUKD.)
INITIAL DAYS OK MUHAMMADAN YEARS OK THE HIJRA.
N B, i. Asterisks indicate Lvap-yt'ors.
ii 1 1> In llijra nf)5 iiictiisiie, the A.I), ilolfs are Old Style.
Ilijn.
jcnr.
Commenceiuent of thi- ,\
ear
llijra
year.
Commencement of the year.
Uijra
year.
CommeDcement of the year.
Weekday.
Date A. I).
Weekday.
Date AD.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
445
6 Fri.
23 Apr. 1053
(113)
*482
6 Fri.
Hi .Mar. lOSl) (75)
519
0 Sat.
7 Feb.
1125 (38)
..uo
3 Tucs.
12 Apr. 1054
(102)
483
4 Wed.
(i M.ir. 1(19(1 (65)
•520
4 Wed.
27 Jan.
1126 (27)
447
1 Sun,
2 Apr. 1055
(92)
484
1 Sun.
23 leb. 1091 (54)
521
2 Mon.
17 Jan.
1127 (17)
448
5 Thurs.
21 Mar. 1056*
(81)
*485
5 Thurs.
12 I'cb. 1092* (43)
522
6 Fri.
6 Jan.
112S» (fi)
•449
2 Mou. .
lOJMar. 1057
(69)
486
3 Tues.
1 Feb.' 1093 (32)
•523
3 Tucs.
25 Dec.
1128^ (360)
450
0 Sat.
28 Feb. 1058
(59)
♦487
0 Sat.
21 .Jan. 1094 (21)
524
1 Suu.
15 Dec.
1129 (349)
451
4 Wed.
17 Feb. 1059
(48)
488
5 Thurs.
11 Jan. 1095 (11)
525
5 Thurs.
4 Dec.
1130 (338)
•452
1 Sun.
6 Feb. 1060^
(37)
489
2 Mon.
31 Dec. 1095 (365)
•526
2 Mon.
23 Nov.
1131 (327)
453
6 Fri.
26. Jan. 1061
(26)
♦490
6 ft-i.
19 Dec. 1096* (354)
527
0 Sat.
12 Nov.
1132* (317)
454
3 Tues.
15 Jan. 1062
(15)
491
4 Wed.
« Dec. 1097 (343)
•528
4 Wed.
1 Nov.
1133 (305)
•455
0 Sat.
4 Jan. 1063
(♦)
492
1 Sun.
28 Nov. 1098 (332)
529
•I .Mon.
22 Oct.
1134 (295)
456
5 Thurs.
25 Dec. 1063
(359)
*493
5 Thurs.
17 -Nov. 1099 (321)
530
6 I'ri.
11 Oct.
1135 (2S.I)
♦457
2 Moil.
13 Dec 1064^
(348)
494
3 Tucs.
6 Nov. UOO^ (311)
*531
3 Tues.
29 Sep.
1136* (273)
458
0 Sat.
3 De.-. 1065
(337)
495
0 Sat.
2fi Oct. 1101 (299)
532
1 Suu.
19 Sep.
1137 (262)
459
4 Wed.
22 Nov. 1066
(326)
•496
4 Wed.
15 Oct. 1102 (288)
533
5 Thurs.
8 Sep.
1138 (251)
•Kid
1 Sun.
11 Nov. 1067
(315)
497
2 Mon.
5 Oct. 1103 (278)
♦534
2 Mon.
28 Aug.
1139 (240)
461
6 Fri.
31 Oct. 1068*
(305)
•498
6 »i.
23 Sep. 1104* (267)
535
0 Sat.
17 Aug.
1140* (230)
462
3 Tues.
20 Oct. 1069
(293)
499
4 Wed.
13 Sep 1105 (256)
*536
4 Wed.
6 Aug.
1141 (218)
•463
0 Sat.
9 Oct. 1070
(282)
300
1 Sun.
2 Sep. 1106 (245)
537
2 Mon.
27 July
1142 (208)
464
5 Thurs.
29 Sep. 1071
(272)
•501
5 Thurs.
22 Aug. 1107 (234)
538
6 Fri.
16 July
1143 (197)
465
2 Mon.
17 Sep. 1072*
(261)
502
3 Tues.
11 Aug. 1108* (224)
•539
3 Tucs.
4 July
1144" (ISfi)
•466
6 Fri
6 Sep. 1073
^(249)
(239)
503
0 Sat.
31 July 1109 (212)
540
1 Sun.
24 June
1145 (17.5)
467
4 Wed.
27 Aug. 1074
•504
4 Wed.
20 July 1110 (201)
541
5 Thui-s.
13 June
1146 (164)
•468
1 Sun.
16 Aug. 1075
(228)
505
2 Mon.
10 July 1111 (191)
*542
2 Mon.
2 June 1147 (153) |
469
6 Fri.
5 Aug. 1076*
(218)
•506
6 Fri.
28 June 1112* (180)
543
0 Sat.
22 May
1148* (143)
470
3 Tues.
25 July 1077
(206)
507
4 Wed.
18 June 1113 (169)
544
4 Wed.
11 M.ay
1149 (131)
•471
0 Sat.
14 July 1078
(195)
508
1 Sun.
7 June 1114 (158)
*545
1 Sun.
30 Apr
1150 (120)
472
5 Thui-s.
4 July 1079
(185)
*509
5 Thurs.
27 May 1115 (147)
546
6 Fri.
20 Apr.
1151 (110)
473
2 Mon.
22 June 1080*
(174)
510
3 Tues.
16 May 1116 (137)
*547
3 Tucs.
8 Apr.
1152* (99)
♦474
6 Fri.
11 June 1081
(162)
511
0 Sat.
5 May 1117 (125)
548
1 Sun.
29 Mar
1153 (88)
475
4 Wed.
1 June 1082
(152)
*512
4 Wed.
24 Apr. 1118 (114)
549
5 Thurs.
18 Mar
1154 (77)
•47G
1 Sun.
21 May 1083
(141)
513
2 Mon.
14 Apr. 1119 (104)
♦550
2 Mon.
7 Mar
1155 (66)
477
6 Fri.
10 May 1084*
(131)
514
6 Fri.
2 Apr. 1120* (93)
551
0 Sat.
25 Feb.
1156* (.56)
478
3 Tucs.
29 Apr. 1085
(119)
•515
3 Tues.
22 Mar. 1121 (81)
552
4 Wed.
13 Feb.
1157 (44)
•479
0 Sat.
18 Apr. 1086
(108)
516
1 Sun.
12 Mar. 1122 (71)
*553
1 Sun.
2 Feb.
1158 (33)
480
5 Thurs.
8 Apr. 1087
(98)
•517
5 Thurs.
1 Mar. 1123 (60)
.554
6 Fri.
23 Jan.
1159 (23)
iSl
2 Mon.
27 Mar. lOSS*
(S7)
518
3 Tues.
19 Feb. 1124* (50)
555
3 Tucs.
12 Jan.
IICO* (12)
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XV I. (CONTINUED.)
INITIAL DAYS OK MUHAMMADAN YEAUS OK THE HI.IRA.
N,B. i. Asterisks ii/dicate Lf/ip-ifears.
ii. 1 1, to llijr.i llfiS iiiclusivi; the .I.IJ. <l.il,s are Old Mijle.
Hijra
yeai-.
Commeiiceniciu
.1' the year.
j
Hijra
year.
Cumnicneenieul
if the year.
Hijra
year
Commeneemeut of the year.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
•556
0 Sat.
31 Dec.
1160» (366)
593
1 Sun.
24 Nov.
1196' (329)
630
2 Mon.
18 Oct. 1232^ (292)
557
5 Thurs.
21 Dee.
1161 (35,5)
*594
5 Thurs.
13 Nov.
1197 (317)
631
6 Kri.
7 Oct. 1233 (280)
*558
2 Mon.
10 Dee.
1162 (344)
595
3 Tues.
3 Nov
1198 (307)
•632
3 Tues.
26 Sep. 1234 (269)
559
0 Sat.
30 Nov
1163 (334)
•596
0 Sat.
23 Oet.
1199 (296)
633
1 Sue.
16 Sep. 1235 (259)
560
4 Wed.
18 Nov
1164* (323)
597
5 Thurs.
12 Oct.
1200* (286)
634
5 Thurs.
4 Sep. 1236* (248)
»561
1 Sun.
7 Nov.
1165 (311)
598
2 Mon.
1 Od.
1201 (274)
•635
2 Mon.
24 Aug. 1237 (236)
562
6 Kri.
28 Oet.
1166 (301)
•599
6 Kri.
20 Sep-
1202 (263)
636
0 Sat.
14 Aug. 1238 (226)
563
3 Tins.
17 Oct.
1167 (290)
600
4 Wed.
10 Sep.
1203 (253)
*637
4 Wed.
3 Aug. 1239 (215)
•564
0 Sat.
5 Oct.
1163* (279)
601
1 Sun.
29 Aug.
1204* (242)
638
2 Mon. •
23 July 1240^ (205)
565
5 Thurs.
25 Sep.
1169 (268)
•602
5 Thui-8.
18 Aug.
1205 (230)
639
6 Kri.
12 July 1241 (193)
*566
2 .Mon.
14 Sep.
1170 (257)
603
3 Tues.
8 Aug.
1206 (220)
*640
3 Tues.
1 July 1242 (182)
567
0 Sat.
4 Sep.
1171 (247)
604
0 Sat.
28 July
1207 (209)
641
1 Sun.
21 June 1243 (172)
568
4 Wed.
23 Aug
1172* (236)
•605
4 Wed.
16 July
1208* (198)
642
5 Thurs.
9 June 1244* (161)
♦569
1 Sun.
12 Aug
1173 (224)
606
2 Mon.
6 July
1209 (187)
*643
2 Mon.
29 May 1245 (149)
570
6 Kri.
2 Aug
1174 (214)
•607
6 Kri.
25 June 1210 (176)
644
0 Sat.
19 May 1246 (139)
571
3 Tues.
22 July
1175 (203)
608
4 Wed.
15 June
1211 (166)
645
4 Wed.
S May 1247 (128)
*573
0 Sat.
10 July
1176^ (192)
609
1 Sun.
3 June
1212* (155)
•646
1 Sun.
26 Apr. 1248* (117)
573
5 Thurs.
30 June 1177 (181)
•610
5 Thurs.
23 May
1213 (143)
647
6 Pri.
16 Apr. 1249 (106)
574
2 Mon.
19 June 1178 (170)
611
3 Tues.
13 May
1214 (133)
•648
3 Tues.
5 Apr. 1250 (95)
♦575
6 Fri.
8 June 1179 (159)
612
0 Sat.
2 May
1215 (122)
649
1 Sun.
26 Mar. 1251 (85)
576
4 Wed.
28 May
1180* (149)
•613
4 Wed.
2(1 Apr.
1216* (111)
650
5 Thurs.
14 Mar. 1252^ (74)
*577
1 Sun.
17 May
1181 (137)
614
2 Mon.
10 Apr.
1217 (100)
•6^
2 Mon.
3 Mar. 1253 (62)
578
6 Kri.
7 .May
1182 (127)
615
6 Fri.
30 Mar.
1218 (89)
652
0 Sat.
21 Keb 1254 (52)
57'J
3 Tucs.
26 Apr.
1183 (116)
•616
3 Tues.
19 iMar.
1219 (78)
653
4 Wed.
10 Feb. 1255 (41)
*580
0 .Sat.
14 Apr.
1184* (105)
617
1 Sun.
8 Mar.
1220* (68)
•654
1 Sun.
30 Jan. 1256* (30)
581
5 Thurs.
4 Apr.
1185 (94)
•618
5 Thurs.
25 Keb.
1221 (56)
655
6 Kri.
19 Jan. 1257 (19)
582
2 Mon.
24 Mar.
1186 (83)
619
3 Tues.
15 Feb.
1222 (46)
•656
3 Tues.
8 Jan. 1258 (S)
•583
6 Kri.
13 Mar.
1187 (72)
620
0 Sat.
4 Keb.
1223 (35)
657
1 Sun.
29 Dee. 1258 (363)
584
4 Wed.
2 Mar.
1188* (62)
•621
4 Wed.
24 Jan.
1224* (24)
638
5 Thurs.
18 Dec. 1259 (352)
585
1 Sun.
19 Keb.
1189 (.50)
022
2 Mon.
13 Jan.
1225 (18)
•659
2 Mon.
6 Dec. 1260* (341)
*586
5 Thurs.
8 Keb.
1190 (39)
623
6 Kri.
2 Jan.
1226 (2)
660
0 Sat.
26 Nov. 1261 (330)
587
3 Tues.
29 Jan.
)191 (29)
•624
3 Tucs.
22 Dec.
1226 (356)
661
4 Wed.
15 Nov. 1262 (319)
•588
0 Sat.
IS Jan.
1192» (18)
625
1 San.
12 Dec.
1227 (346)
•662
1 Sun.
4 Nov. 1263 (308)
589
5 Thurs.
7 Jau.
1193 (7)
•626
5 Thurs.
30 Nov.
1228* (835)
663
6 Kri.
24 Oct. 1264^ (298)
590
2 Mou.
27 Dee.
1193 (361)
627
3 Tues.
20 Nov.
1229 (324)
664
3 Tucs.
13 Oet. 1265 (286)
•591
6 Kri.
16 Dec.
1194 (350)
628
0 Sat.
9 Nov.
1230 (313)
•665
0 Sat.
2 Oct. 1266 (275)
592
t Wed
6 Dee.
1195 (340)
'629
1 Wed.
29 Oct.
1231 (.302)
666
5 Thurs.
22 Sep. 1267 (26,5>
77//!: MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XVI. (CONTINUED.)
INITIAI, DAYS OF MUIIAMMADAN YEARS OK THE IlIJKA.
N li i. .hirrixk.i iiii/i,;,/,- Lfaji-yi-ars.
ii //. 1,1 IHjni \U\:> inc/iisiiv, the A.D. dales are Old Sli/I,-.
Ilijra
.vonr.
Cominencenicnl uf the yrnr.
Ilijra
year.
Cammeucement of the year.
Hijra
year.
(.'omuieucemenl of the \ear. 1
Weekday
Dale A.J).
Weekday.
Date AD.
Wrakday.
Date A.D.
1
•667
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
2 Mim.
10 Sep. 1268* (254)
704
3 Tues.
4 Aug. 1304* (217)
*74l
3 Tues.
27 June 1340' (179)
G68
0 Sal.
31 Aug. 1209 (243)
705
0 Sat.
24 July 1305 (205)
742
1 Sun.
17 June 1341 (168)
66'J
4 Wed.
20 Aug. 1270 (232)
•706
4 Wed.
13 July 1306 (194)
743
5 Thurs.
6 June 1342 (157)
•670
1 Sun.
9 Aug. 1271 (221)
707
2 Mon.
3 July 1307 (184)
•744
2 Mon.
26 May 1343 (146)
671
6 Vxx.
29 Jnly 1272* (211)
*708
6 Fri.
21 Juue 1308* (173)
745
0 Sat.
15 May 1344' (13fi)
672
3 Tiies.
IS July 1273 (199)
709
4 Wed.
11 June 1309 (162)
•746
4 Wed.
4 May 1345 (124)
•673
0 Sat.
7 July 1274 (188)
710
1 Sun.
31 May 1310 (151)
747
2 Mon
24 Apr 1346 (114)
674
5 Thurs.
27 June 1275 (178)
•711
5 Tlmrs.
20 May 1311 (140)
748
6 Fri.
13 Apr. 1347 (103)
675
2 Mon.
15 June 1276* (167)
712
3 Tues.
9 May 1312* (130)
*749
3 Tues.
1 Apr. 1348^ (92)
•676
6 Fri.
4 June 1277 (155)
713
0 Sat.
28 Apr. 1313 (118)
750
1 Sun.
22 Mar. 1349 (81)
677
4 \Ved.
25 May 1278 (145)
*714
4 Wed.
17 Apr. 1314 (107)
751
5 Thurs.
11 Mar. 1350 (70)
'678
1 Sun.
14 May 1279 (134)
715
2 JIou.
7 Apr. 1315 (97)
*752
2 Mon.
28 Feb. 1351 (59)
679
6 Fri.
3 May 1280* (124)
*716
6 Fri.
26 Mar. 1316* (86)
753
0 Sat.
18 Feb. 1352^ (49)
680
3 Tues.
22 Apr. 1281 (112)
717
4 AVed.
16 Mar. 1317 (75)
754
4 Wed.
6 Feb. 1353 (37)
•681
0 Sat.
11 Apr. 1282 (101)
718
1 Sun.
5 Mar. 1318 (64)
*753
1 Sun.
26 Jan. 1354 (26)
682
5 Thurs.
1 Apr. 1283 (91)
*719
5 Thurs.
22 Feb. 1319 (53)
756
6 Fri.
16 Jan. 1355 (Ui)
683
2 Mon.
20 Mar. 1284* (80)
720
3 Tues.
12 Feb, 1320* (43)
*757
3 Tues.
5 Jan. 1356* (5)
♦684
6 Fri.
9 Mar. 1285 (68)
721
0 Sat.
31 Jan. 1321 (31)
758
1 Sun.
25 Dec. 1350^ (360)
685
i Wed.
27 Feb. 1286 (58)
•722
4 Wed.
20 Jan. 1322 (20)
759
5 Thurs.
14 Dec. 1357 (348)
•686
1 Sun.
16 Feb. 1287 (47)
723
2 Mon.
10 Jiin. 1323 (10)
♦760
2 Mon.
3 Dec. 1358 (337)
687
6 Fi-i.
6 Feb. 1288* (37)
724
6 Fri.
30 Dec. 1323 (364)
761
0 Sat.
23 Nov. 1359 (327)
688
3 Tucs.
25 Jan. 1289 (25)
*725
3 Tues.
18 Dec. 1324* (353) I
762
4 Wed.
11 Nov. 1360* (3161
•689
0 Sat.
14 Jan. 1290 (14)
726
1 Sun.
8 Dec. 1325 (342)
*763
1 Sun.
31 Oct. 1361 (304)
690
5 TUurs.
4 Jan. 1291 (4)
*727
5 Thurs.
27 Nov. 1326 (331)
764
6 Fri.
21 Oct. 1362 (294)
691
2 Mon.
24 Dec. 1291 (358)
728
3 Tues.
17 Nov. 1327 (321)
765
3 Tues.
10 Oct. 13C3 (283)
•692
6 Fri.
12 Dee. 1292* (347)
729
0 Sat.
5 Nov. 1328* (310)
•706
0 Sat.
28 Sep. 1364* (272)
693
4 Wed.
2 Dec. 1293 (336)
•730
4 Wed.
23 Oct. 1329 (298)
767
5 Thurs.
18 Sep. 1365 (261)
694
I Sun.
21 Nov. 1294 (325)
731
2 Mon.
15 Oct. 1330 (288)
•768
2 Mon.
7 Sep. 1366 (250)
•695
5 Thurs.
10 Nov. 1295 (314)
732
6 Fri.
4 Oct. 1331 (277)
769
0 Sat.
28 Aug. 1367 (240)
696
3 Tuci.
30 Oct. 1296* (304)
'733
3 Tues.
22 Sep. 1332* (266)
770
4 Wed.
16 Aug. 1368* (229)
•697
0 Sat.
19 Oct. 1297 (292)
734
1 Sun.
12 Sep. 1333 (255)
*771
1 Sun.
5 Aug. 1369 (217)
698
5 Thurs.
9 Oct. 1298 (282)
735
5 Thurs.
1 Sep. 1334 (244)
772
6 Fri.
26 July 1370 (207)
699
2 Mon.
28 Sep. 1299 (271)
•736
2 Mon.
21 Aug. 1335 (233)
773
3 Tucs.
15 July 1371 (196)
•700
1 Fri.
Hi Sep. 1300* (260)
737
0 Sat.
10 Aug. 1336* (223)
•774
0 Sat.
3 July 1372* (185)
701
t Wed.
fi Sep. 1301 (249)
•738
4 Wed.
30 July 1337 (211)
775
5 Thurs.
23 June 1373 (174)
702
1 Sun.
26 Aug. 1302 (238)
739
2 Mon.
20 July 1338 (201)
•776
2 Jlon. {
12 June 1374 (163)
'703
-) Thurs.
15 Aug. 1303 (227)
740
0 Fri.
'J July 1339 (190)
777
1 .-^at.
2 .tunc 137.-> (153)
Till-: INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XVI. (CONTINIED.)
INITIAL DAYS OF MCIIAMMADAN YEAliS OF TIIK lllJRA.
N B. i. Asteruks indicate Leai>-;tears.
ii. Vp to Hijra 1105 inclusie,; the A.l). dales are Old Style.
Uijra
jciir.
C'omincnoemeul of the year.
Hijra
year.
Coinmeneement
af the year.
Hijra
year.
Commencemeut of the year.
WcckJaj.
Date A IJ.
Weekday.
Date AD.
Weekday.
Date AD.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
778
4 Wcl.
21 May 1376» (142)
•815
4 Wed.
13 Apr
1412* (104)
852
5 Thurs.
7 Mar
1448* (67)
*77'J
I Sun.
10 May 1377 (130)
816
2 Mon.
3 .\i)r.
Hi:! (93)
♦853
2 Mon.
24 Feb.
1449 (55)
780
fi I'ri.
30 Apr. 1378 (120)
•817
6 Fri.
23 Mar.
1414 (,S2)
854
0 Sat.
14 Feb.
1450 (4.5)
781
3 Tucs.
19 Apr. 1379 (109)
81S
4 Wed.
13 Mar.
141,-i (72)
855
4 Wed.
3 Feb.
1451 (34)
•782
0 Sal.
7 Apr. 1380* (98)
819
1 Sun.
1 Mar.
1410* (01)
*850
1 Sun.
23 Jan.
1452* (23)
783
.1 Thiii-s.
28 M«r. 1381 (87)
•820
5 Thurs.
18 Feb.
1417 (49)
857
6 Fri.
12 Jan.
1453 (12)
78-t
2 Mon.
17 Mar. 1382 (76)
821
3 Tucs.
8 Feb.
1418 (39)
*858
3 Tues.
1 Jan.
1454 (1)
*785
ti Fri.
6 Mar. 1383 (6r,)
822
0 Sat.
28 Jan.
1419 (28)
859
1 Sun.
22 Dec.
1454 (356)
786
4 Wed.
24 Feb. 1384* (55)
•823
4 Wed.
17 Jan.
1420* (17)
860
5 Thurs
11 Dec.
1455 (345)
*787
I Sun.
12 Feb. 1385 (43)
824
2 Mon.
6 Jan.
1421 (6)
*861
2 .Mon.
29 Nov.
1456* (334)
788
6 Fri.
2 Feb. 1386 (33)
825
6 Fri.
26 Dee.
1421 (300)
862
0 Sat.
19 Nov.
1457 (323)
789
3 Tues.
22 Jan. 1387 (22)
•826
3 Tues.
15 Dec.
1422 (349)
863
4 Wed.
8 Nov.
1458 (312)
•790
0 Sat.
11 Jan. 1388* (11)
827
1 Sun.
5 Dec.
1423 (339)
•864
1 Snu.
28 Get.
1459 (301)
791
.5 Tluirs.
31 Dec. 1388* (366)
•828
5 Thurs.
23 Nov.
1424^ (328)
865
6 Fri.
17 del.
1400» (291)
792
2 Mon.
20 Dec. 1389 (354)
829
3 Tues.
13 Nov.
1425 (317)
•866
3 Tucs.
(i Oet.
1461 (279)
»79S
(! Fi-i.
9 Dec. 1390 (343)
830
0 Sat.
2 Nov.
1426 (306)
867
1 Sun.
26 Sep.
1462 (269)
791
4 WeJ.
29 Nov. 1391 (333)
*831
4 Wed.
22 Oct.
1427 (295)
868
5 Thurs.
15 Sep.
1463 (258)
79".
1 Sun.
17 Nov. 1392* (322)
832
2 Mon.
11 Oct.
1428^ (285)
•869
2 Mou.
3 Sep.
1464* (247)
•79C.
.1 Thui-s.
6 Nov. 1393 (310)
833
6 Fri.
31) Sep.
1429 (273)
870
0 Sat.
24 Aug.
1465 (236)
797
3 Tues.
27 Oct. 1394 (300)
*834
3 Tues.
19 Sep.
1430 (262)
871
4 Wed.
13 Aug.
1466 (225)
*798
0 Sat.
16 Oet. 1395 (289)
835
1 Sun
9 Sep.
1431 (252)
•872
1 Suu.
i Aug.
1467 (214)
799
5 Tliiirs.
5 Oet. 1396* (279)
*836
5 Thurs.
28 Aug
1432^ (241)
873
0 Fri.
22 July
1468* (204)
SCO
2 .Mon.
24 Sep. 1397 (267)
837
3 Tues.
18 Aug.
1433 (230)
874
3 Tucs
11 July
1469 (192)
*801
6 Fri.
13 Sep. 1398 (256)
838
0 Sat.
7 Aug.
1434 (219)
•875
0 Sat.
30 June
1470 (181)
802
4 Wed.
3 Sep. 1399 (240)
•839
4 Wed.
27 July
1435 (20S)
876
5 Thurs.
20 June
1471 (171)
803
I Sun.
22 Aug. 1400* (235)
840
2 Mou.
10 July
1430* (198)
*877
2 Mon.
8 June 1472* (160) |
•804
5 Thurs.
11 Aug. 1401 (223)
841
6 Fri.
5 July
1437 (186)
878
0 Sat.
29 M.y
1473 (149)
805
3 Tues.
1 Aug. 1402 (213)
•842
3 Tucs.
24 June
1438 (175)
879
4 Wed.
18 May
1474 (138)
•800
0 Sat.
21 July 1403 (202)
843
1 Sun.
14 June
1439 (105)
•880
1 Sun.
7 May
1475 (127)
807
0 Thurs.
10 July 1404* (192)
844
5 Thurs.
2 June
1440* (154)
881
6 Fri.
26 Apr.
1476* (117)
808
2 Mon.
29 June 1405 (180)
•845
2 Mon.
22 May
1441 (142)
882
3 Tucs.
15 Apr.
1477 (105)
•809
0 Fri.
18 June 1406 (169)
846
0 Sat.
12 May
1442 (132)
•883
0 Sat.
4 Apr.
1478 (94)
810
4 Wed.
8 June 1407 (159)
•847
4 Wed.
1 May
1443 (121)
884
5 Thurs.
25 .Mar.
1479 (84)
811
1 Sun.
27 May 1408* (14S)
848
2 JIou.
20 Apr.
1444* (111)
885
2 Mon.
13 Mar.
1480* (73>
•812
5 Thurs.
16 May 1409 (136)
849
6 Thurs.
9 Apr.
1445 (99)
•886
0 Fri.
2 .Mar.
1481 (01)
813
3 Tues.
0 Ma> 1 HO (126)
•850
3 Tucs.
29 Mar
1446 (88)
887
4 Wed.
20 Feb.
1482 (51)
811
0 Sal.
2.-. A|.,-. 1111 (115)
851
1 Sun.
19 Mar
1417 (7S)
•888
1 Sun
9 Feb.
1483 (40)
'/'///■; mihammadan calendar.
TABLE XVI. (CONTINUKD.)
INITIAI, IIAVS OF MLllAMMADAN VKAKS OF TllK IIIJKA
N.B. i Asterisks indicate Leap-ijears.
ii. Up to llijra 1165 inrlusive, the A.D. dales are Old Sti/lf
llijrn
vcar
Cominciicimcnl of the year.
llijrn
year.
C'omni
nccmcnt of the year.
Flijra
year.
Coinmeneenicut
.f the year
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.I).
1
2
3
. 1
2
3
1
2
3
889
6 Fri.
30 Jan. 1484» (30)
•926
6 Fri.
23 Dec. 1519 (357)
963
0 Sat.
16 Nov.
1555 (320)
890
3 Toes.
18 Jan. 1485 (18)
927
4 Wed.
12 Dee. 1520* (347)
964
4 Wed.
4 Nov.
1556* (309)
•891
0 Sat.
7 Jan. 1486 (7)
928
1 Sun.
1 Dec. 1521 (335)
*965
1 Sun.
24 Oct.
1557 (297)
892
5 Thurs.
28 Dec. 1486 (362)
•929
5 Thurs.
20 Nov. 1522 (324)
966
6 fti.
14 Oct.
1558 (287)
893
2 Moil.
17 D«-. 1487 (351)
930
3 Tues.
10 Nov. 1523 (314)
•967
8 Tues.
3 Oct.
1559 (276)
•894
6 Fri.
5 Dee. 1488^ (340)
931
0 Sat.
29 Oct. 1524* (303)
968
1 Sun.
22 Sep.
1560* (266)
895
4 Wed.
25 Nov. 1489 (329)
•932
4 Wed.
18 Oct. 1525 (291)
969
5 Thurs.
11 Sep.
1561 (254)
•896
1 Sun.
14 Nov. 1490 (318)
933
2 Mon.
8 Oct. 1526 (281)
•970
2 Mon.
31 Aug.
1562 (243)
897
6 Fri.
4 Nov. 1491 (308)
934
6 Fri.
27 Sep. 1527 (270)
971
0 Sat.
21 Aug.
1563 (233)
898
3 Toes.
23 Oct. 1492» (297)
•935
3 Tues.
15 Sep. 1528* (259)
972
4 Wed.
9 Aug.
1564* (222)
•899
0 Sat.
12 Oct. 1493 (285)
936
1 Sun.
5 Sep. 1529 (248)
•973
1 Sun.
29 July
1565 (210)
900
5 Tliurs.
2 Oct. 1494 (275)
*937
5 Thurs.
25 Aug. 1530 (237)
974
6 Fri.
19 July
1566 (200)
901
2 Mon.
21 Sep. 1495 (264)
938
3 Tlles.
15 Aug. 1531 (227)
975
3 Tues.
8 July
1567 (189)
•902
6 Fri.
9 Sep. 1496* (253)
939
0 Sat.
3 Aug. 1532* (216)
•976
0 Sat.
26 June
1568^ (178)
903
4 Wed.
30 Aug. 1497 (242)
•940
4 Wed.
23 July 1533 (204)
977
5 TTiurs.
16 June
1569 (167)
904
1 Sun.
19 Aug. 1498 (231)
941
2 Mon.
13 July 1534 (194)
•978
2 Mon.
5 June 1570 (156) |
•905
5 Thui-s.
8 Aug. 1499 (220)
942
6 Fri.
2 July 1535 (183)
979
0 Sat.
26 May
1571 (146)
906
3 Tues.
28 July 1500* (210)
•943
3 Tues.
20 June 1536* (172)
980
4 Wed.
14 May
1572* (135)
•907
0 Sat.
17 July 1501 (198)
944
1 Sun.
10 June 1537 (161)
•981
1 Sun.
3 May
1573 (123)
908
5 Tliurs.
7 July 1502 (188)
945
5 Thurs.
30 May 1538 (150)
982
6 Fri.
23 Apr.
1574 (113)
909
2 Mon.
26 June 1503 (177)
•946
2 Mon.
19 May 1539 (139)
983
3 Tues.
12 Apr.
1575 (102)
•910
6 Fri.
14 June 1504* (16C)
947
0 Sat.
8 May 1540* (129)
*984
0 Sat.
31 Mar.
1576' (91)
911
4 Wed.
4 June 1505 (155)
•948
4 Wed.
27 Apr. 1541 (117)
985
5 Thurs.
21 Mar.
1577 (80)
912
1 Sun.
24 May 1506 (144)
949
2 Mon.
17 Apr. 1542 (107)
*986
2 Mon.
10 Mar.
1578 (69)
•913
5 Tliurs.
13 May 1507 (133)
950
6 Fri.
6 Apr. 1543 (96)
987
0 Sat.
28 Feb.
1579 (59)
914
3 Tues.
2 May 1508* (123)
•951
3 Tues.
25 Mar. 1544* (85)
988
4 Wed.
17 Feb.
1580^ (48)
915
0 Sat.
21 Apr. 1.509 (111)
952
1 Sun.
15 Mar. 1545 (74)
*989
1 Sun.
5 Feb.
1581 (36)
•916
4 Wed.
10 Apr. 1510 (100)
953
5 Thurs.
4 .Mar. 1546 (63)
990
6 Fri.
26 Jan.
1582 1) 26)
917
2 Mon.
31 Mar. 1511 (90)
•954
2 Mon.
21 \\h. 1547 (52)
991
3 Tues.
15 Jan.
1583 (15)
•918
6 Fri.
19 Mar. 1512* (79)
955
0 Sat.
11 F,-b. 1548* (42)
•992
0 Sat,
4 Jan.
1584* (4)
919
4 Wed.
9 Mar. 1513 (68)
♦956
4 Wed.
30 Jan. 1549 (30)
993
5 Thurs.
24 Dee.
1584* (359)
920
1 Sun.
26 Feb. 1514 (57)
957
2 Mon.
20 Jan. 1550 (20)
994
2 Mon.
13 Dec.
1585 (347)
•921
5 Thurs.
15 Feb. 1515 (46)
958
6 Fri.
9 Jan. 1551 (9)
•995
6 Fri.
2 Dec.
1586 (336)
922
3 Tues.
5 Feb. 1516* (36)
*959
3 Tues.
29 Dec. 1551 (363)
996
4 Wed.
22 Nov.
1587 (326)
923
0 Sat.
24 Jan. 1517 (24)
960
1 Sun.
18 Dec. 1552* (353)
•997
1 Sun.
10 Nov.
1588* (315)
•924
4 Wed.
13 Jan. 1518 (13)
961
5 Thurs.
7 Dec. 1553 (341)
998
8 Fri.
31 Oct.
1589 (304)
925
2 Mon.
3 Jan. 1519 (3)
•962
3 Mon.
26 Nov. 1554 (330)
999
S Tues.
20 Oct.
1590 (293)
1) In the Roman Catholii- rauutries of F.urop,- tlic New Styli' iva.s introdueid from Oetober 5th 1582 A.D. and the year 1700
was ordered to be a rominon, not a Loap-year. Dales in the above Table arc however for English reckoning, where the New Style
was not introduced till Sept. 3rd 1752 A.I) For the initial dates of the llijra years, therefore, in the former oountries. add 10 days
to the date given in the Table from Hijra 991 to llijra 1111 inclusive, and 11 d.nys from Hijra 1112 to Hijra 1165 inclusive.
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XVI. (CONTINUED)
INITIAL DAYS OF MUUAMMAUAX YEARS OF THE HIJKA
N.H. i. Asterisks indicate Leap-years.
ii l']j to Ilijra UG.') inclusive, the A.D. dates are Old Sti/le.
llijra
year.
Cummenccment
d1' the year.
nijra
year.
Commencement of the year.
Hijra
year.
Commeucemcut
01 the year.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.I).
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
•1000
0 Sat.
9 Oct.
I.i91 (282)
1037
1 Sun.
2 Sep. 1627 (245)
♦1074
1 Sun.
26 July
1063 (207)
1001
5 Thurs.
28 Sep.
1592* (272)
*1038
5 Thurs.
21 Aug. 1628* (234)
1075
6 Fri.
15 July
1664* (197)
1002
2 Mon.
17 Sep.
1593 (260)
1039
3 Tues.
11 Aug. 1629 (223)
♦1076
3 Tues.
4 July
1665 (185)
♦1003
6 Fri.
6 Sep.
1594 (249)
1040
0 Sat.
31 July 1630 (212)
1077
1 Sun.
24 June
1666 (175)
1004
4 Wed.
27 Aug.
1595 (239)
♦1041
4 Wed.
20 July 1631 (201)
1778
5 Thurs.
13 June
1667 (164)
1005
1 Sun.
15 Aug.
1596* (228)
1042
2 Mon.
y July 1632* (191)
*1079
2 Mon.
1 June
1668* (153)
♦1006
5 Thurs.
4 Aug.
1597 (216)
1043
6 Fri.
28 June 1633 (179)
1080
0 Sat.
22 May
1669 (142)
1007
3 Tues.
25 July
1598 (206)
*1044
3 Tues.
17 June 1634 (168)
1081
4 Wed.
11 May
1670 (131)
•1008
0 Sat.
14 July
1599 (195)
1045
1 Sun.
7 June 1635 (158)
*1082
1 Sun.
30 Apr.
1671 (120)
1009
5 Thurs.
3 July
1600* (185)
*1046
5 Thurs.
26 May 1636* (147)
1083
6 Pi-i.
19 Apr.
1672* (110)
1010
2 Jlon.
22 June
1601 (173)
1047
3 Tues.
16 May 1637 (136)
1084
3 Tues.
8 Apr.
1673 (98)
*1011
fi Fri.
11 June
1602 (162)
1048
0 Sat.
5 May 1638 (125)
*1085
0 Sat.
28 Mar.
1674 ■ (87)
1012
4 Wed.
1 June
1603 (152)
•1049
4 Wed.
24 Apr. 1639 (114)
1086
5 Thui-s.
18 Mar.
1675 (77)
1013
1 Sun.
20 May
1604* (141)
1050
2 Mon.
13 Apr. 1640* (104)
•1087
2 Mon.
6 Mar.
1676* (66)
•1014
5 Thurs.
9 May
1605 (129)
1051
6 Fri.
2 Apr. 1641 (92')
1088
0 Sat.
24 Feb.
1677 (55)
1015
3 Tues.
29 Apr.
1606 (119)
*1052
3 Tues.
22 Mar. 1642 (81)
1089
4 Wed.
13 Feb.
1678 (44)
•lOUi
0 Sat.
18 Apr.
1607 (108)
1053
1 Sun.
12 Mar. 1643 (71)
*1090
1 Sun.
2 Feb.
1679 (33)
1017
5 Thurs.
7 .\pr.
1608* (98)
1054
5 Thurs.
29 Feb. 1644* (60)
1091
6 Fri.
23 Jan.
1680* (23)
1018
2 Mon.
27 Mar.
1609 (86)
♦1055
2 Mon.
17 Feb. 1645 (48)
1092
3 Tnes.
11 Jan.
1681 (11)
•1019
6 Fri.
16 Mar.
1610 (75)
1056
0 Sat.
7 Feb. 1646 (38)
*1093
0 Sat.
31 Dec.
1681 (365)
1020
4 Wed.
6 Mar.
1611 (65)
*1057
4 Wed.
27 Jan. 1647 (27)
1094
5 Thurs.
21 Dec.
1682 (355)
1021
1 Sun.
23 Feb.
1612* (54)
1058
2 Mon.
17 Jan. 1648* (17)
1095
2 Mon.
10 Dec.
1683 (344)
•1022
5 Thurs.
11 Feb.
1613 (42)
1059
6 Fri.
5 Jan. 1649 (.5)
•1096
B Fri.
28 Nov.
1684* (333)
1023
3 Tues.
1 Feb.
ir.lt (32)
*l()(i0
3 Tues.
25 Dec. 1649 (359)
1097
4 Wed.
18 Nov.
1685 (322)
1021
0 Sat.
21 Jan.
1615 (21)
1001
1 Sun.
15 Dec. 1650 (349)
*1098
1 Sun.
7 Nov.
1686 (311)
•1025
4 Wed.
10 Jan.
1616* (10)
1062
5 Thurs,
4 Dec. 1651 (338)
1099
6 Fri.
28 Oct.
1687 (301)
1026
2 Mon.
30 Dec.
1616* (365)
•1063
2 Mon.
22 Nov. 1652* (327)
1100
3 Tues.
16 Oct.
1688* (290)
•1027
6 Fri.
19 Dec.
1617 (353)
1064
0 Sat.
12 Nov. 1653 (316)
*1101
0 Sat.
5 Oct.
1689 (278)
1028
4 Wed.
9 Dec.
1618 (343)
1065
4 Wed.
1 Nov. 1654 (305)
1102
5 Tliurs.
25 Sep.
1690 (268)
1029
1 Sun.
28 Nov,
1619 (332)
•1066
1 Sun.
21 Oct. 1655 (294)
1103
2 Mon.
14 Sep.
1691 (257)
•1030
5 Thurs.
16 Nov.
1620* (321)
1067
6 Fri.
10 Oct. 1656* (284)
•1104
6 IVi.
2 Sep.
1692* (246)
1031
3 Tues.
6 Nov.
1621 (310)
•1068
3 Tues.
29 Sep. 1657 (272)
1105
4 Wed.
23 Aug.
1693 (235)
1032
0 Sat.
26 Oct.
1622 (299)
1069
1 Sun.
19 Sep. 1658 (262)
♦1106
1 Suu.
12 Aug.
1694 (224)
•1033
4 Wed.
IS Oct.
1623 (288)
1070
5 Thurs.
8 Sep. 1659 (251)
1107
6 Fri.
2 Aug.
1695 (214)
1034
2 Mon.
4 Oct.
1624* (278)
•1071
2 Mon.
27 Aug. 1660* (240)
1108
3 Tues.
21 July
1696* (203)
1035
0 Fri.
23 Sep.
1626 (266)
1072
0 Sat.
17 Aug. 1661 (229)
♦1109
0 Sat.
10 July
1697 (191)
•1036
3 Tuc«.
12 Sep.
1626 (255)
1073
4 Wed.
6 Ang. 1062 (218)
1110
5 Thurs.
30 June
1698 (181)
THE MUHAMMADAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XV I. (CONTINUED)
INITIAL DAYS OF MUHAMMADAN YEARS OF THE IIIJRA.
N B i AileriiLi indiealf Leap-ijfars.
ii. i]
tu llijra
1165 incluaive. the A.D. dates tir
f Old .Slyl
Iliji-a
;«ir
Commencement of the year.
Hijra
year.
CommencemeDt of the year.
Hijra
year.
Commencement of the year.
Wefkclav
Dale A.D.
Weekday.
Date A.D.
Weekday.
Dale A.D.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Ull
2 Mon.
19 June 1699 (170)
1148
3 Tuejs.
13 May
1735
(133)
1185
3 Tues.
16 Apr.
1771 (106)
•1112
6 Fri.
7 June 1700* (159)
1149
0 Sat.
1 May
1736*
(122)
*1186
0 Sat.
4 Apr.
1772* (95)
1113
4 Wed.
28 May 1701 (148)
•11.50
4 Wed.
20 Apr.
1737
(110)
1187
5 Thurs.
25 Mar.
1773 (84)
IlK
1 Sun.
17 May 1702 (137)
1151
2 Mon.
10 Apr.
1738
(100)
*1188
2 Mon.
14 .Mar.
1774 (73)
• 1 1 1 .-1
5 Thurs.
6 May 1703 (126)
1152
6 Fri.
30 Mar.
1739
(89)
1189
0 Sat.
4 Mar.
1775 (63)
inc.
3 Tues.
25 Apr. 1704* (116)
*1153
3 Tues.
18 Mar.
1740*
(78)
1190
4 Wed.
21 Feb.
1776* (52)
MU?
0 Sat.
14 Apr. 1705 (104)
1154
1 Sun.
8 Mar.
1741
(67)
*1191
1 Sun.
9 Feb.
1777 (40)
ins
5 Thurs.
4 Apr. 1706 (94)
1155
5 Thurs.
25 Feb
1742
(56)
1192
6 Fri.
30 Jan.
1778 (30)
11 lU
2 Mon.
24 Mar. 1707 (83)
*1156
2 Mon.
14 Feb.
1743
(45)
1193
3 Tues.
19 Jan.
1779 (19)
•1120
6 Fri.
12 Mar. 1708* (72)
1157
0 Sat.
4 Feb.
1744*
(35)
*1194
0 Sat.
8 Jan.
1780* (8)
1121
4 Wed.
2 Mar. 1709 (61)
*11.58
4 Wed.
23 Jan.
1745
(23)
1195
5 Thurs.
28 Dec.
1780* (363)
1122
1 Sun.
19 Feb. 1710 (50)
1159
2 Mon.
13 Jan.
1746
(13)
*1196
2 Mon.
17 Dec.
1781 (351)
•1123
5 Thurs.
8 Feb. 1711 (39)
1160
0 Fri.
2 Jan.
1747
(2)
1197
0 Sat.
7 Dec.
1782 (341)
112+
3 Tues.
29 Jan. 1712* (29)
*1161
3 Tues.
22 Dec.
1747
(356)
1198
4 Wed.
26 Nov.
1783 (330)
1125
0 Sat.
17 Jan. 1713 (17)
1162
1 Sun.
11 Dec.
1748*
(346)
*1199
1 Sun.
14 Nov.
1784* (319)
•1126
4 Wed.
6 Jan. 1714 (6)
1163
5 Thurs.
30 Nov.
1749
(334)
1200
6 Fri.
4 Nov.
1785 (308)
1127
2 Mon.
27 Due. 1714 (361)
*1164
2 Mon.
19 Nov.
1750
(323)
1201
3 Tues.
24 Oct.
1786 (297)
■1128
6 Fri.
16 Dec. 1715 (350)
1165
0 Sat.
9 Nov.
1751t (313)
•1202
0 Sat.
13 Oct.
1787 (286)
112U
4 Wed.
5 Dec. 1116* (340)
*116G
4 Wed.
8 Nov.
1752*
(313)
1203
5 Thurs.
2 Oct.
1788* (276)
1130
1 Sun.
24 Nov. 1717 (328)
1167
2 Mon.
29 Oct.
1753
(302)
1204
2 Mon.
21 Sep.
1789 (264)
•1131
5 Thurs.
13 Nov. 1718 (317)
1168
fl Fri.
18 Oct.
1754
(291)
*1205
6 Fri.
10 Sep.
1790 (253)
1132
3 Tues.
3 Nov. 1719 (307)
*1169
3 Tues.
7 Oct.
1755
(280)
1206
4 Wed.
31 Aug.
1791 (243)
1133
0 Sat.
22 Oct. 1720* (296)
1170
1 Sun.
26 Sep.
1756*
(270)
*1207
1 Sun.
19 Aug.
1792* (232)
•1134
4 Wed.
11 Oct. 1721 (284)
1171
5 Thurs.
15 Sep.
1757
(258)
1208
6 Fri.
9 Aug.
1793 (221)
1135
2 Mon.
1 Oct. 1722 (274)
*1172
i Mon.
4 Sep.
1758
(247)
1209
3 Tues.
29 July
1794 (210)
♦1136
6 Fri.
20 Sep. 1723 (263)
1173
0 Sat.
25 Aug.
1759
(237)
•1210
0 Sat.
18 July
1795 (199)
1137
4 Wed.
9 Sep. 1724* (253)
1174
4 Wed.
13 Aug.
1760*
(226)
1211
5 Thurs.
7 July
1796* (189)
1138
1 Sun.
29 Aug. 1725 (241)
*1175
1 Suu.
2 Aug.
1761
(214)
1212
2 Mon.
26 June
1797 (177)
•1139
5 Thurs.
18 Aug. 1726 (230)
1176
6 Wi.
23 July
1762
(204)
*1213
6 Fri.
15 June
1798 (166)
1110
3 Tues.
8 Aug. 1727 (220)
*1177
3 Tues.
12 July
1763
(193)
1214
4 Wed.
5 June
1799 (156)
1141
0 Sat.
27 July 1728* (209)
1178
1 Sun.
1 July
1764*
(183)
1215
1 Sun.
25 .May
1800 (145)
•1142
4 Wed.
16 July 1729 (197)
1179
5 Thurs.
20 June
1765
(171)
*1216
5 Thurs.
14 May
1801 (134)
1143
2 Mon.
6 July 1730 (187)
•1180
2 Mon.
9 June
1766
(160)
1217
3 Tues.
4 May
1802 (124)
1144
6 Fri.
25 June 1731 (176)
1181
0 Sat.
30 May
1767
(150)
*1218
0 Sat.
23 Apr.
1803 (113)
•1145
3 Tues.
13 June 1732* (165)
1182
4 Wed.
18 May
1768*
(139)
1219
5 Thurs.
12 Apr.
1804* (103)
1146
1 Sun.
3 June 1733 (154)
•1183
1 Sun.
7 May
1769
(127)
1220
2 Mon.
1 Apr.
1805 (91)
'1147
5 Thurs.
23 May 1734 (143)
1184
6 Fri.
27 Apr.
1770
(117)
*1221
6 Fri.
21 Mar.
1806 (80)
; The Nivv Style was introduced into England from 3rd Scptimbc-r, 1752. The 9th November, 1751, is therefore an Old Slyh-
date, and the Stii November, 1752, is a New Slyle one (see above, Note 2. p. 11, Sotf 1, p. 88).
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE XVI. (coNTiNiEir)
INITIAL DAYS OF MUHAMMADAN YEARS OF THE IIIJKA.
N.B. i. Asterisk! indicitr Leap-years.
ii. Vji to nijra 116.') Inclusive, the A.B. dates are Old Sli/le.
Hijra
year.
Commencement of the year.
Hijra
year.
Commencement ol
the year.
Hijra
year.
Commencement of the year.
Weekday.
Bate A.D.
Weekday.
Date
A.D.
Weekday
Dale A.D.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1222
4 Wed.
11 Mar.
1807 (70)
1255
1 Sun.
17 Mar.
839 (76)
1288
5 Thurs.
23 Mar. 1871 (82)
1223
1 Sun.
28 Feb.
1808* (59)
•1256
5 Thurs.
5 Mar.
1840^ (65)
•1289
2 Mon.
U Mar. 1872* (71)
♦1224
5 Thurs.
16 Feb.
1809 (47)
1257
3 Tues.
23 Feb.
L841 (54)
1290
0 Sat.
1 Mar. 1873 (60)
1225
3 Tues.
6 r,b.
1810 (37)
1258
0 Sat.
12 Feb.
1842 (43)
1291
4 Wed.
18 Feb. 1874 (49)
*1226
0 Sat.
26 Jan.
1811 (26)
•1259
4 Wed.
1 Keb.
1843 (32)
•1292
1 Sun.
7 Feb. 1875 (38)
1227
5 Thurs.
16 Jan.
1812* (16)
1260
2 Mon.
22 Jan.
1844* (22)
1293
6 Fri.
28 Jan. 1876^ (28)
1228
2 Men.
i Jan.
1813 (4)
1261
6 Fri.
10 Jan.
845 (10)
1294
3 Tues.
10 Jan. 1877 (16)
•1229
6 Fri.
24 Dec.
1813 (358)
•1262
3 Tues.
30 Dec.
1845 (364)
•1295
0 Sat.
5 Jan. 1878 (5)
1230
4 Wed.
14 Dec.
1814 (348)
1263
1 Sun.
20 Dec.
846 (354)
1296
5 Thurs.
20 Dec. 1878 (360)
1231
1 Sun.
3 Dec.
1815 (337)
1264
5 Thurs.
9 Dec.
847 (343)
•1297
2 Mon.
15 Dec. 1879 (349)
*1232
5 Thurs.
21 Nov.
1816* (326)
•1265
2 Mon.
27 Nov.
848* (332)
1298
0 Sat.
4 Dec. 1880* (339)
1233
3 Tues.
11 Nov.
1817 (315)
1266
0 Sat.
17 Nov.
849 (321)
1299
4 Wed.
23 Nov. 1881 (327)
1234
0 Sat.
31 Oct.
1818 (304)
•1267
4 Wed.
6 Nov.
1850 (310)
♦1300
1 Sun.
12 Nov. 1882 (316)
*1235
4 Wed.
20 Oct.
1819 (293)
1268
2 Mon.
27 Oct.
851 (300)
1301
6 Fri.
2 Nov. 1883 (306)
1236
2 Mon.
9 Oct.
1820* (283)
1269
6 Fri.
15 Oct.
852* (289)
1302
3 Tues.
21 Oct. 1884* (295)
♦1237
6 Fri.
28 Sep.
1821 (271)
•1270
3 Tues.
4 Oct.
853 (277)
♦1303
0 Sat.
10 Oct. 1885 (283)
1238
4 Wed.
18 Sep.
1822 (261)
1271
1 Sun.
24 Sep.
1854 (267)
1304
5 Thurs.
30 Sep. 1886 (273)
1239
1 Sun.
7 Sep.
1823 (250)
1272
5 Thurs.
13 Sep.
855 (256)
1305
2 Mon.
19 Sep. 1887 (262)
•1240
5 Thurs.
26 Aug.
1824* (239)
•1273
2 Mon.
1 Sep.
1856* (245)
*1306
6 Fri.
7 Sep. 1888* (251)
1241
3 Tues.
16 Aug.
1825 (228)
1274
0 Sat.
22 Aug.
1857 (234)
1307
4 Wed.
28 Aug. 1889 (240)
1242
0 Sat.
5 Aug.
1826 (217)
1275
4 Wed.
11 Aug.~~
858 (223)
•1308
1 Sun.
17 Aug. 1890 (229)
•1243
4 Wed.
25 July
1827 (206)
•1276
1 Sun.
31 July
859 (212)
1309
6 Fri.
7 Aug. 1891 (219)
1244
2 Mon.
14 July
1828* (196)
1277
6 Fri.
20 July
860* (202)
1310
3 Tues.
26 July 1892^ (208)
1245
6 Fri.
3 July
1829 (184)
•1278
3 Tues.
9 July
861 (190)
•1311
0 Sat.
15 July 1893 (196)
•1246
3 Tues.
22 June
1830 (173)
1279
1 Sun.
29 June
862 (180)
1312
5 Thurs.
5 July 1894 (186)
1247
1 Sun.
12 June
1831 (163)
1280
5 Thurs.
18 June
863 (169)
1313
2 Mon.
24 June 1895 (175)
•1248
5 Thurs.
31 May
1832* (152)
•1281
2 Mon.
0 June
864* (158)
•1314
6 Fri.
12 June 1896* (164)
1249
3 Tues.
21 May
1833 (141)
1282
0 Sat.
27 .May
805 (147)
1315
4 Wed.
2 June 1897 (153)
1250
0 Sat.
10 May
1834 (130)
1283
4 Wed.
16 May
866 (136)
•1316
1 Sun.
22 May 1898 (142)
•1251
4 Wed.
29 Apr.
1835 (119)
♦1284
I SUD.
5 Jlay ]
867 (125)
1317
6 Fri.
12 May 1899 (132)
1252
2 Mon.
18 Apr.
1830* (109)
1285
6 Pi-i.
24 Apr.
868^ (115)
1318
3 Tues.
1 May 1900 (121)
1253
6 Fri.
7 Apr.
1837 (97)
•1286
3 Tues.
13 Apr.
869 (103)
•1254
3 Toes.
27 Mar.
1838 (86)
1287
1 Sun.
8 Apr.
870 (93)
APPENDIX.
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.'
By Dr. Robert Schram.
A complete list of all eclipses of the sun for any part of the globe between the years
1 200 B.C. and 2160 A.D. has been published by Oppolzer in his "Canon der Finsternisse",
(Denkschriften der mathematisch naturwissenscliaftliclien Classe der Kais. Akademie der Wissen-
schaftcti in Wieji, Vol. LII. 1887). In this work are given for every eclipse all the data necessary
for the calculation of the path of the shadow on the earth's surface, and of its beginning, greatest
phase, and end for any particular place. But inasmuch as the problem is a complicated one tlie
calculations required are also unavoidably complicated. It takes considerable time to work out
by the exact formula; the time of the greatest phase of a given eclipse for a particular place,
and when, as is often the case with Indian inscriptions, we are not sure of the year in which
a reported eclipse has taken place, and it is therefore necessary to calculate for a large number
of eclipses, the work becomes almost impossible.
The use, however, of the exact formulae is seldom necessary. In most cases it is sufficient
to make use of a close approximation, or still better of tables based on approximate formuhe.
Such tables I have published under the title " Tafeln zur Berechnung der naheren Umstande
der Sonnenfinsternisse", (Denkschriften der mathematisch 7iatunvissenschaftlichen Classe der Kais.
Akademie der Wisscnschaften in Wien, Vol. LI. 1886) and the Tables B, C, and D, now given
are based on those. That is to say. they contain extracts from those tables, somewhat modified
and containing only what is of interest for the continent of India. Table A is a modified extract
from Oppolzer's Canon, containing only eclipses visible in India and the immediate neighbourhood.
All others are eliminated, and thus the work of calculation is greatly diminished, as no other
eclipses need be examined to ascertain their visibility at the given place.
Oppolzer's Canon gives the following elements :
Date of eclipse and Greenwich mean civil time of conjunction in longitude.
L' = longitude of Sun and Moon, which is of course identical at the middle of the eclipse.
Z n Equation of time in degrees,
f = Obliquity of the ecliptic.
, p sinP beinc equal to ^'" ^''~^\ where b and b' denote the moon's and sun's
log pi "^ fa "1 s,Q (T— 5r')
latitude, i? and iv' their respective parallaxes.
1 ~ , q cosQ being the hourly motion of p sinP.
log AL = the hourly motion of "'"' '.' '''" '^T'''^ where L denotes the moon's, L' the sun's longitude.
° ' sm (t — t')
1 I propose to publish, ritlier in a second edition of this work, if such should be called for, or in one of the scientific
periodicals, tables of lunar eclipses, compiled from Oppolzer's Canon der Fimtemitae, and containing those visible in India during
the period comprised in the present volume. [R. S.]
no ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
u', =: radius of shadow.
f, = angle of shadow's cone.
y = shortest distance of shadow's centre from earth's centre.
(I, = Sun's hour-angle at Greenwich at the moment of this shortest distance.
log n = hourly motion of shadow's centre.
log sin S'j „ , , ,. ^.
, ° . ' Sun s declination,
log cos 5 \
N' ■=. angle of moon's orbit with declination circle (N' — N — h, where N is the angle of
the moon's orbit with latitude circle, and tan h ^ cos L' cos f.
G sin g sin G rz sin V sin N'.
K sin g cos G = cos N'.
sin g cos g zz cos V sin N'.
sin k sin k sin K == sin N'.
cos g sin k cos K =: sin §' cos N'.
cos k J cos k = cos S' cos N'.
With these elements the calculation of the moment of greatest phase of eclipse at a given
place, whose longitude from Greenwich is A, and whose latitude is ^, is found by the formula: :
log cpi ■= 0,9966 log (p.
m sinM ~ 7 — 0,9966 cos g sin 0i + cos <?)j sin g sin (G + t„).
m cosM rz (t„ — A — /ct) -^ — 0,9966 sin Cpj cos k + cos i^j sin k cos (K + t„).
m'sinM'=: — 0,2618 cos cp^ sin g cos (G + t„).
m'cosM'=n — 0,2618 cos cj>, sin k sin (K + tj.
ti = t„- 15 1^, cos (M + M').
Making firstly t„ = A + (/., this formuhe gives the value of t,. This value is put in the
formulae instead of t„ and the calculation repeated, and thus we get a closer value for t; which,
again put in the place of t„, gives a second corrected value of t. Calculation by these formulje
must be repeated as long as the new value of t differs from the former one, but, as a general
rule, three or four times suffices. The last value of t is then the hour-angle of the sun at the
given place for the moment of greatest phase at that place. With the last value of m we find
the magnitude of the greatest phase at the given place in digits = 6 , _^ — —r-
These calculations are, as will be seen, very complicated, and for other than astronomical
problems it is hardly ever necessary to attain to so great a degree of accuracy. For ordinary purposes
they may be greatly simplified, as it suffices to merely fix the hour-angle to the nearest degree.
The angle N is very nearly constant, its mean value being N = 84°3 or N = 95°7
according as the moon is in the a.scending or descending node. Which of these is the case is
always shown by the value of P, as P is always near o" when the moon is in the ascending,
and near 180° when she is in the descending node. Taking also for f a mean value, say fzz 23°6o,
and making the calculations separately for the cases of the ascending and descending node, we
find that S', h, N', sin g, cos g, sin k, cos k, G and K are all dependents of L', and can
therefore be tabulated for single values of L', say from 10 to 10 degrees.
The second of the above formulae
m cos M = (t,, — A — /!*) ^ — 0,9966 sin (?), cos k -|- cos (p, sin k cos (K -f t„)
will give for t the value
ECLIPSES OE THE SUN /N INDIA. 1 1 1
t =(;. + jc*) + ^ X 0,9966 sin <J), cos k - ^ cos <$i sin k cos (K + t) + ^ m cos M.
The angle M being, at the moment of greatest phase, always sufficiently near 90° or 270",
— m cosM can be neglected; and, introducing for — its mean value 27,544, and identifying (J),
with <p, the value of t„ can simply be determined by the expression
t zr (A + jtt) + 27,447 sin 0 cos k - 27,544 cos $ sin k cos (K + t)
instead of determining it by the whole of the above formulje. Now in this last expression k and K
are mere dependents on L', and therefore the values of t can be tabulated for each value ofL'
with the two arguments ?. -}- ijl and cp. Table D is constructed on this formula, only instead
of counting t in degrees and from true noon it is counted, for Indian purposes, in ghatikas and
their tenths from true sunrise.
The value of t for the instant of the greatest phase at the given place being found, it can
be introduced into the formula
m sin M = y — 0,9966 cos g sin Cpj + cos Cpj sin g sin (G + t).
As M is always near 90° or 270°, sin M can be considered equal to +1, so we have
+ m = y — 0,9966 cos g sin cp -\- cos <p sin g sin (G + t)
where the sign ± is to be selected so that the value of m may always be positive.
The second part of the above expression
— 0,9966 cos g sincp + coscp sing sin(G + t)
(which, for the sake of brevity, may be called by the letter V) contains only values which
directly depend on L', such as cos g, sin g, G, or which, for a given value of L', depend only
on A + /!t and <p, and therefore the values of r' can be tabulated for each value of L' with the
two arguments X + /* and (p. This has been done in the Table B which follows, but instead of
r' the value i -f r' = T has been tabulated to avoid negative numbers. The value of m can
then be found from
m = + (y + r').
Both Tables B and D ought to consist of two separate tables, one containing the values of
L' from 0° to 360° in the case of P being near o", the other containing the values of L' from
0° to 360° for the case of P being near 180". To avoid this division into two tables, and the
trouble of having always to remember whether P is near 0° or 180°, the two tables are combined
into one single one; but, whilst in the case of P being near 0° L' is given as argument, in the
case of P being near 180" the table contains, instead of L', L' + 400" as argument. We need
therefore no longer care whether the moon is in the ascending or descending node, but simply
take the argument as given in the first table.
With the value of m, found by m =: + (7 + r'), we can find the magnitude of the greatest
phase in digits — 6 -p- £- — —7, which formula can also be tabulated with the arguments u'„ and
m, or with u'. and (7 + r). This has been done in Table C. As u', when abbreviated to two
places of decimals has only the six values 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57 and 0.58, every column
of this Table is calculated for another value of u'^, whilst to y the constant 5 has been added
so that all values in the first Table may be positive. Instead of giving u', directly, its last
cipher is given as tenths to the value of (7 + r) so that there is no need for ascertaining the
value of u',.
Of all elements, then, given by the Canon we want only the following ones; —
Date of eclipse, and Greenwich mean time of conjunction in longitude.
1,2 ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
L' — longitude of sun and moon.
P (only indication if P is near o" or near i8o°).
u', = radius of shadow.
y = shortest distance of shadow's centre from earth's centre.
fi ■=. Sun's hour-angle at Greenwich at the moment of this shortest distance.
(There is no necessity for attempting any further explanation of all the other elements
and formulae noted above, which would be impossible without going into the whole theory, of
eclipses. Such an attempt is not called for in a work of this kind.)
These elements are given in Table A in the following form: —
Column I. Date of eclipse, — year, month, and day; Old Style till 2 September, 1752 A.D., New
Style from 14 September, 1752.
Column 2. Lanka time of conjunction in longitude, counted from mean sunrise in hours and minutes.
Column 3. L = longitude of sun and moon in degrees, when P is near 0°; or longitude of
sun and moon plus 400°, when P is near 180°; so that numbers in this column
under 360° give directly the value of this longitude, and indicate that P is near 0°,
or that the moon is in the ascending node, whilst numbers over 400° must be diminished
by 400 when it is desired to ascertain this longitude. At the same time these last
indicate that P is near 180°, that is that the moon is in the descending node.
Column 4. /tt = Sun's hour-angle at Greenwich at the moment of shortest distance of shadow's
centre from earth.
Column 5. y' = ten times the second decimal cipher of u'^ +5+7- So the tenths of the
numbers of this column give the last cipher of u'„ whose first ciphers are 0.5,
and the rest of the number diminished by 5 gives the value of y.
For instance ; the Une 975 II 14, o h 52 m, 730°, 202°, 74.66 shows that on the 14th February,
A.D. 975, the conjunction took place at oh 52m after mean Lanka sunrise, that the longitude
of sun and moon was 330° (the moon in the descending node), yi, — 202°, u'^ = 0,57, and y = — 0,34.
Use of the Tables.
Table A gives, in the first column, the year, month, and day of all eclipses visible in any part
of India, or quite close to the frontiers of India. The frontiers are purposely taken on rather too
large a scale, but this is a fault on the right side. The letters appended shew the kind of eclipse;
"a" stands for annular, "t" for total, "p" for partial. Eclipses of the last kind are visible only
as very slight ones in India and are therefore not of much importance.' When the letter is in
brackets the meaning is that the eclipse was only visible quite on the frontiers or even beyond them,
and was without importance. When the letter is marked with an asterisk it shews that the eclipse
was either total or annular in India or close to it, and is therefore one of greater importance.
The second column shews, in hours and minutes counted from mean sunri.se at Lanka, the time
of conjunction in longitude. This column serves only as an indication as to whether the eclipse
took place in the morning or afternoon ; for the period of the greatest phase at any particular
place may differ very sensibly from the time thus given, and mu.st in every case be determined
from Table D, if required. The third, fourth, and fifth columns, headed respectively L, ,«, and y\
furnish the arguments for the following Tables B, C, and D, by which can be found the magnitude
and the moment of the greatest phase of the eclipse at a particular place.
' Hut Bcc Art. 40rt, p. 23, panigraph 2, I'rofcssor Jarobi'a remarks ou tclipscs uuDtioneJ iu Imlian inscriptions. [K. S.]
ECLIPSES OE THE SUN IN INDIA. , i;^
Table H (as well as Table D) consists of seventy-two different Tables, each of which is
calculated for a particular value of L taken in tens of degrees. Kach of these little tables is a
table with a double argument, giving tlie value of y" . The arguments are, vertically the latitude
<$, and horizontally the longitude A of the given place, the latter being stated in degrees from
Greenwich and augmented by the value of ,« given in Table A. The reader selects that table
which is nearest to the value of L given by Table A, and determines from it, by interpolation
with the arguments (p and /+/ic, the value of 7". If a greater degree of accuracy is desired, it is
necessary to determine, with the arguments :p and a-|-;«, the value of 7" by both tables preceding
and following the given value of L, and to interpolate between the two values of y" so found.
The final value of y" is added to the value of y' given by Table A, and this value ot
y' + y" serves as argunjent for Table C, which gives directly the magnitude of the greatest phase
at the given place in digits, or twelfths of the sun's diameter.
Table D is arranged just like Table B, and gives, with the arguments ^ and /.+ //, the
moment of the greatest phase at the given place in ghatikas and their tenths, counted from true
sunrise at the given place.
The first value in each line of Tables B and D corresponds to a moment before sunrise
and the last value in each line to a moment after sunset. Both values are given only for pur-
poses of interpolation. Therefore in both cases the greatest phase is invisible when / + At coincides
exactly with the first or last value of the line, and still more so when it is less than the first or
greater than the last value. But in both cases, when the difference between A + /Ci and the last
value given does not exceed 15 degrees, it is possible that in the given place the end of the
eclipse might have been visible after sunrise, or the beginning of the eclipse before sunset.
As the tables give only the time for the greatest phase this question must be decided by direct
calculation.
EXAMPLES.
Example i. Was the echpse of the 20th June, AD. 540, visible at Jalna, whose latitude
(p, is 19° 48' N., and whose longitude, A, is 75° 54' E. ?
Table A gives: 540 VI 20, /h 57m L = 490 [/. =1 314° y := 35,34
Jalna has (p z= 20°, and A = 76°
A+^ = 30°
Table B. L 1= 490 gives, with Cp = 20" and A + /x =: 30°, y" = 0,86
y'+y" = 36,20
Table C gives, with y' y" — 36,20, the magnitude of the greatest phase as nearly 8 digits.
Table D. L = 490 gives, with <p — 20° and X+f^ — 30°, for the moment of the greatest
phase, 24.8 ghatikas or 24 gh. 48 pa. after true sunrise at Jalna.
Example 2. Was the same eclipse visible at Multan, whose latitude O is 30" 13' N., and
whose longitude, A, is 71° 26' E.?
Table A gives: A.D. 540 VI 20, 7h.57m. L=z490. /.i. = 3i4" 7':^ 35,34
Multan has 0 = 30° and Air 71°
A + f4=: 25°
Table B. L = 490 gives, with p — -^o" and >. + {^ = 2$". . . . y" — 0,76 , ' ' ^ ^^^^°
(0.80 and 0.72)
7' + / = 36,10
"4 ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
Table C gives, with 7' + y"=36,io, the magnitude of the greatest phase as exactly lo digits.
Table D. L=490 gives, with 4) = 30° and A + /^ = 25°, for the moment of the greatest phase,
24,0 ghatikas, or 24 gh. o pa. after true sunrise at Multan.
Example 3. Was the eclipse of the 7th June, A.D. 913, visible at Trivandrum, whose
latitude, (p, is 8° 30' N., and longitude. A, 76°56'E.?
Table A gives: 913 VI 7, 8 h.35 m. L = 48o /■•^ = 323° 7' = 44,98
Trivandrum has, ($) ;= 8° and A. = ^^°
A + iM = 40°
Table B. L = 480 gives, with 4) = 8° and A + /.4 = 40", y" = i ,02
7' -)- y" = 46,00
Table C shews, with y' + y" = 46,00, that the eclipse was total at Tri\?andrum.
Table D. L = 480 gives, with cp = 8° and A + ;tt — 40, for the moment of totality 26,2 ghatikas
or 26 gh. 12 pa. after true sunrise at Trivandrum.
ExAMi'LE 4. Was the same eclipse visible at Lahore whose latitude, cp, is 3i''33'N.,
and longitude, A, 74° 16' E..?
Table A gives: 913 VI 7, 8 h. 35 m. L = 48o A^ = 323° y'=: 44,98
Lahore has ($ = 32° and A= 74°
Table B. L =: 480 gives, with (p = 32° and A -f ^a = 37°, •/' = 0,69
r' + r"=: 45 ,67
Table C gives, with 7' + 7" = 45,67, the magnitude of the greatest phase 4,8 digits.
Table D. L = 48o gives, with 0=332° and A + ^ = 37°, for the moment of the greatest phase
26,9 ghatikas, or 26 gh. 54 pa. after true sunrise at Lahore.
In all these examples the value of L (Table A) was divisible by 10, and therefore a special
table for this value was found in Table B. When the value of L is not divisible by 10, as
will mostly be the case, there is no special table exactly fitting the given value. In such a
case we may take the small table in Table B for the value of L nearest to that given. Thus for
instance, if L is 233 we may work by the table L — 230, or when L is 487 we may work by
the Table L = 490 and proceed as before, but the result will not be very accurate. The better course
is to take the value of y" from both the table next preceding and the table nex-t following the
given value of L, and to fix a value of y" between the two. ^ Thus for L = 233 we take the
value of y" both from Table 230 and from Table 240 and fix its truer value from the two.
But where the only question is whether an eclipse was visible at a given place and there is no
necessity to ascertain its magnitude, the first process is sufificient.
Example 5. Was the eclipse of the 15 January, A.D. 1032, visible at Karachi, whose
latitude, Cp, is 24° 53' N., and longitude. A, 66°57'E.?
Table A gives 1032 I 15, loh.im. L = 70i ((4 = 342° 7'=:45,46
Karachi has <p = 25°, and / -^. 67°
A + /« = 49°
Table B. L 1=700 gives, with i:p = 2 5° and A + /* = 49°... 7" =0,6-? J , . , „ ^
TableB.L = 7io „ „ ,, . ..7" =0,69 !' ^^ '^°' ^ ^oi • ./'=o,64
7' + ?''' = 46,10
1 Here the auxiliary tabic lo Tabliu VI. and VII. ubuvo miiy be iisid. [R. S]
ECLIPSES OE THE SUN /N INDIA. ,,5
Tabic C gives, with y' + y" = 46, i o, the magnitude of the greatest phase as 10,0 digits.
Table D. L 700 gives, with cp == 25 and A + /ot = 49°, 25,7 \ r t r -.1
^ ,, ^ , ' ^ ^ ^ ^ '^ '^^ ' ^" or for L 701, for the moment
Table D. L 710 „ „ „ „ „ „ 26,0 ^ '
of the greatest phase, 25,7 ghatikas, or 25 gh. 42 pa. after true sunrise at Karachi.
Example 6. Was the same eclipse visible at Calcutta, whose latitude, (J), is 22° 36' N., and
longitude, A, 88° 23' E. ?
Table A gives 1032 I 15, 10 h. i m. L = 70i a' = 342° 7' = 45,56
Calcutta has ^ ::= 23°, and A = 88°
A + /* =: 70°
A + jtt is greater than the arguments for which values are given in Table B, 700 and 710. This
indicates that the greatest phase of the eclipse takes place after stmset and is therefore invisible. '
EXtVMPLE. 7. Was the eclipse of the 31st. December, A.D. 1358, visible at Dhaka, whose
latitude, cp, is 23° 45' N., and longitude, A, 90° 23' E. ?
Table A gives: 1358 XII 31, i h. 28 m. L = 288 ,(* =: 213° y' — 45,48
Dhaka has (J) = 24°, and A = 90°
A + ^ = 303°
Table B. L 280 gives, with <h = 24° and A + i^ 303°, . . 7" = 0,42 j ^ ^
T ui D T ^ " „ ,, (. orforL 288 . . . 7" z:: 0,36
Table B. L 290 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 7 =10,351
7' + 7" — 45.84
Table C gives, with y' + y" = 45184, the magnitude of the greatest phase as 8,5 digits.
Table D. L 280 gives, with <p = 24° and X + fi = 303°, . . 0,0 J „ r ,
~ , , T^ T ^ ^ I , or for L 288, for the moment
Table D. L 290 „ „ „ ,, ,, „ ... 0,2 V
of the greatest phase 0,2 ghatikas, or o gh. 12 pa. after true sunrise at Dhaka.
Example 8. Was the same eclipse visible at Bombay whose latitude, <$, is 18° 57' N., and
longitude. A, 72° 51' E. ?
Table A gives: 1358 XII 31, i h. 28 m. L =: 288° jCt — 213° y' = 45,48
Bombay has <p — ig" A = 73°
A + ;a =: 286°
A + ^ is /ess than the arguments for which there are values given in Table B 280 and B 290.
This indicates that the greatest phase of the eclipse took place before stmrise and was
therefore invisible. °
Example 9. Was the eclipse of the 7tli June, A.D. 141 5, visible at Srinagar, whose latitude,
<p, is 34° 6' N., and longitude, A, = 74° 55' E. ?
Table A gives: 141 5 VI 7, 6 h. 14 m. L — 484 /x — 289° y' — 35,58
Srinagar has :p = 34°, and A = 75°
A + ^ IT 4°
Table B 480 gives, with 4) zz 34° and A + ;tt = 4° y" z=o,8i J
T- L, D „ I/O 1, or for L 484 . . y =z 0,81
Table B 490 ,, „ „ ,, ,, „ , y — 0,82 ) t *t / .
y' + y" zz 36,39
Table C gives, with y' + y" = 36,39, the magnitude of the greatest phase as 3,3 digits.
1 For the visibility of the beginning of the eclipse see page 111.
2 For the visibility of the end of the eclipse see page 111.
ii6 ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
Table D 480 gives, with ^ = 34" and A + ^ =: 4", . . . 18,8 /
^ , , ^ o I . or for L 484, ior the moment
Table D 490 „ „ „ „ „ ., „ ••• i8.9 \
of the greatest phase 18,8 ghatikas, or 18 gh. 48 pa. after true sunrise at Snnagar.
Example 10. Was the same eclipse visible at Madras, whose latitude, $, =r 13° 5' N., and
longitude, A, 80° \f E.?
Table A gives: 141 5 VI 7, 6 h. 14 m. L = 484 {/. — 289° 7' = 35,58
Madras has Cp = 13°, and A = 80°
A + |(* — 9°
Table B. L 480 gives, with ^—il" and A + jt* — 9°, . . . . 7" = i , 1 5 ^
~ , , ,5 r „ ^ , 1, or for L 484 ... 7 = 1,14
Table B. L490 ,, „ „ ,, „ „ , 7 =; 1,14 V ^ ^ '^ j
7' + 7" = 36.72
7' + 7" is greater than the values contained in Table C.
This indicates that Madras is too much to the south to see the eclipse.
Example ii. Was the eclipse of the 20th August, A.D. 1495, visible at Madras, whose
latitude, ^, is 13° 5' N., and longitude, A, 80° 17' E.?
Table A gives: 1495 VIII 20, 4h. 55m L=i5S /4 = 269'' 7' = 54,62
Madras has 0 =: 13° and A = 80°
A + pi = 349°
Table B. L 1 50 gives, with ^ - 1 3° and A + /■.* =: 349", r" = i .oS /, or for L 1 5 5 . . . 7" = i ,03
TableB. L160 „ „ „ „ ,. „ y"-\fi\S V
7+7=55,65
Table C gives, with 7' + 7" = 55,65, the magnitude of the greatest phase as 4,4 digits.
Table D. L 1 50 gives, with cp = 1 3- and 7 + /^ = 349° ; • • ' 2' W or for L 1 5 5 , for the greatest
Table D. L 160 „ „ „ „ „ „ . . ii,8\
phase 1 2.0 ghatikas, or 1 2 gh. o pa. after true sunrise at Madras.
Example 12. Was the same eclipse visible at Srinagar whose latitude, v, = 34" 6' N., and
longitude, A, 74° S 5 ' E. ?
Table A gives: 1495 VIII 20, 4 h. 55 m. L=i55 ^ =: 269° 7' = 54,62
Srinagar has ^ := 34" A = 75°
A + /^ = 344°
Table B. L 1 50 gives, with ,? = 34" and 7 + />!• = 344". 7" = °'72 / q^ for L 1 5 5 7" = o 7 1
TableB. Li 60 7" = 0,69 V ' " '—
7' + 7" = 55.33
7' + 7" is less than the values contained in Table C.
This indicates that Srinagar is too much to the north to see the eclipse.
It was intended that these tables should be accompanied by maps shewing the centre-lines,
across the continent of India, of all eclipses of the sun between A.D. 300 and 1900, but it has
not been found possible to complete them in time, owing to the numerous calculations that have
to be made in order that the path of the shadow may be exactly marked in each case. Such
maps would plainly be of considerable value as a first approximation, and I hope to be able
soon to publish them separately.
Vienna, November, 1895. R- SCHRAM.
ECL/PSF.S OF rifF. RUN IN INDIA.
TABLE A.
Lanlf
» tlmo
I.UII
ta tlmo
hunV
11 time
D.itr A. 1).
c-onjunctlon
measared
from
sunrise.
L.
fi-
>'■
Diitf A D
■.)
incliiiii
isured
irise.
/,.
!■'
"''
Dale .V. D.
conjunction
measured
from
sunrise.
1.
!'■■
r'-
301 IV 25
Oh.
6 m.
434
288
45.46
I*
SOI VIII 17
4h
12 m.
144
254
60.00
n
415 IX 19
2h.
27 m.
176
230
65.85
I
S04 II -li
7
12
733
301
76.10
V
303 I 1
23
52
082
191
75.38
a.
418 VII 19
10
8
116
344
45.35
(•
305 VIll 7
4
19
134
259
04.72
o*
304 VI 10
11
58
85
13
45 . 57
I
419 XII 3
1
29
652
221
46.15
P
30G I 31
2
4
712
220
44.02
(0
305 VI 6
0
40
75
203
56.38
h')
421 XI 11
6
41
030
297
54.81
(a,
300 VII 27
c,
26
123
288
75.47
a
367 X 10
5
15
597
275
54.77
t
425 111 0
7
29
347
302
55.29
a'
307 VI 5
4
30
74
265
44.27
I
368 IV 3
22
27
15
168
55.90
a
425 VIII 29
9
45
556
340
44.84
(0
30S XI 'iy
23
27
649
189
75.36
(«)
370 VIII 8
0
40
535
205
05.45
a
420 VIII 19
I
43
546
217
34.14
t
310 XI 8
0
12
626
198
74.01
(a)
371 II 2
7
32
314
302
55.38
a*
427 VII 10
9
10
508
335
45.98
I
313 IX 7
4
44
564
265
44.69
I
372 VII 17
2
23
514
227
33.96
(P)
429 XII 12
3
23
262
243
45.87
t
31t III 2
23
49
343
185
50.06
V
373 VI 7
11
32
476
10
45.75
t
432 IV 16
10
44
427
355
31.91
I
31(1 VII (1
3
48
503
252
65.24
a*
374 XI 20
'.)
(i
239
333
45.21
I
432 X 10
8
28
198
324
75.12
a
310 XII 31
0
18
281
285
55.41
a*
375 XI 10
0
38
228
205
45.87
I
433 IX 29
10
12
187
347
65.82
a*
320 IV 25
1
40
435
219
54.70
a
378 IX 8
10
0
166
346
75.23
a
434 II 25
4
24
738
200
60.15
(/"
320 X 18
6
57
206
301
45.23
i
379 VIII 28
U
27
155
3
65.94
a
435 II 14
7
8
727
298
75.40
o*
32 1 II 11
10
32
723
347
44.64
t
380 I 24
4
28
705
260
60.07
V
435 VIll 10
1
37
137
219
34.55
t
325 XII 22
3
18
071
246
66.03
P
381 I 12
7
52
694
310
75.39
a*
436 II 3
6
45
715
290
74.70
326 XII 11
7
37
660
310
75.37
381 VII 8
2
32
100
232
34.74
t
438 XII 3
2
10
652
229
45.49
f
327 VI 0
4
2
74
256
34.90
t*
382 1 1
7
0
082
298
74.71
a
440 V 17
3
20
57
245
45.61
i
329 X U
5
38
596
284
46.12
P
383 XI 11
7
43
030
316
46.15
P
442 IX 20
6
40
578
298
65.64
a
331 III 25
2
16
4
226
75.29
a
385 IV 25
22
52
30
178
05.08
a
446 I 13
7
45
295
308
54.49
a
332 m 13
7
29
353
301
50.01
(P)
386 IV 15
5
47
25
279
55.83
t
446 VII 10
1
30
508
217
05.32
a'
333 U I
9
41
313
338
44.02
w
387 III 6
10
47
346
355
43.94
U')
447 VI 29
3
48
497
2.50
74.55
a
333 VII 28
8
18
525
321
76.09
p
388 VIII 18
7
55
540
314
05.51
a*
449 V 8
2
24
448
233
45.73
t
334 I 22
1
47
303
218
44.70
{0
392 VI 7
5
14
476
274
55.07
a*
454 VIII 10
1
11
138
210
■45.23
t'
334 VII 17
10
38
514
354
65.31
a
393 V 27
S
38
466
323
74.29
(«)
455 VII 30
11
31
127
3
66.03
P
338 V 6
8
41
445
325
54.83
a*
393 XI 20
9
30
239
337
45.87
t
457 VI 8
I
32
78
219
64.75
a
33i) X 19
7
4
206
301
45.89
t
395 IV 6
4
12
416
258
45.54
t*
457 XII 2
23
55
653
194
54.81
a
341 III 4
5
U
744
209
55.40
t*
399 VII 19
10
9
116
340
34 68
(0
458 V 28
10
35
67
353
45.53
t
346 VI 0
4
38
75
203
45.64
I
400 VII 8
2
43
100
233
45.42
I*
459 V 18
1
48
57
220
36.24
0"
348 IV 15
8
33
26
324
74.47
a
402 V 18
4
5
57
259
74.23
(a)
459 X 12
10
42
600
2
76.42
ip^
348 X 9
6
16
597
292
4a. 45
t*
402 XI 11
8
20
630
325
45.49
t
460 IV 7
11
11
19
3
44.44
it)
349 IV 4
9
14
15
331
05.22
a*
403 V 7
5
34
46
279
65.00
a*
401 III 27
22
30
8
171
55.19
«
352 II 2
10
22
314
340
44.68
t*
407 11 23
23
40
336
184
55.32
a ■
461 IX 20
1
54
578
224
44.92
f
353 Vll 17
3
13
514
241
44.61
t
407 VIII 19
1
54
546
222
44.79
i*
462 III 17
2
52
358
232
75.96
a
354 1 11
5
9
292
265
76.14
P
408 II 13
4
44
325
258
70.09
P
464 VII 20
8
18
518
319
65.40
a'
355 V 28
4
15
460
261
45 . 08
i
409 VI 29
2
1
497
227
45.91
(t)
465 I 13
5
10
295
269
45.19
I
356 XI 9
I)
18
228
201
45.22
I
410 VI 18
11
59
487
15
65. If
a
405 VII 9
10
14
507
346
74 63
{<!)
358 III 2(i
5
11
406
274
66 . 23
ip)
410 XII 12
2
49
262
236
45.21
t
467 V 19
9
42
458
343
45.80
t
359 IX 11
2
3
106
227
04.55
413 X 11
0
55
199
213
74.45
a
467 XI 13
0
47
23^
211
74.40
a
3i;0 III 4
3
5
744
236
44.70
(0
414 IV 0
2
59
417
238
34.85
t
468 V 8
1
58
448
225
35.04
1
360 VIII 28
2
59
155
238
75.28
a*
414 IX 30
0
52
187
209
75.15
a
468 XI 1
0
6
221
19'.
75.08
"
nS
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE A.
Date A. D.
Lanka time
of
eoujunetion
measured
from
sunrise.
L.
f-
''
Date A. D.
Lanka time
of
conjunction
measured
from
sunrise.
L.
F-
y'-
Date A. D.
Lanka time
of
conjunction
measured
from
sunrise.
L.
1^-
y'-
469 X 21
2h. 13 m.
209
229
65.77
a
519 VIII 11
6 h. 6 m.
539
284
74.86
a*
567 VII 21
22 b
. 49 m.
120
173
35.81
I
•472 VUI 20
8
51
148
326
45.18
I*
521 VI 20
7
36
490
311
46.02
P
568 VI 11
7
6
82
304
44.00
{t)
474 ] 4
4
10
686
257
46.15
P
521 XII 15
1
9
266
213
74.38
{")
569 XI 24
5
30
645
279
45.01
t
475 W 19
8
14
88
319
64.67
a
522 VI 10
0
27
480
203
35.26
t*
572 IX 23
3
11
682
246
75.75
a
475 Xn 14
S
32
264
322
64.81
a
522 XII 4
0
14
254
199
.75.06
a
573 III 19
7
36
1
306
35.03
t'
479 IV 8
5
54
19
282
55.13
a
523 Xr 23
3
9
243'
242
65.74
a
573 IX 12
3
11
571
243
75.04
a*
479 X 1
10
12
589
349
44.95
(t)
526 IX 22
8
30
181
323
55.05
I
574 III 9
0
14
350
193
45.74
t
480 IX ^0
2
S
579
226
44.26
I
528 II 6
6
15
719
287
46.19
(P)
574 IX 1
5
32
560
276
64.31
(")
481 VIII 11
7
24
539
307
56.19
ip)
529 VII 21
4
46
119
266
64.44
a
576 VII 11
22
59
511
179
35.48
i
484 I 14
5
57
296
278
45.86
I
530 I 15
10
5
698
341
04.83
a
577 I 5
0
33
288
200
75.04
a
485 XI 23
8
53
243
332
74.40
(")
531 VI 30
7
40
99
307
35.95
{()
577 XII 25
4
36
276
260
65.73
a'
486 V 19
9
30
459
338
35.11
t*
532 XI 12
23
45
633
195
65.72
(«)
580 X 24
9
12
214
336
54.99
a
486 XI 12
8
4
232
318
75.07
a
533 V 10
2
59
50
241
64.91
a
583 VIII 23
2
25
151
232
54.25
a
487 V 9
2
31
449
232
44.37
W
534 IV 29
6
10
40
286
75.69
a
584 II 17
10
37
731
349
64.88
a*
487 XI 1
10
25
220
352
65.76
a
534 X 23
3
43
612
252
44.32
I
585 VIII 1
6
31
130
289
35.75
I
488 III 29
2
49
410
239
66.30
(p)
535 IX 13
6
21
571
294
56.34
W)
586 XII 16
1
30
667
218
55.72
a
489 III 18
4
59
759
269
75.60
a*
538 11 15
7
43
329
304
45.81
t
587 VI 11
23
13
82
184
64.66
{«)
489 IX 11
1
39
169
221
44.41
I
539 XII 26
9
14
277
333
74.38
a
588 V 31
1
30
71
216
75.44
a*
490 111 7
5
21
748
271
74.87
a
540 VI 20
7
57
490
314
35.34
I*
589 V 20
2
47
61
234
66.18
(i-t
491 II 24
10
57
737
352
54.15
{a)
540 XII 14
8
21
265
319
75.05
a
589 X 15
6
21
604
297
66.44
(i-)
491 VIII 21
1
50
148
219
65.91
(a)
541 VI 10
0
36
480
203
44.58
t
590 X 4
10
45
593
0
75.78
a*
493 I 4
4
46
686
265
45.50
f
543 IV 20
1
27
431
219
75.80
a
591 IX 23
10
31
582
354
75.08
a
494 VI 19
0
56
88
208
45.37
l*
543 X 14
2
49
202
241
44.33
I
592 III 19
8
15
1
314
45.70
/
496 X 22
6
55
611
303
05.70
t*
544 IV 8
2
45
420
235
65.04
a
594 I 27
9
1
310
327
74.33
a
500 II 15
8
37
328
321
54.44
I
545 III 28
10
0
409
342
54.29
I
594 VII 23
6
35
522
293
35.55
I
501 VII 30
23
21
528
183
74.79
a
545 IX 22
0
9
181
196
05.78
a
595 I 16
8
33
299
319
75.03
a*
502 VII 20
1
3
518
206
64.05
{«)
547 II 6
6
41
719
291
45.55
i*
596 XII 25
0
39
277
199
46.35
(P)
503 VI 10
0
17
479
202
45.95
t
548 VII 20
22
55
119
176
45.15
I
598 V 10
23
17
452
186
65.26
a
505 V 19
9
57
459
343
44.44
I
549 XII 5
2
55
656
243
76.46
ip)
599 IV 30
8
19
441
319
44.48
I
50« XI I
4
44
221
265
56.38
ip)
550 XI 24
8
17
044
323
65.72
a*
601 III 10
7
24
762
304
45.64
t
508 IX 11
0
30
170
202
55.09
t
651 V 21
9
48
61
343
64.83
a*
604 I 7
3
30
689
248
76.47
(/-)
509 VIII 31
9
8
159
329
65,86
a
554 III 19
8
28
0
831
44.34
t
604 XII 26
10
7
678
346
55.72
(0)
512 I 5
1
39
686
216
64.82
a
555 III 8
23
31
350
184
45.07
1
605 VI 22
5
52
92
284
64.58
a
512 VI 29
8
U
98
316
45 . 30
t*
5.59 VI 21
7
54
490
312
44.66
I
606 VI 11
7
52
82
312
75.35
a
513 VI 19
0
11
88
195
36.02
P
560 XII 3
7
0
254
297
56.36
(P)
608 IV 20
7
19
32
307
44.17
I
514 V 10
9
24
50
338
44.23
t
561 IV 30
8
I
441
318
75.87
a
609 IV 9
23
24
22
1S6
34.92
(')
515 X 23
3
12
fill
246
44.99
t*
562 IV 19
9
40
431
340
65.11
a*
613 VII 23
a
52
522
281
44.87
1*
516 IV 17
23
33
29
185
75.77
%
562 X 14
0
52
203
310
55.00
a*
616 V 21
6
3
462
287
65.34
a
517 IV 7
0
1
19
190
76.50
W)
663 X S
7
50
192
312
75.75
a*
616 XI 15
2
8
238
229
64.97
(I*
518 VIII 22
5
13
550
274
65.60
%
566 11 6
3
35
720
228
64.86
a
617 XI 4
7
35
225
309
75.70
«•
519 11 15
li
58
323
294
45.14
1'
566VI11 1
6
27
130
290
45.09
1*
618 111 31
23
32
413
187
36.37
W't
P.CffPSFS OF THE .V^'yV IN INDIA.
TA iJ IJ-: A.
Lanka time
Lanka tlmo
of
conjnnctloD
measured
from
sunrise.
Lanka time
of
conjunction
measured
from
Hunrlse.
I)ut<
A
1).
conjunction
muasured
from
sunrise.
L.
K-
>'•
Dale A.
1).
L
/•t-
y'
Date A. D.
/,
l^'
y'-
618
X
24
7h
21m
213
304
70.39
(/-)
663 V
12
22 h
21 m.
54
171
34.72
(0
714 VIII 14
231
. 4 m.
144
180
74.86
a
(•>2()
III
10
2
10
752
224
64.96
a
665 IV
21
3
1
33
237
56.28
(;-)
715 VIII 4
1
57
134
221
65.61
a
(WO
IX
2
5
48
162
282
44.93
I*
667 VIII
25
4
25
554
260
55.05
I*
716 VII 23
12
2
123
10
46.32
(J')
fi2:i
XII
27
8
y
678
315
45.02
t
670 VI
23
2
20
493
231
55 58
a
719 V 23
23
57
65
192
56.07
P
6.;4
XII
15
23
58
668
192
44.35
t
670 XII 18
3
46
270
250
64.97
a
721 IX 26
3
55
586
256
55.18
f
628
X
26
2
18
615
235
75.83
a
671 XII
7
7
58
258
313
75.68
a*
724 VII 24
23
13
525
183
55.80
a
627
IV
21
7
8
33
302
34.86
t*
672 VI
1
5
36
473
277
34.05
w
725 1 19
5
0
303
266
64.94
a
627
X
15
1
42
604
223
75.14
a*
672 XI
25
7
13
247
301
86.36
p
725 Vll 14
11
19
514
3
45.01
t
628
IV
9
23
54
23
191
45.60
t
674 IV
12
0
13
424
198
65.12
a
726 I 8
8
17
292
313
75.66
a
628
X
3
4
39
593
265
64.43
a
674 X
5
6
28
195
294
44.83
t
726 VII 4
4
3
504
253
34.27
I
630Vnn3
22
3
543
166
35.67
t
678 I
28
10
25
712
346
45.04
t
726 'XII 28
7
28
280
300
rC 33
(P)
63 1
II
7
0
17
321
194
74.99
a
678 VII
24
9
38
123
337
75.01
a*
727 V 25
12
9
466
21
46.09
(.P)
632
I
27
5
47
310
275
55.69
a*
679 VII
13
12
4
113
12
65.76
a
728 XI 6
8
19
228
323
44.79
t
633
VI
12
9
42
483
344
76.21
{/>)
680 XI
27
2
17
649
233
85.87
a
729 X 27
0
17
217
201
45.46
t
634
XI
26
10
40
247
356
64.97
{a)
681 V
23
5
52
64
284
34.65
t
732 VIII 25
6
0
155
285
74.80
a
637
III
31
23
7
414
182
45.74
I
681 XI
16
1
28
637
220
75.19
a*
733 VIII 14
9
7
144
329
65.55
a*
637
IX
24
1
32
183
222
54.13
C)
682 V
12
22
27
54
171
45.40
t
734 XII 30
2
29
682
232
85.89
a
638
III
21
9
41
403
338
65.00
a*
682 XI
5
5
10
626
274
64.49
(«)
735 VI 25
4
17
96
260
34.43
t
63'J
IX
3
6
14
162
287
35.59
I
686 11
28
6
8
343
281
55.61
I
735 XII 19
1
54
671
223
75.20
a*
611
I
17
3
12
700
241
55.73
a*
688 VII
3
9
12
504
334
55.66
a
737 X 28
7
17
619
311
46.54
(P)
642
XII
27
8
50
679
324
44.35
(0
692 IV
22
7
15
435
304
65.19
a*
740 IV 1
5
25
15
273
45.47
I*
643
VI
21
22
36
92
171
65.93
a
693 IV
11
9
48
424
339
74.43
a
742 Vni 5
6
25
535
292
55.86
a
643
XI
17
7
15
638
310
66.48
iP)
693 X
5
7
6
195
302
45.50
t*
746 V 25
3
39
466
251
65.43
a
644
XI
5
10
14
626
354
75.85
a*
695 II
19
4
13
733
255
55.78
i*
747 V 14
5
32
456
277
74.66
a
645
X
25
9
30
615
341
75.16
a
697 I
28
11
4
712
354
44.37
I
747 XI 7
9
1
228
332
45.45
I*
646
IV
21
7
32
33
306
45.54
t
698 XII
8
10
23
660
353
85.87
(.a)
749 III 23
4
11
406
258
45.89
I
648
II
29
7
38
343
307
74.24
a
699 XI
27
9
34
648
340
75.19
a
753 I 9
10
28
693
351
85.90
{")
648 VIII
24
5
57
553
285
35.72
t
700 V
23
5
47
65
281
45.33
(t)
753 XII 29
10
3
682
344
75.21
a
649
11
17
7
58
332
310
74.96
a*
702 IV
2
4
52
15
269
74.07
a
754 VI 25
3
31
96
247
45.10
f
650 VIII
3
5
38
533
275
64.21
(«)
702 IX
26
6
21
586
294
45.84
t
756 X 28
7
51
619
318
45.91
t
651
I
27
2
48
310
229
46.32
P
703 III
22
6
16
4
287
64.83
a
757 IV 23
3
30
36
249
64.63
a
651
XII
18
7
30
269
308
44.29
e
704 IX
4
3
3
565
239
64.38
a
758 X 7
1
35
597
219
74.50
a
653
VI
1
6
5
473
286
44.71
t*
705 II
28
4
4
343
249
46.24
P
759 IV 2
4
14
15
254
36.11
(P)
653
XI
25
23
48
247
191
75.68
{")
705 VII 25
11
40
525
12
76.53
(P)
760 II 21
11
5
336
359
44.20
(0
655
IV
12
6
46
424
298
45.80
t
706 I
19
9
46
303
339
44.27
I
761 VIII 5
2
25
535
230
45.14
I*
658
IX
3
5
51
163
279
46.29
p
707 VII
4
3
56
504
252
44.94
t*
762 i 30
0
4
314
189
75.63
a
659
VII
25
1
57
124
224
64.33
a
707 XII
29
0
14
281
194
75.67
a
763 I 18
23
27
303
178
76.31
(P)
660
I
18
1
45
701
217
45 . 03
t
709 V
14
4
57
456
272
46.01
iP)
764 VI 4
10
17
477
351
65.51
a'
660 VII
IS
3
5
113
239
75.09
a*
710 X
26
28
35
217
192 44.80
I
764 XI 28
2
0
2.50
227
44.78/
661
VII
2
5
18
102
271
65.84
a
712 X
5
6
3
195
285 56.20
P
766 XI 7
7
13
229
303
56.17 J9
602
V
23
'"
31
64 281
43.97 i/))
714 11
19
3
-'
734
242 45.09
t*
767 IV 3
11
56
417
15
45.94(0
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE A.
Laiiku time
of
Lanka time
of
Lauka time
of
—
Date A.
1).
conjunction
measured
from
sunrise.
/,.
t'--
"''■
Dak A. D.
conjunction
measured
from
sunrise.
I.
l^--
>'■
Date A. D.
conjunction
measured
from
sunrise.
L.
1^-
''■
7fi8 HI
23
4h
2 m.
406
254
35.20
I*
815 IX 7
Ih
59 m
568
226
45.29
(
861 III 15
7h
50 m.
759
313
76.08
Cp^
709 IX
4
23
55
166
192
65.44
a
816 III 2
22
42
347
170
75.53
i")
862 III 4
9
21
748
832
65.34
o*
770 VIII
25
10
53
155
354
46.14
V
817 n 19
22
41
336
167
76.23
IP)
862 VIII 28
23
40
159
190
54.71
t
772 VU
5
10
45
106
855
45.03
t
818 VII 7
6
1
508
286
65.77
a
863 Vni 18
0
23
149
288
65.47
a'
772 XII
28
23
44
682
187
64.52
a
818 XII 31
4
41
284
263
44.77
(0
864 VIII 6
7
20
138
300
76.22
(f'
775 V
4
10
25
46
353
64.56
(«)
819 VI 26
7
4
497
300
75.01
a'
866 VI 16
9
5
88
331
44.97
(*
775 X
29
4
27
619
265
65.25
a*
820 XII 9
8
57
262
326
66.17
P
866 XII 11
1
25
664
215
74.58
a
779 11
21
5
11
336
268
64.88
a
821 V 5
10
39
448
358
46.11
(J>)
867 VI 6
1
57
78
222
35.71
t
779 VI1116
10
8
546
346
45.20
t
822 IV 25
3
31
438
249
35.37
t*
869 X 9
2
49
600
241
45.39
e
7S0 11
10
7
45
325
305
75.61
a
823 X 7
23
22
198
187
65.33
a
873 11 1
0
56
317
295
44.74
I
7S() VIII
5
2
57
536
236
34.47
t
824 IX 26
11
2
187
359
46.01
P
873 VII 28
2
35
529
233
75.26
a"
781 VI
26
9
28
498
339
56.33
(P)
826 VIII 7
8
40
138
324
54.82
t
874 VII 17
6
9
518
284
54.50
a
782 XII
9
10
54
262
359
44.78
(0
829 VI 5
6
58
78
301
54.33
a
876 V 27
2
12
470
230
35.58
I
783 XI
29
2
41
251
235
45 45
(*
829 XI 30
5
41
653
282
65.27
a
877 XI 9
0
12
231
200
65.28
a
786 IV
3
11
58
417
14
85.25
(0
831 V 15
10
57
57
357
35.86
t
878 V 6
4
22
449
258
64.02
K«'
786 IX
27
3
46
187
254
74.66
a
833 III 25
3
53
8
252
64.74
a
880 IX 8
7
20
170
306
54.66
I'*
787 III
24
4
20
407
256
44.52
t
833 IX 17
10
7
578
348
45.33
t
883 VII 8
3
42
109
251
54.10
i"'
787 IX
16
7
34
176
308
05.39
a*
834 III 14
5
55
358
279
75.49
a*
884 1 2
7
1
686
298
65.28
a
789 1
31
2
8
716
225
75.93
a
8.34 IX 7
2
42
568
234
44.63
W*
884 XII 21
9
31
675
335
74.58
a
789 VII
27
2
55
127
239
34.22
i
835 III 3
0
12
346
280
76.19
(?)
885 VI 16
9
24
89
334
85.64
I
790 I
20
2
12
704
224
75.23
a*
836 VII 17
12
39
518
25
65.85
{a)
888 IV 16
2
40
30
234
75.30
a'
791 1
9
8
14
693
313
54.52
C)
837 XII 31
5
16
284
270
45.44
I*
888 X 9
3
33
601
250
44.72
(
791 VII
6
2
57
106
236
65.75
a
840 V 5
11
9
449
4
35.43
t*
889 IV 4
3
54
19
249
66.03
P
792 XI
19
1
17
641
218
45.93
I
840 X 29
2
57
220
243
74.59
a
890 VIII lU
8
58
550
331
76.07
P
791 V
4
3
49
47
252
45.27
I*
841 IV 25
3
22
439
245
44.69
t
891 VIII 8
9
18
539
334
75.84
a'
79G IX
6
4
53
567
271
56.02
V
841 X 18
7
31
209
310
65.30
a
892 II 2
7
19
318
299
45.41
<•
S(K) \1
25
23
27
498
188
65.69
a
843 III 5
0
38
748
204
76.03
P
894 VI 7
9
40
480
341
35.65
I
801 VI
15
0
42
487
205
74.92
a
843 VIII 29
2
16
159
231
44.05
{t)
894 XII 1
3
14
254
246
74.56
{„\
802 VI
4
3
3
476
238
64.16
a
844 II 22
1
45
737
217
65.30
a*
895 V 28
1
23
470
216
44.90
t
H02 XI
29
0
21
251
198
56.17
ip)
845 II 10
9
20
726
329
54.57
t
895 XI 20
8
42
243
327
65.27
a*
803 IV
25
3
10
438
245
46.05
(P)
845 VIII 6
23
23
13S
182
65.53
a
897 IV 5
21
46
420
164
76.19
(J'<
800 IX
Ifi
2
50
177
235
46.05
(P)
846 XII 22
3
42
675
251
55.94
i
898 III 26
0
11
410
197
65.43
a
807 11
11
9
47
727
340
75.96
(a)
848 VI 5
1
47
78
221
45.05
t*
899 III 15
9
28
759
333
54.67
t
808 I
31
10
10
715
343
75.25
a*
850 X 9
4
50
600
273
56.11
P
901 I 23
5
46
708
279
55.97
t
808 VII
27
1
18
127
213
44.89
I*
851 IV 5
11
6
19
1
64.68
(a)
902 VII 7
23
49
109
191
44.82
t
809 VII
10
9
42
117
337
05.68
a
853 IX 7
1
31
568
215
53.92
iP)
904 XI 10
6
4
633
291
56.14
P
HIO XI
30
10
5
652
849
45.93
w
854 11 1
7
23
317
303
54.05
t
905 V 7
7
62
51
315
64.47
a
H12 V
14
11
10
57
2
45.20
I*
856 VII 5
23
Hi
508
181
64.42
(a)
906 IV 26
9
20
40
334
75.22
a'
HI 2 XI
H
1
11
630
214
74.55
a
856 XII 31
2
5
285
220
66.17
P
907 X 10
1
34
601
218
54.01
("1
813 V
4
3
24
47
244
35.93
t
859 V 6
10
48
449
357
44.76
t
908 III 5
8
9
350
816
43.08
(/.
hll III
25
11
4
S
1
44.07
{!)
860 X 8
3
52
209
253
45 . 96
1
911 II 2
3
10
318
234
66.15
P
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TA r. liK A.
I.iin
ku time
Lill
ka time
Lanka llmo
of
Date A
1)
i-oujuiicHon
measured
from
sunrise.
L.
fi-
t'-
Dale
A
1)
eunjlinctlon
measured
from
sunrise.
/,.
f*
y'-
Date
A
n.
conjunction
meuured
from
3nnrl8«.
/,
K
>'•
'.)l:i VI
7
8h
35 m.
480
323
44.98
I*
960
V
28
4 h. 45 m.
71
267
74.97
a*
1005
I
13
2h
14m.
299
222
45.90
.
911 XI
20
5
58
243
284
45.93
I
961
V
17
7
27
61
305
65.73
a
1007
V
19
0
65
463
299
45 . 03
f
Die IV
5
7
26
420
307
63.48
a
965
III
6
3
0
351
233
66.07
P
1012 VIII 20
5
32
152
274
55.95
t
9ir, ix
29
23
0
192
183
54.58
(a)
967
VII
10
6
2
512
284
55.21
I*
1014
I
4
1
12
690
211
45.45
t*
917 IX
19
4
0
181
255
75.32
a*
968
XII
22
8
34
277
319
43 92
I
1014
VI
29
23
58
103
194
74.71
(«)
918 IX
8
4
7
170
234
76.04
(P)
970
V
8
4
38
452
267
55.68
a
1015
VI
19
3
46
92
249
33.48
a
920 I
23
23
34
709
185
65.30
(«)
970
XI
1
23
21
225
190
64.52
a
1019
IV
8
1
20
23
212
65.93
a
920 VII
18
7
17
120
303
44.75
t
971
X
22
2
49
214
239
75.22
a*
1021 VIII 11
3
44
543
2.30
35.42
t
921 I
12
1
34
697
213
74.60
{«)
972
IV
16
8
23
431
318
34.17
(')
1024
VI
9
1
27
483
219
55.91
a
921 VII
8
0
23
110
198
35.49
t*
972
X
10
2
19
202
229
75.92
a
1024
XII
4
0
24
258
203
64.49
a
923 XI
11
4
47
633
270
43 . 43
t*
974
II
24
23
24
742
183
65.38
(«)
1025
XI
23
2
36
247
235
75.18
a'
927 III
fi
8
14
350
316
44.66
t
974 VIII 20
6
IS
152
289
44.57
t
1026
V
19
7
15
463
303
34.37
t
927 VIII 29
23
9
5fi0
183
75.46
a
975
II
14
0
52
730
202
74.66
a
1026
XI
12
1
50
235
222
75.86
a
928 II
24
0
7
340
191
45.37
t
975 VIII
9
23
17
141
182
35 . 30
I
1027
XI
1
5
37
234
278
66.50
(P)
92S VIII 18
3
34
550
246
54.70
a*
977
XII
13
7
25
667
307
45.44
t*
1028
IX
21
6
27
184
294
44.44
(t)
930 VI
29
0
34
501
204
33,80
I
978
VI
8
11
9
82
2
74.88
a
1029
IX
10
23
2
173
181
45.15
(0
931 XII
12
1
53
265
222
55.26
a*
978
XII
2
23
2
656
180
44.77
(t)
1032
I
15
10
1
701
342
45 . 40
i*
935 IV
f.
0
58
420
208
44.77
I
980
V
17
0
14
61
195
46.37
ip)
1032
VII
10
6
26
113
291
74.62
a
935 IX
30
11
29
192
8
75.28
(a)
981
IV
7
8
20
22
320
34.52
t
1033
I
4
1
29
690
213
44.78
t
93f) IX
IH
11
20
180
3
73.99
a
982
111
28
0
11
12
195
45.25
I
1033
VI
29
10
37
102
351
53.40
a*
937 II
13
22
37
731
172
56.01
(P)
982
IX
20
2
22
582
231
54.85
a*
1034
VI
18
22
0
92
161
46.13
P
938 11
3
7
39
720
306
65.32
a*
984
VII
30
23
9
533
183
36.01
(0
1035
V
10
7
25
54
308
34.32
t
939 I
23
9
27
708
331
74.61
a
986
I
13
3
41
299
245
55.25
t
1036
IV
28
22
56
44
179
45.07
I
939 VII
19
7
57
120
311
35.42
t*
988
V
18
11
35
462
11
55.76
a
1036
X
22
2
38
615
237
54.93
a*
940 VII
7
23
54
no
189
46.19
(P)
988
XI
12
7
39
236
313
64.51
{")
1039 VIII 22
11
7
354
2
55.48
I
9t3 V
17
22
21
61
170
75.06
a
989
V
7
23
32
452
188
44.96
I
1040
II
15
4
54
332
263
55.20
t
912 XI
11
5
26
634
278
44.77
I
989
XI
1
10
39
225
337
75.21
(«)
1042
VI
20
8
25
494
323
55.98
a
943 V
7
0
40
50
203
65.81
o*
990
X
21
10
1
213
345
75.^9
a
1042
XII
15
8
47
269
327
64.49
a
9U n.
20
6
21
582
295
76.23
P
991
III
18
22
47
403
177
56.12
P
1043
VI
9
21
39
483
160
45.18
t
945 IX
9
6
19
571
292
75.52
a*
992
III
7
7
1
752
298
65.42
a*
1043
XII
4
10
39
258
355
85.18
a
946 III
6
8
17
351
315
45.34
I
993
II
24
8
21
741
315
74.70
a
1044
XI
22
9
53
247
342
75.85
a
948 VII
9
8
2
511
316
35 . 87
i
993 VIII 20
7
5
152
299
33.24
I*
1045
IV
19
21
32
435
161
56.29
(/')
949 VI
28
22
53
501
177
45.13
I
995
I
4
1
32
689
218
36.14
P
1046
IV
9
4
50
425
268
65.38
a
949 XII
22
10
30
276
350
55.26
a
996
XII
13
7
53
668
312
44.78
I
1047
III
29
5
54
414
281
74.84
a
950 VI
18
7
21
491
302
64.33
a
998
X
23
5
0
615
277
76.33
(P)
1047
IX
22
7
11
184
304
45.11
I
952 IV
2fi
21
39
441
161
55.61
(«)
999
X
12
4
50
604
272
75.63
a
1048
III
17
7
12
403
298
64.12
(«)
953 IV
16
8
34
431
323
44.83
I*
1000
IV
7
7
54
23
312
45.20
t*
1049
II
5
3
17
723
242
46.17
f
955 II
25
6
49
741
296
56.04
P
1000
IX
30
10
18
593
351
54.89
(a)
1051
I
15
10
12
701
343
44.79
t
95S VII
19
7
13
121
298
46.13
P
1001
IX
19
22
57
582
178
44 18
it)
1052
XI
24
4
41
648
271
86 . 37
P
958 XII
13
8
B
667
319
56.14
U')
1002
VIII 11
6
48
543
298
46.07
P
1053
XI
13
4
41
637
270
75 . B8
"'
959 VI
9
3
42
82
252
64.21
"
1004
i
Vll
20
3
18
522
241
64.58
a
1054
V
10
6
16
55
289
45.00
1'
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE A.
Lar
ka time
L»
ika time
Lanka time
Dale A. D.
conjunction
measured
from
Bonrlse.
I.
y-
"/'•
Date
A U
(Mjnjunctton
measured
from
sunrise.
L
1^-
y'
Date A.
D.
conjunction
measured
from
sunrise.
L.
{'■
'■'
105i XI 2
11 h
. Ore.
626
3
54.95
(a)
1107
XII 16
51
. 22 m
671
276
75.69
a*
1161 I
28
4h
. 34 m.
715
263
76.43
(7')
1055 X 23
0
9
615
198
44.26
(I)
1108
VI 11
3
46
86
252
44.77
I
1162 I
17
6
8
704
284
65.71
a'
1056 IX 12
6
24
575
295
46.23
(P)
1109
V 31
11
41
75
8
65.57
a
1162 VII
14
0
58
117
209
54.53
t
1058 VIII 21
23
48
554
190
74.79
a
1109
XI 24
2
21
648
230
44.30
(0
1163 VII
3
7
25
107
303
65.31
fl*
1059 II 15
*
8
332
250
45 86
t
1110
X 15
7
3
608
307
46.32
p
1164 VI
21
8
29
96
318
76.08
(/"
1059 VIII 11
0
16
543
194
74.04
{a)
1113
III 19
4
58
5
265
35.75
t
1164 XI
16
8
39
641
330
56.87
;'
1061 VI 20
5
0
494
270
35.26
l*
1115
VII 23
3
23
525
245
35.47
I
1166 V
1
11
53
47
14
44.87
(/)
lOCii IV 19
11
47
435
13
65.65
(a)
1118
V 22
7
54
467
316
65.89
a
1167 IV
21
4
40
37
263
35.60
I
1064 X 12
23
15
206
188
44.39
I
1118
XI 15
1
18
239
218
44.35
w
1168 IX
3
11
39
567
13
56.41
p
10G6 IX 22
4
44
185
265
55.82
a
1119
V 11
8
43
456
326
75.13
a*
1169 VIII 24
2
32
557
234
35.65
i
1068 II 6
3
25
723
242
45.48
i*
1120
X 24
4
58
218
270
65.75
a*
1172 I
27
1
32
314
209
56.42
V
1069 VII 21
0
31
123
200
55.24
a*
1122
III 10
4
37
756
262
45.57
t*
1173 VI
12
4
4
487
256
65.39
a
lOTO VII 10
12
40
113
20
45.98
I
1123 VIII 22
22
17
155
168
55.05
(t)
1174 VI
1
8
22
477
319
54.61
a
1073 V 9
22
17
55
167
65.73
a
1124 VIII 11
11
16
145
0
45.78
I*
1174 XI
26
6
0
251
284
65.73
a'
1074 IV 29
0
20
44
196
76.50
(P)
1126
VI 22
10
51
96
357
54.69
(t)
1176 IV
11
4
37
428
265
35.71
I
1075 III 19
10
59
4
359
64.37
{a)
1129
IV 20
8
55
36
331
54.21
a
1178 III
21
4
47
407
262
64.21
(«)
1075 IX 13
2
12
575
230
55.59
a
1129
X 15
1
42
608
225
65.69
a
1178 IX
13
10
59
177
359
45.62
(*
1076 IX 1
6
51
565
297
74.85
a
1130
X 4
4
47
597
269
74.98
a*
1180 VII
24
8
5
128
315
54.46
w
1079 VII 1
12
24
504
20
35.33
I
1131
IX 23
4
32
586
262
74.27
(a)
1181 I
16
23
19
704
180
54.99
C'
1079 Xn 26
2
47
280
234
85.16
a
1133 VIII 2
11
0
536
359
35.54
t*
1183 V
23
6
9
68
290
54.00
0-)
1080 VI 20
5
41
494
278
34.59
t
1134
I 27
2
34
314
22S
75.12
a
1183 XI
17
2
9
641
231
65.74
a
1080 XII 14
2
11
269
224
75 . 83
a
1134 VII 23
4
12
526
255
34.80
I'
1184 XI
5
3
54
630
256
75.06
a'
1081 XII 3
6
56
258
295
66 . 47
(P)
1135
I 16
2
35
302
227
75.81
a*
1185 V
1
12
22
47
19
35.53
(0
1083 X 13
23
52
206
196
45.06
I
1137
XI 15
1
41
240
222
45.02
i*
1185 X
25
3
25
619
247
74.37
a
1086 VIII 12
2
27
145
232
74.39
a
1140
IX 12
23
45
177
194
74.22
a
1187 IX
4
10
30
568
354
35.70
f
1087 II 6
3
21
723
240
44.81
t
1141
III 10
4
3
756
252
44.90
I
1188 II
29
1
20
847
211
75.04
a
1087 VIII 1
7
39
134
307
55.17
t*
1141
IX 2
5
50
166
282
54.99
t*
1188 VIII
24
3
18
558
244
44.99
f
10S9 VI 11
5
50
86
284
34.11
t
1143 VIII 12
11
52
145
8
36.41
ip)
1189 II
17
2
22
336
224
75.74
a'
1090 XI 24
4
4
648
257
54.96
a
1144
XII 26
6
3
682
283
54.97
t
1190 VII
4
9
47
508
343
66.23
P
lO'Jl V 21
5
1
65
269
65 65
a
1145
VI 22
0
51
96
205
65.40
a*
1191 VI
23
10
30
498
353
65.48
a'
1093 l.\ 23
9
55
586
347
65.63
a'
1146
VI 11
2
7
86
223
76.17
ip)
1191 XII
18
4
0
273
254
55.01
I
1094 111 19
5
8
4
269
45.09
t*
1147
X 26
9
46
619
348
65.71
a*
1193 VI
1
3
8
477
239
43.95
(f>
1097 I 16
9
40
303
337
74.47
a
1148
IV 20
4
20
36
260
44.93
t*
1195 IV
12
3
23
428
245
45.04
/
1098 I 5
10
47
292
353
85.15
a
1151
11 18
9
36
336
336
74.40
a
1195 X
6
5
28
198
280
54.88
t
1100 V 11
1
18
456
217
65.80
a
1152
II 7
10
18
325
344
75.10
a*
1197 IX
13
11
42
177
8
46.27
0-^
1101 IV 30
2
10
445
228
75 05
a*
1153
I 26
10
37
314
347
75.79
{a)
1198 11
7
22
20
726
167
65.74
w
1101 X 24
8
23
217
324
45.04
I
1153
VII 23
2
35
526
229
44.09
t
1199 I
28
7
51
715
308
55.00
t
1102 IV 19
4
48
435
263
64.30
(a)
1165
VI 1
21
38
477
160
65.30
a
1201 XI
27
10
26
653
355
75.75
(")
1103 III 10
4
7
755
257
46.24
iP)
1155
XI 26
10
26
251
353
45.01
I
1202 V
23
2
48
68
238
34.72
t
iioovni I
3
38
134
245
45 . 84
I
1156
V 21
1
30
466
216
54.53
a
1202 XI
16
11
49
641
14
85.07
w)
1106 \ii -r,
4
47
682
268
SR.40
1
1160
IX 2
2
56
166
CI
45.67
t
1205 III
22
8
'
9
317
74.27
"
KCfJ/'SFS OF '/HE S(W IN INDIA.
T.\ IM.K A.
'2.3
Lon)
a time
Lanka tlmo
Lanka timu
of
Dat.- A I).
conjiini-tion
from
sunriso.
I.
F
y'
Date A D.
coiOUDutlon
mouHurcd
from
suurlse.
I.
V-
y'
Dale A I).
coujunotlon
moasarod
from
uunrlao.
L.
1^
y'
I2lir, HI 11
8h.
38 111.
358
321
74.99
a*
1253 III 1
8li
51m.
748
324
45.07
I*
1300 VIII 15
9li
47 m.
550
341
55.14
U'UC IX 4
11
12
568
3
45.04
I
1255 I 10
4
0
697
255
56.41
(P)
1301 VIII 4
23
38
540
186
44.39
1207 11 28
10
4
846
340
65.71
(o)
1256 VI 24
1
1
99
210
34.50
t
1302 VI 26
9
15
501
335
.36.20
p
1207 VIII 25
0
43
558
203
54.28
I
1258 VI 3
9
53
79
340
46.03
iP)
1303 VI 15
22
40
491
175
55.48
1211 XII 7
1
40
262
216
76.45
(P)
1260 IV 12
5
40
30
280
74.82
a
1303 XII 9
8
22
265
321
54.81
1213 IV 22
10
52
439
358
45.10
t*
1260 X 6
11
38
601
12
45.15
(0
1304 VI 4
5
5
481
270
64.70
a'
12U X 5
3
28
199
248
45.56
I*
1261 IV 1
8
26
19
319
65.56
a
1304 XI 27
22
48
254
177
45.49
(0
1210 II 19
6
16
737
287
65.76
a*
1261 IX 25
23
44
590
191
54.41
a
1307 IV 3
8
49
421
326
45.19
f
1217 Vlll 4
3
19
138
243
75.08
a*
1262 VIII 16
12
10
550
21
76.54
iP)
1310 VII 26
23
31
131
187
34.29
(0
1218 I 2S
7
23
716
299
44.33
{')
1265 I 18
23
55
307
187
65.71
a
1312 VII 5
7
19
111
301
45.81
121S VII 24
3
53
127
249
75.83
a*
1266 I 8
1
51
295
215
86.44
U>)
1314 V 15
1
38
61
221
74.59
«
122U VI 2
10
12
78
349
34.65
t
1267 V 25
8
36
470
325
55.32
I*
1315 V 4
5
51
51
282
55.36
«•
1221 V 23
3
29
68
246
35.39
t*
1268 XI 6
.5
11
232
274
45.50
f
1315 X 28
23
47
623
193
64.48
a
1223 IX 26
2
49
589
241
45.78
i
1270 III 23
5
24
410
276
55.87
a
1317 IX 6
10
2
571
348
65.98
a
1226 II 28
2
15
347
221
56.34
P
1271 IX 6
0
1
170
196
74.88
a
1319 II 20
23
59
340
189
65.66
a
1227 I 19
6
31
306
290
44.33
t
1272 III 1
8
55
749
323
44.40
t
1319 Vm 16
7
20
550
302
44.46
(0
1227 VII 14
23
32
518
188
65.64
a
1272 VIII 25
0
11
159
195
75.61
a
1320 II 10
1
22
329
207
76.39
P
1228 VII 3
5
4
508
269
54.85
t*
1274 VII 5
8
28
110
321
34.43
t
1321 VI 26
5
39
502
280
55.56
I
1228 XII 28
7
18
284
300
65.73
a*
1275 VI 25
1
51
100
221
35.17
t*
1322 XII 9
7
41
265
309
45.48
i*
1230 V 14
3
34
460
251
35.90
I
1277 X 28
4
17
622
264
45.85
t
1324 IV 24
3
31
442
251
56.03
P
1232 IV 22
2
16
439
227
64.38
{a)
1280 IV 1
1
57
19
220
46.21
P
1325 X 7
21
55
202
167
74.75
(«)
1233 X 5
4
13
199
257
46.21
ip)
1281 II 20
8
20
339
317
44.27
t
1326 IV 3
9
17
421
332
34.52
t
1234 VIII 26
5
47
159
283
54.26
(«)
1282 II 9
23
7
329
177
54.96
w
1328 VIII 6
7
11
141
303
34.23
(')
1235 II 19
0
38
737
200
45.04
t
1282 VIII 5
2
25
539
230
55.07
I*
1329 VII 27
0
18
131
197
34.96
r
1235 Mil 15
10
fi
149
345
75.00
a
1283 I 30
8
5
318
309
65.70
a
1331 XI 30
6
38
656
297
45.87
(•
1236 VIII 3
10
31
138
349
75.75
a*
1284 VI 15
1
53
491
225
36.12
(P)
1332 V 25
8
9
72
318
64.50
1237 XII 19
3
3
675
241
75.77
a*
1285 XI 27
23
40
254
191
54.81
t
1334 V 4
0
42
51
203
46.02
p
1238 XII 8
3
50
664
252
85.09
a
1287 XI 7
5
4U
232
282
46.17
P
1335 111 25
9
0
12
330
44.16
t
1239 VI 3
10
58
79
358
35.32
I*
1289 111 23
0
56
410
207
45.14
1
1336 IX 6
0
57
571
210
55.25
1
1239 XI 27
3
29
652
247
74.41
W
1289 IX 16
7
11
ISl
304
74.83
a
1337 III 3
7
42
351
305
65.62
-
1240 V 23
2
40
69
232
46.10
V
1290 IX 5
7
15
170
302
75.55
a*
1339 VII 7
12
37
512
24
55.64
t
1241 X 6
11
11
600
7
45.81
(0
1291 VIII 25
11
59
159
11
56.26
P
1339 XII 31
1
49
287
220
54.80
t
1242 IX 26
3
22
590
248
45.12
I*
1292 I 21
3
39
708
248
75.80
a*
1341 XII 9
8
8
266
314
46.15
1'
1243 III 22
1
6
8
208
65.62
a*
1293 I 9
3
53
697
250
85.12
a
1342 V 5
10
44
452
359
56.09
(p)
1245 VII 25
6
10
529
287
65. 72
a
1293 VII 5
9
18
110
332
35.10
I
1343 IV 25
6
14
442
199
45. 3C
t*
1246 I 19
6
9
307
283
54.99
I
1293 Xll 29
4
7
68r
252
74.44
a
1343 X 18
5
30
213
281
74.72
a
1247 VII 4
1
8
508
208
44.18
(0
1294 VI 25
0
12
loo
194
45.88
I
1344 X 7
5
26
202
278
75.42
a'
1248 V 24
11
4
470
a
35.97
I
1296 X 28
4
30
62;
266
45.19
t*
1345 IX 26
10
58
191
358
56.11
P
1249 V 14
1
27
460
218
55.24
t*
1297 IV 22
22
48
4(]
I7r
65.43
a
1346 11 25
3
17
741
243
75.87
"
1249 XI 6
6
27
231
295
54.82
t
1299 VIII 2'
2
50
561
239
65.93
(a)
1347 II 11
3
19
730
241
75.17
"
1250 V 3
9
8
449
331
G4.45
a
1300 II 21
7
25
;!t(
3U-
54.94
r
1347 VIII "
Jl
54
142
31--
U.Sll
I
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE A.
Lauka time
Lanka timo
of
conjunction
from
sunrise.
Lanka time
ll.iU' A 1),
coDJunetion
moa.sured
from
sunrise.
/,
\'-
''
Dale
A.
D
/,
I'-
>■'■
Date A.
I)
conj
nnction
asured
nrise.
L.
!'■
■)'■
1318 VII 26
211.
38 ni.
131
155
55.67
(0
1391
IV
,r,
5
1. 5(1 ni.
23
280
05.48
a
1447 IX
10
7h
29 m
576
311
66.05
/'
1H50 XI 30
6
26
656
293
55.22
t
1393 VIII
8
y
42
544
341
55.87
a
1448 III
5
4
45
354
264
44.71
t
i:!54 III 25
7
22
12
304
54.82
I*
1394
II
1
3
42
321
246
44.78
(0
1448 VIII 29
10
1
565
346
75.33
a
1354 IX 17
8
46
582
328
55.29
t
1397
V
26
22
48
473
178
35.51
t
1451 XII
23
5
0
280
269
84.64
{«•
1355 IX 6
23
7
572
181
44.56
(0
1398
XI
9
5
1
235
272
75.33
a*
1452 XII
11
3
35
269
277
75.33
a
1358 I 10
10
30
299
349
54.80
I
1400
111
26
1
29
414
218
76.00
a
1453 VI
7
3
3
485
268
44.20
i
1358 VII 7
0
36
512
202
64.95
a*
1401
III
15
I
36
403
217
75.28
a
1454 IV
27
22
14
446
172
76.20
P
1358 XII 31
1
28
2S8
213
45.48
t
1401
IX
8
7
14
174
305
44.73
t
1455 IV
16
22
38
435
175
75.46
a
1359 VI 2G
1
21
501
211
64.19
(«)
1402
III
4
4
8
752
252
64.55
(a)
1456 IV
5
2
40
424
233
64.70
a
1361 V 5
7
49
452
313
35.37
t
1405
I
1
8
36
690
321
55 . 23
l*
1459 II
3
10
17
723
345
55.26
t*
1362 IV 25
0
54
442
208
34.63
(Q
1406
VI
16
6
15
93
286
35.72
t
1460 VII
18
4
31
124
259
35.50
i
1364 III 4
10
51
752
357
75.90
(«)
1407
VI
5
23
27
83
183
36.43
UA
1461 VII
7
21
50
114
157
36.22
(yl
1365 II 21
10
53
741
355
75.20
a
1408
IV
26
5
55
44
285
54.65
t
1461 XII
2
I
14
639
217
66.16
/'
1366 VIII 7
4
52
142
264
55.60
I
1408
X
19
9
9
615
336
55.38
I
1462 V
29
3
20
76
246
54.42
t
1367 VII 27
U
17
181
358
66.41
(i>)
1409
X
8
23
47
604
194
44.67
I
1462 XI
21
10
44
648
359
55.41
(n
1367 XII 22
0
25
678
202
45.88
(0
1412
II
12
12
10
332
13
44.76
(0
1463 V
18
9
10
65
332
65.19
a"
1369 VI 5
2
46
82
235
55.13
t*
1413
II
1
3
48
321
246
45.45
t*
1463 XI
11
1
35
637
220
44.73
t
1369 XI 30
0
37
656
204
64.51
a
1415
VI
7
6
14
484
289
35.58
t
1464 V
6
9
57
55
342
73.95
{")
1371 X 9
8
38
604
330
66.09
P
1416
V
26
23
37
474
189
34.84
I
1467 III
6
5
14
354
269
43.37
1'
1373 III 24
22
37
12
171
65.54
a
1419
III
26
8
45
414
325
75.34
a*
1469 VII
9
4
35
515
263
35.80
1
1373 IX 17
7
12
582
303
44.60
it)
1420
IX
8
3
4
174
240
55.43
a*
1470 VI
28
21
53
505
162
35.06
t
1374 III 13
23
40
1
183
76.28
P
1421 VIII 28
7
50
163
309
76.21
ip)
1473 IV
27
5
24
446
278
75.53
a
1375 II 1
8
42
321
323
64.05
w
1422
I
23
2
54
712
236
45.90
e
1474 IV
16
9
57
435
343
54.76
a
1375 VII 29
2
37
533
234
55.79
a
1423
VII
7
23
46
113
190
54.89
I
1474 X
11
2
15
207
231
65.32
«♦
1376 VII 17
7
8
522
300
65.04
a*
1424
I
2
1
40
690
215
74.52
(«)
1475 IX
30
5
27
195
276
76.07
1'
1377 I 10
10
19
299
345
45.47
t
1493
XI
10
8
39
637
330
06.15
p
1476 II
25
4
36
745
262
45.96
I
1377 VII 6
7
48
512
308
64.28
(a)
1428
X
9
0
25
605
201
44.00
t
1478 VII 29
12
4
135
13
35.43
t
1377 XII 31
1
44
288
215
46.15
P
1429
III
5
8
40
354
324
63.98
(p)
1479 XII
13
9
37
670
342
66.16
(/.I
1378 V 27
1
1
473
213
56.23
ip)
1430 VIII 19
3
9
554
242
73.27
a*
1480 VI
8
10
18
86
350
54.34
((^
1 380 V 5
8
34
453
323
34.70
I
1431 VIII
8
3
37
543
246
64.52
a
I48I XI
21
10
23
649
352
44.73
t
1381 X 18
3
7
213
242
,56.05
P
1432
11
2
3
44
322
243
56.14
P
1482 XI
11
1
58
638
225
44.05
(1)
1383 VIII 28
23
21
163
185
44 . 78
I
1434
VI
7
7
4
484
300
34.91
I*
1484 IX
20
0
12
586
201
75.44
a
1384 VIII 17
12
10
153
15
55.54
i
1435
XI
20
4
19
240
259
56.00
P
1485 IX
9
0
37
575
204
74.71
„•
1386 I 1
9
18
690
334
45.88
I
1437
IX
29
23
21
195
188
44.65
t
1486 HI
6
4
40
355
259
56.07
/»
1386 VI 27
3
37
103
250
64.25
a
1438
IX
19
10
40
185
355
63 . 39
a
1487 VII
20
12
7
526
16
33.87
('^
1386 XII 21
23
54
679
192
55.23
a
1441
I
23
I
49
712
218
55.25
t*
1488 VII
9
5
19
516
273
33.13
1
1387 VI 16
9
43
92
340
55.05
l*
1441
VII
18
6
53
124
296
54 81
t*
1489 XII
22
6
15
280
284
33.98
a
1387 XII 11
8
59
668
328
64.51
(a)
1442
1
12
9
5«
701
338
74.52
a
1491 V
8
12
5
456
18
65.60
{„)
1388 VI 4
22
53
82
176
46.80
t
1444
XI
10
2
6
637
230
53.41
I*
1491 XI
2
0
23
228
205
64.58
1
1389 IV 26
8
29
44
325
.33.99
I
1445
V
7
2
31
55
232
65.27
«•
1492 X
21
10
IS
218
350
65.30
,'
1 3'.)0 X 9
0
52
6(14
212
55 36
t
1446
IV
26
3
20
41
242
76.(13
y
1493 IV
16
5
19
435
272
44.09
1
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TA HliK A.
La
ika tjuii'
La.
kii lime
Lu
nku timo
\Mv A. 1).
coujuiirtton
nieasurod
ftom
sunrise.
i.
!'■■
>'
Dale .\. U.
coiijuni-tloii
moitsurod
from
sunrLso.
L
F
y'-
Dale A.
D.
COIlJUIlctioll
mea-sarod
from
sanrlso.
I.
('
"''
ll'J5 II 25
2h. 49 m.
745
234
55,31
t'
1545 VI 9
7h
. 48 111.
487
313
65.85
rt
1595 IX
23
11 h. 14 m.
590
8
40.19
(/')
Uy5 VIII 20
4
55
155
269
54.62
I
1545 XII 4
2
12
262
229
54.56
(')
1596 IX
12
3
4
579
243
45.51
I
1190 II 14
10
4
734
340
74.57
a
1546 XI 23
10
40
251
356
75.20
{a)
1597 III
7
22
27
357
108
05.19
a
14'J7 VII 29
12
S3
135
23
36.09
(rt
1547 V 19
3
57
467
252
44.29
t
1599 II
15
0
55
336
201
46.54
ip)
1498 XII 18
4
11
671
258
55.42
t*
1549 III 29
2
27
418
231
55.43
I*
1000 VI
30
11
35
508
8
45.28
1
U99 VI 8
22
14
86
107
65.02
a
1549 IX 21
4
11
188
261
54.48
I
1600 XII
25
11
30
284
4
75.24
(")
lr.00 V 27
22
58
75
177
75.79
a
1550 III 18
8
53
407
325
74.68
a
1001 VI
20
2
11
498
225
34.51
I
1501 X 12
6
17
008
295
66.17
P
1551 VIII 31
12
3
167
13
45.92
(t)
1603 V
1
0
41
450
207
55.01
I'
1502 IV 7
4
46
26
267
44.58
I
1553 I 14
0
25
704
288
45.43
t*
1604 IV
19
6
12
439
287
74.85
a*
1502 X 1
7
30
597
311
75.49
a*
1555 VI 18
23
22
96
181
56.20
P
1605 IV
8
0
39
428
291
74.11
{")
1503 III 27
21
32
10
156
35.29
(0
1555 XI 14
0
0
641
292
76.24
{!')
1607 II
16
8
9
737
314
45.47
t*
1503 IX 20
7
55
586
315
74.76
(a)
1556 V 9
3
49
58
254
34.39
I
1608 11
6
0
8
727
192
44.78
t
1500 I 24
4
53
314
265
74.61
{")
1556 XI 2
6
10
630
294
75.58
a*
1009 XII
16
6
31
675
295
76.28
P
1500 VII 20
12
45
526
24
45.21
t
1557 X 22
6
62
619
301
74.87
(«)
1010 VI
11
2
18
89
230
34.18
(0
1507 I 13
6
23
302
286
65.31
a*
1558 IV 18
11
50
38
10
55.90
(0
1010 XII
5
6
2
603
287
85.62
a*
1507 VII 10
2
13
516
224
54.43
t
1560 II 20
3
57
347
252
74.53
(a)
1611 XI
24
7
7
652
803
74.92
1509 XI 12
8
56
240
332
54.57
(0
1500 VIII 21
U
28
558
7
45.40
t
1612 V
20
9
45
69
339
55.70
t
1510 V 8
0
17
456
199
54.89
I
1561 II 14
6
44
336
291
65.25
a*
1614 IX
23
11
1
590
4
45.55
t
1513 III 7
10
51
756
356
55.34
it)
1561 VIII 10
23
32
547
185
54.04
a
1015 III
19
6
8
8
284
65.15
o*
1514 VIII 20
3
28
156
245
35.31
I*
1563 XII 15
10
52
273
358
54.55
(0
1610 IX
1
0
58
569
207
74.05
"
1516 I 4
2
26
693
231
06.16
p
1504 VI 8
21
27
487
156
55.12
I
1017 VII
22
10
19
529
351
66.17
P
1517 VI 19
4
40
97
264
64.94
a*
1567 IV 9
10
I
429
346
55.48
a
1019 VII
1
9
37
509
336
34.59
(0
1517 XII 13
4
7
671
255
44.74
(0
1568 IX 21
3
28
188
248
45.16
t*
1021 V
11
7
49
460
314
55.68
a
1518 VI 8
5
24
86
273
05.70
a*
1570 II 5
3
23
726
244
00.18
P
1022 X
24
4
38
221
207
45.08
I
1521 IV 7
5
29
27
276
35.24
t*
1571 VII 22
0
4
128
195
74.68
a
1024 III
9
3
30
759
248
56.25
ip)
1523 VIII 11
3
23
547
247
35.99
(0
1572 I 15
6
43
705
291
44.70
I*
1626 U
16
8
43
738
321
44.80
I
1520 I 12
23
33
302
181
55.97
(0
1572 VII 10
0
49
117
204
05.44
a
1627 VIII
1
3
30
138
243
55.94
i")
1527 V 30
1
16
477
216
65.76
«
1575 V 10
4
38
58
264
35.06
t*
1629 VI
11
3
0
90
239
34. S4
I*
1528 V 18
7
22
406
305
54.97
/*
1578 III 8
11
22
358
4
74.49
{a-)
1630 XI
23
23
50
652
192
54.24
I
1528 XI 12
2
27
240
233
65.27
«*
1579 VIII 22
0
46
558
295
54.70
a
1631 V
20
23
46
69
187
66.45
(P)
1529 XI 1
4
17
228
259
75.99
a
1580 II 15
1
3
336
204
45.92
I*
1631 X
15
3
55
612
260
46.25
iP)
1530 III 29
5
7
418
273
46.07
(P)
1582 VI 20
4
30
498
262
55.20
t*
1632 IV
9
8
50
30
329
74.33
1
1532 VIII 30
11
20
166
4
35.25
t
1582 XII 15
3
13
273
241
75.25
a
1633 IX
23
5
5
590
273
64.86
a*
1533 VIII 20
4
14
156
255
45.97
(0
1583 XII 4
4
2
262
253
85.95
a
1034 III
19
1
37
8
215
45 . 82
t
1535 VI 30
11
7
107
0
64.85
a
1687 IX 22
4
1
188
255
45.84
t
1030 VII
22
1
57
529
223
45.43
t
1530 VI 18
11
51
96
9
65.61
a*
1589 II 4
23
39
726
186
45 . 45
1
1037 I
16
3
54
307
248
75.23
a
1539 X 11
23
4
608
183
74.84
(")
1589 VIII 1
6
38
138
294
74.00
a
1638 I
5
4
6
295
250
85.93
a
1540 IV 7
4
10
27
256
55.95
t
1590 VII 21
7
24
128
303
65 . 35
a*
1641 X
24
4
51
221
269
45.76
1*
1541 VIII 21
11
10
557
4
30.05
P
1593 V 20
12
9
69
17
34.99
V)
1643 lU
10
0
46
759
205
45.52
t*
1542 VIII 11
3
49
547
251
45.34
t
1593 XI 12
22
55
641
181
74.91
(«)
1643 IX
3
2
50
170
241
74.39
a
1544 I 24
8
8
314
310
55.96
t
1.594 V 10
-
33
59
231
55.77
t
1644 VIII 22
3
50
159
251
65.13
"_
126
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE A.
Lauka tinu-
of
conjunction
measured
from
sunrise.
Lanka time
uf
Lanka time
of
Date A. 1).
/,.
!'■
>'•
Date A. D.
conjunction
moasnred
from
sunrise.
I.
!'■
"/'•
Date A D
conjunction
from
simrise.
L
f-
y'
1C45 Vlll 11
10 h
47 m.
149
353
55.87
t
1B93 VI 23
nil
27 m.
502
8
56.00
P
1741 XI 27
4h
43 III.
656
267
75.00
a
lr,47 VI 22
10
23
100
350
34.77
(0
1695 XI 26
6
35
255
293
55.73
I*
1742 V 22
23
50
72
191
35.46
r
UU7 XII 15
23
43
674
189
74.93
a
1697 IV 11
0
47
432
208
35.65
I*
1744 IX 24
23
48
593
196
45.75
iO
1648 VI 10
23
53
90
190
55.55
I*
1697 X 5
0
29
202
207
74.24
a
1745 III 22
2
15
12
227
75.05
a
1650 X 15
3
19
612
249
55.61
t
1698 IX 24
1
36
191
221
64.97
a*
1746 III 11
2
16
1
224
75.78
a*
1652 III 29
9
34
19
335
45.77
(t)
1699 III 21
8
2
411
311
54.19
a
1747 VIII 26
7
52
533
314
66.25
(/-l
1653 III 19
1
55
9
218
36.45
(?)
1699 IX 13
9
27
181
330
55.70
I*
1748 VII 14
10
25
523
350
75.52
a'
165-1 II 7
5
35
329
276
54.50
a
1701 VII 24
8
32
132
322
44.55
t
1749 XII 28
8
42
288
321
55.72
I
1651. VIII 2
9
16
540
333
45 . 49
t*
1702 I 17
0
43
708
201
64.95
a
1751 V 13
23
52
463
195
35.84
I
1655 I 27
11
58
318
9
75.22
(a)
1703 1 6
10
37
697
349
54.26
(t)
New Style.
1655 VII 23
0
35
529
201
34.74
I*
1704 XI 16
4
32
645
267
55.67
t*
1752 XI 6
0
52
224
211
64.88
«•
1657 VI I
21
46
481
163
55.84
a
1706 V 1
8
46
51
325
45.60
I
1753 V 3
6
52
443
296
54.34
«
1658 V 22
2
15
471
229
65.08
a*
1707 IV 21
I
46
41
218
36.31
W)
1753 X 26
9
32
213
339
55.59
1'
1659 V 11
2
51
460
236
74.32
a
1708 III 11
5
50
2
281
54.41
a
1755 IX 6
7
8
163
303
44 35
(')
1661 III 20
8
54
410
328
45.56
I
1708 IX 3
7
58
572
316
45.67
i*
1756 III 1
1
12
741
209
65.00
«
1662 III 10
I
28
760
214
44.86
t
1709 II 28
11
24
351
2
75.14
(«)
1758 XII 30
6
17
679
289
55.69
a*
1G62 IX 2
10
55
170
359
65.07
a
1709 VIII 23
23
38
561
189
34.93
I
1760 VI 13
7
17
83
302
35 . 39
/
1664 I 18
6
51
708
297
76.31
(J»)
I7I1 XII 28
8
57
287
328
44.36
t
1761 VI 3
0
38
73
201
36.12
P
1665 I 6
6
8
697
285
85.64
a*
1712 VI 22
21
35
502
158
75.34
{")
1762 IV 24
4
39
34
266
54.26
{")
1665 XII 26
8
4
685
313
64.94
a
1712 XII 17
0
31
277
201
45.04
i
1762 X 17
7
57
604
819
45.78
I*
1666 VI 22
6
52
100
295
55.47
t
1715 IV 22
8
35
442
325
35.71
t
1763 IV 13
9
25
23
335
75.00
a'
1667 VI 11
12
55
90
24
66.29
P
1716 IV 11
1
34
432
218
44.99
t
1763 X 6
23
42
593
193
45.07
1
1669 IV 20
4
30
40
262
54.98
t*
1716 X 4
9
11
202
336
64.93
a
1764 IV 1
9
31
12
334
75.73
(")
1671 VIII 24
7
12
561
306
66.37
(J")
1718 IX 13
7
51
181
310
46.33
ip)
1766 II 9
11
8
321
359
44.34
(0
1673 VIII 2
8
10
540
315
34.80
I
1719 II 8
5
50
730
280
75.68
a*
1767 I 30
3
2
310
236
45.02
1
1674, VII 23
1
21
530
211
34.07
I
1720 I 28
8
58
719
325
64.96
a*
1768 VII 14
0
55
512
204
54.08
u:»
1675 VI 18
4
38
492
266
55.92
(«)
1720 VII 24
3
46
132
248
55.24
a*
1769 I 8
1
47
288
215
76.47
(p)
1676 VI 1
8
44
481
326
65.17
a*
1721 VII 13
8
24
121
316
66.04
P
1769 VI 4
7
24
474
308
35.90
1
1676 XI 25
6
46
254
298
45.05
I
1723 V 23
2
7
72
227
54.78
t
1770 V 25
0
33
464
204
45.17
r
1677 V 21
9
25
470
334
04.41
a
1727 IX 4
7
32
572
308
34.98
t
1770 XI 17
8
55
235
332
04 . 86
a
1680 III 20
9
38
411
337
44.89
I*
1728 VIII 24
0
12
562
195
44.25
t
1772 X 26
8
37
214
324
46 . 23
I'
1681 IX 2
1
45
170
219
55.75
i
1730 VII 4
3
59
512
254
75.43
a
1773 III 23
4
32
403
263
75.78
.<
1683 VII 14
1
7
121
210
44.62
I
1730 XII 28
9
23
288
333
45.03
I*
1774 III 12
9
10
752
329
65.03
a-
1685 XI 16
5
46
645
287
46.30
V
1731 VI 23
4
55
50!.
266
64.68
a*
1774 IX 6
1
2
163
210
65.04
,r
1686 V 12
5
16
61
276
64.12
a
1731 XII 17
23
59
277
191
55.72
t
1775 VIII 26
4
14
163
255
75.81
a
1687 V 1
11
46
61
12
54.92
a
1734 IV 22
9
21
443
335
45.05
I*
1776 I 21
1
55
701
223
46 . 33
(/'1
1687 X 26
4
27
623
265
64.95
a
1733 X 6
1
22
202
216
55.62
I
1777 VII 4
23
30
103
187
44.55
U^
1688 IV 20
1
8
41
210
45.66
I*
1737VIin4
23
81
153
188
44.41
I
1781 X 17
7
59
604
318
45.10
/
1690 VIII 24
0
16
561
200
45.62
t
1738 VIII 4
10
47
142
354
55.17
a
1782 X 6
23
54
694
194
44.39
t
1691 II 18
8
45
340
246
75.17
a
1739 XII It
8
15
678
320
46.32
(P)
1784 VIII 15
23
28
644
187
75.68
a
IC'j:.' 11 7
3
42
329
243
75.88
"
1741 VI 2 9
15
8i.
334
44.71
t
1785 11 9
11
46
321
'
45.01
('1
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
T A P.li K A.
127
Dote A.
I).
Lanku thiio
of
coujunction
lut'aMired
from
snnrlse.
i.
V-
y'
Dale A
B
Luuka time
of
CODjUDCtlOD
measured
from
sunrl.se.
L.
F-
y'-
Dole
A. U.
LuDka time
of
eolOuDCtiOQ
measured
f^om
aunrlHO.
L.
1^
y'-
17H5 VII
5
Oh
43 m.
633
203
64.92
«•
1817 XI
9
0 h. 57 m
626
213
45.15
I*
1850
IV 5
41
. 57 m.
10
270
44.21
(0
17S6 I
30
1
58
310
218
55.71
t*
1818 V
5
0
27
44
290
75.54
a
1856
IX 29
2
53
586
242
75.94
(")
1788 VI
4
8
1
474
316
45.25
f
1819 IX
19
11
51
576
17
66.53
{]>)
1857
IX 18
4
38
575
260
65.19
a*
178« XI
17
2
19
235
231
55.55
f
1821 111
4
4
55
343
265
44.97
t
1858
III 15
11
17
355
359
55 . 05
(«)
17'JI IV
3
11
50
414
13
75.82
(0)
1823 II
11
2
24
322
222
76.46
(I')
1801
I 11
2
32
291
230
64.82
(«)
1791 IX
27
22
39
185
178
44.25
(0
1824 VI
26
22
47
495
176
45.40
I
1801
VII H
1
17
506
212
54.78
a
1792 IX
16
8
18
174
320
04.98
a
1824 XII
20
9
44
209
341
64.83
a
1862
XII 21
4
8
209
254
46.16
P
1793 III
12
5
11
752
268
44.35
(0
1825 VI
16
11
28
485
5
54.62
(0
1864
V 5
23
18
440
185
55.20
t
1793 IX
5
11
2
103
358
75.74
a*
1827 IV
26
2
5
435
228
65.93
a
1867
III 6
8
42
745
324
65.77
a
1794 VIII
25
11
31
152
2
66.46
(P)
1828 IV
14
8
22
424
320
55.15
I*
1868 VIII 18
4
16
145
257
34.95
/•
1795 I
20
23
26
701
185
55.71
(")
1828 X
8
23
11
196
185
64.89
a
1871
VI 18
1
34
86
219
74.54
a
1795 VII
16
0
40
114
294
44.47
t
1829 IX
28
1
0
185
209
75.62
a
1871
XII 12
3
6
600
243
45.19
I'
1790 I
10
5
20
690
172
75.02
a
1830 11
23
3
56
734
253
40.37
(P)
1872
VI 6
2
28
70
230
65.31
a*
179f. VII
4
22
9
104
265
35.24
t
1832 VII
27
13
6
124
29
35.09
(t)
1874
X 10
10
6
597
352
75.99
a
1798 XI
8
0
40
620
210
45.83
(D
1833 VII
17
6
21
114
286
35.83
t
1875
IV 6
5
40
16
279
44.87
I*
1799 V
4
23
17
44
184
74.87
(«)
1835 XI
20
9
35
637
342
45.17
I
1875
IX 29
11
59
586
17
05.24
(«)
ISOO IV
23
23
36
34
187
75.61
a
1836 XI
9
0
39
627
206
54.47
I
1877
III 15
1
58
355
217
76 . 39
P
1801 IV
13
3
27
23
242
66.32
iP)
1840 III
4
3
10
344
237
55.07
I*
1879
I 22
10
50
302
350
64.82
(")
18U2 VIII 28
6
8
554
288
75.76
a
1840 VIII 27
5
49
554
279
54.38
(D
1879
VII 19
8
10
516
314
54.86
a
1S03 V11117
7
29
543
305
05.00
a*
1842 VII
8
0
7
506
286
45.47
t
1881
V 27
•2
40
467
178
66.14
P
1804 II
11
10
29
322
346
55.71
(t)
1843 XII
21
4
14
269
257
55.52
t*
1882
V 17
6
38
456
295
55.33
I*
1805 VI
26
22
22
495
172
36.05
P
1845 V
6
9
1
446
333
60.00
(«)
1887 VIII 19
4
43
146
202
45 . 63
t
1806 XII
10
1
22
257
217
04.84
a
1846 X
20
6
48
207
300
64.85
a
1889
VI 28
7
5S
97
314
74.40
a
1807 VI
fi
4
28
475
260
54.54
t
1847 IV
15
5
26
425
274
44.47
t
1890
VI 17
9
2
86
329
65.22
a*
1807 XI
29
10
53
246
359
55.54
if)
1847 X
9
8
12
195
318
75.58
a*
1890
XII 12
2
15
600
228
54.50
t
1808 XI
18
1
46
230
221
46.19
ip)
1848 IX
27
8
40
184
323
76.28
P
1894
IV 6
3
5
10
238
55.57
t*
1810 IV
4
0
45
414
205
55.10
a
1849 11
23
0
34
734
201
65.75
a*
1894
IX 29
4
47
580
267
44.54
t
1813 II
1
7
55
712
311
65.72
a*
1849 VIII 18
4
37
145
264
44.20
t
1895
VIII 20
12
0
547
17
36.39
iP)
1814 VII
17
5
37
114
276
35.16
t*
1850 II
12
5
33
723
274
75.05
a
1896 VIII 9
4
6
537
256
45.70
I
1815 VII
6
22
57
104
175
35.91
t
1852 XII
11
2
36
659
237
45.86
t
1898
I 22
6
28
302
287
45.51
I*
1816 XI
19
9
13
037
338
45.84
I*
1855 V
16
1
17
55
211
50.12
P
1900
XI 22
6
21
240
293
74.77
(«)
1817 V
16
6
0
55
286
74.79
a*
128
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE B.
A + F.
2G0° 270° 280° 290° 300° 310° 320° 330° 310° 350°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L. = 0° * =
= 40°
).080.07(
).080.10
).13(
).18
3.25
3.33
3.430.53
3.610.69
3.74
3.78
3.81
3.82
3.82
30°
0.14
).140.16
3.19
3.24
3.32
3.41
3.53 0.65
3.75
3.84
0.90
3.95
3.98
3.99
3.99
20°
0.24
1.240.25
3.28
3.34
3.41
).51
3.630.77
3.89
3.99
1.07
1.12
1.15
1.16
1.16
10°
3.37
3.38
3.40
3.44
3.51
3.62
3.73
3.88
1.02
1.13
1.23
1.28
1.31
1.33
1.33
0°
3.51
3.51
3.53
3.57
0.64
3.74
3.85
1.00
1.15
1.26
1.36
1.43
1.47
1.49
1.49
L.= 10°* =
= 40°
0.06
).06
0.08
3.11
0.15
0.21
0.28
0.36
0.46
3.55
0.64
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.81
30°
3.14
0.15
3.18
0.22
0.28
0.36
0.45
0.57
3.68
0.78
0.87
0.93
0.97
0.99
0.99
0.98
20°
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.31
0.37
0.45
0.55
0.67
0.81
0.93
1.03
1.10
1.14
1.16
1.16
1.15
10°
0.37
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.48
0.55
).66
0.78
0.93
1.06
1.17
1.25
1.30
1.33
1.33
1.32
1°
0.51
0.52
0.55
0.60
0.68
0.78
0.90
1.04
1.19
1.31
1.39
1.45
1.48
1.49
1.48
L. = 20° 4.=
= 40°
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.14
0.18
0.25
0.32
0.41
0.50
0.59
0.67
0.74
0.78
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.79
0.76
30°
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.21
0.25
0.32
0.40
0.50
0.61
0.72
0.82
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.98
0.96
20°
0.25
0.27
0.30
0.34
0.41
0.50
0.60
0.72
0.85
0.96
1.06
1.12
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.14
10°
0.38
0.40
0.44
0.51
0.60
0.70
0.83
0.97
1.09
1.20
1.27
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.30
0°
0.52
0.54
0.58
0.64
0.72
0.82
0.95
1.09
1.22
1.34
1.42
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.46
L.= 30°4< =
= 40°
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.16
0.21
0.27
0.35
0.44
0.54
0.63
0.69
0.75
0.79
0.80
0.80
0.79
0.77
0.73
30°
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.23
0.29
0.36
0.44
0.54
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.92
0.96
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.94
0.89
20°
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.38
0.44
0.53
0.65
0.77
0.89
1.00
1.08
1.14
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.11
10°
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.49
0.56
0.65
0.77
0.88
1.02
1.14
1.24
1.29
1.32
1.32
1.30
1.28
0°
0.54
0.57
0.63
0.69
0.77
0.88
1.01
1.15
1.28
1.38
1.44
1.48
1.48
1.46
1.43
L. = 40° (J.
= 40°
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.15
0.19
0.24
0 32
0.40
0.48
0.57
0.65
0.71
0.76
0.79
0.79
0.78
0.75
0.72
0.69
30°
0.17
0.19
0.23
0.27
0.32
0.40
0.48
0.59
0.09
0.80
0.88
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.89
0.84
20°
0.29
0.32
0.37
0.43
0.50
0.59
0.69
0.82
0.93
1.04
1.10
1.14
1.15
1.13
1.10
1.06
10°
0.40
0.44
0.48
0.53
0.62
0.70
0.81
0.94
1.06
1.18
1.27
1.30
1.31
1.29
1.27
1.22
0°
0.58
0.61
0.67
0.74
0.82
0.93
1.07
1.19
1.32
1.41
1.45
1.48
1.47
1.43
1.39
L.= 50° 4.
= 40°
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.22
0.29
0.35
0.43
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.73
0.77
0.78
0.78
0.76
0.72
0.69
0.64
0.59
30°
O.l'J
0.21
0.25
0.3(
0.37
0.44
0.53
0.63
0.73
0.82
0.90
0.94
0.96
0.95
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.79
20°
0.32
0.35
0.40
0.47
0.54
0.64
0.74
0.85
0.97
1.06
1.12
1.14
1.13
1.10
1.06
1.01
10°
0.44
0.47
0.52
0.58
0.07
0.77
0.87
0.98
1.11
1.21
1.28
1.30
1.30
1.27
1.22
1.17
0°
0.61
0.R6
0.71
0.8(
0.89
1.00
1.12
1.24
1.35
1.43
1.46
1.45
1.43
1.39
1.33
L.= 60° 4<
= 40°
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.21
0.28
0.33
0.40
0.48
0.55
0.63
o.7(
0.75
0.78
0.78
0.75
0.73
0.69
0.64
0.59
0.54
30°
0.22
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.50
0.58
0.68
0.77
0.86
0.92
0.95
0.95
0.93
0.89
0.84
0.79
0.73
20°
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.52
0.60
0.69
0.80
0.91
1.01
1.08
1.10
1.11
1.09
1.05
1.00
0.94
0.88
10°
0.49
0.52
0.57
0.65
0.73
0.82
0.94
1.06
1.16
1.24
1.29
1.30
1.27
1.24
1.18
1.11
0°
0.66
0.72
0.79
0.87
0.96
1.07
1.18
1.30
1.39
1.44
1.45
1.44
1.39
1.34
1.27
L.= 70° *■
= 40°
0.15
0.17
0.21
0.25
0.82
0.38
0.44
0.52
0.59
0.65
0.72
0.75
0.77
0.76
0.73
0.69
0.65
0.59
0.54
0.49
80°
0.25
0.29
0.34
0.4c
0.47
0.54
0.63
0.71
0.79
0.87
0.92
0.93
0.92
0.89
0.84
0.79
0.78
0.67
20°
0.4C
0.45
0.51
0.57
o.or
0.75
O.8.-
0.94
1.03
1.09
1.11
1.09
1.0.-
1.00
0.94
0.89
0.82
10°
0.58
0.04
0.71
0.79
0.88
0.98
1.09
1.19
1.2f
1.28
1.26
1.22
1.16
1.10
1.04
0°
0.72
0.78
0.84
0.93
1.02
1.13
1.24
1.34
1.41
1.44
1.42
1.38
1.33
1.27
1.2(
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE B.
1 29
X + y..
2U0°
•270°
280°
2i)0°
300°
310°
:!20°
;wo°
310°
3.50°
0°
10°
20°
30°
10°
.W"
«0°
70°
80°
90°
10()°
L
= 80°(p=40°
0.17
0.21
0.26
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.49
0.55
0.62
0.68
0.72
0.74
0.74
0.72
0.68
0.64
0.59
0.53
0.49
0.43
80°
0.29
0.33
0.39
0.45
0.52
0.59
0.67
0.75
0.82
0.88
0.91
0.91
0.88
0.83
0.78
0.72
0.68
0.60
20°
0.45
0.51
0.57
0.64
0.71
0.81
0.90
0.99
1.05
1.09
1.08
1.05
1.00
0.94
0.87
0.81
0.75
10°
0.63
0.70
0.76
0.86
0 95
1.04
1.14
1.22
1.26
1.25
1.22
1.10
1.10
1.03
0.96
0°
0.78
0.85
0.92
1.01
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.38
1.42
1.42
1.38
1.33
1.27
1.20
1.13
L.
= 90° 41= 40°
0.21
0.25
0.29
0.35
0.40
0.46
0.52
0.58
0.65
0.69
0.72
0.73
0.72
0.68
0.63
0.58
0.53
0.48
0.43
0.38
0.33
30°
0.34
0.39
0.45
0.51
0.57
0.65
0.72
0.80
0.85
0.89
0.90
0.88
0.84
0.78
0.72
0.66
0.60
0.55
0.49
20°
0.51
0.5C
0.62
0.70
0.77
0.86
0.94
1.01
1.06
1.07
1.05
1.00
0.94
0.86
0.80
0.73
0.67
10°
0.71
0.77
0.85
0.93
1.02
1.10
1.18
1.23
1.25
1.23
1.17
1.10
1.03
0.96
0.89
0°
0.85
0.92
0.99
1.08
1.16
1:25
1.34
1.39
1.41
1.39
1.34
1.27
1.19
1.12
1.05
L.
= 100° 4. = 40°
0.25
0.29
0.34
0.38
0.44
0.50
0.55
0.61
0.66
0.69
0.71
0.70
0.68
0.64
0.58
0.53
0.47
0.42
0.37
0.32
0.28
30°
0.39
0.44
0.49
0.56
0.62
0.09
0.76
0.82
0.87
0.89
0.88
0.84
0.79
0.73
0.67
0.60
0..54
0.48
0.44
20°
0.57
0.63
0.69
0.77
0.84
0.91
0.98
1.03
1.06
1.06
1.01
0.95
0.89
0.81
0.74
0.68
0.62
10°
0.77
0.83
0.90
0.99
1.07
1.14
1.20
1.23
1.22
1.17
1.11
1.04
0.96
0.89
0.82
0°
0.92
0.98
1.05
1.14
1.22
1.30
1.36
1.39
1.38
1.33
1.26
1.19
1.11
1.04
0.97
L.
= 110°i?)=40°
0.34
0.39
0.44
0.49
0.54
0.59
0.63
0.67
0.70
0.70
0.68
0.64
0.59
0.54
0.49
0,43
0.38
0.32
0.27
0.24
30°
0.45
0.50
0.56
0.61
0.67
0.73
0.78
0.83
0.86
0.87
0.84
0.79
0.73
0.67
0.61
0.54
0.48
0.43
0.39
20°
0.64
0.70
0.70
0.82
0.89
0 . 95
1.00
1.04
1.04
1.01
0.95
0.89
0.81
0.74
0.67
0.62
0.56
10°
0.84
o.yi
0.97
1.04
1.11
1.17
1.21
1.21
1.18
1.12
1.05
0.96
0.88
0.82
0.75
0°
1.00
1.07
1.13
1.20
1.28
1..34
1.37
1.38
1.34
1.28
1.20
1.12
1.04
0.98
0.91
L.
= 120°<}i = 40°
0.39
0.43
0.4S
0.52
0.57
0.61
0.65
0.68
0.68
0.67
0.64
0.59
0..54
0.49
0.43
0,37
0.32
0.28
0.24
0.21
30°
0.55
0.60
0.66
0.71
0.76
0.80
0.84
0.85
0.84
0.79
0.74
0.67
0.61
0.54
0.48
0.43
0.38
0.34
20°
0.70
0.75
0.81
0.86
0.92
0.97
1.01
1.02
1.00
0.95
0.89
0.82
0.75
0.67
0.61
0.55
0.51
10°
0.91
0.97
1.02
1.08
1.14
1.18
1.19
1.17
1.12
1.04
0.96
0.89
0.82
0.75
0.69
0°
1.07
1.13
1.19
1.25
1.31
1.35
1.36
1.34
1.29
1.20
1.12
1.04
0.97
0.91
0.85
L.
^130° 4. =40°
0 . 44
0 . 48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.63
0.66
0.67
0.67
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.49
0.43
0.37
0.33
0.28
0.24
0.21
30°
0.62
0.06
0.71
0.75
0.79
0.82
0.84
0.83
0.81
0.75
0.69
0.62
0,55
0.48
0.43
0.38
0.34
0.31
20°
0.76
0.81
0.80
0.91
0.95
0.99
1.01
1.00
0.97
0.90
0.83
0.75
0.67
0.01
0.55
0.50
0.40
10°
0.97
1.02
1.07
1.11
1.16
1.18
1.17
1.13
1.06
0.97
0.89
0.81
0.74
0.68
0.63
0°
1.14
1.19
1.24
1.28
1.32
1.35
1.34
1.29
1.22
1.13
1.05
0.97
0.88
0.84
0.79
L.
= 140° 4. = 40°
0.52
0.55
0.58
0.61
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.50
0.43
0.38
0.33
0.28
0.24
0.21
O.IS
30°
0.65
0.69
0.73
0.77
0.80
0.82
0.82
0.80
0.76
0.70
0.62
0.55
0.49
0.43
0.38
0.34
0.30
20°
0.86
0.90
0.94
0.97
0.99
1.00
0.97
0.92
0.85
0.77
0.69
0.62
0.56
0.51
0.46
0.43
10°
1.02
1.07
1.10
1.14
1.16
1.17
1.14
1.08
1.00
0.92
0.84
0.77
0.71
0.65
0.61
0°
1.19
1.24
1.27
1.31
1.33
1.33
1.30
1,24
1.16
1.07
0.99
0.91
0.85
0.79
0.75
L
= 150° 4 = 40°
0.55
0.58
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.64
0.63
0.61
0.56
0.51
0.45
0.39
0.33
0.28
0.24
0.21
0.18
0.17
30°
0.70
0.73
0.70
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.80
0.77
0.72
0.65
0.57
0.50
0.44
0.39
0.35
0.31
0.29
20°
0.89
0.92
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.97
0.93
0.87
0.79
0.70
0.62
0.55
0.50
0.46
0.43
0.40
10°
1.07
1.10
1.13
1.15
1.16
1.15
1.10
1.03
0.94
0.85
0.77
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.57
0°
1,24
1.2s
1.30
1.32
1.33
1.31
1.26
1.19
1.09
1 . 00
0.92
0.86
0.80
0.76
0 73
I30
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE B.
A + ,x.
2G0°
270°
280°
290°
300°
310°
320°
330°
340°
350°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
G0°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L.
= 160° 1^=40°
0.58
O.flO
0.02
0.63
0.64
0.63
0.61
0.57
0.52
0.46
0.40
0.34
0.29
0.25
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.16
30°
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.79
0.77
0.72
0.66
0.59
0.52
0.45
0.39
0.34
0.31
0.28
0.27
20°
0.92
0.95
0.90
0.97
0.96
0.93
0.88
0.81
0.73
0.64
0.57
0.51
0.46
0.43
0.40
0.39
10°
1.10
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.14
1.11
1.05
0.97
0.88
0.79
0.71
0.65
0.60
0.57
0.55
0°
1.27
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.27
1.21
1.13
1.03
0.94
0.86
0.81
0.70
0.73
0.71
L.
= 170° $ = 40°
0.62
0.63
0.63
0.62
0.60
0.57
0.52
0.47
0.39
0.33
0.29
0.24
0.21
0.18
0.16
0.15
30°
0.78
0.79
0.79
0.79
0.77
0.73
0.67
0.61
0.53
0.46
0.40
0.34
0.31
0.28
0.27
0.20
20°
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.96
0.94
0.90
0.83
0.76
0.67
0.59
0.52
0.47
0.43
0.41
0.40
10°
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.13
1.11
1.06
0.99
0.91
0.82
0.73
0.66
0.61
0.57
0.54
0.53
0°
1.30
1.30
1.31
1..30
1.27
1.22
1.15
1.06
0.97
0.88
0.81
0.76
0.72
0.70
0.69
L.
= 180° 1^=40°
0.63
0.63
0.62
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.49
0.42
0.36
0.30
0.25
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.16
30°
0.79
0.79
0.79
0.77
0.73
0.69
0.63
0.56
0.48
0.41
0.35
0.31
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.26
20°
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.94
0.90
0.85
0.78
0.70
0.61
0.53
0.47
0.43
0.40
0.39
0.38
10°
1.14
1.14
1.13
1.11
1.07
1.02
0.94
0.85
0.76
0.67
0.61
0.57
0.55
0.53
0.53
0°
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.28
1.24
1.18
1.09
1.00
0.91
0.82
0.77
0.73
0.71
0.69
0.69
L.
= 190°(fi=40°
0.63
0.62
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.49
0.44
0.38
0.31
0.26
0.21
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.10
30°
0,79
0.78
0.77
0.74
0.70
0.65
0.68
0.51
0.43
0.37
0.32
0.28
0.26
0.26
0.26
20°
0.97
0.96
0.94
0.91
0.87
0.81
0.73
0.65
0.56
0.49
0.44
0.41
0.39
0.39
0.40
10°
1.14
1.13
1.11
1.08
1.03
0.97
0.88
0.79
0.70
0.62
0.57
0.54
0.53
0.63
0.54
0°
1.31
1.30
1.28
1.24
1.19
1.12
1.03
0.94
0.85
0.78
0.73
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.70
L.
= 200°4i = 40°
o.on
0.58
0.54
0.60
0.45
0.39
0.33
0.27
0.22
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.17
30°
0.77
0.74
0.70
0.66
0.60
0.52
0.45
0.38
0.32
0.28
0.26
0.26
o.2r
0.28
20°
0.96
0.94
0.91
0.87
0.82
0.75
0.66
0.58
0.50
0.44
0.40
0.38
0.38
0.39
0.41
10°
1.14
1.11
1.08
1.04
0.98
0.91
0.82
0.73
0.65
0.58
0.54
0.53
0.53
0.55
0.57
0°
1.30
1.28
1.26
1.20
1.14
1.07
0.98
0.88
0.80
0.73
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.71
0.73
L.
= 210°<})=40°
0.58
0.55
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.34
0.28
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.19
30°
0.74
0.71
0.66
0.61
0.54
0.47
0.40
0.33
0.29
0.26
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.31
20°
0.91
0.87
0.82
0.7(
0.69
0.61
0.52
0.45
0.40
0.38
0.37
0.38
0.41
0.44
10°
1.11
1.08
1.04
0.99
0.93
0.85
0.76
0.67
0.60
0.55
0.52
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.60
0°
1.28
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.08
1.00
0.91
0.82
0.75
0.70
0.68
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.77
L.
= 220°4>=40°
0.55
0.51
0.46
0.41
0.34
0.28
0.23
0.18
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.22
30°
0.71
0.66
0.61
0.55
0.48
0.40
0.34
0.28
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.30
0 84
20°
0.88
0.S3
0.77
0.70
0.63
0.55
0.47
0.41
0.38
0.37
0.38
0.41
0.45
0.49
10°
1.05
1.0(
0.94
0.86
0.78
0.70
0.61
0.54
0.51
0.51
0.53
0.!>6
0.6(
0.64
0°
i.2r
1.21
i.ir
1.10
1.02
0.93
0,85
0.76
0.70
0.67
0.67
0.69
0.78
0.77
0.81
L.
= 230°4' = 40°
0.51
0.47
0.42
0.35
0.29
0.24
0.19
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.22
30°
0.67
11.62
o.sr
0.49
0.42
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.35
20°
i).8:
0.78
0.71
0.04
0..50
0.48
0.41
0.37
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.44
0.49
10°
0 . 99
0.94
0.87
0.79
0.71
0.62
0 . 55
0 . 5t
0.49
0.51
0.54
0.59
0 64
0.69
0"
1.21
l.K
l.K
1,02
0.95
0.80
0.78
0 70
0.6C
0 . 65
0 . 67
0.71
0.75
0.81
0.S6
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TAHIiK. 1}.
'31
A + /i.
•2(5(1°
270°
280°
290°
3(K)°
:{10°
320° 330°
310°
3.-iO°
0°
10°
20°
30°
W°
50°
60°
70°
80°
ao°
1(KI°
L
= 240° 4. =40°
0.46
0.41
0.35
0.29
0.24
0.19
0.15
0.13
0,13
0.15
0.18
0.22
0.26
30°
0.61
0.55
0,49
0.43
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.22
0,23
0.25
0.29
0.34
0.39
20°
0.78
0.72
0.65
0,57
0.49
0.43
0.37
0.34
0,35
0.38
0.43
0.49
0 54
1U°
0.94
0.87
0.81
0,73
0.64
0.57
0.51
0.48
0.49
0,53
0.58
0.64
0.70
0.76
0°
1.16
1.10
1.04
0.96
0.88
0,79
0.72
0.66
0.64
0.65
0.69
0.74
0.80
0.86
0.93
L
= 250°* = 40°
0.35
0.29
0.24
0.18
0.14
O.IS
0.12
0.14
0,18
0,22
0.27
0.32
30°
0.55
0.49
0 . 42
0.36
0.29
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.24
0.28
0.34
0.40
0,45
20°
0.71
0.65
0.57
0.50
0.43
0.37
0.34
0.34
0.37
0.42
0,48
0.55
0.61
10°
0.87
0.81
0,73
0.65
0.57
0.50
0.47
0.48
0.51
0.57
0.64
0.71
0.77
0°
1 09
1.03
0.97
0,89
0,81
0.73
0.66
0.63
0.63
0.67
0,73
0.80
0.87
0,94
1.00
L
= 260° 4. = 40°
0.34
0.29
0,23
0.18
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.17
0.22
0.27
0.32
30°
0.48
0.42
0.35
0.29
0.24
0.21
0.20
0.23
0.28
0.33
0.40
0.47
0,53
20°
0.64
0.57
0 . 50
0 . 43
0.37
0.33
0.32
0.35
0.40
0.47
0.54
0.62
0,69
10°
0.80
0.72
0.65
0,58
0,52
0.47
0.45
0.49
0.55
0.62
0.70
0.78
0.85
0°
1.02
0.96
0.S8
0.81
0.73
0.67
0.62
0.60
0.63
0,70
0.78
0.86
0.93
1.01
1.08
h
= 270° 4. =40°
0.28
0.23
0.18
0.14
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.15
0.21
0.27
0.33
0.40
30°
0.41
0.36
0.29
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.21
0.26
0.32
0.39
0.47
0.54
0.61
20°
0.56
0,49
0.42
0.37
0.32
0..30
0,32
0.37
0.45
0,53
0.61
0.69
0.76
10°
0.80
0.72
0,65
0.58
0.52
0.47
0.44
0,4(i
0.51
0.59
0.68
0.76
0.85
0.93
0°
0.95
0.88
0.81
0.74
0.67
0.62
0.59
0.01
0.66
0.74
0.83
0.92
1.01
1,08
1.15
L.
= 280° 4. = 40°
0.23
0.18
0,13
0.11
0.10
0.10
0,14
0.19
0.26
0.33
0.40
0.46
30°
0.35
0,29
0,24
0,20
0.18
0.18
0,23
0.29
0.38
0.46
0..53
0.60
0.67
20°
0.49
0.43
0.37
0.31
0.29
0.30
),35
0.42
0.51
).60
0.68
0.76
0 , 83
10°
0.71
0.65
0.57
0.51
0.46
).42
0.43
0.48
0,55
0.65
0.75
0.84
0.92
1,00
0°
0.87
0.81
0,74
0.67
0.62
0.58
0.58
0.63
0,71
0.81
0,91
1.00
1.09
1.16
1.22
L.
= 290°<fi=40°
0.17
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.10
0.13
0.18
0.26
0.33
0,40
0.47
0.53
30°
0.28
0.23
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.27
0.35
0.44
0.53
0.61
0.68
0.74
20°
).42
0.37
0,32
0.29
0.28
0.32
0.39
0,48
0.58
0,68
0.77
0.84
0.91
10°
0.63
).57
0.51
),45
0.42
0.41
0.45
0.51
0.62
0.72
0.83
0.92
1.00
1.07
0°
0.79
0.72
0.66
0,61
0.57
0.56
0.58
9.65
0.76
0.86
0,97
1.07
1.15
1.23
1,28
L.
= 300° 4, = 40°
0.13
0.10
0,08
0.09
0.11
8.16
9.23
9.30
0 39
0.46
0 . 53
).59
30°
0.29
0.24
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.19
3.25
3.33
9.42
0,52
3,60
3.68
0.75
0.81
20°
0.41
0.36
0,31
0,28
0.27
).29
J. 34
3.43
3.54
0.65
3.75
).83
).91
0.97
10°
0..57
0.51
0.46
0.42
0.41
),42
J. 47
3.57
3,68
0.80
).90
3.99
1,07
1.13
0°
0.73
0.67
0.61
0..57
0.55
0.56
3.61
3.70
3,82
9.94
1.05
1,14
1,22
1.29
1.35
L
= 310° 4. =40°
0 13
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.10
).14
3.20
3.28
3.36
9.45
3.52
3.59
0,65
30°
) 23
).19
0.16
).16
).17
D.22
3.29
3.38
3.48
9.58
3.67
3.74
9.81
0.86
20°
0..36
).32
0.2H
0,27
0.27
1.32
).40
3.. 50
).01
9.73
).83
).91
).97
1.03
10°
).51
0.46
0.42
0.40
0.40
1.44
3.52
3.62
3.75
9.87
),98
1.06
1,13
1.19
1.23
0°
0.67
0.61
0.57
9.55
0.54
3.57
3.65
3.75
3.88
1.00
1.11
1.20
1,29
1..34
1.39
132
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE B.
A + ^.
>G0°
•270°
i80°
290°
300°
310°
320°
330°
340°
350°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L.
= 320°4> = '10°
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.33
0.42
0.50
0.58
0.64
0.69
0.73
30°
O.IU
0.17
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.25
0.34
0.44
0.54
0.64
0.72
0.80
0.86
0.90
20°
0.32
0.29
0.26
0.26
0.29
0.35
0.44
0.55
0.08
).79
0.87
0.96
1.03
1.07
10°
0.46
0.42
0.39
0.38
0.40
0.46
0.56
0.67
0.81
0.93
1.03
1.12
1.19
1.24
1.28
0°
0.62
1.57
0.54
0.53
0.54
0.59
0.68
0.80
0.93
1.06
1.18
1.27
1.33
1.39
1.43
L.
= 330° ^ = 40°
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.21
0.29
0.38
0.47
0.56
0.63
0.69
0.74
0.77
30°
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.22
0.29
0.39
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.79
0.85
0.90
0.94
20°
0.28
0.26
0.25
0.27
0.31
0.39
0.49
0.62
0.74
1.85
0.95
1.02
1.07
1.11
10°
0.42
0.39
0.38
0.39
0.42
0.49
0.60
0.74
0.87
0.99
1.10
1.17
1.23
1.28
1.30
0°
0.57
0.54
0.52
0.52
0.56
0.62
0.72
0.86
0.99
1.12
1.23
1.32
1.38
1.43
1.46
L.
= 340° 4, = -10°
).08
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.13
0.18
0.26
0.34
0.44
0.53
0.61
0.68
0.73
0.78
0.80
30°
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.20
0.26
0.34
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.76
0.84
0.90
0.95
0.97
20°
0.26
0.25
0.26
0.29
0.34
0.43
0.54
0.68
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.06
1.11
1.14
1.16
10°
0.39
0.37
0.37
0.39
0.44
0.53
0.65
0.79
0.93
1.04
1.15
1.22
1.27
1.30
1.32
0°
0.53
0.51
0.51
0.53
0.57
0.66
0.77
0.90
1.04
1.18
1.28
1.36
1.41
1.45
1.47
L.
= 350° 4* = 40°
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.21
0.29
0.39
0.48
0.57
0.65
0.72
0.76
0.79
0.81
0.81
30°
0.15
0.14
0.15
0,17
0.22
0.29
0.36
0.48
0.60
0.71
0.80
0.88
0.93
0.96
0.98
0.99
20°
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.31
0.38
0.46
0.59
0.72
0.84
0.95
1.04
1.09
1.13
1.15
1.16
10°
0.37
0.37
0.38
0.42
0.49
0.57
0.70
0.84
0.98
1.09
1.19
1.25
1.29
1.32
1.33
0°
0.52
0.51
0.52
0.55
0.61
0.70
0.82
0.96
1.10
1.23
1.33
1.40
1.45
1.48
1.49
L.
= 360° 4, = 40°
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.18
0.25
0.33
0.43
0.53
0.61
0.69
0.74
0.78
0.81
0.82
0.82
30°
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.24
0.32
0.41
0.53
0.65
0.75
0.84
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.99
20°
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.28
0.34
0.41
0.51
0.63
0.77
0.S9
0.99
1.07
1.12
1.15
1.16
1.16
10°
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.44
0.51
0.62
0.73
0.88
1.02
1.13
1.23
1.28
1.31
1.33
1.33
0°
0.51
0.51
0.53
0.57
0.64
0.74
0.85
1.00
1.15
1.26
1.36
1.43
1.47
1.49
1.49
L
= 400° 4- = 10°
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.48
0.54
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.62
0.02
30°
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.35
0.41
0.48
0.56
0.63
0.69
0,73
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.79
20°
0 39
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.48
0.54
0.62
0.70
0.79
0.86
0.90
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.97
10°
0.53
0 . 53
0.54
0.57
0.61
0.68
0.7f
0.85
0.94
1.02
1.07
1.11
1.13
1.14
1.14
0°
0.69
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.76
0.82
0.91
1.00
1.09
1.18
1.23
1.27
1.29
1.31
1.31
L.
= 410° 4, =40°
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.29
0.34
0.40
0.47
0.53
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.63
0.62
30°
0.2f
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.34
0.40
0.45
0.53
0.6(
0.67
0.73
0.77
0.79
0.79
0.79
0.78
20°
0 . 39
0.41
0.43
0.47
0.52
0.59
0.67
0.70
U.83
0.90
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.96
0.95
10°
0.53
0.54
0.57
0 . 60
0.66
0.73
0.82
0.91
0.99
1.06
1.11
1.13
1.14
1.13
1.12
0°
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.76
0.81
0.88
0.97
1.06
1.15
1.22
1.27
1.80
1.31
1.31
1.30
L
= 420°4< = 40°
O.lfi
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.25
0.29
0.34
0.40
o.4r
0.52
0.57
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.63
0 . 02
O.fiO
0.58
30°
0.27
0.2H
0 31
0.34
0.39
0.4.'
0.52
0..59
0.6f
0.72
0,77
0.80
11.80
0.80
0.78
0.76
20°
0 . 3!
0.40
0.43
o.4r
0.51
0.57
0.65
0.7;
0.81
0.88
0.94
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.95
0.9:.
10°
0.54
0.5f
0 . 60
0.65
0.71
0.78
0.87
0.97
1.05
1. 11
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.12
1.0'J
0°
0.7(
0.72
0.75
0.8(
o.sr
0.98
1.02 I.IL
1.20
1.27
1.3(
1.31
1.31
1.29
1.27
ECLIPSES OP TIJE SUN IN INDIA.
133
A +M.
260°
270°
280°
290°
300°
310°
320°
:530°
340°
3ri0°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
1(M)°
L.
= 430O(fi=40o
o.ir.
0.18
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.33
0..39
0.44
0.51
0.56
0.60
0.63
0,64
0.64
0,63
0.61
0.58
0.55
30°
0.28
0.30
0 34
0.38
0.43
0.50
0.57
0.64
0.71
0.76
0.80
0,81
0.80
0,79
0.76
0.73
0.70
20°
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.50
0.55
0.62
0.70
0.78
0,86
0.92
0.97
0,98
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.89
10°
0.56
0.59
0.64
0.69
0.77
0.85
0.93
1.02
1.09
1.14
1.15
1.14
1.12
1.09
1.06
0°
0.72
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.92
1.00
1.09
1.18
1.25
1.30
1.32
1.31
1.29
1.27
1.23
L.
= 440°4> = 40°
0.19
0.21
0.24
0.28
0.33
0.39
0.44
0.50
0 . 56
0.61
0.64
0.66
0,66
0,64
0.82
0.59
0.56
0.52
30°
0.30
0.34
0.38
0.43
0 . 49
0.55
0.62
0.70
0 76
0.80
0.82
0,81
0.80
0.77
0.74
0.70
0.65
20°
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.55
0.61
0,68
0.76
0.85
0.91
0.97
0.99
0,98
0,97
0.93
0.90
0.85
10°
0.60
0.64
0.69
0.75
0.83
0.91
1.00
1.08
1.14
1.16
1.16
1,14
1,10
1.06
1.02
0°
0.75
0.79
0,84
0.90
0.98
1.07
1.15
1.24
1.30
1.33
1.33
1,31
1,27
1,23
1.19
L.
= 450° 4. = 40°
0.21
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.43
0.48
0.54
0.60
0.64
0.67
0.67
0,06
0.63
0.60
0,56
0,52
0.48
0,44
30°
0.30
0.33
0.37
0.42
0.48
0.54
0.61
0.68
0.74
0.80
0.83
0.83
0,82
0.78
0,74
0,70
0,65
0.61
20°
0.46
0.50
0.55
0.61
0.67
0.75
0.82
0.90
0.96
1.00
1.00
0,99
0.95
0.91
0,86
0,81
0.76
10°
0.64
0.69
0.75
0.82
0.89
0,97
1.06
1.13
1.17
1.18
1,16
1,12
1,08
1,02
0.97
0°
0.79
0.84
0.90
0.98
1.05
1.14
1.22
1.30
1.34
1.35
1,33
1.29
1.25
1.19
1,14
L.
= 4fi0°4. = 40°
0.21
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.48
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.67
Q.68
O.08
0,65
0,62
0.58
0.53
0,48
0.43
0.39
30°
0.34
0.37
0.42
0.47
0.54
0.60
0.67
0.73
0.79
0.84
0.85
0.84
0,81
0,77
0,72
0.66
0,61
0.55
20°
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.66
0.74
0.81
0.89
0.96
1.01
1.03
1.01
0.98
0,93
0,87
0.81
0,75
0,70
10°
0.69
0.75
0.81
0.89
0.96
1.05
1.12
1.18
1.20
1.19
1.15
1,09
1.04
0.98
0,91
0°
0.84
0.90
0.96
1.04
1.12
1.21
1.28
1.34
1,36
1.35
1.31
1,26
1.20
1,14
1,07
L.
= 470° 4. =40°
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.43
0.48
0.53
0.58
0.64
0.68
0.70
0.69
0,67
0 64
0.59
0.54
0,48
0.43
0.39
0,34
30°
0.39
0.44
0.49
0.55
0.61
0.67
0.73
0.79
0.84
0.87
0.86
0.84
0,79
0.73
0.67
0,61
0.56
0,50
0,45
20°
0.56
0.62
0.68
0.74
0.81
0.88
0.95
1.01
1.05
1.03
1.01
0.95
0.88
0.82
0.76
0.70
0,64
10°
0.75
0.81
0.88
0.96
1.03
1.11
1.18
1.21
1.20
1.17
1.11
1.04
0.97
0,91
0.84
0°
0.91
0.97
1.03
l.li
1.19
1.27
1.34
1.37
1.37
1.33
1,27
1,20
1.13
1,06
1.00
L.
= 480° 4, = 40°
0.29
0.33
0.3S
0.43
0.48
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.68
0.71
0.71
0.70
0.66
0,61
0.55
0.50
0.44
0.39
0,34
0.29
0,26
30°
0.44
0.49
0.55
0.61
0.67
0.73
0.79
0,85
0.88
0.89
0.87
0.82
0.76
0,69
0.62
0.57
0.50
0.44
0,40
20°
0.61
0.67
0.74
0.8!
0.88
0.95
1. 01
1.05
1.06
1.03
0.98
0.91
0.84
0.76
0.69
0.62
0.57
10°
0.82
0.89
0.96
1.04
1.11
1.17
1.22
1.23
1.20
1.14
1.07
0.99
0.92
0,84
0.77
0°
0.98
1.04
1.12
1.19
1.27
1.33
1.38
1.40
1.37
1.30
1.22
1.14
1.07
0.99
0.92
L.
= 490° 41 =40°
0.33
0.38
0.43
0.48
0.54
0.58
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.73
0.72
0.70
0.65
0.58
0.52
0.46
0.40
0.35
0.29
0,25
0,21
30°
0.49
0.55
0.61
0.66
0.73
0.78
0.84
0.88
0.91
0.90
0.86
0.80
0.72
0.65
0.57
0.51
0.45
0,39
0,34
20°
0.68
0.74
0.81
0.87
0.95
1.00
1.06
1.08
1.07
1.02
0,95
0.86
0.78
0.70
0,63
0.57
0.52
10°
0.89
0.96
1.03
1.10
1.17
1.22
1.25
1.23
1.18
1.10
1.01
0.93
0.84
0,76
0.71
0°
1.05
1.12
1.19
1.26
1.33
1.38
1.41
1.39
1.34
1.26
1.17
1.08
0.99
0.92
0.85
L
= 500° (fi = 40°
0.43
0.48
0.53
0.58
0.63
0.68
0.72
0.74
0.74
0.72
0.68
0,62
0.55
0.48
0.41
0,35
0.29
0.25
0,20
0,17
30°
0.61
0.67
0.72
0.78
0.84
0.88
0.91
0.92
0.89
0.83
0,76
0.68
0.60
0.52
0.46
0.40
0.34
0.30
20°
0.75
0.81
0.87
0.94
1.00
1.05
1.08
1.09
1.05
0.99
0.90
0.81
0,71
0.64
0.57
0.51
0,45
10°
0.96
1.03
1.10
1.16
1.22
1.25
1.26
1.22
1.14
1.04
0.95
0,86
0.77
0.70
0.63
0°
1.13
1.19
1.26
1.33
1.38
1.42
1.43
1.37
1.29
1.19
1.09
1,00
0.91
0.84
0.78
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE B.
A + ft.
260°
•270°
280^
2!K)°
300°
310°
320°
330°
310°
3.50°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L= 510° 4. = 40°
0.49
0.54
0.59
0.65
0.69
0.73
0.76
0.77
0.75
0.72
0.67
0.59
0.52
0.44
0.38
0.32
0.26
0.21
0.17
0.14
30°
0.67
0.73
0.79
0.84
0.89
0.92
0.94
0.92
0.88
0.80
0.72
0.63
0.54
0.47
0.41
0.35
0.30
0.20
20°
0.82
0.88
0.94
1.00
1.05
1.09
1.11
1.09
1.03
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.06
0.57
0.50
0.45
0.40
10°
1.05
1.11
1.17
1.23
1.26
1.28
1.26
1.19
1.10
0.99
0.88
0.79
0.71
0.04
0.58
0°
1.21
1.28
1.34
1.39
1.43
1.44
1.42
1.35
1.24
1.14
1.03
0.93
0.85
0.77
0.72
1,. = 520° 4. = 40°
0.54
0.59
0.64
0.69
0.73
0.76
0.78
0.78
0.76
0.70
0.63
0.50
0.49
0.40
0.33
0.27
0.21
0.17
0.14
0.11
30°
0.73
0.79
0.84
0.89
0.93
0.95
0.95
0.92
0.86
0.77
C.68
0.58
0.50
0.42
0.36
0.30
0.26
0.22
20°
0.88
0.94
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.12
1.11
1.08
1.01
0.91
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.52
0.45
0.40
0.36
10°
1.11
1.17
1.22
1.27
1.29
1.29
1.24
1.16
1.05
0.94
0.82
0.72
0.64
0.57
0.52
0.48
0°
1.27
1.33
1.39
1.43
1.45
1.44
1.39
1.30
1.18
1.06
0.95
0.86
0.78
0.71
0.65
L. = 530° ifi = 40°
0.59
0.64
0.69
0.73
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.77
0.74
0.68
0.00
0.52
0.43
0.35
0.29
0.22
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.09
30°
0.79
0.84
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.90
0.83
0.73
0.63
0.54
0.44
0.37
0.30
0.26
0.22
0.19
20°
1.00
1.06
1.10
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.07
0.97
0.86
0.74
0.04
0.54
0.47
0.40
0.35
0.31
10°
1 17
1.23
1.27
1.30
1.31
1.28
1.22
1.12
0.99
0.87
0.70
0.07
0.59
0.52
0.48
0.44
0°
1.33
1.39
1.43
1.45
1.46
1.43
1.35
1.25
1.12
1.00
0.89
0.80
0.71
0.00
0.61
1,. = 540°4.=40°
0.69
0.73
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.79
0.77
0.72
0.65
0.58
0.49
0.40
0.32
0.25
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.10
0.09
30°
0.84
0.89
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.96
0.94
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.59
0.48
0.40
0.32
0.27
0.22
0.18
0.16
20°
1.05
1.10
1.12
1.44
1.13
1.10
1.03
0.93
0.81
0.69
0.58
0.49
0.42
0.36
0.32
0.28
10°
1.22
1.27
1.30
1.32
1.31
1.26
1.19
1.07
0.94
0.82
0.70
0.01
0.54
0.48
0.43
0.41
0°
1.38
1.43
1.46
1.47
1.46
1.41
1.32
1.20
1.07
0.94
0.82
0.73
0.67
0.61
0.57
L. = 550°.). = 40°
0.73
0.77
0.80
0.81
0.81
0.80
0.76
0.70
0.63
0.54
0.45
0.36
0.28
0.22
0.16
0.13
0.10
0.08
30°
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.98
0.97
0.92
0.86
0.76
0.65
0.55
0.44
0.30
0.29
0.23
0.19
0.17
0.15
20°
1.10
1.13
1.16
1.16
1.14
1.08
1.00
0.89
0.77
0.65
0.53
0.44
0.38
0.33
0.29
0,26
10°
1.27
1.30
1.32
1.32
1.29
1.24
1.14
1.02
0.89
0.70
0.65
0.50
0.49
0.44
0.41
0.39
0°
1.43
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.44
1.38
1.3^
1.14
1.01
0.88
0.77
0.68
0.62
0.57
0.54
1,. = 5fiO°4, = 40°
0.7fi
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.80
0.78
0.74
0.67
0.59
0.50
0.41
0.32
0.25
0.18
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.07
30°
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.90
0.81
0.72
0.60
0.49
0.39
0.31
0.24
0.20
0.17
0.15
0.14
20°
1.13
1.15
1.16
1.15
1.12
1.06
0.96
0.84
0.72
0.59
0.49
0.40
0.34
0.29
0.26
0.25
10°
1.30
1.32
1.33
1.31
1.28
1.20
1.09
0.97
0.83
0.70
0.60
0.51
0.44
0.41
0.88
0°
1.47
1.49
1.49
1.47
1.43
1.34
1.23
1.10
0.96
0.82
0.72
0.64
0.59
0.55
0.53
I,. = 570° 4. = 4(1°
0.81
0.82
0.82
0.80
0.77
0.72
0.64
0.55
0.46
0.37
0.28
).21
0.16
0.11
0.08
0.07
0.07
30°
0.98
0.99
0 . 99
0.97
0.93
0.87
0.79
0.68
0.57
0.46
0.36
).28
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.14
20°
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.10
1.03
0.93
0.81
0.68
0.56
0.45
0.37
1.31
0.27
0.26
0.25
10°
1,32
1 . 33
1 . 33
1.30
1 . 25
1.17
1.06
0.93
0.78
0.66
0.55
0.47
0.42
0 . 39
0.37
0.37
0°
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.45
1 . 39
1.30
1.18
1.04
0.90
).77
0.07
0.60
0.55
0.52
0.51
L. = 580°<J; = 40°
0.82
0.82
0.81
0.78
0.74
0.09
0.61
0.53
0.43
0.33
0.25
0.18
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.08
30°
0 . 99
0.99
0.98
).95
0.90
0.84
0.75
0.65
0.53
0.41
0.32
0.24
1.19
0.10
0.14
0.14
20°
1.16
1.16
1.15
1 12
1.07
0 . 99
B.89
0.77
0.03
1.51
0.41
0 34
0.28
0.25
0.24
0.24
10°
1 . 33
1.33
1.31
1.28
1.23
1.13
1.02
0.88
0.73
0.62
0.51
).44
0.40
0.38
0.37
0"
1.49
1.49
1.47
1.43
1.36
1.26
1.15
1.00
0.85
B.74
0.64
0.57
0.53
0.51
0.51
RCUPSF.S OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TA15LK 15.
>3S
A + ^.
2(iO°
•270°
•280"
•2!K>°
:!0()°
310°
320°
;{3()°
310°
:i50°
0°
10°
2(1°
ao°
10°
no°
60°
70°
80°
flO"
100°
L.
= 590° 41 = 40°
0.«2
0.81
0.79
0.76
0.72
0.65
0.58
0.49
0.39
0.29
0,22
0.15
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.07
30°
O.'JO
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.88
0.80
0.71
0.00
0.48
0.37
0.29
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.14
0.15
20°
1.16
l.l.'i
1.13
1.10
1.04
0.95
0,84
0.72
0.59
0.47
0.37
0,31
0.26
0.23
0.25
0.26
10°
1.33
1.32
1.29
1.25
1.19
1.09
0.97
0.84
0.70
0,57
0.48
0.42
0.38
0.37
0,37
0°
1.49
1.48
1.45
1.40
1.32
1.22
1.10
0.96
0.81
0,69
0.01
0.55
0..52
0,51
0.52
I,.
= 000° $ = 40°
0.80
0.77
0.73
0.08
0.61
0.53
0.44
0..34
0.20
0.18
0.13
0.C9
0.07
0,07
0.08
30°
0.97
0.94
0.89
0.83
0.75
0 . 65
0.55
0.44
0.34
0.25
0,19
0.10
0.14
0,14
0.17
20°
1.16
1.14
1.11
1.06
0 . 99
0.90
0.79
0,07
0.54
0,43
0.34
0.28
0.25
0.25
0.25
10°
1.32
1.30
1.27
1.22
l.U
1.05
0.92
0.79
0.03
0.52
0.44
0.40
0.37
0,37
0,39
0°
1.48
1.40
1.42
1.36
1.28
1.18
1.05
0.91
0.78
0.60
0.58
0.54
0.52
0.52
0,54
L
= 610° 4. = 40°
0.78
0.75
0.69
0.63
0.57
0.48
0.39
0,30
0.22
0.16
0.11
0.08
0.08
O.OK
30°
0.94
0.91
0.86
0.79
0.71
0.61
0.5U
0,3'J
0 . 29
0.23
0.18
0.15
0,15
0.17
20°
1.11
1.08
1.02
0 . 94
0.85
0.74
0,02
0.50
0.39
0.30
0.27
0.20
0,20
0,28
10°
1.30
1.28
1.23
1.17
1.10
0.99
0.87
0.73
0,00
0,49
0.42
0,39
0,38
0,39
0.42
0°
1.46
1.43
1.37
1.31
1.23
1.12
0.99
0.85
0,72
0.02
0.50
0.52
0,52
0,54
0.57
L.
= 020° 4. = 40°
0.73
0.70
0.05
0.58
0.51
0.42
0.34
0,25
0.18
0.12
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.10
30°
0 90
0.86
0.80
0.72
0.04
0.54
0.44
0.34
0.25
0,19
0.16
0.15
0,17
0.19
20°
1.07
1.03
0.96
0.88
0.79
0.07
0.55
0.44
0.34
0,28
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.33
10°
1.28
1.24
1.20
1.12
1.04
0.94
0.81
0.07
0.50
0,40
0,41
0.39
0.40
0.43
0.48
0°
1.42
1.39
1.33
1.26
1.18
1.07
0.93
0.81
0,08
0.59
0.55
0,52
0.53
0.57
0,61
L.
= 030° 4 = 40°
0.05
0.59
0.52
0.45
0.30
0.27
0.20
0.14
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.13
30°
0.87
0.81
0.75
0.67
0.59
0.48
0.38
0.30
0.22
0.18
0.10
0.17
0.19
0.23
20°
1.03
0.97
0.91
0.83
0,73
0.63
0.50
0,39
0.32
0.27
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.36
10°
1.24
1.20
1.14
1.06
0.98
0.87
0.75
0.62
0.51
0.44
0.40
0.40
0.42
0.46
0,51
0°
1.39
1.34
1.29
1.20
l.U
1.00
0.88
0.76
0.65
0.57
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.61
0,67
L.
= 640° 4 =40°
0.59
0.53
0.46
0.39
0.31
0.23
0,16
0.11
0.09
0,08
0.10
0.13
30°
0.81
0.76
0.69
0.61
0.52
0.42
0.33
0.25
0.19
0.17
0.18
0,20
0.24
0.29
20°
0.97
0.91
0.83
0.75
0.65
0.54
0,44
0,35
0.29
0.27
0,28
0,31
0.37
0.42
10°
1.13
1.07
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.08
0.57
0.48
0.42
0,40
0..t2
0,46
0.51
0.57
0°
1.34
1.28
1.21
1.13
1.04
0.93
0.82
0,70
0,01
0.56
0.55
0,50
0.61
0.66
0.73
L.
= 050° 4 = 40°
0.54
0.47
0.40
0.33
0.20
0.18
0.13
0.10
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.17
30°
0.73
0.69
0.62
0.54
0.45
0.30
0.28
0.22
0.19
0.18
0,20
0.24
0,29
20°
0.91
0.84
0.77
0.68
0.58
0.48
0.39
0.31
0.28
0,29
0.31
0,36
0,42
10°
1.00
1.00
0.92
0.83
0.72
0.02
0.52
0.45
0.41
0,42
0.40
0.51
0.58
0.64
0°
1.28
1.22
1.16
1.07
0.98
0.87
0.76
0.66
0.59
0.56
0.58
0.62
0.67
0.73
0.80
L.
= 660° 4 =40°
0.46
0.40
0.33
0.26
0.19
0.15
0.11
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.17
0.22
30°
0.68
0.61
0.54
0.47
0.39
0.30
0.24
0.19
0.19
0.21
0.25
0.30
0.35
20°
0.83
0.77
0.68
0.60
0.51
0.42
0.35
0,30
0.29
0,31
0.37
0.48
0.49
10°
1.00
0.92
0.84
0.75
0.65
0.56
0.47
0,43
0.42
0.40
0.51
0.57
0.65
0.71
0°
1.22
1.15
1.08
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.62
0.58
0.68
0.62
0.67
0.73
0.80
0.87
"36
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE B.
>. + 11..
2li<)°
270°
280°
290°
.!(K)°
310°
320°
i-M°
;iio°
;J50°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
G0°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L, = 670°if. = 40°
0 . 39
0.33
0.27
0.21
0.15
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.18
0.23
0.28
30°
0.01
0.54
0.47
0 . 39
0.32
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.25
0.29
0.36
0.42
20°
0.77
0.09
0.61
0.53
0.46
0.38
0.32
0.30
0.32
0.37
0.43
0.50
0.57
10°
0.93
0.85
0.7G
0.08
0.59
0.51
0.46
0.44
0.40
0.52
0.58
0.65
0.72
0.79
0°
1.15
1.08
1. 01
0.92
0 84
0.75
0.66
0.61
0.59
0.61
0.66
0.73
0.81
0.88
0.95
L = 080° 4) = 40°
0.33
0.27
0.22
0.17
0.13
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.18
0.23
0.29
0.34
30°
0.53
0.47
0.40
0.33
0.28
0.23
0.20
0.21
0.25
0.29
0.35
0.42
0.48
20°
0.69
0.62
0.54
0.47
0.40
0.35
0.32
0.32
0.37
0.43
0.49
0.57
0.63
10°
0.86
0.79
0.71
0.02
0.55
0.49
0.40
0.47
0.51
0.58
0.65
0.73
0.80
0°
1.08
1.02
0.95
0.86
0.78
0.70
0.64
0.61
0.02
0.67
0.74
0.81
0.89
0.96
1.03
I,. = 090° 4. = 40°
0.32
0.27
0.22
0.18
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.14
O.IS
0.24
0.29
0.35
30°
0.46
0.40
0.34
0.29
0.24
0.21
0.22
0.25
0.29
0.36
0.42
0.49
0.55
20°
0.02
0.55
0.48
0.42
0.37
0.34
0.34
0.37
0.43
0.51
0.58
0.64
0.71
10°
0.77
0.71
0.64
0.56
0.51
0.47
0.47
0.50
0.57
0.65
0.73
0.80
0.86
0°
1.00
0.93
0.87
0.80
0.72
0.66
0.63
0.62
0.66
0.72
0.80
0.88
0.96
1.02
1.09
I,. = 700°<f = 40°
0.27
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.15
0.19
0.24
0.29
0.35
0.41
0.46
30°
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.22
0.22
0.25
0.29
0.35
0.42
0.49
0 . 55
0.61
20°
0.55
0.49
0.43
0.38
0.35
0.34
0,37
0.42
0.49
0.57
0.04
0.71
0.77
10°
0.77
0.71
0.65
0.59
0.53
0.50
0.49
0.51
0.56
0.64
0.73
0.80
0.87
0.94
0°
0.93
0.87
0.81
0.75
0.69
0.65
0.64
0.06
0.71
0.80
0.88
0.90
1.03
1.09
1.15
L. = 710°<)> = 40°
0.22
0.19
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.19
0.24
0.30
0.35
0.41
0.46
0.51
30°
0.34
0.30
0.27
0.24
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.34
0.42
0.48
0.55
0.61
0.00
20°
0.49
0.44
0.40
0.37
0.35
0.37
0.41
0.48
0.58
0.64
0.71
0.78
0.83
10°
0.70
0.65
0.59
0.55
0.51
0.49
0.50
0.56
0.62
0.71
0.80
0.87
0.94
1.00
0°
0.80
0.81
0.76
0.72
0.68
0.65
0.66
0.71
0.78
0.87
0.95
1.03
1.12
1. 10
1.21
L. = 720°4. = 40°
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.24
0.29
0.35
0.41
0.40
0.51
0.55
30°
0.34
0.30
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.28
0.34
0.40
0.47
0.55
0.61
0.60
0.70
20°
().4K
0.44
0.41
0.37
0.36
0.37
0.40
0.46
0.54
0.62
0.69
0.77
0.82
0.87
10°
0.0.5
O.Cl
0.57
0.53
0.51
0.52
0.55
0.01
0.69
0.78
0.86
0.94
0 99
1.05
0°
0.81
0.70
0.73
0 . 09
0.07
0.67
0.70
0.70
0.84
0.93
1.01
1.09
1.15
1.21
1.25
I,. = 730° 4. = 40°
0.18
0.10
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.22
0.28
0.34
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.54
0.58
30°
0.30
0.2K
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.33
0.39
0.47
0.54
0.00
0.66
0.70
0.74
20°
0.41
0.41
0.38
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.45
0.52
0.61
0.69
0.76
0.82
0.87
0.91
10°
0 . 5U
0.50
0.52
0.51
0.51
0.54
0.58
0.06
0.75
0.84
0.92
0.98
1.04
1.07
1.11
0°
0.70
0.72
0.70
0.08
0.67
0.69
0.74
0.81
0.91
1.00
1.08
1.14
1.20
1.24
1.27
1,. = 740° $=40°
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.18
0.22
0.27
0.33
0.39
0.45
0.50
0.54
0.58
0.60
30°
0.28
0.20
0.20
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.38
0.45
0.52
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.77
20°
0.40
0.3K
0.37
0.37
0.39
0.43
0.50
0.58
0.60
0.75
0.81
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.90
10°
0.50
0.54
0.52
0.52
0.53
0.5H
0.64
0.72
0.81
0.90
0.97
1.03
1.07
1.10
1.13
0°
0.73
0.70
0.69
0.08
0.69
0.73
0.79
0.87
0.97
1.06
1.14
1.19
1.24
1.27
1.29
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TA HLK 15.
m
A + («.
2G0°
270°
280°
2!H)°
3(M)
:!ln :;-in :;:!(1^'
aio°
350°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
eo°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L.
= 750Oi)> = 40°
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.26
0.31
0.39
0.4-1
0.49
0.54
0.57
0.00
0.02
0.03
30°
0.20
0.26
0.20
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.43
0.51
0.58
0.05
0.70
0.74
0.77
0.78
0.79
20°
0 . 39
0 39
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.49
0.56
0.65
0.73
0.81
0.87
0.91
0.94
0.96
0.97
10°
0.54
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.57
0.62
0.70
0.79
0.88
0.97
1.03
1.08
1.11
1.13
1.14
0°
0.70
0.70
0.09
0.70
0.73
0.78
0.85
0.94
1.03
1.12
1.19
1.24
1.28
1..30
1.31
L.
= 700° $=40°
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.48
0.54
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.62
0.62
80°
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.35
0.41
0.48
0.56
0.63
0.69
0.73
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.79
20°
0.39
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.48
0.54
0.62
0.70
0.79
0.86
0.90
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.97
10°
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.57
0.01
0.68
0.70
0.85
0.94
1.02
1.07
1.11
1.13
1.14
1.14
0°
0.69
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.76
0 . 82
0.91
1.00
1.09
1.18
1.23
1.27
1 29
1.31
1.31
t38
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE a
-
^
^
-
*" 1 »
° S
® S
'^ a
' 1
° s
TS ft.-r'
•^ — •?.
r' + r".
3 .5P
T' + r"
■s 15
y' + y".
3 t^
•s "i 5
y'+y".
ZS -I-
•sin
r'+r".
s bo
1 |n
y' + r"-
1 IP
3 s>
^1.2
g'|,2
||.s
«5 m;
« 3:
35.17
0
45.46
0
55.43
0
65.44
0
75.43
0
85.42
0
33.51
1
45 . 50
1
53.50
1
03 . 49
1
75.48
1
85.47
1
35.56
2
45.55
2
53.34
2
63.54
2
75.53
2
85.52
2
35.fi0
3
45.39
3
55.59
3
65.38
3
75.58
3
85.57
3
35 r, I
^^.
45 , 64
^^.
65.03
*=5
63.63
*^
73.63
*Z
85.62
5|
35 . C8
•"> s.
45.68
5|
53.68
5|
65.68
5|
75.68
5|
85.68
cr
cr
35.73
6 2.
43.73
6g
53.73
6 5
63.73
6 2.
75.73
62
85.73
65
3.-,. 77
Tg:
45.77
7^
35.77
7^
63 77
7=:
75.78
7=;
85.78
^i^
35.81
B''
45.82
8"
55.82
8-"
63.82
8"
75.83
8°
85.83
8"
35.85
9
43 . 86
9
55.86
9
65.87
9
75.87
9
85.83
9
35.90
10
45.90
10
55.91
10
63.92
10
75.92
10
85.93
10
35.94
11
45.95
11
55.96
11
65.97
11
75.97
11
85.98
11
35.98
12
45.99
12
56.00
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
36.00
Total.
46.00
Total.
56.00
Total.
60.00
Auiiular.
76.00
.\unulai'.
86.00
Annular
36.02
12
46.01
12
36.00
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
36.06
11
46 , 05
11
56.04
11
66 . 03
11
76.03
11
86.03
11
36 . 10
10
46.10
10
56.09
10
00.08
10
76 . 08
10
86.07
10
36.15
9
46.14
9
56.14
9
66.13
9
76.13
9
86.12
9
36.19
K.
■40.18
8«
50.18
K.
66.18
K.
76.17
8co
86.17
8c«
36.23
_ c
46.23
7|
56.23
7|
66.23
7 =
76.22
7 =
86.22
7|
30.27
6?
46.27
6 5
56 . 27
6?
60.27
6 2
s
76.27
62
86.27
6|
36.32
'' 5^
46.32
5=;
56 . 32
5=:
66.32
5=r
76.32
a
86.32
5=t
3(! . 36
■%'■
46 , 30
4"
.'-6 . 37
4^
60.37
4^
76.37
4"
86.38
4"
36 . 40
3
46.41
3
36.41
3
66.42
3
70.42
3
86.43
3
36 . \ i
2
46 . 45
2
50.46
2
66 . 40
2
70.47
2
86.48
2
36.4'J
1
40.30
1
36 . 50
1
00 . 3 1
1
76.52
1
86.53
1
36,53
(1
K, . ', i
II
56.33
0
66.50
0
76.37
0
86 . 58
0
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN /N INDIA.
TA I5LK I).
'39
A + ^.
260°
270°
280°
2!K)"
300°
310°
320°
3:10=
310°
3.W°
0°
to°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L =
0° <J> =40°
S8.3
0.0
1.7
3.6
5.5
7.7
9.8
12.2
14.7
17.2
19.5
21.8 23.8
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
30°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.7
6.8
9.2
11.5
14.2
16.8
19.3
21.7
23.8
26.0
27,8
29.7
31.3
20°
58.7
0.3
2.2
4.0
6.0
8.3
10.8
13.5
16.3
19.0
21.5
23.8
25.8
27.7
29.5
31.2
10°
.59.8
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.7
10.2
12.8
15.7
18.5
21.0
23.5
25.7
27.5
29.3
31.0
0°
59,3
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.0
9.5
12.2
15.0
17.8
20.5
23.0
25.2
27.2
29,0
30.7
L.=
10°4( = 40o
59.0
0.5
2.2
4.0
8.0
0.0
10.2
12.5
15.0
17.3
19.8
22.2
24.3
26.3
28.2
30.0
31.7
30°
59.7
1.3
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.3
11.7
14.3
16.8
19.3
21.8
24.2
26.2
28.2
29.8
31.5
20°
59.0
0.7
2.3
4.3
6.3
8.5
11.0
13.7
16.3
19.0
21.7
24.0
2G.0
28,0
29,8
31.5
10°
58.3
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.7
10.0
12.7
15.5
18.3
21.0
23.5
25.7
27.7
29.5
31.2
0°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.7
6.8
9.3
11.8
14.7
17.5
20.3
22.8
25.0
27.2
29.0
30.7
L.=
20°<f = 40°
59.3
0.8
2.5
4.3
6.3
8.3
10.5
12.8
15.2
17.7
20.2
22.5
24.7
20.7
28.7
30.5
32.2
33.8
30°
58.5
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.3
7.3
9.7
12.0
14,5
17.2
19.7
22.2
24.5
26. 7
28.7
30.3
32.2
20°
59.2
0.7
2.5
4.3
6.3
8.5
10.8
13.5
16.3
19.0
21.7
24.0
26.2
28.2
30.0
31.7
10°
59.8
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.5
9.8
12.5
15.3
18.2
20.8
23.3
25.7
27.7
29.5
31.2
0°
59.3
1.0
2.7
4.7
6.7
9.0
11.7
14.5
17.3
20.2
22.7
25.0
27.2
29.0
30.7
L.=
30° 4. = 40°
59.8
1.5
3.2
4.8
6.7
8.7
10.8
13.2
15.7
18.2
20.5
23.0
25.2
27.3
29.3
31.0
32.7
34.3
30°
58.8
0.3
2.0
3.7
5.5
7.5
9.7
12.0
14.5
17.2
19.8
22.3
24.7
26.8
28.8
30.7
32.3
34.0
20°
59.3
0.8
2.5
4.3
6.3
8.5
10.8
13.3
16.2
19.0
21.7
24.2
26.3
28.3
30.2
31.8
10°
58.5
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.3
7.5
9.8
12.3
15.2
18.2
20.8
23.5
25.8
27.8
29.7
31.3
0°
59.3
1.0
2.7
4.5
6.5
8.8
11.5
14.2
17.2
20.0
22.7
25.0
27.2
29.0
30.7
L =
40° 4) = 40°
58.8
0.3
1.8
3.5
5.2
7.0
9.0
11.2
13.5
15.8
18.3
20.8
23.3
25.5
27.7
29.7
31.5
33.2
34.8
30°
59.0
0.5
2.2
3.8
5.7
7.5
9.7
12.0
14.7
17.3
20.0
22.5
25.0
27.2
29.2
31.0
32.7
34.3
20°
59.5
1.0
2.7
4.5
6.3
8.5
10.8
13.5
16.3
19.2
21.8
24.3
26.7
28.7
30.5
82.2
10°
58.3
59.8
1.5
3.2
5.2
7.2
9.7
12.2
15.0
18.0
20.8
23.5
25.8
27.8
29.7
31.5
0°
59.2
0.8
2.5
4.3
6.3
8.7
11.3
14.0
17.2
20.0
22.7
25.2
27.2
29.2
30.8
L.=
50° 4> = 40°
59.2
0.5
2.2
3.7
5.5
7.3
9.2
11.3
13.7
16.2
18.7
21.2
23.7
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
33.7
.35.3
36.8
30°
59.2
0.7
2.2
3.8
5.7
7.7
9.8
12.2
14.7
17.3
20.2
22.7
25.2
27.3
29.5
31.3
33,0
34,7
20°
59.5
1.0
2.7
4.5
6.3
8.5
10.8
13.5
16.3
19.2
22.0
24.5
26.8
28.8
30.7
32.5
10°
58.5
0.0
1.5
3.3
5.2
7.2
9.5
12.2
15.0
18.0
21.0
23.7
25.8
28.0
.30.0
31.7
0°
59.2
0.7
2.3
4.3
6.3
8.7
11.2
14.0
17.0
20.0
22.5
25.2
27.3
29.2
31.0
L.=
60°<fi=40°
59.2
0.7
2.2
3.8
5.5
7.3
9.3
11.5
13.7
10.2
18.7
21.3
23.8
26.2
28.3
30.3
32.2
33.8
35.5
37.0
30°
59.2
0.7
2.2
3.8
5.7
7.7
9.7
12.2
14.7
17.3
20.2
22.8
25.3
27.5
29.5
31.5
33.2
34.8
20°
59.5
1.0
2.7
4.5
6.3
8.5
10.8
13.5
16.3
19.3
22.0
24.7
27.0
28.8
30.8
32.5
34.2
10°
58.3
59.8
1.3
3.2
5.0
7.2
9.5
12.2
15.0
18.0
21.0
23.7
26.0
28.2
30.0
31.7
0°
59.0
0.7
2.3
4.2
6.2
8.5
11.2
14.2
17.2
20.2
22.8
25.3
27.3
29.3
31.0
L.=
70°(f =40°
59.3
0.7
2.2
3.8
5.7
7.5
9.3
11.5
13.8
16.3
18.8
21.5
24.0
26.3
28.5
30.5
32.3
34.2
85.7
37.3
30°
59.3
0.8
2.3
4.0
5.8
7.7
9.8
12.2
14.7
17.7
20.3
23.0
25.5
27.8
29.8
31.7
33.3
35.0
20°
59.5
1.0
2.7
4.3
6.3
8.5
10.8
13.5
16.5
19.3
22.2
24.8
27.2
29.2
31.0
32.7
34.3
10°
59.8
1.5
3.2
5.2
7.2
9.5
12.3
15.2
18.3
21.3
23.8
26.2
28.3
30.2
31,8
0°
59.0
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.2
8.7
11.2
U.2
17.3
20.5
23.2
25.5
27.5
29.3
31.2
ECL/PSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE 1).
.-,.
260°
■270°
280°
290°
300°
310°
320°
330°
340°
■a:<o°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
G0°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L.
= 80° $=40°
59.3
0.7
2.2
3.8
5.5
7.3
9.3
11.5
13.8
16.3
19.0
21.5
24.0
26.3
28.6
30.5
32.3
34.2
35.7
37.3
30°
59.2
0.5
2.2
3.5
5.5
7.5
9.7
12.0
14.7
17.5
20.3
23.0
25.5
27.7
29.7
31.5
33.3
34.8
20°
59.3
0.8
2.5
4.3
6.2
8.3
10.7
13.5
16.3
19.3
22.2
24.8
27.0
29.2
31.0
32.7
34.2
10°
59.7
1.3
3.0
5.0
7.2
9.6
12.3
15.3
18.5
21.3
24.0
26.3
28.3
30.2
32.0
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.2
8.5
11.3
14.3
17.5
20.5
23.2
25.5
27.7
29.5
31.2
L.
= 90° 4. = 40°
59 . 2
0.7
2.2
3.8
5.5
7.3
9.3
11.5
13.8
16.3
18.8
21.5
24.0
26.3
28.5
30.5
32.3
34.2
35.7
37.2
38.7
30°
59.0
0.5
2.2
3.8
5.5
7.5
9.7
12.2
14.8
17.5
20.3
23.2
25.5
27.8
29.8
31.7
33.3
34.8
36.3
20°
59.2
0.7
2.3
4.2
6.0
8.2
10.7
13.6
16.5
19.5
22.2
24.8
27.0
29.2
30.8
32.7
34.2
10°
59.7
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.2
9.7
12.3
15.5
18.7
21.5
24.2
26.3
28.3
30.2
31.8
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.3
8.7
11.5
14.7
17.8
20.8
23.5
25.7
27.7
29.5
31.2
L.
= 100° 4. = 40°
58.8
0.3
1.8
3.3
5.2
7.0
8.8
11.0
13.3
16.0
18.5
21.2
23.7
26.0
28.2
30.2
32.0
33.8
35.3
36.8
38.3
30°
58.7
0.2
1.7
3.5
5.2
7.2
9.6
11.8
14.5
17.3
20.2
22.8
25.3
27.5
29.5
31.3
33.0
34.7
36.0
20°
59.0
0.5
2.2
4.0
6.0
8.2
10.8
13.5
16.5
19.5
22.3
24.7
27.0
29.0
30.8
32.5
34.0
10°
59 . 5
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.2
9.7
12.5
15.7
18.7
21.8
24.2
26.3
28.3
30.2
31.7
0°
58.8
0.3
2.3
4.2
6.3
8.8
11.8
15.0
18.2
21.0
23.5
25.8
27.8
29.7
31.2
L.
= 110° 4. = 40°
59.8
1.3
3.0
4.7
6.5
8.5
10.7
13.2
15.7
18.3
20.8
23.3
25.7
27.8
29.8
31.7
33.3
35.0
36.5
38.0
30°
58.5
0.0
1.7
3.3
5.2
7.2
9.3
11.8
14.5
17.3
20.2
22.8
25.2
27.3
29.3
31.2
32.8
34.3
35.8
20°
59.0
0.5
2.2
4.0
6.0
8.2
10.8
13.5
16.5
19.5
22.2
24.7
27.0
29.0
30.7
32.3
33.8
10°
59.5
1.2
2.8
5.0
7.2
9.7
12.7
15.7
18.8
21.8
24.2
26.2
28.2
30.2
31.8
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.5
9.0
12.0
15.2
18.3
21.3
23.8
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
L.
= 120° 4 = 40°
59.3
0.8
2.5
4.2
6.0
8.0
10.2
12.5
15.0
17.7
20.3
22.8
25.2
27.3
29.3
31.2
32.8
34.5
36.0
37.3
30°
59.5
1.2
2.8
4.7
6.7
8.8
11.3
U.O
16.8
19.7
22.3
24.7
26.8
28.8
30.7
32.3
34.0
35.3
20°
58.7
0.2
1.8
3.7
5.7
8.0
10.5
13.3
16.3
19.3
22.0
24.5
26.7
28.7
30.5
32.2
33.7
10°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.0
9.7
12.5
15.7
18.8
21.5
24.0
26.2
28.2
29.8
31.5
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.3
6.7
9.2
12.2
15.3
18.5
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
L.
= 130° 4, =40°
59.0
0.6
2.0
3.8
5.7
7.7
9.8
12.2
14.7
17.2
19.8
22.3
24.7
26.8
28.8
30.7
32.3
34.0
35.5
30°
59.3
0.8
2.5
4.3
6.3
8.7
11.0
13.7
16.5
19.3
22.0
24.3
26.5
28.5
30.3
32.0
33.7
35.0
20°
58.5
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.8
10.3
13.2
16.2
19.0
21.8
24.2
26.5
28.3
30.2
31.8
33.3
10°
.59.3
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.2
9.7
12.7
15.7
18.7
21.6
24.0
26.2
28.0
29.8
31.5
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.3
6.8
9.3
12.3
15.5
18.5
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
L.
= 140° 4. =40°
59 . 8
1.5
3.2
5.0
7.0
9.2
11.5
13.8
16.5
19.0
21.5
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
31.7
33.3
34.8
30°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.0
6.0
8.2
10.5
13.2
16.0
18.8
21.5
24.0
26.0
28.0
29.8
31.5
33.2
20°
59.8
1.6
3.3
5.3
7.5
10.0
12.8
15.8
18.8
21.5
24.0
26.2
28.2
20.8
31.5
33.0
10°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
6.8
9.5
12.3
15.5
18.5
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.5
fi.7
9.3
12.3
15.5
18.5
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.7
29.5
31.2
L.
= 150° 4 = 40°
59.2
0.8
2.6
4.3
6.3
8.5
10.8
13.2
15.8
18.3
20.8
23.2
25.3
27.3
29.2
31. 0
32.7
34.2
30°
.58.5
0.2
1.8
3.5
5.5
7.7
10.2
12.8
15.5
18.3
21.0
23.3
25.5
27.5
29.8
31.2
32 7
20°
59.5
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.2
9.7
12.6
15.3
18.3
21.0
23.6
25.7
27.7
29.5
31.2
32.7
10°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
0.8
9.5
12.8
15.8
18.3
21.2
23.7
26.8
27.7
29.5
31.2
IJ°
58.8
0.7
2.5
4.5
6.8
U.5
12.8
15.3
18.5
21.2
23.7
25.8
27.7
29.5
81.2
ECL/PSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TAI'. LI-: I>.
A + ^.
2(;(t
27(1 2i!(l
290°
300°
310°
:j2o°
:i;t() :'.i(i :!.".() o' 10 2(1'
30°
40°
50^
i;(i
711
!;ii
!lll
100°
L.
= 160=><f. = 40°
58.5
0.2
1.8
3.7
5.7
7.7
10.0
12.5
15.2
17.7
20.0
22.3
24.5
26.5
28.5
30.2
31.8
3.33
30°
59.7
1.3
3.2
5.2
7.3
9.7
12.3
15.0
17.8
20.3
22.8
25.0
27.0
29.0
30.7
32.2
20°
59.3
1.0
2.7
4.7
7.0
9.3
12.2
15.0
18.0
20.7
23.2
25.3
27.3
29.2
30.8
32.3
10°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
0.7
9.2
12.0
15.0
18.0
20.8
23.3
25.5
27.5
29.3
31 0
0°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
0.8
9.3
12.2
15.3
18.3
21.0
23.5
25.7
27.7
29.3
31.0
L.
= 170° (J. = 40°
59.7
1.3
3.2
5.0
7.0
9.3
11.7
14.3
16.8
19.3
21.7
24.0
26.0
27.8
29.7
31.3
30°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
0.7
9.0
11.7
14.3
17.2
19.8
22.2
24.5
2C.5
28.3
30.2
31.7
20°
59.2
0.8
2.5
4.5
6.7
9.2
11.8
14.7
17.5
20.3
22.8
25.2
27.2
29.6
30.7
10°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.3
6.7
9.2
11.8
14.8
17.8
20.7
23.2
25.5
27.5
29.2
30.8
0°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
6.8
9.3
12.2
15.2
18.2
21.0
23.5
25.7
27.7
29.3
31.0
L
= 180° 4. = 40°
59.2
0.8
2.5
4.5
6.5
8.7
11.2
13.7
16.2
18.7
21.2
23.3
25.3
27.3
29.2
30.8
30°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.2
6.3
8.7
11.2
13.8
16.5
19.3
21.8
24.0
26.0
28.0
29.8
31.3
20°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.3
8.7
11.3
14.2
17.0
19.8
22.5
24.7
26.7
28.5
30.3
10°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
0.3
8.8
11.7
14.5
17.5
20.3
23.0
25.2
27.2
29.0
30.7
0°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
6.7
9.2
12.0
15.0
18.0
20.8
23.3
25.5
27.5
29.3
31.0
L
= 190° $ = 40°
58.7
0.3
2.0
3.8
6.0
8.2
10.5
13.0
15.7
18.2
20.5
22.8
24.8
26.8
28.7
30.3
30°
58.5
0.2
2.0
3.8
6.0
8.2
10.7
13.3
16.2
18.8
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.7
29.5
20°
58.5
0.2
1.8
3.8
5.8
8.2
10.8
13.7
16.7
19.3
22.0
24.3
26.3
28.2
30.0
10°
58.7
0.3
2.0
4.0
6.2
8.5
11.3
14.2
17.2
20.0
22.7
25.0
27.0
28.8
30.5
0°
59.0
0.7
2.3
4.3
6.5
9.0
11.8
14.8
17.8
20.7
23.2
25.5
27.5
29.3
31.0
L.
= 200° 4. = 40°
59.8
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.7
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.7
20.0
22.3
24.5
20.3
28.2
30°
59.7
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.7
10.2
12.8
15.7
18.3
20.8
23.2
25.3
27.2
29.0
20°
58.3
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.7
8.0
10.7
13.5
16.3
19.2
21.8
24.2
26.2
28.0
29.8
10°
58.7
0.3
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.5
11.2
14.2
17.2
20.0
22.7
25.0
27.0
28.8
30.7
0°
59.0
0.7
2.3
4.3
6.5
9.0
11.7
14.7
17.8
20.7
23.2
25.5
27.5
29.3
31.0
L.
= 210° $=40°
.59.2
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.0
9.3
11.8
14.5
17.0
19.5
21.8
23.8
25.8
27.7
30°
59.3
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.3
9.8
12.5
15.3
18.0
20.7
23.0
25.0
27.0
23.8
20°
59.8
1.5
3.3
5.5
7.8
10.3
13.2
16.2
19.0
21.7
24.0
26.2
28.0
29.8
10°
58.5
0.2
1.8
3.7
5.8
8.2
10.8
13.8
17.0
19.8
22.5
24.8
27.0
28.8
30.5
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.2
6.3
8.8
11.5
14.7
17.7
20.5
23.2
25.5
27.5
29.3
31.2
L.
= 220° $ = 40°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.3
6.7
9.0
11.5
14.2
10.7
19.2
21.5
23.5
25.5
27.3
30°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.8
7.2
9.7
12.3
15.2
17.8
20.5
22.8
24.8
26.8
28.5
20°
59.5
1.2
3.0
5.2
7.5
10.2
13.0
16.0
18.8
21.5
23.8
26.0
27.8
29.5
10°
0.0
1.8
3.7
5.8
8.2
U.O
13.8
17.0
20.0
22.7
25.0
27.0
28.8
30.5
0°
0.5
2.2
4.0
5.8
8.0
10.0
13.2
16.2
19.0
22.3
25.0
27.3
29.3
31.2
32.8
L.
= 230° 4=40°
58.3
0.2
2.0
4.2
6.3
8.7
11.3
13.8
16.5
18.8
21.2
23.3
25.2
30°
58.8
0.7
2.5
4.7
6.8
9.5
12.2
15.0
17.7
20.3
22.7
24.7
26.7
20°
59.3
1.0
3.0
5.0
7.5
10.0
13.0
16.0
18.8
21.5
23.8
25.8
27.8
10°
59.8
1.7
3.5
5.7
8.0
10.8
13.8
17.0
19.8
22.5
24.8
26.8
28.8
30.5
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.3
8.7
11.5
14.5
17.7
20.7
23.2
25.7
27.7
29.5
31.2
142
ECUPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE D.
A -i- ^,.
2G0°
270°
280°
2iM)°
aoo°
310°
320°
330°
310'
350°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L.
= 240° 4, = 40°
58.2
0.0
1.8
4.0
6.2
8.7
11.3
13.8
16.5
18,8
21,2
23,2
25.0
30°
i>8.8
0.5
2.5
4.7
7,0
9,5
12,3
15.2
17,8
20,3
22,7
24,8
26,7
20°
59.2
1.0
2.8
5,0
7.5
10,2
13.0
16.0
19,0
21.5
23,8
25,8
27,7
10°
0.0
1.8
3.7
5,7
8.2
11,0
14.0
17.2
20.2
22.7
25,0
27,0
28,8
30.5
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6,3
8.7
11.5
14.7
17.8
20.8
23.3
25.7
27.7
29,5
31.2
L
= 250° 4. — 40°
59.8
1.8
4,0
6.3
8.8
11.3
14.0
16.5
18.8
21,2
23,2
25,0
S0°
.58.7
0.3
2.3
4,5
7.0
9,5
12.3
15.2
17,8
20.3
22.7
24.7
26.5
20°
59.2
0.8
2.8
5,0
7.5
10,2
13.2
16,3
19,0
21.5
23.8
25.8
27,7
10°
59.8
1.5
3.5
5,7
8.2
11,0
14.2
17.3
20,2
22.7
25.0
27,0
28.8
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.3
8.8
11,7
14.8
18.0
21,0
23.5
25.8
27,8
29,5
31.2
L
= 2fi0° 41 — 40°
58.2
0.0
2.0
4.2
6.5
9,0
11.7
14.3
16.8
19,2
21,2
23,2
30°
58.8
0.7
2.7
4,8
7.3
10,0
12.8
15.7
18,3
20,7
22,8
24,8
26,7
20°
59.2
1.0
3.0
5,3
7.8
10,7
13,7
16.7
19,3
21,8
24,0
26,0
27,8
10°
59.8
1.7
3.7
5,8
8.5
11,3
14,5
17.5
20,3
22,8
25,2
27.2
28,8
0°
58.8
0.3
2.2
4.2
6,5
9,0
11,8
15.0
18,2
21,2
23.7
25,8
27.8
29,7
31,2
L.
= 270°4i = 40°
58.2
0.0
2,2
4,3
6.7
9.3
12.0
14.5
17.0
19.3
21,3
23,3
30°
58.8
0.7
2.8
5,0
7.5
10.3
13.2
15,8
18.5
20.8
23,0
24,8
26,7
20°
59.3
1.2
3.3
5.7
8.2
11.0
14.0
17.0
19.7
22.0
24,3
26.2
28,0
10°
58 . 2
0.0
1.8
3.8
6.0
8.7
11.7
14.8
17.8
20.7
23.0
25,2
27.2
28.8
(1°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.3
6.5
9.2
12.2
15,3
18.5
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31,2
L.
= 280° 4 =40°
58.7
0.7
2.7
5.0
7,5
10.0
12,7
15,2
17,5
19,8
21.8
23,7
30°
59.2
1.2
3.3
5.7
8,2
11,0
13.8
16,5
19.0
21.3
23.3
25,2
27.0
20°
.59.5
1.5
3.5
6.0
8.5
11.5
14.5
17.3
20,0
22.3
24.3
26.3
28.0
10°
58.3
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.3
9.0
12,0
15.2
18,2
20,8
23.2
25,3
27.2
29.0
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.5
6.8
9,5
12.5
15.7
18.7
21.0
23.8
25,8
27 8
29,5
31.2
L.
= 290°4i = 40°
59.3
1.3
3.3
5.5
8,0
10.8
13.3
15.8
18,0
20.3
22,3
24.0
30°
.59.5
1.5
3,7
6.0
8,7
11.3
14,2
16.8
19.3
21.5
23,5
25.3
27,0
20°
59.7
1.7
3,8
0.3
8,8
11,8
14.8
17.7
20,2
22,5
24,5
26.3
28,0
10°
58.5
0.2
2.2
4.2
6.7
9,3
12,3
15,5
18.3
21,0
23,3
25,3
27.2
28,8
0°
58.8
0.7
2.5
4.5
6.8
9,5
12.7
15.8
18.8
21.3
23,8
25.8
27.8
29,5
31.0
L.
= 300° 4 = 40°
59.7
1.8
4.0
G.S
8,8
11,3
13.8
16.3
18,7
20,7
22.7
24.5
30°
58.2
0.0
2.0
4.2
6,7
9,3
12.0
14.8
17.3
19.8
22.0
24.0
25,8
27,5
20°
58.3
0.2
2.2
4,3
6,7
9.5
12,3
15.2
18.0
20.5
22.7
24.7
26,5
28,2
10°
58.7
0.5
2.5
4.7
7.0
9,8
12,7
15,8
18.7
21.2
23,5
25.5
27,3
29,0
0°
59.0
0.7
2.7
4,7
7.2
9,8
12,8
15.8
18.8
21,5
23,8
25,8
27,7
29,3
31.0
L.
= 310° 4. = 40°
58.5
0.3
2.3
4,7
7.0
9,3
12,0
14.6
16.8
19,2
21,2
23.2
25,0
30°
58.7
0,5
2.6
4,7
7.2
9.8
12,5
15.2
17.7
20.2
22,2
24.2
26.0
27,7
20°
58.7
0.5
2.5
4,8
7.2
9,8
12,7
15.7
18,3
20,7
23,0
25.0
26,7
28,3
10°
58.8
0,7
2.7
4,8
7.3
10,0
13,0
IS. 8
18,721,2
23,5
25.5
27.3
29,0
30.5
0'
59.0
0.8
2.7
4.8
7.5
10,0
13,0
16.0
18.821.3
23.7
25.7
27.7
29,3
30.8
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TA I{|>K 1).
'43
A + iL.
260°
270°
280°
290°
300°
310°
320°
3:10°
mo°
aso^
0°
10°
20°
ao°
40°
50°
G0°
70°
110°
00°
100°
L
= 320°<fi=40°
.59.2
1.2
3.2
5.3
7.7
10.2
12.7
15.2
17.5
19.7
21.8
23.7
25.5
27.1
30°
59.2
1.0
3.0
5.3
7.7
10.3
13.0
15.7
18.2
20,5
22.5
24.5
26.3
28.(1
20°
59.0
0.8
2.8
5.0
7,5
10.2
13,2
15.8
18.5
20.8
23.2
25.0
26.8
28.5
10°
59.2
1.0
2.8
5.0
7.5
10.2
18.2
16.0
18.8
21,3
23.7
25.7
27.5
29.2
30.7
0°
59.2
0.8
2.8
4.8
7.3
10,0
12.8
16.0
18.7
21.3
13.7
25.7
27.5
29.2
30.8
L
=:330°<f = 40°
59.8
1.8
3.8
6.0
8,3
10,7
13.2
15.7
18.0
20.3
22.3
24.2
26.0
27.8
30°
59.7
1.5
3.5
5.7
8,2
10,7
13.3
16.0
18.5
20,8
23.0
24.8
26.7
28.3
20°
59.5
1.3
3.3
5.5
7,8
10.5
13.3
16.2
18.8
21.2
23.3
25.3
27.2
28.8
10°
59.3
1.0
3.0
5.2
7,5
10.2
13.0
16.0
18.7
21.2
23.5
25.5
27.3
29.0
30.7
0°
59.3
1.0
2.8
5.0
7.3
10.0
12.8
15.8
18.5
21.2
23.5
25.5
27.3
29.0
30.7
L.
= 340° 41 =40°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4,5
6.7
9.0
11.5
13.8
16.3
18.7
21,0
23.0
25.0
26.8
28.5
30°
58.3
0.2
2.0
4,0
6.2
8.5
11.0
13.7
16.2
18.7
21.2
23.2
25.2
27.0
28.7
20°
59.8
1.7
3,5
5.7
8.0
10.7
13,3
16.2
18.8
21.3
23.5
25.5
27.3
29.0
30,7
10°
59.5
1.3
3,2
5.3
7.7
10,3
13,2
16.0
18.7
21.3
23.7
25.7
27.5
29.2
30.8
0°
59.3
1.0
2.8
5.0
7.3
9,8
12,7
15,5
18.3
21.0
23.3
25.3
27.3
29.0
30.7
L.
= 350° 4- = 40°
59.5
1.2
3,2
5.0
7.2
9.5
11.8
14,3
16,8
19.2
21.3
23.5
25.5
27.3
29.0
30.7
30°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
6.7
8.8
11,3
14,0
16.7
19.2
21.5
23.7
25.7
27.5
29.2
30.8
20°
58.3
0.0
1.8
3,7
5.8
8.2
10,7
13.5
16.2
18.8
21.3
23.5
25.7
27.5
29.2
30.8
10°
59,7
1.3
3.2
5.3
7.7
10.2
13.0
15.8
18.5
21.0
23.3
25.5
27.3
29.2
30.8
0°
59.3
1.0
2.8
5.0
7.2
9.7
12.5
15.3
18.2
20.7
23.2
25.3
27,2
29.0
30.7
L
= 360° 4. = 40°
58.3
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.7
9,8
12.2
14.7
17.2
19.5
21.8
23.8
25.8
27,8
29.5
31.2
30°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.7
6.8
9,2
11,5
14.2
16,8
19.3
21.7
23.8
26.0
27,8
29.7
31.3
20°
58.7
0.3
2.2
4.0
6.0
8,3
10,8
13.5
16,3
19.0
21.5
23.8
25.8
27,7
29.5
31.2
10°
59.8
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.7
10.2
12.8
15.7
18.5
21.0
23.5
25.7
27.5
29.3
31.0
0°
59 . 3
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.0
9.5
12.2
15,0
17.8
20.5
23.0
25.2
27,2
29.0
30.7
L.
= 400°4> = 40°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
6.7
8.8
11.3
13.8
16.3
18.8
21.3
23.5
25.5
27.5
29.2
.30.8
30°
58.7
0.2
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.2
10.7
3.5
16.2
18.8
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.';
29,5
31.2
20°
59.7
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.5
10.2
3.0
15.8
18.7
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
10°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4,8
7.0
9.7
12,5
15.5
18.3
21.2
23.7
25.8
27,8
29.5
31.2
0°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
6.7
9.2
12,0
15.0
18.0
20.8
23.3
25.5
27.5
29.3
il.O
L.
= 410° 4, =40°
59.7
1.3
3.2
5.0
7.0
9.3
11.7
4,2
16.7
19.3
21.7
24.0
26.0
27.8
29.7
31.3
30°
59.5
0.5
2.3
4.2
6.2
8.5
10.8
3.5
16.3
19.0
21.7
24.0
26.0
28.0
29.8
31.5
20°
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.8
10.3
3.2
16.0
18.8
21.5
24.0
26.2
28.2
29.8
31.5
10°
59.5
1.2
2.8
4.8
7,2
9.7
2.5
15.5
18.5
21.2
23.7
26.0
27.8
29.7
31.3
0°
59.0
0.7
2.3
4.3
6.5
9,0
1.8
14.8
17.8
20.7
23.2
25.5
27,5
29.3
31.0
L.
= 420° 4. =40°
58.7
0.2
1.8
3.5
5.5
7.5
9.7
12,0
4.3
16.8
19.5
22.0
24.3
26.3
28,3
30.2
31.8
33.5
30°
59.5
1.0
2.7
4.7
6,7
8.8
11.3
3,8
16.7
19.3
22.0
34.3
26.5
28,5
30.3
32.0
20°
58.7
0.2
1.8
3.7
5,7
7.8
10,8
3.0
16.0
18,8
21.7
24.0
26.3
28,3
30.0
31.7
10°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4,8
7.0
9.5
2.3
15.3
18,3
21.2
23.7
25.8
27,8
29.7
31.3
0°
59.0
0.7
2.3
4.3
6.5
9.0]
1.7
14.7
17.8
20.7
23.2
25.5
27,5
29.3
31.0
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE D.
?. + il.
260°
•270°
280°
29(1°
^0°
310°
320°
330°
310°
3r>o°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L.
=:-i30°4) = 40°
59.2
0.7
2.3
4.2
6.0
8.0
10.2
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.2
22.5
24.8
27.0
29.030.8
32.5
34.2
sn°
59.7
1.2
3.0
4.8
6.8
9.0
11.3
14.0
16.8
19.5
22.2
24.7
26.8
28.8
30.5
32.2
33.8
20°
58.7
0.2
1.8
3.7
5.7
7.8
10.3
13.0
16.0
18.8
21.7
24.2
26.3
28.3
30.2
31.8
in°
59.5
1.2
3.0
4.8
7.0
9.5
12.3
15.3
18.3
21.2
23.8
26.0
28.0
29.8
31.5
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.2
6.3
8.8
11.5
14.7
17.7
20.5
23.2
25.5
27.5
29.3
31.2
L.
=; 440° (J =40°
59.5
1.0
2.7
4.3
6.3
8.3
10.3
12.8
15.3
17.8
20.5
22.8
25.2
27.3
29.3
31.2
32.8
34.5
30°
.59.8
1.5
3.2
5.0
7.0
9.0
11.5
14.2
17.0
19.8
22.5
24.8
27.0
29.0
30.8
32.5
34.2
20°
59.0
0.5
2.2
3.8
5.8
8.0
10.5
13.2
16.2
19.2
22.0
24.5
26.7
28.7
30.5
32.2
10°
59.5
1.2
2.8
4.8
7.0
9.3
12.2
15.2
18.3
21.2
23.8
26.0
28.0
29.8
31.5
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.2
6.3
8.7
11.5
14.5
17.7
20.7
28.3
25.5
27.7
29.5
31.2
L.
= 450° 4. =40°
.59.8
1.3
3.0
4.7
6.5
8.5
10.7
13.0
15.5
18.2
20.7
23.2
25.5
27.7
29.7
31.5
33.3
34.8
36.3
30°
58.7
0.0
1.7
3.3
5.2
7.2
9.3
11.7
14.3
17.2
20.0
22.7
25.0
27.3
29.3
31.2
32.8
34.3
20°
59.0
0.5
2.2
4.0
5.8
8.2
10.5
13.8
16.2
19.2
22.0
24.5
26.8
28.8
30.7
32.3
33.8
10°
59.5
1.2
3.0
4.8
7.0
9.5
12.3
15.3
18.3
21.3
23.8
26.2
28.2
30.0
31.7
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.3
8.7
11.5
14.5
17.7
20.7
23.2
25.7
27.7
29.6
31.2
L
= 460° 4, = 40°
58.7
0.0
1.5
3.2
4.8
6.7
8.7
10.8
13.2
15.7
18.3
21.0
23.5
25.8
28.0
30.0
31.8
33.5
35.2
36.7
30°
58.7
0.0
1.7
3.3
5.2
7.2
9.3
11.7
14.3
17.2
20.0
22.7
25.2
27.3
29.3
31.2
32.8
34.5
20°
,50.0
0.5
2.2
4.0
6.0
8.2
10.7
13.3
16.3
19.3
22.2
24.7
27.0
29.0
30.8
32 . 5
34.0
10°
59.5
1.2
2.8
4.8
7.0
9.5
12.2
15.3
18.5
21.3
24.0
26.2
28.2
30.0
31.7
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.3
8.7
11.5
14.7
17.8
20.8
23.3
25.7
27.7
29.5
31.2
L.
= 470° $ = 40°
58.7
0.2
1.7
3.3
5.0
6.8
8.8
11.0
13.3
15.8
18.3
21.0
23.5
26.0
28.2
30.2
32.0
33.7
35.3
36.8
30°
58.8
0.3
1.8
3.5
5.3
7.3
9.5
11.8
14.5
17.3
20.2
22.8
25.3
27.5
29.5
31.3
33.0
34.7
36.2
20°
59.2
0.7
2.3
4.0
6.0
8.3
10.7
13.5
16.5
19.5
22.3
24.8
27.0
29.0
30.8
32.5
34.0
10°
59.5
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.2
9.7
12.5
15.7
18.7
21.7
24.2
26.3
28.6
30.2
31.8
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.3
8.8
11.7
14.8
18.0
21.0
23.5
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
L.
= 480° 4. = 40°
58.7
0.2
1.7
3.2
5.0
6.8
8.8
11.0
13.3
15.8
18.5
21.0
23.7
26.0
28.2
30.0
31.8
33.7
35.2
36.7
38.2
30°
.58.7
0.0
1.7
3.3
5.2
7.2
9.3
11.8
14.5
17.3
20.2
22.8
25.2
27.5
29.5
31.2
33.0
34.5
36.0
20°
59.0
0.5
2.2
4.0
6.0
8.2
10.7
13.5
16.5
19.5
22.3
24.8
27.0
29.0
30.8
32.5
34.0
10°
59.5
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.2
9.7
12.7
15.7
18.8
21.8
24.2
26.3
28.3
30.2
31.8
0°
58.8
0.3
2.2
4.2
6.5
9.0
11.8
15.0
18.2
21.2
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.7
31.2
L
= 490° 4, = 40°
58. '
0.2
1.7
3.2
5.0
6.8
8.8
11.0
13.3
15.8
18.5
21.0
23.5
25.8
28.0
30.0
31.8
33.5
35.2
36.7
38.2
30°
58.'
0.2
1.5
3.3
5.2
7.2
9.5
11.8
14.7
17.5
20.2
22.8
25.3
27.5
29.5
31.2
32.8
34.5
36.0
20°
58.8
o.a
2.2
3.8
6.0
8.2
10.8
13.5
16.5
19.5
22.3
24.8
27.0
28.8
30.7
32.3
33.8
10°
59..'-
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.2
9.8
12.7
15.8
19.0
21.7
24.2
26.3
28.3
,30.2
31.7
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.8
0.5
9.2
12.2
15.3
18.5
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
L.
— 500° 4, - 40°
59.7
1.3
2.8
4.7
6.5
8.5
10.7
13.0
15.5
18.0
20.7
28.2
25.5
27.7
29.7
31.5
33.2
34.8
86.3
37.7
30°
59.8
1.3
3.2
5.0
7.0
9.2
11.7
U.3
17.2
20.0
22.7
25.0
27.2
29.2
30.8
32.5
34.2
35.5
20°
58.8
0.:
2.0
3.8
6.0
8.2
10.8
13.7
16.7
19.5
22.3
24.7
26.8
28.7
30.5
32.2
33.7
10°
59.3
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.3
10.0
12.8
16.0
19.0
21.8
24.2
26.3
28.3
30.0
31.7
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.6
6.8
9.6
12.5
16.7
18.7
21.5
23.8
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
T,\ r, LK 1).
'45
A + ^.
260°
270°
28()°
29()°
to«°
110°
120°
:13()°
340°
:j.'>0°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
I,.
= 510° ^ = 40°
59.3
1.0
2.5
4.3
6.2
8.2
10.3
12.7
15.2
17.8
20.3
22.8
25.2
27.3
29.2
31.0
32.7
34.3
36.0
37.3
30°
59.7
1.3
3.0
4.8
6.8
9.2
11.7
14.3
17.0
20.0
22.5
24.8
27.0
28.8
80.7
32.3
33.8
35.3
20°
.58.7
0.3
2.0
3.8
5.8
8.2
10.8
13.7
16.5
19.5
22.2
24.5
26.7
28.7
30.3
32.0
33.5
10°
59.5
1.2
3.0
5.2
7.5
10.0
13.0
16.2
19.0
21.8
24.2
26.2
28.2
29.8
31.5
0°
58.8
0.7
2.5
4.5
0.8
9.5
12.7
15.8
18.8
21.3
23.8
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.0
L
= 520° 4. = 40°
59.0
0.5
2.2
3.8
5.7
7.7
9.8
12.2
14.7
17.3
19.8
22.3
24.5
26.7
28.7
30.5
32.2
.33.8
35.3
36. S
30°
.59.2
0.8
2.5
4.5
6.5
8.7
11.2
13.8
16.7
19.3
21.8
24.3
26.3
28.3
30.2
31.8
33.3
34.8
20°
58.5
0.2
1.8
3.8
5.7
8.0
10.7
13.3
16.3
19.2
21.8
24.2
26.3
28.2
30.0
31.7
33.2
10°
59.8
1.0
2.8
5.0
7.3
10.0
13.0
16.0
18.8
21.5
23.8
25.0
27.8
29.7
31.2
32.7
0°
59.0
0.7
2.7
4.7
7.2
9.8
12.8
15.8
18.8
21.5
23.8
25.8
27.7
29.3
31.0
L
= 530° ^=40°
58.5
0.0
1.7
3.3
5.3
7.3
9.3
11.7
14.2
16.7
19.2
21.7
24.0
26.2
28.0
29.8
31.7
33.2
34.8
36.2
30°
59.0
0.7
2.3
4.2
6.3
8.5
11.0
13.5
16.3
19.0
21.5
23.8
26.0
28.0
29.8
31.5
33.0
34.5
20°
59.8
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.8
10.3
13.2
16.0
18.8
21.5
23.8
26.0
27.8
29.7
31.3
32.8
10°
.59.3
1.0
3.0
5.2
7.8
10.0
13.0
10.0
18.8
21.5
23.8
25.8
27.7
29.5
31.0
32.5
0°
59.0
0.8
2.7
4.8
7.5
10.0
13.0
16.0
18.8
21.3
23.7
25.7
27.7
29.3
30.8
L.
= 540° 4> = 40°
59.5
1.2
2.8
4.7
6.7
8.8
11.0
13.5
16.0
18.5
20.8
23.2
25.3
27.3
29.2
30.8
32.5
34.0
35.5
30°
58.7
0.3
2.0
3.8
5.8
8.0
10.5
13.0
15.7
18.3
21.0
23.3
25.5
27.3
29.2
30.8
32.5
34.0
20°
59.8
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.7
10.2
12.8
15.7
18.5
21.2
23.5
25.7
27.6
29.3
31.0
32.5
10°
59.2
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.2
9.8
12.7
15.7
18.5
21.0
23.5
25.5
27.5
29.2
30.8
32.3
0°
.59.2
0.8
2.8
4.8
7.3
10.0
12.8
16.0
18.7
21.3
23.7
25.7
27.5
29.2
30.8
L.
= 550°4> = 40°
59.0
0.7
2.3
4.0
6.0
8 2
10.3
12.8
15.2
17.7
20.2
22.5
24.7
26.7
28.5
30.2
31.8
33.5
30°
58.3
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.7
10.0
12.5
15.2
17.8
20.3
22.7
24.8
26.8
28.7
30.3
32.0
33 . 5
20°
.59.5
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.2
9.7
12.3
15.2
18.0
20.5
22.8
25.0
27.0
28.8
30.5
32.0
10°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.2
9.8
12.5
15.5
18.3
20.8
23.2
25.3
27.2
29.0
30.7
32.2
0°
59.3
1.0
2.8
5.0
7.3
10.0
12.8
15.8
18.5
21.2
23.5
25.5
27.3
29.0
30.7
L.
= 560°4> = 40°
58.2
59.8
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.3
9.5
11.8
14.3
16.8
19.2
21.5
23.7
25.7
27.7
29.5
31.2
32.7
30°
59.5
1.3
3.0
5.0
7.2
9.5
12.0
14.5
17.2
19.7
22.0
24.3
26.3
28 2
30.0
31.7
33.2
20°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.0
9.3
12.0
14.7
17.5
20.2
22.5
24.7
26.7
28.5
30.3
31.8
10°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
7.0
9.5
12.2
15.0
17.8
20.5
22.8
25.0
27.0
28.8
30.5
0°
.59.3
1.0
2.8
5.0
7.3
9.8
12.7
15.5
18.3
21.0
23.3
25.3
27.3
29.0
30.7
L.
=::570°<}>=40°
59.3
i!o
2.8
4.7
6.7
8.8
11.2
13.7
16.0
18.5
20.8
23.0
25.0
27.0
28.8
30.5
32.0
30°
59 ."2
0.8
2.5
4.5
6.5
8.8
11.3
13.8
16.3
19.0
21.3
23.7
25.7
27.7
29.3
31.0
20°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
6.7
9.0
11.7
14.3
17.0
19.7
22.2
24. S
26.3
28.3
30.0
31.7
10°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
6.8
9.3
12.0
U.8
17.7
20.3
22.7
24.8
26.8
28.7
30.3
32.0
0°
59.3
1.0
2.8
5.0
7.2
9.7
12.5
15.3
18.2
20.7
23.2
25.3
27.2
29.0
30.7
L
= 580° $ = 40°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.2
8.2
10.5
12.8
15.3
17.8
20.2
22.3
24.5
26.5
28.3
30.0
31.7
30°
58.7
0.3
2.2
4.0
6.2
8.3
10.7
13.2
15.8
18.5
20.8
23.2
25.8
27.2
29.0
30.7
20°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.2
6.2
8.5
11.0
13.7
16.5
19.2
21.7
24.0
26.0
27.8
29.7
31.3
10°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.3
6.5
9.0
11.5
14.8
17.2
19.8
22.3
24.7
20.7
28.5
30.2
0°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.0
9.5
12.2
15.0
17.8
20.5
23.0
25.2
27.2
29.0
30.7
146
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE D.
A ~ /z.
•>G0°
270°
280°
290°
300°
310°
320°
330°
340°
350°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
G0°
70°
80°
90°
100°
1-. = 590° * =40°
58.3
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.7
9.8
12.2
14.7
17.2
19.5
21.8
24.0
25.8
27.8
29.5
30°
58 . 5
0.2
1.8
3.7
5.7
7.8
10.2
12.7
15.3
18.0
20. r
22.7
24.8
26.8
28.7
30.3
20°
58.5
0.2
1.8
3.7
5.8
8.0
10.5
13.2
15.8
18.7
21.2
23.5
25.7
27.5
29.3
31.0
10°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.2
0.3
8.7
11.2
13.8
16.7
19.5
22.0
24.3
26.5
28.3
30.0
0°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.7
0.8
9.3
11.8
14.7
17.5
20.3
22.7
25.0
27.2
29.0
30.7
I.. = 600° 4. = 40°
59.5
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.3
11.7
14.2
16.5
19.0
21.3
23.5
25.5
27.3
29.0
30°
59.7
1.3
3.2
5.2
7.2
9.7
12.2
14.7
17.3
19.8
22.2
24.3
26.3
28.2
30.0
20°
58.3
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.7
10.2
12.8
15.7
18.3
21.0
23.3
25.5
27.3
29.2
10°
58,8
0.5
2.2
4.0
0.0
8.3
11.0
13.7
16.5
19.3
22.0
24.3
26.5
28.3
30.2
0°
59.3
1.0
2.7
4.7
0.7
9.0
11.7
14.5
IT. 3
20.2
22.7
25.0
27.2
29.0
30.7
L. = 610°<f, = 40°
58.8
0.7
2.5
4.3
6.3
8.7
11.0
13.5
16.0
18.3
20.7
22.8
24.8
20.8
30°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.7
6.8
9.2
11.7
14.3
17.0
19.5
22.0
24.2
26.2
28.0
20°
59.8
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.5
9.8
12.5
15.3
18.2
20.8
23.2
25.3
27.3
29.2
10°
58.7
0.3
2.0
3.8
5.8
8.2
10.7
13.3
16.3
19.2
21.8
24.2
20.3
28.3
30.0
0°
59.3
1.0
2.7
4.5
0.5
8.8
11.5
14.2
17.2
20.0
22.7
25.0
27.2
29.0
30.7
L. = 620°4i = 40°
58.5
0.2
2.0
3.8
0.0
8.2
10.5
13.0
15.5
18.0
20.3
22.5
24.5
26.5
30°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
0.5
8.8
11.3
14.0
16.7
19.3
21.7
24.0
26.0
27.8
20°
59.5
1.2
3.0
4.8
7.2
9.5
12.2
14.8
17.8
20.5
23.0
25.2
27.2
29.0
10°
58.7
0.2
1.8
3.7
5.7
8.0
10.5
13.3
16.2
19.2
21.8
24.3
20.5
28.3
30.2
0°
59.2
0.8
2 5
4.3
6.3
8.7
11.3
14.0
17.2
20.0
22.7
25.2
27.2
29.2
30.8
I,. = 630°4i=40°
59.7
1.5
3.5
5.5
7.8
10.2
12.7
15.3
17.7
20.0
22.3
24.3
20.2
30°
58.7
0.3
2.2
4.2
0.2
8.7
11.2
13.8
16.5
19.2
21.7
23.8
25.8
27.7
20°
59.3
1.0
2.7
4.7
7.0
9.3
12.0
15.0
17.8
20.5
22.8
25.2
27.2
29.0
10°
58.5
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.8
10.3
13.2
10.0
19.0
21.7
24.2
26.3
28.3
30.2
0°
59.2
0.7
2.3
4.3
6.3
8.7
11.2
14.0
17.0
20.0
22.5
25.2
27.3
29.2
31.0
L. = 640°4i = 40°
59.5
1.3
3.3
5.3
7.7
10.2
12.7
15.2
17.7
20.0
22.2
24.3
30°
58.5
0.2
2.0
4.0
6.2
8.7
11.2
14.0
16.7
19.3
21.8
24.0
26 0
27.8
20°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
6.8
9.3
12.2
15.0
17.8
20.7
23.0
25.2
27.2
29.0
10°
0.0
1.7
3.5
5.5
7.8
10.3
13.2
16.3
19.2
22.0
24.3
26.5
28.5
30.3
0°
59.0
0.7
2.3
4.2
6.2
8.5
11.2
14.2
17.2
20.2
22.8
25.3
27.3
29.3
31.0
L. = 650°4. = 40°
59.3
1.2
3.2
5.3
7.7
10.2
12.7
18.3
17.8
20.2
22.2
24.2
30°
58.3
0.0
1.8
3.8
6.0
8.5
11.2
14.0
16.7
19.3
21.7
23.8
25.8
20°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
6.8
9.3
12.2
15.2
18.2
20.7
23.2
25.3
27.3
10°
59.8
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.7
10.3
13.2
10.3
19.3
22.0
24.5
26.5
28.5
30.2
0°
59.0
0.5
2.2
4.2
0.2
8.7
11.2
14.2
17.3
20.5
23.2
25.5
27.5
29.3
31.2
L. = 000° 4. = 40°
59.3
1.2
3.2
5.5
7.8
10.3
3.0
15.5
18.0
20.3
22.3
24.3
30°
58.3
0.2
2.0
4.0
6.3
8.8
11.5
4.3
17.2
19.7
22.0
24.2
26.2
20°
-.9.0
0.7
2.7
4.7
7.0
9.7
12.5
5.5
18.5
21.0
23.5
25.5
27.5
10°
59.7
1.5
3.3
5, 5
7.8
10.5
13,5
6.7
19.7
22.3
24.7
26.7
28.7
30.3
0-'
■)8.8
0 . 5
2.2
4.2
6.3
8.5
11.3
1
U.S
7.5.0.5
23 2
-•'••"•
27.7
29 . 5
U.2
ECLIPSES OE THE SUN IN INDIA.
T.\ ni.M 1).
K + it
260°
■ I
270 -ilJO
■2!H) KUMV
310°
:}20=
:»o=
310=
350'
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
U0°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L
= 670° * = -10°
59.3
I. a
3.?
5.7
8.2
10.7
,3..-
16. C
IS.;
20 . X
22.7
24.5
30°
58.3
0.2
2.C
4.2
6.5
9.^
11.6
14.7
17.5
20.0
2i.2
24.3
26.2
20'
5U.0
0.8
2.7
5.C
7.3
10. C
13. C
16.0
18.8
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.7
10°
59.8
1.5
3..'-
5.7
8.0
10.8
13.8
17.0
20.0
22.7
24.8
26.8
28.7
30.5
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
fi.3
8.7
11.5
14.7
17.8
20.8
23.5
25.7
27.7
29.5
31.2
L.
= 680° 41=40°
.59.8
1.8
3.8
6.2
8.7
11.3
14.0
16.. =•
18.8
21.0
23.0
24.8
30°
58.7
0.5
2.5
4.7
7.0
9.7
12.5
15.3
18.0
20.5
22.7
24.7
26.5
20°
59.2
1.0
3.0
5.2
7.7
10.3
13.3
16.3
19.2
21.7
24.0
26.0
27.8
10°
59.8
1.5
3.5
5.8
8.3
11.2
14.2
17.3
20.2
22.8
25.0
27.0
28.8
0°
58.8
0.3
2.2
4.2
6.3
8.8
11.8
15.0
18.2
21.0
23.5
25.8
27.8
29.7
31.2
L.
= 690° 4. = 40°
58.3
0.2
2.2
4.5
6.8
9.3
12.0
14.5
17.0
19.3
21.5
23.5
30°
58.8
0.7
2.7
5.0
7.5
10.2
13.0
15.8
18.3
20.8
23.0
25.0
26.7
20°
59.3
1.2
3.2
5.5
8.0
10.7
13.8
16.8
19.5
22.0
24.2
26.2
27.8
10°
59.8
1.7
3.7
6.0
8.5
11.3
14.5
17.7
20.5
23.0
25.2
27.2
28.8
0°
58.8
0.5
2.2
4.2
6.5
9.0
12.0
15.2
18.3
21.2
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
L.
= 700°$ =40°
.59.0
0.8
2.8
5.2
7.5
10.2
12.7
15.3
17.8
20.0
22.2
24.0
25.8
30°
.59.3
1.2
3.3
5.7
8.2
10.8
13.7
16.5
19.0
21.3
23.5
25.5
27.2
20°
.59.7
1.5
3.5
5.8
8.3
11.3
14.3
17.2
19.8
22.3
24.5
26.3
28.2
10°
58.5
0.2
2.0
4.0
6.3
8.8
11.8
15.0
18.0
20.8
23.3
25.3
27.2
29.0
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.3
6.7
9.2
12.2
15.3
18.5
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
L.
= 710°sfi = 40°
59 . 5
1.3
3.5
5.8
8.2
10.8
13.3
16.0
18.3
20.5
22.7
24.5
26.3
30°
59.7
1.7
3.7
6.0
8.7
11.3
14.2
16.8
19.5
21.7
23.8
25.7
27.5
20°
,59.8
1.8
3.8
6.2
8.8
U.7
14.7
17.7
20.2
22.7
24.7
26.7
28.3
10°
58.5
0.2
2.2
4.2
6.5
9.2
12 0
15.2
18.2
21.0
23.3
25.5
27.3
29.2
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.3
6.8
9.3
12.3
15.5
18.5
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
L.
= 720° 4. = 40°
58.3
0.2
2.2
4.2
6.5
9.0
11.5
14.2
16.7
19.0
21.3
23.3
25.2
26.8
30°
58.5
0.2
2.2
4.2
6.5
9.2
11.8
14.7
17.3
19.8
22.2
24.3
26.2
27.8
20°
58.5
0.2
2.0
4.2
6.5
tf-.2
12.0
15.0
17.8
20.5
22.8
25.0
26.8
28.5
10°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.3
6.7
9.3
12.3
15.0
18.3
21.2
23.5
25.7
27.5
29.3
0°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.5
6.7
9.3
12.3
15.5
18.5
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.7
29.5
31.2
L.
= 730°<fi = 40°
59.0
0.8
'2.8
4.8
7.2
9.7
12.2
14.8
17.3
19.7
21.8
23.8
25.7
27.5
30°
58.8
0.7
2.7
4.7
7.0
9.7
12.3
15.2
17.8
20.3
22.7
24.7
26.5
28.3
20°
58.8
0.7
2.5
4.7
7.0
9.7
12.5
15.5
18.3
20.8
23.2
25.3
27.2
28.8
10°
58.8
0.5
2.3
4.5
6.8
9.5
12.3
15.5
18.5
21.2
23.5
25.7
27.5
29.2
50.8
0°
58.8
0.7
2.5
4.5
6.8
9.5
12.3
15.3
18.5
21.2
23.7
25.8
27.7
29.5
31.2
L.
= 740°4>=40°
59.8
1.7
3.5
5.7
8.0
10.3
13.0
15.5
18.0
20.3
22.5
24.5
26.3
28.2
30°
59.3
1.2
3.0
5.2
7.5
10.0
12.7
15.5
18.2
20.7
23.0
23.0
26.8
28.7
20°
59.2
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.2
9.8
12.7
15.5
18.3
21.0
>3.3
25. 5
27.3
29.0
JO. 7
10°
59.0
0.8
2.7
4.7
7.0
9.7
12.5
15.5
18.5
a. 2
23.7
25.7
27.7
39.3
Jl.O
0°
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
6.8
9.3
12.2
15.3
18.3
il.O
23.5 25.7
27.7
29.3
il.O
148
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
TABLE D.
>. f y.
260°
'270°
•280°
•290°
300°
310°
3-20°
330°
•340°
350°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
L.
= 750° (}. = 40°
58.7
0.3
2.2
4.2
6.2
8.5
19.8
13.3
16.0
18.5
20.8
23.0
25.2
27.0
28.7
30.3
30°
.59.8
1.7
3.5
5.7
8.0
10.5
13.2
16.0
18.7
21.2
23.3
25.5
27.3
29.2
30. S
20°
59.3
1.2
3.0
5.0
7.3
10.0
12.7
15.7
18.5
21.2
23.5
25.5
27.5
29.2
30.8
10°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
7.0
9.7
12.5
15.5
18.3
21.2
23.5
25.7
27.7
29.3
31.0
0°
59.0
0.7
2 5
4.5
6.8
9.3
12.2
15.2
18.2
21.0
23.5
25.7
27.7
29.3
31.0
L.
= 7BO°4. = -iO°
59.2
0.8
2.7
4.7
6.7
8.8
11.3
13.8
10.3
18.8
21.3
23.5
25.5
27.5
29.2
30.8
30°
58.7
0.2
2.0
4.0
6.0
8,2
10.7
13.5
16.2
18.8
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.7
29.5
31.2
20°
59.7
1.5
3.3
5.3
7.5
10.2
13.0
15,8
18.7
21.3
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
10°
59.3
1.0
2.8
4.8
7.0
9.7
12.5
15.5
18.3
21.2
23.7
25.8
27.8
29.5
31.2
ll»
59.0
0.7
2.5
4.5
fi.7
9.2
12.0
15.0
18.0
20.8
23.3
25.5
27.5
29.3
31.0
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Art. 3i. />. p.
A better description of the sankrantis may be<^iven thus. The sayana Mesha saiikranti, al.so
called a Vishuva sankranti, marks the vernal equinox, or the moment of the sun's passing the first point
of Aries. The sayana Karka sankranti, three solar months later, is also called the dakshinayana
(soutliward-going) sankranti. It is tlie point of the summer solstice, and marks the moment when
the sun turns southward. The sayana Tula sankranti, three solar months later, also called a
Vishuva sankranti, marks the autumnal equino.x or the moment of the sun's passing the first point
of Libra. The sayana Makara sankranti, three solar months later still, is also called the uttarayana
(northward-going) sankranti. It is the other solstitial point, the moment when the sun turns north-
ward. The nirayana (or sidereal) Mesha and Tula sankrantis are also called Vishuva sankrantis,
and the nirayana Karka and Makara sankrantis are also, though erroneously, called dakshinayana
and uttarayana sankrantis.
Art. po, p. 52.
Line 6. After "we proceed thus" add; — "The interval of time between the initial point
of the luni-solar year ( Table /., Cols, ip, 20) and the initial point of the solar year by the Surya
Siddhanta {Table /., Cols, ij, i^, and ija, or lya ^) can be easily found.
Lijie p. After "Art. 151 " add; — "or according to the process in Example i, Art. 148."
Line 16. After "intercalations and suppressions" add;—V^e will give an example. In
Professor Chhatre's Table, Karttika is intercalary in Saka 551 expired, A.D. 629 — 30 (see Ind.
Ant., XXILL. p. 106); while in our Table Asvina is the intercalary month for that year. Let
us work for Asvina. First we want the tithi-index [t) for the moments of the Kanya and Tula
sankrantis. In the given year we have {Table /., Col. 19) the initial point of the luni-solar year
at sunrise on 1st March, A.D. 629, (=60), and {Cols, ij, 17) the initial point of the solar year by
the Ary a- Siddhanta (= 17 h. 32 m. after sunrise on March 19th of the same year). By the Table given
below (p. 151) we find that the initial moment of the solar year by the Siirya Siddhanta was
I 5 minutes later than that by the Ary a Siddhanta. Thus we have the interval between the initial points
of the luni-solar and solar years, according to the Surya Siddhanta, 'as 18 days, 17 hours, and 47
minutes. Adding this to the collective duration up to the moment of the Kanya and Tula sankrantis
[Table LIL, Col. p), i.e., 156 days, u hours and 52 minutes, and 186 days, 22 hours and 27
minutes respectively, we get 175 days, 5 hours, 39 minutes, and 205 days, 16 hours, 14 minutes.
We work for these moments according to the usual rules (Method C, p. Jj).
a. b. c.
For the beginning of the luni-solar year ( Table /., Cols. 2j, 24, 25) 9994 692 228
For 175 days {Tabic IV) 9261 351 479
For 5 hours {Tabic T.) 71 8 I
For 39 minutes {Do) 9 i o
9335 52 708
' Our a, b, r, (Table I., Cols. 23, 2-t, ia) arc calculated by the Siiri/a Sidd/idiita, and therefore we give the rule for the
Siiri/a Siddhinta. The time of the Mesha saiikrilntis by the Arya Siddhanta from AD. 1101 to 190O is given in Table I. That
for years from A.D. 300 to 1100 can be obtained from the Table on p. 151.
ISO
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
over 9335 52 708
Equation for b (52) [Tabic J 7.) 186
Do. (or c (70S) (Tab/c- 17/.) 119
9640
Aj^'-aifi a.
For the beginning of the luni-solar year 9994
For 205 days 9420
For 16 hours 226
For 1 4 'minutes 3 o o
9643 156 791
Equation for (/;) 256
Do. for (c) 119
b.
c.
692
228
440
561
24
2
This proves that the moon was waning at the Kanya sankranti, and waxing at the Tula
sankranti, and therefore Asvina was intercalary [sec Art. /j). This being so, Karttika could not
have been intercalary.
The above constitutes an easy method of working out all the intercalations and suppressions
of months. To still further simplify matters we give a Table shewing the sankrantis whose moments
it is necessary to fix in order to establish these intercalations and suppressions. Equation c is
always the same at the moment of the sankrantis and we give its figure here to save further reference.
Months.
Saiikvantia to be fixed
Equation c.
1.
2.
3.
1. Chaitra
2. Vai.s.ikha
3. Jyeshtha
4. Ashadha
5. Sravana
6. Bhadrapada
7. Asvina
8. Karttika
9. Margasirsha
10. Pausha
I 1. Magha
12. Phalguna
Mina . .
Mesha .
Vrishabha
Mithuna
Karka .
Siriiha .
Kanya .
Tula . .
Vrischika
Dhanus
Makara .
Kumbha
. Mesha
. Vrishabha
. Mithuna .
. Karka . .
. Simha . .
. Kanya .
. Tula . .
. Vrischika
. Dhanus .
. Makara .
. Kumbha .
. Mina . . .
3
I
15
42
75
103
119
119
104
78
47
20
Art. q6, Table, p. jj.
Instead of this Table the following may be used. It shews tlie difference in time between
the Mesha- sankrantis as calculated by the Present Siirya and First Arya Sidd/iantas, and will
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
'51
save the trouble of making any calculation according to the Tabic in the text. Uut if great
accuracy is required the latter will yield results correct up to 24 seconds, while the new Table
gives it in minutes.
TABLE
Shewing time -difference in minutes between the moments oftheMesha
sahkr^nti as calculated by the Present Surya and First Arya Siddhantas.
[The sign — shews that the Mesha sahkranti according to the Siirya Siddhc'uita took place before,
the sign + that it took place after, that according to the Arya SiddhantaJ .
Years
Diff.
in
Years
Diff,
in
Years
Diff.
Years
Diff.
A.D.
minutes.
AI).
minutes.
AD.
minutes.
AD.
minutes.
-
+
+
-i-
300—8
21
501— y
1
703—11
23
904—12
45
309-17
20
510—19
3
712—20
24
913-21
46
318—27
19
520—28
3
721—29
25
922—30
47
328—36
18
529-37
4
730—38
20
931—39
48
337—45
17
538—46
5
739—47
27
940—48
49
348—54
16
547-55
6
748-56
28
949—58
50
355—6.3
15
556-64
7
757-66
29
959—67
51
364—72
14
565—73
8
767-75
30
968—76
52
373—81
13
574—83
9
776—84
31
977—85
53
382—91
12
584—92
10
785—93
32
986—94
54
392 — 100
11
593—601 .
11
794—802
33
995-1003
55
401—9
10
602—10
12
803—11
34
1004—13
56
410—18
9
611—19
13
812-20
35
1014-22
57
419—27
8
620—28
14
821—30
36
1028—31
58
428—36
7
029—38
IS
831—39
37
1032—40
59
437—45
6
039-47
10
840—48
38
1041—49
60
446—55
5
648—56
17
849—57
39
1050—58
61
456—64
4
657-65
18
858—66
40
1059-07
62
465—73
3
666— 7t
19
867-75
41
1068-77
63
474—82
2
675—83
20
876-84
42
1078—86
64
483—91
1
684—92
21
885—94
43
1087-95
65
492—500
0
693-702
22 .
895—903
44
1096—1104
66
Art. 102, pp. j6, S7-
From the initial figures for the zv. a. b. c. of luni-solar Kali 3402, A.D. 300 — i, given
in the first entry in Table I., and the figures given in the Table annexed to this article
152
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
(which gives the increase in zc. a. b. c. for the different year-lengths) it is easy to calculate
with exactness the initial w. a. b. c. for subsequent luni-solar years. Thus —
For Kali 3402
355 days
)»i-4>
!i4-34
895-17
883-51
255-93
971-91
(Oitr entries in Table I.)
b.
9981
89s
256
For Kali 3403
384 days
195-75
34-66
778-68
935-97
•27 84
51-31
196
779
228
For Kali 3404
etc.
230-41
etc.
714-65 I 279-15
etc. I etc.
I
3
etc.
230
etc.
715
etc.
279
etc.
To ascertain how many days there were in each year it is only necessary to use col. 19
of Table I. with Table IX. Kali 3403 began 26th February. Table IX. gives the figure 57 on
left-hand side, and 422 on the right-hand side, the former being entered in our Table I.
But since A.D. 300 was a leap-year we must take, not 422, but 423, as the proper figure.
Kali 3402 began 8th March (68). 423—68=355, and this in days was the length of Kali 3402.
Similarly (17th March) 441 — (26 February) 57 = 384, and this was the length of Kali 3403 ; and so on.
It may be interesting to note that in every century there are on an average one year of
385 days, four years of 383 days, twenty-three years of 355 days, thirty-two years of 384
days, and forty years of 354 days.
P. 98.
To e7id of Art. 160, add the following; — "160(a). To find the tropical (say ana) as well
as the sidereal (nirayana) saiikranti. Find the time of the nirayana saiikranti (xiCd' ^r/. 2j) required,
by adding to the time of the Mesha sankranti for the y&z.x {Table /., Cols, /j /c 77^?) the collective
duration of the nirayana sankranti as given in col. 5 of Table III., under head " sankrantis." Then,
roughly, the sayana sankranti took place as many ghatikas before or after the nirayana one as
there are years between Saka 445 current, and the year next following or next preceding the
given year, respectively.
" For more accurate purposes, however, the following calculation must be made. Find the
number of years intervening between Saka 445 current, or Saka 422 current in the case of the
Siirya Siddhanta, and the given year. Multiply that number by i;, or ^^ in the case of the
Surya Siddhanta. Take the product as in ayanamsas, or the amount of precession in degrees.
Multiply the length of the solar month [Art. 2./) in which the sayana sankranti occurs (as shewn
in the preceding paragraph) by these ayanamsas and divide by 30. Take the result as days ;
and by so many days will the sayana sankranti take place before or after the nirayana saiikranti
of the same name, according as the given year is after or before Saka 445 (or Saka 422). This
will be found sufficiently accurate, though it is liable to a maximum error (in A.D. 1900) of 15
ghatikas. The maximum error by the first rule is one day in A.D. 1900. The smaller the
distance of the given date from Saka 445 (or 422) the smaller will be the error. For absolute
accuracy special Tables would have to be constructed, and it seems hardly necessary to do this.
d.
w.
//.
m.
(82)
5
'4
5-'
275
2
'5
43
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 153
The following example will shew the method of work.
Wanted the moment of occurrence of the nirayana Makara sankranti and of the sayana
Makara (or uttarayana) sankranti in the year Saka 1000, current.
Moment of Mesha .sankranti (Table I.) March 23
Add collect, duration to beginning of Makara (Table III.) ....
Then the moment of the nirayana Makara sankranti is 358 i 635
(One day being added because the hours exceed 24.)
358 =3 December 24th. 1= Sunday.
The nirayana Makara sankranti, therefore, occurred on Sunday, December 24th, at 6 h. 35 m.
after sunrise. Now for the sayana Makara sankranti. By the Table given above we find that
in the given year the sayana sankranti took place 9 days, 6 hours before the nirayana sankranti ;
for A.D. 1000 — 445 = 555 ghatikas = 9 days 15 gh. rz 9 days, 6 hours, and it took place in
nirayana Dhanus.
d. Ti'. //. m.
Moment of nirayana Makara sank: 24 Dec. = 358 i 6 35
Deduct 9 9260
15 Dec. 349 6 o 35
This shews that the sayana Makara sankranti took place on Friday. Dec. 15th, at 35 minutes
after sunrise.
(2) F^or more accurate time we work thus. lOOO — 445 =555. Multiplying by — we have 9-, or
9" 1 5' in ayanamsas. The length of the month Dhanus is 29 d. 8 h. 24 m. 48 s. (Table, p. 10).
d. Ii. III. s.
29 d. 8 h. 24 m. 48 s. X 9'/4
30
= 9 1 " 39
We take 11 m. 39 s. as = 12 m., and deduct 9 d. i h. 12 m. from the moment of the
nirayana Makara sankranti, which we have above.
d. w.
//.
III.
24 Dec.
358 I
6
35
9
9 2
I
12
15 Dec. 349 6 5 23
This shews that the sayana Makara sankranti took place on Dec. 15th at 5 h. 23 m.
after sunrise, the day being Friday. '
" The following Table may be found useful. It may be appended to Table VIII. and
called -'Table VIII. C".
• Actual calculation by the .\na SidilhSnta proves that the sSyana sankranti in question took place only 1 minute after the
time 90 found. [S. B. D.]
'54
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
Table of Rasis (signs).
[The moments of the sankrantis are indicated by the first of the two entries in cols 2 and 3. Thus the moment of the
Simha sankrinti is shewn by s. = 3333, degrees = 120°.]
Rilsis (signs.)
S.
(See Ai-ts.
133 and 156.)
Degrees.
Nakshatras forming the RSsis.
1
2
3
4
1. Mesha
i. Vrishabha
3. Mithuna
4. Karka
5. Siihha
C. Kanyl
7. Tula
8. Vrischika
9. Dhanus
10. Makara
11. Kumbha
12. Miua
0—833
833— 1667
16C7— 2500
2500—3333
3333-4167
4167-5000
5000-5833
5833-6667
6667—7500
7500-8333
8333—9167
9107—10000
0°— 30°
30°— 60°
60°— 90°
90°— 120°
120°— 150°
150°— 180°
180°— 210°
210°-240°
240°— 270°
270°— 300°
300°— 330°
330°— 360°
1. Asvinii 2. Bharapi; 3. First quarter of Krittika.
3. Last three quarters of Krittika; 4. Rohini; 5. Firet half of Mrigasiras.
5. Latter half of Mrigasiras; 0. Ardra; 7. First three quarters of Punarvasu.
7. Last quarter of Punarvasu; 8. Pushya; 9. Asleshft.
10. Magha; 11. Pi'irva-Phalguni; 12. First quarter of Uttara-Plialguni.
12. Last tlirec quarters of Uttara-Phalguni; 13. Hasta; 14. First half of Chitra.
14. Second half of Chitra; 15. SvSti; 16. First three quarters of Vi^akha.
16. Last quarter of Visakha; 17. Anuradha; 18 Jyeshtha.
19. Mula; 20. Purva-Ashfidha; 21. First quarter of Uttara-Ashadha.
21. Last three quarters of L'ttara-Ashadha; 22. Sravaoa; 23. First half of
Dhauishtha (or Sravishtha.)
24. Second half of Dhanishtha (or Sravishtha) ; 24. Satataraka (or SaUbhishaj),
25. First three quarters of Purva Bhadrapada.
25. Last quarter of Purva Bhadrapada; 25. Uttara-Bhadrapada ; 27. Revati.
"i6o(i^). The following is a summary of points to be remembered in calculating and verifying
dates. The li.st, however, is not exhaustive.
A. A luni-solar date may be interpreted as follows : —
(I.) With reference to current and expired years, and to amanta and piirnimanta months,
(.v) When the year of the given era is Chaitradi.
(«)• For dates in bright fortnights, two possible cases ; (i.) expired year, (ii.) current year.
[b] For dates in dark fortnights, four possible cases; viz., expired year, or current
year, according to both the puriiimanta and amanta system of months,
(li) When the year is both Chaitradi and non-Chaitradi.
(a) For dates in bright fortnights, three possible cases; viz., (i) Chaitradi year current,
(2) Chaitradi year expired i^ non-Chaitradi year current, (3) non-Chaitradi year
expired.
(/') Dates in dark fortnights, si.x possible cases ; viz. , the same three )-ears according
to both the pijri.iim.inta and amanta system of months.
For months which are common to Chaitradi and non-Chaitradi years, the cases will
be as in (a).
(II.) With reference to tlie tithi.
All the above cases, supposing the tithi was current, (i) at the given time as well
as at sunrise of the given day, {2) for the given time of the da\-, but not at its sunri.se.
B. A solar date may be interpreted as follows : —
(I.) With reference to current and expired years.
(a) When the year of the given era is Meshadi, two possible cases ; [a] expired year,
[!>) current year.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 155
(b) When the year of tlie given era is both Meshiidi and non-Meshadi, three possible
cases ; {a) Meshadi year current, (/') Mcshadi year expired — non-Mcshadi year
current, (i) non-Meshadi year expired.
(II.) With reference to the civil beginning of the month, all the cases in Art. 28.
C. When the era of a date is not known, all known possible eras should be tried.
D. (a) According to Hindu Astronomy a tithi of a bright or dark fortnight of a montli
never stands at sunrise on the same week-day more than once in three consecutive years. For
instance, if Chaitra .sukla pratipada stands at sunrise on a Sunday in one year, it cannot stand
at sunrise on Sunday in the year next preceding or next following.
(/^) It can only, in one very rare case, end on the same week-day in two consecutive
years, and that is when there are thirteen lunar months between the first and second. There
are only seven instances ' of it in the 1600 years from A.D. 300 to 1900.
(c) It cannot end on the same week-day more than twice in three consecutive years.
(d) But a tithi can be connected with the same week-day for two consecutive years if
there is a confusion of systems in the naming of the civil day, naming, that is, not only by
the tithi current at sunrise, but also by the tithi current during any time of tliat day. Even
this, however, can only take place when there are thirteen lunar months between the two.
If, for instance, Chaitra sukla ist be current during, though not at sunrise on, a Sunday in one
year; next year, if an added month intervenes, it may stand at sunrise on a Sunday, and con-
sequently it may be connected with a Sunday in both these (consecutive) years.
(1?) A tithi of an amanta month of one year may end on the same week-day as it did
in the pijrnimanta month of the same name during the preceding year.
(/) The interval between the weekdays connected with a tithi in two consecutive years,
when there are 12 months between them, is generally four, and sometimes five ; but when thirteen
lunar months intervene, the interval is generally one of six weekdays. For instance, if Chaitra
sukla 1st ends on Sunday (=1) in one year, it ends next year generally on (i 4- 4 = 5 =) Thursday.
and sometimes on(i +5 = 6 =) Friday, provided there is no added month between the two. If
there is an added month it will probably end on(i -f6 = o=) Saturday.
{g) According to Hindu Astronomy the minimum length of a lunar month is 29 days,
20 ghatikas, and the maximum 29 days and 43 ghatikas. Hence the interval between the week-
days of a tithi in two consecutive months is generally one or two. If, for instance, Chaitra sukla
pratipada falls on a Sunday, then Vaisakha sukla pratipada may end on Monday or Tuesday. But by
the existence of the two systems of naming a civil day from the tithi current at its sunrise, as well
as by that current'at any time in the day, this interval may sometimes be increased to three, and
we may find Vai.sakha sukla pratipada, in the above example, connected with a Wednesday.
E. {a) A sankranti cannot occur on the same week-day for at least the four years preceding
and four following.
(/;) See Art. 119, par. 3.
160 (c) To find the apparent longitude of Jupiter. (See Art. 4?, /. .,v, and Table XII.)
I. To find, first, the mean longitude of Jupiter and the sun.
(i.) Find the mean longitude of Jupiter at the time of the Mesha sankranti by the following
Table W. That of the sun is 0" at that moment.
(ii.) Add the sodhya (Art. 26, p. n, Art. 90, p. 52) given in the following Table Y to
I They arc A.D 440—1; 776—7; 838—9, 857—8; 1183—4; 1264—5; 1581—2.
«9
156 THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
the time of the apparent Mesha sai'ikranti (as given in Table I., cols. 13 to 17, or i/rf). The
sum is the moment of the mean Mesha sankranti. F'ind the interval in days, ghatikas, and palas
between this and the given time (for which Jupiter's place is to be calculated). Calculate the
mean motion of Jupiter during the interval by Table Y below, and add it to the mean
longitude at the moment of mean Mesha sankranti. The sum is the mean place of Jupiter at
the given moment. The motion of the sun during the interval (Table Y) is the sun's mean place
at the given moment.
II. To find, secondly, the apparent longitude.
(i.) Subtract the sun's mean longitude from that of Jupiter. Call the remainder the " first
commutation". If it be more than six signs, subtract it from twelve signs, and use the remainder.
With this argument find the parallax by Table Z below. Parallax is tiihius when the commuta-
tion is not more than six signs, plus when it is more than six. Apply half the parallax to the
mean longitude of Jupiter, and subtract from the sum the longitude of Jupiter's aphelion, as given at
the bottom of Table Z below. The remainder is the anomaly. (If this is more than six signs,
subtract it from twelve signs, as before, and use the remainder.) With this argument find the equ ition
of the centre ' by Table Z. This is minus or plus according as the anomaly is o to 6, or 6 to 12
signs. Apply it to the mean longitude of Jupiter, and the result is the heliocentric longitude.
(ii.) Apply the equation of the centre (plus or minus) to the first commutation ; the sum is the
"second commutation". If it is more than six signs, use, as before, the difference between it
and twelve signs. With this second commutation as argument find the parallax as before. Apply
it (whole) to Jupiter's heliocentric longitude, and the result is Jupiter's apparent longitude.
Example. We have a date in an inscription. — "In the year opposite Kollam year 389,
Jupiter being in Kumbha, and the sun 18 days old in Mina, Thursday, loth lunar day of Pushya" "
Calculating by our method "C" in the Text, we find that the date corresponds to Saka
1 138 current, Chaitra sukla dasami (lOth), Pushya nakshatra, the i8th day of the solar month
Mina of Kollam 390 of our Tables, or March 12th, A.D. 1215.^
To find the place of Jupiter on the given day.
gh. pa.
Apparent Me.sha sank, in Saka 1137 {Table /., Cols. 13 — /j) 25 Mar. (84) Tues. (3) 3 32
Add sodhya {Table Y) 2 2 2 8 51
27 Mar. (86) Tues. (5) 12 23
The given date is -Saka 1138 12 Mar. (436)
(350)
350, then, is the interval from mean Mesha sankranti to 12 gh. 23 pa. on the given day.
The interval between Saka i current and Saka 1137 current is 1136 years.
• Neglecting the minutes and seeonJs of anomaly, the equation mnv be taken for degrees. Thus, if the anomaly is 149°
V 49", the equation may be taken for 149'. If it were 149° 31' 12", take the eijuation for 150°. And so in the case of comma-
Ution. For greater accuracy the equation and parallax may be found by proportion
2 Indian Antiquary, XXIV., p. 307, date No. XI.
' The year 389 in the original seems to be the etpired year . There are instances in which the word "opposite" is so used
and I am inclined to think that the word used for "opposite" is used to denote "expired" (gata). The phrase " 18 days old" is
used to shew the 18lh day of the solar month. [S. B. D.)
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
>57
Saka I (Table Wj
Years looo
lOO
, 30
', 6
At mean Mesha sank : .
Days (Table Y) . . . . 300
50
Mean long: on the given day.
Deduct Sun's mean longitude from
that of Jupiter
JUI'ITER.
Stga
°
1
II
0
9
0
29
3
22
0
0
(Nole that there
5
5
12
0
to a sign, and 0?
6
6
10
2
33
6
36
43
Sun.
9
18
24
52
55
48
44
sign
"
' 1"
9
25
40 51
4
9
'7
I
19
16 48
10
1 1
17
14
57
57
49
39
I I
14
57
39
II
3
0
10
= first commutation.
As this is more than six signs we deduct it from 12 signs. Remainder, signs o, 26°
59' 50". Call this 27".
Parallax for 27° (see Table Z) ^ \' 20'.
sign » ' "
Mean longitude of Jupiter (above) 10 17 57 49
Add half the parallax 2 10
10 20 7 49
Subtract longitude of Jupiter's aphelion (bottom of Table 2)i 6 o O O
Anomaly 4 20 7 49
4 signs, 20 degrees = 140 degrees. Equation of centre for argument 140° — (Table Z) 3° 25'.
Deducting this from Jupiter's mean longitude found above (los. 17° 57' 49") we have los. 14°
32' 49" =: Jupiter's heliocentric longitude; and deducting it from the first commutation (lis. 3°
o' 10") we have, as second commutation, los. 29° 35' 10". Remainder from 12 signs, is. 0° 24' 50".
Parallax for i sign, or 30°, (Table Zj ^ d^ 49'. Applying this (adding because the commutation
is over 6 signs) to the heliocentric longitude of Jupiter we have (los. 14° 32' 49" + 4° 49'=)
lOs. 19° 21' 49" as the apparent (true) longitude of Jupiter.
From this we know that Jupiter was in the i ith sign, Kumbha, on the given date.
IS8
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE W.
[For finding the 7nean place of Jupiter. Argument = number of years
between Saka i and the given Saka year.]
•5 u « -H
Surya SidJhanta . .
First Arja Do. . . .
Sdrya Siddhauta with bija
Signs
°
'
"
0
7
56
54
U
9
0
29
0
5
49
4
No. of
years.
Sili'ja Siddlmnia
•"irst Ar)-a
Siddhunt
i
Sun-a Siddhanta with
jija
Signs
Degi-ees
Mins.
Sees.
s^
°
'
"
S.
°
'
"
1
1
0
21
6
1
0
21
7
1
0
21
4
2
2
0
42
12
2
0
42
14
2
0
42
7
3
3
1
3
18
3
1
3
22
3
1
3
11
4
4
1
24
24
4
1
24
29
4
1
24
14
5
5
1
4.-.
30
5
1
45
36
5
1
45
18
C
0
3
6
36
6
2
6
43
6
2
6
22
7
7
2
27
42
7
2
27
50
7
2
27
25
8
8
2
48
48
8
2
48
59
8
2
48
29
9
9
3
9
54
9
3
10
5
9
3
9
32
10
10
3
31
1)
10
3
31
12
10
3
30
36
20
8
7
2
0
8
7
2
24
8
7
1
12
30
6
10
33
0
6
10
33
36
6
10
31
48
40
4
14
4
0
4
14
4
48
4
14
2
24
50
2
17
35
0
2
17
3G
0
2
17
33
0
60
0
21
6
0
0
21
7
12
0
21
3
36
70
10
14
37
0
10
24
38
24
10
24
34
12
80
8
28
8
0
8
28
9
36
8
28
4
48
90
7
1
39
0
7
1
40
48
7
1
35
24
100
5
5
10
0
5
5
12
0
5
5
6
0
200
10
10
20
0
10
10
24
0
10
10
12
0
300
3
15
30
0
3
15
36
0
3
15
18
0
400
8
20
40
0
8
20
48
0
8
20
24
0
500
1
25
50
0
1
26
0
0
1
25
30
0
600
7
1
0
0
7
1
12
0
7
0
36
(1
700
0
6
10
0
0
6
24
0
0
5
42
0
800
5
11
20
0
5
11
36
0
5
10
48
0
900
10
16
30
0
10
16
48
0
10
15
54
0
1000
3
21
40
0
3
22
0
0
3
21
0
u
2000
7
13
20
0
7
14
0
0
7
12
0
0
8000
11
5
0
0
11
6
0
0
11
3
0
0
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
TABLE Y.
[Mean motion of Jupiter and Sun. Argument = number of days (ghatikas and
palas) between mean Mesha saiikranti and the given moment.]
(This is applicable to alt tie Suldhdntat).
«59
No.
of
days.
Jupiter.
Sun.
1
s.
"
'
"
^
'
"
1
0
0
4
59
0
0
59
8
2
0
0
U
58
0
1
58
16
3
0
0
14
57
0
2
57
25
i
0
0
19
57
0
3
56
33
5
0
0
24
56
0
4
55
41
6
0
0
29
55
0
5
54
49
7
0
0
34
54
0
6
53
57
8
0
0
39
53
0
7
53
5
9
0
0
44
52
0
8
52
14
10
0
0
49
51
0
9
51
22
20
0
1
39
43
0
19
42
43
30
0
2
29
34
0
29
34
5
40
0
3
19
26
1
9
25
27
50
0
4
9
17
1
19
16
48
60
0
4
59
7
1
39
8
10
70
0
5
49
0
2
8
59
32
80
0
C
38
52
2
18
50
54
90
0
7
28
43
2
28
42
15
100
0
8
18
35
3
8
33
37
200
0
16
37
9
6
17
7
14
300
0
24
55
44
9
25
40
51
,/. gh. pa.
^ ,, f Sin-R Siddhunta 2 10 14
Sodhva = i . •
\ .^na Siddhunta 2 8 51
Motion for ghatikAs iz: as many minutes and seconds as tlierc are degrees and minutes for the same number of days. Motion
for palas zz as many secondB as there are degrees for the same number of days.
Example. The motion of Jupiter in four ghatikAs is 19^ , or (say) 20 seconds. The motion of the Sun in five palas is
4^5 , or (say) 5 seconds.
i6o
THE INDIAN CALENDAR.
TABLE Z.
[For Equation of centre. Argiimetit — Jupiter s anomaly.
For Parallax, Argument = commutation.]
1
Equation
1
Equation
i
Equation
.s
Parallax.
uf
_o
Parallax.
of
.2
Parallax.
of
1
a
centre.
a
1
centre.
1
60
<
centre.
°
'
°
'
°
'
°
'
°
'
1
0
10
0
5
25
4
2
2
7
49
7
33
3
45
2
0
19
0
10
26
4
11
2
11
50
7
41
3
48
8
0
29
0
15
27
4
20
2
15
51
7
48
3
52
4
0
38
0
21
28
4
30
2
20
52
7
56
3
56
5
0
48
0
26
29
4
39
2
24
53
8
4
3
59
6
0
58
0
31
30
4
49
2
29
54
8
12
4
2
7
8
0
37
31
4
59
2
33
55
8
20
4
5
8
18
0
42
32
5
7
2
38
56
8
27
4
8
9
27
0
47
33
5
17
2
42
57
8
34
4
11
10
37
0
52
34
5
26
2
47
58
8
41
4
14
11
47
0
57
35
5
34
2
51
59
8
48
4
17
12
57
2
36
5
43
2
55
60
8
55
4
20
13
2
7
7
37
5
52
2
58
61
9
1
4
22
14
2
16
12
38
6
1
3
4
62
9
8
4
25
15
2
26
17
39
6
9
3
8
63
9
14
4
27
16
2
36
22
40 '
6
18
3
12
64
9
21
4
80
17
2
46
27
41
6
26
3
16
65
9
28
4
32
18
2
55
32
42
6
35
3
20
66
9
34
4
35
19
3
4
37
48
6
44
3
23
67
9
40
4
87
20
3
14
42
44
6
52
3
27
68
9
45
4
39
21
8
24
47
45
7
0
3
31
69
9
49
4
41
22
3
33
52
46
7
8
8
36
70
9
54
4
48
23
3
42
57
47
7
17
3
^38
71
9
59
4
45
24
3
52
2
1
48
7
25
3
42
72
10
4
4
47
Longitude of the Aphelion of Jupiter, by SArya Siddhftnta r= 6 signs 21 degrees
Aryu Siddh&nta = 6 „ 0 „
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
i6i
i
Eq latioii
1
Bquatinn
1
E,|n
Btion
a
c
1
<
Paia
ll.a.
of
centre.
C3
3
Pnn
Ilai.
of
ccnlrc.
1
s
Pai-allax.
ceil
f
tre.
1
'
°
°
'
°
'
1
'
°
'
73
10
9
4
49
109
11
25
4
54
145
7
41
3
4
74
10
11
4
51
110
11
24
4
52
146
7
31
3
0
75
10
19
4
52
HI
11
22
4
50
147
7
19
2
55
76
10
24
4
54
112
U
19
4
49
148
7
8
2
50
77
10
2S
4
55
113
n
16
4
47
149
6
57
2
46
78
10
33
4
56
114
11
13
4
45
150
6
46
2
41
79
10
37
4
57
115
11
10
4
43
151
6
34
2
36
80
10
41
4
59
116
n
6
4
41
152
6
23
2
31
81
10
46
5
0
117
11
2
4
38
153
6
11
2
27
82
10
50
5
1
118
10
59
4
36
154
5
59
2
22
88
10
54
5
1
119
10
55
4
34
155
5
47
2
17
84
10
58
5
2
120
10
51
4
31
156
5
34
2
12
85
1
5
3
121
10
46
4
29
157
5
21
2
7
86
4
5
4
122
10
41
4
26
158
5
8
2
2
87
7
5
4
123
10
36
4
23
159
4
55
57
88
10
5
5
124
10
31
4
21
160
4
42
51
89
13
5
5
125
10
25
4
18
161
4
29
46
90
16
5
5
126
10
19
4
15
162
4
16
41
91
19
5
6
127
10
13
4
12
163
4
2
35
92
22
5
6 •
128
10
7
4
9
164
3
48
30
93
25
5
6
129
10
1
4
6
165
3
34
24
91
27
5
6
130
9
54
4
3
166
3
20
19
95
28
5
6
131
9
47
3
59
167
3
6
13
90
29
5
5
132
9
39
3
55
168
2
52
8
97
30
5
5
133
9
32
3
52
169
2
38
2
98
30
5
4
134
9
25
3
49
170
2
24
0
57
99
30
5
4
135
9
17
3
45
171
2
10
0
51
100
31
5
3
136
9
9
3
41
172
1
55
0
45
101
31
5
3
137
9
0
3
37
173
1
41
0
40
102
31
5
2
138
8
51
3
33
174
1
27
0
34
103
30
5
1
139
8
41
3
29
175
1
13
0
29
104
30
5
0
140
8
32
3
25
176
0
59
0
24
105
29
4
59
141
8
22
3
21
177
0
44
0
18
106
28
4
58
142
8
12
3
17
ITS
0
29
0
12
107
27
4
57
143
8
2
3
13
179
0
15
0
6
108
26
4
55
144
7
52
3
8
ISO
0
0
0
0
INDEX.
~~^aJ\0~* ^~OX.aO^
"(I." "«." "<;." in Table I. ejplained. Art. 102, p. 56.
Abul Fazal, on the Lakshmnna Sena Era, Art. 71, p. 46.
Adhiks miusas, or interi'alnted months, system cxplaincil, Art. 25,
p. 11; adhika tithis, rules governing, Art. 32, p. 17;
variation on aecount of longitude, Art. 35, p. 19; detailed
rules governing. Arts. 45 to 51, pp. 25 to .31; Arts. 76
to 79, pp. 48, 49; (see also under Intercalation, Lunar
month, Tithi).
Ahargttua, meaning of. Art. 30, and note 2, p. 16; Art. 47,
p. 28.
Akbar, established the Fasali Era, Art. 71, p. 44; and the
Ililhi Era. Art. 71, p. 46.
Jkbarndma, The, of Abul Fazal, Art. 71, p. 46.
Alberuni, Sapfarshi Kala Era used in MultAn in his day.
Art. 71, p. 41; and the Harsha-KAla Era in Mathura and
Kanauj, Art. 71, p. 45,
Am^ta system of lunar months, definitiuD, Art. 13, p. 4;
compared with piiiTjiimanta system in tabular form. Art. 45,
p. 25 ; how it affects intercalation of months in luni-solar
system, Art. 51, p. 30.
AmavSsya, definition of, Art. 7, p. 3; name of a tithi, id.;
ends a paksha or fortnight. Art. 11, p. 4; see also Art. 13,
p. 4; Art. 29, p. 13.
Amli Era of Orissa, The, Art. 71, p. 43. .
Amrita Siddhi Yoga, Art. 39, p. 23; in an actual parichi'iiiga,
p. 15.
Ariisa, or degree of angular nioasurement. Art. 22, p. 9.
Angas= limbs; paiichanga. Art. 4, p. 2.
Anomalistic, Length of — lunar month. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4;
— solar year, definition and length of. Art. 15, and note 3,
p. 5.
Anomaly of a planet, true and mean, defined. Art. 15,
note 4, p. 5.
Apara paksha. (See Pakaha).
Apogee, Sun's, longitude of, in A.D. 1137, Art. 24, p 11.
Apparent, saiikriinti, defined. Art. 26, p. 11; meaning of
word "apparent", Art. 26, note 2, p. 11; "apparent time".
Art. 36, p. 19.
Apsides, Line of, in reference to length of anomalistic solar
year, Art. 15, and note, p. 5.
"Arabi-san" The. (See Mahratta Siir tan).
Aries, first point of Art. 14, p. 5; sidereal longitude measured
from, Art. 23, p. 9.
Ai^a-paksha school of astronomers. Arts. 19, 20, p. 7, 8.
Aryas, Ancient, were acquainted with the starry nakshati-as.
Art. 38, p. 21.
Jri/a Siddhdnta, The First, Art. 17, p. 6 ; the Second, id. ; length
of year according to First, now in use. Art. 18, p. 7 ; account
of the. Arts. 19, 20, 21, pp. 7 to 9, and notes. Basis of
solar reckoning in this work. Art 37, p. 20; mean inter-
calations according to. Art. 49, p. 29 ; Rule of, for finding
the samvatsara current on a particular day. Art. 59, p. 34;
List of expunged samvatsaras of the 60-year cycle of Jupiter
according to the rule of the. Art. 60, p. 36 ; where used in
the Tables as basis of calculation, Art. 73, p. 47; difference
between moment of Mesha-sankranti as calculated by the
— and the Sdnja Siddhdnta, Art. 96, p. 54, and table.
Ayanamsa, Warren's use of the. Art. 24, note 1, p. 11.
Badi, or Vadi paksha. (See Vaksha.)
Bahula paksha. (See Paksha.)
Bilrhaspatya samvatsara. (See Brihasiiati cluikra.)
Bengal. Solar reckoning used in. Art. 25, p. 11 ; use of the
"Bengali Sau" Era in, Art. 71, p. 43; of the Viiayati Era
in, id. ; New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32.
Bengalis, followers of the Saura school of astronomy. Art. 20, p. 8.
"Bengali San" Era, The, Art. 71, p. 43.
Bcrars, Ganesa Daivajna's works followed in. Art. 20, p. 9.
Bhilskaracharya (A.D. 1150) mentions the Second .tnja Sidd-
hiliila. Art. 20, p. 8 ; follows the rule given in the Kdlatalia-
rii-fchana for naming adhika and kshaya mi'isas. Art. 46, p. 27;
snpprcjised months according to. Art. 47, p 27 ; Art. 50, p. 30.
Bhdsvall, a Karaya, (A.D. 1099), Art. 20, p. 8 ; Art. 52, p. 31.
Bija, or correction, Art. 19, p. 7 ; Art. 20 and notes, pp. 7 to
9; Varilhamihira's, Art. 20, p. S; Lalla's, irf. ; intheAyam-
fiijaitka, id. \i. 8 ; in the Makaranda, id. p, 8 ; Ga^esa
Daivajiia's, id. p. 8.
164
INDEX.
Bombay, New year's day in. Art. 52, p. 32.
Brahmagupta His Brahma Siddhdnta, Art. 17, p. 6; Art 19,
p. 7; Art 30, note 1, p. 8 ; his si stem of naksbatra mea-
suremcnl, Art. 38, p. 21: Art. 40, note 1, p. 23.
Brahmaiias, The. Art 41. p. 24.
Brahnia-paksha school of astronomers, Arts 19. 20. p. 7, 8.
Brahma Siddhdnta of Brahmapupta, Art. 17, p. 6; Art. 19.
p. 7 ; Art. 20, p. 8 ; system of nakshatra measurement accord-
ing to, Art 38, p. 21 ; rule for naming intercalated and
expunged months, Art. 46, p. 27; Art. 50, p. 30.
Brihaspnti sannatsara-chakra, or siity-year cycle of Jupiter,
Arts. 53 to 62. pp 32 to 37 ; duration of a year of the,
Art. 54 p. 33; Expuuction of a year of the, Arts. 54 to 60,
pp. 33 to 36 ; Rules for finding the year current on any day.
Art. 59, p. 34.
Bv'kat tamhilu. Rule for finding the samvatsara current on a
particular day. Art. 59, p. 35 ; List of expunged samvatsaras
of the fiO-yrar cycle of Jupiter according to the — rule. Art.
60. p. 36.
Brihat TUhichintdmani, The, by Ganesa Daivajua, (A.D. 1527)
Art. 20, p. 8.
Buchanan, on the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art. 71, p. 46.
Canon der Finsternisse, by Oppolzer, Art. 40ff, p. 23. See
Dr. R. Schi'am's Article on Eclipses, pp. 109—116.
Central Provinces, Gapcsa Daivajua's works followed in. Art.
20, p. 9.
Ceremonies, Religious, performauce of, how regulated with
reference to tiihis. Art. 31, p. 17.
Chaitiildi Vikrama year The, Art. 71, p. 41.
Chaldcfa. Names of Hindu days of week derived from, Art. 5,
note 1, p. 2.
Chaldceans, were acquainted with the starry nakshatras. Art.
38, p. 21.
Chdlukyan Era, The, Art. 71. p. 46.
Chiindra milsa. or lunar month. Sec Lunation, Lunar month
Chara, The. defined. Art. 24, note 1, p 11.
Chcdi Era, The, Art. 71, p. 42.
Chhatrc, Professor, list of intercalated and suppressed months.
Art. 46. note 3, p. 27, and Art. 78, and note 1, p. 49.
Chinna Kimrdi, The Oiiko cycle in. Art. 64. p. 38.
Chitlagone, The MUgi-san Era used in. Art. 71, p. 45.
Christian Era, The, current or cipind years (?) Art. 70, note 2,
p. 40; Use of, in India, Art. 71, p. 42.
Civil day. The. (See Solar day).
Cochin, New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32.
Colcbrooke, on the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art. 71, p. 46.
Cowasjec FatcU, List of intercalated and suppressed months in
his "Chronologij." Art. 46, note 3, p. 27, and Art. 78, and
note 1, p! 49.
Ciiuuinghain, General Sir Arthur. Indian Eras. List of inter-
calated and suppressed months, Art. 46, ui>te 3, p. 27. and Art.
7S. and note 1, p. 49. On the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art.
71, p. 46.
Current year, defined, Art. 70, p. 40.
Cycle. Sixty-year — of Jupiier, Arts. 53—62, pp. 32—36;
List of expunged sainvatsaras, Art. 60, p. 36, earliest men-
lion of, in inscriptions, Art. 61, p. 36; The southern
60-year, or luni-solar, cycle Art. 62, pp. 36, 37; Twelve-
year — of Jupiter, Ait. 63, p. 37, and Table XI L; flra/i^i-
parirritti — of 90 y. ars, the. Art. 64. p. 37 Onio —
the, Art 64. p. 38.
Dakhani system of lunar fortnights. Art. 13, p. 5.
Dakshinuyana sankr&nti. (See Saiikrdnli).
Danda. Length of Art. 6. p. 2.
Days of the week. Names of Hindu, Art. 5. p. 2.
Definitions and general ei|ilanation of names and Indian divi-
sions of time, 4rts. 4 — 17, pp 2 — 7.
Bhikotida, a Karana by Sripati, Art. 47, and note 4, p. 27.
Bhi-oriddhida, a work by Lalla. Art. 20, p. 8.
Dina. or solar day. Art. 6, p. 2.
Divasa. Sfivana — = solar day. Art. 6, p. 2.
Division of time amongst the Himlus, Art. 6. p. 2.
Divyasimhadeva, prince of Orissa, Art. 64, p. 39.
DvSpura Yuga. (See Yuga).
Eclipses, note on. Art. 40a, p. 23; note by Professor Jacobi
on id.; Dr. Schram's paper on, and Tables, pp. 109 — 188.
Ecliptic, synodical and sidereal revolutions of moon. Art. 12,
note 2, p. 4.
Elements and Definitions, Arts. 4 — 17, pp. 2 — 7.
"Equal-space-system" of nakshatras. Art. 38, p. 21.
"Equation of the centre", defined. Art. 15, note 4, p. 5; term
explained. Art. 107, p. 60; greatest possible, according to
the Siiri/a-Siddhilnta, Art. 108, p. 61; given for every
degree of anomaly in the Makaranda, Art. 109, p. 61.
Eras, The various, treated of. Arts. 65—71, pp. 39 — 47; use
of, by emigrant races, Arts. 66, 67, p. 39.
Expired year, defined, Art. 70, p. 40.
Expunctiou. Of tithis, rules governing. Art 32, p. 17; Variation
on account of longitude. Arts. 34, 35, pp. 18, 19; —
of nakshiitras. Art. 35, p. 19; — of months, Ai-ts. 45 to 51,
pp. 25 to :n, and Arts 77 to 79, pp. 48, 49 ; alluded to by
Bhfiskara-charja, Arts. 46, 47, p. 27. (See Lunar month);
— of a samvatsara. Art. 54, p. 33 ; variations in practice.
Art. 55, p. 83 ; List of expunged samvatsuras. Art. 60 and
Table p 36; — of samvatsaras in the 1 2-year cycle of
Jupiter, Art. 63, p. 37.
Fasali year. The, Art. 71, p. 44. Do. luni-solar, id. New
War's Day in Madras, Art. 52, p. 32; New Year's Day ia
Bengal, id.
Fixed piiint in Aries, The, sidereal longitude measured from.
Art. ri, p 9.
Fleet, Dr. F., Art. 71, p. 40. note 1; on the Chedi Era, Art
71, p. 42, note 4 ; on the Gupta and Valabhi Eras, Art.
71, p. 42.
Flight, Muhammad's, Art. 161, p. 101.
Ganesa Daivajna, author of the Grnha/dghava, a KaraQa in
A.U. Ij2ll, and of the Brihat and Lat/ku Tithichinldmanit
(A.D. 1527). Art. 20, p. 8; his bi^a, id.; L st of suppresred
mouths according to. Art. 60. p. 30; dilTereut treatment of
Snka years by. Art. 08. p. 39.
Gaujani, New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32; The Oi'iko cycle.
Art B4. p. 37.
Garga's system of nakAhatras, Art. 38, p. 21.
Gats, a — year defined. Art. 70 p. 40.
INDEX.
>6S
Ghat!. (Soc ghatikd.)
Ghatikd, Length of, Art. 6, p. 2.
Giriii Chandra, ••Chronological Tables" by, Art. 71, p. 43.
GraJiatdghava. The, a Karava, wriiten by Gapesa Duivajfia(A.D.
1520), Art. 20, p. 8; Art. 60, p. 80; Art. 68, p. 40.
Gralia-parivritti eycle. The, Art. 64, p. 37 ; equation of, id.,
and note 4.
Gregorian year, Length of, compared with that of the Ilijra.
Art. 162, p. 102, note 1.
Gujarflt, The Brahma school of astronomy followed in. Arts 20,
21, pp. 8, 9; and the Gralialdyhava and Laghu Tithicliin-
tdmatfi of Gapcsa Daivnjna Art. 20, p. 9; New Year's Day
in. Art. 52, p: 32; use of the Vikrania Erain, Art. 71, p.41;
and by settln-s from — in S. India, id.
Gupta Era, The, Art. 71, p. 43.
Haiilarfibild, Gapcsa Daiiajno's works followed in, Art. 20,
p. 9.
Harsha-Kdla Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45.
Harshava dfaana of Kanauj, King, establishes the Harsha-Kula
Era, .\rt. 71, p. 45.
Helali, The, Art. 161, p. 101.
Heliacal rising of a planet, defined. Art. 63, note 2, p. 37.
Hijra, Ytar of the Its origin. Art. 161, p. 101. Length of
— and Gregorian years compared. Art. 162. p. 102 ; begins
from heliacal rising of moon. Art. 164, p. 102.
Hissabi, The, Art. 161, p. 101.
Ilfihi Era, The, Art. 71. p 46.
Inauspicious days. Certain, Art 32, p. 17.
Indrayumna, R6ja of Orissa, date of his birth is the epoch of
the Amli Era. Art. 71. p. 43.
Intercalation of months in Hindu calendar, system explained.
Art. 25, p. 11; — of tithis. Art. 32, p. 17; variation on
account of longitude. Art. 34. p. 18 ; — of nakshatras.
Art. 35, p. 19; detailed rules governing the — of months.
Art. 45 to 51, pp. 25 to 31 ; order of — of months recnrs
in cycles. Art. 50, p. 29 ; according to true and mean systems.
Art 47. p. 27: by different SiddhJntas, Art. 49, p. 29; by
amSnia and pilrnimSnia systems. Art. 51, p. 30. See also
Jr/s. 76—79, pp. 4S 49.
Jacobi, Professor, note on eclipses, Art. 40a, p. 23.
Jahdngir, used the IlAhi Era, Art. 71, p. 46.
Julian period. Art. 16, p. 6.
Jupiter. Bija, or correction, applied in A.D. 505 to his motion,
by Var8ha-mihira, Art. 20, p. 8, and by Lalla, id ; sixty-
year cycle of, Arts. 53-62. pp. 32 ff.; t»clve-year cycle
of Art. 63, p. 37, and Table Xll.; heliacal rising of, marks
beginning of year in one system of 12-year cycle. Art. 63,
p 37. twelve-year cycle of the mean-sigu system, Art. 63,
p. 37, and Table XH.
Jgotiska-darpiina , The, Rule for mean intercalation of months,
Art 47, p. 27.
Jijotishatattna rule for eipnnction of a sanivatsara. Arts. 57,
59. pp 33, 34 ; rule for finding the samvatsara current on
a particular day, Art. 59, p 35; List of expunged samvatsaras
of the 60-year cycle of Jupiter accurdmg to the — rule.
Art. 60, p. 36.
Kalachun Era, The, Art. 71, p. 42.
Kdlatalva-viveciana, The, a work attributed to the Sage Vyita.
Art 46, p. 27.
Kali-Vuna, The, Era described. Art. 71, p. 40.
Kalpa, Length of. Art. 16, p. 6.
Kanarese Districts follow the Grahaldghava and Laghu Tithi-
chintu'maui of Gaoesa Daivajna, Art. 20, p. 9.
Kanauj, Use of Hai-sha-kJla Era in. Art. 71, p. 45.
Karana, Art. 1, p. 1; Art. 4, p. 2; definition of. Art. 10, pp. 3,
4; names of. Table Vlll., cols. 4 and 5; data concerning
them, in an actual panehiliiga. Art. 30, p. 14; "Karapa
index". Art. 37, p. 20; further details concerning. Art. 40,
p. 23.
Karana, An astronomical treatise. Art 17, note 1, p. 6; the
PuMha SiddHdntikd, id.; account of some of the Karanas,
Arts. 19 to 21, pp. 7 to 9; Vilviiaia Kochchanna's — , Art.
20, p. 8 ; the Makaranda, id. ; the Grahaldghava, id. ; the
Blidsvatt — , Art. 52, p. 31.
Karaiiaprt^kdsa, an astronomical work. Art. 20, p. 8.
Karttikildi Vikraina year, The, Art. 71, p. 41.
Kashmir, Saptarshi-K^la Era, The, used in. Art. 71, p. 41 ;
New Year's Day in, according to Alberuni, Art. 52, p. 32.
Kaththa-kalil, Length of. Art. 6, p. 2.
KiitbiavM, New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32; use of the
Vikrama Era in. Art. 71, p, 41; do. of the Valabhi Era,
Art. 71, p. 43.
Khalif Umar, Art. 161, p. 101.
Khand'kliddya of Bralimagupta, The, (A.D. 665), Art. 20,
p. 8, note 1.
Kielhom, Dr. F, on the Saptarsbi-Kfila Era, Art. 71, p. 41;
on the Vikrama Era, id., pp. 40, note 2, 41; on the Chedi
or Kalachuri Era, id., p. 42, and note 4; on the Nev&r
Era, Art. 71, p. 45; on the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art. 71,
p. 46.
KoUam Era, Description of the, or Era of Parasurama, Art. 71.
p. 45 ; — dtutu, id.
Krishna paksha. (See Pakshd).
Krita ynga (See Tuya).
Kshaya, meaning of word. Art. 32, p. 18.
Kshaya tilhis. general rules governing. Art. 32, p. 17 ; variation
on account of longitude. Arts. 34, 35, p. 18/ Kshaya m4sas,
detailed rules governing, Arts. 45 to 51, pp. 25 to 31, and
Arts. 76 to 79, ))p. 48, 49; — samvatsara. Art. 54, p. 33;
list of, Art. 60, and Table, p. 36. (Sec Erpunction, Lunar
month).
Laghu Tithichinttlmani, The, a work by Ganesa Daivajna
(A.D. 1527) Art. 20, p. 8.
Lahore, New Year's Day in, according to Alberuni, Art. 52,
p. 32.
Lak.hmana Sena Era, The, Art. 71. p. 46,
• lalla, author of the Dhi-vriddhida. Art. 20, p. 8; introduced
a bija to First Anja Siddhdnta. id.
Liiukfi, latitude and longitude of. Art. 36, and note 2, p. 20.
Laukika KSIa Era The. (Sec Saptarshi Kfila )
Longitude, variation in time caused by. Arts 34, 35, pp. 18, 19.
Lunar month. (See also Foksha, Amdnta, Piinumdnta, Lunition.)
Detini ion of the term. Art. 12a. and note, p. 4; names of the
months, Art. 41, p. 24. and note 1; originally derived from
i66
INDEX.
thr nakshatras, Art. 43, and Table, pp. 24, 25; afterwards
from the names of the solar months, Art. 44, p. 24;
detailed rules goTerning intercalation and cipunction of,
Arts. 45 to 51, pp. 25 to 31; varying lengths of months.
Art. 45, p. 25 ; names of intercalated and ciijungcd months
how given. Art. 16, p. 26; rule in Wn Kiilatalva-r'tvechana.
and in the Brahma-Siddhtinta, id. ; true and mean systems,
Art. 47, p. 27 ; suppression of a month impossible under
the latter, id. p. 28; intcrealation of months recurs in cycles,
Art. 50, p. 29; peculiarities observable in the order, id.;
intercalation by amanta and piirnimanta systems, Art. 51,
p. 30; Arts. 76 to 79, pp. 48, 49; names of the Hindu
lunar months. Table II., Part i., cols. 1 to 3; Part ii.,cols. 1 to 5;
Tabic III., col. 2.
Lunation, a natural division of time. Art, 12, )). 4; synodical
revolution, id. note 2.
Lunation-parts. (See Tithi-inde.r.)
Luni-sidar month-names, general rule, Art. 14, p. 5; Art. 41,
p. 24; season-names, star-names. Art. 14, p. 5; the former
first met with in the Tdjur Vedas, id. ; modem names derived
from star-names. Arts. 42 to 44, pp. 24, 25.
Luni-solar year. Begins with amanta Clhaitra sukla 1st, Art. 52,
p. 31; rule when that day is citlier adhika or kshaya, id.
p. 31 ; rule when Chaitra is intercalary, id. p. 32; southern
or luni-solar cycle of Jupiter, Art. 62, p. 36 ; The — Fasali
year. Art. 71, p. 44.
Luni-solar reckoning used in most part of India, Art. 25, p, 11.
Madhyama, = mean. Art. 26, note 2, p. 11.
MSsri-San Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45.
Mahdblidrata, Beginning of year mentioned in the, Art. 52, p. 32.
llahayuga. Length of. Art. 16, p. 6.
MahratU Sur-San Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45. Kiija-Saka Era.IThe,
Art. 71, p. 47.
Maisur, Gapesa Daivajiia's works followed in, Art, 20, p. 8.
Makaranda, The, a Karana (A.D. 1478), Art. 20, p. 8.
Equation of the centre for every degree of anomaly given in
the, Art. 109, p. 61.
Malabar, Use of the Saka era in. Art. 71, p. 42 ; use of KoUara
au'.ln in. Art. 71, p. 45.
MSlava Era, The, = the Vikrama Era, Art. 71. p. 42.
Malayiljani, school of astronomers use the V dkkya-karaiia, Art.
20, p. 8; and <\i<: AryaSiddhdnU, kti.tX.f. 9 ; — countries,
solar reckoning used in, Art. 25, p. 11; New Year's Day in
the — country. Art. 52, p. 32.
Marflthis follow Gayesa Daivajiia's Grahaldghava and Laijhu Titlii-
chintamani. Art, 20, p. 9.
MfirvUdi system of lunar fortnights. Art. 13, p. 5.
Milrvadis of Southern India use the Vikrama era. Art. 71, p. 41.
MatliurS, Use of Ilarshakala Era in. Art. 71, p. 45.
Mean anomaly, moon's, sun's. Art. 15, note 4, p. 5; Art. 102,
p. 56; term explained with reference to Tables VI. and VII.,
and "A" and -c" in Table I., Art. 107, p. 60.
Mean sankninti defined. Art. 20, p. 11; meaning of word
"mean". Art. 26, note 2, p. 11; "mean time," Art. 36,
p. 19; '• mean solar day," id.; " mean sun," I'rf. ; "niiannoon,"
id. ; true and mean systems regulating intercalation and sup-
pression of months in the luni-solar calendar. Art. 47, p. 27.
Mei-idian used in the Tables, Art. 73, p. 47.
Mesha saukriinti, the general rule for naming luni-aolar
months. Art. 14, p. 5; Art. 44, p. 24; the mean — takes
place after the true — at the present day. Art. 26, p. 11;
files the beginning of the solar year. Art. 52. p. 31; difference
in calculation between the Present Surya and First Arya
Sidd/uiuias, Art. 96, Table, p. 55.
Methods, three. A, B, C, for calculation of dates by the Tables,
preliminary remarks. Art. 2, 3, pp. 1, 2 ; fully detailed. Arts.
135 to 100, pp. 05 to 101.
Mithila, Use of the Lakshmana Sena Era in. Art. 71, p. 46.
Month, Lunar, lengths of synodical, sidereal, tropical, anoma-
listic, nodical. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4 ; names of — in the
Uahi Era, Art. 71, p. 46; Muliammadau, Table of, Art. 163
p. 102.
Moon, her motion in longitude marks the tithi. Art. 7, p. 3 ;
one synodic revolution constitutes 30 tithis, id. ; bija applied
to her motion by Lalla, .\rt. 20, p. 8 ; and to her apogee,
id.; mean length of her sidereal revolution. Art. 38, p. 21 ;
how the moon's motion caused the naming of the lunar
months after the nakshatras. Art. 43, p. 24 ; lunar equation
of the centre explained. Art. 107, pp. 60 f.
"Moon's age," term used in Table I, its meaning. Art. 97, p. 55.
Muhammad, date of his flight. Art. 101, p. 101.
Muhammadan calendar, perpetual, by Dr. Burgess p. 106.
Muhammadan months, Table of, Art. 163. p. 102.
Mukundadeva, prince of Orissa, Art. 64, p. 39.
Multan, The Saptarshi Kala Era used in. Art. 71, p. 41. New
year's day in, according to Alberuni, Art. 52, p. 32.
Muttra. (See Mathuril).
Nadi, Length of. Art. 6, p. 2.
Nadika, Length of, Art. 6, p. 2.
Nakshatra, Art. 1, p. 1 ; Art. 4, p. 2 ; Art. 38, p. 21 ; definition of,
Art. 8, p. 3; length of, id.; data concerning, in an actual
panchaiiga. Art. 30, p. 16; intercalation and expunctiun of.
Art. 35, p. 19; — or "nakshatra index," Art. 37, p. 21;
equal and unequal space systems of, Art. 38, p. 21 ; longitudes
of ending points of, Table shewing. Art. 38, p. 22; gave
their names to the lunar months. Arts. 43, 44, and Table,
pp. 24, 25; method for calculating fully explained. Art. 133,
p. 64.
Nepal (or Nevar) Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45; use of Marsha
KMa Era in, id.; use of Gupta Era in, Art. 71, p. 43.
Ncvflr Era, The, Art. 71, p. 45.
"New Style" in Europe, Art. 168, p. 103.
New Year's Day, The Hindu, Art. 52, p. 31 ; Varies in various
localities, id., and note 3, p. 32.
Nija miisas. (See adhika tmisas).
Nirayaua Saiiki-Snti. (Sec Saiikrilnli).
Nirnaycuindhu, The, Art. 31, note, p. 17.
Nodical lunar month, Length of. Art. 12. note 1, p. 4.
"Old Style" in Europe, Art. 168, p. 103.
Onko cycle. The, Art. 64, p. 37.
Oppolzer's "Canon der JimUmiise", Art. 40a, p. 23.
Orissa, New Year's Day in, Art. 52, p. 32; the Ouko cycle
in. Art. 64, p. 37; use of Amli Era in. Art 71, p. 43.
Paitamdha Siddhdnla, The, Art. 17, p. 6.
INDEX.
167
Paksha, or niomi'a fortnight, Definition of, Art. 11, p. 4;
snkla°-, suJdha^-, krishnn"-, behula°-, pflrva°-, apara°-, id.
Pala, Li-iijcth of. Art. 0, p. 2.
Pafichili'ign, Art. 1, p. 1; definition of. Art. 4, p. 2; calcu-
lated according to one or other of the SiddhaHlas, Art. 19,
p. 7; the principal articles of, treated in detail, Art. 29 to 51,
pp. 13 to 31; specimen page of a. Art. 30, pp. 14, 15.
Faheha Siddh,!ntii,t, The, of Vnruha-Mihira, Art. 20, ]>. 8;
Art. 17, note 1, p. 6.
Para, Length of. Art. 6, p. 2.
Pardiara Siddlulnta, The, Art. 17, p. 26.
Parasn KAma Era, The. Art. 71, p. 45.
Parla Kimcdi, The Ohko cycle in. Art. 64, p. 37.
Pttultia Siddhdnia, The, Art. 17, p. 6.
Pedda KiineUi, The Oiiko cycle in. Art. 64, p. 37.
Persian, old calendar of Yazdajird, Art 71, p. 47.
Fhatteiuhaprakdia, The, Art. 71, p. 42, note 2.
Pitri, Ceremony in honour of, proper day for performinsr, Art.
31, p. 17.
Prina, I/cngth oi; Art. 6, p. 2.
Pratipadil, or first tithi of the month. End of, how determined.
Art. 7, p. 3.
Prativipala, Length of. Art 6, p. 2.
Precession of the equinoxes, in reference t« the length of
tropical s<dar year. Art. 15, p. 5; and to the coincidence of
sidereal and tropical signs of the zodiac. Art. 23, p. 10.
Piirnimd, definition of. Art. 7, p. 3 ; name of a tithi, id. ;
ends a fortnight, or paksha. Art. 11, p. 4. See also Art. 13,
p. 4; Art. 29, p. 13.
Pflrnimiinta system of lunar months, definition. Art. 13, p. 4;
compared with amuota system in tabular form, Art. 45, p.
25; how it aSects intercalation of months in luni-solar
system. Art. 51, p. 30.
Pflrva paksha. (See Paksha).
Qnilon. (See Kollam).
Radius vector. Art. 15, note 4, p. 5.
Xdjamrit/diika Sidd/idnta, The, Art. 17, p. 6; length of year
according to, now in use, Art. 18, p. 7 ; Art. 19, p. 7 ; Art. 20,
p. 8; corrections introduced in the, .\rt. 20, p. S.
Rija-Saka Era. The, of the -Mahrattas, Art. 71, p. 47.
Raj4 Taraiigini, The, use of the Saptarshi Kala Era in. Art.
71, p. 41.
Rajendra Lai Slitra, Dr., on the Lakshmana Sena Era, Art.
71, p. 46.
R^jputAna, residents in, follow the Brahma-paksha school of
astronomy. Art. 21, p. 9.
Rijyiibhisheka Era, The, of the Mahrattas. Art. 71, p. 47.
Ramachaudradeva, prince of Orissa, .\rt. 64, p. 39.
Rdma-viaoda, The, Art. 71, note 2, p. 42.
Rasi, or sign of the zodiac. Art. 22, p. 9.
Ratnamdld of .Sripati, Art. 59, note 2, p. 35; list of ex-
punged samvatsaras of the 60-year cycle of Jupiter, according
to the rule of the — , Art. 60, p. 36.
Religious ceremonies, day for performance of, how regulated,
Art. 31, p. 17.
Somaka Siddhunia, The, Art. 17. p. 6; Art. 59, note 2, p. 34.
Saka Era, The, sometimea represented in Bengal and the
Tamil country as solar, Art. 67, p. 39; description of the
Art. 71, p. 42.
Sdkalya Brahma Siddhdnia, The, Art. 17, p. 6; Art. 69,
note 2, p. 34.
Samhilds. (See Veda).
Samvatsara, of the 60-ycar cycle of Jupiter, Arts. 53 to 02,
pp. 32 to 37; duration of, according to the Sdiya Siddhunia,
Art. 54, p. 33; expunction of a, (kshaya samvatsara) Art. 54,
p. 33; variations in practice. Art. 50 to 00, pp 33 to 36;
rules for finding the — current on a particular day, Art.
59, pp. 34/; list of expunged — Art. 60 and Table, p. 36; —
of the 12-year cycle of Jupiter, Art. 63, p. 37, and Table
XII.; of the 12-year cycle of Jupiter of the mean-sign system,
Art. 63, p. 37, and Table XII.
Sankoshtanusana-chaturthi, a certain religious observance, proper
day for performing. Art. 31, p. 17.
Sai'ikr'inti, definition of, Art. 23, p. 9 ; true and mean, dis-
tinguished. Art. 26, p. 11; use of the word in this work,
Art. 27, p. 12; how the incidence of the — affects
intercalation and expunction of months in the Inni-solar
calendar. Art. 45, p. 25, and Table; Art. 79, p. 49;
Mcsha — , table shewing difference of moment of, as
calculated by the Ari/a and Sdri/a Siddh4ntai, Art. 96,
p. 54, and Table. (See also the Additions and Corrections,
pp. 149—161).
Saptarshi Kala Era, The, Art. 71. p. 41.
Sastra KSIa Era, The. (See Saptarshi Kd/a).
Saura masa, or solar month. (See So/ar months).
Saura-paksha school of astronomers, .\rts. 19, 20, pp. 7, 8.
Sayana sai'ikranti. (See Sahk-rdntt).
Sexagesimal division of the circle in India, Art. 22, p. 9.
Shah Jahun used the llahi Era, Art. 71, p. 46.
Shahi"u--San Era of the Mahrattas, The, Art 71, p. 45.
Siddhunlas, Year- measurement according to the different — ,
Art. 17, p. 6; what is a Siddhunta, id., note 1; account of
the various. Arts. 19 to 21, pp. 7 to 9 ; differences in results
when reckoning by different, .\rt. 37, p. 20 ; especially in
the matter of adhika and kshaya milsas, Art. 49, p. 29.
Siddhdnia Sekhara, The, of .Sripati, Art. 47, p. 27.
Siddhdnta Siromani, The, Art. 50, p. 30; coincidence of sidereal
and tropical signs of zodiac according to, Art. 23, p. 10.
Sidereal revolution of moon. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4; length of
— lunar month. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4; — solar year, defi-
nition, and length of. Art. 15 and note 3, p. 5 ; — revo-
lution of earth, id.
Siihha Samvat Era, The, Art. 71, p. 46.
Sindh, New Year's Day in.according to Albcruni, Art. 52. p. 32.
Sivaji, Rilja, established the Mahratta Riija Saka Era, Art. 71,
p. 47.
Smrititatlvdmfila, The, Art. 71, p. 46.
Sodhya, defined. Art. 26, p, 11; Art. 90, p. 52.
Solar days, correspondence of, with tithis for purposes of
preparing calendars, Art. 31, p. 16; how named. Art. 31,
p. 16; "mean — ", Art. 36, p. 19; variation in lengths of,
its cause, id.
Solar months. The, .\rts. 23 to 28, pp. 9 to 13; zodiacal names
of. Art. 23, and note 1, p. 10; named after lunar months,
i68
INDEX.
Art 23 and note 2, p. 10; lengihs of, according to difTcrent
Slddhintoi, in tabular form. Art 24, [) 1(1; inaccurate li-nglhs
given by Warren, Art. 24, note 1, p 11; biginiiiiig; of.
An. 28. p. 12; varying rulrs guverniuK the beginning of, irf.
Solar year, vanities of the, defined. Art 15, p. 5; begins with
Mrsha saiikranti, Art. 52, p. SI.
Solar reckoning used in Bengal, Art. 25. p. 11.
Soma Siddhiinla, The, Art. 17. p. 6; Art. 59, note 2, p. 34.
Southern India, system "f lunar fortnights, Art. 13, p. 4; New
Year's Day in, Art. 52. p. 32.
Spathta, = true or appparent. Art. 26. note 2, p. 11
SrSd.iha ceremony. Proper day for performing a, Art. 31, p. 17.
Sripiiti, a celebrated astronorair. Art. 47, and note 4, p 27;
his Balnamild, Art. 59, note 2. p. 35.
Suddha paksba. (See Faksha)
Sudi, or Sudi, paksha. (See Paksha).
Sukla paksha. (See Patsha).
Sun, moon's distance from, in longitude fixes the tithi, Art 7,
p. 3; longitude of his apogee in A.D, 1137, Art. 24, p. 11,
"mean sun," Art. 36, p. 19; solar equation of the centre
Art. 107, p. 60 f.
Suppression of samvatsaras, months, and tithis. (See Expunction).
Sura, Length of, Art. 6. p. 2.
Sfir-San Era of the Mahrattas, The, Art. 71, p. 45.
Siirya Siddhdnta, epoch of Kali-yiiga according to the. Art. 16,
p. 6; length of year according to. Art. 17. p. 6 and Art. 18
p. 7; account of the. Arts. 19, 20, 21. pp. 7 to 9, and notes
basis of luni-solar reckoning in the Tables, Art. 37. p. 20 ;
trnc length of solar months according to, Art. 43, p, 25,
Art. 50, p. 29; list of suppressed months according to the.
Art. 50, p, 29; duration of a Burhnspati/a samvalsara, or
year of the 60-ycar cycle of Jupiler according to the. Art.
54, p. 33; — rule for finding the samvatsara current on
a particular day. Art. 59, and note 1, p. 34; list of expunged
samvatsaras of the 60-year cycle of Jupiter according to the
Rule, Art. 60, p. .36; ilifference between moment of Mesha>
saiikr&nti as calculated by the — and the Arya Siddhdnta,
Art. 96, p. 54, and Table; greatest possible equation of centre
according to the. Art. lOS, p. 01.
Synodic, revolution of moon, (see Lunation). Length of mean
— lunar month. Art. 12, note 2, p. 4.
Tabakdt-i-Akbar,. The, Art. 71, p. 46
Tables, iu this work. Description and explanation of, Arts.
73 to 117, pp, 47 to 62.
Tamil countries, solar reckoning used in. Art. 25, p. 11.
Tamil school of astronomers use the V dkhja-Karana, Art. 20,
p. 8, and the Anja Siddhdnta, Art. 21, p. 9.
TMkhi lUlhi, The, Art. 71, p 46.
Telugus, The, follow the present Siirija Siddhdnta for astro-
nomical calculations since A.D. 1298, Art. 20, p. 8.
Time-divisions, Hindu, Art. 6, p. 2.
TinncvcUy, the Saka Era used in. Art. 71, p 42; use of
Kollam dndu in, Art 71, p. 45.
Tirhut. use of the Lakshuiana Sena Era in. Art. 71. p 46.
Tithi, one of the elements of a paiichilnga. Art. 4, p 2;
definition of. Art. 7, p 3; varying lengths of. Art, 7, p. 3;
astronomical reason for varying length of, Art. 7, note 1,
p. 3; details concerning the, and names of. Art. 29 p 13;
corresiiondeme of, with solar days for purposes of preparing
calendar. Art. 31, p. 16; intercalation and expunction of —
(adhika and kshaya tithis). Art. 32, p. 17; varies in different
localities, Art 35. p. 19
Tithi-indei, Art. 37, p. 20; Art. 80, p. 49; conversion of
— into lunation-parts. Art. 81, p. 50; do. into measures of
solar time, Art. 82. p. 50.
Travancore, New Year's Day in. Art. 52, p. 32.
Treta yuga. (See Yuga),
Tropical. Length of — lunar month. Art. 12, note2. p. 4;
— solar year, definition aud length of. Art. 15, and note, p. 5.
True sai'ikianti defini'd, Art. 26, and note 2, p. 11; meaning
of word 'true", Art. 26, uote 2. p. 11; "true time",
Art. 36, p 19; true and mean systems regulating inter-
calatiim and suppression of months in luni-solar calendar,
Art. 47, p 27.
Ujjain, (see Lauki). "Ujjain mean time", Art. 36, p. 20;
longitude of, id., note 2; meridian of, used in the Tables,
Art. 73, p. 47.
Umar Khalif, Art. Ifil, p. 101.
"Unequal-space system'" of nakshatras. Art. 38, p. 21.
Utpala, a writer on Astronomy, Art. 17, note 2, p. 6.
UttarSyana sankraoti. (See Sarikrd'di).
Vadi, or badi, pakslia. (See Paksha).
V dkkya karaiia. The, an astronomical work. Art. 20, p. 8.
Valabhi Era, The, Art. 71, p. 43.
VAra, or week-day. Art. 4, p. 2; names of days of the week,
Hindu, Art. 5, p. 2.
Varuhamihira, author of the Fahcha Siddhdntikd, Art. 17, notes
1, 2, p. 6; Art. 20, p. 8; Art. 40, note 1, p. 23.
Varsha, or solar year, Art. 15, p. 5.
Vartamiina, a — year defined. Art. 70, p. 40.
Vfisara, =; solar day. Art. 6, p. 2.
rdsishtha Siddhdnta, The, Art. 17, p. 6; Art. 59, note 2,
p. 34.
Vfivilala Kochchanna, author of a Karatw, A.D 1298, Art. 20,
•p. 8.
Veda, The Ydjur — , Art. 41, p. 24.
Veddiiga Jyotisha, The, Art. 17, p. 6; Art 44, p. 25 ; Art. 47,
p. 28 ; beginning of year according to. Art. 32, p. 32.
Vighati. Length of. Art. 6. p. 2.
Vijala Kalaihuri, Defeat of Eastern Chfllukyas by. Art. 71, p. 40.
Vikrama, "King-(?), Art. 71, p. 42.
Vikraraa Era, sometimes represented by Tamil calendar makers
as solar and Mcshadi, Art. 67, p. 39 ; not used by Hindu
Astronomers, Art. 70, note 2, p. 40; The — described.
Art. 71, p. 41; "Northern — " and Southern — " id.,
" — .Hamvat", p. 42.
Vikramfiditya Tribhuvana Malla, established the C'balukya Era,
Art. 71, p. 46
Vilfiyati year. New Year's Day. Art. 52, p. 32; Art. 71, p 43.
Vinftdi, Length of. Art. 6, p. 2.
Vipaln, Length of. Art. 6. p. 2.
Virakesvnradcva, prince of Oiissa, Art. 64. p 39.
Vrata. Proper day for performance of a, Art. 31, p. 17.
Pfiddhi, meaning of word. Art. 32, p. 18.
INDEX.
169
Warren Ilia KdUuankalita, Art. 24, nolo 1, p. 11-. inaccurate
lengths of 9olar m^inths recorded in. id , on the Christian Era,
Art. 71, p. 40. iioU- 2; on the VilAjaii Era, Art 71, p. 43,
note 1; on thn Kollam Kra, Art. 71, p. 45, note 4j on the
Qraha-farivritii cycle. Art. 64, p. 37.
Week-da\ names, Hindu, An. 5, p. 2.
Yiizilajird, Old Persian calendar of. Art. 71. p. 47.
Year. The Hindu, solar, Inni-solar, or liiimr. Art. 2.5. p. 11;
beginning of, Art. 62, p. 31; GOyear cycle of Jupiter,
Arts. 53 to 02, pp. 32 to 37; twelve-year cycle of Jupiter,
Art. 63. p 37; current (rarlamdna) and expired igala)
year" disiiniiuishcd. Art. 7f, p. 40.
Yoga. Art. 1. p. 1; Art. 4, p. 2; definition of, Art. 7. p. 3;
length of, id.\ data concerning, in an actual pnnch&n^a, Art.
30, p 13, " — index", Art. 37, p. 20; special yogas, and
auspicious and inauspicious onrs. Art. 39, p 22.
Yogas, Method for calculating, fully explained. Art. l.'!3, p. 64,
Yoga tilrils, or chief siai-s of the nakshatras, Art. 3>i, p. 21.
Yuga, Length of. Art. 10, p. 0.
Zodiac, The Hindu, An. 22. p. 9.
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