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liiiiiiii
*B 1? B^^
INDUSTRIAL
STUDIES ^EXERCISES
LIBRARY
University of California.
D^
\^,......fti.
®IFT OF
9f^-;^^}^iCk ^ryo-c^.
Cla^s
s
PHILIPPINE EDUCATION SERIES
INDUSTRIAL
STUDIES AND EXERCISES
BY
O. S. REIMOLD
AUTHOR OF FIRST AND SECOND PRIMARY LANGUAGE BOOKS
FORMERLY A DIVISION SUPERINTENDENT OF
SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
DAVID P. BARROWS
PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
FORMERLY DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION FOR THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
ILLUSTRATED
OF THf
it UNIVERSITY
Of
YONKERS-ON-HUDSON, NEW YORK
WORLD BOOK COMPANY
AND MANILA
I9IO
Copyright^ igos* '9^0^ h IVorld Book Company. EnUred at Stationers^ Hall^ London.
Registrado tn las Jslas Filipinos. A II rights reserved.
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L (6 I sis
CONTENTS Q ^
^:.i".i: V ^ ^ /r i- . -.-V. . I^AGE
Introduction 3
AbacA — Making cord and rope 5-8
Bamboo— Making bamboo furniture ; joints ... 9-12
Baskets, Hats, and Mats — Beginning diagonal
weave 13-16
Blacksmith, The — Making awl, needles, and rule . 1 7-20
BURI — Weaving with the knot weave 21-24
Carpenter, The — Making loom of cigar box . . 25-28
Coconut, The — Weaving coconut-fiber mat . 29-32
Fish,. The — Weaving nets and net bags . . . . 33-36
Fishing — Weaving fish trap and wastebasket . . 37-40
Forest, The — Making chart stand and model stand 41-44
Garden, The — Making fences and hedges . . . 45-48
Home, The — Making bamboo window shade 49-52
Hunting — Weaving nets and hammocks . . . . 53-56
Market, The — Making measures 57-6o
Playing Ball — Making a base-ball 61-64
Potter, The — Covering flower-pots with weaves . 65-68
Rice — Weaving winnowing baskets ; crop report . 69-72
Sabutan — Hat weaving 73-76
School — Making bamboo loom 77-8o
Sewing — Weaving sewing basket 81-84
Shoemaker, The — Making sandals 85-88
Sugar-Cane — Writing cfop reports 89-92
Tailor, The — Making coat hanger and clothes rack 93-96
Transportation — Writing road and animal reports 97-100
Washing — Making bamboo toilet furniture . . . 101-104
Weaving — Weaving on simple loom 105-108
Plate I — Bamboo furniture 109
Plate H — Adaptations of diagonal mat .... 110
Plate HI — Eight steps in weaving a buri hat . . in
RISE -I
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INTRODUCTION
The following studies in industrial work are based upon the
arts and industries of the Filipino peoples. Few countries can
show so many kinds of attractive handiwork suitable for teach-
ing in schools. Trees, plants, and grasses which in other coun-
tries have to be brought from afar to furnish the materials for
this work here grow abundantly.
The Filipinos have two fine gifts. First, the quickness of
their hands; perhaps no other people in the world learn so
easily to use their hands and fingers cleverly. Second, the
artistic sense ; they love beautiful things — colors, patterns, and
pictures — and they love to make them. This talent shows itself
not only in the paintings of such great artists as Luna and
Resurreccion, but still more strikingly in the many beautiful
articles made by humble people.
For many years, the native arts and manufactures of the
Filipinos have been disappearing. There are provinces where
at the time of the Spanish conquest the people made fine cotton
cloths, but today do nothing of the kind. There are towns
once famous for mats and baskets which no longer make them.
Only three or four towns make good hats, although the demand
is so large that many hundreds are brought to Manila each year
from foreign countries. In getting a modern education, the
Filipino boy and girl should not forget or slight the many ex-
cellent things done well by their parents and grandparents.
Among these are the popular industries told about in this book.
We whose aim is education believe that it is a great good to a
child to learn to make well some useful thing ; to make it beauti-
ful is an increased pleasure. We believe that the training of eye
and hand obtained by learning to make a fine mat will help the
child many times in after life to use his fingers skilfully and to
know and love well-made things. Furthermore, we believe that
the schools should encourage, in every way, the practice of
"household industries," that is, industries that can be engaged
in by all members of the family without leaving the home. In
iii
219371 ^ ..Pooalp
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iv INTRODUCTION
many provinces, people have little to do between rice planting
and harvest, and again, between harvest time and plowing.
Idleness frequently leads them to do foolish and harmful things ;
sometimes they actually suffer want for lack of employment.
To such people, household industries are most important. Were
it not for the spinning and weaving of cotton cloths, the Ilokano
people would not be able to make a living on their crowded
and not very fertile coast.
For all these reasons the native arts and industries were
chosen as subjects of study in primary schools when, in 1904,
the course of study for Philippine schools was framed. Splen-
did teaching along these lines has already been given in all
parts of the Islands. I have been in schools where every boy
was wearing a buri or pandan hat which he himself had made,
and in other schools where every girl had learned to embroider
linen in a way to delight the purchaser of such fineries.
About two years ago, a ''standard" of industrial work was
announced which each child must reach to be promoted from
Grade III to Grade IV. This "standard" is the ability to make
well some useful, salable article and to write a little essay tell-
ing about the materials from which it is made, its manufacture,
its use, and its worth. This book helps the pupil to both ends ;
it teaches how to make beautiful things, and it teaches how to
tell about them in accurate and well-chosen language.
David P. Barrows
University of California, i October, 19 10
To the Teacher: On each first page of a subject (see pages 5, 9, 13, and each
successive fourth page) is a list of words and expressions which it is essential that
every pupil should understand and be able to use correctly. Let the pupils use
each word or phrase in several sentences relating to the subject under discussion.
Words followed by "(n. & v.) " are used both as noun and verb — teach the use
of both. Of the nouns, both singular and plural forms should be used ; of the
verbs, the present, past, and participle forms should be used.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 5
ABACA
What is growing in this field?
How tall are the plants?
How do the men cut abaca?
What is on the cart?
Where will the man go with the cart?
stalk
leaf
leaves
abaca fiber
coarse fiber
fine fiber
bleach
strip (n. & V.)
stripper
stripping knife
stripping machine
baling machine
bale
cord
rope
lupis
sinamay
pinolpog
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READING AND CONVERSATION
Cut a stalk of abacd
or banana plant. You
will find many small
threads. These small
threads in the stalk are
called fibers.
In abaca there are
many fibers. Abaca
fibers are very strong.
This man is taking
the fiber out of the
abacd stalk. He is
stripping off all the soft
part with a smooth knife. If the knife is rough,
the fiber will not be fine.
Abaca fiber makes strong twine and rope.
Cord is small rope. The fisherman uses rope
and cord for his nets. Much rope is used on
ships. Is the rope on yourflag-pole made of abaca?
Women can weave cloth from fine abaca fiber.
The ladies make camisas of this cloth.
Very much abacd grows in the southern part
of Luzon. Can you tell on what other islands
abaca grows?
Much abaca is sent to America and Europe.
Philippine abaca is the best in the world.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
1. How does the farmer plant abacd?
2. Why does he have trees in the field?
3. What plant does abaca look like?
4. What kind of leaves has abaci?
5. How tall does abaci grow?
6. Can we eat the abaci fruit?
7. What part of the plant do we use?
8. How many times a year is abaci cut?
9. How can we tell when to cut abaci?
10. How do the men cut abaci?
I. How does the man take the fiber out of
the stalk ?
What kind of knife is best for stripping?
How does the fiber look?
What color is it?
What can we make of strong fiber?
6. How is rope made?
7. For what can we use rope ?
8. What cloth can we weave of fine fiber?
9. What can be made of the cloth ?
10. In what provinces does much abaci grow ?
2.
3-
5-
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8 INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
What is the difference between a cord and a
rope ? You can make all the cord and rope that
you need for your industrial work. Use good
fibers of abacd, maguey, or sisal. See pages 32,
36, 52, 56, 68, 88, for the uses of cord and
rope.
To make a cord for weaving a net, select
twenty good fibers of equal lengths. Take ten
fibers in one bundle. Fasten one end of the
bundle to a hook in the ceiling. Hang it so
high that the other end does not touch the floor.
Tie a stone or some other kind of weight to the
lower end. Give the weight a spin so that it
will twist the fibers. Twist the other ten fibers
in the same way. Then twist the two strands
into a cord.
Measure the fibers before twisting, and again
^ H. after twisting. When are they longer? Why?
You can make a rope for a flag. How thick
should it be? Twist three strands together.
How many fibers will you need for each strand?
Rope can also be made by braiding. Learn to braid
with three strands; with four strands; with six strands.
Braided rope is useful for basket handles and for the soles
of sandals. (See page 88.) It can also be sewed together
to make mats and baskets. Very pretty braided rope
can be made from raffia and grasses.
To the Teacher: Pupils should make at a time only as much cordage as theii
exercise requires. Read the chapters, "Braids " and *' Knots and Nets."
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 9
BAMBOO
What tall plants do you see at the left?
What can you tell about them?
What are the men doing?
Of what are they building the house?
What tools do they use?
bamboo shoots
split the stalks
glue
bamboo stalks
between the joints*
chisel
hollow stalks
join two pieces
pegs
trim the stalks
make a joint*
ruler
*To the Teacher: Make clear these meanings of the word joint: (i) the node
of a stem; (2) the part of a stem between the nodes; (3) the union of two or
more parts or things, as the bamboo joints on page 12.
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lO
READING AND CONVERSATION
Bamboo does not grow like
trees. Many bamboo plants
grow in one bunch. Here is
a picture of a bunch of bamboo.
Young bamboo grows very fast.
It is tender and good to eat.
The bamboo stalk is hollow. It
is lighter than the trunk of a tree.
The trunk of a tree is solid.
Can you make a cup of bamboo ?
When the wind blows, the bamboo
bends and shakes its slender leaves.
How beautiful it looks !
The farmer plants bamboo around
his field. The carabao cannot get
into the field.
The carpenter can use bamboo for posts,
because it is strong. Can all the parts of a
house be made of bamboo ?
We can make sawali and baskets of
bamboo, because it bends and is light.
The farmer makes rope of bamboo,
because it bends and is strong.
Very fine hats are made of bamboo. Bamboo
hats are light and cool. In what town are many
bamboo hats made ?
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING ii
1 . Where does bamboo grow best ?
2. How much will young bamboo grow in a day ?
3. How long will it take to grow as tall as you ?
4. How high does bamboo grow ?
5. What kind of branches has bamboo ?
6. What kind of leaves grow on bamboo ?
7. When do people cut bamboo ?
8. When must they not cut it ?
9. Do ants eat bamboo ?
10. How is bamboo different from a tree?
11. What kind of noise does bamboo make when it
burns ?
1. What part of your house is made of bamboo ?
2. Name some large things at your home made of
bamboo.
3. Name some small things made of bamboo.
4. What can your father make of bamboo ?
5. What things made of bamboo does the fisherman
use?
6. What does the farmer make of bamboo ?
7. What can you make of bamboo ?
8. Why do you make your kite of bamboo ?
9. How much do you pay for a large bamboo stalk ?
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12
S y y \
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
M
J
czn
Where do the pupils in your school put their hats and
umbrellas? Should you like to make an umbrella rack
or a hatrack for your room? (See page 109.)
Bamboo furniture should be strong. It will be strong
if all the joints are well made. The pictures above show
how to make strong joints. Measure accurately. Cut
the edges even. Make the two joining pieces fit well.
Do not use iron nails ; use wooden pegs and hot glue.
Make the joints neat. See that your saw and chisel are
sharp so that you can cut smooth edges.
No. I shows how joined pieces are held together while
the glue is drying. No. 2 shows the miter joint ; Nos. 3
and 4, T joints; No. 6, the diagonal joint.
To the Teacher : Read the chapter ** Bamboo Work." Let the first work be
simple. Do not let the pupils try to make furniture until they are able to make
strong joints. Glue may be made from carabao hoofs and skins.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 13
BASKETS, HATS, AND MATS
What is this woman weaving?
What material does she use?
How many hats do you see?
What other things can she weave?
Of what is the mat made?
weave
mat weave
sleeping mat
weaving
web weave
table mat
wove
coil weave
hand basket
w^oven
knot weave
market basket
border
hexagonal weave
sewing basket
design
square mat
weaving materials
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14
READING AND CONVERSATION
Many kinds of hats are made in the Philippines.
Some hats keep off the rain, and others are made
to wear in the sun. How many kinds of hats do
you see in the picture ?
In Bali wag hats are made of bamboo. The peo-
ple of Lukban make fine hats of buntal. Sabutan
makes very good hats.
Baskets are very useful, and we should learn
to make them. Many of them have beautiful
shapes. Sometimes baskets have pretty colors,
too. Strong baskets are made of bejuco, bam-
boo, or buri.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
IS
3-
5-
6.
What kinds of mats are
made in your province ?
Of what material are these
mats made ?
What color are they ?
What are these mats used
for?
Draw a design for a mat.
Beautiful mats are made in
the Romblon Islands. Can you tell some other
places where fine mats are made ?
1. What part of the basket do you
weave first ?
2. What do you make last ?
What baskets are made of bamboo ?
What baskets are made of bejuco ?
What other materials are used to
make baskets ?
6. Tell the use of each basket in the picture.
1. Can you make a bamboo hat?
2. How do you get the bamboo ?
3. How do you split it for weaving ?
4. How do you soften the bamboo ?
5. What part of the hat do you weave
first?
6. How many kinds of material are used to make hats?
7. Which hat in the picture do you like best?
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i6
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
In weaving a mat, it is important to turn the corners
correctly and accurately. The pictures show how to
make correct turns.
Lay a strip of buri or lupis before you. With the
right hand bring the upper part over to the right.
Make a right angle like No. i. Take the strip at the
right and bring it over and down. Now you have the
double turn shown by No. 2.
Weave in a strip as shown in No. 3. All turns on the
right are made by bringing the strip over and down. All
turns on the left are made by turning the strip back and
then down, like No. 4.
Weave in other strips. When the edges are 20 cm
long, make the double turn. Now weave until the mat
is finished. What is the shape of your mat ? How large
is it ? On page no you will find pictures of things that
can be made of square mats and oblong mats.
To make a good mat, notice these points: use white
buri; let the strips be smooth; weave the strips in
straight; weave the strips closely. When a mat is well
made, the edges are straight and even.
To the Teacher: See the chapter ''First Exercises " for exercises on making
turns; also read the chapter ** Diagonal Mat- Weave." This lesson will serve as
a model for a composition exercise on how to weave a mat.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 17
THE BLACKSMITH
What is the man making?
What is the man at the right doing?
What do you call these men?
Why do they need the fire?
Tell the names of the things that you
see in this place.
metal
gold and silver
blow the fire
iron
metal worker
heat the iron
steel
coppersmith
red hot
tin
tinsmith
cool the iron
brass
silversmith
bend the iron
copper
goldsmith
bent the wire
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i8
READING AND CONVERSATION
I like to visit the blacksmith's shop and see the
blacksmith work.
A fire is burning in the forge. The blacksmith
puts the iron into the fire. See how the fire
burns ! I like to see the man blow the fire.
The blacksmith takes the hot iron out of the
fire with the tongs. How pretty the red iron
looks !
He puts the iron on the anvil and strikes it
with a heavy hammer. See the sparks fly ! Hear
the anvil ring !
The blacksmith is making a bolo. He ham-
mers the hot iron flat. He will sharpen the bolo
and put a handle on it.
The blacksmith will sell the bolo. He can buy
food and clothes with the money.
Who will buy the bolo ?
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING ig
1. Of what does the blacksmith make a bolo?
2. Can he make a bolo of cold iron?
3. How can he make the iron soft?
4. How does he make the fire burn?
5. How does he know when the iron is soft?
6. How does he hold the hot iron?
7. How does he shape the iron into a bolo?
8. Why does the blacksmith make bolos?
9. What does the carpenter give him for a bolo?
10. What does the blacksmith do with the money?
1. Draw pictures of three objects shown in the picture
on page 2.
2. Write four sentences. In each sentence tell what
the blacksmith does with one of these tools:
anvil tongs
hammer forge
3. Write four sentences. In each sentence tell what
these things are used for:
anchor spear
bolo chain
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20 INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
H
'-w-rsr^ ' ' — — ' '
3
4
For your industrial work, you need these tools : knife,
scissors, ruler, awl, large and small needles, and bamboo
needles. You can make most of your own tools yourself.
Make an awl from a nail. Shape a wooden handle as
No. I shows. Make it 6 cm long and 2.5 cm wide at the
widest part. Drive a nail into the handle. File off the
nail head and sharpen the nail, as shown in No. 2.
Make a needle from a nail. File off the head. Hammer
the nail flat and file it till it is thin enough. Punch a
hole in one end. No. 3 shows the shape and size of the
needle.
A bamboo needle is needed for weaving colored buri
into mats. Cut a thin piece of bamboo into a shape like
No. 4. The split at one end will hold the colored buri.
Directions for making a meter measure are given on
page 60. In the same manner make a decimeter meas-
ure. Divide the decimeter into ten centimeters. Divide
the centimeters into millimeters.
You cannot make a knife or scissors. These tools are
made of hard steel. However, you can keep them sharp
by using a whetstone. Some whetstones are used dry.
On some whetstones water is used, on others, oil.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 21
BURI
Point to the leaf.
How tall is the leaf?
How tall is the petiole ?
Point to the leaf bud
On what tree do they grow ?
What part of the leaf is useful ?
What fiber does it contain?
Why is the leaf bud valuable ?
fc^IT Name six things made of buri.
rice water
extract
dye (n. & v.)
boiling water
prepare
dyeing
leaf bud
soak
dyed
petiole
boil
color
midrib
rinse
sibucao
buri fiber
bleach
mangrove
buntal
vinegar
dilao
buri raffia
sour
cili
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22
READING AND CONVERSATION
Buri grows in nearly every
part of the Philippines. Buri fiber
is used more than any other kind
in school industrial work.
The fiber, commonly called
buri, comes from the leaf bud.
Buri is stronger and finer than
pandan. White buri makes the
best kind of cheap hats. See
page III for the weaving of a
buri hat.
A soft fiber, which resembles a
material called raffia, is made from buri. Buri
raffia can be woven in a small loom. It also
makes attractive mats and baskets.
The midribs of the leaf bud can be used as
spokes in basket weaving. Bejuco and bamboo,
however, make stronger spokes.
The valuable buntal fiber is found in the petiole,
or stem, of the buri leaf. The man in the picture
is pulling buntal from a leaf stem. Few people
know how to extract buntal. More people should
learn how to do it. Have you tried it ?
Most of the buntal comes from Tayabas prov-
ince. Buntal is woven into fine hats. It is also
used for cigarette cases and fine baskets.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
23
4-
5-
7-
8.
How tall do buri trees usually grow ?
How often does a new leaf grow on a tree?
How tall is the leaf bud when it is ready to cut for
weaving fiber?
What materials does the leaf bud give ?
Name the uses of the buri fiber, the midribs, and
raffia.
From what part of the buri plant does buntal come?
Why is buntal valuable ?
Can any one in your town weave a buntal hat?
From what province do most of the
buntal hats come ?
Prepare and bleach buri for your own use. Make it
as white as you can. Write a composition on *' How to
Prepare Buri." Write about these things: (i) collect-
ing leaf bud; (2) separating parts of bud ; (3) stripping
from the midrib; (4) boiling; (5) drying; (6) soaking
in rice water; (7) drying; (8) making smooth ; (9) roll-
ing; (10) stripping.
Be sure to tell how long to boil the buri; what you
put into the water to make the buri white ; how long to
dry it before rinsing; how often to rinse it.
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24
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
^^MMM:
These pictures show how the knot weave is made.
Take two buri strips. Place one over the other to form
right angles, as shown in No. i. Hold these strips in
your left hand. With the right hand, make the turns as
shown in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5. No. 6 shows how the knot
looks when it has been pulled tight.
To make the next knot, add a new strip, as in No. 7.
Make this knot as shown in Nos. i to 6. For each new
knot, add a strip. When you begin the second row of
knots, add a new strip, as in No. 8. Add a new strip
for each row. Make the knots even and bring them
close together.
No. 9 shows how small bamboo splints are woven into
the knot weave. This makes the weave strong enough
to hold its shape. Weave the splints in firmly so that
they will not fall out. You must strengthen the weave
with splints when you make the articles shown on page 23.
To the Teacher: Read the chapters "Materials and their Preparation"
(buri), **Dyes," ** Hat Weaving." There ought to be a sale among officials for
knot- weave baskets in which to put letters and papers — dimensions 36 cm long,
26 cm wide, 9 cm deep.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 25
THE CARPENTER
What do you call these men?
What materials are they using?
Who made the boards?
What tools are these men using?
What things can they make?
workshop
workbench
tool box
sawhorse
hardware
try-square
saw (n. & V.)
ripsaw
crosscut saw
hacksaw
miter box
mallet
hammer (n. & v.)
screw
screw-driver
bit
brace
plane (n. & v.)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
26
READING AND CONVERSATION
The carpenters are build-
ing a house. First they dig
holes in the ground and put
in the posts. The posts are
very strong.
On top of the posts they
make the roof. The frame
of the roof is made of bam-
boo. One carpenter is put-
ting on the cogon. Nipa
also makes a good roof.
Cogon and nipa keep out
the hot sun and the rain.
Another carpenter is saw-
ing a wide board. The
board must be smooth. It
will be used for the floor.
The carpenters will cover
the sides of the house with
sawali. How do they put it on?
They will put in large windows and a door.
Light and fresh air can come through the win-
dows. At night we should open the windows
and shut the doors.
The floor is high above the ground. The car-
penter will make steps of boards.
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CONVERSATION. AND WRITING
2^
1. What things in the school- room can the carpenter
make ?
2. Of what is your bench made?
3. What kind of wood is it?
4. How does the carpenter make the
boards smooth?
5. What does he do with the saw?
6. How does he sharpen his saw?
7.
8.
9-
10.
What holds the bench together?
How does the carpenter put in the
nails ?
What can the carpenter make for the blacksmith?
What can the blacksmith make for the carpenter?
1. How long is your house? How wide is it?
2. How many posts are in your house?
3. How tall are they from the ground to the roof?
4. What kind of wood are the posts?
5. With what is the roof of your house covered?
6. Count the steps from the ground to the floor.
7. Why is the floor so far from the
ground?
8. Of what is the floor made?
9. With what are the sides of your
house covered?
ID. How many windows are in your
house?
1 1. How many doors are there?
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28
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
This picture shows how a
loom can be made from a cigar
box. The box should be about
14 cm by 20 cm.
On each end put a row of
19 pins 5 mm apart. These pins
hold the warp threads.
From the cover of the cigar
box make the heddle. The heddle is used to raise and
lower the warp threads. Make the heddle 11.5 cm
long and 7 cm wide.
Study the picture carefully. You see that the first
warp passes through the first slit. The second warp
passes through the first hole. How many slits are there?
How many holes?
First make a drawing of the heddle. The slits should
be 4 cm long and 3 mm wide. The holes should be
3 mm in diameter. The holes are in a row through the
middle of the heddle. How far should it be from slit to
hole? How far from slit to slit? Cut the edges of the
slits and holes smooth.
How many heddles has the loom on page 105?
Point them out.
Make a bobbin of the cigar box cover. Make
it 1 2 cm by 5 cm. For what is the bobbin used ?
Use this loom for weaving fine mats. (See page
108.)
To the Teacher : The pupils should first make and use the loom as directed
on page 80. Later have them make looms like the one here described but larger.
See the chapter on ** Textile Weaving."
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 29
THE COCONUT
What kind of trees do you see ?
What grows on these trees?
Can you tell what the horses are carrying?
What is copra ?
Where do you think the horses are going?
coconut grove
husk
export
coconut palm
shell
exporter
coconut milk
meat
import
coconut oil
copra
importer
coconut wine
fuel
petroleum
pack horse
burn
lamp
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30
READING AND CONVERSATION
The boys are in a coconut
grove. Pedro is climbing a
tree. He will pick some co-
conuts and throw them down
to Juan.
The coconut has a thick
coat. This coat is the husk.
Juan is taking off the husk.
Under the husk is the shell.
When the coconut is ripe,
the shell is very hard.
Juan will cut off one end of
the coconut with his bolo.
The coconut is full of good,
sweet milk. Pedro and Juan
like to drink the milk.
Pedro will take out some of the meat with his
knife. The boys will eat it. They will take some
coconuts home to their mother. For what can
your mother use coconuts?
Pilar is carrying home the husks. She will
burn them in the stove. Pilar will cook rice for
the boys. She will take the rice from the pot with
a spoon. The spoon is made of coconut shell.
We get oil from the coconut. We can burn
the oil. It gives us light at night.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
31
1. Where does the coconut tree grow?
2. What kind of leaves has it?
3. Where do the coconuts grow ?
4. How many nuts grow on a tree?
5. What shape is the nut?
6. How large is it?
7. What is outside the shell ?
8. What is inside the shell ?
9. How does the meat taste?
10. How much milk is in a coconut?
1. Do many coconuts grow in your province?
2. In what province are large coconut groves?
3. What is copra ?
4. How can we make copra?
5. For what is it used?
6. How is coconut oil made?
7. For what can we use the oil ?
8. For what can your mother use coconut milk?
9. For what is the husk used?
10. What useful thing can you make of the husk?
1 1. What can you make of the shell ?
12. For what can we use the leaves?
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32
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Weave a small door mat. Use the bamboo loom that
you have made. (See page 80.)
Warp the loom with strong twisted fiber. Thread two
weaving needles with the same kind of fiber. With one
needle begin to weave on the right and weave across
once. Then with the other begin on the left and weave
across once. In this way, weave across three times with
each woof thread.
Weave a bundle of coconut husk fiber around each
warp. Then with the needle on the right, pass around
the end warp and weave across once. Do the same with
the other needle. Proceed in this way, weaving a row
of fiber, then two woofs.
While weaving, batten each row firmly against the
weave. Trim each row of coconut fiber so that the fiber
is about 2 cm deep on the mat.
Finish the mat by weaving the woof across six times.
Sew a braided rope around the edge of the mat to make
it firm. If the mat is well made, the coconut fibers will
be thick and even.
^ To the Teacher: Simple loom weaving should precede this exercise. En-
courage the children to make large door mats, — 40 cm x 60 cm is a good size.
There ought to be a ready sale for such mats.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 33
THE FISH
Count the fish in this picture.
Where are the fish ?
What are they doing ?
What do fish like to eat ?
Can you tell the names of these fish ?
fish (n. & V.)
eggs
jelly-fish
fishing
spawn
sea urchin
fished
hatchery
starfish
scales
sea
. sponge
fins
lake
oyster
gills
river
seaweed
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34
READING AND CONVERSATION
The fish Hves in the water. It cannot Hve on
land.
The fish breathes with its gills. How do you
breathe ? Can you breathe under water ?
I hke to see the fish swim. It cannot walk or
fly. I swim with my hands and feet. The fish
swims with its fins and tail.
Count the fins on this fish. Tell where they
are.
Some fish wear hard coats. These coats are
of scales. The water cannot go through these
coats. Have you ever seen a fish without
scales ?
Some fish live in the sea. They are called
salt-water fish. Some of them are very large.
There are many small fish in rivers and lakes.
We call them fresh-water fish.
Turtles, crabs, and frogs also live in water.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
1. Where does the fish live?
2. How does the fish use its gills?
3. Where are the gills?
4. What is the color of the gills?
5. How does the fish swim?
6. Where are the fins?
7. What fish has large scales?
8. What fish has no scales?
9. What does the fish eat?
10. How does the fish get its food?
1 1. What other animals live in water?
35
1. Is your town on a river or on the sea?
2. What kind of fish can you buy in your market?
3. How much do you pay for a large fish?
4. How large was the largest fish you ever saw?
5. What kind of fish was it? What color was this
fish?
6. Write the names of some fresh-water fish.
7. Name some salt-water fish.
8. Give the names of some big fish.
9. Name some little fish.
10. What fish do you like best?
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36
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Fishermen and hunters use nets to catch game. Nets
can be put to other uses as well.
The only tools necessary are the bobbin {a) and the
mesh stick (6), Both may be made of bamboo, but hard
wood is better. Abaca or maguey can be used for
strong nets with coarse meshes. For fine nets with
small meshes, linen or cotton thread is best.
The first picture shows how to make a simple net
knot. Other knots are shown on page 56. Be sure to
make all the meshes the same size.
Make a net bag for school-books like the one in the
picture above. First make two strong rings of bejuco
for the handles. Cover the rings with abacd, raffia,
lupis, or thin strips of bejuco, as shown in the second
picture. Begin your net by tying the cords on the rings.
Very fine bags in which ladies may carry handkerchiefs
or purses can be made of silk threads. Such bags may
be lined with an inner bag of silk.
Flower-pots may be covered with nets woven of
raffia or lupis. (See page 68.)
To the Teacher: Read the chapters ''Braids" and ''Knots and Nets.'^
Let the pupils learn the net knot used by fishermen of their locality.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 37
FISHING
Where are the men ?
What are they doing ?
What do they do* with the net ?
What do you call these men ?
What kind of fish can they catch ?
net
pole
bait the hook
dip net
line
set the net
scoop net
hook
draw in the net
dragnet
bait (n. & v.)
dry the net
sinker
weir
bait basket
float
trap
fish basket
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38
READING AND CONVERSATION
Jose is fishing. How still he holds
his pole !
He has a fat worm on his hook. A
hungry fish sees the worm. It will
bite the worm.
Jose pulls up his line. =^t-
Poor fish, it cannot get away. Jose puts it into
his basket. He will take it home.
The men in the boats are fishing in the sea.
They have a long net between the boats. The
net is under the water.
See the men pull in the net. How heavy it is !
The net is fiill of fish. The men will put the fish
into the boat and take them to market to sell.
The fisherman can catch fish at night. He
holds a candle in one hand. The fish like the Hght.
They cannot see the man. The man will catch
the fish in his trap.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
39
1. Where is Jose fishing?
2. What things does he use?
3. Of what is his pole made?
4. Why does he want a long pole?
5. Why does Jose put a worm on the hook?
6. What else can he use for bait?
7. Why is the hook sharp?
8. How does Jose know when
the fish bites the worm?
9. Why does he have a basket?
10. Why does he catch fish?
1. Where are the men fishing?
2. How do they catch fish?
Of what is the net made?
Who makes the net?
3-
4-
5-
6.
7.
What makes the net go down into the water?
What fish can they catch in the net?
What fish can we catch at night?
8. Why does the man have a candle?
9. How does he catch the fish?
10. Of what is the fish-trap made?
1 1. What do you call a fish-trap?
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40
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Make a fish trap like No. 3. Let it be 25 cm tall,
7 cm in diameter at the small end, and 18 cm at the large
end.
Weave it of thin bejuco strips 4 mm wide. Take 11
strips 65 cm long. Weave them in the middle, as shown
in the first picture. These strips form 22 of the spokes.
Add a twenty-third spoke, (a) No. 2. With one end of
this added spoke, begin to weave, bending the spokes
upward, as the second picture shows.
First weave under one spoke; then over two; then
under two ; then over one. After this, weave under two
and over two, going round and round. Keep the spokes
at equal distances apart. The distance between the
spokes grows greater nearer the top. Finish the top
neatly, as is shown in No. 3.
With this weave, you can make a strong and attractive
wastebasket for your home. You will, however, need a
greater number of spokes to make the bottom large
enough.
To the Teacher: Let the pupils learn from fishermen the different weaves
employed in making traps and let them apply those weaves to other practical pur-
poses. See the chapter on ** Web Weave *' for applications.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 41
THE FOREST
What is the man doing with the ax ?
Which way will the tree fall ?
What are the men doing with the saw ?
How many logs do you see ?
What will the men do with the logs ?
tree
trunk
bark
branch
limb
twig
leaf
sawmill
leaves
woodcutter
log
forester
board
ranger
seedling
forest fire
sapling
Arbor Day
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42
READING AND CONVERSATION
Many large trees grow in the forest. Have
you ever been in a forest?
The forest is the home of birds and wild ani-
mals. The birds build their nests in the trees.
The monkeys jump and play among the branches.
How happy they are!
The wood-cutter cuts down the tree with a
sharp ax. How the chips fly! He cuts the
branches ofl" the trunk. Then two men saw
the trunk into logs. How the saw sings
The carabaos are hauling a log to town.
Count the carabaos. Is the log heavy?
How can you tell?
These men are sawing a
log into boards. The car- jjt-
penter will use the boards. {-^
He can make boxes, tables,
benches, and desks of boards.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
43
1. What is a forest?
2. Do people live in the forest?
3. What birds live in the forest?
4. What wild animals do we find there?
5. What does the wood-cutter do?
6. What tools does he use?
7. How does he take the logs to town?
8. What can be made of the logs ?
9. What things in the school-room
boards?
10. What things at home are made of boards?
1. Is there a large forest near your town?
2. Write the names of some large trees.
3. What wood is very hard?
4. What wood makes the best posts?
5. What wood is used for doors?
6. What wood makes pretty tables?
7. What wood is used for boats?
8. Of what wood can we make canes?
9. Of what wood is your desk made?
10. What wood do the ants like to eat?
1 1. What wood do the ants not like to eat?
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44
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
LYou can make a stand for The Philip-
pine Chart or music chart.
Make the chart stand of the same dimen-
sions and in the same way as the clothes
rack on page 96. The chart stand, however,
has no pegs in the upright. Trim the top
edges of the upright round so that the
chart will not tear. Get a large nail that fits
the hole in the chart stick. Drive the nail
into the top of the upright. File off the
nail head.
Sometimes your teacher puts models
for industrial work before the class. The
picture shows how the chart stand can be
,made to hold these models.
The shelf for holding the models is a
board about 20 cm wide, 30 cm long, and 2 cm thick.
In one end of the board cut a square hole. The hole
must be just large enough to let the upright pass through
it easily. As the picture shows, a small three-cornered
brace is fastened to the under side of the shelf. This
brace is not attached to the upright. The shelf is held
in place by a wooden peg, as the picture shows. The
wooden peg runs through a hole in the upright and ex-
tends about 5 cm on each side. If holes are bored
through the upright at different heights, the shelf can be
raised and lowered. Let the holes be 10 cm apart.
The shelf should be taken off before the chart is put
on the stand.
^
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 45
THE GARDEN
What are these boys making?
What is each boy doing ?
What tool is each boy using ?
What are the tools made of ?
Why is there a fence around the garden ?
spade (n. & v.)
spading
hoe (n. & V.)
hoeing
rake (n. & v.)
raking
weed (n. & v.)
weeding
fertilize
fertilizer
cultivate
mulch
plant (n. & v.)
transplant
seed
fruit
vegetables
flowers
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46
READING AND CONVERSATION
Let US make a garden. We must first turn the
soil with a spade. Seeds cannot grow in hard soil.
Chop the soil fine with the hoe, Benito. Pick
out the grass. Grass will kill the young plants.
We shall rake the garden. Now the soil is soft
and fine. We shall plant vegetable seeds.*
Antonio, make a straight row with your stick.
Plant some radish seeds in the row. Now cover
the seeds with a little soil.
Manuel is sowing some tomato
seeds. By and by he will set out
the little tomato plants.
Now, boys, take care of the gar-
den. Do not let the weeds and
grass grow. Keep the soil loose
and soft. Soon we shall have fresh vegetables.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING 47
1. What is a garden?
2. How do we make a garden?
3. What tools do we use?
4. Of what are the tools made?
5. Why do we turn the soil with a spade?
6. Why does the farmer plow the field ?
7. Why do we pick out the grass?
8. What do we do with the rake ?
9. What is the best month for making a garden?
10. Why is it the best month?
1 1. Draw a picture of a spade, a hoe, a rake.
1. Where do we plant seeds?
2. Where do we get the seeds?
3. What kind of seeds are the boys planting?
4. How do you plant radish seeds?
5. What part of the radish do we eat?
6. What seeds do ants eat?
7. What kind of plants do we set out?
8. What do you do when weeds and grass grow
in the garden?
9. Write the names of five vegetables.
10. What vegetable do you like best?
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48 INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Every yard and especially every garden should have
a fence around it. This fence must be strong enough to
keep out all animals and attractive enough to add beauty
to the place it surrounds.
The best fence is made of •trimmed wood posts and
wire. Vines can be planted around the posts, and in a
short time they will cover the posts and hide many of the
wires. Another good fence is made by using wood
posts and wood pickets. Bamboo makes poor fence
posts, because it rots easily.
One school made a fence as follows : The pupils got
cuttings of tangan-tangan (katumbao, in Ilokano). They
planted the cuttings about 25 cm apart. Then they
wove in a bamboo strip at the top and the bottom. The
plants grew rapidly, and their branches formed a thick
fence. When the plants were about one meter high, the
tops were trimmed off square. Such a fence is called a
shrub fence or hedge'. Animals do not eat tangan-
tangan, because its bark and leaves are poisonous.
Madre de cacao may be used in place of tangan-tangan.
The hibiscus, or gumamela, with its beautiful red blos-
soms and thick foliage, makes a most attractive and use-
ful hedge.
All fences and hedges must be kept in repair. Hedges
should be trimmed often, in order to look well. Gates
should be made of wood and should swing on wooden
posts. They should be made so that they will close
easily and will stay closed. ^
To the Teacher: Read the chapter, "Agriculture and Gardening."
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 49
THE HOME
What do you see in this picture ?
What makes this home beautiful ?
Is any one working ?
Who are playing?
Does the baby like her horse ?
yard
house
living room
well
walls
dining room
clean
roof
kitchen
healthy
veranda
bedroom
filthy
ceiling
bath room
unhealthy
window shade
furniture
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so
READING AND CONVERSATION
Antonio has a beautiful home. He loves his
home and likes to keep it clean.
His father catches fish and sells them in the
market. He brings home a big one to eat.
Antonio's mother is cooking the good, big fish.
The rice is in the pot on the stove. Antonio has
brought some radishes from his garden. Here
comes Pilar with bread from the baker.
Pilar and her mother put the rice, fish, radishes,
and bread on the table. Antonio calls his father
to dinner.
Now they must wash the dishes. Antonio gets
the hot water from the pot. Pilar plays with her
baby brother. Pilar likes to help her mother.
When she is older, she will go to school with
Antonio.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING 51
1. How many rooms are in your house?
2. What do you call the largest room?
3. What do you do in the kitchen?
4. How do you keep the floors clean?
5. How do you keep the yard clean?
6. Why do we plant flowers in the yard?
7. How can you help your mother?
8. What do you need when you sleep?
9. Why do you boil water before you drink it?
10. With what kind of water do you wash dishes?
1 1. Why is it good to have trees near the house?
12. How can you help your father?
1. On what street do you live?
2. How many persons are in your family?
3. How many brothers have you?
4. How many sisters have you ?
5. Write the names of your brothers and sisters.
6. Have you a baby in your home?
7. Who takes care of the baby?
8. What does your father do?
9. Who cooks your dinner?
10. What games do you play with your brothers
and sisters?
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52
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Make a window shade
of thin bamboo strips
about 5 mm wide. Cut
the strips evenly.
Measure your window.
How wide is it? Your shade should be about lo cm
wider than the window. How long will you cut your
strips ? How high is your window ? Your shade should
be about lo cm longer.
For the top of the shade, use a strong piece of bamboo.
On this piece mark the points where your weaving cords
will be tied. The pair of cords nearest to each end
should* be about 5 cm from the end. The next pairs
come about 5 cm from the end pairs. The other pairs
of cords may be from 10 cm to 15 cm apart.
Use fine, strong cord. Wind each cord on a bobbin.
Tie a pair of cords at each point marked on the top
bamboo stick. The picture shows how the thin strips
are woven in. Always pass the cords from front to back,
and from back to front. Then hold the strips in place
by sticking one of the bobbins of each pair of cords in
the weave, as the picture shows. Pull the cords tight,
so that the strips will be woven in securely. When the
last strip is put in, tie the cords. The strip at the bottom
should be as strong as the one at the top.
To the Teacher: Have the pupils first weave a small shade. A profitable
industry of making window shades could be developed. Many bamboo shades
are now imported from Japan and China. An exhibit of industrial work done in
Pampanga province contains a device for weaving window shades, information
about which teachers may get from the Division Superintendent of that province.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 53
HUNTING
Why did the wild chicken fly ?
Why is the deer standing still ?
Does the deer see the man ?
What is the man doing?
Why did he come here ?
hunt
hunter
hunting (n. & v.)
bow and arrow
spear
spearhead
gun
shot gun
rifle
revolver
ammunition
powder
shot (n. & V.)
cartridge
cartridge belt
bullet
load a gun
set a trap
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S4
READING AND CONVERSATION
These men are hunting wild pigs. They spread
out a net in the forest. Then the men and the
dogs drive the pigs into the net.
What a noise they make ! The men are shout-
ing and the dogs are barking. Some men have
spears and some have bolos. They will kill the
pig. Look out, boy, the pig will
hurt you with its tusks.
Wild pigs are very good to eat.
This is a snare to catch a wild
chicken. The chicken will come to
eat the bait. How does the snare
catch the chicken? Wild chickens
and pigeons are good to eat.
Bad boys sometimes catch pretty
'^^^ song-birds with snares.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
55
1. Name the birds in this picture.
2. Do they sing? Are they good to eat?
3. How can you catch wild chickens or pigeons?
4. How can men catch ducks?
5. Where can we find ducks?
6. In what months do we hunt ducks?
7. Have you a blow-gun?
8. Why is it wrong to kill song-birds?
9. Write the names of four song-birds.
1. Why does the man hunt wild animals?
2. What does the hunter use for hunting?
3. How does he hunt deer?
4. What can he do with the deer-skin?
5. How can he catch the wild pig?
6. What can he make of the tusks of the pig?
7. How is the wild pig different from the pig
at home?
8. What other wild animals can we hunt?
9. What meat do you like best?
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56
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
After you have learned how to make a net like that on
page 36, you will be able to make a hammock.
For the end pieces of the hammock, use two pieces of
wood 80 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 cm thick. Round
the edges as the picture shows. Tie a rope about 2.25 m
long at each end of one stick. These ropes form the
edges of the hammock, as the picture shows.
Begin weaving the net on the stick to which the ropes
are- tied. Weave the first and last mesh of each row
around the ropes. Weave until the hammock is long
enough. Weave the last row of meshes around the
second stick. Tie the ropes to the ends of this stick.
Make the weaving loose near the middle of the ham-
mock, so that it looks as the picture shows.
To the Teacher: Read the chapter on ** Knots and Nets." Simple work in
net weaving should be given before the hammock is attempted. The children may
use for the hammock some other knot than the one here suggested. Hammocks
might be made to sell. Pupils might also be taught how to make hammocks of
bejuco, the art of which some Filipinos know.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 57
THE MARKET
Where are these people ?
What are they here for ?
Point to some one selling a fish.
Who is buying the fish?
What can the people buy in this market ?
merchant
expensive
liter
license
too expensive
vara-stick
money
measure (n. & v.)
meter-stick
coins
dry measure
scales
cheap
wet measure
weigh
dear
ganta measure
weight
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58
READING AND CONVERSATION
These people live in the barrios. They are
going to the market. The fisherman has a basket
of fish. What are the women carrying? What is
the man carrying in his two baskets ?
Felisa is going to the market. She
will buy some things for dinner. Her
mother gave her 40 centavos.
What a noisy place the market is!
Everybody is talking. Some are selling
and some are buying.
Felisa sees a big fish. The fisher-
man wants 20 centavos. That is too
much. Felisa buys another fish for 15 centavos.
She gives the man a 20-centavo piece. How
much does he give FeHsa?
Felisa buys four eggs for 10 centavos, and she
pays 5 centavos for some bananas.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
59
1. Where are these people going?
2. What will they do with the things they are carrying
in the baskets?
3. Why does the farmer take the rice to the market?
4. What will the fisherman get for his fish?
5. Why does Felisa go to the market?
6. What has she in her basket?
7. How much does she pay for a fish ?
8. How much money does she spend?
9. How much money does she take home?
1. What day is market-day in your town?
2. What can you buy in your market? Name some
things to eat; name some things to wear; name
some things to use at home.
3. How much does a candle cost?
4. How much does a ganta of rice cost?
5. How much do you pay for a chicken?
6. What do you pay for a large jar?
7. How much petroleum can you buy for a half-peso?
8. How many bananas can you get for 5 centavos?
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6o
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
To make a liter measure,
take a piece of bamboo
lo cm in diameter.
Fill a liter measure with
water. Pour the water into
the bamboo. With a stick,
measure exactly from the
top of the water to the top of the bamboo, as No. i
shows.
Indicate this distance by several marks on the outside
of the bamboo. (See No. 2.) Then draw a circle through
these marks. If your measurements are accurate, this
circle will show exactly where the top of the water is.
Empty the water and saw off the top of the bamboo,
following the circle. Now pour in a liter of water.
Does the water fill the bamboo measure exactly?
In the same way, you can make other measures to hold
smaller or larger quantities.
You need a meter-stick in much of your work. Take
a straight piece of wood 3 cm wide and 5 mm thick.
Cut it exactly i m long. Measure the decimeters. How
many are there? Mark the dividing lines across the
stick. Divide the first decimeter into centimeters. How
many are there? Mark the lines half-way across the
stick.
I"'"""l I I I I I I I I I
To the Teacher : Insist upon accurate measurements in these exercises. See
Mercer-Bonsall's Complete Arithmetic, Part I, page 109, for directions for making
a pair of balances.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 6i
PLAYING BALL
What are these boys playing ?
How many boys are playing ?
Where is the ball ?
Who will catch the ball ?
Why is the boy running ?
team
home team
visiting team
pitcher
catcher
shortstop
first-base man
fielder
batter
umpire
home base
third base
strike (n. & v.)
foul
home run
score
champions
champion team
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62
READING AND CONVERSATION
These boys are playing sipa. They all
stand in a large circle. Pedro tosses the ball and
kicks it to Maximo. See Maximo kick the ball
with his heel. All the boys watch the ball. The
ball must not touch the ground.
Let us go to the plaza and play ball.
Where are the bats? Please give
one to me. This one is too heavy.
Let me have a lighter one.
Throw the ball to me, Francisco,
and I will bat it. See the ball high
in the air. Run, boys, run! Do not
fall ! Catch it, Juan !
That is a good catch. Now you
may bat.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING 63
1. What game are these boys playing?
2. How many boys can play this game ? .
3. How do you play this game ?
4. Of what is the sipa ball made ?
5. How is it different from a. base-ball?
6. With what is the base-ball covered ?
7. How can you make a ball ?
8. How far can you throw a ball ?
9. What can you do with a bat ?
10. How long is a bat?
1. Can you play base-ball ?
2. How many teams play in a game of base-
ball?
3. How many boys are in a team ?
4. What things do you have for playing base-
ball?
5. Where does the catcher stand ?
6. Why does he wear a big glove ?
7. Where does the pitcher stand ?
8. What does the pitcher do ?
9. What does the boy do when he strikes the
ball?
10. How many bases are there ?
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64
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
To make a base-ball cover, wind twisted abaca into a
round ball, until it measures exactly 22.5 cm around.
Make the cover of two pieces of soft, strong leather.
Shape each piece like the picture above, but make each
one twice as long and twice as wide.
Draw a pattern of the cover piece. Make all lines
twice as long as above, and all distances between lines
twice as great. Measure the horizontal line. Draw it
exactly 19 cm long. How far is the first vertical line
from the end of the hori-
zontal line ? How far will it f J^'^'^^^^r^ n/^^
be in your drawing ? Draw
all the vertical lines. Draw
the curved lines to touch
the ends of all lines, as in the
picture.
Cut out the pattern along
the curved line. With this
pattern, cut the two cover
pieces from the leather.
The lower picture shows how to begin sewing the two
pieces together.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 65
THE POTTER
What are these men making?
What material do they use ?
What do you call these men ?
What is the boy doing ?
Where is the potter s wheel ?
pot
flower-pot
kiln
potter
cooking pot
heat (n. & v.)
pottery
water jar
bake
mix
clay
glaze (n. & v.)
mold
tile
glazed
model
brick
unglazed
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66
READING AND CONVERSATION
In every house we see many pots and jars.
Jars and pots are made of clay. Clay is a kind
of soil. Men dig it out of the ground. Dry clay
is very hard.
The men put water on the clay and make it
soft. Then they can make the jars. A man who
makes jars and pots is called a potter.
The potter puts a large piece of soft clay on
the wheel. The boy turns the wheel with his foot.
How fast he makes the wheel spin ! The potter
forms the clay with his hands, and soon he has a
jar.
Do not touch the jar. We shall let it dry.
Then we must put it over a hot fire. Tomorrow
the jar will be hard.
Stoves, also, are made of clay.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
67
1. Of what are jars and pots made ?
2. What is clay ? What color is it ?
3. Do plants grow in clay ?
4. Describe dry clay.
5. How does wet clay feel ?
6. Is the jar the same color as the clay?
7. What is the difference between a jar and a pot ?
8. For what are jars and pots used ?
9. Why do we keep drinking-water in jars ?
10. What things at home are made of clay ?
1 1. What can you make of clay ?
1. What does the potter make?
2. Why does the potter put water on the clay ?
3. What else does he mix with the clay?
4. How does he make ajar?
5. How does the boy turn the wheel ?
6. Why does the potter put the jar over the fire ?
7. How long must the jar be over the fire ?
8. How much do you pay for a small pot ?
9. What does a large jar cost ?
10. What do you pay for a stove?
1 1. How many stoves are there in the picture on
page 2 ?
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68 INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
If you cannot make flower-pots of clay, you can at
least beautify those that others have made.
Large open windows look very attractive with artistic
pots filled with pretty plants hanging in them. Pots
may be covered with an open weave of bejuco, as shown
in the first picture. Probably you know some other
pretty open weave to use. Grasses or lupis may also
be used for this kind of weave.
Pots may have a net of raffia or abaci woven around
them, as shown in the second picture. Other weaves of
nets are shown on page 56. These may also be used
for decorating flower-pots. The hanging ropes can be
made of braided or twisted fibers.
The third picture shows a pot entirely covered with a
basket weave of bejuco or bamboo. A pretty covering
for a pot may be woven of bejuco and twisted grass, raffia,
or sabutan. (See page 84.) Basket-covered pots may be
used for holding cut flowers in water.
On page 109 is a design of a bamboo stand for flower-
pots.
To the Teacher : Take up this work as soon as the pupils have learned the
processes of weaving involved. Encourage the attempt to strive for artistic effects.
Clay pots decorated with weaves always find a good sale.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 69
RICE
t^xt^-
Where are these men ?
What are they doing ?
Is the field wet or dry ?
How do you know?
What will the farmers plant ?
rice plantation
rice field
dike
irrigate
irrigation
plow (n. & V.)
plowing
harrow (n. & v.)
harrowing
harvest (n. & v.)
irrigating ditch harvesting
thresh
threshing
threshing machine
hull
hulling
rice straw
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70
READING AND CONVERSATION.
In the rainy season the farmer plows his rice-
fields. There is much water in the fields. Rice
grows well in waten
See the busy workers! The rice is ripe. The
men and boys are cutting rice. ' Benito and his
little brother are in the field. The rice is nearly
as tall as Benito.
Benito will carry home a bun-
dle of rice.
Here he is hulling the rice.
The chickens are eating the pa-
lay on the ground.
Benito's mother will cook the
rice for supper. After supper
Benito will go to bed. Tomorrow he will go to
the field to cut more rice.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
71
1. When does the farmer plant rice?
2. Why does he plow the field?
3. Does the carabao like to plow in the wet field?
4. How does the farmer plant rice?
5. How tall does rice grow?
6. What color is the field when
the rice is ripe?
7. How do farmers cut rice?
8. What is the color of palay?
9. How do we hull the rice?
10. What is the color of rice?
11. How does your mother cook
the rice?
1. Does rice grow in your province?
2. In what province does much rice grow?
3. In what months does the farmer plant rice?
4. Why does he plant rice in these months ?
5. In what months does he cut rice?
6. What insect eats rice?
7. How can we keep away the insects?
8. How much do you pay for a ganta of rice?
9. How much does the merchant get for a picul of rice?
10. When is rice cheap?
1 1. When is rice dear?
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72
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
n'^r
For what is a winnowing basket used? Small winnow-
ing baskets make pretty card trays. They also serve to
hold collar and sleeve buttons and pins.
Make a small winnowing basket about 20 cm in di-
ameter. Weave it of thin, narrow strips of bejuco or
bamboo. Follow the pattern of the basket above.
Finish the edge neatly with a strip of bejuco. The
pictures, Nos. 1,2, and 3, show how to make the knot.
The winnowing basket makes a good tray for serving
refreshments. The tray must be made strong and with
a flat bottom. Make a tray 35 cm in diameter.
Visit a man who owns a rice plantation. Get all the
information you can about his rice crop. On page 92
are questions about a cane crop. Use these same ques-
tions in writing a report on the rice crop. Write the
ten questions, substituting the word **rice" for *'cane."
Write an answer to each question. Let your title be '* A
Report of Mr. *s Rice Crop." Put the report into an
envelope and address it to your teacher.
To the Teacher : Preliminary work in splint weaving should precede the weav-
ing of a winnowing basket. Small well-made baskets of this type find a good
market in Manila and abroad, being useful and at the same time unique. Read
the part of the chapter, ''Industrial Language and Composition Work," that
relates to writing crop reports.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 73
SABUTAN
What is the name of this plant ?
Like what other plant does it look ?
In what provinces does it grow ?
Does it grow in your town ?
What part of the plant is useful ?
What is sabutan fiber used for ?
What color is the fiber ?
Point to the suckers.
Why are the suckers useful ?
school garden
suckers
serrated edges
sharp knife
wilt the leaves
strip the leaves
fine strips
panlinas
dry the fiber
smooth the fiber
round-edged stick
weaving a hat
hat weaving
hat weaver
block a hat
hat block
high crown
low crown
wide brim
narrow brim
Formosa hat
Panama hat
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74
READING AND CONVERSATION
Sabutan looks
like pandan, but it
does not grow so
large. It grows
about as tall as a
man. Its leaves
are finer than pan-
dan leaves, and its
fibers are stronger.
Sabutan is found
in only a few provinces. Much of it grows in
Laguna and Rizal provinces. Pupils in many
other places are now planting sabutan in their
gardens, and soon sabutan will be found in many
provinces.
Can you get sabutan suckers to plant in your
garden? The suckers grow around the stem of
the large plant. In a year the suckers now set
out will be large plants.
The fiber of sabutan leaves makes good hats.
They are better than bamboo hats, because they
wear longer; they are better than buntal hats,
because they are cooler. Many sabutan hats
might be sold in America and Europe.
Sabutan fiber also makes J)retty mats and
baskets.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING 75
1. How tall does sabutan grow?
2. How long are the leaves? How wide?
3. What kind of edges have the leaves?
4. How many leaves can be cut at a time without in-
juring the plant?
5. What is the value of the fiber that one plant produces
in a year?
6. How many years will a plant produce good leaves?
7. Why is sabutan better for hats than bamboo ?
8. Why is a sabutan hat better than one of buntal ?
9. What is the price of a fine sabutan hat ?
Prepare the sabutan yourself for weaving. Write a
letter to a friend telling how to prepare sabutan. Give
the steps of the process in this order: (i) cutting
leaves; (2) wilting in sun; (3) stripping; (4) tying into
bundles; (5) soaking in cold water; (6) boiling; (7)
cooling; (8) rinsing; (9) drying.
Be sure to tell how to strip the leaves ; how long to
soak the fiber in cool water, and how often to change the
water; how long to boil; how long to rinse.
To the Teacher : Read the chapters, * ' Industrial Language and Composition
Work" and ** Materials and their Preparation" regarding the preparation of
materials by the pupils and their writing out directions for such preparations.
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76 INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
^-i T^ \^
To make fine hats to sell, the hat weaver must be very-
careful (i) in preparing and selecting the fibers, (2) in
weaving the fibers, and (3) in getting the correct shape
and proportions.
Although the fibers may be stripped evenly, they will
be of different thicknesses after they are dried. Care-
fully select fibers of uniform thickness for each hat.
Weave the fibers evenly and closely. Make neat
joints where new fibers are inserted.
The crown, abed, must fit the head. It should not
be round, but shaped as No. 2 shows. The line a b
shows the length from the front to the back of the hat;
the line c d shows the width from left to right. The
crown is nearly flat on top and tapers out a little toward
the bottom, as No. i shows. The crown should be from 8
cm to 10.5 cm high; the lines a d and ^ ^ in No. i show
the height of the crown.
The brim, eabf, should curve up, as No. i shows.
The lines a e and ^/"show the width of the brim, which
should be from 6.5 cm to 8 cm.
On page 75 are pictures of three styles of blocking
hats. No. I is called a telescope hat ; No. 3 is called
an Alpine hat; No. 2 has no special name.
To tlie Teacher : See the chapter on ' * Hat Weaving. "
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I CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 77
THE SCHOOL
Where are the children going?
How can you tell that this is a school ?
Who is the man in the window?
Why are the boys running ?
How can you tell the time of day ?
Director of Education
Division Superintendent
Supervisor
Principal
Primary Teacher
Janitor
Provincial High School
Central School
Trade School
Normal School
Primary Department
Intermediate Department
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78
READING AND CONVERSATION
The little pupils are reading the chart. Hear
the little boy read, '*The dog can run/* The girls
can read, too.
How still the room is ! All the pupils are
studying. Some are reading their primers, and
some are writing on their slates. Soon they will
recite. They like to know their lessons well.
Now it is recess. Go out and play. Run, jump,
and play ball. It is good to be in the fresh air.
After play you will be able to study better.
Ding-a-ling! Hear the bell! Do not crowed,
boys. Let the girls go in first.
Now you may take your loom and weave
a mat.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING 79
1. When does your school begin in the morning?
2. At what time do you have recess?
3. When do you go home?
4. How many hours are you in school?
5. How many school-days are there in a week?
6. What do you do on Saturday?
7. What day is to-day?
8. In what month does school begin?
9. In what month does school close?
ID. How many months do you go to school?
11. Write the names of the school months.
12. What month is this?
1. How many pupils are in your school?
2. How many teachers are in this school?
3. Who is your teacher?
4. In what grade are you?
5. How many pupils are in this grade?
6. How many books have you? What do you do
with your slate ?
7. Write the names of your books.
8. What lessons do you have every day?
9. Which lesson do you like best?
ID* Which lesson is hard for you?
II. How many years have you been going to school?
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8o
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Make a loom of four bamboo
sticks. Make it large enough to
weave a mat i8 cm wide and
24 cm long.
How far apart should the short
pieces be? The long pieces?
How wide should they be?
Tie the sticks together with
twisted abaca or maguey. Which
pieces are laid on top, the long or
the short? Make each corner a right angle. Tie the
frame securely that it may hold its shape.
Put a row of 18 wooden pegs one centimeter apart on
each of the shorter sticks, as the picture shows. These
pegs hold the warp threads.
Make a weaving needle of a thin board or bamboo.
The weaving needle is used to carry the woof thread
through the warp. Make the needle about 20 cm long.
The picture shows how the needle is shaped. In this
loom, the needle does the work of bobbin, shuttle, hed-
dle, and batten. Can you tell what each of these things
is used for?
Use this loom for weaving the door mat of coconut-
husk fiber described on page 32. You can also weave
mats of raffia or cotton on this loom.
A frame for embroidery can be made of four bamboo
sticks tied together as for a loom.
To the Teacher : Let the children do their elementary work in .textile weaving
on this loom. Read the chapter, '* Textile Weaving. "
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 8i
SEWING
What is Paz doing ?
What is she making ?
What has she in her left hand ?
What has she in her right hand ?
What does she do with the scissors ?
lace
lace making
drawn work
embroider
embroidering
embroidery
crochet
crocheting
crochet hook
knit
knitting
knitting needle
hem (n. & v.)
hemstitch
mend
cotton thread
linen thread
silk thread
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82
READING AND CONVERSATION
Can you sew, little girls? Here are needles,
thread, scissors, and some cloth.
Take a needle and some thread. Why has the
needle a sharp point ? Do not stick it into your
finger. Find the eye of the needle. Now thread
the needle.
Put a thimble on your finger. Here is a piece
of cloth. We will fold one edge. Now let us
sew a hem.
Hold the cloth in your left hand. Take the
needle in your right hand. Push the needle
through the cloth with your thimble. Make the
stitches short and straight.
Cut the thread with the scissors. Now let us
put all the things in the sewing-basket
By and by you will know how to sew. Then
you can make a camisa for your mother.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
83
1. What things do you use for sewing?
2. What can you tell about a needle?
3. Of what is the needle made?
4. Why do you use a needle?
5. How much thread do you put in a needle?
6. Where do you wear the thimble?
7. What do you do with it? \
8. What can you do with the scissors? ^
9. In which hand do you hold the cloth when you
sew?
10. In which hand do you hold the scissors?
1. Of what is your dress made?
2. Who made your dress?
3. How did she make it?
4. What else can she make?
5. What kind of sleeves has your camisa?
6. What color is your camisa?
7. Where do you wear your panuelo?
8. Of what is your skirt made?
9. What is the shape of your handkerchief?
ID. How wide is the hem around your handkerchief?
11. Who makes your brother's coat?
12. What can your mother make for your father?
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INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
2 ^^^^ 3
Make a sewing basket with a cover. Let the di-
ameter be about 1 5 cm and the height 6 cm. For the
splints use thin strips of bamboo or bejuco. Twisted
grass or raffia can be used for weavers.
Start the bottom, as No. 1 shows, with 20 splints.
When the splints are arranged, weave around 5 or 6
times with a single weaver to keep the splints in shape.
Then double a weaver around a splint, as in No. i, a.
This gives two weavers. Weave round and round with
the two weavers, one going under, while the other goes
over, as in No. i . Finish the top of the basket by sew-
ing a thin strip of bejuco about 5 mm wide inside and
outside the basket. Sew with bejuco.
Cut the 20 splints for the cover, as shown by No. 2.
Begin weaving at the center with the double weaver.
Finish the edge like the top of the basket. Be sure that
the cover is a little larger than the basket, so that it will
fit over the top.
The handle on the cover may be made of twisted or
braided grass.
To the Teacher: Encourage weaving with grasses. Read the chapters,
''Materials and their Preparation'' and **Web Weave."
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 85
THE SHOEMAKER
What place do you see here ?
What do you call this man ?
What is he making ?
What tools does he use?
What material does he use ?
high shoes
rubbers
shoe polish
low shoes
slippers
whiting
tan shoes
sandals
shoe laces
canvas shoes
stockings
shoe buttons
button shoes
socks
button hook
lace shoes
leggings
shoehorn
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86
READING AND CONVERSATION
Francisco will have a
pair of new shoes. The
shoemaker is measuring
his foot.
Francisco wants white
shoes. White shoes are
light and cool. They are
made of cloth.
The shoemaker makes some shoes of leather.
Leather is the skin of cows and carabaos. Cow
leather is the best for shoes.
The shoemaker cuts the leather with a sharp
knife. When the leather is thick, he cannot use a
needle. He makes holes in the leather with an
awl, and puts the thread through.
The sole of the shoe is thick. The shoemaker
puts on the soles with pegs.
Some shoes have soles of wood. We call
them clogs. Many boys and girls wear slippers.
Slippers are made of leather and cloth.
Francisco has holes in his old shoes. The
shoemaker will mend them.
-Ai
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING 87
!• What does the shoemaker make?
2. Of what does he make shoes ?
3. Where does he get the leather ?
4. Of what is leather made ?
5. What is the difference between leather
and cloth ?
6. How does the shoemaker sew thick leather ?
7. Why can he not cut leather with scissors ?
8. How does he put on the soles ?
9. Why are the soles thick ?
10. What shoes are best to wear in the
rainy season ?
1. Of what are clogs made?
2. Who makes clogs?
3. Where can you buy slippers ?
4. What kind of shoes do you wear?
5. What color are your shoes ?
6. Who made them ?
7. What kind of shoes do you like best ?
8. Why do you like them best ?
9. What are white shoes made of?
ID. How much does a pair of white shoes cost?
II. What kind of shoes do the Chinese wear?
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88
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Make a pair of sandals for
yourself. Set your left foot
on a piece of paper and draw
a line around it ; do the same
with your right foot. Use
these patterns in weaving
your sandals.
The frame may be made of bejuco or a bundle of
strong grass or lupis, as shown in No. i* Make neat
joints. Take care that the frame fits the size and shape
of your foot as you have drawn it.
Weave twisted abacd, maguey, lupis, or grass into the
frame, as in No. 2. Weave very closely so that the
frame is entirely covered.
The toe straps may be made of braided abaca,
maguey, lupis, or strong grass, as in No. 2. The straps
are sewed to the bottom of the sandal. The toe cover
may also be made of cloth or a fine net of abaca.
Cover the whole sole with braided abaca, as shown in
No. 3. Begin by sewing it around the outer edge; sew
it on smoothly.
The Japanese make very good sandals. Sometimes
they cover the sandals with matting which makes them
soft.
Here is a picture of a slipper
case. Can you make one of
woven abacd or raffia or of buri
mats ?
To the Teacher : Encourage the weaving of fine sandals, for which there ought
to be a good market in every town.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 89
SUGAR-CANE
What kind of field is this ?
What are the men doing ?
How do they cut sugar-cane ?
Where is the man going with the cart ?
What is made from sugar-cane ?
refined sugar
unrefined sugar
granulated sugar
powdered sugar
brown sugar
cane syrup
recipe
sweet
batter
sweeten
flour
cake
water
candy
eggs
custard
bake
caramel
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READING AND CONVERSATION
The farmers cut the sugar-cane with a bolo.
They cut the long leaves off the long stalks. The
man takes the stalks to the sugar-mill on the
cart. Farmers keep the heads of stalks to plant.
Juan drives the carabaos round and round.
The large rollers turn slowly. Pedro puts the
stalks between the rollers. The sap runs out of
the stalks.
The sap is very sweet There is sugar in it.
The sap runs into large pans. The men make a
hot fire under the pans. When the sap boils a long
time, it gets thick. The thick sap is called syrup.
The men put the syrup in jars. By and by the
syrup becomes sugar. When the sugar is dry, it
is put into sacks. Large boats take the sugar to
the United States.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
91
1. Describe the sugar-cane.
2. Why do we call it sugar-cane ?
3. When does the farmer plant it ?
4. How does he plant it ?
5. When does he cut it ?
6. How many times a year does he
cut it?
7. How tall does cane grow ?
8. What part of the plant is useful ?
9. Why is it useful ?
10. What is the color of the stalk ?
1 1. What insect eats sugar-cane?
1. How do we get the sap out of the cane?
2. For what do we use the dry stalks ?
3. What is the color of the sap ?
4. How does it taste ?
5. What is in the sap ?
6. How do we get sugar out of the sap ?
7. What is the color of sugar ?
8. For what does your mother use sugar ?
9. Where is much sugar made ?
10. Where do the boats take much sugar?
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92 INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Visit a man in your town who owns a cane plantation.
Ask him for information about his sugar-cane crop.
Write a report of this man's sugar-cane crop. Use as
a title, *^A Report of Mr. 's Sugar-Cane Crop."
Copy each question. Fill in the man's name in the
blanks. Write an answer after each question. Be sure
that your answers are accurate.
1. How many hectars are in Mr. 's plantation ?
2. How many hectars are planted in cane?
3. In what month was the cane planted ?
4. Is the cane in good or bad condition?
5. Has the weather been favorable or unfavorable for
it?
6. Have insects or animals damaged it?
7. When will Mr. harvest his crop?
8. How much does he expect to get from each hectar?
9. Is this more or less than he harvested last year?
ID. What is the present price of cane?
Put your report in an envelope and address it to your
teacher.
Write a note, like the one below, about the conditions
of crops in your town for the past month:
**The condition of abacd and coconuts is good. Rice
is fair, but corn is poor. Some rice has been harvested.
High water has damaged much corn."
To the Teacher: Read the chapters, ''Industrial Language and Composition
Work " and "Agriculture and Gardening.** Let the pupils write reports of other
crops raised in the community. (See page 72.)
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 93
THE TAILOR
-^.^^^^-c
What place is this?
What do you see on the table ?
How many rolls of cloth do you see ?
What are the men making ?
What do you call these men ?
white suit
coat collar
shirt
khaki suit
coat pocket
cuff
dark suit
trousers pocket
necktie
belt
watch pocket
collar button
buckle
button (n. & v.)
cuff button
button -hole
unbutton
coat hanger
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94 READING AND CONVERSATION
Maximo is in the tailor's
shop. He wants a new suit of
clothes. He sees many rolls
of cloth on the shelves. Maxi-
mo will have a white suit, be-
cause white is cool.
Here the tailor is measuring
Maximo. What does he meas-
ure with ?
The tailor cuts the cloth with
large shears or scissors. He
bastes the pieces together with needle and thread.
He sews them on a sewing-machine. Do you see
how he makes the sewing-machine go?
He sews the buttons on with needle
and thread. Some buttons are white and
some are black. What kind of buttons
will Maximo have on his coat?
Here is Maximo wearing his new suit.
His coat has a high collar. There are
pockets in his coat and trousers. Maxi-
mo carries his pencil in his coat pocket. LJ
What else do you think he carries in his
pockets ?
He will try to keep his suit white and clean.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
95
1. Does the tailor make all your clothes?
2. Who made your coat?
3. Of what is your coat made?
4. Where does the tailor get the cloth?
5. What is the color of your coat?
6. How many buttons are on your coat?
7. Is your coat like Maximo's coat?
8. How many pockets are in your coat?
9. What do you carry in your coat pocket?
10. Where do you carry your knife?
1 1. How much do you pay for a white suit?
12. In most parts of the world, people wear dark clothes.
Why do we wear white clothes ?
Use these words in ques-
tions.
Then write statements using
these words :
tailor
suit
sew
buttons
baste
coat
cloth
trousers
needle
pocket
thread
collar
sewing-
machine
Draw a picture of a pair of scissors.
Draw a picture of Maximo's coat.
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96
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Your coat will hold its shape well, if you hang it on a
coat hanger.
Make a coat hanger of a bam-
boo strip 2.5 cm wide, as shown in
this picture. The bamboo should be long enough to
reach from shoulder to shoulder. Make a ring of bejuco
by which to hang up the coat hanger.
A clothes rack is useful for hanging coats
and hats. Should you like to make a clothes
rack for your bedroom ? You can hang your
clothes on it every night. In the morning
they will be dry and fresh.
This clothes rack is 160 cm high. The up-
'^ right is 5 cm square. The base is made of
two pieces 9 cm by 55 cm and 3 cm thick.
Join the two pieces together with the half
joint, Mortise the upright into the base.
The upright is held secure by 4 braces,
each 4 cm by 2.5 cm. Secure the braces
with wooden pegs.
y^H^ Study the position of the pegs in the up-
y^Jl^^v right. Each peg is driven into a hole
r^ ^ j ^^=3> through the upright. Make the holes
with a chisel and mallet. Be sure that the pegs fit the
holes tighdy. A dowel is driven through the small end
of each peg.
'^
To the Teachn : See «* Woodworking " by R. B. Blackmwj— ** Half Joint,"
pages 75, 76; *' Mortising," pages 77, 78; ** Securing Braces," pages 82 and 83,
No. 42.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 97
TRANSPORTATION
What are these men doing with the abacd ?
Where did the abaca come from ?
How was it carried to this place ?
Where will the boat take it?
What kind of boat is this ?
wagon
boat
mast
cart
sailboat
sail
carromata
ship
sail yard
sled
launch
anchor
harness
casco
rudder
yoke
lorcha
paddle
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98
READING AND CONVERSATION
.^rfKi
These people are going to town. Some have
things to sell. They can walk fast when their
loads are light.
We put heavy loads into a cart Sometimes
carabaos and horses carry loads on their backs.
When the roads are good, they can go very fast.
Some people live near a river. They can carry
things in bancas. Two men can paddle a banca
very fast.
A prahu has sails, and the wind makes it go
fast. We see larger boats on the sea than on
rivers. Sailboats and steamboats carry abacd,
copra, sugar, and tobacco to other countries.
Near Manila is a railroad. Did you ever see
a train of cars?
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
99
1. How do women carry loads?
2. How can men carry big loads?
For what do we use the cart?
What animal pulls the cart ?
For what is the carromata used?
What animal pulls the carromata?
On what does the train run?
8. What pulls the train?
9. Of what use is the train?
3-
4.
5-
6.
7.
1. How do we carry things on water?
2. What kinds of boats are on the river?
3. What kinds of boats are on the sea ?
4. How do men make the banca move ?
5. When can the sailboat go very fast?
6. Why can a banca not go far on the sea ?
7. Where do steamboats go ?
8. What kinds of boats have you seen ?
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lOO INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Write a report about the condition of the road from
your house to the schoolhouse :
1. Is the road good or bad?
2. Is It well crowned ?
3. Do weeds or grass grow on it ?
4. Are there holes or ridges in the road ?
5. Are there loose stones in it?
6. Are there ditches on both sides?
7. Are the ditches in good condition ?
8. What could you do to improve the road?
9. Who is the provincial road foreman in your town ?
Write a report about the horses and carabaos in your
town. Copy each question and write an answer after
each :
1. How many horses are there in your town?
2. For what are they used?
3. Are many horses sick at present ?
4. What is the sickness?
5. What does a good horse cost?
6. How many carabaos are there in your town?
7. How many died last month?
8. Are many carabaos sick now ?
9. What is the sickness ?
10. How much does a good carabao cost?
Write five questions that you could ask for a report
on the following named animals : pigs ; sheep ; goats ;
chickens.
Write an answer to each question.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL loi
WASHING
Is this a river or a sea?
What is the girl doing?
What is her mother doing?
Why are the clothes on the bank ?
What are the children doing ?
washing clothes
washing his hands
wash myself
rinsing clothes
drying clothes
ironing clothes
Of THE
f.n THE
UNIVERSITY
OF J
toilet set
washbowl
water pitcher
soap dish
towel
towel rack
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I02
READING AND CONVERSATION
Good morning, Clara. Where
are you going?
I am going to the river to wash
my clothes.
Is this not a beautiful river? See
how clear the water is. Look at
the shady trees on the banks.
Whack! Whack! Clara beats
the clothes with a big paddle. She
puts soap on the clothes. The clothes will
be white and clean.
Clara's mother is rinsing a coat. She rinses
out all the soap and dirt. She will put the coat
on the clean stones to dry.
The sun is shining brightly.
Soon the clothes will be dry,
and Clara will take them home.
Clara is ironing the clothes.
She puts fire in the large iron.
The iron must be very hot,
so that the clothes will be
smooth.
Do you know what Clara puts in the iron to
make the fire burn? Where does she get the
charcoal?
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING 103
1. Why does Clara go to the river?
2. How does she carry the clothes ?
3. Why does she wash the clothes?
4. How does she wash them?
5. Why does she beat them?
6. Why does she use soap?
7. Where does she get the soap?
8. Why does she put the clothes on the bank of
the river ?
9. How does Clara iron the clothes?
10. How does she keep the iron hot?
11. Why must the iron be hot?
1. What river is near your town?
2. Do people wash clothes in this river?
3. Where does the river come from?
4. How wide is the river?
5. Are the banks rocky or sandy ?
6. What kinds of trees grow on the banks?
7. How deep is the water?
8. Does the water flow fast or slow?
9. Where does it go?
10. How can people cross this river?
11. What kinds of boats are on this river?
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T04
INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Make a washstand, water pitcher, and towel rack of bam-
boo. Green bamboo is best to use, because it will not break.
The cane for the washstand and pitcher should be at
least ID cm in diameter. The washstand should be high
enough for you to wash yourself conveniently. Notice
where the cane joint is in the washstand. In the pitcher,
the joint furnishes the bottom.
For making the washstand and the bottom of the
pitcher, split the bamboo evenly. Let the splints be
about one centimeter wide.
The bamboo splints of the stand and pitcher are held
apart by weaving in strands of bejuco. Be sure that
your washdish will fit nicely into the top of the stand,
as the picture shows.
Can you bend a piece of bamboo for the pitcher
handle ? Fasten the handle with a weave of bejuco, as
the picture shows.
The towel rack is as high as the washstand. It is
made of smaller canes than the stand. Make all joints
strong and neat. On page 12 you will see how good
joints are made. The two parts of the rack are tied to-
gether with bejuco and fold like a screen.
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CONVERSATION AND VOCABULARY DRILL 105
WEAVING
What is the woman doing ?
What is she making ?
What is the name of the machine ?
What do you see at the left of the picture ?
What is the girl doing?
loom
spool (n. & V.)
fly shuttle
reed
spooling machine
to and fro
heddle
warp (n. & v.)
over and under
batten (n. & v.)
warping machine
cotton cloth
shuttle
woof
fiber cloth
bobbin
weaver's knot
silk goods
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io6
READING AND CONVERSATION
Here is a picture of some fiber plants. The
fibers of abaci and of the banana plant are in the
stalks. They are very long. Abaca has many
fibers. The banana plant has not many fibers.
The fibers of maguey and the pineapple plant
are in the leaves. These fibers are shorter than
abaca fibers.
Pineapple fiber is very fine and strong. This
fiber makes fine cloth.
In provinces where hemp grows, sinamay and
pinolpog are woven.
The Ilokanos make cloth and rope of the maguey
fiber. They also weave much cloth of cotton.
Jusi is made of the silk of a wild silk-worm ;
the silk of the cultivated silk-worm is often woven
in to form stripes and figures.
The finest fiber cloths are made in Panay.
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CONVERSATION AND WRITING
107
1. Name some important fiber plants.
2. Why do we call them fiber plants?
3. Describe the abac^ and banana plants.
4. Where are the fibers of these plants?
5. Describe the pineapple plant.
6. Where are the fibers of this plant?
7. What other plant has the fibers in the leaves?
8. What plants have very long fibers?
9. What plant has the finest
fibers?
ID. For what
fibers?
4-
5
6.
7.
can we use
Who weaves the cloth?
How do they weave the
cloth?
Of what do they weave
fiber cloth?
What is the finest fiber cloth?
Of what fiber is it made?
Of what is jusi made?
What cloth is made of banana fiber?
8. Of what fiber is sinamay made?
9. What cloth is made of maguey fiber?
10. What else can we weave into cloth?
1 1. Write the names of all the fiber cloths you know.
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I08 INDUSTRIAL EXERCISES
Weave with the loom that you made of a cigar box.
(See page 28.)
For the warp, you can use strong, single fibers of abaca
or maguey. You can also use several fibers twisted to-
gether or raffia. The same fibers can be used for the woof.
Weaving with warp and woof of raffia gives a pleasing
design of small squares. If two colors of each warp and
woof are used, patterns in squares and plaids can be
woven.
With a fine warp of abaca and a woof of raffia in two
colors, patterns in stripes can be woven.
Make drawings of patterns to help you in warping
your loom and in weaving.
Study the picture of the loom on page 28. To warp
your loom, tie the warp to one of the end pins. Pass it
through the first slit in the heddle to the pin opposite.
Then pass it around the second pin and through the first
hole in the heddle to the pin opposite. Continue in this
way and fasten the warp to the last pin.
When the heddle is raised, all the warps in the holes
are raised. Pass the bobbin with the woof between the
upper and lower warps. Then lower the heddle so that
the warps in the holes are below. Pass the bobbin back.
Proceed in this way, till the weave is done* Every time
the woof passes through, batten it firmly against the
weave with the heddle.
Learn to use correctly all the words that a weaver
uses. Try to tell your schoolmates how to prepare a
loom for weaving, and how to weave.
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BAMBOO FURNITURE
PLATE I
109
The dimensions given here need not be followed exactly; the designs may also
be varied. The woven work of tables, chair, and screen may be done with abacd
or maguey. The umbrella rack to the right of the tables is adapted for the home;
the one below the tables, for the school. Place tin receptacles in the bottom of
the umbrella racks to catch the water.
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no ADAPTATIONS OF DIAGONAL MAT
PLATE 11
^
kj
B
B
^m
W
mfmi^-^^^i^i'hmmmm
1
Nos. I and 4, photograph holders; No. 2, whisk broom holder; No. 3, cornu-
copia wall pocket for newspapers or waste paper; No. 5, fan; No. 6, wall pocket
for magazines ; No. 7, wall pocket for pictures, post cards, letters, etc.
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EIGHT STEPS IN WEAVING A BURI HATui
PLATE III
Step I . Beginning top of crown with four pairs of strips. Step 2. Beginning
top of crown, two pairs of strips added. Step 3. Same number of strips as in No.
2 ; changing weave from pairs to single strips. Step 4. Same number of strips' as
in No. 2; weaving first time around. Step 5. Adding a new strip (a). Step 6.
Continuation of No. 5 after additions have been made in weaving twice around ;
continue weaving and adding new strips until the top of the crown is of the desired
size ; then continue weaving without adding new strips until the crown is suffi-
ciently high. Step 7. The lower part of the crown, showing how the strips are
turned at the lower edge to begin weaving the brim ; after the strips are turned,
add new strips as in weaving the top of the crown until the brim is of the required
width ; on account of the larger circumference of the brim, new strips are not added
so frequently as in the case of the top of the crown. Step 8. Finishing the edge
of the brim.
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