Indian Coins

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H BHUNaRISS DEH iHDO-AlllUHEN PHILOLOGIE UND ALTERTUIEKUIDE J

^B (ENCVCLOPEOIA OF INDO-ARYAN RESEARCH) ^^^H
^H HERAUSGEGEBEN VON G. BOHLER ^^^H
^^^^^ 11. BAND, t. HMTT, B. ^^^^M

^INDIAN COINS J

^^^^V ^^^1

^^^^^V WITH ^^^H

^^^^^V o — - — - ^^^^M

^^^ STRASSBURG ^^|

^^^ VERLAG VON KARL J. TROBNER ^^H

^^^k 1897. ^^H

H 1

ex

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li'37

Encyclopedia op Indo-Aryan research

EDITED BY G. BOHLER
VOU n, PART »,B.

■■•••

SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COIN&

BY

E. J. RAPSON.

L INTRODUCTION.

S I. Limits of the Contribution. — The object of this contribution
is to give an account from the historical point of view of all the known
coinages of ancient and mediaeval India, beginning with the earliest times
and extending in each particular instance to a period determined by the
following considerations. In the case of the states of Northern India generallyi
and those also of Southern India which were situated to the north of the
river Kistna, our subject is naturally bounded by those well-defined limits
which are, as a rule, afforded by the introduction of the Muhammadan form
of coinage as a result of the progress of Muhammadan conquest between
c I GOO and 1310 a.d. In the extreme south, where Muhammadan supre-
macy was never absolute, and where, consequently, no similar break of con-
tinuity occurs in the coinage, our survey will not extend beyond the rise of
the kingdom of Vijayanagar in 1326 a.d.

Beyond these limits reference will, however, be made to any note-worthy
instance in which, from some special cause, such as the isolation or inac-
cessibility of a state, the use of an early form of coinage has survived until
a later date.

S 2. Classification. — Ancient and mediaeval Indian coins, as, thus
defined, fall naturally into three main classes — (i) a primitive native coinage,
which, so far as the present state of oiu* knowledge will allow us to judge,
seems to have been very widely used throughout India and in Ceylon; and,
following this, the classes which numismatists have usually distinguished geo-
graphically as (2) Northern, and (3) Southern. These terms are not strictly
accurate, as any rigid geographical classification is, in this case^ impossible.
The real distinction between the two classes so called is due to the disturbing
influence of foreign invasions; and, while it is true that all the successive
waves of foreign influence came in at the N. W. corner of India, it is equally
true that most of them had spent their force not only before reaching the
south, but even before reaching the centre or the north-east On the other
hand, intercourse with the north gave to the coinage of certain southern states,
e. g. that of the Andhras, some of the usual northern characteristics. In the
numismatic sense, therefore, the term 'Northern* should be understood as
denoting that class of Indian coins in which the primitive native system of
coinage is very greatly modified by foreign influence, and the term * Southern*
as denoting that class in which, for the most part, an independent and dis-
tinctively Indian development is to be traced.

S 3. Literature. — The following are standard works on the different
branches of Indian numismatics. Further references are given in or at the
end of each section.

Indo-Aryan Research. IL 8 B. 1

2 II. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

(i) Graeco-Badrian and Indian generally — H. H. Wilson, Ariana Antiqua,
1 841; J. Prinsep, Essays on Indian Antiquities (originally published in JBA.
1832 — 38), edited and supplemented by E. Thomas, 1858.

(2) Graeco-Badrian, Graeco-Indian, and early Indo-Scythic — A.Cunning-
ham, Coins of Alexander's Successors in the East, 1873 (== NChr. 1868, pp. 93.
181.257; i869,pp. 28. 121.217. 293; 1870, pp. 65. 205; i872,p. 157; 1873,
p. 187); A. VON Sallet, Nachfolger Alexander d.Gr. in Baktrien und Indien, 1883
(=ZfN. 1879, pp.165. 271; i88o,p.296; 1881, pp. 109.279; i882,p.i58; 1883,
p. 156), For a list of previous works on the subject v. p. 79 (=ZfN. 1879,
p. 283), and also PE. II, p. 172, note; P. Gardner, Catalogue of Indian Coins
in the British Museum: Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India, 1886;
G. BtJHLER, Kharosthl Inscriptions on Indo-Grecian Coins, WZKM. Vni, p. 193.

(3) Indo-Scythic — E. Drouin, Chronologie et Numismatique des Rois
Indo-Scythes, 1888 /= Rev. Num. pp. 8. 185); A. Cunningham, Coins of the
Indo-Scythians (i. e. Sakas and Ku§anas), 1892 (== NChr. 1888, p. 199; 1889,
p. 268; 1890, p. 103; 1892, pp. 40. 98); id., Coins of the Later Indo-Scythians,
(i. e. Later Great Kusanas, Scytho-Sassanians, Little Ku§anas, and Ephthalites '
or White Huns), 1894 (= NChr. 1893, PP- 93- 166. 184; 1894, p. 243),
Resume by V. A. Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 179; E. Drouin, Monnaies des Grands
Kouchans (i. e. the Scytho-Sassanians of C.) Rev. Num. 1896, p. 154.

(4) Native States — E. Thomas, Ancient Indian Weights, 1874 (= Inter-
national Numismata Orientalia I, Part i); A. Cunningham, Coins of Ancient
India, 1891; id., Coins of Mediaeval India, 1894; Bhagvanlal IndrajT, Coins
of the Western K§atrapas (ed. Rapson), JRAS. 1890, p. 639; V. A. Smith,
Coinage of the Early or Imperial Gupta Dynasty of Northern India, JRAS.
1889, p. i; id.. Observations on the Gupta Coinage, JRAS. 1893, p. 77; id..
History and Coinage of the Gupta Period, JBA. 1894, p. 164.

(5) Southern India — W. Elliot, Coins of Southern India, 1886 (= Inter-
national Numismata Orientalia III, Part 2).

(6) Ceylon — T. W. Rhys Davids, Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon,
1877 (= International Numismata Orientalia I, Part 6).

n. EARLIEST NATIVE COINAGE.

S 4. Standard and date of use. — The most ancient coinage of India,

which seems to have been developed independently of any foreign influence,

follows the native system of weights as given in Manu Vni, 132 fF. The basis

of this system is the rati {raktikd), or gunja-berryj the weight of which is

estimated at 1,83 grains = ,118 grammes. Of the gold standard coin, the

suvarna of 80 ratis = 146,4 grs. or 9,48 grms., no specimens are known;

but of the siiwei />urdna or dharana of 32 ratis = 58,56 grs. or 3,79 grms.,

and of the copper kdrsapana of 80 ratis (same weight as the suvarna), and

of various multiples and sub-divisions of these, numerous examples have been

discovered in almost every part of India.

The estimate of the weight of the rati here given is that of Cunningham,
CAT. p. 44. For other estimates v. Th. AIW. p. 65; Smith, Proc. BA. 1887, p. 222,.
and JRAS. 1889, p. 42. For the complete system of native weights, v. C.ASR.
X, 78; XIV, 17; and TH.AIW. p. 13. Cp. also AR.V (1798), p. 9i; JBA. 1838,
p. 892; 1864, p. 251; 1865, pp. 14. 46. 51.

The earliest specimens of this coinage are probably at least as early as
the beginning of the 4* cent. B.C.

CASK. I, p. 70; II» PP- 229. 264. 288; XIV, p. 17; CNChr. 1873, p. 209;
C.CAI. p. 52; Th.AIW. p. 33; RH.D.ACC. p. I, summary of results p. 13, S 22;
Rapson, JRAS. 1895, p. 869.

n. Earliest Native Coinage. III. Early Foreign Coins in India.

In the N.W. the influence of the Greek settlers in the early part of the
2"^ cent. B.C. greatly modified this coinage; but, in other parts of India, this
primitive coinage continued for some centuries longer (Th. AIW. p. 57).

SS- Form of the coins. — The shape of these coins is approximately
square or oblong, the silver coins having been, as a rule, cut from a flat
sheet of metal, and the copper coins from a bar. These primitive coins are
little more than weights of metal, on which was stamped from time to time
the symbol of the authority responsible for their correctness and purity. From
this method of marking, they have usually been called punch-marked coins
(Plate I, i).

C.CAI. p. 42, PI. I, 1—23; C.ASR. VI, 213; TH.AIW. p. 57; Collection of
symbols, Theobald, JBA. 1890, p. 181 (rev. Rev. Num. 1892, p. 91); 1894, p. 73.
Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 403; JBRA. X, p. xxi.

§ 6. Guild- tokens. — To the same period belong the pieces (Plate
I, 2) which BuHLER has recognised as guild tokens (Indian Studies HP,
p. 49; cp. C.CAI. p. dZt I*l- m S — 12); and, perhaps of a slightly later date,
the pieces of cast copper, which, like these, bear inscriptions in Indian char-
acters of an ancient form or designs of purely native art unmodified by any
foreign influence (e. g. C.CAI. PI. II, 21. 22).

Cp. also C.CAI. p. 59, PI. I, 24—29; PE. I, p. 214; Th.AIW. p. 55.

m. EARLY FOREIGN COINS IN INDIA.

S 7. Early Persian Coins. — During the period of Achaemenid rule
(c. 500 — 331, B.C.) Persian coins circulated in the Panjab. Gold double
staters (Plate I, 5) were actually struck in India, probably in the latter half
of the 4*^ cent. b.c. (E. Babelon, Les Perses Achemenides, pp. xi. xx. 1 6,
PL n, 16 — 19, and 27). Many of the silver sigloi^ moreover, bear counter-
marks so similar to the native punch-marks as to make it seem probable that
the two classes of coins were in circulation together (Plate I, 3), and this
probability is increased by the occurrence on sigloi of characters which have
been read as Brahml and Kharo§thi letters (Plate I, 4). ^

BuHLER, Indian Studies III*, p. 113 ; Rapson, JRAS. 1895, p. 865. Babelon, op. cit.
p. XI, attributes these countermarks to other provinces of Asia.

S 8. Early Persian standard. — As a result of the Persian occupation

is probably to be regarded the establishment in the Panjab of a weight-system

apparently derived from the Persian (siglos =« 86,45 g^s., or 5,601 grms.),

which was subsequently used in the coinages of nearly all the Greek princes.

Gard. p. LXVIU; CNChr. 1888, p. 216, explains this change of standard as
due to an alteration in the relative value of gold and silver; von Sallet also,
ZfN. 1879, p. 193, regards the new standard as reduced from the Attic.

§ 9. Athenian coins. — At an early period, the owls of Athens were
carried in the course of commerce to the East; and, when the supply from
the Athenian mint grew less (i. e. for about a century before e.g. 322, when
the mint was closed) imitations were made in N.India. Some of these are
merely attempts to faithfully reproduce the originals (Plate I, 6); others, prob-
ably somewhat later in date, substitute for the owl on the reverse an eagle
(Plate I, 7). From the latter class, the coins of Sophytes (v. inf. S n), who,
at the time of Alexander's invasion (326 B.C.) ruled over a district on the
banks of the Acesines, seem to be copied. (Plate I, 8).

Head, Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Brit. Mus., Attica, pp. xxxi. xxxii,
Athens, nos. 267— 276a, PI. VII, 3—10; Gardner, NChr. 1880, p. 191, PI. X, 5. 6.
Cp. also CNChr. 1866, p. 220; Gard. p. xix.

4 II. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

S 10- Alexander's coins. — It is probable that certain copper coins of
square Indian form, bearing the name AAEEANAPOY, were struck in India by
Alexander the Great.

Gard. p. xviii. Dannenberg who first noticed these coins attributed them to
Bactria, von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 285, PI. IV, i.

S II. Indian relations with the Seleucids. — From the date of

the eastern expedition of Seleucus and his aUiance with Candragupta in

B.c. 306 (Appian, Syr. 55), a constant intercourse was maintained between

the Seleucid kingdom of Syria and the Maurya kingdom of N.India, as is

shown by the Seleucid embassies established under Megasthenes and Daimachus

at the court of Pataliputra, and by the mention of Greek kings in Asoka's

inscriptions (L.IA. II, p. 241). The adoption of the elephant as a type on

Seleucid coins, and the similarity between certain coins of Seleucus (e. g.

Babelon, Rois de S)nie, PI. I, 1 5) and those of Sophytes, are no doubt due

to this intercourse.

It has been generally assumed (e. g. Gard. p. xx) that the coins of Sophytes
were copied from those of Seleucus ; but the opposite may have been the case, or,
perhaps, both of these classes may have been derived from the same originals —
the imitations of Athenian coins made in India (v. s. S 9). For Sophytes, v. C.JBA.
1865, p. 46; NChr. 1866, p. 220; Geog. Ind. p. 157; von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 285,
PI. IV, 2; Gard. pp. xix. 2, PL I, 3; SylvainL^vi, JA. 1890 (XV), p. 237. Cp. also
NChr. 1893, P» 10^; Proc. BA. 1867, p. 106; Rev. Num. 1890, p. 496; ZfN. 1883,
p. 2, PL I, 1.

§12. Graeco-Bactrian influence. — But, until the begiDning of the
2"^ cent B.C., no extensive modification of the native Indian coinage had
been caused by foreign influence. It was from the kingdom of Bactria,
established by Diodotus (Plate 1, 9), who revolted from the Seleucid sovereign
Antiochus 11, c. B.C. 248, that there came eventually the influence which
completely changed the form and character of the coinage of N.W.India
(v. inf. S 18).

S 13. Parthian influence. — Parthian characteristics, due no doubt to
the contact between Parthians and Sakas in Bactria, are found in the Saka
coinages of Indi^, the earliest of which — those of Maues — belong to the
latter half of the 2^^ cent, b.c (v. inf. § 29). The dynasty of Vonones, which
seems to have exercised a sort of suzerainty over the successors of Maues in
the i^' cent. B.C., is very probably Parthian in origin (v. inf. § 30). The later
dynasty of Gondophares in the i^' cent. a.d. is certainly Parthian (v. inf. § 61).

S 14. Roman coins, dating from the beginning of the empire onwards

are found in great numbers in many parts of India both north and south

(v. inf. SS 69. 123).

AR. II (1790), p. 331; C.ASR. II, p. 162; XIII, p. 72; JBA. I (1832), pp. 392.
476; 1834, pp. 562. 635; 1851, p. 371; Proc. BA. 1879, pp. 77. 122. 205. 210;
1880, p. u8; 1886, p. 86; NChr. 1843 (v), p. 202; 1843 (vi), pp. m. 160; 1891,
p. 199; PE. I, p. 148.

S 15. Roman influence. — With regard to their influence on Indian
coinages, two points at least seem clear — (i) the head on the Kusana
copper coins bearing the name Kozola Kadaphes is directly imitated from
the head of Augustus (v. inf. S 66); (2) the gold coinage of the Kusanas
follows a weight- standard identical with the Roman (v. inf. § 70).

S 16. Sassanian influence. — The result of intercourse between the
Sassanian monarchy of Persia and the Kusana kingdom of Kabul, during the
period from c. a.d. 300 to 450, is shown by a class of coins struck in the
Oxus territory and known as Scytho-Sassanian — a class which is of great
chronological importance from the fact that most of the issues can be attributed

IV. Graeco-Indian Coins.

to the different Sassanian monarchs who reigned within these limits (v. inf.
§75). There is also further evidence of relations between Persia and India
during the reign of VarahranV, a.d. 420 — 438 (Drouin, HE. p.24, from theMus^on
1895). But the most extensive importation of Sassanian coins into India was
due to the invasion of the Hu^as (last quarter of the 5'^ cent. a.d.), who
brought with them the proceeds of the plunder of Sassanian treasuries. Some
of the coins thus introduced were restruck in repoussS by the Hunas (v. inf.
S 104); others no doubt were used as currency with little or no modification
and formed the patterns from which subsequent Htu:ia and also other Indian
coinages were copied (v. inf. § 105). In this manner the Sassanian type of
coin — Obv, King's Head: Rev. Fire-Altar — became firmly established in
certain parts of India, and continued to be used during several centuries
(v. inf. S 122). During the 7^** cent, also, as is proved by the coins, Sassanian
kingdoms existed in Multan and Sind (v. inf S 109)-

IV. GRAECO-INDIAN COINS.

§ 17. The Greek invasion. — The incursions of the Bactrian princes
into the Kabul Valley and Northern India must have begun about the begin-
ning of the 2^^ cent. B.C. The war between the Seleucid Antiochus III and
the Bactrian Euthydemus ended in an alliance between them (b.c. 206).
Probably in the same year, Antiochus crossed the Paropanisus and renewed
friendly relations with the king then reigning in the Kabul Valley, Sophaga-
senus or Subhagasena, who has been identified (L.IA n, p. 273) with Jaloka.
PoLYBius, Exc. Hist. XI, 34, n.

S 18. Euthydemus and Demetrius. — It was during the reign of
Euthydemus (Plate I, 18), and, perhaps, under the leadership of his son De-
metrius, that the first Indian conquests were made (Gard. p. xxii). As evidence
of this early settlement in India, there exists a coin of Demetrius which is,
perhaps, the first to show the result of a compromise between the Greek and
Indian methods of coinage (Plate I, 10). The regular types of the Greek
system are retained, but the coin is of the square Indian form, and, on the
reverse, is added an Indian translation in Kharosthi characters of the Greek
legend on the obverse.

C.NChr. 1869, p. 136, PI. IV, II; Gard. PI. XXX, 3. For the extent of the
Indian conquests of Demetrius, v. voN Gutschmid, Gesch. Irans, p. 44, and Gard.
p. xxui.

S 19. Eucratides. — Next, in point of date, come the Indian conquests

of Eucratides^ c. B.C. 190 — 160, the rival and conqueror of Demetrius (Justin

XLI, 6). His coins are found at Balkh, in Seistan, in the Kabul Valley, and,

more rarely, in the Panjab.

CNChr. 1869, p. 217, PH. VI. VII. For the date of Eucratides: voN Sallet,
ZfN. 1879, p. 170; Gard. p. xxvi. Parthian coins attributed to Mithradates I (b.c.
171 — 138) imitated from those of Eucratides: Gard., Parthian Coinage, p. 32, PI.
II, 4 (= Internat. Num. Orient. I, Part 5). — Gold piece of 20 staters struck by
Eucr.: Chabouillet, Rev. Num. 1867, p. 382, PI. XII, »Les textes relatifs a Eucra-
tide«, id. p. 407. Gold coin of Eucr.: Montagu, NChr. 1892, p. 37, PI. Ill, 11.
Cp. also ZfN. 1879, p. 295. Silver medal (decadrachm) attributed to Eucratides
or Ileliocles, Gard., NChr. 1887, p. 177, PI. VII, I. Coins of Eucratides bearing
also the name of Heliocles andLaodice: von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. i88; von Gut-
schmid, Gesch. Irans, p. 48; Gard. p. xxiv.

S20. Dates on G.I. coins. — Important for the chronology of this
period is the unique tetradrachm of Plato, copied from the tetradrachm of
Eucratides, and bearing the date 147 of the Seleucid era = b.c. 165. The
occurrence of other dates on Bactrian coins is less certain.

6 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

Gard. p. 20, PL VI, II; Vaux, NChr. 1875, P» ^J von Sallet, ZfN. 1879,
pp. 173. 190. Cp. also Proc. BA. 1872, pp. 34. 174; C.NChr. 1869, p. 226; 1892,
p. 45; HoERNLE, Ind. Ant. 1879, p. 196; Th.JRAS. 1877, p. 3; von Sallet, ZfN.
1879, p. 184.

S 21. Pantaleon, Agathocles. — Contemporary with the reign of Eu-

cratides in India are those of Pantaleon and Agathocles ^ whose coins are found

both in the Kabul Valley and W.Panjab — those of Agathocles also as far

south as Kandahar (C.NChr. 1869, p. 41). The Indian coins of these two

rulers are the only coins of Greek princes which bear inscriptions in Brahml

characters (Plate I, 12, Pantaleon). Certain copper coins of Agathocles have

legends on both ohv, and rev, in Kharo§thT letters (Plate I, 16).

CNChr. 1868, p. 279, PL VIII, 8—10, PI. X; voN Sallet, ZfN. 1879, 175,
PL V ; Gard. p. xxvi, PIL III, 8. 9, IV, and XXX, 4. For the reading of the Kha-
rosthi legends on coins of Agathocles: Buhler, WZKM. VIII, p. 206.

S 22. Agathocles. — Certain medals (tetradrachms) of Bactrian fabric

struck by Agathocles bear the portraits, types, and inscriptions of Alexander

the Great, Antiochus 'Nicator' {sky v. von Gutsch., Gesch. Ir., p. 38; Gard.

p. xxviii, note), Diodotus, and Euthydemus; similar medals of the Bactrian

prince Antimachus also bear those of Diodotus and Euthydemus.

Gard. PI. IV, i — 3, and XXX, 5. 6. (The medal of Antimachus and Euthydemus
is in the possession of an Indian coin-dealer, and is as yet unpublished). For the
historical significance of these: von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 176; 1881, p. 279; Gard.
p. xxviu. Cp. also NChr. 1868, p. 278; 1869, p. 31; 1880, p. 181; PE. I, p. 28.

S 23. Antimachus. — The types on the coins of Antimachus point
to some naval victory won by him, perhaps on the Indus or some other
large river.

Gard. pp. xxix. 12, PI. V, 1—3; CNChr. 1869, p. 39.

S 24. Heliocles. — After the reign of Heliocles (c. B.C. 160 — 120) the
transference of the Greek power from Bactria to territory south of the Paro-
panisus was complete. Until his time, many of the Greek princes had ruled
both in Bactria and in India, and had struck coins both of Bactrian fabric
bearing purely Greek legends, and of Indian fabric with bilingual inscriptions.
Up to this date all the silver coins were struck according to the Attic standard
(drachm = 67,5 grains or 4,37 grammes). This Attic standard gradually gives
place to the Persian standard (v. sup. § 8). Heliocles himself, Apollodotus I,
and Antialcidas use both standards; all the later Greek princes use the Persian
standard only.

VON Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 193; Gard. p. lxvu.

S 25. Heliocles' successors. — The reigns of all the Greek princes
who ruled after the date of Heliocles — they are about 20 in number ac-
cording to the coins — must be confined within about a century, i. e. from
c. 120 B.C. to 20 B.C., when the Ku§anas completed the conquest of India.
There were undoubtedly, for a considerable portion of this period, two or
more distinct dynasties of Greek princes ruling at the same time, and varying
greatly from time to time in power and extent of territory. No perfectly
satisfactory arrangement of these different families or of the chronology of
this period has yet been proposed.

For one suggested arrangement: C.NChr. 1868, p. 274. Available data and
general chronological table: Gard. p. xxxu ff. »Die sicheren Daten«: voN Sallet,
ZfN. 1879, p. 191. Historical notices of Menander and Apollodotus: Gard. p. xxxvi ;
L.IA. II, p. 322; PE. I, p. 47; Rh.D., SBE. XXXV, p. xix; von Gutschmid, Gesch. Ir.,
p. 104. Coin bearing the names of Archebius and Philoxenus (the genuineness of
this specimen and of others struck from the same dies has been disputed): vox
Sallet, ZfN. 1888, p. 9, PI. I, 3; id. 1896, p. 327. Coin of Polyxenus: Rodgers,
NChr. 1896, p. 269; of Theophilus, Smith, JB A. 1897, p. 1. Interpretation of mono-

V. SCYTHIC INVADERS OF InDIA.

grams: CNChr. 1846, p. 175; 1868, p. 181; 1888, p. 204; Chabouillet, Rev. Num.
1867, p. 393; Th. JRAS. 1863, p. 121; PE. I, p. 55; von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 200;
Gard. p. LV; HoERNLE, Ind. Ant. 1879, p. 196. The metal nickel used for Bactrian
coinage: Flight, NChr. 1868, p. 306.

V. SCYTHIC INVADERS OF INDIA.

S 26. The chronological difficulties of the history of Northern India
during the last two centuries B.C. are not, however, confined to| the Greek
dynasties. The coins bear witness to the existence, during this period, of
two well-defined dynasties of Scythic origin, of other Scythic powers less
clearly marked, and of a number of native Hindu states.

S 27. The Saka invasion. — The history of these Scythic tribes which
came in contact with the Greek kingdoms in Bactria and India is known
from Chinese sources.

For a list of these: Drouin, Rev. Num. 1888, p. 13.

For a consideration of their numismatic remains, the following main dates
and facts will be sufficient.

At the time of the establishment of the Bactrian monarchy, the territories
to the north — Sogdiana and Transoxiana — were occupied by a tribe called
the Sse (or Sek), who had come from the south of China.

These Sse have usually been identified with the Sakas, who, in previous
ages, had come into conflict with the Achaemenid and Macedonian powers.
In B.C. 165, the Sse were expelled firom Sogdiana by the Yueh-chi, who were
themselves flying before the Hiung-nu. The Sakas, thus dispossessed, invaded
Bactria. From this period until the fall of the ^Bactrian monarchy, the Greeks
had to contend against both Parthians and Sakas, while the Parthian and
Sakas were alternately the friends and foes of one another. It is, perhaps,
to this association with the Parthians that the earliest Saka coins of India
owe certain Parthian characteristics ^ (v. inf S 29). The Yueh-chi, who now
held the ancient territories of the Sakas, in turn invaded and gained com-
plete possession of Bactria, c. 120 B.C. This was no doubt the immediate
cause of the first Saka invasions of India. About a century later, or c. 25
B.C., one of the five tribes of the Yueh-chi, the Kusa^as, gained the supre-
macy over the others, crossed over the Paropanisus, destroyed the last vestiges
of Greek rule in the Kabul Valley, and subsequently conquered the whole
of Northern India.

Specht, JA. 1883, p. 317 (cp. Ind. Ant. i886, p. 19); Drouin, Rev. Num. 1891,
p. 217 = JA. 189 1 (XVII), p. 145. But see S. Levi, JA. 1897, p. iff.

§ 28. Saka imitations of older coins. — To the period of Saka
rule in Bactria belong the barbarous imitations of Macedonian, Seleucid,
Bactrian, and Parthian coins. These coins are, in general, mere imitations,
and their inscriptions are debased copies of the Greek inscriptions; but on a
few specimens there are legends which have been recognised as the most
ancient examples of the Aramaean writing of Turkestan (Plate I, 18. 19,
Euthydemus: a Bactrian original, and a Saka copy).

CNChr. 1889, p. 301, PI. XIII; Drouln, Rev. Num. 1891, p. 222; 1894, p. 174;

id. Rev. Semitique 1893, P- ^73; C.CAI. p. 35; PE. I, p. 30.

S 29. Maues, Moa. — The earliest of the Saka dynasties in India is
that of Maues or Moa, who is probably to be identified with the Moga of
theTaxila copper-plate grant (Buhler, EI. IV, p. 54; Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 551).
His date is probably not later than c. 120 B.C. This agrees with the fabric
of his coins, which are superior in workmanship to those of the later Greek
princes, and with the fact that some of them are directly imitated from the

8 II. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

* ■ — — - - — I - ■_■■■-

coins of the earlier Greek princes, e. g. Demetrius and ApoUodotus (Plate

I, 14, imitated from Demetrius, Gard., PL III, 2). The form of inscription

used by Maues — BAIIAEHZ BAZIAEHN MEFAAOY — (Plate I, 15) is

of Parthian origin (v. sup. S i3)> and first occurs on the coins of Mithra-

dates I (c. b.c. 171 — 138). The coins of the dynasty of Maues are found

in the Panjab only — particularly in the N.W. — and not in Afghanistan

(CNChr. 1890, p. 104). It has accordingly been conjectured (Gard. p. xli;

Drouin, Rev. Num. 1888, p.20; and JA. 1891 (XVII), p. i46 = Rev.Num. 1891,

p. 219) that this band of Sakas, imlike otiier foreign invaders, entered India

by the Karakoram Pass, and passed through Kashmir into the Panjab. ^ C,

however, denies the possibility of this, and supposes that, after the Saka

9ccupation of Arachosia and Drangiana — the country afterwards called

Sakasthana — a detachment under the leadership of Maues passed thence

into Sind and up the valley of the Indus.

C.NChr. 1890, p. 103; Gard. p. 68, PL XVI; von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 334;
1882, p. 161; 1883, p. 159. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 300; JBA. 1840, p. 1008; NChr.
1 86 1, p. 72; PE. II, p. 2CX).

530. Vonones. — Nearly allied to the dynasty of Maues is that of
Vonones (Plate 1, 17: Vonones and Spalagadama), the coins of which are

found in the country around Kandahar and Ghazni, the ancient Arachosia,
and in Seistan, the ancient Drangiana. The Parthian appearance of the
names of these princes is most striking; and, consequently, the term Indo-
Parthian has sometimes been applied to them. In support of their Par-
thian origin may also be adduced the fact that the same territory was, in
the i^' cent a.d., governed by an undoubtedly Parthian dynasty — that of
Gondophares (§61) to which, in this article, the designation Indo-Parthian is
restricted. At the same time, it is certain that the dynasties of Maues and
Vonones were intimately connected, and it is difficult to separate them so
far as to call the former Saka and the latter Parthian. The difficulty is, per-
haps, to be explained by supposing the existence among the Sakas of this
period of a strong Parthian element due to previous events.

531. Vonones, Azes. — As Vonones strikes coins together with Azes,
the successor of Maues, his date is probably^ c. 100 B.C. What the exact
relations between these two ruling families of Sakas or Saka-Parthians were,
it is impossible to say; but it is noticeable that, whenever they strike coins in
common, the members of Vonones' family invariably occupy the obverse, and
the members of Maues' family the reverse. To judge from other analogous
instances in ancient numismatics, this fact would seem to show that the former
exercised some sort of lordship over the latter.

It would seem probable, that, while the dynasty of Vonones ruled over
Arachosia and Drangiana (Sakasthana), and the dynasty of Maues over the
valley of the Indus (i.^e. both W.Panjab and Sind) with its capital at Taxila,
the E.Panjab (capital Sakala), and the Kabul valley, were still, for the most
part, governed by Greek princes (CNChr. 1890, p. 109).
CNChr. 1890, p. 106, PI. VII.

S 32. Satraps of Mathura. — As Saka satraps must probably also be
classed the Satraps of Mathura (or Northern K§atrapas), probably of the
second half of the i*' cent. B.C., on whose history so much light has been thrown
by the inscriptions on the Mathura Lion Capital (Bhagvanlal IndrajT, ed. Buhler,
JRAS. 1894, p. 525), and other inscriptions from the same neighbourhood
(BteLER, EI. n, p. 195).

For their coins: CCAI. p. 85, PL VIII; and Bh. ed. Rapson, JRAS. 1894,
p. 541. Cp. also JBA. 1854, p. 679; PE. II, p. 223; Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 9, PL I, 15.

V. ScYTHic Invaders of India.

S 33. Ranjubula. — Important chronological data for the period of
these satraps of Mathura are the following: — (i) the first satrap, Ranjubula
(Plate II, 5) who is undoubtedly the Rajula of the Lion Capital, strikes a
coinage directly imitated from that of the Greek prince Strato II (Plate II, 4),
(2) the Great Satrap Kusulaa Patika of the Lion Capital is almost certainly
to be identified with the Satrap Patika, son of Liaka Kusuluka, of the some-
what earlier Taxila copper- plate grant, dated in the 78^** year of the Great
King Moga (v. supr. S 29, Buhler, EL IV, p. 54, and BhJRAS. 1894, p. 552).
Another class of the coins of Ranjubula, on which the name is written Raju-
bula in BrahmT characters (Plate II, 6), and the coins of the Satraps of
Mathura generally are related as regards both types and fabric to those
of Pancala (Sungas) and those of the Hindu princes of Mathura (v. inf.

§S 52. 53)-

534. Other Saka Satraps. — The attribution of certain other classes

of Scythic coins previous to the period of Ku§ana supremacy is, at present,

more doubtful. Some of these are imitated from the coins of the successors

of Maues — Azes and Azilises; and, as they bear the title *satrap', they were

very probably struck by satraps of this dynasty. The date of one of these,

the Satrap Zeionises (Jihonisa, Plate II, 3), son of the Satrap Manigula is

probably as early as 80 B.C. (CNChr. 1890, pp. 125. 168, PI. XV, i, 4*). Of

a similar date is Aspavarma^ son of Indravarma, the strategos of Azes (id.

pp. 126. 169; but V. also inf. S 61), and a ruler, whose name has not yet

been discovered and who is only known at present as the son ofVijayamitra

(id. pp. 127. 170). Somewhat later are the badly executed coins oi Kharatnosta^

son of Artas (id.).

For the suggested identification of this Kharamosia with the Kharaosta of the
Mathura Lion Capital, v. Buhler's note JRAS. 1894, p. 533.

535. Doubtful Classes. — The precise nationality of the following
Scythic princes, whose coins seem all to belong to the latter half of the
1^* cent. B.C., is uncertain.

Miaus or Heraus (Plate II, i), the former reading of the name being
that which was finally adopted by C. (NChr. 1888, p. 47). Formerly the Saka
nationality of this ruler was accepted, and a portion of the legend on his
tetradrachms was read lAKA KOIPANOY^ *prince of the Sakas' (GARD.p.XLVii).
Oldenberg read lAKA-KOPPANOY, *the Saka-Kusana', regarding the Ku§anas
as a family of the Sakas (cp. the title of Kani§ka, Gusanavamsa-samvarddhaka)y
and the Sakas and Yueh-ti as either the same people,, or the Sakas as one
of the tribes of the Yueh-ti (ZfN. 1881, p. 295 = Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 215).
Thomas read the first part of the legend as XANAB or ZANAI, and regarded
the first three letters as an abbreviation of the word samvatsara, the fourth
as the Greek numeral = i, and the last as, perhaps, denoting some particular
mint (JRAS. 1883, p. 75). C. read lANAB or lANAOB, and KOPPANOY or
KOPIANOY, comparing the legend of the oboli, which is distinctly MIAOY
KOPIANOY, and translated *the Kusana prince', supposing the first word to
be the equivalent of a Scythic royal title Tsanyu or Chanyu «= the title deva-
putra used by the Kusanas in their inscriptions (NChr. 1888, p. 47; 1890,
p. 155). He also suggested that this Miaus may be the adventurer Yin-mo-fu^
to whom the Chinese attribute the conquest of Kipin in B.C. 49 (Remusat,
Nouv. Melanges Asiat I, p. 207; C.NChr. 1888, p. 51). The silver coins, tetra-
drachms and obols, bear legends in Gk. only. It is doubtful whether the
attribution of a bilingual (Greek and Kharosthi) copper coin to Miaus (CNChr.
1888, PI. in, 13) can be supported. If so, its evidence would prove that Miaus
ruled territory to the south of the Hindu Kush. This view is strengthened

lo n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

by the fact that all the obols were found in W.Afghanistan (C. op. cit. p. 50.
For the opposite view, v. Gard. p. xlviii and inf § 36).

For the characteristic differences between the coins of Sakas and Ku§anas,
the discussion of which bears on the question of the nationality of Miaus,
V. CNChr. 1889, p. 294.

S 36. The obols of Miaus are similar, both in fabric and in portraiture,
to the coins of Hyrcodes (Plate II, 2), which seem undoubtedly not to
have been struck on the Indian side of the Paropanisus, but to belong to
the class of coins struck by the Ku§anas or Yueh-ti in Bactria at some
time subsequent to their settlement there c. 120 B.C. To the same class belong
also the coins of Sapaleizes, which bear the name of the goddess Nannaia
whose effigy so frequently occurs on the coins of the Kusanas — Kani§ka,
Huvi§ka, and Vasudeva.

C.NChr. 1889, p. 303; Gard. pp. xlviu, 117, PI. XXIV, 8—16.

S 37. No adequate explanation has been given of the following: —
(i) The gold piece published in Gard. p. 162, PI. XXIX, 15, and classed
as Indo-Scythic, Uncertain. It is possible that this piece, which differs in
important respects from all known coins, may be a reproduction in gold of
the designs of two seals or gems.

(2) The thick piece of silver formerly belonging to General Malcolm
G. Clerk and now in the British Museum. This is said to have come from
the Oxus country, and bears characters which have not yet been satisfactorily
explained. It is possibly only a modem fabrication, or it may have been
intended for use as a charm or ornament

Proc. ASB. 1884, p. 127; id. 1885, p. 3.

S 38. Indo-Chinese coins. — Copper coins found in the neighbourhood
of Kashgar (J. R. Geogr. Soc. XL VII, p. 12) bearing inscrr. in both Indian
(Kharo§thT) and Chinese characters^ show an extension to this region of some
Indian power — perhaps Greek or Saka. The Chinese inscrr. have reference
to the weight or value of the coins. The Kharosthl inscrr. on the few known
specimens are incomplete, but certainly contain fragments of the names of
more than ^ one ruler. All the suggested attributions of these coins to known
Greek or Saka kings are merely conjectural.

Terrien de Lacouperie, Comptes rendus de I'Acad. des Inscrr. 1890, p. 338
(rev. Rev. Num. 1890, p. 256); Gard., NChr. 1879, p. 274 (appendix on geog..
Ho WORTH p. 279); Gard. p. 172, no. 4.

VI. COINS OF NATIVE INDIAN STATES FROM THE EARLIEST

TIMES TO C. 50 A.D.

S 39. This branch of Indian numismatics has only recently received any
systematic treatment, and is still so full of difficulties, that the most convenient
plan here will be to give in alphabetical order a list of those states whose
earliest coins can, with any probability, be included within the wide limits
given above.

S 40. Aim or a. — There are three specimens, found near Almora, and
now in the B. M., which are different in fabric from every other known Indian
coinage. They appear to be of some alloy of silver and are heavier than
any other Indian coins. Two of them bear in large Brahml characters,
probabl)^ of a date between the i^' cent. b.c. and the 2"*^ cent, a.d., the
names Sivadatta and Sivapali[ta]. The rev. type — a Caitya-railing — is

VI. Coins of Native Indian States from the earliest times. i i

somewhat similar to that of some of the coins of Pancala (v. §53) and on
the obv, appears a Stag, as on the coins of the Kunindas (v. § 50).
PE. I, p. 224.

S 41. Aparanta. — The legend on these coins has been read Mahd-

rdjasa Apaldtasa. As they are similar in appearance to the coins struck by

the Satraps of Mathura (S 32) and also by Hindu princes ruling in the same

neighbourhood (v. inf. sub Mathura S 52) their date is probably the latter

part of the i^* cent. B.C. or the first part of the i^' cent. a.d.

C.CAI. p. 103; CASK. XIV, p. 136, PI. XXXI, 3./ 4; PE. II, PI. XLIV, 25. 26.
For the locality ot Aparanta = Northern Konkan: Bhandarkar, Tr. I. Or. Congr.
1874, p. 313; and Hist. Dek. p. 17, note 4; C, however, CAL p. 102, contends that
Aparanta «= W.Rajputana.

S 42. Arjunayana (Plate HI, 20). — The coins belong to the same

class and period as the preceding. The Arjunayanas are mentioned in the

Allahabad Pillar inscr. of Samudragupta (Fleet, CII. Ill, p. 8, and preface,

p. 10).

C.CAI. p. 90, PI. VIII, 20; PE. PI. XLIV, 22.

S 43. Audumbara or Odumbara (Plate III, 8). — The coins, found in

the district of Pathankot, are in style like the hemidrachms of the Greek

prince ApoUodotus and are found together with them. Their date is, therefore,

probably c. 100 b.c. A similarity in style is also observable between the

Audumbara coin given in C.CAI, PI. IV, i, and one of Azilises in NChr. 1890,

PI. X, 5 a. Like their contemporaries the Kunindas (S 50) the Audumbaras

use both Brahmi and Kharo§thT coin-legends.

C.CAI. p. 66, PI. IV; C.ASR. XIV, p. 115, PI. XXXI, I. 2; Proc. BA. 1885,
p. 96; RoDGERS, Cat. Lahore Mus. Ill, p. 151; Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 8, PI. I, I2.

S 44. Ayodhya. — The oldest coins seem to be the cast pieces (Plate

IV, 2, and C.CAI. PI. IX, i — 3), the date of which is, perhaps, before 200 b.c.

The square inscribed pieces, most of which are also cast (Plate IV, 4, and

id. 4 — 11), may belong to the 2"*^ cent. B.C. The other coins, which bear

names ending in -mitra (Plate IV, 3, and id. 12 — 19, v. also Smith, JRAS.

1889, p. 51) seem to belong to the same and following centuries. The relation

of these Mitra coins to those found in N.Pancala, and the relation of either

or both of these classes to the Sunga dynasty are at present matters of

uncertainty (v. inf. § 53).

CCAI. p. 90, PI. IX; Rivett-Carnac, JBA. 1880, Pll. XVI. XVH; PE. I, p. 418,
PI. XXXIV, 19-21 etc.

§ 45. Bar an. — C. supposed this to be the ancient name of Buland-
5hahr and read the legend on the coins Gomitasa Bdrdndyd (C.CAI. p. %Z^
PI. Vm, 10; CASK. XIV, p. 147, PI. XXXI, 15); but, as has been pointed
out by BuHLER, the old name of this place was Varana^ and the reading of
the coin-legend is extremely doubtful. This Gomitra has usually been identi-
fied with one of the Hindu princes of Mathura of the same name (v. inf.
§52); but the types of his coins are different and the forms of the Brahmi
letters of his coin-legends seem to be more ancient.

S 46. Eran — Erakina. — The coins found on the site of this ancient
-city in the Sagar District are remarkable as being the finest specimens of
purely native money (Plate IV, 8). It is possible to trace here the develop-
ment of the punch-mark system into the type system. In the place of a
number of symbols punched on to the coin from time to time, there appears
at a later period a definite type, made up of a collection of these symbols
struck from a die. This is usually the case in those parts of India which
were least affected by foreign influence (cp. inf § 129).

12 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

C.CAL p. 99, PI. XI; CASK. X, p. 77, PI. XXIV, 15—17; id. XIV, p. 149,
PI. XXXI, 17. 18. For the reading of the legend of a very ancient coin from
Eran (Plate IV, 7), v. Buhler, Ind. Stud. Ill, p. 42; for other coins, of a later
date, iDearing the name of the city, v. C.ASR. X, 1. c.

S 47. J an ap a da. — No satisfactory explanation has yet been given of
the coins which bear the legend Rdjna Janapadasa, sometimes written in
Brahml and sometimes in Kharo§thi letters. C. suggests (loc. inf. cit.) that
this may be a place-name = Rajasthan, or perhaps the name of the inhabitants
of this place = the Xaxpiatoi, i. e. Ksatriyas, of Ptolemy (VII, i. 64; cp. L.IA.
in, p. 141). To judge from style, the coins bearing an inscr. in Kharo§thi
characters (Plate III, 18) seem to belong to an earlier period than the others
which are in fabric like the coins of the Satraps of Mathura (Plate III, 19).

C.CAI. p. 89, PI. VIII, 19; CASK. XIV, p. 151; PE. II, II. XLIV, 17—19.
S 48. Kada (Plate III, 7). — The attribution of the coins of cast copper,
which bear the legend Kadasa in Brahml characters, is uncertain. Buhler
explains Kadasa as the genitive of Kada, the name of a king, a N.Indian
form = Sk. Kdla or Pali Kala^ "black", and for the equation — N.Indian
d = Sk. 1 — compares forms found in the Girnar edicts, e. g. mahiidyo =
Sk. mahildh "women". The coin figured in C.CAI. PL V, 6, was found among
coins of the Kunindas, and this fact led C. to conjecture that it may belong
to the ancestors of the present Ka^aik branch of the Kunets (C.CAI. p. 7 1 ;
V. also S 50).

C.CAI. PI. II, 21. 22; C.ASR. II, p. 10; VI, p. 167.

§49. Kosambi or Vatsa-pattana, an ancient city in the Allahabad District.
(For its identification with the modem Kosam on the Jamna, and an outline
of its history, v. C. Geog. p. 391.) The large cast coins which may be com-
pared with those reading Kdiiasa (v. § 48) are probably as early as the
3"^^ cent. B.C. (Plate III, 12, cp. C.CAL PI. V, 7—10). The others (e. g. C,
1. c. II — 18) may perhaps belong to the two following centuries. W^ith them
may be compared the coins of Pancala and the later coins of Ayodhya
(SS 53- 44, and C.CAI. Pll. VE. IX). For the coins which bear the legend
Bahasatimitasa (Plate III, 11) cp. the inscrr. of Bahasatimita at Pabhosa
(FtJHRER, EI. n, p. 240).

C.CAI. p. 73, Fl. V, 7—18; C.ASR. I, p. 301; X, p. 4, H. II; PE. PI. VIII,
12—15; JBA. 1873, pp. 109. 191.

S 50. Kuninda. — The territory of the Kunindas would seem to be
the hill districts, on both sides of the Satlej, occupied by the Kunets of the
present day (C.ASR. XTV, 126). Their coins are of two periods. The earlier,
which, like those of the Audumbaras, have legends in both Brahml and
Kharo§thT characters, and like them too are found in company with hemi-
drachms of Apollodotus (v. sup. § 43) are probably as early as B.C. 100
(Plate III, 9). The later, which seem to show the influence of the large
copper money of the Ku§anas, and which bear inscrr. in a later form of
Brahml characters, may, perhaps, belong to the 3"^^ or 4^^ centuries, a.d. (Plate
III, 10). The fact that the coins of the Yaudheyas also fall naturally into
similar classes (S 60) would seem to show that these Hindu states, and probably
others, rose in power as the Greek and Kusana supremacies successively
declined.

C.CAI. p. 70, PI. V, I— 5; C.ASR. XIV, p. 137, PI. XXXI, 5, 6; Rodgers,
I. M. Cat. Ill, p. 9. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 413, PI. XV, 23; IE. I, pp. 203. 208,
PL XIX, 16; TH.JRAS. 1865, p. 447; JBA. 1875, p. 89; 1886, p. 161; Proc. BA.
1875, p. 164.

S51. Malava. — The coins on which the legend Mdlavdndm Jay ah
has been read were formerly regarded as ancient; but both the character of

VI. Coins of Native Indian States from the earliest times.

13

their inscrr., and the fact that they are in fabric somewhat similar to the
coins of the Nagas of Padmavati (SMnu, JRAS. 1897, p, 643; v. int S loj),
point to a date not earlier than the 5"' cent. a.d.

CASK. VI, pp. 165. 174; XIV, 149, VL XXXI, 19—25; Fleet, CU. Ill, Pref.

p. 6j; RoDGEES, I. M. Cat. Ill, p. 15.

S 52. Mathu ra. — For an ancient cast coin found in the neighbourhood
of Mathura and bearing the inscr. Updtikyd in Brahmi letters at least as
early as the 3"* cent. n.c. (Plate III, 17) v. C.CAI p. 86, PI. VIH, i; and
C.ASR. UI, pp. 14. 39. The coins of Balabhuti have Brahmi characters of,
probably, the 2"'' cent b.c. (C.CAI. p. 87, PI. Vni, 9). For the coins of other
Hindu princes found at Mathura v. C.CAI. p. 88, PI. VIII; and Bh.JRAS.
1894, p. 553, PI. 10 — 14. Bh. assigns these to the period of the decline of
Saka power at Mathura, i. e. after the last part of the i" cent. B.C., thus
assuming that they were imitated from the coins of the Saka satraps of
Mathm-a (S 32); hut some of the coins of Ramadatta (Plate IV, i; C.CAL
Plate Vin, 13; and Bh.JRAS. 1894, PI. 14) seem to be undoubtedly earlier,
as they have, for the reverse the incuse square which characterises the coins
of Paiicala (Suiigas, % 53}. The coins of Balabhuti are also connected with
those of Bahasatimita {% 49) by identity of type — a Caitya-tree — and by
their epigraphy. These considerations would seem to show diat some at least
of the Hindu princes preceded the Saka satraps, who imitated their coins.

% 53. Paiicala (Platelll, 16), —^ The corns discussed under this heading
have usually been attributed to the Sufiga or Mitra dynasty, and it is by no
means certain that they should not still be so classed. The difficulties affecting
this identification are (i) the fact that most of the coins are found in Rohil-
khand, the ancient kingdom of North Pancala, whereas other indications point
to East Malwa as the seat of Suiiga power, (2) the fact that of the dozen
names which occur on the coins, only one, that of Agnimitra, is found in the
Sunga dynastic lists given in the PuraJjas. On the other hand, the fonnation
of the names which generally end in -mitra is similar in either casej and the
Suiga period, inferred from the Purarias, b.c. 176 — ^66, is that of the style
and epigraphy of the coins. There is probably, too, some connexion between
these coins and the Mitra coins found at Ayodhya (v. sup. % 44), These Paiicala
(Sunga) coins bear inscrr. in Brahmi letters. For the characteristic features
of their fabric, v. sup. § 52.

C.CAI. p. 79, n. VII; CAHtLEYLE, JBA. 1880, p.2i; Rivett-Casnac, id. p. 87;

RAjESDRA LiLA Mltra, Proc. BA. 1880, p. 8.

S 54. Purl and Ganj am. — Numerous specimens of a peculiar class of
bronze coins have been found in the Purl District of Orissa and in the
neighbouring District of Ganjam in the Madras Presidency. They bear no
inscriptions; but their types are evidently borrowed from those of the bronze
Kusana coins of the time of Kani^ka {% 73) — viz. standing figure of the
king on obv., and the figure of some deity on rev. In the case of the chief
recorded discovery of these coins in the Puri District, they were found in
company with bronze Ku^ana coins struck in the ordinary manner. From
this it would seem probable that the two classes — the struck originals and
the cast imitations — were in circulation at the same time. It appears,
however, to be a fact, that Kusana coins are not, as a rule, found so far
east or south of India as Purl and Ganjam; and it has been suggested that
their occurrence in these districts may be due to pilgrims who brought them
from a distance as offerings at the shrines of Puri. It is, therefore, possible
that the cast imitations in question may have been made for the same pur
pose, and that they should be regarded uot as coins, but, like the Ravia-

14 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

tankas of a later date, as temple-oflferings. In either case they probably

belong to that part of the Kusana period which lies between the reign of

Kani§ka and the end.

For the coins found in the Purl Dist., v. Hoernle, Proc. ASB. 1895, p. 61,
Fl. II; for those found in the Ganjam Dist., v. Elliot, Numismatic Gleanings
p. 33 = JMLS. XX (New Series IV), p. 75.

S 55. Sibi = the Sobii of Quintus Curtius (X, 4), the inhabitants of the
country around Chitor. For coins on which this name has been read — in
this case, however, the reading cannot be regarded as certain — v. C.ASR.
VI, p. 204; XIV, p. 146, PI. XXXI, 13. 14.

S56. Taxila, the modem Shahdheri or Dheri Shahan, in the Rawal
Pindi District (C. Geog. p. 104). For the coins of the earliest period, v. supra
SS 4 — 6. The art of striking from a die would seem to have been known
here at an earlier period than elsewhere in India. The earliest specimens are
struck only on one side, and by a method peculiarly Indian, according to
which the metal was stamped while in a semi-molten state, with the result
that the impress of the die was left enclosed in a deep incuse square. The
coins ofPaiicala (S 53) andTripuri (S57) offer other examples of this method
(Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 553). From the early square struck coins of Taxila (Plate
I, 11) are imitated the copper coins of the Greek princes Pantaleon and
Agathocles, c. 190, B.C. (Plate I, 12, Pantaleon). These, like all other Greek
coins of the period, have types on both sides; and the *double-die' coins of
Taxila, the art of which, moreover, has an undoubtedly Greek appearance,
are probably due to their influence (Plate I, 13). The double-die coins are
succeeded by those of Maues, who probably conquered Taxila in the latter
part of the 2"^ cent. B.C. C. regards Liaka Kusuluka as a Saka satrap of
Maues at Taxila, interpreting the words of the Taxila copper-plate Chahard\t(z\
Cukhsa as one name == Taxila (Geog. p. 109).

C.CAI. p. 60, Pll. n. ni; C.ASR. XIV, p. 16, Fl. X; Ar. Ant. PI. XV,
26—31.

S 57. Tripuri or Tripura, the ancient name ot Tewar in the Jabalpur
District (C.ASR. IX, p. 54). For the coins which bear this name in Brahmi
characters of, probably, the 3'^ cent. B.C., v. Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 553, PI. 15.

S 58. Ujjain. — The earliest coins bear the inscr. Ujeniya in Brahmi
characters of probably the 2"*^ cent. b.c. (Plate IV, 5). All the other coins
known at present are uninscribed, and are distinguished by a symbol which
appears to be chaiucteristic of, though not altogether confined to, this district
(Plate IV, 6). They do not afford sufficient data to allow of any satisfactory
chronological arrangement

CCAI. p. 94, PI. X; CASK. XIV, p. 148, PI. XXXI, 16; JBA. 1838, p. 1054,
PI. LXI, 2. 22.

S 59. Vatasvaka (Plate III, 6). — The coins bearing this legend in

Brahmi characters similar to those on the square copper coins of Pantaleon

and Agathocles (c. 190 B.C.) are also connected by identity of type with some

of the 'single-die' coins found in the neighbourhood of Taxila (cp. C.CAI.

PI. n, no. 1 7 with no. 1 4). As coins of Pantaleon and Agathocles are imitated

from these earlier single-die coins, the date of the Vatasvaka coins is probably

at least as early as b.c 200. Buhler has explained this name as denoting

the Vata (or Fig-tree) subdivision of the Asvaka tribe (Ind. Stud, m, p. 46).

For the Aivakas = 'Aooa7.T|Vo{: Arrian, Anab. IV, 25, and Indica I, 1. Cp.
also L.IA. II, p. 129; CNChr. 1893, p. loo,

% 60. Yaudheya. — The Yaudheyas have been identified with the modern
Johiyas of Bhawalpur (C. Geog. p. 245), but in ancient times their territory

Vn. Indo-Parthian Coins. 15

was more extended. The coins may be chronologically arranged as follows:

(i) the smaller copper coins, which, though of rougher workmanship, may in

other respects be compared with the earlier coins of the Audumbaras (S 43)

and Kunindas ($ 50) c. 100, b.c. (Plate III, 13); (2) the large copper coins,

which show both in their fabric and in their types the influence of the Ku§anas

(Plate III, 14); the coins which have as their type a six-headed divinity,

perhaps Karttikeya, are somewhat later (Plate III, 15).

C.CAI. p. 75, PL VI; C.ASR. XIV, p. 139, Fl. XXXI, 7—12; Prinsep, JBA.
1834, PL XXV, 4. 5; PE. PL IV, 1 1. 12; PL VII, 4; H. XIX, 5. 6. 9. 10. 22;
PL XXI, 16. 17. The Yaudheyas tributary to Samudragupta: Fleet, CII. Ill,
pp. 14. 251.

vn. INDO-PARTHIAN COINS.

S 61. Date of I.-P. Dynasty. — The Indo-Parthian dynasty, the best-
known member of which is GondophareSj seems to have succeeded the
dynasty of Vonones in Kandahar and Seistan, and to have, at one period,
extended its territories eastwards into the W.Panjab and Sind, which at an
earlier date, formed the kingdom of Maues (v. sup. S 29; CNChr. 1890, p. 122).
With regard to the chronological limits — (i) the foundation of the dynasty
seems to be after i B.C. (von Gutsch. Gesch. Jr. p. 134); and (2) the date
of one of the latest kings, Sanabares^ after 77 a.d. (von Sallet, ZfN. 1879,
p. 364). For a coin bearing the name of Aspavarma (v. sup. § 34), which
seems to join in some manner as yet unexplained the two branches represented
by Gondophares and Azes (S 31) v. Rodgers, NChr. 1896, p. 268.

Gard., Parthian Coinage p. 46 (v. also Drouin, Rev. Num. 1895, p. 46) makes
Sanabares contemporary with Phraataces c. B.c. 3 — a.d. 4. This, however, depends
on the reading of a date FIT, Seleucid era 313 *= a.d. i, on a coin of Sanabares
(Th, Sassanian Inscrr. 1868, p. 121); and Markoff, Zapiski Russian Asiatic Society
1892, p. 297 (v. also NChr. 1893, p. 218) has shown that this reading cannot be
supported.

S62. Gondophares. — The date 21 a.d. as the first year of the reign

Gondophares has been obtained from his Takht-i-Bahi inscr. by regarding the

year 103 as Vikrama samvat.

CNChr. 1890, p. 118; Markoff, Russ. As. Soc. 1892, p. 293, rev. Drouin,
Rev. Num. 1893, p. 119, and Rapson, NChr. 1893, P« 217.

Whether this procedure be justifiable or not, the result well agrees with

evidence derived from the epigraphy of the Greek legends of the coins (Gard.

p. xLVi) and with other indications.

For the coins of this dynasty: Gard. p. 103, PlI. XXII. XXIII; voN Sallet,
ZfN. 1880, p. 296; 1881, p. Ill; CNChr. 1890, p. 158, PlI. XIII. XIV; Markoff,
op. cit. PI. IV, 25 — 31; PE. II, p. 215. Coin of Abdagases with portion of Kharo§thl
inscr. written from left to right: Hoernle, Proc. BA. 1895, p. 83. For the identi-
fication of Gondophares with the Gundophorus of the apocryphal Acts of St. Thomas :
VON Gutsch., N. Rhein. Mus. f. Philol. XIX, p. 161 ; cp. also Gesch. Ir. p. 134;
Gard. p. XLUi; PE. II, p. 214.

S 63. Wrongly attributed coins. — The XjtTca Indo-Parthian has also

been applied by Th. (JRAS. 1870, p. 503 = NChr. 1870, p. 139 = with

additions, ASWI. 1874 — 75 "Kathiawad and Kacch", p. 52 = Dynasty of

Guptas &c. p. 37) to certain thin coins of Sassanian fabric, which are more

probably to be attributed to some dynasty — perhaps the Ephthalites or their

Turkish conquerors — reigning in territory to the north of India and at a

period not earlier than the middle of the 6*^ cent. a. d.

Rapson, NChr. 1896, p. 246. Cp. also Markoff, Russ. As. Soc. 1892, p. 298,
PI. IV, 32. 33 (rev. Rev. Num. 1893, p. 130; and NChr. 1893, p. 219). For the epi-
graphy: Drouin, JA. 1891 (XVII), p. 148 == Rev. Num. 1891, p. 222.

1 6 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

VIIL KUSANA COINS.

S 64. Definition. — As considerable confusion has sometimes arisen

from an inaccurate use of the term *Ku§ana', it should be borne in mind

that it bears two distinct significations, according to the period of which it

is used: — (i) the Ku§anas were originally one of the five tribes of the

Yueh-ti, who, by c. 120 B.C., had become the predominant power in Bactria

and other neighbouring countries to the north of the Paropanisus; (2) c.25 B.C.,

this particular tribe gained a supremacy over the other four tribes of Yueh-ti,

and, from this time onwards, the word *Ku§ana' is used to denote the whole

Yueh-ti people united under their leadership. The first result of this unity of

the previously separate and, perhaps, somewhat discordant forces of the Yueh-ti,

was the conquest of the last remaining Greek kingdom in the Kabul valley

under Hermaeus.

Specht, JA. 1883 (II), p. 317; Th., Ind. Ant. 1886, p. 19; CNChr. 1889, p. 269;
1892, p. 41. But see S. Li;vi, JA. 1897, p. 1 ff.

§ 65. Hermaeus, Kujula Kadphises. — The numismatic evidence of the
progress of thisKu§ana conquest of the kingdom of Hermaeus is complete. The coins
show the following sequence: — (i) Hermaeus alone (Gard. p. 62); (2) Kujula
Kadphises associated with Hermaeus, i. e. obv, EPMAIDY, rev. in Kharo§thi
Kujula Kasasa (Plate 11, 7; cp. Gard. p. 120); (3) Kujula Kadphises alone,
L e. obv. KDZDVAD KAA«IZDV, rev. Kujula Kasasa (Plate II, 8; cp. Gard.
p. 122). Kujula Kadphises (= Kieu-tsieu-khio in Chinese) is said to have
died at the age of 80, c. a.d. 10, and the conquest of India, i. e. the Panjab
and the territory as far as the Jamna is ascribed to his successor (Specht,
JA. 1883 (n), p. 325).

Drouin, Rev. Num. 1888, p. 23; C.NChr. 1892, p. 45, puts the date of Kujula
Kadphises rather later, viz. c. B.C. 10, and regards Hima Kadphises as having
immediately succeeded him, c. a.d. 30. For the Greek inscr. on coins of Hermaeus
and Kujula Kadphises, v. Rapson, JRAS. 1897, p. 319.

8 66. There is less certainty in regard to the coins which should be
attributed to this second prince of the Ku§ana dynasty. By many writers he
is identified with the prince whose coins, directly imitated from the denarii
of Augustus of the years 4 B.C. — 2 a.d. (von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 378)
are inscribed, obv. KOZOAA KAAA<I>EC, rev, Kuyula Kaphsasa (Plate 11, 9);
cp. von Gutsch., Gesch. Ir. p. 136; Gard. p. xlviii; Drouin, Rev. Num. 1888,
p. 46). C., however, supposes these coins of Roman type to be the issue of
some particular mint of Kujula Kadphises, and explains the differences in the
inscriptions as due to the difficulty of representing a Ku§ana name in either
Greek or Kharo§thi characters (NChr. 1892, p. 46).

S67. The Nameless King. — This will, perhaps, be the most fitting
place to discuss the attribution of the coins of 'the Nameless King', whose
legends afford us only such information as is conveyed by the title BACiAevc
BACIAeYCDN (sic) CCDTHP MefAC, rarely accompanied by a Kharosthi trans-
lation (Plate II, 10; cp. Gard. p. 114). The extent of his dominion is shown
by the fact that his coins are found in great numbers "all over the Panjab,
as well as in Kandahar, and in the Kabul valley" (C.NChr. 1890, p. 115).
From a consideration of the fabric and epigraphy of these coins certain
tangible facts are deducible. They are connected, on the one hand, with
those of Miaus (§ 35), by similarity of type, rev. Horseman, and by the use
of the "reel and bead'' border (cp. PI. 11, i with 10; C.NChr. 1890, PI. XII, i
with 4; Gard. PI. XXIV, 7 with 6); and, on the other hand, with those of
Hima Kadphises (S 69), by the use of the nominative instead of the more

VHT. K.USANA Coins.

I?

I

usual genitive in the Greek inscriptions, by the use of the title atorfjp [^71;,
and by the similarity in form between certain letters both in the Greek
and Kharo5thi insert. (C.NChr, 189a, p. 71). Moreover, the Nameless King
uses a symbol of the kind which is characteristic of Hima Kadphises and
his successors; and, on a unique coin, published by C. (NChr. 1892, PLV,i4)
there occurs a bust with two faces, and, in front of the faces, the symbols
respectively of the Nameless King and Hima Kadphises (CNChr. 189s, p. 71).
It cannot be doubted that these two were nearly related in point of ttme;
whether they were also connected as members of the same dynasty is not
so certain. C. places the Nameless King among the Sakas (NChr. 1890,
p. 114), but also suggests diat these coins without a name may have been
issued by the satraps of one of the early Kusana kings, perhaps of Hima
Kadphises himself von Out&lhmid (Gesch. Ir. p. 136), recognising the numis-
matic break which occurs between Kozola Kadaphes and the later Hima
Kadphises, places the Nameless Kmg m the interval, and regards him as an
Indian prince — the Agnivesya prbce, who, according to the GargI Satphita
(Kern, Brhat-Sariihita 39) ruled over India for 20 years between two Saka
dynasties. C, too, saw the feasibihty of some such view and suggested that
the KharosthT Vi, which occurs on many of these coins (e. g. C.NClir, 1890,
PI. Xn, 4) might be an abbreviation of Vikramddiiya (1. c. p. 115). It must
be pointed out, however, that, if any such identification of the Nameless King
with Vikramaditya is possible, the Vikrama era, which begins with 57 u.c, must,
if our chronology of this period is correct, be supposed to date from his birth.

S 68. Kujula Kara Kadphises. — This prince, who bears the Ku? an a
rifle Devajnttra, is supposed by C. to be the son of Kujula Kadphises, and
the predecessor of Hima Kadphises.

NChr. 1892, p. 65, PL IV, 9—13. In ihe chronoJogical lable on p. 45, he is,

however, placed after Hima Kadphises and before Kaniska.

Usually, however, it has been assumed that the coins bearing this form
of the name are merely varieties of the coinage of Kujula Kadphises (v. sup.
S 65); and, in favour of this assumption which allows them an earlier date,
it may be pointed out that in type and execution they somewhat resemble
those of Zeionises (v. sup. § 34; cp. Gakb. PI. XXni, 5, Zeionises, with 7, Ku-
jula Kara Kadphises).

S 69. Hima Kadphises. — The order of succession of the Indian
Kusana monarchs from this point to the last quarter of the z'"' cent a.d.
is certain. Hima Kadphises who has been identified with the Yen-kao-ching
of the Chinese accounts (c. 30 — 78 a.d.; Plate II, 11) is connected with his
successors as the first to issue the gold coinage, which is continued by the
Guptas after the supremacy of Northern India had passed into their hands
in the 4''' cent. a.d. With the exception of two or three gold coins of
Eucratides (Rev. Num. 1867, p. 382; NChr. 1892, p. 37, PI. DJ, 11), one
of Menander (C. coll., now in B.M.) and, perhaps, one of Taxila (C.CAI.
PL TL, 18), and another coin of uncertain attribution (G.-vrd. p. 162, PI. xxix,
15, v. sup. § 37 (i)), no specimens which can possibly have been struck in
India, during the two centuries previous to the date of Hima Kadphises,
are to be found in the collections of the present day. The large gold coinage
of the Kusanas has been attributed to the influx of Roman gold to India
at this period.

CNChr. 18S8, p. 219, and the passage of Pliny there quoted, Hist. Nat. XII,

41 (18).

S 70. Certain it is that the Roman weight-standard {aureus = 124 grains

Indo-Atyjti Research. 11. 3 u, 3

1 8 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

or 8,035 grammes) was adopted in India at this time. Pieces of the weight
of two aurei were only struck by Hima Kadphises; the largest gold coins of
his successors are aurei.

For a table of the weights of these and later Ku§ana gold coins, v, C.CML p. 16.

S 71. The coin-legends of Hima Kadphises are both in Greek and

Kharo§thI. Those of his three next successors are in Greek only. Afterwards,

NagaxI letters and monograms are used instead of the Greek inscriptions
which had ceased to be intelligible (v. inf. S 74).

For coins of Hima Kadphises with unusual Kharo§thi inscrr., v. Hoernle^
Proc. BA. 1895, p. 82.

S 72. Kani§ka, Huvi§ka, Vasudeva. — The Saka era has usually
been supposed to date from the abhiseka of Kaniska at Mathura in 78 a.d.
(Oldenberg, ZfN. 1 88 1, p. 292 = Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 214); and to this era the
dates found in the stone inscrr. of Kaniska^ Huviska, and Vasudeva^ have
usually been referred. If this supposition be correct, the known dates will
be as follows: — Kani§ka, years 7 — 28 = a.d. 85 — 106; Huvi§ka, years 33 — 64
= A.D. III — 142; Vasudeva, years 74 — 98 = a.d. 152 — 176.

CNChr. 1892, p. 49. It used to be supposed that Vasudeva's inscriptional
dates began much earlier, so as to make the first part of his reign coincident with
the last part of Huvi§ka's (cp. Gard. p. Li; Drouin. Rev. Num. 1888, p. 38); but
C. (1. c.) suggests that this may be due to a misreading of the decimal figure
70 as 40. Coins of Huvi§ka with inscrr. in Brahml characters: Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 3*

C; however, reasoning from the fact that Kani§ka was a Kusana and
not a Saka king (v. sup. S 64), seeks another origin for the Saka era (he
supposes it to have been founded by Ca§tana, v. inf S 80), and explains the
Ku§ana dates as being of the Seleucid era (b.c. 312), with the hundreds
omitted (e. g. year 7 = 407 Seleucid =95 a.d.). This procedure would make
all the Ku§ana dates, as given above, 10 years later. C. justifies it by
referring to the fact that the Ku§anas use the Macedonian, and not the Indian,
names of the months in their inscrr. (NChr. 1892, p. 44); compare also
Bhandarkar (Hist. Dek. p. 26f.). Regarding another possibility, viz. that the
dates of Kani§ka and his^ successors have to be referred to the second cen-
tury of the era, used by Sodasa, Liako Kusuluka and others, see WZKM. IX>

p. 173^-

S 73. Religious emblems. — As illustrating the religious history of this
period, the coins of Kani§ka and Huvi§ka are important They show a
remarkable eclecticism; for on their reverses are represented Greek and Scythic
divinities, deities of the Avesta and of the Vedas, and Buddha.

For the coins of the Early Great Kusanas: C.NChr. 1892, p. 63, PH. IV— VIII;
id. p. 98, Pll. IX— XIV; Gard. pp. XLViii, 120, PU. XXV— XXIX; von Sallet,
ZfN. 1879, p. 377. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 347, PI. X. For the chronology: Drouin, Rev..
Num. 1888, pp. 8. 185; VON GuTSCH., Gesch. Ir. pp. 136. 164. Kusana modifications
of the Greek alphabet: Stein, Baby, and Or. Rec. 1887, p. 155; C. id. i888, p. 40^
Divinities represented on the coins: Stein op. c. = Ind. Ant. 1888, p. 89; CNChr.
1892, pp. 61. 128; Th.JRAS. 1877, p. 209; Hoffmann, Abh. f. d. K. des Morg^
1881, p. 139; ^Gard. p. LX; Rapson, JRAS. 1897, p. 322, for the reading OHJDO
as a name of Siva.

S 74. Later Great Ku§anas. — After the death ofVasudeva, c. 180 a.d.,
the gold and copper coinage of the Kusanas continues, but the Greek inscrr.
no longer afford any information. They are mechanically repeated and rapidly
become debased and illegible. Two or three isolated Nagari letters or mono-
grams are usually found on the reverse of the coins. These were, no doubt,
at the time, significant abbreviations, but all hope lor their interpretation now
lies in further discoveries of inscrr. of this period. These coins probably

VnL KusANA Coins. 19

constituted the currency of both the Kabul Valley and the Panjab during the
long period from iSo a.d, to c. 425 aji., the date of the settlement of Kidara
Shah in Gandhara {§ 76). Within these limits the relative age of ditferent
classes may be determined by their nearness to or remoteness from the originals
from which they were copied- Thus C.'s class A (NChr. 1893, p. 115, PI. VlII)
on which the names ofKani^ka orVasudeva can still be read, is, no doubt,
older than his class B (id. p. 120, PI. IX) on which only a few vestiges of
the Greek letters remain. A criterion of locahty rnay also be applied; —
(i) the coins bearing OHJDO on the rei'., with type, Siva and his bull Nandi
(Plate II, 13) derived from the earlier Kujana types of Vasudeva (Plate II, rsj
belong rather to the Kabul Valley: they were imitated by the Scytho-Sassamans
(S 75); (2) those with APAOXti>0, and type, seated goddess (Plate II, 14),
belong rather to the more eastern portion of the Ku^ana dominions: they
were imitated by the Kidara Kusanas (g 76) and by the Guptas {S 91;
C.NChr. 1893, p. 115 ■ — by an error in his mode of statement, he seems to
mean the opposite). This type is probably also derived from the earlier
Kusanas (e.g. Gaed. PI. XXVI, 18: Kani^ka). This is, however, not certain,
as all the coins attributed to the earlier Kusanas which bear this type have
a late appearance, and it is possible that they may all have been struck
by the later Great Kusanas who mechanically repeated the names of their
predecessors in the Greek inscrr. on the okv.

CNChr. 1893, p. 1 12, Pll. VIU— X. Cp. alsu Th., Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 6; SiUTH.

JBA 1897, p. 3. For a coin whicU seems ID combine a Kujana obv. with a Sassa-

nian rm., v. Smith, op. cit. p. 5.

875. Scytho - Sassanians. — These coins come generally from the
districts on the Oxus, to the north of the Paropanisus; but, as they are also
occasionally found in the Kabul Valley and are, probably, the result of invasions
into this district (S x 1 5), they call for a short notice here (Plate II, 15). Their
limits of date are approximately fixed by the following data: — (i) Some of
the earliest specimens bear the head-dress and name of the Sassanian king,
Hormazd II (a.o. 301 — 310), who married a daughter of the Knjana king
of Kabul; (z) the later limit (a.d. 450) marks the date at which the terri-
tories on the Oxus were wrested from the Sassanians by the Ephthahtes
(C.NChr. 1893, p, 169). The date of the different coins is, in most cases,
fixed, as they usually bear the head-dress of the contemporary Sassanian
monarch, together with his name and titles in a debased form of the Greek
alphabet

CNChr. 1893, p. 166, PI. XUI. XIV.

According to this view this class of coins was issued by Sassanian con-
querors of the Yueh-ti whose territory lay to the north of the Paropanisus.

Another view is that of Drouin who regards tliem as coins of the
Yueh-ti (Kusanas) themselves, and explains the occurence of Sassanian names
and head-dresses, by supposing that both were borrowed by these Yueh-ti as
a consequence of their long friendly alliance with the Sassanian monarchy.
According to this view, therefore, these coins are of the Later Great Kusanas;
and are distinguished ft'om those treated of in g 74 only as being the issue
of a different district comprising a portion of the extreme north of India and
also Arachosia and Bactrlana on the other side of the Paropanisus.

DROflN, Rev. Nnm. 1896, p. 154, PI. V.

S 76. Kidara or Little Kujanas. — From Chinese sources (Specht, JA.
1883 (II), p. 328) we learn that Ki-to-lo, the leader of the Great Yueh-ti, who
has been identified by C. (NChr. 1893, p. 184) with the Kidara of the coins,
being hard pressed by the Ephthalites, crossed over the Paropanisus and

20 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

established in Gandhara — the Kabul Valley and Panjab — the kingdom of
the Little Yueh-ti. The date of this invasion is approximately fixed at
A.D. 425, as the Ephthalites, some time afterwards, sustained a signal defeat
at the hands of Varahran V, a.d. 428. The other limit, 475 a.d., marks the
conquest of Gandhara by the Ephthalites. The Kidara Ku§anas seem to have
retired "to the north, into Chitral and Gilgit to the west of the Indus, and
to Pakhali and Kashmir to the east of the river'* (CNChr. 1893, p. 187).
Their power can be traced in the coinage of Kashmir (S 112), and their
kingdom was again established on the Upper Indus after the defeat of the
Htrgia Mihirakula (v. inf. § 107), and lasted until, in the 9*^ cent. a.d., a revo-
lution placed a Brahman dynasty on the throne (v. inf. § 11 5). The coins of
the Kidara Ku§anas have as their rev, type the seated goddess, which char-
acterises class (2) of the coins of the later Great Ku§anas (S 74). This fact
suggests their attribution to Kashmir rather than to Gandhara. They bear on
the obv, the name Kidara, the founder of the dynasty, and on the rev, the
name of the ruling sovereign (Plate II, 16).

CNChr. 1893, p. 184, PI. XV; Proc. BA. 1888, p. 205. For the chronology
and ethnology: Drouin, JA. 1891, (XVII), p. 146 « Rev. Num. 1891, p. 219; HE.
p. 14, from the Mus^on, 1895; GuTSCH., Gesch. Ir. p. 168.

IX. DYNASTIES CONTEMPORARY WITH THE KUSANAS.

S 77. Now that we have traced the coinages of the Ku§anas do^vn to a
period where the inroads of the Hu^as (Ephthalites or White Huns) make a
conspicuous land-mark in the history of India, it will be a convenient oppor-
tunity to return and describe the coinages of other powers contemporary
with the Ku§anas.

§78. K§aharatas. — This is probably the name of some Saka family
or tribe. The evidence is as follows: — (i) on the Taxila copper-plate grant
of the 78* year of the Great King Moga (v. sup. S 29), Patika is described
as the son of Liaka Kusuluka, satrap of the Chahara[ta] and Cukh§a (tribes);

BH.JRAS. 1894, p. 551, the tribal names corrected in accordance with Dowson's
original reading (JRAS. 1863, p. 221) since verified by Buhler. For C's inter-
pretation of these two words, v. sup. S 5^.

(2) the Lion Capital, in which mention is made 9f the Great Satrap
Kusulaa, is dedicated *for the worship of the whole of Sakasthana' (Bh. ed
BtJHLER, JRAS. 1894, p. 540);

(3) Nahapana is described as a Ksahardta (Brahml) == Chaharata
(Kharosthi) on his coins (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 642, PI. I), and known as a Saka
from the inscrr. of his son-in-law Usavadata^(C.CAI. p. 105; ASWI. IV, p. loi);

^ (4) Nahapana's conqueror, the Andhra Satakarni, boasts of having defeated
the Sakas and of having entirely uprooted the Khakharata family (Old., ZfN.
1881, p. 320 = Ind. Ant 1881, p. 226; ASWI. IV, p. 108).

S 79. Nahapana. — There is no sufficient ground for the identification
either of Liaka Kusuluka with the Ku§ana Kozola Kadaphes (Gard. p. xlix),
dr of K§aharata.with the Kharamosta of the coins (CNChr. 1890, p. 171) or
the Kharaosta of the Lion Capital (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 641; 1894, p. 549).
There are, therefore, no coins, known at present which can, with any certainty,
be attributed to this family except those of Nahapana (Plate III, i), the
satrap who ruled over the southernmost conquests of the Sakas including
"a portion of the Deccan or Maratha country, the northern Konkan, some
portion of Gujarat proper, and Surastra or Kathiawad and Kacch." (Bh.JRAS.
1890, p. 642). Some of these territories were conquered from the Andhras

IX. Dynasties contemporary with the Kusanas. 21

(v. inf. S 86), and it has been conjectured by Bh. that the initial year of
the Saka era marks the date of this Saka victory.

L. c. For other views as to the origin of this era, v. SS 72. 80; C.GMI. p. 3,
refers the dates of Nahapana's inscrr. to the era of the Malavas, or Vikramaditya
samvat, B.C. 57.

In turn, however, Nahapana was certainly defeated by the Andhras, and

another family of satraps, probably at first acknowledging the supremacy of

the Andhra king, takes the place of the K§aharatas.

Oldenberg, ZfN. 1881, p, 322 = Ind. Ant. i88r, p. 225; Buhler, Ind. Ant.
1883, p. 272; Bhandarkar, Hist. Dek. p. 25.

S 80. K§atrapas of Sura§tra. — The first member of this family, whom

C. regards as the founder of the Saka era (CMI. p. 3) was Castana (Plate

III, 2), who was, probably,^ for some time contemporary with Nahapana, and,

perhaps, had Hke him a Saka origin.

BH.JRAS. 1890, p. 644, wrongly reading Cutsa instead of Cukhsa on the
Taxila copper-plate (v. sup. S 33) sees in this tribal name the origin of the name
Castana.

His territory would seem to have been originally in W.Rajputana, and
subsequently to have included Malwa (capital Ujjain).
Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 644; Bhand., Hist. Dek. p. 28.

After Nahapana, the territory of these satraps probably embraced tlie
districts originally governed by Nahapana and Ca§tana separately. The suzer-
ainty of the Andhras was, apparently, alternately successfully disputed and
reasserted during the reigns of the first two satraps, Ca§tana and Jayadaman.
The distinction between the titles mahak§atrapa and k§atrapa on these earliest
coins may be thus explained — Ca§tana originally a simple ksatrapa becomes
a mahak§atrapa, while his successor bears only the inferior title (Bh.JRAS.
1890, p. 645). The independence of this dynasty seems to have, been per-
manently established by the third satrap, Rudraddman^ who boasts, in his
Junagadh inscr., of having twice conquered the Satakarni king of the Deccan,
and of having won for himself the title of mahak§atrapa {svayamabhigata-
mahaksatrqpandmnah). After the time of Rudradaman, as is proved by the
coin-dates, the reigning sovereign is regularly styled mahak§atrapa; and the
the heir apparent, who governed some portion of the kingdom as viceroy, is
styled k§atrapa.

S 81. Coins of the W.K§atrapas. — The silver coins both of Nahapana
and of Ca§tana and his successors are copied from the hemidrachms of the
Greek princes of the Panjab — more particularly, perhaps, from those of
ApoUodotus Philopator (C.CML p. 3) and seem to follow the same weight-
standard (the Persian, v. sup. § 8: hemi-drachm = 43,2 grains or 2,8 grms.).
Traces of this origin are to be seen in the fi*agmentary inscr. in Greek char-
acters, which still continued to be repeated as a sort of ornament on the
obv, of the satrap coins after its significance was lost.

For attempts to explain these Greek letters as significant v. Th.JRAS. 1850,
p. 52; Bh., id. 1890, pp. 643. 648; PE. II, p. 88.

The coins of Ca§tana, like those of Nahapana, bear inscrr. in Nagarl
and Kharo§thI characters: on all subsequent coins Nagarl inscrr. only are
found. The coinage throughout this period is chiefly of silver, but specimens
in billon and copper are also known (e. g. C.CMI. PI. I, 7 — 12).

S 82. Inscrr. on K§atr. Coins. — The long rev, inscrr. regularly give
the names and titles both of the reigning satrap and of his father. The data
thus afforded, when taken in conjunction with the dates on the obv, (v. inf.
S 83), make it possible to reconstruct the outlines of this dynasty with an

2 2 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

unusual degree of precision (v. Genealogical Table in C.CMI. p. 5). An inter-
loper, named Isvaradatta, who takes the title mahdksatrapa and strikes coins
dated in the first and second years of his own reign, is probably to be placed
between the fourteenth and fifteenth members of the dynasty, Vijayasena and

Damajadasri in (v. inf. § 84).

There is a coin of an otherwise unknown K§atrapa, Satyadaman son of Dama-
jadasri I, in the collection of Col. J. Biddulph. This coin is remarkable as
having its inscr. in pure Sanskrit. For a coin of Arjuna, who may possibly also
be a member of this dynasty, v. Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 9, PI. I, 15.

S83. Dates on K§atr. Coins. — The inscriptional dates begin with
the year 72 of Rudradaman's Junagadh inscr. (v. sup. § 80). The coin-dates
(Plate III, 3; Damasena, date 153) begin with the year 100, in the reign of
the 5^ satrap, Jivadaman, and continue regularly to the end of the dynasty.
The last known dates are those of Rudrasimha, 310, and of his sister's son
Simhasena, 304 (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 662; C.CMI. p. 4). In determining the
era to which these dates should be referred, it should be borne in mind that
they probably do not mark the extreme limits of the dynasty. In the period
of confusion, when the kingdom of the satraps was falling to pieces before
the attacks of the Guptas, it is at least possible that no coins may have been
struck. The earliest coins of the Guptas struck in this part of India have,
imfortunately, no dates which have as yet been read with certainty (Smith,
JRAS. 1889, p. 123); but it is certain that the Gupta conquest took place in
the latter part of the reign of Candragupta Vikramaditya (c. a.d. 380 — 414,
Smith, JRAS. 1893, P- 82). If, therefore, the coin-dates of these satraps be
referred to the Saka era, 78 a.d., the latest known date 310 = a.d. 388,
would fall well within the reign of Candragupta; and there would seem to be
no sufficient reason for the alternative which has been suggested by Olden-
berg (ZfN. 1 88 1, p. 318 =Ind. Ant. 1881. p. 224), viz. that these dates should
be referred to an independent satrapal era beginning c. 100 a.d.

Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 405; Stevenson, JBRA. II, p. 377; Newton, id. 186 1,
p. 15; VII, p. I; IX, p. I; Th.JRAS. 1850, p. I; FLEET, Ind. Ant. 1885, p. 325;
PE. I, pp. 334. 425; n, pp. 69. 84. For the numerals, cp. also PE. II, p. 80; Bhau
DAji, JBRA. Vin, p. 225.

S 84. Abhiras. — These Abhira kings are known from inscrr. at

Nasik, and also from the Pauranic lists (Bhand., Hist. Dek. p. 45; Tr. I.

Or. Cong. 1874, p. 341; BuHLER, ASWI. IV, 103 f.). They are known to

have been connected with the K§atrapas of Sura§tra and Malwa sometimes

as commanders of their armies (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 657); and it has been

suggested that they were the governors of the Sahyadris and Konkan during

the same period (Bh., Bomb. Gaz. XVI, p. 624). It has been conjectured that

the interruption in the line of Mahaksatrapas between Vijayasena, year 171, and

Damajadasri, year 176 (v. sup. §82), may have been caused by an insurrection

of the Abhira king against his feudal lord. The contemporary K§atrapa,

Viradaman reigns uninterruptedly through this interval, but the position of

Mahak§atrapa seems to have been usurped by Isvaradatta who strikes coins

apparently imitated from those both of Vijayasena and Viradaman dated in

the first and second years of his reign. This conjecture is supported by

arguments derived from (i) the formation of the name, and (2) the method

of dating in regnal years.

Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 656. Bh. points out that if the last year of Vijayasena,
171, be the first year of Isvaradatta, this «= 248 a.d. may possibly mark the
beginning of the Trikfltaka (or of the Chedi) era; v. also C.CMI. p. 4. He also
suggests that Madharlputa, who is usually regarded as an Andhra may be an Abhira.
The use of metronymics is common to Andhras and Abhiras (Bomb. Gaz. XVI,
p. 623, note 2).

JX. Dynasties contemporary with the Kusanas. 33

S 85. The Andhras. — The Andhras (Andhrabhrtyas or Satavahanas),
though classed by the Purajjas among the rulers of Magadha, are, in historical
times, a Southern lodiaii power, the capital of which was Dhanyakataka =
Dhaianikot or Amaravatt on the Kistna in the Gantur Dist of Madras
(C, Geog. p. 540). But as, during the period for which the evidence of
coins is available, their history is closely connected with that of the Ksaharatas
and the K^atrapas of Sura§tra and Malwa, and as the style of some of the
coins themselves bears witness to this fact, it will be most convenient to
discuss them here.

S S6. E. and W.Andhrus. — At some time previous to this period the
Andhra kingdom had been extended westwards across the peninsula from sea
to sea, and nortliwards beyond the Narbadda. The provinces to the north of
this river seem to have been conquered by Nahapana (BH.JRAS. 1890, p. 642J,
reconquered by GotamTputra Sdtakarni J (prob. beg. of 2"'' cent a.d,), and
included in the satrapy of Cagtana. Of this western and northern portion of
the Andhra kingdom, the capital was Paithan, the ancient Prati?thana, on the
Godavari in the Aurangabad Dist. of the Nizam's Dominions. It has been
supposed (Bhand., Hist. Dek. p. 33) that at this second capital the heir apparent
to the throne ruled as viceroy, bearing the same relation to the Andhra
sovereign at Dhanyakataka as the kmtrapa bore to the mahaksatrapa in the
kingdom of Surasfra and Malwa after the time of Rudradaman. This point
is not determined by the coin-legends; but it is noteworthy that the two chief
classes of Andhra coins correspond to these two divisions of the kingdom.
The same names are found on the coins of both classes; but the Western
coins, found chiefly in the state of Kolhapur, are distinguished from the
Eastern, found chietiy in the deltas of the Godavari and Kistna, not only
by their types (C.CAI. p. 107), but also by the fact that their inscrr. include
certain names or titles not found on the others.

Vilhiayakurasa on coins of Gotamlputa (Plate III, 4) and VSsithlpata, and

Sivalakurasa {Bhand., Hist Dek, p. 30) or SisiUta^' (C.) on coins of Mldhartputa.

Bhant>. (I. c.l interprets these as names of viceroys of tlie Kolbapur dist. He

supposes the former to be mentioned by Ptolemy VII, t, 83: 'l;r[cAKO'jpa (=? KarhUd

or Kolliapur, p. 44) 6(ii>(^EtDv Ba^eaxDijpoj.

S 87. Types of E. and W.Andhra coins. — From a consideration of
the types represented on the coins of these two classes, the following sugges-
tions may be made;- — (i) the 'caitya' symbol which is characteristic of the
coins of Ca^tana and all his successors is no doubt derived from the Andhras;
(2) the use of the symbol found on most of the coins of Ujjain seems to be
an additional piece of evidence of the fact that, before the Saka conquest
under Nahapana, Malwa was included in the Andhra dominions; (3) the style
and types of other coins seem to connect them with coins ascribed to the
Pallavas (v. inf S 12SJ.

All the Andhra coins hitherto mentioned are of lead or of a peculiar
alloy of copper; in fabric they differ greatly from the northern coinages; and
nothing certain can be said about their weight-standard; but compare E.CSL
p. 23, note 2.

There is, however, a third class, a specimen of which was discovered in
the tope at Supara, which is of silver, precisely similar in fabric and style to
the earliest coins of the Ksatrapas of Sura^tra and Malwa, and probably struck
according to the same weight-standard (Plate III, 5). Of this coinage only
two specimens are at present known, and both of them bear the name of
Siriyaiia Gotamipula Saiakani II, who may, perhaps, have been a contem-
porary of Jayadaman or Rudradaman.

BH.JBRA. XV, p. 305, I'l. II. 7. 7a; BOkler, lud. Ant 1883, p. 273.

24 n. LlTERATXJRE AND HiSTORY. 3 B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HiSTORY: COINS.

S 88. Succession of Andhra kings. — In regard to the order of
succession and chronological arrangement of the different members of this
dynasty there is at present great uncertainty, and this uncertainty extends to
the attribution of the coins. Those bearing the inscr. Ratio Gotamtpniasa
Vilivdyakurasa (C.CAI. PI. XII, 6. 7; E.CSI. PI. II, 39. 40) are by some (Bhand.,
Tr. I. Or. Cong. 1 8 74, p. 3 5 1 ; Old., Ind. Ant. 1 88 1 , p. 2 2 6) assigned to Gotamiputra
Satakar^i I, the conqueror of Nahapana, and by others (Bh.JBRA. XIII, p. 308;
C.CAI. p. 105) to Siriyana Gotamiputa Satakani 11, whose name occurs in full
on other issues (S 87; C.CAI. PI. XII, 8 — 12; E.CSI. p. 25). The attribution of
the coins of the successor of Gotamiputa Satakani I, Vdsithtputa Fufumdyiy
who was probably contemporary with Ca§tana, is, on the other hand, quite
certain \

There is less certainty as to the position which the coins bearing the
names Mdiharlputa (C.CAI. PL XII, 4) and VasithTputa Sri Vadasata (id. 13. 14)
should occupy in the Andhra series ^

1 BuHLER, Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 272. The synchronism of Pulumayi and Ca§tana
is in every way probable and is rendered almost certain by the quotations from
Ptolemy VII, i, 82 Ba(9ava (Paithan) pao(Xeiov [SipoJirxoXefjiaCou, and Vn, i, 63,
'OCtQvt?) (Ujjain) paofXeiov TiaoravoO: Bhau Daji, JBRA. VII, p. 117.

2 Bh. suggests that Madhanputa may perhaps be an Abhira (v. sup. S 84), and
Bhand. (Hist. Dek. p. 35) that he may belong to a branch of the Andhra dynasty;
but V. BuHLER, Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 273; C.CAI. p. 107. For the coins of the An-
dhras: C.CAI. p. 102, PI. XII; Bh.JBRA. XIII, p. 303, PlI. III. IV; id. XV, p. 273,
PI. II; E.CSI. p. 28, PI. II, 39—48; Th., Ind. Ant. 1877, p. 274; 1880, p. 61. Cp.
also Proc. BA. 1882, p. 59; 1893, P Ii7; JBRA. XII, p. 407; XIV, p. 153; PE. II,
p. 66. For the chronology: Buhler, Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 272; Bhand. Tr. I. Or.
Cong. 1874, p. 347; and Hist. Dek. p. 25 (rev. Miss Duff, JRAS. 1895, P- 693);
Old., ZfN. 1881, p. 323 = Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 227.

S 89. Nanda Kings of Karwar. — Similar in style and fabric to the
large coins of the Andhras, and, therefore, probably belonging to the same
period, are those bearing the names of two Nanda kings of Karwar.
C.CAI. p. ni; E.CSI. p. 31, PI. II, 41. 42.

X. THE GUPTAS AND THEIR CONTEMPORARIES.

S90. The Imperial Guptas. — The founder of this dynasty, Srlguptay
c. 260 A.D., and his son Ghafotkaca^ are known only from the genealogical
tables given in the inscrr. The coins begin in the reign of the third member
of the dynasty, Candragupa I (Plate IV, 9), who is the first to use the
imperial title mahdrdjddhirdjay and who is to be regarded as the founder of
the Gupta era, the first year of which is 319 — 20 a.d. (Smith, JBA. 1894,
p. 165). The period of Gupta supremacy in Northern India begins with this
date and ends with the death of Skandagupta c. 480 a.d. For this period
the order of succession of the Gupta monarchs is certain, the limits of their
reigns are approximately determined, and the series of coins is complete.
After the death of Skandagupta, the attacks of the Hunas, which began during
his reign (v. inf. S 103), and probably also internal dissensions led to divisions
in the Empire. In the case of the divisions there remains at present con-
siderable doubt both as regards the order of succession and the dates of the
different reigns. This later Gupta period comes to an end in 606 a.d., when
Harsavardhana of Kanauj gained paramount power over the whole of Northern
India (Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 178).

The original capital of the Gupta empire seems to have been Pataliputra
(the modem Patna), and it is not improbable that the inscr. Licchavayafj, which
occurs on the rev, of Candragupta's gold coins together with the name of

X. The Gxn>TAS and their contemporaries.

his queen Kumaradevi may denote that she belonged to a royal family of
Licchavis previously reigning at Pafaliputra (Buhler, WZKM. V, 225 fF.; Smith,
JRAS. 1893, p. 81). When a great extension of the empire took place by
the conquest of the kingdom of the Ksatrapas of Sura§tra and Malwa in the
reign of Candragupta II Vikramdditya^ c. 410 a. d., it is probable that the
capital was transferred, either permanently or occasionally, to a more central
position at Ayodhya (Smith, JRAS. 1893, p. 86). At its greatest extent the
Gupta empire seems to have comprised the whole of Northern India, with
the exception of the Panjab (Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 178), which, no doubt,
continued to be ruled by the Ku§anas.

S 91. The Imp. Gupta coinage. — The coinage of the main portion
of the empire was originally of gold and copper. The types of the gold
coins are borrowed at first fi*om the eastern mintages of the Later Great
Kusanas (v. sup. § 74, class (2)); but they show a development of their own
and are, without question, by far the finest examples of Indian art. After
the annexation of the kingdom of the K§atrapas, the Guptas continued in
this region the issue of a dated silver coinage, exactly imitated firom the
coinage of their predecessors except that, in place of the caitya, a frequent
Gupta emblem, the peacock, appears on the reverse. A silver coinage
bearing this type, but of a somewhat different fabric, seems subsequently to
have been struck also in other parts of the empire (v. inf ). The dates
on the silver coins of Candragupta II Vikramaditya are not beyond dispute
(Fleet, Ind. Ant. 1885, p. 66), but those of his successors, Kumaragupta I
(121 — 136: Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 128, and JBA. 1894, p. 175) and Skandagupta
(144 — l\(ix\ Plate IV, 10: date, 145) are more certain.

The gold coins, at first, follow the weight-standard which the Ku§anas
seem to have borrowed from the Roman aurei (v. sup. S 70); but, later, there
comes in another class of gold coins which seem to represent the Indian
suvarna (= 146,4 grains or 9,48 grammes) and to be due to a revival of
the ancient native weight- standard (v. sup. § 4). It is possible that coins of
these two standards were in circulation together, and that they are distinguished
on the inscrr. as dindras and suvarnas respectively (Fleet, CII. Ill, p. 265;
Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 43). During the reign of Skandagupta, the Roman
standard is abandoned; but it is not equally certain whether or not the re-
introduction of the suvarna took place at the same time or previously (Rapson,
NChr. 1 891, p. 57; Smith, JRAS. 1893, p. 105). The Gupta silver coins, like
those of the K§atrapas from which they are imitated, seem to be intended
for *hemi-drachms' of the Persian standard (v. sup. S 8). It seems probable
that this silver Gupta coinage, which was originally instituted in Surastra and
Malwa in the reign of Candragupta n Vikramaditya, formed the pattern for a
silver issue in the northern and central provinces of the empire during the two
succeeding reigns. These silver issues — which may conveniently be called
the western and the central — are distinguished by a difference in fabric,
workmanship, and design: the latter are thinner and flatter, more carefully
executed, and represent the peacock of the reverse with tail more fully ex-
panded (Smith, JRAS. 1889, pp. 121. 127; C.CML p. 17). A debased coinage
of copper plated with silver bearing the names of Kumaragupta and Skanda-
gupta, but having a trident instead of a peacock as rev, type, is probably to
be attributed to Valabhi (v. inf. § 98) at a period when it was still a province
of the Gupta empire (Smith, JRAS. 1893, p. 137; cp. also BtJHLER, WZKM.
V, p. 216). The copper coinage of the main portion of the empire shows a
greater originahty in its types, and appears to owe little to any preceding
copper coinage (Plate IV, 11 : Candragupta 11 Vikramaditya; Smith, JRAS.

26 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

1889, p. 138, PL IV, 8 — 16; id. 1893, p. 133; JBA. 1894, p. 173; NChr.

1895, p. 167).

The three articles by V. A. Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. i; id. 1893, p. 77; and
JBA. 1894, p. 164, form a digest of all work done in Gupta numismatics up to the
dates of their publication. For full lists of authorities, v. JRAS. 1889, pp. 58. 59;
id. 1893, p. 79, notes; JBA. 1894, p. 164 ff.

S 92. Division of the Gupta Emp. — During the last quarter of the

5* cent. A.D., the western provinces become independent under the Senapati

Bhatarka of ValabhT (Burgess, ASWI. 1874 — 75, "Kathiawa^ and Kacch'^

p. 80; V. S 98); while the northern and central provinces (E.Malwa) were

held by different branches of the imperial family; and, in other parts of the

empire, powers previously subject or feudatory become independent It will

be necessary here to deal only with those to which coins can be attributed.

For a outline of the history of this period: Fleet, Preface to CII, III; Smith
and HoERNLE, Bhitarl Seal of Kumaragupta II, with Synchronistic Table of Guptas
and Contemporary Dynasties, JBA. 1889, p. 84.

S 93. Northern Guptas. — Three members of this branch in direct
descent from Kumaragupta I Mahendra are known from the Bhitarl Seal. The
name of the first is not at present certain. If read Sthira® (Buhler) it may, since
Sthira is a synonym for Skanda^ simply be another name of Skandagupta.
If read Pura° (Hoernle) or Puru** (C.) it must be the name of a brother of
Skanda®. To this ruler have been conjecturally assigned the coins bearing
the title Prakasaditya (Hoernle, JBA. 1889, p. 94; Smith, JRAS. 1889, PL HI,
9. 10; id. 1893, p. 125). His son, the Narasimhagupta of the seal, has been
identified with the Nara(gupta) Baladitya of the coins (Hoernle, JBA. 1889,
p. 93j Smith, JRAS. 1889, PL HI, 11; id. 1893, P* 128); and further with
Baladitya the conqueror of the Huna Mihirakula (v. inf. S 107; Hoernle, JBA.
1889, p. 93; C.CMI. p. II. This identification has been doubted: Smith, JRAS.
1889, p. 115). There appears to be no doubt as to the identification of
Kumaragupta II of the seal with Kumaragupta Kramaditya of the coins
(Hoernle, JBA. 1889, p. 94; Rapson, NChr. 1891, p. 50; Smith, JRAS. 1889,
PL II, 12; id. 1893, P- 129). All certain knowledge of the order of succession
in this branch of the Gupta dynasty ends here; but it is possible that a
Vi§^ugupta Candraditya, whose coins bear a great resemblance to those of
Nara(gupta) Baladitya and Kumaragupta 11 Kramaditya, succeeded the last-
mentioned (C.CMI. pp. 12. 19, PL II, 4). The last of this line was probably
Sasanka (Plate IV, 15), c. 600 a.d., the king of Kirna Suvarria, who seems
also to have borne the name of Narendragupta (C.CML p. 12; Smith, JBA.
1894, p. 172).

Coin bearing the name ^aianka, C.CMI. p. 12, PI. II, 5; Smith, JRAS. 1893,
p. 147. sCoins bearing the name Narendra, JBA. 1852, p. 402, PI. XII, 11 ; Smith,
JRAS. 1893, p. 146; and JBA. 1894, p. 189. Kirna Suvarna = Rangamatti in the
Murshldabad Dist: Layard, JBA 1853, p. 281; Beveridge, JBA. 1893, p. 315;
Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 172.

S 94. Guptas of E.Malwa. — This branch, which may perhaps descend

in direct line through Skandagupta himself (C.CML p. 10), comes to an end,

c. 510 A.D., or shortly after, when Malwa was conquered by the HunaTora-

ma^a. Its last princes are Budhagupta (inscr. dated 165 = a.d. 484, and

silver coins dated 174 = a.d. 493) and Bhanugupta (inscr. 191 = a.d. 510).

The only coins known are silver hemidrachms of Budhagupta, and these, as

might naturally be expected, are of the flat central Gupta fabric (§ 91).

Smith, JRAS. 1889, pp. 8. 53. 134; C.ASEL IX, p. 25, PI. V, 13; CNChr.
1894, p. 252.

S 95. Later Guptas of E.Magadha. — It is doubtful whether any

X. The Guptas and their contemporaries. 27

known coins can be ascribed to this dynasty. The coins of much debased
gold which were formerly thus attributed (Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 11) probably
belong to the Northern Branch (v. sup. § 93).

For dynastic lists: C.CML p. 14; CII. Ill, p. 200; C.ASR. Ill, p. 137; id. XV,
p. 166.

S 96. Unattributed Gupta Coins. — No satisfactory attribution has
hitherto been suggested for the following: — (i) gold coins bearing the name
Vtra{? sena or simha) Kramdditya\ date, probably 6'^ cent. a.d.; they weigh
between 160 and 170 grains, or 10,36 and 11,01 grammes, and it is doubtful
whether they should be referred to the Persian standard — didrachm =
172,9 grains, or 11,2 grammes, or to an Indian standard — 100 ratis «=
182,5 grains or 11,82 grammes (Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 118, PL HI, 12; id.
iS93> P- 130); (2) gold coins o^ Jaya{gupta) (C.CML p. 19, PL II, 3); (3) silver
coins, dated apparently 166 = a.d. 485, and having an inscr. containing
Sf^ Harikdnta (Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 195, PL VI, 15); (4) copper coins reading
{Srt) Mahdrajho {Hd)riguptasya (C.CML p. 19, PL 11, 6).

S 97. Maukharis of W.Magadha. — These are known from inscrr. as

the contemporaries and rivals of the Later Guptas of E.Magadha. Silver

coins imitated from the central Gupta coinage, and bearing the names of

two members of this dynasty are known — lidnavarman (Plate IV, 13; a

contemporary of Kumaragupta III of Magadha) dated 54, and 55 (Smfth,

JBA. 1894, p. 193; C.CMI. PL II, 12; Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 136); and his

son Sarvavarmatiy dated 58 (Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 193).

There is some doubt as to the reading of these dates: Fleet, Ind. Ant.
1885, p. 68; and the era to which they should be referred is altogether doubtful,
V. inf. S 105. Cp. also C.ASR. IX, p. 27, PI. V, 20—22; and XVI, p. 79; CIL
III, p. 200.

8 98. ValabhL — To the kings of Valabhl (Plate IV, 12) have been
attributed certain silver coins bearing a trident on the rev. and inscrr. in
debased characters which have not yet been thoroughly deciphered, but which
seem to include the title Bhattdrakasa, They are imitated from the western
type of Gupta silver coins (§ 91). For earlier coins probably struck in Valabhl
before the date of its independence, and while still tributary to the Guptas,
V. sup. S 91.

C.ASR. IX, p. 28, PI. V, 23. 24, reads the inscrr. as containing the names and
titles of the founder of the dynasty Senapati Bhattaraka {^ecte Bhatarka) and his
eldest son Dharasena, but these readings are extremely doubtful. Cp. also C.CMI.
p. 8, PI. I, 16; HoERNLE, Proc. BA. 1890, p. 171, PL VII, 4 a and b; Th.JBA.
1855, p. 509; id. JRAS. 1850, p. di, PI. II, 35—38; id. PE. II, p. 100; Prinsep,
JBA. IV, p. 687; Newton, JBRA. VII, p. 14; JBRA. VI, p. xxxix.

S 99. Bhimasena (Plate IV, 14). — In fabric and form of inscription

these coins are, like those of Budhagupta, of central Gupta style (v. sup.

8 94)» They bear dates, which have not been certainly read, but which are

presumably of the same era as those on the similar coins of Toramana (S 105).

CASK. IX, 26, PI. V, 16; Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 135. For an inscr. of Bhi-
masena: C.ASR. IX, p. 119, PL XXX.

S 100. Kr§naraja (Plate IV, 17). — These coins of western Gupta fabric
(S 91) are found in the Nasik Dist., Bombay, and have been attributed to a
Ra§trakuta king of this name, c. a.d. 375 — 400. This attribution is, however,
certainly incorrect, as this date is too early for the style of the coins, which
are imitated from the latest Gupta coins current in this locality. For the
same reason it is impossible to place them so late as the time of the better
known KLr^riaraja Ra§trakuta c. 756 a.d. Their attribution must therefore
remain for the present undecided.

28 II. Literature and History. 3 b. SoxmcES of Indian History: Coins.

CCMI. p. 8. PI. I, 18. 19; CASK. IX, p. 30, PI. V, 26; Fleet, Ind. Ant. 1885,
p. 68; BhaO DAji, JBRA. XII, 214; Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 138; E.CSI. p. 149.

S loi. The Nine Nagas of Narwar. — In the Purarias the Nagas of
Padmavati (= Narwar> C.JBA. 1865, p. 115; CCMI. p. 21) and the Guptas
of Magadha are coupled together, and the fact of their being contemporary-
is proved by the mention of Ganapati Naga (Plate V, 2) among the tribu-
tary Rajas in the Allahabad Pillar Inscr. of Samudragupta (CII. Ill, p. i fF.).
Names of six members of this dynasty occur in full on the coins, while
portions only of two other names can be read.

CCMI. p. 20, Fl. II, 13—25; CASK. II, 307; VI, 178.

Closely connected with these are certain coins having the inscr. AcyUy
which must without doubt be attributed to the Acyuta mentioned in the Alla-
habad inscr. It is possible that this Acyuta may have been one of the Naga
princes.

Rapson, JRAS. 1897, p. 420; Smith, id. p. 643.

S 102. ? Parivrajaka Maharajas. — These tributaries of the Guptas are

"said to have governed Dabhala, perh. *= Dahala, and the country, including

the eighteen forest kingdoms" (CII. Ill, p. 93 ff.). It is possible that certain

coins bearing the name Rdna Hasti may have been struck by the Maharaja

Hastin, whose inscrr. bear dates from 156 to 191 = a.d. 475 — 510. This

attribution is, however, extremely doubtful.

CII. Ill, Pref. p. 8, and p. 95. For the coins: CCMI. p. 8, PI. I, 17; PE. I,
p. 87, PI. IV, 23 (coin found at Kanauj).

Closely connected in size and fabric with these are certain small coins
on which the name Vigraha has been read (Rapson). Specimens were found
by Ventura in the Manikyala Tope together with coins of the 7'** and 8^^
centuries a.d.

PE. I, p. 94, PI. V, 5-7.

S 103. Hurias. — The Huna invaders of India (called in Sk. lit. and
inscrr. also Sita-, Sveta-, or Hara-Hunas, v. Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 186) whose
attacks, beginning during the reign of Skandagupta, c. 452 — 480 a.d., led to
the dismemberment of the Gupta empire, were an offshoot from the Ephthalites
or White Huns, a people of Tartar origin who settled in the Oxus territories,
c. 420 A.D., and, from this date until the destruction of their power by the
Turks in 556 a.d., waged almost incessant war^ on the Sassanian monarchy.

The extension of this power to India followed the defeats inflicted on
the Sassanians during the reigns of Yezdegerd 11, 438 — 457, a.d., and Flruz,
457 — 484 A.D., in consequence of which the Sassanian provinces which bord-
ered on India passed into the hands of the Ephthalites (C.NChr. 1894, p. 245).
The leader of this invasion who conquered the kingdom of Gandhara from
the Kidara Ku§anas (v. sup. S 76) and established his capital at Sakala,
probably c. 465 — 470 a.d., is known from Chinese sources as Lae-lih and
has been conjecturally identified with the Raja Lakhana Udayaditya of
the coins ^

1 Drouin, Les Huns Ephthalites dans leurs rapports avec les rois perses
sassanides, Museon, 1895.

2 C.NChr. 1894, pp. 247. 251. 279, PL IX, 12. The name read as Lamala by
Th.PE. I, p. 411 (no. 4), and Latona or Lanotia by Drouin, JA. 1893, (I), p. 548.

S 104. Huna coinage. — The most striking characteristic of the Huna
coins is their want of originality: they are, almost without exception, either
adaptations or imitations of Sassanian, Ku§ana, or Gupta coins. They,
therefore, afford valuable evidence of the progress and extent of the Huna
conquests. Those of the thin Sassanian fabric are, naturally, the earliest in

X. The Guptas and their contemporaries. 29

date; and of these the class which bears inscrr. in the same modified form
of the Greek alphabet as is found on the Scytho-Sassanian coins (v.sup. S 75)
is no doubt older than the class which has Nagarl inscrr., and may probably,
in part at least, belong to the Ephthalites before their invasion of India
(C.NChr. 1894, p. 262). Of these early Huria coins, many specimens seem
to be merely Sassanian pieces with the head of the Huna leader restruck in
repoussS (Plate IV, 18: Shahi Javuvlah) so that the reverse type — the
Sassanian fire-altar — is almost obliterated. The species of coin thus pro-
duced was no doubt the pattern from which later coins struck in the ordinary
manner were copied.

C. op. cit. p. 262; and cp. PI IX, 10 — 15, with 11. X, 3. 4. These repoussi
coins have been attributed to Kashmir, but this attribution depends on the identi-
fication of the Sahi Khingila (id. PI. IX, 11) with Khinkhila Narendraditya who is
mentioned in the Rajatarangi^il as a successor of Mihirakula (id. p. 265). This
identification is however not certain, and the coins of Khingila would seem to be
older than those of Mihirakula. The Sahi Jabuvlah or Jabula of the repousse coins
is identified by C. with Toramana (id. p. 253) on the evidence of the Kura inscr. of
Maharaja Toramana Saha Jauvla; but this designation may be simply a tribal name
applicable to any member of the dynasty v. Buhler, EI. I, p. 239; and Smith,
JBA. 1894, p. 189.

Sio5.Huna coinage. — Other specimens are copies of the current Sassanian
coins, and, in particular, of those issued during the latter part of the reign,
i. e. 471 — 486 A.D., of Firuz (Plate V, 3). The first imitations, which most
resemble their prototypes, have been found in great numbers in Marwar, and
have been assigned with much plausibility to the great Huna conqueror,
Toramdna, the son of Lae-lih, c. 490 — 515 a.d. (Hoernle, Proc. BA. 1889,
p. 228; JBA. 1890, p. 168, PI. V). In any case they almost certainly testify
to the HuEia conquest of the Lower Indus country and W.Rajputana. The
Sassanian type thus introduced into India became predominant in the coinages
of Gujarat, Rajputana, and in the Gangetic doab during, probably, the
following three or four hundred years (v. inf % 122). Evidence of the Huna
conquest of the later Gupta kingdom of E.Malwa (v. sup. § 94) is afforded
by the silver hemidrachms of Toramaria (Plate IV, 16), which are minutely
imitated from those of Budhagupta except that the king's head on the obv.
is turned in the opposite direction. These coins are dated 52, but the era
to ¥4iich this date refers has not been satisfactorily determined (Smith, JRAS.
1889, p. 136; CASR. IX, PI. V, 18. 19; C.CML p. 20, PI. II, 11).

The following suggestions as to the era in which Torama^a's hemidrachms
are dated have been made: — (i) Fleet, Ind. Ant. 1889, p. 228 supposes the date
52 to denote years of Toramana's reign. This explanation is rendered less probable
by the fact that the Maukharis Kanavarman and Sarvavarman (v. sup. % 97) and
also Bhimasena (v. sup. S 99)» apparently date in years of the same era (Smith,
JBA. 1894, p. 194); (2) Drouin, JA. 1 890 (XVI), p. 368, suggests a Huna era beginning
c. A.D. 448, and perhaps marking the date of the first invasion of India; (3) CNChr.
1894, p. 252, supposes either that the date is Sakawith omitted hundreds, i. e. 52
= 452; or (4) 1. c. that it may refer to a Hlina era beginning c. 456 a.d. the date
of the great victory over the Sassanians. For the dates of the known princes of
the later Gupta dynasty of E.Malwa, v. sup. S 94*

S 106. Hunacoinage. — The silver coins oi Mihirakula (Plate IV, 20)
c. 515 — 544 A.D., the son and successor of Toramana, are of the Sassanian fabric
only (CNChr. 1894, pp. 256. 280, PI. X, 3. 4; PE. I, p. 411). Copper coins
of both Toramaria (Plate IV, 19) and Mihirakula (Plate IV, 21) are found
which show at the same time the influence of both Sassanian and Gupta
prototypes (C.NChr. 1894, pp.265. 280, ^1- IX> i^- ^7> ^.nd X, i. 2; Smith, JBA.
1894, pp. 195. 203). These are found chiefly iu the Eastern Panjab and Raj-
putana, and, in some instances, the types and inscrr. of Mihirakula have been

30 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

struck over those of Toramaria (Fleet, Ind. Ant. 1886, p. 245). This is the
only class of copper coins which can be attributed to the Huria Torama^a,
but of Mihirakula other classes also are known. One of these bears the usual
Ku§ana types (v. sup. § 74 (2); C.NChr. 1894, pp. 256. 281, PI. X, 5. 6; Smith,
JBA. 1894, p. 203); while the types of another class (e. g. C. op. cit. P1.X, 7)
are of less certain derivation.

It is doubtful whether the copper coins of Mihirakula bearing Ku§ana types
are not to be attributed solely to Kashmir, which the KidSra Kusanas probably
continued to hold after they were driven' out of Gandhara (v. sup. S 76) and which
may, perhaps, have been conquered by the Hunas for the first time during the
reign of Mihirakula. Against the suggested identification of the Huna Torama^a
with Torama^a of Kashmir: CNChr. 1894, p. 256. For other Huna coins doubt-
fully attributed to Kashmir, v. supra sub S I04-

S 107. Hu^a coinage. — Huna coins of all types are found bearing names
or fragments of names which are at present unknown from any other source.
It is possible that there may have been more than one Huna dynasty reigning
at the same time; or these coins may have been struck by viceroys ruling
over different provinces of the empire. The limit of date for Huria coinage
is probably 544 a.d., when, in the reign of Mihirakula, the Huna power was
broken up by a confederation of Hindu princes under Yasodharman, Vi§^u-
vardhana of Malwa, and Narasimhagupta Baladitya of Magadha (C.NChr. 1894,
p. 258). Fragments of this power may, however, have survived till a later date.

S 108. Uncertain, Huna or Persian. — There are some well-known
classes of coins the nationality of which cannot at present be exactly deter-
mined. They show signs of their Sassanian orgin by their thin fabric and
by the fire-altar which constantly appears as their rev. type. They have,
therefore, characteristics which belong both to some of the Huna coins and
also to the coins of the Persian kings of the Panjab and Sind. The best
known of these doubtful series is that which bears the name of Napki Malka,

CNChr. 1894, p. 267, PI. XII, 2; Ar. Ant. PL XVII, 5, 7, 10, 17; Drouin,
Rev. Num. 1 89 1, p. 221.

XI. LATER COINS OF N., K, C. AND W.INDIA.

S 109. Persian Kings in the Panjab and Sind. — There are found
in N.W.India coins of Sassanian type and fabric bearing inscrr. in Nagarl,
Sassanian Pahlavi, and an alphabet, hitherto unread, which is probably a
development of the modified form of the Greek alphabet used by the Scytho-
Sassanians (v. sup. S 75). These have been sometimes attributed to the later
Hu^as (C.NChr. 1894, pp. 267. 289), but apparently without sufficient reason.
They were almost certainly struck by some Sassanian dynasty or d3masties

— as is shown by the style of the coins and by the use of Sassanian Pahlavi

— ruling over Sind and Multan, which the earliest Arab geographers include
in the kingdom of Sind (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9*^ ed., sub Multan). It
may be noticed that this region had at other periods been in the hands of
Persian conquerors (v. § 61, and cp. S 30). For one of these issues, which
has the name Sri Vdsudeva only in Nagarl characters and all the remaining
portion of its legends in Sassanian Pahlavi, an approximate date is fixed by
its very near resemblance to a coinage issued by Khusru 11 Parviz in the
37*^ year of his reign =627 a.d. (cp. Longp£rier, Medailles des rois perses,
PL XI, 3, with CNChr. 1894, PI. Xn, 10 or Ar.Ant. Pl.XVn,9). In the Pahlavi
inscrr. on these coins Vasudeva is called king of Bahman (= Bahmanvasi or
Brahmanabad the capital of Sind), Multan, Tukan (= Panjab), Zabulistan,

XI. Later Coins of N., E., C and WJndia. 31

and Sapardalaksan (perhaps = Rajputana; C.NChr. 1894, p. 292). The coins
of Shdhi TigiUy which are closely connected with those of Vasudeva and with
the particular issue of Khusni 11 mentioned above, by the use of the same
reverse-type, supposed to represent the sun-god of Multan (C.ASR. V, p. 123),
also bear the title "King of India and Persia*' (Nagari: Hitivi ca Airdn ca
parame^ard) = "King of the Panjab and Khorasan" (Sassanian Pahlavi;
Takan Khorasan Malkd\ C.NChr. 1894. p. 291). The attribution and inter-
pretation of other coins belonging to this Indo-Persian class (e. g. C. op. cit
PL Xn, 5 — 8) are less certain; but it seems probable that they belong to the
same region and period as the others.

Cp. also Wilson, Ar. Ant. pp. 400. 402, PI. XVII, 6. 8. 9, PI. XXI, 22; Th.,
Hist, of Early Muh. Arabs in Persia, p. 90; PE. I. PI. V, 10. ii ; p. 122, PI. VII, 6j
n, p. 105.

S II o. Kanauj (Kanyakubja). — Coins struck by princes of the following
d)niasties of the mediaeval kingdom of Kanauj are known: —

(i) RaghuvatfiH Dynasty. For coins conjecturally attributed to Har§adeva

(c. 606 — 650 A.D.) V. inf. §122. The silver coins bearing the inscr. Srimad-

Adivardha were struck by Bhojadeva (Plate V, 5; c. 850 — 900 a.d.).

HuLTZSCH, EI. L p. 155; C.CMI. p. 49, PI. VI, 20. 21. The same ref. also for
other coins which may perhaps belong to this dynasty. For the mention in inscrr.
of Srimad-Adivaraha drammas and other contemporary coins, v. Kielhorn, EI. I,
p. 169.

(2) Tomara Dynasty, The princes of this d3masty seem, at first, to have
held both Kanauj and Dehli, and to have been confined to Dehli after the
Rathor conquest of Kanauj, c. 1050 a.d. The coins represent three consecutive
rulers of both Kanauj and Dehli, c. 978 — 1049A.D., and two others of Dehli
only, c. 1049 — 1 1 28 A.D. The gold coins follow the types of the Kalacuris
of Dahala (v. inf. S 116); the billon coins those of the Brahman Sahis of
Gandhara (JBuU and Horseman type; v. inf. S nS (6)).

CCMI. p. 80, PI. IX, 1—8; Th. Pathans p. 58.

(3) Rdthor {Gdiahavdld) Dynasty, The coins of the Rathor conqueror of
Kanauj, Candradeva, c. 1050 a.d., are not known. The series begins with
those of his son Madanap&la Deva, c. 1080 a.d., and includes the coins of
two other rulers reigning till c. 1193 a.d. The coin-types are like those of
the Tomara Dynasty.

CCMI. p. 82,1 PL IX, 15—17.

S III. The Pala Dynasty of Magadha. — No coins of this djmasty

are certainly known, but it ^is not improbable that the coins of Sassanian

derivation bearing the name Sri Vigraha should be attributed to Vigrahapdla I

of Magadha, 910 a.d.

Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 192; CASK. XI, pp. 175. 181, PI. XLHI; CCMI.
p. 52, PI. VI, 17. For the mention of Vigrahapala drammas in the Siyadoni inscr.
V. Kielhorn, EI. I, pp. 167. 169.

S112. Kashmir. — The origin of the Kashmirian coin- types is to be
found in certain coins probably struck by Kaniska (v. sup. § 74, class (2));
and from this date until the Muhammadan conquest of Kashmir in the 1 3'** cent,
these coin-types — obv. King standing: rev. Goddess seated — remained
unchanged. The workmanship, however, is so rude during the greater part
of this period (e.g. Plate IV, 24: Jagadeva, c. a.d. 1198), that these designs
were in some cases misinterpreted by the early numismatists; and the dead
level of degradation is so constantly kept, that the evidence of date usually
afforded by the progressive improvement or degeneration in style is here to
a great extent lacking. From the reign oi Avantivarman (c. 855 a.d.) onwards.

32 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

the coins fairly represent the list of kings given in the Rajataxangi^I. For all

the previous period, the dates and order of succession given in the Raja-

tarangiril are untrustworthy, although a number of the names are found on

the coins. That the Kidara Ku§anas held Kashmir for some time is certain,

but the date of their settlement there is doubtful (v. sup. S 7 6). The Kashmirian

coins of the Hunas given in C.NChr. 1894, PI. X, 5 — 7, and 9 — 13 (v. sup.

sub S 106), seem to be copied from coins of the Kidara Ku§anas; and those

of the succeeding Naga or Karkotaka Dynasty (c. 625 — 757 a.d., v. CCMI,

p. 39, PI. ni, 7 — 14) all bear the name Kidara (Plate IV, 22: Yasovarman).

Between the date of the Hiiaa Mihirakula (c. 515 a.d.) and the beginning of

the Naga Dynasty, C. places a number of kings among whom a Torama^a

occurs. This king has usually been identified with the Hu^a Toramana, the

father of Mihirakula (Rajendra Lala Mitra, Proc. BA. 1878, p. 191; Fleet,

CII. ni, Pref. p. I off.). For the arguments against this identification and in favour

of a somewhat later date for Toramana of Kashmir, v. C.NChr. 1894, p. 256.

Some gold coins oi Harsa of Kashmir (PlateIV,23) c. 1090A.D., are directly

imitated from South Indian coins, for the attribution of which v. inf S 125 (i).

CCMI. p. 25, PI. Ill— V; RoDGERS, JBA. 1879, p. 277, PH. XL XII. Cp. also
CNChr. 1843 (VI), 1; PE. 1,388, P1.XXX1, 1— 15. For the reading Tuhjtna (Stein)
instead of Turyamana (= Toramana, CCMI. p. 42, PI. Ill, i) v. Smith, JBA.
1897, p. 6, PI. I, 9. *

S 113. Nepal. — The earliest coins peculiar to Nepal are large copper
pieces which bear some resemblance to the second class ofYaudheya coins
— a resemblance no doubt due to a common origin from the coins of the
Ku§anas (v. sup. § 60). They appear to extend over a period from the first
quarter of the 5*** cent, to the last quarter of the 7'^ cent. a.d. Those bearing
the name Mdndnka have been attributed to Manadevavarman, c. 425 a.d., and
those reading Gundnka to his successor Gu^akamadevavarman, c. 450 a.d.
These names occur only on the coins and in the native dynastic lists. No
mention of them has yet been found in inscrr. or other dated records. The
dates given are, therefore, only approximate. The coins of Amsuvarman
{Plate V, i) 3Xid Jisnugupta can be dated with more exactness, as both these
kings are known from dated inscrr. of the seventh cent. The coins bearing
the names Paiupati and Vaisravana cannot be accurately dated. These are
names of divinities, and it is uncertain by whom the coins were struck; but,
from their style and fabric, they would seem to belong to the same period
as the others.

CCAI. p. 112, PI. XIII; PE. I, p. 62, Pl.m, 12; JBA. 1865, p. 124, PL 15—19;
Bend ALL, ZDMG. 36, p. 651; Smith, Proc. BA. 1887, p. 144, PI. II; Hoernle, id.
1888, p. 114. For the chronology: Buhler, Ind. Ant. 1884, p. 41 1; S. Levi, JA.
1894 (IV), p. 64, places Airi^uvarman earlier.

S 114. Sahis of Gandhara. — Traces of the kingdom which was estab-
lished in Gandhara — the Kabul valley and. the region of the upper Indus
— by the first Kusana conqueror (v. sup. S 65) are to found at intervals from
its beginning to its end (c. b.c. 25 — a.d. 1026).

For a resum^ of the information derived from literary sources,, e.g. Alberuni,
Hwen Thsang, and the Rajatarangini, v. Stein, Zur Gesch. der Sahis von Kabul,

1893.

S115. Sahi Coinage. — The coins may probably be arranged in the
following periods: — (i) Coins of the early Ku§anas, c. b.c. 25 — a.d. 180 (v. sup.
SS 65 — 73); (2) The later imitations of these (v. § 74), from which the coins
of the Sassanian invaders (c. 300 — 450 a.d.) were copied (v. S 75); (3) The
coins of the Kidara Ku§anas, who held Gandhara, c. 425 — 475 a.d. (v. S 76).
It is, however, doubtful whether these coins should be attributed to the king-

XI. Later Coins of N., E., C. and W.India. 33

dom of the Kidara Ku§anas in Gandhara or in Kashmir; (4) The coins of
the Hu^as struck in Gandhara, c. 475 — 530 a.d. (v. S i 04). The use of the title Sahi
on Hu^a coins is probably to be traced to this source; (5) After the Hu^a
period, during the visit of Hwen Thsang, c. 630 a.d., the king of Gandhara
was a K§atriya. This, perhaps, shows that the Ku§ana d)masty had become
Hinduised (v. Stein, op. cit. p. 5). It is uncertain what coins should be attri-
buted to this period — perhaps the late imitations in copper of debased
Ku§ana type (C.CMI. p. 49, PI. VI, i — 6); (6) According to Alberuni (tr.
Sachau n, p. 13) a Brahman vazir usurped the throne and founded a dynasty.
To the different members of this Brahman dynasty are attributed the series
of coins commonly known, from their predominating types, as the "Bull and
Horseman" coins (c. a.d. 860 — 950; C.CMI. p. 62; Plate V, 6: Spalapati);
(7) For the remaining period which extends to the date of the suppression
this djmasty by Mahmud of Ghazni (i. e. c. 950 — 1026 a.d.), the names of
the different princes are known from inscrr., but no coins have as yet been
attributed to them. They are called Rajputs, and it has been conjectured
(C.) that a counter- revolution may have wrested the kingdom from the
Brahmans and restored it to its ancient K§atriya possessors.

C.CMI. p. 55, PI. VII; Ar. Ant. p. 428, PI. XIX, 1—23. For the supposed
dates on the coins of the Brahman Sahis v. Bayley, NChr. 1882, pp. 1 25. 291 ;
Th., Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 260; Fleet, id. 1886, p. 185.

S 116. Kalacuris of Dahala. — Territory: the country watered by the
upper Narbada and its tributaries (C.CMI. p. 67). Capital: Tripurl (= Tewar)
for the ancient coins of which, v. sup. S 57. Oif the mediaeval kingdom, the
coins of only one monarch, Gdngeyadeva (Plate V, 7), c. 1005 — 1035 a.d.,
are known. On these coins, the ancient Indian type of the seated Goddess
is retained on one side, while the whole surface of the other side is occupied
by the inscr. They were imitated by the Candellas of Jejahuti {% 118), the
Tomaras of Dehli, and the Rafhors of Kanauj (S no).

C.CMI. p. 67, PI. VIII, 1—5; C.ASR. XVII, 71 ; Alberuni (trans. Sachau) I, p. 202.

S 117. Kalacuris of Mahakosala. — Territory: the present dist. of
Chatisgarh and Raypur in the Central Provinces (C.CMI. p. 67). Coins of
three princes, from c. 1060 to 1 140 a.d., are known (Plate V, 8: Jajalladeva).
As on the coins of the Kalacuris of Dahala (§ 116), the inscr. occupies the
whole of one side, but the type of the seated Goddess no longer appears
on the other.

C.CML p. 67, PI. Vin, 6— 11; HoERNLE, Proc. BA. 1893, P- 93«

S 118. Candellas of Jejahuti orMahoba. — Territory: the dist. bounded
by the Jamna on the N., the sources of the Kiyan (or Ken) on the S., tjie Dasan
on the W., and the Vindhya Mts. on the E. (C.CMI. p. 77). The coins re-
present seven of the nine known rulers between 1063 and 1282 a.d., and are
copied from those of the Kalacuris of Dahala (S 116) to whom the Candellas
were subject before a.d. 1063 (Plate V, 9: Hallaksariavarma).

CCMI. p. 76, PI. VIII, 12—21; CASK. XXI, p. 77; Hoernle, JBA. 1889,
p. 34, PI. IV, II. 12.

8 119. Cauhans of Dehli and Ajmir. — Conquerors of Dehli from
the Tomaras (v. sup. S no) c. ?ii28 a.d., and of Jejahuti (S 118) in 1 182 a.d.
Those specimens of the Chauhan coinage which have been read with certainty
represent the two last rulers, Someivara and Prthvlrdja^ from c. 11 62 to
1 1 92 A.D., the latter of these dates being that of the Muhammadan conquest
of Dehli under Muhammad ibn Sam. The coin-types of the Chauhans are
the Bull and Horseman (§ 115 (6) ), which continued for some generations to
find a place among the coin-types of their Muhammadan conquerors, the

Indo-Aryan Research. II. 3 b. 3

34 II- Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

Sultans of Dehli (cp. S. Lane-Poole, B. M. Cat. Indian Coins: Sultans of

DehH, Pll. I— III).

C.CMI. p. 83, Fl. IX, 9—14; BuHLER, Proc. BA. 1893, p. 94; Morison, WZKM.
VII; Th., Pathans p. 63. For Rajput coins not certainly read, v. Th., Pathans,
p. 59; C.CMI. p. 88.

§ 120. Narwar. — For the coins of the Naga dynasty, contemporary

with the Guptas, v. sup. S loi. The later Rajput coins represent four of the

six known princes between c. 1230 and 1290 a.d., including one — Malaya-

varma Deva — who is, at present, unknown from any other source. These

coins bear dates in years of the Vikramaditya era (57 B.C.).

C.CML p. 89, PI. X, I— 10; JBA. 1865, p. 115; Th., Pathans p. 67.

§121. Kangra. — The coins of the Rajas of Kangra represent a period
probably from c. 1330 to c. 16 10 a.d. They call for notice here merely as
noteworthy instances of the survival of an Indian type — the "Bull and
Horseman" — for many centuries after the Muhammadan conquest.

C.CMI. p. 99, PI. XI; RoDGERS, JBA. 1880, p. 10, PI. II; Bayley, quoted in
PE. I, p. 392.

S 122. Un attributed Coins. — There are three classes of coins found
in great numbers "from the Satlej eastward as far as Benares, and from the
Himalaya southward to the Narbada River" (C.CMI. p. 47) which have not
as yet been very definitely attributed: —

(i) thin pieces of silver derived from the Sassanian type. Those which
are simply rude imitations of actual Sassanian coins have been assigned with
much probability to the Hunas (S 105). The later imitations, which show, as
they recede farther from the prototype, a more degraded representation of
the original types and an increasing thickness of fabric, are probably Indian;
but they cannot at present be certainly attributed to any particular dynasties.
They are "common in the Gangetic Doab, but are found more plentifully in
Mewar and Marwar, and throughout all Rajputana" (C.CMI. p. 48). They may
perhaps be the predecessors of the coins of class (2), or they may be in-
dependent of them though derived from the same prototype. In weight the
two classes are similar; and, as the specimens vary from 60 to 65 grains,
or from 2i^% to 4,2 grammes, they probably, like their Sassanian originals,
represent the Greek drachma (v. sup. S 24). Some specimens bear the lettets
Ha or Ja^ and C. (1. c.) has very plausibly suggested that the former may
be the initial of Harsavardhana of Kanauj. The later coins of Bhojadeva
of Kanauj (Srimad-Adivaraha) are, certainly, similar in fabric, and are probably
derived from the same source (v. sup. § no). He also suggests that those
which bear the name Srt Vigraha may possibly have been struck by some
successor of Bhojadeva (CMI. p. 51); but it is, perhaps, more probable that
they should be attributed to Vigrahapala I of Magadha (v. sup. S m).
C.CMI. p. 48, PI. VI, 13—19.

(2) thick pieces of silver also derived from the Sassanian type, but so

degraded in execution as to show litde similarity to their originals. They are

commonly called Gadhiya paisa (Plate V, 4) and C. (CMI. p. 50) would

identify them with the Saiboddhika drammas of the Jaunpur inscr. (C.ASR.

XI, p. 176). They are found in S.W.Rajputana, in Mewar, Malwa, and

Gujarat (C.CMI. p. 47). By their obv. type they are connected with a class

of coins, on which the name Somaladeva is substituted for the degraded

fire-altar of the rev. The same name also occurs on coins which have for

the obv. the "horseman" type, probably borrowed from the Brahman Sahis

of Gandhara {% 115 (6))

C.CMI. p. 49, PI. VI, 10—12; BH.JBRA. XII, p. 325. Cp. also id. XI, p. 334;
PE. I, p. 341, PI. XXVll, 13—16.

XII. Coinages of Southern India. 35

(3) copper coins of very rude fabric which may perhaps be imitations
of the coins ^of the Later Ku§anas (class (i), v. sup. S 74) — obv. King
standing: rev. Siva and Bull. The workmanship is, however, so much degraded,
that the obv, of these coins has usually been supposed to represent the
Sassanian fire-altar. C. supposes these coins to have formed the common
copper currency of the Panjab and Rajputana between a.d. 500 and 800

(v. sup. S 115 (5))-

C.CMI. p. 48, PL VI, 1—6.

XII. COINAGES OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

S123. General Remarks. — In the numismatic history of Northern
India, landmarks of great importance are afforded by the successive foreign
invasions. There are no such prominent landmarks to indicate the different
periods in the history of the Southern coinages. At the same time the pro-
portion of inscribed coins is smaller, and classification depends to a greater
extent on arguments derived from the provenance of specimens, the nature
of their fabric, and the style of their types. These coinages have, moreover,
as yet not received a scientific treatment in any way to be compared with
that which has obtained such valuable historical results from the coins of
the North.

It is probable that the primitive method of punch-marking (v. sup. % 5)
continued in use for a much longer period in the South than in the North;
and, in some instances, it is clear that later improvements in the art of coin-
making are the result of a development of this native method, and not of
the adoption of the foreign method of striking from dies (v. inf. § 129; cp.
also E. Numismatic Gleanings p. 12 = JMLS. XIX, p. 231).

Roman gold and silver coins (v. sup. S 14) are found in great numbers
in Southern India and Ceylon, and it is probable that they were actually
used as currency in these countries, while, in the North, the Roman gold
coins may, perhaps, have provided some of the metal for the large gold
issues of the Ku§anas.

In the following list of South Indian states to which coins have been
ascribed the Andhras are not included, as they have been discussed already,
sup. S 85.

S 124. Pandya. — Territory: the extreme south of the peninsula. After

the punch-marked coinage, which here as elsewhere no doubt belongs to a

very early period (v. sup. § 4) the most ancient Pandyan coins seem to be

those, which, while retaining the original square form, bear a die-struck type

— an elephant — on one side only; and, somewhat later, those which have

types on both sides. It is almost certain that, in accordance with the usage

of Southern India, historical facts are expressed by the heraldic symbols

which occur on these coins in conjunction with the chief types, and it is,

therefore, possible that the varying number of these symbols may afford data

for a further chronological arrangement of the coins. These coins have been

assigned to a period ending c. 300 a.d.; and the general resemblance which

they bear in style and workmanship to coins of the Andhras (§ 87) and

Pallavas (8 128) makes this attribution not improbable.

LovENTHAL, Coins of Tinnevelly (Madras 1888) p. 5, PI. I, 7—15; Tufnell,
Hints to Coin-Collectors in S.India (Madras 1889) p. 8, PI. I, 2.

There is much uncertainty as to the coins which should be ascribed to

the Pandyas during the period c. 300 — 600 a.d.

3*

36 n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

For coins conjecturally assigned to this period: Loventhal, op. cit. p. 7,
PL I, 16-33.

Gold coins bearing the emblem universally adopted by the Papdyas

in later times, viz. the fish, have been attributed to a period from the 7**^ to

the lo'^ cent a. d. (E.CSI. p. 120; Plate V, 10). Later copper coins show

the influence of the Cola conquest in the middle of the 11'^ cent. a.d. (v. inf.

S 126).

E.CSI. p. 119, PI. m, 129—138; Tracy, JMLS. 1887—8, p. 138.

8 125. Cera. — Territory: the province of Malabar. No coins have
hitherto been assigned to the Cera dynasty at its most flourishing period
before the Cola conquest in 877 a.d. After this date, certain districts over
which the Cera power had been extended and which had hitherto been
governed by viceroys became independent Coins struck in two of such
districts are known: —

(i) Kongudda, "The western part of Maisur as far as Nandidrug,
together with Coimbatore and Salem" (E.CSI. p. in). To this district have
been assigned certain gold and copper coins on which the Cera emblem, a
bow, is usually found together with other symbols. The date of these gold
coins, the chief type of which is the elephant (Plate V, 12), is limited to a
period before c. 1090 a.d., as they are imitated by Har§adeva of Kashmir
(v. sup. S 112). This coinage is apparently actually noticed in the RajataranginT,
Vn, 926 — Ddksindtydbhavad bhangih priyd tasya vildsinafiy Karndtanugunas
tankas tatas tena pravarttitaJj,, C.CMI. p. 35, translating Karnata as = Kamatic
has accordingly changed the attribution of these coins; but Karriata seems to
denote rather a district in the centre of the peninsula which included certainly
a part if not the whole of Kongudesa (L.IA. I, p. 170).
E.CSI. p. Ill, PI. Ill, 118—128.

(2) Kerala. This term, which is sometimes used as synonymous with
Cera, is here used in its more restricted sense as denoting that portion of
the Western Coast which lies between the Candragiri and C. Comorin (E.CSI.
p. 61). To a dynasty ruling over this territory belongs a unique coin (Tracy coll.)
in the British Museum with the inscr. SrT Virakeralasya in Nagari characters
of, probably, the 11*^ or 12*^ century (Plate V, 11).

For the dynasty, the members of which bore this title, v. Sundaram Pillai,
Some Early Sovereigns of Travancore, Ind. Ant. 1895, p. 249 ff.

S126. Cola. — The coins all belong to the period during which the

Colas were becoming, or had become, the paramount power in S.India. They

fall into two classes: — (i) before c. 1022 a.d. the beginning of the reign of

Rajaraja Cola. These coins show that the Cola power was already becoming

supreme: they bear the Cola emblem, the tiger, in the centre with the Pandya

and Cera emblems (fish and bow) on either side of it. The coin-legends,

in Sanskrit characters, give the names or titles of Cola sovereigns; but they

have not, as yet, been identified beyond dispute with those occurring in the

dynastic lists (Plate V, 13); (2) after c. 1022 a.d. With the reign of Rdja-

rdja comes a coinage of an entirely new type — obv. King standing: raK

King seated (Plate V, 14). This type spread with the extension of Cola

power over a great portion of Southern India. Its use was established in

Ceylon, as a result of the Cola occupation of the island, and was continued

by the independent Rajas of Kandy (v. inf. § 127).

E.CSI. p. 135, PI. IV, 151—174; HuLTZSCH, Ind. Ant. 1892, p. 323, PI. I, 7;
id. 1896, p. 317, PI. I, I. 2.

To a Cola sovereign, probably Kulottunga Cola I, a.d. 1070,
have been attributed coins struck in repousse on very thin gold, like

Xn. Coinages of Southern India. 37

those of the Eastern Calukyas, Calukyacandra and Rajaraja II (v. inC
S 130).

HULTZSCH, Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 321, PL II, 26. 27.

S127. Ceylon. — The coins of the Rajas of Kandy, who adopted
without any important modification the types of their Cola predecessors, re-
present a period from 11 53 to 1296 a.d. (Plate V, 15: Parakramabahu).
Previous to this period the coins circulating in Ceylon have no distinctive
character: — they are either of the ancient punch-marked pattern or are im-
portations due to foreign commerce or invasion.

Rh. D., acc; cp. also Vaux, NChr. 1854 (XVI), p. 121 ; PE. I, p. 419, PL XXXV;
LowsLEY, NChr. 1895, P« 211, P1.VIII; Rangachari and Desikachari, Ind. Ant. 1895,
P- 332.

S 128. Pallava. — Territory: bordered by the Coromandel Coast. In
the same region lived the Kurumbars, a people of considerable importance
before the 7'^ cent. a.d. Between the coins of these two peoples no accurate
discrimination has yet been made. The coins of this region fall into two
classes: — (i) Those which in style bear some resemblance to the coins of
the Andhras (e. g. E.CSL PI. II, 55 — 58, called Kurumbar; and perhaps also
id. I, 31 — 38, called Pallava or Kurumbar), and may, therefore, possibly belong
to the same period (2"^ and 3"^^ centuries a.d.). The occurrence of the ship
as a reverse type testifies to the foreign trade for which the Pallavas were
famous. (2) The other class is of gold and silver and undoubtedly later;
but here again there seems to be no evidence from which to determine the
exact date. These coins all bear the Pallava emblem, the maned lion, together
with Canarese or Sanskrit inscr. (Plate V, 16).

E.CSI. pp.35 ff., PI. 1,31— 38; n,49— 58; id. JMLS. XIX, p. 237, figs. 48— 50. 52.

S 129. W.Calukya. — Territory: W.Deccan. After the beginning of the
7'^ cent A.D. the Calukyas are divided into two main branches — the Western
Calukyas in W.Deccan, and the Eastern Calukyas in that part of the Pallava
country which lay between the Kistna and Godavari. The gold coins of
both branches bear the Calukya emblem, a boar, and are remarkable as
showing a particular application of the Indian method of punch- marking, by
which each portion of a definite design is impressed on the coin by a separate
punch.

Most of the coins of the We s tern Calukyas are of thick gold, and often cup-
shaped (Plate V, 17). Elliot (CSI.p.67) supposes these to have been imitated
from the Kadamba padma-tankas (v. inf. S 131) which are executed in the
same manner and which he assigns to the 5^^ or 6'^ cent, a.d.; but there is
no proof, in either case, of so early a date, and, on the analogy of the
Eastern Calukya coins, they should probably be placed much later. For other
coins attributed to the W. Calukyas, v. Hultzsch, Ind. Ant. 1897, p. 322,
PI. II, 28. 29.

E.CSI. p. 39, PI. I, 19—23, PI. Ill, 81-86.

S 130. The dates of the known Eastern Calukya coins are fixed. Spe-
cimens in some alloy of bronze have been recently found near Yellamanchili
in the Vizagapatam dist. bearing in the inscr. Visama-siddhiy the title of Visnu-
vardhana, a.d. 663 — 672.

Madras Govt. Mus. Report 1 894, p. 4; Hultzsch, Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 322,
PI. II, 34.

Other coins bear the name of Calukyacandra, or Saktivarman (a.d. i 000
— 1012) and Rajaraja 11 (a.d. 102 i — 1062). On these coins the Calukya boar
and each letter of the inscr. are stamped in repoussi on very thin gold. The
attribution of these coins to the Eastern Calukyas seems to be beyond doubt;

SS n. Literature and History. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

but it is remarkable that most of the specimens known have been found in the

island of Cheduba, off the coast of Arakan.

Fleet, Ind. Ant. 1890, p. 79; E.CSI. p. 67, PI. Ill, 79.80, assigned these coins
to the Western Calukyas of the 6* or J^^ cent. a.d. Cp. also Phayre, Proc. BA.
1872, p. 3. For specimens found in India, v. Hultzsch, Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 321,
PI. II, 24. 25, who also points out that these coins bear dates in regnal years.

S131. Kadamba. — Territory: N.W.Deccan and N.Maisur. The gold
Kadamba coins are in fabric and execution like the coins of the Western
Calukyas (§ 129). Elliot assigns these pad77ia-tankas (Plate V, 18) — so
called from the lotus which occupies the centre of the coin — to the flourishing
period of Kadamba independence in the 5'** and 6'^ cent a.d.; but it seems
probable that, like the coins of the Western Calukyas, they should be attri-
buted to a considerably later period. The form of the Sanskrit letters which
are found on them certainly supports this view.

E.CSL p. 66, PL I, 7. 8. 10. 11. 13—17, PI. H, 66—78,

S 132. Rastrakuta. — Territory: the Kanarese districts of the Bombay
Presidency. No coins have been attributed to this dynasty during its most
flourishing period (c. 757 — 973 a.d.). For the silver coins, imitated from tlie
coinage of the Ksatrapas of Surastra, which have been attributed to Krsnaraja
Rastrakuta, c. 375 — 400 a.d., v. sup. S 100.

S 133. Kalacuris of Kalyanapura. — Coins of the second prince of
this djmasty, Somes vara a.d. 1167 — ii75> 3,re known.
E.CSL p. 78, PL m, 87.

S 134. Yadavas of Devagiri. — Territory: Kalyanapura and the northern
districts of the Western Calukya kingdom (a.d. 1187 — 131 1). For their coins,
V. E.CSI. p. 72, PI. m, 88—89.

S 135. Yadavas of Dvarasamudra. — Territory: Maisur (a.d. 1047
— 1 3 10). For their coins, v. E.CSI. p. 80 PI. HI, 90 — 92.

S 136. The Kakatiyas of Worangal. — Territory: Haidarabad (a.d.
mo— 1323); or their successors the Vema Reddis of Kodavidu, a.d. 1361
— ?c. 1450 A.D. For coins attributed to these dynasties, v. E.CSL pp. 82. loi,
PI. in, 93-95.

S 137. Vijayanagara. — The rise of this kingdom is an important land-
mark in Indian history and numismatics; for while it became paramount in
the country south of the Kistna and preserved there the S.Indian form of
coinage, the country to the north of the Kistna had generally passed into the
hands of the Muhammadans, and the Indian type of coinage had with a few
isolated exceptions been superseded in that region by a coinage of the
Muhammadan form.

Hultzsch, Ind. Ant 1891, p. 301, Pll. L II; id. 1892, p. 321, PL I; id. 1896,

p. 317, PL I, 3—6.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

Ar. Ant. = Ariana Antiqua.

AR. == Asiatic Researches.

ASWI. = Archaeological Survey of Western India.

Bh. = BhagvanlAl Indraji.

Bhand. = Bhantarkar; Hist. Dek. = Early History of the Dekkan.

Bomb. Gaz. = Bombay Gazetteer.

B.M.Cat. = British Museum Catalogue.

C. = Cunningham; ASR. = Archaeological Survey Reports; CAI. = Coins of Ancient

India; CMI. = Coins of Mediaeval India; Geog. = Ancient Geography of India.
CII. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum.

Dr. =.Drouin; HE. = M^moire sur les Huns Ephthalites.
E. = Elliot; CSI. = Coins of Southern India,
ed. = edited by.
El. = Epigraphia In die a,
G. or Gard. = Gardner ; or Gardner, British Museum Catalogue of Greek and Scythic

Kings of India.
GuTSCH., Gesch. Irans = A. von Gutschmid, Geschichte Irans.
Ind. Ant. = Indian Antiquary.
LM.Cat = Indian Museum Catalogue.
JA. = Journal Asiatique.

JBA. or JASB. •= Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society.

JBRA. or BBRAS. = Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
JMLS. = Journal of the Madras Literary Society.
JRAS. == Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
JR. Geog. Soc. == Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.
"L, = Lassen; IA. = Indische Altertumskunde.
NChr. = Numismatic Chronicle.
adv, = obverse.
Old. = Oldenberg.

Proc. BA. or Proc. ASH. = Proceedings of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.
PE. = Prinsep's Essays ed. Thomas.
rev. s= reviewed by.
rev, = reverse,

Rh.D. = Rhys Davids; ACC. = Ancient Coins of Ceylon.
SBE. = Sacred Books of the East.
Th. = Thomas; AIW. = Ancient Indian Weights.

Tr. I. Or. Congr. = Transactions of the International Congress of Orientalists.
WZKM. = Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, or Vienna Oriental Journal.
ZDMG. = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft.
ZfN. == Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

L INTRODUCTION . . . . i-

S I. Limits of the Contiibution
S 2. Classification af I. coins . .
S 3. Literature of Indian Nuinis-

II EARLIEST NATIVE COIN-
AGE 2-

S 4. Standard and date of use , .
S S. Form of the Coins ....
S 6. Guild-tokens

UL EARLY FOREIGN COINS IN
INDIA 3-

S 7. Feisian Coins in India

S 8. Persian standard

S 9. Athenian coins in India

ith Seleucids

10. Alexai
S II. Tnd. Rtla
S 12. Diodotus ....
S 13. Parlhian influence. .
S 14. Roman coins in India
S 15. Koman influence .
S 16. Sassa.nian inltuerice

IV. GEAECO-INDIAN COINS 5—
S 17. The Greek invasion . . .

S 18. Euthydemus and Demetrius .

S 19. Eucratides

S 20. Dates on G. I. Coins . .
S 21 — 22. Fantaleon and Agathocles
S 23. Antimachus .....

S ii4. Heliocles

S 25. Hetiocles' Successors

V. SCYTHIC INVADERS OF

INDIA 7—1

S 26—27. The ^alta invasion . .

S 2S. Saka imitations of older coins
S 29. Maues — Moa ....

S 30. Vononcs

S 31. Vonones and Azes

S 32. Satraps of Mathura . . .

S 33. Rafijubula

S 34. Saka Satraps

S -35— 37 Doubtful Classes of Coins
S 38, Indo-Chinese Coins . , ,

VI. COINS OF NATIVE INDIAN

STATES 10— 1

S 39. General Remarks ....

S 40. Almora

S 41. Aparanta

S 43-

s 44.

S 45-
S 46.
S 47-
S48.
S 49-

S 53-
S 54-

s ss-

S 56.
S 57.
S58.
S 59-
S 60.

Aijunayana 11

Audumbara II

Ayodh]^ II

Erajj II

Kflda. 12

Kossmbt ...... 12

Kniunda 12

Matava 12

Mathura 13

Faiicala 13

Furl and Ganjam .... 13

Taxita 14

Tripurl 14

Ujjain 14

Vatasvaka 14

Vaudbeya 14

■ Vn.INDO-PARTHIANCOINSi5— 1
S 61. Dale of I. P. Dynasty . .

S 62. Gondophares

S 63- AVrongly attributed coins

Vm. KUSANA COINS . . 16— s
S 64. Xlelinition of term , . .
S 65—66. Heimacus and Kniula

Kadphises ....

S 67- The Nameless King , . .
S 68. Kujula Kara Kadphises . .
S 69—71. Hima Kadphises . . .
S 72. Coins of Kani^ka, Huvi^kaand

Vasudeva '

S 73- Religious emblems on these
S 74- Later Great Ku^anas . .
S 75- Scytho-Sassanians ....
S 76. Kidftra or Little Kufanas

IX. CONTEMPORARIES OF THE

KUSANAS 20— J

S 77 — 78. K^abaratas . . .

S 79. Nahapana

S 80. Kiatrapas of Sura^tra
S 81, Coins of the W.K^atrapas
S 82. Inscrr. on W.Kjatrapa Coins
S 83. Dates on W.Kjatr. Coins
S 84. Abhiras

S8s.

Andhra;

E. and W.Andhra

Types of Andhra

Succession of Andhra Kings

Nanda Kings of Kttrwlr

Table of Contents.

41

page

X. THE GUPTAS AND THEIR
CONTEMPORARIES . 24—30

g 90. The Imp. Guptas .... 24

S 91. The Imp. Gupta Coinage . 25

S 92. Division of the Gupta Emp. 26

S 93. The Northern Guptas . . 26

S 94. The Guptas of E. Malwa . 26

S 95. Later Guptas of E. Magadha 26
S 96. Unattributed G. Coins .27

S 97. The Maukharis .... 27

S 98. Valabhl 27

S 99. Bhimascna 27

S 100. Kf§;iaraja . . ... 27

S 101. The Nine Nagas ... 28

S 102. The Parivrajaka Maharajas . 27

S 103. Hu^as 27

S 104 — 107. Hfina Coinage . . .28

S 108. Uncertain, Hana or Persian 30

XI. LATER COINS OF N., E., C.

AND W.INDIA . . . 30—35

S 109. Persian kings in the Panjab 30

S no. Kanauj 31

Sin. Palas of Magadha ... 31

S 112. Kashmir 31

S 113. Nepal 32

page
S 114. §ahis of Gandhara ... 32
S 115. §ahi Coinage ... .32
S 116. Kalacuris of Dahala . . 33
$117. Kalacuris of MahakoSala . 33
S 118. Candellas of Jejahuti . . 33
S 119. Cauhans of Dehli and Ajmir 33

S 120. Narwar 34

S 121. Kangra 34

S 122. Unattributed Coins ... 34

Xn. COINAGE OF S.INDIA 35—39

S
S
S
S
S
$
S
S

s
s
s
s
s
s
s

23. General Remarks

24. PaEidya

25. Cera .

26. Cola

27. Ceylon.

28. Pallava

29. W.Calukya

30. E-Calukya

31. Kadamba .

32. Ra§(rakGta

33. Kalacuris of Kalya^apura

34. Yadavas of Devagiri

35. Yadavas of Dvarasumadra

36. Kakatlyas of Worangal .

37. Vijayanagara ....

35
35
36
36
36
37
37
37
38
38

38
38
38
38
38

KEY TO PLATES OF COINS.

{When not otherwise stated, it may be assumed that inscriptions are in some variety of

the Brahml alphabet.]

I.

PLATE I.

1. Punch marked coin. % 5.
O^, A number of symbols.

Jiev, Two symbols, one of which has
been supposed to denote the district of
Benares (C.CAI p. 56, Pi. I, 14).

A.. W 52,8 grains = 3,41 grammes.

2. Guild-token. S 6.

Odv, Steel- yard; Above, in Kharos^hl
characters, Dujaka or Dojaka,

Rev. In incuse, in Br^mi characters,
negama,

^. [Bt)HLER, Ind. Stud.III, p. 49 (sec. ed.)

3. Persian siglos. % 7.

Obv, Early Achaemenid king represented
as archer half-kneeling to right. Punch-
mark, symbol like iriskelis.

R^ Wt 83,5 grs. =5,41 grms. [Rapson,
JRAS. 1895, p. 876, PI. 24.

4. id.

Rev, Incuse, and counter-mark resembling

Brahml character yo,
A- Wt 84,5 grs. = 5,47 grms. [RapsON,

JRAS. 1895, p. 875, PI. I.

5. Persian double daric, struck in India- S 7*
Obv, Achaemenid king (probably Darius III

Codomannus, b.c. 337 — 330) represented
as archer half-kneeling to right. Behind,
:ZTA; beneath, MNA; in front, %,

Rev, Irregular incuse, with conventional
pattern formed by curved line in relief.

-A^. W^ 262,7 grs. = 17,02 grms. [Head,
Historia Numorum p. 700. The inscr.
behind and beneath the figure of the
king on the Obv. has been supposed
to mean "2 staters == I mina".

6. Indian imitation of an Athenian coin. % 9.
Obv. Head of Athena to right. Behind, M
Rev. Owl to right. In front, AOE; behind,

a bunch of grapes.
A. Wt 257,8 grs. = 16,7 grms. [HEAD
B.M.Cat., Attica p. 25, Athens, no. 267,
PI. VU, 3.

7. id.

Obv, Head of Athena to right. Behind,
a punch of grapes.

Rev, Eagle to left, looking back.

-^« ^Vt 54 grs. = 3,49 grms. [Head,
B.M.Cat., Attica, p. 26, Athens, no. 274,
PI. VII, 9.
S. Sophytes, % 9.

Obv. Helmeted head of king to right.

Rev. IQ4>TTOT. Cock to right; above,
on left, caduceus.

-*^ Wt 58,3 grs. = 3,77 grms. [Gard.
p. 2, PI. I, 3.
9. Diodotus. $12.

Obv. Diademed head of king to right.

Rev. BAIIAEQI AICAOTOT. Zeus strid-
ing to left, hurling thunderbolt; aegis
on left arm. At his feet, eagle to left;
above eagle, wreath.

A. Wt 257,1 grs. = 16,65 gnns. [Gard.
p. 3. PI. I, 6.
la Demetrius. S 18.

Obv, BAIIAEQI ANIKHTOY AHMH-
TPIOT. Bust of king to right, wearing
head-dress of elephant's scalp and diadem.

Rev. Afahara/usa afaraJUtxsa Demetrivu^a
in Kharo^tbl characters ; Winged thunder-
bolt; below, right, monogram ifl.

iE. [C.NChr. 1869, p. 127, PI. IV, II
= Gard. p. 163, PI. XXX, 3.

11. Taxila; single-die coin. % 56.

Obv, In incuse, left, pile of balls, right,
cai/ya; beneath, wavy line and uncertain
designs (? vine-branches).

JE. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 61, PI. n, 9.

12. Pantaleon. SS 21. 56.

Obv, Rajino Pamialevasa ; Figure of Indian

dancing-girl.
Rev. In incuse, BAIIAEQI flANTA-

AEONTOI. Maneless lion to right
iE. [Gard. p. 9, PI. Ill, 9.

13. Taxila; double-die coin. S S^*
Obv. Elephant to right; above, cai/ya.
Rev, In incuse, maneless lion to left;

above, svastika', in front, caiiya.
M. [C.CAI. p. 62, PL m, 2.

14. Maues. S 29.

Obv. Head of elephant to right; bell sus-
pended from neck.

Rev, BAIIAEQI MAYOY. Caduceus; to
left, monogram NO.

iE. [Cp. Gard. p. 68, PI. XVI, 1.

15. id.

Obv, BAIIAEQI BAIIAEQN MEfAAOY
MAYOY. Poseidon, holding trident in left
hand, with right foot placed on the
shoulder of a river god.

Rev. Rajaiirajaia mahaiasa Moasa in
Kharo§thl characters; Female figure
standing between two vines; below,
right, monogram Pv.

M, [Cp. Gard. p. 70, PI. X\ai, i.

16. Agathocles. $21.

Obv. Hitajasame^ in Kharosthi characters;
Tree in square railed enclosure.

Rev, Akathukreyasa, in Kharosthi char-
acters. Caitya surmounted by star.

JE, [BuHLER, WZKAL VIII, p. 206.

17. Vonones and Spalagadama. % 30.
Obv. BAIIAEQI BAIIAEQN MEfAAOYl

ONQNOY. King on horseback holding

lance to right.
Rev. Spalahoraputrasa dhraniiasa SpalO'

gadamasa, in Kharosthi characters. Zens,

facing, holding thunderbolt in right and

long sceptre in left hand; below, left,

monogram ®.
-^^ W^ 36,5 grs. = 2,36 grms. [Gard.

p. 99, PI XXI, 10,

18. Euthydemus. SS 18. 28.

Obv. Diademed head of king to right.
Rev. BAIIAEQI EY0YAHMOY. Herakles

seated to left on rock, holding in right

hand a club which rests on rock ; below,

right, monogram (|l .
A. W't 254,6 grs. =^ 16,49 grms. [Gard.

p. 4, PI. I, 11.

19. Saka imitation of coin of Euthydemus.
S 28.

Obv. Degraded imitation of head ofEuthy-
demus.

Rev. Degraded imitation of type of Euthy-
demus ; left, copy of name in Greek char-
acters; right, inscription in Aramaean
characters hitherto not certainly read.

A. W't 174 grs. := 11,27 gnns. [CNChr.
1889, p. 307, PI. XIII, 5.

II.

i

PLATE n.

1. Miaus or Heraus. % 35.

Oifv, Diademed bust of king to right.
i?«^. TYIANNDVNTDZ M[or H]IADY |

ZAMAB KnilANDY. King 011 horseback

to right; behind, Victory with wreath.
A.. W 184,4 grs. = ii,94 grms. [CNChr.

1S6S, p. 47, PI. ni, 2; G\RD. p. 116,

PL XXIV, 7.

2. Hyrcodes. % 36.

O/^, YPKCUAOY. Diademed bust of king

to right.
iV«/. MAKAPOY APAH0POY. Armed

figure facing, with flames issuing from

shoulders, and holding spear in right

hand.
Ak. Wt 44 grs. = 2,85 grms. [CNChr.

1889, p. 310, PI. xm, 15.

3. Zeionises. % 34.

Odv, Debased Greek legend probably
intended to represent MANNlfAOY YIOY
ZATPAHOY I ZEICDNIZOY; Satrap on
horseback to right; various Kharosthi
characters in field; in front, symbol.

I^n/. Manigulasa chatrapasa putrasa chair a-
pasa yihoniasa in Kharosthi characters ;
left, Satrap to right; right. City to left
holding wreath and cornucopiae; Kha-
ro§thl characters in right and left field.

Ak. W 149,6 grs. = 9,69 grms. [Cp.
CNChr. 1890, p. 168, PL XV, I.

4. Strato n. S Zl'

Obv. BACIAenc CQTHPOC CTPATQ-

NOC YIOY I CTPATONOC; Diademed

bust of king to right.
Rev. Kharosthi inscr. (for C's reading,

V. Gard. L c); Athena to left, holding

thunderbolt and aegis.
A. W' 37 grs. := 2,39 grms. [Cf. Gard.

p. 168, PL XXXI, 7.

5. Rahjabula, imitated from coins of Strato II.

S '?3«

Obv' BACIAei BACIAeCUC CCDTHPOC

PAIY ; Diademed bust of king to right.
Rev. Apratihatacakrasa chatrapasa \ Raju-

bulasa inKharo§thI characters; Diademed

bust of king to right.
^. Wt 38 grs. = 2,46 grms. [Gard.

p. 67; PL XV, II.

6. Ranjubula — Rajubula. S ZZ-

Obv. Mahakhaiapasa Rajubulasa in Br^Qiml
characters; Standing figure facing.
iE. [Bh. JRAS. 1894, p. 547, PL 4.

7. Hermaeus and Kujula Kadphises. S 65.
Obv. BAZIAEOZ ZTHPOZZY | EPMAIOY;

Diademed bust of king to right.
Rev, Kujulakasasa kusanayavugasa dhra-

mathidasa in Kharosthi characters; Her-

akles facing, holding club in right and

lion's skin in left hand.
J^. [Gard. p. 120, PL XXV, i.

8. Kujula Kadphises. S 65.

Obv. KDPCNAKaZDVAD | KAA«IZDV;
Diademed head of king to right.
&. [Gard. p. 122, PL XXV, 4.

9. Kozola Kadaphes, imitated from Roman

denarii of Augustus. % dd.
Obv. XOPANCY ZAOOY KOZOAA KA-

AA(|>EC; Diademed head of king to

right.
i^L. [Cp. Gard. p. 123, PL XXV, 5.

10. Nameless King, Soter Megas, % 67.
Obv. Diademed and radiate bust of king

to right, holding in hand lance bound

with fillet; behind, symboL
Rev. BACIAEVC BACIAEVLUN CLUTHP

MEFAC; King on horseback to right.
M. [Cp. Gard. p. 114, PL XXIV, 2.

11. Hima Kadphises. S 7i«

Obv. BACIAeVC OOHMO KAA<|>ICHC;

Bust ofking, wearing helmet and diadem,

to left.
Rtv, Maharajasa rajadirajasa sarvcUogO'

Jsvararasa mahisvarasa hima-kapti(^)sasa,

Siva facing, holding trident in right hand,

and antelope's skin on left arm; in right

and left field, symbols.
N. Wt 123 grs. = 7,97 grms. [Cp. Gard.

p. 125, PL XXV, 9.

12. Vasudeva. SS 72- 74-

Obv. pAONANO j^AO BAZOAHO KO-
[DANO; King standing to left; holding
spear in left hand, and with right hand
scattering grains on altar.

Rev. OHpO; Siva facing, holding tri-
dent in left and noose in right hand;
behind him, bull to left; above, right,
symbol.

N. Wt 124,8 grs. = 8,08 grms. [Cp.
Gard. p. 159; PL XXIX, 10.

13. Later Great Kusana. % 74.

Obv. The figure of the king is apparently
imitated from that of Vasudeva, while
the legend is a copy of that of Kani§ka ;
Nagarl characters — left, gai middle,
ghoi right, hu.

Rev. Type of Vasudeva.

N. Wt 120,2 grs. = 7,78 grms. [CNChr.

1893, p. 120, PL vm, 16.

14. Later Great Kusana. % 74.

Obv. Figure of king and legend copied
from those of Kaniska; Nagan char-
acters — left, ha', right, vi.

Rev. APAOXtDO; Goddess seated on
throne facing, holding noose in right
and cornucopiae in left hand; above,
left, symbol; below, left, Nagarl char-
acter la. "*

N. Wt 121,4 grs. = 7,86 grms. [CNChr.

1893, p. 119, PL vm, 2.

15. Scytho-Sassanian: VarahranV, 422 — 440
A.D. (C). S 75-

Obv. Figure of king, copied from that of
Vasudeva, wearing head-dress orna-
mented with ram's horns; the inscr. in
debased Gk. characters contains the
name ^ and titles of Varahran.

Rev. Siva and bull, copied from coins
of Vasudeva; inscrr. in debased Gk.
characters.

N. Wt 121 grs. = 7,84 grms. [CNChr..
1893, p. 182, PL XIII, 15.

16. Kidara Kusana: Kftavirya. S 7^.

Obv. King standing to left; beneath right
arm Dharva, and beneath left arm
Kida{ra\ in Nagarl characters.

Rev. Sri Krtavlrya in Nagarl characters;
Goddess seated.

N. Wt 120 grs. = 7,77 grms. [CNChr.
^893, p. 201; PL XV, II.

m.

PLATE m.

1. K$aharSta: Nahapgna, % 78.
Oiv. Head of satrap to right; traces of

inscr. in Gk. characters.
J&v. Rajno Kfohamtasa Nahapamua in

Brahml characters; Raho Chaharatasa

NahapoHosa in Kharosthi characters;

Thunderbolt and arrow.
A. W« 29,2 grs. = 1,88 grms. [BiL,

JKAS. 1890, p. 642, PL I.

2. K$atrapas of Snr&ftra : Castana. S ^>
(Mrv, Head of satrap to right; traces of

inscr. in Gk. characters.
Rev. Rajho Mttkaksatrapasa Ghsamoiiia- '

putrasa Coftanafa in BrShml characters ; .

Caia(f)nasa in Kharosthi characters;

Cdifya; right, star; left, crescent
A. Wt 25 grs. = 1,62 grms. [CCMI.

p. 6, PL i 6.

3. Damasena, dated coin. % 83.
Ohf. Head of satrap to right; behind,

date 100+50+3, and traces of Gk inscr. ;
RA^. Rajho Mahaksatrapasa RudrasVuisa \

putrasa Raj'ht Mahaksatrapasa Dama^ !

senasa in BrShml characters; Caitya;

right, star; left, crescent
A. W 34 grs. = 2,2 grms. [Cp. Bh.,

JRAS. 1890, p. 653, PL II.

4. Andhra: GotamTputa, Vijivayakura. $ 86.
Obv. Caitya within railing ; above, svastika ;

right, tree.
Rev, Rano Gotamlputasa Vilivayakurasa\

Bow and arrow.
E. [Cp. C.CAL p. 109, PL Xn, 6.

5. Siriyaha GotamTputa Satakani. % 87.
Obv, Siriyaha Sdtakanisa Raho GotatmpU'

tasa. Head of king to right
Rev, Siriyaha Satakanisa,.,,nasa Gotanil-
pKiasa\ right, caitya\ left, "Ujjain" sym-
bol (v. S 58).
A. [E.CSI. p. 25. The Rev. inscr. differ-
ently read by Bh., JBRA. XV, p. 305.

6. Vatasvaka. S 59'

Obv, Vatasvaka in Br2hml characters;

Caitya; beneath, pile of balls; right,

standing figure worshipping.
M. [BuHLER,Ind. Stud.ni, p. 47 (sec. ed.).

7. Kada: Cast coin. % 43.

Obv, and Rev. (similar) iCa^sa in Brshml
characters; above, snake.
M. [C.CAI. p. 62, PL n, 21.

8. Audumbara: Dharaghosa. S 43*

Obv. Mahadevasa raha Dharaghofasa\ Odum-
barisa ; across field, Visvamiira, in Kha-
rosthi characters; Standing figure of
Siva (or Vi^vSmitra?).

Rev. Same inscr. in Br&hml characters;
right, tree within railing; left, trident
battle-axe.

^. Wt 37,5 grs. = 2,42 grms. [C.CAL
p. 67, PL IV, 1.

9. Ku^iinda: Amoghabhuti. S So*

Obv. Raha Kunimdasa Amo^habhutisa

Maharajas a in Kharosthi characters;

Deer to right facing female figure;

above, symbol; below, cailya.
Rev. Same inscr. in Br^hml characters;

centre, caiiya surmounted by trisul;

right, tree within railing; left, svastika

and another symbol.
^^ Wt 34 grs. = 2,2 grms. [C.CAI,

p. 72, PI. V, I.

10. id. Chatreivara(?).

Obv. Bhagavata Catresvara Mahatmanah
in Br&hml characters; Siva facing,
holding trident battle-axe in right hand,
and antelope's skin on left arm.

Rev, Deer facing left; above, symbols;
right, tree within railing; left, caitya
and symboL

M. [CCAL p. 72; PL V, 5.

11. KosambI: Bahasatimita. % 49.

Obv. Humped bull to right facing caitya\

above •*Uijain" symboL
Rev, Bakasatimitasa in Brahml characters ;

tree within railing; on either side, sjrm-

bols.
M, [CCAL p. 74, PI. V, II.

12. id.: Cast coin.

Obv, Humped bull to left facing symboL
Rev, Tree ¥rithin railing; below, caitya %
left, dharma-cakra and trisul ; right, sva-
stika and another symboL
M, [CCAI. p. 73. PL V, 7.

13. Yandheya. S 60.
Obv, Elephant to right

Rev, Inscr. in Brahml characters not fullv
read containing the word Yaudheyana\
Humped boll to right, facing tree ¥rithin
railing.

M. [CCAL p. 77, PL VI, 2.

14. id.

Obv, Standing figure; symbol on either

side.
Rev, Yaudheyaganasya jaya dvi in Brilhml

characters. Soldier standing holding

spear in right hand.
M, [CCAL p. 77, PL VI, 7.

15. id. ? Brahmanya Deva.

Obv, Standing figure facing; right, tree
within railing; left, trisul and caitya.

Rev, Bha^avata Svamina Brahmanya
[Deva] Yaudheya . . , in BrShml char-
acters; Six-headed deity (Kartikeya,jtf(G-
nana^ brahmanya) facing, holding spear
in right hand.

A. Wt 26 grs. = 1,68 grms. [CCAL
p. 78, PL, VI, II.

16. Pancala (Suiiga): Phalgunlmitra. $ 53.
Obv. Figure standing on lotus ; left, symbol.
Rev. Phagunimitrasa in Brahml characters ;

above, three symbols.

j^. [Cp. CCAL p. 82, PL vn, 5.

17. Mathura. S 52.

Obv. Upatikya in BrShml characters ; above,
svastika.
M. [CCAL p. 86, PL Vm, 1.

18. Janapada. S 47*
Obv» Horse to left.

Rev. , , .putra yanapadasa in Kharo§thI

characters; Tree within railing.
iE. [Unpublished.

19. id.

Obv. Humped bull to left.
Rev, , . . yanapadasa^ in Br£hml characters
Standing figure.

yE. [C.CAI. p. 89, PL vm, 19.

20. Arjunayana. S 42-

Obv. Humped bull to left.

Rev. Arjunayanana in BrShml characters;

Standing figure; left, symbol.
.aE. [CCAL p. 90, PI- VIII, 20.

IV.

Indo-Aryan Research. II. 3 b.

PLATE IV.

1. MathurS: Hindu prince, Ramadatta. S 52.
Obv. Elephant facing &c.
Rev. In incuse, Rajho Ramadatasa in

Brahml characters ; Standing figure ; on
either side, symbols.

m, [Cp. C.CAI. p. 88, PI. vni, 13.

2. Ayodhya: Cast coin. S 44-
Obv. Fish to left; above, svastika.
Rev. Steel-yard; above, crescent.

m. [Cp. ccAi. p. 91, PI. IX, 3.

3. id.: SOryamitra.
Obv. Peacock to right facing palm-tree.
Rev. In incuse Suyyamiirasa in Brahml

characters; Humped bull to left, facing
post.
M. [CCAI. p. 93, PI. IX, 14.

4. id. : Cast coin. Dhanadeva.
Obv. Dhanadevasa in Brahml characters:

Humped bull to right facing symbol.
m. [Cp. CCAI. p. 92, PL IX, 8.

5. Ujjain. S 58.
Rev. UjenHyd) in Brahml characters;

above, man's hand.
M. [CCAI. p. 98, PI. X, 20.

6. id.
Obv. "Ujjain" symbol; below, river with

fishes; left, tree within railing; above

and right, other symbols.
Rev. "Ujjain" symbol.
M. [CCAI. p. 98, PI. X, 15.

7. Eraii — Erakina. S 46. '
Obv, Dhamapalasa in very ancient Brahml ;

characters written from right to left. !
M. [BuHLER,Ind. Stud. Ill, p.44f. (sec.ed.). '.

8. id.: Punch-marked coin. '
Obv. Punch-marked with various symbols.
M. [CCAL p. 100, PI. XI, I. •

9. Gupta: Candragupta I. S 90.

Obv. Right, Candragupta ; left, Kumara-
devJsrth ; Queen standing to right facing ,
king standing to left.

Rev. Ucchavayah ; Goddess facing, holding
noose in right hand and cornucopiae in j
left arm, seated on lion to right; above, |
left, symbol.

N. Wt 123,8 grs. = 8,02 grms. [Smith,'
JRAS. 1889, p. 63, PI. I, I. 1

10. id.: Skandagupta, silver, central fabric.

s 91.

Obv. King's head to right, in front, date
100
40

5- .... I

Rev, Deva Skandagupto yam vijitavanir 1

avampatir j'ayatij Fan-tailed peacock. '

A. "W^ 34,3 grs. := 2,22 grms. [Cp.

Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 133, PI. IV, 3. '

11. id.: Candragupta II Vikramaditya. S 9'* !
Obv, King standing to left, with an atten- 1

dant, right, holding an umbrella over him.
Rev, Maharaja irJ Candraguptah ; Garuda '

represented with human arms.
.E. [Cp. Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 138,

PI. IV, 9. I

12. Valabhi. S 98.

Obv* King's head to right.
Rev. Inscr. not perfectly read ; Trident.
A. W 30,6 grs. = 1,98 grms. [Cp. 1
com. p. 8, PL I, 16. I

13. Maukhari: lianavarman. $ 97. I
Obv, Head of king to left; in front, date 54. -

Rev. Vijitavamr avanipati SrVsanavarma
deva jay aii\ Fan- tailed peacock.

A. Wt' 35 grs. = 2,26 grms. [C.CMI.
p. 20, PL II, 12; cp. Smith, JBA. 1894,

P- 193-

14. Bhimasena. S 99*

Obv. Head of king to left; in front,

traces of date.
Rev, Vijitavanir avanipati Bhimasena deva
jayati'y Fan-tailed peacock.
A. Wt 34,2 grs. = 2,21 grms. [Cp.

Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 135.

15. 6a§anka. S,93- ,

OIw. Right, Sri Sa{sank(i)\ below, yrtj/c;

Siva, facing seated on bull to left.
Rev. StJSasa/iha; Goddess seated on lotus.
N. Wt 145 grs. = 9,39 grms. [CCMI.

p. 19. PL II, 5.

16. Huna: Toramana, silver coin imitated
from Gupta coinage. S 105.

Obz: Head of king to left ; in front, date 52.
Rev. Vijitavanir avanipati Sri Toramana

deva jayati'f Fan-tailed peacock.
A. Wt 32,8 grs.=2,i2 grms. [Cp.CClVn.

p. 20, PL II, II.

17. Kf§naraja. S loo.

Obv, Head of king to right.

Rev, (apparently). Parama Mahesvara^

mahadevyoh padanudhyata Srt Krsnaraja ;

Humped bull crouching to right.
i5w. Wt 31 grs. = 2 grms. [Cp. CCMI.

p. 8, PL I, 18.

18. Huna: Shahi Javuvla, repoussS coin.
S 104.

Obv. Shahi yavuvlah\ Head of king to right.
A. Wt 56 grs. = 3,62 grms. [CNChr.
1894, p. 278, PL IX, 10.

19. id.: Tora(mana). % 106.

Obv. Bust of king to right ; behind, dha ;

in front, tra(?).
Rev. Tora; above, wheel.
JE. [Cp. CNChr. 1894, PL IX, 16; and

Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 2ck).

20. id. : Mihirakula. % 106.

Obv, yayatu Mihirakula ; Bust of king to

right; in front, bull standard; behind,

trident.
Rev, Fire altar and attendants, copied

from Sassanian coinage.
^. Wt 54,2 grs. ==» 3,51 grms. [Cp.

CNChr. 1894, p. 281, PL X, 3.

21. id. S,io6.

Obv, SrJ Mihirakula', Bust of king to
right.
Rev. Jayaiu Vrsa; Humped bull to left.
JE. [Cp. CNXhr. 1894, p. 280, PL X, i.

22. Kashmir: Ya^ovarman. S ^^2.

Obv. King standing ; under left arm KidS{ra).
Rev, Sri Yalovarma; Goddess seated.
A\ Wt 112 grs. = 7,25 grms. [CCMI.
p. 44, PL HI, II.

23. id. : Harsadeva, imitated from coinage
of Kongude§a (v. S 125). $112.

Obv. Elephant to light.
Rev. Srt Harsadeva.

M. Wt 71,8 grs. = 4,65 grms. [CCML
p. 36, PL V, 23.

24. id.: Jagadeva. S l^^.
Obv. King standing.

Rev. Goddess seated; left, Ja-y right, ga.
M, [Cp. CCML p. 46, PL V, 32.

V.

PLATE V.

1. Nepal: Ar iuvaxman. S i^S*

Obv, Xamadekt; Cow to left

Rev, Sryamsuvarma; Winged horse to left

m. [Cp. 'ccAi. p. 1 16, PL xm, 4-

2. NSgas of PadmavatI: Ganapati N^ga. S i^^*

Obv. Humped bull to left

Rev. Sri Ganapatyu,

M, [CCMl/p. 24, PI. n, 21.

3. Hfl^a: imitated from Sassanian coinage
of latter part of reign of Firtiz (471 —

486 A.D.). S 105-

Obv, Head of king to right

Rev. Fire-altar; above, left, crescent;

above, right, star.
i«w. Wt 6i grs. = 3,95 grms. [CCML

PI. VI, 13; and HoERNLE, JBA. 1890,
*p. 1 68.

4. Gadhiya paisa. $ 122 (2).
Obv. Head of king to right
Rev. Fire-altar.

A. Wt 61 grs. = 3,95 grms. [Cp. CCMI.
p. 50, PI. VI, 7.

5. Kanauj: Srlmad Adivar^a, Bhojadeva.
S no.

Obv. Yi§nu in his boar avatar to right
Rev. Srtmad Adivaraha\ below, traces of

fire-altar.
A- Wt 62 grs. =» 4,01 grms. [CCML

p. 54, PL VI, 20.

6. §ahis of Gandhara: Spalapatideva. S ^^5*

Obv. Horseman to right; behind, gu-y in
front, inscription in undeciphered char-
acters /Turki).

Rev. Sri Spcdapati Deva\ Recumbent
humped bull to left

A. Wt 50,6 grs. = 3,27 grms. [Cp. CCML

p. 63, PL vn, 6.

7. Kalacuris of Dahala: Gangeyadeva. $ 1 16.

Obv. Four-armed goddess seated facing.

Rev. Srimad Gdhgeyadtva.

M. W 62 grs. = 4,01 grms. [CCMI.

p. 72, PL vm, I.

8. Kalacuris of MahSko§ala: Jajalladeva.

s 117.

Obv. Lion(?) rampant to right

Rev. Srimaj yajaUadeva.

-AT. Wt 57,5 grs. « 3,72 grms. [CCMI.

p. 76, H. vm, 9.

9. Candellas of Jejfihuti or Mahoba: Hallak-
§a^varman. $ 118.

Obv, Four-armed goddess seated facing.
Rev. Srimad Hallak^anavarma Deva.

M. Wt 63 grs. == 4,08 grms. [CCMI.
p. 79, PL VIII, 14.

10. Pandya. % 124.

Obv, Two fishes under canopy; right,

lamp; left, chauri.
Rev. Inscr. not certainly read.
-AT. Wt 57 grs. = 3,69 grms. [E.CSL

p. 152 F; PL III, 129.

11. Kerala. S 125 (2).
Obv, Name not read.
Rev. Srt Vlrakeralasya.

A. Wt 36,3 grs. = 2,35 grms. [Un-
published.

12. Kongude^a. S 125 (i).
Obv. Elephant to right.
Rev, Floral design.

N. Wt 60,2 grs. = 3,9 grms. [Cp. E.CSI.
p. 152 F; PL III, 119.

13. Cola. S 126.

Obv. Tiger seated under canopy to right,

facing two fishes.
Rev. Utiamacola.
A. Wt 62,6 grs. = 4,05 grms. [E.CSL

p. 152 g; PL in, 154.

14. id.: Rajaraja. S 1 26.
Obv. King standing.

Rev. Rdjaraja-y Goddess seated.

m. [Cp. E.CSL p. 152 g; PL IV, 166.

15. Ceylon: ParSkrambahu. % 127.
Obv. King standing.

Rev. Farakramabaku, Goddess seated.
M. [Cp. Rh.D., ACC p. 25, PL 5.

16. Pallava. S 128.
Obv. Vase on stand.
Rev. Lion to right.

i5w. Wt 103,9 grs. = 6,73 grms. [ECSI.
p. 152B; PL II, 49.

17. W.Calukya. % 129.

Obv, Boar to right, surrounded by various

punch-marked symbols.
Rev, Striated.
-AT. Wt 57,2 grs. = 3,7 grms. [KCSL

p. 152, PL I, 19.

18. Kadamba: Padma-tanka. S ^3 1*

Obv. Lotus, surrounded by various sym-
bols and inscr. punch-marked.

N. Wt 57 grs. =3,69 grms. [Cp. E.CSL
p. 152, PL I, 8.

19. E.Calukya: Rajaraja. ^S 130.

Obv. Boar to right; Sri Rajaraja sa{m-

vat) 35.
M. Wt 66,8 grs. = 4,32 grms. [Cp.

HULTZSCH, Ind. Ant 1896, p. 321.

INDEX.

The references are to pages. Coin-legends are in italics. When one reference is of more
importance than the others, it is placed first and separated from the rest by a semi-
colon instead of a comma.

Abdagases 15.
Abhira 22; 24.
Achsemenid djrnasty 3, 7.
Acyuta 28.
AdivarSha 3 1 ; 34.
Afghanistan 8, 10.
Agathocles 6; 14.
Agnimitra 13.
Agnive§ya prince 17.
Ajmir 33.

Alexander the (ireat 4.
Allahabad district 12.
Almora 10.
AmarSvatl 23.
Am§uvarman 32.
Andhra (Andhrabhftya or Sa-
tavahana) dynasty 23; 20,

21, 3S^ 37-
Antialcidas 6.

Antimachus 6.

Antiochus II. 4.

Antiochus III. 5.

Antiochus *Xicator' 6.

Apaldtasa, Makarajasa II.

Aparanta 1 1.

Apollodotus 6, 8, II, 12, 21.

Arachosia 8, 19.

Arakan 38.

Archebius 6.

Aijuna 22.

Aijunayana 11.

A§oka 4.

Aspavanna,son of Indravarma

9, 15.
ASvaka 14.

Athenian coins in India 3.
Athenian coins, Indian imi-
tations of 3.
Audumbara (Odumbara) ii;

12, 15.
Augustus 4, 16. I

Aurangabad district 23. I

aureus 17, 18, 25. i

authorities quoted : Acts of ;
St. Thomas 15; Alberuni
32, 33 ; Appian 4; Arrian
14; Hwen Thsang 32, 33;
Pliny 17; Rolemy 12; Pu-
ranas 13,22,23,28; Quintus
Curtius 14; Rajataranginl
29» 32, 36; Varahamihira,
Gargl-samhita 17.
Indo-Aryan Research. II. 3 b.

Avantivarman 31.
Ayodhya li; 12, 25.
Azes 8, 9, 15.
Azilises 9, 11.

Bactria 5, 7, 16, 19.
Bahasatimita 12; 13.
Bahman ^ Bahmanvasi, or

Brahmanabad 30.
Baldava = Paithan 24.
Balabhati 13.
Baladitya v. Nara(guptaV
Ba>.e6Koupo5 23.
Balkh 5.
Baran II.
Benares 34.
Bhanugupta 26.
Bhattarakasa 27.
Bhawalpur 14.
Bhimasena 27; 29.
Bhojadeva 31 ; 34.
billon coins 21, 31.
border, "reel and bead" 16.
Budhagupta 26; 27, 29.
Bulandshahr 11.

Calukyacandra 37.
Calukyas, Eastern 37; Western

VI \ 38.

Candella dynasty 33.

Candradeva 31.

Candraditya v. Visi^ugupta.
i Candragiri 36.
; Candragupta Maurya 4.
! Candragupta I, 24.
I Candragupta II. Vikramaditya
! 22, 25.

Ca§tana 21 ; 18, 23, 24.

cast coins 3, 11, 12, 13.

Cauhan dynasty 33.

Cera 36.

Ceylon 37; 36.

Chahara\id\ 14, 20.

Chatisgarh 33.

Cheduba 38.

Chinese authorities 7.

Chitor 14.

Chitral 20.

Coimbatore 36.

coin-legends : Aramaic 7 ;
Brahml (orNagan) 6, 9, 10,
II, 12, 13, 14,21, 29; Brahml

and Kharo^thl 6, 1 1, 12, 20;
Brahml and Pahlavi 31;
Brahml, Pahlavi and uncer-
tain 30; Chinese and Kha*
ro§thI 10; Greek 8, 9, 21,
29; Greek and Kharo^thl

5. 9, 15» 16, 18.

coins of uncertain attribution
10.

coins, where found v, proven'
ance of coins.

coin-types: boar 37 ; bow 36 ;
bull and horseman 33, 34 ;
caitya 23; caitya-tree 13;
deities — Avestan, Buddha,
Greek, Scythic, Vedic 18;
elephant 35, 36; fire-
altar 30, 34, 35; fish 36;
goddess seated 19, 20, 33;
horseman 34; king seated
36; king standing 35, 36;
lion 37; lotus 38; peacock
25 ; ship 37 ; Siva and bull
I9» 35 ; stag 1 1 ; sun-god of
Multan3i; tiger 36; trident
25 ; of Kashmir 3, 31 ; native
Indian influenced by Greek
5 ; ofRanjubula9; of South-
ern India 35; developed
from punch-marks 11, 37.

Cola 36.

Comorin, Cape 36.

copper or bronze alloyed 23,37.

Coromandel Coast 37.

countermarks 3.

Cukh§a 14, 20,

cup-shaped coins yj,

Dabhala, perh. = Dahala 28.

Dahala, Kalcuris of 33; 31.

Daimachus 4.

DamajadaSrI I. 22.

Damajada§n III. 22.

Damasena 22.

DasSn 33.

dates on coins: Brahman
Shahis (supposed) 33; Grae-
co-Bactrian 5 ; Gupta 22, 25,
27 ; Htlna 29 ; Indo-Parthian
(Sanabares) 15; Ksatrapas
of Surastra 21, 22; Mau-
khari 27.

4*

54 n. Literature and History. 3B. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

Deccan 20, 37, 38.
Dehli 31, 33, 34.
Demetrius 5, 8.
Devagiri 38.
devaputra 9, 17. '

Dhanyakataka 23. !

dharana 2. I

Dharanikot 23.
Dharasena 27.
Dheri Shahan 14.
die-struck coins 14, 35. i

dinara 25. i

Diodotus 4, 6. j

double-die coins 14.
dramma 31, 34.
Drangiana 8.
DvSrasamudra 38.

emblems, religious, on coins
\%\ V, also s, w. coin-types
and symbols.

Ephthalites v. Hunas.

Eran (Erakina) 11.

eras: Chedi 22; Gupta 24;
Huna (supposed) 29 ; Malava
«'.Vikrama;Saka 18, 21,22;
Seleucid5, i8;Surastra{Ksa-
trapas) supposed 22; Triku-
taka 22; Vikrama 15, 17,

21, 34.
Eucratides 5, 17.

Euthydemus 5, 6.

Firuz 28, 29.

Gadhiya-paisa 34.
Ganapati-Naga 28.
Gandhara 19, 20, 28, 30, t,t,, 34.
Gandhara, Brahman Sahis of

32; 31-

Gangetic doab 29, 34.

Gangeya-Deva 33.

Ganjam 13."

Gantur district 23.

Ghatotkaca 24.

Ghazni 8.

Gilgit 20.

Girnar edicts 12.

Godavari 23, 37.

Gomitasa Baranaya 1 1 .

Gomitra. ii.

Gondophares 15; 4, 8.

Gotamipuiasa ViUvayakurasa^
Rano 24.

Gotamlputra Satakarni I. and
II. 23, 24.

Graeco-Indian dynasties 5, 6,
8, 10.

Greek alphabet, Kusana modi-
fications of 18; Scythic
modifications of 29.

guild tokens 3.

Gujarat 20, 29, 34.

Gunaiika = Gunakamadeva-
varman 32.

Giindophorus v. Gondophares.

gunja-berry v, rati (raktika).

Gupta dynasty, Imperial 24;
17. 19, 22,27,28,34; —of
E. Magadha 26 ; — of E.
Malwa 26, 29 ; — Northern
26 ; — coins of doubtful
attribution 27.

Haidarabad 38.
Hallaksana-Varman 2>Z'
Hara-Hunas v, Hunas.
{Hd)riguptasya^ Sri Maharajno

27. _
Harikania, Srt 27.

Harsadeva(Harsavardhana) of

Kanauj 24, 31, 34.

Harsadeva of Kashmir 32 ; 36.

HastL Rana 28.

Heliocles 6.

Heliocles and Laodice 5.

Heraus v. Miaus.

Hermaeus 16.

Hima-Kadphises 17; 16, 18.

Himalaya 34.

Hindu Kush 9.

Hitivi ca Air an ca paramesvara

31-
Hiung-nu 7.

Hormazd II. 19.

Htlnas (Ephthalites, Hara-Sita-
or wSveta-Htlnas) 28; 5, 19,
20, 24, 26, 29, 32, 33, 34.

Huviska 18; 10.

Hyrcodes lo.

incuse square 13, 14.

Indo-Chinese 10.

Indo-Parthian 15; the term
difi'erently applied 8, 15.

Indo-Persian 30, 31.

Indo-Scythic princes of doubt-
ful nationality 9.

Indus 8, 20, 29.

inscriptions referred to : Alla-
habad (Samudragupta) 11,
28 ; Bhanugupta (dated 191 )
26; Bhlmascna27; Bhitari
seal (Kumaragupta II.) 26 ;
Budhagupta (dated 165) 26 ;
Jaunpur 34; Junagadh (Ru-
dradamanj2i,22 ; Kura(To-
ramana Saha Jatlvla) 29;
Maharaja Hastin 28; Ma-
thura lion-capital 8, 9, 20 ;
I Mathura (Jain inscrr.) 8;
Nasik 22; Pabhosa (Baha-
satimita) 12; Satakarni 20;
Siyadoni 31 ; Takht-i-Bahi
15; Taxila copper-plate 7,
9, 14, 20, 21; Usavadata 20.

'IffrroKOupa 23.

I^anavarman 27, 29.

Kvaradatta 22.

; Jabalpur district 14.
Jagadeva 31.
Jajalladeva 33.

I Jaloka 5.
jjamna 12, 16, 33.

Janapada 12.
'■ Janapadasa^ Rajfia 12.

Javuvlah (Jabuvlah or Jabula)
Sahi 29.

Jayadaman 21, 23.

Jaya(gupta) 27.

Jejahuti 33.

Jisnugupta 32.

Jivadaman 22.

Johiyas 14.

Kabul 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 19, 20.

Kacch 20.

Kada 12.

Kadaik branch of Kunets 12.

Kadamba 38 ; yj-

Kakatlyas v, Worangal.

Kalacuris v» Dahala, Kalyana-

pura, MahakoSala.
Kalyanapura, Kalacuri dynasty

of 38.
Kanarese districts 38.
Kanauj (Kanyakubja) 31 ; 24,

28, 33» 34-
Kandahar 6, 8, 15.
Kandy 36, 37.
Kangra 34.
Kaniska 18 ; 9, 1 o, 13, 14, 17,

19. 31.
Karakoram pass 8.

Karhad 23.

Karkotaka dynasty 32.

Karnata 36,

karsapana 2.
' Karttikeya 15.

Karwar, Nanda kings of 24.
: Kashgar 10.
I Kashmir 3 1 ; 8, 20, 29, 30, 33.

Kathiawad 20.

Kerala 36.

Khakharata = Ksaharata 20.

Kharamosta, son of Artas 9, 20.

Kharaosta 9, 20.

Khiiigila, §ahi 29.

Khinkhila Narendraditya 29.

Khusru II. Parviz -30, 31.

Kidara Kusanas 19; 20, 28,
30, 32, 2>Z'

Kidara Shah 19.

Kieu-tsieu-khio = Kujula-
Kadphises 16.

Kipin 9.
, Kirna Suvarna 26.

Kistna 23, 37, 38.

Ki-to-lo = Kidara 19.

Kiyan (Ken) 33.

Kodavi^u 38.

Kolhapur 23.

Kongude^a 36.

Konkan 11, 20, 22.

Kosam (Kosambi) 12.
, Kozola-Kadaphes 16; 4, 17,20.

Kramaditya v, Kumaragupta
II. and Virasena.

Index.

55

K|:§9araia 27; 38.
K§aharata 20, 21, 23.
K§atrapa, title 21, 23.
Ksatriyas (Xarptaioi) 12.
Kujula-Kadphises 16; 17.
Kujula-Kara-Kadphises 17.
Kujula- Kasasa 1 6.
Kulottunga Cola I. 36.

Maukhari dynasty 27; 29.

medals — decadrachm struck
by Eucratide sor Heliocles
5 ; — tetradrachms stn»ck in
honour of ancestors by Aga-
thocles and Antimachus 6.

Megasthenes 4.

Menander 6, 17.

metronymics 22.

KumaradevI 25.

Kumaragupta I. Mahendra 25, | Mewar 34.

26. Miaus 9, 16.

Kumaragupta II. Kramaditya Mihirakula 20, 26, 29, 30, 32.

26. \ Mithradatesl. (ofParthia) 5, 8.

Kumaragupta III. of Magadha Mitra dynasty v, Paficala

. 27.

Kunets 12.
Kuninda 12; il, 15.
Kurumbar 37.
Ku§ana id et passim,
Kiisanas, Later Great 18; 19,

25.

Kusanas, Little, v, Kidara Ku-

§anas.
Kusulaa, Great Satrap 20.
Kusulaa Patika 9, 20.
Kuyulu'Kaphsasa 16.

Lae-lih 28, 29.

Lakhana Udayaditya^ Raja 28.

lead coins 23.

Liaka Kusulaka 9, 14, 18, 20.

Ucchavayah 24, 25.

(Sungas).
-mitra, names ending myV.Kyo-

dhya and Paficala (Sungas).
Moga V, Maues.
monograms 6, 18.
Muhammadan conquest of

Dehli 33; — Kashmir 31;

— form of coinage 38.
Muhammad ibn Sam 33.
Multan 5, 30.
Murshldabad district 26.

Naga dynasty of Kashmir 32;
— Padmavati (Narwar) 28;

13» 34-
Nagari (Brahmi) letters on

coins 18.

Nahapana 20; 21, 23.

, Nameless King (Soter Megas)

Macedonian monarchy and' 16; 17.

coins 7. : Nanaia 10.

Madanapala-Deva 31. I Nanda kings of Karwar 24,

Madharlputa 22, 23, 24. Nandidrug 36.

Magadha 23, 34; — E., Later 1 Napki Malka 30.

Guptas of 26, 27; — W., Nara(gupta) Baladitya 26.

Maukhari dynasty of 27; Narasimhagupta 26, 30.

— Pala dynasty of 31. Narbada 23, 33, 34.

MahakoSala, Kalacuris of 33. Narendraditya v, Khinkhila.

mahaksatrapa, title 21, 23. | Narendragupta 26.

maharajadhiraja, imperial title Narwar 34 ; v, also Naga dy-

24.
Mahendra, v. Kumaragupta I*
Mahmud of Ghazni 33.
Mahoba ^Z*
Maisur 36, 38.
Malabar 36.
Malava (Malwa) 12; 13, 21,

23, 26, 34; — E., Gupta

dynasty of 26; 29.
Malavanam y^aya[A] 12.
Malayavarma-Deva 34.
Mananka ==Manadevavarman

32.
Manigula, Saka satrap 9.

Maratha country 20.

nasty of Padmavati.
Nasik district 27.
Nepal 32.
nickel coins 7.
Northern Ksatrapas or Satraps

V. Mathura, Saka Satraps of.

'Ognvi^ = Ujjain 24.
OHpO 18, 19.
Orissa 13.
Oxus 10, 19, 28.

Pabhosa 12.
padmatanka 37, 38.
Padmavati (Narwar) v, Naga
dynasty of P.

Marwar 29, 34.

Mathura, cast coins of 13; Paithan 23.

— Hindu princes of 13 ; 9, j Pakhali 20.

II; — Saka satraps of 8; Pala dynasty of Magadha 31.

9, II, 12, 13. Pallava 37,; 23, 35.

Maues (Moa or Moga) 7; 4, ' Paficala (Sungas) 13; 9, 11,

8, 9, 14, 15, 20. 12, 14.

Pandya 35; 36.

Panjab 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 19,20,
25, 29, 30.

Pantaleon 6, 14.

Parakramabahu 37.
. Parivrajaka Maharajas 28.

Paropanisus 5, 7, 10, 16, 19.

Parthian coins 4, 5, 7, 8.

Pasupati 32.
! Pataliputra 4, 24, 25.

Pathankot 11.

Patika v, Kusulaa Patika.

Persian coins in India 3.

Persian kings in India 30.

Philoxenus 6.

Phraataces, Parthian king 15.

Plato, Bactrian king 5.
■ Polyxenus 6.

Prakasaditya 26.
: Pratisthana 23.
' provenance of coins : Andhras
23 ; Audumbara 1 1 ; Eastern
Calukya 37; Huna 29 ;
Maues, dynasty of 8; Vo-
nones, dynasty of 8; Later
Great Kusanas with APAO-
XpO 19;' Later Great Ku-
sanas with OH [DO i9;Kfsna-
I raja 27; Miaus, obols of lo;
i Nameless King i6 ; Paficala
(Sungas) 13; Scytho-Sassa-
nian 19.

Prthvlraja 33.

Pulumayi, Vasithlputa 24.

punch-marked coins 3, 37.

punch-marks II, 35.

Pura-(Puru-)gupta 26.

purana 2.

Puranas, list of kings in, v.
authorities referred to.

Pun 13.

Raghuvam§i dynasty of Kanauj

Rajaraja Cola 36.
\ Rajaraja II. Calukya 37.
! Rajasthan 12.

Rajputana II, 21, 29, 34.

Rajputs 33.

Ramadatta 13.
! Ramatanka 13.
i RangamattI 26.
: Raiijubula(Rajabula orRajula)

: 9.

Rastraktlta 27, 38.

Rathor (Gadahavala) dynasty

of Kanauj 31 ; 33.
i rati (raktika) 2, 27.

Rawal Pindi district 14.

Raypur 33.

repousse, coins struck in 5,

29, 36, 37.
re-struck coins 29.
Rohilkhand 13.
Roman coins in India 4, 16, 35.
Roman gold in India 17.
4**

56 II. Literature and Hisiory. 3B. Sources of Indian History: Coins.

Rudradaman 21, 23.
Rudrasimha 22.

^a^boddhika drammas 34.
Sagar district ii.
Sahyadri mountains 22.
gaka 7—9; 4, 10, 17,18,20.
Sftkala 8, 28.
Saka-Parthian, term applied to

dynasties of Maues and

Vonones 8.
Saka satraps r'.Mathura ; others

9, 14.
Sakasthana 8, 20.
Saktivarman 37.
Salem 36.
Sanabares 15.
Sapaleizes 10.

Sapardalaksan=Rajputana3 1.
J^arvavarman 27, 29.
i^aSafika 26.
Sassanian dynasty and coins

4, 5» 15. '9. 20» 28, 29,30,

3i» 34.
Satakariji v, Gotamlputa I.

and II.

Satavahanas v, Andhra dy-
nasty.

Satlej 12, 34.

Satyadaman 22.

Scythic invaders of India 7.

Scytho-Sassanian 19; 4, 29.

Seistan 5, 8, 15.

Seleucid ambassadors in India

4.
Seleucid coins 4, 7.

Seleucus 4.

Senapati Bhatarka 26, 27.

Sevalakura 23.

Shahdheri 14.

Shahi Tigin 31.

Sibi 14.

sigloi 3.

silver alloyed 10.

Simhasena 22.

Siiid 5, 8, 15, 30.

single-die coins 14.

Siriyaiia Gotamlputa Sata-

kani II. 24.
[StpoJ?rToXep.aiog = Sn Pulu-

mayi 24.
Sita-Hunas v. Hflnas.
J^ivadatta 10.
Sivapali[ta] 10.
Skandagupta 24, 25, 26, 28.
Sobii = Sibi 14.
Sodasa 18.

Sogdiana 7.
Somaladeva 34.
SomeSvara (Cauhan) 33; —
(Kalacuri of Kalyanapura) 38.
. Sophagasenus (Subhagasena)

5-
Sophytes 3, 4.

SoterMegas v. Nameless King.

Spalagadama 8.

Spalapati 33.

J^rlgupta 24.

Srlm^d-Adivaraha drammas

31-

Sse (or Sek) v. ^aka.

Sthiragupta 26.

strategos, title of Aspavarma 9.

Strato II. 9.

Suhga V, Paficala (Suiigas).

Surastra and Malwa, K§atrapas
of 21 ; 23, 25, 38.

suvarna 2, 25.

Sveta-Htlnas v. Hiinas.

symbols ii, 17, 35, 36; Ca-
lukya 37 ; Cera 36; Pandya
36; Ujjain 14; V, also em-
blems and coin-types.

Takan Khorasan Malka 31.

Tukan = Pan jab 30.

Taxila 14; 8, 17.

Tewar 14, 33-

Theophilus 6.

TiaoTav65 = Castana 24.

Tomara dynasty of Dehli 33 ;

— and of Kanauj 31.
Toramana 26, 27, 29, 30, 32.
Transoxiana 7.
Tripurl (Tripura) 14; 33-
Tsanyu (Chanyu) = deva-

putra 9.
TuttJJna 32.
Turkestan 7.
Turks 15, 28.
Turyamana 32.

Udayaditya v, J.akhana.
Udumbara v. Audumbara

(Odumbara).
Ujeiiiya 14,
Ujjain 14; 21, 23.
Upatikya 13.
U^avadata 20.

Vaisravatia 32.
Valabhl 27; 25, 26.
Varahran V. 5, 20.
Varana il.
Vasithlputa 23.

Vasudeva (KuSana) 18 ; 10, 19 ;

— (Multan) 30.
Vatasvaka 14.
Vatsa-pattana 12.
Vema-Re4^is v. Kodavidu.

Vigraha 28.

Vigraha, 5"^ 31, 34,
Vigrahapala I. (Magadha) 31,

34.

Vigrahapala drammas 31.

Vijayamitra, son of 9.

Vijayanagara 38.

Vijayasena 22.

Vikramaditya 17; «'. also Can-
! dragupta II.
I Vtlivayakura 23.
I Vindhya mountains 33.
I Vtrakifraia.ya, Srf 36.
I Virasena (Virasimha) Krama-
ditya 27.

Vi^ama'siddhi 37.
. Vis^iugupta Candraditya 26.
j Visnuvardhana (of Malwa) 30;
I — (E. Calukya) 37.
■ Vizagapatam district 37.
I Vonones 8; 4, 15.

i weight-standards: of Andhra
! coins 23 ; Attic 6 ; Ksatrapas
of Surastra 21 ; native In-
dian 2, 25, 27; Persian 3,
6, 21, 25, 27; Roman 4,
17, 25. ^
"Western K§atrapas (Satraps)
2/. Surastra and Malwa, K§a-
tra])as of.
, White Huns v. HQnas.
Worangal 38.

Yadava dynasty of Devagiri

38; — ofDvarasamudra38.
Ya^odliarman 30.
Ya^ovarman 32.
Yaudheya 14; 12, 32.
Yellaman chili 37.
Yen-kao-ching ^ Hima-Kad-

phises 17.
Yezdegerd II. 28.
Yin-mo-fu == Miaus (?) 9.
Yueh-chi (Yueh-ti) 7, 9, lo,

16, 19.
Yueh-chi (\'ueh-ti) Little, v.

Kidara Ku^ana.

Zeionises (Jihonisa), Saka

satrap 9, 17.
Zabulistan 30.

•:#90<i#

CHAMPION KJO. 90
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