Ingulph's chronicle of the abbey of Croyland with the continuations by Peter of Blois and anonymous writers

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BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY.

INGULPH'S CHRONICLE.

J. BILLING, PRINTER, WOKING.

INGULPH'S CHRONICLE

OF THE

ABBEY OF CROYLAND

WITH THE

CONTINUATIONS BY PETER OF BLOIS
AND ANONYMOUS WRITERS.

TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN WITH NOTES

Br HENRY T. RILEY, Esa., B.A.

LONDON :
HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COYENT GARDEN.

MDCCCLIV. 4

PREFACE.

Thi Latin text of Ingulph's History of the Abbey of Croy-
land was first published in Sir Henry Saville's Senptore$ post
Bedam, London, 1596, reprinted at Frankfort in 1601. In
these editions the work appears in a mutilated form, as,
besides various omissions, it abruptly terminates with In-
gulph's1 return from his visit to the court of William the
Conqueror ; and, in common with the other Chronicles con-
tained in the same volume, is disfigured by numerous typo-
graphical errors. The work was first printed entire, and
somewhat revised, in the first,2 or Fulman's, Volume of
Gale's Collection of the Rerwn Anglkarum Scriptares, Oxford,
1684. Though a great improvement on Saville's edition, it
is not without a considerable number of errors in the ortho-
graphy of the English words. The narrative commences with
the reign of Penda, who died in 655, and terminates in the
year 1091.

In the same volume was also published the Continuation by
Peter of Blois. Though this professes to have been written as
a Continuation of Ingulph's History at the request of Abbat
Henry de Longchamp, it notices but very few facts prior to 1 100,
the first year of the reign of Henry I. The Marsham and Cot-

1 P. 175 of this Volume. 2 Sometimes quoted as the Third.

VI PREFACE.

tonian Manuscripts of Ingulph, in which Fulman found this
Continuation, were, unfortunately, in a mutilated state, and ter-
minate abruptly in the year 1117, temp. Henry I. It is not im-
probable, however, that we have a very considerable portion in
what has been preserved, as the writer appears only to have car-
ried his history to the time of Abbat Waldev or Waltheof, l and
the accession of King Stephen, in 1135.

The second Continuation of Ingulph (which, with the third
and fourth Continuations, is also found in the same collec-
tion) was written by one of the Priors2 of that place, whose
name has not come down to us* The writer informs us, at
the close of his narrative,3 that he had continued the work
of Peter of Blois from the beginning of the reign of Stephen.
The portion, however, prior to 1144 is lost, and from that
date to 1171, the work is so mutilated that all the fragments
which remain are comprised in two pages of the present
Volume.4 Prom that period, the Chronicle continues, with
occasional slight interruptions, to 1254 ;5 after which there
is an hiatus to the date of the fragment in pages 328-9,
probably about 1280. Prom 1281, there is another hiatus,
to 1327, which comprises, as we learn from other sources,6
the resignation of Abbat Kichard, in 1303, the accession of
Simon de Luffenham, his cession in 1322,7 and the accession
of Abbat Henry de Caswyk. Between 1328, the second year

1 See the second Continuation, p. 450. * See pages 450 and 45*2.

3 P. 450. 4 See pages 271—273.

3 See pages 280, 281, 284, 291, 299, 315, 317.

6 Dugdale's Monasticon, Browne Willis's Mitred Abbies, Gough's
History of Croyland.

7 See p. 331. The MS. history of Croyland in the Cottonian Library.
Vespas. B. XI. says that he was deposed by the bishop of Lincoln for
partiality shewn to his kindred.

PEEFACE. Til

of Edward III., and 1388, the twelfth of Richard II., there
is a farther hiatus, during which Achat Henry was suc-
ceeded, on his decease in 1358, hy Thomas de Bernak, at
whose death, in 1378, John de Ashehy was elected abhat, and
held that office when the narrative is resumed in 1388.8

From this date to the death of Abbat Litlyngton in 1469,
this chronicle has come down to us unmutilated ; and in
this portion consists its most essential value ; as, in common
with the next Continuation, it gives many historical facts con-
nected with the latter part of the reign of Henry VI. and that
of Edward IT., some of which are of considerable importance,
and nowhere else to be found.

A marginal note (given by Fulman in p. 557 of his volume,
most probably from the MS.), informs us that the Third Con-
tinuation was written by a Doctor of Canon Law and Member
of the King's Council, the same person who is mentioned
(p. 469 of this Volume) as having been sent by Edward IV.
as his envoy to the Duke of Burgundy at Abbeville ; like his
predecessor, he was a member of the community of Croyland.
He commences with a relation of several events which had
taken place during the previous ten years, but had been omitted
by the preceding Chronicler ; and then continues the narra-
tive from 1469 to 1486, the second year of Henry VII. By
succeeding historians of the reigns of Edward IV, and Kich-
ard III., this work has been found of the greatest value.

Of the fourth and last Continuation, which appears from
the opening words9 to have been written some time after
the third, a small fragment only has survived, the princi-
pal merit of which consists in its interesting account10 of
the last moments of Cardinal Beaufort; a picture very dif-
8 P. 333. • P. 511. 10 P. 513.

Ylll jPBBPAOk

ferent from that drawn by Shakspeare, and probably more in
accordance with truth. After giving a somewhat lengthy
account of the cession of the Church of Brynkhurst, or Eston,
to the Abbey of Peterborough, it terminates abruptly in 1486,
the remainder of the MS. being lost. The writer seems to
have been an ecclesiastic, and Was most probably a monk of
the Abbey of Croyland.

H.T.R.

EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.

It is a singular circumstance, that, with the exception of a tran-
script' of the sixteenth century, no ancient manuscript of Ingulph's
Chronicle is known to exist. After the dissolution of theMonas-
teries, a manuscript, which had the reputation of being an auto-
graph of Ingulph, remained for many years in the church at
Croyland, where it was preserved with great care in a chest locked
with three keys. Selden endeavoured m vain to sain access to
it, and when Fulman made enquiries (probably about 1680), it
eould no longer be found. Two ancient copies, however, are known
to have formerly existed : one, in the possession of Sir J, Mar-
sham, which was the basis of Fulman's edition ; and another, from
which Selden published the Laws of the Conqueror, was in the
Cottonian Library, and burnt in the fire of 1731. Marsham's10
copy has long since disappeared. Spelman states, erroneously no
doubt, that he11 consulted the autograph itself, and from it tran-
scribed a portion of the Norman laws.

For many years after the publication of Ingulph, there seems
to have been no suspicion that any portion of the work, or the
Charters contained in it, were other than genuine. The Charters
are quoted as such by Sir H. Spelman, and Sir W. Dugdale in the
Monasticon, and Selden and Stillingfleet" rely upon the autho-
rity of the work. From the time, however, of Henry Wharton,1*
who detected certain anachronisms in the attestations of earlier
Saxon Charters, doubts have been very generally entertained as to
the genuineness of the documents, and oy some as to that of the
history itself.1* Wharton's enquiries were* continued at very con-

9 Arundel MSS. No. 178.

10 In a letter preserved in the Bodleian, Dr. Gibson, bishop of London,
accuses Obadiah Walker, the Roman Catholic Master of University College,
Oxford, of having purloined this copy. n Concilia* i. p. 623.

12 Origines Britarmica, p. 21. 13 History of the Bishops of

London and St. Asaph.
14 Hicke* seems inclined to support the genuineness of the history,

X EDITOB 8 ISTBODUCnOff.

siderable length by Hickes in his Thesaurus, who satisfactorily
proved, from the feudal tone that pervades them, that the Charters
are either of Norman origin or the production of still later times.
Sir F. Palgrave, after an elaborate !* examination of the work, has
similarly come to the conclusion that the Charters are forgeries of
a more recent date than the time of Ingulph, and that they were
compiled with the view of supporting the pretensions of the so-
called Golden Charter.16

The question then remains to be solved at what period these
documents were forged, by whom, and for what purpose. Hickes
is of opinion that the convent found it necessary to forge Ethel-
bald's Golden Charter, that they might preserve the lands which
they held without deed, or of which the aeeds had been lost, from
the Normans, and says that •' he is almost compelled to believe
that Ingulph was the forger, or else that the convent palmed off
the history upon the world under the authority of his name."
He also savs, '• I have given a portion of the Cnarter of Ethel-
bald, whicn I have so often had occasion to condemn. In the
original it appears resplendent with gold, the manufacture, per-
haps, of Ingulph himself. This Charter, by means of which that
knave cajoled King William,17 is sufficiently proved to have been
fictitious." Sir Francis Palgrave expresses strong doubts whether
the Chronicle itself (including the Charters) is of much older date
than the thirteenth, or first half of the fourteenth century.

A careful examination of the First and Second Continuations
of Ingjulph will probably afford some clue to the solution of this
question. It will be found that in the history of Croyland, be-
tween the years 1091 and 1415, no mention is made of the
existence ot any one of these Saxon Charters. In 1189, Abbat
Robert, in a case drawn up by him.18 relies for proof of the
foundation of his house by Ethelbald, not upon any existing
charters, but solely upon the Life of Saint Guthlac, written by
the monk Felix. In Vol 44 of the Cole Collection of MSS. in
though he appears in one passage to throw some doubts on it, in con*
sequence of Ingulph' 8 derivation of the name Cropland, as signifying
crude or muddy land (p. 8). He perhaps preferred the derivation of Crow-
land from the crows, by which, according to the early legend of Felix,
the anchorite Guthlac, while dwelling there, was persecuted.

14 See vol. 34 of the Quarterly Review.

"' A copy of Ethelbald'8 charter of 716, conspicuous for its golden
crosses and azure and vermilion, but evidently of spurious origin. Hickes,
who has engraved a portion of it, speaks of it in 1 705, as being then in the
possession of Dr. Guidot, of Bath. It seems to have been the same which
is mentioned by Gough, in his history of Croyland, as being in 1734 the
property of Robert Hunter, lord of the manor of Croyland.

» See his visit to Court described, p. 171. i8 P. 275.

EDITORS rNXEODxrcnoH". XI

the British Museum, there are nearly 200 folio pages of ab-
stracts from the Abbey Registers of law-suits carried on by
the convent, fines, conveyances, and other memoranda. A care-
ful search has been made in these, as also in most of the docu-
ments connected with Croyland, set forth in Gough's First and
Second Appendix, or referred to in Tanner's Notitia Mbnastica,
but not a aint can be found, to give us reason to believe that
between the periods above-mentioned, these Charters were in
existence.19

Prior Richard Upton, being at a loss how to prevent the en-
croachments of the people of Spalding, determined, as we read
in r>. 367, to unsheathe the sword of ecclesiastical censure, which
had been granted by St. Dunstan, and solemnly pronounced
sentence of excommunication at the doors of the church against
all who should infringe the liberties of the church of St Guthlac.
^Not content with reading this censure (which bears strong marks
of being fictitious/ and was probably composed on this occasion).
Prior Richard " resorted to the temporal arm, and taking with
him the muniments of the illustrious kings, Ethelbald, Edred, and
Edgar, hastened to London, to bring the parties to trial."20 This
sudden mention of these Charters; the first time for several hun-
dred years, cannot but take us by surprise, and extort from us
the enquiry, where had they been in the meantime, and why had
thev never been used on similar occasions before ?

After his arrival in London, we read that it was nearly two
years before the Prior could make arrangements for coming to
trial. It is far from improbable that these two years were spent
in framing, for the discomfiture of his antagonists, the Charters
which now appear in Ingulph's Chronicle. Prior Richard being
thus employed, we can understand why, just before the trial, he
felt very uncomfortable in mind ; why (p. 368) he " lay awake in
bed, sad and disquieted in spirit, and unable to sleep ;" and how
great was the necessity for consolation to be administered to him,
by no less a personage than Saint Guthlac himself. This expla-
nation, too, will account for the large outlay of five hundred

19 1091 and 1415. In vol. 44, p. 53, Cole MSS. we find several man-
dates from Edward the Third commanding the convent to admit Hugh
de Kensington, keeper of his salt-cellar, as a corrodier on their foundation ;
and three or four plaints in answer by the convent, in which they allege
that the abbey had been founded by Ethelbald Jive hundred yean before
the Conquest. This they would have hardly dared to assert, if they had
had at that moment among their archives a deed which proved that Ethel-
bald founded the abbey in 716, only 350 years before that event. Cole
has added a Note, in which he remarks that it is pretty clear that they
did not know when their Abbey was founded. 20 P. 368.

am XDxroH s nraiaDircHCOT.

pounds (p. 388) upon these suits, as the scribes would be not un-
likely, on such an occasion, to make their own terms.

The experiment appears to have fully succeeded ; to the satis-
faction of both judges and arbitrators the Charters of Ethelbald
and Edred were produced, judgment was given in favour of the
Convent, and thus did the monks of Croyland, the first time per.
haps for centuries, gain a complete legal victory over their neigh-
bours of Spalding and Moulton.

It was upon this occasion probably that the manuscript long
preserved at Croyland as the autograph of Ingulph was first com-

Eiled. Finding among their archives a Chronicle of the convent
'om the earliest times, (said to have been composed by the Sem-
pects21 by order of Abbat Turketul,) the monks made it the vehicle
of their fictitious Charters, added to it the histories which had
been written by Egelric and Ingulph, had the whole copied afresh,
and deposited the manuscript in the Sacristy as corroborative
proof of their title to their lands. It was for this reason, perhaps,
that so few copies of the manuscript were allowed to circulate ;
as the forgers must have been conscious that to the scrutinizing
view of the scholar, the anachronisms and contradictions with
which the Charters were filled would be too evident.

Fictitious as most, if not all, of the Saxon Charters are, and
fabulous as muoh of the history is likely to be, it is still difficult
to subscribe unreservedly to Sir F. Talgrave's opinion, " that the
History of Ingulph must be considered to be little better than
an historical novel — a mere monkish invention ;" though, at the
same time, it cannot be denied that the work is full of interpola-
tions.

For the guidance of the reader of this Chronicle, which, despite
of its imperfections, forms, with its Continuations, a most interest-
ing repertory of mediaeval law, history, and anecdote, we may
usefully devote a few lines to an examination of the more pro-
minent errors or interpolations which have been detected in the
portions of it ascribed to Egelric and Ingulph.

Sir F. Palgrave thinks that the account of Turketul betrays
marks of a spurious origin ; that it does not fully agree with
the narrative of Vitalis, and is probably founded on his Btory
at a later period. "If a Cawcellarius" he remarks, "ex-
isted among the officers of the Anglo-Saxon Court, he wa& no-
thing more than a notary or scribe, entirely destitute of the high
authority which Ingulph bestows on him." The mention of
Turketul as Cancellarms certainly does bear suspicious marks of

21 See p. £7. 'Of course the story of their great ages, 168, 142, and 115
must be rejected.

"* See the concluding words of Ingulph's History, p 223.

EDITOB S INTRODUCTION. XSXL

the bandy-work of some interpolator, but it would be hardly
fair, on this ground, to reject the whole account ; as his relation-
ship to the king (which is mentioned also by Vitalis) would in-
vest him with considerable influence, which would be increased
if he really did fill the office of royal secretary.

With Sir I\ Palgrave we must reject the account of Turketul's
prowess at the battle of Brunenburgh, which relates how hew
penetrated the hostile ranks, struck down the enemy right and
left, and, amid torrents of blood, reached the king of the Scots ;
and then contradicts itself by telling us that, in after-times,
when a monk, he " esteemed himself happy and fortunate in that
he had never slain a man, nor even wounded one." Such a
story cannot have been penned by a friend and kinsman of Tur-
ketui. Sir F. Palgrave also observes that the Synod*2* at which
the seven bishoprics were conferred was held in 905, two years
before Turketui was born : while the Saxon Chronicle places the
death of Dynewulph in 900,' and the succession of Fritnestan in
910. This was probably interpolated by some enthusiast, de-
sirous to award to Turketui more honor than was really his due.
" The passage respecting the education of Ingulphus at Ox-
ford," says the same writer, " long since raised the suspicion
of Gibbon,*3 and it still remains to be proved that Aristotle
formed part of the course of education at Oxford at a time
when his works were studied in no part of Christendom." It is
not improbable tjhat this is an interpolation by some favourer of
the pretensions of Oxford in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.
A wish to surpass the alleged antiquity of Cambridge, as sup-
ported by the narrative14 of Peter of Blois, may possibly have
prompted the insertion of this testimony in favour of Oxford.

Sir F. Palgrave has also suggested, that the journey*6 of
Ingulph to Jerusalem must have taken place between 1053 and
1059, when the Patriarch Sophronius died, as the emperor
Alexius did not ascend the throne till 1081, some years after
Ingulph had settled at Croyland : that Emperor's name was pro-
bably added as a gloss by some ignorant annotator, and eventually
became incorporated with the text.

" Pages 74 and 75. M* Pages 72 and 73.

•? History, B. ix. M P. 237.

* See p. 148. We cannot agree with Mr. Wright (Stag. Brit. Lite-
raria9 vol. iL p. 30), that 1064 is the date : nor . does it appear that the
writer confounded the expedition alluded to with that of Peter the Hermit.
Ingulph seems .to have joined the pilgrimage mentioned by Vitalis,
B. III. c. 4, as taking place in 1057, under the chief bishop of the Ba-
varians. See Ordericus Vitalis, B. iii.sc. 4.

XIV. EDITOB S nTTEODTJCTIOK.

Dr. Lappenberg16 informs us that it is erroneously stated that
Constantino87 fell at the battle of Brunenburgh, it being his
son who was slain; and that the statement that the emperor
Henry (who died in 936) sought the hand of Athelstan's daugh-
ter for his son Otho is a mistake. He also observes, that (in
p. 97) earl Bodolph, the son, is called the husband of Groda.

Mr. Wright, in his able work on the Anglo-Norman writers,
is of opinion that Ingulph's account of the ™exiquitas of his pa-
rents contradicts his statement in p. 125, where he speaks of liis
father as living at court : and that Ingulph would hardly have
ostentatiously published the forged charters : an opinion which
seems well-founded. He remarks also, that the work appears
too vain- glorious to have been written by Ingulph himself. The
self-complacency however, which we find displayed by the Abbat
throughout his story, and the patronizing air with which he ex-
plains the more barbarous usages of the persecuted Saxons,
combined with the frivolous display "of Gallic learning in pages
165 and 166, strongly bespeak the Anglo Norman prelate.

The same author is also of opinion that the Continuation
ascribed to Peter of Blois is spurious ; but the reasons adduced
by him hardly seem to warrant so decided a conclusion. "It ia
not probable, ' he says, "that the monks of Croyland should have
applied to a stranger to write the history of their house, and we
can trace no connection between them and Peter of Blois." On the
contrary, it seems to have been considered a mark of respect, not
uncommonly paid, for a convent to request a learned stranger to
employ his pen in the service of their house. Vitalis,89 almost a
stranger and half a foreigner, was engaged by the monks of Croy-
land to write the epitaph of earl Waltheof, for the moment almost
the national hero and Saint of the English ; Abbo of Fleury, a
Norman by^birth, at the request of Dunstan, wrote the Life of
St. Edmund, an English Saint ; and William, a monk of Malmes-
bury, wrote the Chronicles of the Abbey of Glastonbury. That
Peter of Blois was on intimate terms with abbat Henry de Long-
champ we have some right to conclude from the zealous manner
in which we know that he stood forward in support30 of his brother
Chancellor, William de Longchamp, bishop of Ely. The allusion
in Peter's Continuation to the writings of Averroes31 is mani-
festly an interpolation.

"GescMchte von England, Preface. v P. 75.

* See p. 147. Mr. Wright renders this word mean estate ; narrowne s
of circumstances seems rather to he meant, and if so, there does not of i e-
cessity appear to he any contradiction. w History, B.iv. c. 17.

30 See his spirited letter to Hugh de Nunant, bishop of Coventry, in
Hoveden, vol. ii. p. 238. Bonn's Antiquarian Library. " P. 23] .

EDITOB S IlfTEODUCTIOX. XT

An explanation of a few. of the terms which form component
parts of names of places mentioned in these Chronicles may
not be inappropriate. The termination ee or ea, as in " Sche-

fishee" ana " Southee," is supposed to be a corruption of the
rencheau,'" water." Lode or lade, as in " Wodelade * and " Cap-
pelade," (afterwards, "Whaplode,") signifies a cut of water.
Eirne or hyrne means a horn or comer of land, bounded by
streams, as in "Namanslandhyrne,"3* and "Aswyktofihyrne.
Lound or lond is the old form for land, as in ""Goggislound,"
" Alderlound," and " Paylond." Beck is still a provincial name
for a " rill " or stream, as in " Pynchbeck," " Holbeck." Drove
was a road for cattle. Solt means a wood, as in " Apynholt,"
and " "Harenholt." "Algarkirk" and "Peykirk," mean Algar's
chwrch and JPegas church. The word lake, as signifying standing
water, enters into the composition of such names as " Menger-
lake," " Lurtlake," " Southlake," "Dedmanslake," and "Wer-
warlake." Helieston (in pages 127 and 154) appears to have been
a wrong spelling in the original for " Helpeston."

•! A cat through the wood.

u " No man's land corner." In some places it is written " Norman's
land."

34 tt Aswyk's toft corner,'* toft being a place where a messuage has
formerly stood. '

35 " Gog's land," li Alder land," and •« Pega*« land."
£* Probably meaning u the hare's wood."

SUCCESSION OF THE ABBATS OF CROYUND.

Kenulph, appointed

Patrick .

Siward.

Theodore .

Godric.

Turketul .

Egelric the Elder .

Egelric the Younger

Osketul .

Godric II.

Brichtmer .

Wulgat .

Wulketul .

Ingulph •

Jofrrid . •

WaldevTNot mentioned

Godfrey/ in this History

Edward

Robert de Eedinges

Henry Longchamp

Richard Bardeney

Thomas Wells .

716

948

975

984

992

1005

1018

1048

1052

1075

1109

J 1124

\U38

1153

1172

1190

1236

1246

A.D.

Ralph Mershe . . 1254

Richard Croyland . . 1281

Simon Luffenham . 1303

Henry de Caswyk. . 1322
Thomas de Bernak (not

mentioned in this Hist.) 1358

John de Asheby . . 1378

Thomas Overton 1394

Richard Upton . . 1417

John Litlyngton . 1427

JohnWysbech . . 1469

Richard Croyland II. 1476

Lambert Fossedyke .1481

Edmund Thorpe . 1485
Philip Everard,)

or Evermue

WilliamGedyng

Richard Berde

ney
John "Welles, or

Bridges
Abbey Dissolved

Notmen-
i tioned in
talis His»\
tory.

1491
1504
1507
1512

1539

INGULPH'S HISTORY

OF THE

ABBEY OF CEOYLAO.

Inasxuch as I, Ingulph, by the long-suffering of the Divine
Goodness, abbat of the monastery of Croyland, am bound, by ,
virtue of the duties imposed upon me, to devote my attention,
to ecclesiastical matters ; it appears to me especially desirable
to know who were the founders and benefactors of our monas-
tery, at what period it was founded, and by whose alms food
and the other necessaries of life are here provided for us ; and
at the same time to learn what estates or possessions our re-
spective benefactors have bestowed as alms upon us. These
particulars I have endeavoured to learn, to the end that they
may be set forth, as well for your information, as for that of
our successors, in behalf of whom we are in duty bound to im-
plore and entreat the mercy of God.

But, as it would be a tedious task to dwell at length upon
each of these particulars, to the extent to which we find
matter afforded us in various quarters ; I shall make it my
especial object to treat, though in a compendious form, of such
things only as are likely to be deemed most necessary to be
known by us who live at the present day, and to be brought
to the notice of .our successors. These particulars I shall
therefore set forth, just as I have learned them, either from
the trust- worthy information of my brethren now residing here,
(who, in their turn, have received the same from their prede-
cessors), or from an attentive examination of ancient records
and other documents which have been perused by me. In ac-
cordance with the prophetical language of the Psalmist, "I

2 IKOVLFB'S HISTOBY Off THB AJJBEY OF GBOTLAffD. A.D. 704.

will titter sayings of old ; which we have heard and seen* -and
our fathers have told us ;" l and I will remind you of the words,
" Let your children tell their children, and their children an-
other ^generation ;'" thereby making good those etfcer words of
Scripture, " Whatsoever things were written aforetime, were
written for our learning." a

I have therefore determined, in the first place, to speak of
the succession of certain kings of Mercia, who, in very remote
times, were converted to the catholic faith. Although Penda,
who was a heathen, and notorious for his impiety, usurped
the kingly name and the sovereignty of the Mercians, and in
his tyrannical frenzy martyred Oswald, the king and saint, he
was the father of several sons who proved most devoted sup-
porters of the Christian religion. The names of these were
Peada, Wulpher, Ethelred, Merwald, and Mercelm; while
Kynenburga and Kyneswitha, women celebrated for their
sanctity and the purity of their lives, were his daughters. The
unbridled desires, however, of this- same Penda, after he had
been long possessed by this heathenish frenzy, brought him to
an end suitable to his deserts. For, by the grace of God, Oswy,
the brother and successor of Saint Oswald, (of both of whom
I here make mention, that the remembrance of them may be
perpetuated, to the praise of Him who alone shall recompense
each according to his works) cut him off, and thereby increased
the number of souls in hell. .

His eldest son, Peada, succeeded him as king. This Peada had
the intention of founding the monastery at Medeshamsted,4 but
being prevented by an untimely death, he bequeathed his religious
zeal to his brother Wulpher, who succeeded him on the throne,
and to Saxulph, a man of very considerable influence ; for it
is a matter beyond doubt that this monastery was afterwards
founded by them, in the year from the Incarnation of our Lord
Jesus Christ, 664. After reigning sixteen years, the said Wul-
pher departed this life, in the seventeenth year of his reign.

On his decease, his brother Ethelred succeeded him on the
throne, and after a reign of thirty years became a monk in the
monastery of Bardeney.6

He was succeeded on the throne by Kenred, the son of Wul-

1 Psalm Ixxviii. 2, 3. * Joel i. 3. . 3 Rom. xv. 4.

4 The original name of Peterborough. 5 Or Partney, in Lincoln.

shire.1

A.». 708. ±'< JftrHELBAXD COHStatS GtTTHlib; 3

ptav irtiid^ alter a reign of four yean, left His kingdom, and
set oat lor Rome, where he departed this life at the threshold
Oif the Apostles.

Sotted was succeeded by Celred, who was the son of Ethel-
led, the former king, and reigned eight years.

In these days lived the Glito6 Ethelbald, who was then in
exile. He was the great nephew of Penda, through Alwy, his
brother;1 and was a man remarkable for the gracefulness of his
figure, hisstrength of body, and his indomitable courage. On the
other hand, a thing greatly to be lamented, he was extremely
pro*d in spirit, and immoderately fond of rashly courting
danger. For this, as no doubt we may be allowed to believe,
he had to submit to many hardships, and to endure a very long
estrangement from the helm of state.

While the before-named king Celred was unrelentingly pur-
suing him from place to place, the strength of himself and his
adherents being now quite exhausted amid the doubtful perils
of warfare, he repaired, according to his usual wont, to Guth-
lac, the man of God, his confessor ; to the end that, finding all
human counsel fail, he might obtain that of God ; and with great
humility disclosed to him those complaints which tribulation
extorted from him. When the holy man of God had heard
his words, in -soothing language he consoled him, and, as though
an interpreter of a Divine oracle, revealed to him in its proper
order each event as the same should befall him; promising
him the rule over his own people, the conquest of his enemies,
and the sovereignty over other nations. Nor were these things
to come to pass through fighting, blows, or effusion of blood ; but
he bade him have full confidence that through the Divine
power and goodness he should obtain tlie same.

To this he added, by way of admonition, "Acknowledge
the Lord thy God, and above all things fear Him : make it thy
study also to venerate the Holy Church. Oftentimes lament
the'wickeHness of thy misdeeds, and with constancy observe
thy purpose of leading a good life ; and hope for the sure assist-
ance of the Lord, if thou shalt first in His presence have offer-
ed up the merits of good works."

6 A title given to princes of the royal family among the Anglo-Saxons.

7 This is evidently a mistake. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,
(tinder the years 626 and 716) Alwy was the son of Eawa, who was the
brother of Penda.

B i

4 IXOTLPH'B BXSXQSX 0* THB ABBEY 07 JQOOYLAjn). A.D. 716.

With'these words and this doctrine Ethelbald was so much
refreshed in spirit, that, without delay, in presence of his
father Gnthlac and the other persons then standing by, that
which he conceived in his heart to do, he pronounced with' his
lips ; and declared that as soon as it should he his lot peace-
fully to arrive at the helm of state, he would found .in that
isatne spot a monastery of religious, to the praise of God, and in
memory of his said father Guthlac. This promise in after-
times he efficiently and devoutly fulfilled.

In the meanwhile, however, after some time had elapsed, the
hefore-namedEtbelbald, being still an exile* and lying concealed
in secluded spots, heard tidings of the death of the holy man ;
upon which, full of grief and sorrow, he hastened to the spot.
After shedding many tears and praying at great length, while
he was watching in an adjoining cottage, the holy man ap-
peared to him, and consoled him in these words : " Save con-
fidence, my son, and be not sorrowful; for, through my inter-
cession, the Lord hath heard thy prayers, and, before the
present year shall have run its course, thou shalt gain the
sceptre of the kingdom, and shalt in happiness enjoy a length-
ened oourse of days." To this, he made answer, " My lord,
what shall be a sign to me, that these things shall thus come
to pass ?" "To-morrow, before the third hour of the day/*
.the holy man replied, " to those who are dwelling in this isle
of Croyland, food shall unexpectedly be given."

Thenceforth, bearing in mind everything that had thus been
said to him, with undoubting hope he believed that the same
should come to pass. Nor old his faith deceive him; for he
found that all things were carried into effect in.acoordanoe with
the prophecy ot the man of God:

Guthlac, the servant of God, being thus dead, and buried,
upon his intercession being invoked, signs, displayed in miracles
and wondrous healings, began oftentimes to gleam forth ; which
(as from your9 archives I have been enabled to collect) are set
forth clearly and in a most perspicuous style in the book which
treats of his Life and Miracles. When king Ethelbald found
; that his blessed consoler was conspicuous for his miraeulous
powers, full of gladness and devotion, he sought the place of
his burial, and, having now gained the sovereignty, with the

• He addresses his brethren, .the monks of Croyland,

jl.b. 716. v:,..: chxbtsb of mo ithklbahu 6

greatest reare fulfilled the promises which to hod formerly
made ta the maa of God, while he was still alive.
. Immediately Bending for a certain monk of Evesham, Kes»
nnlph by name, a person famed for his religions life, he gave,
granted, and lor ever confirmed to him and those there serving
God, the isle of Groyland, to the end that he might found a con^
vent there. He also fully absolved the whole of the island
from all rents and secular dues, and secured the same in pre-
sence of the bishops and nobles of his kingdom by his charter ;
which: was to the iollawing effect :

"Ethelbald, by Krine Providence, king of the Mercians, to
all followers of the catholic faith, health everlasting. To the
King of all kings and the Creator of all mankind, I do with ex-
• ceeding joy return thanks, for that He hath patiently borne with
me, though » polluted with all sins, even unto the present time,
and hath hi His mercy drawn me away therefrom, and hath in
some measure elevated me to the acknowledgment of His name.
Wherefore it ia good for me to adhere unto God, and in Him to
place my hope. But how shall I repay God for all that He
hath bestowed upon me, in order that I may do that which
is pleasing unto Him in the sight of living men ? Inasmuch
as without Him we possess nothing, are nothing, and are able
to do nothing. For He, the author of our salvation, and the
bestower of all things, with great readiness reoeiveth the very
least of our gifts^ that so He may have a cause for repaying us
with joys mighty and infinite. Those who follow His doctrines
with the works, of mercy, He thus consoles, saying, • ' Inasmuch
as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren,
ye have done it unto me.'10 Hence it is, that, having been in-
structed by the counsels, and prevailed upon by the prayers, of
the devout anchorite Guthlac, my dearly beloved confessor, I
have joyfully formed the following determination. As a per-
petual testimony to be preserved thereof, I do by this public
deed11 give, grant, and deliver unto Almighty God, the blessed
Virgin, and Saint Bartholomew, out of my demesnes, for the
purpose of founding a monastery of Black Monks,11* serving God
in conformity with the rules of Saint Benedict, the whole island
of Croyland, the same to be set apart for the site of an abbey,

10 St. Matthew, xxr. 40. " Or, more strictly, * patent/' or " open
chirograph." . • ll* This is the tot of the supposed anachronisms
noticed by Hickes.

6 INGULPH,S HX8T0ET 07 THE A3BIY 07 CBOXEAND. AO>~ 716.

and severally to bo held ; being surrounded by four rivers,
that is to say, by the river called Shepishee, on the east ; by
the river called Nene, on the west ; by the river called Southee,
on the south ; and by the. river called Aaendyk, on the north,
where runs the Common Drain12 between Spalding and the said
island ; the same being also four leagues13 in length and three
leagues in breadth : together with the marsh lands adjoining
thereto, which lie towards the west, and opposite to the said
island, on either side of the river Welland ; one part of which,
called Goggislound, on the north side of the river Welland, is two
leagues in length,14 extending from the bridge of Groyland, by
which the island is entered, as far as Aspath, and is one league in
breadth, extending&omthe river Welland, which lies to the south
thereof, as far as Apenholt on the north, near the banks of the
said river, the same being throughout the whole length thereof
of equal breadth; and the other part of the said marsh, on
the south side of the river Welland, is two leagues in length,
from the bridge of Groyland as far as Southlake, near the
banks and opposite to Aspath, and two leagues in breadth
from the river Welland as far as Fynset, near the river Nene,
on the south side of the said marsh : together with several
piscary in the rivers Welland and Nene, as far as the before*
mentioned limits of either of the said marshes, and in all the
waters that encompass the said island. And, for the said
purpose, I have appointed a certain monk of Evesham, Ke-
nulph by name, a man of approved piety, to be abbat thereof,
to the end that he may there collect monks of the said order,
of approved life, in subjection to himself; and have granted to
them from my treasury, for the purpose of building the said
monastery, in the first year, three hundred pounds of lawful
money, and, during the ten years next ensuing, one hundred
pounds in each year ; and have given them permission to build
a vill there, as also to enclose as much of the said two marshes
lying on the west, for the use of themselves and their people,

w This is probably an arm of the river Welland, now called the " Shire
Drain," which runs along the southern border of the county, and Calls
into the Wash, at the mouth of the river Neoe. These streams are gene-
rally called "waters" in the original.

" Leuca. The " leuca," or French league, generally consisted of 1500
paces; but Ingulph in another passage speaks of it as containing 2000 paces.

14 The length is measured from east to west, and the breadth from north4
to south*

A.D. 7r#. C&A&tm Of KTKG ETffELBAlD, 7

as to the said monks shall seem fit. I do therefore will, that
the aforesaid monks shall have these my gifts, with all their
appurtenance*, free of and acquitted from all secular burdens,
as a perpetual alms from me, together with all the profits
and advantages that may arise or be derived within the afore-
said limits, as well above ground as beneath, together with
common of pasture for all kinds of animals, at all seasons, for
themselves as well as their men or tenants with them there
dwelling, on either side of the river Welland, that is to say, on
the one side, as far as the lands of MedeshamBted, and on the .
other, as far as the buildings of Spalding ; together with all
liberties and free customs, as fully as in times past the royal
power has bestowed the same upon any church m my kingdom.
And I do further strictly command, that if any person 6hall
presume to devise any impediment in contravention of this
exercise of my authority, that so they may not peacefully possess
whatever has been given and granted by me, the same per-
son shall pay one hundred pounds of lawful money into my
treasury, and shall, in addition thereto, make due satisfaction to
the said monks for fheir losses and expenses thereby incurred.
I do also entreat all my posterity, who shall succeed me on the
throne, so to keep inviolate this my censure and condemnation,
as they shall wish to receive the due reward of justice, and to
escape the punishment of avarice. And may he who shall up-
hold and defend these alms-deeds of mine be eternally re-
warded, by being chosen as one of the elect of Gtod, This my
charter was confirmed in the year from the Incarnation of Christ,
716, as is attested beneath by the following trust-worthy wit-
nesses, with the sign of the Holy Cross. + I, Ethelbald,
king of the Mercians, have, of my gratuitous will and consent,
confirmed the same. -+• I, Brithwald, archbishop of Canterbury,
have ratified the same, -f I, Wynfrid, bishop of the Mercians,
have approved of the same. H- X, Ingwald, bishop of London,
have Mly consented hereto. + I, Aldwin, bishop of Lichfield,
have sanctioned the same. + I, Tobias, bishop of Rochester,
have applauded the Same; + I, Ethelred, abbat of Bardeney,
have greatly desired the same, -f I, Egwald, abbat of Me-
deshamsted, have earnestly requested the same. ~f I, Egga,
earl of .Lincoln, have advised the same. +. I, Xeuric, earl of
Leicester, have given my assent hereto. 4- I» Saxulph, son
of earl Saxulph, have supported the same. + I, Ingulph,

8 nretTLPH's htstoby of me abbey of OEOTuun). **d. 216*

priest and anfcumhie servant, being mimmoned, have he*^ the
same. + I, Ethelbald, who unworthy as I am, ©till, -by Use
Divine forbearance, guide the helm of the kingdom of the Mer-
cians, do, with the greatest faithfulness, in all humility return
unto Christ my Creator ; of whom in the Psalm it is written by
the prophet, * His tender mercies are over all His work* ;,1S to
His goodness I do wholly submit myself, and to the prayers
and spiritual services of holy mother Church do commend my*
self."

Upon this occasion it was, that a certain poet wrote the
following lines :—

" This abbey, Christ, I, Ethelbald, the king
Of Anglia, by God's grace, have for Thee built.
The isle of Croyland, of the king's demesne,
That same, Oh Jesus ! do I grant to Thee —
The whole, great God, with its encircling streams
On every side, I do to Thee present.
Three hundred pounds the building to promote
This year, I hereby pledge myself to give—
And, in the following ten, one hundred pounds
Each year, I will unto the builders pay.
Kenulph, the monk of Evesham profess'd,
Shall be first abbat ; him I do appoint.
The gifts, too, of my nobles I confirm,
Should they grant lands or tenements to God.
Should any native Kenulph e'er molest,
His chattels all I hereby confiscate,
And, till he shall due reparation make
Unto the monks, he shall in prison lie.
The English nobles and my prelates all
Before the Lord are witnesses hereof.
Guthlac, confessor, saint, and anchorite
Here lies ; before him I these words do speak—
May that most holy priest for ever pray
For us, before whose tomb this grant I make."

Croyland consisting of fenny lands, (as, in fact, its name in-
dicates, for it means "crude" and " muddy" land), it wa»
not able to support a foundation of stone ; wherefore, the
king ordered huge piles of oak and beech in countless
numbers to be driven into the ground, and solid earth to be
brought by water in boats a distance of nine miles, from tf
place called Upland, (which means the " higher ground/*) and
to be thrown into the marsh. And thus, whereas the holy
15 Psalmcxlv, 9.

A.*. ft& . - - • WDfT PB8A XEAYKLS TO

Gitttta* had been previously content with an. oratory made of
wood, he both began and finished a church, founded a convent,
enriched the place with decorations and lands,, and other va-
luablepossessions, and loved the spot with the greatest ten-
derness aH the days of his life* And never, at any time,
rinee its first foundation by the hands of the said king, has.
the monastery of Croyland been in want of religious to dwell
therein, even unto the present day.

There were also in those times, some persons in the said
island who led there the lives of recluses, and who, main-
taining a holy friendship with the man of God, had, resorted to
him as long as he lived, just as sick men do to a physician ;
and thus, by his teaching and example, obtaining healing sup-
plies for their souls.

Of these, one had been recently converted to the catholic
faith, Gissa by name, a man sprung from a noble family, and,
in former times, of great influence in worldly matters ; but now,
having left all things behind, he had become a follower of his
Lord Jesus Christ. Another was Bettelm, a most attached
servant of the father before named. A third was Egbert, who
was admitted by him to a more strict confidence than any of
the rest. A fourth was Tatwin, who had formerly been his
guide and steersman to the said island. All these had sepa-
rate dwellings to the end of their lives, with the sanction of
the before-named abbat, Xenulph, in different cottages, situate
not far from the oratory of the holy father, Guthlac.

Saint Pega, however, the sister of our holy father Guthlac
before named, shortly after the close of the first year from his
death, leaving there, in the hands of abbat Kenulph, the
scourge of Saint Bartholomew and the Psalter of her brother,
together with some other relics, returned by boat to her
cell, which lay to the west, at a distance of four leagues from
the oratoryrofher said brother. Having lived here two years
sad three months in tearful lamentations, she travelled, Buffer-
ing greatly from cold and hunger, to the threshold of the
Apostles Peter and Paul. On entering the city of Rome,
after suddenly causing all the bells to ring for the space of
we hour, she proclaimed to the citizens the merits of her
sanctity : and there, devoting herself entirely to the service of
God, at lastiulnlled the number of her days in the fear; of
the Lord. Her holy body being there committed to the earth

10 nreuLPn's histoby of thb abbbt or ototlakd. a.,©, 7$6.

among many other holy relics belonging to the Soman city;
her spirit, quitting the toils of this present existence, ascended
to eternal rest.

King EthelbaM, before-named, his monastery of Croyland
being now erected and completely finished, gave his utmost
attention both to promoting the good of the holy church every-
where throughout his kingdom, and to bestowing dignities and
privileges upon other convents of religious men and women as
well. Accordingly, for the purpose of strengthening the li-
berties of the church throughout his kingdom, in the third
year of his reign, we read that he promulgated the following
statute :-—

" Whereas it frequently happens, in aceordanee with the
uncertain vicissitudes of temporal affairs, that those institutions
which have been founded upon the testimony and by the counsel
of many and faithful persons, are, through the contumacy
of still more, and by means of machinations and fraudulent
pretences, without any consideration of what is reasonable,
and to the peril of their own souk, brought to nothing; unless
the establishment thereof has, on the authority of letters and
by the testimony of band-writing, been consigned to memory
in all time to come. Wherefore, I, Ethelbald, king of the Mer-
cians, in consideration of my love of the heavenly land, and
for the redemption of my own soul, am sensible that I ought to
form a determination, by good works, to make it free from all
the bonds of sin. And moreover, inasmuch as the Almighty,
in the merciful exercise of His clemeney, without any pre-
ceding merits of mine, hath bestowed upon me the sceptre of
this kingdom, I do willingly make repayment to Him out of
that which He hath so given me. For the better carrying
out this purpose, I do, while I am still alive, grant the fbl*
lowing privilege ; that all monasteries and churches in my
kingdom shall be free and exempt from all public taxes, works,
and burdens, except only the building of castles and bridges,
from which no person can ever be made exempt And
further, the servants of God are to have frill liberty in the
enjoyment of the produce of their woods, the fruit of their
fields, and the taking of fish; nor are they to make offerings
of any presents whatever to the king, or to the nobles, unless
the same be voluntary : but they are to be at liberty to serve

A.D. 793. CHARTER OF KTKO OTTA. 11

the Lord in peaceful contemplation throughout the whole of
my realm to the end of time."

The before-named king Ethelbald, after a reign of forty-one
years, having rashly engaged in battle at Seggeswold," with
the tyrant Bernred, was there slain, in accordance with a
prophecy of the holy father, Guthlac. Hie tyrant Bernred,
however, had not long to glory in his excessive tyranny, for
he perished in the same year. King Ethelbald was buried at
Ripadium, or Bipedune,17 which was at that time a very cele-
brated monastery, and, with the consent of the nobles of the
whole of Mercia, left the kingdom of the Mercians to Ota,
grandson to his uncle by the father's side. Offa was the son
of Dignfert, the son of Enulph, the son of Osmod, the son of
Eoppa, the son of Wibba, father of king Penda.

This Offa reigned forty years, and founded a monastery of
Black Monks at the city of Verulam, in honour of God and
of Saint Alban, the protomartyr of the English. Shewing
himself everywhere most duteous to the saints of God, and
ever ready to listen to the prayers of religious men, at Die en-
treaty of Patrick, the lord abbat of Croyland, who had suc-
ceeded Eenulph, the first abbat thereof, he by his charter eon-
firmed the grant of his monastery of Croyland in the following
words: —

" Offa, king of the Mercians, to all lovers of Christ through-
out the whole kingdom of Mercia, health everlasting. Al-
ways keeping in remembrance that the days of man are
short, and that, in this fewness of our days, whatsoever a man
Bhall sow that same he shall reap, it is my desire, by the holy
acts of my present life, to purchase for myself and to reap
an everlasting reward in that to come. I do therefore take
into my hands Patrick, abbat of Croyland, and the monks
there serving God, and all their servants, as also the place it*
self, and I do command, that, in like manner as my brethren
the monks of Saint Alban's, they shall be free and discharged
from all secular burdens, and shall everywhere throughout my
kingdom be held acquitted from the payment of all taxes:
and I do confirm to them their aforesaid monastery, together

16 Saxwold, in Lincolnshire, it probably the place referred to. The
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Henry of Huntingdon, and Simeon of Durham,
call this place Secandune. Matthew of Westminster calls it 8acchend«L

17 Repton, in Derbyshire.

12 ingtjlph's hibtokt or THE JlBBBT OP CBOYLAND. A.D. 806.

with all their possessions and all other things whatsoever,
which my kinsman, the late renowned king Ethelbald, the
founder of the said monastery, bestowed upon the same, and
whatsoever his nobles or mine have since bestowed or shall
bestow hereafter, as also whatsoever the faithful in Christ
shall in all times hereafter bestow upon the said monastery of
Croyland. This present deed, in the year from the Incarnation
of our Lord Jesus Christ, 793, 1, Offa, king of the Mercians,
have granted and confirmed. + I, JEthelard, archbishop of
Canterbury, have consented hereto. + I, JSgbald, bishop of
"Winchester, have subscribed hereto. + I, Aldred, bishop of
Dorchester, have set my sign hereto. '+ I, Aldulph, bishop
of Lichfield, have approved hereof. + I, Benna, abbat of
MedeBhamsted, have confirmed the same, -f I, Ceolburga,
abbess of Berdea,18 have sanctioned the same. + I, earl
Heabricht, at the command of my lord the king, have signed
the same. + I, Tilhere, the priest of my lord the king,
Offa, have, at his mandate, written this deed with my own
hand." ■

In the year folio wing, the said Offa, king of the Mercians,
departed this life on the fourth day before the calends of
August, and his Son Egbert succeeded to the glories of his rule ;
but, after having reigned one hundred and forty-one days, lie
was seized with a malady, and departed this life. He was
succeeded by Kenulph, a mighty man, and happy in his holy
offspring ; in peace, piety, and justice, for a period of twenty-
six years, he most gloriously guided the helm of state.

After Kenulph, the first abbat thereof, the before-named
Patrick succeeded to the pastoral office of the abbey of Croy-
land. He was succeeded, in the time of king Kenulph, by
Si ward, the third abbat of the said monastery. He was re-
lated by blood to king Kenulph, and, being a man of great
piety, and his confeBsor, and admitted by him to the strictest
intimacy, by the royal munificence, in the twelfth year of his
reign, he obtained a charter to the following effect :

" Kenulph, by the mercy of God, king of the Mercians,
to all the Mid-Angles throughout the whole of Mereia, who
confess the Christian faith, perfect peace and health fever-
lasting. Enow; all and each of you, that the Lord hath, by
most signal signs and by remarkable prodigies, wrought won-
18 Perhaps meaning Bardney, in Lincolnshire.

4.A. 80$. CHABXXB 07 XUfG OTTCTLPH, * 13

drousnew and innumerable miracles, by Ms. Saint, the most
blessed confessor of Christ, Guthlac, whose body rests in the
monastery of Croyland ; as I and my queen have on our late
pilgrimage with our own eyes beheld ; and hath thereby rendered
him more refulgent and conspicuous in the eyes of the whole
world. Wherefore, at the entreaty of that most religious man,
our spiritual father and counsellor, Siward, lord abbat of the
said monastery, the venerable father Wulfred, the lord arch-
bishop of Canterbury, who accompanied us on our pilgrim*
age, counselling and advising us. thereto, I have taken under
my protection the said monastery of Croyland, together with
the whole of the island adjoining thereto, according as the
same is by boundaries set forth in the charier of the late
king Ethelbald its founder, as also the monks of the said
monastery, and the lay brethren and all the servants there-
of. Moreover, all pilgrkds going thither for the purposes
of devotion, and returning with the mark of Saint Guthlac
upon their cowls or hoods, I do will to. be free and absolved
for all future time from all tribute and tolls, wheresoever
throughout the whole kingdom of Merck theyahall come.
And further, as to the alms-gift which Thorold, the sheriff of
Lincoln, has given to the said monks in Bokenhale ; as also
the alms-gift which Geolph, the son of Malte, has given to them
in Halington ; as also the alms-gift which Eregest, the most
valiant knight, my former tutor, has given to them in Lang*
toft ; as also the. alms-gift which Algar, who is still my knight,
has given to them infiaston and Eepingale; I do. give, grant, and
confirm the same as a perpetual possession unto God and Saint
Guthlac, and to the aforesaid monastery and the monks serving
God therein. In the year from the Incarnation of Christ, 806, 1,
Kenulph, king of the Mercians, have signed this charter with
the sign of the holy cross. + I, Wulfred, archbishop of Can-
terbury, have advised the same to be done* -f I, Kinebert, bishop
of Winchester, have set my sign hereto. + I, Wonwona, bishop
of Leicester, have consented hereto, -f I, Celsed, abbat of Me-
deshamsted, own brother of Siward, the lord abbat, have zeal-
ously promoted the same. + I> Cuthred, king of Kent, at the
command of my lord the king Kenulph, have given my consent
hereto, + I, Ceolwnlph, brother of my lord the king Kenulph,
have approved of the same. + I, Algar, thg thane, have been
present bereat- -+» I, Sigga, the priest; .by tne command of

14 IXGrLP£.'s BKtOftY OP TfcE ABBfiT OF CKOYLAND. A.D. 823.

my lord the king Kennlph, have presented this charter, written
with my own hand, in presence of my venerable fathers and
lords aforesaid, to the venerable Siward, lord abbat of Crop-
land, before*named."

In the year of onr Lord Christ, 819, Kenulph, the renowned
king of the Mercians, after having reigned for a period of
twenty-six years, to the great grief of all, ended his worldly
career, after many good works, which in his lifetime he had
done with equal sanctity and zeal. His body was consigned
to the tomb at Wynchelcombe,30 a monastery of Black Monks,
which he had built from the foundation; while his blessed
soul sought the realms of heaven.

He left his son Saint Kenelm, a boy then seven years old,
heir to the throne. Through the treachery of his sister Quen-
dreda (with so great ambition did this most wicked woman
aspire to the sceptre of the kingdom), within a few months
after the death of his father, he was slain in a certain wood,
whither he had, toward the close of the day, been taken to
walk. Here this most innocent boy was most cruelly martyred
by Ascebert, his tutor, and only through a divine miracle his
body was at last discovered ; a ray, containing an immense
body of light, having shone throughout a whole night upon
the body of the martyr. Upon this it was taken to "Wyn-
chelcombe, and there solemnly buried in the tomb at the side
of his father.

. After his martyrdom, his uncle Ceolwulph, the brother of
king Kenulph, succeeded to the kingdom of the Mercians, and
reigned one year ; being in the second year of his reign ex*-
pefied by one Bernulph, a foolish man, but remarkable for his
wealth and influence, though in no way connected with the
royal line.

• In the third year of his reign Bernulph was conquered in
battle and 'put to night by Egbert, king of Wessex : after
which, striving to make amends for his slothfulness, he led an
army against the East-Angles, who by entreaties and money
had aroused the West-Saxons against him ; but he was shortly
after defeated by them in a pitched battle, and slain.

He was succeeded on the throne by Ludecan, his kinsman,
who, after a reign of two years, while making preparations to

20 Or Winchcomb, in Gloucestershire.

A ji. 833. . CHAPTER OF XIK0 WICHTLi*, - - 15

avenge, the death, of Bernulph, having led an army against the
East- Angles, was surprised by them, and slain.

Thus were the tyrants in a short time removed who had
assumed the purple, against all right, and, while they oppressed
the kingdom with their violent measures, had wasted the
whole of its military resources, once very great, and ever
attended with victory ; upon which, with the consent of all,
Wiehtlaf, duke of the Wiccii,81 (whose son, Wymund, had
married Alfleda, the daughter of Ceolwulph, the former king,
and brother of the most noble king Kenulph), was made king,
and reigned thirteen years, subject, however, to the authority
of Egbert, king of Wessex, to whom he was a tributary. For
immediately alter he was made king, and before he was able
to collect an army, he was pursued by the generals of Egbert
throughout the whole of Mercia ; on which, by the care of
Siward, the lord abbat, he was, without the privity of any
other person, concealed for the space of four months in the cell
of the most holy virgin, Etheldritha. (She was the daughter
of OfFa, the former long of the Mercians, and wife of the holy
martyr Ethelbert, the former king of East Anglia, in whose
name the present episcopal see of Hereford is dedicated ; but
at this period, in her love for Christ her spouse, was living
as a recluse in one part of the cell situate on the south side of
the church of Croyland, over against the great altar there.)
Here he lay concealed in safety until such time as, through the
mediation of the before-named venerable abbat Siward, he had
made peace with the said king of the West Saxons, and, site*
promising to pay an annual tribute, was permitted to return
unmolested to his kingdom. In return for this service, at a
later period, he granted a charter to the said monastery of Croy-
land, which contained very valuable privileges, and was to the
folio wing, effect:

" Wichtlaf, by the Divine dispensation, king of the Mer-
cians, to all the worshippers of Christ who inhabit the whole
of Mercia, health everlasting. For me to preach and publish
the mighty works of God would be a thing far from becom-
ing; but of a truth it seemeth honourable and glorious
[to declare the same] ; wherefore I will openly confess unto
the Lord, who dwelleth on high, and who looketh down upon
the lowly in heaven and upon the earth ; forasmuch as, though
21 The people of Worcestershire.

16 DTGTJLPH'S BXSTOBT OF THE ABBEY OF CROTUHTD. A.0. 833.

for a time He was angered against me, Bis wrath hath been
turned aside, and He hath consoled me, and though in His anger
He humbled me, a sinner, to the earth, and dragged me down
even to the dust. He hath again in His mercy raised the poor
out of the dust, and hath lifted up the needy from the dung-
hill, that so I may sit among princes, and inherit a throne of
glory.2* Wherefore, on the day of good things, that I may
not be unmindful of the evil ones, * I will make mention of
Rahab and Babylon to them that know me;'** not, indeed, of
Eahab, the harlot, but of Etheldritha, the most holy virgin,
my kinswoman, who, in her love for her spouse, the Lamb
without blemish, is a recluse at Groyland, and who, in the
times of my tribulation, most carefully concealed me in her
cell from before the face of the enemy and persecutor for the
space of four months. I will also make mention of Babylon ; not
of the tower of confusion, but of the most holy church of Croy-
land, which spot is a tower which reacheth unto heaven, and
which with watchings and prayers, with psalms and medita-
tions, with discipline and afflictions, with tears and sobs, with
alms-deeds and innumerable other acts of devoutness and piety,
in behalf of a sinful generation,, doth extreme violence to the
kingdom of heaven day and night. Wherefore, forasmuch as
the Venerable father Siward, the lord abbat of Croyland, hath
protected me in his tabernacle on the evil day, and hath con-
cealed and saved me from the face of him that afflicted me ; in
addition to the privileges granted thereto by the kings of
Mercia, my predecessors, who have nobly graced the aforesaid
monastery with various liberties and gifts, I do also of my
poverty make offering unto the great altar of the aforesaid
monastery, of a chalice of gold, a cross of gold, and the [holy]
table of my own chapel, covered with plates of gold ; and do
make profession that I will always, to the best of my ability,
prove myself a defender of the said church. I do also command
my servants throughout the whole of Mercia appointed, that
they shall in all things obey and serve the abbat of Groyland,
the monks, and all the brethren of the said most holy monas-
tery, whenever they shall come unto the cities and the royal
castles upon any business whatever, in such manner as they
would obey my son Wymund or myself ; and that they shall

* In allusion to 1 Sam. U. 7, 8, and Psalm xiii. 7, 8.
33 Psalm lxxxvii. 4*

A.D. 8&.~ CHAETER OF KING WICHTLAF. 17

receive nothing from them for the expenses which they of
their people may there incur ; but that my treasurer shall take
upon himself all the said expenses, and pay the same in full
out of the public treasury, when an account thereof shall have
been received under the signature or mark of the said monks,
and my said servants shall have reckoned up the same."

" I do also will and command, that whoever inmy kingdom
shall he found guilty of any offence, and shall be amenable to
the laws for the same, if the said person shall flee to the said
monastery, and shall, in presence of the abbat of the said
monastery for the time being, invoke the favour of the most
holy confessor, Guthlac, who in the body resteth there, and
shall swear everlasting fealty and service to him ; he shall be
safe and secure under the protection of the abbat and his
monks, in whatever service they shall employ him, throughout
the whole island of Croyland ; and shall enjoy my protection
and full impunity, as though he were in an asylum or in my
own chamber ; and no one of my servants shall presume to
pursue him any further, nor yet in any way to molest him,
under pain of losing his right foot, which penalty shall be in-
flicted upon all persons in my kingdom who shall in any way
attempt to violate this my privilege. And further, it shall be
lawful for all such fugitives to sail upon and to fish in the Ave
rivers which surround the said island, and to labour in any
other way in which they may be directed by their masters,
without challenge or molestation on the part of my servants or
of any other person whatsoever. But if any such person shall
be captured beyond the said rivers, or beyond the limits of the
said monastery, he shall, without any favour, suffer the penalty
which he had previously incurred, whether the same be death or
loss of limb, if my servants, or any other adversaries of such
1 person shall be able, on the oaths of six trustworthy men, to
prove that such person has been found beyond the said limits.
The said boundaries of the monastery of Croyland by its five
rivers aforesaid, I have caused to be described and marked out
for the guidance of my own servants, as also of its abbat and
monks, in relation to their fugitives aforesaid. Now the said
rivere are called by the following names : Schepishee, which
lies on the east, and on the western bank of which stands an
ancient cross of wood, which is ten feet distant from the river,
and is situate at equal distances between two corners of the

c

18 XNGX7LPH*8 BISTOBY OF THE ABBJET 07 CEOYLAWD. A.D. 833.

said island, of which Aswyktoft is one, being the corner and
boundary of the said island on the north-east," and Tedwarthar
is the other, being the corner and boundary of the said island
on the east. The second river bounds the said island on the
south, and is called Southee. On its bank there stands a stone
cross, which is distant from Namanlandhirne five perches, and
six perches from Southee, where the river Southee enters the
river Nene, which runs to the bridge of Croyland. In this
direction the limits for the fugitives run into the marshes on
the west, and take a south-westerly direction through Fynset,
and then, as far as Eolwardstakyng, a north- westerly direction.
Thence they take a turn to the north, to the spot where the
river Southlake enters the river Welland, just opposite a stone
cross, which stands on the northern bank* of the said river
Welland, being distant five feet from the said river, which
runs thence to the bridge of Croyland aforesaid. The limits
for the fugitives, however, take a direction from the said cross
through the northern marshes straight to Oggot, which is the
corner of the boundaries to the west; they then run in an
easterly direction through Wodelade, as far as Apynholt,
where they take the course of the river Welland, (which is the
fourth river, and bounds the island on that side, in the same
manner as the third river, the Nene, bounds it on the other
side of the bridge of Croyland,) as far as the Drain of Asendyk,
which falls into the Welland, where a broken cross of stone
stands on the southern bank of the river Asendyk, from the
waters of which it is five perches distant. The said river
Asendyk is the fifth river, and separates the said island from
the place of that name, running in a northerly direction as far
as Aswyktoft.34 If any fugitive shall be found beyond the
said five rivers and the boundaries beforenamed, then, even as
Shimei," when he went forth from Jerusalem, he shall be
amenable to the public laws, and shall suffer the punishment
which he had deserved. And if, within the boundaries afore-
said, and the outer banks of the aforesaid rivers, any fugitive

38 " Vulttrmum" can only have this meaning here.

34 This description of the boundaries, as here stated, appears very con-
fused. It is more than probable that, from the total change made in the
face of the country about Croyland by the operations in forming the Bed-
ford level, but few of these boundaries could now be traced from an actual
survey of the spot.

* Alluding to Solomon's injunctions to Shimei, 1 Kings ii. 36, 40.

A.D. 833. CHARTER OF KING WICHTLA7. 19

shall commit any homicide, theft, or other offence, he shall be
arrested b y the officers of the said monastery for his misdeeds
in the said island, the protection of which he has so forfeited,
and shall be there judged and condemned to the abbat's prison.
And, to the end that this my privilege may endure more firmly
and more surely to the times of our descendants, I have ob-
tained confirmation thereof by my lord Egbert, the king of
Wessex, and Ethelwulph, his son.

** I do also present to the vestry38 of the said monastery, for
the service of the most holy altar, the purple robe which I
wore on the occasion '*f my coronation, for the purpose of making
a cope or chasuble of the same, and likewise, as an ornament
for the most holy church, ray veil27 of gold embroidery, upon
which is worked the dest! uction of Troy, to be hung upon
my anniversary, if it shall so please them, on the walls thereof.
I do also present to the re&ctory of the said monastery, for
the use of him who shall doily preside in the said refectory,
my gilded cup, which is chased all over the outside with savage
vinedressers fighting with dragons, and which I have been
in the habit of calling my * crucibolum/ because the sign of the
cross is stamped in the inside of the cup, across the same, the
four corners thereof projecting and being impressed with a simi-
lar design ; as also the horn used at my table, that the elders of
the monastery may drink therefrom on the festivals of the
Saints, and may, in their benedictions, sometimes remember the
soul of Wichtlaf the giver thereof.

" I do also confirm unto the said monastery all their lands,
tenements, and possessions, and their cattle, and all other the
gifts which my predecessors, the kings of the Mercians, and their
nobles, or other faithful Christians, as well as Jews, have
given, sold, or pledged to the said monks, or have in any way
delivered to them for a lasting possession ; and, in especial,
the gift of Thorold, formerly sheriff of Lincoln, at Buken~
hale, that is to say, two carucates and a half of land, as also
twenty-six acres of meadow land, and fifty acres of woodland,
[and seventy acres], at Brusche.88 Also, the gift of Geolph,
the son of Malte, at Halington, that is to say, four bovates of

88 Or, perhaps, " treasury." In the original, '* secretarium.,,
87 These veils were made of embroidery, and were hung as a screen at
the entrance to the king's private chamber.
tt Probably so called from the brushwood there growing.

c 2

20 xngtjlfb'b hibtobt of the abbey of cboylaxd. a.b, 833(

land at Juland, and ten bovates of land rented to tenants, and
thirty-three acres of meadow land at Oern thorp. Also, the gift
of Fregist, the knight, that is to say, the whole of the yill of
Langtoft, and in the fields of the said vill six carucates of
arable land, the same being in length fifteen quarentenes,29
and nine quarentenes in breadth ; as also one hundred acres of
meadow land, and a wood and marsh two leagues in length,
and two leagues in breadth ; besides the church of the said
vill, and forty acres of the same fee29* in the fields of Depyng.
Also, the gift of Algar, the knight, [the son of Northlang],
that is to say, Northland in Baston, consisting of four caru-
cates of arable land, containing eight quarentenes in length,
and eight quarentenes in breadth, as also forty-five acres of
meadow land, and a marsh containing sixteen quarentenes in
length, and eight quarentenes in breadth ; likewise the church
of the said vill, and one mill, and one half of another mill,
with several piscary in the river from the mill situate to-
wards the west, as far as the end of the said marsh, towards
the east. likewise, the gift of the same Algar, the knight,
at Repyngale, that is to say, three carucates of arable land
and forty acres of meadow land. Likewise, the gift of Nor-
man, the former sheriff, at Sutton, near Bosworth, that is
to say, two carucates of land, and one windmill. Like-
wise, the gift of the same Norman, at Stapilton ; that is
to say, the manor, and two carucates of land. Likewise,
the gift of the same person at Badby, that is to say, four
hides of land, together with the appurtenances. Like-
wise, the gift of the lord, earl Algar, at Holbecke80 and at
Cappelade, that is to say, four carucates, and six bovates and
eighteen acres of meadow land, and a marsh. [Likewise, the
gift of the same person in his vill of Spaldelyng, that is to say,
three carucates of land.] Likewise, .the gift of the same per-
son, in his vill of Pyncebek, that is to say, one carucate of
land. Likewise, the gift of the same person, in his vill of
Algarkirk, that is to say, eleven bovates of land ; and in the
parish of Sutterton, three carucates of land, and one bovate
and twenty-six acreB of meadow land, and four salt -pits, to-

89 A quarentene of land consisted of forty perches.
29* The mention of fees or feuds is one of the suspicious circumstances
pointed out by Hickes.
*» Now Holbeach,

A.J>. 833. CSABTER OF XI2JG WICHTLAF. 21

gether with tke church of the said vill. likewise, the gift of
the knight Oswy, at Drayton, that is to say, eight hides of
land, and four virgates, and the church of the said vill. Like-
wise, the gift of Asketel, my cook, at Glapthorn, that is to
say, three virgates of land. Likewise, the gift of Wulget, my
[former] butler, at Peiekyrke, .that is to say, three virgates of
land. Likewise, the gift of [Edulph] my courier, one bovate
of land at Laythorp. Likewise, the gift of Siward, the sheriff,
three bovates of land, one dwelling house, and three cottages
at Kirkeby* Likewise, at Staunden, the gift of the countess
Sigburga, being five hides of land. - Likewise, the gift at
Adyngton, of "Wulnoth, my sewer, that is to say, two hides of
land, and several piscary,31 together with the advowson of the
church of the said vill ; as also, in the other Adyngton, one
virgate of land, the gift of the same person. The said lands and
tenements I do give, grant, and confirm unto the aforesaid
monastery of Croyland, and the monks there serving God, as a
peaceable and permanent possession, to hold of me and each of
my heirs, kings of the Mercians, my successors, as a pure and
perpetual alms-gift, freely, quietly, and exempted from all
secular burdens, exactions, and taxes whatever, under what
name soever the same may be imposed. And if any enemy,
at the instigation of the devil, shall at any time hereafter at-
tempt to lay claim to any of the lands or tenements aforesaid,
which have been so long and under so many kings held in
peace, and confirmed by their authority, I do by this present
deed, profess and promise that I and my successors, kings of
the Mercians, will be defenders of the said monastery hence-
forth in all time to come.

" This my charter I have confirmed with the sign of the
holy cross, in favour of the lord abbat Siward, my father, and
the most holy virgin, Etheldritha, a recluse there for the love
of Christ, my kinswoman in the flesh, but (what is still more)
my most dearly beloved sister in Christ ; and which I had for-
merly promised in presence of my lords, Egbert, king of Wes-
sex, and Ethelwulph, his son, before the bishops and nobles of
highest rank throughout all England, in the city of London, on
the occasion when we had all met together for the purpose of
devising measures against the Banish pirates, who were then

31 It is doubtful whether " piscaria" here means the fishpond itself, or
the right of fishing in it*

22 INGULPH's HISTORY OF THE ABBEY OF GB0YLAKD. A.D. 833b.

repeatedly harassing the coasts of England. + I, Ceolnoth,
archbishop of Canterbury, hare advised the same. + I, Em-
bald, archbishop of York, have signed the same, -f I, Osmond,
bishop of London, have approved of the same, -f I, Helm*
stanr bishop of Winchester, have given my assent hereto. + I,
Herewin, bishop of Lichfield, have consented hereto. + I,
Cedda, bishop of Hereford, have sanctioned the same. + I,
Adelstan, bishop of Sherburn, have promoted the same, rf I*
Humbricht, bishop of Elmham, have given my approbation
hereto. + I, Wilred, bishop of Dunwich, have assented here*
to. + I, Herfred, bishop of Worcester, have countenanced
the same. + I> Godwin, bishop of Rochester, have favoured
the same. + I, Hedda, abbat of Medeshamsted, have ratified
the same. + I, Ambert, abbat of Repton, have assisted here-
at. + I, Kynewin, abbat of Bardeney, have been present here*
at. + I, Egbert, king of Wessex, have granted the name.
+ I, Ethelwulph, son of the king of Wessex, have allowed of
the same. + I, duke Wulhard, have taken part herein. + I,
duke Athelm, have heard the same. + I, duke Herenbricht,
have agreed hereto, -f I, Swithun, priest of king Egbert,
have attended hereat. + I, Bosa, the secretary of king Wicht-
laf, have with my hand written this deed, -f I, Wichtlaf, by
the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, king of the Mercians, do,
for the honour of holy Mother Church, and fbr the promotion
of Divine worship, in the year from the Incarnation of the same
our Saviour, 833, upon the festival of Saint Augustin, the con*
fessor, teacher, and Apostle of our nation, make this slight offer-
ing, and I would offer still more, and would even promise my
body after my death to so holy a monastery, were it not that
before my burial I had promised the same to [the monastery
of] Repton. But still, my spirit shall remain with you always/'

The said king Wichtlaf persevered with the greatest con-
stancy, even unto his death, in the affection he had conceived
for the monastery of Croyland, so much so, that at least once
in each year of his life, he visited the shrine of Saint Guthlae
with great contrition, and offered there some jewel of great
value and costliness. When he first heard of the death of the
most holy virgin Etheldritha, he was struck with such violent
grief, that for a long time he took to his bed, and all his atten-
dants were fearful that he was in danger of his life.

At length, however, by the favour of the grace of God, he

A.D. 838* BESTTOFK VLTODBBS CB0X1AKD. 23

recovered in some degree, and going to her tomb, (she had been
buried at the head of the holy man Tatwin, the former guide
and steersman of the holy father Guthlac to the said island),
there suffered a kind of trance; on recovering from which
he shed as many tears over the tomb, as if by a sudden mis-
fortune he had just lost his wife and his son, or his whole family;
until Siward, the lord [abbat], whom he always most affection,
ately revered as his rather, rebuking him somewhat severely, led
him away, with reluctance, and offering considerable resistance,
from the tomb to his chamber. Not long after this, his son Wy-
mtmd dying, after a continued attack of dysentery, he buried
mm on the right hand side of that virgin. His wife Celfreda,
also, dying soon after, within the space of one year, he had her
buried with royal obsequies, and amid inextinguishable tears,
on the left hand side of the same virgin. He himself departed
mis life in the thirteenth year of his reign, and, in conformity
with his former vow, was buried in the monastery of Bepton.

He was succeeded on the throne by his brother, Bertulph,
who in like manner reigned thirteen years, being a tributary
of Ethel wulph, king of Wessex : but neither after the example,
nor with the affection of his brother, king "Wichtlaf, did he
earessthe Saints of God or the monastery of Croyland. For
Berfert, his «m, on the holy vigil of Pentecost, with the
sanction of his father, Bertulph, cruelly and impiously slew his
kinsman, the holy Wistan, son of Wimund, the son of king
Wichtlaf, and of Alfleda, the daughter of Ceolwulph, the for-
mer king. So violent was the ambitious desire for rule by
Which he was actuated ! The body of this most guileless
martyr was at the time carried to Bepton, and interred near his
grandfather, Wichtlaf, but was in after years, through the de-
rontness of the faithful, transferred to Evesham.

As for his father, Bertulph, he was a plunderer of the mo-
nasteries; and, when passing through Croyland, he most im-
piously stripped it of all the jewels which his brother, Wicht.
laf, as well as other kings of the Mercians, had given with
ft bounteous hand, in great numbers, for the decoration of the
holy church, together with all the money that he could find in
the monastery. Leading his soldiers thence, he engaged in
battle with the Danes, who were committing ravages in the
» In Norfolk.

24 utoulph's hmtoot 07 the abbey of cbotland. a.d. 851.

neighbourhood of London, but was routed by the pagans, and
put to flight.

By way, however, of making some small amends for the
money of which he had plundered it, he granted a charter
conferring very important. privileges on Croyland, relative to its
lands and liberties* to the following effect :M

" Bertulph, king of the Mercians, to the venerable father
Siward, achat of Croyland, and to all his brethren, the monks
of the said monastery, both present and to come, health ever-
lasting in the Lord. I do most heartily return due thanks
unto you all, for the money with which, in my greatest need,
when I was lately passing by, you did, with most kindly and
most liberal feelings, refresh and encourage me to withstand the
violent attacks of the Pagans. At which time you made serious
complaints to me as to injuries and losses most maliciously in-
flicted upon you by certain of your enemies; and stated that they
wickedly lie in wait upon the outer banks of your rivers,
and watch if any of the fugitives who have become your
servants, should, while fishing, land upon the said banks ; and
in like manner repeatedly watch the boundaries of your
marshes, if by chance any sheep or oxen, or other animals, your
property, straying to a distance, your said servants should hap-
pen, for the purpose of recalling them, to go beyond the said
bounds ; in which case, on finding your said servants beyond your
island, it is their custom to subject them to the public laws, and
condemn them as violators of their right of impunity ; of which
the consequence was, that either your said servants frequently
fell into the hands of the said persons, and were put to death, or
else that you failed to reap the full benefit of their labours.
Wherefore, your complaints to the said effect being openly laid
before me by the brother Askil, your fellow monk, in pre-
sence of the prelates and nobles of my whole kingdom of
Mercia, at Beningdon,84 lately assembled, and all most affection-
ately sympathising with you, upon the said injuries so done to
you ; for the purpose of promoting the honour of God, and of
giving relief to holy Mother Church, it did please me, all taking
into consideration and praising the extent of your devout and

33 Hickes, in his Thesaurus of Northern Literature (pref. p. 28), looks
'upon this charter as fictitious.

34 Either Bennington, in Hertfordshire, or perhaps, more probably, Ben-
son, in Oxfordshire*

A.D. 851. CHAJEEEB OS XHJG BEBTTJLPH. 25

holy zeal, to insure the peace and quiet of your holy monastery,
and as an alms-deed for the good of my soul, to declare and
extend the privileges granted to you by the lord king Wichtlaf,
my brother and predecessor, as to exemption from punishment,
and when so declared and extended, by my charter* to confirm
the same.

" Wherefore I commanded Kadbot, the sheriff of Lincoln,
and the rest of my servants in that district appointed, to
make circuit of and describe the boundaries of your island of
Croyland and your marshes, and faithfully and distinctly to re*
port to me and my council thereon, wherever during last Easter
we might happen to be : and they, fulfilling my commands,
have, in tjie following terms, made a full report, and have de-
scribed to me and my council, who were then keeping our holy
Easter at Kyngesbury, the circuit of the marsh lands of your
island. Your isle of Croyland, (with which, in former tunes,
your founder, the renowned Ethelbald, king of Mercia, endowed
your monastery, and which grant the other kings of Mercia,
bis successors, have, by their charter, confirmed), is bounded on
the eastern side from Aswyktofthirne as far as Tedwarthar, by
the river Schepishee, the said river having the said island on
its western side, and the marsh of Cappelade on its. eastern side.
From Tedwarthar as far as Namanslandhirne the river Southee
bounds it, having the said island on its northern side, and the
wood of Ancarig on the south. From Namanslandhirne as
far as the bridge of Croyland the river Nene bounds it, having
the said island on its eastern side, and your marsh of Alder*
lound on the west. From the bridge of Croyland as far as
Wodelademouth the river Welland bounds it, having the said
island on its eastern side, and your marsh called Goggislound
on the west. From Wodelademouth as far as the common
Brain of Asendyk the aforesaid river Welland bounds it, hav-
ing the said island on its south side and the marsh of Spal-
delyng on the north; and from the aforesaid Drain as far as
Aswyktoft the aforesaid river Asendyk bounds it, having on its
south side the said island, and on the north the marshes of
Spaldelyng, Weston, and Multon. The limits also and boun-
daries of your marsh lands that lie opposite to your isle of
Croyland on the west side thereof, which have been described
by my said servants, have been reported to me as follows : —
They extend from Namanslandhirne as far as Fynset, thence as

26 IXGTTLPH's HX8XOBT OF THE ABBEY OF CMBTLAND. A.D. 851.

hi as Groynes, thence to Folwardstakyng, thence towards the
north as faras the Welland, where the Southlake enters that river;
thence, crossing the river Welland, they proceed to Aspath, and
thence take a northerly direction to Werwerlake. Thence they
ran through Harynholt, as far as Mengerlake ; thence to Oggot
or Dedmanslake, and so through Apynholt and Wodelade, in an
easterlydirection, as far as Wodelademouth, which is the boundary
of your island on that side towards the north, in the same way
that Kamanslandhirne is the boundary of your island on the
south. And further, common right of pasture for all your
cattle extends beyond the aforesaid boundaries of your marshes,
towards the south, as far as the lands of the monks [of the
church] of Medeshamsted; towards the west, as far as. the lands
of the monks of the church of Saint Pega, in the southern
marshes of the Welland; and in the northern marshes [thereof]
it extends westward as far as the buildings of Depyng ; and
towards the north as far as the buildings of Spaldelyng ; the
same to be enjoyed at all seasons of the year, in the same way
that from the foundation of your monastery you hare hitherto
peaceably enjoyed all the privileges before-mentioned. Also,
as to such of your servants as from the number of the fugitives
you shall make fishermen or shepherds in your service, I do,
with the general assent of the council of the whole of my king-
dom, grant unto your holy monastery, beyond the outer banks
of the five rivers3* that enclose your island, twenty feet in width
from the water itself, in whatever place they shall land, for the
purpose of drawing their nets, or of doing anything what-
soever that is necessary to be done on dry land. In like man-
ner, wherever common right of feeding your cattle in the said
marshes extends, there also shall extend free range for your fu-
gitives. And if it shall chance to happen that the said cattle
are driven into the neighbouring fields, by means of tempest,
or any other misfortune, or through robbery, then, all my nobles
and prelates consenting thereto, I do grant unto your said fugi-
tives, that, like other free men, they shall be at liberty to follow
your cattle aforesaid, and to seek for and bring them back in
the best manner they may; and that throughout the whole road
they shall enjoy my protection and perfect impunity, just as
though they were in their own church : and no one is to pro*
sume to molest them, under penalty of mutilation of the most
useful limb, or in any way to impede them therein. . .
u u Agrorum " here is clearly a mistake for " aquaium."

a*d. 861. CSABTXB OF kHH* llia'ULW* 27

"Moreover, in behalf [of the told] of the before-named
Wichtlaf, the late king, my brother and predecessor, and at a
ransom for my own sins, I do, by the common advice, and with
the gratuitous assent of all the nobles of my kingdom, grant
unto God and to his most blessed confessor Saint Guthlac, and
to your most holy monastery of Croyland, that throughout my
▼hole kingdom of Mercia, yon, the present abbat, monks, and
lay brothers of your holy monastery, as well as those who shall
succeed yon hereafter there to serve God, shall be at liberty
to appoint any of the said fugitives to act as their servants on
their journies, and to take them as such, whatever may be the
buriness on which they are so engaged; and that in the presence
of the said abbat, monks, and lay brothers, they shall everywhere
throughout my kingdom remain as safe and unmolested as if
they were in their own church of Croyland, and shall be en-
tirely free and exempt from all peril whatsoever, under penalty
of mutilation of his most useful limb, if any person shall at-
tempt in any way rashly to violate this my privilege. But if
any sach fugitive shall be found beyond the aforesaid twenty
feet on the further banks of your rivers, or beyond the vills,
which claim common of pasture with yon in your western
marshes, on both sides of the river Welland, or shall be found
in any other place, yourselves being absent and he unprovided
with letters of protection on the journey from your abbat; then,
in such case he shall, according to his demerits, be subject to
lawful punishment.

u Having thus declared the boundaries of your island, as
also of your marshes, and having, in honour of God, extended
the privileges of the lord Wichtlaf, 'and the other kings of
Mercia, my predecessors, munificently granted unto you, it has
pleased me and the whole of my council, unanimously, by the
authority of the royal charter, to confirm you in possession
of all places your property. I do therefore confirm unto you,
*nd to £all] your successors, as well those under your habit now
professing, as those who shall after you profess, the rule of Saint
Benedict, your principal church of Croyland, in which the
venerable remains of the most holy confessor of Christ, and
your patron, the blessed Guthlao, there in the body interred,
happily await the last resurrection, as also the whole island
thereto adjoining, in suoh manner as it has been above sufficiently
described by its boundaries set forth by the care of my servants,

28 dtgtjlph's hbtobx or the abbey of cbotland. a.d. 851,

the same to be set apart as a several foundation for your abbey,
and an especial site for your monastery, and to be held for ever
as your own sole and entire possession; together with, the
two marshes lying on the western side thereof, that is to say,.
Alderlound on the south side of the river "Wetland, and Goggis-
lound on the northern side of the same river, by their boun-
daries in like manner herein-before set forth. This is the in-
heritance of the Lord, the endowment of the Church of Christ,
the soil of Saint Mary and Saint Bartholomew the Apostle,
the most holy sanctuary of Saint Guthlac and his monks, a
monastery most free from all worldly servitude, a special alms-
gift of the most illustrious kings, the sole place of refuge for
every one in all tribulations, a perpetual abode of the Saints,
a possession for religious men, especially set apart by the com-
mon council of the kingdom ; and, by reason of the frequent
miracles of the most holy confessor, an ever-fruitful mother * of
camphire in the vineyards of Engedi,'36 and, by reason of the
privileges granted by the kings, a ' Bosor in the wilderness,'37
a city of grace and safety to all who repent. If any person
shall violate this holy shrine, or shall in any way molest the
same, my right hand shall take vengeance upon him, and the
same will my heirs and successors do to the end of time, who
after me shall wield the sceptre of this kingdom of Mercia.

"I do also confirm unto God and to Saint Guthlac and your
holy monastery of Croyland, the gift of Fregist, formerly knight
of king Kenulph, being the church of Langtoft, and in the
fields of the said vill six carucates of land, the same being
fifteen quarentenes in length, and nine quarentenes in breadth;
as also one hundred acres of meadow land, and a wood and
marsh two leagues in length and two leagues in breadth, be-
sides forty acres of the same fee in the fields of Depyng. I do
also confirm unto God and to Saint Guthlac and your holy
monastery, the gift of Algar the knight, the son of Northlang,
being the church of Tetford together with the chapel of Saint
John the Evangelist at Baston ; as also in the same parish four
carucates of land, containing in length eight quarentenes, and
eight quarentenes in breadth; likewise one mill, and one
half of another mill, and several piscary in the river, as the
same bounds your meadows towards the east. Likewise, the
gift of the same Algar at Bepyngale, that is to say, three
* Cant. i. 14* ,3? Probably in allusion to Jer. ix. 2.

A.D. 851. CHASTEB OF KING BEETUXPH. 29

carncates of land and sixty acres of meadow land. I do also
confirm unto God and to Saint Guthlac and your holy mo*
nastery of Croyland, the gift of earl Algar, the father of the
younger Algar now living, being the church of Cappelade to-
gether with the chapel of Saint John the Baptist in the same
vill, and, in the fields of Holbeck, as also' of Cappelade, four
carucates of arable land, and six borates and eighteen acres of
meadow land, and a marsh of two thousand88 acres, and another
marsh of three thousand38 acres ; likewise, the gift of the said
earl Algar the elder, being the wooden chapel of Saint Mary, near
Spaldelyng, which in English has the name of Stokkym, and
is situate on the eastern side of the river of that vill ; as also,
in the fields of Pynchbek and of Spaldelyng, four carucates of
land, and several piscary in the aforesaid river from the
bridge which leads from the burial-ground of the aforesaid
chapel of Saint Mary, to the burial-ground of the stone chapel
of Saint Nicholas, which in English is called Stonyn, and is
situate on the western bank, in the manor of the aforesaid earl
Algar, who gave the said right of fishery from the aforesaid
bridge as far as the Brain of Asendyk, unto God and Saint
Guthlac of Croyland, for the solemn celebration of the anni*
Tersary of his father each year in your monastery. I do also
confirm unto God and to Saint Guthlac and your holy mo*
nastery, the gift of the said earl Algar the elder, being the
church of Sutterton, and, in the fields of Algarkyrk and of
Sutterton, three carucates of arable land, and twelve bovates and
twenty-six acres of meadow land, and four salt-pits. Also, the gift
of the knight Oswy at Drayton, being eight hides and four vir-»
gates of land. I do also confirm unto God and to Saint Guthlao
and your holy monastery the gift of Asketel, being three vir*
gates of land at Glapthorne. Also, the gift of Wulget, being three
virgates of land at Peiekyrk. Also, one bovate of land, the
gift of Edulph, at Laythorpe. Also, the gift of the sheriff
Siward at Kyrkeby, being three bovates of land, one dwelling*
house, and three cottages. Also, the gift of the countess
Sigburga, being five hides of land at Staundon. Also, the gift
of Wulnoth at Adyngton, being two hides of land, together
with the advowson of the church of the said vill ; and in
the other Adyngton, one virgate of land, the gift of the same.
J do also confirm unto God and to Saint Guthlac and your
88 The word " thousand " ought probably to be omitted.

SO ingttlph's BXEKO&r 07 THE abbe? OP C&OYLAXD. A.D. 851.

holy monastery, the gift of Thorold, sheriff of Lincoln, being
two caracates and a half of land in Bukenhale, and twenty-
six acres of meadow land, and fifty acres of wood-land, [and
seventy acres] at Brusche. I do also confirm unto God and to
Saint Guthlac and your holy monastery, the gift of Geolph,
the son of Malte, at Halyngton, being four bovates of land at
Juland, and ten bovates rented to tenants, and thirty-three
Acres of meadow land at Gernthorpe belonging to the same fee.
All the aforesaid churches, chapels, lands, tenements, pastures,
fisheries, manors, dwelling-houses, mills, meres, and marshes,
I do grant unto yourselves and your successors for* ever, free
and absolved from all secular services and worldly burdens ;
and do, by this my present charter, confirm the same as my
royal alms-gift for the soul of the lord Wichtlaf the late
king, my brother and predecessor, and for the souls of all my
ancestors, kinsmen, and friends. I do also exempt the same
from all debts due to the king and every other lord and man,
of what dignity, excellence, or honour, soever he may be,
that so they shall from this time forward be able to demand
nothing whatsoever from the monks, clerks, laymen, servants,
or tenants of your holy monastery of Croyland, except your
prayers and your spiritual benefits ; to the end that may always,
in all our necessities, deserve the favour of the holy Guthlac,
the most blessed confessor of Christ, who, in the body, rests
among you.

"Wherefore, with the unanimous consent of the whole
council here at Kyngesbury, in the year from the Incar-
nation of our Lord Christ, 851, on the sixth day of
Easter week, on the business of the kingdom assembled, I
have steadfastly and immutably confirmed this my royal
charter with the sign of the holy cross, -f- I, Ceolnoth, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, being whole and healed both in
mind and body, have with my hand signed the same. + I,
Swithulph, bishop of London, having in myself experienced
the grace of God, and of His most holy confessor Guthlac,
have, with humble duteousness, at the command of my lord
the king, dictated this deed, and have, among the other lord
bishops, in my proper order, subscribed the same, -f I,
Swithun, bishop of Winchester, joyous and rejoicing so oft as
the Lord most holy gladdens His city, our Holy Mother Church,
with miracles,' have set my signature to this charter of the

A.D. 851. OHAKTEB OF KINO BEBTGXFK. 81

king, -f I, Elstan, bishop of Sherburn, the duteous and
everlasting debtor of Saint Guthlac, rejoicing with our Holy
Church at its privileges, have made this sign. + I, Orken-
wald, bishop of Iichneld, pleased and delighted at all the
prosperous successes of the Holy Church, have, with willing
mind, approved hereof. + I, Bethun, bishop of Leicester, the
son and servant of Saint Guthlac during my whole life, have,
with pleasure, promoted the same. + I, Godwin, bishop of
Rochester, have, by this deed, ardently desired to promote the
honour of God. + I» Wulfard, abbat of Evesham, have ap-
proved hereof, -f- I, living, abbat of Winchelcombe, have
commanded the same. + I> Hedda, abbat of Medeshamsted,
have diligently promoted the same. + I, duke Enulph, have
consented hereto. 4- I> duke Osric, have counselled the same.
+ I, earl Serlo, have given my sanction hereto. + I,earlElhere,
have assented hereto. + I, earl Huda, have given my con-
sent hereto, -f I, Oslac, butler of king Ethelwulph, and
envoy from my said lord and his sons, have in their name
and in that of all the people of Wessex, especially commended
this deed of my lord the king Bertulph. + I,' Bertulpb,
king of the Mercians, in presence of all the prelates and
nobles of my kingdom, do pray to the Divine Majesty, that,
through the intercession of His most holy confessor Saint
Guthlac and all his Saints, He will pardon me and all my
people our sins ; and that, as openly by His miracles He has
deigned to shew unto us His mercies, so He will also deign
in every contest to give us the victory over the Pagans, His
enemies, and, after the frail career of this present life, in the
company of His Saints, glory everlasting. — Amen."

At this council, in honour of His most holy confessor
Guthlac, Hie Lord wrought a most remarkable miracle, by
meaaB of which the devout desires of the whole land to make
the pilgrimage to Croyland, which were now more lukewarm
than usual, at once became reinvigorated, and were daily re-
vived on all the roads from every province. For it so hap-
pened, that this year a certain disease aifiioted the whole of
England ; it was a kind of paralysis, by which the nerves of
men, women, and children, were attacked, through the sudden
and excessive cold of a very inclement winter, against which
no coverings of cloth were proof; the arms and hands es-
pecially of men became useless, and were totally withered

' 32 ingulph's msiony o* the abbst o* cboylahd. a,j>. 8$U

up, the attacks of the disease being preceded ,by an into-.
lerable pain, which, like a most unerring forerunner, first
took possession of the afflicted limb. It so happened that
at this council many of both high and low degree were suf-
fering from the malady. When the affairs of the kingdom
were about to be discussed, Ceolnoth, the lord archbishop
of Canterbury, who was afflicted with the said disease, openly
gave it as. his opinion that holy matters ought first to be
treated of, and that then, Christ bestowing His grace thereon,
their worldly affairs might be crowned with a. prosperous
result,

To this proposal all assented, and enquiries were made for
Siward, the lord abbat [of Croyland] ; as, for many years past,
he had been, in consequence of his extreme eloquence and his:
holy piety, a sort of Divine interpreter, as it were, at the
councils and synods, and had proved a most graceful expounder
and promoter of innumerable matters relative to the interests
of the whole of the clergy. In consequence, however, of his
great age, he was not present at this council, but, by a most
humble letter of apology, sent by the hands of brother Askill,
his fellow-monk, had excused his absence on the ground of
his infirmities and advanced years.

On this, king Bertulph, recalling to mind the complaints of
the church of Croyland, laid before the council at full length
the injuries which had been repeatedly inflicted on Siward*
the lord abbat, and his monastery of Croyland, by the infatu-
ated frenzy of their adversaries ; and ordered it to be deter*
mined, with the universal sanction of the council, what remedy
should be applied. While this matter was being publicly dis-
cussed, and the petition of Siward, the lord abbat, which had
been presented hereupon by brother Askill before-named, had
passed from hand to hand among all the prelates and nobles in
the council, and each was now proposing some different plan,
Ceolnoth, the lord archbishop of Canterbury, with a loud voioe,
exclaimed that he was whole and healed of his malady, through
the merits of the most blessed Guthlac, the most holy confessor
of Christ, whose affairs were at that moment being treated of.
In ihe same manner, many others, men of the highest rank,
bishops as well as nobles, who were present at the same coun-
cil, exclaimed, that they too had been afflicted with the
same disease,. but that now, through the grace of God* and tha

A.D. 851. THE SICK BB80BT TO THE TOMB OF GUTHIAC. 33

merits of the most holy Guthlac, they experienced no pain
whatever, in consequence of the said malady, in any of their
limbs.

Upon this, all, at once, with the most stringent vows, made
it a matter of conscience, as soon as they possibly could, on
devout pilgrimage to visit the most sacred tomb of the most
holy Guthlac. Accordingly, our lord the king, Bertulph, com-
manded the bishop of London (who was at this time looked
upon as the most able writer and the most elegant composer,
and who, besides, had been attacked by the malady, and now,
with the greatest joyousness, asserted that he was healed
thereof), to take in hand the matter of the privileges of Croy-
land, and determined to do all honor to Saint Guthlac, his phy-
sician, by granting his charter, in such manner as his council
should determine — which was accordingly done. For this reason
it is, that in the- signatures to the royal charter, Ceolnoth, the
archbishop of Canterbury, confesses that he is " whole and
healed ;" Saint Swithun, the bishop of Winchester, "rejoices
at the miracles of the Lord ;" Elstan, bishop of Sherburn,
and Orkenwald, bishop of Lichfield, express their delight
" at the successes of the Church ;" and Eethun, bishop of
leicester, promises that he will be the " servant of Saint
Guthlac so long as he lives." All the nobles, likewise, present
at the council, with the most ardent zeal, seconded the royal
favour towards Saint Guthlac in all respects.

Accordingly, innumerable multitudes of the sick, from
throughout the whole land, flocked daily to the most holy tomb
of Saint Guthlac ; and these, with becoming devotion, implor-
ing the Divine grace, through the merits of the most holy con-
fessor, the Lord so plentifully opened unto them all the foun-
tains of His healthful mercies, that sometimes, in one day,
more than a hundred persons so paralyzed were healed. Hence,
the abbat Siward was beyond measure enriched, and became a
very great man ; so much so, that he, who, like the blessed
Job, had been proved by the utmost poverty, and had been
despoiled of all the treasures of his monastery, even to the
utmost farthing, because he was far from cursing his days, nor
yet spake any foolishness against the Lord, but always main-
tained his long-suffering -unimpaired, began, by the bounty of
God, to abound in all good things : and thus, for the treasures
and wealth, both in lands and tenements, which he had lost

34 IKGTTLPH'e HISTORY OF THE ABBET OF CfiOTLAlfD. A.B.BfiS.

in former times, it was afterwards returned unto him twofold,
and his old age became much more fruitful, and twofold more
prosperous, than his youth.

This feet also added to the prosperity enjoyed by him in his
old age — that, shortly after his return from Borne, where, in
company with his youngest son, Alfred, he had, with great
devoutness, visited the thresholds of the Apostles Peter and
Paul, and the most holy pope Leo ; Ethelwulph, the renowned
king of the West Saxons, with the free consent of all his pre-
lates and chief men, who, under him, presided over the various
provinces throughout the whole of England, then for the first
time endowed the whole Church of England with the tenths of
all lands, and other goods or chattels, by his royal charter, to
the following effect : —

" In the name of our Lord, who reigneth for everlasting.
Whereas, in our days, we do perceive that evil times' are im-
pending, the flames of warfare, the plunder of our treasures,
most cruel depredations by enemies who lay waste far and
wide, and by barbarous and pagan nations, with multiplied tri-
bulations to afflict us even unto death for our sins ; I, Ethel-
wulph, Jong of the West Saxons, together with the council of
my bishops and nobles, securing thereby healthful advice and
one uniform remedy, do' consent that, by all ranks who have
heretofore possessed any hereditary portion of land, there shall
always be given the tenth part thereof, be it ever so small, for
a dwelling*® for the servants and handmaids of God, in the
service of God, or else for poor and afflicted laymen ; as also
the tenth part of all goods. And for the purpose of lastingly
.preserving the liberties of the Holy Church, I have thought
•proper to grant that it shall be free and exempt from all secu-
lar services, and from king's tribute, both great and small, as
also the taxes which we call ' witeredden,' and shall be ab-
solved from all other matters, for the forgiveness of my soul
and the remission of my sins ; and that it shall be devoted to
the service of God alone, exempt from military service, the build-
ing of bridges, and castle- ward, to the end that the clergy may
the more diligently offer prayers for us unto God without ceas-
ing, the more we do in any degree lighten their services. Thin
was done at Winchester, in the church of Saint Peter, in the

88 This copy of the charter is evidently in a most corrupt state, and
differs very considerably from that given by Roger of Wendove*.

A.D, 866. ETHELEED ASGEBDS THE THB01TX. 35

year from the Incarnation, of our Lord, 855, being the third year
of the induction, on the nones of November, before the great altar
there, and in honor of the glorious Virgin Mary, the Mother
of God, and Saint Michael the Archangel, and Saint Peter the
Prince of. the Apostles, as also our blessed father Gregory the
Pope; all the archbishops and bishops of the whole of England
being present and subscribing thereto, as also Beorred, king of
Mercia, and Edmund, king of the East Angles, and an infinite
multitude of abbats, abbesses, dukes, earls, and nobles through-
out the whole land, and, of others of the faithful, all of whom
have approved of this, royal charter, and the dignitaries have
subscribed their names thereto."

King Ethelwulph^ for the more ample confirmation thereof,
offered the above-written charter upon the altar of Saint Peter
the Apostle ; and the bishops, putting faith in God, received
the same, and afterwards transmitted it to all the churches, in
order to be published in their respective dioceses.

Bertulph, king of the Mercians, having departed this life,
after a reign of thirteen years, Beoxred succeeded him on the
throne. In his time, the before-named venerable father, the
lord Siward, being full of days and enfeebled, ended his life,
after having most ably discharged the pastoral duties for a
period of sixty-two years. He was succeeded in the office of
abbatof the monastery of Croyland by the lord Theodore. In
his time, the Danes, collecting booty in every direction through-
out the land, especially ravaged Northumbria and Mercia.

Ethelwulph, king of Wessez, dying just at this time, his
sons, Ethelbald and Ethelbert, succeeded him, and divided
their father's kingdom between them. Ethelbald, ascending
his father's bed, a thing before unheard-of among heathens
even, married his own step-mother, Judith, who was the
daughter of a former king of France, and had been taken to
wife by hm father Ethelwulph ; to the extreme astonishment
of all his countrymen, who abhorred a crime of this nature.
After having lived for two years in this vile and filthy
course, he departed this life, and hie portion of the kingdom
was wholly united to that of his brother Ethelbert.

He, proving himself a most valiant youth and an uncon-
querable triumpher over the Danes, ably maintained the de-
fence, of the kingdom for a period of five years ; after which,
Ethelred, the third brother, ascended the throne. In his

n 2

36 ibtgulth's hisxoby of thx akbet or crdylaxd. a-d. 868.

time, the kingdom was most dreadfully harassed by wars, the
Pagans making inroads on every side. They invaded the ter-
ritory of Northumbria, gained possession of York, and, after
ravaging East Anglia, invaded Mercia, and, in the year of
our Lord, 866, wintered at Nottingham. On this, Beosxed,
having assembled a large army, and being strengthened by the
forces of Ethelred, king of Wessex, and his brother Alfred,
whose sister he had married, forced the Pagans to leave Not-
tingham and return to York.

In this expedition earl Algar the younger signalized him-
self by his exploits and military prowess, and through his
valiant deeds gained the especial esteem of king Beorred and
the two brothers of Wessex. He was also most warmly at-
tached to the monastery of Groyland, and lived on terms of
the strictest intimacy with abbat Theodore, as he had for-
merly done with abbat Siward, proving himself a most
strenuous supporter of that church in all its negociations and
necessities. Having a few years previously to this bestowed
his manor of Spalding upon abbat Theodore, for the good of
the soul of his father, earl Algar the elder, he obtained a con-
firmation thereof to the said abbat Theodore, as also of all the
lands and tenements at that time to the monastery of Groy-
land belonging, to the following effect: —

99 " Beorred, by the bounty and grace of God, king of the
Mercians, to all the provinces, and the people thereof through-
out the whole of Mercia dwelling, and professing the catholic
faith, health everlasting in our Lord Jesus Christ Whereas,
our sins so requiring it, we perceive the hand of the Lord ex-
tended over us and threatening our necks with a rod of iron,
I deem it to be necessary and healthful for us, by the pious
prayers of Holy, Mother Church, and the free bestowal of alms,
to appease the anger of the Lord, and with becoming devo-
tion in our necessities, to implore His favouring help. lor
this reason, and at the prayer of the most valiant earl Algar,
deservedly held most dear by me, I have, with ready devout*-
ness, by my royal charter, granted unto Theodore, abbat of
Croyland, confirmation of the gift of the Baid earl Algar, as
also of the gifts of others of -the faithful, both past and present,
to his said holy monastery, as an alms-gift for my own soul,
and for. the remission of my offences. I do therefore confirm
» Thift charter i* looked qpon by Hickes as spuriow*

A.D. 868. • .. GEABTJSB OF K1KG BEOBBBD. 37

auto God and to his most holy confessor, Guthlac, at Croyland,
sod to ail the monks there in the service of God, as also to all
those who shall so serve hereafter in all time to come, the
whole of their island to the said monastery adjoining, as the
same is by metes and boundaries described in the charters of
its founder Ethelbald, the former renowned king of the
Mercians, and of the other kings, my predecessors ; to be Bet
apart as a site for their abbey, together with the two marshes
lying opposite to the said island on the west, and on both sides
of the river Welland, that is to say, Alderlound on the south
side; and Goggislound on the north, with the same boundaries
to the same which from the beginning they have had. I do
sIbo confirm /onto the said monastery of Croyland, the gift of the
before-named renowned earl Algar, most dearly beloved by me,
the same being his manor, situate on the south side of the
river at Spaldelyng, together with four carucates of arable
land, and twenty-four dwelling-houses, and eighty cottages
in the said vill of Spaldelyng ; as also the gift of earl Algar
the elder, his father, the same being the wooden chapel of
Saint Mary, situate on the same side of the river at Spal-
delyng, together with four carucates of land adjoining, on
either side of the river, in the fields of Pinchebek and of
Spaldelyng ; also, being the gift of the same earl Algar, the
church of Cappelnde, with four carucates of land, and six bo-
rates and eighteen acres of meadow land, and two acres of
mere near the sea-shore, and three acres of marsh land near
the river Scheptshee, which bounds the abbey of Croyland on
the east thereof ; also, being the gift of the same earl Algar,
the church of Sutterton with the chapel of Salteney, and three
earueates of arable land, and twelve bovates and twenty-six
acres, of meadow land, in the fields of Algarkyrke and of
Satherbon, as also four Bait-pits in the latter Till. In like
manner, I do confirm unto the aforesaid monastery of Croy-
land, tha gift of the knight Oswy, being eight hides of land
and four virgates at Drayton, as also the church of the said
vilL In like manner, I do confirm unto the aforesaid monas-
tery of Croyland, the gift of Morcard, my knight, being the
whole of Ins lands at Depyng, together with two hundred
dwelling-houses, and four hundred cottages, and two churches,
the same <bedng -all that he owned in the said vill and in its
fields, from, the river Welland toward the south as fax as the

38 IKOULPH's HTSTOBT OF THB ABBXT 07 CROTLAJO). A.IK 868.

fields of Langetoft on the north thereof, and from the fields
of Talington on the west thereof, to Aspath in the marshes, on
the east thereof. • In like manner, I do confirm to the afore-
said monastery, the gift of Algar the knight, the son of North-
lang, at Baston, and at Tetford, the lands and tenements which
the said Algar possessed, together with the church and chapel
of Saint John in the said vill ; as also the gift of the said Algar
at Repyngale, being three carucates of arable land, and sixty
acres of meadow land. In like manner, I do confirm unto the
aforesaid monastery, the gift of Norman, the former sheriff at
Sutton, near Bosworth, being two carucates of land and one
windmill ; as also the gift of the said Norman at Stapilton, the
same being his manor, and two carucates of land; also, the
gift of the said Norman, at Badby, being four hides of land, with
the manor, and thirty [three] acres of meadow land. In like
manner, I do confirm unto the aforesaid monastery, the gift of
Thorold, the former sheriff of Lincoln, at Bukenhale, the same
being two carucates and a half of land, and twenty-six acres of
meadow land, and fifty acres of wood-land at Brusche. In
like manner, I do confirm unto the aforesaid monastery, the
gift of Geolph, the son of Malte, at Halyngton, the same being
four borates of land at Juland, and ten borates rented out,
and thirty acres of meadow land of the same fee at Gern-
thorpe. In like manner, I do confirm unto the aforesaid mo-
nastery, the gift of Asketel, at Glapthorne, being three vir-
gates of land ; as also three rirgates of land, the gift of Wul-
get, at Peiekyrk ; also, three bovates of land, one dwelling-
house, and three cottages, the gift of Siward, at Kirkeby; also,
one borate of land, the gift of Edulph, at Laythorp ; also,
two hides of land, and piscary, the gift of Wnlnoth, at
Adyngton, together with the adrowson of the church of the
said rSl; and at the other Adyngton, one virgate of land; as
also, live hides of land, the gift of the countess Sigburga, at
Staundon ; and one hide and a half at Thinning, the gift of
Grymketel.

"All the before-named island, marshes, meres, churches,
chapels, manors, dwelling-houses, cottages, woods, lands, and
meadows I do grant, appoint, and confirm unto God and Saint
Guthlac, free, discharged, and acquitted of and from all worldly
burdens and secular services, for the souls of the givers of the
things aforesaid, as also for the, benefit of my own soul and the

A.D. 868. CHASTER OF KINO BXOBRXD. 39

souls of all toy ancestors and my heirs, as a perpetual alms,
to be held by the abbat Theodore and his monks, serving
the Lord in the monastery of Croyland. This my royal charter
I have confirmed with the sanction of the holy cross, in the
year from the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, 868, at
Snothryngham,40 in presence of my brethren and Mends,
and all my people there assembled, to besiege the Pagans.
+ I, Ceolnoth, archbishop of Canterbury, have set my signa-
ture hereto. 4- I, Elstan, bishop of London, have confirmed
the same, -f I, Edmund, bishop of Sherburn, have approved
of the same. + I, Alcwin, bishop of Winchester, have com-
mended the same. + I, Eynebert, bishop of Liphfield, have
signed the same. + I, Ethelbert, bishop of Hereford, have
made" my cross. + I, Wulfsy, abbat of Evesham, have sanc-
tioned the same. + I, Hedda, abbat of Medeshamsted, have
given my consent hereto, -f I, Tivin, abbat of Saint Alban's,
have counselled the same, + I, Ethelred, king of Wessex,
have given my assent hereto. + I, Alfred, brother of the king
of Wessex, have consented hereto. 4- I, Edmund, king of East
Anglia, have promoted the same. + I, duke Adelred, have
favoured the same. -f* I, duke Osbert, have allowed of the
8ame. -f- I, earl Algar, devoutly entreating the same, have
obtained it by the favour of my lord the king. + I, earl
Wulkelm, have assisted thereat. 4- I, earl Adelwulph, have
granted the same. + I, earl Turgot, have consented hereto.
+ I, earl Alcmund, have considered the same. + I, earl Diga,
have taken part herein. + I, earl Lefwin, have witnessed the
wane, -f- 1, earl Burkard, have set my writing hereto, + I,
earl Ascer, have been present hereat. .+ I, earl Thurstan, have
established the same. + I, earl Eeynard, have counselled the
same. + I, earl Tilbrand, have subscribed hereto. + I, Beorred,
ting of the Mercians, do, with the sincere feelings of my mind,
and with all my heart; return especial thanks unto all my
froops; but in especial to the ecclesiastics, bishops, abbats, and
others of lower rank and dignity ; who, although king Ethel?
walph, of most pious memory, my fether, by his most sacred
charter, formerly made you free from all military service, and
entirely exempt from the performance of all secular duties, Btill,
^Qg most benignly moved with a most deserved compassion
for the oppressions of the Christian people and the destruction
40 The Saxon name for Nottingham.

40 nreTOFH's htstobt of the abbey of csoxiiAsi). a.d. 870.

. of the churches and monasteries, have come together promptly
and spontaneously to join the army of the Lord against these
most wicked Pagans; that so, like martyrs, the worship of Christ
might he promoted by your holy blood, and the superstitious
cruelties of the barbarians be put to flight."

In addition to this, we are informed by the chroniclers, that
during the aforesaid siege, the Pagans, putting their trust in
the protection of the walls which were fortified in the strongest
manner, and in the strength of the castle, and so declining to
come forth to engage, the Christians found themselves unable
to effect an entrance through the walls ; and accordingly peace
was made between the Christians and the Pagans, and the
latter, leaving the castle, returned with great booty to North-
umbria. [At the same time, king Ethelred and his brother
Alfred returned with their troops into Wessex.]

In the following year, however, the army of the Pagans,
after having made some stay at York, at the close of the winter
passed over by ship into Lindesey, and, landing at Humberstan,
ravaged the whole country. At this time the most famous
and ancient monastery of Bardeney was destroyed by them,
and all the monks were massacred in the church without
mercy. Having employed themselves throughout the whole
of this summer in reducing the land to ashes, and ravaging it
with fire and sword, about the feast of Saint Michael they
entered Kesteven, spreading fire, slaughter, and devastation in
every quarter.

At length, in the year from the Incarnation of our Lord,
870, and in the month of September, the most valiant earl
Algar and two knights, his seneschals, called Wibert and
Leofric, (from whose names the aged men and rustics have
since given appellations to the vills where they lived, retaining
their names, and calling the one of them " Wiberton," which
means the " vill of Wibert/' and the other " Lefrinkton," that
is to say, "the vill of Leofric,") collected together all the youths
of Hoyland. With these there was a band of two hundred
men from the monastery of Croyland, very stout warriors,
which was mostly composed of fugitives, commanded by
brother Toley, then a monk in that monastery, who had
been, before he adopted the habit, most renowned throughout
all Mercia for his military skill, but had lately, through the
desire of a heavenly country, given up secular for spiritual
warfare at Croyland. They also collected together with

A-ar 8$0, J5ABL 1XGAB MABCHES AeAHTBT THE 3U2TS9. 41

them About three hundred brave and active men from Depyng,
Laugtoft* and Baston, and with them Morcard, lord of Brunne,41
and his retainers, who were very valiant and numerous.
They were also met by the sheriff of Lincoln, Osgot by name*
a veteran and a most stout warrior, at the head of a band of
five hundred Lincoln men.

All these meeting together in Kesteven, joined battle with
the Pagans on the feast of Saint Mauricius the Martyr, and the
Lord granting them the victory, the Christians slew three
kings, together with a vast multitude; and smiting the bar-*,
banans, pursued them as far as the gates of their camp. Here.
they made a. very stout resistance! and night putting an end
to the combat, this most invincible earl called off his men.

During the night, there arrived in the camp of the Pagans
all the other kings of their country, who, dividing the district
between themselves, had gone forth for the purpose of ravag-
ing it These, whose names were Gogroun,43 Baseg, Oskitel,
Halfden, and Hamond, with as many earls, namely, Frena, Un-
guar, TJbba, and the two Sidrocs, the elder and the younger, now
arrived, together with all their forces, and a very great booty,,
as well as a numerous multitude of women and children. On
hearing of their arrival, the greater part of the Christians,
being smitten with fear, fled by night ; and there remained with
the before-named earl and his chieftains, out of eight hundred
men, hardly as many as two hundred. With these, early in
the morning, after hearing Divine service, and receiving the
holy viaticum,43 they marched forth to the field of battle,
fully prepared to die for the faith of Christ and in defence of
their country.

The most valiant earl, finding that his army was in a very
unprotected state on the flanks, again placed brother Toley,
with his five hundred44 men, who were the stoutest of all, on
the right wing, assigning to him as well a most valiant troop,
consisting of the illustrious knight, Morcard, of Brunne, toge-
ther with all those who followed his standard. On the left wing
he placed the renowned sheriff Osgot, with his five hundred44

u Bourne. tt More generally called •' Guthrum."

48 The Sacrament.

44 thft must refer to the numbers under their command on the pre-
vious day ; as we have just read that by desertions during the night they
were reduced to leas than two hundred in number.

42 UTOULFH's HI8T0HY OF THE ABBEY OP GBOYLAOT). A.». 870*

men, giving him an active troop, consisting of the knight,
Harding of Rehale, with all the men of Stamford, as they
were all young men and excellent soldiers. He himself, with
his seneschals, took up his position in the centre, for the pur-
pose of assisting either wing, according as he might see it
standing in need thereof.

As for the Danes, being greatly enraged at the loss of their
men, early in the morning they buried their three kings at a vill
which was formerly called Laundon, but which is now, in
consequence of the burial there of the three Danish kings,
called Trekyngham ; after which, four kings and eight earls
marched forth to battle, while two kings and four earls kept
guard over the camp and their prisoners. Upon this, the
Christians, in consequence of the smallness of their numbers,
formed themselves into one solid mass, and by linking their
bucklers together, presented a most formidable bulwark against
the discharge of the -archers, and a most dense rampart of
lances against the violent charges of the horse; and thus,
most excellently marshalled by their leaders, they maintained
an immoveable position throughout the whole day.

After they had thus remained unconquered until night-fall,
and the archers of the enemy had wasted their arrows by
discharging them to no effect, the horsemen, being wearied with
their unceasing labour, began to flag ; on which, the barba*
rians, by a concerted plan pretending flight, made a show of
leaving the field. The Christians, seeing this, contrary to the
wishes of their leaders, who strongly dissuaded them, broke
their ranks, and dispersed in pursuit of the Pagans over the
plain; and without any order, and no longer subject to the
commands of their chiefs, divided themselves into small
parties. Upon this, the barbarians faced about and rushed on
them, just like lions upon a few poor sheep. The most valiant
earl Algar, and the most illustrious knights before-named,
with brother Toley, now drew up their men in a mass upon a
piece of ground in the plain, a little more elevated than the
rest of the surface, and for a long time withstood the assaults
of the barbarians.

At lengthj however, after the said valiant and ever-to-be.
renowned earl Algar, and the before-named six most stalwart
chieftains, had witnessed the fall of all the bravest men of their
band, they rushed in a body over a large heap of the carcases of

A.D. 870. DEFEAT OF THB CHM8T1AK8. 48

the Christians, and there having avenged the shedding of their
blood, to the best of their ability, upon all *w ho approached,
fell, pierced with innumerable wounds, upon the corpses of
their brethren. A few young men of Sutton and Gedeney,
throwing away their arms, with difficulty escaped into an
adjoining wood, and the next night arrived at the monastery
of Croyland ; where, while abbat Theodore and his brethren
were performing the matin vigils, crying aloud and weeping,
with tearful accents they related at the door of the church
the slaughter of the Christians and of brother Toley, as well as
the destruction of the whole of their band.

All were in a state of distraction upon receiving these
tidings. The abbat, in the first place, retained with himself
the more aged monks, and a few children, thinking that their
defenceless state might possibly move the barbarians to pity,
hut failing to bear in mind the words of the poet :—
" In men who follow camps no faith or pity lives."
All those who were stouter and of more youthful age, he then
ordered to fly to the adjoining fens, and there await the ter-
mination of the warfare ; he also bade them take with them
the sacred relics of the monastery, these being the moat holy
body of Saint Guthlac and his scourge and Psalter, as well as
their most valuable jewels and muniments, that is to say, the
charters of foundation given by king Ethelbald, and the con-
firmation thereof by the other kings, as also some of the gifts
presented by king Wichtlaf.

Accordingly, obeying his commands with the greatest sadness
of heart, they loaded a boat with the aforesaid relics, and the
muniments of the kings ; after which they threw the table of
the great altar, covered with plates of gold, which king
"Wichtlaf had formerly presented, and ten chalices, together
with basons for washing, pots, patens, and other vessels of
brass, into the well of the convent. All these, except the
table, sank ; the end of which, in consequence of its length,
always made its appearance, projecting above the surface of
the water ; upon which, they drew it out, and, as they per-
ceived the fires of the vills in Kesteven approaching nearer
and nearer, fearing every moment that the Pagans would
arrive, left it behind with the abbat and the aged men before-
mentioned ; and then, embarking in their boat, they reached
the wood of Ancarig, which was adjacent to their island on

44 ixgttlph's history of thb abbey or gboylanb. **»« 870.

the south side thereof; and remained there with brother Toret,
an anchorite, and others of the brethren residing there, for
the space of four days; they themselves being thirty in
number, of whom ten were priests, and the rest of lower rank.

After this, abbat Theodore, taking with him two of the aged
monks, concealed the said table outsi4e of the church, on the
northern side thereof ; but where it was so concealed has never
been ascertained up to the present day. Then, putting on
their sacred vestments, the abbat and all the others assembled
in the choir, and there performed the regular Hours of the
holy office ; after which, commencing it, they went through,
the whole of the Psalter45 of David. The lord abbat himself
then celebrated high mass, being assisted therein by brother
Elfget, the deacon, brother Savin, the sub-deacon, and the
brothers Egelred and "Wulric, youths who acted as taperrbearers.

The mass being now finished, just as the abbat and his
assistants before-named had partaken of the mystery of the
holy Communion, the Pagans bursting into the church, the
venerable abbat was slain upon the holy altar, as a true martyr
and sacrifice of Christ, by the hand of the most blood-thirsty
king Osketul. His assistants, standing around him, were all
beheaded by the barbarians ; while the old men and children,
on attempting to fly from the choir, were seized and examined
with the most cruel torments, that they might disclose where
the treasures of the church were concealed, and afterwards
put to death ; the lord Asker, the prior, in the vestry, the
lord Lethwyn, the sub-prior, in the refectory. Brother Turgor,
a child ten years of age, remarkable for the beauty of his face
and person, who followed the latter into the refectory, on
seeing the old man put to death, most urgently entreated that
he, too, might be put to death, and killed together with him.

The younger earl Sidroc, however, being moved with com-
passion for the child, stripped him of his cowl, and throwing
over him a long Danish tunic without sleeves, ordered him
everywhere to keep close to him ; and in this way, out of all,
both old and young, who were left in the monastery, he was
the only one saved ; for, through the favour and protection of
the said earl, during the whole period of his stay, he went
in and out among the Danes, as though he had been one of
them. All the monks being thus slain by the executioners,
" He perhaps means the seven penitential psalms of David,

a.d. 8ft>. ATBOcrrrRS opthb dikes* 46

and none of the treasures of the monastery found, the Danes,
with ploughshares and' mattocks, broke open ail the shrines of
the Saints, who reposed in marble altar-tombs around the
sepulchre of the holy father Guthlac to the right and left.
These were as follow : — on the right hand side was the
tomb of Saint Cissa, the priest and anchorite,, and the tomb of
Saint Bettelm, the man of God, and formerly servant of Saint
Guthlac ; [also the tomb of Siward, the lord abbat of pious
memory. On the left hand side was the tomb of the most
holy father Saint Egbert, formerly the secretary and confessor
of Saint Guthlac ;] likewise the tomb of Saint Tatwin, the
former guide- and steersman of Saint Guthlac to Groyland ; the
tomb of the most holy virgin Etheldritha ; and the tombs of
Celfreda, the former queen, and of Wymund, the son, of king
Wiehtlaf. -

The barbarians having broke open these, on not finding the
hoped-for treasures, were extremely indignant, and in a shock-
ing manner, after piling all the bodies of the Saints in one
heap, set fire thereto, on the third day after their arrival, and
dreadfully burned the same, together with the church and all
the buildings of the monastery ; it being the seventh day before
the calends of September.

At last, on the fourth day, with innumerable herds of cattle
and beasts of burden, they passed on in the direction of Me-
deshamsted, where, meeting with the first resistance at the
monastery, and finding the gates barred, they attacked the walls
with archers and engines on every side. The Pagans effecting
an entrance on the second assault, Tulba, the brother of earl
Hulba, received a severe blow from a stone, and fell in the
breach; on which, being carried by the hands of his attendants
to the tent of his brother Hulba, his life was even despaired o£
At this, Hulba was inflamed with rage beyond measure, and
being greatly exasperated against the monks, with his own
hand slew all he found wearing the garb of the monastio order,
while his companions slaughtered the rest. Not a person in the
whole monastery was saved. Both the venerable father Hedda,
the lord abbat, as well as all his monks and fellow-townsmen,
were slain. On this occasion, brother Turgar was advised by
his master, Sidroc, to use the greatest care never to meet the
earl Hulba in any place.

All the altars were undermined, all the monuments broken

46 DTGULPH'S HTSTOBY 09 THE ABBEY OF CEOTULKD. A.D. 870.

to pieces; a large library of holy books was burned, an im-
mense number of charters of the monastery torn to pieces; the
precious relics of the holy virgins Kyneburga, Kyneswita, and
Tibba, were trodden under foot, the walls utterly overthrown,
and the church itself, with all its out-buildings, burned to the
ground, the flames continuing to burn incessantly for the next
fifteen days.

On the fourth day after this, having collected an endless
booty throughout the whole of the country, the army assem-
bled together, and moved on towards Huntingdon. In crossing
the rivers, the two earls Sidroo always moved the last of all,
for the purpose of protecting the rear of the army. The whole
of their forces having crossed the river Nene in safety, they,
being the last to pass over, by a sudden mishap, lost two chariots
laden with immense treasures and various articles of furniture,
which fell over the left-hand side of the stone bridge into a
very deep part of the river, together with the beasts of burden,
which were drowned before they could be rescued.

While all the retainers of the younger Sidroo were busily
engaged in dragging out the said chariots, and anxiously intent
upon putting all the booty contained therein into other waggons
and vehicles, brother Turgar made his escape into a neighbour-
ing wood, and after walking all night, at daybreak arrived at
Croyland. Here he found his brethren the monks already
returned from Ancarig, and using the most vigorous exertions
to extinguish the flames that still had the mastery in many
parts of the ruins of the monastery. On seeing him return
safe-and sound, they were comforted in some degree ; but on
hearing from him how their abbat, as well as the rest of their
elders and brethren, had been slaughtered, and where their
bodies lay, and how that all the sepulchres of the Saints had
been broken to pieces, and all their records and holy volumes
burned, together with the bodies of the Saints, they were all
of them smitten with intolerable grief, and -gave way to pro-
longed tears and lamentations.

At length, after having given full vent to their tears, they
returned to their task of extinguishing the conflagration.
Upon lifting off the ruinous remains of the roof of the church,
near the great altar they discovered the body of the venerable
father, their abbat, Theodore, deprived of the head, stripped
of all the clothes, and half burnt, as well as bruised and crushed

▲.D. 870. JSESTBUCnOS OP THE XOffASTEBY. 47

into the earth by tbe fall of the timbers* The body wis thus
found, on the eighth day after his murder, among the dead em-
bers, at some little distance from the spot where he had been
slaughtered ; together with those of the other ministrants, who
had met their deaths at the same time, with the exception of
Wulric, the taper-bearer; their bodies being in a similar
manner crashed down into the earth by the weight of the
timbers.

These were found, however, at different times. The bodies
of some of the brethren were discovered more than half a year
after the day on which they had been martyred, and in
different places from those in which they had been slain.
Thus, for instance, the lord48 Paulinas and the lord Herbert,
who were very aged and extremely decrepit, through length
of years, having had their hands cut off in the choir and
having been tortured to death in the same spot, were sought
there with the greatest care, but their bodies were at length
discovered in the chapter-house ; while the lord Grimketul and
the lord Agamund, both of whom were a hundred years old,
and who had been pierced by the swords of the enemy in the
cloisters, were found in the parlour.49 As for the rest, both
children as well as aged men, after they had been long sought
for in all directions, brother Turgar giving a fall description
how each one had met his end, they were all found at last,
amid mournful lamentations and tears innumerable, with the
sole exception of Wulric.

On this occasion, the lord Bricstan, the former chaunter of
the monastery, a most skilful musician as well as a most ele-
gant poet, and the principal man among the survivors, wrote
those strains upon the ashes of the monastery of Groyland,
copies of which are to be found in many places, and which
hegin as follows : —

" 0 noble church, to late of convents queen*
Q^r all exalted, hallowed friend of God!" &o.

The whole monastery being now, after long and incessant
45 " Dorohras" is here used merely as a term of respect, much the

same as the M master" of later centuries. It was especially applied to

priest8,and appears under the corrupted form of " Dan/* in the works of

Chaucer and Lydgate.
49 " Locntorium." This apartment in monasteries was so called from

the inmates meeting there to converse with one another, or with strangers ;

Mfence being by rule imposed in the other parts of the building.

ju». 870.

labour, cleared of its ruins, and cleansed from the, ashes and other
unclean impurities, so far as the occasion would permit, they
next discussed among themselves the choice of a pastor. Ac-
cordingly, they proceeded to the election, and at length, by
the consent of all, the venerable father Godric, though very
reluctant and making great opposition thereto, was elected
abbat. On this, the venerable old man, Toret, prior of An-
carig,60 as also his sub-prior, the lord Tisa, both of them most
holy and most devout anchorites, came to him, and entreated
him that he would take with him some of the brethren, and
deign to go to Medeshamsted, and bestow the kind offices of
Christian burial upon the bodies' of their abbat and other
brethren, which were still lying unburied, a prey to birds and
wild beasts.

Accordingly, the venerable abbat Godric hearkened to their
entreaties, and with many of the brethren, among whom was
brother Turgar, proceeded to Medeshamsted, where they were
met by all the brethren from Ancarig. With much toil, all
the bodies of the monks of the said monastery, eighty-four in
number, were collected in the middle of the cemetery of the
monastery, opposite to what had formerly been the eastern
side of the church, and were there buried upon the feast of
Saint Cecilia the Virgin, in a single grave of very great extent,
which had been formed for that purpose. Godric then placed
over the body of the abbat, as he lay at rest in the midst of
his sons, a pyramid of stone, three feet in height, three in
length, and one in breadth, on which was sculptured the effigy
of the abbat, surrounded by his monks. This spot, in me-
mory of the destroyed monastery, he ordered to be thence-
forth called Medeshamsted ;. and he visited it once each year,
during the remainder of his life, and, pitching his tent opposite
the stone, celebrated masses, with unceasing devoutness, ibr two
days together,*for the souls of the persons there interred. The
royal highway ran through the middle of the cemetery, having
the said stone on the right hand as you go up towards Hoy-
land51 from the stone bridge before-mentioned, and on the left,
a cross of stone, in a similar manner sculptured with the
image of our Saviour, which the said abbat Godric placed

*° This is the Saxon name of the Isle of Thorney. It is said to have
been so called from three anchorites who took up their abode there —
Thorncred, Thortred, and Bosa. " Now Holland.

A.D.S7U BfcOUBfcD MAECHE8 TO L02TDON. 49

there on. the same occasion. This was so erected by him,
that travellers, as they passed by, bearing in mind that most
holy monastery, might offer up their prayers to the Lord for
the souls of the faithful who lay at rest in the cemetery, and
might at least, out of a feeling of reverence for Christ, abstain
from perpetrating offences and robberies within the ruins of
the walls of the monastery.

In the meantime, the Pagans, ravaging the provinces as far
as Grantebrige,*8 committed to the flames the most famous
[monastery] of nuns, situate in the Isle of Ely ; having first
cruelly murdered all the females as well as men that were to
be found within the walls thereof, and then plundered it of
the property and immense wealth that had been brought
thither from all the [adjacent] country, in consequence of the
security supposed to be afforded by the spot.

Then passing into East Anglia, they engaged the most
valiant earl Wulketul, who met them with an armed force ;
and after a stout resistance on his part, slew him and all his
troops. The most holy Edmund, also, the king of that part,
was taken prisoner by them ; after which, binding him to a
stake as a mark for their arrows, these most blood-thirsty bar-
barians attacked him with their darts and arrows, and after
piercing him through and through with the most shocking
cruelty, decapitated him ; thus conferring upon him martyrdom
in the defence of his country. In this manner the whole of
East Anglia was gained by them ; and taking possession thereof,
they remained there throughout the whole winter.

In the following year they proceeded onward to "Wessex ;
but being met by king Ethelred and his brother Alfred, they
had several severe engagements, attended with varying for-
tunes. In these, however, after having slain some of their
kings, namely, Baseg and Orguil, and many of their earls,
(among whom were the elder and the younger Sidroc, earl
Frena, earl Osbern, earl Harold, and earl Funge), together
with a vast multitude of the Pagans, the Christians a£ last
came off victorious.

In the meantime, Beorred, king of the Mercians, was busily

engaged with the Britons, who, by their frequent irruptions,

disquieted the western borders of his kingdom of Mercia;

but, on hearing that the Danes were visiting the eastern dis-

88 Cambridge.

s

50 nrauiPH'8 history of the abbey of ceostiand. A.p. 871.

faieta litth dreadful havoc, he marched to London. Levying
a very considerable force, he passed through the eastern
parts of his kingdom, and reduced the whole of the Isle of Ely
to subjection; he then proceeded into the country of the
Girvii,3 and took possession of the whole of the rands be-
longing to the monastery of Medeshamsted, that is to say, all
those lying between Stamford, Huntingdon, and Wysebeck,*4
which had lately belonged to the said monastery. The more
remote lands belonging thereto, that lay scattered throughout the
country, he assigned to the stipendiaries of his army. This he
did also as to the monastery of Saint Pega, at Peykirk, of which
he retained a portion, and gave the rest to his soldiers. He
also did the same as to the lands of the monastery of Saint
Guthlac, at Croyland ; some of which he distributed among his
stipendiary troops, while he himself took the others.

Although the venerable father [abbat] Godric exerted him-
self to the utmost, and repeatedly waited on the king and his
thanes, and frequently showed to them the charters of the
donors, and the confirmations thereof by the kings, together
with his own deed of confirmation, he received nothing in
return but empty words, and at last quite despaired of all
success in his endeavours. Accordingly, perceiving that the
times were evil, and that the wicked disposition of the king
was prompted by extreme avarice; he determined for the
present to pass by these donations on part of the king in
silence, and thenceforth to hold his peace and take no notice
of them until better times should arise ; being much pleased,
and exulting that the royal favour had granted to him the
whole of the island in his vicinity, free and absolved from all
the royal exactions, in much more special terms than had fallen
to the lot of many other monasteries.

Consequently, the following possessions were at this period
withdrawn from the said monastery of Croyland, and up to the
present day have not been returned to it : the manor of Spal-
dyng, which had been given to earl Ethelwulph, with all its
appurtenances ; the manor of t)epyng, which had been given

M The Girvii here mentioned were probably the inhabitants of part
of Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire. The name is thought to have
been derived from the British *' Gyrwys," * drivers of cattle." " Gyrva"
is the Saxon for marsh lauds, and may possibly have given rise to the
name. w Wisbeach.

A.D. 872. •--'—- - KINO BTSELK£D DIES. 51

to Langfer, the knight, and king's pannier," with all its ap-
purtenances ; the manor of Croxton, which had been given to
Pernod, the knight, and king's standard bearer, with all its ap-
purtenances.; the manor of Kyrketon* and Kymerby in Linde-
sey, which had been given to earl Turgot, with all its appur-
tenances. As for Bukenhale and Halyngton, which were then
appropriated by the royal treasury, they were afterwards,
through the exertions of Turketul, the lord abbat of Croyland,
and the bounty of the most pious king Edred, the restorer
thereof, given back to the said monastery. In like manner,
all the other lands which had formerly belonged to Croyland,
and of which king Beorred had taken possession for his trea-
sury, that is to say, Cappelade, Sutterton, Langtoft, Baston,
Repyngale, Kyrkeby, Drayton, Thinning, Glapthorn, Adyng-
ton, Stauridon, and Badby, were, by the favour of the re-
nowned king Edred, and the exertions of abbat Turketul, re-
stored to Croyland.

After this, king Beorred passed with his army into Lindesey,
and added to his treasury the very extensive lands that had
hitherto belonged to the monastery of Bardeney ; while those
that were more distant, and lay divided in various districts, he
bestowed upon his troops.

In the year from the Incarnation of our Lord, 872, king
Ethelred, after being greatly harassed by numerous battles
against the Danes, though he had always remained uncon-

?uered, departed this life at Wimborne, and was buried
there]. He was succeeded on the throne- by Alfred, his last
surviving brother, and the youngest son of king Ethel wulph.
Having formerly accompanied his father to Some, he was
here anointed by pope Leo, and adopted as his son. On being
now raised to the sovereignty, he had a most toilsome, though
glorious reign of twenty-eight years. For, during nine years
together, he was continually fighting with the Danes, and was
repeatedly deceived by their treacherous treaties, though he
more than once took a most ample revenge on his deceivers.

At last, however, he was reduced to such straits, that, with
the greatest difficulty retaining the three districts of Hamp-
shire, Wiltshire, and Somerset, in their allegiance to him, he

61 " Panetaritis," a "baker," or " server out of bread." In the latter
sense, the word " pannier" is still used in the inns of court.
• Wow Kyrton.

£ 2

52 ingulph's hibtoet op the abbey op cbotland. a.d. 872.

took refuge in a certain island in Somerset, called Ethelingey,
where he built a castle, which, in remembrance of his stay-
there, he afterwards, for the exaltation of the Holy Church,
changed into a monastery of monks.

Here, on one occasion, after sending the whole of his re-
tainers to fish in the adjoining marshes, being left alone, and
either intent upon reading some holy subject or the exploits of
illustrious men, or else, according to his usual custom, poring
over the annals of his ancestors, he heard a poor man knocking
at the door, and begging him, for the mercy of God, to give
him some food : upon which, calling his mother,67 who then
happened to be staying with him and was close at hiind, he
bade her go to the pantry, and, for the love of Christ, fetch
something for the poor Christian. Doing as she was requested,
she found but a single loaf in the pantry ; on which, she told
him, that less than that would not suffice for his retainers,
who were shortly about to return from fishing. The king
hearing this, (bo great a scarcity was there, forsooth, of bread in
the royal store!) returned most devout thanks to God, and
immediately ordered one half to be given to the poor Christian,
and added : " Blessed is God in His gifts : He is all-powerful
infinitely to increase the half of this loaf, if such is the will of
Him, who was able with five loaves and two fishes to satisfy
five thousand men."

Upon this, he dismissed the poor man ; and, whether through
weariness arising from his anxieties, or whether from being
long intent upon his reading, fell asleep for a short time ;
whereupon, in a vision, he saw the apparition of Saint Cuth-
bert, the bishop, as though sent from God, and heard him speak
in the following terms ; " Pious king Alfred, the Lord hath
been moved with compassion at the miseries of the English,
who have long and bitterly lamented their sins. Even this
very day, under the form of a poor man, hath He made trial of
thy long-suffering ; and having most graciously received of thy
generosity when so greatly in want of bread, He hath through
me made promise unto thee, that thou who now art a wretched
exile, shalt before long be the conqueror of thine enemies, and
shalt exult on the throne of thy kingdom. And this shall
be the sign unto thee, that although the winter's ice just now
throws the greatest difficulties in the way of the fisherman's art,
61 Judith, his step-mother, and widow of his brother Ethelbald*

A.D. 874. DEATH OF KING BEOUEED. 53

still, thy retainers, sent forth to fish in the marshes, Bhall satisfy
all their desires, and shall, by the Divine guidance, about the
third hour of the day, bring unto thy palace a wonderful supply
of fish." So saying, the Saint disappeared ; on which, the king
awoke, and relating his vision to his mother, upon enquiry,
found, by her answers, that she had fallen asleep in her chair
at the same hour, and had seen the same vision, the same holy
bishop making his appearance to her in a similar manner.
"While they were conversing, the fishermen returned from the
marshes, and brought in a quantity of fish, so vast, that it was
thought it would have proved sufficient for a large army.

Not long after this, the king, pretending to be a minstrel,
took his harp, and entered the tents of the Danes; and thus
getting admission to the most secret places, learned all the
plans of the enemy, and, after satisfying all his wishes, re-
turned safe and unrecognized to Ethelingey. Then, assembling
his army, he suddenly attacked the enemy, and routed them
with incredible slaughter. King Godroun, whom we call
Gurmound, with a great multitude of the nobles and common
people, was taken prisoner ; on which, he received baptism,
and was raised from the holy font by the king, who, as a mark
of his bounty, bestowed upon him East Anglia, that is to say,
Norfolk, as a residence for him and his followers. The rest
who refused to be baptized, abjured England, and repaired by
ship to France.

In the meantime, while king Alfred was still staying at
Ethelingey, the Pagans, in the year of our Lord, 874, returned
to Mercia, and wintered at Eepton, where they levelled to the
ground that most famous monastery, the sacred mausoleum of
all the kings of the Mercians. On this, king Beorred, after a
reign of twenty-two years, seeing the whole territory of Eng-
land laid waste with slaughter and rapine, in every corner
thereof, either despairing of victory, or else, wearied by such
a labyrinth of difficulties, left the kingdom, and repaired to
Rome ; where he died a few days after his arrival, and was
buried in the 'school of the English there. The wife soon
followed the husband, as she died on her way to Rome, and
was buried at Ticinum.68

He was succeeded on the throne of the Mercians by one of
the servants of king Beorred, Ceolwulph by name, who was
* Or Pavia.

54 ikgttlph's history of the abbbx of croylavd. a.»> 874.

eleeted by the Danes, an Englishman by birth, but a barbarian
in impiety. He had sworn fealty to the Banes, and that he
would faithfully pay the tribute imposed by them, and would,
under penalty of forfeiture of his life, without any difficulty
on his part, deliver up to them the kingdom, whensoever they
should demand restitution thereof. Accordingly, making a
circuit of the land, the few rustics that were left behind he
stripped69 of their money, swallowed up the merchants, op-
pressed the widows and orphans, and inflicted on all the re-
ligious innumerable torments, on the pretext that they were
acquainted with the concealment of hidden treasures.

Hence it was, that, among the numerous misdeeds of which
he was guilty, he imposed upon the venerable Godric, the
abbat of Croyland, and his wretched brethren, a tax of one
thousand pounds, and nearly reduced the monastery of Croy-
land to a state of utter destitution. For, from this time
forward, in consequence of the extreme poverty of the place,
no one was willing to embrace the monastic life there.

Accordingly, the abbat Godric, being unable to support those
of his people who had made profession, dispersed many of the
monks among their kinsmen and other friends of the monas-
tery throughout the whole country j while some few, remaining
with him, dragged on their existence amid the greatest poverty.
On this occasion, all the chalices of the monastery, with the
exception of three, and the whole of the silver vessels, except
the crucibolum of king Wichtlaft with the rest of the jewels,
which were of great value, were either coined into money or
else sold for money ; though these were hardly able to satisfy
the insatiate maw of the kingling Ceolwulph. At length,
however, he was deposed by his masters the Banes, who
herein acted with the greatest justice; and being stripped
stark naked, with nothing to cover his shame, he ended his life
by a wretched death.

At this time also, king Alfred prevailing against the Banes,
the kingdom of the Mercians was joined to his kingdom of
Wessex, and has remained so united up to the present day.
Thus ended the kingdom of the Mercians, which had lasted
from the first year of Penda, its first king, until the last mo-
ments of this wretched deputy kingling Ceolwulph, a period of
about two hundred and thirty years.

w •' Excoriavit." This seems a more probable meaning of the word
here, than •' flayed them alive."

A.D. 874v CHARACTER OF KING ALFRED. 55

All the Danes being now either subjugated or expelled, king
Alfred repaired his cities and castles, constructed towers and
fortifications in the most suitable places, and, changing the
entire fece of the country very much for the better, rendered
it insuperable by the barbarians, through its walled cities, and
its other well-fortified places. Prescribing also for himself a
life regulated by rule, each day, beginning early in the morn-
ing, he devoted eight hours to the worship of God ; [another
eight hours he devoted to the affairs of the kingdom ; while
the last eight hours of the natural day, he bestowed on the
care of his body.] For he kept in his chapel a wax taper
continually burning before the relics of the Saints, which
was divided into equal proportions, the same being three
periods of eight hours each. He also appointed a servant,
whose duty it was, as each of these portions was consumed
and finished, in a loud voice, acting in place of a clock, to
warn the king of the portion about to succeed. A wax taper
being thus consumed each day, a fresh one was lighted early
in the morning ; and this was repeated every day. Full of
deyoutness, and prostrate at the feet of the Saints, he held
Saint Keot, and Saint Werfred, bishop of Worcester, who, by
the king's command, had translated the books of the Dialogues
of pope Gregory into the Saxon tongue, in the greatest
veneration.

Of holy books and sacred reading he was so assiduous a
student, that he always carried with him in his bosom the
Psalter of David, or else some other edifying work. Sending
for the most learned men from foreign lands, after retaining
them some time with him in his palace for the purpose of
studying the Holy Scriptures, he would afterwards promote
them to various prelacies and dignities. Hence it was, that,
having invited from France Saint Grimbald, who was extremely
well skilled in the musical art, and most profoundly versed in
the Holy Scriptures, he appointed him abbat of his new mo-
nastery, which he had built at Winchester. In like manner,
he invited over John, surnamed the Scot, a philosopher of
most subtle genius, from old Saxony, and made him prelate of
his monastery at Ethelingey. Both these most learned doctors
^ete of the rank of priests, and most holy monks by profes-
sion.80 He also summoned Athelstan and Werwulph from

* Or had taken the threefold vow, of obedience to God, chastity, and

porertv..

56 ikgttlph's histokt op the abbey of croyiakd. a*b. 874.

Mercia to Mb court, both of them most learned priests; as
also Plegmund, afterwards promoted to be archbishop of Can-
terbury, and Asker,*1 abbat of Bangor, and afterwards bishop
of Sherburn, most celebrated doctors of those times, whom he
added to the number of his retainers. Enjoying for some
time in his palace the acquaintanceship and learned discourse
of all these men, he arrived at a profound knowledge of all
the liberal arts.

He was also most skilful and sagacious in the management
of the affairs of his kingdom. For, following the example of
the Banes, and under colour of being persons of that nation,
some of the natives even had begun to disturb the peace of
the country by acts of robbery and rapine ; on which, the king,
feeling desirous to restrain and put an end to excesses of this
nature, was the first who changed the districts and provinces
throughout all England into counties. These counties again
he divided into centuries, that is to say into " hundreds ;'* and
into " tenths," ** or, mother words, into " trithings ;." so that
every lawful and native-born person was a member of some
century and trithing ; and if any one was suspected of rob-
bery, he was either condemned by his century or decury, or
else bailed,63 and thus either received his merited punishment
or escaped it. The prefects of provinces, who before had the
name of " Vice-domini," he divided into two classes, that is to
say into judges, whom we now call "justiciaries,,, and into
" Vice-eomttes19 [Shire-reeves], who still retain that name.
Through the exertions and industry of these persons, in a
short time peace flourished throughout the whole land to such
a degree, that if a traveller in the evening left any sum of
money, however large, in the fields and the public highways,
whether he returned next morning, or whether a month after,
he was sure to find it safe and untouched.

In the division of his own household he used the same plan
as David and Solomon. For, dividing his household into
three companies, he appointed a chief over each; and each

61 More generally called " Asser." He is supposed to have been the
author of a Life of king Alfred, which is still extant.

62 Called by some of the chroniclers " tenientale," or " tenementale."
68 *' Invadiatur." This was said of a person who, having been accused

of some crime not fully proved, was " sub debits fidejussione," and was
obliged to find persona to act as bis sureties.

Jt.jf.mk BEATH OF ALFB3SD. 57

chie£ with his company? had the keeping of the palace in the
king's service for the space of one month. Then, after the *
completion of his month,, going to his own lands with his
company, for the space of two months he attended to his own
business; while, in the meantime, in succession to him, a
second chief served for one month, and then a third chief for
another month in the royal palace. By this means, each com*
pany in succession had leisure for the space of two months to
attend to its own affairs.

Being endowed with this prudence of character, and thus
profoundly skilled in literature, when, thirteen years after, the
Banes had been expelled from France by the emperor Arnulph,
and were again inundating England, he conquered them in
every engagement, with much greater ease than he had for-
merly done. For, in. consequence of their wars with the
Franks, they were considerably weakened, and were less
active in their inroads, while he, on the other hand, both in
troops and in strength was far better prepared, and showed
more skill in effectually resisting them. In addition to this, the
country was strengthened by means of walled cities and for-
tified towers, and thus manifested a considerable improvement
from its former state. Accordingly, the Danes being easily
repulsed and quickly overpowered, they took refuge among
their countrymen in Northumbria and Norfolk.

King Alfred, who was always intent upon the bounteous
bestowal of alms arid other good deeds, departed this life in
the twenty-ninth year of his reign, and was buried at Win-
chester. He was succeeded on the throne by his son Edward,
afterwards called " the Elder," because several of the same
name reigned after him, and he was the first of that name;
his father's inferior in literary merit, but greatly his superior
in the glory of his reign. For he took into his own hands the
province of Mercia from duke Ethelred, to whom his father
had previously entrusted it, together with the hand of his
daughter, and in war subdued Norfolk, Northumbria, Scotland;
and Wales ; and, expelling the Pagans from all the walled
cities and castles, introduced Christians in their room.

In this he was greatly assisted by his sister Ethelfleda, the
^lict of Ethelred, the former duke of London, a heroine en-
dowed with the greatest wisdom, and deserving to be preferred
to the Amazons of ancient times. For, when in labour with

58 IHGZTLPH'b HI8I0BT OF TUB ABBBT OS CBOTLAND. a,|* 941 .

her only child, suffering considerable pain, in her indica-
tion she took so great an aversion, to all carnal intercourse,
that from that time forward she never returned to her hus-
band's bed, but maintained the strictest chastity. From her
being continually occupied in building cities, fortifying castles*
and leading armies, you might have supposed that she had
changed her very sex. King Edward died in the twenty .third
year of his reign, and was interred with his father at
Winchester.

He was succeeded by Athelstan, his eldest son; against
whom the Danes of Northumbria and Norfolk entered into a
confederacy, which was joined by Oonstantine, king of the
Scots, and many others ; on which, he levied an army and led
it into Northumbria. On his way, he was met by many pil-
grims returning homeward from Beverley ; informed by whose
statements relative to the miracles of Saint John, with great
devoutness he paid a visit to that Saint. He also offered his
poniard upon the holy altar, and made a promise that, on his
return, if the Lord should grant him the victory over his
enemies, he would redeem the said poniard at a suitable price ;
which he accordingly did. For, the Lord granting him the
victory, the king redeemed his poniard by granting the immu-
nities which that place at present enjoys, and enriched it im-
mensely, to the honor of God, with numerous other presents.
In the battle that was fought on this occasion, there fell Oon-
stantine, king of the Scots, and five other kings, twelve earls,
and an infinite number of the lower classes, on the side of the
barbarians.

This war being brought to a prosperous conclusion, there
was no one who dared after this in any way to offend the
king. Being now intent on bestowing his sisters in marriage,
he laboured to improve the condition, and promote the interests
of all the monasteries of England, old as well as new, by be*
stowing on them some special gift or other. Thus, sending
for Gtodric to court, the abbat of Croyland, (who was still sur*
viving, though weighed down with extreme old age,) together
with the rest of his brethren, who were then reduced from
twenty-eight to seven in number, he proposed to restore the
monastery of Croyland. Being prevented, however, by a prema-
ture death, he left it to his brother to carry out his intentions
relative thereto; for he departed this life in the sixteenth
year of his reign, and was buried at Malmesbury.

A.&. 946. 11110 EBBED 8UCG8KM, 69

Hi* brother Edmund, a youth eighteen years of age, succeeded
him, and reigned six years and a half. In the same year,
Godric, abbat of Groyland, died, and within a month after his
decease, two aged men followed him, that is to say, brother
Sweyn and brother Osgot ; on which there remained only five
old men, brother Clarenbald, brother Swaxtting, brother
Tnrgar, brother Brnne, and brother Aio. The two last, seeing
that king Athelstan, their patron, and Godric their abbat, had
departed this life, and quite despairing of any relief for their
monastery, and of keeping up the succession of spiritual sons,
abandoned the society of their brethren, and took their depar-
ture, the first to the monastery of Winchester, the second to
that of Ifalmesbury ; and were received into those respective
convents, where ttiey remained some years.

But the holy trinity of the three brethren who remained at
Groyland always put its trust in the Lord, that some day,
mindful of His mercies, He would send them a saviour, who
would restore to its former state a place so holy, and which
contained the sacred relics of its most holy confessor, Guthlac ;
and so render this most holy monastery fruitful with spiritual
offspring, and again, at His good will, assemble together their
brethren thus dispersed. At this time, king Edmund bestowed
upon Saint Dunstan, who was then his priest, the monastery
of Glastonbury, which was in a ruinous state, and occupied
by a few clerks only, with all the appurtenances thereof, for
the purpose of being rebuilt, the order of monks being invited
to return, which had been previously established there. Go-
ing to Fleury, Dunstan became a monk there, and after he had
fully learned the regular observances, bade adieu to the bre-
thren, and returned to Glastonbury, where, being made abbat,
and receiving other brethren of his order, in a short time he
assembled a most holy community. Just when the most illus-
trious youth, king Edmund, was purposing to place Groyland
in the hands of some influential man, who was a lover of holy
religion, for the purpose of raising the same out of the ashes
of its desolation, by a sudden misfortune he was slain— oh
grievous mishap ! — by a certain robber,64 at Puckle-Chyrche,
and his body was buried at Glastonbury.

He was succeeded on the throne by his brother Edred, the
third son of king Edward, who reigned nine years. In the
" Named Leolf.

60 ixgulph's hjjbto&y of the abbey of CKOYIAXD. A.D. 946.

second year of his reign, the Northumbrians, electing a certain
Hircius as their king, gave symptoms of rebellion; and Wul-
stan, the archbishop of York, being known to sympathize with
their rebellious designs, the renowned king Edred sent thither
his chancellor, Turketul by name (a man of the greatest pru-
dence, and an observer of all probity and justice — one, too,
who was nearly akin to himself by blood, being the son of
Cilward, his late uncle, and the holder of a very rich prebend in
the said church of York), and urgently, and in friendly terms,
entreated him to maintain his fidelity to him, and to think of
the preservation of the kingdom.

Accordingly, the venerable chancellor set out on this royal
business, attended by a large retinue of horsemen. He was
a person of most noble birth, and descended of the blood royal,
very wealthy in estates and most ample possessions, and, be-
sides, the lord of sixty manors. The Divine grace directing
his steps, he proceeded, on the road to York, by the monastery
of Croyland. It being his intention to pass on, tho three
venerable men before-named, belonging to the said monastery,
went forth to meet him, and after many entreaties, as the day
was now drawing to a close, prevailed upon him to enter.
They then conducted him to prayers in their little oratory,
which they had constructed in a corner of the ruined church ;
and showing him the relics of the most holy confessor,
Guthlac, related to him the whole story of their ruin and de-
solate condition. Being moved to compassion by an intense
feeling of piety, he listened most devoutly to the whole of
their narrative.

After this, the old men, receiving their noble guest in their
poor retreat with the greatest [humility and] attentiveness,
offered all the provisions they had, their two mites,65 but accom-
panied with the most liberal spirit, to his servants and cooks, in
order to make ready their master' s repast ; though the supply was
anything but suitable for that purpose, and greatly insufficient
for the wants of such a vast retinue. They felt anxious, to
the best of their ability, and, indeed, beyond their ability, to
make their holy guest pleased and delighted, and to induce him
to entertain such kindliness of feeling towards them as to deign
to be an intercessor in their behalves with their lord the king ;

64 Alluding to the offering of the poor widow. St. Mark xii. 42 ;
and St. Luke xxi, 2.

A.O. 946. TUBKETUL VISITS GROTLJUTD. 61

and so cause the rebuilding of their church to be carried out,
which had been for some time intended by his brother, the
renowned king Athelstan, if his life had been prolonged, or
else procure the bestowal of some other favour, by way of an
alms-deed, for the good of his own soul.

The venerable chancellor greatly commiserated the misfortunes
of so noble a monastery, and appreciated to his inmost vitals the
courtesy of the old men; he also gave his assent to their
entreaties, and agreed to intercede for them, while at the same
time he promised to give them some assistance [on his return]
from his own private purse.

Accordingly, on his departure, early in the morning, he
commanded his servants to leave provisions sufficient for the
old men until his return, and ordered them to give one
hundred shillings for the purchase of other necessaries ; and
at length, on bidding them adieu with many tears, com-
mended himself to their prayers. From that day [and
thenceforward] his heart became attached to these old men,
and to the monastery of Croyland, with an affection so ardent
and so inseparable, that every day, during the remainder of
his journey, whoever met him, whether on the road or whether
at the inns, he would enlarge upon the courtesy of the old
men of Croyland, extol their sanctity, proclaim his affection
for them, and deplore their calamity. From him, on this
occasion, it first took its rise, that Croyland received the sur-
name of " Curteys."66

The venerable Turketul, having now arrived at York, carried
out the orders of the king, his master, with great care and
prudence, with regard to the archbishop and all the people of
the city ; after which he returned by way of Croyland, and,
being guided by the Holy Spirit, again turned aside to take
up his abode, himself and his retinue, with the same old men.
Being received with extreme gladness, he again consoled them
with promises of support, and reminding them that the hand
of the Lord was always powerful and ready to aid His people,
promised them that they would receive the Divine assistance
before long. Then giving twenty pounds of silver to the old
men, he set out early in the morning, on his return to the king,
his master.

After he had fully informed the king on the answer given

* " The courteous." It still retains this title in several proverbial say-
ings. See Notes and Queries, vol. vi. p. 281, 350.

62 IXOTLPh's HI8T0BT 07 THE ABBEY 07 CKOYLAtfD. A.©. 946.

by the archbishop of York and the people of that city, having
first invoked the aid of the Holy Spirit, he very adroitly
turned the conversation to the subject of repairing the ruins
of the monastery of Croyland. When his chancellor and
especial adviser had made an end of discoursing on this sub*
ject to the king, the latter at onoe gratuitously gave his con-
sent thereto; but stated that he should defer carrying out
his intentions, until, by the aid of the Divine grace, he had
brought to a prosperous issue a very fierce war in which he
was then engaged ; for that then he should have leisure to
bestow his attention on matters of that nature, and to promote
the good of the Church of Christ, everywhere throughout his
kingdom, to the utmost of his ability.

To this the chancellor made answer : — " My lord, those
most valiant kings, your predecessors and my masters, your two
brothers, wrought many good works in their days to the honor
of God and the exaltation of Holy Mother Church ; and hi
return for such good works, the Lord God, who is a most just
judge, both gave them the victory over all their enemies, and
caused them to abound in all good things. So likewise will
you, if you believe me, by your meritorious works, most wor-
thy of their reward, lay God under an obligation to you ; and
thus, protected by the prayers of the Saints, and aided by
the favour of the heavenly powers, you will go forth to your
battles with a more easy conscience when it shall please you
so to do."

To this, and more to the like purpose, the venerable chan-
cellor having, in friendly conversation with the king, fre-
quently given utterance, he at length prevailed upon the
king, his master, and induced him to say, using the words of
the Gospel : " ' Set a watch upon them/ and take under your
care the old men and that place, as you know how to do : for
my hand shall be with you always, if in any way you stand
in need of my assistance." This answer he received as though
an oracle from God and proceeding from the shrine of the
Holy Spirit, and understanding in no other sense these God-
like67 words, he shortly after publicly promised that he would
become a monk there, and requested, with feelings of the
greatest devoutness, that the royal favour might be accorded

67 This seems to be the meaning of " theoricus" here, though it is
somewhat doubtful.

A.9. 946. TUBKETOX BECOMES A KOXK. 63

to his design. The king, on hearing of this, wondered at
it beyond measure, and tried every way to dissuade him there-
from, especially as he was now verging on old age, and, having
been reared in affluence, had not been previously practically
acquainted with the austerities of a religious life ; besides,
when, the most urgent interests of the kingdom were at stake,
and every thing depended upon himself and his aid and
counsel, he ought, with good reason, to hesitate before he perilled
tiw welfare of the kingdom.

To this the chancellor replied, "My lord king, [hitherto]
I have fought for my masters, your brothers and yourself,
as God,, who knoweth all things, is my witness, to the very
best of my ability ; henceforth, at least in my old age, let
your clemency permit me to serve the Lord God, for the well-
being of your soul. As for my advice, and all the endeavours
of which my humble means will allow, so long as life shall
still exist in this poor body of mine, the same shall ever be
afforded, without hesitation, for the promotion of your in-
terests ; but may your highness deign to know this of a cer-
tain truth, that from this time forward, my hand shall touch
no warlike weapon." The most pious king, on hearing this,
was deeply affected, and, perceiving that every day his holy
aspirations waxed stronger in the Lord, dreaded to quench
the Holy Spirit, (for he was a king of the purest conscience, to
a degree beyond all his predecessors) ; but one day he called him
aside into his secret chamber, where, falling at the feet of his
servant, with many tears he supplicated and entreated him to
take compassion on him, and not forsake him in the day of
his tribulation. On this, the chancellor, seeing his master, the
king of all England, on the ground at his feet, threw himself
upon the ground, and, with sighs and sobs innumerable, im-
plored him to take pity on him ; and at last, after adjuring him
from, his heart, by Saint Paul (for whom the king always enter-
tained special veneration), prevailed upon him, and obtained
the object of his desire. Accordingly, both arose from the
ground, and fixed upon a day on which to go to Croyland,
and respectively fulfil their holy vows, in the safest and most
becoming manner they could possibly devise.

In.the course of a few days after this, the king consenting
thereto, the venerable chancellor Turketul caused proclama-
tion to be made throughout the midst of London by the voice

64. DHHJLPh's HISTORY ,0? THE. A3BEX 0£ QBPTLAIO). A*p. 946.

of a herald, . that; if he, was indebted to. any person, he was
ready, at a certain place and day named, to pa£ the same in
fall ; and if he had done an injury to any man, he promise^
that he would, like another' Zacchaeus, make threefold satisfac-.
tion, and would fully make good the loss he had so occasioned,
in such manner as was demanded by the exigencies of law and
justice. Accordingly, .the whole of his creditors and debtors
being satisfied, he transferred his sixty manors to his lord the
king, always reserving the tenth manor for the service of
Christ his Master. Thus he reserved those six manors out of the
sixty which, ho possessed, which were nearest to Croyland,'
namely, Wendlingbnrgh, Elmyngton, "Worthorp, Cotenhain,
Hokyngton and Beby ; the rest he gave to. the king. . /

Having come with the king to Croyland on the vigil of the
Assumption of Saint Mary, he shortly after sent messengers
to Winchester and Malmesbury in the king's name, for the two
brethren, Brune and Aio. Hearing that the Lord had looked
down from heaven upon Croyland, with feelings of joy and
gladness they returned to their monastery, and arriving there
on the vigil of Saint Bartholomew, their patron, were received
by their brethren with great manifestations of joy. For they
were both of them most learned men, and distinguished for
their probity and piety of character. On the following day,
namely, on the feast of the holy Apostle, the venerable Tur-
ketul laid aside the secular habit, and assumed the monastic
garb amid the five old men before-named ; and, after being
presented by the king with the pastoral staff, received the
benediction in due ecclesiastical form from Ceolwulph, bishop
of Dorchester, his diocesan, who was then present.

On the same day, at the king's desire, and by the advice of
those learned in the law, in order that for the future they
might stand on a stronger foundation against the violence of
the wicked, the venerable abbat Turketul, and his five aged
monks before-named, spontaneously and entirely resigned into
the hands of their lord the king the whole of their monastery,
together with all the lands, tenements, goods and chattels to
it belonging. The. king, receiving the whole thereof into
his possession, on the next day hired carpenters and masons,
and appointed a certain clerk of his household, Egelric by
name, a near relation of his, and a kinsman of the lord abbat,
Turketul, as superintendent of the workmen, and the whole

A.D. 948. CHABTEB OF KTJTG XDBXD. 05

place; white in the most generous manner he gave directions
that the expenses should be paid out of his treasury, and that
the wood and stone should be procured from out of the neigh-
bouring woods and quarries, which then belonged to his royal
manor of Castre." He giving his most diligent attention to
the work with the most unconquerable resolution, in a short
time the church was built, and the cloisters, together with the
other requisite buildings, erected ; and for his diligence, he
was deemed deserving of thanks from the king, ana of bless-
ingsfrom God.

Immediately after the king had appointed workmen for each
of the works, and had set his faithful clerk before-named over
the said workmen, the day now approaching for holding the
council which he had appointed to be held at London on the
public affairs of the kingdom, he took with him the venerable
abbat Turketul, together with the two old men his monks,
Turgar and AioJ and on the feast of Saint Augustin, the bishop
and excellent doctor, returned to London.

On the feast of the Nativity of the blessed Mary, when all tbo
nobles of the kingdom had been summoned by the royal edict,
both archbishops as well as bishops and abbats, as also the
other men of rank and dignitaries throughout the kingdom,
and they had assembled in London for the purpose of treating
of the public affairs of the whole kingdom ; alter all the busi-
ness was concluded, in presence of all, king Edred sent for
Turketul, the lord abbat, and his monks, and gave the monas-
tery of Croyland by his charter, in terms suggested by the
said abbat Turketul, his former chancellor and most confidential
adviser, which were to the following effect : w

" Peace in the name of the supreme Trinity, the Father, the
Son, and the Holy Ghost, Amen. I, Edred, an earthly king,
under the imperial power of the eternal King and everlasting
Prince, and holding the temporal government of Great Britain,
to all Christians, both present as well as to come, the blessing
of salvation through Him who is the Author of our salvation.
Be it known unto all of you, that, at the devout suggestion, and
at the repeated entreaties by Turketul, the beloved clerk and
my kinsman, to me made, upon the repair, restoration, and

" Probably Caistor.

* This charter is regarded by Hickes, in his Thesaurus Ling. Sept.
Pref. p. xxviiL as spurious*

P

66 ekgttlph's history otf THE ABBEY OF CgOYLAtfD. a.*. W8.

liberties of the holy church, and monastery of Croyknd, in
which lie interred the relics of the holy confessor and; ancho-
rite, Saint Guthlac, I felt no slight sorrow and, compassion,
both for the spoiling of Holy Mother Church, as also for the
diminution of the spiritual benefits which* manifold in number,
had oftentimes been bestowed in works of mercy fer tfregood
of the souls of my ancestors. At the same time, I called to
mind that a convent of Black Monks, of the order of Saint Bene-
dict, had been, in former times, there founded by a noble king of
the Mercians, Ethelbald by name, the son of Alwy, amply en-
riched, and abundantly provided with royal. privileges ; the same
being fully proved to my satisfaction by inspection of the
charters of the said Ethelbald, made for the security of the
said monks. But after the lapse of many ages* the same had
been laid waste by the army of the Pagans, and had been burnt
with fire and utterly consumed, together with, all the decora-
tions and many of die archives thereof. Wherefore, the before-
named Turketul, who, conformably with the prophetic words of
the Psalmist,70 * has hated the congregation of evil-doers, and
has loved the habitation of the house of the LaroV being sti-
mulated with pious desires^ is endeavouring with the utmost
zeal to repair and rebuild the same. This man is so inflamed
with ardour for the Divine love, that both in heart and in body
he continually strives to devote himself to the welfare of, the
sheep-fold of Christ. Wherefore, the five aged monks who
lay concealed in the said island, of whom two have recently
returned from being dispersed in other parts, being informed
thereon by the judgment of the said Turketul and otfiers learned
in the law, and greatly fearing the losses and various expenses
which might at future times unexpectedly arise, have first
entirely and spontaneously resigned the whole abbey,, together
with all its possessions which have been obtained and recovered
by the care of the said Turketul, or which have been by my
favour acquired, together with six manors of his hereditary
possessions, into my [royal] hands, that.by means of my fresh
bestowal thereof tney might hereafter enjoy a. more assured
and more free possession thereof. But inasmuch as a contract,
made in words only, may easily escape the memory, and so be-
come matter of litigation, unless at the same time protection
is afforded by a writing which shall lastingly bear witness to
70 PsaJm xxvi. 5. 8.

AJ>. 91$. CHAKSBB Of XQW XBBXB. 67

the transaction, for this reason it is that I do by my gratuitous
consent and assent appoint the said Turketul so often named,
who has bow assumed the monastic habit and joined the monks
aforesaid, to* be abbat of the said monastery ; and both the
abbey,, as also all the possessions so recovered and surrendered
to me, I do, of my royal gift, convey, give, and confirm hence-
forth for ever, as a pure alms-gift, unto the said monks and all
theirsuecessors in the same place, under the same rule and habit
serving God ; and do determine to set forth the several par-
ticulars thereof in manner following, that is to say :

" In the. first place, the whole island of Croyland, as the
glebe of the church and as the several site of the said monas-
tery, the same being distinguished by the following boundaries,
namely ; from the triangular 7l bridge of Croyland along the
river Welland in the direction of Spaldelyng, as for as Asendyk,
where the Asendyk fails into the river Welland, on the northern
side of the stone cross there erected by Turketul before-named.
Thence in aa easterly direction by the Asendyk, as far as
Aswyktoft ; and thence by the Shepishee on the eastern side of
the said island, as far as Tedwarthar ; and thence from the en-
trance of the Sonthee, as far as Namanlandhirne, where the said
Turketul has ordered a stone cross to be erected, distant from
Southee six perches : by which river a division is made of the
two counties of Lincoln and Grantebrige ;73 the said cross being
distant from the river Kene, which lies to the west thereof, five
perches ; and thence along the said river Nene,. as the same
nms to the above-mentioned bridge of Croyland ; with several
piscary, both, in, all the waters surrounding the said island, as
also in the lakes and marshes situate within the said site : to-
gether, with, tike marshes and plantations of alders thereto ad-
juring, on the west, and opposite to the said island, to tho
county of lancoln entirely annexed and belonging, and by the
Moving boundaries set forth, that is to. say; from Kaman-
landhirne by the river Kene towards the west, as far as the.
boundary there set, where a stone cross is erected near tho
toffik of the river ; thence as far as Greynes, and thence to
^olvardsUkyng; thence as far as Southlake, where the South-
lake Mk into the river Welland j and thence, crossing that

11 The bridge was so called from affording a passage over three stream i
rising to a point in thecentre.
?: Cambridge.

68 UTOTLPH'S HISTOBY OF THE ABBEY OF CBOYLAIH). A.b. 948.

river, and beginning from Kenulphston near the bank, opposite
to Southlake, where the first abbat after the foundation of the
said monastery, Kenulph by name, erected a stone cross as
a boundary between Croyland and Depyng; in a northerly
direction, near Aspath, as far as Werwarlake ; thence to Ha-
rynholt, and thence onwards past Mengerlake and Lurtlake,
where are the boundaries that divide Hoyland and Kesteven :
thence as far as Oggot, and thence to Apynholt, otherwise
known by the name of Wodelade, where the Wodelade falls
into the river Welland ; together with all the appurtenances
and all the advantages that may arise or be derived within the
boundaries aforesaid, both above ground as well as beneath ;
and with common of pasture [at all times of the year, for all
kinds of animals, for the use of themselves, and all their
men or tenants with them living within the boundaries afore-
said, such common of pasture being] in the marshes adjoining,
on either side of the river Welland ; that is to say, on the one
side, from the said river as far as the lands of Medeshamsted,
and on the other side from the said river as far as the buildings
at Spaldeling ; together with several piscary in the said river
Welland from Kenulphston as . far as the bridge of Croyland,
[and in the river Nene from the boundary called Pynset, as
far as the bridge of Croyland,] and thence in the same river and
in the river Welland united, as far as the Asendyk. The said
monks also shall be at liberty to enclose for themselves and their
men or tenants severally out of the said marshes adjoining on
the west crofts or meadows in the neighbourhood of the bridge,
as much as they shall think fit. Wherefore I do will that the
said monks shall hold these estates of my gift and confirmation,
free and absolved from all secular demands or burdens, as also
all liberties and free customs, together with all the rights,
which are called Soch, Sach, Tol and Tern, Infangthef, Weif,
and Stray, and the things thereto lawfully belonging, as my
own pure and perpetual alms-gift.

"Moreover, I do deliver, give, and confirm unto the said monks
the following possessions to the said convent belonging, and
the gift in former times of the nobles of my kingdom, that is
to say; in Lincolnshire — in Spaldelyng, three carucates of
Ipnd ; in Pyncebek, one carucate of land ; in Cappelade, three
carucates of [arable] land, six bovates of [arable] land, and

a.d. 948. , , GHABTXE 0? XI&G £DBED. 69

twelve acres of meadow land, together with the church of the
said rill; in Algare, twelve novates of land; in Donnesdyk,
two carucates of [arable] land, and twenty acres of meadow
land ; in Drayton, one carucate of [arable] land, and six acres
of meadow land and four salt pits ; in Burtoft, one bovate of
land, with Soch and Sach, and the church of Sutterton ; in Bo-
kenhale, two carucates and a half of [arable] land, twenty-
six acres of meadow land, fifty acres of wood land* and seventy
acres at Brusche; ten bovates of land at Halyngton, with four
bovates .at Juland, and thirty-two acres of meadow land to the
same fee belonging at Gernthorp ; six carucates of arable land
at Langtoft (the, same being fifteen quarentenes in length, and
nine quarentenes in breadth), and one hundred acres of meadow
land, and a wood and marsh, two leagues in length, and two
leagues in breadth, as also the church of the said vill, and forty
acres of the same fee in the fields of Depyng ; in Baston, at
Tetford four carucates of arable land, and forty-five acres of
meadow land, together with the church of the said vill, and
marsh land, sixteen quarentenes in length, and eightquarentenes
in breadth, together with one water-mill and one-half of a
mill : in Repyngale, three carucates of arable land, and sixty
acres of meadow land : in Laythorp, one bovate of land : in
Kyrkby, three bovates of land, one dwelling-house and three
cottages. In Northamptonshire--- in Wendlingburgh, six hides
and a half of land, with the church of the said vill, with Sach and
Soch, &c. : in Adington, three hides of land, with the advow-
spn of the church of the said vill ; in Helmyngton, three hides
of land; in Olapthom, three virgates of land; in Wyrthorp,
one hide and a half, together with one water-mill ; in Peykirke,
two virgates of land ; in Badby a manor, and four hides of
[arable] land, together with thirty acres of meadow land. In
Himtmgdonshire— in Morbeme, five acres of land, together with
the advowson of the church of the said vill ; and in Thirning,
one hide and a half of land. In Leicestershire—in Beby, ten
carucates and a half of land, with the church of the said vill ;
in Sutton, two carucates of land ; and in Stapilton, two caru-
cates of land. In Grantebrigeahire— eleven acres of land at
Gottenham, with the alternate right of advowson of the said
church : in Hokiton, seven hides and a half of land, together
with the church of the said vill; in Drayton, eight hides

70 UTOULPH's HISXOBT OF «BS ASSET OF C80YLA2U). A.l>. 948.

and a half of land, together with the advowson of the eh«reti
of the said vill. la Hertfordshire— in Staundon, five hide*
of land.

" I do also will that the said monks shall be free and ab-
solved of and from all scot, geld, sheriffs aids, hydage, salts in
courts of shires, wapentakes, hundreds, and trythings, and all
other courts whatsoever, and all secular burdens whatever. I
do also command that all fugitives, whom the said monks, on
the testimony of four or fire trustworthy mem, cm prove, before
the sheriff of the county in which such persons shall be found,
to be their villeins, shall be brought back to their abbey bv
the said sheriff, together with all their chattels and effects, all
counter-claim or opposition to the oenttuiy notwithstanding.
And if the said persons shall have previously thereto done any-
thing to the detriment of their masters, then I do will that
the same shall be utterly null and void. And if any one of
their villeins, or of those holding of them in villeinage, shall be
guilty of any offence, for which he ought to lose his chattels,
the said chattels are to be delivered in full unto the said monks,
wherever the trial may take place. I do also will that if the
sheriff, or any one of his bailiffs, shall be found to be negli-
gent, or to protract their business in contravention of the due
course of law and of their liberties, he shall pay a fine to my
treasurer to the amount of twenty pounds.

" Also, to the end that nothing may be omitted which it is
proper to insert in the present charter, and for the purpose of
ensuring the rights and liberties of the said monks, at least
with regard to those for whom temporal evils in the present
life have more terrors than the punishment of hell, which is
to last for ever; I do distinctly command as to all and each'
of those, of whatsoever grade or condition they may be, who
shall in any way endeavour to violate or disturb the autho-
rity of this present writing, contrary to the form and effect
of my will expressed in the same, or shall by counsel, aid,
or favour, attempt to prevent them from peaceably possess-
ing any of the gifts hereby granted to them, or enjoying any
of the privileges above-mentioned, that the same persons'
s^all be condemned in the penalty of a fine of one hundred *
pounds of lawful money, payable to my treasury, or to that of
my h£ir& or successors, so often as they shall dare to make such

A.O. 948. CHARTER 0* tttKG *Dfe2D. 71

attempts; as also, that they shall make satisfaction to the
said monks for the losses and expenses by the said persons
caused to them, the same to be estimated on the oaths of four
or five trustworthy men, by whom the truth of the matter
may be best ascertained, and to be settled in presence of
my judges, or those of my heirs and successors ; that so,
those who have spontaneously renounced the world, and have
submitted to the yoke of the Lord, and become dead to the
world, may, without the tumults or disquiet of the world,
have free opportunity of fully devoting themselves to holy

' The said gifts [exceeding small though they be], moved
with duteous feelings towards the said monks, I have established
and rendered lasting, to the praise of the Holy Trinity, and
as a price of the ransom of my soul, in the year from the In-
carnation of [the Everlasting Prince] onr Lord Jesus Christ,
948, in presence of the archbishops, bishops, and nobles
of my kingdom underwritten. + h Odo, archbishop of Can-
terbury, have given to the same my sanction and consent ;
4- I, Walstafaj atchbtshop of York, have devoutly subscribed
hereto; + 1, Alfred* bishop of Sherbum, have desired the
same; + 1, Kynsy, bishop of Lichfield, have consented hereto;
4- 1, Kynewald, bishop of Worcester, have confirmed the
same ; 4- I, Ceolwulph, bishop of Dorchester, have wished for
the same ; + I, Athelwold, abbat of Abingdon, have approved
hereof; -f I, Dunstan, abbat of Glastonbury, have greatly
commended the same ; + 1, duke (Mac, at the instance of my
lord the king, have praised the same ; -f I> duke Brithnod,
have recommended the same ; -f I, earl Alcin, have favoured
the same ; 4- 1, earl Aigulf, have signed the same ; 4- 1, earl
Radbod, have given my consent to the same $ 4- I, sheriff
Byngulph, have counselled the same; 4-1, sheriff Alfer, have
heard the same ; 4- I, Farcey, the thane, have been present
at the same; 4-1, Sigey, the thane, have listened to the same;
4- 1, Ethel ward, the thane, have beheld the same ; 4* I, Tm>
ketul, although an unprofitable servant, looking to the end of
my purpose, do, on account of this matter, praise God in all
things, and although late in life I have adopted the monastic
garb, with a contrite spirit I have submitted myself to the
yoke of the rales thereof,- that so at least I might be com*
pelled to offer up the dregs of my old age to my Creator ; there-

72 XNGULPH'S HI8T0BY OP THE ABBEY 07 GBOXIAJTO. A.D. 948..

fore, my soul doth magnify the Lord ; and do you, my brethren,
together with me, magnify the Lord, that, serving THm in
sanctity and justice, the prince of this world being always
triumphed over by us, we may so run the race of this present
life, as, in that to come, to merit to obtain the reward of vic-
tory in the sight of God. Amen."

In order that we may hand down some information to pos-
terity on the actions of this venerable father, our abbat
Turketul, it is proper that, at the commencement of our nar-
rative, we should begin at a previous period ; to the end that
the flourishing youth of such a high-born stripling, being
described, according to the trustworthy accounts derived from
the chroniclers and the information given to us by our fathers,
we may more easily shew, by the evidence of probability, that
a holy old age succeeded thereto. In the latter years of king
Edward, on the decease of his brother Ethelward, our Tur-
ketul, his eldest son, received his inheritance from his father's
brother, the before-named king Edward. The king frequently
made him the offer of an alliance with damsels of most noble
birth, daughters of his dukes and earls ; but he, feeling by no
means inclined to enter the married state, through his prefer-
ence of a life of chastity, refused them all, the moment the
suggestion was made ; on which, this most sagacious monarch
concluded from holy beginnings of this nature, that he would
become a man distinguished for his virtues, and made it his
study to exalt him to ecclesiastical dignities, and at a future
time to promote him to the high office of bishop.

Accordingly, on many of the bishops departing this life, in
order that his sanctity might be made known unto all those
who are in the house of the Lord, if placed on a candlestick,
the king very frequently made an attempt to promote him to
the episcopal rank of bishop in the greatest churches of all
England, in preference to all his other clerks. He, however,
by various excuses, avoided acceptance of all these honors,, as
though they had been so many snares of Satan laid for the pur-
pose of entrapping souls ; and utterly abhorred the same all
the days of his life. For, on the decease of Dynewulph, its
bishop, the king before-named offered him the bishopric of
Winchester ; but he, protesting that he was not fitted for so
high a dignity, entreated Eridestan, his foster-brother, and

AlB. 937i "ATBSLSTAIT SUCCEEDS TO Tttfc CBOWW. 73t

I«%vailedTr^feini to deign to accepts it; on which Fridestan
became bishop of Winchester.

At the same period also, at the suggestion of Flegmund,
archbishop of Canterbury, the bishopric of Dorchester was
offered him by the long ; on his declining which with a similar
degree of pertinacity, and presenting his priest Ceolwulph to
th6 ki*g, the said Ceolwulph was made bishop. And thus did
he always reject the pomps of earthly dignities, thus did he
all Ms days repudiate all transitory honors.

The king, learning at length to what the most holy aspira-
tkms of his heart inclined [and tended], and seeing that he
cared not for dignities and riches, and was content with his
own lands and income only, and sought not those of others,
made him his chancellor, to the end, that whatever tem-
poral or spiritual business awaited the king's decision, the
same should by his counsel and determination be settled, and
when settled, receive his irreversible sentence; a man of such
holy integrity and such deep discernment was he considered
to be. Whereupon, by his advice, the king did many good
works, and, among the rest, on one day gave seven bishops to
seven churches, namely, the before-named Fridestan to the
bishopric of Winchester ; the before-named Ceolwulph to the
bishopric of Dorchester ; Werstan to the bishopric of Sherburn ;
Athelstanto that of Cornwall;7* Athelm to that of Wells;
Adulph to that of Crediton : and Bernege to that of the South
Saxons, whose see is at * ** *;76 all these being conse-
crated on the same day by the before-named archbishop Pleg-
mnnd.

The renowned king Ed Ward having filled the measure of his
days, his son Athelstan succeeded him. Anlaf, the son of
Sitric, the former king of Northumbria, having risen in rebel-
lion against him, and a most fierce war being carried on, Con-
stantine, king of the Scots, and Eugenius, king of the Cum-
brians; and an infinite multitude of other barbarian kings and
eatfe. entered into a strict confederacy with the said Anlaf;
upon Which, all of these, with the nations subject to them, went

?* Saint ficrmains. .

70 An: omission. SeUey, in Sussex! is the -place meant. These ap-
pointments were really made in consequence of pope Formosus greatly
censuring king Edward and archbishop Plegmund for having kept these
sees vacant so many years.

74 ikgulph's HisroBfr o» zaa abbxt of ceotxaxd. a-». 937.

forth to engage with king Atbelatan at Brvaferd,37 in Koalh-
umbria. When, however, the said king of the English ap*
proached with his army, although the barbarian, bcfore-natted
had collected together an infinite multitude of the Danes,
Norwegians, Soots, and Picts, either through distrust of con-
quering, or in accordance with the usual craftiness of his
nation, he preferred to resort to stratagem, when protected by
the shades of night, rather than engage in open combat.

Accordingly, during the night, he made an attack upon the
English, and slew a certain bishop, who the evening before
had joined the army of king Atbektatu Hie cries of the
dying being heard at a considerable distance* that king, who
was encamped more than a mile from the place of attack, was,
together with all his army, awoke from slumber while lying in
their tents beneath the canopy of heaven ; and on learning the
particulars, they quickly aroused themselves, Hie dawn was
just breaking, when they arrived at the place of slaughter;
the king's troops coming up fresh and prepared for the onset
against the barbarians, while they, on the other hand, had been
toiling throughout the whole night, and were quite weary and
worn out with fatigue. King Althelstan, who was in com-
mand of all the men of Wessex, charged the troops of Anlaf,
while his chancellor, Turketul, who led on the Londoners and
all the Mercians, engaged the forces of Constantino. The
discharge of light arms being quickly put an end to, the battle
was now fought foot to foot, spear to spear, and shield to
shield. Numbers of men were skin, and, amid indiscriminate
confusion, the bodies of kings and of common men were strewed
upon the ground. After they had now fought for a long time
with the most determined courage, and neither side would give
way, (so vast was the multitude of the Pagans), the chancellor
Turketul, taking with him a few of the Londoners, whom he
knew to be most distinguished for valour, and a certain
captain of the Wiccii, Bingin by name, who was remarkable
for his undaunted bravery, (being taller in stature than any
of the rest, firm and brawny in bone and muscle, and excelling
in strength and robustness any one of the London heroes),
flew at their head to the charge against the foe, and, pene-
trating the hostile ranks, struck them down on the right
and on the left.

71 Or Brunenburgh, near the banks of the Hambtr.

▲.d. 938. death or coanajarmm. 75

He had monr piepoed the nubs of the men of Orkney and
the Picts, and, beating around him a whole forest of darts and
javelins, which he had received upon his right trusty cuirass,
with his followers had penetrated the dense masses of the
Cumbrians and Soots. At last, amid torrents of blood, he.
reached the king himself, and unhorsed him; and when thus
thrown to the ground, made redoubled efforts to take him alive.
But the Scots, crowding around their king, used every possible
exertion to save him ; and, whole multitudes pressing on against
afew, they all made Tnrketul their especial object of attack j
who, as he was often in the habit of confessing in after-times,
was beginning to repent of the rashness of which he had been,
gailty.

He was now on the very point of being overwhelmed by
the Scots, and their king was just about to be snatched from
his grasp, when, at that instant, the captain, Singin, pierced
him with his sword. Constantino, the king of the Scots,
being thus slain, his people retreated, and so left the road open
to Tnrketul and his soldiers. The death of Constantino be-
coming known throughout the whole army, Anlaf took to
night; on which they all followed his example. On this oc-
casion there fell of the Pagans an unheard-of multitude. Tur-
ketol frequently made it his boast, that in this hazardous combat
he had been preserved by the Lord, and that he esteemed himn
self most happy and fortunate, in that he had never slain a
man, and had not even wounded any one, though at the same
time every one may lawfully fight for his country, and espe-
cially against the Pagans.

The news of this victory being quickly spread throughout
toe whole of Christendom, all the longs of the earth greatly
desired to contract friendships with king Athelstan, and in
some way or other to enter into, solemn treaties of peace with
him. Hence it was, that Henry, emperor of the Romans, sent
ambassadors, to negotiate for one of his sisters in marriage for
his son Otho. Hugh, king of France, also sent for another,
to be given in marriage to his son ; while Louis, prince of
Aquitaine, sent a request that a third might be given to him
for a wife. Through the envoys of these potentates, there
me sent such vast numbers of royal and costly presents, that-
for many ages before, the like thereto had never been seen or
heard of by the English nation. Besides aromatic perfumes,

76 XNGTTLPH's HISTOET 0* THE ABBEY 07 CBOTLAJTD. A.D. 938.

besides costly gems/ besides coursers bedecked with horse-
clothBof gold) most precious vessels of alabaster, and numerous
other gifts of the most exquisite beauty ; a piece of the Cross
of our Lord was sent, most becomingly enclosed in crystal,
also a small portion of the crown of thorns which was placed
upon the head of Christ, similarly covered with crystal, the
sword of Constantino the Great, on the hilt of which, upon
thick plates of gold, was fastened a nail, being one of the
four by means of which our Redeemer saved us and all His
people ; as also a standard of the most blessed martyr Mauri-
tius, and a lance of Charlemagne, esteemed among the Franks
as of no small value.

With these presents the mighty king Athelstan was ex-
ceedingly delighted; and, among the envoys whose duty it
was to* escort tie damsels, with unhesitating confidence he ap-
pointed his chancellor, Turketul, first and foremost, as being
most distinguished for his wisdom, and one who had shewn
himself remarkable for the most scrupulous and unimpeached
fidelity in all the transactions in which he had been engaged :
another reason, too, being the fact that he was related by blood
to the damsels.

Accordingly, in company with the chancellor, the four
noble maidens proceeded towards the sea-shore, damsels sur-
passing Diana in the graces of chastity, and outvying even
Helen herself in beauty of person. Into their laps, resplendent
[with gems], were poured forth by dukes, and by earls, and
other nobles, throughout all the land, full many a jewel, pieces of
gold, bracelets, and a thousand necklaces. Sail being set, Eng-
land is at length left behind, and after the seas have been
traversed in a prosperous voyage, Cologne is reached by the
river Rhine. The two elder sisters were delivered into the
hands of the emperor Henry ; the first of whom he gave in
marriage to his son Otho, and fthe second to a nobleman of high
rank in his palace. Hugh, king of France, received a third
sister as the destined wife of his son. The fourth, who was
the youngest and the most beautiful of all, was married to
Louis, prince of Aquitaine. On the completion of his em-
bassy, the chancellor Turketul, laden with costly gifts, toge-
ther with his whole retinue enriched with many presents, even
down to the lowest page, after enjoying a prosperous voyage,
returned to England.

a.d. 948. TUBJCRTtJi Tiarre cboyuutd. 77

Thus, having triumphed oyer all his enemies, and his sisters
being most becomingly disposed of in marriage, king Athelstan,
with the most devout zeal, turned bis attention (at the re-
peated suggestions of his chancellor Turketul to that effect)
to the exaltation of the Church of Christ throughout his king-
dom. He accordingly restored monasteries, built churches,
and made offerings on the holy altars of the most costly deco-
rations. Malmesbury, in especial, (at which place he had
with due honor entombed his two kinsmen, Elwin and
Athelstan, the sons of his uncle Ethelward, who had been slain
by the Danes, at the battle of Bruneford), he favoured and ex-
alted with a gipgnlftr degree of attention, and magnified and
honoured the place beyond all other monasteries with numerous
privileges; and at last, when, Atropos prematurely cutting
short his thread, he departed this lite, he was interred there,
and there he now reposes.

He was succeeded on the throne, as already mentioned, by
his brother JSdmund. In his time, Saint Dunstan, who waa
then priest of the royal palace, and the most familiar and con-
fidential adviser of the chancellor Turketul, and the receiver
of his confessions, was, through the persecution of some who
were his enemies, expelled by the king from the palace.
Afterwards, through the mediation of the chancellor Turketul,
who greatly extolled the sanctity of Dunstan, and used every
effort, taking advantage of the favour in which he was held,
to soften the king, he was recalled, and presented with the mo-
nastery of Glastonbury. On this occasion, the chancellor Tur-
ketul gave to Saint Dunstan a chalice, remarkable for its
extreme beauty, which has been preserved there down to the
present times of the Normans, and is called "TurketuTs
chalice." King Edmund being slain, after a reign of six years
and a half, Edred, the third brother, succeeded him on the
throne. '

In the second year of this king's reign, the chancellor Tur-
ketul, (who already, before his adoption of the monastic life,
had in his holy aspirations become a neophyte), having ob-
tained the gracious assent of the king his master, fully in
accordance with all his desires, one day hurried with the
greatest speed from London to Croyland ; where he most de-
voutly visited the three old men before-named, who were then
hying in obscurity in the said island, and on disclosing to

78 INGULPH'S H2BZQET OF THE ABBEY 0T CS0YL1KD. A.O. 948.

then* hi* holy purpose, rejoiced them exceedingly, and beyond
what can be possibly expressed or conceived.

Beimg accordingly received into their brotherhood, after he
had read over the charters of the foundation of the monastery
aad ite other archives* he was accompanied by the old men
before-named, who were carried in a vehicle, and by his own
retinue, which still attended the chancellor in considerable
numbers, and made the circuit of the whole island of Croyland
from corner to corner. The fact also ought not to pass unnoticed,
that about this time there was such a great drought throughout
all England, that it did not rain upon the land for the space of
three years* and by many it was called "the drought of
Elijah."79

The chancellor Turketul having thus informed himself en
the boundaries* of Croyland, and all the limits thereof, he
caused Hie stone crosses at the boundaries to be replaced, and
to be fixed in the nearest solid ground at a greater distance
from the banks of the rivers ; lest it might so happen, that in
the course of time they should mil into the rivers in conse-
quence of being washed down by the action of the water, in
the same way that he had heard that the ancient crosses- which
had been formerly placed there by Kenulph, the hist abbat of
die monastery of Gfeoyland, to mark the same boundaries, had
fallen down. On the southern bank of the said island, Tnr-
ketul on this occasion erected a stone cross, which was then
distant from Southee six perches ; while, in the northern part
of the said island, on the same occasion, he placed1 another
cross of stone, the same being then distant from the Asendyk
where it falls into the WeUand, three perches. He also visited
the boundaries of the marshes, both Alderlound on the south-
ern side of the river Welland, as well as Goggisland on the
northern side of that river ; and having traced their limits,
as described by the charters of the monastery, commanded
them to be marked out in a similar manner by the erection of
stone crosses. After this, saluting the said old men, his
hrethren> and again giving them twenty pounds of silver to-
wards their support, he returned to the king at London, with
the charters and muniments of the monastery.

While there, he one day had a conference with earl Lewin,
who was in possession of Spalding,- Cappelade, and Suttsrton,
lands which had formerly belonged to the monastery of Croy-
7» Alluding to J Kings, xviii. 2.

A.B, 948. TUBXSTUL BECQKES A HOOT. 79

landV and, in presence of the said king, gave to. the before-
named earl forty mancuses of gold; on which, as the agent
of the said old men, in their name and title he received pos-
session of the rills before^named. He also at this period made
« composition with, earl Alphex, and giving him tan maaeuses of
gold for the same, restored Brayton to Croyland. Statmdon
likewise and Baddeby he recovered for Croyland, on giving
tea R&ncuses. to earl AthelwahL At the same time, also, he
obtained the vill of Morburne for Croyland from, earl Ailwin,
who was a young man of exemplary piety, and distinguished
by numerous, alms-deeds.

At this time, also, giving him twelve manenses of gold for
the same, he obtained Bokenhale, HaJyngtos, and iindeaey,
from duke Oslac, and restored them fc> Croyland. langetoffc
also and Boston, which at this, period belonged to the royal
faeasary, king Edged gratuitously and spontaneously restored
to Croyland. Buifc as; for Depyng, Langftr, formerly pannier
of king Beerred, to whom the said king had given that manor,
having lately died at an extreme eld age, without an heir male,
it had come into the possession of his two> daughters ; who,
having long remained in a state of celibacy, would not make
say composition with Turbetul,. nor would they for money or
entreaties renounoe their rights. Accordingly, the venerable
lather Turketul dntenomed to wait for better times; but, so
tag as hie lived, thay Uved on, persisting in their course of ob-
stinacy; Kyrketon also, as well as Kymerbyan&Ctoxton, duke
Qsbrichfc held, most tenaciously;- and as the charters of the
donors had perished, and none of the royal coaifrmatixms in*
eluded those lands, Turketul, after making a foil offer for them
a first and a second time, and the samej not being accepted,
determined to. exercise the utmost vigilance/ in the recovery of
other possessions. At this tame he also regained Glapthorn,
Thirning^ Laythorp, Kyrkeby, Peykyrk, both the Adingtons,
Repingale, Sutton, and Stajnlton.

At last, on the arrival, of the feast of Sadnt, Bartholomew
the Apostle, in. the king's presence he became a monk ; and
heing immediately presented by the king with the pastoral
staff, and receiving the benediction from the bishop, resigned
the whole monastery, with, all its possessions, into the king's
hands. Upon this, in a general council held at London, in

80 nrauLPH'6 histobt or the abbey op cbotlajtd. a.b, 948.

presence of the archbishops, bishops, and nobles of the whole
land, the king restored to the said Turketul, the lord abbat, and
his monks, the said monastery, together with all its lands,
both those belonging to it in former times, as also those newly
given and acquired by the said Turketul, and, by his charter
as previously set forth, confirmed the same as a perpetual
alms-gift, free and absolved from all worldly services whatsoever.
Turketul, however, would by no means agree to preserve the
former impunity or rather immunity of the place; that he
might not appear in any way to afford a refuge to the wicked
and impious from the public laws, and might not in any way
be forced, contrary to his conscience, to live with or encourage
offenders of that description.

He was followed to the monastery by many learned men,
ten of whom, together with himself, assumed the monastic
garb ; while the rest, dreading the rigorousness of a religious
life, still retained the secular habit ; they continued, however,
to dwell with him in the monastery, as they could on no ac-
count deny themselves his society. Of these, some [after-
wards] arrived at the rank of priest, while others still per-
formed the duties of clerks." All the latter, who were
many in number, he required to take up their abode on the
eastern side of the monastery, in the cell of Saint Pega, the
virgin, and ordered a daily supply of provisions to be given to
each of them, just as though he had been one of the monks.
He also built there a chapel for them, and ordered them to
perform the canonical Hours82 there, both night and day, at
the same time at which the monks performed them. This
was done by command of abbat Turketul, in order that, by
use, those might become more habituated to monastic ob-
servances, who, having been hitherto devoted to secular frivo-
lities, had been led astray from and become unaccustomed to a
regular life.

He also ordered all to wear a uniform habit, that is to say, a
black cloak, and garments reaching to the ankles, all of a
black colour. Beyond the duties of chastity and obedience they
knew nothing of the observances of a religious life ; in conse-

81 Learned men not in holy orders.,

83 Services sung at certain hours of the day. They were called
"matutina," or "matins," "prima," or "prime," "tertia," "sexta,"
" nona," "vespera," or " vespers," and " completorium," or " complines."

A.O. 948. GOVEBITMEKT 07 THE X03TASTSRT. 81

qnes.ce of which regulations, it seldom or never happened
that any one of them returned to the vomit of a secular life ;
being supported by such a bountiful provision, and governed
by laws of such limited stringency. The head of these per-
sons .abbat Turketul called the " Prior," and after his elec-
tion by them, confirmed him in his office. Some of them
ended their lives there with a most holy death, and were
buried in the same place ; while others, in process of time,
having adopted the monastic profession, and living a most holy
life, were afterwards found deserving to be elected even to fill
the office of abbat. Such were the two Egelrics, who, being by
birth and relationship kinsmen of Turketul in the flesh, but
much more akin to him in the spirit, successively filled the
office of abbat after him in the most exemplary manner, and
ended their lives in the discharge thereof.

Towards the close of the life of abbat Turketul, and during
the reign of the renowned king Edgar, on the restoration of
many of the monasteries throughout the kingdom, and the
foundation of several new ones, the monastic order began to
flourish with renewed vigour ; in consequence of which, as
clerks less frequently than usual resorted thither for the pur-
pose of adopting the monastic life, nearly all the elders of
Pegeland became monks at Croyland. The result was, that
Pegeland was almost left destitute of priests, on which, the few
clerks who were left there began with great urgency to press
abbat Turketul, that he would be pleased either to place
among them some secular priests, or else assign them a monk
from his monastery, who might each day perform Divine ser-
vice for them. For every secular person who repaired thither
to adopt the monastic life, of whatever grade or condition he
might be, was first appointed to form one of their community,
and, after passing a probation at Pegeland, was, at a future
period, received or rejected, according to the report which the
people of Pegeland gave of him.

Abbat Turketul, however, with the most prudent foresight,
granted neither prayer of the people at Pegeland, nor yet did
he altogether reject them, but, in memory of Saint Pega the
Virgin, granted and ordained that Divine service should for
ever be there performed ; still, however, he came to the de-
termination that no community whatever of regulars or of secu-
lars should be there established, as it was a thing that might

e

62 HTGTTLPa's HISTORY. Of THB AJKKSt OF CB0TLAND. M.X). 9 18.

at a fotare period prove a source of injury or feootte ta Jus
monastery. Accordingly, he appointed one priest, and, with
the common consent of the whole of his convent, by the char-
ter of his chapter, confirmed the same grant for ever ; it being
the duty of the said priest, in all future time, to celebrate
Divine service for king Ethelbald, the founder of the monastery,
king Edred, ita restorer, abbat Turketul, and the other bene-
factors of the place. He was to have the same provision made
for him in the refectory as a monk of the convent, every
day, after the prior was served ; the victuals being of similar
quality, both at dinner and at supper, and whether ha was at
home or abroad ; while, for the supply of his other necessities,
he was thenceforth to have a moiety of the oblations, dealt
out in equal shares* which the faithful of .Christ were in the
habit of offering in the said chapel to the sacrist.88 These
enactments were .made towards the close of the life of abbat
Turketul, that is to say, in the time of king Edgar. The first
priest placed there by abbat Turketul for the performance of
these duties was one named Beynfred, a man imbued with
great learning, and remarkable for his probity of life.

Edred being king, as already mentioned, and his clerks
being thus established at Pegeland,84 the venerable abbat
Turketul devoted his most diligent attention to the building of
his monastery. King Edred, in the meantime, moving his
army into Northumbria, laid waste nearly the whole of that
province with fire and sword ; and, all his adversaries being
put to flight, flushed with success, he then returned to London.
On a second attempt being made at conspiracy and rebellion,
after great preparations, he returned to Korthumbria, and
placed Wulstan, the archbishop of York, and many of the
chief men of that district, in chains ; then, ravaging the whole
land and reducing everything to ashes, so much so that for a
long time afterwards it was a solitude for many miles in ex-
tent, he returned with a large number of prisoners to London.
His enemies being thus subdued, from this time he laboured
in rebuilding churches and monasteries.

For, as we have already mentioned, he restored Croyland,

8J In conventual societies, the sacrist or sacristan was next in dignity
after the abbat.

84 The text from this place down to the word <; venerable," in the next
page, is omitted in Saville'i edition.

4*j».W8. :,. mun or kmzp» 63

appoint as abbat over it Turketal, who had been Mb chan-
cellor. He also restored the monastery of Abingdon, appoint-
ing as«bbat thereof Ethelwold, the former abbat of Glaston-
bury; who> on. afterwards becoming bishop of Winchester,
became the founder of many monasteries. At length, in the
tenth year of his feign, king Edred, being sick unto death,
dispatched a swift messenger to fetch his confessor, the holy
Dunstan, at this time abbat of Glastonbury. Whilst Dunstan
was hastening to reach the palace with ail possible speed, a voice
was heard from above, saying, " King Edred has fallen asleep
in the Lord." At the same instant, the steed which bore the
holy abbat fell to the ground and expired ; a beast of burden
being powerless and unworthy to hear angelic words. On the
spot, the holy abbat, Duastan, with his monks, chaunted the
office for the dead, that is to say, the "Placebo" and the
"Diriffe" for the soul of the deceased king ; after which, on
his arrival at the palace, he found the king dead, as the angel
had revealed to him. The king was buried at Winchester, in
the episcopal church there.

Edwin,86 the eldest eon of king Edmund, succeeded Edred
on the throne — a young man of a most wanton disposition,
and by no means fitted by eharaoter to be a king. For, at the
beginning of his reign, he sent that most holy man, abbat
Dunstan, into -exile : shortly after which, having, by the judg-
ment of God, been deprived of the greater part of his kingdom,
through grief at so great a misfortune he fell sick unto death,
and dying, alter a reign of two years, left the whole kingdom
to his brother Edgar, who was greatly his superior.

King Edgar, on obtaining the sovereignty of the whole
kingdom, recalled the holy Dunstan from banishment, and first
presented him with the bishopric of the Wiccii,6* to which he
afterwards added London, and at last raised him to the arch-
bishopric of Canterbury.

The venerable97 father, abbat Turketul, on hearing that Dun-
stan, who was formerly his most familiar friend, was promoted
to the archbishopric of Canterbury, and that his kinsman,
Osketul, was likewise made archbishop of York, immediately
repaired to London ; and it is not easy to express with what
joy he was received by them both, seeing that one of them was

** More generally called Edwy.

* Worcester. « See note 84.

62

84 ingttlph's HIBTOBX t» THJC abbet OF ClOTLAKD. a.». 96$.

his foster-child, and a person who remembered former benefits,
while the other was akin to him by blood, and connected by
the ties of relationship ; while both of them, with the most
sincere affection, received the warrior who had served so ably
in the camp of the Lord.

On this occasion, also, it being the eighth year of his reign,
he obtained of king Edgar, at the intercession of the before-
named archbishops, the royal charter confirming the grant of the
monastery of Oroyland, to the following effect : —

" Our88 Lord Jesus Christ reigning over all the heavens and
holding the sovereignty over all the realms of the earth, He
who raiseth kings, and transferreth kingdoms, and who, by
His nod, ruleth all the regions of the world ; I, Edgar, by the
overflowing munificence of the same our God, possessing the
monarchy of the whole of Great Britain, have made a "resolu-
tion from the very beginning of my reign, to the best of my
limited abilities, to recompense the benefits received from Him,
and with transitory mammon to provide for myself a taber-
nacle among the blessed, and by means of the perishable
blessings of this world, to earn everlasting bliss. Wherefore,
then my spiritual fathers, the priests and prelates, have made
most frequent suggestions to me relative to the relief of the
churches of Christ and the restoration of monasteries, I have
always, God, the searcher of hearts, being witness thereto, anxi-
ously listened to their prayers with an attentive ear. Moreover,
on my most holy archbishops Dunstan, archbishop of Canter-
bury, and Osketul, archbishop of York, disclosing to me more at
length how that the famous monastery of Cropland had for-
merly been founded by Ethelbald, the renowned king of the
Mercians, and had been enriched by other kings of the Mercians,
his successors, with many and great gifts and dignities ; and
how that it had been amplified besides with immunities and
most extensive privileges, and abundantly confirmed in the
possession thereof ; and how that the said monastery in later
times, when the most iniquitous Danes were oppressing the
whole land, had been by them burned with fire and laid waste ;
and how that, afterwards, when this mighty storm was lulled,
through the exertions of the venerable father Turketul, the
favour of the most pious king, my uncle and predecessor,
Edred, co-operating with him, the same was restored, and
89 This charter is looked upon by Hickes as spurious.

A.0. 966. CSUBOOSM 4XF KUKJ BDOAJt. 85.

has risen again, and has been once more built as a habitation
for the Saints, and the grant thereof confirmed by the royal
charter—on learning the same, I rejoiced with exceeding joy,
and, as God* is my witness, I exulted to the very inmost re-
cesses of my heart, at the daily growth and continuous increase,
in these my days, of the Christian worship throughout all
England. Wherefore, I do grant unto the before-named ve-
nerable man, the abbat Turketul, in former times a most
powerful Patrician of my father and my uncles, and now,
through the love of a heavenly kingdom, a most holy pastor
and prelate of the servants of Christ, out of my royal forests
adjoining and nearest unto his monastery of Croyland, in.
manner following, that is to say; out of Ancarygwod and
Medeshamstedwod, belonging to my royal manors of Estrey
and of Castro, trees and timber for the building of his said
monastery, as many and as much as he shall think fit to take ;
nor shall any one of my servants in that district presume in
any way to impede him therein. The monastery of Croyland
also, together with the whole island thereto adjoining, as also
the vill and the two marshes lying on either side of the river
Welland, to the west of the said monastery, I do give and
confirm, as a perpetual alms-gift, to my before-named father,
abbat Turketul, and his monks, and all their successors there
in the service of God, with the same limits and boundaries
with which the monks of the said monastery have always held
the same from the first foundation thereof, and in such manner
as the charters and muniments granted by many of the kings,
my predecessors, and especially the renowned king Edred, my
uncle, sufficiently, from east to west, and from south to north,
declare and manifest the same ; that is to say, the said island
of Croyland, proceeding from the triangular bridge thereof,
along the river Welland, in the direction of Spaldelyng, as far
as Asendyk, where the Asendyk falls into the river Welland,
on the northern side of the stone cross there erected by Tur-
ketul before-named; thence in an easterly direction by the
Asendyk, as far as Aswyktoft; and thence by the Schepishee,
on the eastern side pf the said island, to Tedwarthar ; and thence
from the entrance of the Southee, as far as Namanlandhyrne,
where the said Turketul has ordered a stone cross to be erected,
distant from Southee six perches ; [the said cross being dis-
tant from the river] Nene, which lies to the west thereof,

66 ingulph's ms*osrr of THE ABBBT OF OBOYLAJTD. a.d. 966.

five perches; and thence along the said river Neme, as the
same runs to the above-mentioned bridge of Croyknd; toge-
ther witb several piscary, both in all the waters surrounding
the said island as also in the lakes and fens situate withi&t
the Same ; together with the marshes and plantations of alders
thereto adjoining on the west, and opposite to the said island,
to the county of Lincoln entirely annexed and belonging,
and by the following boundaries set forth, that is to say ; from
Namanlandhyrne by the river Kene towards the west, as far
as the boundary49 there set, where a stone cross is erected near
the bank of the river ; thenee as far as Greynes, and thence
to Folwardstakyng ; theses as far as Southlake, where the
Southlake falls into the river Welland ; and thence, crossing
that river at KJenulphston, near the bank thereof, opposite
to Southlake, where the first abbat of the said monastery,
Kentdph by name, erected a stone cross as a boundary between
Croyland and Depyng, in a northerly direction near Aspath,
as far as Werwarlake ; thence to Harynholt, and thence on-
wards past Mengerlake and Lurtlake \ thence past Oggot, as
far as Wodelade, where the Wodelade falls into the river
Welland ; together with all the advantages that may be de-
rived within the boundaries aforesaid, both above ground as
well as beneath, and with common of pasture, at all times
of the year, for all kinds of animals, for themselves, and for
all their men and tenants with them dwelling, within tile
boundaries aforesaid in the marshes adjoining on either side
[of the river Welland, that is to say ; on one side], from the
said river as fat as my lands at Medeshamsted, and on the
other side front the said river as far as the buildings at Spal-
delyng ; together with several piscary in the said river Wel-
land, from Kenulphston as far as the bridge of Croyland, and
in the river Kene from the boundary called Fynaet, as far as
the said bridge of Croyland ; and thence in the same river,
and in the river Welland united, as' far as the Asendyk. I
do also grant that the said monks shall be at liberty to enclose
for themselves and for their tenants, out of the said marshes
Adjoining on the west, crofts or meadows, in the neighbour-
hood of the bridge, for their several use, as much as they
shall think fit, in such manner as my uncle, king Edred, by

** This being conformable trifh the charter of king Edfed, is perhaps 4
better reading than ** Fineston." " fynaet" was the name of the spot.

A.D. 966* COAHTIB 07 KEfO BBOAm. 87

bis charts confirmed to them all the same. I do also grant
and confirm, to the said monastery all the matters aforesaid,
foe and absolved from all secular burdens, and do will that
they shall have all free customs, together with all the rights
which are called Sock, Sack, Tol and Tern, Infangthef; Weif
and Stray, and the things thereto lawfully belonging.

"I do also grant and confirm unto the said monks all the
lands and tenements, churches and chapels, and all the posses-
sions to the sadd monastery belonging, which the before-named
king Edred, or his nobles, have given to the said convent as a.
perpetual alms-gift for the remission of their sins, or which have
been given or acquired through abbat Turketul, before-named,
that is to say; in Croyland, Spaldelyng, Fyncebek, Cappelade,
Algate, Donnesdyk, Drayton, Burtoft, Southerton, Bokenhale,
Hayliiigtan, Gernthorp, Langtoft, Baston, Depyng, Tetmrd,
Bepyngale, Laythorp, Kyrkeby, Wendlyngburgh, Adyngton,
Elmyngton, Glapthorne, Wyrthorp, Peykyrke, Baddeby,.
Morbume, Xhirnting, Beby, Sutton, Stapilton, Cottenham,
Hoketon, Drayton, and Staundon. All these tenements, to the
honor of God, and for the relief of the Holy Church, and out
of love lor Saint Guthlac, who in the body lies at rest in the
content of Croyland, I do confirm to my venerable father Tur-
ketttl, the ahbat of Croyland, and to his monks and their sue*
cessors for ever there serving God. I do also forbid that any
one of my servants in the country of the Girvii90 shall enter
within the before-mentioned limits of the marshes of Croyland,
or shall in any way interfere therewith : inasmuch as both of
the gift of king Edred, my uncle and predecessor, as also of
my own confirmation thereof, they are to hold the said marshes
and the several site of their monastery, the same being sepa-
rated from my marsh called Ege, by crosses of stone and other
boundaries and lands. Wherefore, as to him, who, in contra-.
TOBtion of the purpose of this my deed shall in any of the
matters- aforesaid presume to disturb or molest the said abbat
Turketul, my father, or his monks; besides being visited with
my indignation and vengeance, if he does not speedily come to
a proper sense of his duty and make fitting reparation for the
same, may he be expelled from the congregation of the Saints,
«nd with Dathan and Abiram experience the damnation of
aellr; but as to him who shall increase my alms-gifts, or shall

*'8uitiiytogBhm>, and thenorfhetn parti of Nerthamptonajwe,

88 ikgulph's history or she abbe? of croyljlnd. *.* 96&.

in any way promote the intent of this my charter, may he
obtain everlasting happiness among all the Saints and the elect
of God. This my charter was granted in the year from the In-
carnation of our Lord, 966, the archbishops, bishops, abbats,
and nobles of my kingdom under- written, being present thereat
+ I, Edgar, monarch of the whole of Albion, have confirmed
this charter with the sign of the Holy Cross, -f I, Dunstan,
archbishop of Canterbury, have with the triumphant emblem of
the hallowed Cross corroborated the same. + I, Osketul, arch-
bishop of York, have devoutly approved of the same, -f- I,
Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, have heartily promoted the
same. + I, Oswald, bishop of the Wiccii, have commended
the same. -I- I, Elfwold, bishop of Devon, have subscribed
hereto. + I, Elfstan, abbat of Glastonbury, have advised the
same. + I, Etheigar, abbat of the new monastery at Win-
chester, have given my consent hereto. + I, Wulfsy, abbat
of Saint Peter's at Westminster, without London, have sub-
scribed hereto. + I, Merwenna, abbess of Romsey, have made
the sign of the Holy Cross, -f -I, Ordgar, duke of Devon,
have signed the same. + I, Elphege, duke of Southampton,
have given my approbation hereto. + I, duke Oslac, have been
present hereat. + I, duke Brithnod, have witnessed the same.
+ I, duke Alwin, have consented hereto. 4- I, duke Alfer,
have taken part herein, -f I, Ernulph, the thane, have seen
the same. + I, Ringulph, the thane, have seen the same.
-I- I, Ethelward, the thane, have heard the same. + I, Veif,
the thane, have listened hereto."

The venerable abbat, Turketul, having obtained of king
Edgar, a deed to the above effect as a protection against the
perils of the secular arm, also urgently entreated both the
archbishops, Dunstan and Osketul, that he might obtain the
shield of spiritual aid against the sons of Belial, (if they
should chance, at the instigation of the devil, to arise against
his monastery) : and, on the same occasion, obtained from them
at London, an ecclesiastical censure against all violators of the
royal charters above-written, (those, namely, of Edred and
Edgar), and against all who should contravene the same, and
Who should aid and abet therein, in the following words :

" To all who shall come hereafter professing the Christian
faith, Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, Osketul, archbishop
of York, Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, Oswald, bishop of
Worcester, and Leofwin, bishop of Dorchester, health everlasting

AJ* 96Q. .7*, XQGLflSUmOAIi OENgUSB. . 99

ill the Lord. Inasmuch as the Egyptians naturally abominate w
all feeders of sheep, and the sons of darkness with unre-
lenting fcry persecute the sons of light, (for at all times
Midian is devising how to injure the people of the Lord;) for
the same reason, we, desiring for the future to raise a wall of
defeuee against the wicked and sacrilegious, who are conti-
nually attacking Holy Mother Church, and to render all those
who have devoted themselves to the service of God, and have
in any way served in the camp of the Lord, more secure from
persecutors of this nature, and more safe in the house of the
Lord ; as also out of regard for the most holy devotion which
the most pious kings of our time, Edred, the late king, and the
renowned king Edgar, now reigning, have, at the inspiration of
the Holy Ghost, manifested, in their desire to restore the sacred
monasteries of Christ, and everywhere to relieve the Church
of God ; do, by the Divine authority, confirm and ratify the
charters of the said kings most graciously by them granted to
the venerable father Turketul, the abbat of Croyland, (who,
in his love for a heavenly country, has most resolutely aban-
doned multiplied riches and great dignities,) for the confirma-
tion to him of his said monastery. And further, all who,
laying aside the fear of God, shall attempt to strip the mo-
nastery of its said possessions, or shall, contrary to the intention
and will of the aforesaid royal charters, disturb the peace of
the aforesaid monks, or attempt to disturb the same, by con-
trivance or by design, by counsel or by favour, under whatever
colour the enemy may have sown his devices, and the son
of iniquity have laid his plans ; we do from that time forward
excommunicate the same, do remove their names from the book
of life, and, separating them from the companionship of the
Saints and driving them afar from the threshold of the gates
of heaven, do, unless they shall, by making due satisfaction,
speedily correct their errors, irremediably consign them for
their demerits to be condemned with the traitor Judas to the
flames of hell. Moreover, we do grant and assign, with the con-
sent of Agelnoth, the archdeacon, he allowing the same to be
done, the spiritual authority over the whole island of Croyland
and the vill thereto adjacent, in such manner as the said monks
have, from the foundation of their monastery, hitherto held

" Alluding to Genesii xlvi. 34, " Every shepherd ia an abominatioi
totheBgyptians*"

90 • DTGTTLPH'8 HISTORY QF XKff AXftlT OF OBOTXAJTO, As-SK 9GG.

the same, that is to say; all the authority which belong* to the
office of archdeacon in eases of punishment inflicted at the in-
stance of any person93 or in any way, for all crimes or offences
whatsoever by any person there committed or to be committed ;
unto the aforesaid venerable abbat Turketul and ail his suc-
cessors, the future abbats in the said monastery, and their
officers to that duty appointed and substituted in their stead ;
excommunicating and expelling from before the face of God,
and from the glorified sight of His countenance on the day of
the great judgment, all those who shall hereafter molest the
Said father Turketul, or any one of his successors in any way re-
lative hereto, or who shall violate any of the enactments afore-
said or in any way cause the same to be violated ; and delivering
them unto Satan, for everlasting and World without end, unless
they shall quickly come to a proper sense of their duty* and
shall with all due penitence make satisfaction unto the afore-
said monastery for their misdeeds. This privilege has been
granted and immutably decreed to the honor of God and the
relief of Holy Mother Church, and in reverence for the holy
confessor Guthlac, in presence of king Edgar, his prelates and
nobles, in the year from the Incarnation of our Lord, 966, at
London assembled. + I, Edgar, monarch of the whole of
Albion, have with the sign of the Holy Cross confirmed the
said privilege. ■+• I, Bunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, have
irrevocably fulminated the said denunciation of ecclesiastical
Censure against the violators of royal charters. *f I, Osketul,
archbishop of York, imprecating everlasting damnation against
the adversaries of Holy Mother Church, have confirmed the
said sentence. -f I, Leofwin, bishop of Dorchester, have con-
sented hereto: + I> Elfstan, bishop of London, have commend-
ed the same. [+ I, Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, have
praised the same.] -f- I, Oswald, bishop of Worcester, have
given my consent hereto. + I, Elfwold, bishop of Devon,
have advised the some. ■+• I, Xynsy, bishop of Lichfield, have
heard the same* + I, Alfric, bishop of East Anglia, have pro-
moted the same. 4- I, Godwin, bishop of Eochester, have ac-
quiesced herein. + I, Athelstan, bishop of Cornwall, have
given my sanction hereto. + I, Werstan, bishop of Bheriburn,
have assented hereto, -f I, Agelnoth, the archdeacon, have
allowed of the same. + I, Elfstan, abbat of Glastonbury, have
M This Menu to be the meaning of " ad instantiam parti*" here.

a.«, 920* cxaaxAOT mre snout to pxzehbohouoh. 91

granted my consent hereto. 4 I, Ethelgar, abbat of the new
monastery at Winchester, have given tty consent hereto. + I,
Wulfsy, abbat of St. Peter's at Westminster, without London,
have subscribed hereto. + I> (Ward, abbat of Evesham,
hare ratified the same. + I, Merwenna, abbess [of Bomsey,
have made the sign of the Holy Cross. + I, Herleva, abbess
of Shaftesbury,] have set my signature hereto, -f I, Wul-
wina, abbess of Wareham, have shared herein, -f I, duke
Qrdgar, have agreed to the same: + I, duke Alwin, have
established the same, -f I, duke Brithnod, have witnessed
the same, -f I> duke Oslac, have been present hereat. + I>
duke Aifer, have taken part herein. + I, duke Elphege, have
heard the same, + 1, Frithegist, the thane, have seen the
same. + I, Ethelwar d, the thane, have seen the same. + I,
Ethelmund, the thane, have listened to the same. + Done on the
octave of Pentecost, in the cathedral church of Saint Paul."

King Edgar, being most wisely guided by Saint Dunstan and
his other holy bishops, everywhere repressed the wicked, boldly
subdued the rebellious, loved the just and holy, cherished the
meek and humble, restored the ruined churches of God, and,
expelling the ditties of the clerks83 from the convents, for the
praise of the Divine name introduced choirs of monks and
nuns; and, during his reign, he himself and his bishops, in
various parts of England restored more than forty-eight monas-
teries. In the time of king Edgar, the relics of Saint Swithun,.
the former bishop of Winchester, were transferred with great
honor by the holy Ethelwold, the bishop, from the cemetery to
the church : upon the transfer of which, through the merits of
Saint Swithun, innumerable sick people were restored to health.
This hoiy bishop, Ethelwold, restored the monastery, formerly
called Ifedeshamsted, which then lay in ruins through the
ravages of the Danes, and, after it was rebuilt, called it Burgh ;
and having appointed as abbat of the said monastery, one of
his monks, Adulph by name, obtained, from this most pious
king, a charter for the same, relative to the possessions which
had been obtained by grant from the treasury for the said place,
to the following effect :

" By*4 the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, King for ever-
lasting, who, at His will, meteth out all the kingdoms of the

** Secular priests.
> " The genmnenew <flf this charter itf toteeoted by Hiekfts.

92 INGTTLPH's BISTOBY OF TtfB ABBEY 07 GROTLAJTO. A.B. 970.

earth, and who guideth the reins of the world, I, Edgar,
under the King who ruleth above the stars, presiding over the
kingdom of Great Britain, have oftentimes received the peti-
tions of Ethelwold, the venerable bishop, and beloved by God,
as to the establishment of churches of whioh he has proved
himself an indefatigable refounder, and more especially as to
the restoration and liberties of the ancient monastery whioh
was formerly called Medeehamsted, and which lately, by the
aid of God, and at his own instance and ours, has been re-
stored and called Burgh, and which, by reason of its preroga-
tive in claiming the favour of Saint Peter and its ancient noble-
ness, he pre-eminently esteems. For, recollecting that the same
was mightily enriched by its ancient kings Wulpher and
Ethelred, and his other successors, and was established with-
royal privileges on the firmest basis, but has since been de-
stroyed by the foreign armies of the Pagans ; he, as a wise
architect of God, has with great zeal made it his study to
repair the house of God, and, after obtaining and redeeming
its possessions in all quarters, has, to the utmost of his ability,
with our royal donation amplified the same. Wherefore I,
by the grace of Saint Peter, and out of affection for so valued
a father, and for the redemption of my soul, do most willingly
grant that the said holy and Apostolic convent shall be for
ever free from all secular burdens and services, so that no
one, whether ecclesiastic or layman, shall ever have any do-
minion over the same or the abbat thereof; but that, the
abbat with the household of Christ subject to him, living in
the peace of God and under the patronage of Peter, the keeper
of the gates of heaven, who rules the same, and the king in
all oases of necessity giving his assistance thereto, it may for
ever remain free from all worldly bondage, as also exempt from
all episcopal exactions and molestation, by the Apostolic license
and the authority of our most reverend archbishop, Dunstan,
together with its appendages, that is to say, Dodesthorp,
Ege, and Paston.9' The viQ also of TJndale,98 together with
all the rights in the vills adjacent, which in English are
called Cathta hundred,97 and with right of market and toll, we

* Eye and Paston, in Norfolk.
M Oundle, in Northamptonshire.

97 V. r. Eahta-hundred. This is probably a misprint foi Lagh-hnndred,
the Saxon for the " hundred court," which seems to be here meant.

A.e; 97$. "chabtke op idto edoab to petebboeough. 93

dogifa with the same liberties, to the end that neither king,
nor earl, nor bishop, (except in the case of the courts Christian of
the adjoining parishes,) nor sheriff, nor any person whatsoever,
either great or small, shall presume by any superior authority
to hold the same, nor yet to transfer the same to any place
from the said vill of TJndale, where [the said court] lawfully
ought to sit. But the abbat of the said convent shall be at
Ml liberty to hold the same entirely at his own option, toge-
ther with direction of the causes therein and the laws relating
thereto, and shall cause [the said court] to sit both, when and
in what place he shall think fit, without any impediment thereto
whatsoever. Moreover, of those lands, which, by our assistance,
or ef our gift, or of that of my nobles, hare by the before-named
bishop been added to the said monastery, and which are here-
under set forth, that is to say, Barwe, Wermyngton, Asciton,
Keterynges, Castre, Eiglisworth, Walton, Wytherington, Ege,
Thorp, and Dodesthorp, as also the sole right of coinage at Stam-
ford, we do make a free and perpetual grant. Also, the said
villa, as well as all the rest which belong to the said monas-
tery, together with all their property and possessions, and all
their rights which are called Soch and Sach, are for ever to be
free from all royal rights and all secular imposts, in things both
great and small, in woods, fields, pastures, meadows, marshes,
venison, piscaries, markets, and tolls, as to the increase of all
things that are provided by the bounty of God. We do also
grant the fourthfpart of the lake, which is called Witlesmere,98
and which has been obtained by the bishop Ethelwold, together
with all the waters, fisheries, lakes, and marshes thereto per-
toning, and extending to the boundaries lying around the same;
of which, the northern one is the spot where first the Mere-
lade is entered by the river Nene ; the eastern one is at Ky nges-
delf ; the southern one at Aid wines Barwe, which place is in
the fens over against the spot that lies mid-way from Ubbe-
merelade ; and the western one, where the river Opbethe is
&irted by the land : all which are proved in ancient times to
have belonged to the said holy monastery to a much wider and
larger extent. We do also appoint that one market shall be
held in Burgh, and that no other shall be held between Stam-
ford and Huntingdon ; and in addition thereto, we do grant,
and do order that there shall be paid, without any gainsaying,
* Whittleiea Mere, in Cambridgeshire.

94 ISQTKPB?* HSRQO&T OTTMS ABBET 0* CWTXAH9. Ai »i' 970.

the whole of the king's tolls, gathered from Wftbsinerey^kiek
lies in the hundred of Normanscross and of WitLesmere, where
the Herelade joins the waters of the Rene, and along the
course of that river to Welmesford, and from Wejbaesford as
far as Stamford, and from Stamford along the course of the
river to Croyland, and from Croyland to Must, and from Most
to Kyngesdelf, and thence to the aforesaid river of Witlesmere.
For, by reason of the various profits both for the bodily and
the spiritual requirements, we have appointed the said market
to be held there, and resort from every quarter to be had
thereto, to the end that bot^ the servants of God may there
be more easily aided, being near at hand, and that amid
earthly necessaries heavenly assistance may be sought by the
Christian people resorting thereto; that so atonement may
be made for their divers offences, through the protection of
Saint Peter so sought, and through the mysteries of the
mass when heard, according to the faith displayed by each.
Moreover, on the decease of the abbat, the brethren «re to
elect a devout successor out of the number of the said congre-
gation, and by the royal favour he shall be ordained as such.
We have thought proper, with the approbation of all, to eon-
firm these royal liberties for ever, both in the distant as also in
the nearer possessions of the whole abbey, excepting only a
moderate sum for the equipment of troops, and the repair of
bridges and castles, at the instance of the most devout Ethel-
wold, the suggester of this contribution, in accordance with
the primitive foundation of the said church by the Apostolic
See of the church of Borne. Which same, whosoever shall
presume in any way to violate, may be, by the sentence of
Peter, the supreme ruler, and of the Eoraan hierarchy, and of
all the holy orders, be condemned to hell everlasting ; but he
who shall support and protect the same, may he receive his
reward in the number of the elect of God. The aforesaid
privilege was granted in the year from the Incarnation of our
Lord, 970, and in the tenth year of my earthly reign, being
signed after my own subscription, by the following trustworthy
witnesses, with the mark of the Holy Cross. + I> Edgar, so-
vereign of all Albion, have confirmed these privileges with the
sign of the Holy Cross + I, Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury,
have corroborated the same, with the triumphant emblem of the
hallowed Cross. + I, Oswald, archbishop of the church of York,

a.*c 9»4* chubs* or xnra »ui to iuiocssbtjut. 06

haw -wtfjeeribed hereto. 4- X» Ethelwold, the prelate, have
signed the same. + X, Elfstaa, the bishop, hare assented to
thto same. + I, Adulph, the pontiff, have consented hereto.
■4- I, Aswy, the* abbot, have not refused the same. + I,
Qagar, the abbat, have approved hereof. + I, Ethelgar, the
abbat, have consented hereto, -f I, duke Alfer. + If duke
Ahrin. 4- I> duke Brithaod. -f I, duke Oslac. + I,
Ethelward, ihe thane. 4- I, Arsnnlph, the thane. + I,
Atfsy, the thane. + I, Elfward, the thane. + I, Frithegist,
the thane. + 1,. Thured. + I, Veif. + I, Olfric. -f I,
OffonL + I, Wulstan. + I, Byngulph. + I, Elfetan.
+ I, Athelfis. + I, 'Wulfear. + I, Ethelmnnd. + I,
Thnreferd. + I, AlfheJm. + I, Frava. + I, Frethegist."

At this period also, having expelled the clerks" from the mo-
nastery at Malmesbury, whom his brother Edwin, after ejecting
the monks, had iniquitously intruded therein, he recalled the
monks, and, appointing Elfric abbat over them, a man at that
time most celebrated for his attention to ecclesiastical duties,
presented him his charter to the following effect :—

" I, Edgar, sovereign of the whole of Albion, as also of all
the sea or island kings dwelling around the same, have been,
through the bounty of the grace of God, by the multiplied
subjection to my rule, exalted to a degree which no one of
my ancestors has reached ; wherefore, being mindful of so
great an honor, I have oftentimes carefully considered what
in especial under my rule I ought to present to the Lord, the
Xing of kings. Accordingly, a spirit of piety, sent from
above to cherish my feelings of zealous devotion, has suddenly
suggested to my watchful zeal, to restore all the holy monas-
teries in my kingdom; whioh, pulled down visibly to the
very timbers thereof, as though through the ravages of mice
and the rottenness of the wood, have become, a thing of still
greater importance, almost empty within, and deserted by the
worship of God. For, expelling the illiterate clerks, who
were subjected to no rules of religious discipline, in many
places I have appointed pastors of a more holy grade, that is
to say, persons wearing the monastic habit; and, for the pur-
pose of repairing the ruins of the churches, I have, by means
of donations from my treasury, supplied them with abundant
means for the payment of their expenses. One of these, by

w Secular priests.

96 INGTTLPH's HI9T0BY OF THE ABBEY OF CBOYLAND. ±JO. 974.

name Efric, a man most experienced in the performance of
all ecclesiastical duties, I have appointed to he head of that
most famous convent, which, giving it a twofold name, the
English call ' Maldemesburgh : ' to which, for the welfare of
my soul, and in honor of our Saviour and His mother Mary,
ever a Virgin, as also of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, and of
Aldelm, the glorious bishop, I have, of my munificent libe-
rality, restored the parcel of land, [underwritten], together
with the meadows and forests thereto belonging. The same,
having, been lent by the aforesaid clerks, had been unjustly
taken possession of by the contentious Edelnoth ; but, his
superstitious cavils and his subtle discussions having been
heard by my own wise men, and his faulty quibblings having
in my presence been detected by them, the same have been
restored by me for the use of the said monastery. Lj. the
year from the Incarnation of our Lord, 974, and of the king's
consecration, the first, -f I, Edgar, sovereign of the whole of
Albion and the neighbouring kings, have with the sign of the
Holy Cross confirmed this charter, -f I> Dunstan, archbishop
of Canterbury, have with the triumphant emblem of the hal-
lowed Cross corroborated this holy gift. + I, Oswald, arch-
bishop of York, have subscribed hereto. + I, Ethejwold,
bishop of Winchester, have signed the same. + I, Leofwin,
bishop of Dorchester, have consented hereto. + I, Elfetan,
bishop of London, have sanctioned the same. + I, Turketul,
abbat of Croyland, have set my . signature hereto. + I,
Ethelgar, abbat of the new monastery at Winchester, have
approved hereof. + I, Adulph, abbat of Burgh, Jiave praised
the same, -f I, duke Alfer, have been present hereat. + I,
duke Athelwin, have taken part herein. + I, duke Brith-
nod, have beheld the same. + And others."

I have here inserted the charter of a monastery situate at
such a distance, to the end that I might shew with what fer-
vency of the Holy Spirit [the heart of the renowned] king
Edgar was inflamed, for restoring ruined churches and mo-
nasteries that had been levelled with the ground ; as also,
because among those who set their signature to the royal char-
ter, after the bishops, the signature of our abbat Turketul
occupies the first place.

Accordingly, the grant of his monastery being thns con-
firmed, and the same being fully supported and rendered en-

4.0.971. DBCEEES 6P TUlttETITI. 67'

tir^ly valid, by means of both, the pontifical as Well as the
royal authority, the venerable father Turketul, now stricken
in years, and full of days, did not, after this, again mingle
with the world ; but, each day, while living among the elders
of the monastery, eagerly made it his object by his enquiries
to gather information relative to the state and observances of
the former monastery. For, using all due vigilance, he made
the most urgent requests of Aio, who was well versed in legal
matters, and extremely well acquainted with the muniments
of the ancient monastery, as well as of Turgar, who from his
childhood had beheld with his eyes both monasteries, the
former and the new one, having been witness of the destruc-
tion of the one and of the building of the other ; while, at
the same time, he applied to the other aged monks, and re-
quested them to state whatever in their younger days they
had heard from their seniors. He also appointed brother
Swetman, [the best scribe of the time], to receive all their
information, and, with all due diligence and with truthful pen
to commit the same to writing, in order, that, with due care,
there might be handed down to posterity, both all the memo-
rable facts contained in the muniments of the ancient monas-
tery, as also the regular observances of the same.

TJpon this occasion, the seniors produced this history, con-
taining the memoirs of our house most worthy of notice, to-
gether with a few incidents relative to the kingdom of the
Mercians and the West Saxons, from the time of our first
foundation by king Ethelbald, until the fourteenth year of the
reign of the renowned king Edgar.

At the same time also, our venerable father, abbat Tur-
ketul, on folly hearing and examining, and completely under-
standing the ancient observances of the ancient monastery,
enacted and decreed that the following rules should in all
future time be inviolably observed by all in his monastery of
Croyland.

Dividing the convent into three grades, he enacted that each
grade, should recognize and observe its own proper position, in
manner following : — "The young men, from the first year of
their entering the monastery, until the twenty-fourth, are, in
their proper order, to perform all the duties imposed upon
them m attending upon the choir, the cloisters, and the refec-
tory ; in singing, reading, and serving, and carrying out all

H

$8 sravrLPH's Hxgnnr ottn *B*WX <9 CROYLAND. *o>. £74.

the regular observances in txmfcrmtty with the teething- of
their master $ the which duties, whosoever shall, both far Jum-
self a* well 88 his companions, make it hie study dili^eAtly
a»d duteously to perform, the more will he be considered de-
ae^u^toobtaia tie favour of all of his superiors. Jkiiifany
person, and may such never prove the case, puffed up with pride,
elated with his knowledge of any art, putting trust ia the
vast extent of his literary acquirements, or led astray through
friendship for his relations or any other person, shall become a
tale-bearer or a contentious tradueer, or shall in any way
shew himself in the monastery, to be a despiser of his elders ;
then, like an, Alecto coming from the depths of hell, let lorn
be carefully avoided by all, and let him obtain of his supe-
riors no favour in the chapter, no indulgence in the refectory,
nor any solace in the infirmary, to the end that he may learn
to correct Ms errors; but let him, like a bull that tosses with
his horns, be shut up at home, lest, from being a lion's whelp,
Jbe may turn out to be a lion that cannot be tamed; and so, at
the beginning, let due chastisement be awarded him at the
discretion of his superiors. But as to those who shall shew
themselves affable and agreeable, chaste and peace-makers,
meek and modest, attentive and obedient, the same, being
worthy of all favour, are frequently to be allowed the enjoy-
ment of comforts.

" Moreover, those who shall have passed twenty-four years
from their adoption of the monastic lite, shall, during the next
sixteen years, occupy the middle rank. These are to be re-
leased from the duties of the lesser chantries reading the
Epistle and the Gospel, and other minor employments ; they
shall, however, in their regular order, as the time comes round,
perform the other duties of the choir, the cloister, and the re- .
feotory, but shall have frequent assistance from the juniors
therein ; taking care, however, that, for the benefit of incul-
cating a lesson of obedience, they perform these duties them-
selves once or twice a week at least, while on the other days
they are assisted by the juniors.

" As upon these are to devolve all the weighty cares of busi-
ness, and prudence and foresight are to distinguish their coun-
sels, as the management of the whole place is especially to
be confided to them ; it is proper that, according to the manner
in which they perform their duties, (besides the remuneration

i:W9M. r^ smm etivannrc. 90

ftdtr Ooti, which monks are in especial to look fiir,) they
tffctaild experience the countenance of their «lperkn» towards
-1fttoveither«8 rigid or affable, benign or austere; and that,
together with their harden, they should receive doe honor,
snd fevour or censure in proportion to their merits. .

^In the third rank are to be placed those who have at-
tained their fortieth year, since admission, and. who, up to the
Hftieth year, are in their proper order to be called ' seniors.'
These are to be excused from all duties of the choir, the olois-
' lets, and the refectory, except the performance of those masses
wjiich are sung from notes ; in which masses the juniors of
the first rank, and .those of mid rafck in the second class, are
daily, with, all dnteousness, to offer to take upon themselves
their burdens. And further, after the completion of their
forty-second year, they shall be excused from all out-door
duties, such as those of steward, proctor, cellarer, almoner,
cook, master of the workmen, and pittancer ; l unless the abbat
shall, in case of any urgent necessity, think proper to assign any
of the offices aforesaid to any one of the seniors. These persons,
as being- veteran soldiers, who have borne the heat and the bur-
den of the day in the sendee of God, and have for the good of
their lntmastery Expended their flesh and blood, are deserving
of all honor, and are to suffer want oi nothing whatever. In
respect to this class, this is in especial to be attended to, that
they have by the most becoming means proved themselves
worthy of the favour of this dispensation, and that, from
their first entrance into the monastery up to that age, they
have been convicted of no offence for which they have been
deemed deserving to sustain such punishment as is awarded to
any grave fault.

" Each one, when he lias attained fifty yean from the time
of bis admission, i* in his due order to be called a ' Sempect,'
and is, at the nomination of the prior, to have a fit and proper
room in the infirmary, and to have a lay clerk or servant espe-
cially devoted to his service ; who is to receive at the expense
of the abbat a supply of victuals [for himself] in the same mea-
sure and amount as would have been supplied to the servant
of an esquire in the abbatfti hall. To each Sempect, the prior

1 " Pitarftferins "—He was the person whose duty it irfca to serve oat
their pittance* of food to the monks.

H 2

100 htgitlph's histohy op the abbey of cboylafd. a.d. 974%

■hall every day assign one younger brother to sit with- Mm* at
table, both for the sake of instruction for the youth, as also by
way of company for the aged man ; and to these, victuals
shall be supplied from the kitchen of the sick, as though they
were on the sick list." The Sempect shall, at his own will and
inclination, [sitting and walking], coming in and going out,
be at liberty to enter and depart from either choir, cloister,
refectory, or dormitory, or the other outbuildings of the mo-
nastery, either in his frock or without it, just how and when
he shall please. Nothing relative to the affairs of the monastery
that is disagreeable shall be mentioned in his presence. No
person shall presume in any way to offend him, but with the
greatest peace and tranquillity of mind he shall await his end."
[He also at the same time decreed and enacted, that who-
ever should thereafter chance to be prior of Groyland], should
have liberty and power, in the chapter held each day, to en-
join penances upon the monks, and, when enjoined, to diminish
or increase the same, according as he should see the countenance
of the penitent bearing signs of compunction and contrition,
or otherwise. "All licenses, also, in the refectory, and all
the comforts of the infirmary, are to be left to his discretion
and determination ; and just as hitherto it has been customary
to make provision both as to victuals as well as other neces-
saries, whether he is at home or whether abroad, in the
same way provision shall always be made for the future. Un-
less he shall have been found guilty of. some offence, having
first been, as our holy rules enjoin, thrice admonished to amjsnd
his life, he who sha 1 once hold the office of prior of Croyland,
shall always remain prior thereof to the day of his death ; and
because, in the midst of the brethren, their ruler ought to be
held in honor, except the ' inclination/4 all honor and respect
shall be shown to him. . To the pracentor of the lists,9 and
to his appointments in the choir, both the abbat and prior, as

1 Hence the name given to the old men, from the Greek ovpvcuKrqc,
a " partner," or " companion.''

* t. e. Victuals of a more delicate kind.

* " Inclinatio," a peculiar kind of bow, which was made to the abbat alone.
6 It was the duty of the " Praecentor tabularum" to make out the lists

of the persons whose place it was, during the week, to perform the public
duties of the monastery. These lists were hung up in the chapter-house,
or some other public place, for the view of the inmates. He also kept
time during the chaunting, with an instrument made of bone, called
• tabula.1'

A.O. 974, MAST EVACT1C1EKT8 OP ZUKEBTUL. 101

well as all the rest of the community, are to pay all humbl*
obedience,"

To the office of sacrist, also, he then, by way of augmenta-
tion of his portion, assigned the duties of archdeacon over the
whole district of Croyland, so long as, without any respect for
persons, he should, with the fear of God, reasonably and oa-
nonically fulfil his duties. He also, on this occasion, gave to
the office of sacrist a golden chalice, and two water vessels of
silver gilt, skilfully wrought with embossed workmanship
in the form of two angels ; as also two silver basons, of wonder-
ful workmanship and size, most exquisitely engraved with
representations of armed soldiers thereon. All these vessels,
Henry, emperor of Germany, had formerly presented to him,
and, up to the present time, he had always preserved the same
in his own chapel.

He also, at the same time, assigned to the office of chamberlain
of the monks his manor of Beby, together with the church of
the said vill, imprecating a curse from God on such persons as
should, to th.e injury of the convent, withdraw the said manor
and church from the fulfilment of the said purpose, or procure
the same to be done.

These most holy statutes, after being publicly proclaimed in
his chapter, and assented to with the acclamations of all, and
received with, the greatest obedience, our father, abbat Turke-
tul, caused to be written out, and commanded them to be placed
at the end of the rules of Saint Benedict ; in order that all, when-
ever they wished, might be enabled to read his laws, and that
it might not befall any one thrdugh ignorance to contravene
the same.

The aforesaid history of the former monastery having been
accordingly published by the five Sempects before-mentioned,
and the said enactments of the venerable abbat Turketul being,
after lengthened consideration, digested and reduced into writ-
ing ; the before-named father, being now broken down by old
age, and, in especial, weakened by many wounds, as also by the
immense labours which in his earlier years he had undergone,
was in daily expectation of the closing hour of death, and so,
like a good workman about to receive from his Lord his penny
hi the evening for the faithful performance of his duties, with
most ardent longing he sighed for the end of his toils, and
the approach of the evening of eternal reward, At the same

162 IHOTLPH'b HtStOftt OF THB AftBSY OF CEOTIHTD. j£.1>. 974.

time, he frequently and most fervently [celebrated the sef-
vice of the mass], watched with prayers and devotion, gave
himself tip to holy meditations and sorrowing, relieved all the1
poor in their respective distresses, gave victuals to all beggars
and needy persons, and applied himself to other works of
brotherly love as well ; while each day he held in loathing
the present life, ahd, without ceasing, longed for that to come.1
He also made it his care to neglect no part of the regular ob-
servances, while, at the same time, he alwayB declared that hje
was an unprofitable servant, and, with all earnestness of spirit,
desired the mercy of Christ ; and did, with indefatigable de-
voutness, as though with an urgent hand, day by day, knock at
the gates of Paradise, and by every Christian title lay claim to
admission to the kingdom of heaven.

The infants, also, and sons of the nobles, who were sent to
be trained as monks, and who repaired to the secular eterks at'
Pegeland for the purpose of being instructed in literature, he-
visited once at least each day, that they might not chance to
be treated with negligence in any respect, and thus bestowed
his attention upon the studies and labours of each. On these
occasions, a servant attending him with the same, he rewarded
those who distinguished themselves above the rest by their in-
dustry, with figs, raisins, nuts, almonds, or, ^more frequently,
with apples and pears, or other little presents, in order that,
not so much by [hareh] words or blows, as by frequent encou-
ragement and rewards, he might induce all to show due dili-
gence in the prosecution of their studies.

As for the Sempeots of the monastery, who had through the
"Word of Life begotten him for the service of God, he always
held them in the highest veneration, cheering them every day
with familiar conversation, and showing them kind atten-
tions by sending them some especial present from his own
table. On one occasion, the lord Clarenbald, the chief of the
Sempects (who was a man of very advanced age, and greatly the
senior of all the rest in the length of time which had elapsed
since he had entered the monastic order, having now com-
pleted the hundred and sixty^eighth7 year of his age), fell iH
and lay on his bed, awaiting the casting off of the flesh, which
was now close at hand, and about to receive at the hands of the
Lord his reward for having undergone such lengthened labours
* Another reading has the M one hundred and forty-eighth."

x^9^v zLUfne oh ABB49 imaem* 143

i&JHstofcr service ; upon which, the venerable father, abbat
Turketul, himself performing the duties of a servant, would
not leave him either day or night, but lay down by his side,
chaunted the daily service in the ears of the sick man, and,
with his own hands, performed all the requisite duties, just like
the most active youth ; and after he had received the last
unction and had departed, he interred him, performing the
solemn service at his obsequies, in the middle of the choir.

In the following year died the lord S waiting, after the com-
pletion of the hundred and forty-second year of his age. The
venerable abbat Turketul watched him in his illness with an
equal degree of attention, and, after his death, committed him
to the tomb, by the side of the lord Clarenbald, honoring hin)
with similar respectful obsequies. In like manner, with similar
attentions} he buried the lord Bruno and the lord Aio, who, with
Swarting, all died in the same year, it being the fourteenth
year of the reign of the renowned king Edgar — the two former
being interred together. At length, in the following year, last
of afl, died the lord Turgor, a venerable old man, after having
completed the hundred and fifteenth year of his age. These
five aged Sempects had seen both monasteries— the old one,
which had been destroyed by the Danes, and the new one,
which had been lately restored.

In the year from the Incarnation of our Lord, 975, being the
sixteenth and last year of the reign of king Edgar, after oele*
brating with much devoutness the feast of the Apostles Peter
and Paul, our venerable father, the lord abbat Turketul, caught
a fever from the effects of the intense heat of the Dog-star in
that year — a thing not in accordance with his usual robust
health ; and, after having struggled against it most stoutly for
three days, on the fourth he took to his bed ; upon which, he
summoned the whole convent, both the monks, forty-seven in
number, and the four lay brethren, to his chamber, and bade
the lord l$gelric, at this time his steward, in the presence of all,
to show how the house was provided with treasures as well as
jewels, and to anpwer to the community, after his death, for
Ac whole thereof according to the list of them [then shown].

The treasures belonging to the monastery that were pro*
duced on this occasion, amounted to a sum of nearly ten thou*
sand pounds. The relics were very numerous and extreinely
precious, being the same which, on various occasions, Henry,

UH nrautPH's xsmsx op t» abbot of groylaxd. aji. 9*5*

emperor of Germany, Hugh* king of the Franks, Louis, prince
of Aquitaine, and many other dukes and earls, nobles and pre-
lates, desiring to gain the good will and friendship of the kings
of England, had bestowed on him while he filled the office of
king's chancellor. Among these he set especial value on the
thumb of Saint Bartholomew the Apostle, so much so, that he
always carried it about him, and in all times of danger, tem-
pest, and lightning, crossed himself therewith : the duke of
Beneventum had given it to the emperor, on the occasion when
he had first girded him, in his youth, with the military belt ;
and the emperor, in his turn, had presented it to the chan-
cellor. There was also some of the hair of Saint Mary, the
Mother of God, which the king of France had given to him,
enclosed in a box of gold ; a bone, likewise, of Saint Leodegar,
the bishop and martyr, given to him by the prince of Aquitaine;
as well as many other relics, of which some have been purloined,
while some are still preserved in these, the Norman times.

There were also many vessels of gold and silver, the whole
of which he had given for the use of the monastery, into the
charge of the steward and proctor thereof. For the two
Egekics were, one of them the steward, the other the proctor,
of the monastery ; being his kinsmen according to the flesh,
and his brethren according to God, men most religious and
most devout. The steward was most skilful in the manage-
ment of worldly matters, while the proctor was a scholar,
imbued with a most profound knowledge of all branches of
literature. These, and the prior Amfrid, as long as he lived,
were the principal advisers of the abbat; and he did nothing,
. great or small, without first taking their advice.

His fever increasing day by day, and he being now reduced
to the last extremity, after partaking of the holy mysteries of
Christ, he embraced with both arms the cross, which the at-
tendants had brought from the church before the convent, for
him to kiss. With what sighs, with what tears, with what
sobs, and how repeatedly, he kissed it, cannot, in a few words,
be described : words so full of devotion did he utter upon each
of the wounds of Christ, as to move all the brethren who stood
around to shed most abundant tears, and the remembrance of
his devoutness did not fade from the memories of many of them
all the days of their lives.

AC*?9EL <*- DEATH OP ABBAT TCXKXSVU .105

The day before his deatk he delivered a short discourse to
his brethren, who were present, on the observance of their
Bumastic vows, on brotherly love, on precaution against negli-
gence in things temporal as well as spiritual, and on diligently
taking care of our fire —whether it was that he thereby meant
brotherly love, or whether he alluded to the destruction of the
place by fire,, against which he wished proper precautions to be
taken ; for frequently [and fervently], moved as it were with a
spirit of prophecy, he spoke these words of warning :" Take
ye. especial care of your fires ;"7 — and, at length, dismissing
them, he commended himself to the prayers of all. Last thing
of all, he bade them farewell, and [inwardly] supplicated
God in behalf of them. all. When the vital powers had now
quite failed, and his languor had increased more and more, on
the fifth day before the nones of July, being the day of the
translation of Saint Benedict, his father and patron, after per*
forming the regular offices of the day, at the completing ser-
vice9 he also completed his days,- and departed this life, quitting
the labours of the abbacy for the bosom of his father Abraham.
He was buried in his church, which he had erected from the
foundation, near the great altar, on the right-hand side thereof,
in the sixty-eighth year of his age, and the twenty-seventh
of his monastic life, being interred by his neighbours, the
lathers, Axlulph, abbat of Burgh, and Godman, abbat of
Thorney.

He was succeeded in the office of abbat, all concurring in
the election, by Egelric the elder, his kinsman, who had, under
him, been steward of the whole monastery, a most religious
man, and one remarkably well-skilled in the careful manage-
ment of temporal concerns, and of singular experience and
admirable prudence in bringing all secular matters to a pro**
spereus issue, For, as he was related by blood to Alfer, duke
of the Mercians, and distinguished by his intimate acquaint-
anceship, he suffered no molestation whatever under king
Edward, who succeeded his father, Edgar, on the throne, al-
though many monasteries were most grievously afflicted ; nor
was he in the slightest degree harassed by him.

In the discharge of his duties, as steward of the whole
monastery, in the latter years of the lord abbat Turketul, he
did many good services. Eor it was he who urged and induced

7 " Ignem vestrum optirae custodite."

0 The service of the " completorium," or " complins," the last of the day.

100 IHGULPfl's HlStOBT O* THK ABBOT OP €BtoYLA»D. ▲,&97Gh. -

the lord abbat Turketul to go to London, and?; obtain *tbe
charter of king' Edgar, and the ecclesiastical censure against
the violation thereof, from Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury; ,
and Osketul, aschbishop of York, together with the grant and
confirmation of spiritual fights over the whole parish of Croy^ >
land ; by which means provision was made for ensuring the '
peace and quiet of the whole monastery, and the entire com^
inanity was most effectually protected against violence, both
spiritual as well as temporal. Hearing, also, that the holy Athel-
wold, bishop of Winchester, was most strongly urging king
Edgar to restore the monastery of Medeshamsted, which was
in the vicinity [of Croyland], to its former state ; as the ad-
joining forests were still remaining in the king's hands, and
the proceeds applied to the purposes of the treasury, he made
use of the license granted by the royal charter, and had trees
and timber carried from the said woods, in ears and carriages,
carts and waggons, and every kind of vehicle, to the monastery
of Croyland. With this, some very handsome buildings were
afterwards erected in the monastery of Croyland, and many
very fine pieces of timber were preserved there for the emer-
gencies of the monastery at a future period.

For, with this timber, while Turketul, the lord abbat, wan
still alive, the roof of the church was finished; and its tower
was stoutly supported and compactly held together with beams
of remarkable length. After the death, also, of the lord abbat
Turketul, he erected out of the same timber a great number
of buildings of exceeding beauty, such as the infirmary of the
monks, of very becoming proportions both in length and
breadth, and wonderfully constructed of beams and planks
fitted in joints with carpenters' work. He erected the chapel,
also, of similar workmanship, together with a bath-room and
other requisite out-buildings. These were all made of planed
planks (because the foundation, being weak, was not able to
bear an ejection of stone), and covered with lead. He then
built a hall for guests, and two very fine chambers of similar
workmanship : he also made a new brew-house and a new bake-
house, all of the very finest workmanship, in timber* He also
erected a large granary of similar construction, in the upper
part of which all kinds of corn were stowed, while in the
lower part malt was kept He also built a large stable, in
the upper part of which there were chambers for aU the ser-

ifc9S4.< WUItt OF 1WA1 WEttKC IH» ItDlIU 107

vaateof. the abbey; while, in the lower part, there wove stalls
for the abbai'a horses at one end, and stalls for the use of the
guests at the other. By these three buildings, that is to say,
the stable, granary, and baker-house, the whole western side,
of the court-yard of the abbey, looking towards the vill, was
bounded; while the southern side waa bounded by the hall for
the guests, and its chambers. The eastern side consisted of
the shoemakers' workshop, the hall of the professed brethren,
as also the kitchen, hall, chamber, and chapel of the abbat,
which bounded the cloisters of the monks on the west ; while
the northern side of the abbey was protected by a large gate,
close to which, on the eastern side, waa the almonry for the
poor. All these places, except [the hall] for the abbat* and.
his chamber and chapel, adjoining to the cloisters, and the
before-mentioned almonry for the poor, which the lord Turketul
had built of atone, were of wood, of similar workmanships and
covered with lead.

In years of drought, also, he put their marshes into a state
of cultivation, in four places, that is to say, at the four corners
thereof and for three or four years had fruit a hundred-fold
for all the seed sown. The cultivated lands of Tedwarthar
proved the moat fruitful of all; and the monastery was enriched
beyond measure in consequence ; and so great was the abun-
dance of corn, that it was able to relieve the whole of the
adjacent country therewith. ; while, from the resort thither of
countless multitudes of needy people, the vill became very
greatly increased.

He also had two large bells made, which he called Bartho-
lomew and Bettelm ; also two of middle size, which he called
Turketul and Tatwin; and two small ones, to which he gave
the names of Pega and Bega. The lord abbat Turketul had
previously had one* very large bell made, called Guthlao, and
▼hen it waa rung with the bells before-named, an exquisite
harmony Was produced thereby; nor was there such a peal of
bells in those days in all England.

After having spent ten years in the most strenuous discharge
of his pastoral duties, abbat Egelrio departed this life on the
second day before the nones of August, and was buried in the
chapter house, almost at the same time at which the holy Athel-
wold, the bishop of Winchester, departed unto the Lord, that
is to say, in the year of our Lord, 984.

108 utottlph's histoby op the abbot of cbotlajtd. *,». 992.

He was succeeded in the office of abbat by hi& relative, the
other Egelric, called Egelric the younger, a man more devoted
to books and holy literature than skilled in the management of
temporal affairs ; but, during all his time, most devoutly and
most zealously did he watch the interests of the monastery. In
his fourth year, the holy Dunstan, the archbishop, departed unto
the Lord. This abbat Egelric gave to the common library of
the monks of the house several large volumes, containing the
original works of divers learned men, forty in number ; while
the smaller volumes, consisting of various tracts and histories,
exceeded three hundred in number. He also presented to
the office of sacrist numerous vestments ; for instance, for every
altar in the church two chasubles, that is to say, one for use on
the Lord's day, the other on principal festivals. He also pre-
sented to the choir four-and-twenty copes, that is to say, six
white ones, six red, six green, and six black. He also gave two
large pedals,9 embroidered with lions, to be placed before the
great altar on principal festivals, and two smaller ones, covered
with flowers, for the feasts of the Apostles. He also presented
many palls for the purpose of being suspended on the walls by
the altars of the Saints on feast days, many of which were of
silk, while some were embroidered with birds in gold, some in-
terwoven, and some plain. He also had six chalices made, and
presented them to the different altars and chapels. He also had
made for the choir six responsories, and four antiphonars, with
eight missals for the different altars. He also furnished the
various offices of the monastery with certain "vessels of brass
that were requisite. He also "supplied the whole convent, en-
tirely at his own expense, for one whole year with tunics, for
another whole year with hoods, and for a third year with frocks,
in addition to those articles of dress which the lord Turketul
had granted to the convent, to be received each year from the
church and manor of Beby. Alter he had most ably governed
the monastery for a period of eight years, he departed this
life on the fifth day before the nones of March, in the year of
our Lord, 992 ; in the same year, and at the same time of the
year, at which the holy Oswald, archbishop of York, departed
nttto the Lord; who, a few years before, assisted by earl
Alwin, and Leofwin, bishop of Dorchester, had founded the
monastery of Ramsey.

9 Carpets for the feet, made of tapestry work.

a.d. sWi <:v deaths of edwabd and edgae. 109

Abbafc Egelric being buried in the chapter-bouse, near the
other Egelric, he was succeeded in the office of abbat by the
lord Osketul, who, in the time of the lord Turketul and the
two abbats Egelric, had long been prior, in succession to prior
Amfrid — a simple and upright man, very kind and affectionate
to all, well-skilled in literature, and of very noble descent.
So much did he devote himself to alms-giving to the needy,
that he was called the " Father of the poor ;" and so great
was his authority with the multitude, that whatever he said
was to be, was thought to be a prophecy ; while so highly was
he honored by the chief men of the land, that he was- re-
vered by them as a father.

The renowned king [Edgar], who was the flower and grace
of all his predecessors, the sovereign of the western regions of
the world, and the glory and rose among kings, departed this
life in the year of our Lord, 975, being the sixteenth year
of his reign over the whole of England, and the thirty-second
of his age, and was buried at Glastonbury. He was suc-
ceeded on the throne by [Edward] his first-born son, an inno-
cent and most religious youth, and one who, in character,
greatly took after his father. A tyrannical faction, especially
supported by the favour and influence of the queen, abused his
holy simplicity and innocence to such an extent, that, in
Mercia, the monks of some of the monasteries were expelled,
and clerks were introduced there, who immediately distri-
buted the manors belonging to the monasteries among the
dukes of the land ; in order that, being thus obligated to take
their side, they might defend them against the monks.

On this occasion, the monks being expelled from the mo-
nastery of Evesham, the clerks were introduced, and the
tyrants of the land were bribed with the lands of the church;
whom the queen, taking part with the clerks with all the
wickedness of a step-mother, favoured, for the purpose of cast-
ing odium upon the king. The king, however, and the holy
bishops, persisted in supporting the monks ; but the tyrants,
supported by the favour and influence of the queen, triumphed
over them. Hence arose great tumults in every corner of
England. At length, after a reign of four years, he was slain
at Corvesgate,w by the counsel and sanction of his said step-
mother, and was buried at Wareham, but afterwards, through
the care of duke Alter, transferred to Shaftesbury.
»° Corfe Castle.

110 nrousFs'sxnvosx of tbb abbey of cboyj^sd. a*d. 992.

He was succeeded by hi* brother Ethelrec* wbo was the son,
however, of his step-mother, the before-named Alfleda, being
then* a boy ten years old. Then, of a truth, might the pro-
verbial saying have been quoted — " Woe unto thee, 0 land,
when thy king is a child!" ll He was crowned at Kingston,
by Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, and Oswald, arch-
bishop of York.

After the ceremony of coronation was performed, he was
thus addressed by the holy Dunstan ; " Because thou hast as-
cended thy throne through the death of thy brother, whom
thy mother slew, therefore, hear the word of the Lord. Thus
saith the Lord, * The sword shall not depart from thy house,
but shall rage against thee all the days of thy life, and shall
slay those of thy seed and thy race, until thy kingdom shall
be transferred to another kingdom, whose customs and whose
language thy race knoweth not: nor shall the sin of thy
mother be atoned for, except with prolonged vengeance, and a
vast effusion of blood ; as also the sins of those most guilty
men who have aided her wicked designs, so as to lay hands
upon the Lord'sanointed, to the shedding of the innocent blood.' "

The same holy man had also given utterance to another pro-
phecy as to the same child. While be was baptizing the infant,
it bewrayed the font, on which Dunstan exclaimed, " By Saint
Mary) this child will turn out but a worthless man !" He is
said to have uttered a third prophecy after he had been
crowned king, and while he was with his army besieging Ro-
chester. For, a misunderstanding having arisen between him
and the bishop of that city, he had come with his army and
laid siege to it On this, the holy Dunstan, the archbishop, en-
treated the king to break up the siege, and not provoke the
anger of Saint Andrew the Apostle, who was the especial pa-
tron of the said church. He, however, caring but little for
his entreaties, persevered with the siege ; on perceiving which,
the holy man sent him one hundred pounds. The king, on
receiving the money, recalled his army, and withdrew from
the siege ; upon which, the holy man, surprised at the cupidity
thus displayed, by a messenger sent him back this answer:
"Inasmuch as thou hast preferred money before God, silver
before the Apostle, and cupidity before me, thy servant,
, the evils shall speedily come upon thee, of which the Lord
» EccLx.lG*

A.B.^2. tt&ttfiS PAID TO THIS XSLKB WOE. Km* 111

hathBpole^V Mt, \rhik I am alive; they shall Hot ootne to
pass ; far so the Lord hath spoken.** However, directly after
the death of the holy man, the said prophecies began, day after
day, to be fulfilled, and innumerable evils to afflict the whole
land. "

For, iff the first place, die Danish, pirates began with fre-
quent assaults to harass our Bhores on every ride of the land ;
and next, their Unconquerable armies, coming over in mighty
fleets, began lawlessly to attack both cities and castles. At the
Bametime, also, a dreadM famine severely afflicted and distressed
the natives ; after which, a disease, which bears the name of
"dysentery," began to rage both among beasts of burden and
men ; "while a pestilence, attending close upon the other afflic-
tions, struck down many thousands, both of the rich and the
poor. All their enemies, too, from the very first, M were always
victorious over the English, and in every contest proved the
eonqtietors, Accordingly, in the time of Osketul, the lord abbat
of Croyland, while the Banes were thus molesting the whole
temtbty, the natives of the vills and villages took refuge in
the cities and castles ; while many of them fled to the marshes
and out-eMie-way spots near the lakes, and, to the best of
Dior ability, took precautions against the incursions and de-
predations of the Danes.

Accordingly, it so happened, ttrat a eertafai great lady, Lef-
wina by name, the lady of a vill, which bears the name of
Bbophesbyry, and sister by parentage to Osketul, the lord
abbat of Ctoiykffid, came to Wittlesey, at that time her vill,
tod brought with her certain holy relics, the most holy remains
of gri&tO&eot the confessor; from Emophesbyry, because they
lay at that $dace without becoming honor, and were exposed
to the ravages of the Danes ; these she brought with her in a
Btoine formed for the purpose. Sending a speedy message to
het bother, the lord abbat OBketul, with troppliaa* prayers
•he entreated him, that he would be pleased to come to Wit-
tieeey with a suitable retinue of his brethren, and with all due
merence convey the said relics of Saint Neot the confessor
vtik him to his monastery. Overjoyed and exulting, he took
nith him some of his brethren and proceeded to Wittlesey ;
wnoa with all due honors and the melodious singing of
f^^as, he transferred the said holy relics to Croyland, and

* This seems to be the meaning of "in capite," but it is doubtful.

112 nrexrrarfs history or the *bbby or CRdtt-AWD. a.w 1 <»&

there, with becoming devoutnese, placed them near the altar
of Saint Mary, the mother of God.

At this period, all the monasteries of the land began to be
subjected by king Ethelred and his chieftains and thanes 1»
most grievous exactions, and to be harassed beyond measure
by the collection from them of immense sumB of money, in
order to satisfy the tribute paid to the Danes. After plunder-
ing the treasuries and carrying away the sacred chalices as
well as the other valuables of the monasteries, even the very
shrines of the Saints were ordered to be spoiled by the col-
lectors. Accordingly, the venerable father Osketul, the lord
abbat of Croyland, paid at different times four hundred marks
for the said tribute ; but at last, after having filled the pasto-
ral office with zeal and sanctity for a period of twelve years,
through the relief afforded by a holy death, he finally escaped
the royal exactions and all the fears of this world, by putting
off the flesh : this happened on the twelfth day before the ca-
lends of November, in the year of our Lord, 1005.

He was succeeded in the office of abbat by the venerable
father, abbat Godric, who was elected and made abbat in the
days of straights, tribulation and misery, just as in former
.times the abbat Godric, who bore a similar name, had pre-
sided over the said monastery in the time of its desolation and
ruin. He most laboriously ruled the said monastery for fourteen
years, during the reign of the before-named king Ethelred.
In, the time of this abbat, the Danes having obtained the
inqstery of nearly the whole land, intolerable taxes were im-
posed by king Ethelred, and his dukes, Edric, AlMc, Godwin,
and many others, for the purpose of paying the tribute to
the Danes; while other most grievous exactions were made
for the purpose of replacing the expenses incurred by those
nobles ; added to which, on the part of Anlaph, and Sweyn,
and their armies, depredations, spoliations, and destruction
wept, on without ceasing. Many a monastery was often drained
of every penny, while still the exactors refused, to believe
tfyat they had extorted the very utmost farthing ; for so it
was, that inthose days, the more the religious were oppressed,
the more they were supposed to have, the greater abundance
they were supposed to possess.

Hence it was, that the venerable father, abbat Godric,
in his first year paid to king Ethelred two hundred marks;

*»in,'i&3- .- sASftocmss committed by. najttxa. - 118

vhHe^rSn- * similar manner, for their expenses, hi* dukes ex*
torted two hundred marks; besides smaller exactions which,
Iherking^s thanes continually rushing in, were daily incurred.
A second, third, and fourth year the same thing* again took
place. In his third year also, two hundred pounds were ex*
acted towards building gallies at all the ports, and supplying
the naval armament with provisions and other necessaries.
Again, in his fourth year, Turkill, the Danish earl, having
made a descent with a very strong fleet, he sent for one hun-
dred pounds, and payment thereof was levied by means of the
most cruel exactions. The Danes, making incursions through-
out the provinces, stripping the inhabitants of all that was
moveable, and burning all that could not be carried away,
pillaged Drayton, Cottenham, and Hoketon, manors belonging
to Croyland, and ravaged them, together with the whole county
of Cambridge, with flames. These, however, were but the
precursor* of evils.

For, whereas, every year before, four hundred marks had
been paid through the exactions of the king and to defray the
expenses of his dukes, king Sweyn now came with a new
fleet, and a most fierce army, and laid waste every quarter.
Bushing onward from Lindesey, he burned the villages, em-
bowelled the peasants, and with various torments put to
death all the religious ; after which, he committed Baston and
Langtoft to the flames. This was the year of our Lord, 1013.
At this period, the monastery of Saint Pega, and its manors
adjoining, that is to say, Glinton, Northumburtham, Makesey,
Etton, Badyngton, and Bernake, were all at the same time
committed to the flames, and all the retainers slaughtered or
carried away captive. The abbat, however, together with all
the eonvent, escaped by night, and, coming in a boat to Croy-
land, were thus saved.

In a similar manner, the monastery of Burgh, and the ad*
joining villa, with its manors of Ege, Thorpe, Walton, Wythe-
ryngton, Paston, Dodisthorp, and Castre, after being first
stripped of everything, were committed to the flames ; but the
abbat, with the greater part of his convent, taking with them
the sacred relics of the holy virgins, Kyneburga, Kineswitha,
and Tilba, went to Thorney. The prior, however, with some
of the brethren, taking with him the arm of Saint Oswald, the

1 14 INGTTLPH's HWTOBT OP TH8 ABBST *t'CB0YL&KD. JlJo. IQIZ.

king, made bis escape to. the island of My; white the sab*
prior, with ten of the brethren, repaired to Croy land.

It happened, fortunately y that this year the inundation* had
increased to an unusual degree in consequence of the frequent
showers, and consequently rendered the neighbouring fens, as
also the marsh- lands adjoining thereto, impassable. Accord-
ingly, all the population repaired thither, and infinite multi-
tudes flocked to the spot ; the choir, and the cloisters were tilled
with monks, the rest . of the church with priests and clerks,
and the whole abbey with laymen; while the cemetery .was
filled night and day with women and children under tents.
The stoutest among them, as well as* the young men, kept
watch among the sedge and the alder-beds upea the mouths
of the rivers ; and every day, not to speak of • other ex-
penses, one hundred monks sat down to table- Besides all
this, .king Sweyn by messenger imposed a fine .of one thou-
sand marks on the monastery of Croyland, and, under pain of
burning the whole monastery, 'appointed a certain day ibr
the payment thereof at- Lincoln; while, within three months
after payment of the said sum, these most wicked extortioners,
by the most terrible threats, again exacted, a thousand marks
for the purpose of finding provisions for their army.

The cruel martyrdom of. Saint Elphege, the archbishop of
Canterbury, is now well known and published everywhere.
Because he refused to pay an excessive sum of money which
had been imposed on him as the payment of his ransom, the
Danes with brutal fury. slaughtered him, inflicting the most
dreadful torments. All bewailed these cruel times, and thought
that happy were they, who, in whatever way, had departed
this life; abbat . Grodric, . in especial, on whom devolved the
charge of sovast a multitude, and whom king Etaelred believed
to be in possession of heaps of silver. On the other hand,
Sweyn, the Dane, and the whole of his army were always utter-
ing multiplied threats and decking stratagems against him,, as
being the chief ; of all those who had made their escape from
out of their hands;

At last, in consequence of the expenses within and. the ex*
actions without, the entire treasury, of the lord abbat Tur*
ketul was exhausted, and the granaries, of the two Egelrics
levelled with the ground ; while at the same time, the king's
collectors were daily making their assaults for money, and de-

A.Q. VU.1.3. DITX8 EDSfC BIT <I0 DEATH. 1 15

flaring that he, as being a traitor t» hk country, and a eup-
porter of the Danes, aught at once to be brought before the
king in fetters as he deserved, and to be given up to punish-
ment fox his misdeeds. Being consequently stricken with iw-
ternal grief of heart at so many terrible threats, the venerable
fether, abbat Godric, summoned the whole of his convent, and
informing them that the money of the monastery was ex-
hausted, begged and entreated them to advise him thereupon,
and determine what ought to be done against such a wicked
age.

At length, after a prolonged deliberation, this resolution was
agreed to by them all, that they ought to hire the services of
one of the thanes or servants of Edric, duke of the Mercians,
and, when money failed, grant him their lands and. tenements
for the term of his life, and so lay Mm under the obligation of
being their protector against imminent dangers. For, next to
the king, this Edric was the most powerful person in the
country, and on most intimate terms both with king Ethelred
and with Sweyn, king of the Danes, and afterwards with
Cnute, his son. Accordingly, one of the most influential of the
servants of the said duke Edric was hired, a person whose
name was Norman, a man of most illustrious family, being the
Bon of earl Leofwin, and the brother of Leofric, the noble earl
of Leicester ; the manor of Baddeby being granted to him at
bis request, for a term of one hundred years. On receiving the
said manor, to hold the same of Saint Chithlac, at the annual
rent of one peppercorn, to be paid yearly at the feast of Saint
Bartholomew, he faithfully promised, and bound himself by
deed made to that effect, to be the guardian and proteetor of
the monastery against all adversaries.

This availed' the monastery for. some time, that is to toy,
all the days of his life. ' But in the first year of king Cnute,
on the perfidious duke Edric alleging it as a ground for deserts
on his part that he had betrayed Ethelred, and had similarly
betrayed Edmund, being thus convicted of treason by his
own lips, he received the traitor's reward of ' being hanged,
and then thrown into the river Thames. Many of his depen-
dants being also put to death with him in a similar manner,
first and foremost among them, Norman was slain ; the whole
of whose lands, as the king greatly loved earl Leofric, his bro-
ther, he granted to him, in order that he might thereby make

i 2

116 IXCH7LPH'S HI8T0BY OF THE ABBEY OF CB0YLAND. A.*. 1017.

some small compensation for the death of his brother. Through
this grant) Baddebey came into the hands of the said earl
Leofric ; and at last, the confessor of the said earl, the prior
of the monastery of Evesham, Avicius by name, counselling
and repeatedly advising him thereto, it was assigned to the
monastery of Evesham for the remainder of the term granted
to his brother, and is still retained by it, though the term has
expired.18 For this earl Leofric was a very devout man, and
remarkable for his numerous alms-deeds, and a founder and
enricher of many monasteries. Among these, at the suggestion
of his wife, Godiva by name, both the most beauteous [in
person] of all the women of her time, as well as the most holy
in heart, he enriched the monastery of Coventry to an immense
extent with numerous and most costly gifts.

King Ethelred, after having most wretchedly sat upon the
kingly throne for a period of thirty-seven years, railing sick at
London, died there, while besieged by the Danes, and was
buried in the church of Saint Paul. He was succeeded on
the throne, upon the election of the Londoners and West Sax*
ons, by his eldest son, Edmund, who, for his valour, was
called " Ironside/' Most bravely lighting against Cnute, who
had succeeded on the wonderful and shocking death of his
father, Sweyn, at Gaynesburgh,14 he at last made an equal divi-
sion of the kingdom with the said Cnute. But just when
these two most valiant youths had begun to reign together on
the most peaceful terms, Edmund was slain through the
treachery of the before-named perfidious duke Edric, and by
the consent of all, Cnute was crowned king of the whole of
England. In the same year, also, the before-named betrayer
of the kings, Edric, the perfidious duke of the Mercians,
perished by a deserved end; being hanged, as we have already
stated, and thrown into the Thames to be devoured by the
fishes. The before-named Norman, together with some others
of his dependants, was also put to death. This was in the
year of our Lord, 1017.

King Cnute beginning to rule, profound peace was every-
where proclaimed, and flourished once more throughout all the
provinces of England ; upon which, the venerable father Godric,

18 This must be an interpolation, if Ingulph wrote this history, as he
died ad. 1108, before the hundred years had expired.

14 Gainsborough, in Lincolnshire.

A.». 1032. DKATH OF ABB1T G0DSIC. 117

abbat of Croyland, sent to their homes all the monks be*
longing to other places who had been staying at his monas-
tery. On this occasion, the abbat of the church of Saint Pegu,
an retaining to his monastery with his monks, and beholding
everything destroyed and burned to the ground, fell to the
earth the very instant that he entered, and being carried by
liia brethren to a small house adjoining to his vill, died five
days after, and was buried in his church. Abbat Baldoc being
thus dead, Wulgat succeeded him, a man of remarkable pru-
dence in worldly matters, and extremely religious in spiritual
ones. He afterwards most strenuously pleaded his cause
against Leofric, the abbat of Burgh ; but the court of the king
giving too much favour to the more powerful person, and pro-
nouncing judgment against the poor one, he at length lost the
site of his monastery. So plentiful was the money of the
abbat Leofric, so great the influence of the earl Godwin. But
more of this hereafter.

• In the second year of king Cnute, when the storms of bat-
tles had ceased, and the serenity of peace had begun to shed
its prosperity upon the times, the venerable father, abbat God-
ric, having amid many labours sailed over the great sea of
this life, entered the haven of eternal rest; and, after having
most laboriously governed the monastery for fourteen years,
departed this life on the fourteenth day before the calends of
February, and was buried in the chapter-house, over against
the lord Osketul.

He was succeeded in the office of abbat by the venerable
father, the lord Brichtmer, who was a kinsman of the lord abbat
Osketul, and under his predecessor, abbat Godrio, proctor of
the monastery ; and had very frequently, with wondrous fa-
vour, escaped in safety many perils from both king Ethclred
and the forces of the Danes. In the fourth year of this ab-
bat, there came a young man of most remarkable devoutness
and of very high birth, one of the kindred of Leofric, the earl
of Leicester before-mentioned, "Wulfsy by name, who, in his
love for a solitary life, became a recluse among us, and for
many years lived a most holy life.

The venerable father Brichtmer, on seeing that king Cnute
was established in his rule over England, and that he treated the
whole of the English in the most courteous and most friendly
manner, while he also, with especial devoutness, Bhowed his

118 IffGULPH's HISTORY OF THE ABBOT 0? GBOYLAOT). *.», 103ft »

affection for the Holy Church, and with filial duteoasnsBS ho-
nored the same ; seeing also that he bestowed benefits on the
monasteries and many places of the $aiiita, and indeed pro-
moted some of the monasteries* to the highest honor ; he re-
solved at once to take the opportunity and wait upon the king,
and, (as he feared the power of certain of his adversaries, who
daring the time of the war had greatly increased}) obtain the
confirmation of his monastery from the said king; a thing
which he accordingly did.' For repairing to the royal court
and finding favour with the king, he obtained the said confir-
mation; in attestation of which, he Was presented with a
most beautiful chalice by the king, in these words : —

"Cnute, king of the whole of England, Denmark, and
Norway, and of great part of Sweden, to all provinces, nations,
and peoples subject to my power, both small and great, greet-
ing. Whereas my forefathers and kinsmen have oftentimes
oppressed the land of England with harsh extortions and with
direful depredations, and (I confess it) have therein shed inno-
cent blood ; it has been my study from the beginning of my
reign, and ever will be henceforth, to wake satisfaction as well
to heaven as to this world for these my sins, and those of my
kinsmen, and with all becoming devoutness to improve the
state of the whole of Mother Church, and of each monastery
under my governance existing, whensoever the same shall in
any way stand in need of my protection ; and so, by means of
these and other good works, to render all the Saints of God
propitious to me in my necessities, and favourable and consi-
derate to my prayers. Wherefore I do, as an earnest of this
my determination to make due satisfaction, oiler unto Saint
G-uthlac of Croyland, and the other Saints of the same place,
one chalice, part of my substance, and do confirm unto Brithmer,
the abbat, and his monks, the whole of their monastery at
Croyland, together with the island lying around the same, and
the two marshes1 thereto adjoining ; that fa to say, Akleiiound
and Goggislound, with the same limits and boundaries by
which, in the charter of the late renowned king Edred, its
restorer, the said island and the said two marshes are fully
described. I do also confirm all churches and chapels, lands
and tenements, liberties and privileges, in the charter of the
said king contained, with the whole of which the said king
Edred endowed and enriched the said monastery of Croyland

A.*.>l03g. ./ , . ■ CH4SXB0 OF ttXQ CHUTE* 119

ia honor of God and of Saint Outhlac, His confessor, who in th*

body there reposes, and by his charter confirmed the same. And

further, let no one of my subjects from henceforth dare to

molest the. said monks, or in any way to disturb them in any

o$ the matters aforesaid : and if any person shall presume so to

do, or shall attempt to take possession of the same, he shall

either feel the edge of my sword, or shall suffer the punishment

of the sword which is the due of the sacrilegious, receiving

sentence without forgiveness or ransom, in accordance with the

circumstances and extent of the injury done to the said monks.

I, king Canute, in the year from the incarnation of our Lord,

1032, have at London confirmed, this my charter with the sign

of the Holy Cross. + I, Egelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury,

have connrmed the same with the sign of the most Holy Cross.

-h I, Alfric, archbishop of York, have ratified this charter of

the king, + I, Lefryr bishop of "Worcester, have signed the,

same. + I, Elfward, bishop of London, have applauded the

same. + I, Brichtmer, bishop of Lichfield, have established

the same. + I, Brichtege, abbat of Pershoxe, have taken part

herein, 4- I, Wulnoth, abbat of Westminster, have signed the

same. + I> Oswy, abbat of Thorney, have approved hereof.

+ • I, earl Godwin, have consented hereto. + I, earl Leofric,

have attended hereat. + I, Edwin, brother of [earl] Leofric,

have been, present hereat. + I, Harold, son of earl Godwin,

have taken part herein. + I, Algar, son of [earl] Leofric, have

assisted hereat. + I, Turkill, the king's thane, have heard

the same. + I, Alfget, the king's thane, have beheld the

same [+]."

In the. fourteenth year of his reign, king Cnute repaired to
Some, and was honorably received by pope John [the Fif-
teenth, and by the emperor Conrad, who then was there, and
■many other kings] and princes of the whole of Christendom,
who were then assembled at Borne at the festival of Easter on
a. visit, together with our lord the pope. . On his return to
England through Denmark, during his journey he directed a
letter to the archbishop and all the people of England, inform-
ing them beforehand of his prosperous journey. It was sent
.by the hand of the abbat of Tavistock, Living by name, and
was to the following, effect :

" Cnute, . king of the whole of Denmark, England, and
Norway, and of part of Sweden, to Egelnoth^ the metropolitan,
and Alfric, archbishop of York, and all the bishops and pri-

120 INGTJLPH's H1STOET OF THE ABBEY 0* CBOYLAM). a.D. l0£] ;

Mates, with the whole nation of the English, nobles as well as
commons, greeting. I do hereby notify*1 unto yon; that I
have lately proceeded to Rome to pray for the pardon of iny
sins, and for the well-being of the kingdoms and peoples
which are subject to my rule. To undertake this journey I had
long since made a vow to God ; but, in consequence of busi-
ness and the affairs of my kingdom offering an impediment
thereto, I had not hitherto been able to undertake the same.
Wherefore I do now most humbly return thanks to Almighty
God, for that He hath granted that I should consider it to be
greatly to my advantage during my life to visit the beloved
Apostles Peter and Paul, and every holy place, the existence of
which within the city of Rome or without I was able to learn.
Be it also known unto you, that a great assemblage of the
nobles among the faithful was held there at the solemn festival
of Easter, together with our lord the pope and the emperor
Conrad ; that is to say, all the princes of the nations from
Mount Garganus1* unto the neighbouring sea; all of whom
have received me with every mark of respect, and have honored
me with precious gifts and various presents, both vessels
of gold and silver, as well as palls and vestments of most
costly price. I accordingly discoursed with his lordship the
emperor, and his lordship the pope, and the princes who were
there present, as to the necessities of the whole of my people,
English as well as Panes, to the end that more just laws and
more sure protection might be afforded them in their journies
to Rome ; and that they might not be delayed on the road by
so many shuttings up of the mountain passes, and harassed by
having to pay unlawful tolls. My demands, too, were granted
by the emperor and king Robert, in whose hands are most of
the mountain passes ; and all the princes, by their proclama-
tions, enacted that my subjects, merchants as well as other
persons travelling thither for the purpose of offering up their
prayers, should, without any molestation at the mountain
passes or any demand of tolls, go to Rome and return thence in
full security and under just laws. I again made complaint to his
lordship the pope, and stated that it greatly displeased me that
my archbishops were mulcted in such enormous sums as were
demanded of them, when, according to custom, they repaired
to the Apostolic See, for the purpose of reoeiving the pall; on
15 A mountain and promontory of Apulia, in the south of Italy

A.B. 103£T .-; Z£TTEB OF KO?6 CNXJTE. J21

which a decree was made that the same should thenoefbrth be
put an end to. Every request which I made for the benefit
of my people, of his lordship the pope, of the emperor, and of
long Robert and the other princes, through whose lands we
bare to pass on our way to Rome, they most willingly granted,
and by oath as well established the same, upon the testimony
of four archbishops, and twenty bishops, and a countless multi-
tude of dukes and nobles who were there present. Wherefore
I do Tender unto Almighty God extreme thanks, because that
I hare successfully carried out all that I desired to do, and as
in my mind I had determined, and hare to the utmost satisfied
i&y wishes,

"Now, therefore* be it known unto you, that I have suppli-
aatly vowed before God, henceforth in all respects to live justly,
to govern the kingdoms committed to me, and their peoples, with
piety, and in all things to observe equity and justice ; and if,
in the wantonness and carelessness of my youth, I have hitherto
done anything but what is just, it is my determination, by the
help of God, henceforth to make amends for the whole thereof.
Wherefore, I do entreat and do command those of my advisers,
unto whom I have entrusted the interests of the people, in no
way, either through fear of me, or for the favour of any influ-
ential person, to consent henceforth to any injustice, or to suffer
any such to spring up throughout all my kingdom. I do also
command all the dignitaries and sheriffs throughout my kingdom,
as they wish to ensure my friendship, as *well as their own
well-being, to do injustice by violence to no man whatever, rich
or poor; but let all those who are noble, as well as those who
toe not, have the liberty of obtaining their rights according to
the justice of the laws ; from which no deviation shall be al-
lowed, either to gain the favour of the king, or for the sake of
^y powerful person, or in order to accumulate money for me ;
because I have no necessity for money to be collected for me
through iniquitous exactions. Wherefore, I do wish it to be
niade known unto you, that, returning the same way by which
I came, I am on my road to Denmark, for the purpose, with
the sanction and consent of all the Danes, of making peace, and
a lasting treaty with those nations, who, if it had been pos-
«hle &k them so to do, would have deprived me both of my
kingdom and my life j but were not able, inasmuch as God
crashed their might ; and may He, in His mercy, preserve us

12$ INGULPH'8 HI8TOBY OF THB ABBEY OP CB0JLASD. a,D. 1032-

in our kingdom sad honor, and annihilate the power of aH our
enemies. And further, when peace shall have been concluded
with the nations which are round about us, and all this my
kingdom, here in the East shall have been set in order and
brought to a state of tranquillity, so that we can, on no side,
entertain fear of war or hostility on the part of any one; it is my
determination, at the earliest period possible, at which, this
summer, I can make the necessary preparations for sailing, to
come to England. This letter I have now sent before me, to
the end that all the people of my kingdom, may rejoice at my
welfare; and because, as you yourselves are aware, I have never
been sparing of myself or my exertions — nor will I be sparing
of the same in furthering the advantages and interests of all my
people. Wherefore, I do now entreat all you my bishops and
officers throughout my kingdom, by the fidelity which you owe
to me and to God, that you will take care, that* before I
return to England, all the debts which, in conformity with
ancient usage, we owe to the Church, are discharged ; thai is to
say, plough-alms,1* the tithes of animals born in the present
year,17 and the pence owing to Saint Peter at Borne, whether
from cities or whether from vills ; in the middle of August, the
tithes of the produce of the earth ; and, on the festival of Saint
Martin, the first fruits of seeds payable to the church of the
parish where each one resides, and which in English are called
'.Kyrkeset.' 18 If these and other things are not paid when I
return [to England], the royal rigour shall strictly, and in con-
formity with the laws, punish the person who shall be guilty
of such .faultiness, without any pardon being granted what-
ever. Farewell."

In the year of our Lord, 1032, king Cnute, returning from
Borne by way of Denmark, landed in England at Sandwich.
The lord abbat Brichtmer met the king at that port, and pre-
sented to him two choice palfreys, which he courteously re-
ceived, and repeatedly returned him thanks for the same. He
also gave to our abbat a full suit of silk, embroidered
with eagles in gold, and a thurible of silver gilt; which,
having been lately broken through old age, has been repaired

w k penny for each plough, or, in other "words, for as much laud as a
plough could till, to be' distributed to the poor; payable -within fifteen
day& after Easter. W Payable at Whitsuntide,

is Or •• kirk-shot." It generally consisted of. a certain quantity of corn.

a.d. 1032*. - 2)WtUKB±KCB» AT THK HOKASWM.' 123

by the lord Edaoth, our sacrist. He- also gave twelve white
bear*' skins, some of which have remained before the different
altars even tmfco our times.

Abbat Briehtmer, being strengthened in every way by the
royal favour, and having first obtained the royal confirmation
for hismenaetery, built many manor-houses for Croyland, which
had been lately destroyed by the Danes. He built, at Staundon,
a very fine hall, with chambers and other requisite buildings,
for the reception of his retinue, when he or his monks should
have occasion to visit London on the business of the monastery.
He did the same at Drayton, and the same, too, at Morburn.
Upon the other manors which had been laid waste by the
Danes, Cottenham, Hoketon, Wendling, Adyngton, Elmyng*
ton, Langtoft, Baston, Bukenhale, and Halyngton, he erected
barns, cow-houses, stables, sheep-folds, and kitchens. In his
eighteenth year, king Cmite, having so nearly concluded the
twentieth year of hi» reign, departed this life, and was buried
at Winchester.

His two sons, Harold and Hardecnute, entering upon a con-
tention for the kingdom, a mighty war seemed on the point of
commencing. For the Danes and the Londoners made choice
of Harold, the son of Elfgiva of Northampton, but who
was said to be only a pretended19 son of king Cnute ; while,
on the other hand, the English, with the whole of the remaining
part of the country, preferred Edward, the son of king Ethel-
red, or, at least, Hardecnute, the son of king Cnute by queen
Emma. Upon this occasion, a vast multitude of men and
Women, smitten with alarm, together with their children and
all their moveable property, took refuge at Croyland, being
attracted, upon the mere apprehension of the approach of war,
to the slimy retreats of the marshes, and the alder-beds, and
the mud of the lakes, as though some very strong castle
of refuge.

These new-comers everlastingly disturbed the whole mo-
nastery with numerous quarrels and bickerings, and rushing
all day long into the cloisters, continually occupied themselves,
either through the servants of the monastery, or in person, in
Pfying the ears of the monks; endeavouring, .by means of
winning words, to gain over the masters of the place, and so

19 It was suspected that she had imposed on the king the children of a
priest and * cobbler as his own.

124 IKGULPh's HISTOBT OF THE ABBEY OP CBOYLAND. aC*.1042*>

induce them to look favourably upon their state of indigence.
The consequence was, that the monks abandoned the cloisters,
hardly ventured to descend from the dormitory to the choir for
the performance of Divine service) and were scarcely able to
meet in Hie refectory for the purpose of taking their food at
the common table. But, more than all, they annoyed an&
distracted Wulfsy,u the anchorite and recluse among the
clerks of Pegeland ; for day and night they were consulting-
him about different matters, and by their multiplied clamours
and invocations, forced him to become quite weary of his life. At
last, however, having his eyes bound with a bandage," he re-
tired to Evesham, and, taking up the life of a recluse in a cell
near a certain chapel at that place, there still abides.

The kingdom of England was now divided between the two
brothers, sons of Hie same father. Hardecnute received the
southern provinces beyond the river Thames, while Harold
took the northern ones, together with London, and the whole
of the territory beyond the said river. Hardecnute, on receiv-
ing his portion, repaired to Denmark, where, making a longer
stay than was proper or necessary, Harold was proclaimed king
over the whole of England. He presented to our monastery
Hie mantle used at his coronation, made of silk, and embroi-
dered with flowers of gold, which the sacrist afterwards
changed into a cope. And still more kindnesses would he have
shown us, so great was the favour that the lord abbat Bricht-
mer had found with him, had not a speedy death prematurely
carried him off, while still pausing upon the very threshold
of his reign. Four years being completed, and the rule of
the kingdom being but tasted of, as it were, he departed this
life, and was entombed at Westminster. He was succeeded on
the throne by Hardecnute, who was his brother, but the son
of queen Emma, and who was sent for from. Denmark. Imme-
diately he entered the kingdom, he ordered the body of his '
brother, Harold, to be taken from the tomb, and, after being
decapitated, to be thrown into the adjacent river Thames.
The English and the Danes, however, taking it out of the river,
had it buried in the cemetery of the Danes at London. Harde-
cnute, after a reign of two years, amid feasting and cups,

19 See further mention made of him by Peter of Blois.
10 That he might not behold the things of this world.

&J>;\u43« ' K>WAED ASCENDS THB THB031. 125

belched forth his spirit at Lamithe," near London, and rests
at Winchester, by the side of his father.

After his death, the choice of all fixed upon Edward, earl
Godwin especially recommending him ; and, accordingly, Ed-
ward, son of queen Emma, but by Ethelred, the former king
of England, was crowned at London, in the year from the
Incarnation of our Lord, 1043, upon the holy day of Easter ;
and reigned nearly twenty-four years. To him was given in
marriage the daughter of earl Godwin, Egitha by name, a
young lady of most remarkable beauty, extremely well-versed
in literature, a maiden of exemplary purity of life and man-
ners, and of most holy humility ; while in no degree did she
partake of the barbarous disposition of her father or brothers,
bat was meek and modest, trustworthy and honorable, and an
enemy to no one. It was for this reason that the following
Elegiac line was composed with reference to her :~

" As roses thorns, Egitha Godwin did beget." 9

Frequently have I seen her,23 when in my boyhood I used
to go to visit my father who was employed about the court ;
and often, when I met her, as I was coming from school, did
she question me about my studies and my verses ; and most
readily passing from the solidity of grammar to the brighter
studies of logic, in which she was particularly skilful, she
would catch me with the subtle threads of her arguments.
She would always present me with three or four pieces of
money, which, were counted out to me by her hand-maiden,
and then send me to the royal larder to refresn myself.

King Edward, though born in England, was brought up in
Normandy, and from his long stay there, had almost become
changed into a Gaul; he consequently brought over with him,
or attracted, great numbers from Normandy, whom he pro-
moted to many dignities, and greatly exalted. The principal
among these was Robert, a monk of Jumieges, who was made by
him bishop of London, and afterwards raised to be archbishop
of Canterbury ; as also William [and Wulfelm], the king's

31 At Clapham, which was formerly in the parish of Lambeth : it pro-
bably received its name from Osgod Clappa, the nobleman at whose
noose this king thus suddenly died.

n " Sicut spina rosam, genuit Godwinus Egitham."

84 This is the first instance in which InguLph speaks of himself as a
personal witness of any of his facts.

126 IXGULPh's HISTOBT OF THa ABBET OF CBOXIAND. A.O. 10 IK.

chaplains, the first of whom was afterwards made bishop- of
London, and the latter bishop of Dorchester. The consequence
was, that under the governance of £he king and of the other
Normans who had been introduced, the whole land began to
forsake the English customs, and to imitate the manners of the
Franks in many respects ; all the nobles in their respective
courts began to apeak the Gallic tongue as though the great
national language, executed their charters and deeds after the
manner of the Franks, and in these .and many other ways
showed themselves ashamed of their own oustoms. But of
this, more hereafter.

In the sixth year of the reign of king Edward, that is to
say, in the year of our Lord, 1048, the venerable father
Brichtmer, the lord abhat of Croyland, fell sick, after having
most diligently filled the pastoral office for a period of twenty-
eight years : he departed this life on the seventh day before
the ides of April, and lies buried in the doorway of the
chapter-house. In his time, as we have a little before briefly
mentioned, the venerable father Wulgat, the lord abbat of
Pegeland, after having been for a long time subjected to the
demands of Elfin, Arwin, and Leofric, the abbats of Burgh,
was at length overpowered, and, shameful to relate ! by judg-
ment of the royal court, lost the entire site of his monastery.
So powerful in those days was money against justice, craftiness
against truth, and the influence of earl Godwin at the court
of king Hardecnute.

The said abbat Wulgat, on losing the site of his monastery,
was about to lay the foundation for a new monastery at his
manor of Northburgh, which was near [to Peykirk], and upon
the banks of the neighbouring river Welland. While he was
making arrangements to remove his abbey thither, and was
labouring with unremitting activity to rebuild the church and
dormitory, together with the other buildings of the cloisters,
being aided therein by the alms of many of the faithful ; Fernot,
the knight, and lord of Bosworth, [laid claim to the said manor
of Northburgh, and] openly shewed by the abbat's own deeds
that the said manor of Nbrthburgh had been given by his an-
cestors to the monastery of Saint Pega, and to the monks there
in the service of God : in consequence of which, as he alleged,
since the abbat Wulgat and his monks could not in future serve
God there, they ought no longer to hold the said manor. This

A.O. lU-ta. . DEATH OF ABBA? B&ICHTMIL 127

was listened to iby the king's justitiary, and immediately judg-
ment was given that the said manor of Northburgh, together
with, all its appurtenances, had been for ever alienated and
made over from the monks of the church of Saint Pega to the
aforesaid knight, Pernot, as his by hereditary right.

As soon as ever it became known throughout the whole
kingdom, how that the abbat of Peykirk had first lost his
monastery,, and in. consequence thereof the manor which for*
merly belonged to that monastery ; in a similar manner, Edmer,
the knight, and lord of Holbrok, laid claim against the said
abbat and his monks to the manor of Makesey, while Horsyng,
of Watbe, laid claim to Badyngton as being his manor.
Earl Siward again laid claim to die manor of Bernake, Hugolin,
the treasurer, to the manor of Helyeston, and many others to
other manors still belonging to the said monastery. All, too,
for the same reasons were successful in their claims against
the monks, and thus, both from their manors as well as from
their monastery, the said abbat of Peykirk and his monks were
iniquitously and cruelly expelled; so it is that misfortunes
never come to any one alone. Accordingly, when abbat Wulgat
and his convent, consisting of eighteen monks, being thus de-
prived of their monastery, had become mere wanderers, and, in a
state of fluctuation, were on the point of being dispersed to all
the winds of heaven in consequence of their extreme distress,
the most pious king Edward took pity on them all, and received
them at his court, and, until such time as he could make pro-
vision for them, commanded them daily to attend at his chapel
and hall.

Hardly had the words proceeded from out of the king's
mouth, when, behold ! the death of Brichtmer, the abbat of
the monastery of Croyland, was announced in his hall, and his
pastoral staff was presented to the king by the prior of the*
monastery > and two others of the brethren who accompanied
him. For, from the time of king Ethelred, his father, the
abbata had begun to be better known at the royal court, and the
oonsequenee was, that from that time the king's thanes were
every day more abundantly honored with various presents and
courtly ealutations by such of the monks as were ambitious of
dignities or prelacies. Among the principal monasteries, Croy-
land at this time enjoyed especial celebrity, so many and so
great were the gifts and tributes which in the times of the

128 htgulph's histobt of the abbey of ceotlakd. a.j>. 1043.

Banish troubles it had ever been ready with a most prompt -
hand to pour into the royal court.

Hence it was/ that for many years past no election of pre-
lates had been entirely free and canonical, but the royal court
had at its own pleasure conferred all the offices of bishops as
well as abbats by ring and pastoral staff. Accordingly, the
most pious king Edward received the pastoral staff, and, in pre-
sence of the lord Gerard, prior of Croyland, and his two brother
monks, who had come with him to court, and of the other
monks of Pegeland, whom the monks of Croyland well knew,
as having formerly been their fellow-countrymen and very
dear neighbours, invested the before-named venerable father
Wulgat, the lord abbat, with the rule of the monastery of
Croyland, by the pastoral staff thereof ; and addressed a letter
to the convent of Croyland, relative thereto, in these words :

" Edward, king of the English, to the subprior and. holy
convent of the monastery of Croyland, greeting. Taking com*
passion upon Wulgat, formerly lord abbat of Pegeland, who,
not through any crime of his own, but by sentence of law, has
lost his monastery ; taking compassion also on yourselves, who,
not of your own wills,24 but through the rapacious grasp24 of
death, have lately lost your father, I hasten, by means of an
antidote, to heal you both, in appointing the said father Wul-
gat over you as your prelate. Wherefore you will be acting
becomingly as holy men, if you obediently receive your said
father and pastor, after having been harassed and proved by
tribulations so numerous, and treat with kindness his fellow-
monks, your brethren, who will accompany him to your house,
and manifest towards them the feelings of brotherly love ; to
the end that you may together, after the career of this present
life, be enabled to reach heaven, and to mingle with the holy
company of your patrons, who were brethren. Fare ye well,
and offer your supplications for me, and pray unto God for all
my kingdom day and night."

At this same period, at the prayer of Wulgat, the lord abbat
of Croyland, the before-named lord Gerard, the prior of our
monastery, suggesting and zealously promoting the same, king
Edward, by his charter, granted a confirmation to our mo-
nastery of Croyland, of all the lands, tenements, marshes, and

84 A pun is probably intended here, in the use of .the word* "volenti*"
and " violentia.'

A.D. 1048. - CHABTEB OF TLIXQ EDWABD. 129

%

ether things/ to our said monastery of Croyland * belonging, to
the following effect :

"I, Edward, by the grace of God, king of the English, at
the prayer, of Wulgat, the lord abbat of Crcyland, and at the
duteous supplication of the lord Gerard, the prior of the said
monastery, do in all things approve of, applaud, and' confirm
the charters of my predecessors, the kings of England, that is
to say, of the most pious king Edred, and of the renowned
king Edgar, my grandfather, made in favour of the monastery
of Cropland. For they gave, and by their charters confirmed
unto God and to Saint Guthlac and his monks, as a several site
for a monastery for the aforesaid monks, the whole island of
Croyland, as the same lies around the said monastery, with
limits and boundaries in the charters of the said kings dis-
tinctly described and defined ; together with the two marshes
thereof, that is to say, Alderlound and Goggislound, being
opposite to the said island, and on the western side thereof, in
like manner, with the same metes and boundaries by which
they are in the said charter described. These and all other
gifts of the said kings, that is to say, of Edred, the restorer of
the said monastery, and of Edgarj my grandfather^! do grant
and confirm to the monks aforesaid and their successors, toge-
ther with all liberties and privileges in their charters to the
said monastery granted and contained, the same to be held by
Saint Guthlac and his monks aforesaid for ever, as a pure and
royal alms-gift: Witnesses hereto, Egitha, my queen, Edsy
and Alfiric, the archbishops, earls Godwin, Leofnc, and Siward,
together with the others of my nobles, who are present at my
court."

Accordingly, the before-named venerable father, lord Wul-
gat, came to Croyland, together with all his monks, sixteen in
number, (for two had died at London), and all his moveables ;
and was received' on the day of Saint Mark the Evangelist, in
the year of our Lord, 1048. In this year, a great earthquake
took place on the calends of March, being the Lord's day, and
a great mortality of men and beasts followed.

Egelrie, a monk of Burgh, was at this time made bishop of
Durham, through the influence of earl Godwin. After he h^d .
obtained this bishopric, and had collected infinite sums of
money, he caused a solid highway for travellers to be made
through the middle of most dense forests and the extremely

130 DTOTLFH'b HISTOBY OF THE ABBEY OF CEOTULfTD. A.b.1051^

deep marshes of Depyng as far as Spalding, constructed of
timber and sand, — a most costly work, and one of the greatest
utility. This road up to this day bears, and as long a$ it
shall last will continue to bear, the name of ( Elricherode/ de-
rived from Egelric, its maker. For this work all the Gervii,*
and the people of Mid Anglia, and all the Saxons lavished
blessings upon him ; while the people of the diocese of Dur-
ham greatly censured him. After he had again replenished
his purse with money, he gave up the bishopric, and returned
to Burgh, resigning his ring26 to Agelwin, a monk of Burgh,
and his own brother. The good offices of earl Godwin being *
in a similar manner exerted with the king, Agelwin was ap-
pointed bishop, and has remained in that office to these our
times. But more of this hereafter.

In the year of our Lord, 1051, Alfric archbishop of York de-
parted this life at Southwell, and was buried at Burgh. In the
same year also, the earth failing with its usual fertility to pro-
duce its fruits, it consumed multitudes of the inhabitants thereof
with famine, so much so, that, through the dearness of corn
and the excessive want of bread, many thousands of men
perished. JBeing moved with pity for the poor, the most
pious king Edward remitted for ever to all England a most
grievous tribute which was known by the name of ' Danegeld.'
Some say, that this most holy king, on one occasion when his
chamberlains had brought this Danegeld, after its collection,
into his chamber, and had taken him to see such a vast heap
of treasure, on the first sight thereof was seized with a shud-
dering, and protested that he beheld the'devil dancing upon
the pile of money, and exulting with excessive joy. He con-
sequently gave orders to restore it immediately to its former
owners, and would not so much as touch a single jot of such a
cruel exaction, but remitted the same thenceforth for ever,27
it being the thirty-eighth year since, in the time of Ethelred
his father, Sweyn, king of the Danes, had ordered the same
to be paid yearly to his army. .

At this period, the venerable father, abbat Wulgat, seeing
the scarcity at the present day wax stronger and stronger, and
that his sons, the monks of his monastery, who, before his

25 See note to p. 50 and 87. * The episcopal ring.

27 This tax was levied again by William I. and II. ; but was afterwards
repealed by Henry I., and finally by Stephen. *

A.D. 1051. ^WTCLUH OP ITOBMAHDT TOT** EKGIJJtt). . •-. 13]L

frrwal, had been refreshed with dainties and had abounded
iJitfe sumptuous clothing,28 were now feeding on inferior9*
^read, and a few small fish caught in the river, sighed deeply,
ah4 grieved exceedingly that he had ." multiplied the nation,
and not increased the joy ; ,,3° and he deliberated with his breth-
ren what steps ought to be taken against this most imminent
danger of approaching famine, while he suppliantly entreated
all the Mends of the monastery, calling upon the rich to con-
tribute, and the wise to give their counsel.

At this period, among the especial friends and well-wishers
of oar monastery, our principal adviser was the sheriff of
Lincoln, Thorold by name, a person whom many who are still
surviving, both regulars and seculars, have seen and known,
being a member of the race and kindred of that sheriff Tho-
rold, who in former times proved a most. warm friend to our
monastery, and gave us his manor of Bokenhale, with all its
appurtenances. In the same manner, this Thorold was influ-
enced by a most becoming spirit of pious affection for our
house ; and for the purpose of affording relief and assistance
to our monastery, gave his whole manor of Spalding, with the
rents pertaining thereto, and all its services, as a perpetual
alms-gift, which would suffice, as he considered, for the sus-
tenance of six monks, that is to say, of one prior and five
brethren, with a competent number of dependants ; and ex-
ecuted his charter to that effect. Accordingly, six monks being
thus transferred from our monastery, through the said Tho-
rold, our refectory was greatly relieved thereby ; while he
applied himself with all diligence to remove his household
from .the said estate, and then to put his chapel in better con-
dition, and to change the hall into a refectory, the chamber into
a dormitory, and the place for exercise into a cloister for the
monks. Besides this, he gave to the monks all the beasts of
burden on the manor that were suited for the purposes of
agriculture, and all the other implements and utensils that
were requisite for cooking, brewing, and baking.

It was at this period, that William, the most illustrious and
glorious duke of the Normans, came over to England to visit
king Edward, attended by a large retinue of knights. The

28 This is probably the meaning of " croceis."
28 " Secundario," probably the same which we call *' seconds."
80 Isaiah ix. 3.

k 2

132 ingulph's msioxi of the abbey op cbotlaitd. 4.9,1056.

king received him with all becoming honor, and after keeping
him some time at court, accompanied him round the cities and
the royal castles, and shewing him all becoming attentions,
at length sent him home honored with numerous presents.
As to his succession to the kingdom, he had hitherto enter-
tained no hopes thereof, nor was there any mention made of
it between them.

In the year of our Lord, 1052, Wulgat, lord abbat of Croy-
land, after having fulfilled the duties of the pastoral office for
a period of four years, departed this life on the nones pf July,
and was buried in the chapter-house, on the day of Saint Me-
dardus, the bishop. He was succeeded in the office of. abbat,
at the presentation of king Edward, by the venerable father,
the lord Wulketul ; who, being a monk and sacrist of Burgh,
was made abbat of Croyland, and installed on the festival of
Mary Magdalen. Emma, formerly queen, the wife of kings,
namely, Ethelred and Gnute, and the mother of kings, namely,
Hydecnute and Edward, departed this life, and was buried at
Winchester.

In the year of our Lord, 1053, while earl Godwin was
seated at the king's table, he was charged by the king with
the death of his brother ; on which, after giving utterance to
many oaths, he at last swore by the morsel which he was
about to swallow that such was not the fact, and on tasting the
morsel was instantly choked, and so died. The earldom of
Wessex was given to his son Harold; while the earldom of
Harold, that is to say, Essex, was given to Algar, the son of
Leofric, earl of Leicester.

In the year of our Lord, 1056,, Siward, the brave earl of
Northumbria, departed this life, and waslmried in the cloisters
of the monastery of Saint Mary, which he had built, without
the walls of the city. His earldom of York was given to Tosti,
the brother of earl Harold, while the earldoms of Northampton,
and of Huntingdon, with the rest of his lands, were given to
the renowned earl Waldev,31 his son and heir. At this time,
also, king Edward, being influenced by the bad advice of some
persons, outlawed the most illustrious earl Algar, without any
fault on his part. But by the aid of Griffin, king of the "Welch,,
and of a Norwegian fleet, which had unexpectedly come to his
assisjance, he was at length reconciled to the king after many
81 More generally Waltheof.

A.D. 1059. NICOLAS ELECTED POPE. 133

had been slain [in battle], and so recovered his earldom ; while
his fleet was taken up to Leicester, and, after being most
bountifully rewarded by his father, took its departure.

In the year of Our Lord, 1057, Leofric, the most illustrious
and most virtuous earl . of Leicester, departed this life, and
lies buried at his monastery of Coventry, which he had built
and enriched with very great, gifts and privileges. He died
just in the fortieth year after he had bestowed our manor at
Baddeby, for the remainder of the term, which had been granted
to bis brother Norman, on the monastery of Evesham ; and in
this alone did heM do any injury to us. Edward, also, the
uncle of king Edward, being invited to return from Hungary,
as soon as he had reached England, fell sick and died ; from
which period all hopes of continuing the royal line began to fail.

In the year of our Lord, 1058, Algar, the brave earl of
Leicester, was outlawed a second time ; on which, he again
repaired to Griffin, king of the "Welch, and, hiring a Norwegian
fleet, recovered his earldom by force* He was a friend and
benefactor to our monastery, and favourably and graciously
confirmed all the gifts of his forefathers to our house, while he
added certain special provisions for the support of our convent,
and of our brethren at Spaldyng. At this time, also, by the
advice and consent of the said earl, the venerable father, abbat
Wulketul, assigned the chapel of Saint Mary, at Spaldyng,
and all the profits thereof, together with all the revenues to
our monastery belonging on the eastern side of the river "Wel-
land, unto the said monks, to hold the same With the entire;
rights thereof, for the purpose of affording hospitality after the
monastic manner, as well to the poor as the rich, of whom
ihere was to that place a constant resort.

In the year of our Lord, 1059, Benedict, an usurper of the
Apostolic See, was, through the zeal of the faithful, expelled
from the papacy,' and Nicolas, bishop of the city of Florence,
was, on the election of the cardinals, canonically appointed.
It was he88 who had sent the pall to Stigand, archbishop of
Canterbury, like favouring like.84. The most valiant earl
Algar, who was always extremely attached to our monastery,
also departed this life, after being repeatedly persecuted

* Earl Leofric. M Benedict. *

M William of Malmesbury represents Stigand as a sort of usurper of
the see of Canterbury.

154 dtgtjlph's histobt of tAe abbey o* c&OTtAin). ' A.i. 1062.

by his rivals, and oftentimes buffeted to and fro by hud and
by sea; though, the Lord prospering his designs, he alwajre
remained unconquered, and was beloved with the most sin-
cere affection by the people of his land j' he Was buried at
Goventry, near his father, and left three children, two atffis,
namely, Edwin and Morcar, who were afterwards earls, and one
daughter, who is now surviving, the countess Luck. - ' '

In the year of our Lord, 1060; Kyiisy, archbishop of York,
departed this life, and was interred at Burgh, of wirich place
he had formerly been a monk. He was succeeded by Aldred,
bishop of Worcester. To this^ Aldred', king Edlrard had en-
trusted the bishopric of Hereford to keep ,* and accordingly,
on his promotion to the Bee of York, king Edward gave* that
bishopric to one Walter, chaplain to queen Egitha, by birth a
native of Lorraine.

In the year of our Lord, 1061, Wulketul, the lord abba* of
Croyland, began to build1 a new church, ae prosperous times
were coming on ; for the old one, Which the venerable lord
Turketul had formerly erected, threatened immediate ruin.
The renowned earl Waldev aided him with the most ardent
zeal, and on this occasion, gave to our monastery of Croyland
his vill of Bernak, assigning it for the building of the Church ;
for he was troubled with the remorse of an upright conscience,
because it had formerly been the property of the church, and
because, as there was an excellent quarry there, it was con-
sequently especially adapted to the necessities of the monas-
tery.

In the year of our Lord, 1062, Saint Wulstan; formeriy a
monk of Burgh, after that, prior of Worcester, :and then
abbat of Glocester, was at length made bishop of WonJester.
At this time, a nobleman, the lord of Brunne3* and of the ad-
joining marshes, Leofric by name, a person of high lineage,
and renowned for his military prowess, Bhowed himself, in
many respects, a beneficent adviser and friend to out mo-
nastery ; he was a kinsman of Badulph, the great earl ctf Here-
ford; who had married Goda, the sister of king Edward, and
who lies entombed at Burgh. This Leofric, by his wife Ediva,
who was of like noble blood (being granddaughter in the fifth
degree of the mighty duke Oslac, who formerly lived in the

85 Bourne ' .

J»,». H$2, va$5WA$», SOff OF U80F*IC, BANISHED* 135

: to© pf kifig J2#gar), had a son, Heward8* by name, at this
period a young man remarkable for his- strength of body. He
waa tall in person, and a youth of singular beauty, but too
fond of war&re, and of a spirit fierce and uncontrolled beyond
expression. In youthful sports and wrestling he also ma-
nifested such indomitable ardour, that many a time " his hand
was against every man, and every man's hand was against
kim." w The consequence was> that when the youths of simi-
lar age engaged in wrestling and other sports of a like nature,
if be could not gain a triumph over .them all, and his fellows
did not. offer him the laurel crown as the reward of victory, he
would very often obtain with the sword that which by the
mere strength of his aim* he was unable.

for this reason, the neighbours made great complaints
against the youth, and so greatly did they provoke his father,
LeoMcj against his own offspring, that, in the extreme bitter-
ness of his anger, he discovered to king Edward many youth-
ful pranks which he bad played off upon his father, of a nature
that could not be borne, and acts of excessive violence against
his neighbours ; and thus, as though he had been his enemy,
he procured his outlawry.

This most valiant youth, Heward, on being thus outlawed,
first repaired to Northnmbria, then to Cornwall, thence to Ire-
land, and afterwards to Flanders ; and, everywhere behaving
himself with the greatest bravery, in a short time acquired a
most glorious and illustrious name. He exposed himself with
intrepidity to every kind of peril, and had the good fortune
always to espape; in every military conflict he would ever op-
pose himself to the bravest, and by means of his undaunted
spirit, proving victorious, left it a matter of doubt whether he
was more fortunate or more brave -r so surely did he overcome

. all his foes, so surely did he escape from the greatest dangers.
Becoming thus renowned and invincible in many and mighty
battles, his fame was even, spread among his adversaries, and
hiB valiant deeds reaching even England, were sung there ; and,
by tho wonderful grace of God, the feelings of his father and
mother* and all his relations, and neighbours, and the whole of
his fellow-countrymen, towards him were changed into those of
the most ardent affection ; a change wrought, no doubt, by the
* More commonly called Hereward. B7 Gen. xvi 12.

136 nreuLPH*B hibtoby of the abbey of cboylaxd. a.d.i06&

right hand of the Most High, which substituted such kindly
feeling for aversion so extreme.

At length, in Flanders, he married a damsel of noble birth,
Turfrida by name, and by her had an only daughter ; who is
now surviving and living in our neighbourhood, and has been
lately married to an illustrious knight, one on the most inti-
mate terms with our monastery, Hugh Evermue byname, lord
of the vill of Depyng, having brought with her her patrimonial
estate of Brunne and its appurtenances. Her mother, Turfrida,
coming to England, with her husband, on seeing the mul-
tiplied changes of this transitory world, at last, with the per-
mission of her husband, abandoned all the pomps of the world,
and received the monastic habit, in our monastery of Croyland,
at the hands of Wulketul, the lord abbat. After having long
lived a most holy life under that garb, she plied recently, hardly
four summers since, and lies buried in our monastery.

Her father, Heward, after returning with his said wife to
his native land, fought mighty battles, and underwent a thou*
sand perils, in engagements with both the king of England,
and his earls and barons, his chieftains and commanders. After
undergoing these numerous perils and showing the most un-
daunted prowess, as we still hear sung in our streets, and after
having with a powerful right-hand avenged his widowed mo-
ther, made peace with the king, and obtained his patrimonial
estate, he ended his days in peace, and was very recently, by
his especial choice, buried in our monastery, by the side of his
wife. But of these matters more hereafter.

In the year of our Lord, 1063, Harold, earl of Wessex, by
command of king Edward, conducted a most formidable expe-
dition against the "Welch, who were constantly making inroads
and repeated depredations upon the neighbouring districts.
Seeing that the activity of the Welch proved remarkably effect
tual against the more cumbrous movements of the English,
and that, after making an attack, they quickly retreated to the
woodB, while our soldiers, being weighed down with their
arms, were unable to follow them, he ordered all his soldiers
to accustom themselves to wear armour made of boiled leather,
and to use lighter arms. Upon this, the Welch were greatly
alarmed, and submitted in every respect, utterly throwing off
all allegiance to their king, Griffin.

*.9» 10G6. UXJKB WILLIAM APPOINTED 10 THIS THRONE. 137

In the year of our Lord, 1065, Griffin, king of the Welch,

was slain by his people, and his head, together with the beak
of his ship, was sent to -Harold ; on which, king Edward
gave to his brothers, Blethgent and Ruthius, and, in considers
tion of their sweariqg fealty and paying due service to the
kingdom of England each year, granted to them! Wales, to hold
the same in peace to themselves and to their posterity. In the
same year, king Edward, being now enfeebled by old age, and
perceiving that Edgar, the son of the lately-deceased Clito
Edward, was unsuited, both in disposition as well as body, for
occupying the royal throne, and that the numerous and wicked
progeny38 of earl Godwin was daily waxing stronger and
stronger upon the earth, turned his thoughts to his kinsman,
William, duke of Normandy, and, by a distinct announcement,
appointed him his successor on the throne of England.

For duke William had at this period proved victorious in
every battle, and triumphant on all occasions over the king of
France ; and was preeminently distinguished among the earls
neighbouring to Normandy, being invincible in the exercises
of arms, a most upright judge in the determination of suits,
and most religious and most devout in the service of God.
Hence it was that king Edward sent to him Robert,89 aroh-
bishop of Canterbury, as envoy on his behalf, and informed
him, by the mouth of his archbishop, that, both as the due of
his relationship, as well as the reward of his virtues, he had
been named as the successor to his throne. In addition to this,
Harold, the master of the king's household, went to Nor-
mandy, and not only made oath that he would, after the king's
death, preserve for duke William the kingdom of England,
but even pledged his word that he would marry the daughter
of duke William ; after which, receiving magnificent presents,
he returned home.

In the year of our Lord, 1066, a comet appeared in the
heavens, which portended great changes in the kingdom,
the slaughter of the people, and multiplied miseries inflicted
on the land. On this occasion was repeated the rhyming
couplet—

w Ingulph is probably prompted here by his dislike for Harold.
38 Stigtuid, the then archbishop was only an usurper.

)

138 DTGTJLPH^ HISTOBX OF !ra^ A^BFT OF CKOTIAKI). *•*. 106&.

'*• Anno railleno sexageno qnoque seno,
Anglorum metae crinem sensere cometse."40
For, as the philosophers say, " Those who see its tail, will
have bad fortune to bewail.41

About the time of the Nativity of our Lord, king Edward
fell siek unto death, and [had the church of Westminster con-
secrated on the feast of the Holy Innocents ; but, the malady,
daily increasing, he died on the vigil of the Epiphany of our
Lord, and] was interred at Westminster, having nearly com-
pleted the twenty-fourth year of his reign. On the morrow
of the royal funeral, earl Harold, showing himself contrary to
iris dignity and his oath, a contemner of his plighted faith,
and wickedly forgetting his solemn promise, intruded himself
upon the royal throne, and being solemnly crowned by Aldred,
the archbishop of York, reigned nine months.

On this, William, duke of Normandy, sent ambassadors, de-
clared that Harold had violated his engagements,, published
the terms of his agreement, demanded of him the perform-
ance of his promises, and requested that some fair terms should
be adopted. King Harold, however, would hardly listen to
the ambassadors, denied that he had violated his engagements,
denied the existence of any such agreement* excused himself
for non-performance of his promises, and scoffed and laughed
at all fair terms that were offered. While these negociations
. were daily going on, and throughout the whole summer there
was nothing but messengers running to and fro without any re-
sult therefrom, William addressed his complaints to the pope,
and consulted him thereon, and, receiving encouragement from
him, was even presented by him with the standard of lawful
victory.

Harold, however, cared but little for the opinion of the
pope, but visited his harbours, assembled his- troops, and, in
especial, led an expedition against his brother, earl Tosti, who
was then repeatedly harassing his shores, and expelled him
thence. Just then, behold ! Harold, king of Norway, whom

40 This Leonine couplet is also given by Irbveden. ■ It may be ren-
dered by the homely words—

" In the year one thousand and sixty-six,
A comet all England's gaze did fix."

41 literally, " Whither it directs its hair, thither does it direct cala-
mity"— a pan being made on the resemblance of "crinem/' the "hair,"
or " tail," of a comet, and " discrimen/' " danger."

A.a.im "~y~ bAtm o* SAsiorM. • • 139

the said Toati had joined, entered the month of the river
Humber with a fleet of two hundred ships ; and they all oame
up the little river Ouse, nearly as far as York. The fleet
being there left tinder the care of a guard, they attacked the
city of York, and took it, spreading slaughter and devastation
on every side. The two brothers, earls Edwin and Morcar,
collecting a small band of 'their fellow-countrymen, flew to
its assistance, bnt being unprovided with arms, weans quickly
repulsed by the armed troops. At last, Harold, king of the
English, with a strong body of troops, attacked them in open
tattle, at Stamford Bridge; and although the Norwegians
offered a very stout resistance, he at last gained the victory,
king Harold and earl Tosti, the leaders of the army, to-
gether with a vast multitude of the barbarians,' being slain.
The guard left with the fleet, Olaf, son of king Harold, and
Paul, earl of the Orkneys together with a fleet of twenty ships
only, were the only persons left at liberty, and allowed to re-
turn home.

But while Harold was exulting in this victory gained over
the Norwegians, news was being daily brought by fresh mes-
sengers that the Normans had effected a landing in the southern
parts of the kingdom. The king, overjoyed at the victory of
yesterday, dreamed that similar fortune would attend him in
future. He, therefore, applied the spur, and outstripped all
his people, nor was he attended by any part of his whole army,
except a very few person's. Arriving with all speed at Hastings,
and collecting there a miscellaneous rout of the country-people,
he refused to await the arrival of his army, but employed
them, raw and undisciplined as they were, for his troops, and
so drew up his line of battle. The fates urging him on, upon
the following day he engaged with the duke, and fighting with
the greatest valour, remained uneonquered throughout the
whole day until the evening. Repeatedly engaging hand to
hand with the foe, like a common soldier, ^nd laying about
him most stoutly, right and left, he fought on, till at last, just at
twilight, he fell, struck by an arrow, on a little eminence,
whither he had rallied his men. There fell king Harold, and
his earls, his brothers Gurth and Lefwin, and all the rest of
the nobles of England in his army.

The most victorious duke William, having now obtained the
palm of conquest, after having in a short time traversed the
western coasts of England, attended by numerous bishops,

140 IKGTTLPH's HI8TOET OF THE ABBEY OF CR0YLASD. A.D. 1066.

proceeded to London ; and was joyfully received there, and, amid
multiplied acclamations, declared king. On the day of the
Nativity of our Lord, he was crowned by archbishop Aldred,
and ascended- the royal throne. For he was unwilling to have
the duties of the coronation performed by archbishop Stigand
(to whose dignity that duty ought by right to belong), because
he had heard that it was alleged tiy the pope, the successor of
the Apostles, that he had not received the pall canonically.
This same Stigand had resigned the bishopric of East Anglia,48
and, abusing the simple-mindedness* of a most upright king,
and thinking that he might by money pervert all right, had
seized upon the see of Winchester ; and then, while arch*
bishop Robert was still living, had ascended the archiepiscopal
chair of Canterbury, still retaining in his hands the bishopric
of Winchester. Being accused of tins, and publicly condemned,
he was afterwards deposed at a synod held at Winchester ; on
which, that most reverend patriarch, the abbatof Caen, Master
Lanfranc, a person esteemed most holy for his religious charac-
ter, a [most praiseworthy and] famous professor of all liberal
arts, and one well versed in temporal matters, was canonically
consecrated archbishop of Canterbury. But more of this
hereafter.

Many of the chief men of the land, for soma time, offered
resistance to William, the new king, but, being afterwards
crushed by his might and overcome, they at last submitted to
the sway of the Normans. Among these, the before-named
brothers, earls Edwin and Morcar, were both slain by stra-
tagem ; Roger, earl of Hereford, was condemned to perpetual
imprisonment ; Radulph, earl of Suffolk, was driven from the
country ; earl Waldev was secured by William giving him his
niece in marriage ; Agelwin, bishop of Durham, was impri-
soned at Abingdon, and his brother and predecessor, Egebric,
was, in like manner, incarcerated at Westminster ; while all
the rest who mafe resistance were either deposed and de-
prived of their prelacies, driven beyond sea and exiled, or dis-
tributed through the monasteries, there to be imprisoned ; or
else, at last, unwillingly bowed their heads to the new king;
I. am hurriedly and summarily making mention, in this
way, of the exploits of this most glorious king, because I am
unable here to follow him year by year, and to set forth his
progress step by step. The king then proceeded to distribute
** The bishopric of Helmham.

A.9.106& HERWABD COKSECBATED XXIGRT. 141

among his Normans the earldoms, baronies, bishoprics, and
prelacies of all the land, and would hardly allow any English-
man to attain any honorable position, or to hold an office that
conferred any power.

Herward, who has been previously mentioned, was the only
one of them who enjoyed43 a prosperous end. For, on hearing,
in Flanders, that the land of England was subjugated by
foreigners, and that his own paternal inheritance, on the death
• of his father, LeoMc, had been presented by the royal muni-
ficence to a certain Norman, while his widowed mother was
being afflicted by many injuries and the greatest insults ; he was
touched with lie most becoming grief, and, accompanied by
Turfrida, his wife, flew to England, where, collecting no
despicable band of his kinsmen, armed with the sword he
rushed with the speed of lightning upon the persecutors of his
mother, and thrust them out and drove them afar from his
inheritance. Reflecting that he was in command of men
of the greatest bravery, and some of those, knights, while he
himself had not yet,, according to military usage, been lawfully
giit with, the belt ; he took with him some few novices of his
band who were, together with himself, to be lawfully conse-
crated to knighthood, and repaired to his uncle, Brand by
name, who was at that time abbat of Burgh, a very religious
man, and (as I have heard from my predecessor, Ulf ketul, the
lord abbat, and many others) one very much devoted to alms-
giving to the poor, and adorned with every virtue. Here,
after prefacing with a confession of all his sins, and receiving
absolution thereof, he most urgently entreated that he might
be made a knight. For it was the custom of the English,
that he who was about to be lawfully consecrated a knight
should, the evening before the day of his consecration, with
contrition and compunction, make confession of all his sins,
before some bishop, abbat, monk, or priest, and should, after
being absolved, pass the night in a church, gvring himself up
to prayer, devotion, and mortification. ^ On the following day
he was to hear mass, and to make offering of a sword upon the
altar, and, after the Gospel, the priest was to bless the sword,
and, with his blessing, to lay it upon the neck of the knight;
on which, after having communicated at the same mass in the
sacred mysteries of Christ, he became a lawful knight. The
4? u Bemiumiirabat" is perhaps a misprint for another word.

142 IKGTTLPH'S HISTOEX OF THB AB1BT OF CB0T1AJTD. ^406$.

Normans held in abomination this mode of consecrating a
knight, and did not consider such a person to be a lawful
knight, but a mere tardy trooper, and a degenerate plebeian-

And not only in this custom, but in many others as weil*
did the Normans effect a change. For the Normans con-
demned the English method of executing deeds ; which, up to
the time of king Edward, had been confirmed by the subscription
of the faithful present, with golden crosses and other sacred
signs, and which chirographs they were in the habit of call*
ing " charters." The Normans were also in the habit of con-
firming deeds with wax impressions, made by the especial
seal of each person, with the subscription thereto of three or
four witnesses then present. At first, many estates were even,
transferred simply by word of mouth, without writing or
charter, and only with the sword, helmet, horn, or cup of the
owner; while* many tenements were conveyed with a spur, a
body-scraper, a bow, and some with an arrow. This, how-
ever, was only the case at the beginning of this reign, for in
after-years the custom was changed.

So inveterately did the Normans at this period detest the
English/ that whatever the amount of their merits might be,
they were excluded from all dignities ; and foreigners, who
were far less fitted, be they of any other nation whatever un-
der heaven, would have been gladly chosen instead of them.
The very language even they abhorred with such intensity,
that the laws of the land and the statutes of the English kings
were treated of in the Latin tongue ; and even in the very
schools, the rudiments of grammar were imparted to the chil-
dren in French and not in English. The English mode of
writing was also abandoned, and the French manner adopted
in charters and in all books. But enough of these matters.

When the earls above-named were making resistance to the
renowned king William, holding possession, together with
many other nobles who were similarly disinherited, of the fens
of Ely, they sent a speedy messenger to fetch Herward ; no
whose arrival, he was made leader in the warfare and chief
of the troops; upon which, he performed so many glorious and
warlike exploits, was so often victorious over his adversaries,
eluded them on so many occasions, that he earned lasting
praise, because he upheld the falling condition of his
ruined country as long as he could, and did not permit [his

ATifeiWL -" abbat truntHnn. DEPOSED. 143

^ointrymen] to go unrevenged to the shades below. The rest
of the nobles, surrendering themselves to the king, endea-
voured to gain favour, while he 'was the only one who utterly
refused to do so, and deferred his submission, adopting some
new course.

At this season, Brand, abbat of Burgh, the before-named
uncle of Herward, departed this life, on which, Thorold, a
foreigner, succeeded him on the presentation of king William.
Herward, being vexed that a foreigner should rule over his
kinsmen and acquaintances, attacked Burgh, and put the abbat
to Sight ; and although the lord abbat Thorold brought thither
to defend him, Ivo Taillebois, at that time a most powerful
Norman, and lord of the whole of Hbyland in that vicinity;
having received it from the king, he took him prisoner in a
pitched battle, but afterwards set him at liberty, on his ran-
som by payment of a large sum of money, and allowed him to
return home.

To this Ivo Taillebois, after the death of the two brothers
and earls before-named, Edwin and Morcar, the renowned
king William had given their sister Lucia in marriage, together
with all the lands and tenements which had belonged to them ;
and as these mostly lay in Hoyland, all the people of that dis-
trict honored him with the greatest attention, and supplicated
him as their lord on bended knees. Although they bestowed
upon him all the honors they possibly could, and all the ser-
vices they were bound, still he did not, repaying that confidence,
show any love for them ; but tortured and harassed, worried
and annoyed, incarcerated and tormented them, every day
loaded them with fresh burdens, and, by his cruelty, compelled
most of them to sell aH their property, and seek other coun-
tries. But against our monastery and all the people of Croy-
land, he was, by the instigation of the devil, aroused to such
an extreme pitch of fury, that he would follow the various
animals of the people of Croyland in the marshes with his
dogs, drive them to a great distance, drown them in the lakes,
mutilate some in the tails, others in the ears ; while often, by
the breaking the backs and the legs of the beasts of burden,
he would render them utterly useless.

He also repeatedly attempted, to the utmost of his ability,
to cause the ruin of the lord Ulf ketul, my predecessor, who was
at that time abbat, and at last, by his accusations, caused him

144 ingttlph's hotohy of the AJiBET of CKOTLAKD. 4*j>. JL07U

to be deposed; and, after bis deposition, most unrighteously 1&&
him shut up in the convent of Glastonbury, that be might i*ojb
enjoy any. solace whatever by being in his own country. But
more of this hereafter.

Against our cell44 also, and our brethren, his neighbours,
the prior and his brother monks, who lived within the gates
thereof, and dwelt the whole day in his presence, ha raged
with such tyrannical and frantic fury, that he would many a
time lame their cattle, oxen as well as horses, would daily
impound their sheep and poultry, and frequently strike down,
kill, and destroy their swine and pigs ; while, at the same
time, the servants of the prior were oppressed in the earl's
court with insupportable exactions, were often assaulted in
the highways with swords and staves, and sometimes killed.

Consequently, the prior and the monks, after entreaties and
presents and gifts innumerable to his servants, and after they
had taken every measure that they deemed necessary, found
that their exertions were of no avail, but that the wicked-
ness, of the tyrant was always on the increase, and the malice
of his servants only gained additional strength : upon which,
they took with them their holy chalices, books, and beds, and
left their cell in the hand of the Lord, and then, shaking the
dust from off their feet against these sons of fire eternal, re-
turned to their monastery at Croyland.
. From this time forward, they sent each day to the wooden
chapel of Saint Mary, a single monk of Croyland, who was
there to perform Divine service for the people ; at last, how-
ever, both abbat "Wulketul, as well as the whole of his con-
vent, thinking that this was an immense labour and weari-
some beyond their strength, by common consent determined
that a monk should be sent on alternate days only. After this
had been done for some time, (as is well known among all the
people of those parts), on the feast of Saint Lucia the Virgin,
early in the morning a mighty tempest arose, just like a flood
rushing on against a ship, and the lord Manerius, a venerable
old man of remarkable piety, being the monk who was so
sent, was drowned at Wodelode. Being alarmed at so great
a misfortune and exceedingly terrified thereat, all the monks
of the monastery of Croyland ceased for a long period to send
any person. As for earl Ivo, being greatly overjoyed that the
«• At Spalding,

a.d. 1075. BABL WALDEV PUT TO DEATH. 145

Lord even seemed, as it were, to be fighting with him against
our monastery, he sent to Angers, to Natalie, lord abbat of Saint
Nicholas, and entreated him to send to him some monks; at
the same time promising and engaging that he would have a
fair and sufficient cell prepared and built for one prior and five
monks in his vill of Spalding, and amply endowed with lands
and tenements. Accordingly, the monks of Angers came and
took possession of our cell, and thus, before our very eyes,
do foreigners devour our lands. Upon "Wulketul, the lord ab-
bat, making complaint hereof in the king's court, all the Nor-
mans, leaguing together, justified and palliated the acts of
robbery, oppression, and slaughter, together with all the
other injuries, of which Ivo Taillebois had been guilty against
the people of Croyland ; and just as on the body of Behemoth,
" scale is joined to scale,"45 so did they stop up eyery breath
of truth, [and, as though " sinews of his stones wrapped to-
gether," tt defended one another a thousand ways].

To add to the calamities of Croyland, the cruel execution of
earl Waldev also took place at this time, a person who had
shewn himself most kindly disposed towards all the religious,
and an especial and most excellent friend to the monastery of
Croyland ; and, although the venerable archbishop Lanfranc,
his confeBsor, asserted that he was utterly innocent of all par-
ticipation in the rising and conspiracy, and that if he died on
that account, he would be a martyr, by reason of his inno-
cence; still, as his most impious wife desired to contract a new
marriage, and therefore most wickedly hurried on his destruc-
tion, while certain Normans were avariciously intent upon his
earldoms of Northampton and Huntingdon, (and especially the
Anjouin earl Ivo Taillebois, who was most anxious to possess
his lands and tenements, which were very numerous in all parts
°f England, and therefore thirsted for his blood) ; though
innocent and guiltless, he was beheaded at Winchester, on the
day before the calends of June, and the body of the martyr
was immediately buried there, beneath the humble sod.

However, after the lapse of fifteen days, by the king's per-
mission, the body of the [deceased] martyr was raised from the
tomb by the venerable abbat Wulketul, and was found to bo

45 He alludes to Job xli. 17 ; but these words are there used in reference
to Leviathan, and not Behemoth.

Job xl. 17. This is said in reference to Behemoth.

146 TKGULPH's HIStOBY OF THE ABBEY OF CROYtAXD. A.tt. 1&75*.

fresh, and sprinkled with blood which seemed to be just shed,
as though he had been slain on that same day ; upon which,
he was with all due respect carried to Croyland, and was
honorably buried in the chapter-house of that monastery.
When the Lord, 'wondrous in His Saints through the might
of His miracles, and for ever to be praised, gave signs here to
show the innocence of His martyr, his relict, Juditha, hearing
the mighty works of Christ, came to the tomb of her husband,
and in our sight offered a pail of silk upon his tomb ; upon which,
just as though it had been torn off by the hands of some person,
it flew to a distance from the tomb.

At this time, also, the manor of Bernake, which he had
[lately] presented to our monastery, was taken from us, and by
the king's command confiscated, in order to be presented, to-
gether with the rest of his lands lying near the Trent, as the
marriage portion of [Juditha], that most wicked Jezebel, his
late wife. A short time after this, when the renowned king
William was desirous to give his said niece in marriage to a
certain Norman, of noble birth, by name Simon of Senlis,
she declined his hand, because the said Simon halted in one
leg. The king, being excessively enraged at this, gave the
earldom of Huntingdon, with all the lands pertaining thereto,
to the said Simon ; on which, dreading the wrath of the king,
accompanied by her daughters she took to flight, and being
utterly despised, and held in extreme hatred by all through
the just judgment of God, concealed herself a long time in
various spots and hiding-places.

At length, however, this wretched woman confessed her
wickedness, and shewed extreme penitence for the nefarious
destruction of her husband ; and so remained unmarried to
the end, being from that time an object of suspicion to all,
and deservedly despised. Earl Simon, however, before-named,
after much deliberation, took her eldest daughter, Matilda by
name, to wife, by whom he had offspring, Simon, Waldev, and
Matilda, who are still young and in their infancy. Alice, his
wife's sister, was given by the said earl Simon to that most
illustrious man, Rodolph of Tournay, together with the whole
lordship of Wilchamstowe, which had formerly belonged to
her father, earl Waldev. By her the said Rodolph has issue,
but with the names of the children I am not at present ac-
quainted. This Simon, earl of Huntingdon and Northampton,

A.JK 1Q51. 1JSGULPH MADB ABBAT OF CBOYLAJTD. 147

tymt the castle at Northampton and the monastery of Saint
Andrew, not far from the said castle. These particulars, as to
the wife and offspring of this holy martyr, I think it sufficient
for the present to state.

The venerable abbat Wulketul, shortly after the burial of
the holy martyr, openly disclosed to his neighbours, and pub-
licly made known to all, the miracles of God which the Lord
wrought daily for His Saint. The Normans,being very indig-
nant at this, and unjustly enraged against this righteous man,
and Ivo Taillebois, in especial, persecuting him with more un-
relenting fury than all, the rest, they had him summoned to
appear in person at the next council to be held at London ; and
on the day of his appearance, having entered into a nefarious
combination against him for the becoming reverence which he
had shown for the holy martyr, iniquitously accused him
of idolatry, and still more iniquitously deprived him of the
care of the monastery ; and after so depriving him, most ini-
quitous of all, condemned him to be immured in the convent
of Glastonbury, under the most cruel abbat Thurstan, far from
his friends and his native place. The venerable father, abbat
Wulketul, being thus deprived of the rule of the pastoral office,
and all the treasures of his monastery carried off and con-
fiscated to the royal use, a substitution was made in his place
in my own humble person.

Now I, Ingulph, the humble servant of Saint Guthlac and
of his monastery of Croyland, a native of England, and the
son of parents who were [citizens] of the most beauteous city
of London, being in my tender years destined for the pursuits
of literature, was sent to study, first at Westminster, and after-
wards at Oxford. After I had made progress beyond most of
my fellows in mastering Aristotle, I also clothed myself down
to the heels with the First and Second Rhetoric of Tully. On
growing to be a young man, I loathed the narrow means of
my parents, and daily longed with the most ardent desire to
leave my paternal home, and, sighing for the palaces of kings
or princes, to clothe myself in soft and pompous raiment. And
behold ! just at this time William, our present renowned king
of England, who was then as yet duke of Normandy only,
came over with a great retinue of followers to London, for the
purpose of having an interview with Edward, the then king
of England. Immediately enrolling myself in the number of

12

148 ikgulph's histoet op the abbey of CEOYLAND. A.D. 1051 .

these, I exerted myself in the performance of all kinds of
weighty matters of business ; and after having brought many
affairs to a prosperous issue, was speedily brought to the notice
of that most illustrious duke, and, becoming a very great fa-
vourite with him, returned with him to Normandy.

Being there appointed his secretary, at my own will I ruled
the whole of the duke's court, incurring thereby the envy of
some, while those whom I chose I humbled, and those whom
I thought fit I exalted. Impelled onward by the natural ardour
of youth, notwithstanding my having gained this high position,
although thus elevated above my original station, I still grew
weary ; and in my ambition, was always most ardently longing,
with my unstable feelings, and with aspirations so eager, that
I am forced to blush at the acknowledgment, to obtain a station
even still more elevated. Just then, it was noised about, and
indeed universally spread throughout Normandy, that many
archbishops of the Empire, together with some other of the
princes of the land, were desirous, for the well-being of their
souls, with all due devoutness to proceed on a pilgrimage to
Jerusalem.

Upon this, several of the household of the duke, both knights
as well as clerks, among whom I was the first and foremost,
with the permission and good-will of our master, the duke,
made preparation for setting out on the said journey; and ac-
cordingly, taking the road for Germany, being more than thirty
horsemen in number, we joined his lordship [the archbishop] of
Mentz. All were in a state of preparation for the journey,
and in company with their lordships, the bishops, there were
reckoned seven thousand persons, who prosperously traversed
numerous regions, and at last arrived at Constantinople. Here,
addressing our prayers to its emperor, Alexius,46 we saw the
[church of] Saint Sophia, and kissed its sanctuaries, so infi-
nite in number.

Departing thence, and taking our way through Lycia, we fell
into the hands of Arabian robbers, and, being plundered of an
immense amount of money, and many of us being put to death,
only escaped with the greatest difficulty and at the extreme
peril of our lives, and at length joyously made our entrance
into the much longed for city of Jerusalem. We were received
by Sophronius, the then Patriarch, a man venerable for

46 An anachronism; as Alexius I. did not begin .to reign till 1031, or
twenty-two years after the death of Sophronius.

a.d. 1051. rXGULPH VISITS BOME. 149

iiia grey hairs, and most holy and most upright, with a great
crash of cymhals and an immense blaze of torches, at the most
divine Church of the most Holy Sepulchre, a solemn procession
being formed, of Latins as well as Syrians. What prayers we
here utteTed, what tears we shed, what sighs we heaved, the
inhabitant thereof, our Lord Jesus Christ, alone knoweth.
And so being led from the most glorious Sepulchre of Christ to
visit the other holy places of the city, we beheld with tearful
eyes an infinite number of holy churches and of oratories
which the Sultan Achym had lately destroyed. With abun-
dant tears we testified our most ardent sympathies for the
ruins of the most holy city as well without as within ; and
after having given no small sum of money for the restoration
of some parts, sighed with the most eager devotion to go forth
into the country, to dip ourselves in the most holy Jordan,
and to kiss all the footsteps of Christ.

But some robbers of Arabs, who kept a watch upon, all the
roads, would not allow us, in consequence of their fierce and
countless multitudes, to wander to any distance from the city.
Accordingly, on the arrival of spring, a fleet of Genoese ships
arrived in the port of Joppa. On board of these we all em-
barked, after the Christian merchants had exchanged their
wares throughout the maritime cities, and had in like manner
paid their adoration to the holy places, and so committed our-
selves to the sea. After being tossed by waves and storms in-
numerable, we arrived at last at Brundusium, and then making
a prosperous journey through Apulia, repaired to Kome, where
we kissed the thresholds of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul,
and at all the stations the most numerous monuments of the
holy Martyrs. Then the archbishops and other princes of the
Empire returned to Germany, taking the road to the right,
while we turned to the left on our way to France, taking leave
of each other, with kind words and kisses of inexpressible fer-
vency on both sides. And thus at last, instead of our number
of thirty horsemen who took our departure from Normandy in
excellent condition, hardly twenty returned, poor pilgrims and
all on foot, attenuated and famished in the extreme.

After all my companions had quickly dispersed and made

their way each to his own home, in order that I might not in

future be involved in the vanities of this world, to keep my

house thenceforth swept clean,* and preserve it closely shut

4? Alluding to St. Matthew xii. 44, and St. Luke xi. 25.

150 lXOULPH's HISTOET OP THE ABBEY OP CKOYLA2H). AiB. 1075.

against the seven spirits of wickedness, I took refuge in tfce
holy convent of Fontenelle.48 Here I received the monastic
habit from the venerable father abbat Gerbert, and with un-
wearied diligence applied myself to cleanse away and make
amends for the errors of my youth and all my ignorances,
according as the grace of the Holy Spirit inspired me to do.
At length, after the lapse of not a few years, on the decease of
the venerable prior, the lord Winotus, my venerable father,
the lord abbat Gerbert, summoned my humble self to be the
sharer of his anxieties, and, though unworthy and reluctant,
at last made an/1 appointed me prior of his monastery, bound,
as I was, by the ties of duty* to obey.

At this time, my lord William, the renowned duke of Nor-
mandy, hearing by his daily messengers of the death of his
kinsman, Edward, the most pious king of England, was long
waiting at the port of Saint Valery for a favourable wind, it
being his intention to cross over with a most valiant army, in
order to* assert his rights. Thither I then repaired with the
subsidy offered by my lord the abbat, and, having watched for
a suitable time for so doing, presented twelve chosen youths,
on horses, and supplied with arms, together with a hundred
marks for their expenses, as his contribution, on behalf of
my father the abbat. Being most abundantly thanked for so
welcome a present, and having, by the most munificent bounty
of the duke, obtained his charter of donation for ever to our
house of the whole of the vineyards of Carville, overjoyed
and exulting, I returned to our monastery. The duke, in the
meantime, crossed over the sea, having a most prosperous
voyage, and, as I have previously stated, reduced* England to
subjection. He ever after displayed the most ardent affection
for our abbey of Fontenelle, and showed abundant honor and
respect both to my lord the abbat, as well as all the brethren
of the said monastery, whenever he met them.

Accordingly, in the course of some years, on the venerable
father "Wulketul, the lord abbat of Croyland, my predecessor,
being deposed from the duties of the pastoral office, my master,
the renowned king William, sending a messenger to the vene-
rable father before-named, Gerbert, my lord abbat, to enquire
for my humble self, obtained that which he sought ; and so
placed me, with mingled feelings, of extreme, sorrow at . as-
** In Nonuaudy.

A.Dt.1075. XSGULPE BEH0LD8 A YXSHHT. 151

sn&iing a burden of such heavy responsibility, and of extreme
delight at seeing myself transferred to my native soil, in the
most holy Temple of Christ upon the candlestick of the church
of Croyland. Both my venerable abbat as well as all the rest
of the holy community of the brethren, suppliantly and repeat-
edly entreated me, when about to set out for those parts, that
I would always preserve a grateful recollection of my holy
nest, and would never dismiss my mother from my thoughts.
They also requested that I would say a good word for them
[against all men] in presence of my lord the king, whose con-
versation, they supposed, I should frequently enjoy ; as, living
with him in England, I should often be in his presence, and
sometimes a guest at his table. They also begged that I would
take away with me something from the tombs of the Saints,
many of whom rest in that monastery, by way of a lasting
remembrance of it, to the end that my devoutness might in-
crease towards God, and my affection for the place continue.

Accordingly, I passed a night in the church, before the
shrines of the Saints there buried, namely, Wandragesil, the -
abbat, and Wulfran and Ausbert, the bishops, and there
I poured forth my heart; and, with becoming devoutness,
entreated that the Lord would deign to guide my steps, through
the merits and prayers of my said patrons. It was the vigil
of Saint Andrew the Apostle, and in its course midnight had
now nearly passed, when, after the repetition of many prayers,
and after reading the victorious passion of the said Holy
Apostle, sleep suddenly creeping upon me, I reclined on my
left side against the lectern, which was standing before me.

And now, behold ! I saw a certain abbat, of remarkably
handsome features, attended by two most reverend bishops,
one on either side, proceed from the altar behind, and meet, in
the middle of the choir, the same number of Sainta; of whom
two were refulgent with priests' stoles, while the third, whom
they escorted between them with the greatest veneration,
appeared to he an earl most gorgeously arrayed, who wore a
tore of gold on his neck. When they had saluted each other,
and had finished the Lord's prayer, one of the bishops ad-
dressed me, and anxiously requested and ordered me to lead
his guests to the hostrey,40 and diligently minister to their
wants, while, at the same time, I was most carefully to
49 Or guest-hall.

152 INGTTLPH'b H1ST0KY OF THE ABBXY 09 CBbttLTSTD. A,D, 1 0?&

watch the fire of the hostrey, until such time as t&ey
should send for me : the rest of the holy men. making similar
requests of me. While I -was hesitating for some little time to
comply with their requests, the holy bishop added these words:
" Go thy way, and, of a truth, my right hand shall always be
with thee;" upon which, the vision disappeared, and, the
morning vigils to be paid to the Apostle before-named now
approaching, our sacrist rang the bell to awake the brethren.

Now, of the interpretation of this vision I was for many
years utterly ignorant, until, having come into these parts, and
reflecting upon the said vision, I gathered from it the follow*
ing prognostics : — The two bishops were the two patrons of
the convent of Eontenelle, Wuliran and Ausbert, while the
abbat in the middle was Saint Wandragesil, the abbat and
founder of that place, and the first inhabitant thereof: they
proceeded from the altar behind me, because there their holy
bodies repose. The two who met them, clad in priests' stoles,
were Saint Guthlac and Saint Keot, both most holy priests of
God, and especial patrons of Croyland ; while the earl in the
middle, who was decorated with a golden tore around his neck,
was the most holy martyr, earl Waldev, who, though most .
innocent, was beheaded, and entombed in that monastery. To
the service of these I was appointed, when I assumed the
charge of the pastoral office in this convent of Croyland.
The hand of the holy bishop Wuliran still remains with me,
because I brought away with me the bone of his right arm,
which, as a present from the whole convent, I had received as
a lasting memorial thereof.

Accordingly, having been thus presented with the said holy
arm, I came to London to my lord the king; where being in-
vested with the staff of the pastoral office of the monastery of
Croyland, after being admitted, and having received the bene-
diction from the venerable father, archbishop Lanfranc, and the
most reverend bishop of Lincoln on the day of the Nativity
of our Lord, I made my first entrance into Croyland on the
Conversion of Saint Paul the Apostle, and was installed there
in the year of our Lord, 1076.

I found in this monastery [of Croyland], of which, by the
will of God, I am a servant, sixty-two monks, of whom four
were lay brethren, besides monks of other monasteries, who
were making profession of the monastic life there, together

A.ojlojGh • • ^destitute eomnoN or ceoyjaitd. 15$

with these of out chapter. All these, when they came, had
abas in our choir, seats in our refectory, and beds in our dor-
mitory* These, too, exceeded one hundred in number, and just
when they pleased [they came, and just when they pleased,}
some after the expiration of half a year, and some alter a
whole year, they returned to their own monasteries ; and this,
more especially in the time of war, and when the least whirl-
wind muttered in the time of peace ; for then, like bees re-
turning to their hives when it threatens rain, so did they
flock from every quarter to Croyland. At this time, the num-
ber of those thus united with us in making monastic profes-
sion were, from Thorney ten, from Burgh six, from Ramsey
eight, from Ely three, from Saint Edmund's, nine, from Saint
Alban's twelve, from Westminster ten, from Saint Andrew's
at Northampton two, from Christ Church at Norwich four-
teen, from Tetford fifteen, from Coventry seven, from Saint
Mary without York six, from Saint Mary Stowe80 ten, from
Michelney six, and from Malmesbury five; besides those
who were arriving everyday, and others who were always
staying with us, and who, having seen the safe situation of the
locality, and the mutual affection. of the brethren of Croyland,
most devoutly entreated that they might be enrolled in our
community ; while that hospitality, which was innate, in our
monastery from ancient times, seldom or never repulsed any one
who knocked.

Accordingly, on my arrival at the monastery, finding all
in a most desolate condition, and humbled even to despair, on
account of the various misfortunes which had from every quarter
depressed the house, I consulted both laymen, as well as the
literate monks, who were acquainted with the means- of
the convent, by what aids or resources they had found that in
former years the monastery was relieved ; and most earnestly
requested them truly and simply to inform me thereon, and on
no account whatever to conceal from my notice anything that
they knew of as being requisite to be known by me.

On this, they made answer, that one Asford of Helieston,
who was formerly the bailiff of the lord abbat Wulketul, my
immediate predecessor, had for many years had the manage-
ment of the manors and rents of the whole monastery,
had made delivery of the lands and tenements thereof to the
farmersj had received the rents and profits thereof, and had
w in Lincolnshire.

134 OGULPH-'S HISTORY OF XHS ABBEY OF CROYLAND. A,H. Mtf 6.

paid all the workmen of the convent entirely at his own will
and pleasure ; that he had grown enormously rich, and had hut
very seldom repaired the dilapidations of the monastery ; that
he was the only one who knew the real state of our mo-
nastery, and that it was in his power alone to afford the desired
relief.

I, Ingulph, on hearing this, had this Asford sent for, and,
Rimply disclosing to him the state of the monastery, informed
him that it stood greatly in need of his advice and assistance,
and, with many prayers and promises, hegged and entreated
him, and laboured with the greatest earnestness to work upon
his good feelings to such a degree as to prompt him to render
us assistance : besides which, I explained to him my state of
ignorance, and the fact of my having so recently come, and
fully disclosed to him my wretched state, as well as that of
the whole monastery, unless he should give us a helping hand.
To all this he showed himself as hard as iron, and as impene-
trable as adamant ; and just in the same way that " the adder
is deaf, and stops its ears,"41 so did he despise my entreaties,
laugh at my promises* and, as though he took a pleasure in the
misfortunes of the monastery, set at nought all my advice

On perceiving this, and seeing into the matter more dis-
tinctly, I persisted in humbly requesting that the accounts of
his management of all our lands and tenements62 should be
delivered to me ; and I urgently and repeatedly entreated him
to inform me from which of the vills in the neighbourhood our
revenues arose. Being at length induced by great promises,
after having mentioned many tenements throughout the vills
belonging to the monastery, he came at last to that of Helieston,
on which he not only concealed what were our rents there, but,
with multiplied perjuries, all but made oath that our tenements
belonged to himself, and that he was in possession of them
by hereditary right However, on our seniors steadfastly con-
tradicting him, and producing charters and the requisite docu-
ments, he laughed our rights to scorn, and, after much wran-
gling, promised that he would openly prove before the king's
justices that those tenements were his paternal property, and
so took his departure from our convent.

Accordingly, on our putting in our claim to the said tene-

41 Alluding to Psalm Ivi. 4,

M " Tenement!*" seem* a preferable reading to " moauraeutis."

A.D.107G. DEATH OF A8PO&D. 155

ments before the king's servants, a day was appointed for the
trial at Stamford. On that day, being about to appear before '
the king's justices on the business of the monastery, I com-
mended myself to tho prayers of my brethren, and putting
my trust in the Lord, rode to Stamford : he too, confiding in
the greatness of his riches, and placing all his hopes in his
treasures of money, was riding on, stiff-necked, as he was,
against God, when, lo and behold ! his horse striking against
a stumbling-block of a stone that lay in the middle of the road,
threw his rider and broke his neck, and so sent to hell the
soul of him who was thus goingin his pride to oppose the Lord.
When news of this was brought to the king's court, and to us
who were at Stamford awaiting the trial, as we did not as yet
place full belief in such an accident having happened, another
day was appointed [for the trial].

On the following day, when he was being carried by his
neighbours and relatives on a bier towards the convent of
Burgh to be buried, a place which he had often [before]
named as that of his sepulture, those who carried it had to
pass over ten acres [of the meadow land] belonging to our mo-
nastery, to which he in his lifetime had laid claim ; when,
behold ! a most dense cloud covered the sun in his course, and
brought on, as it were, the shades of night, while the heavens
poured forth such a deluge of rain, that, from the flowing of
the waters, the days of Noah were thought to have come over
again ; in addition to which, the bier suddenly broke down,
and the body of the deceased, falling to the ground, was for a
long time rolled about in the filthy mud. On seeing this,
those who carried him acknowledged the hand of the Lord, and
openly confessed their injustice ; while his relations and neigh-
bours came running to meet us, who at the same moment had
arrived from Stamford, and throwing themselves at our feet*
entreated that pardon might be granted them for so outrageous
an injury attended by the manifest vengeanee of God. Re-
turning thanks unto God and Saint Guthlac for their assistance,
we forgave them the injury they had done us, and received
from them our meadow land, all right to which they disclaimed,
together with all other things in full to which we laid claim,
and we have up to this present time remained in peaceable pos-
session of the same. Blessed be God in all things, who hath
returned to the unrighteous according to the works of his

156 ingxtlph's histoby op the abbey of CBOYLAXD. A.D. 1076.

hands, and who hath made foolish and rendered unstable the
counsels of his heart !

This vengeance of the Lord upon the adversaries of our mo-
nastery being circulated to a distance by the lips of all, and
terribly thundering into the ears of our rivals, there was no
one from that time forward who dared in any way to offend
the Lord our Defender, or who would presume thenceforth to
provoke Saint Guthlac to anger. But, on the contrary, Richard
de Bulos, who had married the daughter and heiress of Hugh
do Evermue, lord of Brunne and Depyng, and was a person
much devoted to agricultural pursuits, and took great delight
in the multitude of his cattle and sheep, being wishful, for the
purpose of enlarging his vill of Depyng, to enclose a great
portion of the common marsh, and to sever the meadow lands
and pastures, would on no account presume so to do, without
the sanction of our monastery; but, coming to us, with great
dutifulness, he most pathetically entreated that in the name of
Christian charity the confirmation of our chapter might be
granted him. This we accordingly granted him, and con-
sented that his name and that of his wife should be inscribed
in the obituary of our brethren. [For he] bestowed twenty
marks of silver as an alms-gift upon our monastery, and most
deservedly obtained our permission to enclose as much as he
pleased of the common marshes ; on which, he enclosed the
whole of the land of the chapel of Saint Guthlac, which the
brethren of our monastery had erected there, while the said
vill belonged to us before the coming of the Danes, on the
east as far as Caredyk, and then passing Caredyk as far as.
Cleylake beyond Crammor; while he excluded the river Welland
by a very strong embankment, because every year it had, by
its continual inundations, overflowed nearly all the meadows
adjoining the banks of the said river; from which circum-
stance that vill had, in ancient times, received the name of
Depyng, meaning " the deep meadow.' ' Building upon the em*
bankment numerous tenements and cottages, in a short time
he formed a large vill, marked out gardens, and cultivated
fields; while, by shutting out the river, he found in the
meadow- land which had lately been deep lakes and impassable
marshes, most fertile fields and desirable land, and out of sloughs
and bogs accursed made quite a pleasure garden. Having thus
formed a most fertile soil, he at the same time changed the

A.D. 1076. INGULPH INTERCEDES FOB WTTL3LETUI. 157

said chapel of Saint Gathlac into the parish church of his new
Till. To our monastery he was always extremely well-disposed,
and proved himself with our lord the king a most prompt inter-
cessor for us on all occasions, and an assiduous promoter of our
interests.

As more prosperous times for us . had now ensued, and the
condition of our monastery bore fruit most abundantly both in
matters temporal as well as spiritual, the Lord prospering us
and multiplying our friends, I resolved to go to my lord tho
king, and in some way or other procure some favour for the
lord Wulketul, my predecessor, who was still enduring exile
at Glastonbury. For I was fully convinced that, through long
usage and experience, he was perfectly acquainted with the
state of our monastery, and well knew of what our tenements
consisted, which lay dispersed over many counties,- and had
been almost lost to us through the maliciousness of that most
wicked Asford ; while by myself, who was a stranger, they were
utterly undiscoverable.

Accordingly, I proceeded to London, and found there my
venerable masters and old friends, the most reverend arch-
bishop Lanfranc, and Odo, lord bishop of Bayeux and earl of
Kent, and master of the palace, uterine brother of our lord
the king (by the advice and counsel of whom, both the king
as well as his kingdom in all respects were governed) ; and I
boldly disclosed to them the reason for my coming, at the same
time requesting the favour of their intercession with the king.
Other friends and mediators also exerted themselves in my
behalf, among whom the before-named knight, Richard Rulos,
the king's chamberlain, gave especial assistance, in order that
they might ascertain the feelings of the king, our master, to-
wards my said predecessor, the lord Wulketul ; on which, they
found that his personal rancour towards him was much modi-
fied, but that he was inexorably determined that he should
not be promoted to any prelacy great or small, and most per-
tinacious in adhering to his original purpose.

Accordingly, at the intercession of my lords, the lord arch-
bishop of Canterbury, the king's brother the lord bishop of
Bayeux, Richard de Rulos, the king's chamberlain, and many
others formerly known to me in Normandy, and connected
with me by terms of close intimacy, I obtained leave for him
to return from Glastonbury to Burgh ; on condition, however,

158 ingulph'8 sdtobt or THE ABKET OF CKOYLAND. a ©. 1085.

that he was to reside there without having the slightest range
or liberty to go into the country beyond it, and without hold-
ing any cure or office whatsoever ; and it was only permitted
that I should be at liberty, whenever it should seem good to
me, to send for him to Groyland, to give me' information as to
the state of my monastery.

Having obtained this permission, I had him brought Iff
an honorable escort of horsemen from Glastonbury to Burgh,
and [afterwards sent for] from Burgh to Croyland ; on which,
seeing that this venerable person was worthy of ail favour and
filial love, and was distinguished for his most holy piety, I had
him placed in his ancient stall ; nor did I, so long as he lived,
consider myself as being fully the husband, but always as a
sort of bride-man or steward, of the monastery. On perceiv-
ing my dutifulness, and that the love of hi3 sons had through
no tribulations in any way swerved from their ancient kind-
liness of feeling, he restored to our monastery the chalice that
formerly belonged to his chapel, a breviary of the customs of
our church, a missal, a cup of silver, with a silver lid for the
same, together with twelve spoons of silver : he also promised
some other things, so soon as he should have the opportunity
of speaking to some persons who were formerly his servants.
I used to send for him two or three times a-year, with a pro-
per escort of servants, and often keep him with me a month,
sometimeB half a year even ; and, as I showed him the greatest
respect in every place, as well in the choir as the refectory, I
found that, besides the information which he most readily
gave me as to the state of the whole monastery, so long as his
life lasted everything went well with me ; whereas, on his
decease at the end of ten years, numerous adversities befell
us every day.

He was deposed in the year from the Incarnation of our
Lord, 1075, and survived ten years ; when, being seized with
a sudden attack of paralysis, he sickened for four months, until
he died, being the whole of that time [almost] deprived of
speech, and unable to express his last wishes. He died on
the day of Saint Hieronymus the priest, in the year of our
Lord, 1085 ; some of our archives and jewels still remaining
at Burgh, unrestored to us, although he had repeatedly
promised to return and restore them to us, and, in his last

A 1> \(&b. OftXBIlT Of THB WiarCHESXBK BOLL. 1*59

agonies, to thfe best of his ability, frequently signified to his
brethren bis wish that the same should be done.

To go back to a few years, before this period, when Cnute,
king of Denmark, having collected a large fleet, was preparing
to invade England, the renowned king William, having levied
troops in all quarters throughout France, Germany, and Spain,
distributed the whole of them throughout the monasteries of
the whole kingdom, and especially had them quartered on
those convents which held their demesnes of the king exempt
from supplying him with troops. Ha accordingly sent six
knights and twenty-eight arbalisters [to take up their quar-
ters] at Croyland. At the same time, leading an army into
Northumbria, where the Banes had been in the habit of fre-
quently landing, he scoured the whole country, and almost
reduced it to a desert, rendering it uninhabitable many miles
for a long time after j in order that the enemy might not, on
coming, find provisions and so prolong his stay, but, being
compelled by hunger and want of food, might be forced speedily
to leave the country and return home. On the same occasion,
the illustrious king William also went beyond this district,
and, passing on to Scotland, compelled Malcolm, the king
thereof, to do homage to him, and to swear fealty to him, at
Abernethie.

On his return to England, he commanded every one of its
people to do homage to him at London, and to swear fealty to
him against all men. He then proceeded to mark out the
land, so that there was not a hide of land in all England but
what he knew the value and the owner thereof; nor was there a
piece of water, or any place, but what the same was described in
the king's roll ; while the rents and profits of the property
itself, and the possessor thereof, were set forth for the royal
notice by the trustworthy report of the valuers, who wero
chosen out of every district to describe their own neighbour-
hood. These persons showed a kind and benevolent feeling
towards our monastery, and did not value the monastery at
its true revenue, nor yet at its exact extent, and thus, in their
compassion, took due precautions against the future exactions
of the kings, as well as other burdens, and with the most atten-
tive benevolence made provision for our welfare. This register
Was called the " Winchester Boll/' and, in consequence of its

160 IffGULPH's HISTOKT OF THK ABBEY OP CEOTLAITD. Ay©. ^C^>-

containing in full all the tenements throughout the whote
country, received from the English the name of ' Domesday,1 ■.

King Alfred had formerly published a register of a siirmag
nature, and closely resembling it, in which he described thfc
whole land of England by counties, hundreds, and decuries, as
I have previously stated ; this too was called the " Winches^
ter Roll," because it was deposited and kept at "Winchester,
that city being then the capital of his . hereditary kingdom:
of "Wessex, the most noble and illustrious among all the. ia.- .
dividual kingdoms of England. In the later roll, which was.
called the Winchester Roll, because it was published after the
example of the former one, there were described, not only the-
counties, hundreds, decuries, woods, forests, and all thevills,
but throughout the whole territory it was stated how many
carucates of land there were, how many roods, how many
acres, what pasture lands there were, what marshes, what te-
nements, and who were the tenants thereof.

At this period I, myself, went to London, and, having, with
much labour and at no small expense, extracted and culled the
following tenements of ours from the two rolls before-men-
tioned, commonly known to the English by the name of
Domesday, I have determined to state the same, briefly at
least, for the information of posterity ; in most cases I shall
abbreviate, while in some I shall be more discursive, for the
fall information of my successors. If any one of posterity
shall wish to read in preference word for word the aecount
of our property, as the same is stated more diffusely in the
said original rolls, then let him betake himself to those rolls,
and diligently examine the same ; and I only trust that he
will appreciate this short performance of mine, and will, from
his heart, commend these my Jabours, seeing that I have so
carefully and succinctly collected and thrown together into this
form particulars so little known, so much dispersed, and ga*
thered out of such a mass of confusion.

In the first place, in Lincolnshire, at Croyland, in Ellowarp,53
Saint Guthlac had, and still has, woods and marshes four
leagues in length and three leagues in breadth. This was the
seat of the abbey in the time of king Ethelred, and it is free

58 This is a mistake for " Elloe," or " Ellowwapp" — " the wapentake
of Ellow." The accounts here given vary considerably from those to be
found in Domesday.

A.D.10S5. LAITDS OP THE MOKASTEBT. 161

and" absolved from all secular services. In Holeben and
Capelade, Saint Guthlac had and has three carucates and six
Borates, assessed to payment of geld ; and now has there in
demesne one carucate, three villeins with half a carucate, and
twelve acres of meadow land : in the time of king Edward,
the value was twenty shillings in money. In like manner,
at Spalding, a berewick*8 of Croyland, he has two carucates of
land, assessed to payment of geld : the [arable] land being
one earucate and a half: here are seven villeins and four bor-
dars," holding three carucates : in the time of king Edward,
it was valued at twenty shillings in money. In like manner,
Saint Guthlac had, in the time of king Edward, at Pyncebek,
and still has, half a carucate, assessed to payment of geld.
In Kirton Warp," in the berewick of Algar, Saint Guthlac
had and now has twelve bovates of land, assessed to payment
of geld : ten bovates of the land being now waste, through
overflow of the sea. In Donnedyk, Saint Guthlac had and
now has two carucates of land, assessed to payment of geld,
and two carucates, with right of Sach and Soch ; here is now
one carucate in demesne, and thirteen villeins, with one caru-
cate and twenty acres of meadow land. In the time of king
Edward, it was valued at twenty shillings in money. In like
manner [in Drayton], Saint Guthlac had and now has one ca-
rucate of land, assessed to payment of geld : the land consists
of one carucate ; the villeins here do not plough ; the four
salt-pits here are worth five shillings and fourpence ; there are
five acres of meadow land.

In Burtoft, Saint Guthlac had and now has one bovate of
land, with Sach and Soch, and the church of Sutterton, as
also, in the time of king Edward, the right of presentation in
the Soke of Donnedyk. Also, in Soudithing, in Hawardeshow
wapentake, in Bukenhale, Saint Guthlac had and now has
two carucates and a half, assessed to payment of geld : here is

8 As he afterwards states, " berewick" here means a " manor,'1' though
generally it signifies a member only, or portion of a manor, as a Till or
hamlet. See page 170.

** •* Bordarii." These were probably mere bondmen, or cottagers of
some sort, but were evidently a distinct class from the " villani." They
were probably in a less servile condition, and had a bord or cottage, with
a small parcel of land* The origin, however, of the name is not accu-
rately known.

* Wapentake is probably the correct reading.

M

162 DTCKJLPh's HISI0SY 0JT THK ABBEY 0* CBQYLAJTD. A.ir. 1085^

one carucate in demesne, Ato villeins, two bordars, and eight
socmen,66 holding one carucate ; twenty-six acres of meadow
land, and fifty acres of forest ; the seventy acres of forest, in the
time of king Edward, were valued at thirty shillings in money-
In like manner, in the Soke of Beltisford. Also, in Halyng*
ton. Saint Guthlac had and now has ten novates of land, four
bovates at Juland, and twenty-two acres Qf meadow land.
[The same] in the Soke of Tad. Also, in the wapentake of
Rons. In Langtoffc, Saint Guthlac had and now has six earu-
cates, assessed to payment of geld ; the land here is six caru-
cates in demesne, that is to say, one carucate, and eight villeins,
with four bordars, and twenty socmen, holding five carucates
of [arable] land and one hundred acres of meadow land ; also,
two woods, with the property in a marsh, two leagues in
length, and two leagues in breadth : the arable land being fif-
teen quarantenes in length, and nine in breadth : in the time of
king Edward, they were valued at four pounds, [now] at sixty
shillings in money. The cut wood was valued at three shillings.

Also, in Baston, Saint Guthlac had and now has four ca-
rucates of land, assessed to payment of geld, there being four
carucates of land : there is now in demesne one carucate, and
five viUeins, two bordars, and seven socmen, with two caru-
cates. Here is a church, with a priest, and one mill, with
half another mill, and forty-five acres of meadow, and marshes
fifteen quarentenes in length, and eight in breadth ; in the
time of king Edward, they were in like manner valued at forty.
shillings of money. Also, in Avelound wapentake, in Bepyn-
gale, Saint Guthlac had and still has three carucates of land,
assessed to payment of geld, and sixty acres of meadow land :
in the time of king Edward, they were valued at twenty shil-
lings. Oger holds the same to farm, by paying to the abbey
sixty shillings, and bearing many other burdens. Also, in
Aswardeherne wapentake, in Laithorp, Saint Guthlac had and
still has one bovate of land ; in Kirkby three bovates of land ;
in the time of king Edward [its property].

Also, in the hundred of Opton-a-green, in Northampton-
shire, Saint Guthlac at Croyland held and now holds woods
and marshes, two leagues in length, and two leagues in breadth,
in the time of king Edward, free and absolved from all ser-
vices. In Peykirk, three virgates of land, in the time of king
Edward, assessed to geld. In Wridthorp, Saint Guthlac held
56 Tenants holding their lands by socage tenure.

A.W1085." : ' X&Stm OF THE MOmSTEK*. 163

and now holds one hide and a half, subject to payment of
gfeld? the [arable] land consists of two carucates, of which
there is one carucate in demesne; and eleven villeins, and
eleven bordaas with two carucates. Here are three acres of
irieadow land, and one mill, valued at five shillings : they are
pn ^the Whole] valued at forty shillings. Also, in Pokebrok
hundred, in Elmyngton, Saint Guthlac had and now has one
hide of land ; the [arable] land is one carucate in demesne,
and "(here are two villeins and two bordars, with one carucate,
and sis acres of meadow land : in the time of king Edward,
these were valued at eight shillings, now at sixteen. In
Elmyngton, also, Saint Guthlac had and now has two hides ;
the [arable] land consists of three carucates ; there are five
villeins, and four bordars with three carucates. Here are
twelve acres of meadow land : in the time of king Edward,
they were valued at twelve shillings, now at twenty shillings.
AIbo, in Soudnaveslound hundred, in Advngton, Saint Guthlac
had and still has two hides ; the [arable] land consists of four
carucates. There is one carucate in demesne, and there are
two serfs, six villeins, and three bordars, with one socman, hold-
ing three carucates ; there are also six acres of meadow land,
and a mill, valued at thirteen shillings and fourpence : in the
time of king Edward, they were valued at fifteen shillings,
now at forty shillings* Of this place, it also has the church,
and in the other Adyngton half a virgateof land, assessed to
geld. Also, in Ausefordshew hundred, in Wendlingborough,
Saint Guthlac had and now has five hides and a half t)f land ;
the [arable] land consists of twelve carucates. There is one ca-
rucate in demesne, with one serf, and twenty-one villeins, with
a church and priest, and seven bordars, and twelve socmen who
hold eleven acres. Here are two mills, valued at sixteen
shillings, and thirty acres of meadow land, valued at fifty shil-
lings ; the tribute was eleven shillings, it is now six pounds.

Also, at Granelcrand, in Baddeby, in Ailwordesie hun-
dred, Saint Guthlac had and still has four hides [of land] ; the
[arable] land-consists of eleven acres ; there are eight caru-
cates in demesne, and eight serfs, five neife,87 twelve villeins,
and eight bordars, with six carucates. Here is a mill, valued
at two shillings, and twenty-eight acres of meadow land, with
woods, four quarentenes in length, and two quarentenes in
* Bondwomen or female villeins,

M2

164 DTGULPH's HISIOBT OF THE ABBEY OF CROTLA1TD. A.D.I0&*

breadth : in the time of king Edward, they were, in like man-
ner, yalued at eight pounds. Also, in the hundred of Widi-1
broke, at Glapthorn, Saint Guthlac had and has one virgate of
land, assessed to payment of geld, and twenty acres of wood'
land.

Also, in Leicestershire, at Beby in Goscote wapentake, Samt
Guthlac had and has ten carucates and a half of land ; the
[arable] land consists of eight carucates. There is one cam-
cate in demesne, and two serfs, and twenty-one villeins, with
five socmen, and three bordars holding six carucates. Here
are thirty acres of meadow land, valued, in the time of king
Edward, at sixty shillings, now at forty shillings. Also, in
the wapentake of Guthlacston, in Sutton, Saint Guthlac had and
now bas two carucates, and two in Stapelton ; the [arable] land
consists of five carucates. Here are six villeins, with two
bordars holding one carucate and a half: in the time of king
Edward, they were valued at twenty-four shillings, now at
twenty shillings.

Also, in Huntingdonshire, at Morburne, in Norman's-Gross
hundred, Saint Guthlac had and now has five hides assessed to
payment of geld. The land here consists of nine carucates;
there are two carucates in demesne, and sixteen villeins, and
three bordars, holding seven carucates : there is a church and
priest here, and forty acres of meadow land, and one acre of
brushwood : in the time of king Edward they were valued at
one hundred shillings, and now at the same. In Therming,
Saint Guthlac had and now has one hide and a half, assessed
to geld ; the [arable] land is one carucate and a half. In the
Soke of Achumesbiry, the king's manor, Eustace now holds of
the abbat of Croyland and has there, one carucate, and one vil-
lein, with half a carucate, and six acres of meadow land : in
the time of king Edward, they were valued at twenty shil-
lings, and are now worth the same.

Also, in Grantebrigshire, at Hokitton, in Nordstow hundred,
Saint Guthlac had and has seven, hides and a half; the [arable]
land consists of eight carucates ; there are four hides and four
carucates in demesne. There are also fourteen villeins, and
three bordars, with six carucates. There are four cottages,
and three serfs, and two carucates of meadow land, together
with a church and a priest : in the time of king Edward, they
were valued at eight pounds, now at six pounds. At Oottem-

A.* 1065* . -SEAT OF THE MONASTERY. 165

■ - - r

hap, in Cestreton hundred, Saint Guthlac had and now has
eleven hides assessed to geld ; the [arable] land consists of
eight carucates ; there are six hides and one carncate in de-
mesne. There are twelve villeins and eight bordars, with seven
carucates; there is also one serf, and a meadow; and eight
agree of pasture land, granted at the prayer of the vili, in the
marshes of the lord Angill, and at present paving twelvepence :M
in the time of king Edward, it was valued at eight pounds,
bat now at six. This manor always has been, and still is, of
the demesne of Saint Guthlac. In Drayton, Saint Guthlac
had and has eight hides and a half: the [arable] land consists
of six carucates : in demesne there are -four hides and three
virgates, and one carncate. There are also twelve villeins, and
five bordars, and three socmen, with four carucates. There
are also four cottages, and two carucates of meadow land : in
the time of king Edward, they were valued at one hundred
shillings, and now at four pounds ten shillings. This land is
held in demesne by the church of Saint Guthlac, together with
its church and the office of priest thereof.

Now, for the information of my successors, it seems to me
requisite and very necessary, in a few words, to explain some
of the matters before stated, in the same way in which they are
now understood. And first, as to the seat of our abbey, where
it is stated to be four leagues [in length and three] in breadth.
The league, or " leuca," is the usual measure of dimension for
land among the Franks, and consists of two thousand paces.90
It is not improbable that "leuca" is derived from the word
" leuoon," which, in the Scythian language, is the same as
the name "Philip." Hence it is that the Master, in his
"Introduction" to 0. M.80 B. III., where he speaks of **niveuB
leucon," says, that by this " leucon" was meant the emperor
Philip, who is described as " niveus," or " snow-white," be-
cause he was a Christian, and by baptism was made whiter
than snow. In another passage, also, where he explains the
story, that Phoebus fell in love with Leucothoe*, he says that

88 This is probably the meaning of the abbreviation — acne, pastur. ad
pet. tiIIb <ie marisco D. Ang. et de present, xii. d.

* The Gallic " leuca" was generally considered to be 1500 paces in
teagth.

* It is probable that by the words, super. O. M. Lib. III., he alludes
to foe Oratiftta, or History of Orosius ; which is supposed to have re-
tewed its name from the words " Orosii mundi historia."

166 xkgttlph's HiSTonr of tax abbey of g&otxaito. a.d. HW5.

God loved the Christian zeal of the kingdom of Prance, that
is to say, of the Philips, the name of Philip being an eitremely
common one among the Franks ; so much so, that king Henry,
who now reigns in France, had his eldest son called by the
name of Philip. For Philip, the blessed Apostle of Christ,
after having preached the word of God to the Scythians, and
converted many of them to the faith of Christ, on his return
to Asia, passed through the Sicambri, and was the first to
preach to them the name of Christ. The Franks, springing
from these, as many of their sacred historians relate, still hold
Saint Philip the Apostle to have been in especial their original
teacher and first Apostle. From all these circumstances, it
maybe gathered that " leuca" received its name from " leucon"
— meaning, that it is a measure of Philippean land, or land of
Philip, or of the Philips.0

The English, however, in measuring land, use miles, or
"milliaria;" which are so called, because they consist of
" mille passus," " a thousand paces." This name was derived
from the fact that Hercules, while drawing his breath, walked
a thousand paces, according to Isidorus [in his " Etyinologioa" J
B. III. Therefore, on thus learning what are leagues and
miles, you might possibly say, posterity and friends, that the
seat of our abbey is said to be four leagues in length, from the
further bank of Schepishee on the east thereof, as far as Kc-
nulphston on the west, or in other words, eight miles ; and in
breadth, that is to say, from the further [side] of the bank of
Southee on the south thereof, as far as the outer bank of
Asendyk or of Welland on the north thereof, two leagues, or
in other words, four miles : but neither of such statements
would be true. For you ought to be informed that the En-
glish, under the dominion of the Normans, adopted in many
respects the usages of the Franks ; and consequently substi-
tuted "leuca," or " leagues," for " milliaria," or "miles,"
though they Btill meant miles ; and as its length exceeds0
four miles, and its breadth two miles, the surveyors, with re-
markable foresight, and most piously taking precautions against

• All this is fanciful and absurd in the extreme.

63 This is probably the true reason for the statement of the surteyow.
They perhaps found the length to he six miles, and therefore «alted it four
" leucse," -which was just that measure, and not eight miles* as ingolpft
supposes.

*ft. 1085. . FOKMIH PKTVILEGE» 0* TffE MOffASTTEfcr. 16^

the bad feelings of oar rivals, chose to set it down as more
tban the real measure, rather than less. All the assessors in
the neighbourhood accepted this measurement, and the king's
court accepted it as well, when, the true account of measure-
ment was required for incorporation in the royal rolls.

I ought also here to state, that Alderlound is described in
Opton-a-green hundred ; whereas, in the charter of Edred,
the former king and our refounder, it is stated, that this part
of the marsh, situate on the southern side of the river Wel-
knd, is connected with the county of Lincoln in all respects,
and belongs thereto ; evidence of which is collected from the
charter of Edgar, the former king and the conhrmer of our pri-
vileges, in the words in which he forbids all his servants, mean-
ing thereby sheriffs, summoners, and bailiffs, in the county of
the Girvii,64 that is to say, the county of Northampton, to enter
within the limits and boundaries of the said marsh, or in any
way to interfere therewith ; showing thereby, that this part
of the marsh was forbidden to his servants in the county
of Northampton, and that, with the remaining portion of our
monastery, it came under the jurisdiction of his servants in the
county of Lincoln. But when the Danish kings, Sweyn,
Cnute, Harold, and Hatrdecnute, were oppressing the whole of
England, and making great changes, many of the privileges of
the monasteries were lost, and utterly swept away, while the
limits and boundaries of territories and of counties were trans-
ferred and changed from their ancient state, just as the money
of the rich gained a preponderance over the feelings of the
barbarians, who sought nothing else but money.65 An evi-
dence of this was the destruction in the time of king Har-
deenute of the monastery of Saint Pega, at Peykirk, the money
of the abbat of Burgh prevailing against justice on the side of
the people of Pegeland, and the influence of earl Godwin over
the simplicity of the poor.

At this time also, the monks of Burgh were held in the
terjr highest esteem, so much so, that the whole world fol-
lowed after them ; and, many of the great men of the land,

* Baxter, in his GlMsaritim, speaks of the Girvii as inhabitants of the
county of Huntingdon. But it is not improbable that the same people
extended along the extremity of Northamptonshire which separates Hun-
• tingdonshire from Lincolnshire. See Note to p. 87.

•* " Pecunias" seems to be a preferable reading to " ruinas."

166 utoueph's btstoxro? xhb ibbet o* gbotlaxd. A*B.3tot»t

both, bishops [of the highest rank], as well as other -rott**
and chiefs of provinces, choosing their place of burial aa*0D$ '
them, they even had the most supreme impudence to extend
the horns of their desires towards our monastery ; while tto"
lord Wulketul, my predecessor, concealed such an act of ex-
treme injustice, and as though he had connived at such agfitV-
peril to our monastery, was lulled, I am ashamed to say, into *
a most supine lethargy, and under its soporific influence con*
tinned long asleep: . Still however, I hope, before long, wife
the kind feelings manifested by the king towards us, fully to
restore it to its former condition, which for the space of nearly
three hundred and thirty years previously, we peaceably en-
joyed.

. I ought also to throw some light upon the passage where it
is stated that " from the time of king Ethelred the Beat of our
abbey was free and absolved from all secular services,"4' as
there were three kings called Ethelred ; and as to each of them,
probable grounds may be stated for shewing that the said
passage bears reference to him. For the first Ethelred, the son
of Penda, and brother of Peada and Wulpher, the former
kings of the Mercians, succeeded the before-named kings, hi*
brothers, and after he h«d reigned thirty years, withdrew from '
the world, and became a monk in the monastery of Bardeney,
being at last created abbat thereof. In the kingdom of the
Mercians, his kinsman Kenred was appointed king in his
stead, being the son of Wulpher, the former king, the brother
and predecessor of Ethelred, as I have more fully stated above.
This Kenred, after a reign of five years, taking his departure
on a pilgrimage to Borne, he was succeeded by Celred, son of
the before -named Ethelred, his father the abbat of Bardeney
still surviving.

. This Celred dying after a reign of eight years, he was suc-
ceeded on the throne of Mercia by our Ethelbald, who reigned
forty-one years. In the first year of his reign he founded our
monastery of Croyland, and gave us his charter granting the
same ; which charter, as the first witness after the bishops,
the before-named Ethelred, abbat of Bardeney, devoutly
signed : and in the same year, being now an aged man and
full of days, he departed unto the Lord. From the time there'
fore of this king Ethelred our abbey was " free and absolved
66 See pages 160, 161.

AftftOfifiA .•: tbb tiio mras xrnuaa>. 169

4tftaU«e<mlar serviees," meaning by that term the time of
%£^ foundation.

i.Xb« second long JSthelred was the son of Ethelwulph, and
hrifasr of king Ethelbald, and of Ethelbert and Alfred, the
fewer kings, being the last but one of the brothers who
cm? to the throne; and, after having most stoutly wielded
tfcfc sceptre of the kingdom of Wessex for a period of fire
years, and had repeated engagements with the Danes, in
wfcieh he sometimes most gloriously defeated them, departed
this life in the year of our Lord, 871, it being the year after the
destruction of the monasteries of Bardeney, Croyland, Medes-
hai&ted* and Ely. . The monks of Croyland, however, as has
been previously stated, were most of them most happily saved,
after a flight and concealment of three days, and throughout
the whole period during which it lay desolate, possessed the
site of the whole abbey, together with the same liberties which
they had previously enjoyed, at the grant of king Beorred, and
of Alfred, who afterwards succeeded to the throne ; whereas,
the other monasteries being utterly destroyed through the
ravages of the Danes, and all their monkB slain, ruined, or
utterly dispersed, their sites were taken and added to the
royal treasury. From the time, therefore, of this king Ethel-
red, our abbey was " free and absolved from all secular ser-
vices," that is to say, in the time of its greatest desolation,
until its restoration, and from then up to the present time.

Xhe third king Ethelred was the son of long Edgar, who,
after Saint Edward the king, and at last, the Martyr of God,
his own brother by the father's side, had a most wretched
reign of thirty-eight years. In his time, the armies of the
Danes greatly ravaged the whole of England, and exceedingly
oppressed the churches and convents. This state of extreme
tribulation lasted for many years; indeed, throughout the time
of four kings, that is to say, of the same Ethelred, Cnute, Ha-
rold, and Hardeonute. From the time, therefore, of this Ethel-
red, our abbey was " free and absolved from all secular ser-
vicea/V that is to say, from the time of that king who was
lawful successor in the royal line of the English, and father of
Edward, that most pious king ; upon whose relationship and
consanguinity our renowned king William founds his right
conscientiously to take possession of England : the other kings
of Danish blood being in the meantime omitted, as having no
rights whatever of their own to assert.

170 DTGTJLPh's HJSTOKT OF THJ ABBET OF 0H0YLA1TD. *»|>. 10B5.

W* ought also to remark, that in out settlement at Grey-
land, no villeins, bordars, or socmen are put down, as is the
case in our other lands ; for, except through fear of impending
war, few or none would persevere in living with us. For, in
the same way that, on war breaking out, all of the neighbour-
ing country, rich as well as poor, men as well as women, re-
sorted to Oroyland from every side, as a place of refuge, so again,
on the serenity of peace being restored by the Lord, all, re-
turning homewards, quitted our monastery ; our own household
of domestics, together with their wives and children, being the
only persons left ; to whom, as will be stated in the sequel,
I have lately demised a great part of the marshes and mea-
dows of the seat of our monastery for a certain annual rent,
and the performance of other services ; letting to some the
same to farm for a certain number of years, and conveying it
to others in fee for the purposes of cultivation. But more of
this hereafter.

It ought also here to be stated, that where it is said, " at
Spalding, aberewick of Croyland," and in another place, "in
the berewick of Algar,"65 it should be understood by the former
expression "Spalding, a manor of Croyland," and by the
" berewick of Algar," another manor [of Croyland].

It ought also to be stated as to the manor of Badby, that
although it is now in the hands of persons to whom it is
leased, it is still described in the king's roll as though it were
now in our hands ; but it should also be known that because
the measurers of the lands and the assessors of that district saw
that monks were holding that manor of the monks of Eves-
ham, they took them to be our monks of Croyland, and thought
and reported the possession to be ours, and not that of the
real lessees ; whereas there are still twenty years of their lease
to run, before46 the hundred years expire, which were granted
to Norman, the sheriff of the late ■■ earl Edric. These matters
I openly declared in presence of my lord the king and his
council, in behalf of my monastery and its possessions, and
they were all graciously listened to, and opportunity of in-
specting the royal roll was liberally granted to me.

I also, on this occasion, took with me to London the char-
ters and deeds and principal muniments of our monastery,

« See page 161.

M This fixes the date as a.d. 1093. See the Note to page 116.

a.t>, 1065. cbabtxs «p mm wtlxiajc. 171

namely, those of Ethelbald, the farmer king and oar founder,
and of the other kings of Mercia, who confirmed the grant of
our house; all of which were written in Saxon characters; as
also the chatters of Edred, the former king> our re-founder,
of king Edgar, the confirmer of our rights, and of other kings
of England who succeeded them down to these our times;
part of which were written in duplicate, both in Saxon cha-
racters as well as Gallic. For the Saxon characters had been
used by all the Saxons and Mercians down to the time of king
Alfred, who having been chiefly instructed by Gallic teachers
in all branches of literature, from the time of that king they
fell into disuse; and the Gallic hand-writing, because it was
more legible, and was far more comely to the sight, grew more
and more into favour every day with all the English.

Although by the Gauls and Normans universally Saxon hand-
writing was never, on any account, employed, and was utterly
abominated by them, and at this time especially, when the
Saxon nation, too, was held in contempt and quite disregarded ;
still, through the merits and prayers of Saint Guthlac, our
advocate and especial patron, the Holy Spirit divinely inspired
the heart of the renowned king with such favour and good-will
towards our monastery, that all our muniments, whether writ-
ten in Saxon or whether in Gallic characters, as I have already
mentioned, were openly read and carefully examined in pre-
sence of the before-named renowned king William and his
council, and were received with great favour and considerable
approbation ; the royal confirmation being most becomingly
adjudged by acclamation on the part of all. And particularly,
the charter of the late renowned king Edred, our re-founder,
who granted more special privileges to our monastery, and
more folly confirmed to us our lands, was most readily received
by all, and was most graciously allowed to be confirmed by our
lord the king ; which was accordingly done with the greatest
care in such manner as I desired and requested, and in the
following words :

" I, William, by the grace of God, king of the English, at
the humble petition of my servant Ingulph, abbat of the mo-
nastery of Croyland, do sanction, approve of, and confirm, and
do in all things command effectually to be observed, the charter
of privileges which the excellent king Edred, my predecessor,
gave and granted unto God and to Saint Guthlac and the

172 htgulph's history of xhe abbey of croylasd. a.d, 1085.

o

monks of Croy land, the same having been read and set forth
in presence of me and of my council. X do also forbid tjiat
any person under my rule shall presume rashly, to molest
them, lest he perish by the sword of excommunication, and
for such violation of ecclesiastical rights suffer the torment*
of hell. But they are to hold all their possessions as a perpe-
tual and royal alms, of my gift and confirmation, by me granted
to the praise of God and out of reverence for Saint Guthlac,
the confessor, who in the body there reposes, together with all
those rights which are called Soch ana Bach, Tol and Them, to
hold the same with the same laws and customs as of perpetual
right as freely and quietly as they held them with the same in
those days in which king Edred was alive and well, for the
confirmation of this writing the following nobles therein named
were present as witnesses : Lanfranc, archbishop of Canter-
bury; Thomas, archbishop of York; Walkelm, bishop of
Winchester ; William, bishop of Durham ; earl William, earl
Alfred, Alfred, the son of Topi, William Malet, and others/*

On 1Mb occasion, perceiving that the feelings of my lord the
king and of his council towards my humble self were, at
the inspiration of the Most High, thus benevolent and favour-
able, I also produced before my lord the king and his whole
council the charters formerly granted by the sheriff Thorold as
to our cell at Spalding, which I had brought with me to Lon-
don ; and having fully set forth our title and alleged our right
thereto, with all becoming diligence, I demanded restoration
of our said cell to our monastery. After our right to the said
cell had been discussed in the king's council for a very consi-
derable time, and 1 almost imagined, from the favourable feel-
ings manifested by all, that judgment was about to be awarded
in our favour, the king's council came to the determination to
send for Ivo Taillebois, because the said cell was situate in his
demesne.

He speedily arrived, and when he heard the nature of my
proposal, pointed out to our lord the king that in my peti-
tion was sought the expulsion of the Gallic monks, whom, by
his royal charter, he had previously confirmed in their rights,
as well as the promotion of the English monks, who were
always imprecating evils upon him; whereby he effected an
entire change in the intention of the royal benevolence to look
favourably on my proposal, and being stoutly backed and sup.

A.i>Vl085.' CHABTEB OF THOBOLD. 17S

pcfrffed on every side by the Normans and Anjouins, his own
partisans, who were always surrounding my lord the king,
totally frustrated my object.

^"Accordingly, taking with me the confirmation by my lord
iSLe king of the charter of king Edred, our re-founder, which,
before the arrival at court of the said Ivo, I had obtained from
th.e munificence of our lord the king, as well as all our muni-
ments safe and unhurt, and at the same time giving thanks to
the Most High, I returned to our monastery safe and sound ;
and I advise my successors who shall follow me hereafter, and
who shall luckily chance to obtain favour with the king of the
English, when they wish to regain the said cell, especially to
rely on this charter of Thorold, the founder of the said cell, the
ether charters being for certain reasons concealed : for I have
learned by the repeated advice of the lawyers that the said
charter will prove much more valid and efficacious for the
assertion of our rights than the others. This charter is to the
following effect:"

" I, Thorold, of Bukenhale, in presence of my most noble
lord, Leofric, earl of Leicester, and his most noble countess,
the lady Godiva, my sister, with the consent and good-will of
my lord and kinsman the earl Algar, their eldest son and heir,
have given and delivered unto God and Saint Guthlac, at Groy-
land, into the hands of Wulgat, lord abbat of the said monas-
tery of Groyland, for the foundation of a cell of the monks of
Croyland, in honor of Saint Mary, the Mother of God and ever
a Virgin, in the vill of Spalding, the whole of my manor
situate near the parish church of the said vill [between the
manor of my said lord the earl Leofric, and the western banks
of the river of the said vill,], together with all lands and tene*
ments, rents, services, cattle, and implements, which I have
possessed in the said manor, and in the said vill, and in the
fields thereof, both on the eastern side of the river as well as
on the western side thereof, together with all the appurte-
nances thereof ; that is to say, Colgrin, my steward, and all,
his people, with all the goods and chattels which he possesses
in the said vill and in the fields and marshes thereof, without
any exception or reservation whatsoever. Also, Hardyng, the
blacksmith, and all his people, together with all the goods
and chattels which he possesses in the said vill, and in the fields
* This charter is looked upon by Htckes at not genqjne*

1?4 INGTJLPH's HI8T0BT OF THE ABBBT OP CBOTLAITD. A-ft.1085..

and marshes {hereof, without any exception or reservation what,
ever. Also, Lefstan, the carpenter, and all his people, together
with all the goods and chattels which he possesses in the said
vill, and in the fields and marshes thereof, without any excep-
tion or reservation whatever. Also, Ryngulph the elder, aid
all his people, together with all the goods and chattels which he
possesses in the said vill, and in the fields and marshes thereof,
without any exception or reservation whatever. A4so> Elstan,
the fisherman, and all his people, together with all the goods
and chattels which he possesses in the said vill, and in the fields
and marshes thereof, without any exception or reservation what-
ever. Also, Gunter Liniet, and all hiB people, together with
all the goods and chattels which he possesses in the said vill,
and in the fields and marshes thereof, without any exception or
reservation whatever. Also, Outy Grimkelson, and all his peo-
ple, together with all the goods and chattels which he possesses
in the said vill, and in the fields and marshes thereof, without
any exception or reservation whatever. Also, Turstan Dubbe,
and all his people, together with all the goods and chattels which
he possesses in the said vill, and in the fields and marshes thereof,
without any exception or reservation whatever. Also, Algar
the Swarthy, and all his people, together with all the goods and
chattels which he possesses in the said vill* and in the fields and
marshes thereof, without any exception or reservation whatever.
Also, Edric, the son of Si ward, and Osmund the miller, and all
their people, together with all the goods and chattels which they
possess in the said vill, and in the fields and marshes thereof,
without any exception or reservation whatever. Also Best
Tuk, and all his people, together with all the goods and chat-
tels which he possesses in the said vill, and in the fields and
marshes thereof, without any exception or reservation what-
ever. Also, Elmer of Pyncebek, and all his people, together
with all the goods and chattels which he possesses in the said
vill, and in the fields and marshes thereof, without any excep-
tion or reservation whatever. Also, Gouse Gamelson, and all
his people, together with all the goods and chattels which he
possesses in the said vill, and in the fields and marshes thereof,
without any exception or reservation whatever. These, my
servants, and all their goods and chattels, together with all the
cottages to me formerly belonging, and situate on the eastern
side of the river around the wooden chapel of Saint Mary, in

A.0S 1088.. IAWS 07 KDTO EDWABB. 175

the Vill of Spalding, from of old belonging to the monastery of
Croyland, with all the rights and other things thereto append-
ant, I have given unto God and Saint Guthlao, for the pur*
pose of building the aforesaid cell, together with all my
pisearies, both in the marshes adjacent, as well as in the sea
to the said vill adjoining, as my free and perpetual alms-gift,
and for the salvation of my soul, and of the souls of all my
progenitors and kinsmen. This my charter, I, Thorold, have
confirmed with the sign of the Holy Cross, at Leicester, in
presence of many of the faithful of Christ, there on the holy
day of Pentecost assembled, in the year from the Incarnation
of our Lord, 1051. +1, Wulfin, bishop of Dorchester, have
ratified the same. +1 Wulgat, abbat of Croyland, have joy-
fully accepted the same. +1, Lefwin, abbat of Thorney, have
approved of the same, -f-I, earl Leofric, have granted the
same. +1, the countess Godiva, have long desired the same.
+ I, earl Algar, have consented hereto. +1, Turner, chap-
lain of my lord Wulun, bishop of Dorchlster, have been pre-*
sent hereat. +1, Wulnar, chaplain of my lord Wulfin, the
bishop, have listened hereto. +1, Sitric, chaplain of my said
lord Wulfin, have beheld the same. + 1, Stanard, servant of my
lord the earl Leofric, have taken part herein. +1, Fulk, monk
of Croyland, have applauded the same, -f I, Pigot, monk of
Thorney, have witnessed the same. + I, living, the clerk,
have written this charter with my own hand, and have deli-
vered the same unto my lord the sheriff Thorold, by his hand
to be delivered into the hand of the before-named Wulgat,
ahbat of Croyland."

On the same occasion, I brought with me from London to
my monastery the laws of the most just king Edward, which
my lord, the illustrious king William, had, under most heavy
penalties, proclaimed throughout the whole kingdom of Eng-
land, to be inviolably held as authentic and of lasting authority,
and had given to his justiciaries, in the same language in which
they were originally published : to the end that it might not
happen through ignorance that we or our people should at any
tune fall into any grave peril, and with rash presumption offend
his royal majesty, and so with incautious foot incur the very
heavy censures contained therein, to the following effect :OT —

91 The narrative of Ingulph, as given in Seville's " Scriptorei," abruptly
terminate! here.

176 htgulph's histoet of the abbey or cuotlakd. A.n.rWS.

" These are the Laws and Customs which king W3Sam
granted unto the people of England, after the Conquest of that
land : they are the same which king Edward, his kinsman, ob-
served before him ; that 1b to say :M

1. Of the right of asylum, and of ecclesiastical protection*

" The protection of our Holy Church we have hereby granted.
For any offence whatever, of which a person may have been
guilty, if he takes refuge with the Holy Church, he shall have
protection for life and limb. And if any one shall lay hands
on him who has so sought the protection of Mother Church, if
the same is a cathedral church, or an abbey, or a church of the
religious orders, let him restore him whom he has so taken,
and pay one hundred shillings as a fine ; if it is the mother
church of a parish, twenty shillings ; and if a chapel, ten
shillings. Also, he who breaks the king's peace in the parts
subject to the laws of the. Mercians, shall pay a fine of one
hundred shillings; and so in like manner as to compensation
for homicide,69 and lying in wait of malice aforethought.

2. Of the Mm? s protection.
u These pleas pertain to the crown of the king. If any
sheriff or any provost shall injure any men "belonging to his
jurisdiction, and shall be attainted thereof by the king's jus-
tice, his penalty shall be double that which another would
have had to pay.

3. Of the violation of the public peace.
" He who, in places subject to the Danish laws,90 shall break
the king's peace, shall pay a penalty of one hundred and forty-

68 These laws are given by Ingulph in the Romance, or old French, but
in a most corrupt and imperfect state. The text of them has been revised*
by collation with that found in the Holkham MS., by Sir F. Palgrave, in
his Illustrations to his Commentary on the Laws of England. He also
gives the Latin version of the same laws, which was probably the ori-
ginal form in which they were promulgated. The Latin version differs
somewhat, in Various places, from the text given by him of the Romance;
on such occasions it has been generally followed in this translation.

89 «* Heinfare," (incorrectly, in Ingulph, M hemfare") may mean "the
flight of a slave." But Speiman, in his Glossary, has shown that it has
also the same signification as the word " manbote," or " compensation to
the superior lord for the death of one of his men."

70 " flenelaga." ,

4»a»1085. ■ LAWS OF BOTO XDWAB9. 177

Jgm pounds ; and the king's fines, which belong to the sheriff,
* St.places subject to the Mercian laws are forty shillings ; and
in places subject to the laws of "Wessex, fifty shillings. And
as to a free man who has right of Sach, and Soch, and Tol, and
Tern, and Infangthefe,71 and shall l>e accused thereof, and be
condemned to pay a penalty in the court of the county, he
shall forfeit to the use of the sheriff forty oras,72 in places
.subject to the Danish laws : and any other man who does not
enjoy the same liberties, shall pay thirty-two oras. Of these
thirty- two oras, the sheriff shall have, to the use of the
king ten oras ; and he who has accused him shall have, for
his redress against him, twelve oras -r and the lord in whose fee
he shall reside, shall have the remaining ten oras. This, in
places subject to the Danish laws.

4. Of accwation* of Larceny, ami <f the sureties,
"-This is the custom in places subject to the laws of Mercia:
If any person shall be accused of larceny or of robbery, and
shall- have given pledge to appear in court, and shall take to
flight, in the meantime, his surety shall have a month and a
day to seek him ; and if he shall find him within that time,
he shall deliver him to justice ; and if he cannot find him, he
shall swear with eleven others, himself being the twelfth,71
that, at the hour at which he became surety for him, he was
not aware that he was the thief, that it has not been through
him that he has made his escape, and that he has not been able
to take him. Then he shall restore74 the chattel for which he
was arrested, and twenty shillings for :hm head, fourpence to
the keeper of the prison, one obol for the spade,75 and twenty
shillings to the king. In places subject to the laws of "Wes-
sex, one hundred shillings on the hue and cry for his head, and
four pounds to the king. In places subject to the laws of the
Danes, the penalty is one hundred shillings; twenty shil-
lings on the hue and cry for his head, and seven pounds to

H See the Translation of Hoveden's Annate, in Bonn's Antiquarian
Library, vol. i. p. 551.

73 The " ora" was a Danish silver coin, probably abont ten shillings in
value.

73 « De dixieme main" seems a better reading than " dudzieme" — as
the institution of " frithborg," or " tenemental/' or " oath of ten men,"
seems to be here referred to. See the Translation of Hoveden's Annals,
vol. i. p. 550.

74 Probably in the sense of " make good." 7i " La besehe."

17d nfGULPH's HIST0BY OF THE ABBEY Q1 TJBOYLAXD. A.D. lOS*.

the king. And if he shall he able within a year and a 'day
to 4find the thief and hring him to justice, there shall he re« '
stored to him the twenty shillings which shafl. have heen so
taken, and justice shall he done on the thief:

5. Of the apprehension of a thief.

" He who shall apprehend a thief without pursuit, and with-
out outcry raised on the part of the person to whom the robber
has done the injury, and shall keep him without delivering
him up, shall pay ten shillings for Hengwite,76 and justice
shall be done on the prisoner at first view of frank-pledge ;
and if he shall pass over that sitting without leave of court,
then the penalty shall be forty shillings.

6. Of the redemption of animals.

" In the case of him who shall redeem horses, or oxen, or
cows, or pigs, or sheep, which the English call by the name of
' forfengen,' he who shall claim the same shall give to the
reeve for a sheep one penny, for a pig fourpfence, and for an ox
or a horse fourpence, and he shall hot give more than eight-
pence, whatever be the number of the beasts. He shaU also
give security, and shall find sureties, that if any person shall
come to make proof, and demand the beast within a year and
a day, he will produce in court that which he has so received.

7. Of things that are found by chance.
• " As to beasts going astray, and other things that are found :
Let the property so found be shown to three-fourths of the
vicinage,77 that the same may bear testimony to the finding there-
of. If any person shall come to make proof, and to claim the
thing as his own, let him give security and find pledges that
he will, in case any person shall claim the beast, within a
year and a day, produce in court what he has so found.
8. Of homicide y and of the price of the head and the Were™
" If any person shall kill another, or be privy thereto, and

74 A fine for letting a thief escape. The Latin and Romance texts here
■vary considerably.

77 Probably the same as " vill," in this instance. See the Translation
of Hoveden's Annals, vol. i. pp. 652, 553.

78 The " Were," or " wergeld," was paid by a murderer, partly to the
king for his loss of a subject, partly to the lord whose vassal be was, and
partly to the next of kin, for the person slain. " Manbote" was a pay.
meut to the lord for the loss of his vassal.

AD. 1085. LAWS OF XIKG EDWJlED. 179

.shall be bound to make amends for the same, he shall pay his
Were, as well as Man-bote to the lord ; for a free man ten
shillings, and for a serf twenty shillings. The Were of a
thane is twenty pounds in places subject to the laws of the
Mercians, and twenty-five pounds in those under the laws of
the West Saxons. The Were of a villein is one hundred shil-
lings in places subject to the laws of the Mercians, as also to
those of the West Saxons.

9. To whom the Were « to be paid,
" Of the Were to be paid for the shedding of blood, there
shall be first paid to the widow ten shillings ; and the orphans
and relatives shall divide the surplus among themselves.

10. The valuation of certain animals in the payment of the Were.
11 In the payment of Were, each person shall be at liberty
to pay a horse, not a gelding, as being twenty shillings, a bull
as being ten shillings, and a boar-pig as being five shillings.

11. Of one who inflicts a wound upon another.
"If one man shall wound 'another, and shall be in duty
bound to make amends for the same, in the first place he shall
pay him all his expenses incurred ;'• and then the wounded
person shall swear upon the relics of the Saints that he was not
able to be cured for a less sum than that demanded, and that
it was not for hatred that he incurred more than a moderate
expense.

12. Of Sarbote, or payment for pain of wounds inflicted.

" If a wound is inflicted on the face uncovered, then the
penalty is to be, for every inch seen,80 eight pence ; but if the
party shall have the head or other part covered, then the pe-
nalty shall be, for every inch, fourpence ; and for as many
bones as they shall extract from the wound, the penalty for
each bone shall be fourpence. For the purpose of reconcilia-
tion, the person offending shall do due honor to the other, and
shall swear that, if the other had done to him what he him-
self has done, he would have accepted from him what -he him-

11 Called the * lich-fee," or surgeon's fee. •

80 The text given by Sir F. Palgrave appears* here to be somewhat de-
fective; but, from the words employed, it would seem that the "tiaibote"
was measured by the superficies of the injured limb or part of the body.

N 2

180 htgttlph's hisxoby ob the abbey of ceoyland. ju©» 1Q85-

self now offers, had the other intended to make such, offer,, and
il his Mends had advised him so to do.

13. The valuation of the Limbs.
" If it shall happen that any person shall cut off the hand
or foot of another, he shall pay him half of the Were accord-
ing to his station in life. But for the thumb, he shall pay the
moiety of the penalty for the hand ; for the finger next to the
thumb, fifteen shillings English, of such as are styled shillings
of fourpence ;81 for the middle finger, sixteen shillings; for the
next or ring finger, seventeen shillings; and for the little
finger five shillings. If any one shall cut off the nail of the
thumb, he shall pay five shillings English money, and for the
nail of the little finger fourpence.

14. Of Adultery.
" He who shall defile the wife of another, shall forfeit his
Were unto the lord.

15. Of corrupt Judges.
" He who shall give a false judgment, shall lose his Were,
unless he can prove, upon the relics of the Saints, that it was
not in his power to give a better judgment.

16. Of the clearing of him who is accused of Theft.
" If one person shall accuse another of larceny, and he is
a free man, and can give true testimony as to his having
hitherto acted lawfully, he shall fully clear himself by his own
oath. But if a person has been previously accused thereof,
then he shall clear himself by the oath of persons named ; that
is to say, upon the oaths of fourteen lawful men named, if he
can find them ; and if he cannot find them, then he may dear
himself by the oaths of twelve. But if he cannot find them,
then he must defend himself by the judgment.8* The accuser
shall make oath by mouth of seven men by name, that he has
not made the accusation for malice, or for any other reason than
the prosecution of his rights. i

17. Of him who breaks into a church or a house.
' * If any person shall be accused of breaking into a monastery |
or into a chamber, arid shall not have been previously accused

u In Da Cange'i Glossary it is suggested that the word " quer" here i
means forty. M Of ordeaL

ji.D. I98b. LAWS OP KING BDWABD. 181

of such a crime, he shall clear himself upon the oaths of four-
teen lawful men named, himself being the twelfth ;M and if He
has been previously accused thereof, he shall clear himself by
three times that number, himself being the thirty-sixth. And
if he cannot find them, then^he must have recourse to the
threefold8* judgment ; in the case where the oaths of a triple
number should have been taken. If he has previously been
guilty of larceny, then he must be tried by judgment of water.

18. Of Fines.
"In places subject to the laws of the Mercians, an arch-
bishop is to have out of all fines forty shillings, a bishop
twenty shillings, an earl twenty shillings, a baron ten shil-
lings, and a villein forty pence.

19. Of Saint Peter's Pence.

"A free man, who has possession of lands to the value of
thirty pence, shall give one penny to Saint Peter. The lord,
for the one penny which, he shall give, shall render his bor-
dars, herdsmen, and servants, free from payment. A burgher,
if he has chattels of his own to the value of half a mark, shall
give one penny to Saint Peter. In places subject to the
Danish laws, a free man who shall have cattle in the fields, to
the value of half a mark, shall give one penny to Saint
Peter ; and by the penny of the lord, all shall be acquitted
who live in his demesne. He who withholds the penny of
Saint Peter, shall be compelled by ecclesiastical censure to
pay the same, and thirty pence as well by way of fine. If
pleas thereon shall come before the king's justices, the king
shall have forty shillings for a fine, and the bishop thirty
pence.

20. Of those who use violence against Women.

" If a man shall ravish a woman by force, he shall be pun-
ished by loss of limb. If a man shall throw a woman upon
the ground for the purpose of committing violence, he shall
pay to the lord ten shillings.

21. Of putting out an eye.

u If any person shall, in any way whatever, put out the eye

83 These numbers are very doubtful.

•* Probably meaning triple ordeal, which was the most severe ordeal,
by red-hot iron or boiling water.

182 ikgulph's history of the abbey of ceoyland. a.d. 1085.

of another person, he shall pay to him a penalty of seventy
shillings, English; but, if the pighi shall be restored, then he
shall pay half that sum.

22. Of Relief*.

" The relief of an earl t» the king consists of eight
horses, of which four shall be saddled and bridled ; and with
them, four coats of mail, four helmets, four lances, four buck-
lers, and four swords ; the other four horses are to be palfreys
and post-horses, with bridles and head-stalls. The relief of a
baron is four horses, two of which shall be saddled and bridled;
and with them two coats of mail, two bucklers, two helmets,
two lances, and two swords. Of the other two horses, one
shall be a palfrey, the other a post-horse, with bridles and
head-stalls. The relief pf a vavassour*6 to his liege lord, is a
horse, such as was in possession of his father at the day of his
death, a coat of mail, a helmet, a buckler, a lance, and a sword.
If perchance he shall not possess the same, and shall be unable
to pay the same by reason of having neither horse nor arms,
then he shall be exempted on payment of one hundred shil-
lings. The relief of a villein is the best beast of burden that
he has, whether a horse, an ox, or a cow ; the same shall be-
long to his lord. In the case of him who holds land at a
yearly rent, his relief shall be the amount of one year's rent.
23. Of producing Warranty.

"If any person shall lay claim to any live cattle as having
been stolen from him, and shall give security and find sureties
that he will, prosecute his claim,' then the person who has the
property in his possession must produce his warranty. If he
cannot do this, then he must produce his Heuvelborh* and
his witnesses. If he can produce neither warranty nor Heu-
velborh, but has witnesses87 that he bought it in the king's
market, though neither warranty nor pledge whether it was
aliv& or dead, then he shall lose the chattel so claimed ; and
by the simple oath of his witnesses and of himself, he shall
clear himself. But if he shall find neither warranty, pledge,

85 The next rank in dignity below a peer.

86 The Heuvelborh was the " fidejussor," or the guarantee, who
was bound to restore the property sold, if the purchaser should be law-
fully evicted. — Palgrave.

** The text, even in Sir F. Palgrave/ a amended version, seems to be in a
most corrupt state here.

A<p,]085. 1AWS OF XIXG EDWABD. 183

nor, witnesses, th,en besides the matter claimed he shall pay
his Were to his lord. This is the universal law in all places,
whether subject to the laws of the Mercians, the Danes, or the
West Saxons. No one shall be compelled to produce his
warranty before the claimant shall have produced his pledge,
on the oaths of six men. In places under the Danish law,
the property shall be placed in the hand of a third party,
until the matter shall be decided. If the party can prove by
three-fourths of his vicinage that the animal has been reared
by himself, it shall be adjudged to him. From and after the
time that, on this oath, the property has been adjudged to
him, it cannot be withdrawn by him on trial in England.

24. Of Murder.
" If any person shall kill a Frank by birth, and the men of
the hundred shall not take the murderer within a week, and
bring him to justice to show why he did so, they shall pay for
the murder forty-seven marks.

25. If a person lays cldim to land against his lord.
" If any person shall wish to disprove any covenant as to
the holding of any land against his lord, he shall be bound to
disprove the same by his peers who hold by the same tenure,
as by strangers he cannot possibly do so.

26. If a- person denies, that. he has said in court that which is
imputed to him*
" In every court, except in the king's presence, if it is im-
puted to any one that on trial he has said such and such a
thing, and he denies, that he has said so, if he cannot, by two
intelligent men, who either heard^ or saw the same, disprove
that he so said, he shall be bound by his words.

?7. Qf the three88 royal roads. .
" Oil the three royal roads, that is to say, Watelingstrete,
Ermingstrete, Fosse, and [Ikeneldstrete], whoever shall slay a
man passing through the country, or .shall commit an assault
on him, the same is a breaker of the king's peace.

28. If the thing stolen is found with the thief
" On the land of whomsoever the thief is found with the
88 The text in the Romance has '« three," in the Latin, " four ;" Ike-
neldstrete being omitted in the former.

164 UTOULPH's HISTOfiY 09 TUB ABBEY 09 CBOTLAJTS. A.*30tei

thing stolen, the lord of the land, and the wife of tixitimfi
shall have a moiety of the goods of the thief, and the daimaufr
shall have his property stolen, if he shall find it, hesides the
other moiety of the goods ; unless the thief be found on the
lands of a person who has right of Sack and Soch, in whtdnsase
the wife shall lose her share, and the lord shall hare the same.'

29. Of the keeper 8 of the roads.

"For. every hide89 in the hundred, four men shall be. pro-
vided for street ward, from the feast of Saint Michael to the
feast of Saint Martin. And the Guardereve, that is, the
head of the keepers, shall have thirty hides as compensation
for his labour. If beasts, shall trespass upon the places com-
mitted to their care, and they cannot show that they were
driven thither by force or by shouts, they shall deliver up the
same.

30. Of cultivators of the land.

" Cultivators and tillers of the land must not be harassed
beyond what is due and lawful ; and lords are not to be al-
lowed to remove the husbandmen from off the lands so long as
they are able to render their due services.

31. Of Serfs.
" Serfs must not depart from their lands, nor seek excuses
by which to deprive their lords of their due services. If any
one shall so depart, no person shall receive him, or his chat*
tels; nor shall he withhold him, but he shall make him re-
turn to his lord to whom his services are due.

32. Of cultivating the land.
" If the lords of the land shall not find fit and proper cul-
tivators for their lands, then the justices shall do so.

33. That no me shall withdraw his just services from his Lord.
" No one shall withdraw his due services from his lord, on
the ground of any remission which has been previously made
gratuitously by the lord.

34. That a pregnant woman shaU not undergo punishment of
death.
" If a woman shall be adjudged to die or to suffer mutila-
** The old text, in Gale's edition, " has one man for every ten hides,"

which seems a preferable reading.

AA' 108% .- • . IAWS 07 KZNT EDWARD, , l$6

fat of be£ limbs; and shall prove pregnant, execution of the
\ shall be deferred till she has been delivered.

35. Of those who die intestate.
" If any man shall happen to die without making a will, in
such case his children shall divide their paternal inheritance
between them.

§& If a father finds his daughter in the act of adultery, or a son
his father's wife.

" If a father finds his married daughter in his own house,
or in that of his son-in-law, in the aot of adultery, he is at
liberty to slay the adulterer. In like manner, if a son finds
his mother in the act of adultery, during the life of his lathery
he is at liberty to slay the adulterer.

37. Of Poisoning.

" If a man shall poison another, he shall either be put to
death, or sent into perpetual banishment.

88. Of throwing goods overboard through fear of death.
" If any person in peril of the sea, shall, through fear of
death, throw the property of another into the sea for the pur-
pose of lightening the ship, he shall clear himself by oath that
he did the same for no other reason than fear of death. The
property that remains in the ship shall be divided among all,
according to the chattels of each. If any person shall act
otherwise, then he shall make good the property lost.*

39. No one shall suffer prejudice through the fault of another*

H If two or more shall be parceners of a property, and one
of them shall, without the other or others, be impleaded, and
shall by his folly or for any other reason lose the same, then
the parceners shall not be damaged thereby ; because a matter
that has been decided among other persons, ought not to pre*
judice others, especially if they were not present.

40. Of Judgments and Judges.

"Judges are to use the utmost care and diligence that they
bo judge their neighbour, as they wish themselves to be judged
by God, when they say, * Forgive us our debts even as we
the same to our debtors.' He who shall give raise

186 ingitim's hikcobt of the ABBEY OV CEOTLAKD. A.D, 108&.

judgment, or shall encourage injustice through hatred, love, or
money, shall pay a penalty of forty shillings to the long, un-
less he can excuse himself on the ground that he knew not
how to give a better judgment ; and he shall lose his liberty as
well, unless he shall redeem the same from the king. In
places under the Danish law: he shall pay his Lagslite.90

41. That no one shall he condemned to death for a trifling

offence*

" We do forbid that a person shall be condemned to death
for a trifling offence. But, for the correction of the multi-
tude, extreme punishment shall be inflicted, according to the
nature and extent of the offence. For that ought not for a
trifling matter to be destroyed which God has made after His
own image, and has redeemed with the price of His own
blood.

42. Christian* are mi to he .sold out of the country or to

" We do also forbid that any one shall sell a Christian into
a foreign country, and especially among the infidels. For the
greatest care ought to be taken that souls are not sold into
damnation, for which Christ gave His life.

45. Of those who refuse to take their trial.

" He who refuses to submit to just laws and a just trial,
shall pay a penalty to him to whom the same shall rightfully
belong. If it is against the king, he shall pay six pounds;
if against an earl, forty shillings ; if it is in a hundred or in
the court of any one who by virtue of his privilege holds the
same, then thirty shillings English. In places under the
Danish law, he who shall refuse to atyde a just trial, shall
gay tjhe penalty of his Lagslite.

44. That no one shall lay a complaint before the king, unless
there is a default in the hundred or county.

" No one shall lay a complaint before the king, unless there
has been a miscarriage of justice in the court of the hundred
or the county.

90 Lagslite was a punishment inflicted for breaking the law.

^DilQ8at. Liws of xme SDW4JU). 18T

45. That no one shall rashly make distraint
"No one shall take a distress in a county or out of it unless
he shall have three times demanded satisfaction in the court
of the hundred or county. If on making the third demand
lie shall receive no answer, he may have recourse to the court
of the county, which shall name for him a fourth day. If
even then, satisfaction shall not be made to him, he shall re-
ceive licence to levy a distress91 for himself, far and near.

46. That no one shall bug anything without witnesses.
" No one shall buy anything, whether alive or dead, to the
value of fourpence, without four witnesses, either from a bo-
rough or a viU in the country. If claim shall afterwards be
made by any person, and he shall have neither witnesses nor
warranty, then he shall restore the property, and pay a penalty
to the person to whom- by right it belongs. If he has wit-
nesses, they are to view the property three times, and on the
fourth occasion, he is either to disprove the claim, or to lose
the property.

47. Of proof against witnesses.

" It seems absurd and contrary to law that proof should be

made against witnesses, vpho know the property claimed; and

proof92 shall not be admitted before a stated time, the sixth

month from the time since the thing claimed has been stolen.

48.- Of a person charged, who does not appear when summoned.
" If any person of bad character, and charged with breaking
the laws, shall not make his appearance after being three
times summoned, on the fourth day the summoners shall shew
his three defaults, and he shall once more have a summons to
find sureties, and obey justice. If, even then he shall not
appear, he shall be judged, whether living or dead, and there
shall be taken whatever he has, and after the chattels are re-
stored to the claimants, the lord and the hundred shall equally
divide the residue between themselves. And if any one of his
friends shall offer to use force against the execution of this
enactment, he shall pay a penalty of six pounds to the king.
The thief shall also be caught, and no one shall have power to
pi «t flam ♦» or c najm »»
J2 The text seems corrupt here.

188 XNOTLPH's HISTOBY OF THE ABBEY OF CBOYLAITD. A.D.10&5-

harbour him, or to guarantee to him his life ; nor shall he any
longer be enabled to recover anything by trial in court.

49. That no one shall entertain a stranger far more than three
nights.
" No one shall entertain a stranger for more than three
nights, unless a person who is his Mend shall have given him
a recommendation ; and no one shall permit a person, after he
is accused, to leave his home.

50. That no one shaU allow a thief to escape.
" If a person meets a thief, and, without outcry raised, lets
him escape, he shall pay a penalty according to the value set
on the thief, unless he shall prove on oath that he did not
know him to be a thief.

51 . Of those who do not pursue on hue and cry raised.
" He who, on hearing hue and cry raised, shall neglect to
pursue, shall, for his neglect, pay a fine to the king, unless he
can clear himself by oath.

52. Of one accused in the court of the hundred.
" If a person shall be accused in the hundred court, and
charged by four men, he shall clear himself on the oaths of
twelve men.

53. That the lord shall hold his servants in Frank-pledge.
" All lords who have servants are to be their sureties, that
if they are accused, they will produce them for trial in the
hundred court; and if any person after being accused shall
take to flight, the lord shall pay his Were, and if it shall be
charged that through him he made his escape, he shall either
clear himself on the oaths of six men or pay a penalty to
the king ; and the person who has so taken to flight shall
be outlawed."

I also brought with me on the same occasion from London,
a copy of the decision of the whole controversy between the
churches of Canterbury and York, which had long existed, as
to the right of the chief primacy, and which matter had been
discussed at very great length a few years before my arrival in
England in presence of the king's council, and had been at

4*4^107?. * DECREE 0J UHG- W1LUAK. 189

last fijaallv] determined ; it had also been set at rest by the
irrefragable sentence of the Apostolic authority, to the follow-
ing effect : —

" In the year from the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ,
1072, in the pontificate of our lord the pope, Alexander XI.,
and in the sixth year of the reign of William, the glorious
king of the English ; by the precept of the said pope Alexan-
der^ sad with the sanction of the said king, in presence of
himself and of the bishops and abbats, the dispute was en-
quired into relative to the primacy which Lanfranc, archbishop
of Canterbury, in right of his church, asserted over the church
of York, and relative to the ordinations of certain of the
bishops, as to whom it was a matter of great uncertainty to
whom in especial they belonged. At length, upon the autho-
rity of divers holy writings, it was proved and shewn that the
church of York ought to be in subjection to that of Canter-
bury, and to pay obedience to its archbishops as primates of
the whole of Britain, in all enactments which pertain to the
Christian religion. But the subjection of the church of Dur-
ham, that is to say, the church of Lindisfarne, and of all the
districts which extend from the bishopric of Lichfield and the
great river Humber as far as the extreme boundaries of Scot-
land, and whatever on the side of the said river belongs to the
diocese of the church of York, the metropolitan of Canterbury
has conceded unto the archbishop of York and his successors ;
on the understanding that, if the archbishop of Canterbury
shall wish to convene a synod, whenever he shall think fit so
to do, the archbishop of York shall, at his pleasure, be pre-
sent thereat together with all subject to him, and shall shew him-
self obedient to his canonical dispositions. And, further, that
the archbishop of York ought to bind himself by oath as well
thus to do to the archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, has proved from the ancient custom of
his predecessors ; but in his love for the king, has excused
Thomas, archbishop of York, from taking the said oath,
and has only received his written profession, without prejudice
to his successors, who shall think fit to demand the oath, with
the profession -from the successors of Thomas.

"If the archbishop of Canterbury shall depart this life, the
archbishop of York shall come to Canterbury, and shall, to-
gether with the other bishops of the before-named church,

190 INGULPh's HISTOET OF CHS £BBET OF OEOYLAKD. A.O. I072.

consecrate him who shaH fa elected, as being lawfully Ms own
primate. And if the archbishop of York shall happen to die,
he who shall be chosen to succeed him shall, on receiving from
the king the gift of the archbishopric, come to Canterbury; or
wherever it shall please the archbishop of Canterbury, and
shall, in due canonical manner, receive ordination from him.
To this constitution have agreed, the king before-named, and
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas, archbishop of
York, Hubert, sub-deacon of the Holy Church of Rome and
legate of the before-named pope Alexander, as alto the* other
bishops and abbats who have been present. This cause was
first heard at the city of Winchester, on the festival of Easter,
in the royal chapel, which is situate in the castle there ; and
afterwards in the royal vill, which is called Widlesore,1 where
it was brought to an end, in presence of the king, bishops, and
abbats of divers ranks, who were assembled at court during
the feast of Pentecost. The seal of king William, -f The
seal of queen Matilda. + I, Hubert, lector2 of the Holy Bo-
man Church and legate of the lord Alexander the pope, have
subscribed hereto. + I, Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury,
have subscribed hereto. + I, Thomas, archbishop of York,
have subscribed hereto. + I, William, bishop: of London,
have consented hereto. + I, Hermann, bishop of Sher-
burn, have set my mark hereto. + I, Wulstan, bishop of
Worcester, have subscribed hereto, -f I Walter, bishop of
Hereford, have consented hereto. + I, Qiao, bishop of Wells,
have consented hereto. + I, Bemigius, bishop of Dorchester,
have consented hereto, -f I, Walkelin, bishop of Winchester,
have consented hereto. + I, Herefast, bishop of Helmham,
have subscribed hereto, -f I, Stigand, bishop of Chichester,
have consented hereto, •+• I, Siward, bishop of Rochester,
have consented hereto, -f- I, Osbert, bishop of Exeter, have
consented hereto, -f I, Odo, bishop of Bayeux, and earl of
Kent, have consented hereto. + I, Goisfrid, bishop, of Coa-
tanoes, and one of the elder bishops of the English, have con-
sented hereto. + I, Scotland, abbat of the convent of Saint
Augustin, have consented hereto. + I, Eilwin, abbat of the
convent called Ramsey, have consented -hereto. -}- I, Emoth,
abbat of Glastonbury, have consented hereto. + I, Turetan,

i Windsor.

2 Apparently the same rank as subdeafconj by wbkh name hb i» previ-
ously called.

A.D.1086. OBOTLACT XHKKATEVSD BT FHfTNEl 19t

abbat of the convent in the isle oatted Ely, hate consented
hereto, -h I> Wumoth, abbat of the convent called Cheretesey,
bave> consented hereto. + I, Elwin, abbat of the convent of
Evesham, have consented hereto, -f - 1, Frederic, abbat of
Saint Alban'*, have consented hereto. + I, Goifirid, abbat of
Saint Peter's, which is situate not far from London, have con*
sented hereto, -f I, Baldwin, abbat of the convent of Saint
Edmund's, have consented hereto. -H I, Turoid, abbat of
Burgh, have consented hereto. + I, Adehn, abbat of Abing-*
don, have consented hereto. -K I, Ruald, abbat of the new
monastery at Winchester, have consented hereto. -f*"

At the same council, it was also enacted and decreed, in
accordance with the words of. the canons, that bishops should
leave the vills, and transfer their sees to cities in their dioceses:
Upon this, the bishopric of Dorchester was changed into that
of Lincoln, Lichfield into that of Chester, Selsey into that of
Chichester, Sherburn into that of Salisbury, and Helmham into
that of Thetford. The bishopric of Lindisfarne had long
previously been changed into that of Durham.

Accordingly, on coming from London to my monastery, well
harnessed with books and laws and the new confirmation by
my lord the king of the charter of our re-founder, together
with all our other deeds and muniments, which had been ac-
cepted by the whole of the royal council, and most graciously
approved by the aforesaid royal confirmation, I caused ex-
ceeding joy to all the sons and friends of our monastery. A
very few days after I had arrived there, the winter came on
with more severity than usual ; on which, all the waters around
us were frozen with hard ice, and the entire passage for vessels
was for some days cut off ; but still, the ice was not so Btrong
or so thick as to suffice for the support of vehicles or waggons
for the carriage of any necessaries to the monastery, though
it was so hard and thick that all navigation was entirely
put an end to. Accordingly, our cellarer bringing us word
that bread was falling short in our pantry, and that there was
no corn in the granary, as God is my witness, I was rendered
sad and sorrowful beyond measure for the famine whioh was
impending over the brethren.

Finding that we were thus placed in these straits, and that
the inclemency of the weather, which waB daily increasing,
would not allow victuals to be brought from our estates at a

192 nreuLPn'a bistort ok xhb abbjst of gsoxlakd.^ ^j>hiC85.

distance- to tho monastery, ever putting my trust ix* thoJ^rd
and in our most pious patron, the most . holy, father Gu^pf^ I
gave myself up to prayer before the most holy tomb of spjp-
cious a confessor of Christ, and most devoutly prayed thejc&le
night for his intercession for us with God ; to the end tnafe&e
would not allow his servants to perish with hunger;, aiid'i&at,
having proved a most holy helper to many strangers, who" |»d
come and asked his aid, he would not shut the ordinary bowels
of his compassion to his sons, but would, with his accustomed
beneficence, afford some signal relief against the impending
peril of hunger, and with the usual condescension of his favour-
able disposition, mercifully provide us. some protection, ,

These requests, with renewed sobs and tearful laments,. I
repeated over and over again in the ears of the most pious
father, and passed a whole night in watching at that most pre-
cious tomb. When, morning dawned, and we had in common
performed the first service of the day in the choir in honor of
God, and the community was anxiously intent upon its devo-
tions before the various altars for the purpose, amid such
straits, of obtaining the mercy of God, behold! on a sudden,
from the northern side of the monastery, a voice resounded in
my ears, as. though that of an angel, who thundered forth
words to this effect : " Keceive victuals for the brethren, and
prepare bread that they may eat." On hearing this voice, we
wondered much, and went forth into the cemetery to see who
it was, and why he had given utterance to such language, . On
opening the door, however, we were, able to see no one, but
found four sacks of the largest size, two of which were filled
with corn, and the other, two with the finest flour ; upon whiih
we returned most duteous thanks to God, and our most; holy
father Guthlac, who had not deserted those who put their
trust in Him, but had wrought His jnercy in the day of
tribulation and of our straits, to the praise of His most holy
confessor. Neither, from that day forward, was food wanting for
the brethren, but, eating each day, and always abounding,
we thought -that the miracle, related in the Gospel about the
five loaves was being repeated over again ; until at last,, after
a considerable tune, the ice thawing, we received a new sup-
ply of food from our manors. Thus did we verify the words
of Saint Ambrose: " As they ate, beneath their teeth did. the
food increase in their mouths, and the more it was: eon-

JUD.?085. WtTLXEfCTL DEPOSED AKD EXILED. 193

tamed, the more the food was multiplied. Amid their hands,
as they break it, does the bread flow forth ; to their surprise
the pen fjind, untouched, fragments which they have not
broken oftM As this miracle happened to take place on the
fifth day of the week, we. all determined, always in future,
solemnly fo perform in the choir the holy office of our most
holy patron, Guthlac, whenever we should happen to have the
leisure on the fifth day of the week so to do.

In the following summer, the people of Hoyland at Mutton,
Weston, and Spalding, in imitation of those at Depyng, by a
common enactment agreed to among them, divided, among
themselves, man by man, their marshes, which were situate
above our river Asendyk ; on which, some put their portions
in tillage, others preserved theirs for hay, while some, again,
allowed theirs, as before, to lie for pasture for their own cattle
apart from the others, and found the earth to be rich and fruit-
ful. Stimulated by this their, example, I, Ingulph, the abbat of
Croyland, and L — of Hacbeth, and some others at Cappelade, in
like manner divided between ourselves our portion at Cappelade,
which ran down to the same river ; and, on tilling it, we found
the soil equally fertile and fruitful.

Thus for had I run on my course of prosperity rejoicing ;
now do toil and grief emit their funereal notes. The origin oi
our evils, and the chief cause of our woes, was Ivo Taillebois,
who was ever a most determined enemy of ours. After my
lord the king had given him to wife Lucia, the daughter of the
late most valiant earl Algar, upon the decease of her two bre-
thren, Edwin and Morcar, together with all their lands, in
the year of our Lord, 1072, he was elated beyond measure*
against God and his Saints, and our monastery of Croyland ;
and so greatly did he harass the monks of our cell at Spalding,
who daily dwelt at his gates, that they left their cell, as I have
previously mentioned, in the hand of God, and, with all their
goods, returned to their monastery of Croyland, it being the
year of our Lord, 1074.

Moreover, after Waldev, the holy Martyr of God, had been
most cruelly beheaded, on his body being carried by Wulketul,
the lord abbat, to Croyland, to receive there the affectionate du-
ties of sepulture, the said venerable father was most impiously
deposed, and sent into distant exile. This was in the year
1075. fie survived his deposition for the space of ten years,.

t94 iroi7XCT'&vxa&Kr«K skb ssset or obosiahd. imWff*

as I hare already mentioned, and was at last carried o£ bgil*
sudden attack of paralysis, white many of our. archives nftH
-some of our jewel* were still remaining nnreatored; in-eonst-
qnenoe of which, being baulked of my desires* I was grejtfjy
deceived in my hope*. ~ ?

In the same year, that Is to say, in the year of our Lo*d*
1035, my moat illustrious lady, queen Matilda, who, had atatgra
used her good offices for me with my lord the kifig, hadojtaii
Believed me by her alms-deeds, and had very frequently ailed
me in att matters of business and oases of necessity, 4qparte4
this life. In the second year after her death* thai is to say,,
in the year of our Lord, 1087, my lord, the renowned king Wil-
liam, having levied a most valiant "army, led an expedition,
against Erance, and. wasted nearly the whole of Maine with
ike and sword; hut having brought on a disease through the.
extreme toil and anxiety attendant upon this expedition* oa
finding, from hjs physicians, that his death was impending, he
gave Kormandy to Robert, his eldest son, England to ^ilUam*
his second son, and all his mother's territories, and a groat part
of his treasures and other jewels, to his youngest son, Jlenfy.
At last, after being provided with the heavenly viaticum, he
departed this life, and was regally buried by his sons in the
monastery of Saint Stephen, at Caen, which he' had erected
from the foundations; it being the twenty- second year of his
reign, the fifty-second of his dukedom, and nearly the sixtieth
of his age.

Ho was succeeded on the throne of England by his son Wil-
liam, who was solemnly crowned at London by archbishop
Lanfrano. On hearing from Normandy the rumoura of tho
king's death, we were all smitten with sudden dread: I*. in
especial, could mourn, with tears and lamentations irremediably,
the having lost a most beloved master* one. who from my in-
fancy had proved a most excellent patron, and in all my ne-
cessities an- unwearied protector against all my adversaries.
But may Abraham receive his soul into. his bosom, and may he
place him before God in the repose of the blessed !
t Trusting in his familiar acquaintanceship with the new
Jung, and perceiving that my lord the king, my old protector,
was now dead, Ivo Taillebois, my most inveterate :&>** vo-
mited forth ail his malice. against our house, And rapaciously
seised into his own hands all our .lands that lay in his demesne,

thtf is to say, in Cappetede, Spalding, Fyneebakv and Algar;
'feoth the land* which we held of the gift of Aigarthe Elder,
together with the churches and chapel thereon, oar priests
jnd aentanta beting expelled by him, and his own olerke vio-
lently intruded therein. Ho also seised the landa which the
sheriff /Horold had recently bestowed on us, aad those which
tog kinsman, enrl Alger, hud lately girepi to us ; while, at the
sarte time, he drove away ail our servants, and placed bis own
Asia, and having; by* the exercise of his power, expelled
our priest Jocelya therefrom, intruded hia elark, Fuloard, into
our church of Cappdade*

After I had frequently sent to him the lord Richard deRuloe
•and others, who were Mend* and well-wishers to the monastery ,
to act as mediators §o? the purpose of ohtaiuing pea.ce, while
he in the meantime grew more aad more obstinate in hie
eouBe of wickedness; on seeing that this *on of eternal perdi-
tion, in the depths of his wickedness, oonjtemned the words of
life, after having communicated my design to those who were
faithful to us and had proved our friends, I took with me our
title deeds relative to the lands before-mentioned, and again
repaired to London; then passing on to Canterbury, I con-
sulted my old Mend, the lord archbishop, about my affairs,
and, repeatedly throwing myself at his feet, suppliantly im-
plored his intercession with the new king, hie pupil, for the
protection of my monastery. He greatly compassionated my
calamitous condition, and mercifully granted me his interces-
sion, while, at tike same time, he appointed a day within the
•fifteen days following, on which to come to London; and he
advised me to come prepared, and bringing with me the
best charter I had relative to the aforesaid lands, not to shew
&e rest of the muniments ; for,, as he reminded me, " of
making many booka there i* no end." *

Accordingly, on the day named, I made my appearance as
estomanded, and showed to the before-named venerable father,
the lord archbishop, in hie chapel, the charter of earl Algar,
relative to the said lands, written in Saxon characters ; upon
which, summoning a meeting of hie clergy, he examined the
said charter, and, having instructed himself on every head,, and
*eJl grounded himself therein, he proceeded to the king with
the said oharter, audi blessed be the Most Sigh, gained his
* Ecclea. liL 12.

*% .

196 JOTOTira'a BttSTOB* o* tab ibbit 0* CBOILUO), AL&JI0&7*

favour in tfll ttspects in Ml acoordance with my utmost wista*-
For I received a letter from my lord the king, addressed to $b&
sheriff of Lincoln, commanding him to make inquisition of ths
lands contained in the said charter, and if he oould find W
the said inquisition that they had from ancient times belonged
to oar monastery) and that, in the time of his father, we had
been peaceably seised thereof, he was to restore them to us in
full; which was accordingly done. • •

Fulcard, however, before-mentioned, who had been iniqui-
tously intruded into our church at Cappelade by the said Ivo,
on tjoming to a fuller understanding of the favourable disposi-
tion of the archbishop of Canterbury towards us, distrusted
his own right, and, in search of subterfuges, appealed to the
Apostolic See. The charter of earl Algar, which was then com-
mended by the archbishop, and approved of by the sheriff and
the faithful Christians, our neighbours, and the king's justices
in the county, was to the following effect :—

" To all Christians throughout the whole of Mercia residing,
the earl Algar, greeting. I would have you all to understand,*
that I have given to my spiritual father, Siward, abbat of
Croyland, and all abbats there to succeed him, and to their
monks, in Holebech and in Cappelade, four carucates of [arable]
land, and six bpvates ; and twelve acres of meadow land, to-
gether with the parish church of Cappelade, and the present-
ation of the priest thereof; also together with the chapel of
Saint John the Baptist in the same vill, and together with a
mere of two thousand acres on the sea-shore) and a marsh of
[three] thousand acres near its river of Schepishee ; in Spal-
aelyng two carucates of land, in Pyncebek half a carueate
of land, in Algare eleven bovates, in Donedyk two carucates
and twenty acres of meadow land, in Drayton one eajrucate
and six acres of meadow land and four salt-pits, and one ea-
rucate in Burtoft, together with the church of Suttertoa and
its chapel of Salteney. These my offerings I have given as, a
perpetual alms-gift unto the tiefore-named abbat Siward and
his monks, for the support of his monastery, seeing that, as I
have often been informed, his island is not fruitful in corn
of any kind : and I have firmly established the same by this
my deed at Leicester, in presence of my lord, the king £e?
hulph, in the year from the Incarnation of Christ, 810. + I,
Kenulph, king of the Hermans, have granted the same, 4»
I, Wulfrdd, archbishop of Canterbury, have counselled the

jtolQfcU* . 3HE8TXU0TIO2T Of TOR XOffASZBBX BT WX90U 107

vf ' I, Wonwona, bishop of Leicester, have' praised the
same* + I, Ceolwulph, brother of king Kenulph, hare ap-
proved of the same, -f I, Algar, son of Algar, hare been
gratified hereat. +"

Shis first charter of the before-named earl Algar, relative to
the' lands before-mentioned, I have inserted in this history*
tfe the^nd that our successors may know what are their arms
against the wickedness of our adversary, so powerful as he is*
if he should chance at any time, at the instigation of the
devil, again to lift up his horns as he has often done before,
for the purpose of seizing our possessions.

An interval of two years speedily elapsing, the venerable
fetter, one who had ever proved a most kind patron to me, my
lord Lanfraao, the archbishop of Canterbury, departed this life.
He was the only Mend who, after the king's death, had been
left to me ; and indeed, he had shewn himself in all my ne-
cessities an indefatigable Mend, and an unwearied supporter iri
my tribulations. On the occasion of his death, one of our
monks wrote a most graceful epitaph, which begins as fol-
lows i—~

u Angtia, lament, and yon, Italia, mourn t

Let Francia grieve, and Alemannia weep*

Scotia, and yon, Hibemia too, lament,

And all ye lands, that this your flower is dead.

Lament* oh spouse of Christ ! that he is gone,

And may thy grief for Lanfranc never cease.

Oh ! ye who pass, but for a moment stay,

And Lanfranc, Apostolic man, bewail, ,

With tears and lamentations for our loss."

Again, after an interval of two years had elapsed from his
death, a most dreadful misfortune befell me, one that had been
shewn to me beforehand by numerous portents ; the utter de-
struction I mean of our monastery, so famous as it was, which
had been often most distinctly foretold to me by visions and
other appearances, through a most dreadful conflagration,
wMeh most cruelly ravaged so many dwellings of the servants of
God. For, our plumber being engaged in the tower of the
^rarch, repairing the roof, he neglected to put out his fire
in the evening ; but, by a kind of fatality, attended with.ei*
treme fatuity on his part, covered it over with dead ashes
that he might get more early to work in the morning, and
theneame down to his supper. After supper was over, all our

193 nrauLra'* HwroaY e* MM £**** of osottiro, A*V<"Vm*>

servants bad betaken themselves to bed, when after the ftee^gsl?
sleep bad taken possession of them all, a most violent a©W&>
wind arose, and so hastened oil this greatest of rHMo4^
tunes 'that could possibly befall us. For, as it etfteretflfce
ttfwer in every direction through the open gratings, and bte#-
upon the dead ashes, it caused the fire, thus tamed into li^>
to communicate with the adjoining timbers, where, speetil?*
finding material of a dry and parched nature on which to feed**
the fire waxed stronger and stronger, and soon began to efffteh
the more substantial parts. The people in the rill for a long'
time perceived a great glare of light in the belfry, and rfttp*
posed that it was either the clerks of the church or else the
plumber busily engaged at some work there ; bat at last, on:
seeing the flames bursting forth, with loud outcries thoy
knocked at the gates of the monastery. This wad about the
dead of night, when all of us, resting in out beds, were in our
first and soundest sleep.

At last, I was aroused from my slumbers by the loud sbouts
of the people, and, hastening to the nearest window, I most
distinctly perceived, just as though it had been midday, aH'-
the servants of the monastery running from every quarter,
shouting and hallooing, towards the church. Still in my
night-clothes, I awoke my companions, and descended in all
haste to the cloisters, which were lighted up on all sides just
as though there had been a thousand lamps burning. On run*
ning to the door of the church and trying to effect an entrance,
I was prevented from so doing by the melted bntts- of the
bells which was pouring down, and the heated le*ad wbich in
like manner was falling in drops. Upon tins, I retreated rind
looked in [at the windows}, and on finding the flames every-^
where prevailing, turned my steps towards the Dormitory.
The lead still pouring down from the church upon the clois-c
ters, and soon making its way through, I was severely burnfc
on the shoulder blade, and should have had a narrow escape"
of being burnt alive, had I not instantly leaped over into the
enclosure of the cloisters. Here I perceived that the fire, as
it vomited forth sheets of flame, was issuing in volumes fro*
the tower of the church, and had already communicated with
the nave, while it was repeatedly shooting forth embers and
flakes in the direction of the Dormitory of the brethren ; upon
which, I shouted aloud to them as if they had been immersed

A,W JP94,. . 1&0QBB8S OF 1KB COXFUGfciTXO*. 199

ifca*w*t^ lethargy, and it was only with the greatest difficulty,
though I cried out at the very top of my voice, that I was
abb at last to awake them.

On recognizing my voice, full of alarm, they sprang up
from their beds, and half naked and clad only in their night
clothes, the instant they heard the fire in the cloisters, rushed
fortji through all the windows of the Dormitory, and fell
to the ground with dreadful force ; many were wounded and
severely shaken by the severity of the fall, and, shocking to re*
late,, some had their limbs broken* The flames, however, in the
meanwhile, growing stronger and stronger, and continually
sending forth flakes from the. Church in the direction of the Re-
fectory, first communicated with the Chapter-house, then they
caught the Dormitory, and after that the Befectory, and at the
same instant, the Ambulatory, which was near the Infirmary.
After this, with a sudden outburst they extended their ravages
to the whole of the Infirmary, with all the adjoining offices.
All the brethren flying for refuge to the spot where I stood
in the court, on seeing most of them half naked, I attempted
to regain my chamber, in order to distribute the clothes which
I had there, among such as I saw stand in the greatest need
thereof; bat so great was the heat that had taken possession of
all the approaches to the hall, and so vast were the torrents of
molten lead that were pouring down in every direction, that
it rendered it impossible for even the boldest among the young
men to effect an entrance.

Being still in ignorance that our Infirmary had caught on
the oth^r side, I took a circuit through the northern part of the
cemetery towards the east end of the Church, upon which I
perceived our Infirmary enveloped in flames, which proved so
invincible as to rage with the greatest fury even upon the
green trees, such as ashes, oaks, and willows, that were grow*
ing in the neighbourhood. I, .accordingly, returned to the
ifest side, and there I found my chamber, just like a furnaee,
vomiting forth torrents of flame on every side through all the
vindows ; and proceeding onwards, I saw, with eyes that had
good reason to shed tears, all the other buildings adjoining,-
towards the south, the Halls, namely, of the lay brethren and
of the guests, and all the others that had been covered with,
k&d, fulling a prey to the flames.

i M this moment, the tower of the Church falling on its south

200 rjrGvras"« msto** 6* wr* Afcftfcr of choyxato. * ^.tfiWi^

side, I was so stunned by the crash* that I fell to thegfe$a#
half dead and in a swoon. Being raised by my brettiren/ H^SF
carried to our porter's room, I was scarcely able, until moril^
ning, to recover my right senseB or my usual strength.

: Day dawned at last, and having now recovered from my fit,
the brethren shedding tears and overcome with languor, «n&
many of them being miserably lacerated and burnt in f&eir
limbs, with mournful voice and tearful lamentations we joined Sr
the performance of Divine service in the dwelling of GrhnkeW,
our corodiary.8 Having performed all the Hours4 of the Divine
service, both those of the day as well as of the night, we pitf- '
needed to take a view of the state of our monastery, the fire
still raging in many of the outbuildings. It was then for tie
first time that I perceived our granary and stable burnt, the
fire not being yet extinguished, and the upright timbers being
eaten away by the flames deep into the very earth.

. About the third hour of the day, the flames being now
greatly subdued, we effected an entry into the Church, and
water being carried thither, extinguished the fire there,
which had now pretty well burned out. In the choir, wMeh
was reduced to ashes, we found all the books of the holy office
utterly destroyed, both Antiphonaries as well as Gradals.* On
entering the vestiary, however, we found all our sacred vestments,
and the relics of the Saints, as well as some other precious
things deposited there, untouched by the flames, the plaee
being covered with a double roof of stone. Going up stairs
into our muniment-room, we found that, although it had been
covered throughout with an arching of stone, the fire had still
made its way through the wooden windows; and that, although
the presses themselves appeared to be quite safe and sound,
still all our muniments therein were burnt into one mass, and
utterly destroyed by the intense heat of the fire, just as though
they had been in a furnace red hot or an oven at a white heat.

* M CorodiariL" " Corodiarius" was the person who received the
M Corody," a sum of money or allowance of meat, drink, and clothing,
due to the king from an abbey or other house of religion, towards the
sustenance of such one of his servant! as he should think fit to nominate*

4 See p. 80. . They were called tierce, text, nones, &c.

8 Responsories, or books of responses, called "gradals," because the
contents were chaunted " in gradibus," upon the steps of the choir. These,
hooka contained all that was sung by the choir at high mass; the tracts,
sequences, and hallelujahs y the creeds, offertory, *nd the -office- for the
asperges, or sprinkling of the holy water.

(^^barters, of extreme beauty, written in capital letters,
ajo$ned with gold/an crosses and paintings of the greatest
heji£ty, and formed of materials of matchless value, which
had been there deposited, were all destroyed The privileges,
afeo, -granted by the kings of the Meroians, documents of
extreme, antiquity, and of the greatest value, which were
likewise most exquisitely adorned with pictures in gold, bat
vrijttsen in Saxon characters, were all burnt. The whole of
these muniments of ours, both great and small, nearly four
tamdred in number, were in one moment of a night, which
proved to w of blackest hue, by a most shocking misfortune,
lost and utterly destroyed.

A few years before however, I had, of my own accord,
taken iron* our muniment-room several charters written in
Saxon characters, and as we had duplicates of them, and in
some instances triplicates, I had put them in the hands of our
chauntor, the lord Fulmar, to be kept in the cloisters, in order
to instruct the juniors in a knowledge of the Saxon characters;
as this, kind of writing had for a long time, on account of the
Normans, been utterly neglected, and was now understood by
only a few of the more aged men. In so doing, my object was
that the juniors, being instructed in the art of reading these
characters, might, in their old age, be the better enabled to
support themselves on the authority of their archives against
their adversaries. These charters having been deposited in an
ancient press, which was kept in the cloisters, and surrounded
on every side by the wall of the church, were the only ones
that were saved and preserved from the fire. These now form
our principal and especial muniments, after having been long
considered as of secondary value and thrown aside, and ne-
glected and despised, in consequence of the barbarous charac-
ters in which they were written ; in accordance with the words
of the blessed Job : " The things that my soul refused to touch,
are as my sorrowful meat."8

the whole of our library also perished, which contained
more than three hundred volumes of original works, besides
smaller.. volumes more than four hundred in number. We
also lost, at the same time, an astronomical table,7 of extreme

I Job vi, 7. i

^p^ed by our author " pioftx"and " Nadir." Its use* were probably
Mfgajrifttauuilar to those of -the orrery of modern tines.

202. nrauLra's ktstqbx of jot aibst of obosiakd. *«nutl0$l,

beauty and oostEness, wonderfully formed of rfl kind* of tnefcd*
according to the various natures of the stare and ooratfllatiflPfl*
Saturn was made of copper, Jupiter of gold, Haas of iron,,
the Sun of latten, Mercery of bronze, Venus of tin, and
the Moon of silver. The Colures and all the signs of the
Zodiac were described by the skill of the artist m yarioua
forms and figures, in aocordanoe with their natures, shapes,
and eolours, and attracted beyond measure the eye a» Well as
Hie mind of the beholder by the multitude of gems as well as
the metals employed. Throughout all England these was not
.such another Nadir known or heard of. The king of France
had formerly presented it to Turketul, who, at his decease, had
left it to the library of the content; both as- an ornament and
for the instruction of the younger brethren, and now it was
consumed by the voracious flames, and so annihilated.

The whole of our Chapter-house was burnt. Our Dormitory,
with all the beds of the brethren contained therein, and the
necessary-house as well, perished in the flames. Our Infirmary ,
together with the chapel and the bath-room, and all the offices
thereto adjoining, was similarly consumed. Our Refeetory,
and all the contents thereof, were destroyed, with the excep-
tion of a few cups of porcelain,8 and the horn and Orucibolum
of Wichtlaf, the former king of the Mercians, which were
kept in presses of stone ; the kitchens also adjoining, and the
hall and chamber of the lay brethren, with all the contents
thereof, were consumed by the fire. Our cellar also, as well
as the very casks, filled with beer, were destroyed. The
abbat's hall, too, and his chamber, together with the entire
court-yard of the monastery, which, through the care of my
predecessors, had been most beauteously surrounded with build-
ings remarkable for their elegance —alas I unhappy me, that
my sojourn was prolonged to behold it ! — most shockingly fell
a prey to the fury of the flames, which raged in every direc-
tion with a vehemence that seemed to be truly Greek.9

A few cottages of the poor corodiers, the stalls of our beasts
ef burden, with the shed* for the other cattle, that stood at a
considerable distance, and were covered with stone, were the

* This U perhaps the meaning of " murrheoe," but it is a matter of
doubt.

9 He aHudes to the Greek fire, or wildfire, much used in warraw dur-
ing the middle ages* *

a~&* I <&U . i ' wwevacxio** to cwtlakb. 20ft

oidy tiring* thai remained uijconsumed. Besides the northern
trsttMtot of the church, from which the wind drove onwards with
Bloat impetuous force toward* the' south, all the buildings
of the monastery, and especially those covered with lead,
whether formed of wood or of stone, our charters and jewels,
bottlt* and utensils, bells and belfries, vestments and provisions,
wera in a moment of time lost and consumed, myself , to my
mosfc bitter sorrow, being then the head of the convent

Many «igns and numerous portents foretold these fires, and
nightly visions repeatedly forewarned us thereof j and too late
did I understand them all. I then brought to mind the words*
of our holy father, Turkefcul, in his dying moments, when he
benignly warned us diligently to take care of our fires ;10 as also.
those of our blessed father, Wulrran, who, in a nightly vision at
Fontenelle, commanded me carefully to watch the fire of the*
hostrey of the three Saints, Guthlae, Neot, and Waidev.
What these most unerring admonitions forewarned me, I now,
too late, to my sorrow, perceive and understand, and indulge in
▼aim complaints,, while, with tears inexhaustible, I deservedly
pour forth these lamentations, my errors demanding of me the
same*

But to return to the details of our tragedy. The news of.
our dreadful misfortune being speedily spread throughout all
the vicinity, numbers of our neighbours, who had the bowels*
of compassion for our misfortunes, most kindly looked with
the eye Of sympathy upon our indigent state. Tor instance,
our lord and most holy father, Bemigius, the bishopof Lincoln,
graciously granted an indulgence of forty days to all who
should do us any service, aa well as to those who should in-
duce others so to do. He also gave us forty silver marks in.
money. By his advice and persuasion, also, the venerable;
canons of the church of Lincoln, and the citizens of thatoityr
and the people in its vicinity, sent us one hundred marksj
Kichard de Bulos, also, the lord of Brunne and of Depyng, at
being our iaithful brother, and, in the time of our tribulation,
a most loving friend, gave us ten quarters of wheat, tea quar*
ters of malt, ten quarters of peas, ten quarters of beans, and,
ten pounds in silver. This was the alms-gift of Richard de
fiulos towards the restoration of our monastery.
. Haco of.MuUon also, at, the same time, gaye us twelve^
quarters of wheat, and twenty fat bacon hogs. This was the
w See p. 105, and 152.

264 nrotntra's histoby o* thb abbey o* cbotlakd. a ^.'4c91.

alms-gift of the said Haco. Elsin of Pyncebek also ga^4ne
hundred shillings in silver, and ten bacon hogs. Ardifot of
Spalding likewise gave us six quarters of com, two caicatiea of
oxen, and twelve bacon hogs. Many others also presented l ua
with various gifts, by means of which our indigent ettite
was greatly relieved ; and may our Lord Jesus Christ write
their names in the book of life, and reward them with His
heavenly glory. Nor should, among so many of our benefac-
tors, the holy memory of Juliana, a poor old woman of Weston,
be consigned to oblivion, who, u of her want," did give unto us
'* all her living," *• namely, a great quantity of spun thread, for
the purpose of sewing the vestments of the brethren of our
monastery.

Eustace, sheriff of Huntingdon, also, who held our lands at
Thyrnyng, at the letting of my predecessor, the lord Wulke-
tul, visited us on this occasion ; and urgently requested of
us a confirmation of the said lands for the term of his life,
promising that he would in the courts of the county, and of the
hundred, and everywhere else, be our protector ; while he en-
gaged to defend our rights, as though they were his own.
To this we consented, and executed a deed to the following
effect : —

" This is the agreement made between Ingulph the abbat,
together with all the brethren, of Croyland, and Eustace, the
sheriff of Huntingdon, to wit — The abbat, together with the
brethren, hath granted unto him, so long as he Bhall live, in
return for having his counsel, aid, and pains, in the affairs of
the monastery, wheresoever and whensoever we shall, in the
county of Huntingdon, be impleaded by any adversary, our
manor of Thyrnyng, together with all our lands thereto be-
longing, that is to say, one hide and a half of land, as folly as
he has hitherto held the said land at the letting of the lord
Wulketul, the former abbat of the said monastery. But after
the death of the said Eustace, the whole of the said land shall
revert to us without any further delay or any diminution
whatever thereof. I, Ingulph, the abbat of Croyland; TiavB
caused this deed to be made, -f I, Odo, the prior, have con-
sented hereto, -h I, Laurence, the chauntor, have written
this deed. + I, Sigwata, the steward, have subscribed
hereto. + I, Trig, the proctor, have signed the same. +
» St. Mark rii. 4*.

**ft J09L, JuaEBBMENT BETWBJOT nrWLFB UC9 10BEKT. 204

I^Eustace, the sheriff have given my consent hereto. + 1/
Baldwin the son of Eustace, have acquiesced herein. +"

Xi^ere came to us, at the same time, Oger, the priest of Be-
pyngale, and took to farm of us our manor of Repyngale,.
together with all our land appendant thereto, that is to say,
three earucates of arable and sixty acres of meadow land ;
on which occasion, we executed a deed in his favour, to the
following effect : —

" This is the agreement made between Ingulph, the abbat of
Croyland, together with all his monks, and Oger, the priest of
Repyngale, to wit. The abbat, with his monks, hath to farm
let unto the said Oger, the whole of their lands at Repyngale,
that is to say, three carucates of land, together with sixty
acres of meadow land, as also their manor in the said vill, so
long as the said Oger shall live, for the payment of sixty shil-
lings and twelve bacon hogs, to our monastery to be paid at
the feast of Saint Martin in every year. And when he shall
depart this life, if his heir shall wish to hold the said land, he
shall be at liberty to hold it at the same rent. I, Ingulph,
the abbat, have caused this deed to be made. + I, Odo*
the prior, have consented hereto. + I> Laurence, the chauntor,
have written this deed. + I, Sigwata, the steward, have
counselled the same. + I Asius, the proctor, have set my
mark hereto, -f I, Oger, the priest, have bound myself
hereto.-!- "

At the same time, there also came to us, Bobert, the ser-
vant of Simon of Baston, and took to farm of us in Baston,
thirty-six acres of land for the term of his life, in return for a
certain sum of money, which he gave to us in our greatest
necessity, as also for the payment to us in each year of two
shillings, at the feast of Saint Bartholomew ; upon which,
we executed a deed in his favour, to the following effect :—

"This is the agreement made between Ingulph the abbat,
together with all the monks of Croyland, and Bobert, the
servant of Simon of Baston, to wit — The abbat, together with
the brethren, hath granted to him in fee so long as he shall
live, thirty-six acres of land in Baston, and if he shall have
such an heir as shall prove worthy of the said land, and shall,
at the option of the abbat and the brethren, be deemed de-
serving of the same, he shall, on the like terms, hold the
same. By way of rent for the said lands, Bobert shall give in

106 m<*m^BMtt<ai:Qf<imi*^(*immtm)- apiIW-

ereryyeartwo ahBUngs, and the *Uh$* of tfee <}$*<} 0&B&&
he has *o .gained possession, according as Jhe same eha^^pcgpft.
And when he shall depart this life, he shall leave hiaho^yjb
the efcnreh of Saint Guthlae, together with the moiety Af 90
of his money- He and his heir shall in eaeh year pay 4fea;«t?79
shillings at the feast of Saint Guthlae. J, Ingulphj Jfeay/ab»
feat, have caused this dead to be, made. At . I, Qdo, the:pr£o*;,
have consented hereto. 4- I, Laurence, the ehaunto?, J*i*£e
written this deed. 4- I, Sigwfcta, the steward, have signed
the samp, + I, Trig» the proctor, have su^acribe^ W$fc>* +
I, Bobert, the liegeman of Simon of Bastog, hare give^ my
esnaent hereto. + I, Simon, of Barton, hay? jgan*foo#ed tbi
wishes of my liegemen. V

< Qn the same occasion, in, retain for a won of money which
William the miller had given onto us tower & the *e-fr*Udi«g
of our church, we grantedin fee to the said William, thirty roods
of meadow land near Southee, and to hie partaer Agge of
Newton, our entire piscary in the said stream, #pm TeAwar*
thar as far. as Natnanskndhyrne, to hold to themselves and their
heirs by th* tenure of paying unto us in eae& yeaj?*,ai the
feast of Baint Bartholomew the Apostle, upon our great altar,
two shillings. As to the said thirty roods of meadow Jaad and
piscary, we executed to them our deed to the following

" This is the agreement made between Ingulph, the abbat
of Crbyland, together with all his brethren, and William the
miller, together, with Agge of Newton, his partner, end their
heirs and assigns, to wit~r*The ahhat and his brethren hav?
granted in fee unto the aforesaid William the miUer, thyrty joods
of meadow land, near the banks of the river Southee, $$jt$ndr
ing from the corner Which is called Tedwaxthar, as far as Na»
manslandhyme ; and unto Agge of Newton, im partner, onjr
entire piscary in the said river Southee, running ejonghetween
the -corners before-mentioned ; to themselves and. ta their
heirs and their assigns, as fully and freely as we hare hithgrto
held the same, and without any diminution or gainsaying
thereof: and they and their heirs, shall in each year, &t»tbe
least of Saint Bartholomew, offer unto us upon our great ejltar,
-two shillings, so long as they shall wish to hold the «eaid
piscary and the said meadow land. I, Ingulpb? iMJahbat
ihare paused this deed to be made. 4- I» 0d% tim nj^oj^hawe

iSSJie&t. Aftraamrr bxtweev ismtn a*d siworb. 907

eabtented kerek -f I, Laurence, the chauntor, hare "written
tttifr* deled, -f I, Sigwata, the steward, have counselled the
*Eutni& ' -f I, Trig, the proctor, have aet my mark hereto. 4-
!>• ^iHlatn the miller, have accepted hereof. + I, Agge of
Ifentteti, have given my consent hereto, -f **
- -*W# also demised at the same time, the same necessity com-
peOmg us thereto, unto Gunter Siword, two hundred acres of
arctic and meadow land near our rivers of WeUaad and of
Asendyk, together with the entire piscary in our said
rivers 'from "Wodelade as far as Aswyktoft, for a period of
twenty yean ; on 'which occasion, we executed to them our
deed as to the aforesaid arable and meadow land and piscary,
to the following effect :—

"This is the agreement made between Ingulph, the abbat,
together with ail the monks of Groyland, and Gunter Siword
of Spalding, to wit— The abbat, together with his monks,
has granted unto the before-named Gutter, lor the space of
twenty years, two hundred acres of arable and meadow land
adjoining to their rivers of Welland and Asendyk, as also
the entire piscary, in their said waters, that is to say, from
Wodelade as far as Aswyktoft, without any right of ingress
on on* part, -except for the purposes of navigation, and not
for the purpose of fishing, except with the leave and good-
will of the said Gunter. But the said Gunter shall gives
passage to the said abbat and to his servants to the l)rain
*f Asendyk and to Gokerdyke by such road as he shall ap-
point, ns oft as, and whenever, they shall have occasion for
theeame. I, Ingulph, the abbat, have caused this deed to
be made, -f I, Odo, the prior, have consented hereto. •+•
I, Laurence, the chauntor, have written [this deed]. + It
SigWafa, the steward, have set my signature, hereto. 4- I,
jEgelmer, the proctor, have forwarded the same. + I, Gun-
ter Siword, have received the same. + I> Fureman, the bro-
ther of Gunter, have acquiesced herein. + I, Aldieta, the
wife of Gtmter, have given my blessing hereto. + I,
Wtikner, the son of Gunter and Aldieta, have granted the
same, -f "

At the same time, also, we granted to various men of our
household, and many others who had lately resorted to us m
consequence of the wars which were now being waged between
fhe^kfeg and the chief men of the land, the whole of our lands
situate between Wodelade and the vill of Croyland, near the

208 IHOTLKE^S HKEOSY OF THB ABBBY OF GROVJttKa. 44fe,K)KU

banks of the river Welland, to hold the same of our eeHnrer
by giving certain services, labours, rents, aids, and . puns
to us and to our monastery, as in the rolls of our ' oelkrer.aie
more fully set forth; a few of which, for the information
of posterity, are here more fully inserted. All the men of
Croyland, who hold meadow or arable land, except those whom
the charters of the abbey which they possess acquit thereof,
owe to the abbat three days' work, that is to say, one day^s
reaping, one day's binding, and one day's carrying, for the
supply of food to the abbat. Likewise, ail who desire to have
turbary in the marshes of the abbat, owe one day's work,
or else three obols towards digging turfs for the convent
of Croyland; from which the abbat is/to receive his pennies,
and the cellarer his obols towards the expenses of the chap-
lains for the recluses. Likewise, every person who does not
hold the same freely, is bound to pay one penny, which is
now called " Rout-penny," towards the support of the men
whose duty it is to carry the abbat and his people wherever
he shall think fit to go by fresh water. Likewise, all per*
sons who do not hold freely, shall pay tallage, and shall pay
Lairwite11 and an amerciament for their daughters. The
serfs were also to do many other things for the monastery,
which are found more fully enrolled in the before-mentioned
inventory of our cellarer.

Being thus mercifully aided by these numerous acts of
bounty on the part of the faithful in Christ, both neighbours
as well as others situate at a greater distance, in order that they
might see that they had not committed their alms-gifts to
barren ground, we laboured night and day, with all possible
diligence, to bring speedy relief to the house of the Lord. We
placed a new nave beneath the roof of the church in place of
the old one, which had been burnt, and added other appen-
dages as well as we could. In place of the ancient tower of
the church, we erected an humble belfry, and placed therein two
small bells, which Fergus, the coppersmith of Saint Botolph's
town,13 had lately presented to us, there to remain until years
of greater prosperity, when we propose, by the Lord's1 assist-:
anoe, to make alterations in all these matters for the better,
and to raise a temple worthy of the majesty of the Lord upon
more lasting foundations.

11 A penalty for being guilty of fornication. w Now Boston^

jJJfrlOftfe SOKORS PAID TO Tffiffi MAfttTft WAtDET. 209

^irffer tlte wfcund* of our church had been in this humble
wuHfl^r -tended and healed tip, sad and sorrowing that the tomb
o&tb&ltoly Martyr, Waldev, who was buried in our chapter-
boHS*, lay uncovered And exposed in the open air to the
showers and all kinds of tempests, after consulting my bre-
thren thereupon, I determined to transfer it to our church,
aild, to the honor of God, more honorably to place it upon a
candlestick rather than under ft bushel. Accordingly, all our
brethren, .with the most ready devoutness, consented to this
translation, and we named a suitable day for the performance
of tie task. On the day appointed, with all due reverence paid
by a train of servants and taper-bearers, and with no small
multitude of the other faithful ones of Christ in attendance/
we approached the holy tomb, thinking that the body was
reduced to dust, like other dead bodies, and that only the dry
bones would be found remaining; as these events had taken
place in the sixteenth year of his slumbers. But, behold ! on
opening the tomb, we received an evident proof of the glorifi-
oation of the Martyr, for we found the body as whole and as
uncorrupted as on the day on which it was buried ; we also
found the head united to the body, while a fine crimson line
around the neck was- the only sign remaining of his decollation.
On seeing this, I could not contain myself for joy, and in-
terrupting the response which the brethren were singing, with
aloud voice began the hymn, " Te Deum laudamns;" on
which, the Chauntor, taking it up, enjoined the rest to sing it.
In the meantime, looking upon the face of this most holy
Martyr, ,1 easily recognized the countenance of that most illus-
trious nobleman whom I had formerly seen in my vision at
Fontenelle. After the said hymn was finished, and the con-
fession had been repeated, all, both literates as well as laymen,
falling on their knees and praying for the mercy of God to be
shown unto me, and making confession, I pronounced the ab-
solution, of all ; then crawling on my hands and feet, with my
lips Lkissed the face of the most holy Martyr, and having
touched and handled him with my hands, I now inform
posterity what, with my own eyes* I saw, and how that, with
my own hands, I touched this Martyr. On kissing him, I per-
cehrefl such a sweet odour proceeding from the holy body as I
never remember having smelt, either in the palace of the king
or in distant Syria, with all its aromatic herbs. - Immediately

210 INGTJLPH's HI8TOBT OP THE ABBEY OF 0EOTLAITD. A.B, J091.

upon this, I began the response, " Eece odor filii m$i" &c,,u
and directed the Ghauntor to proceed with the words.

The response being finished, we closed the coffin, and placing
it on the shoulders of the monks, lifted*it from the earth ; and
then, with the solemn melody of our ohaunts to the best, of my
humble ability, carried it into our church, and placed it at the
side of Saint Guthlac, our founder, under a stone arch, in a
place which had been prepared for the purpose ; and, from
oui inmost hearts, we returned thanks to the Lord most High,
who had thought fit to bring before our notice that there was
a true Martyr among us, and had willed, in the day of tribu-
lation, to prepare such a gift of consolation for his sons. "For,
the news of this translation of the holy Martyr being spread
throughout the country, multitudes of the faithful flocked
daily to his tomb, and offering up their vows there, tended, in
a great degree, to resuscitate our monastery.

To the honor, also, of God, and. the edification of the people,
I recollected that in the monasteries beyond sea, that is to say,
of Fontenelle, Feschamp, Jumieges, Molisme, and Clugny, as
well as at Eleury, and in all the other most ancient convents,
the Poor's Maundy13 was every day performed after the
greater mass, and that the people of God were much edified
thereby; while, in all the English convents, this Poor's
Maundy was either omitted, or else a thing quite unknown.
Upon this, with the advice of all the community, I resolved
that, for our benefactors, the same should be dona each day from
that time forward ; and I gave permission to him who should
for the time being act as our Almoner, to leave the choir at
great mass, immediately after the consecration of the Sacrament
of our Lord, charging the said Almoner to go straight to the
gate of the monastery, and, before great mass was concluded,
to bring three wayfarers into the great parlour ; and if there
should be no wayfarers, then three poor aged men were to be
brought in ; and if there were no such aged men, then three
boys of good character were to be brought into the said par-
lour, in place of three paralytics, either men or women, who
in the vill around us were confined to their beds. These

12 Prom Gen. xxvii. 27—" See, the smell of my son is as the smell of
a field which the Lord hath blessed/'

18 " Mandatum pauperum." The washing of the feet of the poor, in
obedience to the ."mandate" or "command" of our Saviour, in St.
John xiii 34 — " A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one
another ;" which words were sung during the ablution.

A.V. 109}. ItATJKBY. OF THE POOB AT CB0TLA9J). 211

boys, as in the case of the wayfarers or old men, were to have
their feet washed, hut the whole of the victuals was to be sent
t© the paralytics in whose place they had sat. As to the way-
farers and aged men, their feet were to be washed, and there
they were to eat their victuals, if they should think fit, and to
take away with them the remains of both the victuals and drink :
but if they should not choose to eat it there, then they were to
be at liberty to take it with them into the vill.

In order to perform the said maundy, the Almoner was to
receive each day three loaves, such as the monks received,
three flaggons of the convent ale, and three dishes from the
kitchen ; and the Almoner was to see that all these were pre-
pared before the coming of the monks, who, immediately on
finishing great mass, were to come every day from the choir to
wash the feet of the poor persons before-mentioned ; and it was
his duty to provide those persons, as well as the victuals, in
the most becoming manner in his power. But if, at the per-
suasion of the devil, through the evil prompting of avarice, or
through hatred of obedience, the said Almoner should bring in
not three poor persons, but two only, or one, he was to be put
for that day on bread and water, and no mercy was to be
shown to him therein ; and unless he should on another day
supply as many as on that day he had subtracted, so many
dishes were on the following day to be withdrawn as the num-
ber of the persons whom he had so subtracted, he still remaining
on penance for his disobedience, unless the Lord's day, or the
feast of any Saint should happen to intervene. But if he should
not think proper, even after such penance, to make amends, he
was to be expelled from his office, and another Almoner was to
be appointed in his place, who should think fit to give more
zealous attention to the interests of the poor, in accordance
with the form before-stated.

After we had kept up this custom for some time, our fellow-
monks, visiting us from other monasteries, were greatly edified
thereby ; and when they had returned home, introduced the
same custom among themselves. And now we do rejoice greatly
in the Lord that we were the first to introduce a custom so de-
vout in other monasteries of the greatest celebrity, and, having
been, as it were, the original authors thereof among the English,
we hope for a great reward from God for having preceded them
ag the introducers of such a meritorious work.

p2

106 nt<*m^*wm<mcQfitti*Bm<»immi*m>- apAQP}*

every'year two shillings, and the tithes of ft* Iflpd o£s&&
he has so .gained possession, according a» tfre same ahail^poKH^
And when he shall depart this life, he shall leave hiabod& jo
the ehareh of Saiat Guthlae, together with the pwjetyiOjf 8$
of his money. He and his heir shall in each year pay 4ta£w
shttknge at the feast of Saint Gufchlae. J, Ingulph, ffc»/mb*
feat, have joaused this dead jto be made, -k . I, Odo, the pwft
have consented hereto. + I, Laurence, the. ehftttutor, k$w
written this deed. 4- I, Sigwftta, the steward, havn signed
the samp, + ]* Trig» the proctor, have subscribed hereto. +
I, Robert, the liegeman of Simon of Sastog, hare £ivea *ay
eanaen* hereto. + I, Simon, ef 2taftt*% &W s*n»to<»ed tbt
wishes of my liegemen. +"

• Qn the same occasion, in return for a sum of money which
William the miller had given onto us towards the rHMMing
of our church, we grantedin fee to the said William, thirty roods
of meadow land near Southee, and to his partner Agge of
Newton, our entire piscary in the said stream, from Te4w#r-
thar as far. as Namanslandliynie, to hold to themselves and th^ir
heirs by th4 tenure of paying unto ns in each, year* .at the
feast of Saint Bartholomew the Apostle, upon our gfteat altar,
two shillings. As to the said thirty roods of meadow, lapd and
piscary, we executed to them our deed to the following
effect :—

" This is the agreement made between Ingulph, the. abbat
of Crbyland, together with all his brethren, and William the
miller, together, with Agge of Newton, his partner, and their
heirs and assigns, to whr—The abbat and his brethren have
granted in fee unto the aforesaid William the miller, thirty *oods
of meadow land, near the banks of the river Southee, $*£en4V
ing from the corner Which is called Tedwerthar, as £j*r as Na»
manslandhyme ; and unto Agge of Newton, hk partner, ejsyr
entire piscary in the said river Southee, running, along .between
the -corners before-mentioned ; to themselves and W tb«r
heirs and their assigns, as fully and freely as we have hittotfo
.held the same, and without any diminution or gainsaying
thereof: and they and their heirs, shall in each year, at the
least of Saint Bartholomew, offer unto us upon our gEeat ajUar,
-two shillings, so long as they shall wish to feold the ;Said
piscary and the said meadow land. I, Ingulph, iiaahhai
have caused this deed to.be made. + I, OoVv the ^or>vhaj0

4ift*2e&t. Kteuamrr vrnnam nravxn axd siwobu. 907

«efec£tnfed hereto, -f I, Laurence, the chauntor, hare "written
^ft/ deed; -f I, Sigwata, the steward, have counselled the
-•ana*-.1 -4* I, Trig, the proctor, have set my mark hereto. 4-
I, "rTiHiam the miller, hare accepted hereof, -f- I, Agge of
l¥efw*oh,.have given my consent hereto, -f**
• Ufe also demised at the same time, the same necessity eom-
peUiiig ns thereto, nnto Gunter Siword, two hundred acres of
arable and meadow land near our rivers of WeUaad and of
Aeendyk, together with the entire piscary in our said
rivers from Wodelade as far as Aswyktoft, for a period of
twenty years ; on which occasion, we executed to them our
deed as to the aforesaid arable and meadow land and piscary,
to the following effect :—

"This is the agreement made between Ingulpb, the abbat,
together with all the monks of Croyland, and Gunter Siword
of Spalding, to wit— The abbat, together with his monks,
has granted unto the before-named Gunter, lor the space of
twenty years, two hundred acres of arable and meadow land
adjoining to their rivers of Welland and Asendyk, as also
the entire piscary, in their said waters, that is to say, from
Wodelade as far as Aswyktoft, without any right of ingress
on our part, -except for the purposes of navigation, and not
for the purpose of fishing, except with the leave and good-
will of the said Gunter. But the said Gunter shall give a
passage to the said abbat and to his servants to the Brain
4f Asendyk and to Gokerdyke by such road as he shall ap-
point, as oft as, and whenever, they shall have occasion for
the same. I, Ingulph, the abbat, have caused this deed to
be made, -f I, Gdo, the prior, hove consented hereto. •+•
t, Laurence, tike chauntor, have written [this deed]. + I*
Higwata, the steward, have set my signature, hereto. 4- I,
uEgeh&er, the proctor, have forwarded the same. + I, Gun-
ter Biword, have received the same. 4- I> Foreman, the bro-
ther of Gunter, have acquiesced herein. <f I, Aidieta, the
wife of Gtmter, have given my blessing hereto. + I,
Wuhrier, the son of Gunter and Aidieta, have granted the
same. +"

At 'the same time, also, we granted to various men of our
household, and many others who had lately resorted to us m
consequence of the wars which were now being waged between
the fckrg and the chief men of the land, the whole of our lands
situate between Wodelade and the vill of Croyland, near the

208 INGULP^S HISXO^T W THE ABB1T OF eBOYW^?r A^IQfcU

banks of the river Welland, to hold the same of ©ufc <
by giving certain services, labours, rents, aids, and
to us and to our monastery, as in the rolls of our ' oeUfrrejr are
more fully set forth; a few of which, for the information
of posterity, are here more fully inserted. All the men of
Croyland, who hold meadow or arable land, except those wfeom
the charters of the abbey which they possess acquit thereof^
owe to the abbat three days' work, that is to say, one day b
reaping, one day's binding, and one day's carrying, fear the
supply of food to the abbat. Likewise, all who desire to have
turbary in the marshes of the abbat, owe one day** work;
or else three obols towards digging turfs for the convent
of Croyland; from which the abbat is to receive his pennies,
and the cellarer his obols towards the expenses of the chap-
lains for the recluses. Likewise, every person who does not
hold the same freely, is bound to pay one penny, which is
now called " Rout-penny," towards the support of the men
whose duty it is to carry the abbat and his people wherever
he shall think fit to go by fresh water. Likewise, all per-
sons who do not hold freely, shall pay tallage, and shall pay
Lairwite11 and an amerciament for their daughters. The
serfs were also to do many other things for the monastery,
which are found more fully enrolled in the before-mentioned
inventory of our cellarer.

Being thus mercifully aided by these numerous acts of
bounty on the part of the faithful in Christ, both neighbours
as well as others situate at a greater distance, in order that they
might see that they had not committed their alms-gifts to
barren ground, we laboured night and day, with all possible
diligence, to bring speedy relief to the house of the Lord. We
placed a new nave beneath the roof of the church in place of
the 6ld one, which had been burnt, and added other appen-
dages as well as we could. In place of the ancient tower of
the church, we erected an humble belfry, and placed therein two
small bells, which Fergus, the coppersmith of Saint Bo&olph's
town,13 had lately presented to us, there to remain until years
of greater prosperity, when we propose, by the Lord's assist-
anoe, to make alterations in all these matters for the better,
and to raise a temple worthy of the majesty of the Lord upon
more lasting foundations.

" A penalty for being guilty of fornication. " Now- Boston^

AHtflO»* £0*6*9 PAtB TO TfiB 1*A&?B WAEDET. 209

s>Jdfaetfc»w*und**of ourohurofc had been in this humble
Maaspr tended and healed tip, sad and sorrowing that the tomb
o£4be1*oly Martyr, Waldev, who was buried in our chapter- '
boater **y uncovered And exposed in the open air to the
showers and all kinds of tempests, alter consulting my bre-
th*e*/thereupon, I determined to transfer it to our church,
add, to the honor of God, more honorably to place it upon a
candlestick rather than under a bushel. Accordingly, all our
brethiseti, ,with the most ready devoutnese, consented to this
translation, and we named a suitable day for the performance
of the task. On the day appointed, with all due reverence paid
by a train of servants and taper-bearers, and with no small
multitude of the other faithful ones of Christ in attendance, *
we approached the holy tomb, thinking that the body was
reduced to dust, like other dead bodies, and that only the dry
bones would be found remaining; as these events had taken
place in the sixteenth year of his slumbers. But, behold ! on
opening the tomb, we received an evident proof of the glorifi-
cation of the Martyr, for we found the body as whole and as
nseorrupted as on the day on which it was buried ; we also
found the head united to the body, while a fine crimson line
around 4he neck was- the only sign remaining of his decollation.
On seeing this, I could not contain myself for joy, and in-
terrupting the response which the brethren were singing, with
a * loud voice began the hymn, " Te Dmm laudamus;" on
which, iiie Chauntor, taking it up, enjoined the rest to sing it.
In. the meantime, looking upon the face of this most holy
Martyr,, I easily recognized the countenance of that most illus-
trious nobleman whom- 1 had formerly seen in my vision at
FonteneUe. After the said hymn was finished, and the con-
fession had been repeated, all, both literates as well as laymen,
fklhng on their knees and praying for the mercy of God* to be
shown, unto ine, and making confession, I pronounced the ab-
solution, of all ; then crawling on my hands and feet, with my
lip&LkisBed the face of the most holy Martyr, and having
touched and handled him with my hands, I now inform
posterity what, with my own eyes, I saw, and how that, with
my «rwn hands, I touched this Martyr. On kissing him, I per-
ceivefl sunk a sweet odour proceeding &om the holy body as I
never remember having smelt, either in the palace of the king
or in distant Syria, with all its aromatic herbs. Immediately

216 IXGULPH'S HISTORY OF THE ABBEY OF C£OYLA.in>. a.D. hfcl.

spective vocations, in each manner as he had been hitherto ac-
customed to receive the same.

These two offices of- ours we have described more fttHy than
the others, setting forth their responsibilities as well as their
advantages, to the end that our successors may not increase
the said responsibilities, or curtail the before-mentioned ad-
vantages; for they gave unto us largely of their own, that
they might serve us in manner aforesaid and receive in fall
for their services the rewards above-stated.

We also at this season conferred other offices in our monas-
tery on other persons of our household, but not with equal
favours, as they had not with the same liberality bestowed on
us of their substance ; thus, we gave the wardership of our
Befectory to Harold Gower, and the wardership of our Hostrey
to Boiler (Juater, assigning thereto certain duties and liveries.
These persons, coming in a similar manner in presence of our
convent in public parliament assembled, made oath that
they would be true and faithful to us, and would diligently
perform their duties. All these officers before-named were to
receive each day, whether absent or present, their respective
liveries ; provided, however, that they were absent on the
• affairs of some one or other of the monks. But if they should
be engaged abroad about their own business, without the leave
of the Prior granted them, then in the meantime they were not
to receive their liveries ; for without leave of the Prior they
were never to go out either with a monk or upon their own
business ; and if they should do so, they were in the meantime
to lose their livery. No one who had been sworn in full
chapter was to go out without the leave of the Prior, the shoe-
maker and the buyer of provisions alone excepted, who were
to go to market every week, and in whose cases it would have
been too tedious to be so often having recourse to the Prior.

We also particularly added this provision, that our said ser-
vants were to answer to their masters yearly for the vestments,
vessels, cloth and utensils committed to their charge, that so,
through their negligence, nothing might be broken, made away
with, or in any other way lost ; and in order that if such
should be found to be the case, they might make satisfaction
for what had disappeared. Thus, for instance, the keeper of
the church was to be answerable to the Sacrist for the sacred
vestments, the sacred chalices, cups, lavatories, lamps, and

^•1091. STATUTES OF XH8 MOKABTEBT. 217

otter ornaments and utensile. of the church entrusted to his
charge. The warders of the Infirmary and the Refectory were
to be answerable to their masters for the cups of silver, and
porcelain, the silver spoons, beakers, salt-cellars, cloths, nap-
kins, and all other vessels and utensils entrusted to either of
them. The warder of the Hostrey also was to be answerable
to his master for the bed-clothes, table-cloths, cups, forms,
tables, and tressels that had been delivered to and received by
him.

The cooks also of either kitchen, that is to say, of both In-
firmary and convent, were to be answerable to their masters
for all the brazen vessels, pots, pitchers, kettles, platters,
gridirons, frying-pans, dishes, tureens, brine-pans, spits,
broaches, mortars, and pestles, as well as all other vessels and
utensils entrusted to their care ; lest, perchance, being care-
lessly treated, they might be worn out and broken sooner than
they ought to be, or else made away with and destroyed in
some other improper manner ; and if such should be found to
be the case, each person was to make satisfaction for his defi-
ciency, if he should prove unable to make answer with fair
reason to the charges brought against him. Our books also,
both the small ones unbound as well as the larger ones with
covers, we utterly forbade to be lent to any persons at dis-
tant schools, and did, under penalty of excommunication, pro-
hibit the same, without licence granted by the Abbat, and his
certain knowledge at what time they would be returned. As
to lending the smaller books, that is to say, the Psalters, the
Donats,18 the Cato's,19 and poetical works of a similar nature,
as well as the quires for singing, to boys and the relatives of
the monks, we most strictly forbade the Chauntor and the
Keeper of the Library, under pain of incurring the penalty of
disobedience, under any circumstance whatever to lend or
deliver out the same for more than one day, without the leave
of the Prior first granted ; and if any one should in future pre-
sume so to do, he was to remain for the space of two years,

18 The Latin Grammar, by JDlius Donatus, the grammarian of the
fourth century, is here referred to. The " donat" was the common
school-book of the middle ages.

** He^allndes to Dionysius Cato's Distichs on Morals, couched in Dac-
tylic Hexameters. It was held in great estimation during the middle
ages, and was extensively employed as a school-book.

"218 INGTTLPH'S HlSTOHT OF THE ABBEY OF CBOTLAKD. AiUi 1*9*.

? disgraced and disqualified for the performance of anydaiies
in the convent.

At the same time, also, with the unanimous consent of the
whole convent, we added to the most holy statutes of our ve-
nerable father, the lord abbat Turketul, who had most wisely
divided the whole community of our monastery into .three
classes of monks, certain matters that seemed to us especially
necessary and consistent with reason. These were to the
following effect. ' ' Those of the first class, who shall not as yet
have arrived at their twenty-fourth year as members of the
monastic order, shall not, when they take their food within the
precincts of the monastery, give away any portion of the food
set before them to any persons without the said precincts, un-
less they shall have first, before dinner, openly stated to the
Prior, or the person who may be President, the reason of the
necessity for their so doing, and, on such necessity being con-
sidered, shall have afterwards obtained leave so to do at din-
ner ; and so they are to do as often as they snail find them-
selves so necessitated.

" As for those of the second class, that is to say, those who
shall have lived from their twenty-fourth up to their fortieth
year as members of the monastic order ; as often as they shall
stand in need of v so doing,20 they shall be at liberty to give of
their victuals, having first asked and obtained leave of the
President, although they may not have stated to him before
dinner the cause of their being necessitated so to do ; pro-
vided that all do not ask permission on the same day, but on
different days, so that the necessities of all may be satisfied ;
with the exception of those in office, who, in virtue of their
respective offices, daily supply their servants with their food,
such as the Sacrist, the master of the works, and others, who
find daily employment for their servants; although these
may chance to be of the first class of juniors, still, on the
ground of their offices, we wish them herein to have the
privileges of seniors." Besides this, as our holy father, the
lord abbat Turketul, most religiously decreed, all of the se-
cond class were to be excused from the duties of the minor

20 Their vows of poverty would preclude the possibility of their giving
anything in return for services done them, beyond a portion of their
allotted meals.

4.»; 1*91. STATUTES OP THE IfOITASTEXT. 219

Gtaatries,*1 the Epistle, the Gospel, reading the Martyrology
and collations33 in the Chapter-house, joining in the procession
of the taper-bearers to the music3* of the Chauntor, and all such
mrrior duties of the choir and the convent.

As for those of the third class, that is to say, those from
forty years' standing and upwards, they were to be excused
from prayers before Matins, before Prime, and before Ves-
pers, and from Matins at the three lessons, unless it should be
a festival of high mass in the weeks of Easter, Pentecost, and
the Nativity of our Lord, when all members of the convent,
in their turn, on their days officiate in their copes. They
were also to be excused from reading at dinner, and from
•performance of the maundy24 on Saturdays. They were also to
be at liberty to go round the gardens of the Infirmary and of
the Sacrist as often as they should think fit, without asking
leave of the President, so long as it should be known to the
Prior where they were, in case he should chance to want them
'for anything.

And further, as, our holy rules providing to that effect,
lights were kept burning all night in the dormitory of the
monks until the morning ; for the purpose of avoiding manifold
dangers, with the consent of the whole of our community, I
granted to the office of our Sacrist an annual payment of forty
-shillings, recoverable from the vicar of WendHngborough, and
Which the Abbat had hitherto been in the habit of receiving,
that our said Sacrist might find all the lights, as well in the
oleasters as in the dormitory, the same to be lighted at the
stated times following, that is to say; on the approach of
winter, from the feast of Saint Bartholomew to the feast of
Saint Michael, immediately after the bell had ceased ringing
for supper, the servants of the church were to light three
lights in the cloister, and four in the dormitory ; that is to say,
two in the dormitory itself, and two in the necessary-house.

»i « Parva Cantaria," the chaunting of the portions of the service that
were considered of less importance. See p. 98.

** Readings of the Holy Scriptures at stated hours, and in especial
after supper.

b The word is " tabula," which seems to have been some kind of
musical instrument used by the Chauntor or Prsecentor. It was probably
employed for the purpose of beating time, and being made of bone, was
perhaps not unlike our castanets. See p. 100.

* See the note to page 210.

220 nretTLPH's histoby ox the abbey of ceotlaot. x.6.10dl*

But the light in the Chapter-house was to be lighted!
the supper-hell began ringing, and to burn the whole time,
until, Matins being finished, all the monkB had gone up to
the dormitory. During the close of winter, from the feaafc
of the Purification of Saint Mary until the feast of tile Burial
of Saint Guthlac, the same method of lighting all the afore*
said lights was in all things to be observed. From the feast
of Saint Michael until the feast of the Purification, all the
said lights were to be lighted before the monks went into the
refectory to the regular drinking, and were to remain so
lighted at all times of the year until sunrise ; besides a lamp
hanging in the Chapterhouse, which was to be extinguished
after the community had gone up to the dormitory, Matins
being concluded in the church. From the feast of Saint
Guthlac until the feast of Saint Bartholomew, throughout
the whole summer, at sunset the Sacrist 'or Subsacrist was to
light the lights before-mentioned in the dormitory, so that no
secular person might have occasion in the night-time to enter
the dormitory ; and they were to be kept burning until it was
broad daylight

But if, in consequence of the neglect of the Sacrist, any of
the said lights should remain unlighted at the time appointed,
then the Sacrist was, on the morrow, to be put upon bread and
water, without any mercy being shown him. And if, disre-
garding this our most just ordinance, he should make default
in lighting, or in keeping up the lighting of, any one of the
lights before-mentioned, he was to fare for one fortnight, dur-
ing six days in each week, on bread and water only. But it
on a third occasion, any default should take place in providing
the said lights, he was to be removed from his office, and re-
main for the next two years incapable of filling any office
whatever. If any negligence of this nature should happen by
reason of the default of the servants, that is, in case any one
of the lights should remain unlighted at the proper time, then
the servants, whose duty it was, in the summer time, to light
the same when the community was not in the dormitory, were,
on each occasion, to lose their allowances for one week : and
if the same sliould happen a second or a third time, a more
Bevere rebuke was to be administered, or the punishment
aforesaid to be doubled. These strict rules, with the common
advice and consent of our convent, we enacted to be inviolably

A~1>*:1Q39. HESTOUATION OF C&OYXAND. 221

obeerfed with regard to delinquents, and provided that neither
the Prior nor any other president should at future times be
enabled to relax the same, without the especial favour of the
Abbat for the time being.

We also enacted, at the same time, that, on thanks being
returned each day after dinner, the soul of king Ethelbald, our
founder, should be especially prayed for, and that, at thanks
after dinner, the following verse should always be repeated in
full choir by the members of the convent, in memory of king
Wichtlaf, by means of whose horn they had been refreshed.'*
" He hath dispersed, He hath given to the poor ; His righteous-
Bees endureth for ever ;" adding thereto, " His* horn shall be
exalted with honor."

Our monastery being now, praised be the Lord ! in some
measure resuscitated from the ashes of its fatal conflagration, and
its customs having been described, both as regards our fellow-
monks as also our servants and assistants, as well as the de-
ceased members of the monastery, so far as by my limited ca-
pacity has been deemed necessary; I might have brought this
history to a close, had not the manifest malice of our rivals
compelled me to make some small addition relative to their
wicked proceedings, and, to the best of my humble ability, put
my successors on their guard.

- As soon as the most glorious king, William the First, had
departed this life, and had left Normandy to Bobert, his eldest
son, by will giving England to William, his second son;
the latter, immediately after the burial of his father, has-
tened over to England, and was received by archbishop Lan-
franc, his tutor, and the other nobles throughout the whole
kingdom, with outstretched hands, and was solemnly crowned at
Westminster. He immediately proceeded to weigh the trea-
sure of his father, which was then deposited at Winchester,
and found sixty thousand pounds of silver, besides gold and
precious stones, and other royal jewels, in vast quantities. He
then distributed, in accordance with the last will of his father,
to the greater churches throughout all England, ten marks,
and to the smaller churches, or those of the vills, Ave shillings.
He also sent through each of the counties one hundred pounds,
for ■distribution to the poor, for the soul of his father. Led on
by this lavishness, he fell into a course of prodigality, the more

* Psalm czii. 9.

* Psalm c*ii. 9. This looks very much like a pious pun.

222 IXGULPH's HT8T0BT OF THE ABBEY OF CSOTUlND. A.0. 1069*

especially as archbishop Lanfranc was now dead; and having free
rein, as it were, he strayed into all kinds of licentious courses.
His father's treasures being speedily wasted in consequence, he
began to oppress the whole land by new exactions, and to excite
great numbers to sedition and hatred of himself. Hence it
was that many bishops, as well as earls, conspired against hist,
on which he prevailed over some by caresses, and others by
threats, while others, again, he sentenced to perpetual banish*
ment from the land.

At this period, Ivo Taillebois, who had always proved our
implacable enemy, supposing that, as common report stated to
be the case, all our charters had perished in the conflagration
of our monastery, caused us to be cited to show by what title
we held our lands that lay in his demesne, when, in fact, he
had often before both seen our charters and had heard them
read. However, brother Trig, our proctor, appeared at Spald-
ing on the day of trial, and produced the charters of sheriff
Thorold, as also of both the earls Algar, still safe and unburn t;
on which, being deceived in his expectations, he had recourse
to raillery and abuse, saying that such barbarous writing was
only worthy of laughter and derision, and that it could be
esteemed as of no weight or validity whatever.

On this, brother Trig made answer to him, that these docu-
ments had. been read in presence of the renowned king Wil-
liam, both father as well as son, and had been praised and con-
firmed both by them as well as the whole of their council ;
that, after being recited, they had been approved of, and es-
tablished in every particular by the royal authority, and that
it was not in his power to invalidate that which the kings had
confirmed. He also stated, that if he or any ether person
should make any such attempt, in contempt of the king's ma-
jesty, we should appeal thereon to the tribunal of our lord the
king, and desire a hearing before him upon the same ; after
which, our brother Trig, rolling up our charters, in presence
of all delivered them to his clerk to carry ; but after he had
gone out of court, receiving them back from the clerk, he
returned with them all to the monastery. This clerk, how-
ever, by his command, returned into the court, that he might
give attentive ear, and ascertain what were the intentions of
file said Ivo in relation to Croyland.

At last, on the court adjourning in the evening, the clerk

A.itt 1089; conclusion of inguxph's histoby. 223

set out on his way towards Croyland, and, as he was crossing
the etream of our river Asendy k, he was thrown from his horse,
and most cruelly beaten by three servants of the said Ivo, who
lay concealed there, and rushed upon him from their hiding-
place. At length, after they had carefully searched his wallet
and the folds of his garments, and could nowhere discover our
charters, fully understanding the true state of the case, they
left him half dead and covered with wounds and bruises.
Crawling, however, towards a boat that happened to be com-
ing that way, during the night the clerk arrived at Croyland.
On hearing of this surpassing malice on the part of our foe, in
order to guard against fire, as well as other inventions of the
enemy of a similar nature, I took our charters and placed them
in such safe custody, that, so long as my life lasts, neither fire
shall consume nor adversary steal them ; our Lord Jesus Christ,
and our blessed patron, the most holy Guthlac, showing them*
selves propitious, and, as I firmly believe, extending their pro-
tection to their servants.

However, within a fortnight afterwards, our Baid enemy
was also proclaimed an enemy to the king, in consequence of
the before-mentioned conspiracy against him, to which he was
privy and a consenting party ; upon which he was outlawed,
and is still living in Anjou, in banishment from England.

This history, I, Ingulph, abbat of Croyland, have continued
thus far, for the information of posterity, so far asl have*been
able to colldct materials from our archives, and in accordance
with the statements which my fathers have made to me. The
history from our foundation until the destruction of our mo-
nastery, the five Sempects wrote. The life of the lord abbat
Turketul was written by abbat Egelrio the younger, his kins-
man. Prom his day up to the present moment, I myself have
related the history of our times.

END OF IXGTTLPH's HISTORY.

CONTINUATION OF

INGULPH'S HISTORY OF CROYLMD,
BY PETER OF BLOIS.

Epistle of the Abbat of Oroyland to Peter of Blots.

" To our most dearly-beloved, Master Peter of Blois, arch-
deacon of Bath, vice-chancellor of our lord the king, and most
worthy Prothonotary of the whole kingdom, a most wise
sanctuary of all the liberal arts, as also the most eminent pro-
fessor in our times of the eloquence of Tully, the brother
Henry de Longehamp, the unworthy abbat of the servants of
God militant for the Lord in the church of Croyland, and
their unprofitable minister, to his good pleasure and commands
entirely commending himself and his —

" Orators, rhetoricians, and poets, as well as holy prophets,
consummate divines, and great doctors, renowned for their
eloquence, celebrated for their knowledge, weighty in their
authority, and remarkable for their sanctity, have, in grandi-
loquent style, most becomingly discoursed upon the histories,
the lives, the actions, and the battles of illustrious men and
heroes of the greatest celebrity. Thus, for instance, among
the Heathens, Suetonius Tranquillus described the house of
Caesar ; Valerius Maximus, dedicating his work to Tiberius,
discoursed upon memorable actions; Tully described the
deeds of Catiline, and Sallust of Jugurtha. In like manner, so
did Homer depict the arms of Hector, so was "Virgil the
author of the iEneids. In the same way, too, among those
of our religion, did the venerable pope, Saint Gregory, relate,
under the becoming form of Dialogue, the most holy actions
of the blessed father, Benedict; and then, in a similar manner,

tETTEK F&OX THE ABBAI TO FETE& OF BL0IS. 225

did your holy bishop, Sulpicius Severus, in bis Dialogues, de«
scribe the life of Martin, your most holy bishop. So too, in
former days, did Saint Hieronymus extol his Paula ; and so,
more recently, did Saint Bernard sing his Malachias.

" You too, who are the equal of these, who beyond all others
of the present day have a relish for the honied words of Tully,
and who, exalted by your most distinguished reputation for
wit, most deservedly hold the highest rank in the royal pre-
sence,—of you I now beg, as you have lately promised me to
do, that yon will grant me the favour of transferring the hal*
lowed life of the most holy Guthlac, the confessor of Christy
and our patron Saint, from the humble platter of Saint Felix,
the bishop of the East Angles, into the golden goblet of your
own language, and so, seasoning the same with your honied
eloquence as usual, place it in a worthy vessel upon the lesson
table37 in the temple of the Lord, for the faithful in Christ who
enter there. For that most holy patron of ours dwelleth in
the midst of us, being distinguished by the Lord with signs
innumerable, and, by the grace of God, mightily glorified by
many miracles hitherto unheard-of and unseen. Therefore it is,
that I have devoutly prayed your nectareous tongue to launch
forth in his praises ; And we do, all of us, your suppliants at
Croyland, having ourselves contracted the lengthy and in-
volved periods28 of Saint Felix, and having laboured to reduce
it to a style more concise and better suited to weak under-
standings, if so it please you, from the very inmost recesses of
our hearts entreat you, that you will with your holy eloquence,
adorn his most hallowed deeds.

" In the great confidence that I. feel, I will go still further
in placing care and labour on your shoulders ; for I will, with
all earnestness of heart, entreat and call upon you, by that
friendship which has ever shewn itself most devoted to me,
to correct this history of our house which we send unto you,
wherever you shall see that it requires correction ; and request
that you will, from our memoranda and deeds sent to you, to-
gether with the same, continue unto these our times, the
series and narrative of the said history ; for it expresses itself

17 The lectern at which the lessons were read,
88 Literally, the " hyperbaton," meaning " a complex and involved
style of writing."

226 PBTEK OF BlOls' filSTOEt OP CKOTLA1H).

both open! j and in graceful language, and enquires into- many,
of the obscure points in history.

" I trust also, that before long, I shall visit the royal court
on certain business, when I shall bring with me certain char-
ters and muniments, which, in order for your assistance
herein, Wulsin, the lord Frier of our house, Ansgote, our
Sub-prior, and the lord John of Freston, our Proctor, who,
beyond all others> are intimately acquainted with the state of
our monastery, as well as all your intimate friends, saluting
yen with the greatest affection, have thought necessary to
be introduced in this history ; still, these are all to be inserted,
as well as the various events of the times, entirely according
to vour own judgment thereon.. Farewell, my best Master
and friend."

The Answer of Peter of Bht8.

" To his most reverend father and lord, noble both in body
as well as in spirit, Henry de Longchamp, by the grace of
God, abbat of the- most holy monastery of Croylvmd, and all
his holy convent, his humble servant, Peter of Blois, arch-
deacon of Bath, his powers and abilities, humble and insigni-
ficant as they are, in the Lord Jesus Christ—

" When I was lately staying for some time among you, I
was pleasured with so many enjoyments, I was presented with
so many gifts, I was enriched with riches so numerous, and I
was edified with devoutness so extreme, that at length, when
the king's business called me away from your most holy mo-
nastery, on my [departure thence I was greatly disturbed in
spirit and troubled in mind. Full oft upon my road did I
picture to myself your features, full oft did I recall to my re-
collection the benevolent feelings manifested by each of you
towards my humble self; and so often did I call to remem-
brance each passing day the remarkable delightfulness of the
spot, naturally inborn to it as it were, that, quite contrary to
my usual habit, I was affected with a kind of womanish soft-
ness. Before I reached firm ground, I pulled bridle in the
middle of the marshes seven times or more, looking back in
the body upon your most holy monastery, and in my inmost
heart, heaping blessings upon the same ; while, at the same
time, I grieved, that, like another Adam, I was expelled from
Paradise, except that in my case, the angel of the Lord did

TITE AVSWEB 07 ZET&l 0* BtOJS. £27

not, wife. flaming sword, prevent my return. Still, however,
the business of tie king will not at present allow of my return
to yon.

" However, after I had reached firm ground, and had as-
certained by experience, that the woods impeded the possibi-
lity of toy further looking back upon your much-loved spot,
poartraying to myself all your countenances as if you were
then present, to the best of my ability, a&God is my witness,
I embraced you each with my heart, and, kissing you all
with the most ardent embraces, I showered upon you most
plenteous tears. Thus, most pleasurably and most continu-
ously weeping, and ever and anon looking back towards Croy-
land, my servants at last seized the reins, and led me unwil-
lingly away, and so tore me from that much-loved view ; but
my inner eyes, my Masters all and most worthy lords, neither
woods nor servants, mountains nor walls, can ever, *by any
possibility, withdraw from the contemplation of you.

" Now the fact may evidently be gathered from history, that
Saint Felix, the bishop of the East Angles, did not, as you
assert, write the life of your most holy fether and patron, the
most blessed Guthlac ; for the truth is, that he did not reach the
time of Saint Guthlac, and as he came first, he could not, ex-
cept by way of prophecy, have any knowledge of one who
came after him ; but it was another Saint Felix, one of the
disciples of Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, as may clearly
be perceived by the . reader, from the Greek idiom that per-
vades its style ; a man probably of holy life, but one who
imitated his master in his style of writing; still, however,
a person most devoted and most, attached to the Saints of
God, and to Saint Guthkc in especial.

"But Saint Felix, the bishop of the East Angles, of whose
relics, which lie buried at Bamsey, you lately obtained a pre~
cious portion at the gratuitous presentation of the lord abbat
and his convent, departed unto the Lord in the year of our
J°rfi 646, being the fourth year of the Indiction, and the
first year of the nineteen year cycle, Penda, the pagan, being
then long of the Mercians. In the revolution of eight-and-
hmrfy years after his holy burial, Saint Guthlac was born,
that is to say, in the year of our Lord, 674, being the second
year of the Indiction, the tenth year of the nineteen year
cyde, and the last year of Wulpher, king of the Mercians.

228 TETEB OF BLOIS9 HISTOBT 07 CBOIXAKIK

Your said holy father also departed unto the Lord, after com-
pleting the fortieth year of his age, on the fourth day m
Easter week, in the year of our Lord, 714 ; it being tfce
twelfth year of the Indiction, and the eleventh year of the
nineteen year cycle, Celred, son of Ethelred, the former king
of the Mercians, then reigning, it being the sixth year of his
reign. At this time, pope Constantino was pontiff of the
Roman See, and Brithwald, archbishop of Canterbury, was
pontiff of the Mother Church of the English ; Anastasius was
the emperor who was guiding the reins of the Roman empire;
and Pepin the Elder, the son of Ansegisus, was mayor of the
royal palace among the Franks.

" Since, then, it is evidently apparent that Saint Felix, the
bishop of the East Angles, did not compose the said life, I felt
myself the more emboldened to obey your commands, and to
relate, with becoming neatness of diction, and according to the
best of my humble ability, such of your most sacred annals as
are preserved by truth in the pages49 of history.

" I shall, therefore, watchfully devote my best attention to
the continuation of the history of your most holy monastery,
compiling the same with the greatest diligence, digesting it
with the most appropriate diction, and observing the same
style of language, so far as I shall find myself enabled by
searching your archives to collect honey from out of a rock :
although I should not presume to compare my rude language
with the highly eloquent style of the venerable father, Ingulph,
nor coulfl I in any way equal the finger even of such a most
holy prelate. But where the said history has been, as very
frequently happens, perverted or falsified by unskilful writers,
there, in accordance with your wishes, I will use my utmost
endeavours to correct the said errors, and to make them accord
with the strict line of truth, and will, to the best of my humble
abilities, cause what follows to harmonize with what precedes,
by striving to maintain an equality in gracefulness of diction.
The other book, therefore, I will set to work to continue whew
the before-named venerable abbat Ingulph has left off ; so that
his work may form the first part of this history, while my
work, coming after it, though deserving to be placed far. h&-
hind it in estimation, may be styled by its readers the Second

** " Omnibus" seems to be a misprint here for some other word*

A.D. 1 100. mOLASD TX8TEXD WITH PAKOTE A5D PESTILENCE. 229

Part. Instead of an Introduction thereto, I would hare your
letter precede the work and this of mine succeed it, until such
time as, having visited you and looked over. all your charters^
I shall be enabled to arrange everything in its proper order,
and, the Most High prospering my path, to establish each par-
ticular in the rightful track of truthfulness. Pare ye well,
in the bowels of Jesus Christ, all my lords and masters most
dear."

William Rufus reigning over the land, and having with a
powerful arm conquered all his adversaries, so much so as to
hove brought all his foes beneath the yoke, while there was
no one who dared in any way to murmur against his sway,
Kanulph, the bishop of Durham, was his especial adviser in
affairs of state. This Eanulph proved a most cruel extor-
tioner, and being the most avaricious and most abandoned of
all men in the land, wofully oppressed the whole kingdom,
and wrung it even to the drawing of blood ; while at the
same time Anselm, the most holy archbishop of Canterbury
who had succeeded Lanfranc, dragging out a weary existence in
exile beyond sea, mercy and truth with him had taken to flight
from out of the land, and justice and peace had been banished
therefrom. Confession and the fair graces of repentance fell
into diaesteem, holiness and chastity utterly sickened away,
sin stalked in the streets with open and undaunted front, and
facing the law with haughty eye, daily triumphed, exulting in
her abominable success.

Wherefore, the heavens did abominate the land, and, fight-
ing against sinners, the sun and the moon stood still in their
abode, and spurning the earth with the greatest noise and fury,
caused all nations to be amazed at their numerous portents.
For there were thunders terrifying the earth, lightnings and
thunderbolts most frequent, deluging showers without num-
ber, winds of the most astonishing violence, and whirlwinds
that shook the towers of churches and levelled them with the
ground. On the earth th^re were fountains flowing with blood,
and mighty earthquakes, while the sea, overflowing its shores,
wrought infinite calamities to the maritime places. There were
murders and dreadful seditions ; the Devil himself was seen
bodily appearing in many woods ; there was a most shocking
famine, and a pestilence so great among men, as well as beasts

230 PETEK OF 81018' HIST0BT 0* CEOTLAITD. A.tf. 1100.

of burden, that agriculture was almost totally neglected; as
well as all care of the living, all sepulture of the dead.
. The limit and termination at last of so many woes, was the
death of the king, a cause, to every person of Christian feel*
ings, of extreme grief. For there had come from Normandy,
to visit king "William, a very powerful baron, Walter Tirol by
name. The king received him with the most lavish hospita-
lity, and having honored him with a seat at his table; was
pleased, after the banquet was concluded, to give him an invi-
tation to join him in the sport of hunting. After the king had
pointed out to each person his fixed station, and the deer,
alarmed at the barking of the dogs and the cries of the hunts-
men, were swiftly flying towards the summits of the hills, the
said Walter incautiously aimed an arrow at a stag, which
missed the stag, and pierced the king in the breaBt.

The king fell to the earth, and instantly died ; upon which,
the body being laid by a few countrymen in a cart, was car-
ried back to the palace, and on the morrow was buried, with
bat few manifestations of grief, and in an humble tomb; for
all his servants were busily attending to their own interests,
and few or none cared for. the royal funeral. The said Walter,
the author of his death, though unwittingly so, escaped from
the midst of them, crossed the sea, and arrived safe home in
Normandy.

William was succeeded on the throne by his brother Henry,
a young man of extreme beauty, and, from his acquaintance
with literature, much more astute than his two brothers, and
better fitted for reigning : hid brother Robert being at this
time in the Holy Land, most valiantly fighting in the army
of the Christians against the Turks and Saracens.. He was
crowned by Thomas, the archbishop of York, because, at this
period, Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, was in exile. Re-
ceiving royal homage and the oaths of fealty from all, he im-
mediately gave liberty to the Holy Church, and forbade de-
praved customs and injurious exactions' to prevail; besides
which, he threw the said Banulph, who was the author of
them, into prison, and, dispatching a messenger, recalled the
most holy archbishop Anselm from exile.

Led astray and seduced by the bad counsels of the said most
wicked Ranulph, king William, on the day of his death, held
in his own hands the archbishopric of Canterbury, besides four

*.jt. UOU XOTB BOBEKT BAI8ES AJf A*XY» 231

othe* bishoprics, and eleven abbeys, all of which were let out to

farm. He was the first of all the kings who placed the

receipts on account of rent of all the vacant churches in his

treasury ; whereas his father invariably, and with the greatest

piety, in the same manner as all the other kings of England,

his predecessors, had been in the habit of repaying all rents

and profits of that nature, in the case of vacant churches, to

the prelates who were the first to succeed, and had to the very

last farthing accounted, through faithful servants, for the

whole thereof. But as for him, after keeping all these digni*

ties for a long time in his own hands for no good reason what*

ever, and frequently making grants of them to farmers and

usurious Jews, under colour of employing long deliberation in

the choice of a proper pastor, he repeatedly put them up to

auction among the most ambitious and most wealthy of the

clergy ; and at last, on finding a well-filled purse as the re*

suit, asserting that all sanctity lay in that, he openly declared

that that was the only deserving prelate. In this state of

things, it was a matter greatly to be commended that, being

confined to his bed and almost despairing of his life, on the

decease of Lanfrano, the venerable archbishop of Canterbury,

a man of most holy life, as well as skilled in all branches of

literature, he appointed the venerable Anselm, abbat of Beo,

in Normandy, to the archbishopric of Canterbury, in a devout

maimer, and without any imputation of simony.

The before-named Banulph, however, made his escape by

certain iniquitous means from prison, and repaired to Nor*

mandy, and in every way encouraged the duke thereof, Robert,

the king's brother, who on hearing of the death of his brother

William had immediately returned from the Holy Land, to

invade England. Accordingly, after the duke had levied a

large army, and had come to the sea-shore, while the king, on

the other hand, had strengthened the southern coasts of his

kingdom with troops innumerable, (being determined, once for

all, to conquer and reign, or else to lose the kingdom and perish),

archbishop Anselm and other men of character, who were pro*

meters of peace,'acting as mediators between them, broughtabout

an arrangement upon the following terms ; that the king should

pay each year a compensation of three thousand pounds of silver,

and that lasting pcaoe should thenceforth be established be*

tveen them. However, in after^years, the duke, ill-advisedly,

232 PETER 0! BLOW' HI8T0BT 09 CBOYLAJTD. 2U*«:ilfl0U

forgave this annual payment; and besides, he acted UnwiseJjio*
wards the natives [of Normandy], and those subject to him;
upon which the king repaired to Normandy, and taking his
brother prisoner in a pitched battle, kept him in prison to- the
day of his death, and united the whole of Normandy to hit
own kingdom.

The lung, having gained this victory, and being instructed
by the repeated exhortations of the holy archbishop Anselm,
remitted for ever his right of investiture of churches by zing
and pastoral staff, a question which had for a long time harassed
the Holy Church ; while he retained in his own hand and ex*
cepted solely his royal privileges. This I think is enough as to
the kings.

In these days also, the temporal powers militant, under the
command of Godfrey and Baldwin, the most illustrious eons of
Eustace, earl of Boulogne, Robert, duke of Normandy, and
Raymond, earl of Toulouse, together with Boamund, duke of
Apulia, and their armies and troops from the rest of Christen-
dom, having subjugated allLycia, Mesopotamia, and at last the
whole of Syria, rendered subject to their dominion and to the
Christian faith, first, the city of Nioea, then Antioch, and after
that, holy Jerusalem.

At this time also, the spiritual powers militant of the mo-
nastic order, springing up from the monastery of Molisme, sent
forth so many offshoots, that, through its first-born daughter
ofCisteaux, at this day innumerable monasteries, abodes of tiro
servants of God, exist, which were produced by the Drane
power under their original fathers, Robert, Alberic, Stephen,
and Bernard; from the last of whom an idea may be formed
as to the multitude of the rest. For the said father Saint
Bernard saw sons of his go forth from his monastery of Clairvaui,
over which he presided for the space of forty years, one as pope
of the see of Rome, to wit, Eugenius, two as cardinals, and six-
teen as archbishops and bishops in different parts of the world ;
of whom we had one at York in England, archbishop Ifoary,
and two in Ireland, who proved themselves Christians both in
name and. deed ; together with two hundred monasteries and
more which he produced from his own of Clairvaux, and which
. themselves were daily bringing forth others innumerable unto
the Lord.

At this period also, the venerable Ingnlph, the lord afchat
of Croyland, was greatly afflicted by multiplied maladies which

A.IK llOfc 2RT0& 7CPFBTD iKTITEl) BY KOTO fiZKST. $33

wearied unci harassed his declining years to such a degree,
that he was unable to continue the history of his monastery
to Hie- close of his life : for many are the inconveniences which
surround the aged man. Nevertheless, after he had laboured
most zealously in the restoration of his house, which had been
lately destroyed by fire, and in the rebuilding of his church,
as well as in replacing the books, vestments, bells, and other
requisites, the old man, having served his time in the warfare
of this life, and being fall of days, departed unto the Lord ;
after having completed thirty-four years in the most laborious
discharge of his pastoral duties as sole abbat, during ten of
which abbat Wulketul, his predecessor, was still surviving;
while, during the remaining twenty-four years he was much
harassed and annoyed by the adversaries of the monastery, as
well as by other misfortunes, but had been always wondrously
supported by the Lord. At last, however, bidding farewell to
the maliciousness of the world, he was received in Abraham's
bosom with all the Saints, being thus relieved from the afflic-
tion of gout, under which, in his later years, he had languished,
and received to the eternal joys4 of Paradise, on the sixteenth day
before the calends of January, in the year of our Lord, 1109,
heing the ninth year of the reign of king Henry. He was
buried in his chapter-house, on the feast of Saint Thomas the
Apostle.

_4£ the repeated suggestion and frequent entreaties of Alan
Crofo, who was Seneschal of the royal mansion, and dear to
the king beyond all the other barons of the palace, and ad-
mitted to aU his counsels, (being a man who excelled all
others in industry and probity, in wisdom and sanctity, so
much so, that by his fellow-knights he was called « the King's
Godw), king Henry following his advice, invited from the mo-
nastery of Saint Evroult in Normandy, Joffrid, the lord prior
of the said place, who was closely related to the said most illus-
™Q* Seneschal of the royal palace. This he did by his epistle
(™ctod to the venerable father Manerius, the abbat of the
Jjud monastery, in which he invited the said venerable man,
the prior Jofmd, noble in the flesh, but much more noble in
JPWt For he was the son of the marquis Herebert, by Hilde-
kwga, sister of Guido Croun, the father of the before-named
Alan, but was born and educated at Orleans, and from his infancy
destined by his parents for a monastic life : him, on the death of

834 P.RSE of mow' msTomTor cbotlatov a*UUQ9*

Ingulph, the venerable abbat of Croyland, the king mostibtfee*
fioially appointed in his place, as pastor of the said monastery.
The abbacy had been vacant at this time for the space of three
months and a few days, the king, after the most abominable
example of his brother William, continuing to hold it during
the vacancy ; still, through his affection for the said Alan, ho
liberally and in full paid over to the said abbat, on his appoint-
ment, all the profits that he had received.

The said venerable abbat Jonrid arrived at Croyland on Palm
Sunday, G being the Dominical letter, and was joyously re-
ceived. Immediately passing thence to Lincoln, he received
the blessing from bishop Robert in his chapel there, and was
installed on the Lord's day, upon which " Quasi modi gendti"36
is sung. That he might not at the beginning be looked
upon as a useless pastor, or as sluggish and pusillanimous,
he began to look about him on every side in his monastery,
and, as well became81 a man of such a character, did not in-
dulge himself in snoring in bed, or lying concealed ; but in
private taught in mild accents the masters of the earth to fear
God, while in public he reverently besought38 the people sub*
jeot to him, devoutly to pray on all occasions, at the entreaties
of the priests expounded the Holy Gospel, and in all his dis-
courses ever preferred the honor of God and the saving of
souls, far before all things temporal.

For he was more learned than any of his predecessors, abbats
of Croyland, having imbibed literature of every descrirjtion
with his mother's milk from his very cradle* Seeing his con-
vent, which still remained half burnt, and had been plucked
like a brand from the burning, in some measure rebuilt, but still
in a hasty manner, and &r from replaced in becoming splendour
and restored to its proper vigour, he resolved to found a new
church, and to rebuild the whole monastery with walls oi
stone instead of walls of clay, and upon a marble foundation,
if his means would allow thereof.

first sitting down, therefore, and calculating the necessary
outlay, on examining the whole of the substance of his monas-
tery, he found that it would by no means suffice for a work of

*> " As new-born babes." The beginning of the introit for the first
Sunday after Easter.
ai «* Dicebat" is clearly a misprint for u decebat."
8J la the text, the punctuation of this passage appears to be defective.

A.D.UdO. EBOOKMETDATOTLY IRTTBtS SBJTT ST JdffllD. 235

sri& tnagnitade ; upon which, in order that the words used
by our Lord,3* u This man began to build and was not able to •
finish,1* might not be said of him, he obtained of the venerable
archbishops of Canterbury and York and the other bishops of
England, their suffragans, an indulgence of a third part of the
penance enjoined for sins committed, the same being graciously
granted to- every one who should be a benefactor of his monas«*
tery, and should assist in the promotion of the works of the
church. Thus, if in a week a fast of three days- was imposed
upon any persons for the punishment of their sins, a penance
of one day was by the said indulgence remitted ; and again, if
two days' penance were imposed upon any person by the
Penancer, that for one of them was remitted.

Having obtained this indulgence, he now opened the found-
ation of his new church, and sent throughout the whole of
England, and into the lands adjoining beyond sea, letters
testimonial of the said indulgence, entreating all the faithful in
Christ to give their kind assistance for the promotion of his
undertaking, granting in return to every one who should assist
him the favour of the aforesaid indulgence in presence of God*
In order zealously to carry out the same, he sent the venerable
men, brothers JSgelmer and Nigel, his fellow-monks, with
relics of the Saints, into the western parts, namely, Flanders
and France. To the northern parts and into Scotland he sent
the brothers Folk and Oger, and into Denmark and Norway
the brothers Swetman and Wulsin the younger; while to
Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland he sent the brothers Augastin
and Osbert. All of these were his brother»monks, industrious
men, most prompt and ready, and well fitted to carry out such
a work ; these he sent with letters recommendatory directed
to the kings and princes of countries and provinces, to the fol-
lowing effect :

u To die most illustrious - — , by the grace of God (king of
the Franks, Scots, or the like, as the case might be), the earls,
barons, archbishops, bishops, abbats, priors, as also to all rulers
of churches, and their priests and clerks, and to all the faithful
of Christ in the kingdom to them subject, and to the rich and
poor brethren living under their rule, Joffrid, abbat of the
Church of God and of the glorious. Mary, ever a Virgin, and of
Saint Bartholomew the Apostle and of the most holy Guthlao
» Saint Luke, xiv. 30r

236 M5TBB OF BLOTS1 HISTORT OF CBOTLAOT. A,p»lW,

the Confessor, the son of noble kings, and of Saint WaMev, the
late Martyr, and of the whole convent of the brethren entrusted
unto him by God, the everlasting blessing Apostolical and eccle-
siastical from our Lord Jesus Christ and from ourselves. 0
sirs, and would that it may prove most true friends of God,
night and day for our sins and those of all Christians, find in
especial for all who do good unto us, do we cheerfully serve
those whose names we have written above ; that is to say, our
Lord Jesus Christ and His glorious Mother, Saint Bartholomew
the Apostle, the holy Confessor Guthlac, and Waldev, the late
holy Martyr. Know, 0 sirs, and friends of God, that we have
lately levelled to the ground the church of the Mends of God,
whom we have named, inasmuch as it greatly threatened to
fall ; but the same now lies immersed in quagmires, and of our-
selves we are not able to rebuild it, unless the good and kind
Jesus, through you and others of His people, shall grant us
His assistance. We do therefore direct unto your dignity
these our humble letters, to the end that your most powerful
aid may come to our assistance, and that we may be enabled
to re-erect the church of God and of His Saints. It is also
profitable and becoming that you should hear what reward you
will in this world receive at the hands of God. We are living
under the royal sway of the English land ; and unto the two
archbishops, besides other bishops, the holy Church is subject
in all matters of holy ordinance. In these the Divine goodness
has inspired such love towards us, in . the extreme affection
which they entertain towards our said Church, that they have
remitted to penitents the third part of their penance, and toge-
ther with us take the same on themselves ; that is to say, if &
fast of three days in the week has been imposed on a sinner,
one of them is to be remitted to him, and one mass is to be
celebrated for him ; and if a fast of two days has been im-
posed on him, still, one is to be remitted to him, and in like
manner,, mass is to be celebrated for him ; and further, twelve
poor shall every day be relieved on behalf of those who give
aid to our church. Farewell."

Moreover, the before-named monks, in strenuously carrying
out the duties enjoined on them, not only brought worldly
substance and perishable money to their church, but also eon*
ducted many souls unto heaven, as well as induced the bodies
of some to enter the monastic order, not only among the natives

A.9. ll#% DTCBEASE OF SCHOLARS AT CAMBRUWE, 237

but among foreigners as well. For this reason it was, that in
Ms letter to the king of Norway, in favour of a certain mer-
chant of that land, Thorwy by name, who had assumed the
monastic habit at Croyland, and whom he recommended, he
subjoined after the word " Farewell," words to the following
effect?

" As for what remains, I bespeak your favour ; for a pilgrim,
one of your country, has joyously turned his steps unto us
for the Bake of supplicating God, and so greatly has he become
attached to the holy place in which we live, that he has, upon
the words of the Evangelists, entirely devoted himself and his
unto us, and by the kiss of peace confirmed the promise he
had made. Wherefore we do Buppliantly entreat the most pious
kings and their subjects, rich and poor, that they will assist in
carrying out the good things, the performance of which he
hath promised unto us and himself, and be ready to aid in
reaping the advantages of the same. But if any person shall
knowingly injure him in any way, the existing Church of
England excommunicates that person, and may he be rooted
out of the land of the living, and may his name be blotted out
of the Book of Life before the face of the Saviour. His name,
as he has informed us, is Thorwy."

He also sent to his manor of Cottenham, near Cambridge,
the lord Gislebert, his fellow-monk, and professor of Sacred
Theology, together with three other monks who had accom-
panied him into England ; who, being very well instructed in
philosophical theorems, and other primitive sciences, went
every day to Cambridge, and having hired a public barn there,
openly taught their respective sciences, and in a short Bpace of
tune, collected a great concourse of scholars. For in the se-
cond year after their arrival, the number of their scholars from
both the country as well as the town, had increased to such a
degree, that not even the largest house or barn, nor any church
ev©n, was able to contain them. For this reason, they sepa-
rftted into different places, and imitating the plan of study
adopted at Orleans, brother Odo, who was eminent in these
days as a grammarian and a satirist, early in the morning,
read grammar according to the doctrine of Priscian, and the
comments of Bemigius thereon, to the boys and younger stu-
tote assigned to him. At the first hour, brother Terricus, a
u Seven in the morning, according to our mode of reckoning.

23& PBTEE OF MOM' BISTORT 09 GB0YLA3EB. £* 11109.

most acute sophist, read the Logic of Aristotle, according to
the Introductions of Porphyry and Avertoes,8* to those who
%ere somewhat older. Then, at the third hour, brother Wil-
liam read lectures on the Rhetoric of Tully, and the Institu-
tions86 of Quintilian. Master Gislebert, being unaoqaadnted
with the English language, but very expert in the Latin and
French, the latter being his native language, on every Lord's
day and on the festivals of the Saints, preached to the people
the word of God in the various churches. On feast days,
before the sixth hour, he expounded to the literates and the
priests, who in especial resorted to hear him, a text from the
pages of Holy Scripture. Some who had hitherto remained
unbelievers, and who were still blinded by Jewish perfidious-
ness, being smitten with compunction at his words, utterly
abandoned their former errors, and ran to take refuge in the
bosom of the Church ; whereby, the Christian faith waxed
more and more firm every day.

The consequence was, that through their industry, great
profit accrued to the monastery, so much so, that in no way
burdening the manor, but greatly improving it, in some years
they reckoned that they remitted from those parts as much as
one hundred marks towards the building of their ohurch. la
especial, when the venerable abbat Joffrid himself visited
his sons in those parts, and delivered his discourses to the
people, distinguished by the lucidness of their style, men and
women innumerable came flocking from all parts of the town;
who, although they were far from understanding him, as he
spoke in the Latin or the French language, still paid the most
profound attention to him, and, being many a time moved to
tears by the power of the Word of God, and the gracefulness
of his gestures, contributed alms innumerable towards the
rebuilding of his church, which had been lately burnt, and
Vhich he always, at the conclusion of his discourse, petitioned
For. There were also, on all occasions, three or four, *ho, at
the close of the. discourse, would follow his footsteps, and
never turn away therefrom, and whom he would incorporate as
laics or as literates, either in his own convent, or else in the
neighbouring monasteries of Burgh and Thorney, and some-

35 There is a mistake here. The works of this writer were not in ex-
istence at this period. He died in 1193.
* Literally the "Flowers."

l*felM&. PBIYILB9E8C0KFKRBBD OH THB X0NXS AT WBIBTHOEP. 239

times send, recommended by bis letters, to become monkB in
more distant places. From this little spring, which has in-
creased into a great river, we now behold the city of God made
glad, and the whole of England rendered fruitful by many
teachers and doctors going forth from Cambridge, after the
likeness of the most holy Paradise.

At this time also, he sent to his manor of Wridthorp, near
Stamford, some fellow-monks of his, but Englishmen by birth,
the brothers Elsin, Fregist, and Harold, of whom the lord Ekdn,
a man of shrewd intellect and profound learning, was made
prior. These often repeated the words of instruction in the ears
of tde people of Stamford, and greatly prospered ; and strength-
ening the Christian faith against the Jewish corruptions, after
making a Ml statement, both of the condition of their monas-
tery, which had so lately been burnt and required with their
assistance to be raised once more from the very foundations,
Obtained very considerable alms from the merchants and the
Other foithful of Christ, throughout the whole of the adjoining
country. And thus, to the best of their abilities, did they
frequently relieve their desolate mother, that is to say, their
burnt monastery, with a most bounteous hand : but fltill, not
with the same abundance with which the men at Cambridge
comforted their mother, because their district was more opu-
lent, and the spot more favoured ; the people too, were more
liberally disposed, their virtues were greater, and the grace of
(fad was bestowed upon them in greater abundance.

Upon lids, the venerable abbat Joffrid seeing that his Bons
toho were staying at Wridthorp were always mindful of their
mother to tile best of their humble means ; and that they were
yatchml among their neighbours with all possible diligence,
for the purpose of ensuring her relief, and, in the obedience en-
joined on them, did not shew themselves slow but distinguished
ft* activity; and that, what was still more, they often, from
lore for their own place, most patiently endured extreme want
jf all necessaries ; he granted them power to hear the con-
fessions of those in their vicinity, as also of the other faithful
m Christ, and of the nuns, their sisters, who lived near them,
*• well as to absolve those who confessed, and to enjoin canon-
ical and healthful penance for sins committed. He also gave
tnem liberty to receive alms given unto them, and to convert
the same to their own necessary uses, seeing that it is most

240 2KXE& OP BLOIS* HISTORY OP CftOTLANIK . A.** IU&

just that he should be partaker with the altar, whom the Lord
hath willed to wait at the altar.17 At the same time, he also
assigned unto them, for their sustenance, the whole of his afore-
said vill of Wridthorp, that is to say, three virgates of land ia
demesne, and four acres of meadow land, together with three
holms38 in the place of two acres, and one water-mill, toge-
ther with piscary in the water and at all the banks thereof
and fourteen serfs in the said vill, each of whom held one vhv
gate of land, being in the whole twenty-eight acres of arable
land, and two acres of meadow land ; and each one of whom was
to pay fourteen shillings for his land, as also carriage of corn
and carriage of hay, or else one penny for carriage of corn/ and
one obol for carriage of hay ; each was also to pay Gerson* unto
his lord for the marriage of his daughters, and Ourlop40 for the
debauchery of his daughters, and Stoth,41 and other aids and
Bervices, which are more fully described in the charters of the
monastery. ALL these, the before-named father, the vene-
rable abbat Jbflrid, assigned to his monks before-named, to-
gether with the whole court of the said vill, and all the pro-
ceeds and profits thereof. He also granted to them all the
other emoluments whatsoever of the said vill, or of the court
thereof, arising in the said vill, or in its fields, including
therein, right to waste lands, projecting Jands, arable lands
abutting on the highway, head-lands of meadow, and lands
abutting on the dykes around the mill thereof, and its dam.

The said monks, in later years that proved more fruitful and
more abundant, nobly applied themselves to the work imposed
upon them, and, with due holiness, always keeping the con-
sciences of their neighbours and sisters, the nuns, as wall as
their own, in a state of purity from the world, sent many
most becoming gifts of the faithful ones in Christ to their
monastery ; which were the results both of their own industry
as well as of the compassion of the faithful ones of Christ, and

3" Alluding to 1 Cor. ix- 13.

88 " Holm , may mean either an '* island," or " ait/' or else merely a
hilly spot.

» A fine or amerciament.

«° A fine paid to the lord by the inferior tenant, when hit daughter
was debauched.

" Perhaps the same as " stock/' a forfeiture where any one was found
taking wood from the forests.

A.D.AUJfc XnUOfcfcS AT TBI TOMB 07 SAIXT WAXDEV. 241

thtti in the building of their abbey did they most manfully
assist the Baid abbat and their brethren.

At the same time, he also sent to his manor of Wendlyng-
burgh hiB fellow monks, the two brothers Waldev (who suc-
ceeded him as abbat of that monastery) and Lewin ; who were
in like manner appointed to manage the affairs of their monas-
tery at Hiham and throughout all the adjacent country, and
sometimes at Northampton, and trustify to collect the alms of
the faithful ; but in what way they carried out the task imposed
upon them, and what was assigned for their sustenance, shall
afterwards be more fully set forth in the acts of the said abbat
*Waldev, under their own proper head.

The aforesaid monks, being thus sent into different lands,
provinces, districts, and nations situate around England, as
well as into the adjoining towns and villB, wherever in the
neighbourhood they possessed places of refuge belonging to
their own monastery, suitable for dwelling in, preached through-
out all lands, and, from their narratives, an account of the
services done to the Church by all the benefactors of their
most holy monastery penetrated even to the extremities of the
earth. The consequence was, that every day they transmitted
to their monastery, from different parts of the world, vast
heaps of treasure, and great masses of the yellow metal daily
increased, and were accumulated by the venerable abbat JoffHd,
for the purpose, with the blessing of God, of commencing the
intended works of his church ; and abundantly encouraged him
with sanguine expectations that, with the aid thereof, he
should be enabled to bring the same to a prosperous con-
clusion.

To the prosperity of the said venerable abbat, the Lord added
in these days the working of most wonderful deeds at the tomb
of Saint Waldev, His Martyr. For there, by the mercy of
God, the blind received their sight, the deaf their hearing, the
lame the power of walking, and the dumb the power of
speech ; while each day troops innumerable of other sick per-
sons were arriving by every road, as though to the very foun-
tain of their safety ; and while, the Lord opened the hand of
His mercy to all, by the offerings of the pilgrims, who came
flocking thither from all parts, He increased the revenues of
Ihe monastery in no slight degree. The pilgrims continuing
to arrive day after day, and admiring the works of God in His

242 PETER OF BLOlfe' SXSTOBT OP CBOYLAND. A.D.1112-

Saints, and giving due praises unto the Lord ; they were en one
occasion discoursing in the presence of the brethren of the mo-
nastery abont their Saint, the Martyr Waldev, who, guilt-
less as he was, had been impiously beheaded, when a cer-
tain monk, Audin by name, and a "Norman by birth, but a
member of the monastery of Saint Alban's, and temporarily
residing as a monk at Groyland, on hearing these words was
much offended thereat, and in his wrath laughed at the pil-
grims, and then with exceeding harshness spake ill of the said
holy Martyr, saying that he was a most wicked traitor, was
most justly beheaded for his misdeeds,, and richly deserved a
more disgraceful death.

When the venerable abbat Joffrid heard this, he gently ex-
postulated with him, and made answer that it was a most dan-
gerous thing to detract from the works of God, and to speak
ill of His Saints, and that He would never pass over an offence
of that nature without punishing it. And besides, God had
promised to His faithful ones His presence, even to the end of
the world, promising His ever-unfailing mercy to all who
should be truly penitent. While the said venerable father
was inculcating these precepts, and endeavouring to convince
his folly by the authority of Holy Scripture, and by fair words
to wean him from his erroneous path of obstinacy, he in the
meantime became more and more abusive ; and launching out
into invective beyond measure, he irritated the Lord Almighty,
and on the spot, in presence of the said father, was seized with
a sudden pain in the stomach ; and the disease gaining the as-
cendancy, a few days after his return to the monastery of Saint
Alban's, he departed this life.

On tie following night, while the said abbat was in bed,
and was reflecting upon the above-mentioned events, in a
vision of the night he beheld the Saints of God, Bartholomew
the Apostle, his patron Guthlac, and Saint Neot, the Confessor,
resplendent in their albs, standing by the shrine of the before-
named earl. The Apostle seemed to be taking the head of the
Earl and replacing it on the body, while he said these words,
"-Acephaku non est;"42 in answer to which, Saint Guthlac,
who was standing at his feet, added the words, " Nogter comes
ut ;"a while Saint Neot completed the monody or verse thus

43 ♦• He U not without a head." « " He is our earl."

A. n. 1112. BOBEBT INSTALLED ABBAT OF THOBNEY. 24 0

begun, as follows, « Modo rex est."" Abbat Joffrid, the next
day, thinking on these matters, and disclosing them to his
brethren, rendered them all joyous thereby, and, with becoming
praises, in common with them, he glorified the Lord of Majesty,
who thus magnified His Saints, and who at all times had proved
Himself a most merciful protector to those who believed in
Him.

In the same year, also, in which the Divine hand began to
work so many of its miracles at the tomb of His most precious
Martyr, Waldev, that is to say, in the third year of abbat
Joffrid, the death of the venerable father Walter, the abbat of
Thorney, contributed to the felicity of these times ; for the
venerable abbat Joffrid made most unremitting intercession
with king Henry, that the most reverend man, the lord Robert,
his own brother, but much his senior in age, who' had in like
manner been a monk at Saint Evroult, might be appointed
successor of Walter, the pastor of the said neighbouring monas-
tery of Thorney; and at length, through the especial mediation
of the most illustrious adviser of the king, Alan de Croun,
was successful in obtaining a favourable result.

Accordingly, a message was sent by the king into Normandy,
to the monastery of Saint Evroult, for the said most religious
monk, and he was immediately brought over. On his arrival
in England, and appearing before the king, he was sent with-
out delay, accompanied by a royal letter, to Thorney ; and im-
mediately on his most graceful person being beheld, accom-
panied with the praiseworthy testimonials of his brother, the
venerable abbat Joffrid, he was joyfully elected, with the
unanimous consent of the whole convent, and then sent to
Hervey, the first bishop of Ely, his diocesan, by whom he was
solemnly blessed at Ely ; his brother Joffrid, the venerable
abbat of Croyland, assisting him in all things, and from .his
first arrival in England, providently guiding him on his
journey, and directing all his actions throughout. Upon his
return to his monastery of Thorney, on the feast of the As-
sumption of Mary, the Holy Mother of God, he waa solemnly
installed, and he skilfully performed the duties of the pastoral
office of the said convent for a period of nearly thirty- six years;
being acceptable to God and to man, and doing many good
works for his monastery. For the new church which his pre-

44 ** Now he is a king." The three sentences make an hexameter line*

R 2

244 PETEE OF BLOIS' HISTOEY OP CROYLA3D. A.B.1113.

deccssor had commenced, he at length, after laying out a rust
aum of money thereon, brought to a conclusion, and after it
was completely finished, had it dedicated with the greatest
solemnity. When an old man and full of days, in order to
receive his reward in heaven for labours so indefatigable, he
departed unto his Lord Jesus Christ, with whom he shall
dwell for ever and ever.

Shortly before these times, on the decease of the lord Rich-
ard, the last abbat of Ely, king Henry, being a man of most
sagacious understanding, and seeing that the Isle of Ely was
a most dangerous place in case any sedition should arise in the
kingdom, both on account of the extreme wealth of the mon-
astery and the natural strength of the place, made it his en- .
deavour, as far as he possibly could, to divide the place, as
Veil as its resources, and, withdrawing the ecclesiastical pro-
perty from the simplicity of a monastic foundation, to bring
the same more under his control by attaching it to an episcopal
see. Accordingly, having consulted Pascal, the Lord Apostolic,
upon the matter, who commended his design, he established at
Ely an episcopal see, enlarging the diocese from the adjoining
bishoprics, and assigning it jurisdiction at the expense of the
diocese of Lincoln in especial, which appeared to be the most
extensive of all. To prevent the church of Lincoln from com-
plaining that it had been subjected to mutilation, satisfaction
was made to that church out of the possessions of the church
of Ely ; and thus, both by the exercise of the Apostolic as well
as the royal authority, all occasion for disputes between them
at a future period was entirely cut off.

The venerable abbat Joflrid, in the fourth year after his
arrival at Croyland, sent to his manor of Beby two monks, the
lord Benedict and brother Stephen, at that time a youth of great
capacity; exhorting and entreating them on no account to neglect
the benefit of their convent, and to preach unto the ears of
Robert, the renowned earl of Leicester, a most valiant youth, and
of the burgesses of his said city, of the affairs of their monastery,
and thus show themselves not inferior to their other brethren
who had been sent to the other places before-mentioned on the
same business, in obtaining the almi of the faithful. This
command of their father, like excellent and obedient sons,
they vigilantly, and, with the favour of the said earl, the grace
of God co-operating with them in all things, obtained numerous

A*ft.U14. JOFFBID PHEPAEE8 TO BUILD THE CHXTRCH. 245

gifte for their monastery. Nevertheless, at the same time they
most attentively provided for the welfare of their brethren,
and most abundantly supplied their manors of Beby, Sutton,
and Stapilton, with all kinds of cattle, ploughs, carts and
other necessary implements.

Ija the fifth year after he had undertaken the duties of the
pastoral office, the venerable abbat Jofrrid being most abundantly
enriched with the plentiful alms of the faithful of Christ from all
lands and from the neighbouring provinces, and being amplified
with immense heaps of gold and Bilver, and supported by pro-
mises of assistance from all his neighbours and fellow-country-
men ; after collecting vast heaps of stone of various kinds, with
great labour, from all the quarries far and near, and preparing
iron and steel, cement and lime, and other necessaries sufficient
for the performance of his work, he appointed a day on which,
with due solemnity, his kinsmen and friends being called to-
gether, to lay the foundation of his new church ; the Lord al-
ways prospering his work, not on a rock of offence, but on
the stone of assistance granted by the Most High.

Accordingly, just at the commencement of spring, the day
at last arrived so much longed for by all, being that of the
Holy Virgins Perpetua and Felicitas. There had already
collected immense crowds of the people of the neighbouring
country, besides the friends and kinsmen of the abbat, who
did not come with empty hands. These were his brother Ro-
bert, the before-named venerable abbat of Thorney, as also the
said renowned Robert, earl of Leicester, besides Simon, the noble
earl of Northampton, a kinsman of the holy Martyr Waldev.
There came also the most illustrious baron, the kinsman of
the said abbats, Alan de Croun, together with Muriel his wife,
and Maurice their eldest son, and Matilda their eldest daughter.
There came also the most noble baron Walter de Cantilupe,
and Emicina, his wife, a most illustrious lady. There came
too the most valiant knight Joflrid46 Riddel, and Geva, his wife,
and his sister, the lady Hawise. There were, besides, many
other knights and noblemen from out of the whole province, who
brought various presents in the greatest abundance, and who
most benignantly assisted in the holy work with the greatest
devoutness, each in the proper order assigned them, 'they
first invoked the grace of the Holy Spirit, while the venerable
tf This name was probably the original form of our " Geoffrey/1

216 PKTE* OF BLOI8' HISTOBY OF CUOTLAKO. A.»*!1LJ.

abbat Joffrid, with many tears, repeated the collect46 " Adianc*
nostras" in presence of the Lord.

The venerable abbat Joffrid himself laid the first ooruer-stone
on the eastern side, facing the north. The renowned knight
Richard de Rulos, who had proved a most devoted friend to
the monastery from his earliest years, laid the next stone on
the eastern side, and placed upon the stone twenty pounds for
the workmen. The next stone on the eastern side was laid
by the before-named knight, Joffrid Riddel, and upon it he
presented ten marks. The next stone on the eastern aide was
laid by his wife, the lady Geva, who made offering of one
quarryman to work in the quarry of Beroak for the space of
two years at her own expense, in behalf of the said building ;
and the next stone on the eastern side was laid by the lady
Hawise, the sister of the said knight Joffrid, who offered
another quarryman's services in like form.

The before-named Robert, abbat of Thorney, laid the first
corner-stone on the eastern side facing the south, and upon it
placed ten pounds for the workmen. The next stone on the
eastern side was laid by the most illustrious baron, and kins-
man of the abbats, Alan de Croun, who offered on the stone
the title to the patronage of the church of Freston. His wife,
the lady Muriel, laid the next stone on the eastern side, and
offered upon it the title to the patronage of the church of Tofts.
The next stone on the eastern side was laid by Maurice, their
eldest son, who offered upon it the title to the patronage of
the church of Rutterwick ; and the next stone on the eastern
side was laid by their daughter Matilda, who offered on the
stone the title to the patronage of the church of Burton in
Kesteven. After collecting these titles, the before-named Alan
offered them unto God and Saint Guthlac, placing them in
the hands of the abbat Joffrid, in presence of all, for the pur-
pose of building a cell of the monks of Croyland, in such one
of the said churches as the venerable abbat Joffrid should think
most proper and desirable. .

Alan himself, and the lady Muriel, his wife, as well as the
said Maurice, their eldest son, promised that they would ex*
ecute their charters relative thereto, and would make still
further additions, at such time as upon more mature delibera-

* Or prayer after Mass, beginning « Actiones nostras, qweiurao*,
Domine, aspirando praveni et adjuvando prosequere."

A.OJ ! U4* T0V8XAX1OX LAID OP THE, CfiKBGH 0» CB0TXAJTD. 247

ttss*&fcih6tdti please the abbat. The circuit of the frontage47
of the said church was occupied from corner to corner by the
two earls Shnon and Robert, before-named, and their knights.
The fi^st stone on the eastern side, towards the south corner of
the* altar,48 was laid by the before-named Robert, earl of Leices-
ter, who offered for the workmen upon the stone, the sum of
forty marks. The next stone on the eastern side, towards the.
south* amd on the right hand side thereof, was laid by the re-
nowned baron, Walter de Cantilupe; his wife, the lady Emicina,
laying the next, and each of them offering thereon the sum of
twenty marks. The next stone to that, on the south, was laid
by the illustrious knight, Alan de Fulbek, who gave for the
workmen one hundred shillings. The knight Theodorio de
Botheby laid the next stone to that, on the south, and his wife
Loseiina the next to that, they giving towards the works of
the church of Saint Guthluc, one- toft and two acres of land.
The next stone towards the south was laid by Turbrand, the
knight of Spaldingt, who offered towards the building of the
church of Saint Ghithlac the tithes of all his sheep each year.
The first stone on the eastern side, to the left, towards the
north corner of the altar, and next to that of Bobert, earl of
Leicester, was laid by the before-named Simon, the most noble
ead of Northampton, who placed thereon for the workmen one
hundred marks. The next stone on the eastern side, towards
the north, was placed by Ealph de Bernak ; and the one next
to it, by the lady Boassa, his wife, who offered for the works
of the church two quarrymen for the space of four years.
The next stone on the eastern side, towards the north, was
laid by Helpo, the knight, who gave the tenths of his church
at Eyrkeby. The next stone on the eastern side, towards the
north, was kid by the knight Simon, and his wife Gizlana,
who offered to the church the tenths of Mortor and of Scap-
irick* The next stone to these on the north, was laid by the
knight Beynerius de Bathe, and his wife Goda, who offered
to the work the tithes of Houton and of Birton.

The two abbate before-named, the two earls, and the two barons
and- their wives, as also the above knights, Joflrid, Maurice,

<" From what follows it would appear that this " from" was the apse, or
rounded portion of the eastern front, in which the altar was situate.

* This is probably the meaning of " in cono capitis," the word " caput "
being used for " capitiam," the place where the altar was situate. The
term is left untranslated in Dugdale and Gough.

248 PETEB0F BLOI8* HISTORY OF CBOYIAXB. *.|*£1l4.

Richard, Radulph, Alan, Theodoric, Helpo, Simon, Jteym/a&b
and Turbrand, with their wives, occupied the whole eastern
front of the church, and with bounteous hand presented the
gifts above-mentioned for the building of the said church.

The foundations of the northern wall of the church were
laid after the stone laid by the venerable abbat Joffrid, in
squared stones, by that part of the convent which belonged to
the abbat' s side of the choir ; while the foundations of the
southern wall of the church were laid after the stone laid by
the venerable abbat Robert, in squared stones by that part of
the convent which belonged to the prior's side of the choir.

The base of the first column of the northern wall was laid by
Uctred, the priest of Bepyng, and the other men of that vill,
one hundred and four in number, who offered their labour for
one day in every month until the completion of the said work.
Next to them, John, the priest of Talyngton, and the men of
the said vill, sixty in number, laid the base of the second
column of the northern wall, and offered their labour one day in
every month until the said church should be finished. Stanard,
the priest of TJffington, laid the base of the third column of
the nothern wall, and with him forty-two men of the same
vill, who in like manner offered their labour one day in every
month, until the said work should be brought to a due con-
clusion.

On the other side, and opposite to the men of Depyng,
Turgar, the priest of Grantham, and with him the two deacons,
Giva and Eilward, and two hundred and thirty other men of
the said vill, laid the base of the first column of the southern
wall, offering to the workmen for the completion of the said
column ten marks. The base of the second column of the
southern wall was laid by Turkill, the priest of Hocham, and
Elwy, the deacon, and the other men of the said vill, who offered
for the workmen twenty quarters of wheat, and thirty quarters
of malt. The base of the third column on the south side
was laid by Godescal, the priest of Eoutzeby, and John the
deacon, and the men of the said vill, eighty-four in number,
who offered six marks for the workmen, two quarrymen in
their own quarry, with carriage of the stone to the ship, and
from the ship the services of two carriers49 to the church.

The venerable abbat Joffrid, after finishing his discourse to
all, while they were each laying their respective stones,
<9 " Baiardoura."

Ai*i4n#. ftlfTKBtilKMEKT Gmar BY JOITBID. 249

to all the persons above-named the brotherhood
ot his monastery, participation in all their prayers and de-
votions, and communion in the other spiritual blessings, then
or in future to be obtained in the said church. He likewise
gave a portion of the indulgence before-mentioned, which had
been most graciously granted by the bishops of England ;
the same being a remission of one third part of the penance
imposed upon each penitent by his penancers for the sins com-
mitted by him ; and in conclusion, after giving God's blessing
to all, he invited the whole of them, men as well as women, to
dinner.

For the venerable father, abbat Joffrid, together with his bro-
ther the abbat Robert, kept open refectory for all the monks
who had that day resorted thither from various monasteries,
being nearly four hundred in number. The two earls and the
two barons, with their wives and the knights, and all the rest
of the gentlefolk, were feasted in the achat's hall. The six
bodies also who had laid the six columns, together with their
wives, sat down to dinner in the cloisters ; while the rest of
the multitude ate in the open air in the court-yard. There
were counted on this occasion, of nobles and of common people,
more than five thousand, there assembled together. But the
Lord had given His blessing, and all, both great and small,
glad and exulting, rejoiced in the Lord, and considered it a
great miracle that the Lord should smile upon so mighty an
assemblage of people, the sun shining most serenely, and that
the feast should pass off without any murmuring and strife :
so abundant was the love, which the Lord in His indulgence
manifested to all from heaven, so diligently did the monks
with their own hands supply those whose office it was to dis-
tribute, and so earnestly did they entreat their guests to have
patience, if there was any thing which in any measure tended
to displease them.

The feast being thus happily concluded with joyousness
and satisfaction on the part of all, and all the lords, with the
other families, dismissed to their respective homes, the vene-
rable abbat Joffrid, and all his holy convent, with active so-
licitude applied themselves to the work which they had com-
menced, until it should arise aloft upon the earth, and shew
to the skies its august and spiritual form;49 to the end that,

** " Et quasi raotabilem spiritum et niteatem ad aethera concepiaset."

250 PETER OF BBCUS' JSgMTOBY 0* CBOYIJJJD. AJJ.1U4.

the Dormitory end Befeetory being completely finished* {he
more Lofty Church, looking down upon the trees around
it, might be seen by those who approached, overtopping all
the woods throughout the whole marsh. The especial su-
perintendence of the whole work was at length entrusted to
prior Odo, and brother Arnold, a lay monk of the said monas-
tery, but a most skilful master in the craft of building ; and
the venerable abbat Joffrid, turning his attention to other
matters, repaired to London, where, through the intervention
of many of his friends, and, in especial, the noble barony Alan
de Croun, at this time the king's Seneschal, he obtained a
grant of confirmation to4 his monastery, to the following ef-
fect:—

" Henry, king of England, to the bishops, barons, and
sheriff of England, and to all his faithful French and English
subjects, greeting. Know ye, that I have granted and con-
firmed unto Joffrid, abbat of Croyland, and all his successors,
and to the monks there serving God, all the possessions and
liberties set forth in the charter of the lord Edred, the late
king of England, of which charter, the most illustrious king
William, my father, has made mention in the charter of his
confirmation to the said monastery made thereof. I do there-
fore order, that they shall hold all their tenures and posses-
sions free and absolved from all secular services, that is to
say, from Scot, Geld, all aids to sheriffs and all their servants,
Hidage, Danegeld, suit of Court of Shires, Hundreds, Wapen-
takes, Tri things, trials and causes, and from all buildings of
casties, fortresses, bridges, and harbours, and from all repair
of roads, and from all toll for carriage by cart, by horse, or by
ship; and from the building of the royal palaces, and all
worldly burdens whatsoever they are to be exempt.

" I do also grant unto the said abbat and his monks, that
they shall have Frank Pledge60 in all the* Demesnes in their
keeping, and I do forbid that any one shall intermeddle there-
with, except themselves and their bailiffs ; and I do grant unto
them right of Soch, Sach, Thol, Them, Infangthefe, Hamso-

What this passage really means, as applied to a building, it is difficult
to say.

*° Right to call upon the freemen in decennaries or bodies often* to
he sureties for the good behaviour of each. It was also called ^tene-
mental," or " tementale."

A fc. ' 1H4. JOKF&IB VISITED BT TWO 0> HIS H7PJXS. 251

ten,*1 Gfridbrege,5* Blodwit," cognizance of concealment sod
treasure trove, Eorestal,wFlem and Flitte,64 and Ordel,'* together
with the other liberties which the royal power has been ac-
customed to give to certain other monasteries. I do, in like
manner, forbid that any one of another demesne shall take
toll, passage, or any kind of tribute whatever, within the
boundaries and limits of their Tills, that is to say, Croy-
land, Langtoft, Cappelade, and Wendlingburgh, without leave
and license of the abbat and monks aforesaid, under pain of
forfeiting ten pounds, payable to my treasury or that of my
heirs, as often as such persons shall presume so to do, if they
shall be convicted thereof. To this my grant, these under*
written have been witnesses on my behalf. Robert, bishop
of Lincoln, Hervey, the first bishop of Ely, Warner de
Lusors, Hugh de Essarts, and many others, at Oxford. In
the year from the Incarnation of our Lord, 1114, and in the
fourteenth year of the reign of king Henry. Under the seal
of the king himself."

While this royal proclamation, which had been lately
signed, was yet passing through the hands of the treasurer and
chancellor, there came to the king's court, from France, two
most illustrious lords, who were, through his sister, closely
related \o king Henry, their uncle, namely ; my lord Theo-
bald, the most noble count of Bkris, and his brother Stephen,
then a most handsome youth, afterwards king of England,
both of them in their scholastic studies formerly disciples and
pupils, at Orleans, of Master Joflrid. They embraced their
old teacher and much-loved instructor with most affectionate
fondness; and on finding that he was extremely sad and
much perplexed at the demand by the king's officers of a
certain, sum of money which they required for the confirma-
tion which had. been lately granted, and learning that his
monastery had been destroyed by fire, and that the rebuilding
thereof had been so strenuously attempted by him, with the
most liberal disposition they gave ten pounds to assist him,

41 The privilege which a man had to hold his house or his castle.
6J Or •' Grithbreche," right to hold inquisition on breaches of the peace.
** Amerciament of court for bloodshed.
M Offences committed in the highway.

85 Or " Flemenefrit," the royal privilege of receiving or relieving oat.
lavs. - M Power of trying by ordeal.

352 PETEfi 0* BLOIS' SXSIOBT 07 CBOYLAXV. A.D11U**

and so obtained the Baid deed from the king's servants, and
sent him away with it greatly rejoicing. I shall have occa-
sion to speak much more at length in the sequel of these two
brothers, but first I must treat of a few events that occurred
in the intervening time ; after which, in their, proper order,
their wondrous and most mighty deeds shall be treated of by
my pen with the most becoming diligence, and so brought be-
fore the notice of posterity.

A few years before this, there had fallen asleep in the Lord,
at the monastery of Evesham, the venerable Anchorite, Saint
"Wulfsy,68 formerly a monk of Croyland, and a professed inmate
of the church of Evesham. He had first, for the love of
Christ, lived the life of a recluse, in extreme abstinence, at
Pegeland, in Croyland, but, afterwards, through the annoyance
caused by the resort of people to Croyland, who frequently
came to consult him on their affairs, and daily disquieted the
peace of his soul, had retired to Evesham, in the tinte of
the war between the two brothers, the sons of king Cnute, who
were contending for the kingdom of England ; as their dis-
sensions threatened before long to create the greatest tumults
throughout the whole country. During the whole journey, he
had his eyes covered with a bandage, so that he might not again
look upon the vanities of the world which he had forsaken,
and incur any taint therefrom in his heart, and afterwards
have to repent thereof; for this reason it was that he turned
away his eyes from the vanities of the world, so as not to be-
hold them. The holy man, on arriving at Evesham, served the
Lord in the chapel of Saint Kenelm, the Martyr, which he him-
self had constructed, in all holiness of life ; and, in the seventy-
fifth year of his seclusion, perceiving that he was hastening to-
wards the close of his life, is said, in his last moments, to have
delivered a sermon of exhortation to his fellow-monks, to the
following effect : —

" My lords and most dearly beloved brethren in Christ, both
you, venerable father, lord Mauricius, as also all others you my
brother monks and fellow-soldiers — take it not amiss that I,
illiterate as I am, and utterly ignorant, should teach you, who
are so much more learned than myself ; but, as I am far more
aged than you all, and am now standing at the gates of
death, I am, as my conscience bears witness, attracted by the
bonds of. charity thereto, and do make my endeavour to give
88 See pp. 116 and 117.

Jt.ft.UMt HXHOEXATIOK OF BAJNT WULF8T. 263

healthful advice to those who are younger than myself. Al-
though, as you well know, I am not acquainted with learning,
still I am well versed in the book of long experience ; I know
that the commandments of God are holy, and I believe that
love of one another will in a future life be deemed most meri-
torious. I warn you always to exercise long-suffering in ad-
versity, while, at the same time, I teach you to preserve pru-
dence in prosperity ; I enjoin you to observe continence, I com-
mend all good works, and all evil ones I forbid. And with
you, my lords, it matters little, learned as you are, whether
the words be written on the skin of goats, or of sheep, or of
calves, so long as those words contain learning that is holy and .
edifying; therefore, my fathers, though my learning be but
simple, and savouring of the humble rank of the ass, still, it
was an ass that bore the Lord into the Holy City, and in a tri-
umphant entry so glorious, God deigned to use no other beast
of burden. The ass, the nearer he approached the walls of
the city, the more truly did he listen to the cries of Hosanna,
the more readily did he meet the multitudes, and the more
boldly did he step upon the vestments laid by the children.
Even thus have I determined the more truly to relate to you the
things which in my prolonged life I have learned by experience
as to the state of our monastery, the more nearly that I find
myself approaching the close of my life ; feeling assured that
I shall be, before long, by the favour of the Lord, a fellow-
dweller with angels, there to pray that, at a future day, they
may go forth to meet you, and may, for your good husband-
ing of evil Mammon,57 receive you as well into eternal habi-
tations.

" I was born of parents of no ignoble rank, and was brought
up in this district ; but, making choice of exile, in order to
gain a heavenly life, I embraced the spiritual training of the
monks in a remote region, at the famous and holy monastery
of Croyland, the special habitation of Saint Guthlac, there to
wage war against the Devil; and I declare that, after the
lapse of a year, I professed obedience to the rule of Saint
Benedict. Being really as ignorant as a layman, and not
skilled in literary pursuits, and quite unsuited for joining in
the choir of the monks, while, at the Bame time, I was utterly

w This is perhaps the meaning of " Qui pro bene administrate iniquo
Mammona."

254 PETER Or BIOIS'- HISTOHY 09 CBOTLASD. A. 0.1114.

unacquainted with the ministering of Martha, and tb* kn»w-
ledge how to cater in the market, I addressed repeated jtmytesn
to the venerable abbat of that most holy monastery, Britbcner
byname; and at length obtained his permission to kad tbe hf e
of an anchorite, a thing which had always been my wish, and
for that purpose to be shut in a cell among them, that so I
might, both day and night, pray unceasingly* to God for the
negligences of the whole community, as well as for my own
sins. I was fortunate enough to obtain the fulfilment there,
for some time, of my earnest wishes, and Ml many a time, as
it then Beemed to me, did I take part in the heavenly choirs,
conversing daily with the citizens of heaven, and comforted by
God in revelations that afforded me the greatest delight* But,
behold ! amid the tumults which in those tunes brought great
tribulation upon the whole land; in the contest which took
place after the death of the renowned king Cnute, between
Harold and Hardecnute, as to which of them should seem to
be the more mighty and the more deserving of their father's
sceptre, there was such a concourse of the natives of Croyland,
in consequence of their fears of impending war, and such a din
of men and women every day rushing in to me, in order to
consult me upon their various necessities, that each day an
immense multitude of people might be seen lying before the
little door of my humble cell, just as though it had been the
portals of some royal palace. The consequence was, that I
was hardly able to run through the duties of the Holy Office
that had been enjoined me, and very often had hardly leisure
to snatch a moment for a single mass in the day ; very seldom
in the night-time, even, was I able to observe the silence im-
posed by rule, but I began day by day to fail away from the
state of perfection to which I had formerly attained. As though
one cast out from before the face of the Lord, I now began to
be styled the legal adviser and the counsellor of the neces-
sitous, to be pronounced a most holy and most esteemed man ;
and I should in consequence, when I recall to mind [the short-
ness of] my years, have rushed headlong into the depths of
wickedness and utter desperation, had not the most holy Lord,
of His grace, which is ever most readily granted unto a sinner,
inspired me with a resolution to seek the advice, in relation to
my state, of my lord Aricus, the then prior of this monastery,
who was my kinsman in the flesh, a most highly esteemed

X*H..11W. XXHOBTATIO* 0» 8A18T WtTLFST. 235

advise* of the, king and all the nobles of the land, and a most
holy searcher into their consciences; him I resolved to aak
-what course I should adopt. That I might not chance to run,
or to be likely to run into a course of vanity, I sent a message
to him, on which he sent back word requesting me to come to
him with all speed, and assuring me that I should thenceforth
enjoy all the counsel and assistance that he could afford me ;
which would ensure me the most abundant peace and the
greatest tranquillity to whioh my desires could possibly aspire,
for obtaining sure repose for my soul. With what urgent en-
treaties I obtained leave to depart from my most holy brethren,
with how many tears I parted from my holy abbat and other
much-loved brother monks, with what reluotance at heart I
left that most beautiful place, it is not for me now to enlarge
upon : bat at last I did take my departure, and, coming hither,
have passed many years in this cell, a poor creature of a
man, who enjoys, I confess it, a greater name with the world
than he merits before God ; but still, to the best of my small
abilities, a great ensample to all my brethren, and to the neigh-
bouring people to whom I am known.

" Now as regards the state of our monastery, which has ever
been mutable and most unstable, we have never remained long
in a state of prosperity ; but what one abbat has with much in-
dustry obtained, the same has the first or second in succession to
him, through shameful slothfulness, squandered away : and still
further, I do most assuredly prophesy unto you, that much tri-
bulation will, before long, befall this monastery j so much so,
that the hands of all shall be lifted against you, and each
and all shall take delight in either sweeping you from off the
earth, or crushing you down thereto. Still, I hope that I may
be found to be a lying prophet, and that truth may not abide
in my words. At the beginning, this abbey, as my seniors
have often informed me, was founded and built by Ecgwin,
the most blessed bishop and our abbat ; and many in succes-
sion prosperously held the same office until the time of one
Edwin by name, on whose decease the monk* were expelled,
and a few clerks, called ' canons/ introduced."

But for me to insert in this history of Croyland the many
ancient immunities and possessions of the monastery of Eves-
hamt things which bear no reference whatever to Croyland,
the many expulsions, of the monks from Evesham by the

256 PXTEB OF BLOIS' HI8TOEY OF CHOYLAND. A.D. 1114.

tyrants of the province of Viccia,*8 with their restoration by
the most pious princes and prelates of the land, the many ac-
quisitions of vills and states throughout the whole of the Yale,
and the frequent alienations of the same, I think would be
quite unnecessary and utterly improper, seeing that they
bear no reference whatever to Croyland; and besides, ad
matters relating to the state of Evesham are* fully contained
in the collection of Discourses of the holy man [Wulfsy], which
was formed for the instruction of posterity, and which col-
lection is generally called "the Testament of Saint Wulffey/' I
think it more becoming therefore, and more convenient, for the
present, to pass by matter of this nature, and I deem it expe-
dient here, in its order, to state such of the matter inserted
therein concerning the manor of Badby as bears reference to
Croyland, setting forth word for word how this most holy
Anchorite in his last moments discoursed thereon at length, and
what was the advice which, from his inmost convictions, he
gave.

After treating of many other subjects, then, he at last pro-
ceeds to speak of the manor of Badby to the following effect :
" At last the lord abbat "Walter was succeeded by the lord
Bobert, your late predecessor, 0 lord Maurice, who was for-
merly a monk of Jumieges ; how many lands of the monastery
he bestowed on his kinsmen you know better than I do, as
you have daily to lament so shocking a spoliation. You, my
venerable father, lord Maurice, who now preside over this
monastery, are in peaceful possession of Keuhamp, which was
formerly a manor of my parents, and of the lease of Badby
there are a few years still remaining unexpired ; I do advise
you and do charge your consciences, immediately your term is
expired, to restore the said manor in full to its just possessors,
the abbat and monks of Croyland, and with due diligence to
keep the other manors of this monastery, and all the rest of its
goods which with a just title you possess; that so, for the faith-
ful keeping of the same, you may obtain of God an everlasting
reward at the time when, as we all hope to do, we shall meet
in the kingdom of heaven. Amen."

The above discourse, some few words being added thereto
by way of embellishment, is said to have been delivered by the
holy man Wulfey to his brethren in his last moments ; imme-
diately after delivering which, he fell asleep in the Lord.
48 Worcestershire.

A.D. 1114. DISPUTE C0NCEB1T1XG THE MAKOH OF BADBY. 257

The before-named Mauritius, abbat of Evesham, was suc-
ceeded in the pastoral rule of the said monastery of Evesham
by the lord Reginald, a monk of Gloucester. In the early days
of this abbat the term of the lease of Badby for one hundred
years expired ; on which Joffrid, the venerable abbat of Croy-
land, although he was busily engaged in rebuilding his church,
as well as other great and sumptuous edifices which had been
lately consumed by fire, held consultations with those learned
in the law, and considered with long deliberation what his
convent was to determine to do with regard to the manor of
Tkdby. Although the original charters had been burnt, and
he was utterly at a loss to know in what place the charter of
restoration containing the said manor had been deposited by
his predecessor abbat Ingulph, still, all the monks of Croyland
were of opinion and agreed that they ought to go to Evesham,
and make demand of the manor of Badby in right of the mo-
nastery of Croyland, and put forward in support of such de-
mand the royal roll, known as Doomsday. If they, like truly
religious men, had well-regulated consciences, they would at
once give it up, but if, putting trust in their money or their
exemptions, they had seared and avaricious consciences, and
struggled to hold it even though wrongfully, then they would
have to go before the king's justices, and manfully strive for
the maintenance of the rights of their monastery.

This step was accordingly adopted, and the venerable abbat
Jbflrid proceeded to 'Evesham, and, making demand of restitu-
tion of the manor, produced a copy of the charter of restoration
of Croyland, and, among other things, alleged the authority of
the said royal roll of Doomsday in support of his demand. On
the other hand, Reginald, the abbat of Evesham, relying on
his kinsmen and friends, and especially on the counsels of
Ittilo, earl of Hereford, who was at this time staying at Eves-
ham, and in whose might and words he put the greatest confi-
dence against all his adversaries, briefly made answer (for he
was very talented, and a young man particularly well skilled
in temporal matters), that the manor of Badby was the pro-
perty of his place, and had been acquired through the lord
Avicius, who was formerly the prior of that monastery, and
his kinsman, the lord Wulsin, the Anchorite, who lately died
there, it having formerly been their patrimony by inheritance,
and having from remote times belonged to their ancestors.

258 PETEK OP BLOIS' HI8TOBY OP CROYLASD. A.D. 1114.

To this was added tie presence of the said earl Mite, who
most pertinaciously opposed the venerable father, the lord
Joflrid, and engaged himself and all his to defend the said
monastery in the king's court against the monks of Croyland.
The venerable abbat of Croyland, seeing that there was no fear
of the Lord in this place, and that he was entirely at a loss,
through want of the charter of restoration as well as the
deed of the original donation, left the matter unsettled, and
returned to Croyland, and explaining before his community
the most offensive answer both of the earl of Hereford and of
the abbat of Evesham, despaired of successfully exerting him-
self any further in relation to the said manor. Accordingly,
he devoted his whole attention to his church which he had
lately commenced, and with the greatest diligence urged on
the same, and anxiously promoted the building thereof as long
as he lived.

At the same time, also, king Henry confirmed the manor
which had been formerly given to us by the sheriff Thorold,
and our late cell, situate at Spalding in the same manor, unto
the monks of Saint Nicholas, at Angers. This confirmation
was granted to them by king Henry in the following words :
Henry, &c. * * * *69

In the year following died Ivo Taillebois, who had always
been a most bitter enemy to Croyland, and had proved in every
place its stoutest foe, as well as a sacrilegious spoliator of all
the monasteries and the churches of Christ. He was so much
given to magic, that, during the siege of the Isle of Elv, he
even induced the most victorious king and conqueror of the
English, reluctant as he was, to place a certain sorceress at the
head of the army, and by his false promises made him believe
that his adversaries could not resist her charms and direful in-
cantations. This, -however, was seen and ascertained by all to
be utterly vain and untrue. For, being carried aloft in a
kind of wooden tower, upon the bridge which the soldiers
were forming for the purpose of crossing the marshes, she was
quickly put to death ; for, when the soldiers and workmen
had made some little progress, that most skilful baron Hereward
of Brunne, attacked them in flank, and setting fire to a bed of
dry reeds close at hand, not only cut off the enchantress as
well as all the soldiers with the heat and name thereof,, but
89 There is an omission in the MS. here.

t.D. 1114. DEATH Of ITO TAILLEBOI8. 259

educed to ashes all those portions of the work which they had
commenced that appeared above the surface of the marsh.
rhn8.did.the most victorious Hereward, by his wisdom, con-
ound that which the most foolish Ivo had with great pride
levised against God and man.

The same person also proposed, with his usual pompous ver-
bosity,, to Thorold, the abbat of Burgh, by the aid of a body of
troops, to expel Hereward from the adjoining forests and woods ;
but while the venerable abbat and nobles of higher rank were
dreading to enter the denies of the forests, and Ivo, taking
with frim all the soldiers, had entered the woods on the right,
Hereward and his men made an onset on the left, and in-
stantly took and carried off the abbat with all the noblemen
who had been left thus unprotected, and kept him in great
tribulation, confined in secret spots, until he had paid three
thousand marks for the ransom of himself and the others.
In such manner did Ivo make abbat Thorold fall into the
pit, and force him to pour forth all the money of his mo-
nastery into the hands of the enemy. He was a most assi-
duous flatterer of the kings, both William, the father, as well
as his sons, but was at the same time a most fickle turncoat,
and constant in his adhesion to none ; for at one time he
would favour the side of William the Second, and then shortly
alter, he took the side of Robert, his elder brother, and created
a great tumult, on which he was at last outlawed from Eng-
land, and went over to Robert altogether. Then he forsook
him in his turn, and joined the side of his younger brother,
when he saw that he was 'more powerful, found that he had
moTc money, and considered him more prudent in ensuring a
successful result of their contest.

On a final triumph being gained by the renowned king
Henry, and his brother Robert being placed in close confine-
ment, all his army was disbanded and allowed to return home ;
on which the said Ivo returned greatly elated to his wife, the
lady Lucia, who was holding her court at Spalding. Here he
died a few years after, of an attack of paralysis, and his wife
Juried him in the priory of Spalding with some little sorrow
on her part, but amid the loudly-expressed exultations of all
i ^vr neighbours.

Hardly had one month elapsed after his death, when she
Burned that illustrious young man, Roger de Romar, the son

s 2

260 PETER OF BLOIS* HISTORY OF CKOYLAND. A.D. 1114.

of Gerald de Eomar, and received great honour from "William
de Eomar, earl of Lincoln, the elder brother of her husband,
while she entirely lost all recollection of Ivo Taillebois. Their
only daughter, who had been married to a hustiand of noble
rank, died before her father. Thus, in order that his bastard
slips60 might not take deep root in the world, did the accursed
line of this wicked man perish, the axe of the Lord hewing down
all his offspring. "What, then, does it now profit thee, 0 Ivo,
ever most blood-thirsty, thus to have risen against the Lord ?
TJnto the earth hast thou fallen, numbered with the dead; in
a moment of time hast thou descended to hell, a successor of
the old Adam, a frail potsherd, a heap of ashes, a lump of pot-
ter's clay, a hide of carrion, a vessel of putrefaction, the
nourishment of moths, the food of worms, the laughing-stock
of those who now survive, the refuse of the inhabitants of
heaven, and the avowed enemy of the servants of God; and now,
as we have reason to suppose, an alien and an exile from the
congregation of the Saints, and, for thine innumerable misdeeds,
worthy to be sent into outer darkness.

The noble baron, Alan de Croun, seeing that king Henry
had confirmed the celL of Spalding to the monks of Anjou,
while, through the might and influence of Milo, earl of Here-
ford, the manor of Badby still remained in the hands of the
monastery of Evesham, was afflicted with such violent grief of
mind, that he took to his bed, and his life was despaired of.
Through the goodness of God, however, he at last recovered,
and bade farewell for ever to the king's court ; and having
been carried in a litter drawn by horses to his manor of Fres-
ton, he sent a swift messenger to fetch the venerable abbat of
Croyland ; on whose arrival, making him his most especial
confessor, as to forsaking the vanities of the world, he consulted
him relative to the gifts of churches, which he had formerly
promised to God and to Saint Guthlac ; besides which, he en-
tirely confided his soul to his care, and commanded the whole
management of his court to depend upon the expression of the
will of the holy abbat in all things.

The parsons of Toft, of Preston, and of Butterwick, were
still alive ; still however, calling together his most intimate
advisers and friends, after invoking the Holy Spirit, he assigned
to the monks of Croyland, as a sevenfold assistance in building
a. cell for monks in the church of Freston, seven churches
» Alluding to Wisdom iv. 3,

A.D. 1107. CHAETEB OF AXAK" DE CB0T7X AND HIS WIFE. 261

to be held by them to their own use ; and at the same time
executed and delivered his charter as to the said churches and
his other gifts to God and the holy church of Saint Guthlac,
into the hands of his reverend instructor and confessor, Joffrid
the lord abbat, to the following- effect :

" Know all, both present as well as to come, that I, Alan de
Croun, and Muriel, my wife, do give and do grant unto the
church of Saint Guthlac, at Croyland, freely and quietly to hold
the same as a perpetual alms-gift, the church of Freston, toge-
ther with all the tithes and customs which belong thereto, that
is to say, the lands of the church and the croft adjoining tbe
church, as also five tofts at Freston, and four bovates of land,
together with the. meadow land, free from our demesne rights
and acquitted of all services, geld, and customs. Also, the
church of Butterwick, and all things that pertain thereto ; and
in lil^e manner, the church of Toft, with all the tithes, land,
and other things pertaining thereto, as also the toft of Blan-
chard, and the land of our own demesne. Also, the church of
Warneburn, together with all things pertaining thereto, that
is tQiSay, with the lands and shrubberies thereof. Also, the
church of Stonnesby, with all things pertaining thereto ; and
in like manner, the church of Claxeby, with all things pertain-
ing thereto. Also, the church of Burton, with the tithes and
other things pertaining thereto, that is to say, three bovates
of [arable], land, with meadow land, and one bovate of our
demesne, with the meadow land. These churches, with all
that belong thereto, and with the repairs which we shall make
thereto,, we dp give for ever, to find food and clothing for the
monks who shall serve God in the church of Saint James, at
Freston ; in the first place, in behalf of the souls of the father
and mother of the king, and for the life and health of them
and theirs, and then in behalf of the souls of our fathers and
mothers, and kinsmen, and ancestors, and for our own health,
and that of our souls. We do also grant unto them the tithes
of the pennies of our fair at Botulphston,61 and pasturage for
their cattle together with our own beasts in all places. Wit-
nesses hereto," &c. His seal of wax being appended thereto.

At this period, Henry, the mighty king of tbe English, a
prosperous victory having been granted to him over his brother
Eobert and his other adversaries, with deep devotion gave and
•l Now Boston.

262 PKTEE 07 BLQrf HI8T0EY 07 CBOTLUTD. A.IK HOT.

returned manifold thanks for the same ; and holding a ttfy
foil council at London, of the bishops and abbats of all tie
clergy throughout England, as well as of the earls, barons,
nobles, and men of high rank of his whole kingdom, at the
entire and most holy prompting of his own heart, in presence
of all those who were gathered together, resigned from this
time forward for ever all claim to the investiture of churches
by ring and pastoral staff, and freely granted to all commusitieB
the election of their prelates, and promised to restore in full the
sums received during the vacancies of bishoprics and abbacies
to those who should succeed thereto; and with royal munificence
granted all other things for which Holy Mother Church had long
sighed, his own royal rights alone being sacred and excepted.
How great were the joys which the clergy then felt, how de-
lighted were the devout people, how solemnly and with what
holiness did each and all extol the king's disposition to the
skies, no one could say, nor could even Tully himself have ex-
pressed. For on this occasion, Anselm, the venerable arch-
bishop of Canterbury, assisted by Gerard, the reverend arch-
bishop of York, on one day consecrated six bishops, who had
been canonioally elected by their respective churches.

In addition to this, for the further promotion of the service
of God, this most devout king at great expense founded a most
beauteous monastery at Beading, and giving it into the charge
of religious monks, bestowed upon it many lands and tene-
ments, numerous estates and possessions, with extensive liber-
ties and privileges ; and, last of all, he cherished it with the
royal favour, and put it upon a footing of equality with the
other greater abbeys.

Just at this time also, Gilbert de Gaunt, the illustrious and
devout earl of Lincoln, refounded the most ancient monastery
known as Bardeney, which had been formerly burnt by the
fury of the Danes, and had for a period of many years lain
utterly deserted, and only frequented by flocks and wild
beasts ; it is situate not far from Lincoln, towards the east
thereof, upon the banks of the river which we call the With-
mum.° To this, besides many other possessions and reve-
nues, he most graciously granted the tithes of all his manors
situate everywhere throughout England. Numerous other
persons, also, induced by the example of the most noble baron,
•» Now Witham.

14). 1107. ENACTMENT OP ABBAS J6FPBXB. 263

AlandeCrdnn, founded monasteries, enriched and beautified
them. Some constructed cells of the monks of Bee, and be-
stowed on them many churches. Others, again, introduced
communities of Clugniao monks, and endowed them both
-with churches and other possessions in the greatest abun-
dance.

The venerable father, abbat Joffrid, hastening from the
king's council to Croyland, published a most healthful enact-
ment for his brother monks, at all times to be observed by
them, on account of various negligences and omissions of
-what was their duty. To employ his own words, it was in
form as follows : —

"I, Joffrid, a sinner, appointed abbat of the church of the
glorious Confessor and most pious Anchorite, Guthlac, by the
Divine counsel, and with the consent of my brethren, en-
trusted by God unto my charge, have enacted for the health
and repose of our fathers and mothers, our brothers and sis-
ters, our kinsmen, and all our benefactors, and for the sake of all
those to whom we are under obligations and indebted, and to
whom we have promised alms-gifts, masses, and prayers, and
whose alms we have received, that we will, on the last day of
the month of May, perform the Maundy of the poor, and will
feed them, and will, for the love of Christ, give to each of
them one penny, to the end that they may feed and refresh us
in our extreme necessity. For we know that we have en-
tered into many promises of fastings, prayers, and masses, to
God and our benefactors, of which we have not been thought-
ful, nor have all been careful to perform the same, but have,
like miserable and negligent creatures, neglected the most
thereof, and have performed but few. "Wherefore we have,
by the mercy of God, determined to perform the said good
Maundy which we have mentioned, to the end that we may
not be found to be liars towards God and our own souls by
those to whom we are indebted, as being false promisers. I
do, therefore, with a devout heart and most kindly words,
pray my brethren and successors, that they will keep and ob-
serve this good enactment, that so their souls may ever find
repose in Christ, the Lord. Prom the tithes pf Morburae,
bread shall be received for the performance of the said Maun-
dy, and the pennies to be given with the bread shall be
taken from the tithes of Elmington."

264 PETER OF BLOIS' HISTOBY OF CBOTLA3TD. AjL 1U 4.

Robert, the venerable bishop of Lincoln, had shewn himself
kind and favourably disposed in all affairs relating to Croy~
land ; still, however, he was always most intensely execrated by
the monks of Stowe, whom he had transferred to Eynesham-
For, induced by cupidity alone, when he was the king's .jus-
ticiary, he had by the royal authority removed their monas-
tery, greatly beloved by the kings and the earls of the land, and
enriched with many gifts, from a most fruitful spot, and the
neighbourhood of a most beautiful river, Trent by name, to a
barren place, that was destitute of all signs of opulence.
After this, he presumed to boast, that his Eynesham was
comparable with the royal foundation at Beading ; on which,
he incurred the king's indignation to such a degree, that he
was deprived of the office of justiciary, and was afterwards
afflicted with penalties and hardships, and could neither, ac-
cording to his intended purpose, complete Eynesham, nor yet
entertain his court with his wonted lavishness of expendi-
ture.

Speaking of the life of this man, Henry, archdeacon of
Huntingdon, thus expresses himself: — "As very great mis-
fortunes are wont often to overtake many worldly men before
their deaths, I would mention what befell our venerable
bishop, Eobert, before his end. As justiciary of England, he
had been very greatly dreaded, but towards the close of his
life, had been twice put on his trial by the king, before a
certain justiciary of ignoble birth, and had twice, to his great
grief, been visited with the most severe penalties. He was
consequently afflicted with such a profound stupor, that when,
on one occasion, (dining with him, as archdeacon,) I beheld
him. shedding tears, and asked the cause, he made answer,
1 In former times, those who waited on me, were arrayed in
costly apparel ; but now, the penalties inflicted by the
king, have obliged them to be clad in vestments of lamb's
wool.' So great indeed, after these events, was his despair of
ever being able to regain the king's esteem, that, when the es-
pecial commendations of him were repeated, to which the king,
in his absence, had given utterance, he said, with a sigh, ' The
king praises none of his people except such as it is his intention
utterly to ruin.' A few days after this, while the said bishop
was at Woodstock, where the king had appointed a gathering
for the purpose of hunting, conversing with the king sad

A.& 1109. DJB4TH OF THE ABCHBTHHOP 07 CAffTIEBUBY. 265

Roger, bishop of Salisbury, who, next to the king, was at
this day the most influential man in the kingdom, he was
smitten with apoplexy, and was carried still living, but speech-
ifies, to his inn, and shortly after expired in the king's pre-
sence** His epitaph was to the following effect : —

" Robert, the pride of pontiffs, whose great name,
Dead though he is, shall live in endless fame."

While the most glorious king Henry was prospering in his
kingdom, and his fame was re-echoing in the ears of all the
countries around, there were sent to England some envoys
from Henry, emperor of the Germans, persons of tall stature,
remarkable for their polished manners, of noble rank and
surpassing wealth ; their object being to request the king's
daughter in marriage for their master. He accordingly held
his court at London, making the most splendid preparations
and surrounded by the most refined luxuries, and in a very
numerous assemblage of his barons, demanded and received
the oaths as to the marriage of his daughter from the envoys
of the emperor during the celebration of the feast of Pentecost
In the following year the lady was sent, sparkling with such
an abundance of jewels, and accompanied by such a noble
retinue of envoys, and such vast sums of money, that to de-
fray the expenses of all this, three shillings had to be paid for
every hide of land throughout England.

In the meantime, there had died that most holy philosopher
of Christ and most excellent archbishop of Canterbury, An-
ttlm, a most distinguished doctor, a most stout wall of de-
fence of the Church, the patron of all the oppressed, a most
devout preacher of the Christian faith, and a most perse-
vering imitator of Angelic purity. He was succeeded in the
archbishopric of Canterbury, at the king's nomination, by
Radulph, bishop of Rochester.

^ ° This event is mentioned more folly in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ; —
" It fell out on a Wednesday, being the fourth day before the ides of
January, that the king rode in his deer-park, and Roger, bishop of Salis-
bury, was on one side of him, and Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, on
the other: and they rode there talking. Then the bishop of Lincoln
*nk down, and said to the king,—* My lord king, I am dying ;' on
Jriucb, the king alighted from his horse, and took him in his arms and
°*fe them bear him to his inn, and he soon lay there dead."

266 PETER OP BLOIS' HISTORY OF CEOYLAKD. JUB* lilt.

Atthis time, the emperor Henry, who, throwing asicfe all
scruples of reverence and natural affection, had incarcerated
and put to death his own father, then a decrepit old man, was
also devising crafty and most horrible machinations against
the Church. For, proceeding to Rome with a royal escort,
that he might be duly anointed and consecrated to the im-
perial dignity by our lord the pope, when he had arrived at
the gate of Saint Angelo, and our lord the pope, suspecting
nothing sinister, had gone forth to meet him with all due
honor, attended by the cardinals and clergy bearing crosses
and numerous torches, he suddenly seized the pope and all the
cardinals, and put them into close confinement ; where he kept
him most rigidly shut up, until the Church had conceded to him
a new privilege as to the investitures of churches by the ring
and pastoral staff, and the same had been handed over to him
signed with the papal bulla. He was likewise anointed em-
peror, a thing that his father had not been, able to obtain
during the fifty years of his rule of the empire, so greatly did
he exult in having commenced this career of error ; however,
it was all in vain.

For, in the following year, the most holy pope Pasehal,
having convoked a general synod at the Lateran, in the
Basilica of Constantine, with the consent of all the arch-
bishops, bishops, abbats, and the whole of the clergy there
assembled, quashed this, not so much " privilege," as " pra-
vilege,"84 which in the preceding year, the emperor Henry
had extorted from him ; on which, Gerard, bishop of An-
gouleme, the then legate of the Apostolic See in Aquitaine,
openly read the decree of the Holy Synod in the hearing of
all, and proceeded to pronounce sentence of excommunication
for ever against all who should give or receive ecclesiastical
dignities from lay hands, with the acclamations of all then
present, who cried aloud, — "So be it! so be it! Amen!
Amen !" This pope Paschal granted to the abbey of Saint
Botolph, at Colchester, great Absolution on the feast of Saint
Denis and the octave following, to be granted to all pilgrims
for sins of which they made true confession and were really
contrite, the same to last to all future time. The said Ge-
rard, bishop of Angouleme, while at this time he was a «ea-

94 He puns on the resemblance, and invents a word, which would
signify •« bad law."

*•»« 1117. xnuicuLOim stout or halt. 267

low and devoted champion against the said "pravilege," so,
on the echism of Peter Leonis against Innocent, the catholic
pope, did he prove a most determined enemy of the Church,
died under sentence of excommunication, and utterly east
out.

The above-named Gerard, archbishop York, was succeeded
by Thomas, who, after a short tenure of office, was followed by
Turstan, the best of them all, except that, for a long time, he
declined to pay obedience to Radulph, the archbishop of Canter-
bury. After Radulph, Arnulph, abbat of Burgh, was appointed
to the see of Rochester, and consecrated by that archbishop.

Just at this period of time, the venerable abbat Joffrid in-
troduced a most devout observance, to be thenceforth continued
at Croyland, on the feast of the Preparation.06 For he enacted,
and enjoined that obedience to the same should be always ob-
served by his successors, that, on the day of the Passion of our
Lord Jesus Christ, to which the holy Page gives the name of
"Parasceue,"66 the abbat of that house should, in presence of
all, strip himself in the chapter-house, and, according to rule,
receive stripes upon his own flesh ; and that the whole convent
should, each in his order, do the same ; to the end that, in the
same way that the Lord Jesus, after his denial, mercifully
looked back upon Peter the Apostle, and he, grieving for his
offence, bitterly bewailed his sin, so He, in Sis mercy, may
look down upon us, and make us bitterly to lament our sins ;
and that as, by so doing, we are made partakers of His Passion,
so we may be rendered partakers of the joys of His Resurrec-
tion. Amen, Amen.

At this time there was a very mighty earthquake in Italy,
so much so, that many walls fell down, strong fortifications
were overthrown, and a great town was removed from one spot
to another at a considerable distance. At this time, the fol-
lowing miraculous event happened at Milan, and rendered the
philosopher Solo famous in the eyes of many. For, while
several men of Patrician rank were discoursing on the affairs
of state of the city of Milan beneath a certain tower there,
one was called by name, and invited to come forth, and on his
delaying so to do, a person came, and with entreaties begged
him to leave his companions in council for a few moments, and,

w <• Parasceue/' or •• Good Friday."

66 Or " Preparation." St. Matthew xxvii. 62 ; St, Mark zv. 42.

26$ PETEB OF BLOIB* HISTORY OP CEOTLAND. A.D. 111$.

immediately after he had heard the matter, return. Accord-
ingly, he Came forth, and hardly had he gone thence, when the
tower fell down and crushed all the rest beneath its ruins.

Many parts of England, also, were most dreadfully afflicted
with this earthquake, and the new work of the church of Croy-
land, which as yet was weak in consequence of having no roof
to hold it together, split asunder, most shocking to relate ! in the
southern wall of the body thereof, with horrible ya wirings, and
threatened immediate ruin as the consequence, had not the
industry of the carpenters been exerted in firmly keeping it
together, with timbers of great length and beams laid trans-
versely, until such time as it had gained the support given by
the formation of the roof, which, after that, firmly held it
together.

At this time died Matilda, the queen of the English, and
the glory of the Scots, the foster-mother of the poor, the re-
fuge of all the wretched, and the most especial patroness of
the abbey of Croyland, and of abbat Joflrid. She reposes at
Westminster, as your records say. Her epitaph was to the
following effect : —

" Great queen ! sprung from the line of England's kings,
The Scots thou didst ennoble by thy nobleness" —

Then, after enlarging on the worth of her character, it pro-
ceeds-—

" No pleasures pleased, no sorrows made her sad ;
Adversity she lov'd, joy was her dread —
No honors made her vain, no sceptre proud ;
Humble in power, in lofty station chaste.
The first of May, of day for us the night !
Snatch'd her from us to everlasting day."

But the revolving wheel is hurrying me away from the foMl-
ment of my promises made as to matters previously mentioned.
At the time at which this most pious queen put off mortality,
in order that evils might not come alone, but, multiplied in
numbers, might be enabled to say, " Bow down thyself, that
we may pass over thee/' a most grievous dissension had pro-
ceeded to great lengths between the two kings of France and
England. The cause of this discord was my lord Theobald,
the renowned count of Blois, previously mentioned. He had
been held in great contempt by Louis, king of the Franks, on
account of his sanctity, and had been often provoked by deri-

A.D. 1117. CHAEACTEB OF COUXTT THEOBALD* 269

sive insults on the part of the youths about the court. This
did not escape the king of England, who, feeling vexed that
the high-born station of his kindred should be thus subjected
to maltreatment, sent envoys to the said illustrious earl, over
to be mentioned as my lord Theobald ; namely, Gilbert, abbat
of Westminster, and Joffrid, abbat of Croyland, both of them
born and bred in France, both of them Doctors, remarkable for
their skill in the seven liberal arts, celebrated for their under-
standing, venerable for their old age, held most dear by my lord
before-named, and well known and much beloved by all in
Belgic Prance.

Being presented by the king with a large sum for their ex-
penses, they proceeded, not as royal envoys, but like natives of .
the country about to visit their fellow-countrymen, and to pay
their compliments to the learned men, their contemporaries, at
Paris and Orleans. On their road, without any noise or pomp
they turned aside to pay a visit to the count, and speedily tell-
ing him their business, took their departure ; but, setting out
on their return to England, they crossed the sea by ship,
and brought an answer to the king, that the count would with
all speed repair to Normandy, for the purpose of having an
interview with him. Both of the envoys, receiving his com-
mendations, returned to their monasteries, but they were al-
most drained to the very last farthing of the immense sums of
money which each had taken with him from his monastery.

It is proper that I should now set forth the most holy cha-
racter of my lord before-mentioned, the most renowned count
Theobald, show what were his alms-deeds, how devout an
imitator he was of our holy father Job, whom Satan afflicted
with every kind of tribulation, and thus, to the best of my
humble ability, hand down the same to posterity.

Stephen the Elder, count of Blois, by his wife, the countess
Ada, daughter of king William, the most glorious conqueror
of the English, had three sons, Theobald, the first-born, after-
wards count of Blois, of whom mention is made above ; Stephen,
the second son, afterwards count of Moretuil, and king of Eng-
land; and Henry, the third son, afterwards a monk, then
bishop of Winchester, and Legate in England of the Apostolic
See. Of the two latter brothers, mention shall be made more
at length hereafter ; at present, the object of my pen is to treat
of Theobald, the first-born. With reference to him, Geoffrey,

270 PETER OF BLOIS* HI8TOBY OF CBOrLUTD. A. D . 1 1 1 7 .

abbat of Clairval, in his second Book on the miracles of Saint
Bernard, writes to the following effect : — " The Lord did set
free, in a manner not less wonderful than merciful, that most
faithful prince, count Theobald, after he had been proved by
great tribulation. Though the most powerful man in the
kingdom, and second only to the king, he entirely devoted
himself to alms-deeds, and was intent upon objects of piety,
while he showed himself a most devout lover of all the servants
of God, and of [Saint] Bernard of Clairval in especial. Still,
God suffered him to be harassed and afflicted. to such a degree,
that, in consequence of the king, as well as nearly all the
neighbouring influential men, entering into a combination
against him, his escape was nearly despaired of; he was pub-
licly insulted, his piety was arraigned, and his alms-deed im-
pugned, while his knights and arbalisters were styled monks
anduseless religionists. And not among strangers only, but even
in his own cities and castles as well, were blasphemous remarks
of this nature to be heard repeated."

Arnold, also, abbat of Bonneval, after enlarging upon this
subject, writes to the following effect : — " That man [of God],
count Theobald, while intent on heavenly things, was not
without temptations of great weight and of a terrible nature ;
for the king, as well as the nobles, attacked him, and the earth
was ntoved and trembled ; and, as though God were enraged
against him, nearly everything that belonged to him was ex-
posed to the ravages of conflagrations, while the armies of the
king covered the face of the earth, and laid waste the land in
all directions. Nor was it safe for him to oppose or face his
persecutors, for even his own friends had forsaken him, and had
openly joined in harassing him ; while those who remained
with him were of no advantage in being able to afford him

"17 * * # *

67 The narrative abruptly terminates here.

EOT) OF PETER OF BLOIS HI6T0BT OF CEO YL AND.

A SECOND CONTINUATION

OF THE

HISTORY OF CROTLAND.

* * * * denouncing their impiety, [blood] gashed forth from
the walls.

After the lapse of several years, king Stephen, being ex-
tremely desirous to grace his son, Eustace, with the crown, our
lord the pope, by his letters, forbade it ; on which he placed
the archbishop and all the bishops who opposed him in strict
custody, and mercilessly seized many of the nobles of his
kingdom in their respective castles, and reduced them to a state
of famine. Induced to do so by the necessities of the oppressed,
Henry, duke of Normandy, hastened over to England with a
great army, at a moment when his arrival was least looked for.
King Stephen, on the other hand, collecting troops from every
quarter, met him with all speed near Malmesbury . At length,
however, a truce was concluded between them ; and Theobald,
archbishop of Canterbury, after frequently conferring with the
king thereon, and appealing to the duke through messengers,
at last effected a reconciliation between them, on which the
king adopted the young duke as his son, and, binding himself
by oath, appointed him heir to his kingdom ; while the duke
promised to pay all due honor and fealty to the king as long as
he should live.

1 We learn from Hoveden and Henry of Huntingdon, that the follow-
nig circumstance is here referred to : — While the church of Ramsey was
being held by the impious Geoffrey de Mandeville as a castle, blood
gushed forth from the walls of the church and adjoining cloisters, in ma-
nifestation of the Divine displeasure, and foreboding the extermination of
the wicked. aj>. 1144. The MS. is defective at the beginning.

272 CONTINUATION OP THE HISTOST OP CEOYLAND. A.D.1155-

This same king Stephen, being besought by abbat Ed-
ward with argent entreaties, graciously granted him a con-
firmation of the boundaries of the abbey, which was to the
following effect : — " Stephen, king of England, to his arch-
bishops, bishops, abbats, earls, justices, sheriffs, barons, officers,
and all others his faithful Pranks and English throughout all
England, greeting. Know ye that I have granted and con-
firmed unto God and the church of Saint Guthlac, at Croyland,
and the monks there serving God, all the lands and tenures,
and other the possessions to the said church belonging, as, also
the marsh in which the said church is situate, together with
the boundaries thereof by name, as follow : — From Croyland
to Asendyke, thence to Aswyktoft, and so along Shepee to
Tydwarthar, thence to Nomannesland, and bo through the
river Nene to Fynset, and so to Greynes, and thence to
Folwardstakyng, and thence along the course of Southlake,
as it falls into the river Welland. Thence, on the other side
of that river, to Aspath, and thence to Werwarlake, and so to
Harenholte, and thence upwards through the waters of Men-
gerlake, and thence along the course of Apynholte, as it falls
into the Welland. Wherefore, I do will and strictly command
that the before-named church, and abbat, and monks, shall hold
and for ever possess whatever is contained within the said
boundaries, and all other their lands, tenures, and possessions,
fully, peaceably, freely, honorably, and quietly to enjoy the
same, in wood and in plain, in meadows and in pastures, in
waters and in marshes, in preserves and in piscaries, in mills
and in mill-dams, and in all other things, as also places, with
right of Sach and Soch, and Thol and Them, and Infangethefe,
and with all other free customs and acquittances, as fully,
freely, and quietly as any church in my kingdom holds the same.
Witness myself, the queen, and earl Simon, and others, at
Stamford."

After king Stephen had had a most toilsome and unfortunate
reign of nearly nineteen years, he departed this life, and was
buried at Feversham, near his wife and son.

In the year from the Incarnation of our Lord, 1155, Henry
the Second, duke of Kormandy, was crowned by Theobald,
archbishop of Canterbury, on the seventeenth day before the
calends of January.

In the time of this king, Thomas, archdeacon of Canter-

A.*. 1 171. XOBEAT DE BEDINGES ABBAT 0¥ CBQTLAKD. 273

bury and prior of Beverley, was created archbishop of Canter-
bury. But, a disagreement afterwards arising between him
and the king, on certain customs of the kingdom, which mili-
tated to the utter subversion of the liberties of the Church, he
withdrew from the council held at Northampton, and, with
great sorrow of heart, remained in exile for a period of seven
years.

In the sixteenth year of his reign, king Henry had his eldest
son, Henry, [crowned] by Roger, archbishop of York. * *
* * [Archbishop Thomas] was received "in the name] of
the Lord, while all cried aloud, and said, " Blessed is he, who
cometh in the name of the Lord." On his arrival, the Su-
preme Pontiff suspended Eoger, archbishop of York, and somo
other bishops, from all their duties ; while others he placed
under the ban of excommunication. *******
cruelly slew with their deadly swords the man of Goda who
was struggling for justice, in the church of Canterbury, liko
another Zacharias ;■ on which occasion, a person composed tho
following rhyme : —

" In eleven hundred and seventy-one,
The primate Thomas his course had run/'

In the meantime, Abbat Edward ably ruled this church, and
greatly amplified it with decorations, books, and extensive pos-
sessions. But, still further to prove his endurance, a great
misfortune happened ; for, in his time, the church of Croyland,
with its outbuildings and most of its furniture,4 was again
burnt, on the Nativity of Saint Mary. But, by the aid of the
right hand of God, he almost immediately rebuilt it magnifi-
cently, in great part, with the active assistance of his brethren.
After enduring many hardships for thirty years, as boldly as
manfully, in behalf of the rights of his church he at last
fell asleep in the Lord.

He had for his successor Robert de Redinges, prior of
Lemster,9 who was appointed to the office by king Henry the
Second, son of the Empress, and archbishop Bichard. He
carefully completed the building of those parts of the church

1 Archbishop Thomas a Becket.

* Alluding to 2 Chron. xxiv. 21 ; and St. Matt, zziii. 35.

4 This seems to be the meaning of •• necessaria."

5 Or Leominster. The abbey of Redinges, or Reading, was endowed
by Henry the First with the possessions of this abbey.

T

which remained unfinished at the death of abbat Edward ;
and, hiring artificers for the purpose, had the front ejf #u»
rfirine of Saint Guthlac constructed of work of remadwtte
beauty. Upon this occasion, he suppliantly besought of the
said king; Henry a confirmation of the boundaries of his abbey,
and obtained the same, by royal charter, in the following
words:—" Henry, king of England, duke of Normandy and
Aquitaine, and earl of Anjou, to his archbishops, bishops,
earls, barons, justices, sheriffs, officers, and all other his
faithful Franks and English throughout all England, greeting.
Know ye, that I have granted and confirmed unto God and the
church of Saint Guthlac, at Croyland, and the abbat and
monks there serving God, all the lands and tenures, and other
the possessions to the said church belonging, and, in especial,
the site of the said abbey, together with the boundaries there-
of, herein named, which extend as follow : A distance of five
leagues, being from Croyland to the place where the Asendyk
falls into the waters of the Welland, and thence along the
Asendyk to Aswyktoft, and thence to Shepee, and thence to
Tydwarthar. Thence through Eynset, upwards to Greynes,
and thence to Folwardstakyng, and thence along the course of
the Southlake, as it falls into the river Welland. And so across
the Welland, towards the north, as far as Aspath, and thence to
Werwarlake, and so to Harenholte, and thence upwards
through the water as far as Mengerlake,. and so through the
Lurtlake as far as Oggot, and thence along the course of
Apynholte as it falls into the Welland; together with all
piscaries to the said boundaries belonging. Wherefore, I do
will and strictly command that the before-named church, and
abbat, and monks shall hold and for ever possess all their lands,
tenures, and other their possessions, and all the gifts which,
since the death of king Henry, my grandfather, have been
reasonably .given to them, fully, peacefully, freely, quietly,
and honorably to enjoy the same, in wood and in plain, in
meadows and in pastures, in waters and in marshes, in pre-
serves and in fisheries, in mills and in mill-dams, and in all
other things and places, with right of Sach and Soch, and Thol
and Them, and Infangthefe, and with all other free customs
and acquittances, as fully, freely, and quietly as the said
ehurch, and.abbat, and monks held the same in the time of
king Henry, my grand&ther, or other my predecessors, kings

A.V.'lHM. CASE OP THE ABBAT BOBEBT. 2?5

of England, and as fully, freely, and quietly as any church in
my kingdom of England hare held the same. Witness * * *
at Lincoln." '

King Henry, the son of king Henry, son of the Empress;
twelve years after his coronation, and while his father was
still alive, was seized with a severe fever ; and being after*
wards attacked by a flux of the bowels, departed this life/ and
was interred at Eouen.

In the year of our Lord, 1186, being the thirty-second of
his reign, king Henry, son of the Empress, gave to Hugh,
prior of the house of Witham, of the Carthusian order, the
bishopric of Lincoln ; on which he was consecrated by arch-
bishop Baldwin.

The before-named abbat Eobert carried on a very heavy
suit, in behalf of his church, against the Prior of Spalding,
and the men of Hoyland, who had, with a large force, made
an irruption into the precincts of Croyland ; this, the follow-
ing case, drawn up at full length by him, relative thereto,
will show : —

"The abbey of Croyland was begun to be built by Saint Guth-
lac the Confessor, who is also buried there, four hundred years
since, or more. It is of the proper alms of the kings of Eng-
land, having been granted by their especial donation from the
ancient times of the English, when it was founded by king
Ethelbald, who gave the marsh in which it is situate; as we find
stated in the Lite of that Saint which was formerly written.
The abbey, being situate in the midst of the marsh, stands
at a considerable distance from the rest of the mainland. Now,
the men of Hoyland, who are our neighbours on the northern
side, greatly desire to have tenancy in common of this marsh
of Croyland ; for, as their own marshes, of which each vill
had originally one of its own, have been dried up, they have
converted the same into good and fertile arable land. Hence
it is that they stand in need, beyond measure, of common pas-
ture land for their cattle, in which they do not so greatly
abound.

" Now, in the thirty-fifty year of king Henry, it being the

last year of his life, while he was in his territories beyond sea,

and busied in wars and other pursuits, there came over to

England a false report of his death. On hearing this, the

* The twelfth of May

T 2

276 CONTUTCTATIOy OF the hibtokt of ckotland. x\i»llllW.

men of Hoyland considered how they might invade" the
marsh and by force obtain possession of it ; imagining^ that
they could easily overcome the poor abbat of Croyland and his
little house, and confiding in their own prowess and the fast-
ness of their riches. Accordingly, Gerard de Camrille,
Fulco de Oiri, Thomas de Multon, the father of Thomas, and
Conan Fitz-Eloy, persons, who, for other reasons, enter-
tained great animosity against the house of Croyland and its
abbat Robert, after being joined by Richard de Met, and
Walter, and many others, called upon Nicholas, the prior of
Spalding, to place himself at their head as the chief and prin-
cipal actor in this piece of violence. "Why enlarge ? All the
most powerful men of the wapentake of Ellow, a few only
excepted, entered into a conspiracy against Croyland, and
met together, sometimes in a barn belonging to the prior of
Spalding, at "Weston, and sometimes in the church of Hol-
beche.

" Accordingly, the abbat of Croyland, in conformity with
his usual custom, put his marsh-lands in a proper state of
defence, as is usually done each year about the time of the
Rogation days ; and proclamation was publicly made upon the
bridge of Spalding, that the men of Hoyland and others should
prevent their cattle from entering the marsh, in order that
the crop of hay might have liberty to grow ; upon which, they
refused to listen thereto, and persisted in forcing an entrance
to the marsh even more than before. Hereupon, the servants
of the abbat, who had been, according to custom, appointed
for the purpose, by his orders impounded the cattle, as they
had been in the habit of doing in former years. The men of
Hoyland, being very indignant at this, on a day named, the
feast of Saint Nereus and Saint Achilles, came to the marsh of
Croyland, armed, all of them, with all kinds' of weapons ; just
as thqugh in array for battle, and exceeding in number three
thousand men. At the embankment of the Asendyk, where
the boundary of the marsh of Croyland is situate, they were
met by abbat Robert, and a few of his people, who Buppli-
antly sued for peace ; for both he and the others supposed
that they had come for the purpose of levelling the whole
abbey with the ground. On this, they gave him a haughty
answer, and made a show of resistance to his face. God,
however, wrought a change in their malicious intentions, and

A.p, (1]$9, CASE OF THE ABBAT BOBEBT, 277

in Bojue degree mitigated the evils which threatened the
abbey!; but, armed as they were, they proceeded through the
middle of the marsh, and divided it among themselves, ac-
cording to the situation of their respective vflls, although lo-
cated at a considerable distance around the marsh. They
then encamped around the abbey, erecting their tents and
taking up their quarters just like so many hostile nations, and
placing men-at-arms to act as sentinels in each division of
their encampment. Accordingly, they dug up turf, cut down
the greater part of the wood and alder-beds of Croyland, and
depastured upon the meadow land; while they carried off
fire-wood, and committed other acts of violence for fifteen
days, just like so many armed men in camp.

" In the meantime, the abbat and monks of Croyland with
their servants were placed in great straits, and were affected
with profound grief, 'as they hardly dared venture beyond
the .gates of their church. The monks accordingly deter-
mined to lay their complaints before the justices of our lord
the king, and sent a message to the one whom they found
nearest at hand, Geoffrey Fitz-Peter by name, who was then
staying at Clive, in Northamptonshire ; whereupon, he sent
six knights of Northampton to see and fully learn the extent
of this incomparable outrage. On their arrival at the eastern
Bide, they first met with the tents and quarters of the men
of Sutton, the liegemen of Gerard de Camville, and found
them provided with all kinds of arms. Upon being ques-
tioned by them, these men answered, that they were there by
the orders of their lord ; and so, in like manner, throughout
each of the quarters, until they came to the quarters of the
men of Spalding, which they found to be the most remote, did
each party name its respective lord as its authority for so
doing.

?'In the meantime, however, abbat Robert secretly has-
tened to London, and sought the presence of Hubert Fitz-
Valter, who then occupied the place of Ranulph de Glanville,
who was staying with our lord the king, in the parts beyond
sea. Accordingly, he made complaint before him and his
fellow-justices, of these many injuries committed against the
peace of our lord the king, and shewed to them the great
charter of our lord the king, which sets forth by name the
boundaries of the marsh: upon which, they exceedingly con-

2?S CONTINUATION OF tXS HJ9TOBT OF CSOYLAJTD. Jtfoll ]$%

4oled with him, and, being greatly surprised and . moved to
anger, sent word in the king's name to the. before-named
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, commanding him at once to summon
before him the prior of Spalding and all the men of Hoylaad,
and give the abbat full redress against them. On hearing
this, the armed men, who had now kept ward in their
quarters for a period of fifteen days, burned their encamp-
ment and returned home.

" Accordingly, upon the summons of Geoffrey Fitfc*Peter,
the men of Hdyland, together with the prior of Spalding, came
to meet him at Depyng ; and, in the week of Pentecost, on
the sixth day of the week, Geoffrey Fitz-Peter arrived, bring-
ing with him many men of rank, and members of the king's
household. Upon this, those parties were there charged by
abbat Eobert with breaking the king's peace, and with all
the violence and injuries before-mentioned ; and there arose
on behalf of the abbat, seven, of his men, who being tenants
of his in capite, charged each of them, one of their adver-
saries, with doing injury to the abbat to the amount of twenty
marks. Hugh Poll charged Gilbert de Peccebrig ; Eobert
Bee, Elfric de Fulvey, his brother ; Hugh Molende, Conan
Fitz-Helye ; Eobert de Boston, Fulco de Oiri ; Alfred de
Leverington, Thomas de Multon ; William de Gliat, Alger de
Colevill ; and Bobin Eobet, Alexander de Whappelode. Some
of those who were thus charged, as well as many others, were
taken and imprisoned.: Gilbert, for instance, and his brother
Elfric, at Northampton,- William Puley and Hugh de Whap-
pelode at Bokingham,8 and others at other places. After
this, the judge appointed a day named for either party to
come and appear before the chief justice at Westminster, at
the feast of Saint MichaeL

" In the meantime, our lord Henry, king of England, de-'
parted this life ; upon which, our lord Richard was crowned
king, on the third day of September, and the justices were
changed ; in consequence of which, the men of Hoyland took
courage, for they had feared that had the king survived, they
should be condemned. Accordingly, on the day named, the
abbat of. Croyland came with his friends and champions to
support his accusation and the charges made. There was
also present, the prior of Spalding, with his accomplices; bat
8 A: tow» sad castle in Northamptonshu*.

tlCrt. U J89t CASK OF 9B& JLBBkT JBOBESff. 279

Thomas de Mulati bring ill, sent his. seneschal in his stead*
At this period, Hugh, the kid bishop of Durham, was sitting
aa. chief justice. Upon this, Conan jFits-Helye, Fulco de Oiri*
the seneschal of Ihomas de Multon, Alexander de Whappe-
lode, and Alger de Colevill, became greatly alarmed, and
through the intervention of friends, entreated the abbat to
grant them peace and reconciliation, and that his appeal
might be put an end to. They further, with their friends,
pledged their faith to the abbat, that they would never from
this time prefer any claim to the marshes of Croyland, and
that they would throw themselves upon the king's meroy for
the injuries they had committed, and would, according to the
arbitration of [mutual] friends, make good the damage which
they had done. Accordingly, they appeared before the justices,
and confessed themselves guilty ; on which, they were
amerced, Thomas de Multon in five pounds of- silver, Fulco in,
five marks, and Conan in the same ; while the two others, who
were poor men, at the entreaty of the abbat, were not, on
this occasion, visited with a penalty. The prior, however,
and his liegemen, Gilbert and his brother, Elfric, persisted
in their contumacy.

"Accordingly, another day was named; upon which the
abbat, and the prior, and their respective followers appeared.
The abbat preferred liis complaint against the prior and his
men, that they had come in arms to the marsh of Croyland,
which is held of our lord the king, and had so broken the
king's peace. To this the prior made answer, that he certainly
had come with an armed force to his own marsh, which belonged
to the priory of Spalding, as of the fee of William de llomar ;
and promised the king that he would prove this, qr forfeit forty
marks at the next grand assize held. As ibr the abbat of
Croyland, he had not on this ocoasion taken due precaution, as
he- had neither brought with him the king's charter, nor yet
had he come attended by any stoat young men, who could offer
wager of. battle and fight on the abbat' s behalf, to aBsert his
right q£ property in the marsh ; with the sole exception of
Hugh Poll and Robert Bee, who had respectively charged
Gilbert and his brother Elfric. As he could not10 make choiee

• Clearly a mistake for Multon.

10 Probably for the following reason : because, in the trial by battle*
on issue joined in a writ of right, the .battle could only be waged by chain-

£80 CONTOUATIOW OF THE HI8T01T OF CHOTULND. A&I18&

of wager of battle, lie was obliged to submit to the matter bring?
brought before a jury, although a course attended wife danger
to himself. For the knights of that county live at a VBry con-
siderable distance from the marsh of Croyland, and ks&tf no-
thing about its boundaries ; and besides, there is no one hardly
to be found in the county of Lincoln, who is not in somtfway
or other connected either with the house of Spalding, or with
William de Romar, or else has laid some claim to the marsh.
And, although the persons before-named withdrew their claim,
they still secretly gave aid and counsel, * * *
and pay a sum of money to the prior and his people. Accord-
ingly, knights of the county11 were chosen in the king's court,
whose, names were set forth in a writ, for the purpose of trying
the cause ; upon which, the men of Hoyland rejoiced at their
victory, as they imagined that they would now be enabled to
settle the matter with money.

" Accordingly, our lord the king directed his mandate to the
sheriff of Lincoln, to the following effect : — ' Greeting. We
do command you to summon Eoger de Huntingfield, Conan de
Kirket, Walter Maureunard, Radulph Fitz-Stephen, Alan de
Wichet, William de Foleteb, Alan de Marc, Richard de Brace*
brigg, Alveram de Hugwell, Robert de Thorp, Alan Merscou,
Hugh de Noville, Hugh de Bobi, Robert Fitz-Henry, Radulph
de Reping, Geoffrey de la Mar, and Robert de Guing, who have
been named by four knights chosen for that purpose, to make
view of the marsh as to which there has been a dispute in our
court, between the abbat of Croyland and the prior of Spalding;
and they are there to make view of the said marsh, on the
Monday next before the Nativity of our Lord ; and you are to
be there, with four or six of the lawful knights of the county.
And, after view made thereof, you are to summon the said
knights to appear before us on the fifth day after the octave
of Saint Hilary, wherever we may chance to be, or else before
our justices on the same day at Westminster ; there to try upon
path which party has the better right to the said marsh, is
which the encampment has been so made, and the burning

piont, and not by the parties themselves ; as, in civil actions, if any party
to the suit died, the suit of necessity instantly abated, and no judgment
could be given. Probably Poll and Bee were looked upon aa parses to
the suit, and could not act as champions.

11 " Comitibus " seems to be an error for •' Comitate."

Mill&Qt HXBESS OF ABBAT H0BBBT. 281

qfr£bd turf and alder-bed have taken place, the abbat of Croy-
lmpiiadlr the prior of Spalding, according, to the seisin which
thetsj&e- persons hare had thereof since the first coronation of
oar father, king Henry. And yon are to have there this -writ
arid a Bttmmoner . Witness, the bishop of Durham.1

" Accordingly, on the Monday next before the Nativity of
our Lord, Nigel, the sheriff of Lincoln, did not come in person to
make view of the mann, bnt sent in his stead Walter de Sarty
who .was a supporter of the men of Spalding. A very few
came of the knights named ; -who, having made view, caused
their verdict to be written to the following effect : —

" •' This is the verdict of the kpights, on view made of tho
marsh as to which there has been a trial between the abbat
of Croyland * * it being averred that the marsh where
the encampment was made, and the fire, and the rooting up
of the alder-bed took place, is his own, and of the fee of the
abbey of Croyland ; by reason whereof the said abbat hath this
year, and every year since he has been abbat, received rent for
the same,13 as he alleges. The men of Hoyland say that the
said marsh does not belong to the abbat, but is their own pro-
perty, from Munechelade towards Hie east, and that they are
not answerable for the burning or the uprooting which took
place below Munechelade. The men of Hoyland, on being
questioned whether they would or would not be answerable
for the tyirning and uprooting that took place beyond Mune-
chelade, said that they would not give an answer thereupon,
because the justices of our lord the king have cognizance of
those questions, by virtue of the king's writ.' "

In .-the mean time, the men of Hoyland, by favour of the
sheriff, changed such of the knights named as they pleased,
without consent of the abbat ; such, for instance, as Roger de
Huntiugfield, Hugh de Bobi, and Geoffrey de la Mar. On the
approach of the day of trial, the abbat of Croyland, intending
to proceed thither, was detained by sicknesB ; on which he had
himself essoigned for illness on the road,13 and another day

12 This appears to be the meaning of the sentence, which seems to be
iq a -very corrupt state.

13 The essoign de Malo vim was an excuse made for him who had been
summoned to appear and answer to an action, on the ground of falling
sick on the road. It was a kind of imparlance, or craving of a longer
time.

282 CONTIBUATKW OF TUB USDOBX.OF OBOT£&KD. A,0f jll^l,

was named at Westminster,, after, the Purification o£ Saint
Mary. Abbat Bobert accordingly set out for the purpose* of
going thither, but became so extremely ill at Cottenhanvthat
he had himself essoigned for illness, which confined him to
his bed.14 Upon this, four knights, by precept of the justice,
came to view him; and appointed another day after the octave
of Easter. His malady still increasing, abbat Bobert died, on
the vigil of Easter ; upon which Croyland was seized in the
name of the king and of his chancellor, whom, when he
crossed beyond sea, he had left to act as chief justice of the
whole of England. The abbacy of Croyland being thus vacant
and held in the king's hands, there was a lull in these tempests.

This same king Richard, in the first year of his reign, de-
afforested16 all the marsh lands of Hoyland and Kesteven, be-
tween the river Welland and the river Witham, which had been
previously deafforested in the time of kings Henry the First,
Stephen, and Henry the Second ; and he granted to the men on
both sides thereof, to whom, before, it had of right belonged,
leave to build upon the said marshes, and to till the same, and
to enjoy all their easements upon the same, according to the
metes and boundaries in their charter contained.

In the mean time, William de Longchamp, the lord bishop
of Ely, chancellor to our lord the king, and at this time legate
from the Apostolic See, sent messengers to the king in Nor-
mandy, where he was anxiously making arrangements for his
expedition to Jerusalem, and obtained leave from him t<f appoint
an abbat for the abbey of Croyland. Accordingly, with the
consent of the king, and on the election of the brethren of Croy-
land, the lord Henry, a monk of Evesham, and brother in the
flesh to the before-named chancellor, was chosen abbat o£
Croyland.

So long as the chancellor continued to sit as chief justice,
the men of Spalding made no mention of any claim- upon
Croyland: but afterwards, through earl John, and by means
of the conspiracy entered into against the chancellor, or
rather against our lord the king, who was now in Judaea
devoting himself to the service of God, the chancellor was
expelled from England, and his brothers Henry and Osbert,

14 The essoign deMalolecti; on which, as Bractori informs us, the
defendant was by writ viewed by four knights.
16 Freed and exempted from the forest laws.

A.D'. 1 WK DISPUTE AS TO MB KtftSH OF OKOTlAfflK 289

aridinahy others of his kinsmen and friends, were taken nod
thrown into chains of iron, and the strictest confinement.

And now, William de Romar, who was a devoted adherent
of earl John, and had already taken the oaths of allegiance to
him, commenced a persecution of Henry, the abbat of Croy*
land, upon strength of the hatred entertained against his.
brothers ; and, taking the opportunity, caused the before-
named abbat to be summoned by the justices on the king's writ;
to appear on a certain day named at Westminster, against the*
abbat of Saint Nicholas at Angers, (for the before-named
Nicholas, prior of Spalding, had previously been deposed), to
hear the verdict upon the view made of his marsh. Upon
this, he was fall of anxiety, and quite at a loss which way to
turn, as he foresaw danger impending on every side ; and he
did not dare to step beyond the precincts of his monastery,
lest he might chance to be seized like his brothers, or even
killed ; for threats to that effect had been recently uttered
against him, as he had been informed by many persons. Ac
cordingly, he had himself essoigned on the first day for ill-
ness on the road, and on the second for being confined to his
bed.

Upon this, orders were sent from the king's court by the
justices to Gerard de Camville, the sheriff of Lincoln, an enemy
of the chancellor, and the especial leader of the opposite faction,
immediately to send four lawful knights of the county to make
view of the abbat on a certain day named. Accordingly, four
knights were appointed, whose names were as follows : Walter
de Braytoft, and Reginus de Beniton — the names of the others
have not been preserved. These, however, did not come on
the day named, but only one of them, Reginus do Beniton,.
and some low retainers of the prior of Spalding, together with
some other persons. Abbat Henry, however, thinking that
they would not come, had, the previous night, embarked in
a vessel at the gates of Croyland, though he had not yet,
fully recovered from his illness, and caused himself to be
carried to a manor of his in Cambridgeshire, on his way to.
court. As for the before-named Reginus, summoning the prior
of Croyland to appear, he said that he had come to make view of
the illness of the abbat, according to the king's precept : but
as he did not find there those who had been named as his as-
sociates in making such view, he would by no means alone de-

284 CONTINUATION OF THE HISTORY OF CfcOTLAJTD. A«jg.{ 1 J0}.

mand view of him. However, they named a day for thjeat>bat
according to the precept, as those who came said that tho jus-
tices • • * * ♦ . *' .

The day now approaching, and the ahhat of Croyland feeling
more anxiety on account of the perpetual spoliation of his
church than of his own peril, set out for London, where he
arrived on the day of the Ascension ; and here he found
gathered together against him the princes of the land, namely,
earl John, Walter, archbishop of Rouen, Hugh de Movant,
bishop of Chester, William de Romar and his accomplices,
Gerard de Camville, and Roger de Stikelwald, -his under-
sheriff, and the abbat of Angers, together with others innume-
rable, who took part against him through hatred of his bro-
thers. For William de Romar, and the abbat of Angers, who
at that time were great in the land, had, through many prayers
and great gifts, and by means of evil suggestions, moved them
against the abbat and the house of Croyland ; so much so, that
it did not seem to them that they had gained a full and complete
victory over the chancellor and his party, so long as the abbey
of Croyland, over which he had appointed his brother to be
abbat, should remain in peace and free from spoliation. In-
deed, William do Romar strained every nerve to add to his
own barony and to the possessions of the prior of Spalding, the
seat of the before-named monastery, which is the property of
our lord the king, and has been that of his predecessors, the
kings of England, in right of the crown ; for, in the hearing
of many persons, he said that the abbey of Croyland was
situate in his fee ; whereas it was founded by royalty long
before any one of his family was known, and before Spalding
existed, which is said to have once been a manor of Croy-
land. On one occasion, when earl John was entreated by this
William to show him favour, the earl is said to have made
answer, " My dear lord William, for a hundred pounds, and
out of my love for you, I might act contrary to justice."16

At length the abbat of Croyland was summoned to the
exchequer, in presence of all the persons before-mentioned,
who there sat in council against him, he being attended by
three monks only and two knights of middle rank, as no one

u TbU seems to be the meaning of this passage, but it appears to be ia
a corrupt state ; " iste" is clearly a misprint for " isti," as the avaricious
earl John is evidently the speaker.

Aitf.' 1191. DISPUTE AS fO THE MABSH OF C&01LA5&. 285

<fcifed venture to take his part. The seneschal of William de
Rotnar^who was a fluent but very insolent person, began his
address against him, skilfully enough, but in a very overbear-
ing* and flagrant manner. For this reason, he seemed espe-
cially to please the archbishop of Eouen, earl John, and the
others. After having, amid deep silence, and with the earnest
attention of all, spun out his address with repeated charges,
invectives, and slanders against the chancellor and his friends,
the person whose duty it was to reply for the abbat could
hardly be heard, for the tumult which arose. At length,
however, lie made answer for the abbat in very brief terms,
and asserted that ho held the marsh, which was the seat of the
abbey, as of the demesne of our lord the king, and the pro-
perty of the crown, and that he was holding the same peace-
fully and quietly, when his lord and patron the king set out on
his expedition for Jerusalem ; and that he further persisted in
calling his lord the king his especial protector," and, in order
to have a temporary cessation of hostilities, offered forty marks
for the king's use ; a thing, however, which they would not
hear of or even understand. At last, the abbat produced the
charter of our lord the king, in which were set forth the limits
of the before-mentioned marsh, as also another charter, in
which the king forbids the abbat of Croyland to be put upon
his trial before any one except himself ; which last charter
was read. First, however, he produced the charter of king
Richard in the very same words ; but earl John made answer,
that his brother, the chancellor, had made that charter for
him entirely at his own will and option. However, after he had
heard the charter granted by his father read, he blushed for
very shame. On reading and fully understanding these char-
ters, his adversaries were confused beyond measure, hardly
knowing what to say in rejoinder.

Robert de Fentefeld, one of the justices, and a supporter of
theirs, upon seeing this, enquired in a loud voice if the knights,
who had made view of the abbat, were there ? Upon this,
they produced four very low fellows, whom, according to ge-

17 This seems to be the meaning of " vocavit dominum regem gavant."
The last word is probably derived from the Flemish word " gave," a
" gift ;" and we learn from Charpentier that there was an officer appointed
by the earl of Flanders, whose duty it was to protect the churches, on
consideration of aa annual fee or gift.

286 c^rmnrjLTiQir of the history of csotsaitd. aw6JI1<H.

nerai report, they had suborned for the purpose, namely €feof-
frey de Thurleby, who was a tenant of the abbat of JtoBgek&J*
William Fitz-Alf, Walter Eufos de Hamneby, aad Oiltot
Fitz-Just de Benington, who were neither knights nor hoMei*
of a knight's fee. Upon this, the ahbat made answer that
they were not the knights named, and that neither they not
the others had oome to make view of him, and offered to make
proof thereof. They professed their readiness to hear lrim,
but caused the false testimony which others bore against him
•to be set forth in writing, while not a word of the truth which
ihe abbat stated would they have committed to writing. How-
ever, all who were present, with the exception of his adver-
saries and other evil-wishers, pitied the abbat, and sympathized
with him on this oppression ; being of opinion that the judg-
ment given could not be other than favourable to the abbat,
seeing that those who called themselves his viewers were
neither of knightly rank nor yet girt with the sword, while
the third one of them [that was questioned], did not so much
as know how to speak French. However, another day was
appointed for him, after the octave of Pentecost, to hear
judgment.

The abbat of Croyland, accordingly, returned on that day,
and found his adversaries and evil-wishers making themselves
quite sure of a judgment in their own favour. Judgment,
however, was again put off on the succeeding Monday, Tues-
day, and Wednesday ; and at last, the abbat, being sum-
moned to hear judgment given, a first, second, and third time,
came and made appearance, attended by Benedict, abbat of
Burgh, and Baldwin Wake. The before-named Robert de
"Fentefeld then pronounced judgment ; to the effect that the
abbat of Croyland, who had essoigned himself against the prior
of Spalding, as being confined by illness to his bed, but was
not found in bed when view ought to have been made of him,
should for a time lose his seisin, but not his right, or, in other
words, possession, but not the right of property ; and that the
prior of Spalding should have the seisin which was the sub-
ject of dispute between them. On hearing this, the abbat
did not dare utter a word, but departed sorrowful and in con-
fusion.

Upon this, his adversaries returned home in all haste, and
18 Who was superior of the priory of Spalding.

a.i>. ' 1 1B3. tint abbat op ototujtd appeals to thz xdso. 287

T>y die hand of the -sheriff of Lincoln received seisin of the
-whole jmarsh of Croyland below Munechelade, to which they
had never laid claim, as well as two leagues beyond Croyland,
as far as Ifamansland, only leaving a little plantation of alders
standing around the abbey, as its own property. They also
carried off the gibbets on which were hanged such thieves as
were taken in the vill of Croyland on judgment given by the
abbat's court, and erected them on the other side of Spalding,
as an everlasting disgrace to Croyland.

However, when it became divulged throughout all lands
that our lord, king Richard, was a captive in Germany, and
detained in confinement by the emperor, the abbat of Croyland
set out on his toilsome journey, in the middle of winter ; and,
departing for Germany, found the king, his master, at Spires,
fifteen days before he was liberated. Accordingly, he made
complaint to him on the injuries and losses which had been
inflicted, not so much on himself, as on the royal crown ; and,
at the same time, showed to him the charter granted by his
father. At length, on the second day after his liberation, our
lord, king Richard, confirmed to him the charter of his father,
and ordered letters to be directed to Hubert, archbishop of
Canterbury, who was then sitting as chief justice, directing
that the abbat of Croyland should have seisin of his marshes,
in conformity with the charter of his father, and in such man-
ner as he held the same when the king set out for Jerusalem.
This was accordingly done, to the following effect : —

a Richard, king of England, to the archbishop of Canter-
bury, greeting. We do command you, without delay, to let
the abbat of Croyland have seisin of his marsh of Croyland,
in such manner as it is testified by the charter of king Henry,
our father, that he ought to have the same; of which he
has been disseised since our departure beyond sea. Witness,
myself, at Spires, on the twenty-second day of January, in
the fifth year of our reign."

Accordingly, on his return from Germany, abbat Henry
found the archbishop at London, and presented to him the
king's precept; upon which, he immediately ordered it to
be carried into effect, and directed it to the sheriff of Lincoln,
whose deputy was at this time Eustace de Ledenh[all]. The
under-sheriff, Eustace, therefore, on behalf of the king and
•his justiciary, caused solemn reseisin of their marsh to be

288 oojrrnnjijioN of tot histoby of gboti^jstd. a.pv 1194.

made to the abbat and bouse of Croyland, at the beginning of
Lent ; and the abbat held them peacefully and quietijrall that
year and the next.

However, about the calends of July, the abbat of Saint
Nicholas at Angers, above-named, obtained against us letters
revocatory of our lord the king, and sent them to Jocelin, the
then prior of Spalding, to the following effect : — " Bichard,
by the grace of God, king of England, to the archbishop of
Canterbury, greeting. The abbat of Saint Nicholas at An-
gers has complained unto us, that, under pretext of pertain
letters, which the abbat of Croyland did, on truthful .grounds,
as he alleged, obtain from us while we were in captivity in
Germany, he has been unjustly and without trial disseised of
a certain marsh between Croyland and Spalding, which be-
longs to the priory of Spalding, a branch of the house of Saint
Nicholas at Angers ; and of which the said abbat of Saint
Nicholas recovered seisin in our court by judgment of our
said court, and gave unto us forty marks of silver for having
the judgment of our said court as to the said marsh. Where-
fore, we do command you to have diligent enquiry made
hereupon, and if you shall find that such is the fact, then you
are to let the said abbat of Saint Nicholas have such seisin of
the said marsh as he had by judgment of our court ; and when
he has had such seisin, you are to receive from the said ab-
bat twenty marks, which he has promised to us on receiving
seisin thereof. Witness, myself."

Upon this, the men of Spalding were overjoyed, and thought
for certain that they should immediately gain reseisin* as they
made many promises to many helpers of theirs. Accordingly,
they -brought this mandate to the archbishop at Westminster;
upon which, he enquired into the truth of those who had sat
as judges : and they reported that the abbat of Croyland had
been disseised for a certain default, that seisin had been
given to the abbat of Saint Nicholas, and that the abbat of
Croyland, without judgment given by the king's court, had
again recovered seisin. Hereupon, some were of opinion that
seisin ought at once to be given again to the men of Spalding.
But, as the precept had only been made on certain conditions,
and the abbat of Croyland was not present, the archbishop
postponed the consideration of it, until the expiration of fif-
teen days after the feast of Saint Michael. The abbat, upon

A.tf. J193. THE ABBAT OF CBOYlAKD PROCEEDS TO ITUKCE. 289

hearing this, went to the archbishop to learn his intentions ;
- who made answer to him, that unless he should hear of ano-
ther precept before the day named, he should give seisin to the
people of Spalding, in conformity with the king's precept.
Upon this, the abbat, being full of anxiety, in conformity
with the advice of his convent and his friends, made pre-
parations for crossing the sea. For he had been summoned,
not to plead his cause, but to hear the king's precept, in the
following form : — " Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, to the
sheriff of Lincoln, greeting. Summon by two summoners
the abbat of Croyland to appear before us at Westminster, at
the end of fifteen days from the day of the feast of Saint
Michael, that he may hear the precept of our lord the king,
concerning the marsh situate between Croyland and Spald-
ing, as to which there has been a dispute between him and
the prior of Spalding. And you are in the meantime to see
that the said marsh, together with all the profits arising
therefrom, is kept free from ravages or waste. Witness, Si*
mon de Pattishill."

Accordingly, on the day u of Saint Hippolytus the Martyr,
being the Lord's day next before the Assumption80 of the
blessed Virgin Mary, the lord abbat of Croyland, bidding
adieu to the brethren, took his departure amid the blessings
of all, and set out with a most resolute mind on his intended
journey ; having first directed them to put up prayers both
individually and in common, and duly to celebrate masses.81
When he had arrived near Winchester, he heard that arch-
bishop Hubert, so often named, the primate of all England,
and legate of the Apostolic See, and chief justice of our lord
the king of England throughout the whole kingdom, was at
that place on the king's business. He therefore waited upon
him, and stated to him the necessity he was under of crossing
over ; upon which, he obtained his permission, and on asking
for his blessing, received it, and then hastened onwards to the
sea-shore at Portsmouth.

Here he found a vast concourse of the nobles of England,
of earls namely, barons, and knights, who were waiting for
a calm, and were extremely desirous to cross over, in con-
sequence of a most urgent summons on part of the king

» Thirteenth of August. 2° Fifteenth of August.

*"* ♦" *l To promote the sacpess of his suit.

u

290 COXTIXT7ATIOH Of THE HI8TOBT 09 CBOYUUFB. A. D. 1193.

their master. For, at this period, there was a mortal hatred
and a dreadful rupture between him and Philip, king of
France, who, by fraud rather than by violence, had wmted
from our lord, king Eichard, the greatest and best part of
Normandy, while he was detained a prisoner in Germany.
Our lord the king, being consequently desirouB to avenge hhn-
self, had summoned the chief men of England, and these making
preparations to cross over, the abbat joined them. Accord-
ingly, they embarked, and making a prosperous voyage, landed
at Barbeflet,* on the feast** of Saint Augustin the Doctor,
Being still in the company of the said nobles, who paid him
every mark of respect, he arrived at the city of Rouen. The
king of France, having led an army into Normandy, had al-
most entirely laid waste those territories ; in consequence of
which, the king of England was so crippled and reduced to
such straits, that he was able to attend to nothing else bat
expeditions, encampments, and the garrisoning of castles.
The abbat, therefore, deferred mentioning, for the present, to
the king the business upon which he had come.

In the meantime, the bishop of Ely, the chancellor of our
lord the king, returned, by way of England, from Germany,
whither the king of England had sent him to carry tribute34
to the emperor. On hearing of his return, the abbat went to
meet him, and disclosed to him the purport of his mission. A
short time having elapsed after this, on the day of Saint Lambert,
the king arrived at a manor of his called Fbnsarche. The abbat,
hastening thither, found the chancellor with the king, and being
unwilling to put it off any longer, besought his lord Hie king
to give his attention to the business upon which he had come.
Accordingly, he began humbly, but emphatically, to state to
him the cause of his journey ; the chancellor, however, took
the word from his mouth, and explained the whole circum-
stances of the case. Upon this, the king made answer, that
he very well remembered that he had come on the same busi-
ness to him when in Germany, and that he would with pleasure
grant hi™ a full measure of justice: "But follow me,M said
he, " until I can give you my entire attention/* Accordingly,
the chancellor, with the abbat, and others who were his well-
wishers, returned him thanks ; and the chancellor, onee more;
set out on his road for Germany, to visit the emperor.

23 Harfleur. n Twenty-eighth of August.

3* A portion of his ransom money, probably.

A. - D. 1 193. THE ABBAT'S INTERVIEW WITH THE KING. 291

As -for the abbat, and those who were with him, they followed
the king through villages, and castles, and cities, until the
king at last arrived at Falaise. Here the lord abbat earnestly
and anppliantly entreated him, and at the king's command
briefly and succinctly stated with his own lips the whole cir-
cumstances of the case. Upon this, the king seemed to be
much pleased both with his firmness of determination and the
succinctness of his address ; at the same time, seeing that his
adversaries, as above stated in the king's writ which they
had brought over, had promised him a payment of twenty
marks, he promised that he himself would pay the same
number to his lord the king. On this, the king briefly made
answer, that he wished to discuss the matter with his council.
These events took place on the day of St Mauritius34 the
Martyr.

After this, the abbat followed the king for several days
through numerous places, until at last he came to Gorham, on
the vigil of the feast of Saint Michael. On the following day,
during the solemnization of the holy mass, he approached the
king as a suppliant petitioner, and was favourably heard.
Calling to him Master Eustace, the keeper of his seal, " Make
haste," said he, " and despatch the business of this abbat,
and send our mandate to the archbishop of Canterbury, in the
following words : 'Richard, by the grace of God, king of
England, to the venerable father in Christ, Hubert, by the
same grace, archbishop of Canterbury. The abbat of Croy-
land, eoming to us while we were in Germany, stated unto us,
that, under pretext of default on his part, when, on account of
his brother, he did not dare appear, he had been disseised of a
certain marsh situate between Croyland and Spalding : upon
which we made enquiries of him and others, and found that
through tear on account of his brother * * he had taken
to flight and concealed himself, and had thereby committed
default ; which default we did forgive him. Wherefore, we
did, by our letters when we were in Germany, command that
the said abbat should have full and entire seisin of the said
marsh, in such form as the charter of Henry our father testi-
fies. Again commanding the same, we do will and have here-
by commanded you to carry out that which is stated according
to the tenor of the charter of our father and in conformity
85 Twenty-second of September.

292 coKinnjATioir op thb histoby op cboylaot. a.d. 1193.

with the customs of England relative to the said marsh ; and we
do warrant to him our charter hereupon, as also our forgive-
ness for his said default. And if it shall so happen that the prior
of Spalding has paid the twenty marks into our Exchequer,
which he promised unto you for receiving seisin of the said
marsh, you are to cause the same to he returned to him ; and
if he shall not have paid them, then you are not to receive
them ; seeing that he obtained the said letters from us by
means of a false suggestion.88 Nor yet is he to remain in pos-
session on account of the letters which the abbat of St Nicho-
las, at Angers, has obtained relative to the said marsh. And
this you are to do, when you shall have received the com-
mands of William de TEglise Saint Mary, hereupon. "Witness
myself at Gorham, this thirtieth day of September."

To the said William he also wrote as follows : " Richard,
by the grace of God, &c. To William de TEglise Saint Mary,
greeting. We do command you, that as soon as the abbat of
Croyland shall have given good sureties for payment to you of
fifty marks, payable within a certain time which we name to
him, you are to signify the same to the archbishop of Canter-
bury, that he may then do for the abbat those things relative
to the marsh of Croyland, which, by our letters, we have com-
manded him. Witness, myself, at Gorham, this thirtieth day
of September."

Accordingly, the abbat, on receiving these commands, de-
parted in all haste from the court, and made for the sea-coast,
in order that he might arrive by the fifteenth day after the
feast of Saint Michael, and appear against his adversaries.
But when he had arrived at Barbeflet, he had to wait there
for some time, being unable to cross over for the boisterousness
of the sea and waves ; consequently, he was unable to appear
at London before the justices, on the appointed day before-
mentioned. His deputies, however, whom he had left in
England, the monk Nicholas, and William the clerk, appeared
in court on the day named, and essoigned their abbat for de-
tention on the road beyond sea ; upon which, a further period
was granted him, according to the custom of the kingdom, of
one and forty days.

M The words " Epiacopi conventum " occur here, but they are capable
of no translation. Probably the meaning is, "a false suggestion that bis
appeal had been approved of by the bishops/'

A..T3. 1193. THE ABBAT OF CBOYLAOT ABBIVES IS LOBTDON. 293

On the day of St. Wulfran, the abbat landed at Portsmouth,

and, fatigued as he was, hastened with all possible speed to

Ixrndbn, to bring the business to a conclusion. On finding the

axchbishop, he presented to him the mandate of our lord the

king ; after looking at which, or hearing it read, he inquired

whether William de TEglise Saint Mary, of whom mention

was made in the king's mandate, had the requisite evidence ;

and, because he was not present, declined to take any further

steps on that occasion. In a short time, however, the said

William arrived ; and the abbat on learning his arrival, being

in no degree forgetful of his cause, immediately waited upon

nim» and saluting him on the king's behalf, presented his man-?

date : on reading and understanding which, the said William

asked if he could find sureties in conformity with the king's

commands, for payment of the fifty marks at the times named

for payment. Upon this, the abbat produced the lord William

d'Aubigny, and Master Stephen, archdeacon of Buckingham,

as his sureties. This took place before the solemn festival of

All Saints, and the before-named William appointed as the

period for payment of the first half, the ensuing Easter, and

as the time for the second payment, the feast of Saint Michael :

after which, he wrote to the lord archbishop a letter, containing

the precept of our lord the king, directed to himself, and stating

that he had satisfied him by finding most unexceptionable

sureties, and earnestly entreating him no longer to put off the

consideration of the abbat* b business.

When the lord archbishop heard this, he said that he was
desirous to confer with his brother justices on the subject.
Accordingly, the abbat waited there ten days, urgently en-
treating the archbishop, every day when he could find the
opportunity of approaching him, and until he was quite weary,
to give his attention to him and his suit. The prelate, how-
ever, was so much engaged with a multiplicity of affairs, that
he could give no attention whatever, to the conference. Still
however, in consequence of the importunity of the abbat, he
at last sent with him two of his private advisers, to appear
with the king's mandate before the justices on the Bench, in
order that they might hear, understand, and pronounce what
ought to be done in the matter. Accordingly, after reading
the abbat's charters as well as the letters from our lord the
king, it appeared to them that the seisin of the marsh ought to

294 COJTTimrATHET OP THE HISTOHY OP CBOtLlKD. A.ftllS3.

remain peaceably in the abbafs hands. But as, in the* king's
mandate, a direction was contained, that the trial respecting
the marsh shonld.be carried on in conformity with the customs
of England, the archbishop desired especially to be informed
as to that expression, and what was requisite to b© done. To
this question the judges made answer that as the abbot had
been disseised for his default, and the king had forgiven him
that default, and had warranted to him his charter and his
pardon for the said default, he was said to recover his seisin
according to the custom of England, which through the
said default he had lost. The persons who had been sent, on
their return, stated to the archbishop what they had heard
from the justices. This took place on the day of St. Germanm
The archbishop, however, sent word that^ it was his duty to
make enquiry of the abbat, whether he had been guilty of
such default through fear, as our lord the king had stated in
his letter, or whether through contempt of the king's court.
In this way did his lordship put off the business until the mor-
row of All Saints.

At length he took his seat in court, on the day of All Souls,
and the justiciaries being seated on either side of him, the
abbat made his appearance, indefotigably entreating him to
bring the business to a conclusion. Upon this, the arch-
bishop ordered the king's precept to be read aloud. This
having been read in the hearing of all, he began to enquire of
those who at the time were seated on the bench, which cause,
fear or contempt of the king's court, had given rise to this
legal default. After the judges had conferred together pri-
vately on the subject, one of them, a most worthy and prudent
man, Richard Heriet by name, arose and said to the arch-
bishop, that the enquiries which our lord the king, in his
present letter, testified that he had made, ought to be quite
sufficient for their purpose, just as Hie fact was openly stated
among other matters in the royal mandate. The archbishop,
as well as the other judges, concurred in this opinion; their
names were as follow : — Boger Bigot, William do Wa*enner
William de Brinner, Richard Harte, archdeacon of Ely, Rich-
ard Heriet, Simon de Pateshill, Osbert Fitz-Herney, and Henry
de Ghastell.

Upon this, the archbishop wrote to the sheriff of Lincoln,
to the following effect : — " Hubert, by the grace of God, &c,

A.O.. 1194. DECISION XX PAYQVB OJ THX ABBAT OF CROYXAXD. 296

to the sheriff of Lincoln, greeting. Know that our lord the
king grants unto the abbat, of Croyland his pardon for the
default which he made at the time when our lord the long
was upon hi* pilgrimage, and in consequence of which de-
fault hje was disseised of his marsh, which lies between Croy-
land aad Spalding; and has commanded that he shall have
Hill seisin thereof. Wherefore, we do command you, without
<lelay, to let him have such seisin as he had thereof before
that, by reason of the before mentioned default, he was disseised
thereof."

Accordingly, in the year from the Incarnation of our Lord,
1 193, abbat Henry returned with full seisin of the marsh.
However, on the day named, as before-mentioned, for his de-
puties to appear, he wished, for the sake of additional pre-
caution, to be present, and on the. morrow of Saint Edmund,
the king and Martyr, made his appearance at London. The
prior of Spalding, however, was unwilling that all his labour
should be in vain, and though he understood for certain the
success which had attended the abbat of Croyland in his suit,
he sent thither one of his monks, Hugh, surnamed Grull, who
used every exertion in his power to our disadvantage. How*
ever, when he appeared before the justiciaries, he was in-
formed by them, that the abbat of Croyland, in conformity
with the king's precept, and the common opinion of them-
selves, was entitled to possession of his marsh, and ought
quietly and peaceably to hold the same, unless our lord the
king should command otherwise. Upon this, Grull departed
in extreme sorrow and confusion, thereby illustrating the
words, " Let them be confounded and put to shame who wish
me evil." »

In the following year, being compelled by necessity through
the debt due to the king, the abbat had to sell the greater
part of a plantation of alders, a considerable portion of which
he had only begun to plant in the preceding year. In the
same year, being the sixtieth from the first removal of the
remains of our patron, Saint Guthlac, the Confessor, another
having taken place, for the purpose of bestowing additional
honor and glory upon his shrine and the workmanship by
which it was distinguished. Accordingly, on the fifth day
before the calends of May, being Saturday, after matin lauds
88 Psalm xl. 14.

296 C0SU3TTATI0X Of THE HISTOBT OF CBQTIAKD. A.D. 1202.

were ended, the shrine was moved from its place and placed
in another quarter, the community and many other persons
with due reverence standing around and chaunting psalms.
The body of the blessed man was then placed in a coffin,
sealed down with iron and lead in six different places, and
set upon a new altar, which had been built in the meantime
above the steps. On the Monday following, being the mor-
row of the day of39 Saint Yitalis the Martyr, the workmen
began to excavate beneath the great altar, for the purpose of
repairing it. This work of the altar was finished on the day
of the Apostles Saint Philip and Saint James; upon which,
our workers in marble set to work at the erection of the slabs
of marble, and placed columns beneath for their support.
After the marble casing had been completed, the most holy
[body] was placed thereon, upon the calends of June, being
Thursday. On this day there was great rejoicing among all
the people ; as vast multitudes had assembled together from
every quarter, upon hearing reports of the intended removal
of the body. The abbat and the convent, amid joyous
chaunts and with becoming pomp, and with the greatest
manifestations of gladness on part of the clergy and the popu-
lace, placed the relics of the holy body in its shrine upon the
marble slabs, in manner to be seen at the present day. And,
in order that this day might thenceforth be distinguished, it
was by the common consent of all ordained, that on that day
the sequence30 should be sung at the celebration of high mass
in the convent in honor of Saint Guthlac, the occasion being
such that the sequence .might appropriately be sung. For,
though from ancient times, Thursday had been assigned at
Croyland to their patron, and the monks wore their copes in
the choir ; on this occasion in especial, the veneration shewn
to him was redoubled, adding thereby to the praise of our
Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be praise and glory for ever and
ever. Amen.

After this, the lord abbat Henry and the church of Croy-
land, entrusted to his charge, held their marsh, so often men-
tioned, in peace and quietness for nearly nine years, to the
great sorrow and indignation of the prior of Spalding, Nicho-

*• Twenty-eighth of April.

90 The sequence was the hymn of praise sung on the principal festi-
vals before the Gospel.

A.D. 1202. THE ABBAT OF ANGERS APPEALS TO XING JOHN. 297

las by name, and his monks, as well as many others who were
partisans of Hoyland ; who, however, awaited and pondered
over the time that was to come for taking their revenge. At
last, after king Richard had departed this life, and his bro-
ther John • had succeeded him, they thought that their mo-
ment of good fortune had arrived, and that luck smiled more
auspiciously upon them; because, as has been already men-
tioned, it was through the same John, then earl of Mortaigne,
that they had contrived to gain seisin of the marsh.

Accordingly, in the year of grace, 1202, which was, if I
am not mistaken, the third, year of the reign of king John,
they sent envoys beyond sea, the above-named Hugh the
monk, with some others ; who paid a visit to Jocelyn of An-
gers, their abbat, and stated to him the cause and design of
their journey. Upon this, attended by them, he appeared be-
fore long John, and by a careful relation of the facte endea-
voured to recall to his recollection how, in his presence, he
had, by judgment of the court of king Bichard, obtained seisin
against the abbat of Croyland of a certain marsh ; adding,
that afterwards the same abbat had, without trial, and through
the violent conduct of his brother, the chancellor, recovered
seisin thereof. At last;, he promised our lord king John that
he would give him forty marks to have judicial record and
reasonable judgment upon the matter: upon which, the king
wrote to Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, who was then sitting as chief
justice in England, and whose grace and favour the men of
Spalding had, by many acts of great obsequiousness, obtained,
to the following effect :—

" John, by the grace of God, king of England, to his dearly-
beloved and faithful Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, earl of Essex, greet-
ing. Tou are to know that the abbat of Saint Nicholas, at
Angers, has come unto us and has promised to us forty marks
for gaining seisin of a certain marsh between Croyland and
Spalding, relative to which there was a trial between his
prior of Spalding and the abbat of Croyland in the court of
king Bichard our brother at Westminster ; and which was by
record and reasonable judgment of the said court awarded to
the said prior, as he says. Wherefore, we do command you,
after taking security from him for the payment of the said
forty marks at fit and proper times, to hear read before you
the record of the said trial, and, acoording to the record and

298 coimxvwair o? this huxost <hp ofioruxn. Am. K02.

reasonable judgment of the said trial, without delay to let him
have full seisin of the said marsh in conformity with jto&ee,
and according to the customs of England. Walter/*

Upon this, Geoffrey Rte-Peter directed this mandate udder
his seal to Gerard de Camville, the then sheriff of Lincoln,
end wrote to the following effect : — " Geoffrey, &c. to the
sheriff of Lincoln, greeting. Know that the prior of Spal-
ding has given us security by Simon de lima, that he will
pay forty marks unto our lord the king, which he has pro-
mised to him for having seisin of the marsh between Groy-
land and Spalding ; as to which a trial took place in the court
of our lord the king, between him and the achat of Croyland.
'Wherefore, by trusty summoners, you are to summon the said
abbat to appear before us at Westminster) on the octave of
Saint Martin, to hear record and reasonable judgment thereon,
and are there to have the summoners, and this writ."

This summons was made at Croyland, on the morrow of the
Apostles, Saint Simon and Saint Jude, before the ninth hour;
but the lord abbat had departed from Croyland early in the
morning. The writ of summons was sent alter him ; on hear-
ing which, he waited upon Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, that he might
obtain his advice; and was, among other things, recommended
by him to cross the sea to our lord the king*

Accordingly, the abbat appointed as his deputy to appear
throughout the suit, before the said Geoffrey, John de Sandon,
Who was then seneschal of the abbey of Croyland. Before
the day named, he also presented him at London before the
justices on the Bench, whose names were Richard Heriet,
Simon de Pattishill, John de Cestling, Walter de Crepinges,
Eustace de Fautub, and Master Godfrey de l'lale. After this,
the abbat proceeded to wait upon the lord archbishop of Can-
terbury, because it was while he was sitting as chief justice
of England, that he had, in conformity with the precept of
king Biohard, as above stated, recovered seisin of his marsh ;
and upon Eustace, the lord bishop of Ely, who was the then
chancellor of the same king ; and, as they were both ac-
quainted with the circumstances of the case, he asked their
advice upon the matter. They both condoled with him on
this unjust and vexatious conduct, and bringing to their re-
collection, as well as they could, the true circumstances of the
case, gave testimony thereto, and wrote letters in his favour.

M. 1202. HTJQH, BISHOP OF L1KC0UT, MOCS. 299

fhe lord archbishop of Canterbury wrote to the following

" Hubert, by the grace of God, archbishop of Canterbury,
&q.j to Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, earl of Essex, greeting. We send
unto yon a most truthful copy of the letter sent to us by king
Richard, of happy memory, on behalf of the abbat of Croy*
land, as to a certain marsh, which lies between Croyland and
Spalding, and relative to which there is a dispute between the
said abbat and the prior of Spalding. We believe that if it
had come to the knowledge of our lord the king, that his said
brother sent unto us such letter, you would [not]*1 have re*
ceired from him such oommands as you have now received
against the above-named abbat. Wherefore do you make it
your care to come to such conclusion as, in your discretion,
you shall consider to be consonant with what is reasonable and
just." The tenor of the letter written by the king will be
found set forth at length above.

The lord bishop of Ely also wrote to the following effect :— *
"Eustace, by the grace of God, bishop of Ely, * * * to
his friends, the justiciaries of our lord the king, on the Bench
seated, greeting, and brotherly love. As we do well reooUeot,
while lung Bichard, of happy memory, was still living, the
abbat of Croyland appeared before him at Gorham, upon which
the king fully pardoned him for the default of which he had
been guilty on the trial concerning the marsh between him
and the prior of Spalding. This we have thought proper to
notify to you, in order that the truth relative thereto may be
fully known and ascertained."

In this year died, at London, Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, of
holy memory : upon which, his body was carried to Lincoln,
where it was buried with great pomp by king John, who had
lately come over to England, together with the archbishops,
and bishops, and other dignitaries of the kingdom.

In the meantime, the octave of Saint Martin, the time named
to the abbat of Croyland for hearing the cause, drew nigh ;
upon which, the before-named John, the abbat' s deputy, had
himself essoigned for illness on the road ; and the justices, in
conformity with the precept of Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, gave him
another very short day to appear at the end of fifteen days,
being the day after the feast of Saint Andrew. Upon hearing
• 5l The negative is here omitted by accident.

300 COOTINTJATION OP THfi HISTOKY OF CR0YLA3CD. A.D. 1262.

of this, the abbat and his friends were reduced to still greater
straits ; for they had hoped that a longer time would have
been granted them, a day, namely, after the octave of Saiot
Hilary ; that so, in the meantime, they might be enabled ttf
cross over to our lord the king, and make known to him the
true state of the case. Indeed, he had made every prepara-
tion for crossing over, the last time that he had left Croyland
before the feast of All Saints ; and consequently, the convent
of Croyland thought that he had already crossed over, as, in
the meantime, he had neither returned nor sent any message
home. It was quite unexpectedly, then, that a messenger ar-
rived from him, ordering his prior, Nicholas de Toft, Geoffrey
de Horva, the cellarer, and the proctor of the abbey, to
meet the lord abbat at London, on a day named. Hastening
thither, they found the lord abbat in the county of Cambridge,
at his manor of Drayton : upon which they proceeded onwards
together to London. Here they were met by Osbert de Long-
champ, the brother of the lord abbat, and a certain wise and
discreet knight, Reginald de Argent byname ; by whose advice
the lord abbat addressed his entreaties to each of the most
powerful men in the court, namely, John de Gray, the then
lord bishop of Norwich, and a great favourite with the king,
and Simon de Pateshill, and Richard de Heriet, with many
others, begging them to show a kind attention to his interests*
Nicholas, prior of Spalding, also came, together with his
supporters and many friends of high rank, for a rich man ge-
nerally has many friends. Upon the day named for the trial,
he appeared before the justiciaries on the Bench, and preferred
his claims against the abbat of Croyland ; who, on being called,
immediately appeared, and, in conformity with the usual cus-
tom, demanded to hear the writ: upon which the writ of
summons was produced and read. But the original could
not be heard, as it only spoke of the abbat of Saint Nicholas
at Angers : and to this the abbat of Croyland was not bound
to answer, seeing that the abbat himself was not present, nor
yet had appointed any one to act in his stead. In consequence
of this, they decided tbat he was only bound to answei
the last writ, the one which Geoffrey Fitz-Peter had directed,
under his seal, to the sheriff of Lincoln. Upon this, the abbat
t>f Croyland withdrew with his friends and counsel, and, after
holding a short conference! returned. The prior, however,

A.l*. 1202. DELTBESATION OF THE JUDGES. 301

urged most strenuously that the precept82 of our lord the king
ought to be carried into effect, and that record should be granted
to him and reasonable judgment as to a certain marsh between
Croyland and Spalding. To this, a certain man, wise in the
things of this world, who spoke in the abbat* s behalf (John
Gluccente by name, a citizen of London), made answer, that
the lord abbat of Croyland had no wish whatever to avoid
record of the court and reasonable judgment, but that he de.
manded the writ which contained the foundation of the
trial, and from an examination of which the judgment and
record ought to be formed ; and, if he could in no way ob-
tain that, he demanded view to be made of the marsh be-
tween Croyland and Spalding, as, in consequence of many
former trials, many points were to be easily obtained upon the
spot. Upon this, the judges enquired at what time this suit
was first mooted ; to which the men of Spalding made answer,
in the time of king Richard, when "Walter, archbishop of
Rouen, was chief-justice of England, Robert de Whitefeld, of
whom mention has been previously made, acting as his assessor.
The abbat and hfe friends admitted that such was the fact, and
were greatly rejoiced at it ; both because, most unjustly and
contrary to all forms of civil law, he was dragged to trial by
that writ by which abbat Robert, his predecessor, had been
summoned, as also, because the forgiveness of his default which
king Richard had granted him, and the charter confirming pos*
session of the marsh to the abbat was posterior thereto in
time ; and, of two mandates, the one that comes last prevails.
The justiciaries, on hearing this, arose from the bench and held
conference with the barons of the Exchequer, and the faithful
servants of our lord the king who were there sitting.

On the morrow they took their seats on the Bench, and both
parties made their appearance : upon which, Simon de Pates*
hill stated that the question required still further considera-
tion, and several of his brother judges were not then present,
as the Advent of our Lord was just then being celebrated, and
no other trial, except the one in question, was going on ; in con-
sequence of which, it would be necessary to postpone the trial
for the present, that it might be heard more at length, and
time might be gained for due deliberation. Accordingly, they
appointed another day, eight days after the octave of Saint
38 The king' 8 letter or precept to Geoffrey Rtz-Peter,

302 coNTnnuTiolr of the histoky of cboylaxo. a.d. WL

Hilary ; in order that, in the meantime, the original writ, fhe
foundation of the whole cause, might be searched for, sal
those persons might he enquired after and summoned, under
whose care the matter in dispute had been enquired into, see-
ing that not one of them, except the said Simon [de Pateshill],
was then sitting on the bench ; and he was unwilling alone to
give judgment, from a feeling that he ought not to do so. The
abbat and his Mends were much pleased at this delay, as he
was quite ready to cross over; but he first gave the letter of
his lordship of Canterbury, and that of his lordship of Ely,
to John de Bandon and his friends who stayed behind, in order
to strengthen their cause, in case he should not be able to
return to England by the day fixed for the trial : immediately
after which, he set out, but was delayed some time at Ports-
mouth, waiting for a fair wind and a smooth sea. The prior
of Spalding also sent an envoy in his behalf to act against him,
a very shrewd monk, Godfrey by name, who then held the
office of cellarer in his monastery.

At this time, also, his lordship of Canterbury, and his lord-
ship of Ely, having been summoned by the king's most urgent
mandate to come over, were at Shoreham, waiting for a fair
opportunity of crossing. The abbat of Croyland, however,
embarked on the feast of Saint Lucia at Portsmouth, and making
a prosperous voyage, landed the next day at Barbeflet ; his
lordship of Canterbury having arrived in Normandy four days
before. On landing, the abbat immediately proceeded towards
Montfort, as the king and the archbishop had just arrived there*
On the vigil of Saint Thomas the Apostle, the abbat had an
interview with the king, in presence of the archbishop, and in
a suppliant and simple narrative related his story in the hearing
of the king ; briefly stating how that he had been disseised of
his marsh, on account of a default which he had made through
fear, as he did not dare appear before a court of justice, his
brother the bishop of Ely having been just expelled from Eng-
land, and his other brothers thrown into prison, while our lord
king Richard was tarrying in the land of Syria ; how, too, that
the same king, when he had waited upon him in Germany, and
made his complaint, had fully forgiven him his default. He
also stated how that the lord archbishop had, in conformity
with the king's mandate, restored him to seisin and possession.
The archbishop, who was present, on hearing this statement,

A..D. 1202; DELAY 0* TSB SUIT. 803

-testified to the truth thereof, and supported the prayer of the
abbdt addressed to the king, to the effect that he would ratify
and grant forgiveness for his default, in the same manner that
the king his brother had granted it to him. Upon this, the
Iting very graciously promised that he would shew unto him a
fall measure of justice ; but gave orders that he should attend
liim until he could give more leisure to the consideration of his
case.

At the same time, one Godfrey, a monk, and a very crafty,
forward man, who had been sent by the prior of Spalding to
net against the abbat of Croyland, offered every possible oppo-
sition, resisted him to his face, both in presence of the king
and elsewhere, and in every way impeded the transaction of
his business. The consequence was, that it was protracted for
a very considerable time. Still, however, the abbat of Croy-
land, following the king about through castles and villages,
unweariedly persisted in the prosecution of his suit. In the
mean time, king John determined to celebrate the approaching
festival of our Lord's Nativity in a style of kingly magnificence
at Argenton, convoking the princes and nobles of his territories
for the purpose. Being, among the rest, and before all others,
invited by name, the earl of Chester came ; a man who was the
patron and advocate of the people of Spalding, and diligently
promoted their suit. Accordingly, he earnestly entreated the
king, and his friends and advisers, to favour the interests of
his monks ; for, as he said, what was done for them would be
considered as done for himself. After thus recommending to
each and all the monk Godfrey and his suit, he departed from
court. Upon this, gaining fresh courage, Godfrey often and
earnestly entreated the king, by fresh letters to command the
justioes of England, without excuse or delay, to dispatch the
business of the prior of Spalding, according to the tenor of the
letters formerly written, and promised the king twenty marks
of silver in addition to the forty marks that had been previously
promised.

The abbat of Croyland, on hearing this, was extremely
anxious, both because our lord the king had so greatly delayed,
the settlement of his business, as also beeause the courtiers did
not, as yesterday and the day before, shew to him a favourable
countenance. At length, however, being sensible that in this
court hardly any business could be expedited, unless through

304 cosrnsnuxzD? o* m bjstok? of <5Boyla3«d. £*! ifi02.

the intervention of presents or promises, after holding iipustel
with his well-wishers, he offered the king no small nwmjoi
money, on condition, that he would by his charter grant d^itini
the same forgiveness for his default which king RicharqL&ad
granted him; this, however, the king put off until, he skauM
have arrived at Saint Susanne, Here the abbat entreated !ibe
king, with his usual earnestness, that he would deign to Ikten
to his prayers. The monk Godfrey, however, pressed the king
with no less degree of earnestness. Upon this, the king* IW-
lowing the counsels of his prudent advisers, and desirous ipr
the time to satisfy both sides, determined to accept the promises
made by both. Accordingly, he gave to the monk Godfrey Ms
letters, to the following effect : " John, by the grace of God,
king of England, &c. to Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, greeting. You
are to know, that the prior of Spalding, besides the forty marks
which he had previously promised us, has made a final arrange-
ment with us, on payment of twenty marks of silver, to have
record and reasonable judgment against the abhat of Croyland,
in the suit between them relative to the marsh. Where-
fore, we do command you, that if he shall give you security
for payment of the said money, at the times which are known
to you, then you are, without delay, to let the said prior have
record and reasonable judgment, according to the custom of
England, and according to the tenor of our former letters which
you have received upon the subject, and according to the terms
of the said suit which has been reasonably carried on between
them. Witness, myself, &c."

He also gave a letter to the abbat of Croyland, to. the. fol-
lowing effect: — "John, by the grace of God, &c., to GegnYey
Fitz-Peter, greeting. We command you forthwith to hear
the cause between the abbat of Croyland and the prior of
Spalding as to a certain marsh, and to award to the abbat of
Croyland what, on hearing the said trial, ought to be awarded
to him, and to the prior of Spalding the same, You are also
by your letters to signify unto us the progress of the wbole
matter, and your determination hereupon. Witness, myself^ at
Feschamp, on the tenth day of January."

Godfrey, the monk of Spalding, on receiving his letter; de-
parted from the court with exultation, and hastened to return
to England, expecting that he would be able without any op-
position to bring his business to the desired conclusion, "before

A*J»w 1202. LBTTBB OF THE ABCHBISHOP OF OA2TTEBBUBT. 305

the abbat of Croyland should be able to return; as he was
aware that he had hitherto made little or no progress with the
king in the promotion of his suit. For the abbat had departed
from court at the same period, but still remained for a short
time in those parts, being occupied about this as well as various
other business of his, as he had no wish to be in too great haste
to return, a day having been given to him and his adversaries
to appear before the judges in the [King's] Bench at West-
minster,—the octave of Saint Hilary; and besides, he had
prudently taken all due precautions before crossing over, ap-
pointing John de Sandon to act as his attorney in his stead,
and to promote his suit. However, his attorney was not able
to appear on the day named ; upon which, be had himself
essoigned until a future day, and another day was named, at
the end of three weeks.

In the meantime, by the providence of God, the abbat of
Croyland safely crossed over, and on the day named came to
Westminster and presented himself before the judges. His
adversaries also appeared, , and with them many of the wise
men of this world whom they had induced by entreaties and
hired with fees, making sure beyond all doubt that they should,
on. this occasion, cany their entire wishes folly into effect.
Accordingly, when the justiciaries had taken their seats on the
bench, both parties appeared, and the prior of Spalding prayed
the judges that the precept of our lord the king might be read
aloud, and judgment given in his favour without delay, as the
king had commanded. The abbat of Croyland, meanwhile,
delayed producing his letters, thinking it neither a fitting time
nor place for that purpose. While, however, the judges were
discussing this matter with the nobles of the kingdom, the
abbat of Croyland came before them and produced to them a
letter written by the archbishop of Canterbury, and directed to
the judges, to the following effect : " Hubert, by the grace of
God, archbishop of Canterbury, &c, to Geoffrey Fitz-Peter,
greeting. We send unto you a most truthful copy of the let-
ter sent to us by king Richard of nappy memory, in behalf
of the abbat of Croyland, as to a certain marsh which lies be-
tween Croyland and Spalding, and relative to which there is a
dispute between the said abbat and the prior of Spalding. We
believe that if it had come to the knowledge of our lord the
king that his said brother had sent unto us such letter relative

x

806 cowxnnjATioir or the histoby of cboyulnd. A<ivi2Q2.

to this matter, you-would not have received from hinr such
commands. Wherefore, do you make it your care to come to
such conclusion, as, in your discretion, you shall consider to be
consonant with what is reasonable and just."

The lord archbishop of Canterbury also sent the letters
which he had received in the time of king Eichard, when he
himself was justiciary of all England, relative to the grant of
pardon for the default which the abbat had made ; which were
enclosed under the same impression of his seal with the last.
"When the letters of king Eichard had been read, in which the
result of the whole case was set forth, as well as the letters of
his lordship of Canterbury, in which he testified that he had
received them by command of king Eichard, after much dis-
cussion, all the judges there present, together with the council
of the wise men of the kingdom, were of opinion that a war-
ranty thus made by the king ought to be confirmed and ratified ;
and that the abbat of Croyland ought not to incur any harm by-
reason thereof. The names of the justiciaries who were on
the Bench are as follow : Simon de Patishill, Eichard Heriet,
John de Sestinges, Walter Crepi, Eustace de Fauconberg, and
Godfrey de l'lsLe* Besides these, many nobles also appeared
in court, to support the interests of the realm, and were pre-
sent at that day's deliberations. The names of these were as
follow : John, lord bishop of Norwich, Eoger, earl of Clare,
Eobert Fitz- Walter, Geoffrey de Bouchlande, William de
Warenne, with many others, all of whom, without the slightest
difference, were of the same opinion. Still, however, judg-
ment was not publicly given on that day, because Geoffrey
Fitz-Peter, who was then the chief justiciary of England, was
not present ; for it seemed proper to all, that, as the king's
letters relative to the said business had been directed to the
said Geoffrey as chief justice, judgment should be given in his
presence. Accordingly the abbat and the prior were called in,
and a day was appointed for them, at the end of eight days
from that day.

Accordingly, on the day named, the said Geoffrey Fitz-Peter
appeared, and the other justiciaries with him. After the pro-
ceedings had been read before him, which had taken place
between the said abbat and prior, he differed with them all,
and wished to overthrow and nullify the judgment which the
justiciaries and barons of the exchequer had given. However,

A.D. 1202. LETTEB TO 70JOT, XXKG 01 DTOLAOT. 307

they all with one voice made answer, that they neither would,
nor ought to, have any fresh consideration of the matter, as it
appeared to them that the judgment which they had given was
right. After they had contended long and earnestly on the
matters aforesaid, Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, seeing that he could not,
unaided, struggle against them all, put off the trial until the
following day. The next morning, he ordered all the justices
to appear before him, to discuss the matters before-mentioned.
When they again differed on the same .point, Geoffrey Fitz-
Peter replied, that it seemed just to him that, as a difference
on this matter had arisen between them, a statement of the
whole case, from the very beginning up to that day, should be
sent to Normandy, to the king ; and that our lord the king
would do what should seem to him to be just. This he said,
because he favoured the side of the prior of Spalding. At last,
however, all the justices agreed that the abbat of Croyland and
the prior of Spalding should have letters to the same effect,
and send their deputies to carry to the king the letters of the
justiciary on the said matter, and that whatever directions the
long should write in answer, they would willingly carry out
the same.

The form of these letters was as follows : " To his reverend
lord, John, by the grace of God, the illustrious king of England,
&c., Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, greeting and faithful obedience in all
things. Tou have ordered us to let the prior of Spalding have
record and judgment of the trial which took place between
him and the abbat of Croyland, relative to the marsh situate
between Spalding and Croyland ; which was to the effect, that
in the time of king Richard, your brother, the prior of Spalding,
in his court, claimed against the said abbat the aforesaid marsh.
After summons, the abbat made essoign for being confined by
illness to his bed, by reason of which he was detained at Croy-
land. When, by judgment of the court, four knights went to
Croyland, to make view of the said abbat and his illness, they
did not find him there, and so, through his default, the prior
recovered seisin of the marsh by judgment of the court. After
this, the abbat appeared before king Richard, your brother,
and gave him to understand that it was through the banish*
stent of his brother from England, and the imprisonment of
some others of his brothers, that he had not dared to appear,
but had taken to flight, and so prevailed upon him to warrant

308 CONTHTOATIOK OF THB HISTOBY 0T €S07lA]n>. A*«^203t

to him pardon for his default, upon wMch the abbat was <js£.
instated in seisin of the said marsh. Wherefore, up?n acp+
sidering the said warranty, although it does not appear to yq&f
court in England, hut that our lord the king, your brothf^
could lawfully enough grant such warranty, and that yau.^a^
a similar power, we have been unwilling to give an egress
judgment hereupon, before you should be certified npontbe
before-mentioned record, and should have more expressly stated
your wish hereupon. May our lord long fare well uMbe
Lord."

When these letters had been written and sealed, one was
delivered to each party. The abbat of Croyland, on departing
from court, returned home ; while the prior of Spalding imme-
diately despatched his monk, before-named, to the king, that
he might arrive before the deputy of the abbat of Croyland,
and, by means of presents and promises, accomplish his object.
On this, the monk of Spalding, making all haste, left London,
on the succeeding Saturday, before any of the others, hastened
to the sea-side, and speedily arrived at Portsmouth, hoping to
make a quick passage over, and to reach the king in a very
short space of time. But, by the providence of God, whom
the sea and the winds obey, it happened otherwise ; for ho had
to stay there nearly forty days, and, although he repeatedly at-
tempted it, was never able to cross. In the mean tuofc, the
abbat of Croyland had returned home, in order that he might
take a little rest, after the fatigues of so long a journey :. on
which occasion he was met by his people, who received hiin
with joy.

A few days after, the lord abbat dispatched his envoy to the
king, John de Preston, who' had crossed over twice Wore.
Trusting rather to the goodness of God than his own wisdom,
he commended himself to God and the prayers of his brethren,
and immediately set out for the sea-side. On arriving at the
port called Shoreham, he found there some of the nobles of the
kingdom, who were intending to visit the king, and among them
the bishop of Coventry ; upon which, the monk attached him-
self to him, and begged that he would receive him ijfc his
retinue, so that he might pass over under his protection.' Ac-
cordingly, the before-named bishop graciously received hint
and showed the greatest kindness to him as long as he was
staying at the before-mentioned harbour, . At this t^m* IM

i&-12Mr. AH XNTOT DESPATCHED TO THE XBKJ. 309

one^Wta able to cross over, either at Portsmouth or at Shore*
htin,fn consequence of the badness of the weather and the
ftfr* of the winds ; consequently, the said John stayed there a
whole week, in a state of the greatest anxiety, being fearftti
test hi* adversary, who had proceeded to the other port, should
jgti£ to hk journey's end before him, and appear first before the
king; &nd so execute the commission of the prior of Spalding,
there- being no one to oppose him. One day, however, it so
happened that the tempest was lulled, and the sea became
pretty calm, upon which there was great gladness among the
pedjfle who were desirous to cross over. Still, not one of the
nobles who were there dared venture to make the passage, in
consequence of the troubled state 'of the sea^and the uncer-
tainty of the winds, which were not quite lulled. The said
John, however, seeing one vessel, which had on board some
poor people and pilgrims, ready to cross over, embarked among
the rest, and, by the guidance of the Lord, landed the next
day in Normandy; while all the nobles were still staying be*
hind, at Shoreham, and the monk of Spalding as well, who
had long preceded him, and had been detained at Portsmouth:
Directly the said John had landed he set out to wait upon
the king, and found him at Rouen. On coming into his pre-
sence, he produced the letter of the justiciaries, and delivered
it to him, and at the same time related to the king with his
own lips the circumstances of the case, which were not so
folly entered into by the letter. After the king had discussed
the matter with the wise men of his court who were then
present, and had enquired of them what he ought to do, they
made answer that in such manner as he himself would wish
his own warranty, if he should give one to any person, to be con-
firmed and held good, he himself ought to confirm the warranty
that had been made by his brother king Richard, whose heir
he was. Our lord the king, on hearing this, expressed his
willingness, both to let the warranty of king Richard hold
good, and to receive the sum' of one hundred marks that had
been promised him by the abbat of Croyland. Accordingly,
he stated to the said monk of Croyland, that, if he would en*
gage that the sum promised should be paid at the fitting time,
fee would by his* charter confirm the warranty which king
jttchard had made to the abbat of Croyland; and would be-
ttd&'gxv* a favourable ear to any other business of his which

910 coOTHnrATHnr or the hiotort 6t ceotlaitd. jCaUiaoa.

he might happen to hare in his court. Upon: this, too ant
John (reflecting how delay often brings with it danger, and
fearing that even yet the envoy of the prior of Spalding might
arrive at court, and by means of presents and promises thtaw
impediments in his way), by advice of their lordships, Ike
archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop of Ely, whom he had
found at court, acquiesced in the wishes of the king* Accorii-
ingly, our lord the king gave orders that the warranty made to
the abbat of Croyland by king Biehard should be confirmed
by his charter, and that the marsh, relative to which the de-
fault had been made, should, under his seal, be confirmed to
the abbat of Croyland in such manner as it had been by the
charter of king Henry his father. This was accordingly done,
in manner hereinafter stated.

When, therefore, the Lord guiding him, the said John had,
by the king's permission, transacted this and the other business
entrusted to him, he returned to England as quickly as he
could, on his road home to Croyland, whence he had been sent ;
while the envoy of the prior of Spalding was still staying on
this side of the sea. However, he afterwards crossed over,
and waiting upon the king, made great promises ; but effecting
nothing thereby, he withdrew from court and returned home,
in accordance with the words, " Let them be confounded and
put to shame who wish me evil."18

The charter of our lord the king, John, as to t^e confirma-
tion of the boundaries of the abbey, and of which mention is
made above, was to the following effect: "John, by thegsaee
of God, king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy
and Aquitaine, and earl of Anjou, to the archbishops, bishops,
abbats, earls, barons, justiciaries, sheriffs, and all his bedhffe
and faithful subjects, greeting. Know ye, that we have
granted and confirmed unto God and the church of Saint
Guthlac at Croyland, and to the abbat and monks there serving
God, all the lands and tenements, and other the possessions to
the said church belonging, and in especial the site of the said
abbey, together with the boundaries thereof herein named,
which extend as follow; a distance of five leagues, from Croy-
land to the place where the Asendyk falls into the waters of
the "Welland, and thence by Asendyk to Aswyktoft, and thence
to Shepishee, and thence to Tydwarthar. Thence to Nomatfc-
» Psalm art. 14. * Twenty-eighth of April

Tti&:i205L CHASTEB OJ KLSQ JOHK. 311

land, and to through the river called Nene to Fynset, and
thence upwards through Fynset to Greynes, and so to Polk-
•wpldBtakyng,30 and thenoe along the course of Southlake, as
it Mis into the Welland. Thence across the Welland, towards
tnfe north, as far as Aspath, and thence to Werwarlake, and so
to Harmboite, and thence upwards, through the water, to
Miengeriake, and so through LurtLake as far as Oggot, and
thence- along the course of the Apynholt as it falls into the
Welland, together with all piscaries- to the said boundaries
belonging. Wherefore we do will and strictly command that
the before-named church, and abbat, and monks shall hold and
for ever possess all their lands, tenements, and other their pos-
sessions, and all the gifts which since the death of king Henry,
the grandfather of our father, have been reasonably given to
them, rally, peacefully, freely, quietly, and honorably, to enjoy
the same in wood and in plain, in meadows and in pastures,
in waters and in marshes, in preserves and in fisheries, in mills
and in mill-dams, and in all other things and places, with
right of Sach and Soch, and Thol, and Them, and Infangthefo,
end with all other free customs and acquittances, as fully,
freely, and quietly as the said church, and abbat, and monks
held the same in the time of king Henry, the grandfather of
our father, or other our predecessors kings of England, and as
fully, freely, and quietly as any churches in our kingdom of
[England hold the same, in such manner as is by the charter of
king Henry our father reasonably testified, &c. Given by the
•hand of Simon, archdeacon of Wells."

Hot even thus, however, did the venerable abbat Henry gain
the wished- for repose, but, like a stone out of the living rock to
be placed in a heavenly house, was he squared, both on the
right side and on the left, by repeated blows and numerous
buffetings. For Acharius, also, the abbat of Burgh Saint
Peter (not content with his own boundaries, but desirous, con-
trary to the prophetio warning, " to join house to house, and
lay field to field, till there be no place/'81) first, by the royal
writ, obtained of the king from beyond sea, impleaded the said
abbat Henry, and without any good reason claimed against
him our southern marsh called Alderland, of which our monas-
tery had held undisturbed possession from its foundation until
the times of our said father, just as the Assyrians did against
the people of God. Upon this, Hubert, archbishop of Canter*
» Called previously " Folwardstakyng." *l Isaiah v. 8.

SI* coxnsvjaiMt ox tbm xamxt o* am&AXD. ±&£m&s

bury, who was then chief justiciary t>f England, seat :
mandatory to the abbots of Ramsey and Thorneyy "
them to make inquisition in his behalf, upon1 the
eighteen knights, mutually agreed upon, what right 4a«k-«t
them had to the lands, meadows, pastures, and marafctay aaft
all other things, between the river Rene and the river WA*
land, and which ought to be the boundaries between the abbey
of Burgh and the abbey of Croyland, and fully to state the said
inquisition under their seals and those of the knights, to the
before-named archbishop and justices. A dissension, however,
arising between the inquisitors, they returned to their homes,
leaving the matter unsettled.

At length, however, after many conferences, discussioBs,
delays, and expenses on both sides, the dispute between the
two abbats having been enquired into at great length before
the justices of our lord the king at Lexington, was finally
settled, to the no small detriment of the church of Croyland, as
will be seen at length in the following statement: " This is
the final agreement made in the court of our lord the king at
Lexington, on the Monday next after the Purification of the
blessed Mary, in the seventh year of the reign of king John,
before our lord the king, &c., between Acharius, the abbot,
and the convent of Burgh, claimants, and Henry, the abbat> and
the convent of Croyland, holders of, one virgate of land, with
the appurtenances in Peykirk, and a certain marsh, of which
the boundaries are as follow; from the river of Craylaad,
which is called Nene, to the place called Fynset, and from
that place to Greynes, and from that place to Folwardstakyng,
and thence to Southlake, where Southlake falls into the river
Welland, and thence according to the course of the river Wei-
land as far as Croyland, where it falls into the Nene. As to
which, it was agreed between them in the said court, that the.
said abbat of Croyland acknowledged and conceded that the
said land and marsh with the appurtenances were of the fee of
the abbat and church of Burgh St. Peter;33 and, for the said
acknowledgment and concession, fine and agreement, the said
abbat and convent of Burgh conceded to the . before-named
abbat and convent of Croyland the aforesaid virgate of land
with the appurtenances in Peykirk, to have and to hold the
same to themselves and their successors of the abbat and mo-
nastery of Burgh, and his successors in the said abbacy/, by
« Peterborough.

Ad*£l2ffifi* ASKBBMSNT MA3B AT UOatfGTOH. 313

tbajasjtvfae, which belongs to the said, land, according as the
Bjois ha*> bean divided among those who hold it, to wit ; as to
Kbe jWfcwith the land, in the field which Beginald the black*-
touiti has JiehLof the same, by service of ploughing one day in
tkct wi&ter, And one day in Lent, with as many ploughs as ho
wiboholda the said toft and land shall possess, and of hoeing
th*$ame fox ,one day; and of making and carrying] hay for
on*;, day in the meadow of Makesey, the same being meadow
land, in demesne of the abbat of Burgh, together with the men
of the said abbat. In autumn, he is also to reap one-half of
the said land ;. and to bind the sheaves, and to gather in upon
the said land, all which he is to be bound to do at his own
coat. In autumn also, he is, together with one man, to reap
the corn of the said abbat of Burgh for provision, either in the
fields of the abbat at Peykirk or at Glynton. But if the abbat
of Burgh shall not supply him with food on that day, he shall
not be bound to reap beyond the ninth hour. As to the toft
with, the land in the field which Gocelm Fitz-Godwin has held
of the same, he is to be bound to do all the services before-
mentioned, and comply with the customs before stated. As to
the toft with the land in the field which William Fitz-Balph has
held of the same, he is to be bound to do all the services before-
mentioned, and comply with the customs before stated. As to
the toft with the land in the field which Aver Fitz-Alwold has
held of the same, he is to be bound to do all the services before-
mentiqned, and comply with the customs before stated. As
to the toft with the land in the field which Peter Palmer has
held of the same, he is to be bound to do all the services before-
mentioned, and comply with the customs before stated. As
to the toft- with the land in the field which William Fitz-Sewen
has held of the same, he is to be bound to do all the services
before-mentioned, and comply with the customs before stated.
Aft to the toft with the land in the field which Walter Fitz-
Reginald has held of the same, he is to be bound to do all the
services before-mentioned, and comply with the customs before
stated. As to the toft with the land in the field which Begi-
nald Carpenter has held of the same, he is to be bound to do
all the services before-mentioned, and comply with the customs
before stated. As to the toft with the land in the field which
Bicfaard Fitz-Alwey has held of the same, he is to be bound to
dai all the services before-mentioned, and comply with thw
customs before stated : and in addition thereto, he is to be

614 coNTDnuncw of thb histdbt of cbotkajts. a.k 129&.

bound to plough twice in winter and twice in Lent;: oaf-theft
he shall plough three times in winter and three times in I4BB&
at his own cost ; and he shall he bound to lead one car-load
of brushwood from the marsh to the court-yard of the abbot of
Burgh at Burgh, at the feast of Saint Michael. And further,
all men who hold the said land shall be bound to pay suit at the
hundred court of the abbat of Burgh for any fifteen days, aad
to pay six pence per annum for hidage. They shall also be
bound to shew unto the abbat of Burgh or his bailiff their
frank pledge. They are also to keep watch with the other
men of the county at the due and appointed place, as they
have been accustomed to do, between the feast of Saint Michael
and the feast of Saint Martin. The abbat and convent of
Burgh before-named and their successors shall have these
services and customs as to the lands before-mentioned : and
shall not be at liberty to increase or to change them, nor
yet in any way to make further demands upon the said
lands. The abbat and convent of Burgh have also granted
to the said abbat and convent of Groyland the before-men-
tioned marsh, according as the same has been set oat by
the metes and boundaries before-mentioned, to have and
to hold the same to themselves and their successors of the
abbat and convent of Burgh and their successors, for ever,
paying for the same each year, in the church of Saint Peter,
at Burgh, four stones weight of wax, before the octave of
the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, for all services
and demands : and the abbat and convent of Burgh, ox their
successors, shall not be at liberty to demand from them anything
beyond the said four stones of wax ; saving, however, that the
abbat and convent of Burgh shall have the right of herbage
for all their cattle, as well as those of their tenants, as also for
the cattle of any other persons which shall enter the said
marsh besides the cattle belonging to the demesne of the abbat
and convent of Groyland, and to their tenants at Croyland and
Peykirk. It is also to be known that it shall be lawful for the
abbat and convent of Croyland, without any let, or hindrance, or
gainsaying, on the part of the abbat and convent of Burgh,
and their servants, to dig turf there, and where they shall dig
turf, to take beneath the turf potter's clay and sand; and to
cut in the marsh rushes, bulrushes, osiers, and withes ; upon
condition, however, that they shall not disturb the cattle that

a .». 1213; tide xnra 01 BiratAiu) BxoomnnfficiTsp. 815

are feeding there. They shall also be at liberty to out and take
brodhwood, and all kinds of trees which shall be in the said
marsh. Also, as to the other marsh of Peykirk, which is
situate beyond the said boundaries, it is agreed between the
said abbats and convents, that it Bhall be lawful for the abbat
and convent of Burgh, without hindrance > or gainsaying on
part of the abbat and convent of Croyland and their servants,
to make meadow land of the same, according to the extent of
their fees, which have right of common in the said pasture
Aand : and, in like manner, it shall be lawful for the abbat and
convent of Croyland to make meadow land on the same marsh,
according to the extent of their fees, which have right of com-
mon there, without hindrance or gainsaying on part of the
abbat and convent of Burgh, and their servants."

In the tenth year of king John, being the year from the In-
carnation of our Lord, 1208, sentence of interdict was pro*
nounced throughout all England and Wales ; both on account
of the expulsion of Master Stephen88 from the kingdom, who
had been consecrated archbishop of Canterbury by our lord
[the Pope], and whom the king resisted with all his might,
and pronounced all parties enemies who should so much as
honor him with the name of archbishop ; as well as on account
of the expulsion of the monks from Canterbury, because either
by tacit consent, or by publicly attesting the same, they had
acquiesced in the election of the said Stephen. During the
interdict, the king of England was excommunicated, and the
only indulgence granted throughout his kingdom was, that the
faithful, when at the point of death, might be fortified with
the holy viaticum ; which was to be sought by the hands of
the priests of the conventual churches, to whom the indul-
gence was granted once in each week to perform Divine service.
At last, in the sixth year of this interdict, the king being
inspired, as it is believed, by Him in whose hands are the hearts
of kings, signified to the nuncio of his lordship the pope his
acquiescence in his commands, and vowed that he would com-
ply with the form of satisfaction to him * *M which he had
sent with his own signature. He also added, by way of supple-
ment to the satisfaction, that he himself and his heirs would,

33 Stephen Langton.

* There is an hiatus here. The sum agreed on was seven hundred
marks of silver for England, and three hundred for Ireland.

316 COXnNTTATIOir OF THE HISTORY OF CBOYLUrD. A.WlSIGt

as a sign of their subjection, pay yearly for the two kingdoms
of England and Ireland * * Upon this, Btephen,uitf^£r;
bishop of Canterbury, "William, bishop of London, Etftta£ev
bishop of Ely, Giles, bishop of Hereford, Jocelyn, bishop* of
Bath, and Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, returned to England,' as
well as the monks of Canterbury and all others in gentttrt
who had been in exile on account of this dispute ; to each of
whom, by the royal favour, full restitution was . made of tfll
their possessions. After this, the king was solemnly absolved
at Winchester, in ecclesiastical form, by the lord archbisbopof
Canterbury, and was, at the same time, devoutly received by
him and the other bishops with the kiss of peace, and admitted,
as a son of the Church, into the bosom of his mother ; and
hearing the solemn service of the mass, he thereby gladdened
the hearts of many of the people.

Having completed a reign of seventeen years and five months,
the aforesaid king John, falling ill from an attack of dysentery,
breathed his last at Newark, a castle of the bishop of Lincoln;
upon which, his body was carried to Worcester, to be buried
there. His entrails remained at Croxton,85 where they were
interred.

In these days, before the report of his decease was fully
promulgated, some armed men, who had been previously sent
by the said king to make enquiries and seize some knights and
esquires, enemies of his, who were lurking in remote and
secret spots, suddenly made their appearance at Croyland, on
the morrow of Saint Michael. Not finding those of whom
they were in search, they immediately forced an entrance into
the monastery and church, where, rushing in their headlong1
course through the cloister and the offices, during the celebra-
tion of the mass, the troopers and men-at-arms mercilessly
dragged the people from the church, and even from before the
altar; while, at the same time, they plundered with the
greatest violence whatever they took a fancy to, and where-
ever it was found : so much so, that, on their departure, they
took with them an immense booty, collected from the herds of
cattle and beasts of burden.

King John being dead, as above stated, his eldest son,
Henry, then about nine years of age, was chosen king, and
was elevated to the royal throne at Gloucester, the imposition

45 A house of canons regular in Lincolnshire, the abbat of which at-
tended the king on his death-bed.

A*Pwl22Q. TBAXSLlTJaff 07 ST. XBOUAB THE MAETTE. 317

g£, bands being made bv the bishop of Winchester, with the
assistance of the other bishops who were then in the kingdom,
tbe archbishop of Canterbury being absent at the court of
Ronie. However, in the fifth year after this, by the mandate
of ofcix lord the pope, he was again solemnly invested, with the
royal robes and with the crown of the most holy king Edward,.
at Westminster, by Stephen, the venerable archbishop of Can-
terbury, who was then present, in presence of the prelates
and nobles of the realm. In the same year also, that is to
say, in the year of our Lord, 1220, the translation of Saint
Thomas the Martyr was solemnly made by the before-named
venerable father, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, in pre-
sence of the lord Pandulph, legate of the Apostolic See, off
Henry, king of the English, and of three archbishops, and *
other bishops and nobles who had flocked thither from all parts
of England, as well as nearly all quarters of the world ; it
being the fiftieth year from the passion of the said martyr.
So great was the laviahness, and so munificent the bounty of
the said archbishop, and so worthy to be proclaimed to the
whole , world, as being displayed towards all who devoutly
attended the translation of the martyr, that no one then living
in the flesh could remember any such solemnity being cele-
brated in such manner in England at any previous time.
Among the rest whom the said archbishop thought proper to
summon to the votive solemnity of his glorious translation, he
deigned, by his letter, to invite the father so often mentioned,
Henry, abbat of the monastery of Croyland ; who, however, being
precluded from attending by the urgency of numerous matters of
business, was not able conveniently to appear in person ; but still,
wishing, to the best of his small ability, to make some offering in
his honor, * * * he humbly sent to his excellency, the said
venerable pontiff, a book on the Life and Passion of the said
martyr, which had been skilfully compiled by a monk of his
monastery of Croyland.36 This compilation contains and dis-
tinctly sets forth the birth of the glorious martyr, his life,
studies, deeds, exile, agony, passion, canonization, and, what
is still more excellent, the Epistles of the said martyr, both
those which he wrote to others, and others to him, or for him,
or 'against him, becomingly inserted in their proper places,
together with a list of the learned productions of the same
inartyr.

* Roger of Croyland, prior of Freston.

SI 8 coxTnnjATioir of tsb Htsrosf o* wotujfm. aa.^236.

At this time also, the Minorite* brethren first began to
settle in England, two years before the death of Saint Francis.
King Henry, at the instance of the venerable father, abbat
Henry, graciously confirmed all the liberties of the abbey of
Croyland, in the following terms; "Henry, bythegraeeof
God, king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of ftormafedy
and Aquitaine and earl of Anjou, to the archbishops, bishops,
abbats, earls, barons, justiciaries, sheriffs, and all his faithful
subjects and bailiffs, greeting. Enow ye that we have granted
and confirmed unto God and the church of Saint Guthlac at
Croyland, and to the abbat and monks there serving God, all
the lands and tenures and other the possessions to the said
. church belonging, and in especial, the site of the said abbey
together with the boundaries thereof herein named, which, ex-
tend as follow; a distance of five leagues, from Croyland to
the place where the Asendyk falls into the waters of the Welland,
and thence by Asendyk to Aswyktoft, and thence to Shepishee,
and thence to .Tydwarthar. Thence to Nomansland, and so
through the river called Nene to Fynset, and thence upwards
through Fynset to Greynes, and so to Folkwoldstakyng, and
thence along the course of Southlake, as it falls into the Well-
and. Thence, across the Welland, towards the north, as far
as Aspath, and thence to Werwarlake, and so to Harenholt,
and thence upwards through the water as far as Mengerlake,
and so through Lurtlake as far as Oggot, and thence along the
course of the Apynholt, as it falls into the Welland, together
with all piscaries to the said boundaries belonging. Where-
fore, we do will and strictly command that the before-named
church, and abbat, and monks shall hold and for ever possess
all their lands, tenures, and other their possessions, and all the
gifts which, since the death of king Henry our grandfather,
have been reasonably given unto them, fully and peaceably,
freely, quietly and honorably, to enjoy the same in wood and
in plain, in meadows and in pastures, in waters and in marshes,
in preserves and in fisheries, in mills and in mill-dams, and
in all other things and places, with right of Bach, and Soch,
and Thol, and Them, and Infangthefe, and with all other free
customs and acquittances, as fully, freely, and quietly as the
said church, and abbat, and monks held the same in the time
of king Henry our grandfather, or other our predecessors kings
of England, and as fully, freely, and quietly as any churches
86 The Franciscan Friars.

A.B. 123d. AOBEBMElfT MADB AT IHTCOLff. 319

in our kingdom of England hold the same, in such manner as
the charters of king Henry our grandfather, and of king Rich-
ard our uncle, and of king John our father, reasonably testify
as to the same. Witnesses hereto &c. Given by the hand of
the venerable father B. bishop of Chichester, our chancellor,
at Westminster, on the fifteenth day of March, in the eleventh
year of our reign."

In the eighteenth year of the reign of king Henry, the

before-named father Henry, abbat of Croyland, impleaded Hugh

"Wake, the lord of Depyng, to know by what right or title he

claimed the impounding of cattle feeding in our marsh of

Goggisloiind, which is within the boundaries of the abbey of

Croyland ; the same belonging both to those who have been

accustomed to have common thereof, as well as to strangers

who neither ought nor are wont to claim any right of common

whatsoever in the said marsh. At last, after proposals made

on both sides, and conferences held between the before-named

abbat of Croyland and the said Hugh, on the morrow of Saint

Luke they made a final agreement at Lincoln to the following

effect :

" This is the final agreement made in the court of our lord
the king at Lincoln, on the morrow of Saint Luke, in the
eighteenth year of the reign of king Henry, the son of king
John, before the abbat of Bardney, William de York, Robert
de Fos, Ralph de Norwich, and Norman de Arsey, the justices
itinerant, and the other k faithful subjects of our lord the king
then present, between Henry, abbat of Croyland, complainant,
and Hugh Wake, deforciant, as to the keeping of the marshes
from Aspath to Werwarlake, and so to Dedmanslake, and so
to Croyland along the river Welland, with the appurtenances :
as to which the said abbat has made complaint that the said
Hugh has not observed a fine levied in the court of our lord
the king before the justices itinerant at Lincoln, between the.
said abbat and Baldwin Wake the grandfather of the before-
named Hugh, of whom he is the heir, and as to which a fine
levied has been recorded between them in the said court ; that
is to say, the said Hugh hath remitted and quitted claim, for
himself and his heirs, to the said abbat and his successors, and
to his church of Croyland, as to all right and claim that he
has had to the aforesaid marsh with its appurtenances for ever :
taring however to the said Hugh and to his heirs and their

820 . COOTXOTAXIQjr OF. TOT HISTORY OF qmjUjm. 4^{1$3§.

tenants, common of pasture in the said marsh, and tbej^yfc
to drive to and fro therefrom their cattle of all kinds, w^tftpu^
hindrance on part of the said abbat and his succesaacgribr
ever. Moreover, the said Hugh hath granted, for hiinseT?and
his heirs, that if the before-named abbat and his successors
shall wish to enclose any part of the said marsh, the saidHijgJi
and his heirs shall keep there a forester together with the for-
ester of the said abbat and his successors, on the understanding
that no one of the men of the said abbat or of his successors,
or of the men of the said Hugh or of his heirs, shall take any-
thing within the part so enclosed, unless with the common
consent and wish of the said abbat and his successors, and of
the said Hugh and his heirs; but both of them, the abbat and
Hugh, shall take there for their own use as much as they shall
think fit. The said Hugh hath also granted for himself and
his heirs, that the before-named abbat and his successors and
the church of Croyland shall be at liberty to have three boats
in Harenholt for ever, and two boats for the sake of the said
Hugh and his heirs. Also, by mutual agreement between the
said abbat and his successors, and Hugh and his heirs, the
gate on the bridge over the water at Harenholt shall mark
the division of the marsh; and on the said gate there shall be
two locks with two keys; of which a servant of the abbat and
his successors Bhall keep the one, and a servant of the said
Hugh and his heirs shall keep the other. The said abbat has
also received the said Hugh and his heirs to partake of each
and all the benefits and prayers hereafter of the church of
Croyland for ever."

It ought also to be known that in the same court the said
Hugh gave warranty to the said abbat for the charters of Bald-
win Wake, the grandfather of the said Hugh, as to the said
marsh.

On the same occasion also, before the said justices of our
lord the king, a final agreement was mutually entered into be*
tween Henry, abbat of Croyland, and the prior of Spalding,
that the one would not impound the beasts of the other in the
marshes of Croyland, Depyng, Spalding, Pynchbeck, JLangtoft,
and Baston, in the following terms ; " This is the final agree-
ment made in the court of our lord the king, at Lincoln, on
the morrow of Saint Luke, in the eighteenth year of the reign
of king Henry, sou, of king John, before the abbat of Bardeney*

A.W. 1296. HBNBY HE 102TOCHAMP, ABBAT OF CKOYLAOT), LIES. 321"

WSBUm de York, Robert de ton, Ralph de Norwich, and If or-
iaan: tte Arsey, justices itinerant, and the other faithful subject*
of our lord tne king then present, between the abbat of Croy-
land, complainant, and Simon, the prior of Spalding, deforciant,
*s to common of pasture in the marshes of Croyland, Spalding,
Pinchbeck, Langtoft, Baston, and Depyng, which lie on the
western side of the river Welland : as to which the said abbat
has made complaint that the said prior has taken the cattle of
the said abbat in those pastures, and has impounded the same,
and- detained them, contrary to justice ; whereas the said abbat
holds nothing of the said prior, nor owes him any service, as
he says ; and as to which it has been recorded between them
in the same court to the effect that the said prior has, for him-
self and his successors, granted, that neither he,, nor his suc-
cessors, nor his men, nor anyone through them or for them, shall
henceforth take, drive, or impound the cattle of the said abbat,
his successors, or his men of the vills before mentioned, from
the said marshes of Croyland, Spalding, Pinchbeck, Langtoft,
Baston, and Depyng. And for the said grant, fine, and agree-
ment,' the said abbat hath granted for himself and his suc-
cessors, that neither he nor his successors, nor his men, nor
any one through them or for them, shall hereafter take, drive,
or impound the cattle of the said prior or of his successors, or
of his men of the said vills of Spalding and Pinchbeck in
the said marshes. This agreement has been made, saving to
the before-named abbat and to his successors the services of
the men of Slowe, which they have hitherto been accustomed
to render to the said abbat and his predecessors, for entry and
exit of the said men through the lands of the said abbat unto
the said marsh. Also, it shall not be lawful for the said abbat
or prior, or their successors, to harbour the cattle of any men
on the said pasture other than their own men of the before-
mentioned vills of Croyland, Spalding, Pinchbeck, Langtoft,
Baston, and Bepyng, in manner above stated. TUb agreement
has been made between the said abbat and prior, saving to all
men their right of common which they have been accustomed
to have and ought to hove in the said marshes.,,

Shortly after this, the said venerable father, Henry de Long-
ehanip, after having ably governed the church of Croyland for
six and forty years, tranquilly took his departure from this
life^in -order, by a healthful exchange, to receive for his trail-'

T

322 CONTINUATION OF THE H1STOBY OF CB0YLAND. A.D,12^0.

sitory afflictions everlasting joys. For, in behalf. of his ehniieh,
he had endured both labours and expenses which wece meat
grievous and almost intolerable. Besides which, he toadies
posed himself to mighty perils, both in his journey to Bome
as well as at sea ; for, on the occasion of the trial relative to
the marsh, as already mentioned, he twice crossed the sea to
wait upon king Richard, who was then in Germany, and once
to king John. With great zeal on his part, he procured *cele-
siastical ornaments and vessels of gold and silver, precious
vestments, as well as books of the greatest beauty, and many
other things that were requisite for the house of God. Besides
this, nearly all the edifices, both within the abbey and without,
en its manors, were in his time rebuilt and greatly unproved.

After his decease, the lord Richard Bardeney, eellarer .of the
monastery, was elected to the office of ruler by the illustrious
king Henry, and admitted abbat. He also underwent innu-
merable hardships in behalf of his house, but by the clemency
of Divine Providence, after conquering his foes, carried off
trophies on every side. In his time, it was granted to William
de Aubigny, to have common for himself and his heirs, in the
marshes of Croyland, Spalding, Pinchbeck, Langtoffc, and Bos-
ton, on behalf of his tenants in his vills of Ufangton, Gsswyk,
and Talyngton, in form here subjoined :

" This is the final agreement made in the court of oar lord
the king at Lincoln, on the morrow of the Assumption of the
blessed Virgin, in the twenty-fourth year of .the reign of king
Henry, son of king John, before Robert de Lexington, Ralph
de Sulleg, William de Culeworth, Jollan de Neville, Robert de
Have, and Warner de Eugayne, justices itinerant, and the
other faithful servants of our lord the king then present, be*
tween Richard Bardeney, abbat of Croyland, and Simon, prior
of Spalding, complainants, by Nicholas de Morbnrn, and Rich-
ard the clerk, substitutes in place of the said abbat and {trior,
to gain or to lose, and William de Aubigny, by Arnold de
Bose, substituted in his place, to gain or to lose; the matter
being, that the said William demanded right of common on
the lands of the said abbat and prior, in Croyland, Spalding,
Pinchbeck, Langtoft, and Baston, although they have no oom-
mon on the lands of the said William at Uffington, Csswy]^
and Talyngton, nor does the said William do service to them,
in return for which he ought to have such right of

A.i>.l247. x&asmnsKr bktweeh the two abbats. 323

"Upon which, a recognizance of grand assize has been entered
into between them in the same court, to \he effect that the
said abbat and prior hare granted, for themselves and their
wiccefesors, that the before-named William and his heirs shall
have -common of pasture for their cattle of all kinds, from
Uffington, Caswyk, and Talyngton, in the before-mentioned
marshes of Croyland, Spalding, Pinchbeck, Langtoffc, and Bas-
ton, for ever. For which grant, fine, and agreement, the said
William hath granted, for himself and his heirs, that the said
abbat and prior, and their successors, shall enjoy their own
advantages and profits in the before-mentioned marshes of
Croyland, Spalding, Pinchbeck, Langtoffc, and Baston, so that
they may cut brushwood in the said marshes, and cultivate the
land of the same, without hindrance or gainsaying on the part
©f him or his heirs, saving always to the said William, and to
his heirs, their right of common in the said marshes, in man-
ner before stated, for ever."

' • After this, the said venerable father, abbat Richard Bar-
deney, stoutly impleaded William, abbat of Burgh, because
the said abbat, contrary to the tenor of the fine which had been
lately made between their predecessors at Lexington, in the
time of king John, frequently, by his men and servants, hin-
dered the said abbat of Croyland, at the time of holding his
fairs, from taking stallage or levying impost at the bridge of
Croyland, at which place neither his men, nor any other stran-
gers) had* free liberty of passing with their cattle. They had
also inflicted other grievances, to no small extent, upon him
and his people, contrary to the terms of the said fine ; in con-
sequence of which, after there had been repeated grounds for
dissension between them, the matter was finally settled at
Northampton, before the justices of our lord the king, in man-
ner here set forth :

1S This is the final agreement made in the court of our lord
the king at Northampton, one month after the day of Saint
John the Baptist, in the thirty-first year of the reign of king
Henry, son of king John, before Roger de Turkelby, &c. and
other faithful subjects of our lord the king then present, be-
tween Richard Bardeney, abbat of Croyland,. complainant, and
WiUiam^ abbat of Burgh, deforciant, as to one virgate of land,
wi#r its appurtenances, in Peykirk, and a certain marsh which
lies'f-between the boundaries underwritten, namely ; from the

t 2

324 covmsvAiion of thv history of gboyxakb. *,»« lfctf.

river of Croyland, which is called Nene, to the place wjach
ia called Fynset, amd from that place as far as GreywiLa$d
from Greynes to Folwardstakyng, and thence as far as^utb-
lake, where the Southlake falls into the Welland, and so along
the course of the river Welland to Croyland, where it fejlsinto
the Nene ; as to which, a fine was levied in the court of oar
lord king John, the father of our lord the before-named king,
before our lord king John himself, at Lexington! between
Achariu8, the former abbat of Burgh St. Peter, predecessor of
the said abbat of Burgh, the demandant, and Henry, the former
abbat of Croyland, predecessor of the said abbat of Croyland,
the holder ; and as to which the said abbat of Croyland has
made complaint, that the before-named abbat of Burgh has,
contrary to the before-mentioned fine, by his men and servants,
hindered him from taking stallage and levying imposts within
a certain part of the vill of Croyland, which lies within the
before-mentioned boundaries ; and in like manner that he has
kept watch on a certain bridge of Croyland, within the before-
mentioned marsh, so that he and his men might not have a
passage thereby, with their cattle, to the other side of the said
bridge. Likewise, that he has rooted up and destroyed the
trees planted in the said marshy and has seized the cattle of
the said abbat of Croyland, and of his men at Croyland and
Peykirk, in the said marsh, in contravention of the said fine.
As to which, record has been made of the said fine so made
between them in the said court, to the effect that the said
abbat of Burgh has, for himself and his successors, and his
church before-mentioned, granted that the said abbat of Croy-
land and his successors shall, henceforth, without gainsaying
on part of the said abbat of Burgh, or of his successors, or of
his or their men or bailiffs, freely take stallage and toils, -and
levy all imposts in any place whatsoever in the said vill of
Croyland, as also in the said part of the vill of Croyland which
is situate within the said boundaries, on the day upon which
the present agreement has been made, as well as elsewhere in
the said vill ; so that neither the said abbat of Burgh, nor his
successors, shall henceforth be at liberty to levy any imposts
in the said vill of Croyland, nor in any part of the said Toll,
nor to take or demand any other thing therein, nor yet o&r
any impediment to the said abbat of Croyland, or his successors.
or his men* or their cattle, at the said bridge, for evex.: Jttif-

Ai£; 1247. iMfcfetfvaa&ifts mfritfaira by abbat aicKAm '826

oVeft'/ the said abbat of Burgh nas granted, for himself arid his .

successors, and his church before-mentioned, that neither they

*nifr their men shall be at liberty to hold any fair or make any

■-fefcte of cattle, or of any other thing whatever, or to hold the

same without the said vill of Croyland, so long as the fair of

Cropland Shall continue to be held, by means whereof the said

abbat of Croyland, or his successors, may incur any loss in

iifreir said fair of Croyland for ever. And for this grant, fin*,

and agreement, Richard de Hottot, at the prayer of the said

abbat of Croyland, has granted unto the aforesaid abbat of

•Burgh, and his church before-mentioned, to receive an annual

rental of one mark, payable yearly to the said abbat of Burgh,

and to his successors, and his church before-mentioned, at the

hands of Robert de Weston, and Richard, the brother of JBlric,

for all the tenements which they, the said Robert and Richard,

held in viflenage of the before-named Richard de Hottot, in

the said vill, on the day on which this agreement wris made,

and at the hands of all others who shall hereafter hold those

tenements, at two periods for ever, that is to say, one moiety

at the Feast of Saint Michael, and the other moiety at Easter,

saving to the said Richard de Hottot, and his heirs, all the

services from the said tenements arising. This agreement has

been made between them, saving to the said abbat of Burgh,

and his successors, and to his church before-mentioned, and to

the said abbat of Croyland and his successors, and to his church

before-mentioned, all other the articles, in the former fine levied

between the predecessors of the said abbats as to the said land

and marsh, contained."

Still, although the venerable father, Richard, was often
harassed by the grievances of this world, he always, as oppor-
tunely as he could, turned his attention and thoughts to the
advancement of their temporal interests. For he enclosed the
land which is called Aswyk from the wide extent of the marsh;
and in like manner began, with great labour, to enclose Doves-
dale, which was afterwards completed on behalf of the convent
by abbat Thomas, his successor. Being likewise prompted by
the most fervent devotion, in his reverence for the holy body
of Christ, and their holy patrons and relics, for the maintenance
of one wax taper, like a continual sacrifice, perpetually to burn
day and night before the high altar, he gave one hundred shil-
lings, arising from the fee of his church at Whaplode ; tht

326 GONTIXUATfOS OF TBS H£ST«B»Y *P CODOYZ^m. A«tiuJE2tf .

same to beset aside- for ever, for providing a light in .ba&ot
of the blessed Mary, He moreover largely increased thejinr
comes of nearly, all the officers, and left behind him eaoh of the
manors, both within and without, in the best of ordta and in*
most nourishing state.

After he had, with care and ability, completed ten yeai&in
the ministry entrusted to him, being worn out with a seme
malady, he departed the way of all flesh, to receive at last the
heavenly reward of his labours. His successor in the govern-
ment was the lord Thomas Welles, a. member of the- said
society, and sub-prior thereof, a venerable man and of dis-
tinguished sanctity. Besides the other numerous benefits
which he conferred upon the convent, he becomingly and be*
nignly enlarged the incomes of all the officers, and, by charter,
with the greatest liberality, conveyed the enclosed land which
is called Dovesdale, together with piscary in the whole river*
and the lands arable and non- arable, and together with the
reservoir and buildings and all their appurtenances, to, the con*
vent, for the sole advantage and private use thereof. Of
this new enclosure one corner abuts upon the embankment of
the marsh of Aswyke towards the east, and extends through
Shepishee as far as Southplantes on the south, and so through
Leoldee to the embankment called Bedeclos on the west, and
thence as Bedeclos runs towards the north, for five38 quarentenes
and two perches and a half, and from that spot on the north
through the new embankment which runs beyond the before*-
mentioned dyke of Aswyke on the east : together with thirty
acres of meadow land near the above-mentioned new enclosure,
lying on the western side near the water-course by the. em-
bankment of Bedeclos ; for the purpose of finding milk for the
supper of the convent throughout all the summer, as also fit
and proper tunics, each year to be faithfully distributed, by the
hands of the pittancer to the said convent. He also granted
to it all the tithes of wool to be paid to it wholly and in mil
by all our parishioners in Croyland and within the precinct
and the marshes thereof.

This venerable father also patiently endured many, geaa*.
cutions for justice, especially while on his way to the court of
Borne on the business of his church ; on which occasion hfl
was taken prisoner in Italy by the most abominable Lombajeds,
and kept in prison for some time ; but, through the providence
88 See p. 20. , ,1'

Jt.fil:3Q54. WRATH OOP ABBAT THOMA& 327

of ^6ted, w&mftttculously liberated from their power. Taking
thenarrow path which leadeth unto life, and with frequent
wtttefetngs and fasting* crucifying his flesh with the vice* and
l«sta thereof, he always clothed himself in turn with a hau-
berk and a coat of serge* as so many changes of raiment. This
itittttTOM, besides* a servant of God excellently versed in the
Drvtee law, so much so, that he not only spiritually refreshed
th£ floek entrusted to his charge by the words of holy ex-
hortation in the chapter, but also, frequently, on solemn days,
gave utterance to words of holy instruction in the churches
-when preaching to the people.

At last, having achieved a glorious triumph in his contest,
in the seventh year of his government, being happily sum-
moned to the nuptials of the Lamb without blemish, he de-
parted from the world, to receive in a heavenly country the
due reward of his labours. After his decease, it is said on the
authority of many, that divers sick persons, at his tomb, re-
covered the health which they had bo long desired. Among other
things, this wonderful event, according to the assertions of
those who were present on the occasion, took place. Nearly
twelve- years after, when for some manifest reason, his body
was about, on one occasion, to be transferred from the place
where it had been formerly buried to another more becoming
spot, "as soon as the sepulchre was opened, his body appeared
cMd in the sacerdotal robes, with the flesh entirely whole
and uncorrupted. On seeing this, those who were present
gfafrided God who is wonderful in His Saints in the voice
of gladness and of praise. From his sepulchre issued an
odour of surpassing sweetness, with such powerful force,
that thbse who stood by could hardly endure it : however,
taking his holy body in their hands with fear and reverence,
they transferred it with the greatest devoutness to another spot,
which had been most becomingly prepared, under a stone arch
in the extremity of the northern aisle. One of these persons,
being led away by rash presumption, violently tore off the
little finger of the right hand of the father, together wilh the
flesh thereof, and carried it away with him ; but shortly after,
by a premature death, he paid the penalty of his rashness.
Deservedly therefore is this Saint preserved in the memory of
men, who has thus passed to the joys of the angels.

He was succeeded in the office of abbat by the. lord Ralph
Mershe, a monk of the same monastery, very experienced in

328 coOToroisKsr of thb histqet of gboxlaito. AjtClttA.

matters both spiritual as well as temporal, constant aa&mag-
nanimous in adversity, amid doubtful fortune p^identwwl cir-
cumspect, and in prosperity cautious and moderate : dBtaeoft-to
God, and scrupulously careful in his religious observances;*
bountiful and munificent to the world, faithful and cheerful to
all, and one who in the performance of his religious duties
passedanirreproaehablelife. Indeed, like another Simon the sen
of Onias,40 in his life-time he repaired the house, and stceagjh-
ened the temple in his days. For, by means of hi& unbounded
expenditure of money, and a heavy trial in the king's court,
he manfully obtained the manor of Gedney, and likewise the
church of Whaplode, to our own use, together with the ad-
vowson of the church of Eston. Besides these, by .especial
request he obtained of king Henry the Third a market in the
vills of Whaplode, Baston, and Croyland, and right of warren
in his manors of Croyland, Langtoft, Baston, Thetford, Bur-
thorp, Bukenhale, Halyngton, Dovedyke, Whaplode, Holbech,
and Aswyke.

About this time also, Saint Edmund of Abingdon, who was
then treasurer of Salisbury, was elected to the. archbishopric
of Canterbury ; he died in exile in the parts beyond sea in
the eighth year of his prelacy, having selected Pontigny, in
Burgundy, as the place of his burial. In the seventh year
after this, he was solemnly translated, under the auspices of
[Innocent] the Fourth. This holy man being still alive, and
studiously devoting himself to his pastoral duties41 * * *

# #4s <t ^ Weston, and nine hundred acres of marsh land
with the appurtenances in Multon. As to which it was recorded
between them in the said court, to the effect that the before-
named Thomas, acknowledging that the said tenements of
right belonged to the said abbat and his church of Croyland,
remitted the same, and for himself and his heirs quitted claim
thereto unto the said abbat and his successors, and to his said
church for ever. And further, the said Thomas remitted
and quitted claim for himself and his heirs unto the before^
named abbat and his successors, and to his said church,
of all right which he had in all the tenements with the ap-

89 This may also mean, " in the observance of his oath."
• Alluding to Eccles. 1. 1—4.

41 There is an hiatus here from ajd. 1254, the date of. the decMbntf
abbat Ralph. u This is a fragment of a fine, . iz .

.A*»lfcJ28a< BALPH> ABBAT OF CROTLAJTD, DIE8. 329

i which the said abbat and his church aforesaid
fettld within the limits of Croyland on the day on which this
agreement was made: that is to say, in those tenements
wifh their appurtenances, which extend from the Till of Croy-
lafeS on the eastern side of the Welland as you go down across
tbe rirer to Brotherhouse, and so through Asendyk to Aswyk-
totffc, and thence to Shepee, and so through Shepee, as far as
Sotttbee, and so through Oldhee and Nomansland, as far as
the rirer Nene, for oyer; insomuch that neither the said
Thomas, nor his heirs, shall in future be able to claim or de-
mand anything in the said tenements, with their appurtenances.
either in demesne, or in service, or in right of common. The
said abbat has also received the said Thomas and his heirs to
partake of all benefits and prayers of his said church from hence-
forth for ever."

Although the little bark of our house was in his times buf-
feted about on every side by the waves of adversity and the
storms of litigation, still, it could not be made to founder, so
long as the pilot before-named sat at the helm. For, which-
ever way he directed his course, by the gracious favour of
Christ, he always had success and prosperity to his utmost
wish. The before-named father Ralph built the tower of the
church of Croyland, beyond the choir, together with the chapel
of Saint Martin, near the gate of the Almonry. After he had
endured the varying and grievous hardships of the world for
six and twenty years, and had ably and manfully endured al-
iriost insupportable exactions by the kings of money from his
church, he departed the way of all flesh, on the feast of St. Mi-
chael, in the year of our Lord, 1281.

He was succeeded in the rule, his merits so deserving it, by
the lord Richard of Croyland, a monk of that place, and a na-
tive of the rill ; who prosperously increased die resources of
his monastery, as well as promoted religion therein in many
respects. For, at a vast outlay and expense, he began the new
buildings of the church on the east thereof, which still, in our
day, by far excel all the neighbouring churches of the whole
county, both in elegance of workmanship and gracefulness of
style. Besides this, at lavish expense, he built the manor-
house of Dovedyke, and the halls of Langtoft, Wendlingburgh,
afid-Moffhurn, together with many out-buildings on each of
our manors.

930 coKUOTAxroir o* ran history of vrx&iajtd. j^attL

In the time of this abbat> there arose grievances and frequent
dissensions and quarrels, between the lord of Depyng fenilthe
men of Xesteven on the one hand, and the abbat of Croy&nd,
the prior of Spalding, and the men of Hoyland o» the rther,
as to the marshes of Hoyland and Kesteven ; fat the mirks,
denoting the boundaries of which mention is made in the above
charters of the kings of England, had been obliterated and co-
vered with mud, so that no clear and distinct knowledge eouH
possibly be derived from them. Upon this, the man of Hoy-
land and Kesteven, in the time of the before-named illustrious
king Edward, son of king Henry, presented their petition* in
parliament, written in the French language, in conformity
with the usual custom, and addressed " A nostr* Seignior U
Rag" &c. In order that this petition may be more easily un-
derstood by those of posterity who may not be so well versed
in the above language, it will not be considered a loss of time
to translate it in more common form into the Latin tongue; to
the following effect :

" To our lord the king shew and address their entreaties
his faithful subjects of Hoyland and Kesteven, in the county
of Lincoln, and in the marshes residing, — that the ancient
boundary, called Middefendyke, which extends through the
middle of the marsh, from the river Welland to the Wi-
thain, which has been the dividing line between Kesteven
and Hoyland, (as still appears by stone crosses there stand*
ing, as well as by other apparent signs, by means of which
men might be able to repair the ancient channels), has
been so undermined by the water, and covered over with mud,
that no knowledge whatever can thence be derived of the
boundaries, according to which the king's writs ought to be
earned into execution when issued, whether in the office of
coroner, sheriff, or bailiffs ; in consequence of which,, conten-
tions and disputes frequently arise between the lords and
people of either district, by reason of their ignorance of the
before-mentioned boundaries. For the same reason, aiso> Jhfi
said writs either cannot be carried into execution at all, or but
badly, to the prejudice of our lord the king, and to the grievoi*
loss and peril of his people there dwelling, through- the
divers punishments which may befall them when wayfaring,
and at other times. Wherefore, they entreat our lord the
king, that some man of wisdom and influence may be appointed
to re-erect the said boundaries, as they used to be in the olden

A~9.ia£L XDWAJBD TD THIRD ^BOWSfE* AT WBSTXnWBEB. 881

for the avoidance of these said perils. They do also en-
t«k"« * * * *

[Edward, being then a youth], but fifteen yean of age, was
aokmnly crowned at Westminster, and raised to the throne *f
Tftfjgfamd on the feast of the. Purification of the blessed Mary,
his; father being still kept in prison. However, shortly after
this; they conveyed the old king to Berkeley Castle; where,
as many were forming plans for his liberation, he died a hor-
rible death, being most nefariously pierced with a red-hot
spit.

Bat a few matters ought to be here inserted, which and
mentioned as having taken place during the before-mentioned
vacation of the abbacy of Croyland, through the resignation of
Simon, the rate abbat, as already stated.44 For, immediately
after the first day of the said vacation, which took place in
the eighteenth year of king Edward the Second, one Matthew
Brown, the escheator of the said king in the counties of Lin*,
coin, Northampton, Cambridge, and Kutland, seized all the
property of the said abbey, as being confiscated to the king.
Upon this, the venerable father, now abbat Henry, his suc-
cessor, duteously entreated his royal Highness* that he would,
during the time of the said vacation, graciously deign to make
the allowance out of the income of the house, which had been
assigned from ancient times for the purpose of finding clothes,
ehoes, linen, and other necessaries for the monks, as well as
taper* far the church, and so provide for the maintenance of
the prior of the said monastery and of the convent, as well at
theoosrodiers and servitors of the said house. Accordingly, the
king directed his writ to the treasurer and barons of his
exchequer, commanding them diligently to search the rolls
and archives of the said exchequer, in order to learn, by the
registers of escheats, what sum had been usually allowed to
the keepers of the said abbey, during the time of such vaca-
tions, for the support of the prior and convent as above stated.
After searching the archives above-mentioned, they certified
to our lord the king, that they had found two vacations of
file said abbey, but, at the same time, declared that they
could find no allowance whatever made for the support of the
prior and convent. Upon this, the king was of opinion that

*• There is an hiatus here from about a.d. 1281 to a.d. 1327, the first
year of Edward III, «* In the part that is last.

332 coiniKtriTicw oj the HMXO^r c» cmorxxaOTX a^.;132J.

it was just, and consonant with reason, that the said^rtor wt
convent, with its oorrodiers and servants, Bhonld,'duriff!$tae
time of the said vacation, be supported irom the revenues cf
the houBe, and that, in like manner, tapers should be supplied
for the worship of God. He accordingly, by his mandate, di-
rected one William Brocklesby, a clerk, and th« remembrancer
of his exchequer, to make enquiry, upon the oath of .good *m1
lawful men, how many monks there were in the aaad abbey
during the whole time of the said vacation, as we}l as how
many corrodiers there were, and how many servitors and ne-
cessary servants.

This inquisition was taken before the said William, at
'Stamford, it being then the second year of king Edward the
Third, upon the oaths of eighteen jurors, who affirmed that
there were, continually, in the abbey of Croyland, throughout
the whole time of the said vacation, forty-one monks, fifteen
corrodiers, and thirty-six servitors and necessary servants, each
of whont they mentioned by name. After it had been thus cer-
tified as to the said inquisition by the said remembrancer of
our lord the king, he sent letters to the treasurer and barons
of his said exchequer, directing them thenceforth to allow to
•the said Matthew, the escheator, on his account, during the
time of the vacation of the said abbacy, for the prior, ten-
pence per day, for each of the monks, threepence, for each of
the corrodiers, in like manner, threepence, and for each offi-
cial or servant, twopence : at the same time strictly command-
ing the before-named escheator to pay the stated sum to the
said monks. The clear profit to our lord the king each week
was eight pounds and eighteen-pence. But, as we have here
somewhat digressed, let us return to the continuation of our
narrative.

• In the meantime, the lady Joanna Wake, who, even to the
very last moment of her life, heaped the most wanton injuries
•upon us through her servants, at last departed this life : upon
which, the lord Thomas, her son, who had married the lady
Blanche, sister of Henry, earl of Lancaster, in conformity
with the laws of the kingdom, entered upon his lands. This
Thomas Wake claimed demesne in the marsh of Croyland,
called Goggialound, saying that it was parcel of his manor of
West Depyng, while, at the same time, he committed repeated
insults and daily injuries, not only to the people of Croyland,

A..D. 1388. THOMAS WAJDS CLAUD THX HABSH OF 0BOT1AOT. 383

but of Spalding as well. However, Henry, the abbat of
Croyland, most stoutly opposed him in all points, and in no
degree gave way to his tyranny. For, on one occasion, the
said. Thomas Wake, assembled together a multitude of noble
youths, no less distinguished for their high birth than their
valour, among whom was the lord Henry, afterwards duke of
I^ancaeter (whose sister, the lady Blanche, the said Thomas
had married, as we have already stated"), and determined to
make a violent attack upon the people or Spalding. On learn-
ing this, the prior of Spalding, for the purpose of resisting his
malicious attempts, immediately collected an invincible band
of the men of Hoyland, well equipped with shields and arms.
And these would have manfully enough escaped his ferocious
attacks and the malignant intentions of his mind, had not a
person of Spalding, Thomas Thurgard by name, acting the
traitor to his people, hindered the said prior and those with
him from carrying their designs into effect ; saying that he had
recently come from the court of the said lord Thomas Wake,
and that common report among them stated that nothing would
be done.46 * * *

* * * when [the abbat] returned, feeling confident that
he should see an auspicious day, in his indignation he47 gave
such an answer as this: "Know for certain, my lord abbat,
and rest assured of it, that the whole that the lady, my
mother, the princess, held before me, and which has clearly
come to me by hereditary right, I will keep to the best of my
ability, and will, with all my might, defend the same." After
saying which, he departed with precipitation, and the abbat,
being disappointed in his hopes, returned home in sorrow
and confusion. Although he had sustained so grievous and so
ungracious a repulse, still, however, he remained unbroken in
spirit, nor did he desist from the task he had undertaken, but,
again and again, both opportunely and inopportunely, accosted
the said earl ; on one occasion at his manor of Brime, on an-
other at Cambridge, in the same year in which the parliament
was held there ; and where he entreated, with repeated sup-
plications, that he would deign to appoint a day and place for
certain of the learned men of his council to meet, to whom the

* The narrative is interrupted here, and is continued in the yew
ad. 1398, the twelfth year of the reign of Richard II. See Preface.

41 Thomas, eon of Joanna, countess of Kent, wife of Edward the
Black Prince.

334 anrcniuATiON of rata hxssoky of cbotsop. aa J389.

abbat would more tolly disclose his evidences. Not even itfcea,
however, did he gain the oigect of his wishes. Accordingly,
seeing that not thus even could his efforts prevail* ^Jtotpek
himself to Henry, the earl of Derby, son of the duke of Jab-
Caster ; for, at this time, John,48 duke of Lancaster, hh fetter,
was in Spain, engaged in the wars there. With moafc urgent
prayers, he also entreated him, that he would be pleased to
request the said earl of Kent, that the abbat of C&oytakd. asd
the tenants of the prior of Spalding might at least iwaitu^ul
the duke's arrival in England, without annoyanee on the. part
of him or of his servants ; and that, if he, had any demand^ to
make against them, he would hold them over until the /&ne
before-mentioned. To this the earl assented, as he feasted
that the duke would never again return to England.

However, in the following summer, by the providence of
God, the above-named duke arrived from the parts beyond sea;
through whose aid and favour the commons of Hoy land again
presented a petition for making a division of the marshes be-
tween Hoyland and Kesteven, to the parliament held at West-
minster, in the thirteenth year of the reign of king Richard,
dud in the year of our Lord, 1389. The king readily assented
to their petition, and, after the close of the parliament di-
rected a commission to issue from his eourt of Chancery to the
most powerful and influential men of the county, .commanding
them, without further delay, to give their diligent attention to
the matter aforesaid, and, according to the tenor of the said
petition, to bring it to a happy conclusion. He ordered them
to make enquiry, upon the oaths of knights and other good
and lawful men of both the aforesaid parts of Hoyland and
Kesteven, both in the liberties thereof as well as without,
through whom the truth of the matter might be, best ascer-
tained, as to the metes, boundaries, and divisions that had,
from ancient times, been had, made, placed, or fixed between
the parts aforesaid ; and as to the places and streets, where
the said metes, boundaries, and divisions had been formerly
placed or made ; and to erect, limit, and assign as metes, boun-
daries, and divisions between the places aforesaid, posts,
embankments, stone crosses,, or other sufficient marks, in the
places and streets aforesaid, by means of which the said mejjea,
boundaries, and divisions might be known and recognised jur
48 John of Gaunt . .. ,

A..B. 1389. INQUISITION AS TO THE B0TWDAEIB8 OF C80YIAN2>. 835

o^rtain at all future times : so that the men of both districts
To^fbre-named might clearly and distinctly for the future know
3»d recognize, by the said signs, the said metes, boundaries,
and divisions.

Oar lord the king also gave orders to the sheriff of Lincoln
tliat he should summon to appear before the judges, at the stone
cross upon the Briggedyke, on the borders of Hoyland and
Keeteven, in the said county, between Donyngton in Hoyland
and Seyntsavos in Kesteven, on the Friday next after the
feast of Corpus Christi, then next ensuing, twenty-four
knights and other good and lawful men, by whom the metes,
"boundaries, divisions, and perambulation between the parte
aforesaid might be trustily and securely made, and the truth
of the matter in the premises be more fully learnt, known,
and enquired into. He also commanded the said sheriff, pub-
licly and solemnly to cause proclamation to be made in divers
places in the parts aforesaid, both within the liberties as well
as without, that all those whom the premises should in any
way concern, should personally make their appearance before
the said justices at the day and place named.

Accordingly, on the Wednesday before the said festival of
Corpus Christi, there came to Croyland the men who had been
assigned hy the sheriff for the said enquiries, to make view of
the metes and boundaries which had been placed in ancient
times, and to seek full information of the abbat of Croyland,
who had in his possession the best evidences on the matter.
These having been sufficiently instructed by him, and most
courteously provided with refreshments, unanimously pro-
ceeded upon the purposed business. On the following Friday,
the inquisition was taken before Robert Willoughby, Philip le
Bespencer, Ealph Crumwelle, William de Skypwyth, William
Thyrnyng, Richard Sydenham, John Markham, Edmund del
Clay, and Robert Kartell, at the stone cross upon the Brigge-
dyke, as to the metes, boundaries, and divisions placed in an-
cient times in a certain marsh, situate between the rivers Wel-
land and Witham, and below the said river Welland, in the
county of Lincoln ; upon the oaths of Andrew de Leek,
knight, John Holbech, knight, John Meers, Ranulph Bolle,
Philip ' Sarnon, Thomas Welby, Richard StevenBon, Wil-
Ham Wyhum, Stephen Copuldyke, John Bly, Ralph Farceux,
and John Grane, on part of Hoyland ; and upon the oaths of

336 cQtfxnnLmQjr op tss wwwbx <kf croxuto* f«f«f 139Q*

John Paynell, knight, Nicholas Hobden, knight, JM^fljiA,
knight, Elias Medelton, William, de Boston, WilUra.|e
jCranewell, John Leeke de Cobbye, Thomas de Slefbrd, Aian .$$
Hekleshale, Antony de Spanby, Ralph de Stanton, and! John
de Haryngton, on part of Kesteven.

All these, with the justices before-named, proceeded together
on the perambulation, supervision, inquisition, limitation, and
assignation for faithfully making metes, boundaries, and dm*
sions, between the parts before-named. Accordingly, they
began on the Saturday following, at a certain place on the
southern side of the said marsh, called Kenulphston, from
Kenulph, the first abbat of the monastery of Croyland, and
placed there by him as the boundary between Croyland and
Depyng ; and they stated upon oath, that the metes, boun-
daries, and divisions set and fixed, from ancient time, between
the parts before-named in the said marsh, between the said
rivers, and below the stream called Welland, begin at the
before-named place called Kenulphston, on the southern side
of the said marsh, close to the waters of the Welland; in
which place a certain cross of stone was formerly erected and
built, as one of the ancient metes, boundaries, and divisions
between the parts aforesaid in the said marsh ; the body of
which cross, through the action of the water and the force of
the winds, had been broken down and destroyed; and that a
certain stone which had been the foot and foundation of the
said cross, was still lying there unmoved, but covered by the
* water ; and that this place, which is called Kenulphston, and
is the first ancient mete, boundary, and division between the
parts aforesaid, is situate on the southern side of the confines
thereof, and is distant from the vill of Croyland, in the parts
of Hoyland, about two leagues by estimate towards the
west. On view of the said place called Kenulphston, both
by the justices aforesaid, as also by the jurors before-named,
it seemed requisite that one or two crosses should be erected
there, for the better knowing of the ancient metes, boun-
daries, and divisions between the parts above-mentioned,
in future times. It was therefore thought proper that two
crosses, one of wood and the other of stone, should be placed
and erected on the spot before-mentioned, contiguous to the
said stone that was lately the foot and foundation of the
ancient cross, the same being set on the eastern side of the said
stone facing Croyland. The said jurors further said, upon

<>&&,' ti&f the* metes, boundaries, and divisions which from
wcfenfr times were had and founded between the parts afbre-
mitFM tne said marsh, extend from the 'place aforesaid called

l£eikiipttst&i to a certain place called Wodelode-Graynes en
the> north, beyond a certain embankment which had been
WWLjr erected by force by the men of Depyng, in the time of
£h& lady Blanche Wake, the same being distant from the
before-named place called Kenulphston about one mile to*
warcls the north. It was therefore thought proper that in the
said place a cross should be erected as one of the metes, boun->
dories, and divisions between the parts aforesaid, above that
embankment, in order that the metes, boundaries, and divi-
sions, from the place called Kenulphston to the said place called
Wodelode-Graynes, between the parte aforesaid, might be seen
and known. And further, the perambulation being made to
the aforesaid place called "Wodelode-Graynes, called also by
the other name of Oggot, the jurors before-mentioned said,
upon their oaths, that that place was one of the metes, boun-
daries, and divisions between the parts aforesaid from ancient
times- founded and placed in the said marsh, and that it was
necessary that a certain cross should be erected there for the
better declaration and understanding of the metes, boundaries,
and "divisions from ancient time had between the said parts.
And because it seemed expedient and necessary to the justices
before-named, it was therefore determined that a certain cross
of stone or wood should be erected there, lest by some means
or other the metes, boundaries, and divisions had and. made
from ancient times in the said marsh between the parts before-
mentioned should, by some means or other, in future times be
forgotten. As far as this place called Wodelode-Graynes, or
by the other name of Oggot, these are the metes and boundaries-
of the abbat of Croyland of a certain parcel of the said marsh
called Goggislound. As these do not extend any further, we
shall forbear to copy any more of the said perambulation for
the present.

The said perambulation being completed, and new crosses
and landmarks being erected and established between Hoyland

' and Kesteven, as already mentioned, still, from day to day
multiplied threats wereiulminated against the abbat of €roy-
land, and many grievances were inflicted upon the more dip

2

838 ' OONTHTOASIOK OF THB HI8T0BT OF CBOYUHTB. ^»i390t

taut manors of the abbat, by the said Thomas Holland, earl of
Kent, and his servants* v

In the first place, in the oourt of the king's Marshalsea, then
held at Stamford, they greatly molested him by preferring billa
of a most grievous nature, but utterly void of truth. They also,
by means of a stratagem, drove away the beasts and other
animals of various kinds, more than fifty in number, from th«
manors of the said abbat at Langtoft to the manor of the said earl
at West Bepyng, and detained them there for a considerable
time. Disturbing the abbat also in his peaceable possession,
they fished in the waters of the Welland, it being his own
several piscary from Kenulphston to Brotherhouse ; the nets,
too, which they found there they tore to pieces. In the
marshes also of the said abbat pertaining to his manors of
Langtoft and Baston, they would on no account permit bis
tenants to dig turf and receive other advantages therefrom as
they were entitled to do. Also, for non-repair of Northee,49
near Bastondyke, and beyond the demesne of Bepyng, they not
only amerced the said abbat and his tenants in the court of
Bepyng, but also laid a heavy distraint upon him in his own
marsh of Baston for the said amercement. When the servants)
also, of the said abbat came to the market of Bepyng to pur-
chase provisions, they beat them to the hazard of their lives,
and throwing them from their boats into the water, heaped
amoh insults and injuries upon them, that they were unable to
enjoy any benefit whatever of carriage by water to the said
abbey. They also violently attacked two waggons belonging to
the abbat, and drawn by sixteen horses, upon the road to Croy-
land, laden with provisions for the household and necessaries
for domestic use, and detained them at Torpel for their own
purposes, until, by letters of the duke of Lancaster granted at
the entreaty of the abbat, they were compelled to restore them.
Besides this, they uttered such shocking and undisguised
threats against the abbat, and his tenants and servants, of kill-
ing, beating, and injuring them, that they did not dare venture
more than half-way to Bepyng, or the country round about it

On the morrow of Saint Martin, however, then next ensuing,

being the fourteenth year of king Richard, a parliament was

held at Westminster. In this, the before-named earl of Kent,

besides what has been already stated, made grievous com-

" Probably the banks of the stream.

*.'»'.• 13*0. ABBAT JOHN AFFK4X8 TO THE KOTO. 839

plaints, by word of mouth, against the abbat of Croyland, for
the many and intolerable injuries which he had inflicted upon
him. John of Gaunt, however, the duke of Lancaster, who
was1 ttoen present, publicly asserted in parliament, that every
one of his complaints were utterly untrue ; for he said that in
the preceding summer he had been in the same districts, and
had been witness, with his otto eyes, that nearly everything
was directly the reverse of what he had stated. " Abbat John,
seeing the said earl so dreadfully excited against him, and still
obstinate in his claim, being sensible that he could not easily
withstand the ill-will of so powerful a man, shortly after waited
upon king Richard, his founder, and resolutely pointed out to
him the perils that threatened his monastery, asserting that
he would not be able any longer to support the onerous duties
of his foundation, unless the royal clemency should deign
speedily to provide him with opportune assistance. He also
presented to him a bill, containing a statement at length of
each of the injuries and damages which had been inflicted on
him, in manner before stated. This bill the king immediately
delivered to the duke of Lancaster, who was then present,
to keep, at the same time giving striot injunctions that he
would have it read before the learned men of his conncU, in
Order that they might secure peace and quietness, such as the
law of the land and justice demand, for this house of his own
foundation.*8 The lord duke readily undertook the perform-
ance of his commands, and efficiently fulfilled them all, in con-
formity with the royal order and wishes.

The abbat made his appearance before them in person, and
suppliantly requested the said council of our lord the king, out
of regard for common charity, to allow his evidence to be
stated before them, and to give their judgment, as justice dic-
tated, in conformity with the same. Seeing that they could
not without evidence give a just decree in the cause, and at
the same time perceiving that the earl, his adversary, for want
of evidence on his part, was unwilling to appear, they agreed,
of their own accord, to inspect his evidence, and, so far as the
law would allow, to ensure to him a prosperous result; besides
which, they appointed a day for him carefully to observe,

.*• John de Asheby.

80 He obtained the title of re-founder from certain acts of munificence,
which have been stated in the portion of this narrative which is now lost.

S40 coNTmrATiotf of the histoky op cbotland. a.d. 1390.

the octave of Saint Hilary, on which he was, all delay laid
aside, again to make his appearance before them with his
proofs. The abbat, however, fearing that from this delay
detriment was threatened to himself, and that in the meantime
no small grievances might be inflicted upon him by the ser-
vants of the said earl, humbly requested the king's council to
ensure him peace and quietness until these dissensions should be
more effectually put an end to, between the said earl and him-
self. This they willingly agreed to, and gave him a Tetter in
the king's name, and under his private seal, to be directed to
the servants of the said earl; the tenor of which letter,, al-
though dictated in the French language, is here set forth in
Latin:

" Bichard, by the grace of God, &c. to our dearly-beloved
John de Kepynghale, seneschal, and John de Holland, receiver,
of our most dear brother,51 the earl of Kent, and all other his
servants whatsoever, in the counties of Lincoln, Northampton,
and Huntingdon, and to each of them, greeting. With the
consent of our council, we do and will strictly enjoin and com-
mand you, henceforth, neither by yourselves, nor by others, to
inflict any grievances or injuries whatsoever upon our dearly-
beloved abbat of Croyland, or his tenants or servants ; but you
are to suffer the said abbat, and his tenants and servants, to
go and return peaceably through the demesnes of the said earl,
for the performance of his necessary business, until such time
as certain controversies and disputes now pending between the
said earl and the before-named abbat shall have been duly
discussed and rectified by our council. And we would have
you, the aforesaid seneschal and receiver, and all men, tenants
and servants of the said earl, in his demesnes within the afore-
said counties, in our name to be strictly warned to be obedient
and attentive to the injunctions which, by these presents, we
have given them, and in no wise to act contrary thereto, under
peril of what may ensue therefrom. In like manner, also, you
are to cause our commands aforesaid, on your behalf to be
strictly regarded and observed, according to the effect and
tenor of the same, as you shall answer for the same, and under
the peril aforesaid. Given, &c. on the ninth day of December,
in the fourteenth year of our reign."

When the king's letter had been read, or set forth, in the
" Half-brother.

4.9. 1392. ABBAT JOHN PBOCEEDS TO LOKBON, 841

tarVs court at Depyng, before his tenants, they all became
quite mad, as it were, and with blasphemous language cursed
their lord, and seeing a stop thus put to their malicious pro*
ceedings, gave utterance to loud yells and roarings. The ab-
bat, however, and his people, passed freely, unmolested and
without insult, through the earl's vills, for the performance of
his necessary duties, until the time appointed ; besides which,
Ms supplies of provisions were allowed to pass in peace through
their districts.

Accordingly, on the approach of Hilary Term, the abbat
Hastened towards London, to be there at the day appointed ;
but, after having awaited the arrival of the earl many days,
he saw that his endeavouro would be intentionally frustrated,
unless he should hasten to adopt another course ; upon which,
he presented himself before the king's council, and, with well-
timed words, declared the cause of his coming. Knowing that
his declaration was true, and admitting lie justice of his
prayer, they immediately gave commands to one John Wod-
rove, who was then present, to warn the earl's advisers imme-
diately to appear before them, and without any further delay
to inform them what they had made up their minds to do on
the day appointed. Complying in every respect with the com-
mands which he had thus received from them, on the following
day he publicly stated before them what answer he had had
from the earl's advisers, which was to the effect, that, being
hindered by other business on that day, they could not possibly
appear before the king's council, while at the same time they
stoutly asserted that they had received no notice whatever to
attend on the day named. On hearing this, being men of
shrewd understanding, they knew for certain that the earl was
unwilling to appear, but was trying to protract the time to no
purpose, until he should find an opportunity of avenging him*
self on the abbat ; and accordingly they discussed the matter
among themselves, how to devise a suitable remedy against the
purpose of the earl, and, upon inspection of his evidences, pro*
vide for the abbat a favourable termination of the matter.
Considering, however, the earl's high rank, as he was brother
of the reigning king, they were afraid lest they might incur
his resentment, or afterwards suffer some disgrace for having
shown too much favour to the abbat, and hostility to him ;
upon which, after discussing the matter among themselves,

842 CONTHTOIUOH 0? THB HUIOUT «F CBOXUITO. A.D* 1B91.

they came to the determination, that by the king's letters* un-
der his privy seal, and setting forth the whole ease, another
day within three weeks after Easter should be named ; wM«h
was .accordingly carried into effect. They also, by general
consent, addressed similar letters of our lord the kffig to the
before-named abbat at Croyland, that he might most carefully
observe the day named.

Accordingly, on the day appointed, the abbat presented
himself at London, as by the king's letters he had been com-
manded to do ; but the opposite side did not appear. How-
ever, it so happened that, during that term, the king's council
was so busied upon arduous and important affairs of the king-
dom, that it had no time to attend to less important matters,
of merely an incidental nature, or indeed to give any serious
thought thereto. The abbat, however, shrewdly suspecting
that his adversaries might, at some future time, impute io him
default on the day named, immediately repaired to the king's
chancellor, and the clerk of the privy seal, and after humbly
shewing them the king's letter, by which the before-mentioned
day had been named for him to appear, urgently entreated that
they would deign, in writing, to make record of his attendant.
They readily agreed to do this, and caused the day of his ap-
pearance to be written and endorsed upon the said letter, which
they kept, lest, through their various occupations, the matter
might chance to escape their memory. Besides this, they ad-
vised the abbat, as he could not at present obtain dispatch of
his business before the king's council, to return by the fifteenth
day after the mast of Saint Michael. He accordingly returned
home, and, though the fulfilment of his hopes was thus long
deferred, determined to attend on the day before-mentioned*

From that day till the feast of Saint Laurence next ensuing,
the said abbat, his servants, and tenants passed freely and xm-
molestedly through the vill of Depyng, and transacted all
their business in the most quiet manner possible, without any
insult or impediment whatever. In the meantime, however,
the said earl of Kent appointed to the office of seneschal of
his lands, a certain headstrong and most violent man, Nicholas
de Clifton by name; who, on coming to the vill of Depyng in
the discharge of his duties about the feast of Saint Laurence,
most inconsiderately gave orders, upon the tenants of the said
vill makingvery great complaints against the abbat of Croyland',

A.D. mi. INJTTBY XJTCttCTBD UPON ▲ HOHI 09 CB0TXAKD. 843

that whatever monk or tenant of the said abbat they should
see passing through their demesne, they should immediately
bring him to the manor-house of his master, and present him
there. Upon this, they lay concealed in ambush, like roaring
whelpB of lions, in order that they might seize upon them,
and day after day they prowled about and ran to and fro, to
Bee if they could catch any of the people of Croyland or of
Spalding, upon whom they might wreak the vengeance of their
malice.

At last, on the Thursday next before the feast of Saint Bar-
tholomew, a certain monk of Croyland, the almoner of that
pkoe* having occasion to pass that way and being in ignorance
of the malicious intentions of the villagers, was proceeding,
a little before sunset, on his road through those parts,
conscious of no evil designs, but with singleness of purpose,
and therefore unsuspectingly. Upon this, three or four youths,
rushing forth from their lurking-places, treated him most
shamefully and unbecomingly, and after leading him with re-
peated insults two long miles from the spot, presented him,
like some important prize, before the seneschal of their master.
Immediately upon this, they accused him with the greatest
acrimony of various injuries which had been inflicted upon
them, and demanded vengeance for the same. The seneschal
too assailed him with numerous reproaches, and protested by
his fealty and his knighthood, that if he should be found guilty
on any one of the points on which he was accused, he would
have him dragged some three or four times through the middle
?f the pond, and afterwards detained in strict custody, until his
abbat should procure his liberation. The monk, being very
sorrowful and filled with anxiety, made oath on the word of a
priest) and truthfully exonerated himself from all the charges
brought against him : upon which, a very dark night coming
on, after having received these great injuries he was dis-
missed.

The next day, by command of the said seneschal, they ap-
prehended a man of Spalding upon the Bastondyke, and after
dipping him in the water some three or four times, placed him,
worn out and half dead, on horseback, and so led him to the
wl's manor-house at Depyng, where they placed him in the
stock* and in close confinement. The same week they also
seized another man of Spalding, and after loading him with

844 coNmnrAznnr or the histoet of cbgtland. aj©* I3&U

repeated insults fell to beating him, and most cruelly^hrejeone
of his arms. The companions of the said bailing ata^rushiffe
forth from their ambush there, and taking them *taawa*e%
seized some boatmen of Croyland at WaLrumhaH, :wh* had
come thither with their vessels, suspecting no mischief:: *&£-
after mercilessly beating them, thus taken off their, guard*
compelled them, wounded as they were, to rush headlong into
the water.

Adding to these atrocious injuries prevarication as weQ,
they uttered even still more serious threats, to the effect-that
on the feast of Saint Bartholomew, which was then at hand,
they would pay a visit to Croyland, and would there, with a
strong hand, take toll from each of them whether they would
or no. These rumours being immediately spread through-
out all Hoyland, on the said feast of Saint Bartholomew, three
of the household of the earl of Derby,62 who was then staying
at Burgh Saint Peter, came to Croyland, and with them a vast
multitude of the men of Hoyland ; seizing the opportunity
with alacrity as well as acrimony of avenging themselves $i
the injuries which had been so recently inflicted. Immediately
on their arrival, they searched every part of the vill of Grey*
land, and, finding some of the people of Depyng, placed some
in strict custody : while others they dipped repeatedly in the
water, wishing to give them a like return for what they them*
selves had suffered at their hands. At the approach of even-
ing on the same day, they again searched the vill with lanterns,
and found some persons to them unknown in the act of taking
to flight : upon which, one man sent an arrow after them,
and piercing one of their number through the middle of the
leg, compelled him, unwilling as he was, to halt, while tie
rest consulted their safety in flight. After viewing him in full
light, they found that he was a certain Hoylander, Simon (M-
dard by name, who, by reason of a homicide which he had
committed in an outbreak, had been banished from his native
place, and had been for a long time harboured at Bepyng, in
contravention of the laws of England.

On thus capturing him, the men of Spalding took him home
with them, and, on the Lord's day, at .about the ninth hour,
with the common consent of all, cut off his head at Spalding,'
it being the fifteenth year of the reign of king Richard.
« Afterwards Henry IV.

Al». 1391. JLBBAT TOHK SOTKUC4I1S TBB XDTtt 945

• In the meantime, a report was suddenly spread abroad in the
tail «f Depyng, that tlte earl of Derby, who, as previously
started, was then staying at Burgh, had given orders to hut
people forthwith to burn the vill of Depyng to the ground, and
without mercy to slay with a remorseless sword all its inhabit-
ants «s enemies to himself and his father. On hearing this,
the people of Depyng were very much alarmed, and adopting
more prudent counsels, with all haste sent the seneschal of their
lord's eeurts, with twenty-four elders of the vill, to Burgh
Saint Peter, in order humbly to sue for peace, and voluntarily
to place themselves at the mercy of the said earl of Derby,
Upon this, the treasurer of the said earl, seeing the bitterness*
of their souls, and their pride trodden under foot by suoh an
humble submission, readily admitted them to the favour of his
master, and allowed them to return home, after binding them
by oath to the following effect ; that they should in future, to
tikie best of their ability, keep the peace towards all the people
of Hoyland, and would most strictly chastise all such dis-
turbers of the peace as they might find among themselves.

Ill the same year, and at the beginning of the following1
-winter, king Richard held his parliament at Westminster, on
the morrow of All Souls. Abbat John, being now rendered
more cautious from his past perils, and apprehending that most
probably still greater ones would at a future day ensue, once
more tore himself from the embraces of Rachel and quiet con*
temptation^ and found himself compelled to submit to laborious
toils for Leah amid the tumults of the world. For, with a
discreet haste he repaired to London, and made his appearance
in full parliament : and then, while his adversary, the earl of
Kent, was there seated with the rest, on a fitting opportunity de~
layered into the king's hands, with all humility and devout-
ness, a bill containing a statement of the whole case, and en-
treated that he would deign to command it to be read in presence
of all. The king, on receiving the said bill, being both occupied
at that moment with other business, and induced thereto,, as it
ib supposed, by brotherly affection, at once consigned the matter
to oblivion. The abbat, however, acting with full confidence
in the Lord, and falling on his knees before the kinp, on three
separate occasions, did not desist, until the king, of only on
account of his importunity, had ordered the bill to be publicly
read.

946 coimiTOAHGar of the iobiohy of ckotxabs. a.*. 1391 •

The substance of it was as follows:— That in the last par*
liament of the king, a hill had been presented on behalf of the
abbat of Groyland, relative to the divers grievances and injuries
which had been inflicted npon him, and that, by coneurrenee of
the peers, consideration of the whole matter had been com-
mitted to certain learned and industrious men of the council of
our lord the king; who had appointed the octave of Saint
Hilary aa the day for both parties to appear to produce their
evidence ; upon which, however, the said earl on his side did
not appear. That after this, it was ordered by the same per-
sons that each party should once more be warned, by letters of
our lord the king under his privy seal, to appear before them
within three weeks after Easter ; but that not then even did a
single person of the council of the said earl make his appear-
ance* That the said abbat, not without great labour and ex-
pense on his part, carefully attended on both days that had
been named for them to appear. And it was therefore, humbly
prayed his royal highness on part of the said abbat, thai
for the preservation of his right of patronage, and for avoid-
ing any diminution of the royal rights in the said abbey during
vacation of the abbacy thereof, he would deign to provide
some fitting and gracious remedy in the matter aforesaid ; be-
cause if he should not quickly succour the said abbat and con-
vent in this present spoliation of them, they would not be able
in future to endure the burdens of their foundation or con-
tinue to perform their duties for the support of Divine worship,
by reason of the smallness of their means*

After the bill had been read to this effect in parliament, the
said earl is said to have thus addressed the king: "My
lord," said he, " if so it please you, this same abbat both here
and elsewhere has repeatedly proffered moat serious complaints
against me, which both redound to the curtailment of my rights
and to no small blackening of my fair name. Therefore I do
ask that you will deign so to adjust your sentence to the exact
measure of what is right, that his complaints against me may
henceforth be set at rest, and that my disinheritance may
not be the result thereof." This he is supposed to have said
for form's sake, so that he might not appear to have kept per-
fect silence, while, at the same time he uttered one thing with
his lips, and was devising another in his heart; a thing that
was fully proved in the sequel.

Atl*. J30i, MSHJTB DT 7ASUA1CSKT. 347

For, hardly had the space of one week gone by after this,
when the said earl, in the same parliament, preferred a most
grievous bill against the same abbat, containing many serious
charge** end requested that it should be read. Accordingly,
during the whole time that it was being read, the earl stood
erect before the king, and, at the same time, the earl of March,
the earl of Arundel, the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Hun*
tingdon, the earl of Northumberland, and other nobles, who
favoured him, whatever might be his title, similarly stood
up with him, as supporters of his cause. On the abbat's side,
he stood alone, putting his trust in the Lord, and in the most
assured truth of his proofs. On the same day, the said earl;
in like manner, presented a bill against the prior of Spalding,
which was publicly read in presence of the said council.

After both of them had been read, and construed by all with
very dissimilar feelings, the lord John of Gaunt, the venerable
duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, immediately arose, and with
him the duke of York, his brother, as well as their sons,
Henry, earl of Derby, son of the duke of Lancaster, and the
earl of Rutland, son of the duke of York. The duke of Lan-
caster forthwith addressed the king in these words: "My
revered lord, certain things that have been here read concern
me and my freehold, for which, under God's guidanoe, it
behoves me to stand up so long as I live. But after I am dead,
I wish my son, to whom, by hereditary right, the same will
descend, to the best of his abilities to maintain the same, and
not on any account to allow my just rights to be lost/1

To this, the archbishop of York, the chancellor of England,
by the king's command, immediately made answer : "My lord
duke of Lancaster, his royal highness, fully taking into con-
sideration the exalted station of your persons, especially wishes
this to be observed, that no grounds whatever for contentions
or discords in public may for the present be disclosed : but the
matter in dispute between you he takes into the hands of his
royal power, intending to provide for you in the matter arbitra-
tors who shall duly discuss and rectify everything on fair and
reasonable grounds.'9

Matters being in this position, the abbat remained standing
alone in the midst of them, and destitute of all human aid.
However, seeing that his cause was thus imperilled, and si*
lently recalling to mind that " it is better to trust in the Lord,

B48 CONTINUATION 0* THS HI8TOEY 02 GBOYLAJU). A.D. 1391.

than to put confidence in princes,"*4 and the words, "Put
not your trust in princes nor in the son of man, in whom
there is no help,"** he immediately implored the Divine as-
sistance, and placed his entire trust in the aid of the Most
High, and in the protection of the God of heaven. Accord-
ingly, throwing himself at the king's feet, in a devout spirit,
and, with a tranquil countenance and great constancy of heart,
he called attention to his desolate state, in words to the follow-
ing effect : " Behold, my lord king," said he; " I fly alone for
refuge to the throne of your majesty, confessing that you are
my king, and the founder of my church, which now stands at
(he point of ruin, and in danger of utter spoliation. Therefore,
on behalf of Almighty God, I do call upon you, powerfully with
your royal hand to support the rights of your foundation, and
with all speed to succour the said church in this the moment
of her necessity, seeing that there is no other, who will be
able to come to her aid, as you shall be wishful to answer for
the same at the strict judgment of God, and before the tri-
bunal of Christ." After this, he raised himself by degrees,
and addressing his words to the chancellor of England and the
lord duke of Lancaster, thus continued : " And as for you, my
lords," said he, " who are the chief and principal nobles of
the council of my lord the king, I do also, in the name of
God, exhort and entreat you, so faithfully to act in the defence
of the rights of my said church, as it is your wish finally to
avoid indignation at the last judgment."

Immediately upon this, the chancellor said, by the king's
command : " My lord abbat, it is the king's wish that what-
ever award he shall make to the lord duke of Lancaster in his
matter, a similar result shall, under God's guidance, attend
your application. "Wherefore, he has taken your complaints
and your grievances into his own hands, and, well remember-
ing that he has been the founder of your church, he is deter-
mined to restore everything that justice shall demand as the
right of that church, and to avert every injury from the same,
as is his bounden duty to do."

Oh most memorable magnanimity on the part of this vener-
able man ! Oh remarkable constancy to his sons in this their
father in the Lord ! who, with such singular firmness of
heart, stood up against those who so iniquitously persecuted
M Psalm cxviii. 9* w Pialm cxlvi. 3.

A.D. 1392. UL8T 8ICETKS8 OF ABBAT J0H2T. 849

liim ; who, inflamed with zeal for juBtice, manfully withstood
them and opposed himself as a wall of defence for the house
of the Lord ; who, though he knew that the feelings of the
long might reasonably be suspected to be in favour of his own6*
brother then present, was not alarmed thereat, did not dread
the threats of the judges, nor yet fear the crowd of earls and
nobles of the kingdom who publicly took part against him.
But, so moderate was he in Ins language, so temperate in his
address, that he was neither over-fluent in excess of words,
nor yet was he found wanting through poverty of speech.
Hence it was, that he both challenged the feelings of all who
stood around in his favour, and merited the praises of each.

During a whole year after this, he enjoyed the peace he
so much longed for, amid the greatest tranquillity ; and no
matter for either ill-will or discord was afforded to him or his,
in word or deed, by the servants or tenants of the said earl.
But, behold ! nothing under heaven can be safe, nothing can
remain for long the same. For even they who Berve God are
not stable, and "Even his own angels He charged with
folly.**67 For we all die, and like water we glide into the earth.
Indeed, we are the tributaries of death, and in us we all have
an answer to the summons of death. Oh deceitful fortune,
who dost exalt us in the moment of exultation, and dost as sud-
denly plunge us into the abyss of sorrow ! For, in the same
year, being that from the Incarnation of our Lord, 1392, and
the sixteenth of king Richard the Second, the said vener-
able father, worthy of all lasting praise, began to sicken on
the day of the Assumption of Che Blessed Virgin, and, being
attacked by a violent fever, was deprived of all strength of
body : upon which, he most ardently longed for death, in pre-
ference to abiding any longer among the labours and storms of
this toilsome life. Accordingly, from the very day that his
illness began, as soon as he perceived that the hand of the
Lord had come upon him, and that he was to bid farewell to
this world, he immediately estranged himself from all the
cares of this life, and employed himself with all anxiety of
mind in making provision that the day of death, which is wont
to come upon so many unprepared, might not come upon him
unawares. At last, when the final moments of his life were

46 " Uterinus," the earl being the son of Joanna, the wife of the Black
Prince. a Job iv. 18.

350 coNTiOTAXircr or xks hisxokt op caoxLunh *.i>J]3a&

approaching, he benignly comforted bis brethren and his
friends who had met together, and were lamenting thejriacon*
solable loss ; and after partaking of the spiritual viatieum, in
order that the God of our salvation might grant him a speedy*
journey, on the octave of Saint Bartholomew, his most espe-
cial patron, with joy he quitted the world and joined the in-
habitants of heaven, in the sixteenth year of his prelacy.
While he was still in this world, although he was repeatedly
tossed to and fro by misfortunes from without, and was harassed
by the embarrassments of this life, still, none the more did he
withdraw his attention from the interests of his house, but in
many ways graced his church with vestments, thuribles, deco-
rations for the altars, and other ecclesiastical ornaments, and
caused the great bells of the convent to be re-cast. Besides
this, he supplied large vessels of copper for the purpose of
brewing ; and had wooden doors placed at the outer gate of
the abbey. Last of all, the perambulation, for the purpose of
setting metes and boundaries for the division and separation of
the districts of Hoyland and Kesteveo, which is mentioned
above as having been made through the lord John of Gaunt,
duke of Lancaster, and the knights of the country, was obtained
through his exertions and at his expense.

After he was thus dead, and gathered unto his fathers, not
without the lamentations and sorrow of the whole district, he
was succeeded by Thomas de Overton, prior of the same com-
munity, a man prudent and circumspect in action, and one
who had been well tested by experience, while holding the
higher offices of the monastery.

In the seventeenth year of the same king, and the second
of the abbacy of the said Thomas, some of the commons of the
county of Northampton, with the full assent of the monks of
Burgh, with great efforts raised a great embankment on the
south side, of the Welland, from Feykirk as far as Southkke,
opposite to Kenulphston; whence they extended it a great
distance in the direction of Croyland, within the boundariea
of the abbat, without his leave or consent. However, by the
providence of God, their attempts were not carried into effect
For, every year, as the waters increased to overflowing, the
channel was unable to contain the increasing waters withis
the banks, and, consequently, by repeatedly washing away the
•s ** Properum."— Qy. if not *• prosperum,*' a " a prosperous journey."

JUD, 1393. OUXBAG£ COMMITTED ON THE LANDS 07 CEOtLAKD. 351

«oil, the wavesoverflowed thesaid embankment. Hence, through,
the irruption of the floods, the whole surface was inundated
and covered with the waters, so that the utility resulting
therefrom consisted more in a supply of fish than of pas-
turage.

In the same year also, in the holy week of Pentecost, a vast
multitude of the people of Depyng came into the marshes with
an armed force, and outrageously threw to the ground the
cross called EJenulphston, which had lately been erected by
authority of our lord the king and the parliament as the
boundary between Hoyland and Xesteven, on the occasion of
the perambulation before-mentioned ; and, after thus throwing
it down and breaking it to pieces, they carried it off with them
to Depyng, and there, with marks of indignation and dishonor,
threw it into the pools under the feet of the passers-by. On
the following day, also, with axes and hatchets they levelled
the trees which grew on the mound on which the cross had
stood, and after throwing them into the water, returned home
with great boasting and exultation. Upon this, abbat Thomas,
being greatly vexed at this detestable and cruel injury inflicted
upon himself and his church, and being deeply grieved thereat,
manfully prepared, to the very utmost of his ability, to defend
the rights of his foundation, and, betraying no slothfulness,
hastened to ensure the re-erection of the said cross, in conformity
with the laws of England.

. Accordingly, he repaired to London, and by bill set forth his
various grievances before our lord the king ; while at the same
time .he was supported by the favour and assistance of the
greatly to be honored and ever worthy to be mentioned lord John
of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster; upon which, with all speed he
obtained from his serene highness a commission directed to the
nobles and judges of the land, to hold a grand assize on the
same. At this assize also, the said illustrious duke, as being
the first and chief upon the commission, most benignly pre-
sided in his own person. Here the highest and most powerful
men of Depyng were indicted, and condemned for having
offended against the abbat of Croyland, and the country ; after
which, they were seized and led fettered in carts and waggons,
without mercy, to the castle of Lincoln, until such time as the
aforesaid cross should be rebuilt. In the meantime, their
friends and neighbours made haste,, without delay, to erect

362 oohttotakoh of the raxoBT or ckotxaxd. *«*. p^

another new croes^A^djso, being greatly flarmed, scored i£;
though much against their wills, in its proper pla^.jw&qe Ji&
had formerly stood, as may now be seen by all who bej^oldlt. ■

About this time also, king Richard removed all ,hi^.opnr£s^,
not without great expense, from "Westminster to Yor^.inljwaC-
Bequenoe of the ill-will shewn by the citizens of Lori^anu^ ;

In the twentieth year of his reign, the same king, levying a'
strong, body of men at London, suddenly came to the jnanor-of
the lord Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, at Ittassbe,*
in the county of Essex, and there arresting the said duke, sejat
him to bo kept in safe custody at Calais. After a short time,
however, by command of our lord the king, and by the advice
of the earl marshal of England, the. then captains of ihe Maid
town of Calais, who were the keepers of the before-named
duke,, suddenly entered his chamber by night as he slept, and
binding him hand and foot, placed him between two large pil- -
lows, and, by repeatedly treading thereon with their feiet,
smothered him in a most dreadful manner.

In these days, repeated evils were wrought in England, ia
the banishment of earls, the beheading of peers, and the con-
signment of-many nobles to perpetual imprisonment. At this
period, too, king Richard, at the beginning of his parliament,
sentenced Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, to per-
petual banishment from the realm, and confiscated his pro-
perty to the royal treasury. In like manner also, he sen-
tenced Henry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt,
duke of Lancaster, to banishment for ten years.

In the same year, Eobert Braybroke, bishop of London,
with some others who had joined him at Bedford, as well as
other prelates who were induced thereto by his example, caused
two of the most noble persons in each vill throughout sixteen
counties of England, to be summoned before them ; and, when
they appeared, compelled them to set their seals to a certain
white paper which was styled " Blanc chartre" and had been
devised by the wicked and false counsels of perfidious men; a
thing that afterwards proved one great cause of king Richard's
downfall. In this year also, the clergy, people, and priests,
being taxed, submitted to payment of these heavy imposts to
the king with great murmuring.

In the following year, that is to say, in the year from the

59 Or Fleshy, near Dunmow, at which place he had founded a college.

a\o. 13W: sEVERAt knights abe decapitated. 953

Incarnation of out Lord, 1399, and the last of the reign of
king Kichard, the lord John of Gaunt, the illustrious duke of
Lancaster, of deservedly pious memory, (one who had always
proved most friendly to our monastery of Croyland. and its
opportune helper in its tribulations), departed the way of all
flesh at Leicester ; and was buried in the church of St. Paul
at London, Henry his son and heir being then in exile.

In the meantime, king Richard entrusted and to farm let
the kingdom of England to William Scrope, earl of Wiltshire
and treasurer of England, and John Bushe, Henry Greene, and
John Bagott, knights. He also appointed Edmund Langley,
duke of York, protector of the kingdom ; while the king him-
self, with a strong force, proceeded to Ireland, to wage war
against the Irish, who had rebelled against him.

Henry Bolingbroke, however, earl of Derby, duke of Here-
ford, and, by right inherited from his father, duke of Lan-
caster, being in banishment at his father's death, on hearing
of it, sent letters of entreaty to the king of England, beg-
ging that he would allow him to enjoy his paternal inheritance,
and promising that he would faithfully perform all duties that
a liege-man ought to perform for his king. On finding that
the king hesitated to grant his request, he determined to carry
matters with a high hand, so collecting a large body of troops,
he landed at night in the north of England on the fourth of
July, accompanied by Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canter-
bury, his fellow-exile ; and before he arrived at his castle of
Pontefract, his .troops had increased to an innumerable army.
The lord Edmund Langley, the king's representative in Eng-
land, with Nicholas Spencer, the bishop of Norwich, and the
knights John Bushe, Henry Greene, and John Bagott, also col-
lected a large army, in number nearly sixteen thousand men ;
but although by the king's command he hastened to attack
Bolingbroke, he was forced to retreat and take refuge in
Bristol Castle. Here the lord William Scrope, the king's
treasurer, was punished with the loss of his head for his
treachery in having sold the castle of Calais for an immense '
sum of money which he received from the king of France. In
like manner, the knights, John Bushe, and Henry Greene, were
punished with decapitation, because by their advice and con-
currence most grievous taxes had been imposed upon the com-
mons of England.

a A

. 354 OOVTIOTATIOX OF the history of CKOTLAND. A.D. 1400. \

The king, who was still in Ireland, as soon as rumours to
this effect came to his ears, hastened to return to Tfcnffift^ and
filford Haven, in Vales. * *l>ttt"fte

, landed with a few men at Afilford Haven,
people of England forsook him, and no longer adhere^ ta Ids
cause ; both because he had oppressed them with his' exactions,
as also, in especial, because he had ordered Thomas of ^Wodd-
stock, duke of Gloucester, to be put to death at Cahixs "drli&rat
any good reason, and had had the earls of Arundel and War-
wick beheaded, and had compelled Thomas Arundel, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, and Henry, duke of Lancaster, with
many others, to go into exile. After this, the king repaired
to Flint Castle, where, after holding a short conference with
the duke, on wishing to retire, he was not permitted ; but was
immediately arrested, and taken to Chester by the servants of
.the duke of Lancaster. • >■

A short time after this, Henry, duke of Lancaster, the earl
of Northumberland, and Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Can-
terbury, with many other nobles of the kingdom, taking the
king with them, a prisoner and forsaken by all, hastened
towards London ; and on arriving there, committed him to the
Tower for safe custody until Parliament should meet. Imme-
diately calling together the Parliament, king Richard ap-
pointed Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, and a few other
nobles, his deputies, in his name to resign the crown of his
kingdom before the duke and the commons of all England.
Shortly after this, the peers of the realm condemned him to
perpetual imprisonment, first at Leeds Castle in Kent, and
then at Pontefract Castle in the county of York ; and with
the consent of the commons, they proclaimed Henry, duke ot
Lancaster, king of England. In the same year, therefore,
Henry Bolingbroke, duke of Lancaster, was crowned fcing, at
Westminster on the feast of Saint Edward, by Roger WsMten,
the then archbishop of Canterbury ; at which coronation, he
made his eldest son, Henry of Monmouth, prince of Vales, duke
of Cornwall, and earl of Chester. Besides this, he restored
Thomas Arundel to the archiepiscopal dignity, after removing
Roger therefrom, and appointing him to the see of London,
which was then vacant.

In the following year, being that of the Incarnation of out
Lord, 1400, king Henry, thinking that the kingdom was now
at peace in his sight, with a few of his people kept the Nativity
of our Lord at Windsor. But there is nothing to be depended

A.dI 1400. DEATH OF KUTO KICHAXD. 355

upon amopg men ; as certain persons, being indignant thereat,
and being unwilling that he should reign over them, con-
spire^ to, put him to death. For the earl of Kent, the earl of
Huntingdon, the earl of Salisbury, and the lord de Spencer,
vnii}, some other, knights plotted against him ; and, at a peaceful
. to.uccnainent called a " mumming," which was held before the
king on the day of the Epiphany, being themselves haters of
peace, caused public proclamation to be made, so that, making
an attack with a strong hand, they might be enabled traitor*
oualy to slay the king by taking him unawares.

tuns conspiracy, however, by the providence of God, was not
concealed from the king. For he having discovered it, they
all took to flight ; but, in a short time all these parties, who
had thus prepared to levy war, were taken or else dispersed
abroad, and wherever they were discovered were beheaded
without delay. Among these was the before-mentioned and
too muoh to be noticed Thomas Holland, earl of Kent, and lord
of Depyng ; for he, who had been always an evil-wisher and a
most spiteful persecutor of the monastery of Croyland, by the
sudden judgment of God on his life and his wickedness, came
to bis end by losing his head, on the very same day on which,
.as it is said, he had determined to attack the said monastery
with a strong hand. When a faithful account had been brought
to king Eichard at the castle of Fontefract of the deaths of the
earls his brothers, in whom he placed a remarkable degree of
confidence ; being already absorbed in sorrow, and despairing
of his own safety, he pined away, and most inconsiderately
and rashly vowed for very grief that he would never after take
food; and thus, after abstaining from sustenance Ave days and
as many nights, he departed this life, miserably dying of
hunger, after the completion of a reign of twenty-two years.

In these times, also, the world being thus at the mercy of
a malignant whirlwind of direful perturbations, which spread
throughout nearly the whole of England, Satan again went
forth from before the face of the Lord, and, in the mouths of
certain abandoned men, who had been placed in confinement,
proved himself still, as he had been from the beginning, a lying
spirit For these wretches, being either induced thereto by
accursed bribes, or else through a misplaced anxiety in their
desperate attempts to prolpng their wretched lives, most falsely
apcused divers prelates and nobles of the church and the

i>56 CONTINUATION OF THE HI8TOBr OF CBOYLAjrD. JLD.

kingdom of treason against the king's person. A^
Thomas, abbat of Croyland, as well as many oth&fc ;
fellow-abbats in the county, was iniqnitously cliatged
treason by a certain son of perdition ; upon which, ]t& had i
day appointed for him to appear, Huntingdon bein^nttmcd &
the place, that he might lawfully clear himself before foe kingS
justices of the crime laid to his charge. Trusting' espeetaBy
in the Lord, and the testimony of his own conscience1; he most
readily presented himself at the place named. Here/ Wing
appeared before the tribunal of the presiding judge, he was,
bf the providence of Christ, acquitted of the charge1 upon the
truthful attestation of the whole county; and so, rejoicing,
and returning thanks to God, he returned home.

After this, through the remaining period of his rule, nearly
up to the time of his death, he enjoyed abundantly the peaee
that is so ardently longed for by all mortals. During the oat-
burst, however, of the before-mentioned tempest, we cannot
sufficiently wonder how greatly the enemy showed mV ma-
lignity against the Saints, and to what an extent Satan W©
permitted to wreak his malice upon the professors of fhetratn.
For ten brethren of the order of the Minorites, famous men
and honored doctors of Divinity, together with Sir Roger Cla-
rendon,*0 and Walter de Lande, their prior, being convicted «f
treason, amid the violence of these tempestuous times/ were
drawn and hanged.

In the year of our Lord, 1403, being the fourth year*f the
reign of king Henry, a great and more than ordinary frittfe
in times of civil war, was fought at Shrewsbury, on thfr fes-
tival of Saint Praxecles,81 between king Henry and Henry
Percy, earl of Northumberland. In this engagement, noblea
and gentlemen, together with common men, were slain, to an
'amount estimated at five thousand men. This war had long
before been foretold by a comet, which appeared in the North,
on successive nights, in form of a sword, and which the most
learned among the astrologers asserted to have been sent aft a
direful prognostic of woe.

Two years after this, Richard Scrope, archbishop of Y«*>
and the lord Mowbray, earl marshal, together Willi a -multi-

60 He was a natural son of tfce Black Prince. All these pereohi vere
executed for asserting that king RicbanJ was. still alive. ' "•"

*A twenty-first 0f j^ . : -_

A^ft 1405. WISE PBOCEEDIffGS 07 A.BBAT THOMAS. 867

tn^a. of ,baethren, of the four orders, and a Inge body of
#tne4 men which he had levied in the northern districts, rose
is. warlike array against king Henry ; on which the king met
jbjBnjf wi^h a large force, and beheaded the most noble that
/wepe taken, at York, without respect for condition or order,
fipwever, the Divine goodness deigned in after-times to show
forth great virtues and mighty miracles in favour of the arch-
bishop, who was there put to death.

4-bbat Thomas had now passed nearly fourteen years in.
quietness from the turmoil of the world, the tribulation of the
wicked, and all sorrow ; but still, he did not spend his time in
idleness, and in neglecting to perform the works of goodness ;
for he was always strenuously exerting himself in increasing.
ti}e possessions of his church, by means of which he might
more"3 abundantly promote the worship of God, and more
readily perform the duties of hospitality. For, with great
sums of money, he obtained from Sir Balph Shelton, for his
monastery, the third part of a third part of the manor of
; Gedney, called Sheltonfee, as also a certain part of a knight's
fee, in the vill of Baston, called Beaumontfee, from the lord
, Henry de Beaumont. The annual income of the prior of one
of tjiese places amounts, according to a true calculation, to
sixteen pounds, while that of the other amounts to twenty
marks.

He also turned his attention to things worthy of a higher
consideration ; and looking forward with presaging mind to the
future, he observed how, upon a vacation of the abbacy, the
king's servants and officers had been accustomed, just lie so
many lions, to pounce upon the property of the monastery,
drive away the cattle, and, in confiscating the rest of its pos-
sessions, be guilty of the most grievous exactions: upon
which, with the most excellent intentions, he determined saga-
ciously to make provision against these evils, and to apply an
opportune remedy for the future. Accordingly, he obtained a
. charter patent of the royal protection, ensuring the future in-
demnity of his manors, and strictly forbidding the king's ser-
vants thenceforth in any way to meddle with the property of
the monastery ; and by agreeing that, as often as a vacancy

**" Minus " w less," in the original, seems to be a misprint ; unless the
meaning is that it was his wish to curtail hospitality to provide more abun-
dantly for the worship of God.

958 (x>irrnrir*nsoir or irff* hj^^ xMHOb.

should happen, a payment should be made' of bn^y Wffrty
pounds to the royal treasury, he relieved his &H5fcetedW of*^
ground for inextricable difficulties. ''• ■' ' ; lTi

fie .also had new forms made in the choir, upon whMl tfc& '
brethren are wont to kneel at prayers, and had the four^^ree^jp^
sounding bells repaired, which hang in the tower bej/i&A
the choir, to the glory of the house of God. In like manner,
he had those extremely handsome buildings, situate m tnecbnrt^
yard of the abbey, and used as offices for domestic purfobde^, '
that is to say, as a brew-house and bake-house; built iri a
most expensive manner.

You might also hare Been ' him watchfully moving to and
fro, both in the midst of his flock and around it, like 'one of
those heavenly beasts18 that had eyes for seeing both before'
and behind — he was, I say, living in common with ' then! 1n
the midst of his brethren, and, going round about among
them, administered to them all temporal assistance ; in' the'
midst of them, he was like one of them, while, in going1
roundabout, he became the servant of them all; in fine, he
lived in the midst of them, that there might be no personal de-'
ference paid to him, and he went round about that on no side
an entrance might be left open to the eneniy. But, u Favour
is deceitful, and beauty is vain;"64 and, because the "prosperity i
of a smiling world is wont to elevate the heart, and in Its
emptiness compels the unwary to raise themselves above? them-
selves, that so they cannot bethink themselves on the dajr of
blessings, or even of woe ; God, who is a God of mercy and
compassion, being unwilling that his servant should be indiiced
to boast in his exaltation, having had so many years granted to'
him of lasting peace, but rather that he might have more
humble thoughts and more sagaciously provide against the
elevation that attends the day of mortals, withdrew from
him light in the body, like another Tobias, and, in his' mercy,
sent upon him night with its shades and darkness ; a state in
which he remained for the five years during which he survived
until his death. However, well remembering that it is writ-
ten, "Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth
every son whom he reeeiveth," a he submitted with the greatest
patience to this Divine visitation, and as his answer, upon the
infliction on him of the death, he always gave most abundant

• AUuding to Rev. iv. 6. M Proverbs xxxi. SO. M Hcb. xii. 6.

JL*4.44<$. MTJtf OTOEIKW .-OP f»H& 0* TOT BREXftBJCT. 369

thffl^ to,God, often repefrtiag to himself, "It is good, Lord;
tfea^^hqu hast humbled ifte;'! and, again, "I will rather glory-
in my infirmities, that the paver of Christ may rest upon, me ;"w
an/jj again, " Tby visitation hath preserved my spirit ;"w and
agpui, " I. believe to see.tho goodness of the Lorain the land
of[ibp. living,"68 Still, however, overcome by the urgent re-
quest and importunate entreati.es of his brethren, ho remained,
though unwillingly, to the end of his life in the performance of
hia^pa^toral duties; and all persons, with sincere feelings of
affection, always, in, every way, paid him every mark of honor
and respect. The entire management, however of the affairs
of the monastery, and of its interests, both temporal as, well, as
spiritual, were entrusted to Richard Upton, prior of Croyland,
by. tie, lord Philip, who was at that time diocesan. He was-
a man, noted. for his scholastic attainments, a Bachelor of Di-
vinity, one most profoundly imbued with a knowledge of lite*
rature, able in action, and prudent and discreet in the manage*
ment of temporal affairs; having gained great experience
while prior, of Freston, an office which he had held with dis-
tinction, for ten years.

But no\v I think it is proper to make mention of some of the
brethren of this, monastery, who axe deserving to be perpetually
remembered, and who, entertaining love for God and their neigh-
bour, in the time of the said venerable father, abbat Thomas,
laudably bestowed, of the goods of their friends, and of those,
whichj by permission of the abbat, they had collected, more
upon the monastery than was given by others, with the leave
of the latter so to say. Wherefore, we have thought proper
here to insert their names, that posterity may be made to un-
derstand that it is their duty, by the suffrages of their prayers,
no less due than devout, to commend their souls to God, when
they remember that they are enjoying the benefit of their la-
bours, and know that it is through their bounty that they are
here refreshed.

One of these was brother Laurence Chateres, kitchener
of the same place, who most liberally contributed forty
pounds to the building of the west side of the cloisters. In
like manner, also, he gave forty pounds to supply almond milk
to refresh the convent on fish days. He also nobly supplied
the vestiary with an entire suit of black, embroidered with
«• 2 Cor. xu. 9. « Job x. 12. « Psalm xxvii, 13.

860 oosmruAnoir o* the hxstobt of caoYzajn). 4c.i*;14fi$-

letters in gold, and appropriate for the purposes of Jfrfm&wme-
vice and the burial of the dead, and which he had pjwideit.**!
the cost of twenty-six pounds. Besides this, he ajso-libeggaly
gave twenty pounds towards the building of a fana~feo$de qpm
the manor of the convent at Dovedale.

Another brother also, William of Croyland, we eroflider in
no degree inferior to the former. Being -appointed matftex p£
the works, by his labour and industry he first built the. western
part of the cloisters before-mentioned, from the veryfeHmdatana.
After this, he erected the two transverse aisles of the chweth,
so remarkable for their beauty, below the choir, one. on the
north, the other on the south, , together with their Yafttted
roofs, and their windows of glass ; as well as a chapel in honor
of the blessed Virgin, situate on the northern confines thereof
and which he built of the most elegant workmanship, at a vast
outlay of money. Besides this, he ordered two tablets to. be
prepared by the diligent skill of the sculptors, for the purpose
of being erected at the altar of our blessed lather Guthlao,
which is placed on the side facing the east ; and that he might
render them more beauteous in appearance, he ordered the
lower one to be painted, while he had the whole of the upper
one gilded. It is also universally known that the beautiful
refectory-house of the order was built by him, from the very
foundation to the summit, with artistic elegance and the* gifeat~.
est magnificence. Besides this, like another Nehemias, he
strenuously laboured in the building of the temple of the JLonl/
and erected, from the very foundation to the laying of the roo£
the whole of the lower part of the nave of the church, towards
the west, as well as both aisles appendant thereto) together
with their chapels. But of this hereafter : for it belongs to
the time of the lord abbat Bichard, who next succeeded t*> the
duties of the pastoral charge.

Neither should brother Bichard Woxbrige be omitted from
the list of our memorial, who bestowed upon God and th*
church a purple vestment, delioately inlaid with flowers of
gold, consisting of two hoods, and a chasuble, with tunics,
thereby most liberally providing the wardrobe of the vestiary.
This, even down to our times, is deservedly mentioned among
the principal benefactions.

And then besides, brother Simon Eresby deserves to be
reckoned in the list of our benefactors; for he deeoro£e(Mfea

*:#. 141& GUT OP LitJEKJTCE CHATXBBS. 861

trifcu*' of flfcint John the Evangelist, to whom in especial he
J>ai*i the most devout veneration, with tablets of exquisite
beauty, both above and below. It was esteemed a happy sign
tbtlt 1Mb devoutness of his was acceptable to the Saint, that
this brother departed from this world to the heavenly banquet
Upon' the day of his festival, being summoned to join the holy
Apoatfte ) an end that he had often prayed for. He also pro-
vided twv principal thuribles, made of silver gilt, at a cost of
forty inttrks, and devoting them to the performance of Divine
service/ greatly promoted thereby the glory of the house of
God.' Besides this, in the chapel of the blessed Mary, which
had been previously prepared on the south side of the church;
he tttost devoutly erected at his own expense two perks, which
were becomingly prepared for the arrangement of the wax
tapers thereon, together with a screen of considerable height,
which terminated the said chapel below.

But now let us briefly make mention of a matter that we
ham previously omitted to do, the gift of the brother Laurence
Chateres, for the supply of almond-milk for the refreshment of
the convent. That no cause for dispute may arise, respecting
the: distribution thereof, we have thought proper here to sub-
join the circumstances of the institution of the said usage. In
tfce year of our Lord 1413, and in the twenty-second year of
the lord abbat Thomas Overton, it was, with the common con-
sent of the said abbat and the whole convent, enacted and or-
dained, the brother Richard Upton, then prior of Croyland,'
cUligfently aiding in and promoting the same, that the before-
mentioned forty pounds, given to the convent by the brother
Iisrarence Chateres, as before stated, should be equally divided
between six of the highest officers of the convent of Croyland,
that is to Bay, the master of the works, the almoner, the pit*
tanoer, the sacrist, the chamberlain, and the cellarer ; and it
**8 further agreed that every one of the before-named officers
should receive ten marks of the said sum in pennies, and should
annex the same to his office, which should be accountable for
the same for ever, and should each year answer for it as a part
tithe monies belonging to his office, in his account when given
i% under the head 'Tor almonds." Also, that every one of
the before-mentioned six officers should find for the convent
ahftond-milk on the fish days, each in his turn, just as the turn
tf *aoh of the said offioers should come round, each taking care

362 coK-ranuTjoK of the jkxsto&x ov caoraurn. jun. MX

to supply three pounds of almonds, together with good abroad
and honey sufficient for his turn, there' being one , pound *of
almonds, with bread and honey as above-mentioned^ for .each
eight or nine monks. And if the festival10 Inndbu+:<m amy
fast day, upon which Hie pittance71 ought to be provided for
the convent in the refectory by the kitchener, should happen
to fall on any fish day, then the officer who should have to
provide the milk on that day, was to receive, from the
kitchener one pound of almonds, instead of the pittance! above-
mentioned; and so the kitchener should be excused from
providing the pittance which he ought to. have, found in the

refectory, that so the milk before-mentioned might .be pro-
vided more carefully and more punctually for the monastery.
It was also ordained, by the common consent of the abbat and
convent, that every officer who should fail7* on .his turn and
day, of his own will and knowledge, to find the same, should
lose as inuch of his commons as would amount to double the
value of the milk which ought to have been provided an that
day : and this, as often as any lapse of the kind should be de-
tected by the prior and seniors of the convent ~

Another enactment, also, that was by his order approved of,
WO think it by no means superfluous here to insert, that all
occasion fox disagreement may be thereby removed from those
who come after us. An ancient and laudable custom had
hitherto prevailed, that on every principal feast in~the year,
the abbat should have with him at table, either in the hall or
in his chamber, three monks of the convent, and on every, cope
day, two ; and that the abbat' 8 receiver should receive nothing
for them, from the kitchener, on the said days. Also, that i£ on
the feast of Saint Catherine the Virgin,73 and of Saint Thomas the
Martyr, the prior, or any other member of the convent, should
celebrate mass in the abbat* s chapel, then both the prior or
other person so celebrating mass, as well as all the. monks who
should be invited by the abbat to his table on these feast days,
should be entertained at the expense of the abbat, and the re-
ceiver of the abbat should take nothing for them from the

' *° Or Low Sunday, being called "in albis," from the white garments in
which the Neophytes were clothed*

11 The pittance was an allowance of food to each two monk*. It generally
meant fish, bat it is pretty clear that here eggs or cheese are alluded to.
73 In the original, this sentence appears to be imperfect.
n 25th November and 29th December.

*&' 141& ' «CCCfiWro2T 0* Iff* LOftftS OP MPT** 80S

kttefoener. Aiao; that frheni on 1fce vigil of. the Nativity of
our Loud, orron-the Saturday next preceding the same, and
on thevigiis of Easter and Pentecost, and on the first Sun-
day of the Advent of our Lord, and on Septuagesima Sunday
or Qtrinquageirima Sunday, the prior of Groyland should, ac-
cording to custom, eat at the abbatfB table, the abbatf 0 receiver
should; take nothing for him.

It was 'afterwards enacted in the time of Thomas Overton,
the lord abbat, and confirmed by Bichard TJpton, the lord abbat,
that) besides the times aforesaid, every day throughout the
whole year two monks of the convent should take their meal,
in the hall OT- the chamber of the abbat, whether the abbat
should be present or not; and that the kitchener should
pay to the abbat or his receiver every week, in pennies, the
same sum that he pays to our scholars who are studying at
Cambridge; And if the abbat should wish to invite any other
monks of the convent to dinner, besides the said two monks,
whether the prior, or any one else, on other than the feasts
aforesaid, then, the receiver waB to receive victuals for them
from the kitchener,, just as. they would have been served in
the convent, according to their rank; with the exception
of the prior's dish,7* which he was never to have provided
for him by the abbat to eat in the abbat's presence. But if
the prior or any one of the convent should eat in the cham-
ber of the cellarer, by leave of the prior, but not invited by
tae&hbat, or in obedience to the ordinance above stated, then
in such ease, both the prior as well as the other monks there
eating were to receive everything from the kitchener and the
other pittances, for dinner and supper, just as though they had
seen taking their meals in the infirmary.

In the mean time, after Thomas Holland* earl of Kent, and
lord of ther manor of Depyng, had been beheaded for his treason
to the king, as we have above stated, Edmund Holland, his
pother; became earl of Kent, and was admitted by here^
ditary right to possession of the said demesne of Depyng.
Having token to wife 'Lucia, sister to the duke of Milan, he
survived a few years only, and died without issue in the parts
beyond sea. After his death, the inheritance of the said de-
mesne of Depyng devolved upon' the lady Margaret, sister of
the before-named earls Thomas and Edmund. John Beaufort,'
14 Interferculum : entremet*

364 COOTIOTAIIOX Or TOE HISTOBT OF OEOYLAin). A,g, i^lg. ,

earl of Somerset, son of the lord fotra of Gaunt, &£ ipqat*
illustrious duke of Lancaster, was united to her m marriage^;
and by her had an illustrious progeny, John, afterward* dt*k^
of Somerset, and Edmund, marquis of Dorset. But m«ro .of;
them hereafter. The before-named lady Margaret, after h^:.
husband had departed this life, was again married te.tfee, most
illustrious lord, Thomas, duke of Clarence, eon. of king Henry
the Fourth, and nephew of her former husband ; a dispensation
having been first obtained for the purpose.

King Henry the Fourth, after haying completed thirteen
years and nearly six months of his reign, putting faith in a
deceitful prophecy, determined to set out for the holy city of
Jerusalem. But, a short time after,, being attacked by & mortal
malady, he died at Westminster in a certain chamber which
had been from ancient times called " Jerusalem," thus fulfilling
the above idle prophecy. He was buried at Canterbury. Ac-
cordingly, in the same year, that is to say, in the early part of
the year from the Incarnation of our Lord, 141474, Henry of
Monmouth, his son, was crowned at Westminster, by Thomas
Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, on the ninth day of April,
being the Sunday of our Lord's Passion. He was far from ap-
proving the dethronement of- king Richard and his being im-
prisoned for life, but looked upon all who were the promoters
of his death as guilty of treason. Byway of some atonemegkt
for his father's offence, he had his body transferred from Lang-
ley, where 'he had been formerly buried, to London,: and had.
him honorably interred at Westminster, near the shrine of $£.
Edward.

After the lapse of a short space of time, a profane multitude
of Lollards, enemies of the cross of Christ, rose in rebellion
in Saint Giles's Fields, also called Fyketfelde, against the king :
but being protected by the Divine favour, he triumphed with a
victorious arm, and having taken prisoner Sir John Oldeastle,
who was the leader of this nefarious band, together with many
others, consigned him to the flames.

In the following year, being the year of our Lord, 1415, king
Henry having convoked a council at Westminster, proposed aa
a question to the peers of the realm, the extent of the right
and title of his ancestors to Normandy, Gascony, and Aqtri-
taine. Accordingly, they advised him to send special we*~
sengers to the king of France for the assertion of the said rights,
w Properly, 1413.

A.B. 4418. BATTLE Of AfttVOOTOX., S6$

Tfce dauphin 6f France, on hearing this, as a mark of his con-
tempt for the king of England, insolently sent him a cask full
of tennis' balls, with the object of mocking him. The king of
England, feeling greatly indignant at so insulting a present
being sent him, promised that beyond a doubt, he would
send him in return some balls for playing at a new kind of
game, by means of which the very strongest roofs of their
houses would rattle. Accordingly, after a short time had
elapsed, having assembled no small multitude of armed men
at Southampton, he determined to lead an expedition against
France. But just as ho was about to embark, it providentially
became known to him that the lord Richard Langley, earl of
Cambridge, the lord Eichard Scrope, treasurer of England, and
the lord Thomas Grey, knight, were about to sell him to the
king of Prance, on condition of receiving one thousand pounds
in gold. On discovering this conspiracy, they were imme-
diately punished, by the king's commands, with the loss of
their heads, in accordance with their deserts, without the north
gate of Southampton.

After these transactions, the king made a speedy voyage
with the troops an* fifteen hundred ships, and landed at the
harbour of Chef de Caux, at the mouth of the river Seine,
Whence he proceeded with a prosperous course, and laid siege to
the town of Harfleur by sea and land. This place he vigorously
attacked by throwing into it immense masses of stone by means
of his engines of war, as though they were playing with the
Frenchmen at the game oommonly known as ' tennis/ The
people being worn out with the obstinacy of the prolonged
siege, and starved through want of food, the king, under the
guidance of God, was at length victorious on the feast of Saint
Haurioius,76 and by this display of his strength gained pos-
session of the town: for which he afterwards duly returned
thanks to God, the bestower of all blessings. After an inter-
val from this time of nearly five weeks, a great battle was
fought between the king of England with seven thousand men,
and the flower of the knighthood of all France, sixty thou-
sand in number, on the plains of Agincourt, upon the feast78
of Saints Crispin and Crispinian. Here, king Henry, girding
; himself with valour and trusting in the aid of God and the
prayere of the clergy throughout all England, slew eleven
~ ^Twenty-second of September. '4 Twenty.fifth of October

366 GoranftrAHRnf of Tttc Aiotoey oF'CfcoYLiin). a.d! iilS.

thousand men of the opposite side ; whBe he took j^iBtdJ^r tti«
duke of Orleans, together with great numbers of the1 Wiles,
and compelled the rest of the army to take to flight ' AJbsir
the battle was thus finished, and the king of Eng&nfil halcl.by
the will of God thus gained the victory, he returned : to nis
camp, there to return thanks to God for thus granting1 Yatm
this triumph; and with great exultation of heart, had die
hymn of praise, the Te JDeum, sung in his tent, no stall
number of the private soldiers standing by, as well as such of
the clergy as were then present. The king himself, still with
his armour on, rendering the palm of glory unto God, threw
himself prostrate on the ground in the midst t>f all ; nor did
he consider himself worthy to arise therefrom, before the said
hymn of praise, together with the prayers appended thereto,
had been brought to a conclusion.

While, however, these successes were being gained abroad,
the ever hostile, ever malicious commonalty did not cease to
disturb the peace of the Church at home. But how long;
0 Lord, how long, shall the sinners exult ? How long top
wilt thou, holy father Guthlac, who didBt formerly, in thy
might, render daemons subject to thy rule, allow malignant
people to invade thy possessions, and to plunder what is thine?
For lo ! thine enemies have sounded to arms, and those who
hate thee, have again lifted up their heads against thy servants
For the family of them have said together in their hearts^
u Come, let us destroy them from out of the nations, let ns
take possession of the inheritance of the sanctuary of God f9
they have said so, I say, and that which they have iniquitonsly
conceived in the wickedness of their minds they have still more
iniquitously fulfilled in the execution of their designs. For, as
soon as, by common report, it became known throughout the ad*
joining counties, that the Divine goodness had, as we have men-
tioned above, mercifully visited the venerable father Thomas,
abbat of Croyland, with the loss of his sight ; the neighbouring
people of Hoyland, inhabiting the vills of Multon and Westoii,
congratulating themselves on a fitting time having arrived for
the fulfilment of their wishes, hoped to gain a profit at the ex-
pense of others. Besides this, they imagined that now there
was no longer any person to protect or to save, or manfully t»
make head against their unjust usurpations ; so, assembling
together in the hope* of an easy victory, with an- armed force

*,*► 1415. vscBOxaaaaam upok tbx kjutob or cbdtujtd. 867

just like so many warrior*, they entered a oertain island called
"le Purclynt," situate within the metes and boundaries ef
the abbey of Croyland, with a frantic spirit and tumultuous out*
cries. Here, just like so many ravening dogs, they committed
all sorts of excesses in theiif frenzy, and perpetrated many
enormities, in fishing, fowling, and plundering the nets and
every thing else they could find; and thus continually oc-
cupying the said precinct for nearly a whole year, they would
allow none of the farmers or servants of the abbat to receive
any advantage whatever therefrom. In addition to this, with
hatchets and axes they also levelled a fishing-house situate at
Sandistowe with the ground, and setting fire thereto socin re*
duced it to ashes.

Besides this, certain of the people of Spalding were at the
same time possessed by a similar spirit, andpresumed, with a
strong hand, to fish in the waters of the Welland, in which
river the abbat of Croyland had several piscary, even as far
as the vill of Croyland; and insultingly collected in no small
multitudes with haughty and threatening gestures. After they
had also with one accord effected an entrance into the marsh
of Goggislound, which is also the several soil of the before-named
abbat, they dug up turf therein, cut sedge and bulrushes! and
as though they had taken seisin and possession thereof, pre-
tended to claim the right of property therein, and proceeded,
by violent means, to hinder such of the tenants of the vill of
Croyland as, for a long time had held possession of the said
marsh, from entering thereupon.

Upon this, the venerable prior Bichard, to whom, as we
have previously mentioned, the whole management of the mo-
nastery, in matters spiritual and temporal, had been entrusted,
felt desirous to take measures against evil doers of this descrip-
tion at the outset, in order that they might not proceed on
their career with impunity; so, having first consulted the
diocesan' thereupon, he was of opinion that the sword of eccle-
siastical censure ought at once to be unsheathed, as necessity
now demanded it, against these disturbers of the peace; the
*&me having been in former times specially granted by the
aost holy father Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, to abbat
Turketul, and laid up with singular care among the treasures
?f the place. Accordingly, in presence of the whole convent,
uP°n « solemn festival of note, he publicly and solemnly folmi-

"M8 comrsTJArvm ov xsb mussowr oar cbotlahs. A«9i.|44&

noted sentence of excommunication at the doora of J^ishiwA
against all persons whatsoever who should infringe ttelifeeefesf
-of the church of Saint Guthlac, or should unjustly pli«d«Fita
property, or presume rashly to invade its possessions*- - ;•■:-
After this, he resorted to the temporal arm audi the lawsjQjf
the realm, and, taking with him the muniments of the^iUu%-
trious kings, Ethelbald, Edred, and Edgar, i he mftBbfully girde4
up his loins as though about to fight against beaits, Bfti
hastened to London, in order to bring both parties to trial.
Here, with much labour and expense he diligently prosecuted
his suit, but) through numerous dissensions and delays, jyt was
nearly two years before he could bring the matter to the deseed
conclusion. For he had daily to undergo sueh vast anxieties
both through the counsels of the duke of Lancaster, who
favoured the people of Spalding, as well as through jtae lords
of the before-mentioned villa of Multon and Weston, who, im-
peded all his efforts, that he became quite wearied out by thi$
two-fold battle as it were, and could bear up against ft q?
longer. Upon this, the prior, seeing that his business now lay at
the mercy of the cast of a die, and that it was far from answer-
ing his wishes, but daily wore a worse and worse aspect, Ml
.into sueh a state of sickness, that the physicians even despaaed
of his recovery; for his stomach, as though through: indigna-
tion, refused to retain anything that was offered to it J&&
beyond a doubt, the frustration of his labours thus prolonged
would have almost led him to despair of his cause, had not jSe
who alone, takes into consideration labour and sorrow, speedily
deigned to look down from heaven upon the cause of the poor.
- Wherefore we shall not deem it amiss in the present pages
,to insert such matters as took place at this time,, and^lpch.
we know to be worthy of recital A certain lawyer who was
counsel for the said prior, and who was commonly called, . ac-
cording to the. laws of England, a " serjeant-at-law," Wil*
Ham Ludyngton by name, acted as his adviser in this busi-
ness and his most trusty advocate. While he was one;night
lying awake in bed, extremely sad and disquieted in spirit, by
reason of revolving many things in his mind, he found himself
unable to sleep., At last, however, a gentle slumber seeuung
to fall upon him, he reposed for a short time, when, beholftj :a
.certain venerable form, in the dress of an ancfroritje, ^aa^sepn
itanding.near hiin and uttering woyda to this ejffiect; '[Ww,

^aMtttefltustofltidns of thy mind, art thou anxious about the
prosecution *rf thy cause, and why pass the night Without
ik(%'w thoughts crowd upon thee from every side? €ome
now, pans* a moment, and relax thy limbs in repose : • for to-
niotrow morning every thing will succeed to thy utmost wish,
and the same matters which hitherto have seemed to wear an
adverse aspeet, will happily smile upon thee according to thy
Will and pleasure." 60 saving, the vision disappeared.

Rising early in the morning; and enoouraged by this oracle
whie&itad, bfcrond a doubt, been revealed to him from heaven
by Baint^uthlae, he immediately began to entertain bettor
hopes. Upon this, he hastened directly to the court, and
having <br a short time held a. conference on the matter with
those who were of counsel for the parties, he at last succeeded
m making the folio wing arrangement upon the matter; that
eaoh side should at once choose arbitrators, who should come
to a just decision upon the matter in dispute between them ;
to which coarse, as putting an end to all trouble and expense,
they willingly consented. Hie prior, who was still, as we
have stated, lying upon a 'bed of siekness, hearing that this
perplexed labyrinth of agonising toil was likely to have some
eutleV ftnd mat such an expensive series of litigation was
about to be set at rest, Was greatly rejoiced thereat, and now
breathing more freely, returned abundant thanksgivings to
God for the Divine consolation which had been granted to him
frohi heaven.

Accordingly, after this, two arbitrators were chosen on be*
half of the abbat of Croyland and the convent of that place,
namely, If aster Richard Flerayng, an excellent doctor of
holy Theology, reetot of the parish church of Saint Botolph,
canon of the cathedral churches of York and Lincoln, and
afterwards bishop of Lincoln, and John Flete, of Frampton, a
man of noble rank and held by public report in high leptfte.
On part of the commons of the vills of Multori and Weston,
John Baysham, reetor of the church of Hauneskp, and vicar of
the church of Mtilton, and Richard Pynohbeck, were in like
manner ehosen arbitrators. Upon a day previously named by
fkem, being the Tuesday before the Exaltation of the holy
Cross, in the third year of the reign of king Henry the Fifth,
being the year from the Incarnation of our Lord, 1415, these
persohs, together with John Cokayne and William Ludyngton-,

BB

370 covnOTATiosr of the histobt of cboitand. a.h. 1-U?.

two justices of the Common Fleas of our lord the king, who
had been chosen to act impartially in the said matter .by the
said parties, met together at Croyland, After inspecting tie
evidences and the various muniments, and carefully examining
the same, when produced to them by the abbat and.eon*-
vent and their counsel, they gave and set forth their award
and judgment, which was afterwards confirmed by our said
lord the king, and ratified by his seal patent, in the foi»
lowing words : —

" To all the faithful in Christ, who shall see and hear this
present writing indented, Master Richard Flemyng, doctor of
holy Theology, rector of the parish church of Saint Botolph, and
canon of the cathedral churches of York and Lincoln, John
Flete of Frampton, John Baysham, rector of the church of
Hanneslap, and vicar of the church of Multon, and Eichard
Pynchbeck of Pynchbeck, health everlasting in the Xord.
Whereas divers debates, strifes, dissensions, and discords have
been moved, and have arisen of late between the venerable man
Thomas, abbat of the monastery of Croyland and the convent
of that place, of the one part; and Lambert Bonourge of
Multon, Adam Browne of Multon, William Miller of Multon,
John Somner of Multon, Robert Michell of Multon, Geoffrey
Hull of Multon, John Rumney of Multon, "William Broun of
Multon, Henry Johanneson, otherwise called Henry Sergeant-
son, of Multon, Thomas Johanneson, otherwise called Thomas
Sergeantson, of Multon, Nigel Avery of Multon, John Hare-
berd of Weston, John Williamson of Weston, Walter Cook of
Weston, and John Feldewe of Weston and the commons of
Weston and Multon, of the other part,— of and concerning the
right, title, and claim to a certain island called ' Le .PurceynV
within the metes and boundaries of the vill of Croyland, as
the before-named abbat asserts. . And whereas, within the. said
island, the before-named Lambert and the other persons,
whose names are above- written, of the aforesaid villa of Mul-
ton and Weston,, and the commons aforesaid, have claimed to
have common of pasture for their cattle of all kinds, .and
common of piscary and turbary, and of cutting and gathering
rushes and reeds, and right of taking all kinds of fowl to be
found within the said island so called Le Purceynt, as also ^f
taking all other profits within the said island arising or en-
suing, asserting that greater part of the said island is. within

A.D. 1415. AWARD OF THE AKBITRATOBS. &71

the metes and 'boundaries of the said Tills of Multon and
Weston. And whereas, as to the right, title, and claim hereto
as also the debates, discords, and dissensions, and all kinds of
transgressions and offences whatsoever, in any way committed
against the said abbat and, convent by the before-named
Lambert and others, whose names are above-written, of the
vills of Multon and Weston, and the commons aforesaid, be-
fore the day of the making of these presents, the said par-
ties have proposed and agreed to stand and abide by the
award, order, and judgment of the aforesaid Master Richard
Flemyng and John Mete, arbitrators chosen on behalf of the
said abbat and convent, and John Baysbam and Richard Pynch-
beck, arbitrators chosen on behalf of the said Lambert and
others, whose names are above- written, of the aforesaid vills
of Multon and Weston, and the commons aforesaid ; upon the
understanding that, if we could not come to an agreement,
then in such case the said parties should stand and abide by
the ordinances and judgment of John Cokayne and William Lu-
dyngton, two justices of the Common Pleas of our lord the king,
chosen by consent of the before-named parties to act indifferently
herein. Wherefore we, the before-named Masters Richard
Ilemyng, John Mete, John Baysham, and Richard Pynchbeck, on
the Tuesday next before the Exaltation of th« holy Cross, in the
third year of the reign of King Henry the Mfth, having called
before us the said abbat and convent, with their counsel, to
show unto us, if they had any means of proving the same, that
the said island was within the said vill of Croyland, and that
the said island was wholly their own several soil ; the said abbat
and convent, with their counsel, showed unto us divers evi-
dences, thatis to say, the charter of the first foundation of the said
monastery of Croyland, by which Ethelbald, king of the Mercians
in England, did in the year of our Lord seven hundred and six-
teen, grant unto God, the blessed Mary, and Saint Bartholomew,
the whole island of Croyland as a several seat for the abbey,
tod severally to be held, the same being surrounded by four
rivers, that is to say, by the river which is called Shepishee
towards the east, by the river which is called Nene, on the west,
toy the river which is called Southee towards the south, and
toy the river which is called Asendyke towards the north, where
the common Brain runs between Spalding and the said island,
and within which metes and boundaries, the said island called

b b 2

372 coxninjATrtjr or ra^mtmmt or cbozlaxd. && 1-ttSu

' Le Puroeynt* lies. They did akw> Bfeew unto ws th&efesrter of
re-ftrandation of the said monastery, after it had been destroyed
and laid waste by the pagans, made by Bdred, king of 'England,
in the year ef cur Lord nine hundred and forty-eight* in* which
he delivered., gave and confirmed unto Twrkefeoi, durf'khaslBan,
abbat of Groyland, and all the monks their successors, the
whole island of Croyland as the glebe -of that ohnrchy and* the
several site ef the said monastery, together -with the boundaries
thereof, that is to say, front the triangular bridge ©f X2reyl*ad
along the river Welland towards Spalding, as &r m Jtaemdyfee,
where Asendyke fells into the river Welland, on, the northern
side of a cross of stone by the said Twketul there -eteotedV and
so towards tile east along Asendyke as far as Aswyktoft, *nd
thenoe to ShepiBhee, on the eastern side of the said iaknd, snd
so to Tedwarthar, and there entering Sootihee, aw- &r nsb Jfo-
manslandhyrne, where the said Turketel ordered a oross ef
stone to be ereeted, six perches distant fram &eathee, and
which cross is distant from the river Nene ett *!» west aix
perches, and thenee along the said river Nene as, st nans-npte*
the above-mentioned bridge of Croyland, together wit^seviral
fishery in all the- waters that surround the said island a* well
as in the pools and marshes enclosed therein* They «bo
showed unto us charters of confirmation and ratification^ divers
kings of England since the Conquest, that is to say, o& king
Stephen, king Henry the Second, king J&ohard the Firsts king
John, king Henry the Third, king Edward the Pint an* after
kings of England, to king Henry the Fifth that now is: sdl
which charters confirm, ratify, exemplify and expressly
attest the above-named limits, metes, and beanda&ee<o€ the
island before-mentioned. In like manner they showed unto
us a eertain claim and award made theraeny os a eesixan
circuit at Lincoln, before John de Yatur, and his fjdkmu, ike
judges in eyre, in the ninth year of tharagnef hingJESBV
ward, son of kin* Henry, and other claims the* made iqr the
abbat of Groyland, whe> among other Jhhertie*, claimed foham
the seat of the abbey of Croyknay wilh its bqnnriarteB .there
named, which extend as follow: from CroyLand ^ wharu
Asendyke falls into the river WellandV and so afteng Asesrijyke
to Aswyktoft, and so to Shepiahee, and so to Tedwarthnv and
so to Nomansland, and so along the mar Hens to the raser
Welland before-mentiotted; which claeoLsad nwssd testify

.A^. 1415. AWABD 0* TIU5 i.»IT*ATWl& 373

that the said island fa within the said metes and boundaries.
There was ako produced before us on behalf of the said abbat
and convent a certain writing of release of Thomas Fits-
Lambert of Hultoas, the then lord of the manor of Multon,
made to the abbat of Croyland, which writing, in Mke manner,
proves and testifies the metes and boundaries of the said island.
There were in like maimer shewn unto us on behalf of the
said abbat and convent many accounts of diver* bailiffs of the
-manorB situate within the said island, that is to say, Brother-
house, Morecotes, Komansland, otherwise called Girthlakes-
iand, said Dovedale, of the time when the said island was
arable and eown in some parcels thereof, and in other parcels
consisted of meadoWB, crofts and great pastures to f armlet,
while other parcels thereof remained in their own hands;
also, relative to the agistments for beasts depasturing in the
said island, as the same are set forth in the rolls of account
of all the abbats, predecessors of the before-named abbat that
now is, from the time of king Henry, son of John. The saiu
«bbat and convent, with their counsel, also shewed unto us many
other evidences of oonsiderable length, the which, by reason
of Buch length, we do not think proper here to insert. The
euid Lambert and the others above-written, of the before-
named Tills of Multon and WeBton, as also the commons
aforesaid, being called before us with their counsel, to declare
and to show their right, title, or right of claim which they
had in the said island, and being asked whether they had any
thing to say against the evidences aforesaid by the said abbat
and' convent and their counsel produced, were able in effect
to say nothing whatever thereto. Wherefore, we, coivwdering
the aforesaid evidences of the said abbat and convent, by them
and their counsel iu form aforesaid shewn and produced before
ns in presence of the aforesaid John Cokayne and William
liudyngton, chosen as indifferent judges in this matter, as
also by consent of the aforesaid abbat and convent, as well as
of the before-named Lambert and the others above written
of the aforesaid ville of Multon and Weston, and of the com-
mons afi>resaid; in the chapter-house of the said abbey appear-
ing, do order, adjudge, and have decided, in manner, form,
and with .the conditions following. In the first place, that
tha before-named abbat and convent and their successors shall
t and hold the said island called ' Le Purceynt,' together

374 CONTINUATION OF TUB HIBTOBY OF CROYLA2TC). • *.B. 1 ±i&

with all the profits to the said island in any way whatsoever
belonging, as their several property, and shall hold the same
in severalty, by the before-mentioned metes and boundaries,
in the aforesaid foundation, restoration, and confirmation by
the kings, claim and award of the judges in eyre, -and charter,
of release and quit-claim of the said Thomas. Jftt&Xambert,
specified and set forth; and shall enjoy the .same freely and
quietly for ever, without gainsaying or hindrance on pari of
the before-named Lambert and the others above- written. of the
before-named vills of Multon and Weston and the. commons
aforesaid, their heirs or successors ; so that neither the .said
Lambert and others of the said vills of Multon and Weston
above-written, and the common aforesaid, men holding and
residing in the said vills of Multon and Weston, nor their
heirs or successors, shall ever have any common of pasture,
piscary, -or turbary, nor yet common to take any profit that
shall in any way arise in the said island in future : but that
they, their heirs, and successors, shall be excluded for ever
from taking any right, title, or profit therefrom. Saving
always, to the said Lambert and the other persons above-
written of the aforesaid vills of Multon and Weston, and the
commons aforesaid, a certain place within the said metes
and boundaries, that is to say, the high embankment called
Newlode, otherwise Le-Lodyke, near Le Drove, with the in-
termediate water lying between the said Newlode and Le-
Drove, which begins at Brotherhouse, as the same was, in a
certain award made in the forty-eighth year of the reign
of king Edward the Third between Thomas, the then abhat
of Croyland, and John, the then prior of Spalding,, by Master
Peter Balton, canon of the cathedral church of Lincoln, and
William Spaigne, awarded ; upon the understanding that the
water or pool which is called Oldelode on the south side of
the said Drove, as the same extends from Brotherhouse to
Aswykclose in length, together with piscary in the same,
shall belong fully and quietly for ever to the said abbat and
convent and their successors, without any hindrance on part
of the said Lambert and the others above-written of the said"
vills of Multon and Weston, and the commons aforesaid, or
their heirs or successors, as in the said award of the said
Master Peter and William Spaigne is more fully set forth*
We do also further award and determine, that the said, abbat,
and convent, and their successors and assigns, shall, so oitea

*«0. 14& 'AWASB 07 THE ABBITRATOBS. 375

as they shall think fit, he at liberty to drive piles and stakes
and make -weir-heads upon the said Drove, on the northern
side of the said water called Oldelode, for the purpose of
taking fish in the said water, without gainsaying or hindrance
on part of the before-named Lambert and the other persons
above- written of the said vills of Multon and Weston, and of the
said commons, or of their successors for ever. We do also
order and determine that the said Lambert and the other
persons above- written of the said vills of Multon and "Weston,
and the said commons shall cause to be built anew a certain
house in the said island, where a certain house was situate, called
Sandystowecote, before the feast of All Saints next ensuing after
the date of these presents; the said house having been
levelled and destroyed by violence by the commons of the
said vills of Multon and Weston ; or else that the said Lambert
and the others above-written of the said vills of Multon
and Weston and the commons aforesaid shall pay to the said
abbat and convent and their successors, upon the said feast of
All Saints, twenty marks. We do also award, order, and
adjudge that the before-named Lambert and the others above-
written of the said vills of Multon and Weston, and the com-
mons aforesaid shall pay' to the before-named abbat and convent
or their successors, upon the feast of Saint Michael the Arch-
angel next ensuing after the date of these presents, forty marks
sterling, the same to be received at the will of the said abbat
and convent, for all other the injuries, offenceB and trans-
gressions, within the said island against the said abbat and
convent done or committed by them or by any of them, before
the day of the execution of these presents. We do also order,
award, and determine that ail and each of the men of the
before-named vills of Multon and Weston, who have commit-
ted transgressions or offences, or who have given aid, counsel,
or favour for the commission of transgressions or offences,
shall come before the feast of Easter next ensuing to Croyland,
there to appear before -the said abbat, and shall, out of reve-
rence for God and Saint Guthlac, humbly ask pardon for all
their said transgressions and offences. And to the end that this
our said award, ordinance, and judgment may in all respects
for ever remain in full force, we do order, award, and deter-
mine that the aforesaid Lambert and the other persons above-
Written of the aforesaid vills of Multon and Weston, and other
fifteen good and sufficient men of the said vills of Multon and

376 COKTINUiSDWC Q* 3KtlBn»KT Of COWTLAJTO. ^d-Hi^

Weston, shall appear before some Mayor of Ihe Staple, fcefore
the feast of All Saints next ensuing, and 'enter ipl© recog-
nizances on behalf of themselves and each of them to. the said
abbat and convent for the payment of two hundred pounds
sterling to the said abbat and convent and their fleeoeesors* or
their certain attorney, on the feast of the Nativity of xmr Lord
next after the date of these presents ensuing. And we do
further order that immediately after the said recognizances
shall have been so entered into, two indentures shaft be* made,
setting forth the conditions of the said enactment, to wit,
that, if this onr said award, ordinance, and judgment shall in
all things be always fulfilled, then the said' enactment shall be
of no virtue or effect, but if otherwise, the same shall remain
valid and effectual. In testimony of which, to the one port
of this our said award and ordinance, to remain in the
hands of the said abbat and convent and their successors* and
to the other part, to remain with the said Lambert and the
other persons whose names are above* written of the afore*
said vills of Multon and Weston, and the oommons aforesaid,
their heirs and successors in the said vills of Multon and
Weston, we the aforesaid arbitrators, Masters Biebard Memyng,
John Flcte, John Baysham, and Richard Pynehbeck, have set
our seals ; and at our especial request and at the entreaty of
the parties aforesaid, the said John Cokayne, and Wiibam
Ludyngton, justices, and Robert Hagbechef knight, John Jell
of Boston and Thomas Claymond of Hole, who* have been
present at this award, have set their seals. Given at €royla&d
on the day and in the year above-named."

In like manner also, the matters in dispute against the
people of Spalding were quieted' and set at rest. For* both
the abbat and convent of Oroyland and the commons of Spald-
ing and Pynchbeck, by their writings obligatory, agreed
and voluntarily submitted to abide by the award of John
Wodehouse, ohancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, John Leven-
thorp, receiver-general of the said duchy, and William Bab*
mgton, one of the council of the said duchy ; • as the form of
the said award hereunder set forth more folly testifies 2

"To all the faithful in Christ who shall see and hear this
present writing tripartite, John* Wodehouse, chancellor of our
lord the king in his duchy of Lancaster, John Leventborp, re*
eeiver-general of our said lord the king in his duohy afoffesan^
and William Babyngton, one of the council oi<our jnid lacd

A.f>.14t& AWAM> OF THH AJEnXftATOA . 377

^the ling in hit duchy aforesaid, health in the Lord everlast-
vag. Whereas divers claim*, dissensions, debates and disputes
fcave bee* moved and have arisen of late, between Tbomus,
abbe* os? Croyland and the convent of the said place, of
the1 one past, and the commons of the villa of Spalding
and of Pynehbeck of the other part, as to a certain marsh
tatted Goggistound, on the western side of the river Wei-
land; which marsh the said abbat and convent have claimed
as being their soil and demesne, as parcel of the vill of Croy-
land; and the aforesaid commons have claimed the same as
fating within the metes and boundaries of the marsh of them
the said vills of Spalding and Pynehbeck, and have also
claimed to have within tire said marsh common of pasture,
turbary, piscary, and of cutting and gathering rushes and
reeds, ana of taking fowl and other the profits thence arising*
As to which claims, debates, dissensions, and disputes, on the
twentieth day of the month of July in the third year of the
reign of king Henry the Fifth, the said abbat and convent, on
fchalf of themselves and their, successors, as also William
Gey wode of Spalding, and William Pygot, Thomas Sparrowe,
Richard Ribold, Thomas Thorald, Thomas fiele, Thomas Mi-
chel, Robert Date, John Franneeys, Thomas Horner, John
Horner, Robert Thorald^ William Burton, John Fere, Geoffrey
Bollock, Robert Hobkynson, Simon Leper, William Swyke,
John Hal toft, John Geyton, John Wright, Adam Storm, Hugh
de Lambkynson, and Gilbert Hawkyn, all of the same place,
as also Walter Bonnet of Pynehbeck, and Robert Soule, John
Raynoldson, John Clerk, Athelard Welby, Thomas Geney,
Thomas Flouter, John Vikers, Gilbert Clony, William Geggs,
Richard Philips, and John Hall, all of the same place, have,
for themselves and the commons of the said villa of Spal-
ding and Pynehbeck, submitted to the arbitration and award
of Hugh Mortimer, chamberlain of our lord the king for his
duohy aforesaid, and of us the aforesaid John Wodehouse, John
Leventhorp, and William Babyngton, or any three of us, upon
the understanding that our said arbitration and award should be
made before the feast of All Saints then next ensuing. And as
Iritho same, the said abbat and convent have on their part,
bound themselves and eaoh of them, their heirs, and execu-
tors, by their writings obligatory in two hundred pounds
iterling, under their common seal to Athelard Welby of
{Pynehbeck and Thomas Geney of the same place, Wttttftu

$78 C02fTi»UAn»y of the hikeoby oir cbotlaxd. aviu 1415.

Geywode of Spalding, and Thomas Sparrowe of Hie same
place, to pay the same to the said Athelard, Thomas, Wil-
liam, and Thomas on the said feast of All Saints, as an earnest
that they will fulfil and perform all and every the things which
shall be awarded arid ordained by us the aforesaid arbitrators,
or any three of ns in respect hereof. And the aforesaid
William Geywode, William Pygot, Thomas Sparrowe an<r*all
other the persons before-named of Spalding and of Pynchbeck,
have bound themselves and each of them, their heirs and ex-
ecutors, in two hundred pounds sterling, by their divers
writings obligatory under their seals, unto the said abbat and
convent of Croyland, upon the said feast of All Saints, as in
the said writings obligatory is more fully set forth. And
whereas we, the before-named John Wodehouse, John Leven-
thorp, and William Babyngton have since, on the said day,
in the same year, and at the same place, in the council-house
of the said duchy of Lancaster at Westminster, ordered, in
presence of the parties before-named, that both of the said par-
ties should be ready and prepared with all their evidences and
muniments, touching the claims, debates, dissensions and dis-
putes aforesaid, to appear before us the aforesaid arbitrators,
or anv three of us, at Croyland, on the thirteenth day of the
month of September then next ensuing, to inform us on the
metes and boundaries of the said marsh called Goggislound,
and on the debates and matters aforesaid : upon which day,
before us, the aforesaid arbitrators, John Wodehouse, John
Leventhorp, and William Babyngton, then being at Croyland,
there sitting with. us at our especial request, William Ludyng-
ton, one of the justices of the Common Pleas of our lord the
king, to see, hear, and advise with us on the matters 'afore-
said, there appeared both the before-named abbat and convent
with their counsel, as also the before-named William Geywode,
William Pygot, and all others the obligors both in their own
names as also in the names of the commons of the afore-
said vills of Spalding and Pynchbeck, with their counsel: and
both parties separately and by themselves showed both unto
us the aforesaid John Wodehouse, John Leventhorp, and Wil-
liam Babyngton, as well as the before-named William Lud.
yngton, the limits and boundaries of the said marsh called
Goggislound, both as to the length and breadth of the same.
Whereupon, enquiry was made of the said abbat and convent
.how and in what manner the aforesaid metes and boundaries

A.pw.lW, AWJJSD OF THE ASBZTBAT0B6. 379

of the said marsh called Goggislound extend, and how they
are named. Upon which, they showed the same in these
words-; ' The limits and boundaries of the said marsh called
Qoggislound on the west side of the river Welland extend
from the triangular bridge of Croyland over the said river
Welland two leagues towards the west as far as Kenulphston
near to Aspath, where Kenulph, the first abbat after the foun-
dation of the said monastery, placed a stone cross as marking
the boundary between Croyland and Depyng, and from Aspath
towards the north as far as Werwarlake, and so to Harenholt
and^so upwards through Monger lake and Lurtlake, where are the
limits that divide Hoy land and Kesteven ; and thence as far
as Wodelodegreynes, otherwise called Oggot ; and then to the
east as far as Apynholt, otherwise called Wodelode, where the
Wodelode falls into the before-named river Welland.' En-
quiry was also made of the said abbat and convent of Croy-
land, whether they had any evidences in writing to attest and
set forth the before-named metes and boundaries of the said
marsh of Goggislound, and whether they had any evidences to
prove that the said marsh called Goggislound was their own
$oil and demesne, and within the limits and boundaries of the
said vill of Croyland : upon which they showed unto us divers
evidences, that is to say, the charter of the first foundation of
the said monastery of Croyland, by which, Ethelbald, king of
the Mercians in England, in the year of our Lord seven hun-
dred and sixteen, conveyed, gave, and granted unto Almighty
God, the blessed Mary and Saint Bartholomew, for the foun-
dation, of a monastery of Black Monks serving God under the
rule of Saint Benedict, among other gifts and grants, the afore-
said marsh called Goggislound on the western side of the river
^Welland, by certain metes and boundaries enclosed, and leave-
to build a vill there, or to enclose as much of the said marsh as*
should please the said monks, for them and their successors.
They also showed unto us the charter of refoundation and
restoration of the said monastery of Croyland, after it had been'
destroyed and laid waste by the pagans, made in the year of
our Lord 948, by which, Edred king of England delivered,
gave and confirmed unto the abbat and monks of Croyland and
all their successors, under the rule and habit of Saint Benedict
there in the service of God, among other possessions, the afore-
said marsh called Goggislound, by all the metes and boundaries

*82 coirnNUATioN of the history o* c&oylaxd. JT.ih \4\5i

before-named Tills of Spalding and Fynchbeck, wktek 4h4
metes and boundaries following, that is to say, in length, be-
tween the river called Welland and Cheilbeehe, and, in breadth,
between Mydfendyke, which is the boundary between Hoyland
and Kesteven, and Guthrandhend, which, in like manner, is
the boundary, as far as Saltenhee and Hasmanespath, accord-
ing to the course of the river called Welland, from Croyiand
towards the sea. In like manner, also, they produced- before
lis divers inquisitions of office taken at Spalding* before Wil->
liam de Spaigne, the then seneschal of John, the late duke of
Lancaster, and divers processes in the Court Christian, as to
tithes of wool arising from the sheep depasturing in the said
marsh called Goggislound, and other evidences* In like man-
ner, also, they said that they and all others whose estate they
have in their tenures of Spalding and Pynchbeck, have had
and ought to have in the said marsh called Goggislound, com-
mon of pasture, turbary, piscary, gathering ami taking rushes
and reeds, and other the profits there arising, from time to which
memory does not run to the contrary. Also, after the afore-
said allegations, declarations, and evidences of the parties be-
fore-named, and their replies, had been folly heard and under-
stood by us, the aforesaid John Wodehouse, John Leven-
thorp, and William Babyngton, and the before-named Wil-
liam Ludyngton, we, the before-named John Wodehouse,
John Leventhorp, and William Babyngton, considering the
said allegations, declarations, and evidences, and their full
replies thereto set forth at length, did, tor the benefit of advis-
ing and deliberating upon the said matters, adjourn the meet-
ing aforesaid, and did appoint a day for them, at Westminster,
in the council-house of the said duchy of Lancaster; that is to
say, the Monday next after the feast of Saint Luke 'then
next ensuing, there to appear before us, with their counsel, in
order to shew and set forth to us in writing all the aforesaid
evidences, declarations, and replies-— provided always, that
each party might, by the said day, increase and strengthen his
said evidences, allegations, and replications, in the matter
aforesaid — there to hear our final determination as to the said
claims, debates, dissensions, and disputes. Upon which day
•there appeared before us, the before-named John Wodehouse,
John Leventhorp, and William Babyngton, and the before-
named William Ludyngton, in the said council-house of tka

A.D. 1415, AWUU> 09 THE AUB1XBAT0SS. 383

sftdd duohy, at Westminster, the said parties with their counsel;
and, on their behalves, and severally discussed the matter be*
fore us ; that is to say, the said abbat and convent presented
a roll in their behalves, and the before-named William Gey*
wode, and all others the obligors, on behalf of themselves and
the commons of the before-mentioned vills of Spaldyng and
Pynchbeck, another roll, in which the said evidences/alle-
gations, and replications of both parties were contained and
specified. . Which said muniments and evidences of both par*
ties, and their allegations, declarations, and replications as to
the said metes and boundaries of the said marsh called Goggis-
lound, and as to the matters and debates aforesaid, having been
fully heard, inspected, and understood by us, the before- named
John Wodehouse, John Leventhorp, and William Babyngton,
as also by Richard Morton, chief justice of the Common Pleas
of our lord the king, Robert Hill, John Cokayne, and the said
William Ludyngton, in like manner justices of the said Com*
mon Pleas, we do, in presence of the said justices, and by their
counsel and advice, in the said council-house, on Thursday,
being the said vigil of All Saints, order and decree that the
before-named abbat and convent of Croyland shall have, hold,
and possess unto themselves and their successors for ever the
said marsh on the west side of the river Welland, called Gog-
gislound, as their own proper soil and demesne, by the before-
named metes and boundaries by the said abbat and convent
above set forth, and within the vill of Croyland, as by their
aforesaid evidence shewn unto us fully and openly appears,
acquitted for ever from all claims of the before-named William
Geywode, William Pygot, and all other the obligors, for them-
selves and the commons of the said vills of Spalding and
Pynchbeck, their heirs, assigns, and successors, holders of their
tenures in the aforesaid vills of Spalding and Pynchbeck for
ever. And, in like manner, we do award, ordain, and deter-
mine that the before-named abbat and convent of Croyland,
and their successors, shall severally have and possess, and in
severalty hold a certain stream within the said marsh, called
£e Lode, together with piscary in the same, wholly and quietly :
which said stream extends from the river Welland aforesaid
on the west side of the vill of Croyland, and falls into the
same river Welland towards the north, together with all
streams, lakes, marshes, lands, .tenures! and buildings between

&82 commroATioN of the history o* cbotlakb. *.». 1415.

before-named Tills of Spalding and Pynchbeck, within- the
metes and boundaries following, that is to say, in length, be-
tween the river called Welland and Cheilbeehe, and, in breadth,
between Mydfendyke, whieh is the boundary between Hdyland
and Kesteven, and Guthrandhend, which, in like manner, is
the boundary, as far as Saltenhee and Hasmanespath, accord-
ing to the course of the river called Welland, from Croyiand
towards the sea. In like manner, also, they produced before
lis divers inquisitions of office taken at Spalding, before Wil-»
liam de Spaigne, the then seneschal of John, the late duke of
Lancaster, and divers processes in the Court Christian, as to
tithes of wool arising from the sheep depasturing in the said
marsh called Goggislound, and other evidences. In like man-
ner, also, they said that they and all others whose estate they
have in their tenures of Spalding and Pynchbeck, have had
and ought to have in the said marsh called Goggislound, com-
mon of pasture, turbary, piscary, gathering and taking rushes
and reeds, and other the profits there arising, from time to which
•memory does not run to the contrary. Also, after the afore-
said allegations, declarations, and evidences of the parties be-
fore-named, and their replies, had been fully heard and under-
stood by us, the aforesaid John Wodehouse, John Lerven-
thorp, and William Babyngton, and the before-named -Wil-
liam Ludyngton, we, the before-named John Wodehouse,
John Leventhorp, and William Babyngton, considering the
said allegations, declarations, and evidences, and their loll
replies thereto set forth at length, did, for the benefit of advis-
ing and deliberating upon the said matters, adjourn the meet-
ing aforesaid, and did appoint a day for them, at Westminster,
in the council-house of the said duchy of Lancaster, that is to
say, the Monday next after the feast of Saint Luke* then
next ensuing, there to appear before us, with their counsel, in
order to shew and set forth to us in writing all the aforesaid
evidences, declarations, and replies— provided always, that
each party might, by the said day, increase and strengthen his
said evidences, allegations, and replications, in the matter
aforesaid — there to hear our final determination as to the said
claims, debates, dissensions, and disputes. Upon which day
there appeared before us, the before-named John Wodehouse,
John Leventhorp, and William Babyngton, and the before-
named William Ludyngton, in the said council-house of the

A*D. 1415. i>WA£B O? TH£ AttBmUTOBS. 383

strid duohy, at Westminster, the said parties with their counsel;
and, on their behalves, and severally discussed the matter be*
fore us ; that is to say, the said abbat and convent presented
a roll in their behalves, and the before-named William Gey*
wode, and all others the obligors, on behalf of themselves and
the commons of the before-mentioned vills of Spaldyng and
Pynehbeck, another roll, in which the said evidences, alle-
gations, and replications of both parties were contained and
specified. . Which said muniments and evidences of both par-
ties, and their allegations, declarations, and replications as to
the said metes and boundaries of the said marsh called Goggis-
lound, and as to the matters and debates aforesaid, having been
fully heard, inspected, and understood by us, the before- named
John Wodehouse, John Leventhorp, and William Babyngton,
as also by Eichard Morton, chief justice of the Common Pleas
of our lord the king, Robert Hill, John Cokayne, and the said
William Ludyngton, in like manner justices of the said Com*
mon Pleas, we do, in presence of the said justices, and by their
counsel and advice, in the said council-house, on Thursday,
being the said vigil of All Saints, order and decree that the
before-named abbat and convent of Croyland shall have, hold,
and possess unto themselves and their successors for ever the
said marsh on the west side of the river Welland, called Gog-
gislound, as their own proper soil and demesne, by the before-
named metes and boundaries by the said abbat and convent
a.bove set forth, and within the vill of Croyland, as by their
aforesaid evidence shewn unto us fully and openly appears,
acquitted for ever from all claims of the before-named William
Geywode, William Pygot, and all other the obligors, for them-
selves and the commons of the said vills of Spalding and
Pynehbeck, their heirs, assigns, and successors, holders of their
tenures in the aforesaid vills of Spalding and Pynehbeck for
ever. And, in like manner, we do award, ordain, and deter-
mine that the before-named abbat and convent of Croyland,
and their successors, shall severally have and possess, and in.
severalty hold a certain stream within the said marsh, called
lie Lode, together with piscary in the same, wholly and quietly :.
which said stream extends from the river Welland aforesaid
on the west side of the vill of Croyland, and falls into the
same river. Welland towards the north, together with all
ftreams, lakes, marshes, lands, tenures, and buildings between

3$4 CONTINlTATIOirOFTHUaiSTOETOFCROTLAin). A^JUBf

the said stream called Le Lode and the said river Wdlaad, in
any manner inclosed, and in severalty to he held and possessed
for ever; so that the said William Geywode, William Pygot*
and all others the obligors, and the commons of the before-
named villa of Spalding and Pynehbeck, -their heirs, assigns,
and successors, holders of their tenures in the said vills of
Spalding and Pynehbeck, shall neither hard nor possess any
right, claim, or title in the said stream called Le Lode ; or in
the waters, pools, marshes, lands, tenures, and buildings "between
the before-named streams ealled Le Lode and Welland in-
closed ; but shall for ever be excluded from all right, claim,
title, or profit arising therefrom. Saving always to the men
of the before-named vills of Spalding and Pynehbeck, their
heirs and successors, reasonable passage with their boats on the
said stream called Le Lode, without detriment to the right
of fishing on part of the before-named abbat and convent;
We do also further award, ordain, and determine, that the
before-named William Geywode, William Pygot, and all
others the obligors and commons of the before-named villa
of Spalding and Pynehbeck, their heirs, assigns and succes-
sors, holders of their tenures in the said vills of Spalding and
Pynehbeck, shall have common of pasture for their cattle at
all times of the year in the said marsh ealled Gfoggisiound,
beyond the stream called Le Lode, and in no part of the same
marsh between the said streams called Le Lode and Welland.
And further, at the especial entreaty and request made by Us,
the before-named John Wedehouse, John Leventhorp, and
William Babyngton, of the said abbat and convent, and vat
order to nourish love and concord between the parties before^
named, we do award, ordain, and decree, that the before*
named William Geywode, William Pygot, and all others the
obligors and commons of the before-named viHs of Spald-
ing and Pynehbeck shall have and possess common of estovers,-
that is to say, of gathering rushes and reeds in the said marsh
ealled Goggislotind, as far as the before-named stream called
Le Lode, and not beyond, towards the buildings of the said vfll
of Croyland'; upon condition that they take rushes and reeds
only for their own proper use in the said vills of Spalding and
Pynehbeck, without committing any waste in the said marsh,'
and without making any gift or sale thereof; and upon the
understanding that the said William Geywode, William Pygot,

*.1K Ht5* A.WABB OF XBB AKBIXIttffOBS. 8&

and all mothers- the obligor* and the commons of the be-
$ro-&ained vills of Spalding and Pynchbeck, their heirs,
assigns, and successors, holders of their tenures in the said
villa of Spalding and Pynchbeck, shall take rushes and reeds
at reasonable and competent times in the year. And after
the said rushes and reeds shall have been cut by them, at a
competent and reasonable time they shall carry them beyond
the said marsh called Goggislound; but upon the understand-
ing that the fisheries of the said abbat and convent of Croyland
in the said marsh shall in no way be injured by the long
standing of the said rushes and reeds. Also, that the before-
named W illiam Geywode, Wiiliam Pygot, and all others the
obligors and commons of the said vills of Spalding and
Pynchbeck, their heirs, assigns, and successors, holders of their
tenures in the said vills of Spalding and Pynchbeck, shall not
excite, procure, or abet any other man of the before-named
vills of Spalding and Pynchbeck, or of any other vills or any
other demesne, to implead, molest, or disquiet the said abbat.
and convent or their successors, in their possession and demesne
of the said marsh called Goggislound, or any part thereof*
And that the said William Geywode, William Pygot, and all
others the obligors and commons of the said vifls of Spald-
ing and Pynchbeck, their heirs, assigns, and successors, holders
of their tenures in the said vills of Spalding and Pynohbeck,
shall use the said common of pasture and estovers in manner
and form aforesaid, as the common law of the realm demands,
and without making any gatherings, leagues, or meetings of
any men whatever. Also, we do in like manner award, or-
dain, and by these presents determine, that both the before-
named William Geywode, William Pygot, and all others the
obligors, as also the commons of the said vills of Spalding
and Pynchbeck, their heirs, assigns, and successors, holders of
their tenures in the said vills of Spalding and Pynchbeok, shall
he for ever excluded from claiming any common of turbary,
piscary, taking fowl, digging the earth, or obtaining any profit
whatever in the said marsh called Goggislound, in any way
whatever arising, save only in such manner as we have above
awarded and set forth. Also, in like manner, we do award,
ordain, and determine that the said abbat and convent and
their successors, and their tenants at Croyland, shall not at any .
future time dig or cause to be dug any turf for burning in

cc

&0 C0OTI1TO4ISQ9 051 XH* BOROJIY QM «aorLA2n>. a.©. 1415.

the said marah called Goggialonnd, saving always that tha said
abba* and conyent and their, aucQesspjB. and tenants o£ Csoy-
land may dig earth, and turf in the said marsh eaUed Gogr
g&slounoVhoth when and as much as- shall he: necessary i»r
them, and shall be at liberty to. carny the said earth and tuif
fpx tie erection of their buildings* and. for the repair and
raising of their embankments and othen their property in. the
abbey, viU, and precinct of Groyland.fon ever^ Provided*, that
if the before-namad William Ge$wode, William. Pygot, and tha
*tbexs the obligoo** their hews, or the, tenanfoo£ lands iit the
befcre-named villa of Spalding and Eyuchbeok, en the man, a£
the commonalties, of the befomrnan^d villa* o£ Spalding, and
FynchJ>eck,.or thein heirs; ox suneessors, or. anp one of them*
ahall in, any way presume to contravene, ox contradict tfeia- ear
award and. ordinance* then in such case,, they ox.be wha shall
so presume to contravene; 0r contradict, the. same* shall.losa all
benefit or. privilege arising from this* aur award as to. taking-,
gathering, and wroing, from thenceforth*, rushes or reeds, in.
the said marsh, called Goggislound, andi shall, fox ever b&
excluded therefrom.:: and in, such oase it sheJLbet fidly lawful
fbr; tbe said abbat and convent and their. 8ucoeseorsy tliencer
ibrth for ever, to hinder, and prevent the persona, so presuming
to contravene and. contradict, the same, and each- of: them,,
their heirs and successors, holders, of their, tenurea in. the, said
villa of Spalding, and Fynehheok, from takings collecting, and.
Qarryiag the said rushes., and; raeds, our- present order and.
award, to the- contrary notwithstanding, We. do also order,
and determine that all writings obligatory by which William.
Geywode and. William Pygot, and othex the person* above-
named of Spalding and r ynehbe*k axe bound.. unto > the said,
abbat and convent of Croyland* shall, be delivered, by the said,
William Ludyngton, to. the said, abbat and convent ;. and. in.
like manner that the writing obligatory, by which the before-
named, abbat and convent are bound unto Athelard, Thwnas,
William, and Thomas, shall be delivered unto, the same. Athe-
lard, Thomas, William,, and Thomas; which writings, obli-
gatory have been placed by consent of. the parties hsfbxe-
mentioned in. the hand of die said. William Ludyngton, as
being an impartial hand, to deliver the same according to our
judgment and ordinance. In testimony whereof to one part,
of this our said award and ordinance remaining in. the hands.

a.©. 1417.« jteATBT oi* Aimikf Tfibtfjur. 387

of tHe* said' atibat afad1 convent* arid their sudcesadrB; and' to a'
second jfcrt, remaining Ttftk'the Baid' William Geywode,' Wil-
liam Fy*got, ahd'othetf foe dTrtigbrt' arid- dommons of the
"before-ttanWd* vifler of Sffcldirig and Pyncfobeek, their* heii*;
assigns; dild BTtdedssdts, holders 'of their' tdriures inthe,shidvillBl
of SpaldiBg afld Pynehbec'k', and' to a tUtd* part1 i-emaihirig' in
Hie* tH&wurfof the said Duchy; \te the0 befbre-nflirie'd John
Wbdehofese; John Eeventhorp;' arid' William Babjfagtoh, have*
set* on* sealsv Arid in like mantis, the befdre-riairied' Kidhard'
Westdrt; Bbterfc Hill; John Cockayne, and William Ludyngton,
justfcfcftTof our lord thef king- have at our" rdquettt'dtid entreaty'
Hereto set their seals: Given at Westminster on the said
vigil* of All Saints', in the thM year of the ' said kirig' Henry*
the Fifth after1 his accession" to the crown df Englarid;"

These matters being properly disposed of, arid.duljr con-*
eluded, the Almighty King* of all, and the Ruler of times arid:
seasotfsV seeing that the venerable abbat Thomas was now worn
out' ^tK'esfofeme' old 'age, after havitfg jfatiently sighed, under
the bu*den of bfitidneBs' fbf a pelio'd'df five yelars, was desirous
to transfer hiiri frotti' this present wicked wbrld and valley of
tears; td 'a region1 of everlasting light arid peace; upon which,
about1 the sblemn festival of the Nativity of our Lord, in His
metoyHe summoned him away, through an illness, by means*'
of tfhich he might be liberated frbm this corruptible' pfison*
house o£ the flesh . His malady increasing day by day, updn
the feast of Saint Thomas the Martyr he breathed his last; and'
haflpily departed unto the Lord dn his festival; having always
during his life paid marked honor to that Saint He had 'also
erected, in his honor, the eastern window1 in the abbat*s chapel, •
the subject of wftieh most appropriately was the' life of the said
Martyr; leaving the same to his successors as a lasting me-
morial of his devotion. On the day above-mentioned, in the
year of ou*1 Lord, 1417, aAd iri the fourth year of the reign of
Mtfg'HerirJr the' Fifth, after having completed a rule over the '
monastery of tWenty-fivie years, he was gathered unto his
fathers, arid was buried before the great altar.

After this, the grace of the Holy Spirit having been invoked,
the venerable' brother, Richard Upton, the prior, with the
unanimous consent of each, was deservedly elected to the su-
preme rule. And well indeed may I say, "deservedly" elected,
seeing that, as before stated, the burden of the' whole monas-

4 0 2

888 COSTDHJATION OF THB HI8TOBT Off CBOYLAIH). A.m 1417.

tery for the space of five years had rested upon his shoulders; as,
during the whole time that the venerable father Thomas, his
predecessor, was labouring under a prostration of his powers, he
diligently discharged his duties in every respect. Besides, those
famous suits, of such long continuance, against the people of
Spalding and of Multon, were, as we have already stated at
considerable length, brought to the desired conclusion and set
at rest, through his exertions, and at an outlay of five hun-
dred pounds ; wherefore he is deservedly entitled to the entire
credit thereof. Thus did Divine Providence deal graciously
with him, in that, before he had received this governance of
souls, it had thus quelled the ill-will of his enemies against
him on every side ; so much so, that for all his days after, he
lived a quiet and tranquil life, and the more that he had been
exposed to the rage of his enemies before, the more did he con-
gratulate himself on having gained repose thereafter.

But now, we are of opinion, that it will prove far from a waste
of time, if we carefully hand down to posterity, and briefly in*
Bert in these pages, certain usages which are usually prescribed
upon the installation of the abbats of this monastery, when newly
elected. The first is, that hitherto the chapter of Lincoln has
been accustomed to claim as its own the cope which the abbat
wears at the altar at the time of his installation, asserting its
right thereto by very ancient usage, as being the mother church.
Accordingly, all due precautions ought to be carefully taken
that one of the usual sort, that is, of five marks value, should
be provided for the occasion; as such a one will suit be-
comingness of appearance, and a heavy outlay cannot be caused
to the monastery thereby.

There is another thing that ought in like manner to be handed
down to memory, the fact that, upon the installation of an ab-
bat newly appointed, the earl marshal of England, in virtue of
the fee of his office, is wont to claim and demand one palfrey.
Consequently, when the said earl was in his minority, as we
ourselves witnessed on one occasion, and according to the
laws of the realm was entrusted to the guardianship of the
king, a palfrey was delivered in the name of the said earl, for
the use of the king. It ought, therefore, to be carefully pro-
vided against, that it may not happen that, because this has
been done on one occasion, it* may be incautiously repeated on
another occasion, and a customary payment consequently made
to the royal treasury, when by right it belongs to another.

a.d. 1421. xnra hth*ky,s edict to not blaoz Moarx&f 389

The fhird thing worthy of remark, and a circumstance by
no means unlike the former ones, is the fact that on the in-
stallation of a new abbat the archdeacon of Lincoln is in like
manner wont to claim another palfrey, or five marks as the
price thereof. However, from an exaction of this nature we
are relieved by a privilege of pope Innocent.

One of the king's clerks is also in the habit of receiving
annually from the monastery forty shillings by way of corrody
from the time of the installation, until provision shall be made
for him with a competent benefice in some other way.

Having thus handed down these facts to memory, let us
now return to the purposed order of our narrative. The lord
Thomas, the illustrious duke of Clarence, brother of king
Henry V., who, as above stated, married the lady Margaret,
relict of his uncle, and lady of and heir to the manor of De-
ping, was captured79 by the French while making an expe-
dition against France, and slain. John, earl of Somerset, also,
then a young man, and son and heir of the before-named lady
Margaret by her former husband, and who had crossed over
with the said duke, his step-father, on that expedition, was in
like manner taken prisoner, and kept in close custody for many
years. The lady duchess, his mother, remained in a state of
widowhood, and survived several years.

In the following year, being the year of our Lord, 1421, and
the eighth year of the reign of king Henry the Fifth, an edict
went forth of the same most serene prince to all the abbats and
priorsof the orderof the BlackMonks of Saint Benedict through-
out England; ordering them, all excuses for delay set aside, forth-
with to appear personally before the king at Westminster. For
serious and grievous complaints were brought to the king's ears,
by a certain prior, they say, of Mont Grace,80 a place of the
Carthusian order, who had formerly made profession as a member
of the said order of Saint Benedict, as to divers abuses and ex-
cesses which were said to prevail in thesaid order. Upon this, the
king was greatly disturbed in mind, and was moved in no small
degree against the said order. Accordingly, a solemn assembly
was held of all the abbats, priors, masters, doctors, inceptors,
bachelors and other men of high rank of the said order of Black

7' This it not exactly the truth. He was slain in battle in Normandy,
being wounded by Sir William S win tori, and dispatched with a battle-axe
by the earl of Bucban, Scotch allies of the French. *> la Yorkshire.

£90 coirrijrirATioF qj ;e^e k$sto»t op cbo^lakd. +$. 1421.

J^onks in England, in the Ghapter->hause at ^e^tftkwJjer, <m the
Seventh (Jay iof the month of Jutay ; at which asae^nbhr fte£$4
,most illustriqus king was present, and the bishop of ,J$xe.te£, .on
,behalf of the king, solemnly set forth in Latjn before tlje^flpd
.congregation .many, excesses and abuses which -fee then ^nu-
merated. This statement being cqncluflecl, .the said most serene
.prince specify appointed three deputies to act in jthis matter
on his behalf nainely, the bishop of JSxeter b$oi£-;namcd, J^
.own secretary, and pe prior of Mont Grace ^fcfe-nameij.
These were to confer and ,treat wjltji six members of the.a^sem-
,bly before-mentioned, to be chosen on part ,of tfte .ordqr, .upon
jtfye reformatio of the be^ore-mentjio^e^ grievances, wHcb.
.were to be summed ,up and stated in certain articles. J£*e
names of the persons chosen on behalf, of the order are hepe
set forth ,at length ; the prior of tl\e cathedral church of TSfarr
pester, & doctor of Divinity ; the abtwt ojf Saint Alban's, a
Doctor in ,the same faculty.; the abbat of Xo&> >£ Scholar in
iie same ; Eicl^ari, abbat of Cfoylajad before7n#me<k a I&cher
lor in the san^e faculty ; the prior of Durham, a^Sc^ar iji the
pame; the prior of fcenton, likewise a Scholar in tjUe same.
^ftth these six persons there were afterwards associated fcy the
'Defcre-meniioned assembly tw.enty-four .others, of ,the ahbats,
priors/ doctors \ and otfyer graduates ; to all of wj\gm united
together, was entrusted full pow^ p£ treating upon, deciding,
enacting and confirming the articles before-mentioned* as $Uo
of 'doing each* and .every things which an undertaking ,of ^u,ch
an arduous nature might require and demand. Although tbeee
jjerspnS; heing deputed separately to visit tbie yarious so^eties,
in jfcheir communications from a|l quarters Ruegested and Qom.-
initted to writing yarious niodifications as to the ar tf clea flfojer
iajd ; still; by ithe consent of ajl, tlie modification and £d&1
answer made by the ab^at of Saint Albau's w.as summarily
adopted in preference to those of talJ. the rest. To .observe
tfese at future .times tl?.e Others jthere rae&en$ jdid, by their
respective promjtses, bin/jl themselves with one conseiit nnjo
9ur lord tibye king! Proip tjjis time tbe vehement indignation
oi the Hpg cease$, he bejtng greatly surprised, and indeed ex-
tremely gratified; at having in his kingdom so great a multitude
of literates and graduates of the said order. After this, being
graciously dismissed by the royai benevolence, they speedily
returned to their respective homes.

A.D. 1433. BIKEFACTIOJTS OF ABBAT BIOKASD* 391

In the following year, -the said aniioert illnstlrious prince, H«eu«y
the Fifth, feeing then in France, a son was borne to him by tfa
lady Catherine, queen of England, daughter of Charles king «if
Sfamoe, who was named Henry of Windsor.

in tine year from the Inoamationof our Lord, 1423,80on the
-thirtieth day of August, this most noble prince, king Henry the
-fifth, departed this life atBois de Vincent in France, two leagues
T&tttafc from Paris, after having ahly reigned nine years and
tiro months. His body, however, was iatterwards brought to
London, and was honorably and solemnly buried at West-
SBsantar.

On the following day, that is to say, on the last day of
August, Jlenry of Windsor, his son, an kifantstill in his cradle,
ni&e months .and fourteen days old, began to reign over the
tend under the Me of Henry the Sixth.

While these matters were going on without, according to the
usual ootuse of things, the venerable father, Riehard, abbat of
Croyland, was decorating his church with great and precious
ornaments, and especially with one costly jewel for holding
relics, which he had purchased for one hundred and twenty
marks, and bestowed upon our vestiary. In like manner, he
also had a red cope made for use on high occasions, embroidered
with jewels and gold, and commonly called the IU et Ubi*1
often valued at the sum of two hundred marks. Besides
this, lie also paid one hundred marks for another entire vestment
with the royal arms of England and France placed thereon in
tibtff quarters, together with copesof the same workmanship most
skilfully made, He also bought some cloth made entirely of
silk and embroidered with Moons of gold, for the purpose of
making seven copes therefrom ; , and the lord John LitLyng-
ton, his successor, had them carefully finished with fringes of
gold and linings thereto. He also had some other cloth, of
great value in consequence of having been twice dyed crimson,
and in like manner embroidered with flowers of gold, and
adorned with fringes and edges of gold, made Up into the
shape of a vestment to be used on high occasions : this had
been presented to us by our sister the lady Joanna de Willough-
by. He also spared no expense whatever in repairing thft
pastoral staffs in the vestiary, and adorning the put, used at the
• w> 1 4->2. •» The " There and everywhere." Perhaps so called frota
having those words embroidered on it.

392 ooiraOTAXXosr or the Hrarosr op ckotlaitd. jga. 1423*

great altar for containing the body of Christ, with a sflver
crown on the top thereof garnished with precious stones. Ho
also considerably increased our library with numerous books of
great value, and had the abbatfs hall, a room of remarkable
beauty, entirely rebuilt in b most superior manner : besides
which/ he had great part of the western side of the abbey
court, which before lay exposed with a wide opening to the
gaze of all in the vill, becomingly repaired and enclosed by
means of a long and high building which reached down to the
water-gate.

In the time also of this venerable father, brother John
Freston of blessed memory, the sacrist, not being desirous to
lay up treasures on earth, had a splendid vestment, called
the "Jesse," and made of needle-work, most sumptuously em-
broidered in the workroom over the vestiary, by artificers, to the
honor and service of God. This same vestment, which con-
sisted of a cope and chasuble, with tunics, was often valued by
clothiers and dyers at nearly three hundred marks. He also
bestowed upon the church in honor of God, another valuable
cope, of Yenice83 blue embroidered with eagles of gold, which
commonly called by us the Verbum Caro;™ together with
some albs suitably prepared with becoming workmanship.

Likewise also, in the days of his rule, the new works of the
lower part of the church towards the west were built from the
foundations by brother William of Croyknd^ master of the
works, of whom we have made mention a little before under
the time of the lord abbat Thomas. Besides the sums which
this brother William of Croyland annually received from the
achat's purse and the produce and profits of the convent, to-
wards the promotion of the said work, by his urgent applica-
tion and through his mediation, many donations were procured
by hinq from his neighbours and friends. We have thought it
both becoming and opportune here to hand down to memory
the names of some of these, to the end that, in return for the
temporal benefits which they bestowed upon us, we may de?
voutly repay them in turn by our prayers for the repose ot
their souls. Master Richard Baston contributed a hundred
marks towards the said work ; Roger Greyne of Donyngton,
in like manner, a hundred marks ; Master Henry Welles, arch-
deacon of Lincoln, also gave twenty pounds towards the build-
* Or azure colour. » "The. word made flesh."

>L.tfv 1439. DEATH 09 ABBAT BXCHA2B. 803

mg of the said ohurch, and ten pounds towards the repair of
the chapel of Dovedale. The lord Thomas de la War, and
William Michel, gave, each of them, twenty marks ; and John
Kyme, John Whittlesey, John Edward, and the lord John Ward,
each of them ten pounds. The lord John Curtes, the lord
William Porter, John Tomson, and John Bell, in like manner,
from genuine feelings of devotion, gave, each of them, ten
marks. Thus did the persons above-named and numerous
other benefactors of our house, whose names may the ever*
living Scribe in His mercy deign to set down in the Book of
Life, liberally pay immense sums of money for the benefit of
the said church.

At last, the venerable father, Richard, the lord abbat of
Oroyland, after having both righteously and ably completed
nine years and four months in the discharge of his pastoral
duties, his career being cut short by death, was released from
all the cares and tumults of this world, and laid aside the
flesh, on the fourteenth day of the month of May, in the year
of our Lord, 1427, and the fifth year of king Henry the Sixth*
fie was succeeded in the office of abbat by the lord John
Litlyngton, a man truly religious, prudent and discreet in the
management of business, and one who had formerly gained
experience in the discharge of the duties of divers offices in
the monastery.

Henry, king of England, in the eighth year both of his age
and his reign, was solemnly crowned at Westminster, on the feast
of SaintLeonard, by Henry Ghicheley, archbishop of Canterbury. *
Two yearB after this, Henry Beaufort, cardinal of the Roman
church, and bishop of Winchester, having first, by his especial
exertions, pacified the chief men of France, caused him again
to be crowned king of France, at Paris, sumptuous prepara-
tions being made at his own expense.

But, in the meantime, behold! not even this venerable
father, John, abbat of Croyknd, was allowed to enjoy peace
and tranquillity, nor any longer indulge in quietude. For, onoe
more, he was attacked by a wicked generation, again was he
assailed by people without counsel and without prudenoe, by
a generation, I say, depraved and perverse, by people who glory
in their wickedness and wax strong in their iniquity ; who
know, too, how to be for ever waging war against the ohurch
of Croyland, and are wont to be always attempting to encroach

894 coNTOnjAUcnr df thj rebtqbt of ceoyxakd. a.d. 1429

trpohatwitfh their rode insults. As though :fr*ih their iat,"
tints did tbeir iniquity originally ttnse. A certain rank, Be-
eeiver of the monastery of Ctaoykand at the manor of Aswyke,
wasoncone oeoaakai going Axag the embankment belonging
to the people of Multon, called Lode-dyke, an his way to &»-
therhouse ; being Attended by tvro servants, who, however, is
the moment of need, gave hat trndnemeasuse rf their services.
Now, it bo happened, that « certain priegt of MuLtan, with a
single oompanion, was going along the name way, and on tee-
ing the bsotfiex betas-mentioned, would not paw by him, but,
having first accosted Iron with xeproa<Mil langaage, repeatefiy
asked, in the most offensive terms, what he was doing on die
knds of other peaple ? After this, being quite reduced to a
state of frenay by * spirit of malignity, as Boon as he had
crossed over into his own district, he began to utter terrible
threats against ham, and pnahisng him violently, thrust him
dojniinto aplacebeJW^mndsoiireedfcim to wade through a
swampy marsh and a pit foil of mad, the distance of a
stone's throw. The brother, being a man stricken in years and
verging upon a helpless old age, m fear of death and in peril
of being drowned, trembling and panting, with difficulty
escaped alive and got to the other side, which looked towards
the Eraoinet of Onpyinad. The shocking rumour soon spread
through the neighbourhood that a monk of Groyhmd had been
nearly drowns^ in having his life tints endangered, and had,
in tfus shameful manner, been so unworthily insulted. The
• venerable lather, abbat John, being greatly incensed at this
unhaeky misdeed, diligently brought his complaint to the ears
of the bishop of Lincoln, and earnestly implored him, in his
capacity of ordinary, to punish an act of such enormity with
his eensures. The bishop immediately had the priest cited,
and, among other things, imposed on him this public penance
in especial, that he should forthwith repair to Croyland, and
humbly ask pardon of the abbat of the monastery and the
before-named brother, against whom he had committed so great
an injury. This he accordingly did, soon after (although it
was with great reluctance that he so humbled himself), upon
the day of a great festival, while all stood around him before

a He seems to allude to the expression in Psalm xvil. 10. " Mine
enemies compass me about, they are inclosed in their own fat." And in
Psalm czix. 70, " Their heart is as fat as grease."

tfx? Augb iter. At this, his feJlow-towBemen weje greasy »&-
^ge^rfnt^ujg^ery <^pQrtuoity,of4iowiiig.tih^r malignity,
used every pqssible exertion rto. carry into effect whatever Ihey
pp.vU^ j|^)?ly ,iui^ttt to t^e detriment of tthe chw>u <of Gupy*-

. Beside? this, a .pertain nqble and influential knight of €om-
j^ail, William BondvyU hy,Bame, ihad ,ajt this .time taken to
wife the lady ^Elizabeth, relict of the .lord ftpbej*t Haryngton,
4,he late Jord ,of ilultonj through which marriage 4jhe .chief
demesne of the manor pj; }f u)ton aforesaid had owe to the
said knight Accordingly, tie unhappy and ever-uaatable
mob ,of i&e paid ivill plied this man with tjbeir ciamoujs, .and
brought serious complaint .before him .against Sabbat of
iCroyJand. Hhey ,paid tihat, ha consequence af the overflow of
jsater .that was always escaping beyond -the Precinct of the
said ahbat, for want of due repair of his embankments, their
meadows and pastures were so swamped with inundations, that
they wece^ble to derive no profit whatever fterefron*, nor
could they account to their lord for the rents .due to him for
the same. Being greatly moved by these reports, and exeited
<o anger, he forthwith aroused himself with all his energies to
implead the said abbat for his offences and tjhe losses caused
thereby to himself and his tenants. Upon itbis, abbat John
immediately prepared manfully to defend himself, and hastened
to London for the purpose of supporting the cause .of his
church. However, after a great outlay of money on both
sides among .the lawyers, the whole matter was transferred to •
jCroyland, there to be brought to a final settlement. Here, in
presence of Sir John * * * chief baron of the Exchequer
of our lord the king, and one of the justices of the Gammon
Pleas x>f our said lord the king, and John Molesmore, another
of the justices of the Common Pleas of our Lord the king, and
before the noble man, the lord William Bondvyll, previously
named, a great number of counsel learned in the law being
retained on both sides, the matter, after being for a long time
amicably discussed, was Anally set at rest by means of indent
tares made to each other, upon these terms : " That the before*
named John, now abbat of Croyland, and his successors, abbats
of the said place, shall, within three years next after the date
of these presents, cause a certain embankment to be raised
and made anew within the Precinct of Croyland, from & .cer*

396 coNTDitrAxioir or thb histobt of caocwjn). ajk-1433.

fain place called Brotherhonse as far as Wriaplodesdyke,oathe
east. The same shall be made in a workmanlike manner, ami
built of sufficient height, without any breach therein, or any
oozing therefrom, and shall by them be maintained, preserved,
and repaired for forty years from thence next ensuing, so
as well and sufficiently to keep out all inundations and corn-
mon overflows of water which may happen within the afore*
said Precinct, lying south of the said embankment so to be
made; that so they may not overflow or extend beyond the
summit thereof, nor bear down or inundate a certain other em*
bankment belonging to the before-named William and Eliza*
beth, and others, called Lode-dyke, nor yet in any way over-
flow or submerge the lands or tenements of the said William
and Elizabeth, situate in the vills of Weston and Multon, un-
less the said inundations and overflows shall be excessive and
more heavy than usual, in consequence of the extreme violence
of the winds and rains. This was done in the eleventh year
of the reign of king Henry the Sixth, and the seventh year of
the before-named John, lord abbat, being the year from the
Incarnation of our Lord, 1433."

In the meantime, however, while these matters were being
arranged', behold ! the people of Spalding became forgetful of
the award which had been lately made and decreed in the time
of th& lord abbat Eichard by careful men, members of the
council of the lord duke of Lancaster, men too, in whom they
themselves in especial reposed every confidence; but, once
more swerving therefrom, failed to observe the agreement)
and, just like their fathers, turned unto crooked courses* For,
in vast multitudes, they once more entered the marsh of
Goggislound, and perpetrated many enormities there, in fish-
ing, fowling, and digging up the ground, accompanied with
great haughtiness and abuse, thus acting in contravention of
the form and tenor of the said award. The venerable father,
abbat John, however, put his trust in the Lord, through whom
he had been remarkable as a man who prospered in every thing,
inasmuch as God had directed all -his actions; and accord*
ingly made preparations manfully to withstand their presump-
tuous attempts, and to provide a lawful remedy for the injuries
committed against him. For this purpose, he immediately
commenced matters with a high hand, and prepared to proceed
to trial against the before-mentioned evil doers. Still however,

A.IK 1433* TUIWmEST IN FAVOTJE OF CK0YLA1TD. 397

the matter was placed in a position of considerable difficulty,
as, the king being still of tender years, the affairs and govern-
ment of the whole kingdom depended upon the nod of Hum-
phrey, the lord duke of Gloucester and chief feoffee of the
said duchy. The consequence was, that the abbat often found
himself deserted and left alone by his own adyiserB, through
fear of the power of the state ; and, being frequently sum-
moned to the presence of the said duke Humphrey in his pri-
vate chamber, had to endure divers censures from him, and to
put up with numerous threats, if he should persist in bringing
the. matter to trial. Still however, for all this, he was not
broken in spirit, nor did he in any way desist from his purpose ;
but taking care every day to continue process in conformity
with the laws of the reahn, matters were at last brought to
that position that an adjudication was appointed to be made on
the subject at Lincoln, by the grand assize. Here, by the
favour of God's mercy, these people became entrapped in the
pitfall which they had dug, and their feet were caught in the
very snare which they themselves had hidden. For the
jurors, who had been summoned in accordance with the form
of the statute in that behalf made, came before James Strang-
ways, and John Elerker, justices of our lord the king appointed
to hold the assizes in the county of Lincoln, and having been
elected triers and sworn to say the truth as to the matters in
dispute between the parties aforesaid, declared upon oath that
the before-mentioned people of Spalding whose names were
set forth in the process of the trial, were guilty of all the
trespass committed against Croyland, as the abbat had in his
plea against them alleged. They also assessed the damages of
the said abbat, arising through the trespass before-mentioned,
at ninety pounds, and awarded ten pounds for his costs and
expenses incurred in the suit. It was therefore determined
by the said jurors in form aforesaid that the said abbat John
should recoyer his damages aforesaid to the amount of one
hundred pounds, against the people of Spalding. Accordingly,
shortly afterwards, certain of their number, John Hankes and
Bobert Horner, of Spalding, were taken in custody, in the
matter aforesaid, by the sheriffs of London, in virtue of the king's
writ in behalf of our said lord the king to them directed,
and committed prisoners of our lord the king .to the Fleet
prison, there to remain until such time as payment should have

398 CONTrNTTATIOWW'Ettfe'HrSTOET'O^ (mOtlfin). A. D. 1437.

been made to the said abbatin Ml by the people of Spaldiag (tf
the hundred pounds before-mentioned. In consequence ofthity
they at lost paid that tfufcn, With great grief a*d tfhafiie; tdth*
abbatf at Croyland. •

In the* following year; tfea-t ift to say, in^ the year of oa*
Lord) 1434, them w*e a-mo^se^eWfrost. It begafa ufk^tiio
night of Saint Gatherine,-84 arid lasted' until the^ feast of Sftet
Juliana the Virgin; nearly twelve weeks.-

In the third yeafatter this the aUttomn seteon-^^^ekceed*
inglywet; in confee^uenee of which tMeffei^-t&eti'a' se*eW
famine throughout England for nearly two yearfe twgetheiS^ttoit
in many places of the kingdonv aisiriglev butehel1 of whea&sett
for forty' pence. The eensequenee was?, ttfat in nteriypart^
as the common people had^iet the nlMs^th^Hdehto^^pbti
life, number* of tberaooll^fed' afld; dried the i^ots of plairte,
and then grinding'them riiadfe- a-seTlfof bread^thefeiroTifc- Jktf
He, who " openeth- Hi*' hand; arid fllletti erer^B^mal- wifk
Hiff blessing, giving thein^ their riteafc: in due Season," *shWeli
forth such great mercy1 in'Hisdtepensatbns^that'tit'tlieend^
the latter y^ar a bnshel' of wheat w'a* again sbld'fd* eight'
pence; praised be God for' the same! *

While these years were rolling onward1 in- tfceir* headleagf
flight,. the lady Margaret duchess of Clarence, died, arid John,
earl of Somerset, her son and heir, who had parsed1 fifteen
years in captivity with the French; wasraifeomedfor an'im*
mense sum of money, and so returned to* England. Upon this,;
among other matters, he took* possession of the manor of
Depyng,' and whole multitudes: of the district floated ftrtb
to meet him, each one endeavouring td' be avenged* upon his
neighbour; and thinking' himself forttenate in1 being' enrolled
among- the number of his servants; Trie1 people* of Depyng'
were especially elated, as though a prophet lhad'ariSfen amxragrf
them1'; escorting him about on every side, jifomisirijg great
things, and suggesting, stiH* more ; « whfoe by4 thfe'voteer of af
herald they proclaimed him lord of the whole maretf. "Upfcta
this, his heart was elevated to a lofty pitch, and, being ptafcd
up by the great applause of the populace, hisJhorriwatf eSfclted
too greatly on high. Forthwith, tolls were levied 'by Me ' aftf --
vants in the vills ; and the cattle of all were driven away froitf
the marshes, and, when driven as far as Depyng, were there

8f Twenty-fifth November. 85 According to Psalm cxTv. 15, 16.

ad. 1437. dbaoh ev Tat mrxE or somerset. 309

detained ; nor were they allowed to be redeemed without' a
payment and acknowledgment of him as lord of the demesne:
In his name the embankment between Kenulphston and Crop-
land was raised anew, and all' transit and leading- of necessa-
ries* from Mb manors through those parts- entirely forbidden to
the abbat TFpon this, the abbat by bill complained to the king
of the* injury done te him, whereby the earl's wrath was still
more* inflamed. Threats too1 were daily Bpread abroad against
his monfeB'and servants, nor* did any one dare venture to go
that way for the purpose of transacting business*.
• At length, by act of Parliament, from an earl1 he was
created a duke, and, God so. ordaining' it, was sent upon an ex-
pedition in' the parts beyond1 sea. s In the meantime, however;
the venerable father; abbat John, fearing lest, in his absence,
his servants might still further run riot against him by com-
mitting injuries, hastened, fbr the purpose of holding a con-
ference with him; to a distant quarter of England; in the most
sultry season of the year and in a summer remarkable for. its'
heat, the said duke being then at his castle at Corfe, with' the in-
tention of immediately crossing over: Here too hehad to submit
to considerable delays, being under frequent apprehensions of
attempts being made by the servants on his life ; but at last, after
earnestly 'beseeching his favour, he obtained* letters directed to
the duke's * seneschal in these parts, ordering that' the whole
matters* in dispute should stand over until his return, and that
in the meantime no opportunity should be taken of inflicting
injury on the said abbat and his servants.

The business on which he had crossed over, being settled in
a- short time, the duke returned amid much pomp to England;
but being accused of treason there, was forbidden to appear in
the king's presence. The noble heart of' a man of such high
rank upon his hearing* this most' unhappy news, was moved to
extreme indignation; and being unable to bear the stain of so
great a disgrace, he accelerated his death by putting an end
to his existence, it is generally said ; preferring thus to cut
short his sorrow, rather than pass a life of misery, labouring
under so disgraceful a charge. Hence it was that' one person
suggested that this line had been long before composed in a
spirit of prophecy, and relative to him :
' "Hardly for twice two years endured John's pride of power."6*

* " Bis binis annis viz stabat pompa Johannis."

400 CONTI2TOATIOH OF THE HtSTOJHT OP CBOTUOn). A^>* U3B.

Before his decease he bad married a wife, Margaret by name ;
by whom he had one daughter, also called Margaret, who was
destined to inherit the said demesne of Depyng after the de-
cease of her mother. While her mother was still alive, she
was married to Edmund, earl of Richmond, her first husband.
Hez however, survived but a short time, having had by her an
only son. The earl being thus removed from the world, she
was again given in marriage to Henry, son of the most illus-
trious duke of Buckingham. More of these matters, however,
long hereafter.

[file lady duchess Margaret, her mother, held the said lord-
ship of Depyng in dower for many years, during which she
survived: besides which, she continued to retain full posses-
sion thereof, all the days of her life, a period of nearly thirty
years, both in exacting amercements for trespasses, levying for
repairs of the embankments, and taking poundage for animals,
in such manner as she had found the same rights appendant
to the said marsh lands on the day of her husband's death.

In the year of our Lord, 1439, and the thirteenth of the
before-named abbat, the lord John, there was such an excessive
quantity of fresh water in the weirs and streams in conseqwpce
of the extraordinary rains, that the embankments around the
Precinct of Croyland were unable to hold out against the force
of the impetuous torrent : the consequence was, that the
waters, being swollen, and beating with all their force against
the embankment of Shepishee, on the south side of the Pre-
cinct, which was in a state of disrepair in divers parts
thereof, overflowed the said embankment, being driven on-
ward by the force of the north wind, and immediately inun-
dated the entire surface of the adjacent common of Whaplode.
At this the other people of the district murmured aloud, and
turned all their thoughts how to do a mischief to the abbat of
Croyland. The principal of these was Humphrey LitUebury,
Esquire, who,, with many others, came to Croyland in a threat-
ening manner, and went around all the embankments of the
said Precinct, examining it on every side, to see if they could
anywhere find any defect in the repairs thereof, to afford them
an opportunity of presenting the abbat of Croyland before the
justices. Accordingly, having obtained a general commission
of sewers87 for the counties of Lincoln, Northampton, Hunt-

87 The word " sewer" is here used in its original sense of t fresh-water
trench, or drain encompassed with banks, to carry the water into the sea.

a.d. 143&. svavxsr as to wax bbpaib or the nxxxs. 401

ingdan, and Gambridg*, to be hfcld before Richard Sough,
Jean Langhome,and Richard Benington, the justices,. at Wayn-
fiete, they presented the said abbat for default in repairing the
embankments : upon which, they pronounced judgment that
he- was bound thenoeforth to repair a certain embankment near
the bank of the Welland, extending from Brotherhouse to
Croyland, and thence to Dovedale, together with other ancient
embankments lying within the said Precinct, namely Moredyke,
Sharpesdyke, and Wynterdyke. Upon this, the before-named
father was apprehensive that the fact of his having been thus
unjustly presented by them might become matter of record
against him among the royal archives ; and seeing that, from
such a circumstance evils might arise at some future time, greatly
to the prejudice of himself and his successors — he determined
to resist a beginning of this nature, and used the greatest efforts
in preparing to reverse each of their presentations and fully to
obtain the same amount of liberty which he had formerly en-
joyed; though at the same time, following the bent of his
own inclination, he did not have recourse to dissimulation,
nor did he interpose any delay in taking measures to ensure
th# security of his Precinct for the benefit of the said abbey :
lor which purpose he repaired and completed the embank*
ments in divers places, and opened or shut the same in differ-
ent directions, in such manner as seemed to him most advi-
sable. He was accordingly summoned, first by the sheriff of
Lincoln, to appear before the said justices at Alford, and next
at Louth, and on the third occasion at Bolyngbroke, to make
answer to our lord the king on articles in the aforesaid presen-
tation contained. Accordingly, he appeared without delay by
John Hardeben his attorney, on each of the days assigned for
the assessment.

Upon this, jurors were assigned at Bolyngbroke by the
sheriff of Lincoln, then and there duly to appear before the
said justices ; and being chosen, tried, and sworn, to speak the
truth on and about the premises, they said upon their oaths,
that John, abbat of Croyland and his predecessors, and their
men, and tenants, and the farmers of their manors, lands and
tenements, situate in the vills and places lying near the em-
bankments aforesaid, had very frequently repaired divers places
in the said embankments at their pleasure, for making and
promoting the easement, advantage, and profit of them, the

d d

402 CONTINTTATK)** OF THE HI8TOBT OF eBOTOAJTO. JUft- 1445.

abbat and convent and their predecessors, as also for the pur-
pose of avoiding loss, damage, and expense, which might
easily arise to each of them through non-repair of the same.
And the aforesaid jurors further said that neither abbat John
and the oonvent aforesaid, nor yet their predecessors, abbats of
the place aforesaid, had been accustomed otherwise or in any
Qther manner to repair the said embankments, or any one of
the embankments aforesaid, from time to which memory does
not run to the contrary, either for the safety of the lands ad-
joining, or for the purpose of keeping out the water running
between the said .embankments, or for the easement of the
people of our lord the king or of any one of them, nor ought of
right to repair the same, as had been stated and alleged against
the said abbat on behalf of our lord the king ; but only for
their own easement, advantage, and profit, at their own will
and pleasure, and not otherwise and in no other manner what-
ever : upon which, it was decided by the before-named jus-
tices that the said John, abbat of Croyland, and the convent
of that place, should, so* far as the premises are concerned, be
dismissed from the said court, and go therefrom without day
named for their appearance ; and that the said abbat John, and
their successors should not in future be charged or molested in
the premises on the pretexts aforesaid. Accordingly, our lord
king Henry the Sixth, by his letters patent, ordered exemplifi-
cation to be made of the tenor of the record of the said process
upon the requisition of the then abbat and convent.

In the year of our Lord, 1444, upon the vigil of the Purifi-
cation of the blessed Mary, there was such great and dreadful
thunder in the heavens, and such terrific flashes of vivid light-
ning, that no man living in our age remembers to have ever
seen or even heard of the like. During this storm the belfry
of Saint Paul's at London, the belfry of the monastery of the
Cross at Waltham, the church of Baldock, the church of
"Walden, the church of Kingston-on-Thames, and another
church in Kent, were set on fire, and burnt by the lightning,
on the same day, though at different hours thereof.

In the following year, the lady Margaret, daughter of the
king of Sicily, landed in England under the escort of William
Pole, marquis of Suffolk, and was married by Master William
Ayscough, bishop of Salisbury, to Henry king of England :
shortly after which, she was solemnly crowned queen of

A.D. 1446. DtfPLlCITT OP THE BAM OF StTFFOXr, 408

England at Westminster, by the venerable father John Staf-
ford, lord af ohbishop of Canterbury.

In the year of our Lord, 1446, and in the twentieth of the
before-named lord abbat John, no slight dispute arose be-
tween the said venerable father and John Pynder, vicar of
the parish church of Whaplode, as to the repairs of the desks
and Btalls in the chancel of the before-mentioned church ; the
said vicar asserting that the said duty did of right belong to
the abbat of Qroyland, as rector of the said church. On the
other hand, however, the abbat boldly alleged against the
vicar a composition real88 that had been made ; by virtue of
which he was, only and solely bound, to be responsible for the
repair of the matters before-mentioned. Accordingly, the
question was argued at great length in the church of Saint
Mary at Arches at London, and at last was settled and con-
cluded before Master William Byconhile, Doctor of Laws, the
official of the Court of Canterbury in the said church, in manner
following : The said vicar, the lord John Pynder, by virtue of
a certain composition real made between the abbat of Croyland
and the vicar of the said church, was, by definitive sentence
of the before-named judge, adjudged and pronounced to bear
the burden of the repair, building, and repair of the chancel,
of the said parish church of Whaplode, and of the desks and
stalls, sediHa and all other necessary appurtenances thereof
whatsoever, according as the same had pertained, did then
pertain, and ought to pertain, to the vicar thereof for the time
being. The said officer also determined, declared, and pro-
nounced the said abbat and convent to be free and exempt
from all burden of repair, and rebuilding of that description,
and that they ought so to be. He also condemned lord John
the vicar to pay five marks for lawful costs incurred by the
abbat in this cause.

The before-named William, earl of Suffolk, of whom we
have made mention a little previously, a man of singular
astuteness, and skilled in deceiving, easily prevailed upon the
multitude to follow the bent of his inclination. Being ad-
mitted to his most intimate friendship by king Henry, he
abused his frankness and confidence, and was supposed to

89 Competition real is where the incumbent and patron agree that
lands shall be discharged from payment of tithes in specie, in considera-
tion of a recompense to the incumbent either in money or lands.

404 covjisvxnos of ths hibtobt o» cbotlawd. a.». 1447.

manage nearly all the atfairs of the kingdom jugt according to
his own will and caprice. He consequently bestowed the
bishopric* and royal benefices for soma of money, ejecting
some persons and intruding others, entirely in caafonnity with
his own inclination ; and by the exercise of his sole power
did many things in the kingdom in utter contravention of ail
justice. At length his audacity increased to such a pitch *>f
presumption, that by means of fraud and circumvention, he
removed all the king's kinsmen and friends, and all those
related to the royal blood, as well as the bishops and clergy
of other ranks and the laity, from the king's presence. Besides
this, he most falsely accused that most illustrious prince,
x Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, the king's uncle, and one who
had from his infancy, during twenty-four years of his reign,
served him most faithfully in every respect, of being guilty of
treason against the king. At the instigation of the earl, in
the winter of the year of our Lord, 1447, a parliament was
appointed by proclamation to meet at Bury, in the county of
Suffolk, there to treat of this matter. The said duke accord-
ingly proceeded thither, and, suspecting no treachery, was
arrested shortly after, when separated from his people, and
thrown into prison by some persons of the king's household.
He was not allowed to make any answer [to the accusation],
nor was he oondemned upon any judicial oxaminatioii; bat,
though at nightfall safe and unhurt, he was, shocking to
relate! brought forth in the morning and exhibited to the
public, dead.

In die same year also, the venerable Henry Beaufort, Cardinal
of Sabina, and bishop of Winchester, departed this life. He
was a son of the lord John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and
uncle of king Henry the Fifth ; a man rendered illustrious
above all the nobles of England, by his probity and wisdom,
wealth and renown.

After these events, the venerable father abbat John had to
sustain another very great and expensive trial against the
lord Thomas Dacre, lord of Holbech. For, although the abbat
of Croyland holds the principal demesne rights in the vill of
Whaplode, and has there, besides the fee of his church,
market and fair, waste and warren, right of pillory .and
tumbrel,89 as also assize of bread and beer, the bailiffs and

80 Right of punishing scolds and disorderly women by Ahe trebuckdtor
cucking-stool.

A.ft. 14*7, MSWTE WITH THB LOHD DACB1. 405

servants of the said lord Thomas began to take distress* in
the common waste of the vili aforesaid, make attachments
there, and usurp many other rights, to the prejudice of the
church of Croyland. The venerable father, being unable to
endure such great injuries thus inflicted upon him and newly
commenced, and indeed, feeling an unwillingness to pass them
by with impunity, ably and manfully impleaded the said
Thomas in the general Court of the realm at Westminster ;
and, to sum up many matters in a short space, in the end,
through great exertions, managed to have the adjudication
6f the whole matter transferred to Lincoln, there to be detei
mined at the grand assize by the principal men of the county.
Accordingly, on the day named, the justices met, and large
numbers of the middle classes, who were well acquainted with
the laws and judgments of the kingdom, came thither in large
numbers, There was also present at this august assembly90
William Tailbois, Esquire, who had come thither to conduct
the cause of the church of Croyland, and proved himself a
most faithful supporter of it to the very utmost of his
abilities.

" Upon this, the before-named Thomas, seeing that his side
was clearly threatened with ill success, and that the present
day was likely to prove far from a propitious one for him,
followed the advice of his counsel, and waited upon the vene-
rable father, William Alnwyk, the lord bishop of Lincoln,
Who was at this time residing there in his palace; and
besought him with many prayers and most urgent entreaties,
that he would deign, in virtue of his authority, to take the
adjudication of the whole matter into his own hands as arbi-
trator ; while at the same time he promised that he would be
ready to abide by such decision as he should think proper to
give. Shortly after this, the abbat's counsel were sent for ;
reasons and exhortations were adduced by the bishop to
induce them with all confidence to leave the adjudication of
the whole matter to his conscience, as they knew full well that
he was a most sincere well- wisher of theirs, and would upon
no account be willing to derogate from the liberties of the
Church. But why enlarge ? What could the authority of
such a man not obtain, the more especially as he was sin-
gularly distinguished among his fellow-bishops of England for
* This is probably the meaning of " in. bono eomitato*"

406 ooOTnnrATiox or the msron* o* OfcoYLlNB. A.&I4&

bearing the highest character fend nil unblemished name £
And then, besides, if a person should think fit not to acquiesce
in his wishes, who is there that could possibly escape irom
the intolerable indignation that would be manifested by his
diocesan ? Accordingly, they both obeyed, and for the sake
of certainty bonds were entered into on either side, in which
they mutually promised that they would abide by his deter-
mination. As he was a man of the most consummate skill in
the transaction of business, he first examined, with deliberate
attention, the evidence adduced by documents, and then, em*
ploying the most careful research, frequently held conferences
on the matter with men well versed in the law. However,
inasmuch as Latin words and expressions are often made
to assume equivocal meanings, to the end that quibhlers
upon words might not at future times, by means of scruples
arising from a sinister interpretation, render ambiguous and
a cause of dissension that which was done with a pious
intention, the venerable prelate ordered the results of his
arbitration to be set forth in the English language, in the
following terms :

iX Be hit knoweh to all theym which thees present letters
shall see or here ; that whereas diverse debates, variance,
controversy,- and dissencion hath growen and late bene moved
and stered betwix the noble lorde Thomas Dacre, lorde of
Dacre, and John his son, clamyng to have correction and
punishmentz of all manner of trespas and offences done in the
Kyngys hyegh ways, commen stretys, and Wast grounds, in
the ton of Whapplode in the shire of Lincoln, be the ryght of
the maner and lordship of Holbech pertenyng to the saide
Thomas of that one partye : and the worshipfull and religiouae
fader Johan, th' abbot of Croyland affermyng and sayng the
contrarie ; and that all such ryghts longeth only to hym, be
ryght of the maner and lordeship of "Whapplode, pertenyng to
the said abbot be ryght of his chyrch, on the other partye;
uppon which debates, variance, contraversiz, and dissencion,
as well upon all the incidentz, dependentz, and thyngs grown
upon the same; hyt hath lyked the said partyes to biende hem
be theyr dede obligatorye beryng the date the XVII. day of
the moneth of Februarie the yere of the Beyng of Kyng
Herry the Sext XXVI. to stand and obey to tharbitrement,
ordinaunce, awarde, judement, and decree or counsell of me

A.fe 1447. AWABD OF THE BISHOP 07 XJKCOLIT. 407

WilKam, be the suffrance of God, Bishop of Lincoln, as hit
apperith more pleynly be the conditions of the said obligations.
I William, Byshop abovesaid, desyryng the good pees, ease,
and rest of bothe parties afornsaid, tbeyr successours, servants,
men, and tenantz, aftyr divers dayes of examination of the
said matter of debate, yariaunce, contraversiz, and dissention,
and good deliberacion hadde, oommunicacion hadde also there-
upon with vise, sadde, and leerned men in the lawe, the
XXI. day of this present moneth of September, the yere of
the Beyng of Kyng Herry the Sext XXVII. arbitre, award,
ordeign, deem, and decree in forme that followeth,

" Furst, consideryng that the saide Abbot be the ryght of
his chyroh is called Lord of the saide ton of Whaplode, and
haath ther be snfficiaunt graunt, waranth, and autorite, Leet,
and also Fayere and Market in the waast grounde of the said
Ton ; and that he and his Predecessours have hadde a viewe
of Franc-plege in the said ton of Whapplode, and have
punished and corrected trespas and offences done withyn the
hyegh waye, commonstrete, and waastground within the
said ground of Whapplode, with all manner of wayfes and
strayes, and tresoutroue, and other libertes and fraunches
pertenyng to the vyewe of Franc-plege : the whych possession
he and his Predecessours have contynude sythen the tyme of
Kyng Herry the Thyrde, as it appereth moor pleynly be the
courtrolles maad of the said viewe ; and the said Thomas
Lord Dacre haath not passyng XII. tenauntes in the said ton :
the said Abbot and his successours shall have and peseble
enjoye all maner of correction and punyshment of all maner of
trespas and offences done in the said wayes, stretes, and waast
ground, withyn the said ton of Whapplode, with wayfes,
strayes, and other libertes and fraunches longyng to the view
of Franc-plege of the said Abbot in the said Ton. Excepte
alway, undyr excepted and followyngly juged and decreed
unto the said Lorde Dacre be this my present award, con-
sideryng also that the said Thomas Lord Dacre haath in lyke
wyse in his courtes holden at Holbech, inquered of trespas and
offences done withyn the hiegh waye, commonstrete, and
waast ground of the said ton of Whapplode, and receyved
presentments of the same, from the tyme of Kyng Edward the
Thyrde, as it appereth be the courtrolles made of the viewe
haad in his courtz kepte at the said Holbech ; and so of mykell

40$ CONTIjqT7ATI<flr OF TSM HlflTOBT Of CBOYXAJTD. A.©. 1447.

ktter tyme possessed in the behalve ; which possession for so
mykell is as it semes of less weght and force ; I awarde,
ordeyngne, deem, and decree, that the said Thomas Lord
Pacre, his heyres and his successours, shull nowe he his
teuaunts inquere in his oourts holden at Holbech of such
trespas and offences done wy thyn the hyeghwaye, common-
strete, and waastground, withyn the said ground of Whapp-
lode, and pesehle punysh and correct only his own tenauntz
resyeng upon his groiinde in the said ton of Whapplode,
which hold not of the said Abbot of Croyland nor his succes-
sours beyng for the tyme. And iff the said Abbot or his
successours, eny tenaunt, or tenauntz of the said Abbot or his
successours, as of his manyer of Whapplode, or eny other
resyeng in the said ton, not tenaunt and resyeng of the said
Lord Dacre ground, his heyer or heyeres, withyn the said
ton of Whapplode, be presented in the court or courtz of
the Lorde Dacre beyng for the tyme, for any trespas, offence,
or mysprysion done withyn the said ton of Whapplode, or
wayes, stretes, or waast ground of the same, Key the said
Ijord Dacre, his heyer, nor heyeres, theyr officer nor officers,
nor theyr seryauntz nor ministers shall in eny wyse execute
the said presentment, nor levy eny amerciament nor fyne of
the said Abbot, his successours, nor none of the tenants of the
said Abbot, as of his manyer of Whapplode, or his successours,
or eny other resyeng in the said ton, not tenaunt and resyeng
on the said Lord Dacre ground withyn the said ton of Whapp-
lode, for the said cause. And in semblabele wyse, if the said
Thomas Lord Dacre or his heyres, eny tenaunt or tenauntz ,
of the saide lord or his heyres resyeng upon his ground in
Whapplode, not holdyng of thabbot beyng for the tyme, be
presented in thabbot's court for eny trespas, offence, or mys-
prysion done withyn the said ton of Whapplode, or wayes,
stretes, or waastgrounds of the said ton, that ney the said .
Abbot nor his successours, theyr assignes, servauntz nor mi- •
nisters shall execute the said presentments, nor levy eny
amerciament nor fyne of the said Thomas Lord Dacre, his
heyres, nor noon of his tenauntz resyeng upon his ground in
Whapplode noght holdyng of thabbot nor his sucessours, for
the said cause,

" And whereas the said parties were in variaunoe as for the
cjryfft withyn the marysh and common of the said Ton of
Whapplode and Holbech, I deem, award, and decree, that the

A.B.- 1447. . AW1HB OF THE BISHOP OF LIKOOLir. 409

said Thomas Lord Dacre, and his heyres, and the said Abbot
and his successours, shall tako, occupye, and use theyr said
dryffts withyn the said Marysh of Whapplode and Holbech,
at such tyme as theym likes; ychof them be such wayes
within his own ton, and in such forme as it haath beene used
of old tyme, with all maner of profetes, of wayfes, and strayos,
and other liberties pertenyng to the said dryffts. Provided al-» '
way, that the said Thomas Lord Dacre, his heyres, nor his
successours, shall at no tyme of theyr dryfft make theyr com-
mon waye thorow the said ton of Whapplode, nor noon ways
thereoff to the manyer of Holbech, but alonly thorowe Holbech
droue, and be other wayes of the said Holbech, as it haath
bene used of old tyme, but in cas that the said old wayes may
not be used in forme as they haath bene aforn tyme, because of
surundyng of waters, than the said Thomas Lord Dacre beyng
for the tyme, shall be his officers giff warnyng to the said
Abbot, or to his officers, be reasonable tyme, to forn he enter
with eny such dryffts the ton of Whapplode, or the hyegh
waye therofF, to the intent that the inhabitantz thereof may
remeve and avoyd theyr Gatell owte of the stretes and hyegh
waye theyre pasturyng for the tyme, that they be not chaced
nor driven forth, to theyr hurt, with his said dryffts so to be
maade, shall mowe com thorowe the said ton of Whapplode
with his dryfft, noght olamyng there by eny tytle of ryght
ageyn or contrarie to this my present award. And where the
said parties were in variaunce as for takynge of toll of the peo-
ple and persons comyng to the feyr and market withyn the'
said ton of Whapplode, I deem, award, and decree, that the
said Thomas, Lord Dacre, his heyres, nor noon of his officers,
shall in noo wyse take toll of eny person or persons comyng to
the feyr or market of the said Abbot in the said ton of Whap-
plode.

" Also, I deem, award, and decree, that ether partie above
said, the Lord Dacre, for him and his heyres, the Abbot for him
and his suceessours, shall make as Buyer to the tother partie all
thees articles to hym thus demede, awardede, and decreed, as I
be advyce and counsell of leerned men lawfully shall oon-
devyse, when and at what tyme ether partie requireth it of
ether, at the costs and expenses of the partie so requiryng and
desyryng. And that all actions, suytes and plees takyn, meved
andhangyng be ether partie in any Coourt ageyn other, be oc-

410 OOKTINTJATIOK 0* THE HI6TOHT OF CBOTLA^D. A.BU 1448.

casion or cause of these premisses and matiers above rehersed,
shall utterly oees, he it be discontinuaunce or other wayes law-
fulL In wytnesse whereof to this my present award, ordi-
naunce, jugement, and decree, trypartyte, one parte indented
remanyng to the said Thomas Lord Dacre and his heyres ; and
to another parte remanyng anempste the said Abbot and his
snecessours ; and to the thyrde parte remanying in Begistrye
of the Byshoprych of Lincoln, I have sette to my seele."

About this time king Henry held his parliament at West-
minster, at which the before-named William Pole was raised
from the rank of marquis to that of duke. In consequence of
this, his heart was too greatly elated, and became exalted still
more and more previously to his downfall ; besides which, seeing
that the king was now deprived of his kinsmen of the royal
blood and all his friends, so that he could be guided by his own
advice alone, in order that he himself might be enabled the more
easily to explain his mind, he made certain persons of his party
acquainted with his designs, and introduced them to the private
acquaintanceship of the king. These were Master Ayscough,
bishop of Salisbury, and James Lord Saye, who forbade all access
whatever to all such as attempted to gain the king'B favour,
or to appear in his presence without their own connivance.
Being also inflamed with the inextinguishable ardour of cupidity,
they took the king round to each monastery throughout the
kingdom, and in his name accumulated and carried oh? nume-
rous gifts and presents. They also, by means of their impor-
tunity, obtained from the king, and divided among themselves,
great sums of money out of the tithes of the Church and the
tributes of the laity and other subsidies to the king that had
been paid into the royal treasury. Nor even then was this
dropsical thirst of the said traitors allayed, but extending their
hands to still higher things, with the most presumptuous
treachery, for an immense sum of gold they surrendered, by
charter patent of the king, nearly all the king's castles,
towns, and estates, held in the parts beyond sea, and which
had been obtained, not without blood and the plenteous shed-
ding thereof, by the victorious hands of our kings. In a simi-
lar manner, though the intervention of money, they allowed
the duke of Orleans, who had been taken prisoner by king
Henry the Fifth at the battle of Agincourt, and detained in
England in safe custody for many years after, to return home

A.D. 1450. DEATH 0* TffE DUKE OF 8UFFOL& 41t

in the MI enjoyment of his liberty. However, the avenging
anger of God, being desirous to put an end to mischief of tins
nature, aroused the hearts of all people to take vengeance upon
their detestable crimes ; so that, publicly proclaiming them to
be traitors, they seemed unanimously to concur in their down*
fall. For the commons of the kingdom, hastily rising in re-
hellion, first laid hands on the bishop of Salisbury, and with-
out any further judicial process, slew him, pierced with many
wounds. They also Blew lord Saye at London, and condemned
him to pay the penalty of Mb treason with the loss of his head.
The leader also of all these traitors, the duke of Suffolk, was
violently torn from the royal presence, and placed in the Tower
of London for safe custody in the meantime. After this, on
Parliament being called together, taking all due precautions
against giving offence to the king, they condemned him to per-
petual banishment, and appointed a peremptory day for him to
set sail for a foreign country. On the arrival of tike day that
had been appointed for him to leave England, never again to
return there, he embarked ; and, having set sail, supposed that
he should enjoy a prosperous course, and had now escaped all
quicksands as well as the dangers of Scylla, when, on a
sudden, he fell into Gharybdis. For a ship came hastening with
all speed from an opposite quarter to meet him, and those who
were on board shouted aloud, ""Where is that traitor to
England ? where is the duke of Suffolk £' On denial being
made, they speedily resorted to force, and compelled the others
to drag him forth from a dark corner, and deliver him up to
them ; upon which, they immediately seized him, and with
great outcries and cheers on part of the sailors, beheaded him
on the prow of the ship : and thus did they put a due but in-
glorious end to this traitor, although he made every offer for
the preservation of his life ; but all in vain.

There is nothing so firmly fixed in the human memory, bat
what it may fade away in lapse of time ; hence, it is not to be
wondered at that, in these days, the metes and boundaries of
our marsh of Alderlound, situate on the south-west side of the
TVelland, and lying between the said marsh and the marshes of
the abbat of Burgh, and which were formerly marked out with
certain crosses and signs, and bear the names of Fyneset, Greynes,
Folwardstakyng, and Southlake (where the latter stream mils
into the Welland), should have now become decayed through

412* CONTCNTTATIOH OF THE HZBtOBT OF CHOYLAND. A.©. 1450.

lapse of time and want of due repair ; in consequence of whfch,
they only afforded an obscure and confused knowledge of their
original purpose. Accordingly, the before-named father, abbat
John, being desirous to restore the said boundaries to their
former state, held frequent conferences and interviews with the
advisers of the said abbat of Burgh, and spared no small'
amount of expense in order to carry out his intentions. For
this purpose, with the consent of the parties aforesaid, and
under the direction of the lord bishop of Lincoln, four illus-
trious men, learned in the law, were chosen to act indifferently
as arbitrators therein ; namely, Henry Grene, Richard Benyng-
ton, Robert Sheffield, and Richard Welby, by whose award and
decision the abbats and convents aforesaid, by letters patent
under the seal of each monastery, agreed to Btand and abide;
giving bonds to that effect to the amount of one thousand
marks. These arbitrators met twice in the church of Saint
Guthlac at Depyng, attended by a great assemblage of lawyers,
and uselessly protracted the matter for the space of two weeks
in the exhibition of articles, and in replications thereupon on
the one side and the other. On another occasion, they all
assembled in a similar manner at Senglesholt, and spent a
whole week in discussions and the inspection of evidences, but
could come to no conclusion, and thus wasted both time and
money. The said arbitrators, upon seeing that they could
come to no agreement among themselves, were alarmed and
perhaps smitten with fear, where there was no occasion for fear;
or else, being induced thereto by good feeling, and wishing to
displease neither party, they did not dare venture to make
their award in conformity with the power which had been
entrusted to them ; but, with the view of throwing the whole
responsibility of the matter upon the abbats themselves of the
respective places, they appointed another day, and again met
at Ibury, a manor of the abbat of Burgh, for the fourth time.
Here they sent for the reverend priors of both monasteries,
and then, one of the arbitrators informed them of the matter
upon which they differed, and declared that he and his fellow*
arbitrators were unwilling to settle the matter unadvisedly}
without the express consent of them, the said fathers, given in
this the cause of their respective churches. Thus did they most
cautiously relieve themselves from the responsibility imposed
upon them, and cunningly throw all the doubts and difficulties

JL.&-IU8. . JJUCK CUffi's IVSTOBECDEXOff. 41$

upon the said fathers, as already stated. Upon this, the be*
fore-mentioned abbats for some time held conferences upon
the situation and position of the limits aforesaid, hut still
eould not At all agree as to the division of the counties of
Northampton and Lincoln, so far as concerned themselves.
The. consequence Was, that, after giving such large fees, and
after such a Tast outlay and expense, they returned sorrow-
fully, each of them, home, leaving the matter unsettled, and,
to their great shame, in a worse position than it had been
beforo.

In this year, also, being the year from the Incarnation of
our Lord, 1448, upon Saint George's night,90 towards day*
break, there happened a violent and terrible earthquake, re-
specting which, some teachers, remarkable for their knowledge,
publicly prophesied that it was a prognostic of sinister events.
Nor were they deceived in this presage. For, in the following
summer, there was an extensive rising of the commons through-
out nearly all England, and a most dreadful commotion. But
the oommon people of Kent, who had become quite used to at-
tempts at change, showedmuch greater violence than all the rest
For, having first appointed over them a captain and leader,91
they encamped upon the plain of Blackheath, and, in warlike
form, fortified their position with pitfalls and embankments,
and stakes driven into the ground. After this, presuming to
make still further rash attempts, they assaulted the citizens
upon London Bridge, and, by force, entered the city ; upon
which, their said captain became elated to a pitch of extreme
vanity,* and being honored by the frantic mob as though he
had been a king, fancied that there was no one to resist him)
and that he was at liberty to do just as he pleased ; and, ac-
cordingly, dragged the prisoners forth from the Tower, and,
at the prompting of the clamorous multitude, had them be-
headed, without any form of trial whatever. Besides this,
turning his hand to rapine, and attended by a band of his sa-
tellites, he stripped one of the richest citizens to his utmost
farthing, and plundered him of the whole of his property
and goods ; upon which, the rest of his fellow-citizens were
greatly apprehensive for themselves, and, conjecturing for cer-
tain that ne would be guilty of the like conduct towards them,
speedily collected troops of armed men from every quarter, and
90 April twenty-third. 91 Jack Cade.

414 CONTIOTAXIOir 07 THE BISTORT OP CE0TLA2TD. A.D. 1460.

. manfully drove Mm out of the city. After the lapse of a
short space of time he was caught, and, in conformity with the
laws of the realm, was condemned to be beheaded ami quar-
tered as a traitor ; and thus did he unhappily terminate an
unhappy existence.

But now we think it right to hand down to remembance, and
to bring before the notice of posterity, one circumstance that
relates to this monastery, in case a repetition should take place
of the like circumstances, and a similar attempt be made in

' future times. In the vill of Baston, besides the church which
he holds as impropriator thereof, the abbat of Croyland holds
the principal manor, and claims the demesne in chief in the vill
aforesaid, as of right, together with market and iair, waste
and warren therein ; and from a time to which the memory of
man runneth not to the contrary, has held peaceful possession
thereof. Lately, however, a certain Esquire, John Witham by
name, who, by hereditary right, holds in the same a certain
part of a knight's fee, which formerly belonged to Simon Dry-
by, and afterwards to John Bussy, being induced by the ad-
vice of some foolish people, and presuming much and pretend-
ing still more, asserted that he himself was lord of the whole
vill; and this he attempted, contrary to all justice, in every way
to the best of his ability to maintain. Accordingly, insolently
usurping those liberties which only belong to the principal
demesne lord, he proceeded to make attachments in the common
waste, to drive and impound cattle that strayed, to cut willows
growing on the waste, and to commit many other enormities,
to the prejudice of the church of Croyland. Besides this, he
went so far as to enclose the land of the aforesaid abbat ;. and
for many years withheld from our monastery the due rent
which had been paid to it from ancient times, of two pounds
of white incense, for the land which the said John held and
which is known as Boycote-green. A chapel, also, which had
been built in former times upon the waste of the said vill, by
leave of the abbat of Croyland, for the convenience of way-
farers, and the benefit of the tenants, because there was not easy
access to the parish church thereof, it being situate at a con-
siderable distance, he asserted to be his own separate estate. At*
cordingly, in this same chapel, which had long ago been coo*?
secrated, he held his courts secular, and, for the purpose <£
profaning the place, with sacrilegious lips ordered a stable to

A^D* 1460* DZOBA1UTI0N OF JOHN WITHAM. 415

be made therein, for his horses ; and then, besides, a thing
more indecent still, encouraging the others who were with him
to do the same, he irreverently made water against the walls
thereof; and thus did he, so far as in him lay, disgrace the
house of the Lord. Upon this, the before-named venerable
father, abbat John, used his utmost exertions to check rash
and presumptuous conduct of this nature, and proceeded to
harass him by actively impleading and prosecuting him, in the
courts both of the realm and of the church ; so much so, that
nearly all his substance was exhausted, and he was unable any
longer to support his household ; in consequence of which, he
was obliged to frequent the houses of his neighbours, and to
pick up any kind of daily subsistence among them that he
could. And thus, by disregarding the advice of those who
were well-advised, he became so greatly disgraced, to the sor-
row of his enemies even, as to be the laughing-stock of fortune
in every way. At last, however, the pressure of distress and
vexation affording him the means of understanding aright, he
came to himself again ; and, being sensible of the disgraceful
nature of his errors, he came into the presence of the venerable
father before-named, and suppliantly implored his favour ; that
illustrious man, Eiohard Benyngton, by whose advice he had
been frequently warned and exhorted with healthful counsel,
prompting him thereto. Here, by deed indented and sealed
with his own seal, he confessed himself guilty in all the mat-
ters aforesaid, and, on behalf of himself and his heirs, de-
clared that he would thenceforth for ever cease to make any
such claims for the future, or be guilty of the like attempts.
He also declared, that he held the said land of Eoycote-green
of the abbat of Croyland, and publicly acknowledged that he
was bound to pay him yearly two pounds of white incense, in
lieu of all services for the said land. After doing this, he re-
turned home, and thenceforth passed his life in poverty, while
he had formerly held an honorable position, but had failed
to know himself.

But now, it ought to be briefly stated under what circum-
stances the said chapel had been formely dedicated by leave of
the said lord abbat John. In the said chapel, by the devoutness
of the faithful living in the vicinity, a certain guild or frater-
nity had been recently established in honor of the Mother of
God, a fair endowment having been made for the sustenance

41* CQ2TOOT*ffR»lff ft* X«»HWX€|BT D? «Bfr&4JTO. 4>P( >45L

of the priests thereof. The brethren and sisters of thi* es-
tablishment considered it an object especially desirable, that
the said chapel should obtain the benefit of ooiiseevatioit; upon
which, their alderman, attended by the elders, of Hoe oadd ira-
teraity, came to Croyland, and with devout entreaties suppH-
cated the most honorable father, abbat John so often, named,
that he would deign to grant their desires and give foil per-
mission and his consent as lord of the demesne* He however,
being always a man of remarkable prudence and moat cautious
in what he did, first considered the whole circumstances of the
case, and* took every precaution that the matter might not, at
a future time, redound to the detriment of the panda, church
of the plaee ; after doing which, he very willingly condescended
to assent to their pious prayers. This fact too, ought, to be
added, and not passed by in silence, that master Richard Dyk-
lon, the then president of the consistory court of Lincoln, a
man most deservedly venerated, granted his letters testimonial
of the dedication of the before-named chapel, and of the grant-
ing of the said licence thereto. The following lines will more
fully explain the tenor thereof:

" To all sons of holy Mother Church, to whose knowledge
these present letters testimonial shall come, Richard Dyklon,
Licentiate in law, president of the consistory court of Lincoln,
health in the Saviour of all. Whereas it is pious and meri-
torious, and consistent with equity, there in especial t* give
testimony to the truth, where any circumstance may possibly
become matter of doubt with reference to the dedication of
any place devoted to the Divine worship ; we do, by. the tenor
of these presents, signify unto the whole of you that a certain
chapel was built in ancient times in honor of Saint John, the
-Evangelist, in the vill of Baston in the diocese of Lincoln,
leave being first obtained of the religious men the abbat and
convent of Croyland of the order of Saint Benedict ; inasmuch
as the demesne therein belonged to them, upon whose land the
said chapel is known to have been built. And because the
before-named chapel has been of late well and sufficiently en-
dowed to support for ever two chaplains at the least to per-
form Divine service in a certain chapel there built in. honor of
the Nativity of the blessed Mary, and annexed to the before-
named chapel of Saint John the Evangelist ; the alderman of
a certain guild or fraternity there established in honor. of the

A .0.14*3. BAXTHASAJL VERSSCUTES THE CK3USTUHB. 4l7

KatiVity of the blessed Mary, together with his brethren, has
addressed manifold prayers to the reverend father and lord in
Christ, John lord abbat of Oroyland aforesaid, and his convent,
entreating that they would deign to give their leave and
consent that the before-named chapel might be dedicated in
honor of Saint John the Evangelist ; as the same would not,
in all likelihood, redound to their prejudice or grievance, but
that rather in future times great emolument and advantage
would accrue to their vicar therefrom. At length, the leave
of the said lord abbat and convent having been obtained, at
the instance of the alderman of the said guild or fraternity
with his brethren, Master Thomas Balscote, Doctor of laws,
well and sufficiently deputed to act as suffragan of the reverend
father and lord in Christ, John, by Divine permission, lord arch-
bishop of Canterbury, the episcopal see of Lincoln being then
vacant, having first, in virtue of the authority so entrusted to
him, seen the endowment of the said chapel, has dedicated the
said chapel in honor of Saint John the Evangelist on the fif-
teenth day of the month of September in the year of our Lord
1451 ; and has also ordered that from thenceforth the day of
the dedication of the said chapel shall be celebrated each year
on the feast of Saint Anne the mother of the Virgin Mary.
In testimony whereof we have to these presents set the seal of
our office. Given at Boston on the day and in the year of our
Lord above-mentioned."

After these times, about the year of the Word made Incar-
nate, 1453, the great chieftain of the Turks, Balthasar,88 also
called Mahomet, that enemy to the Cross of Christ, just like a
fresh Antiochus raised up against the Jewish people, and sur-
rounded by forces innumerable of Saracens and Agarenes,98 be-
gan, most tyrannically, to lay waste the borders of the Chris*
tians. By the Divine permission he wreaked his vengeance to
such a degree in persecuting the faithful ones of Christ, as even
to attaok Constantinople, that famous and celebrated city of
Christendom ; and after having slaughtered the worshippers of
the true faith, rendered it subject to his own barbarous laws.
He also ordered the emperor of the Greeks to he beheaded,
and his head to be fixed on a lance, and carried through the
midst of the camp. No one can possibly recount the nobles,

91 Known as Bajazet.

* A common name of the Saracens among the mediseval writers.

u

. 41b C0NTIK1TATI0H' OF TttE history ov ceotlakd. a:d. 1453.

ho one the priests, that were hurried off to slaughter ; nor jrfei
the numbers, both old and young, that were most inhumanly
murdered in the streets. On every side was to' be seen the
gore of the slain, on every side were heard the groans of the
dying. No regard was shown to maidens, no respect to
matrons. The temple, too, of Saint Sophia, the work of*
Justinian, and famed throughout the whole world, was
reserved to be the scene of the abominations of Mahomet:
while the other holy places were either levelled to the ground
or defiled, the altars overthrown or beaten to pieces, and the
images of the Saints defaced or polluted with mud. No statue
was there of Christ our Saviour, nor yet of His glorious
Mother, that was permitted to escape without some singular
mark of disgrace. The very image of Him crucified was, in
derision, borne through the camp, disfigured with stones and
the mud of their feet, and at last left in the dirt. Woe unto
us Christians, in that we have sinned ! Why, Lord, were we
born thus to behold the desolation of our people, and, with tear-
ful eyes, to witness the disasters trf our holy Religion ? Those
patriarchal sees, most worthy of all veneration, of Constant!-
nople, of Antioch, of Alexandria, and of Jerusalem, are ' op-
pressed by the yoke of slavery, and are held either by the
Saracens or by the Turks : as though in a corner of the globe
is Christianity pent up! Thus much for the present; but
more of these matters hereafter.

la these recent times sprang up between our lord, king
Henry the Sixth and Richard, the most illustrious duke of
York, those dissensions, never sufficiently to be regretted, and
never henceforth to be allayed : dissensions indeed, which
were only to be atoned for by the deaths of nearly all the
nobles of the realm. For there were certain persons enjoying
the royal intimacy, who were rivals of the said duke, and who
brought serious accusations against him of treason, and made
him to stink in the king's nostrils even unto the death ; as
they insisted that he was endeavouring to gain the king-
dom into his own hands, and was planning how to secure the
sceptre of the realm for himself and hfe successors. For this
reason he was often summoned by threatening, letters to ap-
pear in the royal presence, and was as often prevented by his
rivals, as he was never allowed to gain admission to the
royal presence, nor yet so much as to gain a sight of the king.

au>« 1460. nmsinns wab nr nraLAHD. 419.

At last* a aolemn oath was demanded of him upon the sacrament
at the altar, to the effect that, so long as he should live he would
never aspire to the rule of the kingdom, nor in any way attempt
to usurp the same. Without any further delay, he was forbid-
den all intercourse with his adherents, and was most strictly
ordered not to presume publicly to go beyond his own es-
tates, or to pass the boundaries of Mb castles. Upon this,
many of the nobles of the realm, who held the said duke in
some degree of honor, took it very much to heart that injuries
so monstrous and so great should be inflicted upon an innocent
man: nay more, for want of free breathing, they were unable to
hear this state of things, any longer, but determined to watch
for an opportunity to inflict due vengeance for their malice
upon their malignant rivals ; in case they could And any meanB
of removing them from the side of the king, in whose pre-
sence they were in continual attendance.

In the meantime, you might plainly perceive public and
intestine broils fermenting among the princes and nobles of the
realm, so much so, that in the words of the Gospel,96 " Brother
was divided against brother and father against father ;" one
party adhering to the king, while the other, being attached to
the said duke by blood or by ties of duty, sided with him.
And not only among princes and people had such a spirit of
contention arisen, but even in every society, whether chapter,
college, or convent, had this unhappy plague of division effect-
ed an entrance ; so much so, that brother could hardly with
any degree of security admit brother into his confidence, or
Mend a Mend, nor could any one reveal the secrets of his con-
science without giving offence. The consequence was, that,
from and after this period of time, the combatants on both
sides, uniting their respective forces together, attacked each
other whenever they happened to meet, and, quite in accordance
with the doubtful issue of warfare, now the one and now the
other, for the moment gained the victory, while fortune was
continually shifting her position. In the meantime, however,
the slaughter of men was immense ; for besides the dukes,
earls, barons, and distinguished warriors who were cruelly
slain, multitudes. almost innumerable of the common people
died of their wounds. Such was the state of the kingdom, for
nearly ton years.

» Alluding to St. Matt. z. 3), sad St. Mark xiii. 12.

112

420 coirrnnJATKW of thb histohy or cbotlaot. a.». 1460.

While, however, this whirlwind and tempest was stall im-
pending, in order that he might, for a short time, avoid the
force of the coming storm, king Henry, being inspired by-
feelings of devotion, came to Croyland, in order to present his
humble offerings at the tomb of our holy father Gnthlac ; this
was during the season of Lent, in the year from the Incarna-
tion of our Lord, 1460. Here he stayed, in the full enjoy-
ment of tranquillity, three days and as many nights, taking the
greatest pleasure in the observance of his religious duties, and
most urgently praying that he might be admitted into the
brotherhood of our monastery; a request which was accordingly
complied with. Shortly after, being desirous to present us with
a due return, of his royal liberality he graciously granted and
confirmed unto us the liberties of the whole vill of Croyland,
to the end that its inhabitants might be rendered exempt from
all demands on part of the servants and tax-gatherers of the
king. Of this grant we think it not amiss here to set forth the
tenor and form.

" Henry, by the grace of God, king of England and France,
and lord of Ireland, to all to whom these present letters shall
come, greeting. Know ye that we have, of our own free will
and certain knowledge, and out of reverence for the blessed
and glorious Virgin Mary, the Mother of God, Saint Bartholo-
mew, and Saint Gnthlac, in honor of whom the monastery of
Croyland iB founded, granted unto John Lytlington, abbat of
the before-named monastery and the monks of the same place
and their successors, that they shall henceforth for ever have
all fines for all kinds of transgressions, offences, misprisions,
negligences, ignorances, falsifications, contempts, deceits, con-
cealments, and all other kinds of lapses whatsoever, and all
amercements, ransoms, payments and penalties incurred or to
be incurred, by themselves and all men, tenants, and resi-
dents whatsoever in the vill of Croyland in the county of Lin-
coln, in all Courts whatsoever of ourselves and our heirs, to
be adjudged against them, the said men, tenants and resi-
dents, as well before ourselves and our heirs as before our
barons of the Exchequer and those of our heirs, and before our
justices of the Common Pleas and those of our heirs ; as also
before our seneschal, marshal, and clerk of the market of our
house and those of our heirs, and before the justices at the as-
sizes to be held in the county aforesaid * ♦ ♦ *
or to be taken or assigned j and before the justices. in eyre here*

jut*. 1460. tram nvxx of tqak sxatjc at waxefielik 421

after to be assigned to hold pleas of the crown, common pleas,
and pleas of the forest; and before the justices for gaol de-
livery, and for hearing and determining upon felonies, offences,
and other misdeeds, to be assigned ; and before all other the
justices and ministers whatsoever of ourselves and our heirs,
whose duty it shall be to exact fines and amercements, and to
levy forfeitures and penalties. And that the said abbat and
monks, and their successors shall be at liberty, themselves or
by their bailiffe or servants, to levy, receive, and take the said
fines, amercements, ransoms, payments and penalties, so due from
themselves, the men, tenants, and persons there residing, with-
out, let or hindrance on part of ourselves or our heirs, as freely
and fully as we ourselves should have been enabled to levy,
receive and take the same, if we had not granted them unto
the before-named abbat and monks, and their successors. We
have moreover granted unto the before-named abbat and monks
and their successors that they shall for ever have return of
our writs, precepts, mandates, and bills of all kinds what-
soever, and execution of the same, by their own bailiff within
the vill aforesaid, so far as concerns ourselves or our heirs, or
the said abbat and monks or their successors ; so that no Sheriff,
Escheator, Coroner, Feudary,98 Bailiff, or any other officer or
servant whatsoever, of us, or of our heirs, shall in any way
intermeddle with any return of writs of this kind, or with the
execution thereof, or shall under such pretence enter the said
vill in any manner whatsoever, under pain of our heavy dis-
pleasure. Witness, &c."

After the conclusion of these matters, towards the close of
the same year, it being the week of our Lord's Nativity, the
said Bichard, duke of York, incautiously engaged the northern
army at Wakefield which was fighting for the king, without
waiting to bring up the whole of his own forces ; upon which,
a charge was made by the enemy on his men, and he was
without, any mercy or respect relentlessly slain. There fell
with him at the same place many noble and illustrious men ;
and countless numbers of the common people, who had followed
him, met their deaths there, and all to no purpose.

The duke being thus removed from this world, the north-
men, being sensible that the only impediment was now with-

• ** An officer of the court of wards, whose duty it was to be present
trith the escheator, at the survey of the landa of the king's wards.

422 CONTINUATION OF TBX KJSTOEY OT CBOYLAND. A.O» 1461.

drawn, and that there was no one now whowouW oareto
resist their inroads, again swept onwards like a whirlwind
from the north, and in the impulse of their fary attempted to
overrun the' whole of England. At this period too, fancying
that every thing tended to insure them freedom from molesta-
tion, paupers and beggars flocked forth from those quarters m
infinite numbers, just like so many mice rushing forth from
their holes, and universally devoted themselves to spoil and
rapine, without regard of place or person. For, besides the
vast quantities of property which they collected outside, they
also irreverently rushed, in their unbridled and frantic cage,
into churches and the other sanctuaries of God, and most ne-
fariously plundered them of theif chalices, books, and vest-
ments, and, unutterable crime ! broke open the pixes in
which were kept the body of Christ and shook out the sacred
elements therefrom. When the priests and the other faithful
of Christ in any way offered to make resistance, like so many
abandoned wretches as they were, they cruelly slaughtered
them in the very churches or church yards. Thus did they
proceed with impunity, spreading in vast multitudes over a
space of thirty miles in breadth, and, covering the whole surface
of the earth just like so many locusts, made their way almost
to the very walls of London ; all the moveables which they
could possibly collect in every quarter being placed on beasts
of burden and carried off. With such avidity for spoil did
they press on, that they dug up the precious vessels, which,
through fear of them, had been concealed in the earth, and
with threats of death compelled the people to produce the
treasures which they had hidden in remote and obscure spots.
What do you suppose must have been our fears dwelling here
in this island, when every day rumours of this sad nature were
reaching our ears, and we were in the utmost dread that we
should have to experience similar hardships to those which had
been inflicted by them upon our neighbours ? This faot too, in
especial gave us additional grounds for apprehension, that num-
bers of persons who lived in the country, being desirous to
provide for the safety of themselves and their sacred things,
had fled with the utmost speed to this island, as their sole
place of refuge. The consequence was, that, by bringing
with them whatever treasures they considered of especial value,
they rendered the place a still greater object of suspicion to

a.d. 1461. OBrnoAL stau: <m CBogLura. 428

the enemy. In the meantime our precious vestments wore
put out of the way, while our jewels, and silver vessels, to-
gether with our charters and muniments, were, all of them,
hidden and secured within the walls. Besides this, daily
processions were formed in the convent, and every night, after
matin lands, prayers and tears were most devoutly poured forth
in a spirit of humility and with a contrite heart, at the tomb of
Guthiac our most holy father and protector, in order through
hie intervention to obtain the Divine mercy. In the mean-
time, at each gate of the monastery, and in the vill adjoining,
both at the rivers as well as on dry land watch was conti-
nually kept; and all the waters of the streams and weirs
that surrounded the vill, by means of which a passage might
by any possibility be made, were rendered impassable by
stakes and palisades of exceeding strength ; so much so, that
those- within could on no account go forth without leave first
given, nor yet could those without in any way effect an en-
trance. Our causeways also and dykes, along which there
is a wide and even road for foot passengers, were covered
with obstacles, and trees, spread along- them and laid across,
caused no small impediment to those who approached in
an opposite direction. For really we were in straights, when
word came to us that this army, so execrable and so abominable,
had approached to within six miles of our boundaries. But
blessed be God, who did not give us for a prey unto their
teeth I For, after the adjoining counties had been given
up to dreadful pillage and spoil, (that we may here confess
the praises of God, in that at the time of His mercy, He re-
garded the prayers of the contrite, and in His clemency deter-
mined to save us from the yoke of this calamity) our Croyland
became as though another little Zoar,97 in which we might
be saved ; and, by the Divine grace and clemency, it was pre-
served.

Wherefore, the Lord of Mercy, who, our sins so requiring it,
hath oftentimes permitted the wickedness of the unrighteous
to prevail, to minister to our punishment, being desirous to put
an end to evils of so disastrous a nature, raised up for us a de-
fender in Edward, the illustrious earl of March, eldest son of the
before-named noble duke of York, lately deceased. He, being
now in his one-and-twentieth year, had remained in Wales
97 Alluding to Gen. xix. 2). <

424 coirninrATiOK op tsx smoky of cmtlakd. a**. 1461*

ever since the time when Mb father had met his death* B&
was now in the flower of hia age, tall of stature* elegant in
person, of unblemished character,98 valiant in arms, and a lineal
descendant of the illustrious line of king Edward the Third*
For hia father was great-great-grandson of the most illustrious
Lionel, duke of Clarence, third son of the before-named kmg
Edward, and cousin in the fourth degree to the most iUustnoos
prince, Eichard the Second, the late king of England; who*
on th^ accession of king Henry the Fourth, had been forced to
resign the crown of this kingdom. Accordingly, the nobles
of the realm, and all the people who inhabited the midland
counties of England, as well as those who were situate in the
eastern and western parts thereof, or in any way bordered
upon the midland districts, seeing that they were despised and
abandoned by king Henry, who, at the instigation of the queen,
had betaken himself to the north, utterly forsook him, after
he had completed a reign of thirty-nine years; and their
hearts were now no longer with him. nor would they any
longer admit of his being king* Besides, in consequence of a
malady that had been for many years increasing upon him, he
had fallen into a weak state of mind, and ' had for a length, of
time remained in a state of imbecility and held the. govern-
ment of the realm in name only. Upon this, the nobles and
people immediately sent special messengers into Wales to the
before-named earl of March, in whom they could place entire
confidence, to disclose to him the wishes of the people, and
request him, with earnest entreaties, to hasten into England to
their speedy succour, as further delay only seemed to increase
their perils.

Accordingly, in the year of our Lord, 1461, at the begin-
ning of March, the before-named earl of March arrived in Eng-
land, having enjoyed a prosperous voyage, the west wind
favouring his passage. Here he was immediately received with
unbounded joy by the clergy and all the people, and especially
by the citizens of London ; and, after a short time, Parlia-
ment being assembled, amid the acclamations of all he was
made king of England.. However, he would not at present
allow himself to be crowned, but immediately, like unto

98 This would appear to be rather too favourable a character for Ed-
ward the Fourth at any time of his life. The chronicler's partiality proba-
bly limited his powers of discernment.

A**. 146U BOTE** QF XBS ffONXMKH. 421

Gideon of another of the judges," acting faithfully in the
Lord, girded himself with the sword of battle ; and prosper*
ously hastened his steps, being met by bands of warriors innu-
merable, to avenge the injuries of the Church and the -realm.
For, as we have already stated, he was then of vigorous age,
and well fitted to endure the conflict of battle, while, at the
same time, he was fully equal to the management of the affairs
of the state.

The wretched northmen, upon hearing of this, turned their
backs before the face of the pursuer, and, hastening their
flight, in their alarm were compelled, much against their will,
to leave behind them the booty which they had collected in
various places, and had been bent upon carrying with them
on their return. Upon this, he pursued them as far as a
level spot of ground, situate near the castle of Pomfret and the
bridge at Ferrybridge, and washed by a stream of considerable
size ; where he found an army drawn up in order of battle,
composed of the remnants of the northern troops of king
Henry. They, accordingly, engaged in a most severe conflict,1
and fighting hand to hand with sword and spear, there was no
small slaughter on either side. However, by the mercy of the
Divine clemency, king Edward soon experienced the favour of
heaven, and, gaining the wished-for victory over his enemies,
compelled them either to submit to be slain or to take to flight.
For, their ranks being now broken and scattered in flight, the
king's army eagerly pursued them, and cutting down the fugi-
tives with their swords, just like so many sheep for the slaugh-
ter, made immense havoc among them for a distance of ten
miles, as far as the city of York. Prince Edward, however,
with a part of his men, as conqueror, remained upon the field
of battle, and awaited the rest of his army, which had gone
in various directions in pursuit of the enemy.

When the solemnities of the Lord's day, which is known as
Palm Sunday, were now close at hand, after distributing re*
wards among such as brought the bodies of the slain and gave
them burial, the king hastened to enter the before-named city.
Those who helped to inter the bodies, piled up in pits and in
trenches prepared for the purpose, bear witness that eight-and-
thirty thousand warriors fell on that day, besides those who
were drowned in .the river before alluded to, whose numbers
99 Of Israel. l He allude* to the battle of Towtoa.

436 coirrnruAifiojr or the vsbtobyof crotlajtd. a.o. 1462.

we hare no means of ascertaining. The blood, too, of the
slain, mingling with the snow which at this time coVored the
whole surface of the earth, afterwards ran down in the far-
rows and ditohesalong with the melted snow, in a most shocking
manner, for a distance of two or three miles.

Just at the same period of time, king Henry fled, together
with a few of his followers, into Scotland, in which counter,
and in the castles bordering thereon, he lay concealed, in
great tribulation, during the four following years. Queen
Margaret, however, with her son Edward, whom she had borne
to the before -named king Henry, took to flight to the parts be-
yond sea, not to return very speedily.

Sing Edward, after the festivities of Easter, which he cele-
brated with great splendour at York, having placed garrisons
throughout the whole country in whom he could fully rely,
returned, as conqueror, to London. Here he immediately
assembled the Parliament, and was crowned at Westminster
by the venerable father Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury,
and solemnly graced with the diadem of sovereignty. In
this Parliament it was enacted that whatever had been granted
or obtained in the times of the three kings immediately preced-
ing, that is to say, in the times of Henry the Fourth, Henry the
Fifth, and Henry the Sixth, was of no validity whatever, but
that the same was to be entirely cancelled and annulled. Be-
sides this, the coin, both of gold and -silver, was in a similar
manner changed and re-coined, in order that the name of
Henry, which was inscribed thereon, might be utterly oblite-
rated. The consequence was, that, among the other things
revoked by this enactment, the oharter of vacation of our
abbey, which had been obtained in the time of king Henry the
Fifth by the venerable father abbat Thomas Overton, of pious
memory, as well as the charter which had been lately granted
us by king Henry the Sixth, conferring certain privileges and
liberties in the vill of Croyland, were pronounced to be
utterly devoid of all validity. In these days, however, the
kingdom enjoyed peace, and all people returned thanks to
Almighty God for the triumph granted them by heaven over
their enemies.

In the following year, that most abominable chieftain of the
Turks, (of whom we have1 previously made mention, when
speaking of the destruction of the city of Constantinople),
1 P. 417.

A«P« 1463. IHB XUBKS PBBSBCUTE THE OHJUtfJUAlfer 437

sifter having subjected to his rule nearly the whole of the
Eastern Church, namely, Jerusalem and Asia, Libya and Greece,
with a very great part of Europe, was not contented therewith,
but incessantly slaughtered the Christiana, by reason of his in* •
satiate desire of rule. Besides this, ha even went so far as to
send threatening letters to our most holy father pope Pius ; in
which he declared that he was about, with all speed, to wrest
the Roman Church as well, the mother and mistress of all the
faithful, from the Christians, and to subject her to his rule ; and
in so doing, would use his utmost endeavours to found a new
monarchy, and render the whole world subject to the sole
empire of the Turks, and, dreadful to relate ! to the religion
of Mahomet alone. The Apostolic man before-named, being
disturbed and greatly moved at these ill-boding warnings, was
afflicted and distressed thereby, and could not be quieted in
mind until he had provided a sufficient and opportune remedy
against a calamity of this kind, and had ensured the preser-
vation of Christianity and the protection of the sheep-fold of
our Lord against these ravening wolves. For this purpose, he
proclaimed a general council at Mantua, where, in a mournful
narrative, he disclosed to the Christian believers the wounds
which the Church had received, and those which she seemed
shortly about to receive : after which, by means of legates h
latere, he summoned the princes of the earth to come to the
aid of the Christian people. But alas ! shocking to relate, these
words had no weight ; his endeavours were in vain, and his
labours were to no purpose ; for each of them at once, pursu-
ing the object of his own desires, passed by the voice of the
shepherd with a deaf ear, and heeded it not.

Then, as a last resource, he sent letters full of lamentations
to all the kings and 'princes of the kingdoms of the East, as well
as to the prelates of the churches ; in which he severely re-
proached them for their slothfulness and their desertion of the
cause of Christ, and warned them that, by withdrawing that
aid which was its due, they were allowing the bark of the
Church to founder in the moment of its necessity, attended
with such anxious fears. Besides this, in order that he might
arouse and move the torpid hearts of Christians to still greater
ardour in affording succour, the supreme Pontiff himself, using all
possible exertions, and being ready to devote his own existence
in behalf of the Lord's flock, followed in the footsteps of the

42$ cosrnsnjATsm or the jammer or groylaxd. a.& 1463.

good Shepherd and the Best of teachers, and declared ?6hftibe
would give his own Hfe for the sheep of Christ Accordingly.,
though a weak and ailing old man, finding that he could in no
. other way promote the interests of the faith, and by no other
means arouse the minds of Christians to the defence of the
Divine law, he took his departure from his. see, with the foil
intention of confirming his wavering brethren by his own ex-
ample. Directing his steps towards Ancona, be hastened to
embark at that port, and, with a fleet, which, in the meantime,
he bad been enabled to equip at the joint expense of himself
and some others, to enter the Adriatic Sea ; nor did be hesitate
in the least boldly to proceed straight against the enemies of
the faith, and to engage with them at sea. But be embarked
in order to fight, like Moses, not by means of arms, but with
prayers; and that, blessing our warriors, he might be enabled
to shield them by bis continual entreaties in their behalf, and
at the same time, might fulminate his maledictions against our
adversaries. There also attended him many venerable cardi-
nals and bishops of the Roman Church, who feeling themselves
sufficiently strong to do so, had voluntarily offered their services;
as well as many other clerks and priests of lower rank, whose
intention it was, not only to pray, but, when necessity de-
manded it, to fight manfully. They also led forth with them,
to battle experienced and stout bodies of troops, and youths
with brave hearts, who had been levied from the lands of the
Church ; the standard of our Lord's Cross being raised on nigh,
and the most holy body of Christ preceding them.

Attended by his naval forces, Philip, duke of Burgundy, a
prince beloved by God, made all due preparations, according
to his promise, to go and meet them : but being overtaken an
the road by a severe illness, he promptly transferred the whole
responsibility to his illustrious son Charles, and ordered him
successfully to carry out all the preparations, which be had
begun to make for the expedition ; while at the same time, he
placed under his command a chosen body of knights, as well
as an army of considerable strength. Then besides, the great
fleet of Christophorus Maurus, the renowned duke of the Ve-
netians, a most formidable object to the enemy, did not fail to
make its appearance, according to appointment ; in order that,
by the favour of the most High, it might ensure success in the
warfare by sea. On the other hand, by Jaod, the Hungarians

A. IX 1463* DTOBMITIBS 0* ABBAT JOHX. 420

speedily come to the rescue, with their illustrious king Matthias,
a race of men of undaunted bravery in warfare, and who had
oftentimes learned to oonquer the Turks. Our lord the pope
however, after staying a short time at Ancona, awaiting the
troops who were there to meet him, was attacked by a severe
malady, in consequence of which he took his departure from
this world, to fight under the command of Christ. His suc-
cessor in the Soman see was Paul ; who, at the commencement
of his Apostolate, finding himself unequal in strength to con-
tend against the forces of so iniquitous a tyrant, made a truce
with the before-named Turk, and obtained from him a treaty
of peace for the present : this happened in the year of our
Lord, 1463.

For the promotion of the success of a matter so holy and so
important, a fourth part of a tenth, or, in other words, sixpence
in the pound had been granted throughout the whole church
of England ; which sum was paid to keepers thereof appointed
in each diocese for the purpose, to be by them faithfully de-
livered into the treasury of the supreme Pontiff.

la the meantime, while these things were going on, the
venerable father, and much-loved by God, abbat John, was
each day, just like some veteran soldier worn out in service, has-
tening onward, in a mature old age, towards the close of his life;
and, weakness now coming upon him apace, he began to be gra-
dually bereft of all vigour of body. Still however, in his in-
firmities, being, with the Apostle,3 made stronger and more
powerful in spirit, he ably and skilfully continued the entire
management of the monastery, even to the very end. Por
although, in accordance with the frailty of the flesh, he was
surrounded with infirmities of the body, still, in spirit and in
vigour of mind, he was always full of life. Amid doubtful •
mattere, he was replete with good counsel, in acting circum-
spect, prudent in carrying out his plans, and most moderate in
his daily food and in his clothing. To all such matters as bore
reference to the praise of God, or the benefit of the flock en-
trusted to his charge, he gave every attention ; while he ex-
pended but little care upon the comforts of his own person.
And thus did he, like one following in the footsteps of our
holy father Benedict, devote his attention to the pursuit of no
pleasures whatever. He constantly presented himself as a stout
' Alluding to 2 Cor. xi. 5, 9 10.

43D coxTnnjATiott of *Ab niffro** ©* c*oyla* d. ad. 1463.

bulwark in defence of the liberties of his church, head; in con-
formity with the laws of the kingdom, manfully frustrated the
furious attacks of insurgents, and all the attempts of malignant

He also erected many buildings in the court of the abbey;
While he singularly excelled all his predecessors in his cave m
repairing his manor-houses and tenements situate without. In-
deed, with such wondrous skill did he adorn each of them, that the
looker-on might almost be in doubt, whether he displayed more
ability in constructing new buildings, or in repairing old
ones. Then besides, naving first paid bo small sums- of money,
he munificently procured the charters to be re-granted and
confirmed with the royal seal, together with the grant of privi-
leges on vacation of our abbey, and of the liberties of the vill
of Croyland, which had been, as already Btated, recently an-
nulled. He likewise built many • tenements in' the vill of Crop-
land, and, liberally bestowing them on the convent, endeavoured
in no slight degree to amplify the resources of the inmates.
In order, too, that he might always establish persons of -the
best character in the house of the Lord, in the case of nearly-
all those who, during his rule, entered upon a religions life in
this monastery, he supplied them, at the commencement of their
residence, with all furniture and necessary clothing- at his own
expense. In his time, the observance of the monastic: rules
flourished in this monastery to such a degree* that it might not
unworthily have been styled a very castle of the Gospel,
and one worthy to be entered by our Lord Jesus, -and where
mystically the sisters Mary and Martha had together taken
up their abode. For, while one part of the ameers was dili-
gently intent upon the careful performance of their respective
duties, the others, bestowing all due attention upon the service
of God, were occupying themselves in the qaaet pursuits of
contemplation, amid the mystic embraces of Bachael ; and thus,
while each of the brethren duly followed the guidance of the
rules, did they studiously make it their endeavour to conform
thereto, as though the same had been an example pointed out
to them on the mount by the hand of heaven. For, warned
by the salutary instruction thereof, and embracing obedience,
chastity, and voluntary poverty, they girded themselves lor
the worship of God, with the threefold rope, as it were, of a
religious life, which is not easily broken.

Iii fine, I am quite at a loss for words to state how much the

A.D. 1463. CHARACTEB OF ABBAt J0HJF. 43 1

«a£d fiithor loved the glory* of the house of God, and how greatly
he adorned our church and vestiary with precious jewels and
vestments. Still, to enumerate a few matters only out of many,
he had nine copes made of cloth of gold, and exquisitely em-
broidered with feather-work; these are valued by person:*
skilled in this kind of workmanship at the sum of two hundred
and forty pounds, and even then at less than really is their
value. Besides these, he left as a lasting memorial, what de-
serves in especial to be mentioned, a beautiful vestment or suit
of red, inwrought throughout with gold, and consisting of three
copes with a chasuble, and three tunics to match, for which he
paid sixty pounds. It is also a praiseworthy testimony ill his
favour, that he hired artificers, and had a gilded table made,
to the praise and honour of God, and placed above the high
altar, with a screen most becomingly fitted thereto, both be-
fore and behind. And then besides, the ceiling in the lower
part of the church, so remarkable for its beauty and splen-
dour, and most artistically built and gilded at his expense,
as well as the brilliant glazing of all the windows, and the
arches of stone in the aisles on either side of the said church,
publicly proclaim how magnificent were his conceptions in the
earrying out of his plans.

But why endeavour to review them singly ? Why recount
the tithes and subsidies, or why make mention of the taxes
and tributes, which he paid before anything else, uselessly I
must admit, as an annual tribute to the royal treasury ? I pass
by the cloths of gold which had been procured by his vene-
rable predecessor abbat Richard, and which he had exquisitely
enriched with fringes of gold and other appurtenances, and then
worked at no small expense into seven copes similarly orna-
ntented. I omit too, a fine organ, becomingly placed on high
at the entrance of the church, which, with all the appurte-
nances thereof, was made by his order in this monastery, and
there played upon, to the praise of God. The smaller organ
too, in the choir, I shall in the meantime pass by, which was
purchased by him, and which two hired porters carried on
their shoulders all the way from London to Croyland. Another
table also, placed upon the altar of the blessed Virgin, I had
almost omitted, which, in like manner, he caused to be sculp-
tured and painted by artists. There also occur to my me-
mory while I am writing, some other valuables which he re-

432 CONTIKTTATIOK OF THE HISTORY OF CkOYLAlTC). *&. 1^63.

placed in the vestiary ; a principal cross for use in Jjroce&fons,
a chalice too of equal grandeur, with water-bottles, te^eJlltt
candelabra of immense weight ; upon all of which, being ofsuver
and the best gilt, he expended a vast sum of money, and
bo replaced the old ones by others of a much superior qua-
lity.

But now, while mentioning these matters, we "believe that
it will be by no means repugnant to the prescribed purpose of
this narrative, if the names of some others of our brethren also
are set forth in our writings, in order that we may thus hand
them down to the notice of posterity. For in the days of our
rather before-named, these brethren, directing their atten-
tion to the promotion of the common welfare, seem espe-
cially, and indeed with a degree of liberality beyond the rest,
to have contributed thereto at their own private expense. One
of these was brother John Lyecester, who, in a spirit of holy
devoutness, presented unto the church a costly suit of Venice
colour, wrought wholly of silk, and embroidered on the sur-
face with gold ; having duly paid for the same a sum of forty
pounds. Induced by pious considerations, he also voluntarily
contributed forty marks towards the recasting of the larger
bells in the outer belfry ; in order that they might be brought
• to a state of more perfect harmony.

In like manner we deem Stephen Swynshed worthy of re-
membrance, who also presented to the vestiary a choice cope
with a similar alb, and which bore on the pectoral thereof a
device representing his name. This, if estimated by a trusty
valuer at its due price, would be equal in value to a sum of
twenty pounds and more.

Then, too, another of our brethren, William Swynshed, will
never be lost to the remembrance of the pious; for he munifi-
cently repaired at his own expense the chapel of the Holy
Trinity in the Infirmary, which was every moment threatening
to fall. He rebuilt the roof thereof, and had it covered
with lead; while he most beautifully decorated it within
with forms and boards carved for the ornament of the choir,
together with a tabernacle for the Trinity, and other orna-
ments.

In the number also of these brother Thomas Walden ought
deservedly to be classed ; who did not hesitate with a munifi-
cent hand to contribute twenty pounds for the purpose of

^p. 1463. . BEKKFACHONS TO C80YX41TD. 488

gUdiug the tables which had been prepared with elegant
carving and placed upon the high altar.

Nor yet ought brother John Laxton to fail to be registered
in our memory ; who rebuilt a tenement which he had lately
purchased in the rill of Croyland, and bestowed it for ever,
with the consent of the chapter, upon the office of taper-bearer
of the blessed Mary, as a fund for providing for the refresh,
xnent of the brethren in the Infirmary, at the season of refresh*
xnent which is commonly known as " In nomine Domini"

So likewise did brother John Wysbech, who had performed
the duties of nearly every office in the monastery, and who
afterwards, his merits fully deserving it, was summoned from
the priorate of Freston and elevated to the pastoral office in
this monastery, bestow another similar tenement in Croyland
upon the office of Chamberlain ; to the end that four shillings
might be paid yearly therefrom for the refreshment of the
convent, at the time of their being blooded at the Nativity of
our Lord, by the hands of. the chamberlain for the time being.

Moved also by similar feelings of devotion, brother Thomas
Iieverton bestowed another tenement, which had been lately
built there, upon the office of Master of the works. This he
did to the end that, each year, there might be faithfully sup-
plied from the rents of the said tenement by the provident
care of the master of the works, in the lower hall only, a cheese
in summer for the supper of the convent, and another in winter
at the season of " In nomine Domini"

We have also deemed worthy to be enrolled in the list of
our benefactors, that noble and pains-taking man, Richard
Benyngton, who proved himself in all respects most faithful
towards our monastery, and liberally contributed forty pounds
towards the glazing of the western window in the lower part
of the church.

But now, desirous though we are to hand down to the no-
tice of posterity an event that took place in our times, we
feel ourselves oftentimes dissuaded from our purpose from a
feeling of slothfulness, and an impression that the prolixity
of our narrative may possibly cause considerable weariness to
our readers. Still, however, being warned thereto by our
fear of God, we are the more encouraged to proceed ; and this
the more especially, that those of our times may be edified
thereby, and that we may give a lessor; as to the necessity for

434 C02rriNUAi30Br op thr hjstobt of cboxbato. a.d.. 1403.

caution to those who shall oome after us. Now, in the year
before-mentioned, that is to say, in the year from the Incar-
nation of onr Lord, 1463/ there was a certain man in the Till
of Croyland, commonly known by name as John Wayle, a
person then in his fortieth year, and who earned a meagre
subsistence by his daily labour. At the instigation of the
wicked one, this man had committed a certain crime of great
enormity:; but being the only person conscious of it, he did
not wish to disclose it to any one. The solemn time of that
sacred institution was now at hand, at which faithful people,
by the purifying powers of holy confession, cleanse themselves
for the purpose of tasting of the health-giving banquet of the
Paschal Lamb ; upon* which, impelled by shame, and not
from any desire of his own, he hastened to church, along with
the rest. Here, being admitted to the holy shrine of confes-
sion, he brought to light certain deeds of darkness, but still
on no account would he disclose the deadly wound by which
his wretched conscience was tormented, for treatment thereof
by the spiritual physician.

To this he also added a still greater degree of prevarication,
and, upon the glorious day of our Lord's Insurrection, unwor-
thily offering himself as a partaker of the holy communion,
alas! did not hesitate to receive, to the destruction of his
soul, the votive sacrament of our reconciliation £with God].
After this, on his return home, his wicked conscience was of
course smitten with remorse, and he was shaken with such
Violent fits of trembling, that he even despaired of the safety
of his life. This state of remorse waxing stronger and stronger
during the next three days, he was unable any longer, through
anguish of spirit, to endure it, and being seised by the Devil,
as is generally believed, fell into a state of uncontrollable
madness. In consequence of this, he greatly maltreated
. himself, and tearing his garments to pieces, would allow
neither wife nor children to approach his presence. His
neighbours, upon seeing this, were afflicted with extreme
sorrow thereat, and, seizing him by main force, bound him
with manacles of iron, and then made his feet feat in heavy
stocks. The report about this man soon reached the ears of
all, and the unhappy rumour drew the attention of many to
the circumstances of the ease. We ourselves also repaired to
the place with a becoming retinue, in order to visit the sick

A.0. 1463. johx wins vomzmm wish an evil spteit.

man -T where we found him panting firom the vehemence- of hi*
fit, and wearied out with his intense exertions. Accordingly,
having first sprinkled him with water, upon which the holy,
benediction had been pronounced, we began to repeat the re-
markable Gospel of Saint John. You might have seen the.
wretched man struggling, with, repeated exertiotis, to inter-
rupt the words of the speaker, and suddenly filling the house
with dreadful yells* in? order that he might not so much as
hear the words that were pronounced; while, at another mo*
ment, he would gnash his teeth, and now grin like a wild-,
beast, and try to bite' at every thing within his reach. His
body tooy with all the furniture throughout the place, shook
just as though he had been attacked by lever or had laboured
under a fit of palsy. At last we ceased reading, and stood there,
eaoh of us, in silence; upon which, he, in like manner, gra-
dually ceased his frantic* movements When we again ut-
tered unto him those admonitions which tend to our salva-
tion, and disclosed to him hopes of pardon, he again became
dreadfully afflicted with a like agonizing fit of passion. When
the image of Him crucified was raised aloft and shewn to
him, he shuddered with alarm and indignation, and would,, on.
no account, be silent* and listen to a recital of the narrative of
Christ V Passion, or hear mentioned the other names of the
Saints. After this,, having bound his eyes with a linen, cloth,
we agreed to sprinkle some portion of the holy water upon his
bare head. As soon as ever he felt this* suspecting some sin-'
ister design, he began to be agitated with a violent fit of trem-
bling ; and, a. thing that we saw with our own eyes, alone and
unaided, as he lay on his back, drew towards him from the.
ground, and lifted up with his feet, the stocks, which were of
immense weight, and in which, as we have already stated,
his feet were enclosed. These could hardly have been- moved
by the exertions of four ordinary men.

On the day after this, his neighbours and friends, following
salutary advice, first bound him with ropes, and then led him
to the church. Here they fastened him to a pillar before an<
image of -the holy Mother of God, which was becomingly
placed in an elevated position in the northern aisle, and then
left him. In the meantime, however, keepers were appointed
to keep watch over him day and night, and attentively ob-
serve his movements. Each poured forth prayers in his be-

??2

436 ooxnxuATXoir op ths history of ceotlaitp. a.d. 1463.

half, and, with urgent entreaties, implored the grace of Al-
mighty God, and the clemency of the Mother of Mercy. Ac-
cordingly, he was every day visited, now and then, by the
monks, who uttered to him the words of consolation, and
sweetly promised him a remedy for his madness, and a full
recovery of his senses. To all this, hanging down his head
and sighing deeply, he gave a quiet hearing, but would make
no answer whatever. For, in consequence of his excessive
shouting, he had become quite hoarse, and through prolonged
fasting, quite weak and attenuated.

In a few days after this, through the merits of the Holy
Mother of God, he began to conduct himself in a more quiet
manner, and, at the suggestion of others, to extend his hand
towards the sign of the cross which stood before him, while,
from the extremities of his lips only, he would produce a sort
of hissing sound ; though we were unable, by any means, to
extract a single word from him. Still, however, by continually
drawing repeated sighs from the very bottom of his breast, he
clearly gave us to understand, that the weakness of his mind
was entirely caused by a disturbed and self-accused conscience :
in consequence of which, numerous examples of repentance
were quoted to him, and, by dint of repeated suggestions, he
was at last persuaded to have recourse to the remedy of con-
fession. There was one of the brethren, who, more than all
the rest, bestowed particular attention upon the saving of
his soul, and endeavoured to console him with addresses and
exhortations in private, and cherished in him a belief in the
possibility of his forgiveness. At the same time, also, he pro-
tested unto him that, in this life, there was no crime of ever
such great enormity, but that it could be washed away in the
font of confession, and in the pool of contrition. And further,
in order that he might gain him, he endeavoured, with such
earnestness, by dint of promises to allure him, as even to
declare that he would willingly give his own soul as a pledge
for his, if he would only conform to his suggestions. Words
such as these moved the man, and behold ! at last, with a
mighty effort, he extended his hand, and, by signs, showed
that he was ready so to do.

Having been loosened from the pillar in the meantime, he
was now led to a bench, where, the formula of Confession
being commenced, he could only emit groans and sighs, and

A.D. 1463. JOHN WAYLE F088E8SED WITH Atf EVIL BPIXIT. 437

was still unable so much as to utter a single word. They had
now made repeated attempts together to gain that end, but all
in vain j upon which, the brother, being much distressed that
all his endeavours failed to produce the desired effect, and
greatly moved thereat, with a considerable degree of earnest-
ness, commanded him, at the same time using a certain adju-
ration, to speak unto him. At last, the other, not absolutely
speaking, but, in a sort of way, whispering his words, though
in such a manner that they could scarcely be heard, declared
that he was quite ready and willing to make confession, but
was utterly unable to do bo. Upon this, the brother before-
mentioned at once understood, that through the pestilent hos-
tility of some malignant spirit his voice was thus shut up
within his jaws, in order that he might not openly make
a confession : and, at the same time, he recollected the
Gospel, where Jesus was casting out a devil, and they were
many.4 It instantly suggested itself to his mind to present
him before the tomb of our most holy father Guthlac. And
not without good reason ; for, with the leave of the Saints, and
with all reverence and awe we say it, this Saint has been always
distinguished beyond all others for the possession of this one
privilege, namely, the expulsion of unclean spirits.

Accordingly, he was now led by the hands of his keepers
along the northern side of the church ; but as soon as ever,
from a distance, he had caught sight of the shrine, he began
to tremble and to stop short, nor could he be persuaded to ad-
vance one step further ; and at the spot especially where the
entrance to the sanctuary stands, he stretched out his feet and
made every possible resistance, struggling with all his might
not to enter it. On being asked why he acted thus, and why
he showed himself so rebellious, in a low voice, as before, he
timidly uttered words to this effect : " An evil spirit," said he,
," wishes to destroy me there." The bystanders immediately
comforted him, and encouraged him not to be in dread of the
enemy ; while those who had been dragging him, pushed him
on with their hands by main force, and compelled him to ap-
proach the steps of the shrine. Here, on bended knees, all the
others, together with him, at considerable length poured forth
their prayers unto God, who alone worketh marvels, that,
through the merits of the blessed Guthlac, He would deign
* Alluding to St. Mark v. 9.

438 eoCTHnrarioff of tjbce HisroaY of caoruuto. i .*. UG&.

to show *ipoa the sick man the power of His might Alter
this, they led him back to his usual pillar, fortified with the
sign of the holy cross, which he had in his own hand. In the
Fame manner they frequently used to act towards hkn every
day.

At last however, one night, after matin lauds had been
finished in the convent, the brother, of whom we have made
mention a little above, went to him atone, and calling him
aside, repeatedly exhorted him to adopt the remedy of repeat -
jfrnee ; while, at the same time, he faithfully promised him that
grace and pardon would be granted unto him by God, if, in
the penitence of his heart, he would fully open his mouth in
pronouncing the words of confession. When, however, he
found that he gave him no answer, nor uttered even a word im
conformity with his wishes, he most anxiously began to ply
him with numerous questions, and set before turn various kinds
of sins, of which the inordinately brutal nature of some men
is wont sometimes to be guilty ; at the same time enquiring
if he was ready, of his own accord, to acknowledge himself
guilty of any one of them.

At last, by the inspiration of the Divine grace, the bridle of
his tongue was loosened ; and in tones of lamentation he con-
fessed that he had grievously sinned in one of the articles
which had been so mentioned. The brother, upon hearing this,
felt desirous in some degree to lighten the burden of hiB sins ;
and, therefore, by way of precaution, most urgently entreated
him, on the morrow of the following day, once again to dis-
close this sin by making a full confession thereof to his own
curate, at that time penancer of the lord [bishop] of Lincoln,
who had it in his power to use the keys of the Church in his
favour. This being agreed to between them, they took leave
of each other with exceeding gladness of heart.

When morning had now come, and the darkness of error
had been removed, the light of grace shone brilliantly upon
him, and, returning to himself, he became more tranquil, and
was found to be much more subdued both in gestures and ap-
pearance. After this, he was released from all his chains ;
upon which, he washed his face, arranged his clothes after
the usual manner, and hastened, with Hie utmost alacrity, to
the physician of his soul, for the purpose of making confession.
After receiving from him a salutary penance, he returned to his

4..p«l40*. MAKT ITOBiEaAIf^OTHEBAOHABQiiDWlTBXBHASON. 439

heme unattended and by himseUL Being now alone and with*
out ,a guide, he anxiously besought the remembrance of the
Saints in his behalf. During the next seven days, in fact, he
did not so much as depart from the cburoh, but unceasingly
offered up continual thanksgivings to Almighty God and the
Saints, the patrons of the church. Fearing molestation, per-
chance, on the part of his neighbours, he was now unwilling
to return to his former home ; so, feeling greatly ashamed of
the misfortune which had befallen him, though, praised be
God ! restored in every way to his former tranquillity of mind,
he transferred his abode to another neighbourhood. Still,
however, being far from forgetful of the benefits which he
had received, every year from that time, so long as he lived,
be returned to Croyland ; where, rejoicing in the complete re-
covery of his health, he devoutly paid, due honor unto God
and the blessed Mary, and Saint Gutblao.
. But now, following the course of our narrative, I think that
the fact ought here to be inserted, that Henry, lately styled
king of England, who, from the time of the arrival of the most
illustrious prince, now king Edward, had, as we have already
mentioned, taken refuge in Scotland or lurked in secret hiding-
places in the bordering castles of England, was now taken
prisoner. This happened in this present year, the same being
the year of our Lord, 1465. Being captured in the northern
parts, he was led by a strong body of men to the Tower of
London, where king Edward ordered all possible humanity
to be shewn towards him, consistently with his safe custody ;
and, at the same time, gave directions that he should be sup*
plied with all suitable necessaries, and treated with becoming
respeet.

In the meantime, at this period, many nobles and great men
of the kingdom, as well as very many bishops and abbats, were
accused before the king of treason ; the ground being, that they
had secretly solicited Margaret, the late queen, who was now
living in the parts beyond sea, both by letters and with money,
to return to the kingdom with a strong force, and had made her
promises of their advice and assistance. Some of these persons
were carried off by their deaths ohaneing to intervene, while
others, through the payment of immense sums of money, were
restored to the favour which they had formerly enjoyed.

After this, king Edward, prompted by the ardour of youth,

440 CQXUNVAXWS OF TO HWHKftY OF 01* Y&&D- A^. 14B5,

and relying entirely on his own choice, witheat epnuntting
the nobles of the kingdom, privately married the widow of a
certain knight, Elizabeth by name ; who, though she had only
a knight for her father, had a duchess for her mother j* end
shortly after he had her solemnly crowned queen. This the
nobility and chief men of the kingdom took amiss, seeing that
he had with such immoderate haste promoted a person sprung
from a comparatively humble lineage, to share the throne
with him.

In the same year, also, the duchess, lady Margaret, relict of
John, the illustrious duke of Somerset, one who had always
proved gracious and favourably-disposed to our monastery, and
who, as we have already mentioned, had received the manor of
Depyng as a part of her dower, while staying at her castle of
Maxay, was desirous, in a spirit of extreme devoutness, to be
commended to our prayers ; upon which, she was readily ad-
mitted to be a sister of our chapter. Influenced by pious con*
siderations, she also induced her daughter, the lady Margaret,
countess of Richmond, and heir to the before-named manor of
Depyng, (who had been married, as we have long before already
mentioned, to the lord Henry, the illustrious son of the duke
of Buckingham), to become a sister along with her, and in like
manner enjoy the benefit of our prayers. This was done, to
the end that, being bound to us by such ties as these, she might
be rendered more benevolent to us hereafter, and more com-
placent in every respect.

Notwithstanding all this, however, so far«s relates to our
right to the marsh of Goggislound, from the day of her mar-
riage, the lady Margaret, the mother, has remained in possession
thereof, up to this present day* And then besides, but a very
few years before this time, the stone crosses and other maris
and boundaries which, at the last perambulation of the marsh,
(made in the time of John Ashby, lord abbat of this plaee, by
the advice and with the assistance of the lord John of Gaunt,
the then most illustrious duke of Lancaster), had been placed
for the purpose of dividing the districts of Hoyland and Kes-
teven, had been utterly thrown down and destroyed by the
men of Depyng, in order that all knowledge and recollection

* Elizabeth Woodville was the widow of Sir John Gray, a Lancashire
knight. Her mother, Jacquetta, dnchess of Bedford, was married to Sir
Richard WoodTille, for her second husband.

A tt. 14691. '• HtfXmcXBT GIFTS 0* A2SA.T J0HJT. 441

thereof 'might 'be obliterated for the future. Accordingly,
among other things, they pulled down by main force a stone
cross at Wodelode-greynes, otherwise called Oggote, which had
been, placed in the said marsh, at our furthest boundary to-
wards the north ; and after breaking it to pieces, iniquitously
threw it into deep pits, and out-of-the-way places, where
there could be no possibility of finding it. Hence it is, that
the boundary before-mentioned, being remembered by but very
few persons, has by degrees been effaced from general know-
ledge, and has, in the course of a long space of time, through
heedlessness been "utterly swept away.

Hdwwer, in all these matters, the venerable father, abbat
John, although weighed down by length of years, and, through
continued languor bereft of all strength of body, most ably,
like some veteran soldier, ruled the monastery with prudence
and foresight ; and did not cease, even unto the end, to con-
tinue to add to his munificent works. For, towards the closing
period of his life, he erected, from the foundation to the sum-
mit of the walls, the beautiful and sumptuous hostrey, which
extends along between the church and the gates of the ab-
bey. This he did for the following purpose : his object was,
that when guests worthy of higher consideration arrived,
to whom it was fitting that due deference should be shewn,
he might be enabled to receive and entertain them in the
said hostrey the more conveniently, from the circumstance
of itB being closer at hand. And, in order that nothing might
remain undone which is considered to tend to the increase of
the praise of God, he caused five fine and choice bells to be
oast at London, and substituted for the three old ones, here
to send forth their sweet sounds with their harmonious chimes.
The cost of these, together with the expense of the carriage
thereof to Croyland by land and water, amounting in all to
a sum of one hundred and sixty pounds, was defrayed entirely
by himself. These bells, while still lying below upon the
ground, before they were hung, were solemnly consecrated by
Nicholas, the venerable lord bishop of Elphin, who was at this
time Buflragan of the reverend father in Christ, John, lord
bishop of Lincoln. They were inscribed, from the smallest to
the greatest, with the names in especial of the patron Saints
in whose honor they were most devoutly dedicated : the names
being Guthiac, Bartholomew, Michael, Mary, and Trinity.

442 CONTIOTATIOV OF THB HI8T0BYOF GROTIASJ). A.J*. 1465.

At this period, there happened in our monastery a circum-
stance deserving of everlasting remembrance, which, some of
the most intelligent, even, ascribed to a wondrous miracle.
The greater bell-tower had been newly built in the western
part of the church, in which it was intended that the bells be-
fore-mentioned should, by the skill of the carpenters, be hung.
At this time it was not covered in at the very top, nor was
it in any way closed by the intervention in it of any lower
floor. Having put together, on the ground below, a certain
machine for the purpose of winding and drawing, they en-
deavoured to fix in the summits of the walls an immense
beam, held by ropes and pulleys, to act as a supporter of the
whole work. By dint of great efforts on the part of those
winding, the beam had been now raised nearly fifty feet from
the ground, and was hanging poised aloft, when, on a sudden,
the tackle proving unequal to the strain of such an immense
mass, began to give way. At the same moment, the ropes
burst asunder, and the beam, falling to the ground with a loud
crash, broke the whole fabric to atoms that lay below. There
seemed no chance of escape whatever for the men, nearly twenty
in number, who were labouring below and were now placed
almost at the very verge of death ; nor would it have been of
any use for them to fly, seeing that the beam in its length
across6 equalled the square space between the walls. How-
ever, the Divine mercy instantly regarded them thus threatened
by a peril so terrific, and smitten with the greatest consterna-
tion at so unlooked-for an event ; for the breaking down of so
vast a mass did not crush one of them, and its precipitate, fall
did not the slightest injury to a single individual. Oh instance
of the Divine grace, deservedly to be lauded and extolled !
Oh, how glorious, too, the merits of our father Guthlac ! Who
could possibly withhold himself from uttering the praises of
God?

In the meantime an outcry was raised by the people shout-
ing aloud, and all lifted up their voices to the very stars of
heaven. Some made their prayers re-echo to the skies, while
others in their joy bedewed the earth with the abundant tears
which they shed. The brethren of the convent, attended by
multitudes, immediately proceeded to the oratory, and there so-

* This is probably the meaning of " dunenaionc," otherwise the passage
is unintelligible.

A.D. 1467, PJWVALHKCB OF A GREAT HOOP. 443

lenmly ohacmted the hymn of praise written by Saint Ambrose,7
Most devoutly prostrating themselves on the ground around the
shrine of Ihe before-named father, each returned endless thanks-
givings unto God. Blessed for ever be Almighty God, who
hath thus, in His mercy, raised for us when placed in straights,
the horn of His salvation against the snares of the evil-doers ;
and who thus worketh for us in all things for the best, to the
end that our rivals may never deride us in adversity, nor at
any time our enemies may exult over us.

However, in these times, the Divine long-suffering was so
wrought upon by our transgressions, was so provoked, I say,
by our unrighteousness, that the whole of England was most
severely chastised by each of the elements, like so many
scourges prepared by the Divine vengeance for the punishment
.of a heedless generation. For an infection prevailed in the pes-
tilent air over the dwellers in the land, to such a degree, that
a sudden death consigned to a wretched doom many thousands
jof people of all ages, just like so many sheep destined for the
slaughter. In like manner too, fires of unusual severity, caused
both by lightning, as well as very often by carelessness, like a
sort of prognostic of the Divine indignation, raged with un-
controllable violence throughout the various districts of the
kingdom in its vills and towns ; but more especially, in the
principal monasteries of our order, the devouring flames con-
sumed to ashes the churches and bell-towers, as well as the
rest of the buildings and offices appurtenant thereto.

In the year also from the Incarnation of our Lord, 1467, in
the month of January there was so great an inundation of the
waters, by reason of the snows and continued rains, that no
man living in our times could recall to mind the like. Through-
out the whole of this county, and in Hoyland especially, there
was soarcely a house or building, but what the streams of
water made their way and flowed through it. Nor must you
suppose that this happened hurriedly and in a cursory manner
only : but continuously, during a whole month, the waters
either stood there without flowing off, or else, being agitated
by strong gusts of wind, swelled and increased still more and
more day after day. Nor on this occasion did the embank-

7 The Te Deum, said to have been composed by Saint Ambrose, on the
occasion of the baptism of Saint Augustin. There is, however, little doubt
that it was" composed a century later than his time.

444 CONTINUATION OP THE HISTORY 0* CBOTLAND. X.*. H6f.

ments offer any effectual resistance, but, on tiife contrary,
though materials had been brought from other quarteTtrfdrtbe
purpose of strengthening them, they proved of verjrlMe
service for that purpose ; and, however diligently the 'work
might have been attended to in the day time, as the water*
swelled and rose, the spot under repair was completely laid bare
during the night. Then was there grief and lamentation among
all, and outcries and tumult among the Hoylanders. In the
meantime, prayers were put up to God in behalf of the Church,
and daily processions were formed for the purpose of obtaining
more propitious weather.

In the same year also, there were shown certain wondrous
signs in England ; and in divers places there appeared unto
many persons, terrible prognostics, replete with no better aus-
pices. For, one day, there were seen in the heavens three suns,
and a shower of blood; as the grass and the linen clothes stained
therewith, abundantly testified to all beholders. This latter
came down in manner just like a gentle shower. Besides this,
horsemen and men in armour were seen rushing through the
air ; so much sq, that Saint George himself, conspicuous with
the red cross, his usual ensign, and attended by a vast body of
armed men, appeared visibly to great numbers. To show that we
ought not to refuse our belief to what has been just mentioned,
those persons, to whom revelations of this nature were made,
were subjected to a most strict examination before the venerable
father Thomas, the lord archbishop of Canterbury. A certain
woman too, in the county of Huntingdon, who was with child
and near the time of her delivery, to her extreme horror, felt
the embryo in her womb weeping as it were and uttering a
kind of sobbing noise. The same was also heard by some
other women, who were surprised in no slight degree thereat.
This we know to have happened but seldom indeed, although
we read that the most holy forerunner8 of our Lord, through
joy at our approaching salvation, leaped in the womb of his
mother. We may, however, not without very fair reason,
suppose, that now possibly, under circumstances directly the
reverse, even the children unborn deplored our impending ca-
lamities, upon the approach of the scourge of Divine vengeance,
our sins requiring the same.

In the lapse of two years after this, that is to say in the
6 St. John the Baptist St. Luke, i. 41.

A.0. 1469. TUXQXBWATto TISTTS CBOTLAKD. 445

ninth year of king Edward, being the year of our Lord, 1469,
there arose a great disagreement between that king and his
kinsman, Richard, the most illustrious earl of Warwick ; which
was not allayed without the shedding of the blood of many
persons. The reason of this was, the fact that the king, being
too greatly influenced by the urgent suggestions of the queen,
admitted to his especial favour all the relations of the said
queen, as well as those who were in any way connected with
her by blood, enriching them with boundless presents and al-
ways promoting them to the most dignified offices about his
person : while, at the same time, he banished from his presence
his own brethren, and his kinsmen sprung from the royal blood,
together with the earl of Warwick himself, and the other nobles
of the realm who had always proved faithful to him. Ac-
cordingly, seizing this opportunity for a storm, behold ! in tho
same year, and in the summer season, a whirlwind again came
down from the north, in form of a mighty insurrection of the
oommons of that part of the country. These complained that
they were grievously oppressed with taxes and annual tributes
by the said favourites of the king and queen, and, having ap-
pointed one Eobert de Redysdale to act as a captain over
them, proceeded to march, about sixty thousand in number, to
join the earl of Warwick, who was then in London.

The king, on hearing rumours to this effect, first had recourse
to the Divine aid and to the prayers of the Saints, and, having
by way of pilgrimage, first visited Edmund the Martyr, has-
tened to the city of Norwich. After this, he passed through
Walsingham to Lynn, and thence through the town of Wis-
bech to Dovesdale ; whence he rode, attended by two hundred
horsemen, upon our embankment, and, the barriers having been
opened, and all obstacles removed, at last arrived at Croyland.
Here he was honorably received, as befitted the royal dignity,
and passed the night a well-pleased guest. On the morrow,
being greatly delighted with the quietude of the place and the
courtesy shown to him, he walked on foot through the streets
to the western outlet of the vill, and after praising in high
terms of commendation the plan of the stone bridge and
the houses, there embarked together with his attendants, and
setting sail, made a prosperous voyage to his castle of Foderyn-
gey,9 where the queen was awaiting his arrival. Having stayed

9 Fotheringay castle in Northamptonshire, where Mary queen of Scots
was afterwards beheaded.

446 CONTETOATrON OF THE HISTOBT OF C10TEA.1TD. AllK l4£9,

here a few days only, until such time as levies of troops* had
assembled from all parts of the kingdom in order to assist him
against the insurgents before-mentioned, he manfully prepared
to march into the northern districts. The above-mentioaed
relatives, however, of the queen, her father, namely, and her
three half-brothers, who, as we have already stated, were at-
tached to the king's person, were in great alarm for their safety,
and took refuge in different castles, some in Wales, and some
in Norfolk, with the connivance, however, of the king, as it is
generally said.

As for the king, when he had arrived with his amy at the
town of Newark, he heard that the forces of the enemy wero
more than threefold the number of his own troops, and, finding
that the common people came in to him more slowly than he
had anticipated, he turned aside and hastened with the utmost
speed to his castle at Nottingham. Here he stayed a short
time, intending to wait until a certain lord, William Herbert
by name, who had been lately created earl of Pembroke, should
come to meet him with the levies which, he had raised in
Wales. While, however, the said earl of Pembroke was
hastening with all speed at the head of a considerable body
of troops to. meet the king, behold! the army of the north-
men unexpectedly met him on the plain of Begge-eote,10 near
Banbury, in the county of Northampton ; whereupon, the two
armies engaging, a great battle was fought, and a most dread-
ful slaughter, especially of the Weleh, ensued; 80 much so,
that four thousand men of the two armies are said to have
been slain. The ear] of Pembroke and several other nobles
and gentlemen of Wales were made prisoners, and were, by-
order of the before-named earl of Warwick, without any op-
portunity of ransom, beheaded at Northampton* The truth is,
that, in those parts and throughout Wales, there is a cele-
brated and famous prophecy, to the effect that, having expelled
the English, the remains of the Britons are onee more to obtain
the sovereignty of England, as being the proper citizens thereof.
This prophecy, which is stated in the chronicles of the Briton*
to have been pronounced by an angel in the time of king Oad-
wallader, in their credulity, receives from them universal
belief. Accordingly, the present opportunity seeming to be-
propitious, they imagined that now the long-wished-foi? hour
i° Or Edgecote.

A.i>. 24G9. CJtOIXAND THREATENED 10 BJB PLUNDERED. 447

had arrived, and used every possible exertion to promote its
fulfilment. However, by the providence of God, it turned out
otherwise, and they remain for the present disappointed of the
fulfilment of their desires.

When rumours to the above effect had now reached the king's
ears, seeing that such great disgrace was, through this dis-
aster, reflected on him, he was greatly disturbed and moved
thereat. In addition to this, those who had hitherto remained
firm in their allegiance to him, now became greatly alarmed,
and basely deserting him by thousands, clandestinely took to
flight. However, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, and
George, archbishop of York, together with the duke of Cla-
rence, the king's brother, and the said earl of Warwick, most
duteously hastened with a large escort to hold a conference
with ihv king, who was now left with but a very few adhe-
rents, for the purpose of soothing him in his distress. On
their first arrival, in consequence of the extreme indignation
whiek he felt, he presented a lowering countenance ; but after
they had fairly stated to him their intentions to remain firm
in their allegiance, and had resolutely exposed the treachery of
those who had adhered to him, he became more calm, and
received them more freely into his favour and good will.

But in the meantime, while the storms of this tempest were
increasing apace, you must know that we, who dwell in this
island, were smitten with no small degree of terror. For by
means of some spiteful enemies of ours, a most unhappy and
ill-timed rumour reached the ears of certain people in the
army, to the effect that those persons of whom they were in
pursuit were concealed in hiding-places in Croyland, and that
immense treasures were hidden in the vill and within the pre-
cinct thereof. The consequence was, that the heedless race,
ever ready and eager for plunder, at once declared themselves
wishful, upon their return, to search our monastery and the
vill with the greatest possible care ; and this circumstance,
together with rumour and her numerous reports, as well as the
daily threats that were launched against us, caused us no small
grounds for apprehension. But blessed be the Lord ! who did
not give us a prey unto their teeth ! for, through the merits of
. our most holy father Guthlac, at whose tomb, each night, in
Psalms and in prayers we offered up our holocausts of devout
supplication, the Divine mercy dealt graciously with us ; in-

448 coKmnrAHOK of thb histobt ot cbotlaitd. a.d. 14G9.

asmuch as, through the prudent guidance of the earl of War-
wick bo often mentioned, they returned from the expedition,
and retired, all of them, beyond the Trent, and so, taking the
thorte8t route, returned to their own country.

In the meantime, however, as we have already stated, the
venerable father, abbat John, was labouring under a continual
and incurable malady, hernia namely ; by which he had been
originally attacked, in consequence of a violent fall on one oc-
casion, when he was riding on horseback. In consequence of
this, he was daily afflicted with such dreadful torments in
certain parts of his body, that he seemed to be enduring a
thousand deaths even. Being thus proved by continual in-
firmities, and cleansed by the tempests and calamities of the
world, after having anxiously tended his charge of the Lord's
flock during a period of two-and-forty years and eight months,
and fulfilled the pastoral duties in the most praiseworthy
manner, he ardently longed to be speedily removed from the
things of this world to things heavenly. Having at length
finished the laborious course of this shadowy career, in the
eighty-fifth year of his age, and the sixty-ninth of his assump-
tion of the religious habit, leaving the clay of the body to his
parent earth, he most devoutly commended his spirit unto the
hands of the Father, to receive with Christ the promised price
of the eternal reward.

He ended this life on the sixteenth day of the month of
January, in the year from the Incarnation of our Lord, 1469,
it being the ninth year of king Edward, who was then reign,
ing and ably wielding the sceptre of the realm of England.
But, in order that we may embrace the lengthened period of
his life in as small a compass as possible, we think that it will
be far from a loss of time if we insert the following epitaph,
which, as being well acquainted with his career, hbwever
small its merits may be, we have composed in his praise :

" The light of pastors, and the cloister's rose,
The paragon of manners, now eclips'd,
(Alas I how much too soon !) lies here inurn'd.
TO Litlyngton he owM his earliest breath :
Thence sprung, hence was he call'd by heaven's decree.
Gracious in converse, but more gracious still
In deeds, his life most grateful was to God.
Led by his guidance, Croyland erst rejoie'd ;

A.D. 1469. EPITAPH ON ABBAT JOHW. 449

Bat now she mourns his span of life cut short.

A careful shepherd, serious and serene,

Active and ever-watchful for his flock ;

Amid that flock he was as one of them,

And paid to each the dues of Christian love.

Zealous of all the welfare to promote,

Strangers or friends, void of reproach he Uv'd.

Through him the glories of our Zion shone,

In zeal a Mary, Martha in his works.

While Leah here a holy offspring bore,

He sigh'd the heavenly Rachel to embrace.

Prudent he was, and io his manners grave,

And well-prepared to bear the world's caprice.

Replete with energy, when mobs arose,

The laws his help, soon did he crush the foe.

In catering he was bounteous, in his plans

Most wary. Prudent in his outlay, he

A watchful guardian prov'd of all our rights.

To mortify the flesh he taught to be

A manly grace ; and more than all esteem'd

Those things which savour of the praise of God.

In food, so well he curb'd his appetite,

That nothing did he seek to eat from choice,

But liv'd by rule alone. How much he lov'd

The temples of the Lord, the gilded roofs

By him erected amply testify.

So great the splendour of the precious robes

Which to this house of ours he gave, that they

Can scarce be numbered. Windows in our church

Of glass he plac'd. Through him the organ's note

Swells in the solemn praise of God ; and hence

Its melody ascends, and soars on high.

Our bells he consecrated unto God.

The ancients, he, in building, far surpassed,

And in repairing, show'd a holy zeal.

Able to build, our manors he enrich'd,

But, willing to repair, eschew'd expense.

So did he manage, that 'twere hard to say,

Whether the ancient buildings now repaired,

Or those but newly built, might best be deem'd.

When broken with old age and worn with toil,

The vigour of his mind and sense remained

Without impair. The Holy Spirit pour'd

Its gracious unction on him. While he rul'd

Our house, success attended his career —

Though brief this humble narrative of his good works,

May heaven grant the meed of his deserts. Amen."

And now too must the thread of. this narrative be eat short by

g a

4&0 coirrnnTATioff of the histosx of cb^ylaitd. jl.d. 1469.

us, and let it suffice for us, thus fart to have, spun out the web
of this trifling composition ; trusting that the rugged texture
thereof may not afford the curious, when pulling it to pieces
bit by bit, an occasion for indulging in sneers at our expense.
However, inasmuch as those events which have happened in
ages long since gone by, have mostly failed, through the care-
lessness of our predecessors, to come to the knowledge of those
of our time, (with the exception indeed of a few facts which had
been committed to writing by our elders ; and that not in any
direct historical order, but only as anything new took place
at intervening periods ;) it is only right here to say that here-
in this was the scope of our intention — It was our design,
in conformity with the superscription at the beginning of
this volume, in due order, albeit in very different style,11
to hand down to the notice of posterity the agreements
made between the kings of England and the abbate of this
monastery, together with a multitude of incidents which bore
reference to the state of the kingdom or of this place. This
work of ours is extended to a very considerable length, as it
begins at the accession of king Stephen, in the time of abbat
"Waldev, at the moment at which that excellent man, so justly
distinguished for the praises of his eloquence, Master Peter of
Blois, concludes his narrative ; and comes down, as we have
already stated, to the ninth year of Edward, the now reigning
king ; an interval of time which extends over three hundred
and thirty years or more.

Some of the matters which, to the best of our humble
ability, we have compressed into tSe present compass, we have,
so far as we were enabled to do so, ascertained upon certain
information, while most of them we have found set forth in
aged and worm-eaten papers. As for the other matters, which
have taken place in our own time, we here declare that we
have read the same, more truthfully still, in the book of ex-
perience.

Still however, seeing that, by the permission of God, we
hold the office of Prior, (however unworthily and remissly we
may perform the duties thereof ) we have found ourselves very
considerably hampered by the many and various requirements

11 He alludes to his own chronicle as a continuation of those of
Ingulph and Peter of Blois.

A.D. 1469. BEFLECHOKS ON THIS RI9ZGBT. 451

of regular observance. The present work has consequently
not been composed amid our continued attention thereto, and
with the advantage of profound study, but only on occasions
snatched by stealth at intervals, and frequently at hurried
moments; just in fact as the vein of a very tardy intellect would
chance to flow, now more sparingly, and now again more
freely, at the moment when we could devote our attention
to it. If I did hot almost feel ashamed to bring to light the
thoughts that suggest themselves to my mind, really, the com-
position of the volume, from the commencement of it down
to the present time, would seem, not inaptly, according to my
way of thinking, to bear a striking resemblance to the image,
which was formerly mentioned in the book of Daniel19 ; the
head of which was of gold, the breast and arms of silver,
while the feet are described as being partly of iron and partly
of potter's day. For, in a very similar manner, the first part
at the beginning of this book, has been composed with every
mark ,of distinguished talent by the venerable father, abbat
Ingulph ; and this, illuminated by the radiant lustre of the
most elegant language, shines resplendent beyond the rest, and,
not without fair reason, appears in our eves to represent the
head of gold. In the next place, the middle portion, which
was composed by the industrious application of that most ex-
cellent man, Master Peter of Blois, and whioh re-echoes all
the dulcet harmony of the eloquence of Tully, evidently bears a
strong resemblance to the breast made of silver. And then
the last part, which has been composed by ourselves just as
we could find the opportunity, and appended to the former
ones, seems strongly to resemble the feet made of iron, by rea-
son of its rude and unpolished style; and may, with very
good reason, from the circumstance of its being composed of
such a trite and common-place mass of matter, be looked upon
as no better than a mere potsherd and a lump of clay.

Still however, we are not entirely forsaken by the hope,
that all our attempts have not been in vain, and that our good
intentions have not been expended to no purpose : but, on the
contrary, we shall think that even then we have done some
service, if any one, better instructed, like some beauteous stone
cut out of the mountain quarry of more sublime knowledge

" Chap. u. 33, &c.

452 CONTHTDLiTIOK OF THE HISTOiT OP CBOTLAUD. A. D. 1469.

shall think fit to remodel this statue, and to heat the ground
with the feet in his zeal for the correction of our narrative.
This task in fact we think he may perform with still more ease
and efficacy, if he has this shapeless mass of matter, which we
have here collected from oat of its lurking-pliices in various
quarters, ready and at hand ; for he will then have only to re-
duce it to a more elegant shape and diction. The person too,
who shall he found spontaneously to take a pleasure in commit-
ting to writing those events which shall happen in the days of
posterity, will deserve in every way to be extolled, and, as his
fame increases apace, will stand conspicuous on the mountain
height, ennobled by merit of a high degree.

At the close of this work, we did entertain a wish, in some
degree, to have left a memorial of our name ; that so at least,
those who should read this narrative, might deign, through
motives of Christian charity, in a few words of prayer, how-
ever short, to commend our soul to the mercy of the Saviour.
We have, however, of our own accord, forborne so to do, to
the end that we might not seem to wish to be honored here in
our own country, or be deemed, in our vanity, to covet an undue
meed of praise for our efforts. Committing the whole, there-
fore, to the Divine providence, we do, with most earnest
prayera, supplicate God, that He will by way of reward for
these our humble labours, of His abundant grace, command our
name to be written in the Book of those who are predestined
unto life everlasting.

END OF THE SECOND CONTINUATION OF THE EISTOBT OF CBOTLAND.

A THIRD CONTINUATION

OF THE

HISTORY OF CROTLAND.

IEbke follows a continuation of the events that happened in
the commonwealth of England and elsewhere, as also of those
circumstances in especial which took place in the monastery of
Croyland, after the decease of the before-mentioned abbat
John ; which, as already mentioned, happened on the sixteenth
day of the month of January, in the ninth year of the reign of
king Edward the Fourth ; the same being, according to the
computation of the Roman church, the year of our Lord, 1469.
Still however, before we commence our narrative of the events
which are known to have taken place subsequently to that
year, some matters ought first to be stated, which have either
been omitted by the former Chronicler already referred to, or
have not been more fully set forth by him ; either through
zeal for the interests of holy religion, which does not generally
care to be fully acquainted with secular matters, or a regard
for conciseness and brevity. For it is our wish, that it may
be clearly understood from the very beginning by what nume-
rous incursions and battles the kingdom of England was ha-
rassed, before the calamitous inroad of the northmen last de-
scribed took place. Those events, too, which followed after
that period, down to the year that will be found mentioned
below, we shall set forth in as brief terms and in as unpreju-
diced a manner as we possibly can.

We would wish, in the first place, here to observe, that, not
so much a battle as a semblance of a battle, was first seen at
the town of Ludlow, in the Marches of Wales, in the month

454 COlTEIOTATIOSr OP THE HISTORY OP CB0TLA53). A,D. 1460.

of October, in this year of our Lord, 1 459. This wVmmiai took
place between king Henry, and those who remained faithful
to him, on the one side, and Richard, duke of York, and his
sons and kinsmen, connexions and adherents, on the other.
Among the latter, in especial, were the earls of Salisbury
and Warwick, father and son, whose opposition was greatly
dreaded. The king's party, however, waxed stronger and
stronger every day in consequence of endless multitudes of the
nobles and common people, who now flocked together to his
support; and the more especially, after Andrew Trollop and
his paid followers, from Calais, who had been summoned by the
earl of Warwick, their captain, from, the parts beyond sea, as
though to aid the king, had deserted the duke of York. For,
finding that, contrary to their expectations, they had really
been brought over to act against the king, they left the duke,
and sided with the king, whose provisions and pay they had
been in the habit of receiving. Upon this taking place, the
duke's army was disbanded, while he himself retreated to. Ire-
land, and his eldest son, Edward, earl of March, together with
the before-named earls, father and son, crossed over by ship to
Calais.

In the meantime, a Parliament having been summoned at
Coventry, the duke and earls above-named were attainted, and
their goods and properties transferred to new possessors. But,
as the affairs of England, a thing that every day's experience
too well teaches us, are subject to many changes and vicissi-
tudes, in the following year, that is to say, in the year 1460,
the said earls crossed over from Calais, and landed in Kent ;
shortly after which, a great battle was fought near Northamp-
ton, on the feast" of the Martyrdom of the Seven Brethren, in
the month of July, between king Henry and the above-named
earls, with their respective adherents. There fell on the king's
side, the duke of Buckingham, the earl of Shrewsbury, the lord
viscount Beaumont, the lord Egremont, and other nobles, with
common men innumerable. The earls, having thus gained
the victory, paid all the honors of royalty to king Henry, and
conducted him with a most august escort to London ; Richard
Neville, the before-named earl of Warwick, on this occasion,
carrying a sword before the king, bare headed, and with every
mark of humility and respect.

14 Tenth of July,

A.ft. 1460. THE IHTlCS OF TOM GLADfB THU CHOWtf. 456

In the month of October, in the same year, the duke of
York came over from Ireland ; and repairing to Westminster,
while the Parliament was there assembled, entered the upper
chamber of the royal palace, where the lords spiritual and
temporal were sitting; after which, going rip to the royal
throne, he claimed the right of sitting there as belonging solely
to himself. He then genealogically traced his lineal descent
from Lionel, duke of Clarence, to whom, as being the elder
son, he asserted that the succession to the kingdom of England
of right belonged, and not to the posterity of John, duke of
Lancaster, his younger brother, from whom king Henry was
descended; after which, he protested that he would no longer
put up with the injustice which had been done to his line for
so many years by the three Henrys, who were only usurpers.
Immediately after this, making his way into the inner rooms
of the, royal palace, he compelled the king to remove to the
queen's apartments, while he himself took possession of the whole
of the long's abode. This disturbance continued, though un-
attended by slaughter, for about three weeks, until the vigil of
All Saints ; the whole Parliament being ocoupied, in the mean
time, with the discussion of the genealogical question, and the
rights of the before-mentioned duke. Upon that vigil, these
differences were brought to a conclusion in the following man-
ner : the duke and his sons, Edward, earl of March, and Ed-
mund, earl of Rutland, who had both arrived at the years of
discretion, were to swear fealty to the king, and to recognize
him as king so long as he should live, the same having been, al-
ready determined by Parliament. At the same time, it was
added, with the king's consent, that as soon as the king should
have departed this life, it should be lawful for the said duke
and his heirs to lay claim to, and take possession of, the crown
of England. Matters being thus arranged, the duke removed
from the palace of Westminster to his mansion in London,
and left the king and his people in peace.

In these days, queen Margaret, with prince Edward, the
only son of the king and herself, was staying in the northern
parts of the kingdom. As the above decree of Parliament ap-
peared to the northern partisans of the queen most odious and
execrable, a commotion took place there, among the nobles and
common people, their object being, to have that enactment
altered.15

14 There is clearly an omission in the narrative here.

466 coimanLuriON of the histobyo* gboxsaxd. AjkijftL

The dnke of York, haying in company with him bis soil,
the earl of Rutland, and Richard, earl of Salisbury, set out fat
the purpose of offering resistance to their movements; hut, as
already mentioned,16 he was defeated at Wakefield, and there
slain. . Upon this ensued the incursion of the said northmen
into the southern parts of England, until they reached Saint
Alban's, where they put to flight the earl of Warwick, who had
brought king Henry thither, as though for the purpose of fighting
against the queen, his wife, and his son. After obtaining the
victory there, they did not pursue their advantages any further,
but led back the king and queen with them into the north.

In the meantime, the duke's eldest son, Edward, earl of March
before-named, engaged the partisans of the queen in Wales,
and, gaining a glorious victory over them, routed them at Mor-
timer's Cross. On receiving tidings of his father's death and
how eagerly the people in the southern parts of the kingdom
were awaiting him as their future king, he assembled his
army together, and proceeded to London. Here, after mature
deliberation, the council having come to the conclusion that
king Henry, by taking part with the murderers of his father,
had used his utmost endeavours to annul the decree of Parlia-
ment above-mentioned, the earl was pronounced to be no longer
bound to observe his fealty towards him. Royal honors were
now paid him by all the people, with universal acclamation,
and on the fourth day of May, in the year, according to the
computation of the Church of Rome, 1461, he commenced his
reign, and in the power of his might won and earned the vic-
tory and the crown, in the manner which the Chronicler before-
mentioned has already described.

All this I pass over in a cursory manner, as well as some
succeeding events ; such as the sieges of the castles of North-
umberland, and various skirmishes which took place on the
Scottish borders, between the remnants of Henry's party, who
frequently made incursions from Scotland, and John Neville,
lord Montague, who had lately been created earl of Northum-
berland, at the head of the other faithful partisans of king
Edward; which, although attended with varying success,
most frequently ended to the amplification of the glory of
king Edward. In these skirmishes and battles, many nobles
on the side of king Henry, Henry, duke of Somerset, for in-
stance, and some other lords, such as the lord Hungerford, and

» P. 421.

A-telAfc IfAHBLLGB OF XTJTB EDWAKd's SISTER. £57

tie1 lord Be Boob, as well as the illustrious knights, Ralph
Gray and Ealph Percy, and others, were routed and slain by
the, prowess of the said earl of Northumberland.
• I now come to the sixth year of the reign of the said king,
when Elizabeth, the eldest daughter by his marriage already
mentioned, was born. This took place in the month of Feb-
ruary, it being the year of our Lord, according to the computa-
tion of the English church, 1465, but according to that of the
church of Rome, 1466. About this time, ambassadors were
sent to England from Flanders, to ask the lady Margarot,
sister of king Edward, in marriage for the lord Charles, the
eldest son of Philip, duke of Burgundy, his father being then
living. This marriage accordingly took place, and was solem-
nized in the month of July in the year following, being the
year of our Lord, 1467. At this marriage, Richard Neville,
earl of Warwick, who had for some years appeared to favour
the party of the French against the Burgundians, conceived
great indignation. For he would have greatly preferred to
have sought an alliance for the said lady Margaret in the king-
dom of France, by means of which, a favourable understanding
might have arisen between the monarchs of those two king-
doms; it being much against his wish, that the views of
Charles, now duke of Burgundy, should be in any way pro-
moted by means of an alliance with England. The met is,
that he pursued that man with a most deadly hatred.

This, in my opinion, was really the cause of the dissensions
between the king and the earl, and not the one which has been
previously16 mentioned — the marriage of the king with queen
Elizabeth. For this marriage of the king and queen (although
after some murmuring on the part of the earl, who had previ-
ously used his best endeavours to bring about an alliance be-
tween the king and the queen of Scotland, widow of the king
of that country, lately deceased), had long before this been
solemnly sanctioned and approved of at Reading, by the earl
himself, and all the prelates and great lords of the kingdom.
Indeed, it is the fact, that the earl continued to show favour
to all the queen's kindred, until he found that her relatives and
connexions, contrary to his wishes, were using their utmost
endeavours to promote the other marriage, which, in conformity
with the king's wishes, eventually took place between Charles,
and the lady Margaret, and were favouring other designs to
»6 P. 445.

45$ coNTnsroATioiroy the eistohy of ceoyxa3td. A.fc. 146?.

which he was strongly opposed. It is to reasons of this
nature that may be attributed the overthrow and slaughter of
th§ Welch, with their leader, William Herbert, lately created
earl of Pembroke, at the battle previously mentioned, which
took place at Hegecot, near Banbury : for that noblenian, at
this period, had great weight in the counsels of the king and
queen, his eldest son having previously married one of the
queen's sisters. The queen's father also perished, Richard,
earl of Rivers, akeady mentioned, together with Sir John
Wydville, his son.

In the meantime, king Edward was taken prisoner at a
certain village near Coventry, and, all his attendants being
dismissed, was led thence to Warwick Castle, where he was
detained in captivity. This calamity was caused by his own
brother George, duke of Clarence, Richard, earl of Warwick,
and his brother George, archbishop of York : and befell him
in the summer of the ninth year of his reign, being the year
of our Lord, 1469.

Lest it should come to pass that the faithful subjects of the
said king, in the southern parts of the kingdom, should at-
tempt to avenge the commission of so great an injury, and
liberate him from his captivity in the said castle, they now trans-
ferred him to Middleham Castle, in the north ; from which
place, however, in a manner almost miraculous, and beyond all
expectation, he did not so much make his escape, as find him-
self released by the express consent of the earl of Warwick him-
self. For there Was now a rising in England, in the vicinity of
the Scottish border, of many persons who formed the remains
of Henry's party, and who had chosen for their captain one Sir
Humphrey Neville. The earl of Warwick found himself un-
able to offer an effectual resistance to these, without first
making public proclamation in the king's name that all the
king's liege subjects must rise to defend him against the rebels.
For the people, seeing their king detained as a prisoner, re-
fused to take any notice of proclamations to this effect, until,
having been entirely set at liberty, he had made his appear-
ance in the city of York ; after which, the enemy were most
valiantly routed by the said earl, and the king, seizing the
opportunity, in the full enjoyment of his liberty came to
London.

From this day, as already stated, there were repeated mes-

A.B. 1470. J0OT WY9BECK ABBAT OF CBOYXAKD. 459

sagos add embassies passing to and fro between the king and
the dissatisfied nobles. In the end, a grand council of aU the
peers of the kingdom was summoned, and on a certain day
which had been previously named, there appeared in the great
chamber of Parliament, the duke of Clarence, the earl of
Warwick, and the rest of their confederates; upon which,
peace and entire oblivion of all grievances upon both sides was
agreed to. Still however, there probably remained, on the
one side, deeply seated in his mind, the injuries he had received
and the contempt which had been shown to majesty, and on
the other' —

" A mind too conscious of a daring deed."

At last, after the celebration at' London of the feast of the
Nativity, upon the approach of the fast of Lent in the year
of our Lord, according to the computation of the Church of
Borne, 1470, the king and the said nobles bade adieu to each
other, the king intending to remain for a short time in Lon-
don, while the others returned, each one as he pleased, to their
respective homes.

tn the meantime, the monastery of Croyland being vacant
by the death of abbat John Lytlington, which took place, as
already stated, on the sixteenth day of January in this pre-
sent year, being the ninth of king Edward the Fourth, provi-
sion was duly made for supplying his place by the canonical
election of the lord JohnWysbech, a most prudent and circum*
spect man. At the time of his election, he held the office of
prior of the cell of Preston ; which cell had, from ancient
times, been annexed and appropriated to the use of the said
monastery of Croyland. This election took place on the thir-
teenth day of February, in the year of king Edward above--
mentioned, the same being the year of our Lord, according to
the computation of the English Church, 1469, but according
to that of the Church of Rome, 1470.

Here, it seems as well, for the instruction of the young,
who, perhaps, do not understand this variation of the modes
of reckoning, or, at least, the causes thereof, to explain, in a
few words, how it happens that the Romans, who reckon from
a later event, namely, the Nativity, precede us, who compute
from a prior one, the Incarnation, by the space of time which,
each year, falls between the feast of the Nativity and the feast
of the Annunciation of our Lord : the remaining part of the

460 ooircnroiTHnr op the history of crgyiand. a-d. 1470.

year being numbered exactly the same by us and by them,
for the purpose of understanding this, it ought to be observed,
that Chroniclers who write annals, or the events of each
year, have, two modes of terminating the year. One of these
methods is, where, from the beginning of the event which they
wish to commemorate, they wait a whole revolution of the
sun's motion, and until he has passed through the Zodiac, or
three hundred and sixty-five days [before they begin to count] ;
which is the way in which the English church reckons, not
completing16 the first year of any event which takes place,
until three hundred and sixty-five days have elapsed from the
beginning of that event Hence it is that it always concludes
and terminates each year from the Incarnation of our Lord
(from which event it mostly makes its calculations), on the
same day on which the actual mystery of our Lord's Incarna-
tion commenced, that is, at the feast of the Annunciation.

The Eomans, on the other hand, out of the respect aneiently
entertained for the god Janus, from whom the month of Janu-
ary received its name, begin all their years on the first day of
January, and finish them on the last day of December, in what-
ever intervening month the act which it is their intention to
commemorate may have happened. Consequently, with them
the first year of our Lord's Nativity, from which event the
Eomans are wont to calculate, was finished in seven days after
that event; and hence, with them the year two began on the
first day of January next ensuing. When we come to under-
stand this equivocal method of terminating the year, it is clear
that, in reality, there exists no error at all ; but that, accord-
ing to the first mode of computation, it is only the year of our
Lord, 1469, up to the feast of the Annunciation ; while, on
the other hand, according to the second mode, by which the
new year always begins in January, it may be said that it is
the year 1470. This method of beginning and concluding
each year after the Roman manner, is supported by the usage
observed in our manual reckoners and the customary Calendar

16 He means, " not considering it as a year in the computation, until a
whole year has been completed ;" according to which mode of reckoning,
the year one would begin not at the Incarnation, but at the end of 365
days after the Incarnation.

v Meaning that the year one would not begin to be reckoned till the
first anniversary of our Lord's Incarnation, on the feast of the Annun-
ciation.

A*b*I470. luara kdwAjkd defeats thb hebels. 161

of the church, as the Dominical letters, which are to serve
for ft whole year, are always changed on the first day of Ja-
nuary. »>

But now let us return to the said John Wysbech, who was,
as we nave already stated, at this time elected abbat of Croy-
land. He was* a truly wary man in all his doings, having
gained experience in former years in fulfilling the duties of
many offices which he held in the monastery ; besides which,
he enjoyed this singular and especial privilege and piece of
good fortune, which never fell to the lot of any of his prede*
ceBsors. As often as any spark of litigation appeared about to
be kindled, through his sagacity and the discreet moderation
of his acts, he always quenched it, before it had burst into as
open flame ; so much so, that throughout the whole period of
his pastoral duties he enjoyed perfect peace and tranquillity.
Let us, however, for a time dismiss any further notice of
this good father or his pious deeds, of which we will make
mention, when we come to the events of the year in which he
was withdrawn from this world, the same being the year of
our Lord, 1477 ; and let us now return to the narrative of the
secular history of the kingdom.

After the departure of the nobles before-mentioned from.
London, the men of the county and district of Lincoln, for the
first time allying themselves, as it were, with the Kentish
rebels, and resisting the laws and customs of the country, ap-
peared in arms, under the command and guidance of the son
and heir of the lord Wells. King Edward, however, having
levied an army, as soon as he had arrived at Stamford, at the
same instant, both saw and conquered them. All the leaders of
the hostile force fell into his hands; and after inflicting capital
punishment on them for their misdeeds, he showed grace and
favour to the ignorant and guiltless multitude. Upon the news
of his having gained this great victory reaching the ears of
the duke and earl the noblemen already mentioned, being fully
conscious of their share in promoting this insurrection, they
consulted their safety in flight ; upon which, the king followed
in pursuit of them, along their route from the county of Lan-
caster across the intervening counties, until they had arrived at
the city of Exeter in the county of Devon. Having arrived
here before the king could come up with them, and finding a few
ships in readiness, they embarked ; and after spoiling of their

462 CONTDttTA.TI0W OF THE HISTOBT OV (mOYU&TD. 4.9, 1470.

property, in ships and wares, all the Hollanders and other
subjects, of the duke of Burgundy thejf could meet with en-
gaged in mercantile pursuits, they pushed on with the utmost
speed, and at length, with their confederates, landed safely in
Normandy.

Here they were kindly received by king Louis, and being
after some difficulty admitted into the favour of queen Mar-
garet and her son prince Edward, made a promise that they
would in future faithfully support their eause and that of
king Henry. In addition to this, that their reconcilement and
good faith towards each other might appear in the eyes of
future ages the more undoubted, espousals were contracted be-
tween the said prince and the lady Anne, the yoimgest -daughter
of the said earl of Warwick ; the duke of Clarence, himself
having previously to this, married his eldest daughter, Isabella.

Hardly had these men been six months in exile, when, be-
hold ! recruited by means of the treasures of the king of the
French, they landed in the same parts of England from which
they had taken their departure. All the English in the neigh-
bourhood felt compassion, as always is the case, for the exiles
who had thus returned, and, not so much joining them, as wait-
ing upon them to show them every attention, increased their
forces to such numbers, that the troops of king Edward, for
which he was waiting at Doncaster, withdrew from a contest so
doubtful in its results* There was then living in the neighbour-
hood, at his own mansion at Pomfret, John Neville, brother
of the earl of Warwick, and who at this time had the title
of marquis of Montague. Although he had sworn fealty to king
Edward, still, on hearing of the arrival of his brother, he had
recourse to treachery ; and. entered into a conspiracy, the ob-
ject of which was to seize the king's person by means of the
large body of men, which, by virtue of the royal proclamation,
he had levied. As soon as this reached the king's ears by the
secret agency of a spy, he found himself compelled to consult
his own safety and that of his followers by a precipitate flight
to the port of Bishop's Lynn, in Norfolk. Here finding some
ships, he caused himself and his followers, nearly two thou-
sand in number, to be conveyed across the sea to Holland, a
territory of the duke of Burgundy. These events took place
about the festival of Michaelmas, in tha year of our Lord, 1470,
it being the ninth yeac of the reignof the said king Edward.

JL.D. 1470, KXG XDWiBD BETUBNS TO ENGLAOT. 403

In this maimer did the lords before-mentioned gloiiously
triumph over the said, king Edward, and that without the least
slaughter or bloodshed ; after which, they repaired to London
•with a degree of pomp befitting such great success, Taking
king Henry the Sixth out of the Tower, where he had been so
long detained in captivity, they once more placed him on the
throne of the kingdom : and in the month of Ootober, on the
feast of the Translation of Saint Edward the King and Con-
fessor, after walking, in solemn procession, had the crown pub-
licly placed on his head. Now all laws were once more enacted
in the name of this king Henry, and all. letters patent, writs, .
mandates, chirographs, and instruments whatsoever were pub-
lished with a twofold mode of annotation in reference to this
king's government — in this manner ; "In the year from the
begmning of the reign of king Henry the Sixth, forty-eight,
and in the first year of the recovery of his throne by the said
king."

At this time was born Edward, the first-born son of king
Edward, then in exile ; which event took place on the feast of
All Saints, in the monastery of Westminster, at which place
queen Elizabeth and her three daughters had taken sanctuary.
From this circumstance was derived some hope and consolation
for such persons as remained faithful in their allegiance to Ed-
ward, while those who were well-wishers to king Henry, and
who at this time were many in number, deemed the birth of
this infant a thing of very little consequence. You might
then have, heard persons innumerable ascribing this restoration
of the most pious king Henry to a miracle, and this change to
the working of the right hand of the Most High ; and yet,
toehold ! how incomprehensible are the judgments of God, and
how inscrutable are His ways ! for within six months after
this, it is a fact well known, that there was not a person who
dared own himself to have been his partisan.

For the said king Edward, being provided with troops and
ships by Charles, duke of Burgundy, about the middle of the
ensuing Lent after his banishment effected a landing with fif-
teen hundred English followers in the district of Holdernesse,
at the same spot19 at which Henry the Fourth had formerly
landed when about to dethrone king Richard. Passing through
the city of York, he assumed no other title beyond that of
19 fiaventpur, in Yorkshire

464 cotfrcnrATJroif o* the bistort d* (mormm). ^t>: M71.

duke, as being heir to bis father; for it was nec&fegty ttf itee
some dissimulation there, as many of the people^were op-
posed to him. After this, he arrived, without any resistance
being offered, before theeity of Coventry, in which the darls
of Warwick and Oxford had shut themselves with a great body
of troops.

In the meantime, the duke of Clarence before-named/ brother
to king Edward, had been fully reconciled to the king by tfee
mediation of his sisters, the duchesses of Burgundy and Exeter,
of whom, the one without the kingdom, and the other within
it, entreated the duke to make peace with his brother : after
which, he hurried with a very large force from the western
parts of the kingdom to the king's assistance. Hie num-
bers on the king's side thus increasing every day, the earls at
Coventry did not dare venture either to proclaim war against
the king or to accept the pitched battle which was offered them
by him.

Upon this, the king proceeded to London, where he once
more seized the person of the before-named king Henry, and
George, archbishop of York, the then chancellor of the king- .
dom. Hardly, however, had he passed two nights there, when
he was obliged to leave the city, for the purpose of manfully
engaging, without it, the enemy who were hastening onward
to capture him in the place. For Easter Day was now
close at hand, upon which it was conjectured that the king
would be attending more to prayers than arms, and it was
their design at the moment when he was intent upon the
duties of religion, suddenly to surprise him when unattended
by any considerable number of people. This prudent prince,
however, took due precautions, against .this stratagem of the
enemy, and, paying more attention to urgent necessity than
to absurd notions of propriety, on Holy Saturday in Easter
week, quitted the city with his army, and, passing slowly
on, reached the town of Barnet, a place ten miles distant
from the city ; and there pitched his camp, on the eve of the
day of our Lord's Resurrection.

In the morning a dreadful engagement took place, in which
there fell various nobles of either party. On the side of those who
were of king Henry's party, there fell those two most famous
nobles, the brothers, Richard earl of Warwick, and John mar-
quis of Montague. Among those ^on that side who, contrived

a»d; H7a. • WBHgr masbaxbs lauds in inland. 465

t& eecape alive from the field, were Henry Holland, duke of
&xet«r, and John Vere, earl of Oxford, of whom, the one took
a^petuary at Westminster, while the other betook himself to
. the sea, once more to seek his fortune. On the other hand,
king Edward lost two nobles, kinsmen of his, Humphrey Bour-
elder, lord Cromwell, and another* Humphrey, of the same
aurname, the eldest son and heir of the lord Burners ; besides
many others who fell in the battle. However, he gained a won-
derful, glorious, and unhoped-for victory*

Ue returned in triumph to London, after midday on the
same day, being Easter Sunday, and was honourably escorted
thither by multitudes of nobles and people. Still however,
he was not allowed to spend many days there for the purpose
of refreshing his body, which had been so buffeted about by his
-varying fortunes. For, just after one battle had been fought,
as already stated, in the east, he was obliged to prepare him-
self and his followers with all his energies for another in the
western parts of the kingdom, which was fought under the
auspices of queen Margaret and her son.

It so happened that whilst king Edward, on embarking
from Flanders, had, contrary to his intention, been carried by
the violence of the tempests to . the coasts of Yorkshire, the
queen had set sail, with her followers, from Normandy, and
making a direct passage, had landed in the counties of Corn-
wall and Devon. The queen's army now increased daily, there
being many in the west who espoused the cause of king Henry
in preference to the pretensions of all others. Upon this,
Edmund, duke of Somerset, who had been an exile from1 his
childhood, and who was next in rank in the whole army after
prince Edward, with his brother, John Beaufort by name,
Thomas, earl of Devon, John, lord Wenloek, and brother John
Lancostrother, prior of the order of Saint John throughout
England, deliberated in council how they might contrive most
speedily to pass along the western coast, and, making their
way by Bristol, Gloucester, and Chester, reach Lancashire,
where great numbers of men skilled in archery were to be
found : for they felt quite confident that the nobles and people
in those parts, beyond all others throughout the kingdom; were
well affected to the Lancastrian line. Nor perhaps would they
have been deceived in forming this opinion, had not king
Edward used such great expedition in marching from London

46G ooxrmAmm o* m* mrofeY of dsoYiASD. ▲>»; U7i.

with a small body of troops to meet them, ifc ofrde#* thtffc their
further passage might be intercepted; an object which was
accordingly effected in the county of Gloucester.

When both armies had now become so extremely fatigued
with the labour of inarching and tliirat that they cOuM pro-
ceed no further, they joinfxl battle near the town of Tewkes-
bury. After the result had long remamed doubtful, king EAwwrd
at last gained a glorious victory. Upon this occasion, there
were slain on the queen's side, either on the field or affcer'the
battle, by the avenging hands of certain persons,80 prittce Ed-
ward, the only son of king Henry, the duke of Somerset, the
earl of Devon, and all and every the other lords ab$ve-raen-
tioned. Queen Margaret also was taken prisoner atfdpfreserved
in safety, in order that she might be carried to London, there
to appear helm the king*s triumphal oar; which was accord-
ingly done.

But, while these things were going on, and while king Edward,
graced with this twofold victory, would seen, in the judgment
of all, most undeniably to have proved the justice of his cause)
the fury of many of the malignants was not averted, and
especially in Kent ; for the hands of these people were still
extended [against the king]. Some men of this description,
being instigated by certain of the remains of the earl of War-
wick's mercenaries, mariners and (pirates from Calais, met
together and placed themselves under the command of one
Thomas, the Bastard of Falconbridge ; after which, aome by
land, and others by the river Thames, reached London irora
the most distant parts of the county. Here having surveyed
all the inlets and outlets of the city, they studied with all their
energies how they might possibly subject this most opulent
eity to their ravages. For this purpose, they brought up ships,
which they had prepared for the purpose, almost into the very
port, in order that, putting on board the whole of their spoil,
they might obtain subsistence by means thereof in other quar-
ters. With this object, many of them collected together upon
London Bridge, and many others on the opposite side of the
city at the gate which bears the name of/ Bishopsgate' ;• where
they made most furious assaults, and laid waste everything

50 He evidently alludes either to Edward or his brother Richard, duke
of Gloucester. Horace Walpole, in his " Historic Doubts," thinks that
the latter is referred to, and he is probably right in his- conjecture,' • -

a*, J4?l, Rum .RWAflfl>4GMU5r «WTBMi.L«rwHr i» t«vkph. 48?

with, fire. and sword, & order, by some means or other, to
effect an entrance. The vestiges of their misdeeds are even
yet to be seen upon the said bridge, as they burned all the
tames which lay between the draw* bridge and the outer
gate, that looks towards the High Street of Southwark, and
which had been built at a vast expense,

God, however, being unwilling that a city so renowned, and
the eapital of the whole kingdom of England, should be de-
Ji yered- into the hands of such wretohes, to be plundered by
them, gave to the Londoners stout hearts, which prompted
thenx to offer resistance on the day of battle. This they were
especially aided in doing by a sudden and unexpected sally,
which was made by Antony, earl Elvers, from the Tower of
London* Falling, at the head of his horsemen, upon the rear
of the«nemy while they were making furious assaults upon the
gate above-mentioned, he afforded the Londoners an oppor*
tunity of opening the city gates and engaging hand to hand
with the foe; upon which they manfully slew or put to
flight each and every of them. Then might you have seen
all the. remnants of this band of robbers hastening with all
speed to their ships and other hiding-places.

These abandoned men being thus routed and put to flight,
both citizens, guests, and strangers, were greatly rejoiced
thereat, as well as all other persons who had taken refuge in
the place for the sake of additional safety during the ravages
of this tempest. All these events took place in the month of
May, shortly before the feast of the Ascension of our Lord.

On the vigil of this feast, king Edward entered London in
state for the third time, with a retinue far greater than any of
lis former armies, and with standards unfurled and borne
before him and the nobles of his army. Upon this occasion
many were struck with surprise and astonishment, seeing that
there was now no enemy left for him to encounter. This pru-
dent prince however, fully understanding the fickle disposition
of the people of Kent, had come to the resolution that he would
not disarm until he had visited those ravagers with condign
punishment for their misdeeds at their own doors. For this
purpose, he proceeded into Kent with his horse in hostile,
form ; having done which, he returned, a most renowned con-
queror and a mighty monarch ; whose praises resounded for
and wj.de t^oughout the land, for having achieved such great

hh2

468 WSTrSTTkTlGlt OF TH* HISTORY OF OltOYlASTD. A.*. \4S 1.

exploits with such wondrous expedition and in so short a
space of time.

I would pass over in silence the feet that at this period king
Henry was found dead in the Tower of London ; may God
•pare and grant time for repentance to the person, whoever he
was, who thus dared to lay sacrilegious hands upon the lord's
anointed! Hence it is that, he who perpetrated this has
justly earned the title of tyrant,11 while he who thus suffered
has gained that of a glorious Martyr. The body was exhibited
for some days in Saint Paul's church at London, and was
carried thence by the river Thames to the conventual church
of the monks at Chertsey, in the diocese of Winchester, fifteen
miles from the city ; a kind of barge having been solemnly
prepared for the purpose, provided with lighted torches. How
great his deserts were, by reason of his innocence of life, his
love of God and of the Church, his patience in adversity, and
his other remarkable virtues, is abundantly testified by the
miracles which God has wrought in favour of those who have,
with devout hearts, implored his intercession.

The praises of these regal victories having been carried to
the most illustrious duke of Burgundy, who was there to be
found more glad than he ? For being then at war with their
common enemy, king Louis, he could not entertain a doubt
but that he should receive assistance against him at the hands
of his allies. And who was there to be found more sorrowful
than Louis ? through whose craftiness alone bo many domestic
foes had been thus frequently raised up against the person of
king Edward ; but now, at last, all in vain. Certain ambas-
sadors were accordingly sent to the king by the duke, not more
for the purpose of congratulating him on his successes, than
of reminding him what a degree of ill-will their common enemy
had shewn against his serene highness, and advising his ma-
jesty to give his early thoughts to making and carrying out
preparations for a descent on France, not so much with the
object of avenging past injuries, as of regaining the lights of
his ancestors, which had been lost in France ; while at the
same time he was assured that he should have the duke as a
sharer in the expedition, and a partner in both his prosperity
and his adversity. Having taken so important an oner as this
into due consideration, it was at last determined that the king
should send some one of his people, for the purpose of en-
81 This appears to be a hint of Edward V complicity.

4.4* U71. MSFUm BBTWBBF THB XING'* BE0IHBES. ,40.9

quiring more thoroughly into the duke's intentions, and of in-
forming the king thereon.

Accordingly, one of the king's council was sent, a Doctor3* of
Cation Law, He was despatched, however, hy way of Bou-
logne (for at this time Calais had not as yet been reduced to
obedience to the king) ; and he found the duke at a certain
grieat and well-fortified town, situate on the river Somme,
which is called Abbat's Vill or Abbeville, in the county
of Pontay. Having fulfilled the object of his embassy, he
returned, bringing with him most earnest requests for as-
sistance, by way of Calais, which shortly after, with all the
matches adjacent thereto, in conformity with the king's views,
received William, lord Hastings, the king's chamberlain, with
all respect and submissiveness, and surrendered to him pos-
session of the place. By means of this short embassy were
laid the foundations of those mighty preparations of "which
mention will be found made in the. sequel, for recovering the
king's rights in France. In this manner passed the summer
of this year, being the eleventh of the reign of king Edward
the Fourth, and the year of our Lord, 1471. In the Michael-
was Term after this, by act of Parliament, many persons were
attainted and several other measures taken, which it is not
'Worth. while individually here to describe. . This Parliament
lasted nearly two years.

It is my intention here to insert an account of the dissen-
sions which arose during this Michaelmas Term between the
two brothers of the king already mentioned, and which
were with difficulty quieted. After, as already stated, the
son of king Henry, to whom the lady Anne, the youngest
daughter of the earl of Warwick, had been married, was slain
at the battle of Tewkesbury, Eichard, duke of Gloucester,
sought the said Anne in marriage. This propostd, however,
-did not suit the views of his brother, the duke of Clarence,
who had previously married the eldest daughter of the same
earL Such being the case, he caused the damsel to be conceal-
ed, in order that it might not be known by his brother where
.she was ; as he was afraid of a division of the earl's property,
which he wished to come to himself alone in right of his wife,
and not to be obliged to share it with any other person. Still
however, the craftiness of the duke of Gloucester so far pre-
vailed,, that he discovered the young lady in the city of Lon-
. sa The writer of this history— Marginal Not*.

470 coffriirtrATiojr Of ttoi tfiwronv or oitottAirD. Ain.1'473.

don disguised in the habit of a cookmaid ; upon' which he had
her removed to the sanctuary of Saint Martin's. In conse-
quence of this, snoh violent dissensions tfrode between the
brothers, and so many* arguments were, with the greatest
acuteness, put forward on either side, in the king's presence,
who sat in judgment in the council-chamber, that all present,
and the lawyers even, Were quite surprised that these princes
should find arguments in such abundance by means of which
to support their' respective causes. In fact, these three
brothers, the king and the two dukes, were possessed of such
surpassing talents, that, if they had been able to five without
dissensions, such a threefold cord could never have been
broken without the utmost difficulty. At last, their most
loving brother, king Edward, agreed to act ds mediator be-
tween them ; and in order that the discord between princes of
such high rank might not cause any hindrance to the carrying
out of his royal intentions in relation to the affairs of France,
the whole misunderstanding was at last set at rest, upon the
following terms; the marriage of the duke of Gloucester with
Anne before-named was to take place, and he was to have
such and so much of the earl's lands as should be agreed upon
between them through the mediation of arbitrators ; while all
the rest were to remain in the possession of the duke of Cla-
rence. The consequence was, that little ot nothing was left
at the disposal of the real lady and heiress, the countess of
Warwick, to whom for the whole of her life the most noble
inheritance of the Warwicks and the Despencers properly be-
longed. However I readily pass over a matter so incurable
as this, without attempting to find a cause for it, and so leave
these strong-willed men to the impulse of their own wills;
thinking it better to set forth the remaining portion of this
narrative, so far as it occurs to my memory, with unbiassed
words, and, so far as I am aware, without any admixture of
falsehood therewith.

During this Parliament, (which was * * presided over
by a variety of chancellors, there being, first, Robert, bishop of
Bath, who did nothing except through his pupil, John Alcock,
bishop of Worcester ; secondly, Lawrence, bishop of Durham,
who became qpite fatigued and weary with his endless labours ;
and thirdly, Thomas, bishop of Lincoln, who fully carried out
all his purposes to the very end:) the principal object of the

*,»» 1474. SOW EfrWASB *10C*ra TO OilA», <4Tl

king was to encourage the nobles and people to engage in the
waj" against Eranoe; in the promotion of which object, many
epeeebea of remarkable eloquence were made in Parliament,
.both of a public and private nature, especially on behalf of the
duke of Burgundy. The result was, that all applauded the
king's intentions, and bestowed the highest praises on his
proposed plana; and numerous tenths and fifteenths were
granted, on several occasions, according to the exigencies of the
case, in assemblies of the clergy and of such of the laity as
took any part in making grants of that nature. Besides this,
those who were possessed of realty and personal property, all
of them, readily granted the tenth part of their possessions.
When it now seemed that not even all the grants before-
mentioned would suffice for the maintenance of such great
expenses, a new and unheard-of impost was introduced,
every one was to give just what he pleased, or rather, just
what he did not please, by way of benevolence* The money
raised from grants so large and so numerous as these amount-
ed to sums the like of which was never seen before, nor is it
probable that they ever will be seen in times to come.

Besides this, in order that these intentions on the king's
part might not be frustrated by multiplied hostilities, provi-
sion was thoughtfully made that the Scots should not remain
like so many enemies behind our backs, and that the men of
the Teutonic Hanse Towns, who had now begun to infest the
English seas, should not aid the enemy in person and with their
ships, against ns. Accordingly, peace was first established
with these two countries in our vicinity, an embassy being
first despatched to Utrecht, which reached that place in three
days, and after that, to Scotland.

. In the following year, being the year one thousand31 * * *
and the fourteenth year of the reign of the said king Ed-*
ward, in the months of May and June the king transported
across all his armed force, together with most noble and
most ample equipments, to Calais ; where the moat illustrious
prince, Charles, duke of Burgundy, having arrived with a
few followers, held a prolonged debate with the king's coun-
cil respecting the oourse of the two armies, the king's and his
own, and the place at which they might most conveniently
meet. You might then have seen certain of our party highly
eJLuted ; being those who would have gladly returned home leav-
« a.d. 1474.

472 coimstTArtON of th» hmtost gf CKonajra. a.»; hh.

ing the object of the expedition unattained, on the ground that
die duke was to blame, for failing to hare his troops ready
and close at hand. Others however, whose maids wererbetter
disposed, and who studied glory rather than their own ease,
thought that in acting thus the duke had performed the part
of a prudent prince and of one who hoped for the best tor,
as he very well knew, the king's army alone was sufficiently
strong in case any attack should be suddenly made upon him.
Indeed, so extremely well-prepared was that force,, that if they
had been his own men he would not have wished for a larger
number, at the head of which to march triumphantly through
the midst of France to the very gates of the city uf Borne ;
these were the very words he uttered in public. Besides
this, if the whole of the duke's army had been in sight of
ours, it is by no means improbable that the first battle would
have been between them, for provisions, quarters, or other
things of which they might have stood in need ; than which
nothing could have been possibly found more gratifying to the
common enemy of both.

Nevertheless, the princes proceeded onward on their contem-
plated route, and while, day after day, they approached nearer
and nearer to the territories of the enemy, the duke on one oc-
casion having turned aside to visit his own cities, in some way,
I know not how, a suggestion reached us on part of the enemy
for entering into a treaty of peace. Nor yet, as some persons
have asserted, ought the conditions appended thereto to appear
unbecoming or in any way disgraceful to our people; the offer
being made on the terms, among other things, that the Dau-
phin should be united to the king's eldest daughter with a most
ample marriage portion, and that a jrearly payment should be
made to him of ten thousand pounds for the purpose of defray-
ing the expenses of the war that had been commenced, a truce
Or cessation of warfare being made for a period of seven years.

However, upon this, the duke refused to have any farther deal*
ings with the king who thus purposed to make peace witk their
adversary, seeing that he had previously engaged with him alone
to continue the war with their- united resources against their
common enemy, and accordingly withdrew in a state of dis-
content. Our Commissioners, having now concluded peace
with the opposite side, in due form and to the effect previ-
ously mentioned, brought word to the king and his council

A,*K 1*1 74. KIJf« JBDWUtB WWUXIY E3TF9BC1S IKK X4WS. 47 J

wimt 'steps th«y had taken ; which were for many reasons
considered to be very seasonable and peculiarly suitable to the
present interests of the persons respectively engaged therein.
Upon, this, mir men spent the whole of their pay, and with
good-will" on both sides an end was put to the war ; which,
after preparations made with incredible expense and a degree
of diligence and energy unheard-of in this age, had never yet
been able to reach a commencement.

After this, a conference was held between the two kings,
for the purpose of more firmly establishing the peace that had
been made between them. Indeed, there was no kind of
pledge, promise, or oath made in public, which king Louis
would not willingly give in order to guarantee the due per-
formance of the terms agreed on. Accordingly, our lord the
king returned to England, having thus concluded an honor-
able treaty of peace : for in this light it was regarded by the
higher officers28 of the royal army, although there is nothing
so holy or of so high a sanction, that it may not have con-
tempt thrown upon it by being ill spoken of. Indeed, some
persons immediately began to cavil at peace being thus con-
cluded, but these soon received condign punishment for their
presumption. Others, on their return home, betook them-
selves to theft and rapine, so that no road throughout Eng-
land was left in a state of safety for either merchants or pU*
grims.

Upon this, our lord the king was compelled, in person, to-
gether with his judges, to make a survey of the kingdom ; and
no one, not even his own domestic, did he spare, but instantly
had him hanged, if he was found to be guilty of theft or murder.
These rigorous sentences being universally carried into execu-
tion, public acts of robbery were soon put a stop to for a con-
siderable time. However, if this prudent prince had not
manfully put an end to this commencement of mischief, the
number of people complaining of the unfair management of
the resources of the kingdom, in consequence of such quan-
tities of treasure being abstracted from the coffers of each and
uselessly consumed, would have increased to such a degree

** This passage appears to be in a. very imperfect state. If translated
at all literally, it is impossible to make any sense of it.

* The fact being, that most of them were .bribed.

474 C05TIXTXACT0H OF THB JUftNUU OF CT60¥1AM. A.O. 14*6.

that no one could have said whose head, among the king a
advisers, was in safety: and the more especially those, who,
induced by friendship for the French king or by his presents,
had persuaded the king to make peace in manner previously
mentioned.

There is no doubt that the king felt his perplexed situation
in this matter most deeply at heart, and was by no means
ignorant of the condition of his people, and how readily they
might be betrayed, in case they should find a leader, to enter
into rebellious plans, and conceive a thirst for change. Ac-
cordingly, seeing that things had now come to such a pass, that
from thenceforth he could not dare, in his emergencies, to ask
the assistance of the English people, and finding that (a thing
which really was the case) it was through want of money that
the French expedition had, in such a short time, come to no-
thing; he turned all his thoughts to the question, how he
might in future collect an amount of treasure worthy of his
royal station out of his own substance, and by the exercise of
his own energies. Accordingly, having called Parliament
together, he resumed possession of nearly all the royal estates,
without regard to whom they had been granted, and applied
the whole thereof to the support of the expenses of the crown.
Throughout all the ports of the kingdom he appointed inspec-
tors of the customs, men of remarkable shrewdness, but too
hard, according to general report, upon the merchants. The
king himself, also, having procured merchant ships, put on
board of them the finest wools, cloths, tin, and other produc-
tions of the kingdom, and, like a private individual living
by trade, exchanged merchandize for merchandize, by means
of his factors, among both Italians and Greeks. The revenues
of vacant prelacies, which, according to Magna Charta, cannot
be sold, he would only part with out of his hands at a stated
sum, and on no other terms whatever. He also examined the
register and rolls of Chancery, and exacted heavy fines from
those whom he found to have intruded and taken possession of
estates without prosecuting their rights in form required by
law ; by way of return for the rents which they had in the
meantime received. These, and more of a similar nature than
can possibly be conceived by a man who is inexperienced in
such matters, were his methods of making up a purse ; added
to which, there was the yearly tribute of ten thousand pounds

A.*. 1470. »«A*K OF WHK WISBECH, ABBAT OP C10TLABD. 475

due from France, together with numerous tenths from the
churches, from which the prelates and clergy had been unable
to get themselves excused. All these particulars, in the course
of a rery few years, rendered him an extremely wealthy prince ;
so much so, that, for collecting vessels of gold and silver, ta-
pestries, and decorations of the most precious nature, both for
his palaces and for various churches, and for building castles,
oolleges, and other distinguished places, and making new ac-
quisitions of lands and possessions, not one of his predecessors
was at all able to equal his remarkable achievements.

in the meantime, and while the king was, lor some years,
as we have already stated, intent upon accumulating these
vast quantities of wealth, he expended a considerable part of
them in a solemn repetition of the funeral rites of his father,
Richard, the late duke of York. For this most wise monarch,
recalling to mind the very humble place of his father's burial
(the house of the Mendicant Friars at Pomfret, where the
body of that great prince had been interred, amid the disturb-*
ances of the time at which he perished), translated the bones
of his father, as well as those of his brother Edmund, earl of
Rutland, to the fine college of Fodringham,24 which he had
founded, in the diocese of Lincoln, attended by two processions,
which consisted both of persons distinguished by birth and
high rank : the one being of ecclesiastics, and consisting of the
prelates, the other of various peers and lords temporal. This
solemnity was performed on certain days in the month of July,
in the sixteenth year of the said king, being the year of our
Lord, 1476.

In this year, the before-named John Wysbech, who had in a
moat praiseworthy manner presided over the monastery of
Croyland for nearly seven years, departed the way of all flesh,
on the nineteenth day of November. It is my intention here
to- hand down to remembrance, and, by way of example, to
posterity, certain memorable actions of this venerable father,
from the time at which he accepted the pastoral office, His
first act, after he had received the dignity of abbat, was to
cause the chapel of Saint Pega, commonly called Saint Pegaof
Paylond, to be. rebuilt, after the same had been for many years
levelled with the ground ; for he wisely remembered the pas-
sage in the Gospel, " Seek ye first the kingdom of God — and
w Futheringay, in Northamptonshire.

476 coKTnrrAiaoirwTHrHi8!n»rorci(wriAjn). *».l-tf6.

alt these things shall be added to you." ». He ato-added greatly
to the beoomingness of the celebration of Bitfine servi^ both
in duly repairing the old organ, and in procuring a &£jr *ne.
He also began several fine buildings, as well mt^nn the site of
the abbey as without : and, using the greatest diKgenoe^ eom>
pleted not only these, but also all the others which had been
begun by his predecessor. Among those which, stand conspi-
cuous above all the rest, to the honor and glory of the abbey
court, are those fine chambers which were begun byabbat
Litlyngton, between the western part of the church and the
almonry, but were afterwards completed by this father, at a
vast expense. He also caused the great granary to be erected
which is situate near the bake-house; and had four ^well-
lighted rooms made out of some dark dens near the cloister*,
for the use of the abbat's officers ; besides which, a thing that
ought on no account to be omitted, he erected for the scholars
of this place destined for Cambridge, convenient chambers in
^Buckingham College belonging to the monks, well suited for the
purposes of study and repose. Through his diligence and con-
siderate management, he had the service, not to call it hauutge,
of the vill commuted, by means of a certain fine, from the de-
livery whioh had been customarily made yearly to the monas-
tery of Peterborough of four stones of wax, into a payment of
twenty-pence ; to the end that more sincere36 brotherly love
might thenceforth exist between the brethren of the two mo-
nasteries. He, too, was the first most wisely to abolish that
ancient97 custom, or rather corrupt usage, of giving knives to
every stranger on Saint Bartholomew's day f* in consequence
of which, the abbats and convent have considerable reason to
rejoice at being for ever delivered from a piece of great and
needless expense. Besides this, he obtained a bull of dispen-
sation from the pope, which permitted the eating of flesh at
Septuagesima. He was a man of distinguished piety in aH his
actions; the same being manifested in his conduct both towards

» St. Matthew vl 38. St. Luke xii. 31. " Now Magdalen College.

36 In the use of the word " aincerior," the writer probably intends a
pun, in allusion to the primary meaning of the word " ainceru*," " with-
out wax," from " sine cera."

21 «• Venustum" seems to he a misprint for " yetustam."

tt* August 24th. This custom originated in allusion to the kniftr witii
whidh St. Bartholomew was flayed Some of them bore representations
of thje whips with which St. Gutblae inflicted selfcattigfttron* .. Thej are
still sometimes found at Croyland. :

A. ft. 147*. UtariSD CBOYXUTD XCBCXKD ABR1T. 477

his brethren and the farmers and tenants of the place. In his
dayB there happened a great misfortune — a fire in the rill of
Croyiand ; is oonaecmenee of which, although the revenues of
'the monastery bad decreased to the amount of twenty marks
per annum, this pious father, entertaining bowels of compassion
towards his poor tenants, in his gracious bounty distributed
divers sums of money to Buch as had been damnified thereby,
in order to encourage them to rebuild; indeed, he himself
would have rebuilt the edifices belonging to the monastery,
if his life had been prolonged. He died, as already stated,
on the nineteenth, day of November, in the sixteenth year of
king Edward.

By oanonioal election, brother Richard Croyland, a Bachelor
of Divinity, was appointed in his place, on the seventeenth
day of December, in the year of our Lord, 1476, and in the
year of king Edward above stated. He had previously filled
the office of Seneschal of the said monastery, and of his life
and fortunes I shall set forth some particulars, when I come
to the year 1483.

In returning to the history of this kingdom, and recalling
to memory by what glory and tranquillity king Edward had
rendered himself illustrious, after having gathered together
treasures innumerable Hfrom the French tribute and the other
particulars previously mentioned, let us subjoin certain matters
that will admit of no denial* A new dissension, whieh sprang
up shortly after, between him and his brother, the duke of
Clarence, very greatly tarnished the glories of this most pru-
dent king. For that duke now seemed gradually more and
more to estrange himself from the king's presence, hardly ever
to utter a word in council, and not without reluctance to eat
or drink in the king's abode. On account of this interruption
of their former friendship, many thought that the duke was
extremely sore at heart, because, on the occasion of the general
resumption which the king had lately made in Parliament, the
dnke had lost the noble demesne of Tutbury, and several other
lands, which he had formerly obtained by royal grant.

In the meantime, Charles, duke of Burgundy, after, as al-
ready stated, he had left the king, subjected the whole of Lor-
raine to his arms. Proceeding onwards, most boldly, not to
say rashly, ***** the third time that he engaged
with the people who are at the present day commonly called

478 ooirnmrATioir •* ran ussobx osr gmzlakd. a.o, 1477.

[ the Switzere], a battle was fought antiw day of the Epiphany,
m which he was defeated, and met his death; it being in. the
year of our Lord, according to the Boman eoniputatipn, 1477,
This piece of foreign history I have hero inserted* because it
was universally mentioned that after the death of Oharjet, his
widow, the duchess, lady Margaret, whose affections were feed
on her brother Clarence beyond any of the zest of her kindved,
exerted all herstaength and energies thatlCary, theonly^aughter
and heir of the said duke Charles deceased, might be muted
in marriage to that duke, whose wife had recently died* &>
great a contemplated exaltation as this, however, of his un-
grateful brother, displeased the king. He consequently threipr
ill possible impediments in the way, in order that the match
before-mentioned might not be carried into effect, and exerted
all his influence that the heiress might be given in marriage to
Maximilian, the son of the emperor ; which was afterwards

The indignation of the duke was probably still further in-
creased by this; and now each began to look, upon- the other
with no very fraternal eyes. Yeu might then, bave^en, (as
such men are generally to be found in the courts of ail prineea),
flatterers running to and fro, from the one side to the otter,
end carrying backwards and forwards the words which had
fallen from the two brothers, even if they had happened to he
spoken in the most secret closet. The arrest of tie duke for
the purpose of compelling him to answer the charges, brought
against him, happened under the following tircuinaiancea. One
Master John Stacy, a person who was caUedan astronomer, when
in reality he was rather a great sorcerer, formed &pV>t in oon-
j unction with one Burdet, an esquire, and one of the said duke's
household; upon which, he was accused* among numerous
other charges, of having made leaden images and. other things
to procure thereby the death of Eichard, lord Beaadhamp, at
the request of his adulterous wife. Upon being questione*d in
a very severe examination as to his practice of damnable arts
of this nature, he made confession of many matters, which tojd
both against himself and the said Thomas Burdet, The eon-
sequence was, that Thomas was arrested as well; and at last
judgment of death was pronounced upon them both, at West-
minster, from the Bench of our lord the king, the judges being
there seated, together with nearly all the lords, teninoial of tfre

a.d. U7?» mvxiBonasT xim ths duxb oef olabdtcb. 479

kingdom. Being drawn to the gallowB at Tyburn, they were
permitted briefly to say what they thought fit before being put
to death ; upon which, they protested their innocence, Stacy
indeed bat faintly; while, on the other hand, Burflet spoke at
■great length, and with much spirit, and, as his last words, ex-
claimed with Susanna,96 "Behold! I must die; whereas I
never did such tilings as these.'1

On the following day, the duke of Clarence came to the
council-chamber at Westminster, bringing with him a famous
Doctor of the order of Minorites, Master William Goddard by
nuine, in order that he might read the confession and declara-
tion of innocence above-mentioned before the lords in the said
council assembled ; which he accordingly did, and then with-
drew. The king was then at Windsor, but when he was inr
fbrraed of this circumstance, he was greatly displeased thereat,
and recalling to mind the information formerly laid against his
brother, and which he had long kept treasured up in his breast,
be summoned the duke to appear on a certain day in the royal
palace of Westminster : upon which, in presence of the Mayor
«nd aldermen of the city of London, the king began, with his
own lips, amongst other matters, to inveigh against the conduct
of the before-named duke, as being derogatory to the laws of
the realm, and most dangerous to judges and jurors throughout
the kingdom. But why enlarge ? The duke was placed in
custody, and from that day up to the time of his death never
was known to hare regained his liberty.

The circumstances that happened in the ensuing Parliament
my mind quite shudders to enlarge upon, for then was to be
witnessed a sad strife carried on before these two brethren
of such high estate.29 For not a single person uttered a
word against the duke, except the king ; not one individual
made answer to the king except the duke. Some parties were
introduced, however, as to whom it was greatly doubted by
many, whether they filled the office of accusers rather, or of
witnesses : these two offices not being exactly suited to the
same person in the same cause. The duke met all the charges
made against him with a denial, and- offered, if he could only

** Hist Susanna, v. 43.

20 One would think that " tantse humanitatis," can hardly mean " of
inch humanity," when applied to such persons as Edward the Fourth and
fug brother Clarence.

480 ooNTnniAXicnr or the histost or csotlakd. a.d. 1473.

•obtain a hearing, to defend his cause with his own hand. But
why delay in using many words? Parliament, being of
opinion that the informations which they had heard were es-
tablished, passed sentence upon him of condemnation, the
same being pronounced by the mouth of Henry, duke of Buck-
ingham, who was appointed Seneschal of England, for the oc-
casion. After this, execution was delayed for a considerable
time ; until the Speaker of the Commons, coming to the upper
house with his fellows, made a fresh request that the matter
might be brought to a conclusion. In consequence of this, in
a few days after, the execution, whatever its nature may have
been, took place, (and would that it had ended these troubles !)
in the Tower of London, it being the year of our Lord, 1478,
and the eighteenth of the reign of king Edward.

After the perpetration of this deed, many persons left king
Edward, fully persuaded that he would be able to lord it over
the whole kingdom at his will and pleasure, all those idols
being now removed, towards the faces of whom the eyes of
the multitude, ever desirous of change, had been in the habit
of turning in times past. They regarded as idols of this de-
scription, the earl of Warwick, the duke of Clarence, and any
other great person there might then happen to be in the kingdom,
who had withdrawn himself from the king's intimacy. The
king however, although, as I really believe, he inwardly re-
pented very often of this act, after this period, performed the
duties of his office with such a high hand, that he appeared to
be dreaded by all his subjects, while he himself stood in fear of
no one. For, as he had taken care to distribute the most trust-
worthy of his servants throughout all parts of the kingdom,
as keepers of castles, manors, forests, and parks, no attempt
whatever could be made in any part of the kingdom by any
person, however shrewd he might be, but what he was imme-
diately charged with the same to his face.

At this time and during nearly two years before the
king's death, king Louis failed in the strict observance of the
engagements which he had previously entered into as to the
truce and the tribute ; aa he was only watching for a time at
which he might be released from all fears of the English. For
after the agreement had become generally known, which had
been made with the people of Flanders, and by which the
daughter of duke Maximilian was to be given in marriage

A-O. 1482. FEAST OF T£E NATIVITY KEPI AT WESTMTNSTEB. £8Jl

to the Dauphin, the king was defrauded of one year'? tribute ;
while in the meantime, captures began to take place, both of
the subjects and ships of the two kingdoms. Amid these tem-
pests in which the English were thus involved, the Spots,
encouraged by the French, of whom they had been the allies
of old, imprudently broke the treaty of peace for thirty years
which we had formerly made with them ; and this, notwith-
standing the fact that king Edward had long paid a yearly sum
of one thousand marks by way of dowry for Cecily, one of his
daughters, who had been promised in marriage by a formal
embassy to the eldest son of the king of the Scots. In con-
sequence of this, x a tremendous and destructive war was pro-
claimed by Edward against the Scots, and the entire command
of the expedition was given to Richard, duke of Gloucester,
the king's brother.

What he effected in this expedition, what sums of money,
again extorted under the name of benevolences, he uselessly
squandered away, the affair in its results sufficiently proved.
Por no resistance being offered, he marched as far as Edinburgh
with the whole of his army, and then leaving that most opulent
city untouched, returned by way of Berwick, which town had
been taken upon his first entrance into that country; upon
whioh, the castle, which had held out much longer, not without
rast slaughter and bloodshed fell into the hands of the Eng-
lish. This trifling, I really know not whether to call it
*' gain " or fi loss," (for the safe keeping of Berwick each year
swallows up ten thousand marks), at this period diminished
the resources of the king and kingdom by more than a hundred
thousand pounds. King Edward was vexed at this frivolous
outlay of so much money> although the recovery of Berwick
-above-mentioned in some degree alleviated his sorrow. These
were the results of the duke's expedition into Scotland in the
summer of the year of our Lord, 1482, the same being the
twenty-second year of the reign of king Edward.

King Edward kept the following feast of the Nativity at his
palace at Westminster, frequently appearing clad in a great
variety of most costly garments, of quite a different cut to those
which had been usually seen hitherto in our kingdom. The
sleeves of the robes were very full and hanging, greatly resem-
bling a monk's frock, and so lined within with most costly furs,
and rolled oyer the shoulders, as to give that prince a new and
ii

462 COKTlSlTATIOlSr OP THE HISTOBT OF CROTLA3STD. A.*. 1482.

distinguished air to beholders, be being a person of most elegant
appearance, and remarkable beyond all others for the attractions
of bis person. You might have seen, in those days, the royal
court presenting no other appearance than such as tally befits a
most mighty kingdom, filled with riches and with people of
almost all nations, and (a point in which it excelled all others)
boasting of those most sweet and beautiful children, the issue of
his marriage, which has been previously mentioned, with queen
Elizabeth. For they had ten children, of whom, however, at
this time, in consequence of the decease of three, there were but
seven surviving. Of these, two were boys, Edward, prince of
"Wales, and Eichard, duke of York and Norfolk, but had not
yet attained the years of puberty. Their five daughters, most
beauteous maidens, were called, naming them in the order of
their respective ages, the first, Elizabeth, the second, Cecily,
the third, Anne, the fourth, Catherine, and the fifth, Dorothy.
Although solemn embassies had been despatched, and promises
made, on the faith and words of princes, respecting the mar-
riage of each of these daughters, and the same had been, in
.former years, agreed upon under letters of covenant concluded
in the most approved form, still, it was not believed at this
time that any one of the alliances above-mentioned would take
place ; to such mutability was everything subject, in conse-
quence of the vacillating conduct of France, Scotland, Bur-
gundy, and Spain, in regard to England.

This spirited prince now saw, and most anxiously regretted,
that he was thus at last deluded by king Louis ; who had not
only withdrawn the promised tribute, but had declined the alli-
ance which had been solemnly agreed upon between the Dau-
phin and the king's eldest daughter ; encouraged the Scots to
break the truce, and to show contempt for the match with our
princess Cecily ; and, taking part with the burghers of Ghent,
used his utmost endeavours to molest the party of the duke of
Austria, the king's ally; as well as, with his singular craftiness,
carried into execution every possible kind of maliciousness,
both by sea and by land, in order that he might annihilate the
power of this kingdom. Upon this, the king thought of no-
thing else but taking vengeance; and accordingly, having
again summoned Parliament, disclosed to them this prolonged
series of frauds, and conciliated the minds of all, as often as
time and circumstances afforded him an opportunity for so

a. d. 1483. dbath of mr<* sdwabd thi jotoxb. 483

doing, in order to obtain their assistance in carrying out his
plans of revenge. Still, however, though he did not venture
as yet to ask any pecuniary subsidies from the Commons, he
did not conceal his necessities from the prelates, and blandly
asked them, with the most earnest entreaties, to grant him the
tithes then next due ; just as though, when the prelates and
clergy once make their appearance in convocation, whatever
the king thinks fit to ask, that same ought to be done. Oh,
deadly destruction to the Church, which must arise from
such servility ! May God avert it from the minds of all suc-
ceeding kings, ever to make a precedent of an act of this na-
ture ! lest, perchance, evils may chance to befall them, worse
even than can be conceived, and such as shortly afterwards
miserably befell this same king and his most illustrious progeny.

For, shortly after the events already stated, and when the
Parliament had been dissolved, the king, neither worn out with
old age nor yet seized with any known kind of malady, the
cure of which would not have appeared easy in the case of a
person of more humble rank, took to his bed. This happened
about the feast of Easter ; and, on the ninth day of April, he
rendered up his spirit to his Creator, at his palace at West-
minster, it being the year of our Lord, 1483, and the twenty-
third of his reign.

This prince, although in his day he was thought to have
indulged his passions and desires too intemperately, was still,
in religion, a most devout Catholic, a most unsparing enemy
to all heretics, and a most loving encourager of wise and learned
men, and of the clergy. He was also a most devout reverer of
the Sacraments of the Church, and most sincerely repentant for
all his sins. This is testified by those who were present on
the occasion of Mb decease ; to whom, and especially to those
whom he left as executors of his last will, he declared, in a
distinct and Catholic form, that it was his desire that, out of
the chattels which he left behind him in such great abundance,
satisfaction should be made, either fully, or on a composition
made voluntarily, and without extortion on their part, to all
those persons to whom he was, by contract, extortion, fraud,
or any other mode, indebted. Such was the most beseeming
end of this worldly prince, a better than which could not be
hoped for or conceived, after the manifestation by him of so
large a share of the frailties inherent to the lot of mankind.

i i 2

484 CONTINUATION 07 THE HISTORY OF CEQfTLlK©. A J>. 1483,

Hence; too, very strong- hopes were afforded to all his faithful
servants, that he would not fail to receive the reward of eternal
salvation. For after, like Zaccheus, he had expressed his wish
that one half of his goods should be given unto the- poor, sad
that if he had defrauded any one of aught, the same should he
returned to him fourfold * » * ♦ * fte^
oan be no doubt that, through this intention on his part, sal*
ration was wrought for his soul, beoatiee he was a eon of
Abraham, predestined to> the light which God had formerly
promised unto Abraham and his seed. For we read that it
was not the works of Zaccheus which Christ regarded, but his
intentions. Probably, however, this intention on the part of
Zaccheus, though he was not then on a bed of sickness, was
afterwards carried out; while the king, fully deserving the re-
ward of these his good intentions, was carried off imiaediateiy
[perhaps] in order that evil thoughts, supplanting them, might
not change his designs.

I shall here be silent upon the circumstance which might
have been mentioned above, in a more befitting place, that
men of every rank, condition, and degree of experience, through-
out the kingdom, wondered that a man of such corpulence, and
so fond of boon, companionship, vanities, debauchery, extrava-
gance, and sensual enjoyments, should nave had a memory so
retentive, in all respects, that the names and estates used to
recur to him, just as though he had been in the habit of seeing
them daily, of nearly all the persons dispersed throughout the
counties of this kingdom ; and this even, if, in the districts
in which they lived, they held the rank only of a private gen-
tleman. Long before his illness he had made his will, at very
considerable length, having abundant means to satisfy it ; and
had, after mature deliberation, appointed therein many persons
to act as his executors, and carry out his wishes. On his
death-bed he added some codicils thereto ; but what a sad and
unhappy result befell all these wise dispositions of his, the en-
suing tragedy will more fully disclose.

For while the councillors of the king, now deceased, were pre-
sent with the queen at Westminster, and were naming a cer-
tain day, on which the eldest son of king Edward, (who at this
time was in Wales), should repair to London for the ceremonial
of his coronation, there were various contentions among some
of them, what number of men should be deemed a suflkaent

A.D. 1483. XING EDWABD BT7UED IT WHTOSOS. 485

escort for a prince of such, tender years, to accompany nun
upon Mb journey. Some were for limiting a greater, some a
Smaller number, while others again, leaving it te the inclination
of him who was above all laws,80 would have it to consist of
whatever number his faithful subjects should think fit to sum«-
mon. Still, the ground of tliese differences was the same
in each case ; it being the most ardent desire of all who were
present, that this prince should succeed his father in all his
glory. The more prudent members of the oouncil, however,
were of opinion that the guardianship of so youthful a person,
until he should reach the years of maturity, ought to be ut-
terly forbidden to his uncles and brothers by the mother's side.
This, however, they were of. opinion, could not be so easily
brought about, if it should be allowed those of the queen's
relatives who held the chief places about the prince, to bring
him up for the solemnization of the coronation, without an es-
cort of a moderate number of horse. The advice * *

* * * of the lord Hastings, the Captain of Calais,
at last prevailed; who declared that he himself would fly
thither with all speed, rather than await the arrival of the
new king, if he did not come attended by a moderate escort.
For he was afraid lest, if the supreme power should fall into
the hands of the queen's relations, they would exact a most
signal vengeance for the injuries which had been formerly in-
flicted oh them by that same lord ; in consequence of which,
there had long existed extreme ill-will between the said lord
Hastings and them. The queen most beneficently tried to
extinguish every spark of murmuring and disturbance, and
wrote to her son, requesting him, on his road to London not
to exceed an escort of two thousand men. The same number
was also approved of by the before-named lord ; for, as it would
appear, he Mt fully assured that the dukes of Gloucester and
Buckingham, in whom he placed the greatest confidence, would
not bring a smaller number with them.

The body of the deceased king being accordingly interred
with all honor in due ecclesiastical form, in the new col-
legiate chapel of Windsor, which he had erected of the most
elaborate workmanship, from the foundations ; all were most
anxiously awaiting the day of the new king's coronation,
which was to be the first Lord's day in the month of May,
90 This passage seems to be in a corrapt state.

486 COimNTJATHOT OP THE HI8X0KY Off CKQYLAND. A.p. ,1483.

which fell this year on the fourth day of the said month.
In the meantime, the duke of Gloucester wrote the most
soothing letters in order to console the queen, with promises
that he would shortly arrive, and assurances of all duty, fealty,
and due obedience to his king and lord Edward the Fifth, the
eldest son of the deceased king, his brother, and of the queen.
Accordingly, on his arrival at York with a becoming retinue,
each person being arrayed in mourning, he performed a solemn
funeral service for the king, the same being accompanied with
plenteous tears. Constraining all the nobility of those parts
to take the oath of fealty to the late king's son, he himself
was the first of all to take the oath. On reaching North-
ampton, where the duke of Buckingham joined him, there
came thither for the purpose of paying their respects to him,
Antony, earl of Rivers, the king's uncle, and Richard Grey, a
most noble knight, and uterine brother to the king, together with
several others who had been sent by the king, his nephew, to
submit the conduct of everything to the will and discretion of
his uncle, the duke of Gloucester* On their first arrival, they
were received with an especially cheerful and joyous counte*
nance, and, sitting at supper at the duke's table, passed the
whole time in very pleasant conversation. At last, Henry,
duke of Buckingham, also arrived there, and, as it was now
late, they all retired to their respective lodgings.

When the morning, and as it afterwards turned out, a
most disastrous one, had come, having taken counsel du-
ring the night, all the lords took their departure together,
in order to present themselves before the new king at Stony
Stratford, a town a few miles distant from Northampton; and
now, lo and behold I when the two dukes had nearly arrived
at the entrance of that town, they arrested the said earl of
Rivers and his nephew Richard, the king's brother, together
with some others who had come with them, and commanded
them to be led prisoners into the north of England. Imme-
diately after, this circumstance being not yet known in the
neighbouring town, where the king was understood to be, they
suddenly rushed into the place where the youthful king was
staying, and in like manner made prisoners of certain others of
his servants who were in attendance on his. person. One of
these was Thomas Vaughan, an aged knight and chamberlain
of the prince before-named.

A.D. 1483. EICHARD 2UHEB PSOTECTOB. 487

The duke of Gloucester, however, who was the ringleader in
this outbreak, did not omit or refuse to pay every mark of
respect t& the king, his nephew, in the way of uncovering the
head, bending the knee, or other posture of the body required
in a subject. He asserted that his only care was for the pro-
tection of his own person, as he knew for certain that there
were men in attendance upon the king who had conspired
againBt both his own honor and his very existence. Thus
saying, he caused proclamation to be made, that all the king's
attendants should instantly withdraw from the town, and not
approach any place to which the king might chance to come,
under penalty of death. These events took place at Stony
Stratford on Wednesday, on the last day of April, in the year
above-mentioned, being the same in which his father died.

These reports having reached London on the following
night, queen Elizabeth betook herself, with all her children,
to the sanctuary at Westminster. In the morning you might
have seen there the adherents of both parties, some sincerely,
others treacherously, on account of the uncertainty of events,
siding with the one party or the other. For some collected
their forces at Westminster in the queen's name, others at
London under the shadow of the lord Hastings, and took up
their position there.

In a few days after this, the before-named dukes escorted
the new king to London, there to be received with regal pomp ;
and, having placed him in the bishop's palace at Saint Paul's,
compelled all the lords spiritual and temporal, and the mayor
and aldermen of the city of London to take the oath of fealty
to the king. This, as being a most encouraging presage of
future prosperity, was done by all with the greatest pleasure
and delight. A council being now held for several days, a
discussion took place in Parliament about removing the king
to some place where fewer restrictions should be imposed upon
him. Some mentioned the Hospital of Saint John, and some
Westminster, but the duke of Buckingham suggested the Tower
of London ; which was at last agreed to by all, even those
who had been originally opposed thereto. Upon this, the
duke of Gloucester received the same high office of Protector
of the kingdom, which had been formerly given to Humphrey,
duke of Gloucester, during the minority of king Henry. He
was accordingly invested with this authority, with the consent

4&8 comrmrATioff of this histoby o* crioxiAin). a.d. 1483.

and good-will of all the lords, with power to order and forbid
in every matter, just like another king, and according ^s the ne-
cessity of the case should demand, lie feast of the Nativity of
Saint John the Baptist being appointed as the day upon which,
the coronation of the king would take place without fail, all
both hoped for and expected a season of prosperity for the
kingdom. Still however, a circumstance which caused the
greatest doubts was the detention of the king's relatives and
Bervants in prison; besides the fact that the Protector did not,
with a sufficient degree of considerateness, take measures for
the preservation of the dignity and safety of the queen.

In the meanwhile, the lord Hastings, who seemed to wish
in every way to serve the two dukes and to be desirous of
earning their favour, was extremely elated at these changes td
which the affairs of this world are so subject, and was in the
habit of saying that hitherto nothing Whatever had been done"
except the transferring of the government of the kingdom
from two of the queen's blood to two more powerful persons of
the king's; and this, too, effected without any slaughter,
or indeed causing as much blood to be shed as would be pro-
duced* by a cut finger. In the course, however, of a very few
days after the utterance of these words, this extreme joy of
his was supplanted by sorrow. Por, the day previously, the
Protector had, with singular adroitness, divided the council,
so that one part met in the morning at Westminster, and the
other at the Tower of London, where the king was. The lord
Hastings, on the thirteenth day of the month of June, being
the sixth day of the week, on coming to the Tower to join the
council, was, by order of the Protector, beheaded. Two dis-
tinguished prelates, also, Thomas, archbishop of York, and
John, bishop of Ely, being, out of respect for their order, held
exempt from capital punishment, were carried prisoners to
different castles in Wales. The three strongest supporters of
the new king being thus removed without judgment or justice,
and all the rest of his faithful subjects fearing the like treat-
ment, the two dukes did thenceforth just as they pleased.

On the Monday following, they came with a great multitude
by water to Westminster, armed with swords and staves, and
compelled the cardinal lord archbishop of Canterbury, with
many others, to enter the sanctuary, in order to appeal to the
good feelings of the queen and prompt her to aUo# her son

A.J>. 1483. THE PE0TECT0E T7dtttt>8 THE THB01UE. ~ 481*

Richard, duke of York, to come forth and proceed to the Towor,
that he might comfort the king his brother. In words, assenting
with many thanks to this proposal, she accordingly sent the
boy, who was conducted by the lord cardinal to the king in the .
said Tower of London.

Prom this day, these dukes acted no longer in secret, but
openly manifested their intentions. For, having summoned
armed men, in. fearful and unheard-of numbers, from the north,
Wales, and all other parts then subject to them, the said Pro-
tector Richard assumed the government of the kingdom, with
the title of King, on the twentieth day of the aforesaid month,
of June ; and on the same day, at the great Hall at West-
minster, obtruded himself into the marble chair. The colour for
this act of usurpation, and his thus taking possession of the
throne, was the following: — It was set forth, by way of
prayer, in an address in a certain roll of parchment, that the
sons of king Edward were bastards, on the ground that he had
contracted a marriage with one lady Eleanor Boteler, before
his marriage to queen Elizabeth ; added to which, the blood of
his other brother, George, duke of Clarence, had been attainted ?
so that, at the present time, no certain and uncorrupted lineal
blood could be found of Richard duke of York, except in the
person of the said Richard, duke of Gloucester. Por which
reason, he was entreated, at the end of the said roll, on part
of the lords and commons of the realm, to assume his lawful
rights. However, it was at the time rumoured that this ad-
dress had been got up in the north, whence such vast numbers
were flocking to London ; although, at the same time, there,
was not a person but what very well knew who was the
sole31 mover at London of such seditious and disgraceful pro*
ceedings.

These multitudes of people, accordingly, making a descent
from the north to the south, under the especial conduct and
guidance of Sir Richard Ratcliflfe ; on their arrival at the town
of Pomfret, by command of the said Richard Ratcliffe, and
without any form of trial being observed, Antony, earl of
Rivers, Richard Grey, his nephew, and Thomas Vaughan,
an aged knight, were," in presence of these people, beheaded.
This was the second innocent blood which was shed on the
occasion of this sudden change.

81 In- allusion, no doubt, to the Duke of Buckingham.

490 CONTDnJATIOir O* THE history OP CBOTLAJBTD. A.©. 1483.

After these events, the said Richard, duke of Gloucester,
having summoned Thomas, the cardinal archbishop of Canter-
bury, for the purpose, was on the sixth day of the month of
July following, anointed and crowned king, at the conventual
church of Saint Peter at Westminster, and, on the same day
and place, his queen, Anne, received the crown. Prom this
day forward, as long as he lived, this man was styled King
Richard, the Third of that name from the Conquest.

Being now desirous, with all speed, to show in the north,
where in former years he had chiefly resided, the high and
kingly station which he had by these means acquired, he
entered the royal city of London, and passing through Windsor,
Oxford, and Coventry, at length arrived at York. Here, on a
day appointed for repeating his coronation in the metropolitan
church, he also presented his only son, Edward, whom, on the
same day, he had elevated to the rank of Prince of Wales, with
the insignia of the golden wand, and the wreath upon the
head; while, at the same time, he gave most gorgeous and
sumptuous feasts and banquets, for the purpose of gaining the
affections of the people. Kor were treasures by any means
then wanting, with which to satisfy the desires of his haughty
mind ; since he had taken possession of all those which the
most glorious king Edward, his deceased brother, had, by dint
of the greatest care and scrupulousness, amassed, as already
stated, many years before, and had entrusted to the disposal of
his executors as a means whereby to carry out the dispositions
of his last will : all these he had seized, the very moment that
he had contemplated the usurpation of the throne.

In the meantime, and while these things were going on,
the two sons of king Edward before-named remained in the
Tower of London, in the custody of certain persons appointed
for that purpose. In order to deliver them from this captivity,
the people of the southern and western parts of the kingdom
began to murmur greatly, and to form meetings and confe- ,
deracies. It soon became known that many things were going
on in secret, and some in the face of all the world, for the
purpose of promoting this object, especially on the part of
those who, through fear, had availed themselves of the privi-
leges of sanctuary and franchise.38 There was also a report
that it had been recommended by those men who had taken
83 Exemptions from the ordinary jurisdiction.

A.D. 1483. PLOT TO DXTHBOffE KING KICHAXD. 491

refuge in the sanctuaries, that some of the king's daughters
should leave Westminster, and go in disguise to the parts
beyond sea ; in order that, if any fatal mishap should befall
the said male children of the late king in the Tower, the king-
dom might still, in consequence of the safety of the daughters,
some day fall again into the hands of the rightful heirs. On
this being discovered, the noble church of the monks at West-
minster, and all the neighbouring parts, assumed the appear-
ance of a castle and fortress, "while men of the greatest auste-
rity were appointed by king Eichard to act as the keepers there-
of. The captain and head of these was one John Eesfeld,
Esquire, who set a watch upon all the inlets and outlets of the
monastery, so that not one of the persons there shut up could
go forth, and no one could enter, without his permission.

At last, it was determined by the people in the vicinity of
the. city of London, throughout the counties of Kent, Essex,
Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Somersetshire,
Wiltshire, and Berkshire, as well as some others of the southern
counties of the kingdom, to avenge their grievances before-
stated; upon which, public proclamation was made, that
Henry, duke of Buckingham, who at this time was living at
Brecknock in Wales, had repented of his former conduct, and
would be the chief mover in this attempt, while a rumour was
spread that the sons of king Edward before-named had died "a
violent death, but it was uncertain how. Accordingly, all
those who had set on foot this insurrection, seeing that if they
could find no one to take the lead in their designs, the ruin of
all would speedily ensue, turned their thoughts to Henry, earl
of Richmond, who had been for many years living in exile in
Britany. To him a message was, accordingly, sent, by the
duke of Buckingham, by advice of the lord bishop of Ely, who
was then his prisoner at Brecknock, requesting him to hasten
over to England as soon as he possibly could, for the purpose
4 of marrying Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of the late king,
and, at the same time, together with her, taking possession of
the throne.

The whole design of this plot, however, by means of spies,
became perfectly well known to king Eichard, who, as he
exerted himself in the promotion of all his views in no drowsy
manner, but with the greatest activity and vigilance, contrived
that, throughout Wales, as well as in all parts of the marches

492 COXTIXVAtlON OP TEE HISTOBY 07 CBOYXASB. A.D. 1484.

thereof, armed men should be Bet in readiness arotuid the said
duke, as soon as ever he had set a foot from his home, to ptamoe
upon all his property ; who, accordingly, encouraged by the
prospect of the duke's wealth, which the king had, for that
purpose, bestowed upon them, were in every way to obstruct his
progress. The result was, that, on the aide of the castle of
Brecknock, which looks towards the interior of Wales, Thomas,
the son of the late Sir Roger Yaughan, with the aid of his
-brethren and kinsmen, most carefully watched the whole of
the surrounding country ; while Humphrey Stafford partly
destroyed the bridges and passes by which England was en-
tered, and kept the other part closed- by means of a strong
force set there to guard the same.

In the meantime, the duke was staying at Webley, the house
of Walter Devereux, lord Ferrers, together with the said
bishop of Ely and his other advisers. Finding that he was
placed in a position of extreme difficulty, and that he could
in no direction find a safe mode of escape, he first changed his
dress, and then secretly left his people ; but was at last dis-
covered in the cottage of a poor man, in consequence of a
greater quantity of provisions than usual being earned thither.
Upon this, he was led to the city of Salisbury, to which place
the king had come with a very large army, on the day of the
commemoration of All Souls ; and, notwithstanding the fact
that it was the Lord's day, the duke suffered capital punish-
ment in the public market-place of that city.

On the following day, the king proceeded with all his army
towards the western parts of the kingdom, where all his enemies
had made a stand, with the exception of those who had come
from Kent, and were at Guilford, awaiting the issue of events.
Proceeding onwards, he arrived at the city of Exeter ; upon
which, being struck with extreme terror at his approach, Peter
Courteney, bishop of Exeter, as well as Thomas, marquis of
Dorset, and various other nobles of the adjacent country, who
had taken part in the rebellion, repaired to the sea-side ; and
those among them who could find ships in readiness, embarked,
and at length arrived at the wished-for shores of Britany.
Others, for a time trusting to the fidelity of friends, and con-
cealing themselves in secret spots, afterwards betook themselves
to the protection of holy places. One most noble knight of
that city perished, Thomas Saint Leger by name, to save whose

Jt.D. 1484. ATTACK MADE TOOK CfcOTLAJTD. 493

Hfe Tery large sums of money were offered ; but all in vain,*
£er he underwent his sentence of capital punishment.

While, amid these perplexities, king Biohard was in the
-western parts, intent upon defeating the enemies and rebels,
th» venerable fether, Richard Croyland, abbat of this monas-
tery of Croyland, who had now governed the place most re-
ligiously for seven years, changed the restless life of this world
aror eternal repose, on the tenth day of .November in the year
«f our Lord, 1483, being the first year of the reign of the said
king Bichard.

Not ought we to leave to oblivion the virtues and merits of
4his father, and his remarkable long-suffering, by means of
irihich, as we trust, he has obtained the reward of eternal hap-
piness. His natural disposition was far more inclined to the
study and writing of boohs, than attending to the strifes and
tempests of secular occupations; 'so mnch so in fact, that some
manuscripts in the monastery, which were written at his ex-
pense, as well as with his own hand, have greatly increased
the library of the place.

Accordingly, our powerful neighbours, not to call them
enemies, seeing the simple innocence and the innocent sim-
plicity of the man, arose at the same instant on all sides against
this model of piety. Borne, at least the men of Depyng,
assembled together to the number of three hundred men, and
making an irruption into the marsh of Goggislound, which un-
doubtedly belongs to the demesne of the said monastery, seized
the reeds that had been collected by the men and tenants of
the monastery, and threw into water or beat with stripes all
the people they met. At last, they made an assault upon the
vill of Croyland, and caused this most pious father such ex-
treme fear that he was obliged to go forth from his chamber,
and to descend to the nave of the church, there, with his
clement and priestly meekness, to make answer to their im-
portunate demands. As it was necessary, in order to avoid
an inundation of Hoyland, and especially in the winter, if
there happened to be any floods, to cut asunder the embank-
ments of the marsh of Goggislound, (a thing whioh had been
already done once this season, most healthful provision being
made thereby for the safety of the district of floyland), the
efiieials of Bepyng, placing the sickle as it were in the harvest
of another, as wickedly as presumptuously imposed insupport-
able amercements upon the said abbat. They also seized and

494 coxTnrirArtotf o* thi hmtosy m chotland. a*d* 1484.

* distrained upon the grain that came from Laogtoft andBaston,
by the stream which runs from Depyng; besides which, a proof
of their extreme cruelty, they wantonly pierced a dog that had
been set to watch by the cellarer * * * with their arrows.

Nor were there wanting in other quarters ungrateful factions
of laymen, (although the same were neighbouring tenants of
this place), who in many ways disturbed the quiet of this
most excellent father. For, the tenants and parishioners
of Whaplode, striving against the power and rights of this
monastery, made an attack, with unheard-of violence, upon
brother Lambert Fossedyke, the Seneschal of the place, while
he was forbidding them to root up the trees which grew in the
church-yard ; and he was in no small fear for his life, had he
not in time taken refuge in the church, or rather the sacristy
of the church, and strongly bolted the doors inside.

These however, are but trifling specimens of disturbances in
comparison with those which # * * William Ramsey,
abbat of Peterborough, our too near, I only wish I could say
" good," neighbour, caused, with reference to the marsh of
Alderlound, and other undoubted lands and rights of this
monastery. In these matters, which were long in dispute,
you might have seen the lamb contending with the wolf, the
mouse with the mouse-catcher. However, as all this dispute
was brought to an end by the intervention and arbitration of
Thomas Eotherham, late bishop of Lincoln and ordinary of
the place, and then archbishop of York, (as, in fact, is very
fully set forth in certain letters testimonial relative thereto ;
from which too it abundantly appears of which party he most
consulted the honor and interest), we have thought proper to
end our recital of this tragic matter with the end and death
of the said father, abbat Richard.

Lambert Fossedyke, a Bachelor of Law, was elected, and suc-
ceeded in his stead, on the twelfth day of January, in the first
year of the reign of king Bichard the Third ; which year was
reckoned by the church of Borne, in conformity with the mode of
computation33 above stated, as being the year 1484. He was a
very religious and discreet man, and, beyond a doubt, would have
done and caused to be done many benefits for the monastery,
had not God summoned him from this world within so short a
space of time ; for he did not survive to fill the office of abbat
two years.

» P. 460.

A.D. 1484. aCZXTSTG OF TEX PARLIAMENT, 495

For behold ! on a sudden, the plague, or sweating sickness;
made great ravages, and in a few days, in the city of London,
destroyed two mayors, and four or five aldermen, besides many
members o£ the highest and most wealthy classes in other parts
of the kingdom. This good father being attacked by the disease,
within eighteen hours rendered up his spirit to his Creator, on
the fourteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord,
1485, shortly after the close of the reign of king Richard ; at
which period, when, after the rest of our narrative we shall
have arrived, we shall conclude the relation of this history
which was originally promised by us.

But let us return, in the meantime, to the events which
took place after the flight of the rebels before-mentioned.
While the matters which have been mentioned above were
going on here and there in the western parts, and the king was
still in the said city of Exeter, Henry, earl of Richmond, being
unaware of these disturbances, had set sail with certain ships,
and arrived with his adherents from Brittany, at the mouth of
Plymouth harbour, where he came to anchor, in order to ascer-
tain the real state of affairs. On news being at last brought
him of the events which had happened, the death of the duke
of Buckingham, and the flight of his own supporters, he at
once hoisted sail, and again put to sea.

After these events, the king gradually lessened his army,
and dismissing those who had been summoned from the northern
borders to take part in the expedition, came to London, having
triumphed over his enemies without fighting a battle, but at
an expense not less than if the two armies had fought hand to
hand. Thus was commenced the waste, in a short time, of
those most ample treasures which king Edward supposed he
should leave behind him for a quite different purpose. The
disturbances last described were prolonged from the middle of
October till nearly the end of November, at which time the
king, as already stated, returned to London, in the first year
of his reign, and in that of the Incarnation of our Lord, 1483,

I shall pass by the pompous celebration of the feast of the
Nativity, and come to the Parliament, which began to sit
about the twenty-second day of January. At this sitting, Par-
liament confirmed the title, by which the king had in the pre-
ceding Bummer, ascended the throne ; and although that Lay
Court found itself [at first] unable to give a definition of his

496 coOTiOT4Txoir of the histqbt o? cboylajtd. A.D. 1484.

rights, when the question of the marriage38 was discussed,
etili, in consequence of the fears entertained of the most
persevering [of his adversaries], it presumed to do so, and di4
do so : while at the same time attainders were made of so many
lords and men of high rank, besides peers and commoners,
as well as three bishops, that we do not read of the like
being issued by the Triumvirate even of Octavianus, Antony,
and Lepidue. What immense estates and patrimonies were
collected into this king's treasury in consequence of this
measure ! all of which he distributed among his northern adhe-
rents, whom he planted in every spot throughout his domi-
nions, to the disgrace and lasting and loudly expressed sorrow
of all the people in the south, who daily longed more and
none for the hoped-for return of tdeir ancient rulers, rather
than the present tyranny of these people.

During this last Parliament of the kingdom, and after fre-
quent entreaties as well as threats had been made use of,
queen Elisabeth, being strongly solicited so to do, sent all her
daughters from the sanctuary at Westminster before-men-
tioned, to king Richard. One day, at this period, . in the
month of February, shortly after mid-day, nearly all the lords
of the realm, both spiritual and temporal, together with the
higher knights and esquires of the king's household (among all
of whom, John Howard, who had been lately created by the
king duke of Norfolk, seemed at this time to hold the highest
rank), met together at the special command of the king, in a
certain lower room, near the passage which leads to the queen's
apartments ; and here, each subscribed his name to a kind of
new oath, drawn up by some persons to me unknown, of adhe-
rence to Edward, the king's only son, as their supreme lord,
in case anything should happen to his father.

However, in a short time after, it was fully seen how vain
are the thoughts of a man who desires to establish his interests
without the aid of God. For, in the following month of
April, on a day not very far distant from the anniversary of
king Edward, this only son of his, in whom all the hopes of
the royal succession, fortified with so many oaths, were centred,
was seized with an illness of but short duration, and died at
Middleham Castle, in the year of our Lord, 148.4, being the
nrst of the reign of the said king Richard. On hearing the
* Of Edward the Fpurth with lady Boteler.

A.D. 1484. THE 800TB SEHD AMBASSADORS TO THE KIKG. 497

news of this, at Nottingham, where they were then redding,
you might hare seen his lather and mother in a state almost
bordering on madness, by reason of their sudden grief.

The king, his father, however, still took all necessary pre-
cautions for the defence of his party ; as there was at this time
a report that those persons who had been attainted and banished,
together with their captain, the earl of Richmond, to whom
they had sworn fealty as their king, in the hope of his con-
tracting an alliance with the daughter of king Edward, would
shortly land in England. The king was better prepared to
oppose them in the present year than at any time afterwards,
both by reason of the treasure which he had in hand (for all
the remains of king Edward's treasures had not yet been ex-
pended), as well as particular grants which had been made and
distributed throughout the kingdom. He also followed the
practice which had been recently introduced by king Edward
in the time of the last war with Scotland, of appointing a
single horseman for every twenty miles, by means of whom,
travelling with the utmost speed and not passing their re-
strictive limits, news was always able to be carried by letter
from hand to hand two hundred miles within two days. Nor
was he, on the other hand, without the aid of spies beyond sea,
at whatever price they could be secured ; from whom he learned
nearly all the movements of the enemy.

Besides this (although at the commencement of the second
year of his reign, on giving some attention to maritime affairs, he
had lost some ships, together with two captains of the greatest
bravery, Sir Thomas Everingham and John Nesfeld, Esquire,
above-mentioned, who were taken by the French near the town
and castle of Scarborough), just at this period, by means of his
skill in naval warfare, he had gained a victory in a sur- ,
prising manner over the Scots ; so much so, that although, in
the same summer, they had sustained a great defeat from our
people by land, they received no less a one in this. At this
time, too, there fell into his hands, besides many of the
English who were taken in battle, certain persons who had
fled from Scotland, such as lord James Douglas, and many
others of his fellow exiles. Upon this, the persons of the
highest rank that could be found in that kingdom were sent
as ambassadors to the king at his town and castle of Notting-
ham, on the4 seventh day of the month of September, and in a

498 CONTHfUATKHT 01? XBX HI8T0RY OF €BOXLA*J). A.». i4$4.

lengthy and eloquent address most earnestly entreated, for
peace and a cessation of warfare. A treaty being accordingly
made between conunissioners from either kingdom in full con-
formity with the king's wishes, as to those points which seemed
to require especial consideration, the Parliament was dissolved,
and the king returned to London in Michaelmas Term. This
was in the year of our Lord, 1484.

The feast of the Nativity was kept with due solemnity, at
the palace at Westminster, and the king appeared with his
crown on the day of the Epiphany. While he was keeping,
this festival with remarkable splendour in the great hall, just a&
at his first coronation, news was brought him on that very day,
from his spies beyond sea, that, notwithstanding the. potency
and splendour of his royal state, his adversaries would, without
question, invade the kingdom during the following summer,
or make an attempt to invade it Than this, there was no-
thing that could befall him more desirable, inasmuch as he
imagined that it would put an end to all his doubts and
troubles. Still however, most shrewdly coming to the con-
clusion that money, which was now nearly failing him, forms
the sinews of war, he had recourse to the modes of exaction
which had been practised by king Edward, and which he
himself had condemned in full parliament ; these were the so-
called "benevolences," a. name detestable in every way. He
accordingly sent chosen men, children of this world, wiser in
their generation than the children of light, who were by means
of prayers and threats, by right or by wrong, to scrape up im-
mense sums of money, after examining the archives of the
realm, from persons of nearly all conditions.

Oh God ! why should we any longer dwell on this subject,
multiplying our recital of things so distasteful, so numerous
that they can hardly be reckoned, and so pernicious in their
example, that we ought not so much as suggest them to the
minds of the perfidious. So too, with many other things
which are not written in this book, and of which I grieve to
speak; although the fact ought not to be concealed that,
during this feast of the Nativity, far too much attention was
given to dancing and gaiety, and vain, changes of apparel pre-
sented to queen Anne and the lady Elizabeth, the eldest daughter
of the late king, being of similar colour and shape; a thing that
caused the people to murmur and the nobles and prelates greatly

a.t>. 1485. oprosrriftH *o Knro -rscha&b'b mamuagS. 409

to wonder thereat ; while it was said by many that the king was.
bent, either on the anticipated death of the queen taking plaoe,
or eke, by means of a divorce, for which hqjfcipposed he had
quite snincient grounds, on contracting a marriage with the said
Elizabeth. For it appeared that in no other way could his
kingly power be established, or the hopes of his rival be put
an end to.

In the course of a few days after this, the queen fell ex-
tremely sick, and her illness was supposed to have increased
still more and more, because the long entirely shunned her
bed, declaring that it was by the advice of his physicians that
he did so. "Why enlarge ? About the middle of tike following
month, upon the day of Hie great eclipse of the sun, whioh
then took place, queen Anne, before-named, departed this life,
and was buried at Westminster, with no less honors than
befitted the interment of a queen.

The king's purpdse and intention of contracting a marriage
with his niece Elizabeth being mentioned to some who were
opposed thereto, the king was obliged, having called a council
together, to excuse, himself with many words and to assert
that such a thing had never once entered his mind. There were
some persons, however, present at that same council, who very
well knew the contrary. Those in especial who were unwil-
ling that this marriage should take place, and to whose opinions
the king hardly ever dared offer any opposition, were Sir
Richard Ratclyffe and William Catesby, Esquire of his body.
For by these persons the king was told to his face that if he
did not abandon his intended purpose, and that, too, before
the mayor and commons of the city of London, opposition
would not be offered to him by merely the warnings of the
voice ; for all the people of the north, in whom he placed the
greatest reliance, would rise in rebellion against him, and im-
pute to him the death of the queen, the daughter and one
of the heirs of the earl of Warwick, through whom he had
first gained his present high position ; in order that he might,
to the extreme abhorrence of the Almighty, gratify an in-
cestuous passion for his said niece. Besides this, they brought
to him more than twelve Doctors of Divinity, who asserted that
the pope could grant no dispensation in the case of such a degree
of consanguinity. It was supposed by many, that these men,
together with others like them, threw so many impediments

500 coNTnnrAnoH 01 fan history or croyjAitd. *.«, i4$5.

in the way, for fear lest, if the said Elisabeth shqujd attain
the rank of queen, it might at some time be in her power to
avenge upon them the death of her uncle, earl Antony, and
her brother Richard, they haying beep the king's especial ad-
visers in those matters. The king, accordingly, followed their
advice a little before Easter, in presence of the mayor and
citizens of London, in the great hall of the Hospital of Saint
John, by making the said denial in a loud and distinct voice ;
more, however, as many supposed, to suit the wishes of those
who advised him to that effect, than in conformity with tie
own.

Rumours at length increasing daily that those who were
in arms against the king were hastening to make a do*
scent upon England, and the king being in doubt at what
port they intended to effect a landing, (as certain information
thereon could be gained by none of his spies), he betook him-
self to the north, shortly before the feast ef Pentecost ; leav-
ing lord Lovel, his chamberlain, near Southampton, there to
refit his fleet with all possible speed, that he might keep a
strict watch upon all the harbours in those parts ; that so, if
the enemy should attempt to effect a landing there, he might
unite all the forces in the neighbourhood, and not lose the op-
portunity of attacking them.

A great amount of provisions and money was wasted there
in consequence of this uncalled-for- policy * * * *
the king being put to such great expense from the circum-
stance of his being deceived by a quibble on 'the name of that
harbour, which had been mentioned by many as the place of
their intended descent. For some say that there is a harbour
in the neighbourhood of Southampton, called Milford, just as
there is in Wales ; and there being some persons endowed, as
it were, with a spirit of prophecy, these predicted that those
men would land at the harbour of Milford, and were in the
habit of looking for the fulfilment of their prophecies to that
effect, not at the most famous place, but most commonly at the
other one which bore the same name. And then besides, the
king, at this period, seemed especially to devote his attention
to strengthening the southern parts of his kingdom. But it
was all in vain : for, on the first day of August the enemy
landed with a fair wind, and without opposition, at that moat
celebrated harbour, Milford Haven, near Pembroke.

A.b; 1485. COKSKBAcr AGAIlfctt *MT# ttftSAfcG. 501

On healing of their arrival, the king rejoiced, or at least
seemed to rejoice, writing to his adherents in every quarter
that now the long Wisfted-fbr day had arrived, for him to
triumph with ease over so contemptible a faction, and thence-
forth benefit his subjects with the blessings of uninterrupted
tranquillity. In the meantime, in manifold letters he de-
spatched orders of the greatest severity, commanding that no
men, of the number of those at least who had been born to the
inheritance of any property in the kingdom, should shun
taking part in the approaching warfare ; threatening that who-
ever should be found in any part of the kingdom after the
victory should have been gained, to have omitted appearing in
his presence on the field, was to expect no other fate than the
loss of all his goods and possessions, as well as his life.

A little before the landing of these persons, Thomas Stanley,
seneschal of the king's household, had received permission to
go into Lancashire, his native county, to visit his home and
family, from whom he had been long separated. Still how-
ever, he was permitted to stay there on no other condition
than that of sending his eldest son, George lord Strange, to the
king at Nottingham, in his stead j which he accordingly did.

'Hie king's opponents, as already stated, having landed at
Milford in Wales, made their way through rugged and indirect
tracts in the northern part of that province ; wheifc William
Stanley, the brother of the said lord seneschal, as lord cham-
berlain of North Wales, was holding the sole command. Upon
this, the king sent word to the said lord Stanley, requesting
him, without the least delay, to present himself before him
fit Nottingham. For the king was afraid lest that, as it really
turned out, the mother of the said earl of Eichmond, whom
the lord [Thomas] Stanley had married, might induce her hus-
band to go over to the party of her son. On this, with won-
derful * * * * he made an excuse that he
was suffering from an attack of the sweating sickness, and
could not possibly come. His son, however, who had secretly
prepared to desert from the king, was detected by stratagem
and taken prisoner ; upon which, he discovered a conspiracy
which had been entered into by himself and his uncle, Sir
WiUiam Stanley before-mentioned, and Sir John Savage, to go
over to the side of the earl of Eichmond ; while at the same
time, he implored the king's mercy, and promised that his

60S coNTiinTAnoir of ths htstort or cvoylavs. a-d. 14B5-

father would with all speed arrive to the king's assistance. la
addition to this, he sent word to his father by letter, of the
danger to which he was exposed, and, at the same time, ex-
pressed his own wish that he would give the assistance before-
mentioned.

In the meantime the said two knights being publicly pro-
claimed at Coventry and elsewhere traitors against the kan&
and the enemy hastening on and directing his steps night and
day to meet the king, it became necessary to move the army,
though its numbers were not yet fully made up, from Notting-
ham, and to come to Leicester* Here was found a number of
warriors ready to fight on the king's side, greater than had eve?
been seen85 before in England collected together in behalf of
one person. On the Lord's day before the feast of Bartho>
lomew the Apostle, the king proceeded on his way, amid the
greatest pomp, and wearing the crown on his head ; being at-
tended by John Howard, duke of Norfolk, and Henry Percy,
earl of Northumberland and other mighty lords, knights, and
esquires, together with a countless multitude of the common
people. On departing from the town of Leicester, he was
informed by scouts where the enemy most probably intended
to remain the following night ; upon which, he encamped near
the abbey of Mirival, at a distance of about eight miles from
that town.

The chief men of the opposing army were the following ;— ~
in the first place, Henry earl of Richmond, whom they called
their king, Henry the Seventh ; John Vere, earl of Oxford,
John lord Wells, of Wells, uncle to king Henry the Seventh,
Thomas lord Stanley and William his brother, Edward Wyd-
ville, brother of queen Elizabeth, a most valiant knight, John
Cheyne, John Savage, Robert Willoughby, William Berkeley,
James Blunt, Thomas Arundel, Richard Edgcumbe, Edward
Poynings, Richard Guilford, and many others of knightly rank,
who had been distinguished before these troubles, as well as
at the commencement of the present war. Of the ecclesiasti-
cal orders, there were present, for the purpose of giving their
advice, the following persons, who had similarly suffered ban*
ishment — the venerable father, Peter, bishop of Exeter, the
flower of the knighthood of his country, Master Robert Mor-

. * This is not the fact It is supposed that at most not mora than 18,008
men engaged on both sides at the battle of Bosworth Field.

jlt>. 1485, fimix m bobwoits mm €08

ton, clerk of the Rolls of Chancery, Christopher TTrswyk, and
Richard Eox, of whom the one was afterwards appointed to
the office of Almoner, and the other to that of Secretary, to-
gether with many other*.

At day-break on the Monday following there were no
chaplains present to perform Divine service on behalf of king
Bichard, nor any breakfast prepared to refresh the flagging
spirits of the king; besides which, as it is generally stated,
in the morning he declared that during the night he had seen
dreadful visions, and had imagined himself surrounded by a
multitude of daemons. He consequently presented a coun-
tenance -which, always attenuated, was on this occasion more
livid and ghastly than usual, and asserted that the issue of
this day's battle, to whichever side the victory might be
granted, would prove the utter destruction of the kingdom of
England. He also declared that it was his intention, if he
should prove the conqueror, to crush all the supporters of the
opposite faction ; while, at the same time, he predicted that
his adversary would do the same towards the well-wishers to
Ms own party, in case the victory should fall to his lot. At
length, tiie prince and knights on the opposite side now
advancing at a moderate pace against the royal army, the
king gave orders that the lord Strange3* before-mentioned should
be instantly beheaded. The persons, however, to whom this
duty was entrusted, seeing that the issue was doubtful in the
extreme, and that matters of more importance than the de-
struction of one individual were about to be decided, delayed
the performance of this cruel order of the king, and, leav-
ing the man to his own disposal, returned to the thickest of
Hie fight.

- A battle of the greatest severity now ensuing between the
two sides, the earl of Richmond, together with his knights,
made straight for king Richard : while the earl of Oxford,
who was next in rank to him in the whole army and a most
valiant soldier, drew up his forces, consisting of a large body of
French and English troops, opposite the wing in which the duke
of Norfolk had taken up his position. In the part where the
earl of Northumberland was posted, with a large and well-
provided body of troops, there was no opposition made, as not
a blow was given or received during the battle. At length a
w See p. 501.

604 coxmcoATsm or xn mxraxt of oxoylaicd. aa> 1485.

glorious victory was granted by heaven to the said earl of
Richmond, now sole long, together with the crown, of exceed-
ing value, which king Richard had previously worn on his
head. For while fighting, and not in the act of night, the
said king Richard was pierced with numerous deadly wounds,
and fell in the field like a brave and most TaMaat prince ; upon
which, the duke of Norfolk,36 before-mentioned, Sir BichWd
Batclyffe, Sir Robert Braokenbury, keeper of the Tower of
London, John Kendall, secretary, Sir Robert Percy, controller
of the king's household) and Walter Devereux, lord Ferrers,
as well as many others, chiefly from the north, in whom
king Richard put the greatest confidence, took to night with-
out engaging ; and there was left no part of the opposing army
of sufficient importance or ability for the glorious conqueror
Henry the Seventh to engage, and so add to his experience
in battle.

Through this battle peace was obtained for the entire king*
dom, and the body of the said king Richard being found among
the dead * * * * Many other insults were
also heaped upon it, and, not exactly in accordance with the
laws of humanity, a halter being thrown round, the neck, it was
carried to Leicester; while the new king also proceeded to
that place, graced with the crown which he had so gloriously
won. While these events were taking place, many nobles
and others were taken prisoners ; and in especial, Henry, earl
of Northumberland, and Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey, the
eldest son of the before- named duke of Norfolk. There was
also taken prisoner William Catesby, who occupied a distill*
guished place among all the advisers of the late king, and whose
head was cut off at Leicester, as a last reward for his excel-
lent offices. Two gentlemen, also, of the western parts of
the kingdom, father and son, known by the name of Brecher,
who, after the battle, had Mien into the hands of the con-
querors, were hanged. As it was never heard, nor yet stated
in writing or by word of mouth, that any other persons, after
the termination of the warfare, were visited with similar pu-
nishments, but that, on the contrary, the new prince had
shewn clemency to all, he began to receive the praises of all,

• M On the contrary, the duke of Norfolk was the only leader of
who gave his entire support to Richard in this battle.

A-D. 1486. VBmOMfft OF 9SS UttLfSg OFMWlUnK 505

as though lie had been an angei dent down ffom heaven, through
whom God had deigned to visit His people, and to deliver it
from the evils with which it had hitherto, beyond measure,
been afflicted.

And thus concluding this history, which we promised to set
forth down to the death of the said king Richard, so far as a
truthful recital of the facts suggested itself to our mind, with-
out knowingly intermingling therewith any untruthfulness,
hatred, or favour whatsoever. We began this description,
chiefly, for the purpose of aiding the pious and praiseworthy
ignorance?7 manifested by the Prior of this place, who compiled
the preceding portion, and who, though extremely well versed
in Divine matters, was sometimes most reasonably mistaken in
those of a secular nature.

"We accordingly made a beginning at the battle which it
was feared was about to take place at Ludlow, in the marches
of Wales, between king Henry the Sixth and the duke of York,
in the year of our Lord, 1459, and have brought the narrative
down to this battle, which was fought near Mirival, and which
took place on the twenty-second day of the month of August,
in the year of our Lord, 1485 ; thus comprising a space of
twenty-six years. These events thus taking place, it appears
from the Chronicles, that a similar death of a king of England,
slain in a pitched battle in his own kingdom, has never been
heard of since the time of king Harold ; who was an usurper,
and was conquered in battle by William the Conqueror, who came
over from Normandy, and from whom these men are descended.
On taking into consideration the signs and badges of the con-
queror and conquered in our day, as well as those of the child-
ren of king Edward, whose cause in especial was avenged in
this battle, and the events which happened to the. three kings
who have borne the name of Richard, since the Conquest of
England, a certain Poet composed these lines :

The fate of our three Richards in their deaths
Was much alike ; though otherwise their lot
Was most dissimilar. Bach of these kings
Died without issue, cut off by a death
Sudden and cruel. But the First acquired
The greatest glory. In the Holy Land
He fought ; and thence returning safe, he fell,

*? On secular matters.

606 ooirranrATioN of the histqbt c* cbqihla^. a.bu J485.

Pierc'd by an arrow in a foreign dime*

Reft of his throne, and many a month immur'd

'Within a dungeon's walls, the Second chose

Rather to die than forfeit his fair name.

Edward's vast hoards of wealth consuu'd, the Third

Wat not content therewith, but must destroy .

His brother's progeny, and then proscribe

Their partisans. Two years had he usurp' d

The throne, when, meeting these, he lost his life

And ill-gain'd crown, upon the battle-field.

The year one thousand, hundreds fonr, and five

To eighty added, when of August came

The twice eleventh day, the Boar's tusks quail'd ;

And, to avenge the White, the Red Rose bloom' d.

At the beginning of the new reign, the sweating sickness,
of which we have previously made mention, prevailed to a
great extent ; and Lambert, abbat of Croyland, being attacked
by it, departed this life on the fourteenth day of October, as
already stated. He was succeeded in the dignity of abbat by
Edmund Thorpe, formerly prior of the same place, a Bachelor
of Divinity, who was elected on the feast of Saint Theodore,
being the * * * day 0f the month of November, in
the year of our Lord, 1485.

At the commencement of his holding office, he prudently
recalled to mind the disturbances which his predecessors had
had to endure from their ungrateful, proud, and almost in-
domitable neighbours; upon which, he omitted no exertions
on his part, to take care and have all matters settled and ad-
justed in every respect. Por there were three principal ques-
tions which still remained unsettled ; the first, as to the Pre-
cinct of Croyland, as to which, extreme opposition was offered
by the men of Multon and Weston. The second, relative to
the boundaries, the demesne rights, and the manner of com-
monage and pasturage in Goggisland, was at issue between
the tenants of the monastery and the people of Depyng ; while
the third was with reference to the marsh of Alderland, which
seemed to have been brought to a very imperfect, though ex.
pensive conclusion, by the arbitration previously86 mentioned.

The burden of the first question already mentioned, fell

wholly and entirely upon the shoulders of abbat Lambert, who,

as we previously stated, presided over the monastery for a short

time only. Por the malice of the people in those parts increased

* P. 494.

A.T5.I485. rJTT&ATEl) BIGHTS OF THE MOTTASTEHTO?0aOTLAND. 507

to such a degree, that at one time they terrified the whole
monastery hy their dreadful threats, at another hy their ferocious
deeds ; and when, at last, they, were sensible that they could
not in that way escape the snares consequent upon breaking
-the peace of the realm, confiding, as it were, in the goodness
of their cause, they most presumptuously laid a complaint
against the monastery before the king's council.

They accordingly procured a visitation of their district by
William Hussey and Guy Fairfax, knights, and justices in
eyre ; and in their presence alleged recognizances and acquit-
tances, in the names of the prior of Spalding and others of the
chief men of Multon, of right of common in the said Pre-
cinct, made by fine to the abbat and convent of Croyland : as
being a circumstance which seemed to presuppose right of com-
mon of such a nature, that the lords before-mentioned had not
the power of releasing it to the prejudice of their tenants.
The judges, with considerable shrewdness, saw what an extra-
ordinary degree of caution . and moderation was necessary in
dealing with such a clamorous multitude ; and, upon finding
the trifling character of the allegations made by these men,
and seeing that they had never held possession of the pretended
right of common, dismissed the principal complaint, and gave
a decree with reference to such evils as seemed to be imminent,
such as the too large body of water which ran from the higher
elevation of the Precinct to the lower grounds of Hoyland ; and
thus did they appease these men for the time, and sent each
of them to his own home, without inflicting any injury upon
the rights of the monastery.

To these results, which had been obtained as a final settle-
ment of the matter in the time of abbat Lambert, Edmund,
who succeeded him, to his great praise, added the resources of
good policy ; for, by many singular marks of attention, he ob-
tained favour and support for the place from the prinoipal in-
habitants of Multon, a family highly ennobled and of gentle
blood, known by the name of Welby, and to whom the people
of those parts were not in the habit of offering opposition.
• The second question was the one which concerned the people
of Depyng. Although these people, with a sort of innate
frenzy, are always struggling to preserve their boundaries,
still, what with the patience displayed by the said abbat Ed-
mund and his monks, and the prudent counsel of the most

£08 . COlfTIKtJATIOIf OF THX HI3T0EY (Hf CEOTLAJTU. A^i 1485.

illustrious mother of our lord the king, to whom tfie- manor of
Depyng is well known to belong, the question has hitherto
received such treatment, that, through God's protection, the
monastery seems likely neither to lose its rights nor to incur
the resentment of those more powerful persons, with whom it
cannot place itself upon an equality.

As to the third, which has always been foundto be the mostim-
portattt and the most knotty question of all, it so came under the
management of this abbat Edmund, that it seems as though he
had been found worthy by Him without whose aid*7 we can do no-
thing. For the sum of the arbitration before-mentioned was as
follows ; in the first place, both parties submitting themselves to
the judgment of the said88 lord archbishop under a penalty of one
thousand pounds, among other things he imposed this burden
on the monastery of Oroyland : that the abbat and community
thereof should pay anannual sum of ten pounds to the saidmonas-
tery of Burgh, until lands of the said value should have been
purchased at the proper expense of the said abbat and com-
munity, and delivered into the proper hands of the monastery
of Burgh St. Peter, or until, at the like expense, the church of
Brynkhurst or Eston in the county of Leicester, which is in
the patronage of the said monastery of Burgh St. Peter, should
have been appropriated by or united to the said monastery.
An option of this nature being accordingly given by the award,
of following the one course or the other, the before-named Ed-
mund, by the advice and consent of the members of the chap-
ter, determined by every possible means to follow the second
course, and make an appropriation of the said church of Brynk-
hurst to the perpetual use of the monastery of Burgh ; which,
however, could not be done, in contravention of the statutes of the
realm, unless the royal licence should be first had and obtained.
So cautiously, however, and so diligently did he, through the
medium of his friends, employ all possible labour, energy, and
outlay, that at length he was found deserving to gain the end
desired. For he obtained letters patent of the king granting
a licence to that effect, and directed to the convent and abbat
of Burgh ; an account of which, and the whole of the process
thence ensuing, will perhaps be written at greater length by
some other person hereafter in its proper place :w as it is the
usage with those who write history to be silent upon the actions

*7 This may be the meaning of the passage, bat it is evidently imperfect.

38 See p. 494. »» See p. 514.

A.p« I486. ftUBBUG* OF XING HXZTRY THB SEVENTH. 609

of lining persons, lest a description of their vices should prove
productive of odium, and a recital of their virtues be imputed
to the writers as so much adulation.

Influenced by this consideration, the writer before-mentioned
determined to end his labours with the death of king Itichard ;
only adding the fact that, after the victory of the said king
Henry the Seventh, and the ceremonies of his anointing and
coronation, on the last day but one of the following month, by
the hand of the most reverend father, Thomas, cardinal arch-
bishop of Canterbury, and in due conformity with the ancient
custom, the marriage was celebrated, which had from the first
been hoped for, between him and the lady Elizabeth, the eldest
daughter of king Edward the Fourth. This was duly solem-
nized, at the instance and urgent entreaty of all the three
estates of the realm, in presence of the Church, on the eight-
eenth day of the month of January, in the year of our Lord,
according to the computation of the Roman Church, 1486; a dis-
pensation having been first obtained from the Apostolic See on
account of the fourth degree of consanguinity, within which the
king and queen were related to each other. And although, by
these means, peace was graciously restored, still, the rage of
some of the malign ants was not averted, but, immediately after
EasteT, a sedition was set on foot by these ingrates in the
North, whence every evil takes its rise ; and this, even although
the king was staying in those parts. Taking note of this, he
who has written this narrative, has added to the preceding
history, for the inspection of posterity, a few lines of exhorta-
tion on peace and long-suffering, to the following effect :

" Thou who dost read these changes in the fate
Of mighty men, must needs despise the frail
And unsubstantial glories of this world.
Why should its fleeting pomps and short-kVd pride
Enthral thy mind ? Fall many a king has fall'n,
Who to another had disdain'd to bow
His head. Emerging from the palace doors,
Others have enter' d at the postern gate ;
Eager for rule, and, for their private ends,
Ready the common weal to sacrifice.
Nor age, nor blood, nor valour in the field
Shall now ensure a king his rights. Let those
Who come hereafter be upon their guard,
And know that o'er a populace they rule,
Fickle and fond of novelty — "

510 CONTIKTJATIOff OF THE HI8TOBT OF CBOYLAM). A.D. 1486.

In the same composition, the Poet also alludes to the failure
after such vast preparations made by king Edward for the ex-
pedition against France ; the like of which will never be seen
again—

" Gaul hath escap'd our vengeance, and we ourselves
Have pierc'd our vitals with out own good swords.
Now this, now that side conquering, this realm
Hath heen the prey of factions. But since God
Hath now united them, and made hut one
Of these two factions, let us be content.
A better fortune will ensue, if we
Receive these timely blessings of the Lord
With grateful hearts. But, if the blood-stain'd sword
Should still remain suspended, and great Jove
Cease not to hurl his lightnings, then must we
Bear our misfortunes with a patient mind/'

I shall now subjoin some lines written in praise of this
monastery, which begin as follows :

" How sweet to be one of a brotherhood
Where envy is unknown. Such praise alone
Our Croyland claims, and as her own demands.
Here concord ever reigns, all strife afar ;
Here do we recognize the grateful rights
Of hospitality ; and every guest
Is amply cater'd for, and without charge.
This to her praise we' tell, for we ourselves .
Have witness'd it ; and how within her fane
Devoutness hath subdued the minds of men.
The humble heart, the look sincere and frank*
The foot unfalt'ring, and the voice attun'd
To praise of the eternal God, find here
A holy refuge. May their pious life
Meet its reward in heav'n ; and, while for you
I breathe a brother's prayer, my every good
I recommend to yours— well may they fere.
Who wish for you the same. In Christ, Farewell"

This was done and completed at Croyland, in the year of
our Lord, one thousand four hundred and eighty-six, in the
space of ten days : the last of which was the last day of the
month of April in the said year.

A FOURTH CONTINUATION

OF THE

HISTORY OF CROTLAND.

Although the person who wrote the History immediately pre-
ceding, whoever he may have been, has brought his work to
a close, at a point beyond which, for the reasons stated by him,
he did not think proper to proceed ; still, as I find, each day,
something worthy of remark, and of such a nature, that if it
be not immediately committed to writing, it may either be lost
in oblivion or suffer from an unfaithful relation, I do not hesi-
tate to write what follows, by way of Continuation of the pre-
ceding History. In so doing, I have determined to set an
example to those who shall come after us, to the end that they
may be encouraged, in a similar manner, at once to commit to
writing such events as may happen in their times.

After the coronation of king Henry had been solemnly per-
formed on the day above-mentioned, a Parliament was held at
Westminster, on which so many matters were treated of (I
wish I could say "all ably treated of"), that the compendious
nature of this narrative cannot aspire to comprise an account of
the whole of them. Among other things, proscriptions, or,
as they are more commonly called, " attainders," were voted
against thirty persons ; a step which, though bespeaking far
greater moderation than was ever witnessed under similar cir-
cumstances in the time of king Eichard or king Edward, was
not taken without considerable discussion, or, indeed, to speak
more truly, considerable censure, of the measures so adopted.
Oh God ! what assurance, from this time forth, are our kings
to have, that, in the day of battle, they will not be deprived

512 COVTTSUkTLOUt OF THE HISTOBT OF CBOTLAIH). A.D. I486.

of the assistance of even their own subjects, when summoned
at the dread mandate*9 of their sovereign ? for, a thing that
has been too often witnessed, it is far from improbable, that,
deserted by their adherents, they may find themselves bereft of
inheritance, possessions, and even lire itself.

In this Parliament, the sovereignty was confirmed to our
lord the king, as being his due, not by one, but by many titles :
so that we are to believe that he rules most rightfully over the
English people, and that, not so much by right of blood as of con-
quest and victory in warfare. There were some persons, -how-
ever, who were of opinion that words to that effect might have
been more wisely passed over in silence than inserted in onr
statutes ; the more especially, because, in the very same Par-
liament, a discussion took place, and that, too, with the king's
consent, relative to his marriage with the lady Elizabeth, the
eldest daughter of king Edward ; in whose person it appeared
to all that every requisite might be supplied, which was want-
ing to make good the title of the king himself. But more,
perhaps, on this subject hereafter.

This general sitting of Parliament being concluded, the
king kept the festival of Easter at Lincoln ; whither news
was brought of the death of the most noble father, cardinal,
Thomas Bourchier, and archbishop of Canterbury. He died
in Easter week, in the year 1486, A being the Dominical letter;
just as, thirty-nine years before, under the same Dominical
letter, and in the same week of the festival of Easter, a great
cardinal of England, Henry Beaufort byname, bishop of Win-
chester, had departed this life, it being the year 1447. The
following is the noble lineage of each of these prelates, each
being, in pedigree, lineally descended from king Edward the
Third :— Henry, bishop of Winchester, was descended from
him in the second degree, through his father, John of Gaunt,
duke of Lancaster, son of the said king Edward ; while
Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, was descended from him
in the third degree, through his mother, the countess of Staf-
ford, and the father of the said counteBs, Thomas of Wood-
stock, duke of Gloucester, another son of the aforesaid king
Edward the Third.

There recurs to my recollection, at the moment while I am

39 The text seems to be in a defective state here. He probably alludes
to the desertion of Richard by his party at the battle of Bosworth.

a.p. M86. uraurascnoK is xsb xobth. 513

writing this account of these circumstances, a praiseworthy
deed, and one most deserving of all imitation by others, of
that glorious and Catholic man, the said cardinal bishop of
Winchester. When he was ill and at the point of death at
his palace of Wolnesey, near his cathedral church Of Saint
Swithun, in the said year 1447, he caused all the ecclesiastics,
religious, and laymen in the vicinity to be summoned to the
great hall of the palace, on the Saturday on which the office
Sitientes [those who thirst] is channted, and which immedi-
ately precedes the Sunday of the Passion of our Lord. Here
lie had a solemn funeral service and the mass of the Requiem
performed in his presence, as he lay on his bed ; and, on the
fifth day after,40 the whole of the office was performed by the
prior of that cathedral church in full pontificals. Shortly after
the funeral service, his last will and testament was publicly
read aloud in presence of all ; and, certain corrections and
codicils41 having been added by him thereto, on the morning
after the mass was performed, publicly and in an audible voice
he confirmed all his said testamentary dispositions, which were
then once more read over ; after which, he bade farewell to all,
and depar^d this life at the time above-mentioned. For, he
who wrote this account, was present, and both saw and heard
all these things, and we know that his witness Is true. Hav-
ing thus digressed a little, we will hasten to return to the acts
and fortunes of the king.

On passing from Lincoln on his way to York, by his castle
of Nottingham, he there heard various rumours of a certain
rising42 of the people in the north ; upon which, for the more
securely establishing his position, he caused a great multitude
of men, but all of them unarmed, to be summoned and col-
lected from the county of Lincoln ; it being his wish to ap-
pear rather to pacify than exasperate the people who were
opposed to him. When he had come to Tork, and was intent
upon his devotions, on the feast of Saint George, he was

40 This account of the death of Cardinal Beaufort differs very mate-
rially from the picture painted of that scene by Shakspeare in his King
Henry VI., Part 2 ; and which is supposed, in some respects, to have been
founded on the account given in Hall's Chronicle.

*' These were added on the seventh and ninth of April. He died on
the eleventh.

48 Headed by lord Lovel, and Humphrey and Thomas Stafford.

L L

514 C0KTI3TUATX0V *V THIS HI8T0BT OF O&OTIJJtD. *><*> i486.

nearly slain by nteans of a stratagem on part of the eoejay.
The earl of Northumberland, however, prudently queued this
insurrection at its first beginning, and caused certain of those
who had prompted the movement to be hanged .011 the gallows :
after which, the king re turned in peace .towards the southern
parts.

While these commotions were still going on in the north,
there came to the house of Croyland the reverend man^ John
Russell, bishop of Lincoln, and stayed there the space of a
whole month, making payment every week for himself and
a retinue of twenty persons, on such terms as were deemed
satisfactory by both -parties. During this period, a conference
waa held at Singlaaholt with the abbat of the monastery of
Burgh Saint Peter, as to the mode and order of proceeding in
the matter of the appropriation of the church of Brynkhurst,
otherwise Eaton, and how much should be held to be payable
each year by that church for indemnification due to the bishops,
archdeacons, and the cathedral church ; upon which, the said
bishop, with the express desire and consent of the before-
named abbat, appointed a day and place, in the parish church
of Croyland, when and where the Proctor of the abbat and
convent of Burgh, having received full powers to act as Proc-
tor, should appear. This was, accordingly, done ; and, at the
prayer of the said Proctor, the matter of the said union or ap-
propriation was in all respects discussed, and, by sentence of
the bishop judicially pronounced, in all respects concluded;
the said Proctor being present, and giving his entire consent
thereto, as well as the before-named abbat of Croyland, who,
according to the force and effect of the said award, bore and paid
throughout all and singular the costs and expenses necessary
in that behalf. "We have here inserted the form of this act of
impropriation :

" To all sons of Holy Mother Church, to whom these our
present letters shall come, or to whom this public instrument
shall come, John, by the Divine permission, bishop of Lincoln,
health in the Lord everlasting. It behoveth all Catholic
bishops, within the limits of their respective jurisdictions, to
give their especial attention to those things which concern the
peace and tranquillity of convents of the religious; and more
especially of those, the proximity of the confines of which
may more readily give cause and occasion for dissensions;

X,m 1466* FOBM 0* THE tMPHOFELLTIOIf 0* BBTOKHTOST* 615

a* also; at the same time, in every way to provide for the pre*
serration of peace and tranquillity in this behalf. For this
reason we do bring it to the notice of all of you, that, in the
matter under- written of the- union, annexation, appropriation,
incorporation, and consolidation of the parish church of Brynk-
lmrst, otherwise called Eston, in our diocese of Lincoln, with.
the monastery of Burgh Saint Peter, in the same our diocese,
it being the year of our Lord, one thousand four hundred and
eighty-si?, then current, and the fourth year of the indiotion,
and the second of the pontificate of the most holy father and
lord in Christ, the lord Innocent, by the Divine Providence
the Eighth pope of that name, on the twenty-second day of
April, in the parish church of Croyland, within the conventual
church of the monastery of Saints Bartholomew the Apostle,
and Ghithlao the Confessor, of Croyland, in our said diocese,
and on the northern side of the said conventual church
ire publicly sitting, before us there judicially and in judgment
seated, there did personally appear in court the religious
man, the lord John Croyland, a brother of the said monas-
tery of Burgh Saint Peter, and Proctor thereof, appointed
to act as proctor in the name and behalf of the venerable
and religious men, the abbat and convent of the monas-
tery of Burgh Saint Peter aforesaid ; and that, he having in
his hands and actually producing his commission of Proctor-
ship Bealed with the common seal of the said monastery of
Burgh, as also the royal letters containing therein the royal
licence granted to proceed in the matter aforesaid, we were,
often and urgently, and with no small importunity, entreated
by the same lord John Croyland, the Proctor aforesaid, that
we would deign to make inquisition and to proceed in the said
matter of the union, annexation, appropriation, incorporation,
and consolidation of the parish church aforesaid, in such man-
ner as should be canonical, and to examine the reasons for
making such union, annexation, appropriation, incorporation,
and consolidation, and duly to expedite the said matter. Where-
fore, we, John, the bishop before-named, there sitting in
judgment, and being of opinion that the requisition to the said
effect was just and consonant with reason, at the instance
and prayers of the Proctor before-mentioned, did determine
so to make inquisition and to proceed, so far as should be duly
canonical| in the matter aforesaid ; there being then present

ll2

516 OONTDOTATION OF THE KtSTOKT OP GBOTIA^D. A.*, i486.

Masters Thomas Hutton, Doctor of Lavs, and William Spencer
and William Miller, clerks and notaries public, specially stun-
moned and invited to be witnesses to the premises : and, all
and singular the premises being; so arranged, we, John, the
bishop before-named, still there sitting in judgment, did name
and appoint the discreet man, Master William Spencer, clerk
and notary public, before-mentioned, to act as our secretary in
the said matter, so far only as setting forth the things to be done
in this behalf, and did make him there to remain with us, for
the purpose of faithfully writing down all and singular the
things then done in this present matter, in the order and suc-
cession in which the same should take place. And forthwith,
the said lord John Croyland, the Proctor before-named, in
virtue of his Proctorship, then and there did actually produce
the commission of his said Proctorship, of which mention has
been made above, in writing, and sealed in white wax with
an impression of the common seal of the said monastery, and
did take upon him to act in the aforesaid business in behalf of
his masters, the said abbat and convent of the monastery of
Burgh : of which commission of Proctorship so granted to the
said Proctor, the tenor was to the following effect : —

" Be it known unto all men by these presents, that we,
William Kamsey, abbat of the monastery of Burgh Saint Peter,
of the order of Saint Benedict, in the diocese of Lincoln, and
the convent of the said place, having the advowson and the right
of patronage of the parish church of Brynkhurst* otherwise
Eston, in the said diocese, and well known to be patrons of the
said parish church, do by these presents, name, ordain, make,
and appoint our dearly beloved brethren in Christ, John Gente,
John Croyland, and Bichard Sutton, monks of our said monas-
tery, jointly and severally, and each of them by himself, wtiolly
and solely, that so any one of them who has begun to act may
not have more force and effect than the others, but that what
any one of them has begun, any other of them may be at
liberty by himself to carry into effect and conclude, our true
and lawful proctors, agents, factors, and managers of our busi-
ness, and our especial deputies ; and we do give and do grants
and by the tenor of these presents do give and do grant to the
same our Proctors, jointly, and to each of them, by himself,
severally and wholly as before- stated, general power and special
authority, for us, and in the names of us and of our said mon-

A,D. 1436. COMMISSION 03? PBOGIOESmP. 517

astery, m a certain matter of union, annexation, incorporation,
and consolidation of the parish church of Brynkhurst, other?
wise Eston, with the before-named monastery of Burgh Saint
Peter, canonically to be made, to appear before the reverend
father and lord, John, by the grace of God, lord bishop of Lin-
coln, his commissary or commissaries in that behalf deputed
or to be deputed ; as ateo to give and propound, and pray, and
obtain, to be admitted, any article or articles, and any other
petitions whatsoever, whether of a summary, solemn, or
simple nature, and to declare, allege, propound, and prove the
reason and reasons for the union, annexation, incorporation)
and consolidation aforesaid ; and, as to the truth of the said
reasons, to make oath required by law, as also to cause and
procure the truth to be testified and declared as to the said
reasons and the validity thereof ; and to produce and exhibit,
and. demand to be admitted, the testimony of witnesses, letters,
and instruments, both public and private, and all other kinds
of proof whatsoever ; and to demand witnesses in this behalf
to be produced to be sworn and examined, and to see their
words and evidence duly published ; as also to swear, and to
give and make any lawful oath whatsoever upon our souls,
which shall be necessary or requisite in this behalf ; and to
demand that the parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise
Eaton, before-named, together with all the lands, tenements,
revenues, rights,, and appurtenances, to the said church pertain-
ing, or in any way belonging, with the before-named monas-
tery of Burgh Saint Peter and us, the abbat and convent afore*
paid and our successors, may, under the authority of the reverend
father before-named, be united, annexed, and incorporated; and
that the said monastery and parish church, saving always the
portion of the perpetual vicar of the said church from ancient
times set apart, limited, and appointed, may be consolidated ;
and to ask, hear, and see that sentence or final decree of
union, annexation, incorporation, and consolidation aforesaid,
is pronounced and published ; and likewise to ask and obtain
the consent of all persons whatsoever having any interest in
this behalf, the same to be really and effectually had and given,
to the union, annexation, incorporation, and consolidation
aforesaid, and to the final decree for the same, as also to the
whole and entire process in this behalf to be had, and in its
various steps and successively to be carried on: and after such

518 COOTIOTATtttf O* THE HIBTOET 0* CBOYIAND. Ai». i486.

union; annexation, incorporation, and consolidation aforesaid, to
aak and to see that it is decreed, and is effectually ordered and
enjoined that we, so empowering them as aforesaid, or our
Proctors for us, shall be inducted and placed in real add bod£j
possession of the parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise
Eston before-named, and all other its and our appurtenances,
saving always the portion of the perpetual vicar, as previously
stated ; and to obtain possession to that effect, and when so ob-
tained to continue and preserve the same. We do also autho-
rize them to ask for and obtain letters testimonial or other public
instruments of and concerning the union, annexation, incor-
poration, and consolidation before-mentioned, and that the
same shall be ratified by the seal of the venerable father before-
named ; and to promote the matter of the said union, annexa-
tion, incorporation and consolidation, unto the final and effectual
conclusion thereof, and duly to prosecute, manage and complete
the execution of the decree before-mentioned ; and to treat of
and communicate upon, the indemnifications, unto the before
named reverend father and lord in Christ, John, by the grace of
God, lord bishop of Lincoln, and hisfdture successors, as also, the
lords the dean and chapter of the cathedral church of the blessed
Mary at Lincoln and the archdeacon of Leicester, for the time
being, and their future successors, such indemnifications being
due by reason of the said union, annexation, incorporation, and
consolidation ; and, in our name, to consent and assent to the as-
signment, limitation, and transfer of any yearly payment for and
in place of such indemnifications, by the before-named reverend
father and lord in Christ, John, by the grace of God, lord bishop
of Lincoln, to be agreed upon, and, by his authority, in this
behalf to be made ; as also to bind us and our monastery, when
it shall be so, as already stated, united to the parish church
aforesaid, to make payment of any sums whatever which shall
in name of the indemnifications aforesaid, by the authority of
the reverend father before-named, be assigned and limited, the
same to be faithfully made by us and our successors in our said
monastery ; and in our name to offer, set forth, and give se-
curities both by oath and by sureties for the payment of the
said sums as already stated, as also all other securities what-
soever which shall be necessary and sufficient in this behalf;
and likewise to make challenge and appeal, and to demand and
receive oath upon the Apostles, and to substitute any other or

*.p. 1486. coiotimo* of phoctobship, 619

others as Proctor or Proctors, in place of them or any one of
them* and to revoke the substitution of such substitute or sub-
stitutes, and to resume to himself or themselves the office of
Proctor, and exercise the same, so often as and when it shall
seem best and most expedient to them or any one of them,
their present Proctorship in the meantime remaining valid and
of frill effect : and generally to make, do, and execute, all and
singular other. the things in and about the premises which may
be necessary thereto, or which may in any way at their pleasure
seem desirable, although the same may demand of them an
authorization more special than is in these presents set forth,
end which we ourselves, so appointing them, would have made,
done, or executed, or ought to have made, done, or executed,
in ease we had been personally present in the premises. We,
the before-named abbat and convent, so appointing them, do
also promise that we will for ever hold as ratified, good, and
established, all and whatsoever our said Proctors, or those by
them to be substituted, shall do, or any one of them shall do
in the premises or any one of the premises ; and will abide by
the judgment, and will do what shall be adjudged, under pledge
and obligation of forfeiting all our goods both present and
to come ; and in that behalf we do by these presents make offer
of the said security. In testimony whereof we have to these
presents set our common seal, the same being given in our
Chapter-house, on the twenty-first day of the month of April,
in tiie year of our Lord, one thousand four hundred and
eighty-six."

" Accordingly, we sitting there in judgment, in presence
of the Proctor of the said abbat and convent of the mo-
nastery of Burgh aforesaid, appeared there, personally in
court, the discreet man, Master William Miller, clerk and
notary public, and Proctor, as he stated, of the venerable men,
the lords the dean and chapter of our cathedral church of the
blessed Mary at Lincoln, and before us actually produced the
commission of his Proctorship by his said masters granted to
him, and signed with the impression in green wax of their
common seal, and made his appearance in behalf of the same
his masters in the matter before-named. At the same time
also, appeared there, personally in court, in presence of the
Proctors before-named, the discreet man, Master Boger Wood,
Master of Arts, who stated that he was the Proctor of the

120 CONTINUATlOlf OF THB HI8TOBY OF CBOrXAND. A-D. I486.

honorable man, Master Richard Langueder, Doctor of Laws,
our archdeacon of Leicester, in our cathedral church aforesaid,
within the precincts of whose archdeaconry is situate the
parish chorea of Brynkhurst, otherwise Eaton * * *
and then and there actually produced the oommisftion of his
Proctorship, set forth in writing, and sealed with the impression
in red wax of the seal which the before-named Master Richard
Langueder, our official in the diocese of t Lincoln, uses by right
of his holding the said office, and made his appearance in be*
half of the said archdeacon, his master, in the matter before-
named. The terms of the commission of Proctorship of the
Proctors of the said dean and chapter, and of the archdeacon,
of which mention is made above, were in words as follow ;

"Be it known unto all men by these presents, that we,
Philip Lipyat, Licentiate in Laws, Subdean of the Cathedral
church of the blessed Mary at Lincoln, in the absence of the
Dean of the said church, and with the unanimous consent and
assent of the Chapter of the said church, do, by these presents,
ordain, make, name, and appoint, our dearly beloved in Christ,
Masters Thomas Hutton, Doctor of Laws, Canon of the Cathe-
dral church aforesaid, Andrew Bensted, Master of Arts, Wil-
liam Spencer, John Bevyll, and William Miller, clerks and
notaries public, jointly and severally, and each of them, by
himself, wholly and solely, that no any one of them who has
begun to act may not have more force and effect than the
others, but that what any one of them has begun, any other
of them may be at liberty by himself to conclude and carry
into effect, our true and lawful proctors, agents, factors, and
managers of our business, and our especial deputies ; and we do
give and do grant to the same, our Proctors, jointly, and to each
of them by himself, as before stated, severally and wholly,
general power and special authority, for us, and in the names
of us and of the said cathedral church, to proceed and to view
proceedings in a certain matter of union, annexation, incor-
poration, and consolidation of the parish church of Brynk-
hurst, otherwise Eston, in the diocese of Lincoln, with the
monastery of Burgh Saint Peter, in the said diocese, and the
abbat and convent thereof for the time being and all their
future successors whatsoever in the said monastery, the same
to be duly and canonically made, before the reverend father
and lord in Christ, John, by the grace of God, lord bishop of

AD. 1466. OOSnOSSTOK OF PEOCTOEfiHIP. 621

Lincoln, or his commissary in that behalf deputed or to be
deputed ; as also to be present and to see that the witnesses*
letters, instruments, and other documents in proof in that be*
half necessary and requisite, are produced, and that the said
witnesses are admitted and sworn, and that their words and
attestations are duly published : also, in like manner, to give
our consent and assent, and in our name really and effectually
to consent and assent, that the parish church of Brynkhurst,
otherwise .Eaton, before-named, together with all its rights
and appurtenances, shall be canonically united, annexed, in-
corporated, and consolidated with the monastery of Burgh
Saint Peter aforesaid, the abbat and convent thereof for the
time being, and their successors for all future time whatsoever,
the same to be held for ever to their own proper use ; and, if
need shall be, to dissent from the same ; saving always to our-
selves and our successors, a certain yearly payment of six
shillings and eightpence of and from the fruits and profits of
the parish church of BrynkhurBt aforesaid, the same to be
paid for ever in each year at the feast of Saint Michael the
Archangel, as and for an indemnification to us and our succes-
sors; and to demand and see that the parish church of Eston
aforesaid, and the fruits, rents, profits, rights, incomes, offer-
ings, tenths, and all and singular the emoluments whatsoever
of the said church, are bound to payment and security for pay-
ment of the yearly sum aforesaid, and that the said abbat, and
convent, and all their successors whatsoever are charged with
payment of the said sum to us and our successors, in manner
before stated, for ever ; and in our name to receive all other
bonds and securities whatsoever sufficient in that behalf; and
to make demand, and to hear, sentences both interlocutory and
definite, given and pronounced, and other enactments, ordi-
nances, and decrees, in that behalf requisite, made and or-
dained, and to consent to the same, or otherwise, if needs be,
to dissent therefrom ; as abo to carry out the said matter of
union, annexation, incorporation, and consolidation, until and
unto the final close thereof, and so to conclude the same ; and
to substitute any other Proctor or Proctors whatsoever, in the
place of them and of each of them, and to revoke each substi-
tution, and to resume to themselves the duties of such Proctor,
so often as, and when it shall seem good and expedient to them
or to any one of them : and generally, to make, do, and exe-
cute all and singular other the things in and about the premises

522 CONTINUATION 07 THE HISTOBT OF CROTLANT). A.l>. 1486.

which may be necessary thereto, or in any way desirable,
although the same may require of them an authorization more
special than is in these presents set forth. We do also pro-
mise that we will for ever hold as ratified, good, and esta-
blished, all and whatsoever our said Proctors, or those by them
substituted or to be substituted shall do, or any one of them
shall do, in the premises or any one of the premises ; and will
abide by the judgment, and will do what shall be adjudged
under pledge and obligation of forfeiting all our goods ; and in
that behalf we do by these presents, make offer of the said
security. In testimony whereof, we have to these presents
set our common seal, the same being given in our chapter*
house on the first day of the month of April, in the year of our
Lord, one thousand four hundred and eighty-six,"

" Be it known to all men by these presents, that we, Richard
Langueder, Doctor of Laws, archdeacon of Leicester in the
cathedral church of Lincoln and officer of the consistory court
of Lincoln, have named, ordained, made, and appointed, and do
by the tenor of these presents, name, ordain, make, and ap-
point our dearly beloved in Christ, Masters Thomas Hutton,
Doctor of Laws, Andrew Bensted, and Soger Wood, Masters
of Arts, and William Spencer, John Bevil, and William Miller,
clerks and notaries public, jointly and severally, and each of
them, by himself wholly and solely, that so any one of them
who has begun to act may not have more force and effect than
the others, but that what any one of them has begun, any other
of them may be at liberty by himself to continue, conclude,
and carry into effect, our true and lawful proctors, agents,
factors, and managers of our business, and our especial depu-
ties : and we do give and do grant to the same our Proctors,
jointly, and to each of them by himself, as before stated, severally
and wholly, general power and especial authority, for us and
in the name of us and of our said archdeaconry, to appear in a
certain matter of union, annexation, incorporation, appropria-
tion, and consolidation of the parish church of Brynkhurst,
otherwise called Eston, in the diocese of Lincoln, with its
rights and appurtenances, with the monastery of Burgh Saint
Peter, in the said diocese, the same to be duly and canonically
made, before the reverend father and lord in Christ, John, by
the grace of God, lord bishop of Lincoln, or any his commissary
whatsoever, in that behalf appointed; as also to hear the

A.D:1486. OOtfXXSSIOX OF PBOCTOB8HXT. £23

reasons for the said union, annexation, appropriation, and con-
solidation, and as to the reasons so admitted and pronounced,
to estimate the validity of them and each of them : and to
consent, and in like manner to make and give our assent and
consent, that the parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise
.Eston aforesaid, together with its lands, tenements, rents,
services, fruits, profits, commodities, and all other its rights
and appurtenances whatsoever, shall be canonically united,
annexed, and incorporated with the monastery of Burgh afore-
said, and the abbat and convent thereof, and all their successors
in future times whatsoever : saving always unto ourselves
and our successors, archdeacons of Leicester, a certain yearly
payment in each year to come, as and for an indemnification
to our said dignified office ; seeing that the said parish church
of Brynkhurst, otherwise Eston, is known to be situate within
the precincts and circuit of our archdeaconry aforesaid — the
same to be faithfully paid ; and to demand, see, and obtain,
that the said parish church, and the yearly fruits thereof, for
all future time, are bound and charged for security of payment
being made of the said yearly sum ; and to prosecute, carry
on, and conclude the said matter of union, annexation, incor-
poration, and consolidation, until and unto the final close
thereof, and so to finish the same, and to make, do, and exe-
cute all and singular other the things in and about the pre-
mises, which may be necessary thereto, or in any way desirable,
although the said things may be such as by their nature may
require an authorization more special than is set forth in the
premises, and which we ourselves would have done, made, or
executed, in case we had been personally present in the
premises. We also, the archdeacon before-named, do promise,
for ourselves and our successors, that we will for ever hold as
ratified, good, and established, all and whatsoever our said
Proctors, or any one of them shall do in the premises or any
of the premises; and will abide by the judgment, and will
do what shall be adjudged under pledge, and obligation of
forfeiting all our goods, and in that behalf we do by these
presents make offer of the said security. In testimony whereof,
because we do not happen to have the seal of our aforesaid
archdeaconry at hand, we have to these presents set the
seal of our office aforesaid. Given, so far as the sealing of
-these presents, at Stamford, on the fifth day of the month of

524 COOTIOTATIOK 09 TAX HISTOKT OP CKOYLAXD. A.D. I48S.

April, in the year of our Lord, one thousand four hundred
and eighty-six."

" After these premises had been completed, the before-named
lord John Croyland, the Proctor of the abbat and convent of the
monastery of Burgh aforesaid, in their names, did before us
judicially and actually present the royal letters containing the
royal licence granted to the said abbat and convent, for de-
spatching the said matter of union, annexation, appropriation,
incorporation, and consolidation, the same being sealed with
an impression of the king's great seal on wax of a green
colour, in presence of the Proctors there before ns still in
person remaining, of the lords before-named, the dean and
chapter and the archdeacon, to whom reference has been made
above ; the tenor whereof was to the following effect :

" Henry, by the grace of God, king of England and France,
and lord of Ireland, to all to whom these present letters shall
come, greeting. Know ye that we, of our special grace, as
also at the humble prayer of Edmund, abbat, and the con-
vent of Croyland, have granted and given permission, and
by these presents do grant and do give permission, for our-
selves and for our heirs, so far as in us lies, unto our dearly
beloved in Christ, the abbat of Burgh Saint Peter and the
convent of the said place, and their successors, that they shall
be empowered and enabled for ever, for themselves and their
successors, to appropriate, unite, annex, and consolidate, the
church of Brynkhurst, otherwise called Eston, in the county
of Leicester, and in the diocese of Lincoln, together with all
the rights and emoluments, thereof whatsoever both spiritual
and temporal, with the said abbat and convent, and their suc-
cessors, and their house and church aforesaid, and when so
united, appropriated, annexed and consolidated, to hold,
possess, and retain the same to their own proper use ; and
that, without in any way taking, making, or paying any fine
or fee for the same to our use, and without any writ being in
any way had or issued of Ad quod damnum* by reason of the
premises ; and without any demand, let, or hindrance on part of
ourselves, or of our heirs, justices, escheators, sheriffs, or other
the bailiffs or servants of ourselves or of any of our heirs what-
soever. "We do will, however, that the vicarage or vicar of

43 A writ to enquire whether a grant intended to be made by the sove-
reign will be to the damage of him or others.

A. D. I486. PETITION FOB ANNEXATION.. 525

the church, aforesaid, or in the said church, sufficiently *
* * * * and a certain sum of money from the
fruits and profits thereof each year to be paid and distributed by
the diocesan of the said place, shall be divided among the poor
parishioners of the said church, according to the form of the
statute in that behalf made and provided. In testimony
whereof we have caused these our letters patent to be made.
Witness, myself at Westminster, this twenty-fifth day of
February, in the first year of our reign.' '

" The royal licence being then and there by us inspected
and understood, the before-named lord John Croyland, the
Proctor aforesaid, in name thereof, and in presence of the
others, that is to say, the Proctors of the lords the dean and
chapter and the archdeacon, who were still present, then and
there did actually propound a certain article or petition, set forth
in writing, and urgently requested that the same might be ad-
mitted and that inquisition might be made thereon, and that
he might be decreed to be admitted, and so be effectually ad-
mitted, to make proof of what was set forth and contained in
the same. The tenor of the said article or petition is set forth
in the form of words which follows :

" In the name of God, Amen. Before you the reverend
father and lord in Christ, John, by the grace of God, lord
bishop of Lincoln, or your commissary in this behalf last ap-
pointed, or hereafter to be appointed, on part of the religious
men, the abbat and convent of the monastery of Burgh Saint
Peter, of the order of Saint Benedict, in your diocese of Lin-
coln, patrons of the parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise
called Eston, in the same your diocese, and canonically holding
the right of advowson and patronage in the said church, in
the matter underwritten, it is, in such mode, manner, and
form, as it may be best, most usefully, and most efficiently,
consistently with what is lawful, said, alleged, and in these
writings, lawfully propounded : That the abbat and convent
before-named have been and are the true and lawful patrons of
the parish church of Brynkhurst aforesaid, and that the right
of patronage and advowson thereof, have anciently and from
ancient times, and have in times and from a time to which
the memory of man runneth not to the contrary, peacefully
and inviolably belonged, do belong, and for ever ought to be-
long unto the monastery aforesaid, and the abbat and convent

526 CONTIHTTATIOJr O* THE HISTORY OP CHCOELAND. A,i>i MS$.

thereof fox the time being : And that the present abbat and
convent, have been, and still are, through and by reason of the
premises, openly, publicly,, and notoriously, commonly held,
had, called, named, and reputed to be the true and lawful pa-
trons and the canonical possessors of the said rights of pa-
tronage and advowBon: and that, between the venerable
monasteries of Burgh Saint Peter and of Saint Bartholo-
mew the Apostle and Saint Guthlac of Croyland, of the order
of Saint Benedict ; in your diocese of Lincoln, holding lands
and territories olose adjoining to each other, and without
limits sufficiently set forth, there have long prevailed, and
have arisen, now on .the one side and now on the other,
strifes, dissensions, quarrels, and disputes, the which, have
notoriously caused, and still do cause, to the communities of
both convents many vexations, expenses, and damages, by both
greatly impeding and lessening the worship of God, and the
due observance of hospitality, in the said places, to such a
degree that unless by means of the moderate measures of
wholesome counsel, provision shall be duly made for the in-
demnifying of eadh, the advantages and prosperity of the one
monastery or the other, or perhaps, which may God forbid, of
both, must be utterly sacrificed : And that, for the purpose of
allaying strifes, dissensions, quarrels, and disputes of the said
nature, and of encouraging and nourishing peace and concord
amongst the parties aforesaid, (seeing that only in the time of
peace is the Author of all peace duly worshipped), and to the
end that thereby the duties of hospitality as well as the wor-
ship of God may be promoted in either monastery, it has
seemed that the same could not be more conveniently brought
about or provided for, than by an arrangement that the parish
church of Brynkhurst aforesaid, together with its lands, tene-
ments, rents, services, fruits, and profits, as also all the ad-
vantages to the said church belonging, (saving always the
portion from ancient times reserved and set apart for the
support of the perpetual vicar of the said church), should
be duly and canonically united, annexed, incorporated, and
granted, for their own proper use for ever to be held, to the
said lords the abbat and convent of the monastery of Burgh
Saint Peter aforesaid and their successors, at the costs and
expenses of the said lords the abbat and convent of the
monastery of Croyland. All and every of which things have

A.T>. I486, TXTTTIOW FOB, AITSEXATiaH*. 527

been and are true, public, notorious, manifest, and well-
known ; and public rumour and report hare long treated of
and still do treat of the same. Wherefore, the sureties haying
been given which were required in this behalf, it is prayed
on behalf of the said lords, the abbat and convent of the mo-
nastery of Burgh Saint Peter, that the reasons for the union,
annexation, incorporation, and appropriation aforesaid, and
above set forth, shall be admitted, and that it shall be pro-
nounced and declared as to the same and the validity thereof;
and that the parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise Eston
aforesaid, together with its lands and tenements, rents and
services, fruits, proceeds, and all the advantages thereof may
by and with the licence of the king's majesty, and the consent
and assent of all and singular the parties having an interest in
the said matter, be duly and canonically united, annexed, in-
corporated, and appropriated to the aforesaid monastery of
Burgh Saint Peter and the abbat and convent thereof, and all
their future successors whatsoever, and may, saving always the
portion aforesaid of the perpetual vicar, be granted for ever to
be held to the proper use of the said abbat and convent of
Burgh, and their successors ; and that the said monastery and
parish church, saving always the portion of the perpetual vicar
aforesaid, may be consolidated ; and that the abbat and con-
vent, for the time being, of the monastery of Burgh aforesaid,
may be decreed, by themselves or by their Proctors, to be in-
ducted into real, corporal, and actual possession of the said
parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise Eston, and of the
lands,, tenements, rents, services, fruits, and proceeds thereof
so soon as it shall happen that the said parish church is vacant,
by reason either of the resignation, cession, or death of Master
John Tapton, the present rector thereof, or in any other lawful
way, and may then be effectually inducted therein ; and that
leave may be effectually granted and given by you, and by
means of your sentence and decree, Eeverend Father before-
named, unto them, the abbat and convent of Burgh, so soon as
the same shall happen to be vacant in manner aforesaid, to
enter upon the same, and to take possession thereof, together
with all the rights and appurtenances above-mentioned, and,
after possession so taken, to keep and continue to keep the
same : and that further, all things may be enacted and decreed
to be done in the premises, and in all matters concerning the

528 comnruATiov ottos fissiasr or Gotland, a-p* 1186,

saute, which shall be consistent wife law a&d/feasoav All
which things are propounded end prayed to be done, on part
of the Baid abbat and convent of Burgh Saint Peter aforesaid,
jointly and severally; the said parties not restricting them-
selves to the proof of all and -singular the premises, nor yet
undertaking the burden of making any superfluous proof,
against which they do hereby protest ;• bat, confining them-
selves solely to those things which shall suffice in this- behalf
lawfully to manifest their intention to establish, their right ; and,
saving in all things what is for their benefit, in this behalf
Reverend Father before+named* humbly invoking your aid.

"And we, John, the bishop before-named, seeing that it would
be meritorious to grant to this prayer that which is only jiisty and
regarding the contents and tenor of the said article or petition,
which we there did have and hold as set forth and fully under-
stood, did, at the instance and prayer of the said Proctor, so pro*
pounding and praying, as before stated, as also with the consent
and assent of the said Masters William Miller and Soger Ward,
the Proctors of the lords the dean and chapter and our archdeacon
of Leicester before-named, judicially decree that the said article
or petition should be admitted, and that inquisition should be
made of and concerning the truth of the matters in the said
article or petition contained ; and that the said Proctor of the
said abbat and convent of the monastery of Burgh, should be
admitted to make proofs of the contents of the said article or
petition ; and we did name and appoint unto the before-named
John Croyland, the Proctor aforesaid, the Monday then next
ensuing, and the eighth hour before Mid-day of lite <same day,
at the parish church of Croyland aforesaid, for him to produce
witnesses and all other kinds of proof whatsoever, to him be-
longing in this behalf, the same being granted at the prayer of
the said Proctor of the abbat and convent aforesaid ; so con-
tinuing and proroguing the said matter, in the plight in which
it then was, until the said day, hourj and place.

"Accordingly, upon the said Monday, at the eighth hour
before mid-day of the same day, in the ehnreh aforesaid* we
then sitting there in judgment, in presence of the Proctors then
personally present of the lords the dean and chapter and the
archdeacon before-named, the lord John Croyland, the Proetof
of the abbat and convent of the monastery of Burgh Saint
Peter, and in their name, did produce John Hyeremouth, John

JL.D. U8S. EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES. 629

Douthfiere, William Digle, John Siyng, and William Spencer,
of Croyland, and Thomas Grace, and Robert Austhorp, of Peter-
borough, as witnesses to depose to and upon the truth of the
contents of the said article or petition above-specified, as also
to undergo the examination by us, and of our authority, in
that behalf to be made ; and did urgently request that the said
persons might by us be received, admitted, and, after the form
of swearing witnesses, sworn and examined. Upon which, the
said John Hyeremouth, John Douthfiere, William Digle, John
Slyng, William Spencer, Thomas Grace, and Robert Austhorp,
the witnesses before-named, then and there, by our commands,
touching the Holy Evangelists of God, did make oath upon the
same, that they would speak all and every the truth in this be-
half, to the best of their knowledge, all love, hatred, fear, soli-
citation, reward, and all other things whatsoever like thereunto,
utterly removed and set aside. The burden of the examination
of all and singular which witnesses in this behalf to be made,
we, being then occupied with other business, so as not *to be
able to give our personal attention to the examination of their
evidence herein, did, by the consent and assent both of the
before-named lord John Croyland, the Proctor of the said abbat
and convent of Burgh, and of the before-named Masters William
Miller and Roger Wood, the Proctors aforesaid, folly entrust
unto the venerable man, Master Thomas Hutton, Doctor of
Laws, then present, who did willingly accept and undertake
the same; and we did then and there give and grant unto the
said Master Thomas full power to do the same, acting in our
behalf, and to examine them orally and by word of mouth :
and did then and there continue and prorogue the aforesaid
matter, in its then plight, until the second hour after mid-day
of the same Monday, at the parish church of Croyland afore-
said,

" At the said second hour after mid-day, on the said Monday,
in the parish church of Croyland aforesaid, we, John, the
bishop before-named, then sitting there in judgment, did, at
the prayer and instance of the before-named lord John Croy-
land, and Masters William Miller and Roger Wood, the Proc-
tors aforesaid, who did then appear and were personally
present before us, publish the words and evidence of the wit-
nesses before-named, so as aforesaid produced before us and
by our authority sufficiently examined, and did then and there

Mil

530 COSXHTKAlXOir Off IBS HffiTQH* OF CBOYUJTD. A.U. U86.

cause the same to be publicly declared? after publication of
which words, and evidence, bo made' as before stated, the dis-
creet men,. Masters William Miller and Boger Wood^ Proctors
of the lords the dean and chapter and our archdeacon of
Leicester, saying before us, that, as it appeared to them, the
reasons set forth in the article or petition aforesaid, for such
union, annexation, appropriation, incorporation, and consolida-
tion, were well and sufficiently proved) did, at the prayer and
request of the before-named lord John Croyland, the Proctor
of the lords the abbat and convent of Burgh, before-named,
then and there spontaneously and voluntarily consent and assent
to the union, annexation, appropriation, incorporation, and
consolidation, so to be made as already stated, and did likewise
give their consent and assent in that behalf. After which, the
said lord John Croyland, the Proctor before-named, and in the
same behalf, did often and repeatedly, with urgent prayers,
request that the parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise Eston
aforesaid, might, in manner above prayed in the article before
stated, be united, annexed, appropriated, and incorporated,
with the monastery of Burgh aforesaid, and that decree or sen-
tence of the said union, annexation, appropriation, and incor-
poration, might by us be made and in that behalf pronounced,
and that the other things might be done,, enacted, and decreed,
according as, in the aforesaid article or petition it waa prayed,
and that justice might be done for him in the premises.
Wherefore we, John, bishop of Lincoln before-named, consi-
dering the reasons for the union, annexation, appropriation,
and incorporation aforesaid, to be fully and effectually before
us proved, and that the same are reasonable, and were and are
of such a nature as may, by reason of the premises, be in many
ways to the advantage of both of the convents before-mentioned,
and wishing, so far as we were able, with all becoming speed, to
bring to an end and conclusion the matter aforesaid, of which,
as it is not unknown to us, the abbat and convent of the mo-
nastery of Croyland have borne and supported the whole ex-
pense, and so, duly to provide for the convenience of both the
monasteries of Croyland and of Burgh Saint Peter in the pre-
mises, did, at the prayer and instance of the before-named lord
John Croyland, the Proctor before -named, in presence of the be-
fore-named Masters William Miller and Boger Wood, the Proc-
tors of the lords the doan and chapter and our archdeacon of

A.D. 1486. DECKEB JO* TffiK AOTEXA3T0IT 07 BEXtfJCSUSST. 531

Leicester, then personally present, and with their assent and
consent thereto expressed, determine that we would proceed
to pronounce our decree or sentence in this behalf to be given ;
and accordingly did so proceed, and did then and there read,
give, and publish our decree or sentence in writing, in words
to the following effect :*

"In the name of God, Amen. The merits and circum-
stances having been heard, understood, and fully discussed by
us, John, by Divine permission, bishop of Lincoln, of a certain
cause or matter of union, annexation, appropriation, and in-
corporation of the parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise
called Eston, in our diocese, together with the lands, tenements,
rents, services, fruits, and proceeds, and all the advantages
thereof whatsoever, the same canonically to be made, with the
monastery of Burgh Saint Peter, in our diocese aforesaid, and
the abbat and convent of the said monastery, and all their
future successors whatsoever, and which cause or matter is
being discussed before us, and is still pending, and undecided,
and undisposed of; and there appearing personally before us
the discreet man, brother John Croyland, a brother and monk
of the said monastery of Burgh, as also the Proctor, well and
sufficiently appointed of the abbat and convent of the said mo-
nastery, patrons of the aforesaid parish church of Brynkhurst,
otherwise called Eston, and known to hold the right of patron-
age and the advowson of the said church ; as also in presence
of the discreet men, Master "William Miller, clerk and notary
public, Proctor of the venerable men the lords the dean and
chapter of our cathedral church of the blessed Mary at Lincoln,
and Master Roger Wood, Master of Arts, Proctor of the vener-
able man Master Richard Lavynder, Doctor of Laws, our arch-
deacon of Leicester, within the precincts and circuit of whose
archdeaconry the said parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise
Eston, is known to be situate ; the said Proctors there per-
sonally appearing and being sufficiently and lawfully appointed,
as from the commissions of Proctorship of the said Proctors be-
fore us in the said matter by the said Proctors severally and
actually exhibited and lawfully empowering them to act in
this matter or cause, sufficiently appeared ; and [the said Proc-
tor of the said abbat and convent of Burgh Saint Peter afore-
said],14 by their petition, often and urgently requesting of us

** Some words to this effect are evidently omitted in the original.

mm 2

532 oosmrvixiDir of the history of earaA$n>, js**.l 166.

that the reasons for the said union, annexation, and appropria-
tion may by ub, of our authority as ordinary, be admitted and
approved of, and the validity of the same be declared and pro-
nounced, and that the aforesaid parish church of Brynkhurst,
otherwise called Eaton, together with all its lands, tenements,
rents, services, fruits, and enrolemema whatsoever, may be
canonically united, appropriated, annexed, and incorporated
with the monastery of Burgh Saint Peter aforesaid, and the
present abbat and convent thereof, and their future successors,
the same to be held forever to their own proper use, and that
the said monastery and parish church may be consolidated, and
that sentence or final decree may by us in this behalf be given
and pronounced : — we have thought proper to proceed to give
or pronounce our sentence or final decree in the said matter,
and do proceed to pronounce the same, to the following

"Forasmuch as, upon diligent inquisition by us and of our
authority made, of and upon the reasons for the union, annex-
ation, incorporation, appropriation, and consolidation of the
premises, before us in this behalf alleged and proposed, fully,
sufficiently, and canonically made, and upon the sufficient and
lawful proof by witnesses before us in this behalf had and
made, as also the other kinds of proofs and evidences suffi-
ciently before us in this matter exhibited and produced, we
have found and understood that the reasons for the union, an-
nexation, incorporation, appropriation, and consolidation above
specified, are true, reasonable, satisfactory, and admissible in
this behalf; and that the said abbat and convent of the mo-
nastery of Burgh Saint Peter, have on their behalf, expressed
their intentions in a certain article or petition on behalf of the
said abbat and convent before us in the matter aforesaid actu-
ally propounded and given ; in which said article or petition
the causes for the said union, annexation, incorporation, appro-
priation, and consolidation are more fully set forth; and which
said article or petition begins in the words following, the tenor
thereof being to the following effect :— ' In the name of God,
Amen. Before you, the reverend Father and Lord in Christ,
the lord bishop/ &c. ; and the tenor whereof we shall hold as
read and as inserted herein; and have found the said in-
tentions sufficiently set forth so far as is here under-written,
and the same to be well-founded and the reasons thereof fully

A.D. I486. DKCBEB FOE THE AtfKEXATXDir OF B1XHXHU28X. 538

proved ; and hare found that no oilier matter has intervened to
preclude lis from proceeding to the sentence and decree afore-
said, and from giving or pronouncing the same in this behalf ;
therefore, we, John, the bishop before-named, considering how
pious and meritorious it will be to allay and quiet the strifes,
discordB, disputes, and dissensions which have long continued
between the before-named monasteries of Burgh and Croyland,
to the heavy and almost insupportable detriment of them both,
and for ever, as we do firmly hope, to put an end to the said
strifes, discords, and dissensions, and to do those things which
shall tend to nurture and cherish peace, amity, and brotherly
lore between the parties aforesaid, to the end that in the said
monasteries the Divine worship and the observances of religion
may be the more quietly performed, and wishing, with all the
ability we can, to interpose our duteous offices herein, the
licence of his royal majesty for the union, annexation, appro-
priation, incorporation, and consolidation aforesaid, with the
said abbat and convent of Burgh, being first, as already stated,
graciously granted in this behalf and obtained at the prayer and
instance of the before-named the abbat and convent of Croy-
land, and before us, in the present matter actually produced ;
do, having first invoked the name of Christ, and having God
Himself alone before our eyes, by the advice of persons learned
in the law with whom we have held communication in this
behalf, as also of the Proctors before-named of the venerable
men, the lords, the dean and chapter of our Cathedral Church
of the blessed Mary at Lincoln, with whom we have treated
upon this union, appropriation, annexation, consolidation, and
incorporation, so to be had, and, with the consent of them in
chapter assembled, to be made, and of the venerable man, Master
[Richard Lavynder, Doctor of Laws, archdeacon of Leicester,
within the precinots and circuit of whose archdeaconry the
parish church of Brynkhurst, otherwise called Eston, afore-
said, is known to be situate ; the said Proctors, so as afore-
said, appearing before us, and expressing the wishes, consent,
and assent of both of them the said Proctors, as to the union,
appropriation, annexation, incorporation, **♦**#

[Tha rest of this Continuation w hit]

THE END OF THE HJ8TOBY OF CE0TLAJO).

INDEX.

Abbatr, installation of, at Croyland, 288

Abbeville, 409

Acharlus, abbat of Peterborough, 311

Achym, Saltan, 149

Aganmnd, 47

Agarenes, the, 417

Agelwin, bishop of Durham, 130— imprl-
soned, 140

Aglncourt, battle of, 805

Aio, father, leaves Croyland, 69— returns,
64— his death, 108

A Id red, bishop of Worcester, 184

Aldred, archbishop of York, crowns Ha-
rold, 188— crowns William 1. 140

Alexias, the emperor, 148

Alfred, kin*, 51— engages the Danes, ib. —
his reverses, 53— his charity, ib.— his
vision, ib. — visits the Danish camp, 53
—defeats the Danes, ib.— his virtues,
55— division of the kingdom, 56— again
repulses the Danes, 57— his death, ib.

Algar, the younger, earl, a friend to Croy-
land, 36— attacks the Danes, 40— his
death, 43— his charter to Croyland, 196

Algar earl, outlawed, 132— and again, 133
—his death, ib.

Almond milk, 861

Alnwyk, William, bishop of London, his
award, 405

Ambrose, Saint, 443

Aucarig Wood, 43, 48

Angers, abbey of, forms a cell at Spald-
ing, 145, 283, 288

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle quoted, 265

Anne, queen, wife of Richard II L, 462,
470— her death, 499. See Richard III.

Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, 229—
exiled, 230— consecrates six bishops,
262— his death, 265

Ardnot of Spalding, 204

Aristotle, study of, 147

Arnold of Bonneval, his works, 270

Arnulph, bishop of Rochester, 267

Arundel, Thomas, archbishop of Canter-
bury, banished, 852— his return, 353

Ascebert, 14

Asford of Helieston, his suit with In-
gulph, 153— his death, 155

Askill, the monk, 24, 32

Ashby, John de, abbat of Croyland. See
Croyland

Asser, 56

Athelstan, king, defeats the Danes. 58—
his death, ib.->-engages the Scots at
Brunanburgh, 74 — hie foreign alli-
ances, 76— honors the abbey of Malmes-
bury, 77

Athelwold, bishop of Winchester, 91

Andin, his impiety and sudden death, 242

Averroes, study of, 238

Ayscough, William, bishop of Salisbury,
402— put to death, 411.

Badby, the manor of, lost by Croyland,
115, 116— given to the convent of Eve-
sham, 133, 170— attempts to recover it,
257,268

Baiardours, 247

Bajazet. See Balthazar, 417

Baldock, church of, destroyed by light-
ning, 402

Balthazar, or Bajazet, the emperor, 417—
overruns the East, 427

Barbeflet, 290, 292

Barber, Serjeant, at Croyland, 212

Bardeney, the abbey of, reformed by Gil-
bert de Gant, 262 I

Bardeney, Richard, abbat of Croyland.
See Croyland.

Bamet, battle of, 464 '

Bartholomew, Saint, custom in honor of,
476

Bastard of Falconbiidge, his insurrection,
466

Baston, Master Richard, his benefactions,

Beaufort, cardinal Henry, 893-^iis death,

404— his last moments, 513.
Beaufort, John, earl of Somerset, hismar-
•riage to lady Margaret, 364.
Beaufort, John, Duke of Somerset, 465—

slain, 466. Se* Somerset
Beaumontsee, 357

Beby, monks sent to the manor of, 244
Bells of Croyland, 107
Benedict, the anti-pope, expelled, 138
Benedictines, charges made against the,

389. See Black monks.
Benevolences, 471, 481, 498
Beningdon, 24
Beniton, Reginus de, 283.
Benyngton, brother Richard, 415— his

benefactions, 433
Beorred, king, 36— attacks the Danes, 36

INDEX.

535

— "his charter, ib.— plunders the
teries, 50— dies at Rome, 63
Berfert,23

Bernard, abbat of Clairval, 233
Bernard the tyrant, 11
Bernulph, king, 14
Bertulph, king, 23— plunders Croyland,

ib. — his character, 24
Berwick, cipture of, 481
Bettelm, the recluse, 9
Bishop's Lynn, 462
Black monks, assembly of the, 389. See

Benedictines.
Blanc Chartre, 352

Btefihgent and Ruthins, received by Ed-
ward the Confessor, 137 .
Blodwit, 261
Blois. See Peter.
Blood-letting in monasteries, 214, 433
Bolyhgbroke, 401
Bondvyll, Sir William, marries Lady

Haryngton, 396
Bordarii, 161

Bosworth Field, battle of, 602
Boteler, lady Eleanor, her asserted mar-
riage with Edward IV. 489
Bourchier, Humphrey, two of that name

slain, 466
Bourchier, cardinal Thomas archbishop

of Canterbury, his death, 512
Boycote Green, chapel at, 416
Brand, abbot of Peterborough, his death,

143
Braybroke, Robert, bishop of London, 362
Brechers, father and son, put to death, 504
Briohtmer, or Brithraer, abbat of Croy-
land. See Croyland.
Brown, Matthew, king's Escheator, 331
Bruneuburgh, the battle of, 75
Brune, the monk, leaves Croyland, .59—

returns, 64— Mb death, 103
Brynkhurst, or Eston, cession of, 508—

the formalities, 514—533
Burdet, Thomas, accused, 478— and exe-
cuted, 479
Buckingham, Henry, Duke of, 490, 485—
supports the Duke of Gloucester, 486—
forsakes him, 491— captured and be-
headed, 492
Burgh, or Burgh 8t. Peter, plundered by
' the Danes, 113— the monastery of, 167
—contest with Croyland, 311— the ab-
bat impleaded, 323. See Medesham-
sted, Peterborough, and Croyland.
Burgundy, Charles, duke of, 428 — his
marriage. 457— alliance with Edward
IV. against France, 463, 469— confer-
ence with Edward's council, 471— De-
clines the alliance, 472— invades Swit-
zerland, 477— his death, 478. See Philip.
Bury, a Parliament held at, 404
Bashe, John, beheaded, 353

Cade, Jack, insurrection of, 413

Cambridge, schools established at, by

abbat Joffrid, 237
Camville, Gerard de, 283
Canterbury and York, decision of the

controversy between the sees of, 189
Carville, vineyards of, 150
Caswyk, Henry de, abbat of Croyland. See

Croyland.
Catesby, William, 499-his death, 504
Cato's Distichs, 217
Celred, king of Mercia, 3
Ceolnoth, archbishop, miraculously heal-
ed, 32
Ceolwulph, king of Mercia, 14]
Ceolwulph, the usurper, 63— his death, 54
Ceolwulph, bishop, consecrates Turketul,

64
Charles, duke of Burgundy. See Bur-
gundy.
Charters of Croyland destroyed, 171, 201
— concealment of, by Ingulph, 173, 228,
257
Chateres, brother Laurence, his benefac-
tions, 359, 361
Chertsey, burial of Henry VI. at, 463
Chester, the bishopric founded, 191
Chicheley, Henry, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 393
Chichester, bishopric of, founded, 191
Christophorus Maurus, duke of Venice,

Cissa, the recluse, 9

Cistercians, origin of the, 232

Civil wars of York and Lancaster, com-
mencement of, 418, 505

Clarenbald,the Sempect, his death, 102

Clarence, George, duke of, opposes Ed-
ward IV. 458— reconciled to him, 459—
flies to France, 462— marries the daugh-
ter of the earl of Warwick ib.— again
reconciled to king Edward, 464— dissen-
sions again ensue, 477 — wishes to marry
the daughter of the duke of Burgundy,
478— his charges in Parliament against
the king, 479— thrown into prison, ib.—
and put to death, 480. See Edward, IV.
and Richard III.

Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, slain in
France, 389

Clarendon, Sir Roger, beheaded, 356

Clifton, Nicholas de, 842 "

Cnute, king, his accession to the throne,
116— his charter, 118— his journey to
Rome, 119— his letter thence, ib.— his
donations to Croyland, 122— his death,
128 <

Cnute, king of Denmark, prepares to in-
vade England, 159

Colchester, absolution to the monastery of,

266
Collations or Readings, 219
Comet, appearance of a, 137 -

Computation of time, Roman and English
modes of, 460

ft*

Constantino, king of the Seota, slain at
the battle of Bninenburgn, 75

"Conus capitis," 247

Corrodiers, 800

Croon Alau, a kinsman of Abbat Joflrid,
288— his benefactions, 268— bis charter,
Ml

Crozton, 816

Gwtlakd, the Abbey of, founded by
Ethelbald, 4— hie charter, 5— Kenvlph,
the first abbat, 8— origin of the name,
ib.— privileges granted, 10— charter of
king Ofia, 11— abbat Patrick, 12— abbat
Siwerd, ib.— charter of king Kenulph,

| ib.— charterofkingWichtUf,15— visited

; by Wichtlaf, 23— Wymund and Celfrida

* buried there, ib.— plundered by king

I Bertulph, ib.— hie charter, 24— pilgri-
mages thither, 83— abbat Theodore, 85
-"Charter of king Beorred, 88— its in-
mates resist the Danes, 40— plundered,
44— abbat Theodore and others mur-

I oared, ib.— brother Turgar escapes, ib.
—ravages of the Danes, ib.— Godric
elected abbat, 48— the monks visit Me-
deshamsted, ib.— plundered by king
Beorred, 60— king Athelstan's good in-
tentions, 68— death of abbat Godric, 69
— Croyland nearly deserted, ib.-Tarke-
tnl entertained there, 60, 61— Assists it*
Inmates, 61— becomes abbat, 64— king
Edred rebuilds it, 65— his charter, ib.

> — Turketitl sets out the boundaries, 78
recovers its estates, 78, 79— his mode of
government, 80, 81— charter of king
Edgar, 84 — ecclesiastical censure grant-

. ed by Dunstan, 88— decrees of Turketal,
87— his last enactments, 101— his Ill-
ness, 103— and death, 106— treasures and

. relics there, 108, 104— Egelrio the Elder,
elected abbat, 106— his improvements,
106-death of abbat Egelrlc, 107— Egel-
rlc the Younger, elected abbat. 108— his
benefactions, ib.— hia death, ib.— abbat
Osketul, 109— his death, 112- extor-
tions practised on the place, ib.- Godric
elected abbat, ib.— multitudes resort
thither, 114— king Sweyn's exactions,
ib.— the protection of sheriff Norman
purchased, 115— manor of Badby parted
with, 116— death of abbat Godric, 117
—abbat Brichtmer, or Brithmer, elected,

ib.— charter of king Cnute, 116— his
benefactions. 122— disturbances, 123 —
death of abbat Brichtmer, 126— abbat

Wulgat elected, 128— letter of Edward
the Confessor, ib.— his charter, 129—
benefactions of Thorold, 131 — death
of abbat Wulgat, 182— abbat Wulketul
elected, ib.— begins a new church, 184
—deposed, 148— and confined at Glas-
tonbury, 144, 147— oppressions by tvo
TaiTtebois, 144— complaints of abbat
Wulketul, 146— he buries earl Welder,

flfc-thAMUNt of flsjm* lest, ttf-tti-
racles at Waldo*'* tomb, 147— taeaaures
ccmJuuated, ib.— Ingulpfc appointesi ab-
bat, Uv-hU early fciettry, ib.— pro-
ceeds to Normandy, 148— appointed sec-
retary to duke William, ib.— Us con-
duct, ib.— joins a pilgrimage to Jerusa-
lem, ib,— returns,!**- eaters the convent
of Fontenelte, 160— sent far by king
William, 1*1— We vision* ib.— admitted
abbat of Croyland, 162— state of the
abbey, ib.— alien monks there, 168—
suit with Asford, ib.— Ingulpto, inter-
cedes for Wulketul, 167— Wuiketal re-
turns to Buxgh. 168— and to Croyland,
ibs-his donations, ib.— bis death, ib.
—troops quartered there, 169— Ingulph
makes a transcript from Domesday, 160
—bis remarks <m the extracts, 166, 169
the place almost deserted, 170— IngvJph
presents the charters to king William,
171— charter of William I., ib.— right
to Spalding asserted, 172— defeated by
Taillebois, 173^-Ingnlph coneeala cer-
tain charters, 172, 228, 267— brings te
Croyland the laws of Edward the Con-
fessor, 175— frost at Croyland, 194— food
miraculously supplied, 192— cell at
Spalding abandoned, 198— spoliation by
Taillebois, 195— intercession by Lao-
franc, ib.— intrusion ef Fukard, 195, 196
—conflagration at Croyland, 197-199
destruction caused thereby, 200, 201—
portents of the fire, 208— assistance by
the neighbours, ib.— grants made to
them for the same, 204408— repairs
effected, 208- translation ef the body
of Waldev, 209— found i
. — the poor's
— new statutes,

cites the convent, 222— cruelty to
member thereof; ib^— Ingulph's com-
pilation, 228— Death of Ingulph, 282
—his former exertions, 288— Joflrid ap-
pointed abbat, 284— his arrival, it-
Indulgences granted to promote the
building, .285— brethren dispatched to
collect alms, ib.— abbat Joffrid's address
to the kings, ib.— letter to the king at
Norway, 287— he establishes schools at
Cambridge, ib.— lectures there, 288-
esUblishes a priory at Wiidthorp, 299
—alms sent, 241— miracles at the tomb
of Waldev, ib.— dream of Joflrid, 242
—solemnities on laying the foundatisn,
245— offerings made, 246— a great least
given. 247— charter of Henry L.250-
Joffria aided by Theobald of Blois aid
Stephen, 251— vain attempts to regain
Badby. 257— opposed by earl Mile, 256
—benefactions of Alan de Croon, 260
261— enactments of abbat Joflrid, 269-
as to religious scourging. 267— the new
church: split by an earthquake, 268—

r, 209— found nncorrapted, ib.
r*s Maaady established, 210
atntes, 212-221 — Taillebois

INDJEX.

M7

Joffrfd sent to ©taint ThaobaM, 969-
■ charter of king Stephen, 272— abbat
Edward, 873— bis death, ib.— Robert de
Redinges appointed abbat ib.— charter
of Henry II., 274— suit with the prior
of Spalding, 275— abbat Robert's case,
lb.— attack by the people of Hoyland,
276 — abbat Robert complains, 278—
writ Issued to try the cause, 280— ver-
diet, 281— abbat Robert essoigned, 881,
282— Ms death, 282— Henry de Lcmg-
ehamp elected abbat, 282— persecuted
by William de Romar, 283— essoigned,
lb,— rtew ordered to he made, ih.— ap-
pears in court, 285— judgment against
him, 886— proceeds to king Richard at
Spires, 287— Richard confirms the char-
ter of Henry IL» ib.— his letter to arch-
bishop Hubert, ib.— abbat Henry gains
the marsh, ib.— Attempts by the convents
of Angers and Spalding 4o regain it,
288— king's precept issued, 289— abbat
1 Henry crosses to France, 290— inter-
view with king Richard, 291— the king
issues his mandates, 291, 292— the -ab-
bat essoigned, 292— his success, 293-295
—compelled to sell his trees, 295--trans-
lates the body of St Guthlac, 298—
king John favours Angers and Spald-
ing, 297— the abbat summoned to West-
minster, 298— appoints deputies, ib. —
receives letters fromcertain dignitaries,
299— appears before the justices, 300—
trial postponed, 802— crosses to Nor-
mandy, ib.— interview with king John,
ib.— agrees to pay him a sum of money,
804— appears in court, 305— the matter
again referred to the king, 807— the ab-
bat sends over an envoy, 808— the king
promises his favour, 809, 810— char-
ter of king John, 310— contest with
Bnrgh, 811— final agreement,' 818— at-
tack upon Croyland, 816— abbat Henry
sends a life of St Thomas to the arch-
bishop of Canterbury, 317— charter of
Henry III., 818— abbat Henry impleads
Hugh Wake, 819— final agreement ib.
—agreement with the prior of Spald-
ing, 380-death of abbat Henry, 322—
grant of common, ib.— agreement with
the abbat of Burgh, lb.— benefactions of
abbat Richard, 326— his death, 826—
Thomas Welles elected abbat, ib.— en-
closes Dovedale, ib.— his journey to
Rome, ib.— his death, 827— his body
found entire, ib.— Ralph Mershe elected
abbat, ib. — agreement with Thomas
Wake, 828— good works of abbat Ralph.
829— his death, ib.— Richard of Croyland
elected abbat, ib.— contest with the lord
of Depyng and the men of Keefteven, 880
—their petition, ib.— resignation of ab-
bat Slmon[deLuffeohara],3ai-vaoation
of the abbacy, 882— provision made for

the Inmates, and their numbers, ib.—
abbat Henry [de Caswyk} 881— opposes
Sir Thomas Wake, 833— abbat John
Ide Ashby] opposes the earl of Kent,
ib. — commission ordered on the boun-

daries, 834— meeting of the commission,
835— finding as to the boundaries. 886—
injuries committed by the earl of Kent,

338— the earl complains in parliament
889— the abbat appears before king Ri-
chard, ib.— and before the king's coun-
cil, ib.— the hearing adjourned, 840—
protection granted, lb. —vexation at
Depyng, 341— the abbat appears in
court, 842— cruel conduct of Nicholas de
Clifton and the people of Depyng, 848,
844— and to the people of Spalding, 844
their threats, ib,— revenge of the people
of Croyland and Spalding, ib.— abbat
John defends himself in Parliament,
845— presents a bill, 846— opposed by
the earl of Kent 846, 347— supported by
the duke of Lancaster and the earl of
Derby, 847— addresses the king, 848—
death of abbat John, 850— his benefac-
tions, ib.— Thomas de Overton elected
abbat, ib.— encroachments by the peo-
ple of Northamptonshire, ib.— attack by
the people of Depyng, 851— abbat Tho-
mas complains to parliament lb.— the
people of Depyng punished, ib.— abbat
Thomas charged with treason and ac-
quitted, 856— his benefactions, 857— ob-
tains a charter of Indemnity on vacation
of the abbacy, ib.— his repairs, 858— af-
flicted with blindness, 359— the manage-
ment entrusted to prior Richard Upton,
ib. — benefactions by the brethren, lb.
—enactments as to almond milk, 361—
as to meals at the abbatf s table, 362—
incursions from Multoa and Weston, 867
—and Spalding, ib.— Dunstan's ecclesi-
astical censure fulminated, ib.— prior
Richard proceeds to London with the
charters of the Saxon kings, 868— two
years preparing for trial, ib.— falls ill,
ib.— employs serjeantLudyngton, ib.—
StGuthlac appears to him, ib.— Arbitra-
tors chosen, 869— their award, 370-877—
death of abbat Thomas, 887— Richard
Upton elected abbat, ib.— his exertions
and outlay, 888— usages on installation
of the abbat, ib.— abbat Richard a mem-
ber of the committee for the reforma-
tion of the Benedictines, 890— his bene-
factions, 891— other donations, 892, 80S
—death of abbat Richard, 893— John
Litlyngton elected abbat, ib,— attack on
a monk of Croyland, 894— punishment
fortheattack,ib.— Sir William Bondvyll
takes proceedings against the convent,
896— agreement finally made between
them, ib.— the people of Spalding make
an inroad an Croyland, 396-abhat John

538

HTDEX.

appeals to duke Humphrey, 897— reco-
vers damages at lav, ib.— hostile mea-
sures of John, earl of Somerset, and
tbe people of Depyng, 898— conference
with the earl, 399— breach of the em-
bankments and overflow, 400— violent
measures contemplated by Humphrey
Littlebury, ib.— -commission of sewers
issued, ib.— finding of the furors, 401—

, acquittal of the abbat, 402 — dispute
with the vicar of Whaplode, 403— trial
with Thomas lord Dacre, 404— award
by bishop Alnwvk, 406 — conference
with the abbat or Peterborough as to
the boundaries, 412 — reference, ib.—

' the arbitrators disagree, 413— encroach-
ments by John Witham,4l4— hispunish-

i ment, 4 1 5— chapel at Boycote Green, 416
—Henry VI. visits Croy land, 420— grants
certain liberties, ib.— Alarm on the ap-

{ >roach of the northern army, 423—
iberties granted by Henry annulled,
826— abbat John becomes infirm, 429—
his benefactions and improvements, 430,
431— benefactions of various brethren,
432, 433— John Wayle possessed of an
evil spirit, 434— his cure, 439— Margaret
duchess of Somerset and Margaret count-
ess of Richmond become sisters of the
ehapter, 440— the land-marks1 removed
by the people of Depyng, ib.— further
benefactions by abbat John, 441— he
gives new bells, ib.— accident at Croy-
land and miraculous escape, 442— great
floods, 443— visit of Edward IV., 445—
death of abbat John, 448— his epitaph,
ib — John Wysbech elected abbat, 459
—his character, 46l— and death, 475—
rebuilds the chapel at Paylond, 475— his
improvements and benefactions, 476—
Richard Croyland elected abbat,477— his
death, 493— attack by the people of De-
pyng, ib.— assault upon Lambert Fosse-
dyke, 494— who is elected abbat,ib— dis-
pute with the abbat of Peterborough, ib.
— death of abbat Lambert, 496— Edmund
Thorpe elected abbat, 506— his provident
measures, ib.— disputes then remaining
undetermined, ib.— visitation by the
justices in eyre, 507— support from the
family of Welby, ib.— arbitration, and,
by the award, cession of the church of
Brynkhurst or Eston to Peterborough,
508— formalities of the cession. 514—
533

Croyland, Richard of, abbat of Croyland.
See Croyland.

Croyland, Richard, abbat of Croyland. See
Croyland.

Croyland, William of, brother, his bene-
factions, 302

Crucibolum of king Wlchtlaf, 19, 302

Crusaders, their success, 232

Cuthbert, Saint, appears to king Alfred, 52

Dacre, Thomas, lord7404— his eontest with
Croyland, 405

Danegeld remitted, 130

Danes, their ravages, 23, 36— return to
Northumbria, 40— engage with earl Al-
gar, 41— plunder Croyland, 44— farther
devastations, 45— ravage the isle of Ely,
49— arrive in East Anglia,ib.— slay king
Edmund, ib.— repulsed by king Ethel-
red, ib.— plunder Repton, 53— repulsed
by king Alfred, 67— defeated by king
Athelstan, 58— renew their ravages, 111,
112, 113

Deaffbrestment of Hoyland and Kesteven,

Deeds, execution of, by the Saxons and
Normans, 142

De l'Eglise St Mary, William, 292, 293

Depyng, chapel of St Guthl&c at, restored,
156— cruelly of the people to the monks
of Croyland and people of Spalding,
843— their punishment, 344— and alarm,
345— humiliation before the earl of Der-
by, ib. — attack of the people upon Croy-
land, 351— their .punishment, ib.— tbe
people remove the landmarks of Croy-
land, 440— attack upon Croyland, 493.
See Croyland.

Derby, Henry earl of, 334, 845, 347— his
banishment, 352— and return, 353. Bet
Henry IV.

Domesday Book. See Croyland.

" Dominus," a term of respect, 4T

Donats, 217

Dorchester, bishopric of, 191

Douglas, lord James, 497

Dovedale, enclosure of, 326

Drought in England, 78

Dunstan, abbat of Glastonbury, 59, 77—
his banishment and recall, 83— his pro-
phecy, 110— his ecclesiastical censure,
88. 367

Dyklon, Robert, 416

Earthquake in Italy, 267

Eclipse of the sun, 499

Edgar, king, ascends the throne, 83— his
charter, 84 — to Peterborough, 91 — to
Malmesbury, 95 — expels the lay clerks,
ib.— his death and burial, 109

Edmund, king of East Anglia, slain, 49

Edmund, king, restores Glastonbury, 69
— is Hlain, ib.

Edmund iTonaide, his death, 116

Edmund, 8aint, of Abingdon, archbishop
of Canterbury, dies in exile, 828*

Edred, king, visits Croyland, 64— refbunds
it, ib.— his bounty, 65— his charter, ib.-
lays waste Northumbria, 82— his death,
83

Edric, duke, 115— his treachery and death,
116

Edward the Elder, king, 57

Edward the Martyr, king, his death, 109

UUHUE.

589

Edward the Confessor, Xing/marries EgV-
tha, 125— his letter to Croyland,128— his
charter, 129— his piety, 180— names duke
William his successor, 187— Ms death.
IBS—his Laws, 176

Edward II., king, his death, 881

Edward III., king, make* provision for
the inmates of Croyland during the va-
cation of the abbacy, 881

Edward IV., king, earl of March, 428— his
descent, 424— arrives from Wales in
England, ib.— defeats the northern army,
426— celebrates Easter at York, 426—
crowned, 426, 466— annuls the statutes
of the three preceding kings, 426— takes
king Henry prisoner, 489— accuses many
prelates of treason, ib.— marries lady
Elisabeth Wydville, 440— quarrels with
the earl of Warwick, 446— visits Croy-
land, 464, 466— gains the battle of Mor-
timer's Cross, 466— taken prisoner, 468
— thrown into Middleham castle, ib.—
set at liberty, ib.— defeats the Lincoln-
shire rebels, 461— flies to Burgundy, 462
— returns to England, 463— regains the
throne, 464— gains the battle of Barnet,
ib.— and of Tewkesbury, 466— returns
to London, 467— proceeds into Kent, 468
—alliance with Charles duke of Bur-
gundy against Louis king of France,
469— mediates between his brothers, 470
-crosses toCalais,471-makes peace with
king Louis, 478— returns to England, ib.
— punishes malefactors, ib.— raises im-
mense treasures, 474— translates the re-
mains of his father and brother. 476—
quarrels with his brother the duke of
Clarence, 477— 479— deserted by many
of his former adherents, 480— intro-
duces a new style of dress, 481— issue
by his marriage, 482— his death, 483—
his character, ib.— his burial at Wind-
sor, 485. See Clarence.

Edward V., king, his birth, 463,482— death
of bis father, 483— escorted by the dukes
of Gloucester and Buckingham to Lon-
don, 487— placed in the Tower of Lon-
don, ib.— rumours of his violent death,
491

Edward, prince, son of king Henry VI.,
426, 455— marries Anne, daughter of the
earl of Warwick, 462— lands in England,
469— his death, 466

Edward, son of Richard III., made prince
of Wales. 490— his death, 498

Edward, abbat of Croyland. Am Croyland.

Edwin, or Edwy, king, 83

Edwin and Morcar, earls, repulsed, 139—
their death, 140

Egbert, king of Wessex, 12, 14

Egbert, the recluse, 9

Egelric the Elder, abbat Sen Croyland.

Egelric the Younger, abbat, his compila-
tion, 228. See Croyland.

Egelric. bishop of Durham, 180— his road
called Elricherode, ib.— imprisoned, 140

Egitha, queen, 126

Elfin of Pynchbeck, 204

Elisabeth, wife of Edward IV. See Ed-
ward IV. and Wydville

Elisabeth, daughter of Edward IV., birth
of, 457— her levity at court, 498— her
contemplated marriage with Richard
III., 499— her marriage to king Henry
VII., 609

Elphege Saint, his martyrdom. 114

Elricherode, the road so called, 130

Ely, the bishopric of, founded, 244

Eresby, brother Simon, his benefactions,
860

Escheator, the king's, 331

Essoign d» malo via, 281, 282

Eston. &e Brynkhurst

Ethelbald,king of Meroia, founds Croyland.
4— his charter, 6— privileges granted, 10
—his death, 11

Ethelbald, king of Wessex. 86— marries
his step-mother Juditha, ib,

Ethelbert, king of Wessex, 86

Etheldritha, the virgin, 16

Ethelfleda, sister of king Edward, 67

Ethelingey, the isle of, 62, 63

Ethelred, king of Mercia, a monk at Bar-
deney, 2, 168

Ethelred, king of Wessex, 85, 169— meets
the Danes, 49— his death, 61

Ethelred [the Unready], king, 169 — his
birth and baptism, 110— his exactions,
112— his death, 116

Ethelwulph, king of Wessex, 28— grants
the tithes to the church and the poor,
84

Everingham, Sir Thomas, taken prisoner,
497

Evesham, the monastery of, 133— obtains
the manor of Badby, no— retains pos-
session of it, 256, 257. See Badby and
Croyland.

Fairfax, Guy, 507

Famines in England, 130, 398

Felix, Saint, the bishop, 225—227

Felix the monk, his life of Saint Gnthlac,

225—227
Fentefeld. Robert de, 206
Ferrybridge, 425
Feudary, 421
Flemenefrit, 251
Fitz-Peter or Fits-Piers Geoffrey, 277, 278,

297, 298, 300, 307
Fontenelle, convent of, 150
Forestal, 251
FoRsedyke, brother Lambert,asBanltupon,

494— elected abbat of Croyland, ib. See

Croyland.
Fotheringhay or Fodryngham, castle of,

445— college of, 475
Frankpledge, 250

540

INDBX.

Preston, John de, SOB

Freston, brother John, hit benefactions,

109
Frtthborg, 177
MFrens,"246
Frost, severe, 101, S96
Futeard the olerk, 109, 196
Fulmar the C haunter, 201
Fyketrolde, 304

Gaunt, John of, dnke of Lancaster, 334,
380— take* the part of the abbat of Croy-'
land, 347— his death, 353
" Gavant," probable meaning of, 384
Geoffrey, abbat of Clairval, his work, 270
Geldard, Anion, of Depyng, put to death,

344
Gerard, bishop of Angouleme, 266, 867
Gerard, prior of Croyiand, 128
Gerbert, abbat of Fontenelle, 150
Gerson,240

Gilbert, abbat of Westminster, 289
Gilbert de (tent refonnds Bardeney abbey,

302

Glrvli, the, 50,87, 107

Glastonbury, 144— the abbey of, restored
by king Edred, 30— presented with a
ehalioe by Turketul, 77

Glalebert, brother, lectures at Cambridge,
237

Gloucester. See Humphrey. Richard III.
and Thomas of .Woodstock.

Gluccente, John, 901

Goda, sister of king Edward, 134

Goddard, master William, 470

Godfrey, a monk of Spalding, 302, 303

Godrlc (L), abbat of Oroyland. See Croy-
iand.

Godrlc (II.), abbat of Croyiand. Sm Croy-
iand,

Godroun, or Guthrum, king, his baptism^S

Godwin, earl, 125— his death, 132

Gradal, the, 200

Gray, John de, bishop of Norwich, 300

Greek fire, 202

Greene, Henry, beheaded, 333

Grey, Richard, taken prisoner, 485— be-
headed, 489

Groyne, Roger, his benefactions, 302

Grinbrege, 251

Griffin, king of the Welch, slain, 187

Grimketnl, the monk, 47

Grull, 295, 297

Gurth, brother of Harold, slain, 189

Gutblac, Saint, 8— his death and miracles,
4— his tomb visited, 33— hia life by
Felix, 227— translation of his body, 296

Haco of Multon, 208

Handwriting among the Normans and

Saxons, 171
Hanae Towns, peace made with, 471
Hardecnute, king, 124— his death, 126
Harold I., king, 128-his death, 124

Harold, earl, his expedition agminet the
Welch, 136— swears' fidelity to dnke
William, 137— breaks his oath and as-
sumes the crown, 188— defeats Harold,
king of Norway, and Tostf, 189— hie de-
feat and death, lb.

Harold, king of Norway, Invasion of Eng-
land by, 139— defeated and slain, ib.

Hasmanespath, 381

Hastings, lord, 485— beheaded, 488

Hegecote, battle of, 446, 458

Heinfare, 176

Helmham, bishopric of, 191

Hengwite, 178

Henry, emperor of Germany, puts to death
his father, 266— seises the pope, ib.

Henry I., king, ascends the throne, 280—
crowned by Thomas, archbishop of York,
ib.-makeB terms with his brother Robert,
231— remits his right of the investiture
of churches, 232, 262— appoints Joffrid
abbat of Croyiand, 233— forms Ely into
a bishopric, 244— his charter to Croy-
iand, 260— confirms Spalding to the mo-
nastery of Angers, 258— marries his
daughter to the emperor of Germany,
265— dissensions with Louis, king of
France, 268— sends envoys to count
Theobald, 269

Henry II., king, his coronation, 272— ap-
points Robert de Redinges abbat of
Croyiand, 278— his charter, 274

Henry III- king>hla accession, 816— bis
charter, 318

Henry IV. proclaimed king, 354— and
crowned, ib.— plot against him, 355— his
death, 864.— See Derby, Henry earl of.

Henry of Monmouth, or Henry V., 364—
his accession, 864— his disapproval of
the dethronement of Richard II., in.—
has him buried at Westminster, ib—
Insulted by the Dauphin of France, 9(56
—his answer, lb.— gains the battle of
Agincourt, ib.— his death, 39.1

Henry VI., king, his birth, 3Q1— erowned
at Westminster, 303— and at Paris, ft.
—marries the lady Margaret, 402-^Fallfl
into the hands of favourites, 410— Visits
Croyiand, 420— and grants it certain li-
berties, ib— flies to Scotland. 426— taken
prisoner, 430— his previous fortunes, 454
—escorted to London, ib.— carried to the
battle of St. Albatfs, 4*6— his deposi-
tion, ib.— rising in hie favour, 450— re-
stored by the earl of Warwick, 4«s—
again made prisoner and deposed, 464—
found dead in the Tower, 469— his bo-
rial, ib.

Henry VII., earl. of Richmond, 491— ar-
rives from Brittany off the coast of
England, 495— and retires, ib.— lands st
Milford Haven, 600— joined by great
numbers, 602— gates the battle of Bot-
worth Field, 603— his e»n»at&ov»ie-

HTDEX.

541

ttenies the princess Elizabeth, mq—
addition in the North, lb.— his enemies
attainted by Parliament, 611— rising in
the North under lord Lovel, 513

Henry, prince, eldest son of Henry IL, his
coronation, '273— and death, 275

Huntingdon, Henry of, his History quoted,
264,271

Herbert, the monk, slain, 47

Herbert, William, earl of Pembroke, 446,
458

Heriet, Richard, 294

Heuvelborh, 182

He ward, or Here ward, 136— History of his
life, ibv— marries Turfxida, 130— opposes
William the Conqueror, 141— knight-
ed, ib.— leads the Saxons, 143— attacks
Peterborough, 143— defeats Ivo Taille-
faois, 143, 268— takes prisoner Thorold,
abbat of Burgh, 259. See Ivo Taillebois.

Horn, or u Hours," 80, 200

Holland, Thomas, earl of Kent, 833— his
enmity to Croyland, 334, 338— his ad-
dress in Parliament, 346— beheaded, 355.
See Croyland.

Hoveden, Koger de, his History quoted,

271
Howard, John, created duke of Norfolk,

496— slain at the battle of Bosworth

Field, 504
Hoyland, the people of, divide their

marshes, 193— attack Croyland, 276—

accused thereof, 278. See Croyland.
Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, acts

as chief justiciary of England, 287, 288,

289, 291, 293. 294, 305. 300
Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, 275— his death

and burial, 299
Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, rebukes

the abbat of Croyland, 397— his death,

«°*
Hungerford, lord, slain, 466
Hussey, William, 607

« Inclination 100

Infirmary, officers of the, 212

Ingulph, abbat of Croyland, his History,

► 461. See Croyland.

Interdict upon king John, 815

" Interferculum," 803

"InvadiarV'66

JvoTaillebohvuade prisoner by Hereward,
148— his cruelty, ib.— oppresses Croy-
land, 144— foundsthe oonvent of Spalding,
145— persecutes the monks of Croyland,
193, 194— cites the convent of Croyland,
222— banished to Anjou, 223— his death,
368— his fondness for magic,ib.— his cha-
racter, 369. See Croyland and Heward.

Janus, the god, 460
Jerusalem chamber, the, 864
Jocelyn, abbat of Angers, 297— waits on
king John, ib.

Joflrld. abbat of Croyland. See Croyland,
John, king, earl of Morteigne, 288, 288—
his covetousness, 284— his accession,
397— his letter to Geoffrey Fite-Petet,
ib.— bribed by opposite parties, 304,810
—his charter, 310— placed under inter-
dict 315— his death, 316. See Oroy-

John, bishop of Ely, made prisoner, 488 •
Judith marries her step-son Ethelbald, 35
Juditha, widow of earl Welder, her bad

conduct, 146, and repentance, ib.
Juliana of Weston, 804
Joslin, prior of Bpalding, 288

Kenelm, king and Saint, 14

Kenred, king of Mercia, 2

Kemtlph, abbat of Croyland. See Croy*

Kenulpb, king of Mercia, his charter, 11

—his death, 14
Kesteven, 330. See Croyland.
Kingston-on-Thames, church of, injured

by lightning, 402
Lirk-s' ' —

Kirk-shot, 122

Knighthood among the Saxons and Nor-
mans, 141

Knives given at Croyland in honor of
Saint Bartholomew, 476 .

Kynsy, archbishop, 134

Lair-wite, 208

Lanfranc, made archbishop of Canterbury,
140— intercedes for Croyland, 196— his
death and epitaph, 197

Langley, Edmund, 363

Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 8)5

Laslite, 186

Laxton, brother John, his benefactions,
483

Lectern, 925

Ledenhall, Eustace de, 287

Lefwin, earl, slain, 139

Leofric, earl, his death, 138

Leofric, the knight, 40

Leofric, lord of Brunne, 134

Leonis. See Peter.
Leuca," origin of the word, ids

Leverton, brother Thomas, hie benefac-
tions, 433

Lexington, 312

Lich-fee. 179

Lichfield, bishopric of, 191

Lightning, damage by, 402

Lights kin the convent, enactments as to,
220

Lincoln, bishopric of, founded, 191

Lindisfarne, bishopric of, 191

Litlyngton. John, abbat of Croyland. See
Croyland

Littlebury, Humphrey, 400

". Locutorium," 47
Lollards, 364

542

INDEX.

Longchamp, Henry de, abbat of Croyland.
See Croyland

Longchamp, Osbertde, 300

Longchamp, WWiatn de, bishop of Ely,
and chancellor of England, 382— return*

• from Germany, *oo— again sets dot for
.Germany, Sol

Louis XL, king of France, holds a con-
ference with Edward IV. 478— and
makes peace, ib. -fails in hie engage-
ments, 480, 482

Lovel, lord, 600— heads the rising in the
North of England, 5tS

Low Sunday, or " In albis," 362

Lucia, widow of Ivo Taillebois, marries
Roger de Romar, 269

Ludecan, king, 14

Ludlow, first skirmish at, in the wars be-
tween York and Lancaster, 463

Ludyngton, William, serjeant-at-law, 868

Luffenham, Simon de, abbaft of Croyland.
See Croyland

LyeceBter, brother John, his benefactions,
432

Malcolm, king of the Scots, does homage
to William the Conqueror, 169

Malmesbury, the monastery of, honored
by king Athelstan, 77— charter of king
Edred, 96

Manerius, or Mainier, abbat of St. Ev-
roult, 288

Manerius, or Mainien, the monk, h la death,
144

Margaret, queen, her marriage to Henry
VI., 402— her coronation, 403— her flight
to France, 426— her previous fortunes,
455-alliance with the earl of Warwick
and duke of Clarence, 462— lands in
England, 486— defeated and taken pri-
soner, 466

Margaret, duchess of Somerset, 364, 400—
becomes a sister of the chapter of Croy-
land, 440

Margaret, the lady, daughter of John,
duke of Somerset, 400— marries the earl
of Richmond, ib.— and afterwards the
son of the duke of Buckingham, ib.—
becomes a sister of the chapter of Croy-
land, 440 if j

Margaret, the lady, sister of Edward IV.
marries Charles, duke of Burgundy,
457— favours the duke of Clarence, 478

Matilda, queen, wife of William the Con-
queror, her death, 194
. Matilda, qwen, wife of Henry I., her
death, 268-and epitaph, ib.

Matthias, king of Hungary, 429

Maundy of the poor, 210

Mercia, united by Alfred to Wesaex, 64

Medeshamsted, 2— the monastery plun-
dered by the Danes, 45— visited by the
monks of Croyland, who bury the dead,

48— 5m Burgh, Croyland,' and Peter-
borough.

Mershe, Ralph, afloat of Croyland. Sm
Croyland.

Milford Haven, alleged prophecy as to,
600

"Milliaria," origin of the word, 166

Milo, earl of Hereford, opposes abbat Jof-
frid,258

Minorites, first arrival of In England,
818— ten hanged for treason, 856

Miracles, 81, 32, 192, 267, 271. See Wal-
dev.

Montague, John Neville, earl of North-
umberland, 456— Marquis of, 462— slain
at the battle of Barnet, 464

Mont Grace, priory of, 309

Morose. See Edwin.

Multon, or Moulton, the people of, make
an attack on Croyland, 366— attack
on a monk of Croyland, 894— the lord
of, takes proceedings against the eon-
vent of Croyland,895— agreement finally
made, 896. See Croyland.

Nadir, 201

Nam, or Nairn, 187

Neifs, 162

Neot, relicts of Saint, 111

Nesfeld, John, 491— taken prisoner, 4971

Neville, George, archbishop of York,
468— taken prisoner, 464

Neville, Sir Humphrey; 468

Neville, John. S-e Montague.

Neville, Richard. See Warwick.

Nicholas, prior of Spalding, 296, 800

Nigel, sheriff of Lincoln, 2S1

Norfolk, duke of. See Howard.

Norman, sheriff; receives the manor of
Badby, 115— his death, 116

Normans, their hatred of the English, 142
-their manners adopted by the English,
ib. See Handwriting and Knighthood.

Northampton, battle of, 454

Northamptonshire, the people of, intrude
on Croyland, 350— but to no purpose,
351

Northmen, inroads .by the Lancastrian,
422— routed by the Yorkists, 425- ano-
ther irruption by, 445

Northumberland, Henry Percy, earl of,
taken prisoner after the battle of Bos-
worth 504. See Percy and Montague.

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 157

Odo, brother, of Croyland, lectures at
Cambridge. !237

Offa, kin? of Mercia. founds a monastery
at Verniam, 11— his charter to Croy-
land, ib.— his death, 12

Oldcastle, Sir John, his rebellion, 364—
taken prisoner and burnt, ib.

Ora, 177

INDEX.

543

Ordeal, 181, 361

Orleans, the duke of, set at liberty, 410

Ormista, 166 •

Osketu), abbat of Croyland. £te Croyland

Osiac, duke, 135

Oswald, Saint, 2

Ourlop, 240

Overton, Thomas de, abbat of Croyland.

See Croyiand.
Oxford, 147

Pnnetarius, 61

Parliament in convents, 212

Parva Cantaria, 210

Pascal, pone, 266

Pateshill, Simon de, 300, 301, 302

Patrick, abbat of Croyland. See Croyland.

Paul's, St., Church, at London, damaged
by lightning, 402

Paulinus, the monk, slain, 47

Paylond, the former Pegeland, 475

Peada, king of Mercia, 2

Pegs, Saint, dies at Rome, 9

Pegeland, or Peykirk, lay clerks at, 81

Penda, king of Mercia, 2

Percy. See Northumberland.

Pestilence and fires in England, 443

Peter of Blois, letter to from the abbat of
Croyland, 224— his answer, 22o— bis
History referred to, 450, 451

Peterborough, or Burgh St. Peter, the ab-
bat of, taken prisoner, 269— cession of
the church of Brynkhurst to, 508— fcr-
malities of the cession, 514—633. See

r Burgh, Medeshamsted, and Croyland.

Peter Leonis, schism of. 267

Petition of Hoy land and Kesteven, 330

Philip, duke of Burgundy, 428

Philip, king of France, his war with king
Richard!. 290

Philip, Saint, the Apostle, 166

Pinax, 201

Pittance, 362

Pius, Pope, his appeal against the Turks,
427

Flegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, 56,
73

Plasshe, or Plessy,rthe castle of, 362

Pole, William, marquis of Suffolk, 402—
bis character, 403— created duke, 410
—his banishment and death, 411

Portsmouth, 289, 308

" Precentor tabularumt,, 100

Prodigies and portents in England, 444

Purseynt, Le, 367

Pvnchbeck. Set Croyland and Spalding.

Pynder, John, 403

Quarantene, SO
Quendreda the wicked, 14

Radulob. archbishop of Canterbury, 265

Ralph, earl of Hereford, 184

Ralph, earl of Suffolk, 140

Ramsey, miracle at the church of, 271

Ramsey, William, abbat of Peterborough,

Ranulph, bishop of Durham, his op
sion, 229. 230— escapes from Engli
231— assises duke Robert, 230, 231

Ratclyffe, Sir Richard, 489, 499

Redinges, Robert de, abbat of Croyland.
See Croyland.

Redysdale, Robert de 445

Relics at Croyland, 104

Remigius. bishop of Lincoln, 203

Reptun plundered by the Danes, 53

Responsories, 200

Richard I., king, prepares for the Cru-
sades, 285— captive in Germany, 287 —
his letter to archbishop H ubert, ib.— his
war with king Philip, 290— his interview
with abbat Henry, 290, 291— his death,
297

Richard II., king( orders a commission
of the boundaries of Croyland, 334—
called the 'refounder' of Croyland,
3^9— removes his court to York, 352—
his mal-administration, 353— arrested,
354— and dethroned, ib.— imprisoned,
ib.— his death, 365— finally buried at
Westminster, 364

Richard 111., king, duke of Gloucester,
dissensions with the duke of Clarence,
469— mediation of king; Edward, 470—
marries the lady Anne, ib.— commands
against the Scots, 481 — his wasteful
expedition to Scotland, ib —assumes
the government, 485, 486— takes the
oath of fealty to Edward V. 487— named
lord protector, ib.— attempts to bas-
tardize the children of Edward IV. 488
—supported by Sir Richard Ratclyffe,
489— his coronation. 490— proceeds to
York, and presents his son Edward, ib.
-marches against the duke of Bucking-
ham, 492— dismisses part of his army,
495— title confirmed by Parliament, 496
— attaints great numbers, ib.— suc-
cesses at sea, 497— intended invasion
by the duke of Kichmond, 497, 498—
death of queen Anne, 499— wishes to
marry his niece, Elizabeth, ib. — oppo-
sition thereto, ib.— deserted by certain
of his adherents, 501— defeated andslain
at Bosworth Field, 504

Richard. See York.

Richard, duke of York, (son of Edward
IV.) 482— placed in the Tower, 489—
rumours of his violent death, 491

Richards, lines on the fates of the three
kings of that name, 505

Richmond, hdmund, earl of, marries the
lady Margaret, 400

544

INDEX.

Richmond, Henry, earl of. See Henry

Bipedune,or Repton, the monastery of,

Riven, Antony, earl of, 486-beheaded,

Riven, Richard, earl of. his death, 458
Robert, archbishop of Canterbury, 137
Robert, duke of Normandy, prepare* to

invade England, 231— makes terms

with king Henry, ib.
Robert, brother of abbat Joffrid, made

abbat of Thorney, 243
Robert, bishop of Lincoln, his character,

264— death. 265
Rodolph of Tournay, marries Alice, 146
Roger, earl of Hereford, imprisoned, i4e
Romar, Roger de. 259
Romar, William de, 283. 284
Roper of Croyland, his life of archbishop

Thomas, 317
Roos, lord de, slain, 457
Rotherham, Thomas, archbishop of York,

494
Routpeny, 208
Rulos, Richard de, his courtesy to the

convent of Croyland. 156, 157, 203
Russell, John, bishop of Lincoln, 514
Ruthius. See Blethgent.
Rutland, Edmund, earl of, 455, 456— his

remains removed, 475

Sacrist or 8acristan, 82— his duties, 219

Salisbury, bishopric of founded, 191

Salisbury, duke of Buckingham beheaded
there, 492

Sanl-Leger, Thomas, put to death, 493

Sarbote, 179

Savage, Sir John, 501

Saxulph, 2

Say, James, lord, slain, 41 1

Scotland, embassy to, sent by Edward
IV., 471-war against by Edward IV.,
481. See Malcolm.

Scrope, William, beheaded, 353

Scrope, Richard, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 356— beheaded, 357

Seggeswold,or Saxwold, battle of, 11

Seisey, bishopric of, 191

Sempects, 99. 100, 223

Senian de Lek, 215

Sepulchre, church of the Holy, at Jeru-
salem, 149

Sherburn, bishopric of, 191

Sheltonsee, 357

Shoreham, 302, 308

Shrewsbury, battle of, 856

Sidroc the Younger, earl, 44, 45, 46

Simon of Senlis, earl, 146— marries Ma-
tilda, ib.

Singin, his valour, 74

Siward, abbat of Croyland. See Croy-
land.

Siward, earl. 132

Socmen, 162

Solo, the philosopher, 267

Somenet, John, earl of, 364— taken pri-
soner in France, 389— released, 398— his
hostility to Croyland, ib.— made a duke,
399— conference with abbat John, Un-
accused of treason, ib.— his death, ib.
See Beaufort.

Sophia, temple or church of Saint, 418

Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 148

Spalding, as described in Domeeday, 170
Thorold's charter, 172— cell of, deserted
by the monks of Croyland, 193 — priory
of, 275,t288, 295, 320— the town attacked
by Sir Thomas Wake, 333— the people
attack Croyland, 396— damages award-
ed against them, 397. See Angers,
Croyland, and Ivo Taillebots.

Stacy, John, hie accusation, 478 — and
execution. 479

Stafford, John, archbishop of Canterbury, -
403

Stamford, battle of, 461

Stamford Bridge, battle of, 139

Stanley, Thomas, lord, 501

Stanley, William, 501

Stephen the elder, of Blols, 269

Stephen, king, visits England, 231— his
charter, 272— his death, ib.

Stigand, archbishop, 133— disgraced, 140

Stony Stratford, 487

Stoth, 240

Stowe, the monks of; transferred to Eyne-
sham, 264

Strante, George, lord, 601

8uffolk. SeeFole.

Swarting, father, his death, 103

Sweating- sickness, in London, 495 — at
Croyland, 496

S weyn. king, his exactions from Croyland,
114

Swilhun, 8aint, translation of his remains
91

Swynshed, brother John, his benefac-
tions, 4S2

Swynshed, brother Stephen, his benefac-
tions, 432

" Tabula " used by the chaunter, 219

Tailbois, William, 405

Taille-bois. See Ivo.

" Te Deum," the, 443

Tenths granted, against the Turks, 429

Terricus, brother, lectures at Cambridge,
237

Tewkesbury, battle of, 466

Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 272

Theobald, count of Blois, 251— embassy
to, 269— his alms-deeds, ib.

Theodore, abbat of Croyland. See Crop-
land.

Thetfbrd, bishopric of, 191

INDEX.

545

Thomas a Becket, archbishop of Canter*
bury, 878— translation of his remains,
817— Life of, by Roger of Croyland, ib.—
his epistles, ib.

Thomas, archbishop of York, taken pri-
soner, 488-

Thomaa of Woodstock, duke of Glouces-
ter, his death, 359

Thorney, isle of, 48

Thorold, abbat of Burgh, taken prisoner,
259

Thorold, sheriff, 131— his eharter, 172

Thorpe, Edmund, abbat of Croyland. Se*
Croyland.

Tbonry, the Norwegian, a monk at Croy-
land, 887

Tfcnrgard, Thomas. 838

Thurstan, abbat of Glastonbury, 147

Tirol, Walter, kills king William II, 880

Tithes granted by king Ethelwulph, 34

Tolv, brother, his valour, 40— bis death,

Tosti, earl, slain, 139

Towton, battle of; 486

Trig, brother, 228

Trollop, Andrew, 454

Tulba, the Dane, 45

Tully's Rhetoric, 147

Tnrgar, brother, his escape from the
Danes, 44, 48— his death, 103

Tutbury, 477

Turketul, entertained at Croyland, 60—
assists its inmates, 61— becomes abbat,
84— his early life, 72— his valour at the
battle of Brunenburgh, 74— favour with
Athelstan, 78— gives a chalice to Glas-
tonbury, 77— sets out the boundaries of
Croyland, 78— recovers its estates, 78,
79— his government, 88— obtains a grant
of ecclesiastical censure, 88— his de-
crees, 99— his last enactments, 101— his
illness and death, 103, 105. See Croy-
land.

Turks, their invasion of Europe, 417, 427

Ulfketul, abbat. SkWulketuI.
Upton, Richard, abbat of Croyland. See
Croyland. *

Vanghan, Thomas, 488— beheaded, 489
Verulam. See Offa.
"Vice-somites," 56

Wager of battle, 279

Wake, Hugh, 819, 820

Wake, Thomas, 328, 832 — marries the
lady Blanche, 882— his attack on Spald-
ing, 883

Wake, Joanna, 332

Wakefield, battle o£ 481

Walden, church of, damaged by light-
ning, 402

Walden, Roger, archbishop of Canterbury,
354

Walden, brother Thomas, his benefac-
tions, 432

Waldev, abbat of Thorney, his death, 843

Waldev, or Waltheof, earl, marries the
niece of king William, his benefactions
to Croyland, 134, 140— beheaded, 145—
buried at Croyland, 145— miracles at his
tomb, 147, 241— translation of his body,
209— found uncorrupted, ib.

Waltham, monastery at, damaged by

lightning, 402
Warwick, Ric*

Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of, favours
the French, 457— his hatred of Charles
duke of Burgundy, ib. — takes king
Edward prisoner, 458— releases him,
459— flies to France, 462— his alliance
with queen Margaret, ib.— invades Eng-
land, ib.— restores' king Henry, 463—
slain at Barnet, 464

Wayle, John, possessed of an evil spirit,
434— his cure, 439

Welby, the family of, friendly to Croy-
land, 507

Welch, the, expel king Griffin, 136

Welles, Master Henry, his benefactions,
392

Welles, Thomas, abbat of Croyland. See
Croyland.

Were, or Wergeld, 178

Werwulph, 55

Wessex united to Mercia, 54

Weston. See Multon.

Whaplode, assault by the people of, 494

Wibert, 40

Wiccii, the, 15

Wichtlaf, king, 15— concealed at Croy-
land, ib.— his charter, ib.— his death, ib.
— See Crucibolum.

William I., Xing, his first visit to Eng-
land, 131, 147 — named successor by king
Edward, 137— expostulates with Harold,
138— defeats him, 139— crowned, 140—
his harsh measures, ib.— rewards his
Norman followers, 141— appoints In-
gulph abbat of Croyland, 147— ravages
Northumbria, 159— compels the king of

\ Scotland to do homage, ib. — orders
Domesday Book to be compiled, 160—
his charter to Croyland, 171— re-enacts
the laws of Edward the Confessor, 175
—invades France, 194— distributes his
territories, ib.— his death, ib.

.William II., king, his coronation, 194—
arrived in England, 221— oppresses the
country, 222, 229— his death, 280

William of Croyland, brother, his bene-
factions, 860

Winchelcombe or Wincheombe, monas-
tery of, 314

Winchester, Roll of, made by order of
king Alfred, 160

Windsor, collegiate chapel of, founded by
Edward IV., 485

Wistan, his death, 23

546

INDEX.

Witham. John, his

Croyland, 414— And punishment, 416
Woodville. See Wydville,
Woxbridge, brother William, his

factions, 860
Wrldthorp, priory of, S89
Wuttty, the anchorite at Croyland, 118,

117— remove* to Evesham, 124, 862—

his Mimoa of exhortation, 253
Wulgat, abbat of Pegeland or Peykirk,

spoliation of his monastery, 120, 127—

appointed to Croy land. £m Croyland,
Wulketitl, or Ulf ketul^bbat of Croylaad.

£*» Croyland.
Wulric, brother, 47
Wulatan, Saint, 184

Wydville, Elisabeth, married to Edward
IV., 440— sarrenders the duke of York,
489 — and her daughters, 496

Wydville, sir John, slain, 468

Wysbeeh, brother John, his benefactions,
493-elected abbat Sw Croyland.

York and Canterbury, decision of the
controversy between the sees of, 189

York, Richard, duke of, slain at the battle
of Wakefield ,421— his previous fortunes,
464 — claims the crown, 466 — makes
terms with Henry VL, ib.— bis remains
removed, 476

York, Richard, duke of. AeBichard.

ERRATA.

In page 65, note 58, for « Caistor<f read ' Castor.*

74, line 21, for c Althelstan/ read * Athektan.'
92, — Cancel the last Note, and read ' Eahta hun-
dred/ or ' the eight hundreds.'
235, . 23, for * western/ read * southern/
415, , 37, for « formely,' read ' formerly/

rkiHT» Asn> imiomiiii
woanre, turner.

/

JUN z o w*