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^-y^.
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INITIA AMHARICA
An Introduction to spoken Amharic
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE,
C F. CLAY, Manager.
Ionium: FETTER LANE, E.C.
»t so, WELLINGTON STREET.
liiBin
EdiDif: P. A. BROCKHAUS.
0tbt Iforii: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS.
ISombm tn) Cilcnfta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd.
[Aii Rights resirved.l
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JNITIA AMHARICA,
An Introduction to spoken Amharic
BY
C. H. ARMBRUSTER, M.A
Sudan Civil Service;
late of H.M. Administration, British Central Africa;
sometime Minor Sdiolar of King's College, Cambridge.
Part I
GRAMMAR
O
Cambridge :
at the University Press
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'^'''^5t^5^^^^
^i A€ HApii n^NTA t6n AOfON fnOKfeXAl fixi TA ACfOMeNA
yn* Ikactcjon AKOif rp^(t>a>.
Herod, ii. 123.
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To
a Friend
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PREFACE.
rilUiS words and phrases in this work have been
J- taken down from the mouth of natives^ As
many as possible of the phrases are such as have
been said spontaneously, i.e. are not the products
of cross-examination. The Abyssinian, like other
members of partially civilised peoples, or uneducated
indiyiduals of highly civilised races, does not always
speak naturally when questioned by a stranger. If
he has had no education of any kind he experiences
the same difficulty in answering enquiries concern-
ing the language he unreflectingly uses as would,
in similar circumstances, an uncultured European.
Those, on the other hand, who have any smattering
of learning tend to supply one with ' fine language '^
which may or may not be idiomatic, instead of the
ordinary conversational expressions current among
themselves. In any case it is of course incompatible
with the position of the white man that natives shoidd
address him in the style in which they address one
another. I have, therefore, paid more attention to
what I have heard natives say to each other than to
^ While the language of all sorts and conditions of men, from
tdierever they come, has been noted, it is hardly necessary to
say that care has been taken to avoid as informants individuals
speaking T|gr|&iLa, Ag^^iifia, Gall|fi£iay Arabic, etc., and knowing
Amharic only as an acquired tongue.
^ cp. the so-called ^U ^j^ and ^^>•^•
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viii Preface.
what they have said to me, and have not excluded
words OP modes of expression on account of their
so-called vulgarity^ : the object in view being to give
some description not so much of what, in the opinion
of learned Europeans and natives, Abyssinians ought
to say as of what in point of fact they do say.
In dealing with a spoken language I have not
hesitated to use colloquial English.
Those who wish to pursue their acquaintance with
Amharic beyond this ' Introduction ' I woidd refer to
the writings of Guidi, my indebtedness to which I
desire to acknowledge most gratefully. In his mag-
nificent * Vocabolario ', a work indispensable to serious
students of the language, there is a brief bibliography
of Amharic and kindred subjects.
In the few cases where I have differed from Guidi
in regard to the meaning of words^ it has been
with diffidence, and only after repeated verification.
Differences as r^ards form are of more firequent
occurrence, as I have concerned myself with the
spoken rather than the written word.
The publication of this series has been rendered
possible by the financial assistance of the Egyptian
Government, as advised by Lord Cromer, and by the
liberal attitude of the Syndics of the Pitt Press.
^ Quot homines, tot sententiae : e.g. Mondon-Vidailhet, Gram,
p* 201 Ki^'i I ^ Cette fia^on de piurler passe ai^jourd'hui pour
yulgaire ' : yet I heard this useful word employed repeatedly by
Dejjazmach Gassasa, a man of great courtesy and refinem^it
^ In cases like IMJ ^^ Xlf^^^ there, Guidi's ^quello 1&'
(Vocab. p. 487) may be the original meaning : I give the one
I find in use.
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Pr^ace.
I wish to express my cordial thanks, for valuable
information supplied and for assistance rendered in
many ways* to M%j.-Gen« Sir F. B^inald Wingate>
E.C.B. etc., Sirdar and Governor-General, Lt-Col. E. B.
Wilkinson, Maj. W. S. R. May, Capt. R. C. R. Owen,
C.M.G., A. L. Butler, Esq. and J. Grieve, Esq., of the
Sudan Government: to Lt-Gol. Lord Edward Cecil,
D.S.O. and Capt. the Hon. C. James, of the Egyptian
Government: to Capt. R. B. Black, Capt. C. Garvice,
DB.O. and El Mulazim Awwal Mustafa Effendi Izzed-
din, of the E^;yptian Army: to H. Famall, Esq., C.B.
etc., of the Caisse de la Dette, to F. B. Wynch, Esq.,
of the National Bank of Egypt, to W« B. Heard, Esq.,
lateH.M.yice-Con8ul at Addis Abeba, toDr E. A.Wallis
Budge, of the British Museum, and to Prof F. C.
Borkitt^ Dr M. R James, George Wherry, Esq., M.A.
etc., R. T. Wright, Esq., M.A., A. R Waller, Esq., M.A.
and J. Clay, Esq., M.A., of Cambridge: XrVj^Ui A/.i
mc^t a3& • AaiAi^i ^2:r I f^LnAa A^a Hoi^c i -au- •
fd^i AiS- 1 ACS I X^lU-aJbC I J&ATA^ I XAA-^ n
Notices of errors and suggestions for improvements
wiQ be thankfully received, and should be addressed
tome
c/o The Sudan Agent,
War Office,
Cairo.
C. H. ARMBRUSTER
Ehabtoum,
Jcmuary^ 1908.
AM. GR. h
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CONTENTS.
§ PAOB
Pbefacb yii
List of Abbreviatioks xvii
INTRODUCTION.
la Held of the Language 1
16 Dialects 1
2 Place in the Semitic Family 2
PHONOLOGY.
3 Phonetic Alphabet 4
4a The Amharic Characters 8
46 Value of Characters 11
4€ Punctuation 12
5 Doubling of Consonants 12
6 Doubling of Final Consonants .... 13
7a Crasis or Contraction of Ac^acent Vowels . 19
76 Modification of Consonant by following Vowel . 21
7e Assimilation of Consonant by following Consonant . 23
7d Variations and Anomalies of Pronunciation . . 24
8 Accent 35
ACCIDENCE.
The Noun.
9 The Substantive 51
9a Gender 51
96 Number 51
9c Case 52
M The Ethiopic Accusative 52
b 2
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xii Contents.
§ PAQB
10 The Abjbgtive 63
11 The Abticlb 53
The Pbokoun.
12 The Personal Pronoim 55
12a Disjunctiye Personal Pronouns .... 55
126 Personal Pronouns Coi\janctiye with Nonns . • 57
12c Personal Pronouns Coi\junctiye with Verbs . . 60
13a The Demonstrative Pronoun 67
135 i0h 69
14 The Relative Pronoun 70
15 The Interrogative Pronoun 72
16 The Indefinite Pronoun 77
17 The Refiexive Pronoun 83
18 The Distributive Pronoun 84
19 The Reciprocal Pronoun 85
The Numeral.
20a The Cardinal Numeral 86
206 The Ordmal Numeral 88
20c The Fraction 89
The Verb.
21 Primitive Form of Verb (Root) .... 89
22a Derived Forms of Verb 91
22b Less Common Derived Forms of Verb ... 92
23a Voice 95
236 Mood 95
24a Tense 96
24b Composite Tenses 97
The Regular Triliteral Verb.
Formation and Inflexion of Parts .... 97
25 Indicative, Simple Perfect 98
26 Contingent 98
27 Jussive 100
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Contents. xiii
§ PAOB
28 ImperatiYe 100
29 Genmd 101
30 Infinitiye 101
31 PWadple. 102
Compound Tenses :
S2ayb Compound Perfect and Imperfect; 2kA&lUi 102
32c Alternative Form of Compound Perfect . 104
3l2d Independent Use of 2kA 411& 104
Composite Tenses :
33a The F^st Imperfect ; Wd 105
336 The Pluperfect 106
33<; Other Composite Tenses 106
3Sd Independent Use of Wd 106
34 PABADIOMOFREOULABTBILITERALVERB^TypeA 107
35 „ „ „ „ TypeB 111
36 ^, ^ QUADRILrTERAL VeBB . 114
Negative Conjugation.
37a Formation • • . . . . . . 115
376 Transference of -** 117
37(^d Omission of -*• 117
d7e Substitution of Conjunction -^ for N^ative -^ . 118
37/ Optional Omission of -** 119
38 Paradigm of Negative Verb 119
39 Negative of hh &Ua, Wd 122
40 Negative of iOh, hf^Nif^ 123
Conjugation of Derived Forms of Verb.
410,6^0 P^uradigm of Passive or Reflexive Form of Verb
41e^e I^uradigm of Causative Form of Verb
41/ Coi\jugation of other Derived Forms .
42 Conjugation of Biliteral Verbs .
43a The Impersonal Verb ....
124
126
127
127
133
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xiy Contents.
C!oinmon Anomalous Biliterals :
44a hhki^ 135
446 hf 136
44c ^M 138
45 Prefixing of C!oi\janction8 to Contingent . 139
40 Thb Adverb 140
The Preposition.
47a Simple . . . . ' 141
476 Composite 143
The Conjunction.
48a Prefixed .144
486 Snfl^ed 140
48c Unattached 140
49 The Interjection 147
50 Formation of Nouns 147
SYNTAX.
51 Note 152
Number.
52a Angular for Plural 152
526 Plural for Singular 153
53 Concord in Number 153
Oender.
54a Concord in Gender 154
546 Determination of Gender 155
54cy d Diminutiye Use of Feminine .... .150
54e Words of Variable Gender 157
Case.
55a Position of Nominatiye 157
556 Introductory Nominatiye ... . 157
50 The Accusatiye 158
50a Indeterminate Accusatiye 158
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Contents. xv
§ PAOB
566 Determinate Aocusatiye 159
56c, <f Adyerbial or Spedftc AocosatiTe .... 160
56e Determinate and Indeterminate Accusative to-
gether 162
56/ Donble Accusatiye 162
56^, h Other Uses of Aocusatiye 162
The ADJBcnvB.
57a Position of Adjective 163
57b Use of Substantive as Acyective .... 163
57c Use of Acyective as Adverb 164
58 Degrees of Compariscm 164
The Abtiole.
59c^e Use of the Article 165
59b Transference of the Article 166
59d Generic Use of Article 166
The Pronoun.
60a The Personal Pronoun 167
606 Use of Dii^unctive Personal Pronoun . . 167
610, 6, c Use of Personal Pronouns Conjunctive with
Verbs ........ 167
Qld^e Redundant Personal Pronoun .... 169
62a^ Use of the Relative Pronoun .... 169
62e Case of the Relative 172
The Veeb.
63 The Indicative : Forces of Tenses ... 172
64 Use of the Contingent 174
65a, b Use of the Gerund 174
65c, d Construction of the Gerund 175
66a Use of the Infinitive 175
666 Construction of the Infinitive .... 175
67a Use of the Participle 176
676 Force of the P&rtidple 176
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xvi Contents.
§ PAOB
67c Constraction of the P^urticiple • • . . 177
67d Rendering of the English P^rtidple ... 177
68 Use of Cansative Form m hh- .... 177
Thb Prepositiok.
69a Construction of the Preposition .... 179
696 Position of the Preposition 179
70 The Preposition f- 179
71 The Prepositions A- and 0- 181
The Conjunction.
72 Use of -*• and -T 182
Thb Sentence.
73a The Simple Sentence 183
7^,e,d Order of Words in the Simple Sentence . . 183
74 Co-ordinated Principal Clauses .... 185
75 The Adyersative Proposition .... 186
Questions.
76,77 The Direct Question 186
78,79 The Indirect Question 187
80 Indirect Narration 188
81 The Conditional Sentence 189
82 The Compound Sentence 193
83 Emphasis 193
84 Concrete for Abstract 194
85 Note 195
Appendix: Principal Parts of Verbs^ occurring in
Rirts I— III 197
Index 393
^ In alphabetical order, as most convenient for beginners.
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xvu
ABBREVIATIONS.
abbr. abbreyiated, abbrevia-
tioiL
aoc. aocusatiye.
act actiye.
a^j. a4jective, (-val, -vally).
adv. adverb, (-bial, -bially).
Am. Amharic
an. animate.
apiNToz. approximately).
Ar. Arabic
art article,
aoz. auxiliary,
card. cardinaL
cans, causative,
comp. compound,
compos, composition.
ooi\j. coi\junctiony (-tive).
coigug. coi\jugation.
conn, connected,
constr. constructed, (-tion).
cont contingent (mood),
cp. compare,
dat dative,
dem. demonstrative,
dist distributive,
e^. for instance,
emph. emphasis, (-atic).
end* enditia
Eng. English,
esp. espedalOyX
EtL Ethiopia
Eur. Europeaa
£ feminine,
ftn. flnftl-
Fr. French.
O.Gojjdm.
GalL GaU|fifia.
gen. generally).
Qer. Qerman.
Gr. Greek.
L intransitive.
Le. that is.
imp. imperative,
import imperfect
impers. impersonally),
inan. inanimate,
ind. indicative.
indecL indeclinable,
indef. indefinite.
in£ infinitive,
inter, interrogative,
inteij. inteijection.
iron. ironical(ly).
It Italian,
juss. jussive,
lit literal(ly).
m. masculine.
miL military,
nog. negative,
nom. nominative,
num. numeral,
obj. object
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xvm
Abbreviations.
onom. onomatopoetic.
ord. ordinal
P* V^^f passive.
part participle.
perf. perfect
pers. person (-al, -ally).
pL plural.
plup. pluperfect
poL polite, the form for ad-
dressing superiors.
poss. possessive.
pre£ prefiz(ed).
pron. pronoun (-nominal).
prop, properly.
prov. proverb.
prp. preposition.
q.v. which see (in vocabu-
laries).
r. reflexive.
rad. radical
s. substantive.
S.V. under the word (in vo-
cabularies).
sg. singular.
simp, simple.
subj. subject
subst substantive (-val, -vally).
suff.^ufl^(ed).
§. S|ua (Shoa).
t transitive.
T.Tjgriflfla.
V. verb.
vet veterinary.
vocab. vocabularies.
Ist^ 2nd, 3rd : the respective
persons.
V root or stem,
-long,
w very short
->/ sometimes long, sometimes short
' stress accent ; words marked with two accents usually have
the first when final, the second before another word (% 8).
f not in general use.
* theoretical form.
= amounts to, is equal to, the same as.
§ refers to the paragraphs of the Orammar (Part I.).
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ZIX
USE OF BRACKETS AND HYPHENa
In English
(a) Inclusiye :
di]% 8. (-ty^ acy*) = <l^ ^ ^^^ dirty, a4j. (for which
Amharic uses the Bame word).
He (it) is » he is ; also: it is.
(b) Explanatory :
Disposition (character) » disposition in the sense of
character.
In Amharic
id(i)f=|djfandid£
1jq(^)6a = t|qj|8sa and t^qsS.
[f]WT:o]«-=fWo«-, also ^trvc^, fWCl-
and ^f^C^.
s^b&bb^r^ (-yd-, -dr-) = s^bdbb^ ; also s^ydbbgr^ s^-
bdbb^ and s^y&blMlr^ (see § 7d).
In EngUsh the masculine is intended unless the feminine is
spedfiedy and 'you' and similar words are singular unless marked
plural
In the phrases the Eng. verbs in the 2nd pers. are sg. ; poL,
pLy after the translation of a phrase » the same phrase with the
guljeet in the poL or pi.
Try it : pol. = try (pol.) it
pL = try (pL) it
Give him something to eat : pL «= give (pL) him etc
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XX
ABBREVIATIONS OF WORKS REFERRED TO.
Afevorky Oram. Grammatica della Ungaa amarica, di 0. J.
Afevorky Roma, 1905.
Cost, Lng. Afr. A Sketch of the Modem Languages of Africa,
by R. N. CuBt, London, 1883.
Ouidi, Coniug. Sulle coniugazioni del yerbo amarico. Di
I. Quidi, in the Zeitschiift fUr Assyriologie, vhl
Ouidi, Oram. Grammatica elementare della lingua amarifia,
2nd edition, Roma, 1892.
Guidi, Redupl. Sulla reduplicazione delle consonanti amariche,
di L Guidi, in the Supplementi Periodid aU'Archivio
Glottologico Italiano, Roma, 1895.
Guidi, Yocab. Vocabolario Amarico-Italiano, compilato da
L Guidi, Roma, 1901.
Isenberg, Gram. Grammar of the Amharic Language, by the
Rev. C. W. Isenberg, London, 1842.
Lepeius, St Alph. Standard Alphabet for reducing unwritten
languages and foreign graphic systems to a uniform
orthography in European letters, by C. R. Lepsius, 2nd
edition, London, 1863.
Ludolf, Lex. ^th. I. Ludolfi Lexicon iEthiopico-Latinum, editio
secunda, Francofiirti ad Moenum, 1699.
Mondon-Vidailhet, Gram. Grammaire de la langue abyssine
(amhanque), par C. Mondon-Vidailhet^ Paris, 1898.
Munzinger, Yocab. Vocabulaire de la langue tigr^, par
W. Munzinger, Leipsic, 1865.
Praetorius, Am. Spr. Die Amharische Sprache, von F. Prae-
torius, Halle, 1879.
Praetorius, Gram. Mth. Grammatica JSthiopica, scripsit Dr F.
Praetorius, Carlsruhe, 1886.
Remisch, Wort. Bed. Worterbuch der Be^auye-Sprache, von
Leo Reinisch, Vienna, 1895.
VoUers and Burkitt, Gram. A Grammar of the Modem
Egyptian Dialect of Arabic, by K VoUers and F. C. Burkitt,
Cambridge, 1895.
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XXI
CORRIGENDA.
Page
line
for
read
8
6,7
A=j.=n, -t-^
«h = ^, '* = jfc = n
9
28
X4.i,
7l.oT1^^,i.
16
11
als^tt|im
als^tfnn
17
27
y^daU
y^dall
18
11
byiclid
bpm?
18
20
diy^qilqq
diy^qJiqq
22
8
n^ggisa
ttfeKfst
31
11
filh
Slh
31
12
h'^dnh
h'^onh
34
12
A-t^i
R-^T.
36
16
s^^
sfh^
37
9
ydydrfil
yay^l
44
11
z|t^nd
z^tgnd
57
18-20 -fi-
•fir
69
ll
'^o
-'^o
60
23-26 -a-
-i-
60
26
to him (him, pol.)
(to him, him, pol.)
62
19
^nagrdc(c)|um
a{D|grdc(c)fum
68
16,17 this is (that's)
that is
81
16
^ ^
t|ra
83
26
|matdll^u^
|matdll^^
90
13
k^l^kk|-la
k^i^-kk^la
91
22
-ya
-y»
91
23
Ifs^lfsa
l|S^l§S|
96
22
jjifim
yii^(l)m
96
16
l^qgma
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xxii
Corrigenda.
Page
line
for
read
103
11
"the conjunction -9*"
"a conjunction such
as-^"
112
24
-gft6(d)yuhftl
-g^d)7uh&l
120
25
Stt(|)Ifimu
Stt(|)liqmu
128
10
hj&llAUr
hjif-hvr
127
10
^da-
-^da-
134
17
sjtjda^lfu"
8|t|d£^^»
135
7, 27 SJn
Sin
138
24
da
-«
140
19
It
m
149
10
m^i^m^S
mgJimm^S
172
25
m^ttanftl
m^ttSnnSl
176
14
sow
sew
190
27
W ^
^i- ^
208,9
5
m^tt5&l, mdtt'^o
m^t(|)t6ftl. m^t(|)t-o
209
21
(mi- §8)
(m4-;§8)
221
13,1
l4(8^,-&fift§6)
(s^; -i&fk§6)
238
22
7|mmS;ttal
yjmmStt&l
242
5 (end) (-arA-)
(-ara-)
243
16
n-
-n
243
19 (end) ti-
ta-
252
27
(-asi-)
(-alt)
255
8
(-asi-)
(-814-)
263
6
fill
-m
297
28
n&SF^Zt
j^sr^'M (§ 8)
378
24
th-
ta-
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xxlii
ADDENDA.
14
line
14
add
" but f AT? a y&Uam)n ?, is he
(it) absent ?"
63
2
"sg.Srdf.;"
"and after eg. 2nd f. (§ 43&)
ending in resultants in § 75 ;
e.g. ll^0<i k|f§u, pay (f )
him; divide (f.) it; A^'fi
8icifi,give(f.)me;''
132
12
♦^A
S. #^A q'^^mSftl
»>
19
*r
8. ♦I^ q^'^m^o
99
20
mj&
8. fliS t^^e
»
20
♦-1
8. ♦•I q^^mm^e
157
1
• • • • • •
§54e
172
25
• • • • • •
" The simp. per£ is sometimes
used to express an imme-
diate future: e.g. hTTIfJOt
tf;^* Agdi'eh h4dn|, well,
we are going."
209
5
ng
(nS)
323
10
juss. fhf^m,
imp. hhf/n
"8. also Isenberg's /A/H,
hhfnA (Gram. p. 128), and
in similar verbs forms
corresponding with his
Jkft-?A (p. 118)."
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AMHARIC GRAMMAR-
INTRODUCTION.
Fidd of the Lcmguage.
Amharic (Ji^^C? or hnc?i amftr|ftfta) is the Ian- § \a
gnage most widely spoken and written in Abyssinia
at the present day^ It is indigenous not only in
Amh&ra, the district from which the name is taken,
but over the greater part of Central Abyssinia. The
ascendency of the Shoan race, whose mother-tongue
it is, has established it as the official language of the
Ethiopian Empire. As a language of commerce it is
heard beyond the limits of Abyssinia proper in the
Italian colony of Eritrea, the French Somali Coast
protectorate, and the eastern provinces of the Sudan.
Dicdedts.
Two principal dialects of Amharic are distin- \\b
guished, that of Gojjam (G.) and that of Shoa (S.).
The differences between them are, generally speaking,
of a minor character, and barely warrant the use of
the term 'dialect' in this connection. Forms marked
G. are also in use in the country north and west of
V
Gojjam and those marked S. also to the south and
east of Shoa.
^ For other Abyssinian languages see Cust, Lng.
Afr. pp. 87—140.
AM. GB. 1
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2 Amharic Grammar. [§ 2
Place in the Semitic Family.
^ 2 The Ethiopian branch of the Semitic family is
divided into two groups, northern and southern. The
former is represented by the ancient Ethiopic {^dm
g|iz) with its modem descendants Tfgrg or Kh&sa
(a^UJt) and Tjgr|ftfta (1-*7C?) ; while Amharic is the
chief modem representative of the latter.
A considerable literature has been preserved in
Ethiopic, which is still in use as the ecclesiastical
language of Abyssinia ; but of its sister language of
the southern group, of which Amharic is a develop-
ment, we have no written record.
Thus Amharic stands in the relationship of a
niece ^ to Ethiopic, which would appear, moreover, to
have exerted, either directly or indirectly, a marked
influence on the younger language.
But if Amharic has in great measure assimilated
the vocabulary and appropriated the grammatical
forms of Ethiopic, it has done so with such independ-
ence^ as to indicate extensive imitation rather than
primitive affinity^.
In its present state it is lacking in some most
^ not a daughter: Praetorius, Am. Spr. p. 4,*... was
schon Rodiger und Dillmann erkannt haben, dass die
heutige amharische Sprache nicht die Tochter des
iEthiopischen ist, sondem dass das Altamharische
zum iEthiopischen nur in einem geschwisterlichen
Yerhaltniss stand.'
2 Guidi, Vocab. p. ix.
3 Munzinger, Vocab. p. iv.
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§ 2] Introdiiction. 3
characteristic Semitic features, and those which it
displays give one the impression of having been
superimposed on an alien (possibly Hamitic) basis.
As in Ethiopic, the strong and weak Semitic aspirates
are confused, though the Ethiopic characters cor-
responding with each are retained : il =♦= n, A = ^ = n,
•^=^, but II A *![ are to-day all pronounced alike and
mterchanged in writing, or even omitted; similarly
between 3^ = ' = t< and 0=^ = & the distinction, both in
writing and in speech, has been lost. Many^ too, of
the consonantal modifications described in § 7 are not
found in Ethiopic and are foreign to the spirit of
Semitic enunciation. Again, in regard to the con-
struction of the sentence, while Semitic languages
co-ordinate phrases, Amharic subordinates them and,
like Latin or German, readily encloses a whole period
between subject and verb.
The exact place, then, of Amharic in a general
classification of languages is open to discussion.
Meanwhile, for practical purposes such as the arrange-
ment of dictionaries and the exhibition of its accidence,
it is treated as a Semitic language, a system from
which I have seen no reason to depart.
1—2
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Amharie Grammar. [§ 3
PHONOLOGY.
Phonetic Alphabet.
§ 3 In order to designate the pronunciation of Amharie
as far as possible without ambiguity I employ the
following phonetic alphabet. The principle held in
view is that one letter should never represent more
than one sound, and one sound should not be repre-
sented by more than one letter^. In regard to the
consonants this is a feasible ^tem ; but the fluctuat-
ing character of some of the short vowels precludes
a strict adherence to it, which would involve the use
of an impracticably large number of letters to repre-
sent variations of no essential importance. The
indications, then, by means of examples taken from
European languages of the value of the sounds which
occur are, especially in the case of the vowels, only
approximately exact.
With the exception of the ' explosive ^^ sounds
represented by p, q, t, c, s, and the guttural x
(frequently pronounced k by Abyssinians themselves)
the pronunciation of Amharie presents little difficulty
to an Englishman.
^ Lepsius, St Alph. pp. 31, 32, 38.
2 See end of this §.
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§3] Phonology^ 5
Vowels.
All Towels are pronounced short unless marked
" = long, "^ = long or short, "^ = very short,
a j a in It. fatto.
ft a in father,
a e in bet, but more open,
a e in send, but more open,
a I a in formula, e in Fr. le.
§ j e in herd (or er when r has no conson|nta] value).
e e in bet, but less open.
e e in send, but less open.
i i in It. minuto.
i i in machine.
I i in quick, but pronounced with the lips more
closed
1 } lengthened.
tt u in Fr. absolument.
0) a in was.
o j o in It. caro, but more open (not o aperto).
o o in It padrone, but more open (not o aperto).
u u in fall.
tl I u in It. luna.
a a and 6) represent the same vowel in Amharic
(sS^ § *)• The above examples show, approximately,
the commonest pronunciations of this variable voweP.
When a a 6) are given as alternatives they represent
a gradation of sounds from e in ' bet' through approx.
u in *but', eu in Fr. neuf, e in Fr. le, 6 in Ger. Gotter
toain^was'(§7<?).
^ Guidi, Gram. § 46, *suono non ben determinato';
see Lepsius, St Alph. p. 48, and cp. our varying
pronunciations of e in 'offering', i m 'girl', u in
'occurrence.'
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6 Amharie Ghrammar. [§ 3
DiphlhongB.
Diphthongs are merely theu* component Towels
pronounced in rapid succession without any inter-
yening hiatus. They are marked '^. The following
approximations are fairly close:
^:
i m bite.
ii
ai in Ger. Waise.
du
au in Ger. Haus.
du
o
o in no.
g
oy in boy.
Cons(mant8.
X
ch in Ger. noch.
h
h in he.
q
an explosive guttural pronounced a little fiir-
ther back than k^ ; the centre of the tongue
is raised towards the palate.
k
k in kin.
g
gin go.
A
ng in singing.
t
•
tt in hottest, but pronounced with an explosion.
s
sibilant t, similar to ts in pots, but pronounced
with an explosion.
?
ch in church, but pronounced with an explo-
sion.
c
ch in cheese.
8
sh in she.
2
j in Fr. je.
^ but not as far back as Syrian j.
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§3]
J
y
ft
t
d
s
z
1
r
n
P
P
b
f
V
f
V
w
Phonology. 7
j in jam, but the tongue comes nearer the teeth,
y in you.
fi in Spanish sefior.
dental t, as in Fr. ta
dental d, as in Fr. de.
8 in so.
z in prize.
1 inlet
r in red.
n in no.
p in pot.
p pronounced with an explosion
b in be.
bilabial f, (the teeth not touching the lips),
bilabial v, b in Spanish arriba.
labio-dental, f in fan
labio-dental, v in van.
w in went, but the lips are more open : u in It.
uomo.
^ y "^y are h, y, w, pronounced very slightly ^ and ^
almost merged into the adjacent vowel (§ ^d\ and ^
final tending to disappear, y and w may be regarded
as the consonantal forms of | and u respectively; after
a vowel they often pass into those vowels and form
diphthongs (cp. y in layer, w in lower): a+ya = d|a,
a+wa=dua; similarly | and u when doubled (§ 6)
become yy, ww (uw).
q» P' t> s, c are pronounced with emphasis, and
appear to be separated from a following vowel by a
slight explosion of breath. They are quite distinct
from k, p, t, 8, &
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AmJiarie €hrafmna/r.
[§4a
The Amharic CJiaraeters.
§4a Amharic employs the Ethiopic syllabary, with
additional signs representing sounds not occurring'
in Eth. The characters are read from left to right.
There are seven forms of each character, each repre-
senting the consonant followed by (and including) a
different vowel. These seven classes are known by
their Eth. names (of which the Am. pronunciation is
given).
I. *7dTI ^z, original, representing the con-
sonant followed by a (a, w)
II. hd^l kfi|y, second, w » » S
III. -^Aft sfijjs, third, „ „ „ t
IV. Mib rfi^, fourth, „ » ,, a
V. rirft hfimjs, fifth, „ , „ ye
VI. fkf:h s&d|s, sixth, „ . „ « I
VII. hub say|, seventh, „ „ „
There is also a series of characters representing
the consonant followed by w and a vowel ; this w is
often pronounced 6 before a.
or no
vowel
ha
A la
o
A ha
ao ma
w sa
o
^ ra
o
A sa
k^y
siljs
rfiyi
hdmjs
U- hu
% ht
i ha
* h^e
A- lu
A. It
A IS
A> I^e
/h. hu
A.hT
'h ha
A. h^S
a— mu
-Imt
•7 mS
•* mye
ip« m
"t St
•1 sa
•* sy§
<- ru
<5 rt
^ rS
i, ryg
fr su
A. st
A sa
& s^S
sSdis
o
U hi, h
A Ij, 1
<h h|, h
^ mj, m
^ 4 s
C r|, r
A s|, s
sa^
If h^o
A- I'^S
H» h'^S
A s'^o
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§4a]
Phonology.
9
^
If
a
K
h
s§»sa
ba
o
ta
o
ca
bS
"Ȥ
M
a
ka
o
IB wa,w&>
S
H Z|
f ya
li da
K ja
"» ga
«» *t
<uca
X sa
• o
iL &
o
T pa
♦ qa
0* bu
+ tu
¥ cu
-V hu
»• nu
f flu
It* u
In* ku
Th xu
OKi wu
th u
U* zu
IP ifii
«i yu
* <ia
% jii
T- gu
m* tu
Okcu
*• pu
H. su
0* SU
^ fu
•P pu
sftl|s
rftT!
h^^
£ St
If
sS
X 8^^
* qt
i*
qS
* q^e
a. bt
a
bS
a> b^S
-t tt
;^
ta
* ty§
*g ct
^
cS
« c^S
1 ht
:»
hS
•% h^e
X nt
V
na
% n^
t fit
?
fia
-S fie
A. t
A
a
K yg
h. kt
h
kS
tb k^
•fi-xt
11
xs
•ft x^
1? wt
!»
wa
« w^e
\ t
^
a
1 yg
H. zt
H
za
H. zyg
TCzt
V JS
If ^ye
«■ yt
^
ys
ft yS
^ dt
^
dS
9. dyg
5t jt
Jf
js
£ jy§
X gt
P
gs
I gy§
m.tt
tn
«
HI. tye
fla.ct
^
cS
ob'dyg
K pt
K
P«
*. p^
X. st
K
sS
K sye
I St
n
sS
t 8y§
A n
<.
fS
i, fys
•c pt
T
p5
T py§
If
•n
1
V • V
S|, 8
qi q
b|, b
% *
V« V
q, c
h|, h
4 *^
>< fij, fi
^ i
h ki, k
■fi xi» X
ii»*wi,wti,u
11 z|, z
^ yi. 1. 1
J«^ dj, d
•^ 4 g
T tj, t
*^ c
*■ Pi. p
b s|, S
* i f
T Pi. P
sftyi
sr 8^3
♦ q^3
P
•f
h
H
fi5
x-s
wS
z^S
f- y3
^ d^5
^ j-s
<n t^3
* p^S
P s'^S
C f«^3
;^ p^3
^ also JC z§,
za, je iu, 3C M, X z^e, X ^ z, 3C z'^3.
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10
jlmAartc Grammar.
[§4a
fii^
dUls
*i'mwa,in6S
ii rwa, rda
jk. swS, sHs
TC swS, sdS
h^is
8Sd|8
2^2 ryi
^ qwa>
t*qwt
t qw5, qda
a. bwS, bHs
;!: twS, t5S
!e cwa, c^
:kqwS
♦^ qwj, qwtt
•>• hw|, hwo)
•Hhwt
•S hwa, h5S
X nwS, n5S
>hwS
>• h^,hwtt
h*kwA>
*K.kwt
\\ kwa, kdS
II. zwa, zdS
S^ dwS, ddS
\VkwS
tf- kwj,kwtt
>gWa>
T^gwT
sj gwa, g55
IP. twa, tdS
0(1. cwa, c5S
jl. swa, s5S
?3fwa, f55
>gwe
T- gw|,gwii
3 also 5?, ^.
'^ used for rwS, r05, by those who reject is\ native opinion
on the point is divided.
3 also S.
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^G^
§46] Plumdlogy. 11
Value of Characters.
In the traditional Ethiopic pronunciation the §46
vowels of all the classes except gj|z and s^kljs are
considered long; but in spoken Amharic they are
all constantly shortened (§ 7(1).
The vowel of g^ differs from that of rd^ not so
much in quantity (rfi^ often being short) as in quality,
in which it varies (§ 3) in different words. But in
ih '^ h 0^ it h of the same quality^ as rdy|. The
above are its commonest values after the various con-
sonants ; but A la, la>, and 7 c|^ da> also occur. For
this and other variations in pronunciation see § 7d.
Some characters which represented different sounds
in Eth. are now pronounced the same and are inter-
changeable in writing:
ll = A = '*ha
ip = A sa
K==0sa
0, is also written AV, *%= 9^V etc., and T^^Cf or £f.
ti and (§ 2) contain no consonant, but are vowels
and as such may be blended with an adjacent vowel
(§ 7a)«.
^ ggz in these 6 letters as in the rest is theoretically
short, and is usually pronounced so unless the accent
(§ 8) falls on it when it is often pronounced long.
. ^ h§, ha occur as pronunciations of h Ti.
^ ^A (for f- + JiA § 7a) sometimes sounds yadlla, i.e.
the crasis is not always complete; but no hiatus
occurs between a and d in any way comparable with s .
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12 Amhartc Chrammar. [§ 4(?, § 5
Puncttuition.
§ 4c > marks the end of a word.
T corresponds to a semicolon.
tt ,, ,, All! stop.
41 marks the end of a paragraph.
Doubling of Consonants.
§5 In English we pronounce doubled consonants as
if they were single, only one f being heard in oflfer,
stiffer, etc. In Amharic doubled consonants are pro-
nounced double: ff as -ff f- in *off fiir' (pronounced
without any hiatus between the words) or ff in Italian
goffo ; tt as -t t- in ' hot tea \ etc.
The Amharic characters represent not only single
but also double consonants with a following vowel:
A = la or 11a
o o
Thus since ^• = t, ti, tt or tt|
1 = n, n|, nn or nn|
71 = s, SI, ss or SSI,
^y& t|nnis, small, might be transliterated in 64
different ways.
There are no means of indicating by Amharic
characters whether a consonant is doubled or not, or
whether the consonant of a character in column VI
of the syllabary (sftdjs) is followed by a vowel or
not : and in both cases both alternatives are equally
common :
haooD d-mma-ma, it ached.
o o
hao^ l-ma-m, pain.
4»ATy* q|-l-ti-m, marrow.
1T7C n}-g|-g^-r, pronunciation.
9^f:C ih-di-r, ground.
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§ 6] Phonology. 13
li¥l* k|-f.t, open-
J&tl^^ y|-k-^t, let him open.
All l|*kk> measurement.
KIAh'l^AI j-nnj-li-kj-Ilft-cc|-hwd-lla.n, we send
to you (pL).
This defect of Amharic orthography has involved
the designation by the same characters of words with
different pronunciations and meanings :
KA (a) &la» he said,
ip) dlla, he is present ;
KAlfly* (a) algdyam\ I will not enter,
{h) algdbbftm^ he has not entered ;
fMOo^^ (a) }^mdtftl, he will strike,
(6) }dmmdttftl, he will be struck.
A knowledge of the accidence, especially that of
the verb (§ 21, § 7c), enables one to tell to a certain
extent when a consonant is single and when double,
and of what significance the doubling may be ; but in
a great many cases the exact form of a word can-
not be gathered fi*om its representation in Amharic
characters, but must be learned by experience.
Dovihling of Final Consonants.
The remarks in § 5 refer to the general question § 6
as to whether any component consonant of an isolated
word is single or double. But when words are aug-
mented by suffi;8:es or combined with other words in
^ I have not heard the pronunciation given by
Isenberg, Gram. p. 153, note: JiAn*^/* al^mat'am,
I do not come.
2 For y and bb see § 7rf.
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14 Amharic Orammar. [§6
a sentence a further question arises ^ that of the
variation of a final consonant between being single
or double or either.
Certain final letters are doubled before a vowel
at the beginning of a suffix or of a following word
before which there is no pause or break in the sense,
but otherwise remain single: —
-A -1, see 'h, -tDfi^^ hf,F4i9^ below ; cp. § 32a,
-/• -m, suff. attached to indef pron. (§ 16) and to neg.
verb (§ 37), also conj. = and, even, also, (§ 486) :
9^'i9^ I hUja I hAVnc tt m|n|ni kazzih alndbbar,
there wasn't anything here,
9^9^%hM(iCtt mfnimm alndbbar, there wasn't
o o o o
anything ;
-m is also occasionally doubled before fl and f ,
especially when y becomes ^ (§ 7d) :
9^9^ I tun I m|nimm^ b|h^on, whatever may be
the case, on any account,
9^9^iV^n m|nimm yalla (-mmyal-), there isn't
anything,
U-A^ I fH n hiillumm ydza, he seized everything ;
-"^ -c, (i) in the pL ending -^5 ¥ (§ 106) :
^ddl'taoohtk fdras^Oc mdttu, (the) horses have
come,
^d6^ I fi|ras^6c6u, the horses,
^^^Y I haom^ tk f^ras^doc amdttu, they have
brought some horses;
^ Guidi, RedupL, discusses the first but not the
second of these questions.
2 also -jm.
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^
§6] Phonology. 15
(u) the f suff..^-c(§24):
)fl^Y n ndbbarac, she was,
o o
2iA)fl^7^ fl alndbbfracc|m, she was not,
hCjiL I )fl^Y I hh tt |r85d ndbbfracc dl§, he said it
was she ;
-1 -n, the pere. suff. (§ 12c) us, to us:
KA*^ tt ftlun, they told us,
2iAA*7^ tt al&luim|in, they did not tell us,
l&A^A tt y|lunnftl, they will tell us,
Ami fl sdttan, he gave us,
2iAAm1 1 hh a alsdtt^nn &la» he refused to give us ;
-^ -n, (i) the pers. suft* (§ 12c) me, to me :
2iAAm^/* a alsdtta&fi|m, he did not give me,
hAAm^ I hh a alsdtaiifi dl|^ he refused to give me ;
(ii) standing for -i -ni (§ 76) of the part. (§ 31, § 36, § 42) :
A^^ f Idmmfifi, a beggar,
hn'^'^i l^mmdikfiOc, beggars,
A^^ f >flC a l|mm&fi ndbb^r, he was a b^gar,
A^^ f hh a l^mdfkfi dlla, there is a beggar ;
(iii) in some parts of verbs with last rad. Y :
hrfi a dg|fi, find.
Km Oh a fig|fifig!u, find him,
MPi I hlC% a ftg}fifi ftlafl, he told me to find ;
(iv) in certain words :
lh¥^ I kiifi|fi, small-pox,
lh«^ I hS!.r4ir a kiifi|&fl a|d4llam, it is not small-
pox;
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16 Aniharic Chrammar. [§6
-T -t in certain words :
uDmT I mdt|t, something to drink,
uDmT I hA a mdtatt dlla ?, is there something to
drink?
'f» -|, (i) standing for -A* Ji (§ 76) of the part. (§ 31,
§ 36, § 42), is single or doubled when nothing
follows or before a consonant, doubled before
a vowel:
♦j6 1 q§ or qayy (§ 3), red (part, of tA qdlla),
♦j6 1 VOH a qdi (qayy) nau, it is red,
♦fr I qAyyu (§ 11) the red one,
♦j6 8 hf!»f-M^ a qayy a|dallam, it is not red ;
(ii) in parts of verbs with last rad. f is usually single
when nothing follows or before a consonant,
doubled before a vowel:
j6tj6 a y^qwcoi, let him wait,
fM%fM I inc a y|qwo)i ndbbgr, he was waiting,
j6tf ^ a yjqwcoyyan, let him wait for me,
h1^j6 1 hA*^ a att|qw(oyy filufi, they told me not
to wait. *^Sj^
J?he jntei^T^ffi -h -S and -mf. or -oj6 (sdy| + j&)
-wdi (-WCOJ, -wp double certain consonants when they
are attached to them :
-A -1, of the aux. -hA -fil (§ 32) :
j&n^A a yiydq&l, it is enough,
fA^\xi yiydqftUd?, fA^^mf^x^ yjyAqftUw^?,
fA^trf!» a j^ydqftUwj ?, is it enough ?
-r -m (as above) :
hj&MU9^ a aldallah}m, you are not (§ 40),
hfjf-h%iVf» a aldallah|mmw| ?, are you not ?
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§«] Phonology. 17
-^ -d in certain words :
frlr^t d|nn|c, potato,
r:^^ n djnnjccd?, potato?
The w of -wij (-wa>|, -wj) is doubled after a vowel :
im^wf^ u mdttawwj % has he come ?
't -n in certain words is single when nothing or a
consonant follows, single or doubled before a
vowel :
•n mftn?, who?(§15),
•T> I ^OH^ A a mftn yduqfii ?, who knows ?
^n I h All 8 mftn (-nn) fiiah % who told you ?
fnjt:t mjndjn?, what? (§ 16),
^7j^1 1 a»^ a m|nd|n mdtta ?, what came ?
^Jf:ti hao^n m|nd{nn amdtta?, what did he
bring?
'J -n in j&in y|h4n (ace.; § 8; § 13a) is single or
double in any position:
j&ir» I 4./M I hr'm « yihan (nn) f^ dnta (§ 7d),
bring this horse,
j6ir* I h^^ a y|han (-nn) dnta, bring this.
In analogy with the above variations the II of
hf^NilT aiddllam (-da- § 7^ ; § 40) becomes 1 when the
->• is dropped, unless a vowel follows, and -^ -ftft in
parts of verbs with last rad. 7 is pronounced single :
f^^ I hS^f4i9^ u dagg a|dallam, and
fM9^ I hf,f-A u dSgg{mm d}dal, he is not good ;
ff^^AihJfJtni yajdall|ndfh^on,ifheisnot;
b|ggdik for b|ggdiifi ILi^ i if he is found
AH. OR. 2
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18 Amharie Grammar. [§6
The doubled final -A 41
♦ -qq
T -tt
of adv. and interj. of more than one syllable constr.
with Kh Sla (ay. VQA) usually become single before a
consonant :
4 A9A9 1 KA I b|l|cl|cc iX^ it lightened,
-flA^A^ I J&AA 8 bil|cl|c yjlfii, it is lightenmg,
-OA^A^i A>i)aH8 bplclic 111 nau« there is
going to be lightning.
-qq, -kk are sometimes retained before y :
A^ I J&AA 8 s|q|qq y|l&l, it grates,
Ifllinfl I J&AA a 8§ks^kk y|lal, it makes a slight
rattling sound ;
and sometimes before any consonant :
J^A^A^iKAa d}Yl|ql|qq fila» it was in great
confusion,
j^aA^A^iJ&AAa djyljqllqq (§8) y^lftl, it is in
great confusion,
j^OA^A^i/iAi diyljqliqql (§ Id) sp, when it is
in great confusion.
WheA such words are not constr. with XA their
final consonant may be single, and remain so before
a vowel:
Jt^lA^A^ dlyl|ql|q, in great confusion,
jtrtk^^ti^thf^f4irM d|7l|ql|q ajdallam, it is not
in 'great confusion.
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§7a] Phonology. 19
Monosyllabic adv. and interj. and those ending
in consonants other than the above usually keep a
doubled final consonant always doubled:
H^ I hh a zAuw (§ 3) iX^ he entered unexpectedly,
H^ i 11^ I z^uw| (§ 7(^ yp, if he enters . un-
expectedly;
^i.^ I KA « g^6f^4la^ he was very stout,
^i.9 1 f ^fA I Ai9- 1 g^(5f|fi*yamin|l s§u, a yery stout
man.
Crasis or Contraction of Adjacent Vowels. § 7a
When the formation of words, grammatical in-
flexion, or the application of other prefixes or suiffixes
involves thie meeting of certain vowels, the following
contractions and modifications occur :
+ g|}z = rfty|, e.g. ^A ydlla, which exists,
a(a) + S(§46) = 5 for f - ya- + M «lfe ; .
g||z + rft^ = rd^, e.g. flool* bimat, by the year,
|(a) + a = a for fl- ba- +^aoHr am|t;
^ + sftdjs = g^, e.g. fCth yarsi?, of him, his,
§(a) + i = * (a) for f. ya- +KCfr Jrsu ;
^Yl + 8^ "^ ^Jh ^'S' J&i'D^A, y|mdt&I, he is com-
a + a » ft ing, for J&np^ j^^tS + -h A
-ftl(§32);
rd^ + rd^ = t&fi e.g. l;H^0K gygtddCa^ their mas-
a -f ft » ft ter, for ^;^ gy^ta + -dVi0-
.dd&;i(§126);
2—2
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20 Amharic Grammar. [§ 7a
sfidjs + g|iz = rft^ e.g. \r^ Idnta (§ Trf)?, shaU I
I + a = a briiig?,forA.lj -hhr^Anta;
sftd|8 + sftdjs = sSdgs, e.g. A#lbj^ S|h4d, when I go,
i + i = i forft-d +XA.Jt-|had;
8&d|8 + ^= s&l|8+^^ e.g. iifao^ siy&mdta (8|ain-^
i + yS = i(| § 7^ + ya syam-), when he brings, for
ft- s|- +faD^ yamdta;
sSdjs + J& = 8&I|S, e.g. iLpp^ stmdta {^m'\ when
i + yi = ^ (i §^^) ^^ comes, for ft- si- + f^im^
yimdta.
f may arise from sdl|s :
sS^is + g^ = 8^^ + ^> eg. ^A+^^ATl tilaqmySllai,
T + a = (the cod- you (f.) are picking, fioT
sonant) + y 5 ^h¥^ t|Idqmi + h ATI dllas
(§32a).
f may arise from hfimjs:
himis + ggz = sid|s+^^ e.g. li^^fliih laqjmmyallau^
yg H- a = (the con- (§ 7rf), I have picked, for
sonant) -hya A*^ Idqimm^e + hiiih dl-
li^^(§32a); ^
h&in|s + rftyi = s&dis +f\ e.g. ttCfVoh bary&ccau, their
yg -h a = (the con- bull, for a& Mrye + iV^
sonant) + j& -docau.
^ This is a point of orthography rather than of
phonology; the common pronunciation is syam- .
^ If the ccmsonant in sdd{s is one of the resultants
in § 76 it may become rft^ absorbing f : e.g. hf!^fhxh
a|dcyallau^ or hf^^hxh a|6call^^ I have seen, for
K|6* dj^ye + K Au- A\\wl\
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§7ft] Phonology. 21
a^ may arise from kft|Y or sft^:
kfijy + rayi = sfidis + V, e.g. AouVoh (= ATWaH§46)
ii + a = (the con- sattw&ccau, they gave them,
sonant) + wa for Aoh sdttu + -d Voh -dccau ;
sftyi + g^B = sftdjs + V, e.g. A4^A(= A**^A § 46)
^S + a = (the con- ldqm5&), he has picked,
sonant) + wa (62) for A^M* Idqm^o + -h A -fiJ
(§32a).
Modification of Consonant hy following Votvd. § T6
When, in the same circumstances, especially in
the formation of parts of the verb (§ 43), 1, s, t, n, z, d,
t, 8 are followed by i, y or e in the same word, they
are thus modified:
A. li,Aj&ly
become ^
|(yy§6).
l^ Vre
»»
fk
ye or f ya.
"«., A. si, Z"^, hfi sy
»
Tl
8.
"*, A. s^e
»
X
I^eorffga
-t ti.1-jity
»
*
c.
* t^e
»
«
c^e or f ca.
X ni, tf, ny
»
*«
fi(fift§6).
k ni'e
»
1
fie or 7 fia.
II. zi, Hj&zy
»
3r
i.
11 z^e
M
If
4^6 or Tf 4a.
^ dlJCfldy
»
J?
•
J-
fc d^e
»
K
jyeorKja.
m. ti, X., I si, '?f, ty
>
»
*
c.
Ok ^e, X., t §^6
M
Olr
c^eorokda.
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22 Amhcine Grammar. [§ 7b
If the original consonant was doubled (§5) the
resultant consonant is doubled also:
e^. with the model
lit0o Idqqamf, pick, ger. sg. 1st A4^ Idqjmm^e,
part. A^^ laqimi
cp. A4*A sdqqal^, suspend, ger. sg. 1st A^ s^<)S7ye»
part.A;l'^s^q5(-dyy§6),
tlip ndggasa, reign, ger. sg. 1st WH ndg|ss^e,
part. tpTf n^gds,
h4.ir kdffata, open, ger. sg. 1st h9^ kdf|cc^e,
part h4-^ kdf^
In the part, of bilitteral verbs (§ 42)
t., A. also becomes It si,
•t „ „ ^ 6i, eta
E.g. AA Ifisa, lick, part A7f l&s or Alt Ifisi, for *AA. Ifisi,
♦^ qdtta, punish, part, t^ qa6 or ♦fli. qdci,
for *+iiu qdti.
Exception :
Mm dnnata, fashion, ger. Mair dnnicc^e, but
part. MOL an(n)dti.
Cp. also
Knp^ jdmmara, b^n, aoXao&f (§ 7a) mfjamlndrya,
and ™*^^'
aUh c4rr|sa, end, ooOLiA m^darrdsa, final,
4*ti* q^nnata^ girth up, m^H^ mfqann|ca, girth.
This modification does not occur invariably
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§ 7e] Phonology. 28
tliroiig^iit the accidence ; e.g. the pers. suff. -^e, my
(§ 126), does not cause it, and pref. like A- 8(|)-, when
(§ 46), are not susceptible of it.
AsrimUcOion of Consonant hy following Consonant
Tike assimilation of adjacent consonants is com- § 7c
paratively infrequent; the following occur in the
verb:
A 1 in the n^. pref hA- al- (§ 37, § 38), is assimilated
by, and in writing disappears before, the follow-
ing letters, which with the exception of y are
then doubled (§5) in pronunciation, (a- often
being lengthened) :
r, e.g. YilA9^ arrdssam, he did not forget, for
^hMAr alr^ssam;
t, in the pref 1*- t|- of the sg. 3rd f , 2nd m., f , and
pi 2nd (§26, §27):
e.g. hPtdi att|rsa, do not forget, for *hAl-C4 al-
tjrsa;
n, in the pref M- inn(j). of the pi. 1st (§ 26, § 27) :
ag. MiA9^ ann(})rdsam, we shall not forget, for
*YiMiAr al(j)nn(|)rAsam ;
y (§ 7ft), in the pref j6- yj- of the sg. 3rd m., pi. 3rd
(§ 26, § 27), KA/&- aly|- becoming K|6. a|. :
e^. hfUfir ^^am, he will not forget, for
*hAf.Mr alj^Sm.
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24 Amharic Grammar. [§7rf
^ t, of the reflexive or passive pref. +- to- (§ 22a,
§ 41a) is assimilated by any following consonant,
which is doubled (§ 6)^ in pronunciation, ^ dis-
appearing in writing :
e.g. j6A+ffA ]^lldqqam&l, it will be picked, for
^Itl'A+ffA yitldqqam&I,
P^Cn^ yjqqwcwrratftl, it will be cut, for
*j6l^^^A y|tqwo)iTatfil.
§ 7rf Variations and Anomalies of Pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Amharic varies not only in
the mouth of individuals of different districts, but
also, as in English ^ in that of the same individual on
different occasions, according as he speaks slowly or
fast, carefully or carelessly, to a superior or to a
companion.
A native, too, that has any knowledge of reading,
is inclined on occasion to pronounce words as they
are written, there being many gradations of the extent
to which this is done.
^ But if this assimilating consonant is itself followed
by another consonant it is usually pronounced single :
|67+m+^ A yi^qaUqqatal, he is trembling, from
^l^Oi^Oi tanqatdqqata;
or either single or double :
j&CiniQA ysi*(i*)g§'y^gg|y&l it is waving, from
+C'in'in targayd^ya.
2 Cp. our use of ' sha n't ', * don't ', * won't ', etc. ; such
words might well prove unintelligible at first hearing
to a foreigner knowing 'shall not', etc.
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§ rrf] Phonology. 26
An exhaustiye treatment of the subject of varia-
tion in pronunciation would be beyond the scope of
this work ; but the following instances will give some
indication of its nature and the extent of its pre-
valence.
Vowels.
Those marked -^ are commonly pronounced short
unless accented (§ 8) :
e.g. im^ 8 mdtta, he came, usually mdtta :
J&lf 8 f nD^ I loH n yjhe yamatta n§.u, this is he who
came.
But they often remain short even when accented,
unless the accent is received from an enclitic ; and a
generally remains short in au, a|.
g^z, a^ a, 01 (§ 3) : for value after consonants and
with no consonant preceding see § 4 ; often a
before h, 1, r, t, c, c, s, i, j, fi, especially when they
are final or followed by i or |, and before any
single consonant followed by i:
Am sdtta, he gave,
AavSi sdtt^ or sdttail, he gave me,
part. A* 8|c or sac (§ 76), giver ;
A4- sdfi^ (a) he sewed, (b) it was broad ;
part. A^ (a) sdfi or safi, tailor,
(6)sdffi,broad;
a followed by u gen. forms §u :
f A^ y&Uam, there is none,
fhohir y&llaum, he has none ;
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26 Amharie Grammar. [§7^
usually 01 after w:
ID1J5: woiud, male,
iDirnC W6!mb|r (ar), chair,
tf qwcoyya, he waited.
k^y, u: final u is generally weak, sometimes yeiy
short :
•flC+ bjrttt, strong ;
and the u of -U- -hu (or -tl- *ku, see below) in the
verb when it (the vowel u) is final approaches ii :
Affu- sdmmahu, I heard, approaches sdmmahti,
and is also written AfT^ sdmmahwti, sdmmahw.
o o
The u of u- hu is often displaced, Le. precedes
instead of following h :
(i) in the sg. 1st ending -U- of the simp, perf (§ 26),
especially in verbs retaining the vowel of the
last rad. (§ 42a, b, § 32) or with last rad. a
guttural :
Idqqfmuh for l^qq^mhu A4*9^U-, I picked,
sdtnmau^ for sdmmahu Affu-, I heard,
o o
s^ttau^ for sdttahu Amu-, I gave,
dllsiu^, dll|u^ for allahu KAu-, I am present,
KA^^Au- |laqmdllau^, I am picking,
hf^^ih dddaguh, I was brought up.
This ending is also written -'V' hwtl, which be-
comes -uh ; and by a similar displacement A
hwa becomes uha:
bauh&la for bfhwfila AAA, after.
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I7d] Phonology. 27
(ii) in the pron. suffi (§12 6, e) and 2nd pi. ending
(§ 26) -&Yu- 46(d)yuh, for -S4Kd)|hn (see io
below) :
M4-Til- ag|di^(d)7nh, your (pL) country,
A*^?fa- ]^q|in^c)yuh, you (pi.) picked.
But before a suff. other than the aux. -hA -ftl
(§32, §12(;) this displacement does not occur:
A+^^A laqm£6(c)yuh&l for laqmdd(c)ihwft1, you
(pi.) have picked,
but A*^TiM* laqqam^6)|hut^ you (pi.) picked it,
AfTU-lf sdmmahuh, I heard you,
AmiM* sdttahut, I gave him,
f Au^ y&Uahum, I am not present,
ff^^thtt^ y^ddaghubbat, in which I was brought
up.
A similar displacement occurs in
dm-^e for drw^e hC% beast,
Idgdm for Ijgw^ MIT, bridle,
and cp. md'^ftKi (m4^a>q) aoa^ for maq^o (m^^^o)
^♦, oribi,
tctfkkosa for tdkk^cosa i*)HA, scorch,
^kul for |kkul Ktl-A, half
8ftl|8, T: often |, especially when not accented:
A.^^ sTmdta or s|mdta, when he comes ;
sometimes when accented :
AJS- h|d, go.
^ occasionally -ftc(d)tihut.
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28 Amharie Grammar. [§ ^d
For s&l|s before -f -ya see § 7a : it is pronounced
as 8dd|s+ya:
^Atu^ maldkkya, measure.
r&yj, a: occasionally a in the ending -f -ya whea
unaccented (§ 8) :
aoii&f massarya or -rya, tool,
but aoiidf I loH tf massaryd nau, it is a tool.
hdm|8, ^e: the ^ is most noticeable when ^ is
accented, and in & r^;
6 in A»A l^la, other ;
a, a in A^f^ hada (ha-, -da, less commonly h^-) he
went.
sftdis, i:
o o
often a after w, and sometimes, if accented, u :
OHftT wttst, interior,
OHfl wtty, beautiful,
OHfll* w^yat (wu-), beauty ;
Uin
h^ k^fu, kdfa or k(ifu, bad,
1ri«^ kjft (kiift), open, fill kikk (kukk), coarse-
grained;
ain
o
MM (i)nsdsa, domestic animal,
TC tarr (t|rr), January,
h/L^ drag I, nonsense I
a, e, in
fM y|he (yahe), this.
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§ 7d] Phonology. 29
8ftd|8, I tends to disappear in rapid speech, even
though accented by a slower speaker:
ftfD^OHl I W t^^Oh a yamfttdun |qa f|tau be-
comes yamattdun qaftdu^ undo the baggage that
has come ;
J&lf & I M" I yasd|u jqa becomes yasduqa, the tea-
things.
Unaccented i is dropped when the word is easily
pronounced without it, as often becomes the
case when a suff is added :
VnC nfiy|r, leopard,
MK- naylru, or nayru, the (his) leopard ;
ILiidA A bimds|l, if it seems,
fLoDAAoH b2m^(!)Iau, if it seems to him.
Initial i disappears after a preceding vowel :
KAtalLlf |skazzih, as far as this,
nv/ih I KAhlLif a mdttu skazzih, they came as far
as this.
In words beginning with in-, |6-, |m- the | is often
omitted, the n, A or m forming a syllable by itself^ :
XTl\1 Akw&n, indeed,
Ky^ I KA |mbi &la or mb| ftla, he refused ;
but after a consonant the | is heard:
Aj^iKniiMa l|j Imbiala, the child reftised.
^djs without a vowel, on the other hand, is often
slightly vocalised in a word ending in two
consonants or in one doubled (§ 6) consonant
^ as in Bantu ihtu (^w), etc.
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30 Amharie Grammar. [§>Trf
when it is followed by one beginning with a
consonant, especially an enclitic (§8)1
h^Vt s|mm|nt, eight,
M^l^ I •lie I 8|mm|nt| y^, eight dollars ;
Ohf: wiidd, expensive,
Ohf: I VoH a wiiddi n|u, it is expensive ;
Hf^ f n A a z|mm bal, and z|mm| yal, be quiet
|, I is often prefixed to initial r, and sometimes to
n(j), which then lose a following j:
YilA !rddda for lA rddda, he helped,
imp. C^ rjda or KC^ |rda, help ;
)h ndkka, he touched,
imp. 1h nj(ka or Kih ^6ka (Aka), touch.
s4^, ^S: the ^ is most noticeable when ^S is
accented, and in C t^Z ;
^ a in KjtWi*" a|ddllam (-da-), he is not, no, (§ 40).
Consonants.
(In discussing a letter under this heading g||z is
used as the simplest and original form without refer-
ence to its inherent voweL)
V, #hr ^t: final h after a vowel is weak, and after a
diphthonjB^ tends to disappear (see kd|y above) :
ayyau?' hf II-, I saw. . . i
Initial h is ofleti lost : ^
igar X7C for hdg^ mi^ country^ . ^
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§7rf] Phonology. 31
pm XA^ for h|lm AA^, dream^
dti§in^ M^ao for hdttam^ 'ti^no, he sealecL
h is displaced in
m^h&tam for mdht§m ^D'tf^, seal,
bhiri for bdhri QA^, character.
• h after a consonant interchanges with k,
in the ending -U- -hu (§ 25), also written -In- :
l^qqamku M9^ for Idqq^mhu M9^ih, I picked,
and with k, x,
m the endmg -0 -h (§ 25, § 12 6, c) :
alx, alk, for Slh KAl), you said,
h^onx, h^onk, h^oAk, for h^^nh ITIO, you have
become,
r&Xl^, r&skjn, for rdshjn ^Al)7, your head (ace.).
This -h or -k is sometimes assimilated to or assimi-
lates an adjacent guttural, which is then doubled (§ 6),
g becoming kk :
duwa>qq for duwa>qh hiD+0, you knew, you have
understood,
ad^rr§kk§u for ad^rragh^u hf^d^OOh, you did it,
fj^l^kk for f^llfgh /A'lll, you wanted.
gm : m sounds n in
4nta for dmtS hf*^, bring.
d : see sdd|s above.
A: 9 sounds z in
m^ for m|sf noh^, anvijL
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32 Am/iarie Grammar. [§Trf
V
4* : q in S. is pronounced like hamza^ > in Arabic:
(cp. the Gairene pronunciation of o) :
dard^a for C|rdqa asuij^, moon,
>|yye for qjyye ♦(!», butter.
11 : when doubled always bb ; beginning a sentence
usually, and after m always, b ; otherwise b or y :
^QAA y|bb&l&l, it is said,
ft^Ar t tftC a bdql'^o ndbbar, it was a mule,
occasionally, yiql^o ndbbar,
iD^ftC wcJmbar, chair,
i'QA t§bti| or tay&la, it was said,
fM I n*A* I yjhe bdql^o (yd), this mule.
7fl varies between nb, mb, ny :
h1fl4 anbdssa, ambdssa and anvdssa, lion.
e o • o
ft is often f in
IWll' kaf t or kayt, property,
^•flft gafs (-ys, -bs), barley.
¥ : c occasionally sounds almost yy in 6. :
s^^t^Oyy for s^^t^^Oc A* ¥•, women.
) : see s&d|s above ;
final n is often weak after ^e, ^o, u, and is
dropped in
qwfigm^e for qwagm^en ifr^^l, part of September,
&wa>, &ua>, for &wa>n hiDl, yes,
(|)nt^O Krf for (|)nt^dn KTM, what's-his-name
(§ 16)-
^ YoUers and Burkitt, Gram. § 2 B. 1, ""a simple sus-
pension or catching of the breath in Fr. the h in
'la honte' is a true hamza.**
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lid] ' Phonology. 83
n before gatturals often (but not always) becomes A :
d|ngat or d|Ag§t JfTll*, perhaps,
*^ ciAq, difficult.
n before b may become m : see 11 above.
7: fk affects preceding a, see g||z above ;
final fk sometimes becomes \i
na| for nafk h\ I am (§ 186),
dm&i for dm4A hffi, loyal.
h : k interchanges with h, x» see above :
/l)A yahl, about, nearly, is a cont. (§ 26) of
hhA dkk^^ (q-^-)» ^ amount.
G. has ha- for ka- h-, in, from,
haKzih for k&zzih hlLU, here,
hdmdjr for kdmdjr h^JfC, on the ground.
■fi : X interchanges with h, k, see above ;
pronounced h in
fl**fi c^(5h|, he shouted.
m\ for w and u see § 3.
AH w|, wtt (see sdd|s above), ^u, becomes u after §,
a, a^ e, I and forms diphthongs with them, ju
becoming yu:
0^ w|ta and w^ta, come out,
Yim^ duta, take out.
II: z is sometimes s before h (x, k, see II) :
yash for yazh ^0, you took,
yasx for yazx f^^y = f^^
ySsk for ySzk fnula, =/TIO
am.gr. 3
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34 Amharic Orammar. [§7rf
sometimes assimilated to following s :
yass for yazs ^Tf, you (f.) took.
IT: see C; i arising from zi, z^e (§76) does not
interchange with j.
f : for y and | see § 8.
^ y\ following §^ a, oi, a becomes } and forms
diphthongs with them:
^U-l y|hun, let him be,
Ji^il-1 ^un, let him not be ;
initial f^ y|- may do this with the final vowel of
the preceding word :
f^'VI I ^^f- fl dahndjdaru !, good-night I (pol).
In the mouth of many individuals yy between
vowels tends to become j, and | to become ^ or dis-
appear altogether:
fh^f^ a yastdyySl, yastdj&l, he lets (something)
be seen,
Of hd^a, hiA (S.), twenty,
hfPi^r fl a^lfjm, a^alf|m, adl-, he will not pass.
Similarly initial y becomes ^ :
h^^ I f A a k|fumm y4lla, -mm^all-, there isn't
any bad.
Ji: d before other consonants often becomes r:
q4rm^o for qddm^o ♦jfl^, formerly,
l|hdmafk for lihad nafL A^X: i )^ a I am going,
harku for h&dku ikj^ln- 1 went,
wcossarku for wcossadku oiAjtln-, I removed,
hf:Clah ddrigau becomes drgfu, do it.
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§ 8] PJionology. 86
K : initial j interchanges with z in S. :
ffll^ jfera or ym* 2|gra, guinea-fowl ;
when this variation occurs in a verb it continues
throughout its deriyatives:
KuD^ jdmmar^ (If- zd-), begin,
ir%aoi^ tajdmmara (+Tr- t§2d-), be begun,
0of^0o6f majimmarya (nolf- m|i^), beginning ;
sometimes when final : ATT Iji, for A^ l|j, child,
j arising from di, d^e (§ 76) does not interchange
withi.
Ok : sometimes almost yy before t :
afwdyytO&l for afw^ictd&l JiV^;!: A, he has whistled
H, : s is t out of G. :
^i. t&fa, and K^ s&fa (G. and 'learned'^), write,
nifli)& tdha|, and flJi^ s^^^ai (G. and 'learned'),
sun.
/i: f or V in
>9A nafs or navs, souL
Accent.
By accent is meant stress accent, and by the §8
accent of a word the principal stress that falls on it:
thus the accent of * cab-proprietor' is on the 'a' or
the syllable of which 'a' is the vowel.
(The sentence accent, by which an emphatic word
in a sentence receives more stress than other words.
^ ie. used elsewhere by those with some knowledge
of Ethiopic ; in G. it is a genuine survival.
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36 Amharic Grammar. [§ 8
and intonations indicating a question, surprise, a
menace, etc., are similar to those of English.)
Accent must be carefully distinguished from
quantity (§ 7d) :
^^7 a jIc&ol, let him put the saddle on.
Quantity may influence accent :
ftH*fl^ bdzzabbifl, it is too much for me, also
bazzdbbifi.
For the influence of accent on quantity see § 7d
and enclitics below.
The stress accent in Amharic is in general much
less marked than in English. Amharic speech, like
French, runs with an almost even distribution of
stress on each syllable. This is one of the reasons
why to the beginner, who finds it difficult to distin-
guish the separate words in a phrase, a native
appears to speak much faster than he actually does:
and why, even to a practised ear, it is a matter of
difficulty in many cases to detect where the principal
accent of a particular word lies^
Secondary Accent.
Before and after a doubled consonant (§5, §6),
or two consecutive consonants, though the principal
accent may lie elsewhere, there is often a marked
secondary accent, (as on the i in 'cab-proprietor'),
which is sometimes almost equal to the principal
accent :
^ Ouidi, Gram. §66, 'in generale Taccento non d
sempre stabile e chiaro.'
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§ 8] Phonology. 87
httMlPi n dbbal^bb}fl, he lied to me, sounds to all
intents and purposes dbbfl^bbjfk,
)&AhAyAi y|l|k|ll|h&l, he will send to you, y|l|-
Whal,
^aoM^i^ih n t|mmall|sallficcyuh, you (pi.) will
return, t|mm4llasdllficcyuh,
h'm^^ n ft^yt5&l, he has taken in, ^ytdSl,
)&lf?Aa yjh^dnftl, he will be. y|h^(5nftl,
/fl^A a y&y^r&l, he is lighting, y&ydrftl,
aiM n tdlla|a, he prayed, tdlldja.
In some words, such as
i^ao^ fl t§qdmat, sit down,
it is barely perceptible that the stress on the accented
syllable is greater than that on either of the others.
The adequate pronunciation of doubled conso-
nants and unaccented Towels is necessary to ensure
syllables not marked with the accent receiving their
due share of it.
Accentuation of the Verb.
The accent of the simplest form of the verb (§21)
fiedls on the syllable preceding the doubled radical :
7Q g^bba, he entered,
h^ao Idqqama^ he picked,
imiUd mandzzara^ he changed,
^ I cannot endorse Afevork's statement, Gram. § 17,
' sulla media radicale, f^l^ deggh^fe,' ' sulla penultima
radicale, lihA gheseggh^se,' though there is often a
perceptible secondary accent on these syllables.
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38 Amharic Grammar. [§8
Il7f z§g^yya, he was late.
For the accentuation of the derived forms and the
conjugations, see §§ 21-45.
The accent of the greater part of the conjugation
of the verb is fixed, and as the verb usually comes at
the end of the clause (§ 73&) its accent is less likely
than that of other words to be disturbed by that of
an enclitic.
AcceKduation of DiphtJiongs.
An accented diphthong usually has the accent on
the first vowel, but it may fall on the second :
A^ ld|i above,
AoH I ^oh a s4u nau, it is a man ;
i^fiOhhHr q^esdust, priests,
itl^OhhHr I hA- fl q^esaiist ftlu, the priests said so.
Final \ and u.
The accent hardly ever rests on final | or u : but
fM I A^i y|h^ l|j, or yjhe lij, this child: (also
written ^*fi).
Variation of Accent.
Enclitics. An enclitic is a word which is so closely
connected both in sense and pronunciation with the
preceding word as virtually to form part of it, throw-
ing back, in many cases, its accent upon it, i.e. causing
the preceding word, which may or may not preserve
its original accent, to be accented on its last syllable.
Many monosyllabic words in Amharic are of this
nature.
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§ 8] Phonology. 89
hm^ ndu, he (it) is, ?^ nftt, she is, etc. (§ 18&) ;
smbstantives like
4IC bjrr, dollar,
♦1 qfn, day,
Aj? Ijj, child,
fL^ b^et, house ;
imperatives like
^ na, come,
ll*C zm*, go round,
n A bal (bal), say ;
and the second part of composite prepositions (§ 476)
fl-... A^ ba-... Idj, upon.
^A^/ m&]&fya, pleasant ;
^hl»f I )m« fl mSlafyft (§ ^d) n^\ it is pleasant ;
0ȴmdda?, when?
o _
0tff I tOH fl m|i54 nan t when is it ?
^77f t|nn}s, small,
^I7f I ?^ fl t}nn|s n&t, she (it) is small ;
tfpAhi"? m^aktafifka, messenger,
tfpAhi"? I )l) fl malaktafiild nah ?, are you a mes-
senger?
h^4 dmsa» fifty,
X^4 1 4IC: amsd y|rr, fifty dollars;
\\t^ ^ikkul (§ Tc^), half,
Xto" A I 4*1 : ttkkiil q|n, noon ;
^ Cp. KpeiTTOP ioTip.
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40 Amharic Grammar. [§ 8
hyt dnta, you,
M+ 1 A^ fl ant& (§ 7d) li j I, you there I (calling a
boy) ;
K^ Jqa, goods,
h^ I flfl* I iqft y^et, store ;
71ll*fl I f^UV I "IHiiH fl g^nzay y|zah g|zau, take some
money and buy it,
T}|l*fl I f^UV I V n g^nzay y|z4h na, bring some
money;
Ylfl-A I Yin-A I n A a djkkul cikkiil yal, make great
haste.
The accent from an enclitic does not rest on final
I or u (see above), e.g. the article -ah -u (§11), but on
the preceding syllable, or the first Towel of a diphthong
formed by the article :
noTI^ mdAgadu, the road,
fliiDl7<^ I A^ : bamaAgddu lai, on the road ;
Iti^Oh gdyatau, the table,
'Utt^Oh I H*C a tagayatdu zur, go round the table.
Certain suffixes bring the accent to the vowel
immediately preceding them :
e.g the emphatic sufi! -Oh -u :
f^V yjhe, this,
f^Ooh yjhftu, this very one ;
hlLU kdzzih, here,
tttUh kazzfhu, just here ;
but i'VLfOh tdzzyau and tazzydu, just there.
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§ 8] Phonology. 41
An enclitic does not throw back its accent across
a pause, or on to a word with which it is not immedi-
ately connected by the sense :
Jk^ I flfl* |q& yygt, store,
AtLU I }^ I fl»^ I r AoH^ fl lazzfh |qa y^et y4llaum,
there is no receptacle for these things ;
f AiQ I ioh n yal^eya n^u, he is a thief,
f AiQ I f/P I ioh n yal^^ya damm^o n^u, he is a
thief, too.
The position of the accent may determine the
sense, by showing what words are closely connected:
ffr* I ^^ I A}^ a yayetwd-syet Ijj?, the child of
which woman ?
yay^twa s^^t-ly, of which daughter?
In some cases an enclitic may or may not throw
back its accent, however closely connected with the
preceding word^ :
h/^C I *flC I ass|r yjrr, and dssjr y|rr, ten dollars ;
4IH* I ioh n b|zti nau, and b|zu n^u, it is a lot ;
9^f:C I ioh n minder nau?, and m|ndir nau ?, what
is it?
When accented initial | disappears (§ 7rf) its accent
falls on a preceding vowel ; if no vowel precedes, a
following n. A, m takes the accent :
Xf ^ I MfiOh n dyyacc jndau, she just looked ;
^ Both accentuations are common and apparently
they do not differ in meaning: all inquiries on the
point meet with the reply ihit i Mjt i tun i MHiplC i
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42 Amharic Grammar. [§ 8
h? I Mf^Oh n ayya ndau, he ju&i looked ;
hHWi I iiAim^^ a Akw&n, almdttfim, no, he hasn't
come.
The enclitic particle MK (i)i\jf, oh, but..., indeed,
retains its accent :
hf^^Oh n dntau (§ 7d), bring him,
hf^^Oh I MK n dntaunjf I, oh, but bring him !
The mter. suff. -h and -id^ (§ 6) do not throw back
their accent :
JiA^A a dlqdftl, it is finished,
JiA^Aa dlq5alld?, is it finished?
hf0f4if^ n aid4llam, he is not,
hf0f4iVf0 n ald4llammw|, is he not ?
Other suffixed particles sometimes afiect the
accent of the word to which they are attached and
sometimes do not:
e.g. -•? -mma, as for,
f^V yjhe, this,
^U^ jih&mma, as for this ;
d.dA' fdrasu, the horse,
i.^^ fdrasumma, as for the horse.
o o
Other variations of Accent.
Apart from the disturbance that may be caused
by an enclitic, the accentuation of a word yaries in
many cases according to its position: according, that
is, as it stands (a) alone or before a pause, or (b) before
any other word with which it is connected by the
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§ 8] Phonology. 43
sense ; and many words exhibit further variations of
accent in each of these positions^ The position (a) is
called in this section 'final ', and the position (&) 'con-
nected'.
Note. Isolated words in the course of this work
marked with two accents usually take the first, some-
times^ the second, when final, the second when con-
nected But words with accented suffixes such as -h -a,
-mjR -w4| (-wi^, -w|), marked with J their own original
accent as well, are pronounced with both accents.
Taking any letters 7, ^ ^ h, with which to com-
pose forms as types (without regard to difierences in
vowels or consonants immaterial in accentuation), the
following variations are exhibited by certain forms
according to their position:
li-gjfa:
fin. g|fa:
A^ s|ra, work ;
conn. g|fa or g{fa: in rapid speech the word loses its
accent altogether:
A^ I nn-fl^ fl s|ra (s|ra, sjra) y^zzdbbjfi, the work
is too much for me.
^ Afevork, Gram. § 16, 'Intomo all'accento
TAmarico non ne ha ancora, con regole e norme fisse,
stabHito le leggi.' '...awiene che tante e tante parole
si sentano pronunziate ora in un modo, ora in un
altro...'
^ Words of this type are to be heard accented on
tlie last when final in questions : e.g., av. ^V
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44 Amharic Ghrammar. [§8
^liJi* ga&ra:
fin. g|f i&ra, also g^fara :
tmA natdia, open, also ndtala,
Hm? zatdna, ninety, also zdtana,
Kn^ Ag|da» stranger, also Ag|dai
ATI ;^ bd8|ta, disease ;
conn, gd&ra, also gafara :
tmAi^^: ndtala 6dmma, slipper, also natald
cdmma^
Hmfi^isa zdtana m^6tu, ninety died, also
zat^nd m^cStu,
Wi^^ I ao^i n A^da mdtta, a stranger has come»
also Ag}dd mdtta,
nTf;^ I ihohn bds|ta n&kkau, the disease attacked
him, also b^|td n&kkau.
*7A^ gB^fra :
fia gaffdra, occasionally gdfiara :
QXh^ callama, darkness,
f^ao^ dfinrndna, cloud, occasionally ddmm§na,
9A;9 f jlldga, track ;
conn, gdffara, also gafiara :
OkA^ilflC cdllama ndbbar, it was dark, also
callamd ndbbar,
f^ao^ I 'AH* I tOH a ddmmana b|zu nau, it is very
cloudy, also d^mmand b|zu nau,
9A;9 1 rAf* fl f jU^gA y&llam, there is no track.
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§ 8] Phonology. 46
*^4Xi eafar :
(prp. + substantive)
fin. g^far, also gffi&i*:
f fli : yayag, of a sheep,
but f Af* I hoh I rfl'l fl yal&m nau yaydg ?, is it a cow's
or a sheep's ?
conn, gaf dr :
f OT I /*';j : yaydg sjga, mutton.
*1iX g^fiar:
fin. gdfiar:
^^ I tOH I iD^flC a yet n§u wa>mb^?, where is
the chair ?
mAX: wa>ll§d, interest,
Mfy^ I timhf: a nd&min? b^oOlad ?, on what
terms ? at interest ?
hh I hoh I All-fl fl kiikk| n^ I jz4y ?i is it fine or
coarse?
)h«^ k\ifp|fi, small-pox;
conn, gififr and gafi'dr:
m9^tiC I i^An^ fl waimb§r tgsdbb^, the chair is
broken,
flioAX: I i*fl^^ a bauoiU^d taydddarf, he bor-
rowed at interest,
AlHl I Mt^ I l|zz|y d'^dq^et, fine fiour, also
l|zz|y d^6qyet,
IhV^ I S!(D:Mah I hah a kufi'lfl yawoigg^ n^, he
is pitted with small-pox.
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46 Amharic Gr^rammar. [§8
*li.C gafar^ :
fin. gdfar^o, sometimes gaf dr^o :
Ittdr gdyal'^o, gecko, sometimes gaydl'^o ;
conn, g^far^o :
mtlr I Mih n gdyal^o dyya!u^ I saw a gecko.
'*7^gaf(f)tP:
fin. gif (f)ir, occasionally gaf (f ) ir :
V I m^V n na woklih (occasionallj wcodfh), come
here,
t^f^tlMMn qwc^ kdzzih (occasionally kazzlh),
wait here;
conn, gaf (f )'ir :
m^O I Mr9^^ n wcodfh att^mta, don't come here,
hHLlf I Mr^f^ n kazzlh att|qwa>|, don't wait here.
fin. g^flSr, sometimes gafi'dr :
ao^h9^ m^lk&m, excellent,
ItMi siirrfty, sock, sometimes surrdy,
g/o9^^^ mdmtftt, to come ;
conn, gafi^dr :
ao^h9^ I WC n malkdm ndbbar, it was excellent,
o o o
Ti'Mi I h9^^ n surr&y dnta, bring some socks,
ao^m^ I X^A;iAu- n mamtdt jfalligdllau^, I want
to come.
"^iVlf gafra :
fin. gdira:
^^S* dfthnft, well ;
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§ 8] Phonology. 4t*T
coniL gafra, also g^fra :
1^^? 1 7Q tt d&hnft g^bba, he arrived safely,
fAV I OHP I l^A^A tt dahnft wa>t y}s4rftl, he cooks
well
*pd^ gftfara :
fin. gftfdra, sometimes gdfara :
^M m&ldda, early, sometimes mdl^da,
•*+^ g^otdra, bam, sometimes g^dtara ;
conn. gdfara» sometimes gftfarS :
^M f dh/i- n mdlada h&du, they went early,
^M I aooh n mftladd mdttu, they came early,
W-^ f +^inA tt g^dtara taqdtt^la, the bam was
bumi
*-|«:g|fir:
fin. g|fjr:
^^ t|ii|fl, mosquito ;
conn. g|f|r, also g|f|r :
^Tri I f A»* tt t|njfl yalllim ?, are there no mos-
quitoes ?, also t|n|fk y&llam ?
^n4J3a gafarak :
^- g^f&^k, occajsionally gafdrak :
fc+IM- Aqayat, uphill, occasionally aqdyat ;
conn gdfarak :
fc+IM" I A.#lb<9« ^ayat s|h&du, when they go
uphill.
*n4J3a gaffarak :
A'}AA^ sansdlat, chain,
e e o
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48 Aniharie Grammar. [§8
^M^Mr qwtUqw^at, downhill ;
conn, gdffarak, also gaffardk :
A'}AA^ I in4- tt sdnsalat tdffa, the cham was lost,
♦^A+^AI" I A.^ tt qw^qwtilat h&da, he went
downhill,
♦^A+^AI" I luoCf: I qwttlqwtildt ^wwrd, when he
goes downhill.
*liJ^ gafar&k :
fin. usuallj gafdrftk, sometimes g^farftk or ga&r4k ;
^AAA mas^l&l ladder, sometimes mds^lsl or
masal&l,
f/J^9^ ddratftm, broad-chested, sometimes da-
rat^m,
o
ah'S^9^ wtisat&m, false, sometimes wdsatftm or
wtisatftm,
nh^l^ Mk|ra|, for hire, also bak|ra| ;
conn, gafar&k :
n^AAAiiD^tt bamasalil wcotta^ he mounted
by a ladder,
f/J^9^ 1 4.iXi: daratdm fdras, a broad-chested
o o o o
horse,
ah'S^9^ I hf^Mf^ tt wtLsatfim a|dallam, he is not
false,
nh^|&iXA*tt bak}!^ dllu, they are to be had
for hire.
*7i^h gaf&rftk :
fin. g|fi&rftk, sometimes gaf&rdk :
S^^f^ dwa|dt&m, sickly, sometimes dwa|&tdm ;
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§ 8] Phonology. 49
coniLgaftrdk:
S^f^^ I hf,f-M^ tt dwa|fttdin ^d^am, he is not
sickly.
*7*Cll ggf|rk :
fin. g$f|rk:
fcT'H' a^nt,.bone,
Vli^^ n^g|st, queen ;
conn. g4Qi*k and ^af |rk :
fcT'H'i'hAn^tt St|nt t|8dbbar|, the bone is
broken, also Stjnt t|sdbbar|,
ynr'^ I ^QAAY tt njgjst t|bb&ldllad, she is called
a queen*
Words m -l* -g^e^ -•»* -g^3f :
fin. 'gyef, '-g^of :
Mt^ d'^6qyet, fiour,
Mn I f>fX^^ I n^«^ tt bam|n yidddrrag&l ?
bad^Oqyet ?, what is it made with ? fiour ?
^/rt* ^^ot, government office,
M- I [V^HH I +^/H- tt yet nftc^ ? tac|l^ot ?,
where are they ? in the office ?
conn, '-gygf, 'g^5f, also -gyef, -g^^f :
Mt^ I AmiiH tt d^6q^et sdttau, he gave him some
fiour, also d^oq^t sdttau,
^/H* I A.<- tt ^^ot hadu, they have gone to
the office, also ^l^^t hadu.
-;i* -gSf, -1* -gygf, -•»* -g^5f receive the accent
when a sufSx is attached to them:
AhC sdkkftr, drunkard,
AH. OR. A
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60 Amharic Qrammar. [§ 8
fllM?¥ sakk&r^Oc, drunkards,
AhCf sakkftr^Oocu, the drunkards ;
ao&?t mdr^t, ground,
^p&'fs mar^etu, the ground;
and there is a perceptible secondary accent on the
penultimate in words like
aoJl^ mdAgadu, the road,
fiV-A« fanusu, the lantern,
MvP s^^titu (-|tu), the woman,
^A4 t|ll|qu, the large one.
The adj. ending -? -flfia has the accent on the
syllable preceding it:
fin. and conn. fcfVC? am&r|fiiia, Amharic,
9^ChV mirk^dftfta, prisoner;
but when -Oh is added the accent varies :
M-^HH fin. yet|iiflau, conn. ySt|iifkau.
The general tendency in these variations is for
the accent to come forward before a suffix or another
word: but in some cases nothing but an enclitic
brings it forward:!
oohM' mdlakat, bugle,
^Ah-f ^ mdlakat^Oc, bugles,
^Ah^ 1 14- n mdlakat ndffa, he soimded a bugle,
oohM^t I *f- « mdlakat^Occun ndfiu, they soimded
the bugles,
^Ah^ I ioh n malakdt nau, it is a bugle.
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ACCIDENCE.
The Noun.
The Substantive. § 9
Substantives are of two genders, masculine and
feminine, have two numbers, singular and plural, and
in addition to the nominative an accusative case.
Gender. §9a
There is no special form of the substantive for
either gender.
Number. § 9b
The pi. is formed by adding -^5^ -^Oc (-^5cc
before a vowel § 6) to the last consonant of the sg.
II* b^et, house, pi. rL*¥ by^t^Oc.
Z^ gy^ta, master, pi. l-f ^ gy^t^Oc.
A*7^ Idmmdfi (§ 8) beggar, pi. Af?'?^ lammftnft^Od (§ 6).
In some cases (see vocab.) -f -ya disappears :
nCf bftrya, slave, pi. ac^ bfir^Oc ;
and i is sometimes retained :
A^ sdfi, tailor, pi. Ac¥ sdf^Oc
and (not G.) Ad.P^ sdfi^Od.
Besides the pi. in -^5^ some irregular plurals
(Ethiopic forms) occur:
n*A* bdql^o, mule, pi. tt^Urt bdql^oc,
also fcfl+^Al- abdqw|lt (ay-, -qwti-, -♦- -q|-),
and Ml+^A-f ^ abdqwIlt'^Oc (ay-, -qwtt-, -♦- -qj-).
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62 Amharic Grammar. [§ 9c, § dd
The irregular pis. more commonly in use are given
in the yocab. ; all nouns with irregular pL also have
the r^pilar pi. in -^0^.
§ 9c Case.
The accusatiye is formed by adding -1 -n to the
nominative (of which final sdd|s receives |) :
nom. 0.1- bygt, ace. O.I-'J by^tjn.
„ l;»- gy^ta, „ !;►-» gy^tSn.
^ „ Af?^ Idmmftft, „ AfJ^^J lammdiifl|n (§ 6).
„ 0.* * by^t^od, „ 0.'f^bygt^6a|n(§6).
-1 comes after the art. (§11) and pers. sufi^. (§ 125),
but before other suffl :
fli*1 by^tun, the house,
Ms^l sy^t|tun, the woman,
fli*7 by^tyen, my house,
fli;I:'> by^twfin, her house,
V^^^l byet&cc|n|n, our house.
flt+iy" by^tunjm, and his (the) house.
The JEthiopic Accusative.
§96? The Ethiopic accusative in -a survives in some
cases, in which the form but not necessarily the mean-
ing is acc.^ : the efiect in Amharic is generally to give
an objective sense to a following noun :
^ 'Status constructus.* Praetorius, Gram. iEtb.
§ 125, 'Quoad formam status constructi nihil refert
num nomen in eo positum nominativi sensum habeat
an genitivi an accusativi.'
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§10, §11] Accidence. 58
Vb/^ njgufl, king,
Ybw I VU^^ : n|g(i8| ndgfst, king of kings, em-
peror;
QA b&I, master,
QAfli^ bftlay^^t, master of the house.
But in some phrases the form in -| has the objec-
tive sense (§ 67c) :
VIC n^g^r, word,
Vl^ I hi : ndg|ra s4ri, (maker of words), slanderer.
The Adjbotivb.
The adjective does not differ in accidence from § lo
the substantive:
sg. nom. ^T dagg (da-), good, h*. kjfu (kd-, k(i-), bad,
ace. fi^ d$gg|i^» hf^l k|fun,
pi nom, f^ll^ ddgg^Oc (-6c § 6), lic¥ k|f^Od (-66 § 6),
ace. Kt'^l dagg^66cin. hC^-J kif^6«^n.
For irregular (Eth.) pla see vocabulary ; all acy.
with these form the regular pL as well.
There is no special form of the adj. for either
gender.
The Aeticlb.
The definite article 'the' is expressed by the §11
sufiSxes:
sg. m. -u, written -hh after a voweP,
f -i+ -itu (-jtu), written -|l+ after a vowel,
pL m. k f -u.
^ Le. after any class of letter but sidjs (§ 4a).
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64 Amharic Orammar. [J 11
S. has sg. f 'V -wa.
All the above form the ace. in -1 -n.
Oil- b^et, house, (!•* b^^tu, the house, ace. fli*^
by^tun.
l;h gy^ta, master, Z^Oh g^^tau, the master, ace.
Z^oh'i gy^taun.
Al* s^et, woman, Ms^ s^^titu (itu), the woman,
ace. A-t**! s^^titun (-|tun).
0.* ¥ b^^t^Oc, houses, 0.** bygt^6ccu, the houses,
ace. 0.* *1 byet^dccun.
i.iJti fdras, horse, mare (§ 9a)»
S. ^^(k. fdraswa, the mare, ace. d.iSL'i fiiraswan.
e o o o
The article may be attached to a noun sub. or adj.
or to the rel. + verb (§ 14).
When it is attached to a verb ending in a conso-
nant, the form -oh is used, connected by the vowel a
(^z § 4a ; cp. the mode of connecting the pron. suff.
-HH § 12c). The f ending -¥ -c (-66 § 6) takes -hh with-
out the connecting a, and in G. -i* -itu (-|tu).
After a verb ending in -u the art. takes the form
"^ -t or -* -tu.
E.g. fVir I yam^dta, who died,
fViroh I hoh I yam^otdu (§ 8) sau, the man who
died.
f ^idCjc- I yammiwcord, that (rel.) descends,
f 'TLiDCftOH I Tf S'-fl I yammjwoirdau z|n&y, the rain
that descends.
f l^+¥ I yam^<5ta6, who (f ) died.
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§12, § 12a] Accidence. 66
f l^+¥iD-1 t A/ti yam^otaocyun (§ 6) s^et, the
woman (ace.) who died, G. -IS*** -cditun (-|t-).
f +7ftA^* I AP^ I yatagaddalut sdu^Od, the men
who were killed,
f +7ft/Ms'> I M n yatagaddalutun dyya, he saw
those who were killed,
faoat'P I VVoh n yamdttutu nficc^u, they are those
who came.
There is no form for the indef. art. in Amharic.
The Pronoun.
The Personal Pronoun.
The personal pronouns are of two kinds, disjunc- § 12
tive (the emphasizing and distinguishing forms), which
stand alone, and conjunctive, which cannot stand
alone, but are suffixes attached to nouns, verbs, etc.
Disjunctive Personal Pronouns.
The disjunctive personal pronouns are : §12a
sg.lst Xk|ny^(§8),I.
2nd m. M^ dnta (-ta)^ you.
2nd f hVG Anci2, you.
3rd m. XCfr |rsu (§ 8)^, he, it.
3rdf XCflL irs3 (§ 8)^ she, it. .
^ or M^ ant, (see vocab.)
2 M¥ and, ^ . .
• or Xfr |ssu, (see vocab.), which is generally used
of inanimate objects.
* or XflL |ss6d.
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66 Amharic Grammar. [§ 12a
pL Ist X? |fifid (§ 8), we.
2nd XA-H- pidnt (§ 8)\ you.
8rd hCWoh jr8dd(d)au2, they.
The polite form of address is
sg. 2nd hChP {ve&^o^ (§ 8), you, which is constr.
with the verb in the pi. 3rd ; pi. XA'H',
The polite form of reference is XCkYoH, he, they
(e.g. the Rfis, the Bftses), with verb in pi. 3rd.
All the above form the ace. in -'} -n (§ 9c)> may
take the article (§11)> and simple and composite
prepositions (§47) may be constr. with them:
e.g. Xkl I ao^^ tt jn^^n mdttftii, he (it) struck me,
myself
f k1 1 hf^^ tt yan^^n dnta (§ 7rf), bring one of
(some of) mine (f + X = f § 7a).
f kiD«1 1 h9^^ tt yan^^un dnta, bring mine.
^yt I pC : tanta gfir, with you (+ + fc = ;'' § 7a).
ACA« I lOH tt larsd nau, it's for him ( A + X = A § 7a).
n? I ^*^ : ba&fid tftc, beneath us (as distinguished
from others).
1 or XA-H- illdnta (-ta), hKTrt (|)nnAnt (-+ -ta, -ta),
S.V. X*-.
2 or MVoh |ssdc(c)au, which is generally used of
inanimate objects,
or XICA« (|)nndrsu (-na-), X*fr (|)nnAssu (-na-), s.v.
X»-.
8 or hChP I [XCfl] ^^6, hhP |ss4^, XA^ i [X*]
|ss^6 ; in S. also used as pol. form of reference.
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§ 12&] Accidence. 67
XAT^ I hMJi^r n |lldiii|ii alfi^lljgim, you (pi.) I
don't want.
f 9?+|l* I V^ n yannant^jtu (§ 8) nftt, she is yours
(pi). ^
hCWohJ I KrV- n |rs^id^un &jj&a\ them I have
seen.
Personal Pronouns conjunctive with Nouns. §12ft
The personal pronouns conjunctive with nouns,
other pronouns (§§ 16 — 19), and some adverbs, render-
ing the possessive or genitive, are the following
suffixes:
sg. 1st -yg, after a voweP -fr -ye (-jS, ^)\ my.
2nd m. -0 -h^ your.
2nd f. -Tl -s, your.
2nd poL -aP -^^o^ after a vowel -P -^o, your.
3rd m. -u, after a vowel -hh -u, his, its.
3Pd f. V -wS (-5S), her, its.
pL 1st -ft^ -^c)|n, our.
2nd -ft^tf- -^d)ihu (-dd(c)yuh § rrf), your.
Sd^Ji sSd } -^'^^ -^^)i^ ^^^^ (^> ^^')
These all form the ace. in -1 -n.
^ i.e. after any class of letter but sdd|s (§ 4a).
^ or -f -ya (-^a).
« or .-fl -x W -»> -k (§ 7rf).
* or -P* -wo (-^o) ; S. also sg. 3rd pol.
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68 AmhaHe Grammar. [§ 126
When -U or -71 are attached to sfid|8 (§ 4a) it has |,
unless they have a further suff.
These suff. are attached as follows:
(a) to a consonant : (k^ b^et, house.
house.
M:
by^tye,
my
(k^U
by^<|h.
your (m.)
0.^71
by^^s.
your (f.)
a.+F
by^ta^,
your (poL)
a.-!:
b^^tu.
his (its)
0.*
by^twa,
her (its)
9^^"^
by6tfic(c)in.
our
a.;^^ byetfic(c)|hu (-6(c)yuh), your (pi.)
a.;^«l*fl»- by6tdc(c)au, their (his, pol.) „
ace.
M:!
by^tyen.
flil-Ol
by^tihin (-th|n),
fli1-Ti7
by^tisin (-tijn).
Mr9^
by^tf^n.
Mn
by^tun,
O.*"*
by^twSn,
^^'^Til by6tac(c)jnin,
IM•*^^'> byetic(d)|hun (§ 7rf),
flijHpflhi byet^d)§uiL
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§ 12&] Aeeidenee. 69
(j3) to -S: 1^ gy^tS, master.
l:*^ gygtSjye (-aye)^ my master.
1;*'0 gy^t&h, your(m.)
ij'-'ll gy^tal, your(f.)
I^^P gygti^S your(pol.)
^;^dH gy^tau, his (its) „
l;M» gygtdua^ her (its)
1;^^ gyet4c(c)|n(a+ft = ft§7a), our „
1,^'fih gyet&c(c)|hu (-c(c)yuh), your (pi.) „
%^io- gy€tSc{e)^\i, their (his, pol.) „
(y) to ^o: fl^A- b^ql^o, mule.
n*A-fr baql^^ye (-1^^)2, my mule.
tt^HrV bdql'^oh, your (m.)
n+A-1! b^ql^os, your(f.)
a¥lirP baql^^o (-l''6)2, your (pol.)
tt^HrOh bdql^ou, his (its)
n*A-1» baql'^dua*'', her (its)
a¥^^ baql6dc(6)|n, our
n^Yih baql^c)|hu (-c(6)yuh), your (pi.)
O^O^Vflh baql5ac(c)au, their (his, pol.) „
^ fin. (§ 8), but conn, gy^ta^e: ^;^frl op^Ia g^^ta^e
mdtta, my master has come. Similarly, conn, g^^ta^o,
g^^taua.
2 fin. (§ 8) ; conn, bdql^^, bdql'^O, b^l'^oua.
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60 Amharic Orammar. [§12c
The genders and numbers given above refer to the
possessor, not to the object qualified :
e.g, /•ft^O m|9t|h, your wife,
QA7I bS]|8, your husband,
fl+/Hf baql^ocd^e, my mules.
With adv. :
n^^-l batftccdd(c)|n, beneath us (as distin-
guished from e.g. above us).
§ 12c Personal Pronouns conjunctive urith Verbs.
The personal pronouns coiyunctive with verbs ^,
rendering the dative and accusative, are the following
sufiixes, also used as infixes :
connecting vowel
sg. 1st '^ "h (-ftft § 6), to me, me. a (a)
2nd m. -0 -h^ to you, you. | and a (a)
2nd f -Tl -8, to you, you. |
2nd pol. 'P -^o^ to you, you. a and none
3rdm. -HH-u, .^.^^ >^ } a
„ '^ -t after o, u, „ „ „ none
3rdf .ft* .fit, ^^it^uV''^''' ^*^} ^^^^
pi. 1st -1 -n (-nn § 6)^ to us, us. a (a)
^ also with fl-, A-, when joined to a verb (§ 47a) ; also
with hW q.v. ^ 2 or .-fi -x, -k, (§ Id).
^ or "P^ .^ot; S. also sg. 3rd pol. * or -* -nna.
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§ 12c] Accidence. 61
These suff. are attached to all parts of the rerb
(§ 34) except the infin. and part, which, as nouns, take
the suff. given in § \2h.
The connecting vowel joins them to a verb ending
in a consonant.
They are inserted between the verb and the aux.
M (§ 32) or another suff., such as the n^. suff. -^
(§37).
E.g.:
(a) after a consonant :
J&TIC 7|Ag|r (-ar), let him tell.
f/n^Si 7|Agaraft (-ara-), let him tell me.
pnco yiig^h (-ar-),
w
»
you (m.)
^TlcrS yiAgfris (-ar-).
»
»
you (f )
r^-itiy yJAgfri'^ (-fir-)S
»
W
you (pol.)
pnij^- y|6gai^ (-ar-),
9>
W
him.
f-ytl^ yJAgarftt (-ar-),
»
»
her.
JtTI« y|Agaran (-ara-)2.
99
»
us.
J&TI^Yu- 7|Ag|ric(d)|hu(-ar
-^d)yuh)^
»
you (pi.)
fi.ru^m- yi6g|rfic(c)ai,
99
5>
them (him, pol)
)&)1^A yjn^grS], he tell&
J&V7^?A Tin^gr^iiMl (-afl-), he tells me.
fiyi£lffii yindgrahSl (-ah-)', „ „ you (m.)
^ or finCPt I [-CI*] y|iigar^ot (-ar-).
2 or ^TI<!V y|Agaraim^ (-ar-)-
' or -TlA -xfil
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62 Amharic Grammar. [§12<j
f.t<7ClfA Tindgi^sal, he tells you (f)
|6*l4tf»hA y|nigraSftP, „ „ you (pol.)
f,V^£ff^ yjnigraufil, „ „ him.
J6V7^;»'A y|n$gr&tal, „ „ her.
JRWi^A y|ndgr|nD&l, „ „ us.
(-c(c)yuhfil) / " " y**"*^?*'^
^W^VI^A 3^agrflc(c)aual, „ „ them (him,
pol)
hfpVtCf ^n^gipn, he will (does) not tell.
hf,'n^9' ajn^graiifijm (-ra-), he will not tell me.
hpVlCXir aindgr(|)hjm2, „ „ you(m.)
hpVlC^r a^4gi|sjm, „ „ you(f.)
hpVl£Pf^ a|ndgra^m^ „ „ you (pol.)
hfAlljOhf* a|ndgraum, „ „ him.
h^V7^1*^ ^^grfttjm, „ „ her.
K|6V'7<I'W" a|ndgrann|m (-ra-)*, „ „ us.
hfJini^thf a|nagri6(c)(hum, „ „ you (pL)
hfAlii^Ohf ^nagrftc(c)aum, „ „ them (him,
pol.)
1 or -<y;^A -ri^tfil, -cy;^A i [-l?;»*A] -r'^otfil
2 or -fif -x|m.
' OP -nCP'^rr I [ICI^] -gr^otjm.
* or -*^ -nnam.
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§ 12c] Accidence. 63
{P) after the ending -T -c (-6c § 6) of the simp. perf.
sg. 3rd f ; the connecting vowel, if there is one, is
always |(|y):
Am? sdttac, she gave.
AmT^ sdttac5|ft, she gave me.
AmTll sdttaccpi, „ „ you (m.)
AmYli sAtta6c|8, ^ „ you (f.)
ikovtP sdttadcl'^oi, „ „ you(pol.)
Ain?«- sdttaccyu, „ ,, him.
Aa^r sAttaficftt, „ „ her.
dmfl sdttJld^^ „ „ us.
iun!ff^ s|tta66fic{c)yuh (§ 7<f ), „ „ you (pi.)
AmSPfm* sattadc4c(c)au, „ „ them (him,
_ pol.)
(y) after -§ (g| j«) :
VU, n^gg|ra, he told.
Vt£^ ndgg^ii (-afi), he told me.
'kliJi ndggarah, „ „ you (m.)
Vl<n! niggiras, „ „ you (f.)
Yllf n6ggar^«, „ „ you (pol.)
Vl/ijO' n^garau. „ „ him.
Yi^ n^garftt, „ „ her.
Yk£i ndggarau (-an)*, „ „ us.
Vl^ftf- naggarac(c)yuh (§ 7</), „ „ you (pL)
Vti^m* n§ggard£(c)au, „ „ them (him,
\ PO>)
1 or flm^PI* sdttaddl^ot
^ or AmYV sdttac^nn|.
' or V7<tf»1* ndggara^i
* or Yta ndggar|mi§ (-finna).
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64 Amharic Grammar. [§12c
hMl£9^ alndggaram, he did not telL
hMlid?i9^ alndggaraftii}m (-ra-), he did not tell me.
hMltifr' aliidgg|Tah|m\
»
>^
you (m.)
hM1/!^9' aln^gg|Tag|in,
»
W
you (f.)
hAM^/* aln|gg|r|^m^
>»
»
you (pol.)
hM^diD-9* alndgg^um,
n
W
him.
hPiYli^^ ohi^^r&^m,
»»
l>
her.
hMn£^9^ aLn^ggaranniin (-ra-)^ »
«>
U8.
hfiiVli-'hhr aln|ggar^a)|h
um, „
»
you (pi.)
hAM^ToH/* alnaggar^d)|um, „
»
them (him,
poL)
(8) after -u (k%) :
A /
VK. niggaru
, they told.
Yl^^ n^ggaruii, i
they told me.
VK-0 ndggaruh.
>> w
you
(m.)
VK-TI ndggarui,
» w
you
if-)
VK-P n^gg|ru^o*,
M M
you
(pol.)
Yli^ n^ggfrut,
>» »
him.
Vl$ft' n^ggarwfit,
>> »
her.
VK.1 n^ganm^
» »
us.
W^Yo* n^garwic(d)yuh,
» »
you
(Pl.)
MiVi»' naggarwdc(c)§u,
» W
them (him, pol.)
^ or -*fi^ -x|m.
2 or '£P^r -ra^i|m.
^ or -i^ -nnam.
o
* or *7<-P1- ndggaru'^ot
^ or *7« ndggarunna.
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§ 12c] Aeddenoe. 66
(c) after.7(s4l|B):
•lrt^-7rf bjttjn^gri, if you (f) tell
•O^m^ b|ttjndgrift (jft), ifyou(f)teUme.
HPn^iOh bjt<|ndgryu, „ „ him.
a^'nCf^ bjttjndgryfit, „ „ her.
UPtVnin bjttjndgrin (-|n)\ ^ „ us.
'a^t-t^C^7io-b|tt|nag]7id(d)^ « ^ them.
(0 after -5(rdy|):
A^ sdmma, he heard.
A^^ B^maft, he heard me.
A^U s^mm&h, ^ ,, jou (m.)
A^m sdmmfts, „ „ you (f. )
A^TP sdmma^o^ „ „ you (pol.)
Aflio- s^mmau, „ „ him (it).
im^ sdmmftt, „ „ her.
dfn sdmman^ „ „ us.
A^^tf- s^mmfic(c)yuh, „ „ you (pi.)
A^n^i9« 8amm^c)au, ,, ,, them (him, pol.)
1 or -Ol-W^* bjttjn^nna (jn-).
or imP^ s^ma^oi
or A^) sAmmann^
2
8
A1C.QB.
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66 Amharie Grcmmar. [§ 12c
(17) after -yS(hdn48):
AT^/Aii- s|tj6^dllju'' or flT^Att* sat|6cjlllau*',
[ = rtT* I Mil- 1 § 32a], I have given.
AT^yAu- s|^^&'elldllau>'^ I have given to you (m.)
AtWAU- sf^ccyes^llau^ „ „ you (f. )
A-rtPMo- 8atj6cye'^6Allau'»2, „ „ you (poL)
AT^I^Atf- 8|t|6c}'ewdllau^, „ „ him.
A'PT^;^Att• satjocjrfitdll^u^', „ „ her.
AT^^^AAU. 8at|6cy8«{6)yu- ^
hdllji"(§7rf)j " " ^^^^
A'PY^1*1»AiI' sati6cyftc(c)aikl-) them (hun,
" \^^\ \ " " Pol)
{6) after -'^S (sftyj):
t^&A I [t<7f?h A i] ndgr5fil, he has told.
Vldf^ n^gr^ofiMl, he has told me.
WCyA n^gr'^ohal', „ „ you (m.)
WCfA nlgr'^oSfiJ, „ „ you (f.)
WCPKA ndgr^'o^HfiF, „ „ you (poL)
Vte^ti ndgr^otftl, „ „ him.
hniz^ti n!gr^tfil, „ „ her.
WlTVA ndgr^onnfil, „ „ us.
V'7i^A n|gr5ftd(6)^hftl, „ „ you (pi.)
)1;(:¥rA nagr^d)au&I, „ „ them (him, pol.)
1 or At^AU- satiocyex^l^K^
2 or A'P*P;^Al^°s§tj6cye^otdll|u^
3 or A'P5'';''Att- 8a^6cfttdll|u>».
* or AT^^Au- sa^66a6(6)yuhdllju«'.
6 Qr AT^f AU- sati^6fic(6)|udll|u^
« or -TiA -xfil. '^or WCpVa n^'^o^otftl (-r'^Ot-).
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§ 13a] Accidence. 67
The Demonstrative Pronoun. §13a
The demonstratiye pronouns are, for near objects :
sg. nom. m. f,V y^e (^^h, jihe)^ this, that,
f. ^U'f yjhjd (-66) or ^Y y|d (yi66)2,
aoc. m. f,VJ 7|han (-nn § 6) or fitni ^ann&n,
f f.^y|6^,
pL nom. Mnja (|)nndzzlh (-az-, -|h ; § 8)> or MU
(|)nny^hM§8),
ace. XM.U1 (|)nn|zzih|n (-az-, -|h-), MUI
(|)nny^|n.
For distant or absent objects :
9g. nom. m. f jS, that, that other,
f. ^TyS6(-6c),
ace. m. fi ySn or fn ydnnan,
f. f^tjUt^.
pL nom. MHJ (i)nndzzyS (-&z-; §8)^ or htS
(|)nnyS(§8), ^
ace. KiUJ'i (|)nndzzySn (-dz- ; § 8), or hXfy
(|)nny5n(§8).
^ lid; also written J&li ; G. ht ^h^e.
2 G. Mlf Jhicc (^66), y|66, |66.
or iUMJO lUdzzfh (-4z-, -|h ; § 8).
* or XA.U |U^h, hXV (|)nnlh (-|h ; § 8), XA.U lUih (-|h).
' or XAH^ iU^^ (-4z-), XA^ |IlyS.
5—2
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68 Aniharie Orammar. [3 18a
After prefixes
SM becomes -ILU -zzih {-^•).
f^ „ MJ^^ -zzya6(-d6).
[r>i4.U?io- (ya)woidih|ftftdu (-<^h- ; § 8), the nearer
(of two), nearest (of several),
[f >«•/?•• (yft)wa)dydflaiu (-iodfi- &; §8), the
further (of two), furthest (of several) ;
in these forms -m^ is inflected like the article (§11).
All the above refer to animate or inanimate
objects, and may be used substantivally or adjectiv-
ally.
f' may be prefixed to its noun.
E.g. SM I J&fl^A a y|he y|y^ftl, this is enough.
f^irMHt^^vi ydool (§7rf) m|stu nftt, this is
(that^s) his wife.
SM I i.Ch : y|he fdras, this horse, that (near) horse.
fH^ : yftzftf, that (distant) tree.
^1 1 1|* I h^lr^/Unah n yan zftf attiqwiiratau, don't
cut that other tree down (that tree we saw,
were speaking about, etc).
XkU I amines • f •Tl I ^Voh s nnyfih matftf^Od
e •
yamftn nftd6^u?, whose are these books?
MILU I j&flA^A- 1 t'lltj « nntoejh y|yaltdllu t^-
nazzya (§ 7a), these are more than those (others).
1 but +^ tdya (§ 8) or +11^ tdzzyS (§ 8), from, than,
in or on that ; there.
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§ ISb] Accidence. 60
AAlLU : 8|lazz|h (§ 8), beoause of this, therefore.
ni«¥ I Art : yanj66| (§ Id) B^et, of this woman.
XAhlL^ : Iskdzzy^ (§ 8), aa fkr as that, up to there.
J&OiJ&lfAAi-HlJtt y^e y|6s£lal taszya, this is
better than that other.
f iD<^ll?iD- 1 ^lA : 7aw6Kl|h|Jiftdu fi^ras, the nearer
(-est) of those horses.
f IDJC'^?|&+ 1 VI- : yawoidyftftft^tu nat, she is the
further (-est) of those.
The demonstrative particle ^^*- nj- (nft-), look!,§i3&
see ! (not found alone), takes the pers. suff. conjunc-
tive with verbs (§ 12c), and expresses the present
tense of the verb *to be' (§ 40) :
8g. 1st Vi naji (n§| § Td), I am.
2nd m. VU n^ (nah), you are.
2nd f t7! n&d, you are.
2nd pol. hP n4^, you are.
3rd m. \ah ndu, he (it) is.
3rdf ^^ nat, she (it) is.
pi. Ist n nan, we are.
2nd S'Tu- n&c(c)|hu (n&d(c)yuh), you are.
3rd Wie- nd6(6)au, they are, he (pol.) is.
The monosyllables above are enclitics (§8) and
i»use a preceding word to be accented on the last
syllable.
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70 Amharic Orammar. [§14
E.g. h'itVin in^^ naft, it is I.
hyfr I •Tl I VU tt^ dnta mfin nah ?, who are you?
f 2^ I ha^ a yan^^ nau, it's mine.
^A • ll'tV I T^OH « rS« dahnd ndd6au?, is the R&s
well?
§ 14 The Relative Pronoun.
The relative pronoun, which is always prefixed to
a Terb (§ 34), is, for all numbers, genders, cases and
persons:
f.y».pref.t.^pperf(§25) l„h„,„M„h,,h.t;
f ^- yamm- or A^- imm- pref. to > « '
cont.(§26) J «^^§^2.
f ^- is yammj- and hf^- is |mm|- before a con-
sonant (which, if t, becomes tt, § 6) ; M^- is
mm(})- after a vowel.
hh dlla (§ 32), he is present, there is, and the neg.
f A^ (§ 39), hr^Nir (§ 40) take f-, makmg
^A yalla (§ 7a)y he who is present, that which
there is,
f A»A yal^4lla, he who (that which) is absent,
Sr^M. ydjdal (§ 7a, -11 § 6), he who (that which)
is not.
The neg. pref KA- al- (§ 37) comes between the reL
and the verb.
The relative refers to animate and inanimate
objects.
The antecedent, if expressed, usually follows the
^ also written ^Irll a m&nnah ?
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§ 14] Accidence. 71
yerb to which the relative is attached If no ante-
cedent is expressed the reL implies one of any num-
ber, gender, case or person, according, if it is in the
nom., to that of the verb to which it is attached.
The rel. + verb, being tantamount to a noun, may
take the -*> -n of the ace. (§ 9c) and the article (§11)^.
E.g. f 09^ I yamdtta, he who (that which) came.
f 00^ I hoh I yamattd (§ 8) sau, a man who came.
f o^^U I yamdtt&h, you who came.
f ^709^ I yamm|nnjmdta, we who are coming,
f ^HL^^ I Ai9« I yammjmatd (§ 7a ; § 8) sau, a man who
is coming.
f ^^tfpin- a yamm|ttmdtu, you (pi.) who are coming.
XCA« I hoh I h^ao^ |rsd nau mmjmdta, it is he who
is coming.
hJir I VoH I hf^^ao^ a ant& nau mmjttmdta ?, is it
you who are coming ?
^A I J&fl^A a ydlla y|ydq&l, what there is is enough.
f ^A^A7aH I dMl n yammalfdlljgau (§ 7a) f&ras, the
horse which I do not want.
^ Occasionally, especially in G. and Wallo, a pi. in
-^5^ (§ 96) of the rel. + verb is heard :
f Ai^T I ^Oh a yahad^Oc ndccau, they are those
who went, = f A.*?- 1 ^Voh » yahadu ndccau.
f ^A.^^ I ^Voh n yammjhad^Oc nftccau, they are
those who are going, = f ^A.*?- 1 ^Voh a yamm|-
hadu nSccau.
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72 Amhario Orammar. [§15
f 0»^1 1 Kf U « y&mAttan dyy&h ?, have you seexi who
(what) came?
^ao^m^ I AoH I y&mattdu sau, the man who came.
ftfD^iD-1 1 AoH I hffli9« a yamattdun sau dyyah^u ?,
have you seen the man who came ?
^Al I Am^ o ydUan s|taft, give me what there is.
f tfonh I yamdttu, they who (those which) came.
^aoat^ I A^AT I yamdttut fdras^Oc, the horses which
came.
f tfonhis I IVoh n y&mdttutu nd65au, they are those
who (which) came.
^'^aoat^ I hf U yammjmdtutun dyyfth ?, have you
seen those who (which) are coming ?
^Afl1-liM«H*^tt yallabbatjn alduttqim, I don't
know (a) who (what) is in it, {fi) the place in which
he (it) is.
^A^flilis I h?t I yallacc|bbatitu s^et, the woman who
is in it.
The Interrogative Pronoun.
§ 16 The interrogative pronouns are,
referring to persons :
sg. nom. ^n mftn (-nn § 6) ?, who ?,
ace. •7*1 m&nnan?,
pi. nom. n'i mftn(-nn §6)?, or M^n (|)nndm4n?i
(-nn§6; §8),
ace •Wl mdnnan?, or Vi^fYi (})nnaminnan ?
1 or JiA^n |lldm^ ? (-nn § 6 ; § 8)
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§ 15] Accidence. 73
Refering to inanimate^ objects:
8g. nom. & ace. ^7 n4n?, what?,
pL nom. ^*rT mjn^66? (-6c § 6),
ace. f^^ m|n^66qn?
r*7 may take the m. art. (§ 11)> and the pera. suff.
coiyanctive with nouns (§ 12b).
8g. nom.& ace. ^IjfC mjnd|p?^ what?,
pL nom. njC-C^ m|ndjp^Oc?» (-cc § 6),
ace. f^jfC^T m|nd|r^<>dqn ?
f^/tC may take the m. art. (§11).
A pi. of ^n and ^1 is also formed by repeating
them with the eonj. -V -nna = and :
pL nom. ^TK^n man(n|n)n§;man ?* (nn ; § 8), who?,
ace. •T^V^WI man(nin)nam&nnan ?^,
pi. nom. & ace. ^1?^1 m|n|nndmjn ?, what ? ;
these forms when used substantivally may be constr.
with a pi. or sg. verb.
^ also to aninials and occasionally to persons :
^7 1 Aid- a m|n sau ?, what man ?
^1 1 IfW a m|n h^onh ?, what is the matter with
you ? (lit. what have you become ?).
iJJL* I fnf:^ I irrf- n f||ra4tu m^ndjn h^dnad?,
what has become of (happened to) the mare ?
2 or njt^ mjndin? (nn §6).
5 or njtC*r^^mJnd|m^6c?, njt*f * mjnd|nn^0c ?,
(■«§6).
^ The -n|n- is dropped in rapid speech.
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74 Amharic Grammar. [§15
Referring to animate and inanimate objects:
sg. m. nom. •TViFio- m&nndc(c)au ?^, which ? (of two
or more), ace. -iFie-'> -cc|un,
f nom. •TS'¥/&+ m&nnfic(c)'^o|tu ?, ace. -+7
-tun,
pi. nom. n^VP^ mftnn^c)au^5c?2 (-^F^
^^o^oc; -de § 6), ace. -^ -d^n.
sg. m. nom. fr+ yetu?^ which? (of two or more),
ace. -+1 -tun,
f. nom. fr;!: yetwa?*, ace. -;!:'> -twSn,
pi. nom. Xk* (j)nnyetu?^ ace. -+1 -tun.
1 or m^Vm- mfinn|lldccau?, f •nAV/t* m&nn|l-
ladc^^tu?, etc.
2 or •»S'¥* mftnna6c^66cu ?, •TJAV* mftnnjllao-
c^66cu ?, ace. -¥l -ccun,
or •T'T^io- mftnn'^Occdccau?,
•71A*^iD- mann|11^0c6idcau?,
•TV^io- mannSccddcau ?,
^Jii^Ppoh mann|ll&cc&eeau?,
nv¥?^ah mannft66^56cd66au ?,
n^iiSf^Oh mftnn|llft6c^06cd65au?,
all with ace. -Vohl -ccaun*
o
« also written f* etc., G. U* hdtu?
* or f I:* yetitwS ? (-t|t-). g! U-fc-l: hdtitu ?, U*
h|twa?
« OP hk-f^ (|)nnyet^(5c? (-66; -fS -t'^666u), ace.
-*Yl -t^'i^n (-** 1 .^^666011) ;
G. U*^ 14^^06? (-66), ace. -f^l -t^66(^, or
XWi: (i)iinah|tu ? ace. -+? -tun.
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§ 15] Accidence. 75
f^Voh yetjftfiau?! (§ 8), which?, what kind of?,
of which -dH is inflected like the art. (§11)*.
tll^ 4^t ?, how much ?, how many ?,
is indecl, and usually constr. with a sg. noun op verb,
sometimes with the pi.
All the above are used substantivally or adjectiv-
ally, except f^JtC nVtHJ and f^Vf^, which are
only used substantivally.
Kg. ^n I lioh a mfin nau ?^ who is it ?
•WT I Mo n m&nnan dyyah ?, whom did you see ?
A^^iAmila lamftn s^ttah?, whom did you give
it (them) to? *" ^ ^
^n I Aoh I ioH I h^^fX^oh a man sdu nau mmyfi-
ddrgau ?, what man is it that will do it ? (who is
the man that ...?).
M^n I Woh a nnamdn ndccau ?, who are they ?
^n I v¥tf- a mfin ndocyuh ?, who are you (pL) ?
^n I hit a mfinn dllu ?, who are present ?
^yK'^yi I im^ a m&nn|nnfim&n (§ 8) mdtta ? (or
^nhmdttu), who have come?
^TK^J I MV a mann|nnamdnnan dyyah ?, what
persons did you ^ee ?
^7 1 hA a m|n dlla ?, what is there ?
9^ s hA a m|n ftla?, what did he say?
^ also written ?^Vm*
G. If^Voh hat|iiftau? (§ 8).
^ it may be dropped in the pi. f I'V^ yetjftiiOc
(-«)?, ace. -V^^T -fliiOo^.
^ also written •Won.
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76 Amharie Ghrammar. [§15
9ntnu.t ^f^mm- « m|A gjzye l&ntau? (§ 7rfX what
time shall I bring it?
J&lf t Ak 1 9^1 1 im^ m y|he lan^^ n^n^^ nau ?, what
use is this to me?
9^J I A^^ a mjnmi Idnta?, what shall I bring?
9nf:C I im- n m|nd|r (§ 8) nau?, what is it?
9nf:'i I »nc » m|n(^n n^bbp?, what was it?
9^^:^ I MV n m|nd|n dyyah ?, what have you seen?
9nf!:e'^t I hf U IS n4ndjr^66c|n ayyah ?, what ob-
jects did you see?
laf • K#li.^ A-^ I y-ivr ^ I A^H SI gdyaja jhaddllau^ :
mjninnftmin l|gza?, I am going to market: what
things shall I buy?
V^Woh t d.dh I ioh n yamanndccau (§ 47a) far^
(§ 8) nau ?, which man's horse is it ?
^J^Vm^ I d.dh t m&nnjllSccau fdr^ ?, which horse?
^S'Vjt* I n*A- 1 S'l- « manna6c^3|tu yjql^O (§ 8)
nat?, which (she-) mule is it?
Ms I *flC n y^tu ndbbar ?, which was it ?
f i: I Aid- i tflC a y^tu sdu ndbbar?, which man was it ?
ff;!: I A.^ I Aj^ I tiD- SI yayetwd (§ 8) s^et Ijj nau?,
which woman's child is it?
fki: I ff>^?i9- 1 ti9- IS by^tu yet|flftAu (§ 8) nau?,
which is his house?
f 1-?i»- 1 d.dh : yet|iifiau (§ 8) fdras ?, which horse ?,
what kind of horse ?
A'H* I hii n sint dlla ?, how much is there ?
hVt I hA" II ^t dllu?, how many are there?
A'H* I nif-n I idC m 4nt g^ncf y ndbb^r ?, how much
money was there ?
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§ 16] Aeeidence. 77
hVt I l.Uti I aoin m ^nt ftras m^t^ I or
hVt M d.dfi^'^iaoahm 8|nt f^r^'^Oo mdttu?, how
many horses have come?
^Vt m}n|fifia?, prop, what kind of?, is generally
used as an intensive adv., how! 9^ may also
be used in this way (§ 77 ; &y. hhh) :
e.g. 9^Vi 1 1*^ I im^ n m|n|£k£ka m^(5ftfi| n^ I, how
foolish he is!
^1 1 ^ A4* I ioh m m|n t|II|q nau I how big it is !
The Indefinite Pronoun.
The indefinite pronouns are, § 16
referring to animate objects :
sg. nom. •TV* mdnn|m (-mm § 6), some(-body), any
(-body),
aca ^W^ minnan|m (-mm),
pi. nom. Vimr (Dnn^m&nn|m (-mm),
ace. \A^W^ (|)nnam&nnan|m (-nun).
Referring to persons :
sg. nom. li'H^ (|)ntan (-&n)^, what's-his-name,
ace. Ii>hy> (|)ntan|n *,
pL nom. K>M*Y (|)ntan^oc (-ta-; ^ § 6)»,
ace. li1+T^(|)ntan^6cc^(-ta-);
these forms may take the art. (§11).
1 or K>f (|)nt^O, lil-f -» (l)nt^On.
2 or K>f1 (l)nt^on.
* or M1+1 (|)nndntan (-an), with art. ->• -nu,
ace. Ml+ll (|)nndntan|n, with art. ->-1 -nun ;
this pi. is also used of inanimate objects.
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78 Amharic Grammar. [§ 1^
8g. nom. MAi |g^^e^, so-ondHSO,
ace. MAil Igilyen,
pi. nom. liVlAi (|)nnag41ye^
ace. KflM (l)nnagdl^en.
Referring to inanimate objects :
sg. nom. & ace. TIT m|n|m (-mm § 6), anything,
„ „ T'Wl m|n|mm|n, anything at alL
sg. nom. & ace. \Ortl (|)nt|n, whatVits-name,
pL nom. Ii-H-T^ (|)n<|n^oc (-6c § 6)^
ace. Xri-TY-J (|)n<jn^66qn;
these forms may take the art. (§11).
Referring to animate or inanimate objects :
sg. nom. ^WohT mSnn^(6)aiim (-mm § 6)*, some
(-body), any(-body), one of the,
ace. ^Woh'tT m&nn&ccdunn|m (-mm),
pi. nom. ^S'V^fy* m&nn&dc'^dcqm (-mm),
ace. ^VV^JT mannft55^6cqn|m (-mm).
The pi. of this form is constr. with a sg. or pL
noun.
^ G. fhAi yakdl^e, ace. -1 -n; f- (q.v.) is dropped
after a prp.
2 G. KfllAi (i)nnftkdlye, ace. -"J -n.
^ or nom. & ace. MVtt (|)n|ni|n.
or ^Ti^Vm^ m&nn|lldc(c)^um (-mm), etc.
4
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§ 16] Accidence. 79
8g. nom. k ace. M^7 dndftc (-de §6; §8)\ some
(-body) ; any (-body) ; one of the.
sg. nom. MWoh and&c(e)au^ some (-body) ; any
(-body) ; one of the,
ace. MWohl and&c(e)aun.
sg. nom. & ace. WiVif: dnddnd (§8), some, a few,
several,
pL nom. Mnr^^ anddnd^oc (-66 § 6),
ace. hmr^^ andand^66qn.
sg. nom. hfty ayy&lye^ several ; much, a good deal,
a great many ; what a lot !, how many !
ace hfM ayydl^en,
pL nom. hftiri^ ayydl^Oc (-66 § 6),
ace hftri^l ayyftl'^66^.
K^Ai is constr. with a sg. or pi. noun.
8g. nom. k ace. A»A l^la, other, another, different,
pL nom. A^^ 1^1^06 (-66 § 6),
ace. Mr^'i lel^66c|n ;
with the art (§11), Mi9- l^Iau, the other.
^ or KW^f** andd66|m (mm § 6).
^ or Mf:Wah and|ll46(6)au» ace. -Vohl -6(6) jun,
MWm*^ andfic(c)aum (-mm), aca -Vm^Jf^
-6(6)|unn{m (-mm),
Wif:WahT and|lldc(c)aum (-mm), ace. -Vm^'if^
-6(c)iunnjm (-mm).
5 or K^A dyyftl (§ 8).
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80 AmJiarie Graanmar. [§ 16
U-A- hull-, all, every,
with the pera. suff. (§ 1 25), in addition to which
it may take ->• -m (-mm § 6) ;
with -u it may be constr. with pi. noun;
it generally follows a noun it qualifies.
Of the above,
K>W, MAt, nr, nn, Xn-I are used sub-
stantivally,
hfty is used adjectivally,
and the rest are used in either way.
KM^, MWm* and the forms in -^ are generally
(y^^, ^19^ always) followed by a neg. verb
(§ 37), which drops its own final -^, if the pron.
has one.
E.g.
h^nT t At II lam&nn|m (§ 8) ^t' ^^^ i^ to some-
body.
^1»* I f A II m&nnjmm yalla (-mm^&lla § 7rf), there
isn't anybody.
^1^ i LIA I hf^Auf: a m&nn|m fdr^ ^hi4 no
horse is to go, (lit. any horse let-it-not-go).
^nf^ I hAf If a m&nnan}mm aldyyah ?, didn't you
see anybody ?
f^f^ I YAXth n m|nimm aldyyau^ I didn't see any-
thing.
9^9^iYiM^Cti m|n|mmin alndbbar, it (there)
wasn't anything at all.
M^l I Kf*^ a Atin Anta, fetch a what's-its-name,
(e.g. something for the name of which one does
not know the Amharic).
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1 16] Accidence. 81
4i t^^^ i^ (them) to 80-and-80.
hn^m^ I h^ftT « l^&[mid5|umm itt|g|, don't
giye it (them) to anyone (of them).
^rWfm^'tf^ t KAfu- « m&nn|Uftd£^iimi{mm ald7y&u^
I didn't see anyone (of them).
•riAlPfVi/^^fCor iL^fti] Mru-« mannjllftd-
6^6d^|m fi^r^^0c5 (or f^v^) aldyy^^ I didn't
see any of the horses.
hfVPfm^ I KllhC I AT « l^ftnn45£^amm ask^
(§ ^) 4^' S^^^ i^ (them) to one of the servants.
hVi^ I hAf U^ n and465 aldyyii.hum, or
Wi^ I h^fih tk and&5J|mm aldyy&u^, I didn't see
any.
YiWfm^'i t T^ « andiSJ^im |ra, call one of them.
WiWm-'i I MlhC I T^ « and^id^fun 6Sk&v t|ra, call
one of the servants.
MVif: I Ai9« I anddnd s^u, a few people.
KVnf: • ^f l^ » anddnd dyyau^, I saw some.
hvnf^ I Ai*^ « anddnd^Oc s^^t^Oc, several
women.
hf^ I K^ I ayy&l^e |qa^ a good deal of baggage.
kf A» I hP^ I Wi»- II ayyil^e sau^6d n^i£5|u, they
are a good many men, what a lot of men there
are!
A>l I T^ « l^la ^ra, call another.
M^l I T^ « l^laun ^ra» call the other.
AM. OB. 6
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82 Amhmic Orammar. [§16
*
tbfi%iMk I Mf^ tt 1^ fj^r|8 atdyyftft, diov me
another horae.
the other home.
tf^iluiUii^aUofii
fhteT I hiillum, everything.
f tl I U-A- 1 ti9- II y|he hiillu n^, this is all.
i'U-A-^ t MC i VoH a tahiillumm ag&r nau, it is
everywhere, (in every part of the country).
ihA-1 1 KA^A"?^ « hiillun alfi&ll}g}m, I don't want
it all.
U-A-7^ I hA^A"? II hiillun|mm alfiUlig, I don't want
any of it.
U-A-1 1 Ami9« a hiillun s|tau, give him all of it.
if-A-'W" I ftmiP- tt hiillun|m 8|tau, give him every-
thing.
7111 fh I fhft XL gdnzayu hiillu, all the money.
4TT^ I l^A• • hr^ n sft^n^6d^n hiillu dnta (§ 7rf),
Imng all the boxes.
U"A71 I hhl n hullfid(|n dllan, we are all here.
A.•^i^M^l^a h|du hulliofiyuh, go away, all of
you.
(O^fS^ t t^A' I Ahf^ a wa>ttdddar hiillu hada, or
iD^f^C I U^ I JhA^ a wa>ttdddar hiillu hadu, or
iD^fXa^ I t^A- 1 dkAn a wcottdddar'^Oc hiillu hidu, or
iO^fX!^^ I tMVtfH i JhA- a wa>ttdddar^Od huU^ldSau
hadtt, all the soldiera have gone.
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§17] AeddemM. 8S
The Reflexive Pronoun.
For tkie reflexiTe pronoun the wwds § 17
inh r&8, lit head,
tM n|fs (na-, -vs), lit soul,
OAlk^ b&lab^^t (-}y-), lit householder,
Ai9«H* sduim|t (-at), lit person,
and the phrase
niHiXj^i bfg^jj (§8), lit with what the hand
has in its power (s.y. TM)
are used with the pera suff (§126) to express 'self',
when it is not expressed with sufficient deamess or
emphasis by the reflexiye form of the yerb (§ 21).
The aboye refer only to persons, and are used sub-
stantiyally or ac^ectiyally :
e.g.
^A-7 1 IfA « dteun g&ddala, he killed himself
f miA I \Ciir I i^Ar % J&^A'^;^A SI y|h&nnanjss (r-
s^^ rdsf "^o y|f^ll)gut&l, but you (pol.) Will want
this yourself
J&ll^i A^4^ I ti9- n y|he larfisftd6|n (§ 8) n^ this
is for us ourselyes.
WM t KA^Atf- n ndys^en |la£cdll|u^ I shaye my-
self, (or fl^Hiirl I M- sdunnat^en jla-).
^A I tiML^m- 1 KAtn<-r « r&s 7&layyetdd6au al-
n^bbarum, the Rfts himself wasn't there.
a74iK£iK#»^Aif-« b|g|zzdja3re |m§«dll^M Will
come myself
6-2
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84 Amharic Grammar. [§ 18
1174 1 Kf 7i9« I hf!^£l^ a b|gazz%yd56}u ad^rr^gut^
they did it themselves.
flTHih]^- is perhaps an emphatic personal rather
than a true reflexive pronoun.
The Distributive Pronoun.
§ 18 The distributive pronouns are :
hWJjt dnddnd (§ 8), indecL, each, one by one, (cp.
§83a),
Kf-...-u, iyya-^...-u (written -dH after a vowel),
indecL, each ; -u is dropped after numerals, or
may be replaced *by pera suff. (§ 125).
The above refer to animate or inanimate objects ;
they are used acyectivally ^ ; they may take the pers.
svdSi of the 1st and 2nd pL (§ 126, -u disappearing)^ in
which case hWIJt may be used substantivally. They
do not always logically refer to the noun with which
they are constructed
Kg. Au-A- 1 Mng: I -nc I nmVoh n lahilllu anddndl (§ 7d)
y}rr 4t45cau, give them all a dollar each.
MVif!: f iD^fLC • K^A • TJ&1- 1 hh^A m landAnd
(§ 7a) wa>ttdddar dmsa t(yy}t ak]dlf|l, distribute
fifty cartridges to each soldier.
hJVM^JJ I mr44 a andand46qn[n tdyyaqunn^
they questioned each of u&
hJVi^'^0* I Au^ a andand^yuh h|du, go one at
a time.
^ also written Kt-
^ i.e. in constr. : logically they may be substantival
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§19] Accidence. 86
Kf Ikis iyyay^^, each house.
each is to bring his mule himself.
Xr&* I A}H^ I ^Vn n iyyas^itu l^jwan tinsa, let
each woman take up her child
Xr4T>- 1 h4.+ n iyyasi^u kdff|t|, he opened each
box.
Mh^^ t J&#»AA n bayy44mu (§ 7a) y|m^l|s, or
Mh^Wm^ t J&^AA- u b|y7as|md5i^ y|m4ll|su, let
each answer to his nama
h/^C I MdMr I -nc I dsfijr y|yya8^6st| yirr, ten at
three dollars each.
httL^'^ih t du^ n iyyay^et^idgjruh h|du, each of jou
go to his (own) house.
The Reciprocal Pronoun.
The reciprocal pronoun is § 19
XCA fICA- |r8|^ bars-^ (ya-, -ars-), with the pi. pers.
suff. (§ \%h\ each other.
This pron. refers to animate or inanimate objects,
and is used substantivally or adjectivally.
The pL of the disgunctiye pers. pron. (§ 12a) or the
dem. pron. (§ 18a) repeated, with fl- ba- pref to the
second pron., is used in the same sense.
E.g. XCA I flCA?'? I ^^\1 a ^rsa yarsdoqn t^tdllSn, or
X? I fl? I i-^A7 a |fifii yafifki tatdll&n, we haye
quarrelled with each other.
^ or KCA jrs, KA |ss|, KA |ss.
^ or AA- bass- (y|-, -ass-).
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86 Amharie Orammar. [§20a
hCh I ^Cfi^ I MrmUr m |ra ySn^idfyiih att^tdlu,
don't quarrel with each other.
bansioi^ y|ggft$&Ulu, the boxes knodc against
each other.
Kknja I mnjO i i^jni-M^ a « nnazspi Yinnanih ta-
gdyt^uftl, these and those are connected witii
each other by marriage.
§20a
The I^umeral.
I%e Cardinal Numerai,
The cardinal numerals are:
Cypher
S Mfr andi,
1.
1 U^^ htilftt (-att).
2.
f ^ftl- s'^ost,
3.
1 fU^ dritt (§ 8),
4.
Js Ar A^ dmm|st,
6.
X ftfrft* 8|dd|gt.
6.
I Aa*4bit(-$y-;§8),
7.
S Air*^ slmmjnt,
8.
fi Hm'J z^t^fi (4ta-).
9.
I h/^Cia^,
10.
JJft h/^^ithtf: asrSh&ad^
11.
XI h/^^ 1 iM^ aeria»il|tt (-att),
12.
» U^ hf g (hji)'.
20.
1 f hl^^ dndji 2 or h/^-^l/C- asr^nd.
S. 11^ hd^a. his, i hft.
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Aeeiden€e. 87
Sff
Vftdklf^b^tMni^
21.
9
1*^4 s^ULsS,
30.
9
Jm» drbS (-rr-),
40.
9
Ar4 ^sS,
60.
S
AA4 sjl8S>,
60.
G
An ^bS (-$7),
70.
T
fl*TJ/ samlilnjS,
80.
3
■fliV zft^S(c&-; §8),
90.
f
•^ m^f'S,
100.
n
iMl* . tf»f hiiljtt m^ro,
200.
ut
IfU 8|1l«,
1000.
ft
KA«|lf,
10,000.
Iff
h/^CtKAf: i84r yf,
100,000.
Iff
«»fi3bAV u^^o ilf,
1,000,000.
i*- if- may be used to join numbers above 99 :
0^ I ^f:^ m^t^o tand or a^ i Mjt^ m^t^o
and, 101.
0^ I i*A A4 m^f^o tas^sa or 0^ t A A4 m^f^o s|lsa,
160.
The cardinals are used substantivany or adjec-
tiyally.
With animate objects they take the sg. or pi. from
2 to 99, usually the sg. above 99; with inanimate
^ or 0/ 1 Mjt h^adnd, (-yibd).
^ or, occanonally, the T. forms AXr4 8|dsl, M sjssa.
^ or ?£ ^. * or +#h^Jt t|hdnd * or ditf: hand.
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88 Amharie Grammar. [§ 206
objects the sg. or pL from 2 to 9, usually the sg.
above 9:
e.g. ihh^i4Mt9 hiilatt %a8, or iM^iiL^^Yi hiilatt
fi^r^^Od, 2 horsea
ihh^ • Aj^ I M^ m hul&tt (§ 8) l|j dUftt, she has two
children.
AA4 1 Ai9« I 8|lsft (§ 8) s^ or hM i AP^ i sjlsa
s^u^Oc, 60 men.
^p* I tt^iir I m^t^o y^l'^o, 100 mules.
fcr/rt-i4T1i dmmjst s4t|n, or K»*/rt-i4TT*i
dmm|8t s^U|n^oc, 6 boxes.
Af*4 1 4T7 1 ^msa sdtin, 50 boxes.
TJie Ordinal Number al.
§20& The ordinal numerals are formed from the car-
dinals by the sufSx -^?^ -^fkfiS (-&fkfiS) :
e.g. iM+? hul^tt^ftfta (-la-, 4ft-)2, 2nd,
/»/!+? s^OstAflflS (4fl-), 3rd,
U^? h|ydflftS«, 20th, etc.
1st is A+? fit^fifiS (f|-, -afi-), or
aofj^if maj^mmdryS (-Sr-) ; but
hrt^ t #h1|^? asrahand^ii&S (-afi-), 11th.
In compound numbers only the last takes the
ordinal form :
e.g. ipA4 t Kf'Ai'? s^Utea amm|st4fifia, 35th.
1 or-?-fifta.
2 or iMl-? huljtt|iiflS (-la-), /»*«•? s^Ost|fifliS, etc.
8 or ur? hjyafifta.
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§ 2(k^ § 21] Accidence. 89
All ordinals commonly take the art (§11), and
^t? and 0m%0mif also the pref. f- ja-:
e.g. ^iA^m* I Ai9- « ya^tafifidu (§ 8) s^ the first man.
^0m%0m£fm^%'itiCti jamiJimm&ryau n^bbar, he
(it) was the first.
Another ordinal form is in -^ *(i)yy£^ •
o^h^f hul|ttiyya (-la-), 2nd, etc.
The Fr(Mction.
Fractions are expressed by the ordinals, usually § 20c
by the form in -/:
eg. iMl- 1 lihHrf^ : hiilatt s^Ostlyya, Vs.
Vs is KlhA |kkul (^-), usually adj., or
XtWM- ikkul^^ta (tik-), &
1/4 is <^ rub (ruy), or tU^V arfttt|iifiS.
Fractions are joined to whole numbers by +- :
e.g. hJf: I -Mi-A and t^kkul, V/t.
The Vbrb,
Primitive Farm of Verb {Root),
The primitive verb in its simplest form, which is § 21
the third person singular of the past^ consists in three
radicals or root-letters* :
1 or dil)8 + f (§ 7a), 04i±f, etc. 2 ^r .-fc^.
' called simple perfect (§ 24).
^ using 'letter' in the Am. sense of a consonant,
smgle or double (§ 6), with its following vowel (§ 4a).
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90 Amharie Grammar. [§31
A^^ li-qq^ma^, to pick^ gather.
^LAl fi-lla-ga, to seek, want
The consonant of the 2nd^ radical is doubled (§ 6).
In some verbs (type A § 34) it remains single in cer-
tain parts of their coiijugation ; in others (type B § 35)
it is doubled throughout^.
Some verbs, e.g. ^AA, follow both types, but with
a different meaning in each case ; others, e.g. i*^#»in,
follow either type without change of meaning.
The triliteral is the commonest root-form, but
there are also quadriliteral verbs ^:
^tlf ^ ma-n^zza-r|, to change,
hAhA ka-l&-kk|-la) to hinder,
with 3rd rad. doubled : and numerous bilitend verbs,
^ corresponding in form but not in force with
Ar. j^. A perf corresponding with J3 does not
occur in Amharie, unless in such biliterals as H^
z'^i^ra (for ^ifiD^ zdwar^) to revolve, which has cans.
ifiD^ z^ww^ (zduwar^), to cause to revolve. See
Guidi, Coniug. pp. 246 — 261.
^ lit. 'he picked'; this root-form being, so to speak,
the 'name' of the verb is conveniently represented by
our infinitive, which is the Eng. ' name ' of a verb.
^ rarely the 3rd : If 7r zf g^yya, to be late.
^ There is nothing, on the face of it» to show which
type a verb follows in its coiyugation; type B is
commonly transitive (Guidi, Coniug. p. 247) ; type A
may be either transitive or intransitive.
^ A few verbs have more than four radical^
e.g. hm^f!J^fJ^ audal^dalf^ ta be idle.
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§ 22a] Aceidenee. 91
raoBt of which are triliteral roots which have lost a
racL:
mi. ^f^ to write, (cp. Eth. IMiA),
^^ m^tta, to come, (cp. Eth. ^XtA),
A^ s^mmS, to hear, (cp. Eth. Af*0)L
Derived Forms of Verb.
From the primitive form others are derived\ of § 22a
which the commonest are :
(a) Passive or Reflexive, formed by prefixing
ttar^:
+M^ taldqqam^ to be picked,
hmtt dtt^bf (-y^), to wash, ;^lnO t^i^b| (-y^ ; § 7a),
to be washed, wash oneself,
+^Ud t|m|nAzz|r^ to be changed,
f^A t^^a, to be written,
i'An t^sdrnmS, to be heard.
(ft) Causative formed by prefixing h- a-, express-
ing causation or efiectuation of the action or state of
the primitive verb:
KAt^o aldqqam|, to take (animals) to pasture ;
from tdtt q&rraba (-y^), to be near,
Mdtt aqdrraba (-ya), to bring near;
from AAAA lasillasa, to be soft,
KAAAA alas^Uasa, to render soft ;
hsmm am^ttSf to fetch, bring.
^ No single verb occurs in all the possible derived
forms ; some verbs occur only in certain derived forms,
the primitive form not occurring.
^Cp.jSB.
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92 Amharie Grammar. [§226
(y) Causative formed by prefixing hA- as-, ex-
pressing causation, effectuation, or permission of tiie
action or state, usually by. the employment of other
persons (§ 68) :
htlAt^ asl^q^m|, to cause or allow to pick or
be picked, have (a thing) gathered ;
hAhAhA ask^^kk^l, to cause or allow to hinder
or be hindered ;
hA^o^ asm^tta, to cause or allow to come, import.
The causatiye of verbs with 1st rad. h is formed
by hA- :
tUid. dll^i, to pass,
h4AA asdll|f|, to cause or allow to pass.
Less Common Derived Forms of Verb.
§ 226 (8) A form with S preceding the doubled rad. ^ :
>E^oin ddmm^ta, to gin (cotton) ;
tA^A qaldqq^a, and
t AtA q^fiqq^l^ to mix ;
AiA l&oca, to shave.
(c) Passive or reflexive of (S) : this often has a
relative or reciprocal force ^ :
i'Haom t^dmmata, to be ginned;
^fJL wakldada, to like,
o o
•WA*' tawdddadu^ to like each other, agree ;
i*t AtA t^qalaqqala, to be mixed ;
^ Cp. jju ; but in Am. this form has a primitive not
a derived force ; see Guidi, Coniug. p. 252.
^ Cp. J5U5. ^ pi. (§ 84), as commonly used.
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§226] Aeeidmee. 98
i*Aak t|I^i£5a, to be shaved, to shaye oneself;
or indicates a habit :
MA ndkkasa, to bite,
o • •
"KIlA t|nSkkas|^ to have or acquire the habit of
biting;
(i) Causative (y) of (^) in htt- of which s is ajssimi-
lated to the next consonant: often with relative or
distributive force:
h^^^ allfiqq|m|^ pick with others, help to pick ;
h/A kdffal|, to divide,
Ah/A akkfifiala^ to divide among others, dis-
tribute ;
iAMr sandbbata, to remain,
hllKMr assanSbbata, to dismiss^.
o o o
(17) Reiterative, (and thence Intensive or the re-
verse), formed by interposing the single consonant of
the doubled rad*, with the vowel a, before that rad :
h^^0o laqSqq|ma, to pick a little here and there,
pick out, select ;
/iAA7 falfillaga, to make a slight search for;
AO^ sibbfura, to break,
000
AftO^ sabSbbara (-aya-X to break to pieces, smash ;
7A0in galdbb^ta, to turn over,
iMttm galababb|ta (-ayS-), to turn right over,
turn over and over;
^ for hhA' aslS-. ^ for hUh- aska-.
^ here, as in other cases, the connection between
the forces of the primitive and derived forms is not
clear.
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94 Amharie Orammar. [§32ft
AK i|u&» to destroy,
dJ^X %jSjja, to destroy utterly.
(0) Passive or reflexive of (ri) :
+li^0o tal^qaqq^i^ be picked out here and
there, selected,
Hina^ tasabSbbara (-av^), be broken to pieces,
smasti^'
'HAftflm tagalababbata (-aya-), be turned over and
over, completely disarranged.
(t) Causative of (rj) in h- :
hh^toD alaqSqqama, cause to pick a little, send
to pasture.
(k) Causative of (rj) in htt- of which s is assimilated
to the next consonant ; cp. (C), to which this form is
often equivalent :
AA^t^o all^qSqq^^, pick with others, help to
pick,
MAQflm agg^labSbbata (-ayS-), to cause or allow
to be completely disarranged, (§ 68).
(X) Causative of passive or reflexive^, usually in
verbs with 1st rad. 'a* or 'ha' :
hwi^ duwoKja, to know,
hti^m^ astduwoiqa, to inform.
(ft) A form (usually quadriliteral) with pref M-
an- (active) :
hJmAaUi ant|ld^l^ to suspend
^ Cp. Jii£li but see Guidi, Coniug. pp. 259, 260.
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§2Saj23ft] AtddeMe. 95
{v) Beflexive or passive (usually of quadrUiteral
root), in +1- 1^- :
+7inAinA tant|l^tt|l|, to be suspended
Voice.
There are no special forms for Uie voices other § 28a
than the derived forms given in § 22.
If an English transitive verb is rendered by an
Amharic verb in its primitive form, a passive is sup-
plied by the derivative in +- (§22a, a); if the Am.
verb is in a causative form (§ 22a, ^), a passive may
generally be supplied by its primitive form :
e.g. to seek : iJCl f|illag|,
to be sought : 'tiJCl t^f^lfg^ ;
to bring: A^o^ am^^
to be brought : ao^ m^t^
Mood.
Hhe verb in all its forms,' primitive and derived, § 236
has the following moods :
Indicative (stating) :
J&A^^A y|lAqmal, he is picking.
Contingent^ (supposing) :
fUi^lT y|l^m, (iC when, etc.) he picks, picked,
or will pick.
^ called the simple imperfect by Guidi because of
its form ; but Isenberg's term ' contingent ', considering
the use of this form, seems more appropriate. It does
not distinguish any tense, but is used to express both
perf and impert
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96 Amharic Gramman [§ 24a
Jussive (ordering) :
J&Atf* 7|lq(ii^ l^t him pick.
Imperatiye^ (ordering):
Atf* l|qam, pick*
It also has the :
Gerund (a dependent clause in itself) :
h¥V l^m^o, he picking, he having picked
Infinitive (the action) :
^oAtf* m^qam, to pick, picking.
Participle (the agent) :
h^^ 1^4mi, one that picks, picker.
Tense.
§24a Tenses are distinguished in the indicative only,
which has the following:
Perfect:
(a) Simple^ : At^o l^qama, he picked or has
picked
{P) Compound^ : A^^A lAqmd&l, he has picked
Imperfect :
(a) Simple^, only m the neg*«: hf,^^r'r ajl^-
m|m, he is not picking.
()8) Compound^ : J&A^^A y}ldqm&l^ he is pick-
ing;
^ The imperative and jussive are the same mood ;
I have retained the time-honoured term imperative
for the 2nd person of the jussive.
2 referring to the form.
^ this is the cont. with neg. pref. and sufi! (§ 37) ;
also expresses : he does not pick, he will not pick.
^ also expresses: he picks, he will pick.
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§245, §25] Accidence. 97
Composite Tenses.
By meanB of auxiliaries the following tenses are § 24&
fonned fh>m the contingent and gerund:
Pluperfect:
h^V I ittC I l^m'^o n^bb|r^ he had picked
Past Imperfect :
S^li^ I WC I y|l^(|)m n^bb^r^ he was picking. .
Similarly
A*1* I JtlWA I lAqm^o y|h^6nftl, he would pick^
J&A^9" I J&irVA.i yil^(|)m yih^'dn&l he may
pick*.
The Rbgular Triliteral Verb.
Formation and Inflexion of Parts.
The number, person and gender are shown by § 25
adding the following prefixes and suffixes to a stem,
which is in the indicative simple perfect the root,
in the contingent, jussive and imperative a modifi-
cation of the root
^ also expresses : he would have picked.
^ also expresses: he used to pick, he would pick,
be ought to have picked.
^ or: he must have picked
or: he probably will pick.
AM. GR.
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98 Amharic Orammar. [§ 26
Indicative Simple Perfect.
Stem : A*0o Id-qq^-mf (§ 84), or 4Jil ff lla-ga (§ 85).
Suffixes :
sg. 8rd m. — (stem), all three radicals g^ (§ 4a)
3rdf. — ^-d^ „ „ gj|z
2iid m. — V -h^ last radical s^kl}8^ .
2nd f. — Tl -s „ „ sfid|8^
Ist — U- -hu^ „ „ s&d|s^
pi. 3rd — u ff » ki^y
2nd — d*U-^c)|hu* „ „ rfiy|
Ist — l-na*^
.6
5 26 Contingent
Stem, type A (§ 84) *A*r W-q-m^,
type B (§ 86) *4tA1 fflll-g.
Prefixes and suffixes :
Sg. 8rd m. /6 — y| —
3rd f ^ t|
2nd m. ^ — t| —
2nd f. ^ — i t| — i
1st h — I —
pi. 3rd /6 — u yi — u
2nd ^ u t| u
1st M — |nni — 8^
^ -de (§ 6). 2 q\qq pronomiced -Ti -x, -h -k, (§ 7d).
^ or -htt, -uh (§ 7rf, l<i|y), *** -hwtt, -nh, -1* -ku, -ktl.
* or -^6)yuli (§ 7d). ' « or --> -n.
^ except in verb with last rad doubled, which
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§ 26] Accidence. 99
For the modification of these prefixes by other
pref. see § 45.
The vowel | of these pref coalesces with initial a-
toform S- (§7a):
e^. hmtt dttayi (-b^), to wash,
cont stem *hT41 a-t-v,
cont. sg. 3rd m. fMl ySt(|)y, (i^ etc.) he washes.
The sg. 1st is written KT41 St(|)y, not *AT41 (§ ib).
[So in cans, conjug. (§ 41^ e) cont. sg. 1st hli^f^
Sliq(|)m, (if, etc.) I take to pasture, hhli^f^ Ssl^qlm,
(if, etc.) I cause to pick or be picked.]
The sufi: -i (s&l|s § 4a) of the sg. 2nd f modifies
certain preceding consonants (§ 76) :
e.g. hlA* kdfiata, to open,
cont. stem. *h*^ kaft,
o
cont. sg. 2nd f. ^h*^ t|kdfc, (if, etc.) you (f )
open.
In all cases the form given for pL 3rd is also used
for the polite form of the sg. 2nd and sg. 3rd (§ 12a).
The above prefixes and suffixes and those of the
ger. and in£ given below (§§ 29, 30) are applied to all
verbs, primitive and derived alike.
retains its vowel : e.g. Mlf II zagdyyah, you were late :
and see § 42a, 6, § 446.
^ The 2nd rad. sometimes has I in slow speech,
l£q|m, in cases which can hardly be pronounced
without it, e.g. when the word ends with the two
consonants.
® or Jnn —
7—2
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100 Amharic Oromimar. [§ 27, § 28
§ 27 Jvssive.
Stem, type A (§ 34) : *A+r 1-qa-m,
type B (§ 35) : ^^LAI ^^1%*? (same as cent.).
The pref. and suff are the same as those of the
cont (§ 26).
The 2nd person is only used in the formation of
the neg. imperative (§ 37), and the sg. 1st not without
pref A- (§ 48a).
The vowel | of the pref coalesces with initial | to
form|(§7a):
e.g. hmfl, jusa stem ^Xm-fl |tay,
juss. sg. 8rd m. J&oi'fl y|tay, let him wash.
§ 28 Imperative.
Stem, type A : A*^ l|-qa-m,
typeB: AAT fd-U|.g.
The suff. are the same as those of the cont. (§ 26).
There are no pref ^
In the neg. (§ 38) the corresponding persons of the
juss. are used for the imp.
^ Verbs with 1st rad. ^ or ) are sometimes pro-
nounced, especially in the imp., with an initial X; but
this is not confined to the imp. See § 7dy under sfid|s.
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§29, §30] Accidence. 101
Gerund. § 29
Stem, type A (§ 34) : *li^ir l^qm, sg. 1st l^q|min,
type B (§ 36) : *^M1 fd%, sg. Ist filljgg.
Suffixes:
Sg. 3rd m. — ^o
8rdf — S
2nd m. ^U -ah (-ah)^
2iid 1. — aTl -ad
1st — ye
pL 3rd |IIH -^
2nd — i^hh -^6)|hu (4d6yuh)
1st — ht -jn (-an).
The suff. -^e of the sg. 1st modifies certain pre-
ceding consonants (§ 76) :
e.g. hdA'
ger. sg. 1st stem *h*1- k4i|tt,
ger. sg. 1st h«* kdf|6cye.
Infinitive. § 30
Stem, type A : * A*»* Iqam,
typeB: */A1ftUag
Prefix : 00 — ma — .
o
The inf. is a substantive, and as such may take the
-7 of the ace. (§ 9c), the art. (§11), and the pers. sufi!
Hub):
e.g. ^AA;l7l^'} i AA0^^ a mafaU|g;dcqhun aldutiqjin,
I am not aware of your (pL) seeking.
1 OP -§1i -|x, -ax (§ Id).
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102 Ainharic Orammar. [§31,§32a
§ 31 Participle.
Stem, type A : *h^ao laqftm,
typeB: *M1 fallfig.
Suffix : -i (sdljs § 4a), which modifies certain preced-
ing consonants (§ 76) :
e.g. hA+
part, stem, *hi«^ k|fiit,
part. hi«Y k^f^ (§ 8), one that opens.
The part, is a noun, and as such may take the
-7 of the ace. (§ 9c) the art. (§11), and the pers. sufi!
(§ 126), and forms a pi. in -^o^ (§ 96).
§32a Compound Tenses.
Compound Perfect and Imperfect; hh dlla.
The auxiliary verb hh dlla, to be, is attached to the
ger. (§ 29) to form the compound perfect, and to the
coni (§ 26) to form the compound imperfect
hh, though imperf (present) in sense, is in form
a simp, perf (§ 25, note 6 ; § 426), and is conjugated
thus^:
sg. 3rd m. AA dlla, he (it) is.
3rdf h^^ dllac^ she is.
2nd m. hM dllah, you ara
2nd £ hATi dllas, you are.
1st KAU- dllau^^ I am.
o
pi. 3rd Kit dllu, they are.
2nd hK^O- all&cc|hu (4ccyuh § 7rf), you are.
1st T\M dllan, we are.
^ hh only occurs in this tense. ^ -cc (§ 6).
^ § Id, under kf^y ; also written hM^.
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§32ft] Accidence. 108
In all the persons of the comp. perf. except the
sg. 3rd £ and sg. 1st, and also in the sg. 3rd m. of the
comp. imperf the aux. is shortened to -ftA -ftl.
Thus
A^^A l^m5al\ he has picked,
= h¥r lAqm^o + -ftA -ftl (§ 76) ;
^li^9^fMi tjlaqmySllaS, you (f ) are picking,
= ^li¥n i^jm+hAti dllas (§ 7b).
A single word is formed by verb and aux., between
which, however, a pronominal pers. suff. (§ 12c), alone
or with a preposition (§ 47a), or the coi\junction -^
(§ 486) may be interposed :
ag. A♦1•;^A Idqm^otftl, he has picked it ;
AtrA;^A Idqm'^ollat&l (§ 8), he has picked it for
him;
A^f^^A liqm^ommSl, and he has picked.
In the comp. imperf § 326
pL 3rd J&A4^A- ypaqmSllu, they are picking,
pL 2nd ^A+^A^U- t|laqmal]&ccyuh, you are picking,
the suff. -u of the cont (§ 26) disappears.
But when anything is interposed between verb
and aux. -u reappears, and -aA- -Sllu is shortened to
-&A -&1 :
ag. j&A^i^A?A y|ldqmull|nfi&l, they are picking for me;
^A^i^^A^ih t|laqmutall&£dyuh, you (pL) are pick-
ing it
1 also written A^TVA (§ 46).
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104 Amharic Grammar. [^ 82c, § S2d
Alternative Farm of Campatmd Perfect.
§ 32c An alternative form of the comp. perf , common
in G., consists in the simp. per£ (§ 25) with the sufi!
-?A -nnal^ for all numbers and persons, the pers. suff.
(§ 12c), etc. being interposed between verb and aux.
as in §32a:
e.g.
AtuD^A l^qamannfil, [ = A^A] he has picked ;
Atup^A l^qama6c|nnfil (§ 6 ; § 8), [ = A^^AY laqmSl-
lac,] she has picked ;
MaoohVA Idqqamaunn&l, [ = At^;^ A] he has picked
it;
A^hdA^VA l^qamallat|nn&l, [ = At^A;f"A] he has
picked it for him ;
AtuD^^fA liqq^mamro|nnal, [ = At^^A] and he has
picked
Independent Use of hii dUd.
\Z2d hh dlla when used independently, Le. not as an
aux., means to exist, be present^, rather than to be,
which is rendered in this tense (present) by tun ndu
(§136):
Ohi I h A w^a dlla ?, is there any water ?
any I tOH wtthd (§ 8) nau?, is it water?
iD^fS^thhn woittdddar dlla, there is a soldier,
there are some soldiers.
OBjhfj: I ioh 8 woittaddar nau, he (it) is a soldier.
^ a final consonant to which -?A is attached re-
ceiving |. 2 = il y a, es gibt, hay, c% vi 6.
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§ 33a, § 335] Accidence. 105
Composite Tenses.
The Past Imperfect ; )fl^ ndbbar|.
The aux. yerb )fl^ ndbb|ra (-ar-), or )flC n^bbar§33a
(-or), to be\ following the cont. (§ 26) forms the past
imperf , both aflSrmative (§§ 34-36) and negative (§ 38).
Either (a) both verb and aux. are coi\jugated or
{P) )fl^ is impersonal and remains invariable, usually
in the form )0C :
e.g. tdi^r . »flC^ |lfi(|)m n^bb jrhwtt (^r-, -rub § 7rf),
or XA^9* I )flC |liq(|)m n^bbar (-ar), I wajB picking,
or, I used to pick.
The Pluperfect
The pluperfect is formed § 336
(a) in the affirmative by the ger. (§ 29) followed by
)n^ (varying as in § 33a) :
h¥aoV I 'itiOa l^mah n^bbarh, or
h¥aoV I )0C Idqmah ndbbar (-ar), you had picked ;
{p) in the neg. (§ 38), and in the apodosis of a
conditional sentence introduced by 0-, by the simp,
perf (§ 26) followed by *fl^ (varying as in § 33a) :
hAA^^Yil-^ I tfl^Yu- allaqqam&c(c)|hum nabba-
rfic(c)yuh (§ 7rf),
or hAAt^T*!!-^ I )flC allaqq^mftc(c)ihum ndbbfr
(-ar), you (pi.) had not picked.
OA^ I tih*r^ I tflC^ n [)nc a] b&lail, baldqqamuh
(§ Id) ndbbaruh (ndbbar), if he had told me I
should have picked.
^ coi\jugated like Mao (§ 25, § 34) ; only occurs in
the simp, perf
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106 Amharic Gramnuir. [§ 33c, § md
Other Composite Tenses.
\ 33c In the same way in Bimilar tenses (§ 245) formed
by j&lfVA y|h^(5nfil (comp. imperC sg. 3rd m. of Ifl
h^^n|» to be, become, happen) the aux. may be con-
jugated or may be impersonal and remain invariable :
e.g. j&A4'0»- 1 /wrVA- a y|ldqmu yjh^onSllu, or
f»h¥^* I j&lf ?A a y|ldqmu y|h^(5nfil, they may pick»
or, they probably will pick ;
h^aooh I iMfS'A' a Idqmau yjh^onSUu, or
A^'uDOH I j&ir?A a Idqm^ j^h'^dn&l, they would
pick, or, they must have picked
Independent Use of Wi..
§33i7 hUl. when used independently (Le. not aa an aux.)
supplies a paat both of hoh (§ 13&) and of hh (§ ^2d) :
e.g. Ohi I WC a w^a ndbbar, (a) it was water, (j8) there
was some water.
^K^ I toe I n& I f A9» a t|nint n^bbar, zdr^e y4l-
1am (§ 39), yesterday he was present, to-day he
is absent (yesterday there was some, to-day
there is none).
^^ifCA-iMCiKu-lifkitoHa f|t yarsii n^bbar,
fthun yan^^ n^u, formerly it was his, now it is
mine.
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§ 34] Accidence. 107
PARADIGM OF THE REGULAR TRILITBRAL VERB.
TYPE A. §84
Mao l^qama^ to pick, gather.
Indicativb.
Simple Perfect (§ 26)
8g. 3rd m. Mao Idqqama^ he (it) picked or haa
picked.
3rd f A+ooY l^qama6^ she picked, etc.
2ndm. A+y^ Idqqamh^ you (m.) picked, etc.
2nd f. A+fTi Idqqamd, you (f.) picked, etc.
1st A+^«- l^qqamhu^ I picked, etc.
pi. 3rd* A^"^- l^qamu, they (you, he, pol.)
picked, etc.
2nd A*-T^^U.laqq|mft>| y^^ (pL) picked, etc.
(c)jhu^ I
1st A4>f*) Idqqamna^ we picked, etc.
^-dc(§6).
2 sometimes l^qam|h ; also A+^ti Idqqamx, Mf^
Idqqamk, (§ Id under 0).
^ {'ha) or Idqqamuh, also A**"^ Idqqamhwii (-muh),
A+^lh l^qaiQku, (-ktl) (§ 7^7, under kdjy, 0).
* also sg. 2nd poL and sg. 3rd pol. (§ 12a) in this and
all tenses.
^ or laqqamiid(d)yuh (§ Id).
• or M9^ l^qamn.
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108 Amharic Chrammar. [§34
Compound Peij^ect^ (§ 32a)
sg. 3rd m. A^A Idqmd&l, he haa picked.
3rdf. h^nh^ laqmSUac^,
2nd m. A^noyA 14qmah&l^
2ndf. A^nDlfA llqm&s&l,
iBt A*r^A«- laqimmySllau^*,
pi. 3rd h^ao^ti Idqm^&I,
2nd A*^^^A laqmac(6)|hwftP,
Ist A4^aD?A Idqman&l.
Compound Imperfect (§ 32a> 6)
sg. 3rd m. j&A4^A y|ldqm&l, he is picking, picks,
or will pick.
3rdf. 1-A*^AY <|l|qmSlla^^
2nd m. ^A^^AU ^^aqmallah,
2ndf. 1-A*r^ATS tpaqmySllas,
1st XA*^A«- llaqmSllau^^
^ Alternative form in G. of comp. perf (§ Z2e) :
sg. 3rd m. Mao^^ Idqqamannftl, he has picked.
3rd f A^'odYVA l^qamao^nnftl,
2nd m. A^'^^UVA ldqqamh|nn&l,
2ndf A+*^9A l|qq^m4nnfil,
1st Mf^O^^ti Idqqamhunn&l,
pL 3rd A^'^-fA Idqqamunn&l,
2nd A*^Yw-9A laqq^mficc|hunn&l,
1st A**^?A Idqqamnjnn&l.
2 <c (§ 6). s or Idqm&hal, -T|A -xfil (§ Id).
* § 7rf, also written -Aln-.
^ or laqmftc(d)yuh9l (§ 7^).
« -6c (§ 6). 7 § 7^^ also written -A-**.
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§ 34] Aeeidenee. lOd
pi 3rd j&A^^A- ypaqmSllu,
2nd ^^^n^1^0' tyaqmall&K%^^
Ist Mh^M jim(|)l^mSllan.
Past Imperfect (§ 33a)
8g.3rdm.)&A*ir«»n^y|14q(l)mndbbjra2.| he^
or j&A+r .»ncyiliq(|)mn$bbar3, JiMedtopick.
3rd f. 1-A*^ I »n<:^ t|Idq(I)m ndbbara<J*,|
or ^A^^ I WC til|q(|)m n^bbar^ j
etc.
Pluperfect (§386)
* ««'"'• Itr ■ 1!!^ If"? 1^^ '1 he h«l picked.
3rdf. A*^ I WiJY Idqma ndbbfracM
or h^n I MC l^qmS ndbb^^ )
etc.
Contingent (§ 26)
8g. 3rd m. I&A*/* y|Uq(|)m, (if, when, etc.) he picks,
picked, or will pick.
3rdf. ^h^T" t|ldq(|)m,
2ndm.1-A*r tjldq(|)m,
2ndf. 1-A^-TL tjldqmi,
Ist hA*r |ldq(|)m,
pL 3rd f^h^im* y|ldqmu,
2nd ^h^^* tpdqmu,
ist X-IA^jr |ni(j)14q(i)m.
§7rf. 2 or-ara. ^ or-ar.
' .66 (§ 6), V.
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110 Amharic OrammoT. [§34
Jussive (§ 27)
8g. 3rd m. |& A*^ y^(\fkm, let him pick.
Imperativb (§28)
A*^ l|qttm, pick
3rd f. 1-A+^ t|lqam,
2ndnL[*1-A+^ tjlqam,]^
2nd f. [*1-A+n t|lqami,]i
l8t [*XA*^ iiq»m,]2
pL 3rd l&A*^- y^Iqamu, j
2nd [*1-A*a*-t|lqamu,]^ A+a^ l|q^u.
1st X1A*^jnn|lqam. |
Gerund (§29)
sg. 3rd m. h^V Idqm'^o, he picking or haying
picked.
8rdf. h^n Idqma,
2nd m. h^ao^ Idqmah^
2nd f. h^ao^ l^mas«
Ist h¥^ ldq|mmye,
pL 3rd h^aooh I^m^
2nd A*^Y«- laqmftc(c)|hu*,
Ist h^aol Idqman^
Infinitive (§30)
ao^^f^ mdlqam, to pick, picking.
Participle (§ 31)
A^^ laq&mi, one that picks, picker.
^ only used to form the neg. imperative (§ 38).
^ only occurs with A-1- (§ 48a) prefixed: AA+^ 1|1-
q^, let me pick.
« or ^h, -noli -max, -max, (§ 7rf).
* or -dc(c)yuh (§ Id). ^ or -an.
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§ 36] Aeeidenee. Ill
TYPE B.^ §85
dAl fi^ll|ga, to seek, want
Indioativb.
Simple Perfect (§ 26)
8g. 3rd m. dAl f|^lAga> be (it) sought, has sought
Srdf. dJiif fi&Uagac^
2ndm.^<1U fiUlagh^
2ndf. d/vrn fillags,
Ist ^lu* fi&Uaghu^
pL drd'' dJit f^Uagu,
2nd dApfthf^lfg&o{c)^VL^
1st lA'n £&Uagnf7
^ differing from type A in formation of stems but
not in inflexion.
^ sometimes -gpi, also fjUlakk (§ 7d, under if),
^Ifi ffllagx.
* or -ghii, fillaguh, fdllakku (-ktl), also written
AA-T^, (§ 7<? under k^y, II).
^ also sg. 2nd pol and sg. 3rd pol. (§ 12a) in this
and all tenses.
< or f|ll|gda(d)yuh (§ 7d).
7 or dJiTi fiUagin.
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112 Amharie Grammar. [3^§
Compound Perfect^ (§ 32a)
sg. 3rd m. ^LA^IA fi^U|g6&l, he has sought
3rdf. ^APA? fflligSlIad',
2ndm. ^AlVA fdll|gah&l^
2ndf. iMllifii filllgasal,
1st IMnfhO' fall)ggy§llau>>^
pL 3rd ^Al'PA fdlllgau&I,
2nd ^Ap^A fal]ig^c)|hwftl^
1st ^A7?A fdlllganal.
Compound Imperfect (§32a)
sg. 3rd m. j&^ApA ^f|^ll|gal, he is seeking, seeks.
will seek.
Srdf. ^^ApA^ 4fal^gSll&d«,
2nd m. ^/AjiAU 1|fall|gfillah,
2nd f. ^/.AI/AI! tIfalllgySllas,
1st X^A;iAU' ifaUigSl]au>>7,
pi. 3rd ^^LApA* y|fall|gSllii,
2nd ^^A;iA7ti-t}fall}gallic(d)yiih»,
1st M/.ApA? |nn(i)fall|gSllan.
^ alternative form in G. (§ 82c) ^7f A f^lligfnn&l,
conjugated like A^ooVA (§ 34).
2 -66 (§ 6). 3 or -gah-. TlA -xfil (§ 7rf).
* § 7o?, also written -Air*.
6 or -gfi6(6)yuhal (§ 7<?). « -66 (§ 6).
' § 7rf, also written -Air*. ® § 7<?.
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§36] Aeeidenee. 113
PoAt Imperfect (§38a)
8g. 8rd m. J&^AI i »n< 3^1^% n^bb jr^*,) he was seekiiig,
or fiJ^n I WC y\^^g n^bb^^ ) used to seek,
etc
Pluperfect (§ 38ft)
9g. 3rd m. ^LA")
oriLA'f :
etc
OONTINOBNT (§ 26)
ag. 3rd m. JULAT y|f)&U|g> (i^ when, etc) he seeks,
sought, or will seek.
3rd£ td^n 4%ll)g,
2ndm.^^LA1 ^f^^g,
2ndf. ^^Al 44lligi,
Ist K^LAI |f)|ilig,
pL3rd ^^LAT* ^%u,
2nd td^l- 4f|ll|gu,
let M^LAI |nn(|)fd%.
JOSSIVB (§27)
Bg. 8rd m. J&^LA*1 }^fi^llig, let him seek.
3rdf. ^^AT 4fdll|g,
2nd m. [*1-^A1 t|4ll|g,]»
2ndf [*1-4«Al t|filljgi,]»
Ist [*X^1 jft%.]*
pLdrd J&iLA'h 7if|&ll|gu
2nd [*1-^LAT- <|f|ll|gii,]3
1st M^AI |nn(|)fdli|g
Imperative (§28)
/.AT f|^U|g, seek.
^Ifjugi,
/.AT* f|^l|gu.
^ or -arj. ^ or -ar.
^ only used to form the neg. imperative (§ 38).
* only occurs with A- 1- prefixed: A^AI lif|&ll|g, let
me seek.
AM. OB. 8
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114 Amharic Ghrammar, [§36
Gbrund (§29)
8g. 3rd m. I.M f^^^o, he seeking or havings
sought
3rdf. i^p ^^^
2nd m. /A7U f|^ll|g$h^
2ndf. /A77S fi^Utgas,
1st /Al
pL 8rd ^^noh fdll|gau,
2nd 4tA;iY«- falljglc(c)jhu2,
1st l.M'i fi^Ilsg^^
Infinitivb (§30)
aolA^ m^fdllag, to seek, seekmg.
Participle (§31)
iAX falldgi, one that seeks, seeker.
For the principal parts of triliterals with % )h, >,
(§ 4a) as Ist or 2nd rad., with 2nd and 3rd rad. the
same, with 1st rad. K, and other irr^ular triliterals
see table of verbs in the appendix.
PARADIGM OF REGULAR QUADRILITERAL VERR
§ 36 The conjugation of verbs with more or less than
three radicals and of derived forms differs from that
of triliterals in the formation of the steins of the
principal parts, but not essentially in the inflexion of
those stems (§ 34), nor in any way in the formation of
1 or -ah, -Tfi -gax, -gax, (§ 7rf).
2 or -dl6(d)yuh (§ Id). » or -aa
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§ 37a] Accidence. 115
composite tenses (§ 24&). In this and the following
paradigms the form of the tense given is the sg. 8rd m.
unless otherwise stated.
aoiUd manizz|ra\ to change.
Indicativb.
Simp, perf aoitli mandzzara^
sg. 3rd £ nDtlf^Y man^zzarac^'^ etc., like h*ao (§ 34).
Ck>mp. perf ^ (§ 32a) hdTH^ minz|r6ftl,
sg. 3rd f aoYHMi^ mana^rSllac^ etc.
Comp. imperf (§ 32a, b) J&odVU^A y|mandz2|rftl,
sg. 3rd f '^^aoVH^Af t|manaz4rallac^ etc.
CoNT. (§ 26) fsOoYnC y|man^z2|r.
Juss. (§ 27) fsOoJUlC 3^dn4r.
Imp. (§ 28) aoimc mdn4r.
Gkr. (§ 29) aoynC mdn4r^o.
Inf. (§ 30) aoaoinC mamdnzar^.
Part. (§31) ao'Wd manziri.
The principal parts of some verbs of more than
four radicals will be fomid in the appendix.
Negativb Conjugation.
Formation.
The negative verb is formed from the aflSrmative§37a
by the addition of the prefix hA- al- and the suffix
1 or^-(§7rf). *-«a(§6).
^ G. also aohniS^ manfazaryinfil (-ftr-; § 32c).
8—2
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116 Amharic Grammar. [§37€^
For the assimilation of A by a following consonant
see § 7c; and for the doubling of m see § 6.
Both KA- and -9* are added to the
ind. simp, perf (§ 25) to form the neg. ind. perf,
coni (§ 26) „ ,, neg. ind. imperf ,
ger. (§ 29) „ ,, neg. ger. (not much
used).
For the formation of the neg. composite tenses see
§§38a,ft.
fcA- [without -9*] is pref to the juss. (§ 27) to form
the neg. jusa and to the forms of the juss. 2nd (§§ 34,
85) to form the neg* imperative.
hhr ^a- or fh" yftla-^ [without -^] is pref to the
inf (§ 30) to form the neg. inf
The part (§31) has no neg. form.
Nothing comes between KA- and the verb.
-9* comes after pronouns (§ 12c) or prepositions
(§47a) which are suff. to the verb, but before other
suff. :
e.g. h^^Mohf^iDf, a alfillagaummw^?^ (§ 8), didn't he
want it?
f +iioTiD- 1 hAlfiAl-^? I i*+ a yatam^ftfi&u alh^cS-
nallat|mm|nna m^dta, his desire was not fulfilled
and he died, (lit. what he longed for (it) did
not happen^ to him and ... for -? see § 48&).
^ G. gen. ^A-, 8. gen. hA-.
2 or -7io^|6 a -gaummw| ?, s-v. mf^.
^ IfV h^'^dna, it happened.
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§ 37*, § 37c] Accidence. 117
Transference of -^.
-T may be transferred from the verb to an ad- §876
jacent^ word, the negative sense then applymg specially
to that word : (cp. § 62rf) :
e.g. iMi't I KA/.A19* a fi^r^un alfdll)g|m, I don't want
the horse, (opposed to : I do want it) ;
^L^A-7^ I K A^LAI I n^A^OHl I Xlll a fi^rasunjmm
alfill}g, y^l'^oun |i\j(, I don't want the horse
but the mule.
i-hdmjlr i hf.Mr' a takaradt a|d&Uam (§ 40), it is
not in the bag, (opposed to : it is in) ;
HkdmA^f^ I Kj&^A a takaratit|mm d|dal, it is not
in the bag, (but in something else).
Omission of -^.
When the contingent (§§ 236, 26, 37a) is used as § 37c
such, i.a in dependent clauses, in the n^. it takes
KA- without -^:
e.g. hf^d.^'19^ a|fill|g|m, he does not want (seek),
Qj&/.A^ ba}fill}g (§ 48a), if he does not want,
f^|&/LA*7 yamma|fdll|g (§14), he who does not
want;
hf,^M^ ^f$U|g, ( juss. § 38), he is not to seek,
hf^^Mn • Mfjn • ^fdlljg Indah^on^, if he does
not seek.
^ gen. preceding, as the natural place of the verb in
the clause is last (§ 736).
2 for f ^|6/AT I Xlftin I yamma|fdll|g Jndah^on ;
av. Xlftin.
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118 Amharic Grammar. [§ 37rf, § 37e
Similarly, when the simp. perf. or ger. are used in
a dependent clause in the neg., -9^ is dropped :
e.g. KPilAnf^ alfillagam, he did not want,
0A/A7 balfdllag^ (§ 48aX if he did not want,
fMJin yaUpiga (§ 14), he who did not want,
KA/.A7iXlAir}i alfdllagdndah'^on^ (§ 8), if he
did not want
hPil.M9^ alfdll|g^om, he not wanting, not having
wanted,
hMMft I Kifjn I alfdlI|g^(5ndah^on (§ 8), if he
had not wanted.
§37d^ -^ is dropped after an indef pron. ending in -^
(§16):
e.g. ^nf^ I K A^^ a mdnnjmm almdtta, nobody came.
9^J9^ I KaA^ a m jn|mm als^mma, he heard
nothing.
SubstUvtion of Conjunction -9^ for Negative -^.
§ 37e The coiy. -9^ and, even, also, (§ 486) may take the
place of the neg. -^ which has been dropped (§ 37c, d) :
e.g. aj&/.A1 1 h^hoiOh a ba|fd%, att|8tau, if he doesn't
want it, don't give it to him,
Qj&/.A^9* I AmoH a bajfill^m s|t^u, even if he
doesn't want it, give it to him.
aA/.A7 1 QAnD^ a balfdllaga balmdtta, if he had
not wanted to, he would not have come,
Q A/.A79* I fluD^ a balfillagam bamdtta, even if
he had not wanted to, he would have come.
^ for ^A/.A7 1 Mfjm I yalfdllagdndah^on.
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§37/ §38] Accidence. 119
Optional omission of -^*
-9* may be dropped without altering the sense in § 37/
TAT (§ 30) and hf.Mr' (§ 40), especially in questions:
e^g. fATTa y^lad(|m, or fA^a y^ill&d (§6), she is
not present
J&DiKj&M9*a y|he a|d^lamt or j&Dihj&^Aa
y|he ^dal?, isn't it this?
^A I hf^Nirf. a ydirn^ ^dallw|?^ isn't he (it) here
(there)?
PARADIGM OF NEGATIVE VERB.
Indicative § 38
Perfect
eg. 3rd m. hMitim9^ all^qam^^ he did not pick, has
not picked
3rd f. hMi^aol^ all^qamac^,
2ndm.KAA4'f*ll^ alldqqamh|m^
2nd f. hMi*9^9^ all^qam8|m,
1st hMi*rihr all4qqamhum^
pL 3rd hMit0^^ alldqqamum,
2nd KAA^'^Tv-^ allaqqam&d(c)}hum,
1st hMii^f^9^ alldqqainnam^.
^ =r(§14) + hA(§82rf,§7a).
2 §6, §8; S.V.IDI6.
^ here and throughout the coi\jug. -mm (§ 6).
^or-1l*--xim,-kjm.
* or -Ih^ -kum. ^ or -Tt9^ -njm.
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120 Aniharic Orammar, [§ 38
Imperfect
8g. 3rdm. hfMh¥^f^ a|ldqm)m, he is not picking, does
(will) not pick.
3rd f hPlrh^rr §:tt(|)liqm|m,
2ndm.h1-A*r^ Stt(|)ldqni|m,
2ndf h1-A*n.^ attpAqmim,
1st hAA*r^ alldqm|m\
pi. 3rd hf^h^^^f^ a|l^mum,
2nd h1-A*a*-^ §:tt(j)14qmum,
1st Mh^f^r ann(|)liqm|m.
Past Iiaperject
tif^h^f^ I Wd a|l^m|m n^bb|r|^, he was not
picking, used not to pick.
Pluperfect
hMi^gmf^ I Wd all^qamam nAbb^^ he had not
picked.
CONTINGBNT
sg. 3rd m. h|&A*/* ap$q(|)m, (if, when, etc.) he does (did,
will) not pick.
3rdf hl-A+r att(|)l^(|)m,
2nd m. h^h^T" att(|)ldq(|)m,
2ndf. h1-A*n. Stt(i)liqmi,
ist hMi^T" all^(|)m^
pi. 3rd hf^h^im* a|ldqmu,
2nd h^h^am. 5tt(|)liqmu,
1st MA*r ann(|)lkq(|)m.
^ the X- |- of the affirmative disappearing both in
writing and pronunciation.
^ or -ar- ; or MC, as in affirmative co^jug. (§ 33a, b).
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§ 38] Accidence. 121
Jussive
8g. 8rdm. hj&A^f* ^qfu^' let him not pick.
Srdf fcl-A+r attpqam,
Ist KAA^f* aipq|m,
pL 3rd hf.^'ta^ ^qamu,
1st MA^f* ann|lqam.
Imperative
8g.2ndm.K^A^f* att|Iq|m, do not pick.
2nd f. fcl-A+n. attpqami,
pL 2nd h^A'ta^ Stt|lqamu.
Gerund
9g. 8rd hl hMi^^T^ all^m'^Sm, he not picking, not
having picked*
3rd f fcAA*^»r allAqmSm,
2nd m. hMi^grnVf^ all^mah|m^
2ndf. hMi^ao'Sf^ all^ma8|m,
1st hfiUi^H^r alldqimm^em,
pi. 3rd hMi^aoOhf^ alUqmaum,
2nd fcAA^^^U-f* allaqin&c(c)|huin,
Ist tkMi^ao't^ alldqinaii}m.
Infinitive
hliim^^f^ alamdlqam^ not to pick.
Participle
none^
^ or -"fif* -x|°^- ^ ^- ^A^A*** yftlamAlqam.
' expressed by rel. (§ 14) : f •Ti&A^f* yamina^dq(|)m,
one that does not pick.
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122 Aniharie Grammar. [§39a, §39&
§ 39a The neg. of hti dlla (§ 32a, d) is
sg. 3rd m. f A9* yallam, he (it) is not present^ there
is not
Srdf fA^fr y&llaoqm,
2nd m. f Ail^ y&llah|m,
2ndf. fAlfr yiUa^m,
1st fAil-y* yallshum,
pL 3rd 9M* y4Uum,
2nd ^Khyr yall4c(c)jhum,
1st fAW yallanjm.
§39& When fA9* loses its -f* in the cases mentioned
in § 37^, <2,/, i.e. in which it remains in the indicative,
it becomes
sg. 3rd m. f A y^Ia,
Srd f. f A-f y4Ua6^
2nd m. fAU y&llah, etc., coivjug. like hh (§ 32a):
e.g. ^Pi^r I fA a t|ll|qimm (§ 6) y4ll^ there is not
a large one.
f*19* 1 f A n m|n}mm y4lla, there is nothing.
f A- a y4llu ?, aren't they here (there) ?
But in dependent clauses (§ 37c) it becomes
sg. 3rd m. -/WA -l^'&lla,
3rd f. -AA-f -ly&llac\
2nd m. -MX! -I^allah, etc., conjug. like hh, always
with pref. (reL f- (§ 14) before M^m):
' -^ (§ 6).
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§ 39«, § 40a, § 40&] Accidence. 123
e.g. fl/WA b|ly4lla or X751A.A (Dnd^^^ if he is not
pree^it, if there is not
fAA I htfjn I yaI^all^d|h'<'on (§ 8), if he were
not present, if there were not
The neg. conjug. of Wd, (§ 33) is regular : § Z9c
hMttd/r alndbb^r^ (-ar-), etc. (§ 38).
A neg. conjug. is supplied for ioh (§ ISb) by §40a
8g. 3rd m. h^Nif a|d^lam^, he (it) is not^
3rdf hf.M'l^ ^d&n&o^mK
2nd m. Aj&l^AUf* a|ddllah|m^
etc., conjug. like f Af* (§ 39a) :
eg. Xk I hj^NHhf a py^ a|dillahum, it is not I.
f% 1 hf,f4if n j&dj6 a|ddllam, it is not mine.
^A 1 >^tV I Aj&M^ n rfts d4hna a|dallum, the
Ras is not well.
When hf.Nif^ drops -f (§ 376, c, d,f), it becomes § 406
sg. 3rd m. Kj&^A d|daP,
3rd f Aj&MiT^ ^d^Uac'S
2nd m. h^NiU aiddll&h,
etc., conjug. like hii (§ 32a) :
e.g. _
(§ 376) ^A^y" I hfif^ u t|ll|qjnmi ^dal, it is not large.
(§ 37c) ft^fAl-ih }^d|ll^idcyuh, you (pi.) who are not
(§ ^7d) 9nr* I K^^A « mp4mm ^dal, it is nothmg.
hf,f^ is not constr. with MfjTt, but takes
M5l-(q.v.):
e.g. htfifif-A I (Dnd^dal, if he (it) is not
^ or ad-, -d4- (§ 7d). ^ also used as neg. particle,
no. not « -11 (§ 6). * -66 (§ 6).
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124 Amharic Grammar. [§*1«
With 11- (§47a, §48a) the -A of Kj&^A becomes
g||z (§ ia\ and it has the meaning of a n^. of KA
(§32rf):
ag. aj&MV I imTIJC* I ^£*> » ba|dalla mdtkgad h&dna»
we went where there is no road, ( = HAAII^ i
^TIJC* I bal^allabb|t mdAgad, etc.)
Before the art (§11) the -A of hf^f-fii becomes
e.g. f CA- 1 ff0Niah 1 4.dil i yarsii ya|dall|u f&ras, the
horse which is not hia
CONJUGATION OF DERIVED FORMS OF VERB.
§41 a See § 36, initial remarks.
Paradigm op Passive ob Reflbxivb Form
OP Verb.
Type A. i'Mim taldqqama, to be picked, (§ 22a, a).
Ind. Simp. perf. i'Mim taldqqama,
sg. 8rd f. i'Mao^ tal^qamac\ etc., like Mam
(§34).
Comp. perf. (§ 32a) +A**rA t|l^m5ftl2,
8g. 3rd f. +A*^A^ talaqm£llac^ etc
Comp. imperf. (§ B2a,b) J&A^*VA y|lldqqamfil^
sg. 3rd f. 1'A+*»A^ tjUaqqamSllac^.', etc.
' -^ (§ 6).
^ G. also +A**,.VA taldqqamaimfil (§ 32c).
^ (§ 7c) the Ist rad. is doubled throughout the tense.
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§ 41^ § 41c] Accidence. 125
C0NT.(§26) f,li*9^ yjUAqq^mi.
Jusa (§ 27) f.Mr yjUfjam ^'^
Imp. (§ 28) *+A*r taliqam^ ^
Ger. (§ 29) ^A^^* talAqm^o.
Inf. (§ 80) imMf^ mallAq|m.
Part. (§81) +Aj**T, talfqdmi.
Type B. i'^Jil tafi&Uaga, to be sought, § Ub
differs from type A only in the formation of the
stems of the
Ger. (§ 29) +^A^ taf411|g^o, whence (§ 82a)
Inb. C!omp. perf. -h^A^A taf£ll|gdftl
and of the
Part. (§31) +^AX t|fall^.
For principal parts of passive form of verbs with § 41c
1st rad. h, e.g. ^mtt t&ttaba (-ya), to be washed, and
other irregular verbs, e.g. 'Kr^A tan^asa^ to breathe,
and of verbs with more or less than three rad., see
appendix.
.^ (§ 7c) the 1st rad. is doubled throughout the tense.
^ 2nd rad single throughout the tense.
^ given as a paradigm ; the meaning of this particu-
lar verb precludes its having a passive or reflexive
imperative.
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126 Aniharie Orammar. [§41<7,§41«
Paradigm of Causativk Form op Verb.
l^ld OAUSATiyBm A-:
hh'¥ao aldqqama, to take to pasture.
Ind. Simp. perf. (§ 25) hMan aldqqama.
Comp perf. (§ 82a) KA^A Slqjmfiftli.
Comp. imperf. (§82a,6) ^A*^A yaadqmftl^,
sg. 1st hh¥^hO- Slaqm£ll^^^
CONT. (§ 26) fh^ yS14q(|)m2,
sg. 3rd f. ;^A♦r tS14q(|)m \
Jus8.(§27) ^A*rySlq|m2,
sg. 8rd f. ;»-A*y tSlqjm \
Imp. (§ 28) AA*r glq|m.
Gbr. (§ 29) fcA*^» 51qjm''o.
Inf. (§ 30) -TA*^ mSlqam «
Part. (§ 31) h^i^'X alqiimi.
§ 41« Causativb in hh- :
KAAttfB asl4qq|ma, to cause to pick or be picked.
Ind. Simp. perf. (§ 26) hhMao asldqqama.
Comp. perf. (32a) AAA4^A asldqqjm^*.
Comp. imperf. (32a, h) fhh^^A y5sldqqjmftl2
sg. 1st hhh^^Ath Sslaqqimallau''^
1 G. also IkAttfvVA al^q|m|mifil (§ 32c).
M 7a. 8 § 26.
♦ G. also MMamVA asldqqamami&l (§ 82c).
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§41/§42a] Accidence. 127
Coot. (§ 26) /AA*r ySslfjqjmi,
sg. 3rd f. ;^ftA♦y• tSsI^qqlm^
Jusa (§ 27) fiili^9^ y&l^qqim ^
sg. 3rd f. ;^ftA♦^ tSsl^qqjm \
Imp. (§ 28) KftA+r ad^qqjm,
Ger. (§ 29) Mli^^ asl^i^^o.
Inf. (§ 30) •TAA+r mSslAqqam^
Part. (§ 31) hbh^^ a^ilaqqfimi.
Some caosatives in K are conjugated like a cans. § 41/
in M', e.g. hUf^d ab^dara (ay-, adda-), to lend. For
this and other causatives, and the coi\jug. of other
derived forms (§ 226) nee appendix.
CONJUGATION OF BILITERAL VERBS.
See § 36, initial remarks. §42a
Biliteral verbs are in most cases triliteral roots
which have lost a radical. When the lost rad. was
the 3rd, the 2nd and now final rad. is (usually, but
see § 426) rfiy|, -S (§ 4a), and a compensatory t appears
in the ger. and inf ; -a is retained as part of the stem
of the cont, juss., imp. and inf but disappears before
a suff -i or -u (§§ 25-28, §§ 30, 31) :
M7a.
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128 Amharie Grammar. [§^2a
A^ simmS, to hear, understand, (q>. Eth. A^O).
Inbicativb
Simp. per£ (§ 26)
Bg. 3rd m. A^ simmS, he heard, etc
3rd f A*?^ sdmmSc^
2nd m. A^tl sdmmSh,
2nd f. A^TTf sdmmSs^
1st A^U- s^mmShu^
pL 3rd Aa^ simmu,
2nd A*?¥il- 8amm4&(d)|hu^
Ist A^ sdmmSni^.
Oomp. perf. (32a) Af*:l;A 8dmt8ftl^ he has heard,
sg. 3rd f Af^^li^ samtSllac\ etc
Comp. unperf. (§ 32a, b) J&A^A j^mfil, he is hearing,
etc
sg. 3rd f. ^A^iif t|samSllad\ etc.
Contingent (§ 26)
sg. 3rd m. J&A^ yi^^nia, (if, etc.) he hears, etc
3rd f. ^A^ f^fmS,
2nd m. ^A^ t|8ima,
2ndf. I-AT, 44"^^>
1st ^A^ is^mct,
pi. 3rd f,Aa^ y|sdmu,
2nd h'Aa^ ^dmu,
1st MA^ |nn(|)sim5.
' -^ (§ 6). ~^ ~
2 or -mahtl, -mau^ (§ 7dy under kJJjy) ; also written A^TI*.
^ or -4g(c)yuh (§ 7d). * or A*?1 s^mmSn.
^ 6. also A^?A sdmmannal (§ 32c).
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§ 42a] Accidence. 129
JUSSIVB (§ 27)
8g. 8rd HL J&A^ 7|smS» let him hear.
8rd £ ^im tpmSi,
2nd m. [**A^ tjsmS,]*
2ndf [**ftT. tjsmi,]^
Ifit [*XA^ |8m5,]«
pL 3rd f^ha^ y|smu,
2nd [♦1'ftiip- t|smu,]*
Ist MA^ Inn^ma.
Impbratiyb (§ 28)
im BpnS, hear.
A0»« s|mu.
GsR. (§ 29) Af*^ simf^o, he hearing, etc
sg. 8rd £ Af^^ simtS,
sg. 1st Af^ ^dm|^cye^ etc.
Inf. (§ 30) imA*?1- mdsmdt*.
Part. (§ 31) AT, simi*.
AT is analogous with type A (§ 34) in the formation
of its sterna There are also biliterals inflected like
At throughout their coi\jugation but forming stems
analogous with ^rpe B (§ 35); see e.g. principal
parts of Ah Idkka, to measure, ^T q^mS, to rob, in
appendix.
^ only used to form neg. imp. (§ 37)
sg. 2nd m. Jk^AT Sttjsmi^ don't hear.
2ndf M-AT, 5tt|smi,
pL 2nd hh'ha^ Stt|smu.
* only occurs with A- (§ 48a) pref AAT l|smS, let
me hear.
' § 76. * § 8. * or sfimi (§ 7d).
AM. OB. 9
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130 Amharic Ghrammar. [§^26
§ 426 See § 42a, initial remarks.
When the lost 3rd rad was id, f , in some verbs no
trace of it remains in the ind simp. perf. sg. 3rd m.,
but the 2nd and now final rad. retains a in the rest of
o
that tense except before the sufi^. -u of the pL 8rd
and in the in£ In the rest of the coi\jng. a is lost.
A compensatory t appears in the ger. and inf :
♦^ q^i^' to remain behind or over, {J*^IX).
Ind. Simp, perf
sg. 3rd m.
♦<: qdrra,
Srdf.
*/rf- qdrracS
2ndm.
. t^U qdITah^
2ndf
t^:!! q^rrai,
1st
♦<:i»« qdrrau'",
pi. 3rd
♦<• qdrru.
2nd
♦^^il-q|rrfic(c)ihu*.
1st
♦<;> qdrrana^
Comp. perf (§ 32a) tCAA qArtttftl^
Comp. imperf (§ 32a, 6) /&+^A yjqArfiF.
Com (§26) i&+C yJq4r^
sg. 3rd f l-tC tjqdr', etc.
^ -cc (§ 6). _ ^ or -ah.
' § 7rf mider kfijv ; also written ♦^1r*.
* or -ftc(c)yuh (§ Id),
^ or ^Ci q^rran (-an).
® or qa-. G. also ^iS^ qdrrannal (§ 32c).
^ or-q&-.
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§426]
Juss. (§ 27) ^♦C
8g. 3rd f. I^C
. 2nd m. [*1-*C
2ndf. [*t^d
1st [*X*C
pi. 3rd ^♦^^
2nd [*1^<.
Ist
Accidence.
tlqjr,]*
t|qri]«
y|qru,
t|qru,]«
131
Imperatiys (§ 28)
♦Cqjr,
♦<5qp%
♦<• q|ru.
X1*C |nn|qir*.
Gbr.(§29) tC-f qdrt^o*,
8g. 3rd f. tcy* q^5»,
sg. 1st tC* qdqocSye''' etc
Inf. (§80) ao^C'fr mdqratl
Part. (§ 31) +<{ q|ri».
^4^ is analogous with type A (§ 34) in the formation
of its stems ; for verbs inflected like ^£. but forming
stems analogous with type B (§ 35), e.g. ti% bdjja (b4-),
to be good, ^f qwoiyya, to await, wait, see appendix.
' In some verbs the 1st rad. loses its vowel through-
out the jusa, e.g. Am s^tt^ to give,
juss. sg. 3rd m. j&AT ^st,
3rd f I'ft'P ^st, etc.
* only used to form the neg. imp. (§ 37)
sg. 2nd m. Mr^ ^tt|qjr,
2ndf. h^& Stt|qri,
pi. 2nd hPt^i- Stt|qru;
dm makes sg. 2nd m. K^AT gtt|st (§ 8).
' only in (§ 48a) A^C l|qir, let me remain behind.
* or |nnq|r. ' or qft-. * § 76. ^ or -at.
9—2
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132
Amharie Gframmar.
[§42C
§42c See § 42a» initial remarks.
When the lost rad. was the 2nd, the Ist rad. is
(§ 4a) riLyi -fi, him|s ^e, or sft^ '^, according as K
[0, V, <h, "1], f or «» respectiTely has disappeared :
«IA t4fa, to write, (cp. Eth. XW»<t)
flUI tyesa, to smoke, to be enraged, {J mf A)
♦«• q^^ma, to stand,
Ind. Simp. perf. (§ 26)
sg.Srdm.'q^tdff,
2ndm. 'q«Ut&(|)h'.
Comp. perf. (§ 32a)
T^A tjf^*.
Comp. imperf. (§ 32a, h)
C0NT.(§26) f,fVymf.
Juss. (§ 27)
f,*n9 y|t4f 8.
Imp. (§28) «l¥taf
Gbr. (§ 29) TC t|f^o,
sg. Ist T^ t|ffye.
Inf. (§ 30) ammV mdt^«
Part. (§31) ni^t^fi.
laA t^esa
laAU Vis(|)h'.
Al.a.A tfs5Sl''".
^OkAA y}tyes&L
^m,n ylt^es.
j&rttft y|tis».
rtuA ti8>.
rttff t|88ye".
a^aUl mdty|s^
rti^TI tyfts".
(y t00D)
*9^0 q^^m(|)h«.
♦**A qiimttar.
^♦•TAj^q^^mal.
f>*9* y|q'^m.
J&*^ y|qum.
♦^ qum.
«fl» qiim'^o,
♦*Tt qiimm^e.
ao^9^ mdq^^m*.
#*Ti qwfiml
' or tafx, tafk (§ 7c?, under U).
* or t^esx, fesk. « or q^Smx, q^Smk.
* G. also «liL9A tdfannal (§ 32c). » or t|- (§ 7d).
' S. aka.A ty^dai, G. also taAVA tesannsi (§ 32c).
' G. also *amVA q^^mannftl (§ 32c). '
' § 8. 'or -tja ' »« S. laA t^es^o.
" § 76. » or tas ; for *m^fl. (§ 76).
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§ 42d; § 43a] Accidence. 183
For the principal parts of various anomaloiis and §42^;
derived forms (§ 22) of biliterals see appendix.
The Impersonal Verb.
Impersonal verbs are only used in the sg. 3rd m., §43a
expressing number, person and gender by means of
the pera suff (§ 12c) :
e.g. ^fliiH rdbau (-4y-), to be or become hungry (§ 6Sd).
Ind. Simp, perf
sg. 3rd m. IfHoh rdb|u\ he (it) was or is hungry.
3rd f ^n^ rdb&t, she was or is ^
2ndm. ^fltl rdbah', you (m.) were or are „
2nd f ^im ribas, you (f )
2ndpoL^flf' rdba^^ you (pol.) „ „ ^
1st ^11^ rdbafi^ I was or am „
pi. 3rd ^tWoh rftbfic(c)au, they were or are „
2nd ^O^U- rabdc(c)yuh*, you „ „ „
Ist ^m rdban^ we „ „ „
Comp. perf CO^A r^^^taJ^' ^ he (it) is hungry,
sg. 3rd f CQjl" A r|b8dtal \ she is hungry, etc.
Comp. imperf j&Cfl4*A y|rb|ufil^ he will be hungry.
CoNT. f^Cdoh yjrbau*, (if, when) he is hungry.
Juss. j&^flnH y}r&bau\ let him be hungry.
^ or -ay- (§ 7d) throughout the tense.
« or -ah. • or ^flPI- rftba^t.
* or-ba.; -fift(§6). • §Vd
• or -ba- ; -nn (§ 6) ; or ^fl* rdbanna.
' or -Jy.. ® § 8. * or -ry-.
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134 Amharic Grammar. [§*36
Imp. j&^-atl 7|rdb|h\ be hungry.
Gbr. Cnl" rjb^St*, he being hungry.
Inf. a»AHi mirdb^' ', to be or become hungry.
Part. none.
Aux. verbs like VflC (§38) do not take the pers.
suff. when used impersonally.
§436 The contraction of adjacent vowels described in
§ 7a has been frequently exemplified in the preceding
paragrapha
The modification of consonants by a following i (y)
or e described in § Ih occurs in the coi\jugation of
verbs whose final radical is one of the letters there
specified :
e.g. h^ kdfiala (§ 84), to divide or pay, Am sitta^
(Uke*^ §426), to give.
Ind. comp. per£
sg. 1st hff^Au- kafiyyallau*^*, At^^Aii- sa^ocallau^*.
Ind comp. imperf
sg. 2nd f *h*^ATl ^kafyallas*, ^•A-i^^A^I t|sacyaUas\
Cont sg. 2nd f 1-h*i& ^kAf i, *A-i^ tjsic'.
Imp. sg. 2nd C tl^ k|fg, M^ ^d
Neg. imp. sg. 2nd f hPtlni^^ Sttjkfg, ^^A'i^ att|s£'.
Ger. sg. 1st h*fr kAfiyye, AT* sdt|6cye.
Part h4-i& k4i^^«, A-i^ sa6l
^ or -fiy-, throughout the tense. * or -Jy-.
« § 8. * § 7a. * or -s4-, -cl
• -dyy (§6). ^ or sa6, Aoi. sdci (sa- ; § 76).
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§44«]
Aeeidenee.
135
Common Anomalous BiLiTERALa
tUi dla, to say, (s.v. VflA, cp. Eth. •flUA) :
Indicativb
Simp. perf. (§ 25)
pL 3rd hAr iln,
2iid MYu- fil^d)|hu>,
ist hAi
§44a
Slna«.
o
8g. 3rd m. tUi
8rd f. fcA^ &Lic\
2ndm. KAU Slh',
2nd£ KaH Sis*,
1st hAU- Slhu^
Gomp. perf. (§ 32a) •fl^A b(ld&l',
8g. 3rd£ -aAAY b|I§]Iad\
sg. 1st •nfiiih biyy^yi*'*, etc
Comp. imperf. (§ 32a, ft) J&AA yjlftl,
sg. 3rdf.
CONTmaBNT (§26)
sg. 3rd m.
J&A
yii.
3rdf.
^A
*!».
2ndm
.*A
41
2ndf.
"ff.
<4y"'
1st
XA
ii.
pL 8rd
/6A-
yjiu.
2nd
1-A-
t^u.
1st
XIA
innfl
l-AA^ t|liaiad\ etc
JUSSIVB (§27)
j60Ay(bal»»-".
sg. Srdf l-OA tjbal""' etc
Impkrativb (§ 28)
sg. 2nd m. flA bal",
2ndf. aj&bg»,
pi 2nd flA* b^u.
» -66 (§ 6). » or ^|h, fcAli Six, ^'^h Ok. (§ ^<0-
' or^ls.
* or -hii, ^uh, hAlh Slku (-kii); also XA-V- ^w(ii),
(§ 7d). » or -^6)yuh (§ 7rf). • or hM tUn, Up.
' G. also hAVA il|nnftl (§ 32c). * (§ 7^ ; or -A-y-.
• or ti " or'-|y-- " or -al " § 76.
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136
Amharic Grcunmar.
[§446
Gebund (§29)
sg. 3rdf. -flA b^S,
1st -nfr blyye\etc.
iNFmrnvE (§30)
e
Paktioiplb
none in use.
§ 446 hX ayya, to look, see, like *C (§ 425) :
Indicative
Simp. perf. Af ayya,
sg. Srd f. Xf^ S;yya<J»,
2nd m. hW Syyah, etc.
Gomp. perf. (§ 32a) Kj&rtA $t5ftl«,
Sg. 3rd f. ^)&;^AY ^tSllad',
sg. 1st hf^S^hih ^6^^al^^ eta
Gomp. imper£ (§ 32a, b) ffA y^ftl*,
sg. 8rd f. ^fA'^ t^SUad" '^
sg. 1st hfAih qallaa>'^ ^ etc.
CONTINGBNT (§26)
Sg. 3rd m. ffS, J^,
8rd £ ^f^ i^
2ndm. ;^)& t^|,
pL3rd ff' yiQu*,
2nd ^ t^u»,
1st Mf, jnnS:|.
2nd f. ;Mk tSi,
1st hj& ^i.
^^1b. »or-at »-«J(§6).
* G. also MVA Syyannfil (§ 32e).
» or-^^-6cy^(§ra); -A-**.
• OP yS;yfil (§ 7d, under f).
' or -t£fir (§ 7<i under f ). » § 26. • or -S^u.
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§445]
Jussive (§27)
Bg. 8rd m. fi,fi, yif\
8rd f. ^f^ tjy».
jlccMistice.
187
1st
pL 3rd
1st.
Ihpebattte (§28)
eg. 2nd m. }ifi, [y',
2nd f. hft. |yi',
pL 2nd Xf ^*.
Negative Impbraitve (§88)
Bg. 2nd m. h^fi tttfiy',
2ndf. A^-f. Sttiyi>»,
pL 2nd hlrf^ 5tt|yu".
Gerund (§29)
sg. 8rd UL Xjl-f §|t^o,
8rdf. hfi^^ti,
1st X)&¥ ^oo^e'*, etc.
INFLNITIVK (§80)
Tf^ mSiat".
Participle (§81)
t^fti iyyi.
^ or y|, yi " or t|, tl
* only with A- (§ 48ft) AfS, l|y, 1|, IL
* or yiu, ylu. ' or -n|, -nt * or |, i
' or ji, ti. « or lu, in, » (§ 8) ; or -tj, -tt
» or -t|i, -tli. " or -tiu, -tin. " § 76.
" or mS^at (§ 7d, under f ).
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138 AmAarie Gframmar. [^ 44c
§ 44« fn yixA, to seize, take hold (of), like «n^ (§ 42e) :
Indioatptb
Simp. per£ (§ 25)
sg. 3rd m. fit yixA, pL 3rd fVr ySzu,
3rd f. fn"^ yi^\ 2nd fHlV' yftrilc(d)jhu»,
2nd 111.^110 ySzh*, 1st fltt yfizna^
2ndf. ^Tl ySzs',
1st rMU" y&hu*,
C!omp. perf. (§ 32a) )&!I.A y|z^ftl^
sg. 3rd f. )&HAY 3^zgllad\
Sg. Ist jtVAU" y|i511au»"'.
Oomp. imp. (§ 32a, b) f»fi.H^ yj(y)|z&l, or J&HA ytzSl,
sg. 3rd f. ^-/iHA^ ti(y)|zSUacS or tHA^ t|zailac\
etc.
Contingent (§26)
sg.
3rdm.
i6/MI
3l(y)i2.
or /Ml
y|z>
3rdf.
^•jMI
t|(y)|z.
„'ini
t|z.
2ndm
. l-jMI
ti(y)iz,
„-ini
t|z.
2ndf.
tf^ <i(y)|4^
..-tw
tS4«.
Ist
XJ&H
i{y)iz,
„ ^.-M
^'
pL
3rd
i6/Mh
yj(y)iz^
,, i6H-
yjzu.
2nd
^)&H-
ti(y)Jzu,
» "tM"
tlzu.
1st
M^TI |nn|(y)|z«>
, „ Kin Innjz.
^ cc (§ 6). * or yfizlh, ySsh, fnt ySzx» ySsx*
^h ySzk (-sk), (§ Id, under H). ' or y^|8, ySis (§ Id).
* or -sh-, htl, y^h, ^Tllh yazku (wsk-, -kti), ^Tf** y^
zhw(ti), (-sh-), {lid, under k% II, M).
' or -fid(6)yuh (§ Id). * or fun y&n, ydsln.
^ G. also ^H9A y&zannftl (-z&-; § 326).
« (§ 7«0 ; or -h'^. ' » or -zi (§ 76). ^» or inny^
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§ 45] Aeddenee. 189
Jussive (§27)
sg. 8rd £ ^f^ t|(y)aaS etc
Nbg. Imp. (§88)
htr» Stty&S
M'fVr Stty^bsu.
Imperative (§28)
sg. 2nd m. fH ySz,
2ndf. fyr jSi*,
pL 2nd ^H* y^beu.
Gerund (§29)
f,V yjzwo,
sg. 3pd f. f,H y|i5,
1st )&1C y^e*, etc.
iNFmrnvB (§30) aofv mdyaz*'.
Participlb (§ 31) fyr yfii«.
Prefixing of Conjunctions to Contingent § 46
A-, A- -n-, etc. (§ 48a), when pref. to the cont. (§ 26) .
modify its prefixes thus (§§ 5, 6, 7a) :
sg. 3rd m. lUi^^ bildq(|)m^ if he picks,
3rdf. -ath^r b|tt(i)lfl(|)m«, if she picks, etc
2nd m. -fl^-A*^ b|tt(j)liq(|)m»,
2ndf -Irt-A**^ b|tt(|)l|qmi«,
1st -nA*^ b|14q(|)m,
pL 3rd tUi^0^ bildqmu^
2nd •a^h^am- bitt(i)ldqmu^
1st -tt-ih^r bjnn(i)14q(i)m.
»§8. _«or-fi(§76). 'orStty^ *§7ft.
' or m^az, mf^Sx (§ 7d, under f ).
« or ri yftn (§ 7ft). ' or bjl- (§ 7rf).
' or b|tl- (seldom in G.).
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140 Amharic Grammar. [§*6
8g. 3rd m. A^T4 S7St(|)y, when he washes.
3rdf. ft:lT<l s|ttat(|)y,
2nd m. ftjIIWI S|ttat(|)y,
2ndf. A;f-Tfl. s{ttSt7i,
1st AT^I sdt(|)y,
pL 3rd A^TIh syStyu,
2nd ft;HpO- s|ttatyu,
1st A?T« s{nn^t(|)y.
The Adverb.
46 Adverbs have no special form :
Iff gdnS, yet.
iMhl fihun (-con), now.
fciD'J dwco(n) (du-), yes.
Substantives, alone or with a preposition, adjec-
tives, pronouns with a preposition, and the gerund
(§ 29) are used as adverbs :
e.g. iihftT wttst, s. interior,
Ohh'f, or IliD^T bdu^t (§ 8), adv. inside,
A^, tt\ s. face,
A^ or n^^ bdfit^'*, adv. in front, formerly.
ao^llT mdlk&m^ acy. beautiful, adv. well
hitU k^zzih"^ ^ (§ 47a, § 13a), at or from this (one) ;
adv. here, hence.
Mf^fn (|)nddm|n?* ^ like what?; adv. how?
^ or -|t » § 8. » or hf , -ftz-, -^h, § 7rf.
* or -da-; §8.
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§ 47a] Accidence. 141
f^^T d^gm'^o (d4-), ger. he (it) repeating ; adv.
again.
Some adverbial particles are suffixes, s.y. -7, -h,
The Preposition.
Prepositions are of two kinds, simple and com- § 47a
I>oBite.
The simple prepositions are prefixes :
e.g. A- la-, for, to,
11- b|-, by means of, with, at, in,
+- ta-, or h- ka-, at, in, from,
o o
f - ya-, of,
ftA- s|la-\ because of,
/A- yfila-*, without
XU- (l)nda-», like,
XAi*- |sta-, or XAh- |ska-, as far as, up to.
When these are attached to a pers. pron. they take
the dii^unctive form (§ 12a).
E.g. A^iCA I ioh n lafards^ nau, it is for the horse.
hk I ioh n lan^^ nau, it is for me.
tthi* I ir^dmoh t bakdrra qwdratau, cut it with a
knife.
+ll»^ I ioh n tay^^t nau, he (it) is in the house.
hlk^iiD^fl kay^^t wcotta, he came out of the
house.
/1+ 1 ioh u yant&*' * nau, it is yours.
^ or s|la-. ^ G. hA- dla- (cp. § 37a).
^ or (j)nda., * § 8. * ^ 7a.
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142
Amharic Grammar.
[§47a
AAlf^H I tOH a ^lai^mbl n|u, it is because of tiie
flie&
^ATlll'fl 1 Wkft a yftlag^nz^y had&, he went inthout
money.
Mf!^i.dti I VoH a nd|f^r^^ nau, it is like a horse.
XAi*(k^ 1 0a'Q a Ist^Y^^t mdtta^ he (it) came as &r
as the housa
A-, fl- are also attached with the pers. suff. (§ 12«)
to a verb, or interposed between the verb and the
aux. ha (§ 32). In these positions their consonants are
doubled (§ 6), and they become -A- -11}-, -41- -bb|- before
-*?, -0 [-Ti], % -» [-">]; with the sg. 8rd they make
m. -At-- -Uat- (-at-), f -^t- -Hat-, m. -ttt- -bb^t- (-at-),
f -n^--bbftt-:
e.g. Ah Idk^ he sent:
Mtfi^i likallifi*,
AhAU lik^Ujh,
AhAT! likfllis,
AhAP IdkaUa^',
AhAl- Ifikjult*,
AhA^ tftkallat,
AhA? l&kallin>,
AhA^ih l&kaU&c(c)yuh«,
AhA^0- lftkall^c)au.
he sent to or for me.
you.
you (f ).
you (pol).
him.
her.
ua
you (pL).
them (him,
poL).
M8.
^ 'Ha (§ 6) ; this and the next six form^ are also
accented -k4- (§ 8].
» or 'liP^ -lla^ot
o
or -A) -U|nna.
* or -at
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you.
you (f).
you (pol.).
him.
her.
\w.
you (pL).
them (him,
poL).
§ 476] Accidence. 143
j& Ah A y}ip^, he is sending, will send :
J&AllA?A y}l|kjllififi9lS he wUl send to or for me.
/5AllAyAy|l|kjll4hal«. „ „ „
/lAhAlf A y|l|1411|8ftl, „ „ „
J&AhAFhA y}l|k)lla^oftl*, „ „ „
i&AllA;^A yllJkiUatftl, „ „ „
j^AhA;^A yiip411fttftl, „ . „ „
iE,AhA9A yjljkilllnnfil, „
j&AhA^A yjimili- 1
c(c)|hwftl*,j "
j&AllAV1»A^l|kjll^c)«ifil.„ „ „
A^A ip^dftl, he has sent,
AtiA?A l|k^oll|fifiSl*, he has sent to or for me.
Composite prepositions consist in a prefix and a s 47^
word following the recipient of the prefix. This type
of prp. is often a resolution into its component parts
of an adv. composed of a prp. and a substantive (§ 46) :
e.g. h- [i*-] ... I J3C ka- (ta-) ... gftr, with (accompany-
ing),
fl- ... I iD-flT ba- ... wttst, inside,
fl- ... I i,^ ba- ... fft', in front of, before,
fl- ... I AJ& ba- ... Idj, on, upon, above ;
^ This and the next six forms often have the accent
on -k|- (§ 8). » or -TiA -xSl.
» or -Ay»;l-A -lla^tal, -APXA -Ul'^oftl, -Aj'»;^A -lll^o-
tal. °* or-fic(c)yuhftl(§7rf).
» or lik'^d- (§ 8); G. also AhA'fVA ldkalljfifi|nnfiL
« or f jt.
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144 Amharic Orammar. [§48a
or consists in a simp. prp. and an adv. of that type :
e.g. h- [i*-] ... I flohAT ka- (ta-) ... bdu^\ inside.
i*k I jiCi ao^ a tan^^^ gftr mdtta, he came with me.
nik^ I iihAT I bay^^t^ wtlst, inside the house.
nik^ I ^^ I bayy^t' fit', in front of the house.
hlk^ I flohAT I Inn a kav^t vau^tl' nau, he (it) is
inside the house.
The Conjunction.
§48a Conjunctions are of three kinds, prefixes, suffixes,
and unattached.
Prefixed conjunctions, which* introduce dependent
clauses, include several particles also used as prepo-
sitions (§ 47a) ;
e.g. pref to simp. perf. (§ 26) :
fl- ba-, when, if,
o
i*- ta-, or h- ka-, since, as, seeing that,
ftA- ala- (-la-), because,
Kif^' (|)nda- (-da-), as, in the same way that,
XAi*- jsta- or XAh- iska-, until ;
pref. to cont. (§§26,46):
A- l(i)-, to, that; also pref to juss. sg. 1st (§ 27),
A- s(|)-, when, while ; with neg. cont (§ 38) before,
-11- b(|)-, if, when,
ll- k(})-, than that,
^ § 8. * or fit. ' § Id.
* except A- with juss. (§ 27).
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§48a] Accidence. 146
AAf - 8|lamm- (La AA- +reL § 14), because,
Mf^y (j)ii<i(iK ii^ order that,
XA^- J8t(j)-, or Wrti- i8k(|)-, until.
lELg. nA^ I basdmma, if he had heard, when he heard,
fUin I bis&maS if he heara
hA^ I kasAmma, as (or, since) he heard,
tuA^ I kisAmaS than that he should hear.
AAA^U" I 8|lasdmmau^ because I heard,
AA^A^ I 8|lamm|8dma, because I shall hear.
Mf^WC I ndandbbar, as he (it) was,
M^in I ndih^cSn*, in order that he (it) may be,
MHh I nddim', as he (it) is, if (whether) he (it) is
present (§ 82^.
htlrtdyf^ I }stah4da, until he went,
htttdyf: I }stihad^ until he goe&
Aamm I X^LAjiAU" a l|mdta }fall|gdllau^ I want to
come,
A^^fl l|mta, let me come; or, l|mta?, am I to
come?
h^am^ I sitt|mdta^ when you come (or, came),
4^0*^ I sat4mdta^ before you come (or, came).
^ or -JS-. • or -jh-. • § 7a.
* or sjtm. (§ 46). * or sfitm- (§ 46).
▲M.QB. 10
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146 Amhario Orammar. [§ 48&, § 48c
§486 Suffixed Conjunctions.
-T -m (-mm § 6), and, even, also, too,
-T ....-Ty both and,
-? -nnS, and,
-ft -88, but
These come after other suff, and -T and -ft are
interposed between the verb and the aux. Y\h (§ 82).
E.g. ^iJt^J^ I fXt fl fArasitmi|mm ydzu, they caught
the mare too.
l.iJtkVt I fl^ArnH'} I Y%T^ fl £|rasun|nna ydql'^oun
dnta\ bring the horse and the mule.
n A-f ^A I bdlf^ommal, and he has eaten.
0»^A a mdttass^ but he has come.
j&^D^AA fl yjmdtass&l, but he will come.
fMMh I XAid^U"^ fl y}h4nn&n}ss alduwoKjhum, but
I didn't know this.
§48c UnaUached Conjunctions.
Ti I g|n (q.y.) but ; gen. comes second in its clause ;
M\ (|)nji (q.y.)' indeed, but ; ends its clause.
E.g. AAi1'>ifcio-^A>»a l6ld*g|nauqdUau^butIknow
another.
fivn I K AiLA^^ I ^Am-7 I MK n yjh&nn&n alfdll|-
g|m, l^laun jnjf, I don't want this one, but the
other.
^ § W. ^ § 8.
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§ 49^r— § 50] Accidence. 147
Thb Intbrjbction.
Inteijections need no remark : § 49a
Kg. iml\ good!, aU right!
H^ 4^^^^™^' hush!
}Un irag!'» nonsense!
4"^ qass!, softly !» gently!
For the use of interj. with hH £la (§ 44a), and §49&
hOrf assdftfia, &y. VQA, VAT
Formation of Nouns.
From a given root, existing or theoretical, various § 50
nouns both substantive and adjective are formed by
means of prefixes, sufllxes, and modification of vowels.
In dictionaries words are grouped under such roots.
Taking the roots A+n© (type A § 84), i.M (type B
§ 36), the following derivatives are formed :
*A*r 14qqim» (-Jm*),
adj!
hfl^ k^bbada^ to be heavy,
hOjC kdbbfd*, adj. heavy.
h^A ^dasa, to renew,
hVi ^djs, adj. new.
*A^^ Idqq&m^
acy.
mnn tdbbaba^ to be narrow,
mO-fl tdbbdb^ ^ adj. narrow.
^ or -Si (§ 7d). «§7rf;orarftigI ' § 8.
* § 7d. • or -t)|d • or -y^ ^ ^ or -fty.
10—2
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1*8 Amharic Orammar. gSO
♦a**" llqum,
adj. (passive), also used as s.
hfl^ kdbbara*, to be rich,
hlhC k|biir», adj. honoured, exalted
♦-Wl q|ddiis^ a^j. holy; a saint
*A**- l|q(i)m.
**A-J f|ll|g,
s. and adj.
A^+ dto*^a, to be dry,
f:C¥ djrq, s. dryness; adj. dry.
AAA ldbb|8§, to wear,
A-nft libs*, a dress ; l^b|s, adj. worn.
♦♦A qdqqala, to boil,
♦♦a q^qqil boiled.
*'\r»i^r t|lqiim\
a abstract.
Alllf dzzaza, to command,
^XHTI I [Vh-M] t^\ a order.
♦floA^y* m^qam, (mf. § 30),
a of place or instrument
)7|l n^^a, to trafSc,
<i»TIjt mdAgad, road.
At A s^qala, to suspend,
iioA4>A mdsqal, crosa
* §8. * or -fir-. • or-|T-. *or-ya
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§ 60] Accidence. 140
*0m4JiXf mafalUgyS,
adj. relative to or instrumental in efibcting the
action or state ; commonly used as a
hfA kddd^a^ to cover,
hdIii^? makddfiSS Ud
o o
tLHi^ qwcottara^ to count,
^^m£f maqwtltdryS', s. instrument for counting.
K^D^ jdmmara^ v.i to begin,
ao%aodf maiamm^S^ acy. initial ; s. beginning.
%l.C qwcof^ara^ to dig»
im^A.£f maqwcof^r7a^ spade, hoe.
*A*^n l|q(|)mfin\
s. abstract
(Vn^U) n^ bdrrS, to shine,
-ncn b|rhAn», s. light; adj. light.
£lao r^ggama, to curse,
C^ni rig|m&n^ s. curse.
Analogous formations are derived from roots of
less or more than three letters and from derived
verbal forms (§ 22) :
e.g. 10 g^bbS, to enter,
nD^fl^ m^byS^ s. entrance.
' for *aolnf!Xf § 76. * or -ar-. » § 8.
* or hcnnt ^m&a (§ 7rf, § 8). * or -gy-.
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160 Amharic Orammar. [§^0
caus. MQ agibbS, to put in.
^ntHf m%byS\ instrument for putting in.
lAflm gal^bb|ta» to invert,
lA-IIT gpb|t*, adj. inverted.
maom^ tamittama, to wind, twine,
mOi^Oi^Xf matamtdmyS, s. turban.
ir^aoa^ taqdmmat|,to sit,
ao^aa^ maqqamicS', seat.
hnAA abd8sala^ to cook,
o o o
•WlA/ m&bsdyS^ oven.
Suffixes:
-fi^ -ftm,
adj. full of.
^All malk, form, colour,
o
^Ah^ mdlkdm^, beautiful, excellent
o
-•T -mmS, connected^ by -j-,
adj. resembling.
tumf: amad, ash,
o
haog:^ amad|mmS^ ash-coloured, grey.
-;► -tS, connected^ by -|-,
8. abstract.
TIT z^ !, inteij. slowly 1, gently I
^^^ 4SS|^^^ patience, inexcitability.
^ or -gy-. * or -ly- ; also g|l|bb|i
» for *ai^*0im^ (§ 7ft, c). * or ay-.
* or -vs., -gS; for *^T-nAA/ (§ 7ft). • § 8.
^ with a final consonant ® or -ad-.
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§ 60] Accident. 161
^*-at(-at),
8. abetract
0^ muq, adj. hot,
0^-^^ miiq|t, 8. heat.
-Vt -nnat (-nnat), connected^ by -|-,
a abstract.
m^fXi woittdddar*, soldier,
mi^f^d^ woittadd jrjimit^ ^ being a soldier, miU-
tary service.
-? -flfla, connected^ by -|- or -f- (-a-),
a4i- relating to ;
8. agent.
hrn^ am4ra^ Amhara,
hnc^ amftrfflfla*, adj. and s* Amharic.
LiJi f&ras, 8. horse,
/L^? farasdflfla*, adj. relating to horses; a horse-
o o •
man.
» with a final consonant * or -da-. ' or -ftt
* or -Tit- -mh^. ' or -s^-.
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152 Amharie Grammar. [§ 51, § 52a
SYNTAX.
§ 51 Note. Various points of syntax have been treated
in the Accidence, especially in that of the pronoun,
verb and preposition, the accidence and syntax of
which are often so intimately connected in this
inflectional and synthetic language that they cannot
be separated with either convenience or propriety.
Peculiarities of syntax which are not of wide
application have usually been rel^ated to the vocabu-
laries, where they are discussed under the particular
words which exhibit or involve them.
. Number.
Singular for Plural.
§52a The singular is frequently used with a plural force,
especially
(a) after numerals (§ 20a).
(fi) after *fltt* b^, much, many; A'H' ^nt?, how
many? (§ 15):
e.g. -fltt* I Aoh I ^ u b|zu sau fftjja, he (it) destroyed
many people.
HVr I Aoh I nD^ u b|zu sau mdtta, many people
came.
(y) of parts of the body of which there are two
or more :
e.g. ^Jkt a|n, etc., = eye or eyes, etc.
h]S:OJ I hmllah a ^|h|n |tayau, wash your hands.
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§ 52ft, § 63a] Syntax. 153
TCA.*} I hV^Au- a t|rs7en |f|qdllau^, I brush my
teeth.
(8) of objects not usually occurring or used singly :
e.g. ^AT I j&flA4^A a m|8t y|ydlauftl, the white ants
will destroy it.
^Hff I Am^ a Sdmrna sdttaft, he gaye me a pair of
shoes*
TJC'I giidba (-dy-), s., a ditch, channel formed by
water: then, in pi. sense, broken ground, e.g. that
along a river bank cut up by numerous channels
draining into the river (v^)-
Plural for Singular.
In the 'polite' form, i.e. the mode of addressing § 52&
or referring to superiors (§ 12a), the plural verb and
pera pron. (§ 12a, 6, c) are used with a singular force :
(the adj. remains in the sg. § 53&) :
e.g. foh^lt I yauttqdllu, you (sg. pol.) know, or, he
(pol.) knows.
Concord in Number.
The concord in number between substantive, adjec- cgg^
tive, pronoun and verb is generally maintained except
in the following cases :
A substantive in the pi. may be constr. with an
adj. and occasionally (§§ 15, 16) with a pron. in the sg.:
e.g. m^^C^ I ^^ I S^OH a wcottdddar^Oc dahnfi
nftccau^ the troops are in good health.
^ less commonly #i- 1 IliT^ i V'Fiih » ww- dahn^6d
n^iodau; ^^ (q.v., prob. for fl^li?) is one of certain
adj. which generally remain in the sg.
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154 Amharie Grammar. [§ 535, § 54a
llf I fiJPf I k|fu l^j'^Od, or
llcYiA^i k|f^Oi Ijj'^O^ bad children;
A^i'VY I U^ I 8arr&t4fiftOd hiillu, or
A^i-?YaiM¥iiHi sarrftt&fifiOd hull^io5ai^ all the
labourers.
§ 68& The uses mentioned in § 62 may inyolve breaches
of concord :
e.g. ant I Aoh • nom- a b|zu sau mdttu, many people
came.
MiJit9M I hhnjOJ • «'»^'i^'» u |nn)fajajjaudUan
|llazzpi{n qunc^n, we will thoroughly destroy
these ants.
hd.9yb/^im9^r iWohn ftfa njgiis woiftim
nd5cau, the Chief Justice is stout.
I4lihfiumai4^n rfts almdttum, the Ras has not
come»
Gbndkr.
Concord in Gender.
§54a The concord in gender between substantive, art
pron. and verb is generally maintained, but see § &id.
Substantives denoting male ol^ecte are m., female
objects f Other substantives are usually m. but may
be made f (§ 9a) :
e.g. m'ir:a^ . ion » waind|mmu n^ it is his brother.
A»^ • V^ a s^et n&t^ it is a woman.
hVis I M^Y 8 ndLtu n^bbarad, it was his mother.
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§ 645] Syntax. 155
Determination of Oender.
The gender of words used for both sexes may be § 546
fixed
(a) when the object is determinate, by the art (§ 11) :
ag. dMir I fdrasu, the horse,
^L^is • fdra8|tu, the mare ;
{p) when the object is indeterminate, by m'if: wornd,
male, A»^ s^et, female, of persons and^ animals, and
JUP^ dura', male, Mh^ |n|st^ female, of animals :
e.g. m'if: % A^ • woindl' l|j, a boy, son,
A»^ I Pif: I s^^tljj', a girl, daughter.
mlf: • ^Utk I wc^d(|)' f^^ ^ stallion,
A»^ • ^Ch I s^et fdras, or
h'M^ I l./ih I in^st f|&ras, a mare.
m'if: I W? • wwndP d^dr^o, or
hohlt^ I W? I aurd d^dr^o, a cock,
A.^ • M? • s^et d^dr^o, or
Mh^r I W? • in|stp d^dr^o, a hen.
hohii* • tun I aurd zdh^on, a bull elephant,
M/Mh I |iin I inJstP zdh^on, a cow elephant.
(y) The gender of a word of indeterminate gender
may also be shown by the verb or its equivalent :
e.g. h^ • AoH I M^T' a k|fu sau ndbbarad, she was a bad
lot.
Il^ • AoH I V^ a k|fo s|u' n&i, she is a bad lot.
^ not gea out of 8. * § 8. • § Id.
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166 Amharic Grammar. [354c,§64rf
§ 54c Diminutive Use of Feminine.
The feminine is used to denote smallness :
e.g. ^ITl I ^y6 I 9^ a t|nn|8 t|nn|8^ nftt^ it is very
small.
Mr^fi,^ a att|ttdyy|m, it (is so small that it) is
not £ieen.
Thus the f. art. (§ 11) or a f. dem. pron. (§ 13a) is
added to a word to form a diminutiye, the art in this
case often losing its determinative force:
e.g. ^W qadftdS, a hole,
♦W|&* qadftda|tu', the (or, a) little hole.
Wjt n|ddd\ fever,
'l^'^is n|ddd|tu^ a slight attack of fever.
fi- • aoni^ , yac mdtaf \ that little book.
Similarly nouns expressing small objects, especially
small animals and insects, are commonly feminine:
e.g. M^i^^ I ^HAAY » Aqwtirdrit t)zallillad, the toad
hops.
ff^^^ I ^C^AY a sarant t|r^otdllac, the spider
runs.
§54^^ A diminutive formed by the f art. (§ 64c) does not
always have its verb in the feminine :
e.g. 1^<^is I KAYoh a n|dftd}tu dlladdyu, and
W«^* I fcAoH n n|ddd|tu dUau, he has a little fever.
^ § 8. « S. *V{9 qadftdauS.
» 8. Wit, n|dftdwa.'
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§ 66a, § 666] Syntax. 1 67
Words of Variable Gender.
Several substantives, such as
H* zfif, tree,
♦^l qan, day,
^H gjz^e, time,
though usually m. are occasionaUy £ without the gen-
der having a diminutive forced
Cask
Position of Nominative.
The usual position of the nom^ which is used to § 66a
indicate the subject^ is at the b^inning of a clause,
the acc^ indicating the object, coming between it and
the verb :
e.g. AoH I WHih • ^fA XL sdu ambdssa'* ' gaddala, a man
has killed a lion.
Mfl4 1 AoH I ^fA 8 ambdssa s|u^ gaddala, a lion
has killed a man.
IrdrodwAory Nominative.
A substantive, usually accompanied by a dem. §666
pron. (§ 18a), may also stand in the nom. in an intro-
ductory manner at the head of a clause of which it is
not the subject, and in which it may be referred to by
^ Gp. the large number of diminutive forms in spoken
Latin, esp. of the 'Animula vagula blandula' period,
which have lost all diminutive force in the Bomance
languages.
« ace. (§ 66a). • § 7d: * § 8.
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158 Amharic Ghrammar. [^56, § 56a
a proiL amounting to a possessive (genitiye § 12b) or
dative (§ 12c) case:
e.g. fM I AoH I KQi: I ^'t u y|hd^ sau abbfttu m^dta, this
man's father is dead, (lit this man his father is
dead). ^
|&*iA^iA36ifAl^« yjc6| s^et IJj yall^tim, this
woman has no child, (lit this woman there is
not a child to her).
A clause may contain more than one such nom. :
e.g. J&U I MC I ^^4 I aoiflh • h4- n y^e ftgar Irdy
mah'^dnu kiffa, this country has suffered firom
famine, (lit. this country famine the happening
of it has been harmful).
The Accusative.
§56 The accusative is the case of the direct object
For its position in the clause see § 55a.
Indeterminate Accusative.
§56a When the aca is indeterminate or indefinite the
termination -'I (§ 9c) is usually dropped :
e.g. 0>^ I Kf 8 b^et dyya, he saw a house.
^At • 0»^ I hX » t|ll|q^ y^et* dyya, he saw a large
house.
fff-^ • 0»^ I hX u yasiim^ b^fit dyya, he saw a chiefs
(§ 47a) house.
fmf^^ 1 0>^ I hf XL yawc^dfqd^ y^et' dyya, he saw a
fallen house, (lit which fell, § 14).
M8. 'lid.
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§ 565] Syntax. 169
Amharic often uses the indeterminate form where
English uses the determinate, Le. the article (cp.
§59a):
e^. He filled the skin with water: M^^hh*} i any •
amiiohn aqmnddaun w^a m^lau, or M^^Ii
^y • am^ aqumdda w^ha (-mftd[duha) m^a» which
last also = he filled a skin with water.
Determinate Accusative.
The ace takes -*} when it is determinate or defi- § 665
nite. When it is rendered so by the art, a pron., an
epithet or its equiyalent^ it is these that take -*} and
not the ace. which they determine :
ag. Ot^*} I Kf 8 b^^tjn dyy&, he saw the house.
d>iO I hX XL b^^tun dyy&, he saw the^ house, or, his
house.
Ikir'} I hf n b^^t^en dyyft, he saw my house.
/to*! I Ik^ • hX XL y|h&i b^et dyya, he saw this house.
^A^Iilk^iKfs tpijqiin* b^et dyyft, he saw the
large house.
ftha^J I tL^ I Kf 8 yasumiin' b^fit dyya, he saw the
chiefs house.
tmfi*m-t iH^ihtu yawc^daqiun' b^et dyya, he
saw the house which fell down.
^ before-mentioned, this.
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160 Amharic Gframmar. [§66c
Adverbial or Specific Accusative.
§ 56c An ace. specifying or particularizing an action or
state is found with yerbs which are not transitive in
the usual sense of the term, i.a which do not admit
a direct object The action or state may be specified
as cognate or germane to the sense of the verb, or
particularized in r^ard to time, place, direction,
manner or degree, or in regard to an objects
e.g. KM ^Uaqa, to come to an end,
fUJ I mC I ^ Ai^A a y}han woir y&lq&l, .it will come
to an end this month.
fJt^VLt WC n yan gjz^e ndbbar, it was at that
time.
Vd z^dra, to go round, revolve,
VrCfm^J I Vd n zurydun z^dra, he went right round
it, (lit walked round as regards its circum-
ference).
7Q gdbba, to go in,
Msj 1 7Q u b^^tun gdbba, he went into his house,
went home.
^ When the action may be particularized in regard
to a variety of objects one begins to feel that the
verb may with some propriety be called transitive,
(s.v. AAA). There are grammarians who will dis-
tinguish between the accusatives in nci:f*j i AAA n
and QCk;^'} i A^4* u on the ground that AAA is not a
v.t, while admitting that the ace. of the direct object
is, ultimately, an adv. ace. The inexpert compiler of
a grammar may quote a remark the truth of which he
has probably illustrated himself: €t fn) larpol ^a-w,
ovhh/ 6v ^v TCtiv ypa/iiiaTLKciv /uapor^pop.
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§ B6d] Syntax. 161
dyfi hida, to go,
^fiC • dyfi u g^6nd|r^ h&da, he went to Gondan
hhli ^kala (q.v.)» to increase, amount to,
fj I fUfii I AoH I 9**} I If) a yan yahl^ s^u' m|n
h^dna?, what has become of all those men?,
(lit. the men' that amount to that number
what have they become?).
AAA Idbbasa, to dress oneself,
QCk;^'}lAflAa bam^tan Idbbasa, he put on the
(§ 59a) hat.
;^mfl t&ttava, to wash oneself,
hXJ • ^;^mnA•^ u itjyen^* ittattaydllau^ I will
wash my hands.
haoaooh dmmamau (§ 43a, § 63^), to be ill, in pain,
li^thJ • haoaooh n rdsun dmmamau, he has a pain
in his head^
This adv. ace. may occur with an adj. or adv. : §566?
^4i^ rdqut, naked,
l^J • ^4i^ • rftsun r&qut, with his head bare.
•fl?^ b|cca, alone,
'ttfl^J bioSftyen, by myself
^ Here there may be an ellipse of iDfi- (qv.).
* For f -TLyOA, s.v. fchA.
' § 52a.
* Cp. Xovo/tat Ta9 X€«/>a9.
* Cp. oXyci TTjP K€(l>aXijv.
AM. GR. II
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162 Amharic Grammar. [§56e — §56gr
DetermiruUe and Indeterminate Accusative together.
§56e A verb may take a determinate ace. and an in-
determinate ace. at the same time^:
e,g. Tin^'i I U-A- 1 A^4* a gdnzay^en hiillu 8Arraqa^ he
has stolen all my money.
Double Accusative.
% &ftf Two inco-ordinate accusatiyes may occur when a
verb admits of two inco-ordinate objects (§ 68) :
e.g. K^tkVi I hif-Oh'i I hhf,Ci » dskarun s|raun asd^-
raga» he made his servant do the work.
Or one ace. may be the direct object and the
other a specific ace. :
e.g. ^is*} 1 mWi 1 KflAoH a f |tun wcozun dbbasau, he
wiped the sweat off* his face.
One of these ace. may remain when the verb is
placed in the passive or reflexive :
e.g. ;^flA a tdbbasa, he wiped l^mself
tDlh*} I ;^flA a wcozun tdbbasa, he wiped the sweat
off' himself.
Other Accusatives.
§ 66^ The ace. may be used without the word involving
its use being expressed by the speaker :
e.g. ^Ch I ^'l a fards (§ 8) can, saddle a horse.
^^^OhlxL yet|fifiaun?, which one?
^ Cp. § 836. « nnVLl I U-A-** • A^4* » can hardly be
distinguished from the above in Eng. ; it approaches
the meaning ' all the (that) money I had ' ; see § 16.
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§ 66A— § 676] SyrUax. 163
With the impersonal use of Van ndu (q.v.), it is,§56A
with the rel (§ 14) the antecedent is sometimes placed
in the ace, when logically it should be in the nom. :
e.g. f ^^OHl I ioH I fao^Oh a yet|fifidun^ nau yamdttau?^
which is it he has brought?
haoin here has three objects : f^^ah% f -* and -oh.
The Adjbotivb.
Position of Adjective.
An adjective or its equivalent when used as an § 67a
epithet precedes, when used as a predicate follows
the substantive it qualifies :
e.g. ^At 1 tti^ 1 hoh n till^q^ y>'et nau, it is a large house.
Ikis 1 ^At I ton a b^^tu t|ll|q^ nau, the house is
large.
naxPfr I m^fiC % ton a y4ncat' wa>mb4r^ nau, it is
a wooden chair.
«i9*flC I naxPir I hoh XL wcumbar yanc&t^ nau, the
(§ 69a) chair is (made) of wood.
Use of Substantive as Adjective,
Some substantives denoting abstract qualities are § 676
used as adjectives :
e.g. 'fiCn I b|rhftn\ a light,
acn I ft*^ I f Ar a birhan* sjfra yallam, there is
not a light place.
For the use of adj. as substantives see § 60, § 69c.
^ § 8. ' in ^- (§ 7a). * § 70a. § 7a ; av. MaxPt.
* There is probably an ellipse of f - in this usage.
11-2
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164 Amharic Gframmar. [§67c — §68c
Use of Adjective as Adverb.
§ 67c An adjective may be used as an adverb (§ 46) with-
out any modification of form :
e.g. 'T/* I Aoh u g^m sau, a bad man,
*?/• • hfi£l » gim addrraga, he behaved badly-
Degrees of Comparison.
§ 68a There are no forms of the adjective for comparative
or superlative, which are expressed by the positive
constr. with h- ka- or +- ta- (q.v.), the Am. preposition
rendering the Eng. conjunction * than' ^ :
e.g. J&U I i*IUI 1 Mf: i ton n y|he tazz^h kabb&d nau, this
is heavier than that.
hihAr mM f:M^ahu kahiillu kabbdd nau, it is the
o e o
heaviest of all.
§58& Similarly verbs expressing the possession of a
quality may have the idea of degree imparted to the
quality by being constr. with h- kgr or +- ta- :
e.g. 4*m) I qdttana, to be thin :
J&U • i*ll.U I J&^^TVA a y|he tazz^h ^^qdtnftl, this is
thinner than that.
i^ ndtta, to be white :
h)ILll I J&U I J&)^A u kannazz^h y|he yinat&l, of
these this is the whitest.
§ 68c Another way of indicating degrees of comparison
is by such words as (§ 64a) :
^ Cp. use of ablative in Latin and of genitive in
Greek
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§ 59a] SytUdx, 166
j&flAT yjbdlt (-jy., 4l-), more, (s.v. flAm),
jRlf A yiSsftl, better, (av. VTf A),
e.g. -H-VTl- 1 l&n AT I MAiJt: n tat|nAnt yiydlt inD|h|d,
we must march further than we did yesterday.
J&flAT 1 1IAA n }^y^lt z^al, jump higher.
The Article,
Use of the Article.
The function of the article (§11) is to determine § 69a
(§66&). It is generally only applied to objects that
have been mentioned before, or are in the presence
of the speaker, and even so is frequently omitted,
especially in the pi., in Am. where Eng. requires it :
eg. ti^ b^et, a house, or, the house.
tL'P b^^tu, the house in question.
He entered the house: hlk^ 1 7Q a kay^^t gdbba.
hdiis • 7Q u kay^^tu gdbba would usually mean : he
entered his (§ 12b) house.
AAllV-fl I i^laz|n&y\ because of the raia
flm#hj& 1 ton a bat|hdi^ nau, it is in the sun.
+f*JtC « tdmdjr, on the ground.
^A I KA"^ u rSs &lufi, the Bas told me.
A/L^AY • Amu-^ u lafdras^Oc sdttahut, I gave it to
the horses.
n+A*^ I A-P^r^ I ^ A- u bdql^Oc sfttjn^Ooqn tdlu,
the mules have thrown (threw) the boxes oft!
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166 Amharic Orammar. [§696 — §69rf
Transference of the Article.
§696 When a subetantiye with the art is qualified by
an adj. or its equivalent the art. passes to the adj. or
its equivalent, but still refers to the original sub-
stantive :
e.g. flii: I b^^tu, the house.
I' A* I fltl* I t|ll|qu yyfit, the large house.
ftfiiiN I flfl' I yasiimu y^et, the chiefs house.
f iDft+dH I Ob^t I yawcoddaqdu^ y^'fit, the house that
fell down.
f»*1-iiii^j&* I ApI- I yamm|ttmatditu^** s^fit, the
woman who is coming.
§ 69c The art. may be attached to an epithet without its
substantive being expressed :
e.g. ^A4i I ioh I t|ll|qu^ nau, it is the large one.
fiOfi^Oh I inc n yawcoddaqau' ndbbar, it was the
one that fell down.
f ^l-nD^jE.* I VI- « yammittmatditu''* nfit, it is
the (female) one that is coming.
Generic Use of the Article.
l5dd The article is occasionally used generically, Le. to
designate a class of object :
e.g. MiihTf I ^HAIf A n l|ysun yabbalsis&l it spoils the
( = one's) clothes.
^8. *§§14, 46. »§62a.
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§ 60a— § 61a] Syntax. 167
The Peonoun.
The Personal Pronoun.
The personal pronouns are inherent m the various § 60a
persons of a verb, and need not be expressed except
to avoid ambiguity :
e.g. AoH^Ail- n auiiqdl1au^ I know.
hCAP I foh^dr n Irsd^ yautiqdllu, you (poL) know.
hCAVoh I foh^dr n |r8ftdcau yautlqdllu, they know,
or, he (pol.) knows.
The 3rd pi. and 3rd sg. pol. cannot be distinguished
by pronouns.
Use of the Diyunctive Personal Pronoun.
The disjunctive pers. pron. (§12a) is generally § 60&
used to express emphasis or to distinguish between
persons:
e.g. hmoh n s|tau» give it to him,
AmiiHiACA-is sjtau l&rsu, give it to him (not to
somebody else).
f ij&*7 I ^ih'lHh I f 9>^j&*7 I hri^^ n yftny^tun
t|t46cyuh^'* yanndnta|tun dntwfit\ leave (pi.)
mine (f. , e.g. cow) and bring yours.
Use of Personal Pronouns Coryunctive with Verbs. §61a
The pers. suff. coi\j. with verbs (§ 12c) render both
the dative and the accusative :
e.g. AniiiH n sdttau, (a) he gave to him,
{P) he gave him (it) — ^i.e. to somebody else.
^ lid. « § 66a.
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168 Amharic Orammar. [§ 616, § 61c
To avoid ambig^ty A- (§ 47a) may be used to
express the dative:
e.g. AmA^ i sdttallat, he gave it to him.
A verb camiot take more than one of these suff. at
a time ; of two cases, one being ace, Am. omits the
ace.:
e.g. He gave it to me : Am^ » sdttafi.
I gave them to him : AmiM* n sdttahut.
Thus AniiiH above ordinarily means: he gave it
(them) to him.
mhim:^ftAiD.„g|daIyr.
Kill hun with it : ^f^^^^ » g|dal|bbat
Cp. AmAl* above.
§61& The suff. representing the ace. is commonly
omitted, especially in the neg. conjug., when the
omission does not injure the sense, which remains
clear from what has been said before, the attendant
circumstances, etc.:
e.g. AJt « M^^ « h|d dnta, go and fetch him (her, it,
them).
AAf ih>* n aldyyahum, I haven't seen him (her, it,
them).
§ 61c As datives, these suff are attached to intransitive
verbs :
e.g. hdAA mdssala, to seem,
)&iidAA?A I y|mdslaflil&l, it seems to me, I think.
HD^ mdtta, to come,
n^ bdrrada, to be cold, (of the temperature),
'H-A I A.iii»^U I j&nC|^yA n nifas s|mdtfih, y|y4rda-
hfil, when the wind strikes you, you will feel cold.
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|61ei— §62a] Syntax. 169
Redundant Personal Pronoun.
When the direct object is in the determinate ace. § %ld
{§ 5o6), the verb, unless it ahready has another pron.
suff., often takes a redundant pron. suff referring to
the object :
e.g. Xrlt^y-I I ^hA- « dtlAkwdnun tjkalu,
or
JC-lli^y-lil-hA+ii dttnkwftnun tjkalut, pitch (pi)
the tent;
but
f:TW I l-hA- a dttAkwfin t^calu, pitch (pL) a tent ;
Xr?l\y-? I ^hA-A^ n dtlAkwdnun t|kalull|ft, please^
pitch the tent
A redundant -^ (§ 12c) is sometimes added in the § 616
simp. perf. sg. 1st :
e.g. ao^i^ XL mdttahufk, = ao^th » mdttau^*, I have
come.
i'd^O^ n tardttahufl, = +^il- « tardttau^^ I have
o o o o
lost (the game, my case, etc.).
Use of the Relative Pronoun.
See § 14, initial remarks. § 62a
If an antecedent to the rel. is expressed, the rel.
+verb, as an adjectival clause, amounts to an adj.
qualifying that antecedent, and follows the analogy of
an a4j. (§ 57a) as regards position:
e.g. iDft* I wcoddaqa, he (it) fell,
f ID|^4* I yawakldaqa, he who (that or one which)
fell or has fallen,
^ lit. for me (§ 47a). * § 7rf, under kd|y.
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170 Amharic Grammar. [§62&, §62e
f iDft* I flfl* I iiD* n yawcoddaqd^ yyfit nau, it is a
house which has fallen, a fallen house.
flii: I f iD|^4* I idh n b^^tu yaweJddaqd nau, the house
is one which has fallen, a fallen one.
§ 626 If no antecedent is expressed, the reL + verb
amounts to a substantive:
e.g. f iD|^4* I i'iHii:^ n yawoiddaqa tasdyrdSl, what fell
down is broken.
§ 62c The rel. + verb takes or drops the art. (§ 69a) and
the -1 of the ace. (§ 56a, b) in the same way as a sub-
stantive or an adjective.
The rel. f- and f- and h- of f r- and hr- (§ 14) are
omitted (not transferred) in the same circumstances
as the prp. f - (§ 706) :
e.g. f •MftA' I Woh n yatagaddalu nficcau, they are
some who have been killed.
f+lf^dr^ I Woh n yatagdddalutu nfiddau, they are
those who were killed, the killed.
fhlf I Am^ n ydllan sjtafi, give me what there ia
f n-A^l I XA^Ail- » yammittilafifiin |sardllai^, I
will do what you tell me.
f'^iD^fJl^^r i AAid4^ » yataualladabbat|n' alduti-
qim, I don't know where he was bom, (lit. that
which he was bom in it).
f +lftA^s1 1 AAdH+y* n yatag&ddalutun aldutlq|m,
I don't know who were killed.
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§62rf] Syntax. 171
ll'fl^fkiiH? I faomohTr I -P^ n dayddbb^eun y&mdt-
taun t|ra, call the man who brought the letter.
f^Mhhti.di^TfMtVmficiiAahn yet dlla £&rasun
yaddtalljft^ sau ?, where is the man who sold me
jthe horse to be found ?
#|l.1- 1 f iDfl*1-7 • 4T1 1 A**T+V A n twftt yawofesa-
dut|n 8dt|n dnt|tau&P, they have brought back
the box which they took away early this
morning.
(U^^ I hm^M^ I h'^iOfL^ n b|fdrafifi |w6>dddllau^
kamm|wcuddafi, I prefer his fearing me to his
liking me.
htt^iDUMr I (ttim I i'dyf, I iOg:f » astduw6>skut
ydsta tahada wcodya, I remembered it after the
post was gone, [(f)rfb|^ = adj. qualifying "711
g^e, time, not expressed].
ttiodfjih t f^^att^ n baucorradau yiqq^mat, let it
stay where it came down.
+iDft*iD- 1 Oil- 1 iD^ tt taucoddaqdu^ yygt wcotta, it
came out of the fallen house.
faoma^ I ♦! I WC n yamdttabbdt' (jan ndbbar, it
was the day on which he came.
htlhao^n^ 1 4*1 1 "fe^ « iskamdttabbdt qan qwcoyyu^
they waited until the day on which he came.
The rel. + verb may receive the transferred -^§62dr
(§ 376) of the neg. :
e.g. f^lf ah¥9^ I f A » yammyduiiq|mm yalla, there isn't
anybody that knows.
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172 Amharie Orammar. [§62e — §636
Com of the EekUive.
§ 62e Though the case of the rel+verb can be deter-
mined (§ 62c), that of the reL in itself, which is indecL
(§ 14), is ambiguous when it is prefixed to a transitiye
verb of which it may be either the subject or object :
e.g. f^lil yafdllaga, (a) he who sought,
(fi) whom (or, what) he sought.
The presence of an antecedent may determine the
case of the relative :
e.g. 77110*? I f ^A7iiH I Aid- i g^zayun yaf&llag|u (§ 8)
sau, the man who looked for the money.
But when no antecedent is expressed the case of
the rel. must be decided by the general sense;
usually, however, it is that of the rel. + verb:
e.g. f ^A7iiH I hiy a yafdllagau agd&fia, he who sought,
found
fAJiliO*'} I hiyoh n yafdllagaun agd&ikau, whom
(what) he sought he found
The Verb.
The Indicative: Forces of Tenses.
§63a The simple perfect expresses both our past in-
definite and our present perfect : the compound per-
fect the latter only :
e.g. ao^ mdtta, he came, or, he has come ;
aoV^^ mdttdal, G. no^V A mdtt&nftl, he has come.
§ 636 For variations in force of other tenses see § 24.
The circumstances in which the tense is used
generally make its force clear, as they do the meaning
of a verb :
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§ 68c— §636] Syntax. 173
G-g* J^^AC I VflC a }^tt4s8ar n^bbar, he (it) was being
bound : (s.y. hhC).
J&U I }k^ I f,^(iC I VflC n y|he |qa y|tt&ssar ndbbar,
this baggage ought to have been tied up.
f I AoH I f,^(iC I tflC tf y& sau y|ttdssar ndbbar^
that man ought to have been sent to prison.
The imperf. may have a potential force in some § 68c
verbs :
e.g. J&T4-A « y|t{&l he is writing, writes, or, will write ;
also, he can write, knows how to write.
A)&A^9* « a}ssdmm&m, he (it) is not, or, cannot
be heard.
In verbs expressing a state, process or a mental §63c^
action the perf. is often used where Eng. uses the
present :
e.g. hf^^ n dddafa, or hJC^A a ddf5ftl, he (it) is dirty.
hm¥o^ a duwwqhut, or
hiiK*VA't* tf auttqqyewdllau^ I know (understand)
him (it).
A^U « sdmmfth?, do you hear?
tff» a qwoJyyu, they are late.
fi I AoH I ^IC I AiD^iM* I llfi I AAlf) tf yan s^
tdgar aucottahut k|fu silah'^dna, I expelled that
man from the country because he is wicked.
Similarly, in such verbs, a plup. represents oiur § 63e
imperf, and an imperf oiur future :
e.g. hJCC I tflC « ddf^o ndbbar, he (it) was du*ty,
^Jt^-A u yddfal, he (it) will get dirty.
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174 Amharie Grammar. [§64a — §656
Use of the Contingent.
§64a The contingent do^ not stand alone (except in a
few stereotyped forms which have lost the rel. pref
(§ 14) and which are practically adverbs, s.v. A*, vTfA,
flAm, Mtii, cp. § 58c) but is either used to form
composite tenses (§ 246) or the neg. imperf (§ 37) or
is introduced by a conj. (§ 48a) or the rel. (§ 14).
§646 The cont. is occasionally introduced by another
verb expressing a state, instead of Vfl4 (§ 33a) or lf>
(§33e):
e.g. f^HVTf I Jiao/i » yizafin jdmmara, he began to sing.
Use of the Gerund.
§65a The gerund denotes the attendant circumstances :
e.g. U9V I A.ft n zafii^o hada, he went off singing, he
sang as he went.
)&All^A- 1 hj&A.-?-^ I ^AdH n yisakrdllu, alhadum
c|Iau, they get drunk and then can't walk.
Thus it is constantly used where we use co-
ordinated principal clauses (§ 74a).
§ 656 The ger. is sometimes used as a past indicative :
e.g. tT^lldHla qwcotrahaun^?, have you counted it?
VTf+7 « w&8tan^ we were telling a lie.
n^h•All^*1ll bacdkkola' hiinan^ we were in a
hurry.
^ -7 (q.v.) is here an interrogative particle (adv.).
^ There is probably an ellipse of *flC (§ 33a).
' § 7d, under ki|y.
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§ 66c— §666] Syntax. 176
Construction of the Genmd.
The construction of the ger. is the same as that § 66c
of the indicative, e.g. the ger. of a transitive verb takes
an object in the ace. :
e.g. )&UV? I mh% I AudAA n 3^hannan waisi jj^e I|mm&las?,
shall I come back when I have taken this away?
The subject of the ger. and that of the main verb §66rf
are usually the same logically if not grammatically:
e.g. +ft3?* I +*rair I T-'M-I I fvn n tadajjdf taqd-
m|cc^e gumf&n y^fi, I caught cold sitting on
the verandah, (lit a cold seized me).
Use of the InfinUive.
The infinitive is a verbal substantive (§30). It § 66a
renders many of our abstract nouns, of which the
active and passive senses may be distinguished in
Amharic:
e.g. ^+* fdttana\ he tempted,
oo^ArTi mafdttanS to tempt, tempting, temptation;
+^+1 tafdttana\ he was tempted,
ao^Afi mafi^dtan^ to be tempted, being tempted,
temptation.
Construction of the Infinitive.
The constr. of the inf is the same as that of the § 66&
ind, e.g. the inf of a transitive verb takes an obj. in
the ace. :
e.g. aonaxfm*'} ttk^Ar XL mazgydun kdflata, he opened
the door,
^ or -atta-. ^ or -ata-.
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176 Aniharic Grammar. [§67a, §67&
aonUXfOh'i I notl^^ I hfoh^ tf mazgydun mdk&t
a7duiiq|m, he doesn't know how to open the
door.
ll^&liAflAnia k|r^un ay^lata, he raised the
rent»
ll^^l I "^-flAT I hf»yhm-r XL k|r^un mdylat c^ocd-
I|um, he cannot raise the rent
Use of th>e Participle.
§67a The participle is a verbal noun (§ 31), prop, an
adj. but commonly used as a substantive:
e.g. ++iiDni taqdmmata, to ride,
i^^V" I Aid- i ^40* » taqamm&c sau nau, or
++^^ I VdH n he is a rider, a good horseman.
A4- sdffa, to sow,
A^ safi, a tailor.
4.1^ f drra, to fear,
4.d f ari, a coward.
Force of the Participle.
§ 67& The part, usually expresses an agent (§ 67a), but
sometimes it has a sense of obligation or incumbency :
e.g. irmfl$: i Voh » taucossdj nau, it ought to be re-
moved, it is to be taken away.
J&U 1 4*^ > tOH n y|he qarf^ n|u?, is this to stay
behind?
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§ 67c— § 68] Syntax. 177
Construction of the Participle.
The constr. of the part, is that of a substantiye : § 67c
e.g. f A*flA I A^ I yallys safi, a sewer of clothes, tailor,
ftI'Vi I lOr I yas|m^^n gai, ruler of Simyen.
The part, is also, in certain phrases, constr. with
the Eth. ace. in -a (§ 9d):
e.g. A*flA I A^ I l|ysa s&fi, a sewer of clothes, tailor,
/^p I TiV" I sjgd^ 8ft6, a seller of meat, butcher.
Rendering of the English Participle.
The Eng. part, may be rendered variously, accord- §67rf
ing to its force : but hardly ever by the Am. part. :
e.g. I left him, thinking he was dead : f f^i" i aotitir^ i
+aHM- a yam^<5ta mdsl^ofl tiuhut.
They caught him going into the house: +flf1'i
A.7Qi^lh^is tay^^t sjgdya ydzut.
You will spoil it using it like that: M^Ut
-fl;*-ftCTnl- • ;l-flAffVAO a ndjh yittadar^bbat
tabbalftssaudllah.
Use of Causative Form, in htl- (§ 22a). § 68
When the primitive verb is transitive, the causative
in hh' has two meanings^ :
' §7a, §8.
^ arising apparently thus: the causative merely
expresses causation of the action : htllf^hy he caused
killing; an object, -hh him, is naturally (a) the object
of -IfLli, he caused (others) killing him: but is also
▲M. OR. 12
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178 Amharie Orammar. [§ 68
(a)^ to cause or allow the object to suffer the
action of the primitive verb :
{fi) to caitte or allow the object to perform that
action:
e.g. ^fJi g^dala, to kill,
hinfJS asg^dala, (a) to cause or allow to be
killed, put to death, (fi) to cause or allow to
kill.
fn y48|, to catch,
hhfn asy^Lza, (a) to cause or allow to be caught,
iP) to cause or allow to catch.
When there is one object, it is the object of the
action of the primitive verb :
e.g. hinfMm^n asg^dala^ he caused him to be
killed, put him to death.
Alt? I hhfn XL l^un asydz^ he had the child
caught.
When there are two objects the latter is the object
of the action of the primitive verb :
e.g. Alt? I JC^i'l I hhfn tf l^un djmm^tun asyiz|, he
made the child catch the cat
In either case the verb may take a redundant -oh
(§ 61(f) without altering the sense:
e.g. Altl I hhfUOh n l^un asy&z|u, he had the child
caught.
taken as {$) the object of htilfji as a whole, he
caused him killing (others).
^ the usual meaning. Cp. faire tuer, far uccidere,
toten lassen.
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§ 69a— § 70a] Syntaac. 179
Alt? I JC^i^l I hA^lfOH n l^un d|mmatun asyftzau,
he made the child catch the cat
' He made the child catch it ' would be : flAlt i hJS: i
htifttoh n b|l(ju jjj asyiz^
The Pebposition.
Constrtsetion of the Preposition.
Prepositions (§ 47) are constr. with the nominative :
eg- iDHfli^ I dyfi a wcoday^^t h&da, he went towards
the house.
They may be constr. with an adverb :
fiogjt I ioh n yawoHl^^t nau ?, where is he (it)
firom?
Position of the Preposition.
When a substantive with which a prp. is con-§69&
structed has an epithet, the prp., or that part of it
which is a prefix, is pref. to the epithet:
e.g. XAhfli^ I |skdyy^t (§ 8), as far as the house ;
XAh^ A4i I fli^ I }ska411|qu y^et, as far as the large
house;
flfli^ I A)& I bay^t la|, above the house,
a^A4i I a>^ I A)& I bat|ll|qu y^et 1^ above the
large house.
7%e Preposition f -.
The preposition f- ya-, of, expresses oiur possessive § 70a
case, or with the substantive to which it is attached,
may amount to an adj. :
12—2
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180 Amharic Grammar. [§706
tf"^ sum, a chief,
fff^ yasiim^ of a chief, a chiefs.
Vliax?t iiUi, wood,
flia^ yancat^ of wood, wooden.
•fl^l* bjrat; iron,
f •fl^l* 1 4T7 1 yayjrat s&tin, an iron box.
§ 70& f - with its substantive occupies the same position
as epithet or predicate as an adj. (§ 57a), and receives
-7 (§ 66a, h) and the art (§ 59a) in the same way as an
adj.
If another prp. is prefixed, f- disappears'; or if f-
is prefixed to a word already bearing f -, one f - dis-
appears:
e.g. S^T I flfl- 1 h^ a yasiim b^et nau, it is a chiefs
house.
flii: I fff^ I VoH n b^^tu yasiim nau, the house is a
chiefs.
fl^iiiNl I flil- 1 foh^fii n yasumiin b^fit yduttqfil, he
knows the chiefs house.
ir&a^* I fli^ I iD^ n tasiimu y^et wa>tta, he came
out of the chiefs house.
•Ml^l' I 4T7 I tayjrat s&tin, in an iron box.
mf^9^ I fli^ I rfb|^ n wa>dasiim b^et h&da, he went
towards the chiefs house.
^ In most composite prps. (§ 47&) there is this ellipse
of f- : fln.1- 1 id-At I standing for *nf n.1- 1 id-AT i, etc.
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§70^ §71] SyrOax. 181
K the subfitantive to which f- is pref. is qualified § 70c
by an adj. or its equivalent as an epithet, f- is trans-
ferred from the qualified to the qualifying word. If
the qualifying word is itself a word with f- pref, the
second f - disappears :
e.g. f 1- A^ I It** I fkl* I »m- a yat|ll|q Sum b^et nai^ it
is the house of an old chief
^A^'iffl^ifk^itm-fl tpi}q y&diim b^^et nau\ it
is a large chiefs house.
f^ I fk^ I tm- a yalj ju y^et nau, it is his son's
house.
fittfv* I a3& I fk^ I h0^ a yasiimu l|j y^et nau, it is
the chiefs son's house,
f^A4kilf^^iA3&ifk^itm-a yat|ll jqu sum l)j y^et
nau, it is the old chiefs son's house.
o
a^fjf0m^ I a3& I fk^ I dyf^ a woKlaliimu l}j y^6t hada,
he went to the chiefs son's house.
ioft^A4i I It^ I A3& I fk^ I #lwft a wa»d|t|lljqu sum
l)j y^et hftda, he went to the old chiefs son's
house.
iD^lttfv* I A3& I ^A4i I fk^ I #lw^ a woKl^iimu Ijj
t|lljqu y^et h&da, he went to the chiefs son's
large house.
The Prepositions A- and fl-,
A- and 11- (q.v.), esp. when attached with the pers. § 71
suff. to a verb (§ 47a), often mean
^ or ftf^ I ^A^ I (k^ I, which emphasizes ftf^ i
(§83c).
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182 Amharic Grammar. [§ 72a, §726
A- to the advantage of,
fl- to the disadvantage of ^ :
e.g. fiM I #cn^ f AmA^ a yamb^ssa q'^^ryat 8dtall}fi,
he gave him (them) a lion-skin for me.
^^ I -flCi Am-fl^ a ^m b}iT 8dttabb}ti, he gave
him (them) a bad dollar for me.
But they are also commonly used m^^ly to denote
direction or position :
e.g. ^'lf^An^a m}ndllabbat?, whatisthereinit?
Thb Conjunction.
Use of -T and -V.
§ 72a .^ and -V (§ 486) jom substantives, V being attached
to the former of two, -*• to both:
e.g. 049^ I W9^ I ^A a wdham ddbb'^omm (§ 6) dlla,
or m^VV 1 40 1 ^A a w^ihanna ddbb'^o dll&, there is
water and bread.
§ 726 They may join sentences, especially if there is a
logical change of subject, though aiq^deton (§ 74o) is
commoner ; otherwise the gerund (§ 74a, b) and relative
(§ 62) constructions are much commoner:
e^. ^L^f7Hf^^Uk-^i1^f'afdrasgizza,fdra8umm'^<5ta,
he bought a horse and the horse died.
^ A good illustration is given in Guidi, Grammatica
§62:
^Ah^A^ masdkk^r|ll|t, he gave evidence for
him, was a witness for him, (4) j^).
aoUhdtt^ m^s^karabbat, he gave evidence against
him, (Af^ j^).
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§ 72c— § 786] Syntax. 188
l/Jtl I TU-f I V't a firas g^zt^o m^dta, would mean
he bought a horse and died; — he bought a
horse and it died: Vm i l.iJti i T^n yagdsza
fi^ras m^dta.
-? occasionally joins verbs without there being a § 12c
change of subject :
m-A^m-?i ira^hhn w^sad^unna t^dlas, take it
away and come back ; more idiomatically a^hfjO i
f'tfvAAa woisdah tamdlas.
o o o
Thb Sentence.
The Simple Sentence.
The simple sentence consists in a verb, which in- §78a
dudes a pronominal subject, may in itself express a
predicate (i.e. an adjectival predicate), or may have
a pron. object attached to it :
e.g. OArfcA a bilt^l, he has eaten, he has had a meal.
j&t^A a yjnitsl, it becomes white.
flA-f ;^A a bdlf^otal, he has eaten it
XAmyA-^ a Isatahdllau^ (§ 61a), I wUl give it (them)
to you.
Order of Words in the Simple Sentence.
When the subject, predicate, or object are expressed § 786
separately, the usual order is :
(1) Subject, (2) predicate (§ 78a) or object (3) verb ;
(tm- (§ 136), though not etymologically a verb, is
used as one) :
e.g. ^JLh I m^f: i tm- a fi^r|s w^d| n^u, the horse is
dear.
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184 Amharic Grammar. [§ 7Sc, § 7Sd
d.dh I m-y I j&4LA;iA n fi&ras wdha Jitti^^ the
horse wants water.
A^'^ I A^^A I ^7!A I j&AT a Icoggwdmi lafdrgs mfi-
s|lld (§ 8) y|st\ let the groom give the horse some
millet.
§ lie Epithets (§ 57a), adverbs, adverbial expressions and
other determinatives are placed before the verb, which
comes last :
e.g. j&U I 4.dh f +tLSt n-nH- 1 j&ffAA a y|he firas tazzyft
yayjzu y|ss&lsl, this horse is much better than
that one.
^7Bd Adverbs, however, and adverbial expressions and
even an object may be placed after the verb, being
thrown in more or less as after-thoughts, to amplify
or explain :
e.g. hit I tMjO a dUu kSzzih, there are some, here.
hf^^m^ I d.dli<i a dnteii (§ 7d) fi&rasun, bring it, the
horse (I mean).
Amm-^ I hm^fjl a s|tou lawcottdddar, give it to
the soldier,
j&Ui j&ffAAi -Ml^a yjhe ^ssdl&l tdzzya, this is
better than that.
^ or the direct object may precede the indirect:
A^'^ I "^TfA f A^^A I j&AT a Icoggwdmi mfts^la lafar^
(§ ^) yi^t* 1^^ ^be groom give some millet to the horse.
The word immediately preceding the verb is in the
more prominent position.
2 .m- = tohim(§61a).
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§ 74a— § 74c] Syntax. 185
Co-ordinated Principal Clauses.
When in English two or more verbs of which the § 74a
subject is the same are co-ordinated, in Amharic they
are all placed in the gerund except the last ; in other
words, where Eng. co-ordinates. Am. subordinates :
e.g. duf- 1 aom a hjd'^o m^tta, he went and has come
back.
ss^e m^ttau^ I went and asked and I have got
back here, (lit. I going, asking, arriving, have
come).
The gerund assumes the imperative or jussive force § 74&
of a final verb in those moods :
e.g. f^tn'} I j&Hll I #hjt a y|hannan y|zah^ hjd, take this
and go.
AlD;^^C I AT^m- 1 A^^ a laucottdddar s^^dc^eu
Ijmta?, shall I go and give it to the soldier?,
(lit. giving it... am I to come?).
When there is a change of subject Eng. co- § 74c
ordinated clauses may be co-ordinated in Am., but
are usually without connectives :
e.g. j&U I tfv^ I f I dyf^ a y^e mdtta yft h&da, this one
has come and that other has gone away.
Such clauses are less commonly joined by -^ and
'V (§ 726, c), or rendered by the ger. constr. (§ 66c).
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186 Amharic Grammar. [§ 76 — § 76ft
Glauses are also co-ordinated in this way without
there being a change of subject :
e.g. MJkAM I MfM a |nnhaddllan, }nna|dllan, we
will go and see ; (but AufSit MfM a hjdaji |n-
n^Allan, is more idiomatic).
The Adversative Proposition.
§ 75 An adyersatiye propoiition is indicated by M%. or
T> (q.v.) :
e.g. ^/f*^q«N I f^m^Af^m^ i MK a a^dntauS ydsadau nji,
he is not to bring it, he is to take it away.
j&« I /^•^A I j&« I T» I hfTcr a ypie ydmr&U
y|h^* g|n a^imiim, this is pleasant, that isn't
Questions.
The Direct Question.
§76a Direct questions are introduced by a determina-
tive interrogative adverb or pronoun :
e.g. M" I Wm- a yet ndccau ?, where are they ?
9^'i f j&^A;i A a m|n y|filljg&l ?, what does he want?
M^'i I tfv^ a l|m|i^ ii^^t^ ^> ^^1 has he come ?
§ 76ft Or they are expressed by an indeterminative inter,
particle (adv.) s.v. -iDj& (§ 6), -h (§ 6), -1 :
e.g. tfv^iDj& a m^ttaww|?, has he come!
fiao^tirfi a y|mdt&llw|?, is he coming!
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§ 76c— § 786] Syntax. 187
If no interrogative word is used a question is § 76c
indicated by the tone of the Yoice, which is modulated
as in English:
eg. tf»^ a mdtta?, has he come ?
j&tfv^ A a 7|mdtftl ?, is he coming ?
A question may be asked not to elicit a reply but § 77
to express emphasis or surprise (s.y. MA) :
e.g. -Off m- 1 M^^ohf^ I fM'i a b|nn^au, annam^
taumm y|zan ?, if we see him (it) shaU we not
catch and bring him (it)!, ie. we certainly
will, etc
jMI I flm-i yr7<-i ^•IjC'C I hm- a y|h^^ sau* njg^ggjru
n^nd^r^ nau ?, what is this man's pronunciation ?,
Le. how ^4d it is I
Tfie Indirect Question.
An indirect question may be left in its direct form §78a
if it is introduced by a determinatiye inter, adv. or
pron.:
e.g. m j&+m- 1 %^ f ?7m- 1 t&yyiqau yet niccau, ask him
where they are.
mj&+m-i^Ti j&^A;iAa tdyy|qau m|n ]^fdll|g&l,
ask him what he wants.
h^Oh^r % hT'i 1 0om n aldutiq|m lamjn mdtta, I
don't know why he has come.
Or, esp. when the principal verb is in the neg., it § 78&
may be rendered by a substantival or adjectival clause
introduced by the rel (§ 62) :
f — ■
» § 8. * § 666. .
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188 Amhaific Orammar. [§ 78c — §80
e.g. I don't know where they are : fMi^ i M iP -^ f * m
ydllubbat|n aUutiq|m.
They didn't tell me what they want : f ^A AT-1-1 1
h\lt^T a yamm|f|&ll)gut|n aldlufifiim.
I don't know what day I shall go: f*^#lwjtfl^t
4>1 1 K\ah^9^ a yamm}h&d|bbat|n qan aldutiq}m.
§78c Or by the inf. (§66):
e.g. It remains to be seen whether he will go : 7T i
aoAJi- 1 h^^99^ a gdna mahadu alt&yyam, (lit.
his going has not yet been seen, is not yet
apparent; av. M).
§79a When no determinative interrogative adverb or
pronoun introduces the direct question (§ 766, e) its
indirect form is introduced by Mf^tn (j)ndah^on
(-da- ; § 8) q.v„ constructed with the gerund or con-
tingent :
e.g. m j&+m- 1 upT-f I Mfjn a t&yy|qau m|tt^<5ndah^on,
ask him whether he (it) has come.
m j&+m- 1 j&np^ I Mftin a tdy^qau y|matdndah^on,
ask him whether he (it) is coming.
§796 For types of indirect question, s.v. how, what,
when, where, whether, who, why ; Mft-, Mj^, Mfjtri.
Indirect Narratian.
§ 80 Indirect narration retains the same form as direct
narration (s.v. VQA) :
e.g. #ii.^ij&AAa h&du yjlftl, he says that they have
gone.
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§ 81a] Syntax. 189
tag^6ndar tan^tau mat&mma gdbbu yammil
woir^e mdtta, news has come that they have
arrived at Gallabat from Gondar.
A^^ f Mf yA't^ I ^A a si™4^ asayyahdllau^ dla,
he said that when he came he would show me.
hfoh^r f j&»*AA a a^duq|m 7|mpfil, he swears he
(another) doesn't know.
The Conditional SerUence.
The following are the principal types^ : ^ 81a
I. Possibility:
Protasis •fl- + cont. (§ 45), or ger.
Apodosis comp. imperf., juss. or imp.
(a) ILfliX: I j&tfp^ A a biwcodd,y|m^tftl, ifhewishes,
he comes.
{fi) ^h f j&fib>E A a wcodd'^o yihad&l, if he wishes,
he goes.
(y) fljojt I j^**^ « biwcodd, y|mta, if he wishes,
let him come.
(S) ^?- 1 j&#hJt a wokid^o y^|d> if he wishes, let
him go.
(c) "^^^f: I H a b}ttwakld, na, if you wish, come.
(0 lOftU I HuJt a wcjddah h}d, if you wish, go.
^ taking Farrar's classification of conditional sen-
tences.
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190 Amharic Grammar. [§ 816
§816 II. Probabmty:
88 in I.
(a) -fl^tfvm- 1 ;^/A^l^ a bittm^tu, ti^alldccyuh, if
you come, you will see.
(P) hll^ I i-^r mil I j&ncl^yA a kazzyd taqdintah
yiY^rdahfil, if you sit there you will catch
oolA
(y) -n;^m•♦ 1 17^^ a b}tUutiq, n^rafi, if you
know> tell me.
(€) Of a^ 1 119* I j&fl A a b^dutiq, 4mm y|y|l, if
he doesn't know, let him be quiet
The protasis may also be expressed by
(17) -fl- + cont. followed by M^h (|)nddlla, which
may be used personally or impersonally^
(0) cont- followed by Mfjtn (pndah^on*-' op
Mfjn (|)nd|h^<5n|^ which may be used
pers. or impers/
(t) reL + cont. followed by MftlTI [if* etc.].
(if) rel. + cont. followed by HinWh^dn***.
Thus •fll'^m- in (a) may be replaced, without
changing the sense, by
(17) -fl^npm- 1 X14A I b|ttm$tu nddlla,
or -O^tfvm- 1 M^K^v- % bittmdtu ndallic5yuh.
{6) ^aoatiMf!jn% tjmatiindah^on,
^0oat I Mfjn I t}m$tu ndah'^dna,
or ^0oat I hlfjn^v- 1 t}m$tu ndah'^onddcyuh.
^ cp. »n^ (§ 83a). « § 8. » or ^a-. * or bj.
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§ 81c] • . Syntax. 191
(t) f**1-^#n- I Wifjn I yamm|ttmatiindah'^on,
etc., as in {6).
(k) f9^^09ah I fUn f y&mm|ttin^tu yjh^on.
III. Uncertainty: §81c
(X) Protaais, •0- + cent.
Apodosis, past imperf.
(X) thmm I Xhf:Am- 1 WC n b|m$ta, mflau ndbb&r,
if he were to come, I should pay him.
The protasis may also be expressed by
(ft) ger. followed by ttjrj or MfAfJ [-If*, etc.].
(p) rel. ' + cont. followed by fl.ir» or MfLin.
{() reV + simp. perf. followed by ttjn or hlfjn.
Thus fl«^»^ in (X) may be replaced, without altering
the sense, by
ill) tfpT-f I tun I mitt^o y|h^on,
^•T-f I Mfjtn I matt^<5ndah^on,
or ^pT-f • X'lftlf* I matted ndah^<5na ;
(v) f ^TLoo^ I fUn f yamm}m^ta y^h^^on,
f *l0»^ I XlftlTJ I yamm|matdndah^on,
or Vljaoiq , M^if) i yamm|mdta ndah'^dna ;
{() f ^^ I tun I yam^tta ylh'^on,
ftf©^* I MftlTJ • yamattdndah^on,
or fnp^* I Mftlf* I yamdtta ndah'^dna.
^ the rel. is sometimes dropped before Mfjin.
' sometimes aon.
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192 Aniharic Grammar. [§81rf
(o) Protasis, •11- + cont.
Apodosis, 11- + simp. perf.
(o) tt^wjS: I n#lw^ a b|wokld, bahada, if he wished,
he would go.
§81rf rV. Impossibility:
as in III (fi), (£), (o), which also mean:
' if he had come, I should be paying him', or,
'should have paid him ' ;
' if he had wished, he would have gone.'
(tt) Protasis, ger, followed by lUlTJ.
Apodosis, 11- + simp. per£
(n) A^filLintfUiv^u-a sAmiocye yjh^on, ba-
mdttau^ if I had heard, I should have
come.
The apodosis of (ir) may be expressed by
(/)) the plup. (§ 336, a).
(cr) n-hplup. (§33&,i8).
Thus fluo^u- in (n) may be replaced, without chang*
ing the sense, by
(/>) am^^ I WC a m$t|6cye ndbbar.
(cr) fluD^U-iMCtt bamdttau^ ndbbar.
Finally
(r) both protasis and apodosis may be expressed
by 11- -h simp, perf
(r) OA^U- 1 ttaomO' a ba8dmmau^ bamdttau^, if I
had heard, I should have come.
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§82, § 83a] Syntax. 193
The Compound Sentence.
Substantiyal, adjectival and adverbial clauses take, § 82
in the compound sentence, the places of substantives,
adjectives and adverbs, respectively, in the simple
sentence (§ 73) :
e.g. ^Hr>1- « aili«liC I AA.jt t Vi % flA* i f •rt«1 1 iD7jt'^ i
hf- 1 hAP I 004: I AT'I i fMi^l i 77ll-n i -Hk^ i
7-n-f I ACf I #ibft o tindnt woidag'^dndar l}h&d
yesterday **to Gondar to go
nafk y|l^o yatan^ssa wcondjmm^e k|fu ds^y^o
I am" saying who started my brother evilly thinking
yabbdt^e sdt|n yall4bbat}n g^nzay tay^^t
in my father's box which there is in it money into the house
gdyt^o sarq^o hada, my brother who started
entering stealing went
yesterday for Gondar, led by evil thoughts,
entered the house, stole the money from my
father's box, and went off.
Emplums,
A word may be emphasized by being repeated: §83a
e.g. AAl I AAl I *77t* o f^lligg^e f^Higg^e agdftiifti^,
I searched and searched till I found him (her,
it, them, § 616).
JiJjT I hf:n I ?!<•♦ I "iOh tt I jjig I jj|g |niq nau, it is
a very long way off.
But words, especially numerals, may be repeated
not for emphasis but in a distributive sense:
e.g. n*A*^ I iHT'i^ I hT'i^ i »TC • j&flAA- a b4ql^56
s|mm}nt sjmm|nt n&t}r y|yaldllu, the mules eat
8 lbs. each.
AM GB. 13
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194 Amhane Orammar. [§836 — §84
Qflv^ I Qflv^ I j&fib>E A a b&mat v&mat 7|h4d&l, he
goes every year.
§ 83& When the repeated word has the article or the -*>
of the ace. (§ 55a), it may drop them the first time it
is said:
e.g. f^^ I ft't^m-l I a^aor i ton i fm^^^^ a dahnft
dahndun m&qdc^^ n^u yftmdttahut, I selected
the very best and brought it (them, § 62a).
§ 83e A word or expression may be emphasized by being
placed at the beginning of the sentence :
e.g. j&^ln*ln;^^l^lY^•a yj66| n4n6 yatftc fg
nfit, this spring is boiling down below ;
LfMiH^if^iTl^i^^^xi emphasizes 'boiling'.
j&tl I abH^ I H^ I j&n A a ypie ciihat z|mm y|yal,
that noise must stop ;
119* I j&n A I j&tl I abH^ a emphasizes ' stop '.
Concrete for Ahstract.
§ 84 Though Amharic is not lacking in abstract terms
(§§ 50, 66a) yet it frequently uses the concrete where
English uses the abstract :
e.g. A trade route: ^hp^iimmit:i yanaggdd^e m^A-
He suppressed brigandage : toltif^ i M^^ a wcom-
b^d^e aq^<5ma, (lit. he caused brigands (§ 62a, S)
to stop).
He (pol.) employed military force against him:
lD;^llC I All^n^ a wcottdddar (§52a, 8) s^dda-
dubbat.
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§ 86] Syntax. 195
Similarly an English abstract noun is often best
rendered by a verb in Amharic :
e.g. During my absence : hX i Q A7C i In^i yfiln^dr.
Note.
Certain words commonly omitted in English must § 85
be rendered in Amharic, such as
that, because,
e.g. I'm glad they're coming : fM i -OA*? A i AA*l0»#n- a
dass yjl^ofi&ftl s}lamm}m^tu ;
or the relative,
e.g. Where is the man they sent ? f All- 1 iioh % M- 1
hohn yaldku sau yet nau?
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APPENDIX.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS OCCURRING
IN PARTS I— III.
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198
Amharic Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
hdttam|
hada
-d|)
^^
MS
AovAov
lamdllama
e e e e
Idmmana
e o e
Idmmada
e e e
Anom
Idmmata
AA
AAAA
be, L
Ciomp. perf.
(§32)
hiindftl
irXAg.
h'^n5ftl
Contingent
(§26)
seal, i
hdttjmdal
7|hdtt)m
go, L
A^^
f^Jtyf:
AJg.A S.
had^l(ba;-)
be loose, i.
AA*A
l<^
y|M5
be verdant,
•
L
ldinl|m^l
)^|indll|m
beg, t
ldmm|iid&1
learn, i
Ar«,A
Idmd^l
y|lAmd
strop, t
Idmm|t^
jiA^T
yllteunjt
Uck, t
ASIA
l|s^l
be soft, I
AAAJLA
1§S1|8^1
J&AAAA
yjlasdlljs
Comp. impert
(§32 )
j&ir?A
Jt-M^A
yjhdttjmSl
J&<fi^A
(-hye.)
MAA
y|UUfil
Mo"A«TA
mftl
J6A*^A
yy^mjnSl
jtAr^A
yjliindfll
|6Ar«IA
J&A4A
jjl|sftl
J&AAA4A
yjla8$llj88l
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Appendix.
199
JossiTe
(§27)
Imperatiye
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
fM't
y^un
him
0^
htin'^o
ITT S.
h^'^n^o
ii»ir>
mdh'^^ii
(§8)
hwftfi
(.ftft§6)
y}hdtt|in
-M-r
Mtt|m
hdtt|m^o
m|hdttam
hattimi
yihid
hid
f. AJJ
hy (-ij § 6)
hld^'o
had^o (h|-)
m^had
(§8;-hyi)
h^
(§8;hftj,
-^ -ji)
AA-f
maldlit(§8)
y|Idml|Bai
A^AI"
mhrhr
maldinl|m
A^A^TL
laml^i
ldmm|n
maldmman
lAmmdii
(-fift§6;§8)
y|lmad
l|m§d
Idmd^o
milmad
A-TJ?
1H^(§8)
jtArr
yildmmit
ldmm|t
A^<n
0»A<idT
m|ldmin|t
yp^(§8)
lS8
AA
IJs-o
m41&(§8)
ATI
l&8(-£-8i>
AAAA
AAA^
Idslls'^o
iioAAAA
mal^I|8
Digitiz
edbyGoOQie
198
Amharie Orammar.
Simp, pert
(§25)
Ck>mp. perf.
(§32)
ConUngent
(§26)
in
be, I
hiindSl
itxaS.
hdttam|
seat t
hdti|in6ftl
7}hdtf|m
Jti^f.
go, L
A.i?>,A
J6A.A-
hida
(hyt, hi-.
b|d^1
(lb«.A S.
had^l(ha;-)
yih4d
(-h4.)
AA
IdUS
be loose, i.
AA*A
ldlt6&l
J&AA
yildllS
lam^|ma
be verdant,
•
L
AyA**A
ldml|m^l
j^amdlljm
Anol
Idmmana
beg, t
I^mm|]i5al
yildmmjn
Idmmad|
learn, i
Ar«,A
l^d^
y|l|md
Aflvm
strop, i
A9"<p.A
Idmmit^
y|ldmin|t
AA
1^
Uck, t.
AdLA
l|s5&l
j&AA
AAAA
be soft, i.
AAAJLA
Idsljs^l
J&AAAA
yilasdlljs
Comp. impert
(§32)
yjhdt^mSl
J&<fi^A
7|b^ftl
i-hyi.)
J&AAA
y|MU&l
J&A<ivA«YA
m&l
JtAf^-A
ypdminpiftl
M^^A
yildmdftl
;8,A^<»IA
y jlitmmi tftl
J&AAA
J&AAAAA
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Appendix.
199
Jusfiiye
(§27)
Imperatiye
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
ypMin
hiin
ITT S.
(§8)
hw&fi
(-ftfi§6)
7|hdtt|m
•H-r
Mtt|in
«i»^-W
hatt^
y|bid
i4d
hiJ(-U§6)
h|d^o
had^o (hS-)
m^had
(§8;-hy^)
(§8;hftj.
-^ -ji)
fi,^^
yiiftis
AA-f
liit^o
iioAA^
mal&l&t(§8)
A^Af»
«pA^A^
maldml^m
laml^i
j&An
A*n
Idmmjn
A^T
liuun|n^o
maldmmaii
(-ftft§6;§8)
JtAiioJC
yjlm^d
I|in|d
Idmd^o
m^m|d
i4idy(§8)
J&AfT
Af^
lAmmjt
A^m
hoAiidT
m|ldmin|t
A«T*
14mm^(§8)
fiAb
AA
Ifis
AA
iioAA
Al!
Ifti (-It -8i>
J&AAAA
yjlfcljs
AAAA
AAAA
«»AAAA
Digit!
zedbyGoOQie
200
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
At
liqa
be more, i.
Comp. perf.
(§32)
l|qd&l
Contingent
(§26)
J&At
Comp.imperf.
(§»2)
J&A^A
y|l|qfil
lAqq^l
pick, t.
At**A
liqm^
^t^A
yildqmfil
At+
i^qaqa
give up, t
liqqdfil
j&A:^A
yjiiqqfti
A;^t0>
laq^qama
pick a little,
t.
m^l
yp^5qq|m
^A;^A
^|qSqq|-
m&l
AAA
ldbb§8|
dress one-
self, i.
A'fljlLA
Idbsdiil
(-ys-)
yjldbs
(-ys)
J&A'QAA
yil^befil
(-ys-)
Ann
l^bbab^
(-ya)
Ah
put a halter
on, t.
measure, t.
A-flO-A
l^bbjbMl
Hr)
Ab:i:A
l$kk|t5&l
(li-)
fi.A-tt'a
yilAbbib
(-iy)
j&Ah
^l^kS
J&A'QQA
^dbbibfil
(-|y-)
^hA
yildkkfil
Ah
lik|
send, i
At^A
Ijk^l
J&All
JB.AhA
yjlikil
A0m
alter, .t.
A4P*<p.A
l|uwttt6&l
yp^uwttt
jB,Aa>-«qA
3^1duwiitfil
Af <
2nd AfU
l^yylih.etc
distinguish,
t
AJ&*A
14yy|t5fil
f,lif,
yji^yy
JE.A/A
y|Wyyfii
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Appendix.
201
Jussive
ImperstiTe
Gerund
Infinitive
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
f,^^
fii*
a^*
yii^(§8)
l|q^o
in^iq(§8)
J6A+/*
A+r
A*l»
ii»A+r
y^qam
l|q|m
l^m^o
milqain
J&A+*
A*^
A'^
ii»A^
y^qaq
IJqaq
Idqq'^o
m^qaq
fiii^'H'
/^♦r
h^*r
aoli^*9'
yjl^qfiqim
laq&qim
laq4-
mal^a-
q(i)m-o
qam
fiMh
AAA
Mifi
ii»AnA
y^bfs
IJbas
Wbs^o
mdlbas
(-ly-)
(-Jy-)
(-ys-)
(V)
j&A-fi-a
A'lHl
A'flP
noAfl-fl
j^dbbib
ldbb|b
l^bbib^o
maUbbab
(-iy)
(-iy)
(-jy-)
(-W)'
j&Ah
Ah
All-f
n-Ahl-
yilikkS
IdkkS
Idkklf^o
maldkkdt
aa-)
(H)
fi.Mn
All
All
0>All
y^lftk (§ 8)
Iftk
llk'^o
miU4k(§8)
filim^
Aiiht
Atfwn
0BAd»T
yjliuwttt
l|uwtit
ijuwttt'^o
mal|uw|t
MJ6
AJ6
Alt*
aoMt
myjM
i^yyl
l^yyit'o
m^dyy&t
Participle
(§31)
A;^n.
,iui
l^qiqi
imi
Aai!
Idbds
(-if; §8)
tAQO.
labbdbi
'(-yi)
tAtU
Idkki
Ah.
Idki
A*P*
liuwdc(§8)
Aft.
i^yyi
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202
Amharic Grammar*
Simp. perf.
(§25)
Comp. peri
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
Comp. imperl
(§32)
A>0B
ldggW6)m|
put a bridle
on, i
A-H^A
l§ggwtt-
m^
jiA7*r
yjl^ggwiim
yjldggrwtt-
mal
An
Idoda
• •
2ndAnU
shave, t.
idc(|)t^
lftccah,etc.
A4.
IdffS
tire oneself,
•
1.
A**A
liftSal
o
J&A4.
yiUfS
J&A4^
yjlAfel
mdUS
fill, i.&t.
<i»A:i:A
mdltdal
yjm^S
J&<i^A
7}mdl&I
•TA
m&l^
swear, i.
ro.A
m|ldSl
m^dUS
fill, i.&t.
T»A*A
m^dlt^
y|m'<5ll
y|m^<51ftl
ii»AA
mdUasa
(ma-)
return, t.
--AilLA
mdU|s^
(mir)
J&0«AA
(laft-)
JBi^AAA
(-m4-)
mdllftda
rise eniy,
L
-»A«,A
mdld^l
7|mdll|d
j&TA^A
yim&Uid&l
mdrrS
guide, t.
mdrtdftl
{mi-)
j^mdrS
(-mft-)
j&ov^A
yimirftl
(-m4-)
mdra
forgive, t.
m|r^l
Digitized by VjC
J6^^A
yjm|rftl
>OQle
Appendix.
203
Jussive
Imperative
Oerand
Infinitive
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
j&A7*r
A7*r
ArT»
aoMrT
ASJ'T.
yp^ggwilm
l^gwtim
Idggwiim'^o
gwtum
lotggwdmi
(§7rf)
J6A*
A*
A*-f
4I0AA1*
Acq.
im
Iftc
i^iro
maldc(c)&t
I4^d)i
(-99; §8)
(-«)
J&A4.
A4.
A^:^
0»A4.^
A^
y|lf5
i|fs
Wft^o
mdlfat (§ 8)
Idfi
fi.'r\
rA
«»A-f
aoTW
t-^
y|mlS
mps
mdlt^o
mdml&t
(§8)
(mayy § 6)
J6-TA
-TA
rtc
<it»*TA
''5
yiinfti(§8)
mftl
mp'^o
mimil
(§8)
m^
(mfiyy§6)
S!»a»A
oinA
rA-f
tma^A^
tl"^
y|mti1S
mdlS
m^dlt^o
mdmtildt
(§8)
(m'oyy § 6)
J&0VAA
0»AA
0DA/k
nom^AA
floAH
yjm^iijs
miilliR
mAlIjs^o
mamtilas
mdlUU
(-mfir)
(mSr)
(m4-)
(-m^'-)*
(m&-;§8)
J&-7A|t
•TAJt
•TA^
•--mfr
-wje
yjmftld(§8)
m&ld
mdld'^o
mamilad
mil^j (§ 8)
pr^
ri.
«^<f
«-r^^
«^
ylmrS
m^
mirt^o
mdmrftt
miri
(ma.)
(§8)
(m^)
J6«TC
•»C
re
0^C
-T<5
yimar(§8)
mSr
m|r^o
m4mir(§8)
Digitizec
miri
jbyGooQie
204
Amharic Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
Comp. imperf.
(§32)
mardm-
mara
(-ardmma-)
mdrraqa
examine, t.
bless, t.
mirmjr^ftl
mdrqqdSl
\mir)
yjmjrdm-
in|r
(imfir)
y|m4niq
(-m4-)
yim|r^-
m|r&l
(-jma.)
J&obC^A
yjm4n|qftl
(-mfir)
marraka
capture, i
-7C*vA
m^kdal
}iin^r4k
J&*TChA
y|mSrrik&I
m'^drrada
file, t.
m^<5rqdSll
J6T»05A
yjm'dni-
dfil
choose, t.
m&riMl
(mfir)
yimfrt
(-ml-)
J&ooCqA
yim^rt&l
{-mi)
hdAA
mdssala
seem, i.
resemble, t.
ii-ftO-A
m^(|)l^l
y|m^(Pi
y|mfe(pial
upAA
mdssala
fashion, t.
0DAO.A
J&0DAA
yimd841
J^oWIAA
yim$841fil
upAh^
mas^kkara
(-ka-)
mdssa
(ma-)
testify, t
become
eyening, L
mdstdal
(mSr)
yim§s4kk|r
(-mfir)
Digitized by VjC
^^AII^A
yim«sik-
k|rsl
yjm^
(-mi.)
)OQle
Appendix.
205
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(S 30)
Participle
(§31)
fi,imcrc
cmcrc
imcre
gmaaCaoC
aoCn£
y|mfnn|r
m&no^
(m&-)
mdnnjr^o
(mi.)
mamdrmar
(-arma-f
marmftn
(ma-)
JRiwC*
aoC*
<ii>C<»
HPHH^^
aoi.^
yim^q
{-mi.)
mdrriq
(m&-)
m^r4q^o
{mi-)
mam&rraq
marrftqi
fi.nat
idn
not
a^noi
ni-tu
y|mftrk(§8)
mftrk
mfirk''o
mamdrak
mftrdki
S^fCf:
rcf:
VCf.
o^r^
'T^J^
yim^<5rr|d
m'^drrid
in^drrid^o
mam^dr-
o
rad
m^<5iTdj
(§8)
f.rdfF
r^T
trndn
nor^T
ao^V'
Jinarat
mp»t
mdrt^o
(ma-)
mdmrat
miric
(§8)'
fjriiti
rflA
0i>AA*
hp^AA
imii^
yjmsal
(-al)
m|8al
(-al)
mi8(|)l-o
mdmsal
(-al)
mds4i
(-fiyy'§6r§8)
fuiohfi
0*AA
aohilr
0*0dAA
*^^
yjm^l
m^issil
m^s^l^o
mamdssal
Val)
mdssUl
(-%§6;§8)
fS^mMlC
0«AtlC
tmUhC
aoanUhC
arnhhi
yjm^kir
mdskir
miskir^o
mamdskar
(-kl) °
maskftri
mdif^o
(ia-)
mdmsat
(-la-)
Digitiz
DdbyGooQie
206
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
Ck>mp. perf.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
Oomp. imperl
(§■82)
(-la.)
celebrate a
marriage,
i.
yjm'^ds^rfil
m^dqa
be warm, i.
mdqdSl
m''<5q5al
3^m^<iq
y|m''<5qftl
mdttS
strike, t.
mdtt^l
yjmdtS
J^;^A
3dmdtfil
1*+
die, i.
mdtdal
mdnnana
e o o
retire from
the world,
•
1.
mdnniadftl
fMunn
yim^n
yimdnninSl
mandzz^
(-za-)
change, t.
(money).
0DTH&A
mdnz|rdS,l
y|man4z4r
J&iio)1I^A
y|maii|z4-
ral
mdkkara
advise, t.
reflect, i.
mdkrdfil
y|m4k(i)r
yimAk(|)rfil
m^dkkara
(.ka.)
try, t
T»hiA
m^dkkjr^l
yjin''<ikkjr
J&^ni^A
yjm^<5kki-
mdzzaaa
weigh, t.
flBTIXA
mdz^ndftl
jjmdzzjii
Digitized by V^j(
3^mdz4nfil
30Qle
Appendix.
207
Jusdve
Imperative
Gerund
Infinitive
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
JtTTlC
mc
TTlir
«i.T»ffC
V^6
y|m^d8^r
m'^dsi^r
m''d88|r''o
mam^dssar
Via-) •
m^'ossftri
t^a^-^
i»^
ao^^
t^«
y|muq
mUq^'o
T»* S.
m^dq^o
mdm^'dq
(§8)
mw&qi
fjr^
r;^
OB^t^
aor^it
^Y
y|mt5
m|tS
mAtt'o
mdmtdt
(§8)
mad
(ina-,-*e-ci)
Pa»^
«»^
in^
«i»T»1-
W
y|mut
mut
miifo ^
mdm^^t
mw&c
T»-m^^-S.
(§ 8)
(-^e-ci)
fMOll
mrn
«••>«?
aoaoVi
flop's
yimdnnin
m^im|a
mitnniTi*^n
m|mdiman
mdnndii
(-fifl§6;§8)
f^yvic
fl»rHC
<i»rMir
0«iii>7HC
mrii\6
:^m^ii4r
mdnKJr
mam^lnzar
(-za-)
manzari
fjrwc
^hc
a»Mc:
a^\iC
4H>h^
y|mkar
m|kar
mdkr^'o
mdinkar
makdri
(-ka-)
(-ka-)
(-ka.;
jMnic
mic
V\kC
nol^C
V\i&
yjm'dkkjr
m''<5kkir
m'dkkjr'o
mam'^dk-
kar (-ka-)
rn'okkiri
^0Blf7
HDTIl
imTiT
aotmxn
o.H'f
yjiniz4n
mdz^n
m^z^n'^o
mamdzzau
Digiti
mdzzftfi
(-fifi§6;§8>
zedbyGoOQie
208
Amharic Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
(-Tl)
mdttS
mdacdara
• • e
a»K G.
(|)r^5
feed,
come,
(l)rftqa
(l)rAbbS
measure
out, t.
scratch, t
come, 1.
forget, t.
be wet, i.
be distant,
i.
be useful,
1.
Comp. perf.
(§32)
mAgg|b5fil
(iy-)
mdttdftl
e •
mdt^dftl
mdSc^rdSl
mdstdfil
e •
(|)rd8t6ftl
[x]ca.A
r^sdfil
[X]CitA
r|qdfil
(|rq-)
[X>:-n:i:A
(Dr^btSftl
(-yt-)
Contingent
(§26)
yjm^b
(-iy)
^-wTT
n
y|m6^r
yMbs
(-ys)
Comp. imperf.
(§32)
^«>1IIA
yjm^ggibal
(iy-)
^«*^A
^«i»T9A
yimdt^oal
ji**J*^A
y|mdSo^r&l
yjm^sSl
J&^4A
^4A
^C^A
JFiqfil
^aA
(-yfi-)
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
Jussive
Imperative
Qerund
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
f^'tik
tW^'fl
a^»
yjm^ggjb
™^*>
^i&s^^^
(-iy)
(-iy)
(-iy-)
fjrtik
usef it^iV-
a^'f
y|mtS
nS, f. nfi,
pLnIi
neg. M^'H
Stt|mtS
va&W'o
f.am^'i
-IKPT
aoff
yirndttjn
m^ttln
mdt^n^o
rA*s^
**^C
***cr
o
/
'->
yini5«6^
m5a6^r
m5ao^^o
f,rK
V
««lf-f
y|insS
nS^etc.
m^t^o
^C4
[X]CA
[K^ft-f
y|««l
r^S
(|)r$8t-o
(ire-)
^A
[X]C^
y|rii8
r^'^o
(§8)
(|rs-o)
^^
[X>*
[X]C*
1^
(I)r4q
r|q^o
(§8)
(|rq-)
f£fi
[X]CQ
[XK-fl-f
yjrbs
if)5
(l)rdbt-o
(-ys)
(|rb-. -yS)
(-yt-)
209
AM. OB.
InfinitiTe
Participle
(^ »0)
(§31)
amaml-a
«-;»0.
m^igf^h
maggdbi
(-ay)
(-yi)
iwrnH*
m^
miiint&t
ma6
(§8)
(ma-,-ai.-^)
tmaomJ
aotni>i
mam^ttan
mdtt&fi
(-fifi§6;§8)
a^au:
S^t>U
inamdS66ar
mdSdSiri
oorAt
«•*»•
m^ms^t
m§c
(§8)
(ina-,.fll.-di)
aoCHIr
[x>ni
m|r8&t
,(1)'$^
(mft-§8)
fk-a-si)
<m^A
[X>TI
miris
(l)rtiS
(m4-°;§8)
(-a -ii)
ami^
[K]^*
mdrftq
(l)r^i
(m&-;§8)
tmcnt
[K>ai.
m&rbdt
(Di^bi
(ina-,-i7-;§8)
(-yi)
14
Digit
zedbyGoOQie
210
Amhrnic Qrami
nar.
Simp. perf.
(§28)
Oomp. pert
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
Oomp. imperl
(§32)
(Prtibfu
(-yju;§43a)
be hungry,
I
[X]C0;^A
i^b^^tftl
(|rb-, -y-^-;
§8)
(|)rdtt6ftl
yjrbwi
(-1T-)
jmhita
<-ry-)
(DrdttS
OTercome,
t.
yjrAtS
yjritel
belong, i.
<:ti**a
r^zmd&l
jt^TITA
yjr^Dmftl
{|)rfld5
help, t.
(-i^t-,-rfirt-
yjr^fil
(Dr^ggS
coagulate,
•
1.
[X]4:n*A
(ijr^gtdftl
yjrigS
f,^^A
yjrtgfil
r^gg^m^
•
curse, t.
r^gmdSl
yii1g(|)m
j6<:inA
yir^Pmfil
}k]cfm
run, i.
[X]<-ip.A
(l)nitdla
^AlA
yjr^^tfil
r^ttfba
(-ya)
be wet, i.
assist, t.
rdt(i)b6ftl
(-y»-)
yi^t(|)b
[-(|)y]
yirdt(|)b&i
[-(l)y-]
rifi|da
be fore-
noon, L
^*J5,A
rdfdd&l
yir^fd
Digitized by VjO
yjrdfd&l
OQle
Appendix,
211
Jussive
Imperative
Qerund
Infinitire
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
f^Om^
^^«U
[X]ai*
am£^
yjrdb^
y^bpi
rjb^^t
m^b
(-y?«)
(-yi-)
(|pb-..y-^;
5 8)
(mMy;§8)
f^
[X]cy-
[xyi-*
a»C^
[hy:^
y|rta
i^tS
(|)r4tt-o
m^rtit
i\)ri&
(Jrt-)
(mfi!;§8)
{M-'e-n)
f.cur
<:tm»
0oCHr
un
y|rz|m
rdzm^o
m^am
(mt)
r|z&mi
f.Cil
[hyui
[X]^*
tmcair
[XW
y|rd5
r|d£
(ird-)
(|)rddt-o
(-rArt-,-rftrt-
§7rf)
m^rd&t
(mar; §8)
ilHJ
(-^j.-3t-ji)
f^
[^]C;»
[XKi-f
aoCpt
[XK^
yi««5
ilgS
(Dr^gt-o
mdrgit
(ml-; §8)
(l)rigi
ficnr
[Kptr
d'nT
aoCTT
t4?-l
y|rgam
iirg-)
rigm^o
m^rgfm
(mir)
r^gimi
J8,*^
[K}i^
[K}i^
iioCT
[X]&*
yjru*
(i)rvit
(l)rdt-o^
mdr^'^t
(|)rwft6
-ir-r^^s.
(ma-; §8)
(-«.-«)
jMIflHI
[Xjcm-n
^cth
AoCm'fl
t<:«io.
yfrtab
n^^
p^t(|)b-o
m|rt|b
rat4bi
(-»y)
m-, -|y)
(-y-o)
rdfd^o
(ma-, -ay)
mirfad
(-yi)
(md-) 1
14—2
Digiti;
ed by Google
212
Amharie Grammar.
'%^
Comp. perl
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
AA
cough, i
Ad.A
B(lS^
)^A
AAA
be para-
lysed, L
A^A
s^ldftl
(s4-)
AAA
(84.)
spy on, t
•
AA^A
s^^l
(s4-)
(-84-)
AT
8^mS
hear, t
Ar*A
s$mt6&l
y}8$ma
Ao*
kiss, t
A^A
s|m5ftl
A^
sirrS
(84-)
work,) ^
buUd, *•
decree, t
AC:l:A
s^rtdfil
(84-)
yjs^S
(-84-)
a<:a^
(sa-, -arj)
bore
through, i
ACA^A
sfr^rdkl
(84-)
fAihC
yj8|r$88jr
(-jsa-)
A^<^
sirraq^
(s4-)
steal, t.
AC«A
s^qdftl
fAC*
(-84.)
sSfisS
be thin, i
s48(|)td&l
yJsSssa
Comp.imperl
(§ 32);
^AA
yjspal
^AAA
yjS^lljlfil
(WBS.)
^•7A
J&ATA
yi8|mfil
j^^A
yjsdrfil
(-s4-)
B|rdfi4i
(-isa-)
^sArqftl
(-84-)
^•V^A
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
213
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Genind
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Ftutioiple
(§31)
MA
4A
sfil
AA-
Aft-
(s4-)
fluAA
in4sAl(§8)
0i4kAA
m^al
(-al)
84i(8ftyy§fi
y|8mS
AAA
(8ft-)
AT
s|mS
AAft-
(si-)
Ar-f
sdmt^o
ovAAA
mis^llal
(-84-, -al)
(§8)
AAJ&
(84-; -4yy
§6; §8)
A-l
8^
(84-)
Nun (§8)
Ar
A^»
8|m^o
0mhr
m^s4in (§ 8)
A-l
sdmi
yJsrS
A^
s|rS
AC-f
(84-)
mftsrdt
(§8)
siri
(84-)
fAChC
ACAC
{si.)
ACAl?
8^r^o
(8ft-)
ovAcAC
misirsar
(-4reft-)
AC4<S
8^r84ri
(8a-)
yjsraq
he*
(84-)
mAsraq
A^«
8|r4qi
(8a-)
8ft8(|)t^O
mfs^sdt
(§8)
Digitiz
Sftg
edbyGoOQh
214
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
Comp. perf.
(§»2)
Contingent
(§26)
laugh, i.
s|q^
suspend, t.
A*^A
s^ql^
yH<i(l)J
Afl
dlb|
draw, i
AaA
sjbdftl
(-Jy-)
(-|y)
s^bb^ri
(-ba.)
break, i
A-O^A
silbrd&l
(-yr-)
fJHkC
AOAO
s$b4ss|b|
collect, t
A'flAO.A
s^b4b5&l
(-y4y-)
pAtttm
yj8^b$s4b
(-y$ss|y)
Mm.
s|bdbb|r|
(-yd-, -ar-)
shatter, i
AQ-n^A
sabibrdftl
(-yay-)
pAtMC
3^bdbl^r
(-y^-)
A+
sitf
miss, t
A:I:A
sjtSftl
f,Mr
S|ndbbat|
(-ba-)
remam, i
AXirtA
s4nb|tdal
(8&-, -ny-)
y|8|ndbb|t
Mm*
split. t.
Arp*A
s^^q^I
(8^-)
j&A*T*
Comp. impert.
(8»2)
yisiqfii
^AfAA
yj84q(|)lftl
J&AQA
yi8|bfil
(-|y-)
^aAQA
!^bds4bftl
(-y^s^y-)
fMrfUrA
3^bdbbjr&l
(-y^-)
y|s|tfti
^HU^A
^AVP^A
Jlsfn^t^qftl
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
215
Jussive
Imperative
Gerund
Infinitive
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
f,-!*
•^
/*•♦
-••Y*
fl*
yi8^(§8)
8ftq
8|q^o
m^(§8)
s^i
fA*fii
A^A
A+A-
a»h*fii
A^j&
yjsqal
s|q^
sdql^o
mdsqfl
84qi|(-ftyy
§6; §8)
fAH
44
AP
«»4il
AO.
yjaib
sftb
s^^o
m^b
s^bi
(-^y;§8)
(-fiy)
(-iy-)
(-iy;§8)
(-yi)
rJMc
AflC
Ane
«iiiAflC
M6
yj8b|r
8(bar
sdbr^o
m^b^
sab&ri
(-8Y-, -ftr)
(■|y-> -ar)
(-yr-)
(-sy-, -ar)
(V)
fiAatm
A'flfHI
A41AP
«*A4A-fl
A^AO.
yjsdbsjb
sAb^b
84b4b^o
mgs^beab
sabsdbi
(-y^y)
(-y4y)
(-y4y-)
(-ysay)
(-ysdy-)
^(HIC
AQ-nc
flVwfT
«*AQac
Aoa^s
3^bdb|r
8ftbib|r
sabibr^o
masabdbar
sababftri
My-)
(-y^y-)
'(-y^y-)
(-kV-,-ar)
(-yay-)
UA*
A1-
A-f
mA^
A*
yj8^(§8)
sftt
s|t^o
m$8dt(§8)
sac
(-«£ -di)
^Xl^
A>frt-
A>fl-f
a^ajat-
a-iqY
yjsinl^t
8inb|t
s^b|t^o
m^sdnbat
s^bad
(-8^, -ny-)
(sir, -ny-)
(si-, -ny-)
(-sir, -ny-,
-at)
(Ba-,-ny-;
§8)
fiAVf*
AIT*
tyr*
a»A?m*
A^fll*
j^s^^q
•4»4q
s^tiq^o
m|s4nt§q
s^t&qi
(-si-)
(8&-)
(sa-)
(-si-)
Digitize
(sa-)
dbyGooQie
216
Amharie Ghrammar.
Simp, peri
(§26)
(-ka-)
AlD^
(-y
A;»
s^gga
(■
Am
2nd Amu
4ttah(-&h),
etc.
A4.
sdffS
o
be intoxi-
cated, i.
hide, t.
abuse, t.
send, t
be afraid,
L
amble, i
adore, t.
give, t.
Comp. perf.
(§32)
AhAA
{a) sew, t
(ft)bebroad,
1.
A».AA
s^uwtlr6ftl
AjtSLA
s4d(|)b5ftl
(-y»-)
AJ5,A
4dd^
An*A
sdgr5ftl
A1«,A
8$gdd&l
'(sa.)
At:I:a
4t(|)td&i
A9:I:A
8dft5Sl
o
Ck>ntingent
(§26)
^AohC
yjsduwtir
^Ajt-0
y|84d(|)b
(-7)
^Ajt
^sfld
^A;>
(-8ft-)
^84g(|)r
(-sft-)
^At
y|sftt
|^A4.
Comp. imperi
(§32)
^AII^A
yHM|)rti
^A««^^
^Ajt«A
y|8id(Dbftl
(-yft-)
/&A^A
^s^ddftl
^A;»A
(-st)
^iP^^A
^A^^A
y|8dgdftl
(-84-)
^AAIA
yi4tfti
^sdfftl
Digitized by
Google
Appendix,
217
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
f.M»C
AhC
AtlC
aohhC
(-kft-)
(.ka-)
s^kr^o
(-ka-)
7|s|uwttr
AohC
amAmC
f-tlf^-tt
Aft-n
Ajfl»
a^hfM
yjsdfb
(-?y)
s|d^b
(-|y)
s4d(|)b^o
(-y-o)
(V)
f.tifS:
AftA-
Af.
ifUfSS:
yj8d|d
sjd|d
s^dd^o
m^|d
^A;»
Ap
Al-f
<i>A^
yisga
8|g5
sdgt^o
(8ft-)
m^lsg^t
(§8)
^/*^c
u>*ie
ao/^C
yisgF
(-ga-)
s^^^o
ra$sg|r
(-gft-)
^Al*-
AlJt
A^f.
«i»A7jf
yjsgfd
(-gft-)
8|g|d
(-ga-)
s^gd^o
(8^-)
m^sgad
(■gft-)
^ftT
AT
AT*
0*Am^
yH
4*
s^t(|)t-o
(-at)
J&A4.
hi.
694-
«.A«-
jipfS
8|fS
s^ft^o
mdsfftt
(§8)
Participle
(§31)
Ah<e
8§UW^
tA^O.
sad&bi
(-yi)
tAx
(s4-)
.ri
A;»je
(8^; §8)
A^
8ac
o •
(sa-, 'to. -ci)
A^
(a)8dfi(84-)
(ft)8$ffi
Digitized by
Google
216
Amharie Grammar.
Simp, perl
(§26)
sfkk^ri
(-ka.)
(-1
A;»
(sft.)
(-^gga-)
Am
2nd Amil
sAttah(.fth).
etc.
A4.
sdffS
o
be intoxi-
cated, i.
hide, t.
abuse, t.
send, t
be afraid,
amble, i
adore, t
give, t.
Comp. perf.
(§32)
AhAA
A0<^
s^uwtlr6ftl
Ajt-aA
s&d(|)b^
■(-T»-)
AJ&,A
(a) sew, t.
(&)bebroad,
An*A
s^igtd&I
(8ft-)
s&grdftl
A1«,A
s^gddftl
(sft.)
Ataa
84t(i)t6ftl
A9:1:A
sfftdSl
CoDtingeiit
(§26)
^AhC
^AiP-C
y|s^uwttr
^Aft-0
(-y)
^Ajf
yisfdd
|lA;i
(-8ft-)
yisigd
(-sft-)
j&AT
J&A4.
Comp. imperl
(§32)
^Atl4^
y|84k(prta
^Ao-^A
y|8^wfirfil
^AjfOA
y|8fi(|)bfti
(-ya-)
J&A^A
^^sAddftl
^A;iA
(-8IL-)
^iP^^A
^8$g(Prtl
J&A^^A
JisAgdftl
(-84-)
^AoiA
yisitfti
J&A4A
yjsAfftl
Digitized by
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Appendix.
217
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
J&AhC
y|8k§p
(-ka-)
Tisduwttr
AbC
s^kjr
(-ka.)
s|uwttr
Atll?
s^kr^o
aohhC
in^k|r
(-ka-)
tmAatC
y|8d|b
(-ay)
(-ty)
AjWi
84d(j)b-0
(-y-0)
in^d|b
(V)
yi8d|d
s|d|d
AA
s^d^o
yisga
Al*
(8ft-)
misgit
(§8)
yisgF
(-ga-)
m^sgjr
(-ga-)
y|8g§d
(-ga-)
8jg|d
(-ga-)
sdgd^o
n-Aljf
m^gad
(-ga-)
yjst
AT
4*
AT*
4t(|)t-o
0BAm^
indst|t
(-at)
yKS
A4.
s|f5
A«*
«»A4w^
(§8)
Participle
(§31)
Ah<e
MA
8|uwiri
tA>ia.
sadibi
(-yi)
s4diij(§8)
tAx
s^g*
(84-)
in
A;»^
s^gaj
(s4-;§8)
A^
8ac
e •
(sa-, 'OBk. -ci)
A/.
(a)84fi(84-)
(ft)8Affi
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218
Amharie Grammar.
Simp, pert
(§26)
(-fa-)
(|SS§8)
Ifff
8^8sa (sa-)
2nd -ffU
-8sah, etc.
IfffT
O OC3o
-a88a-)
fffllffl
o o
(-ydssfy-)
ff-M-
sdttat^
2nd!fMf
o e
(-ah), etc.
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
measure,!
encamp, l
s^froll
fAVC
need, seek,
[X]TI*A
(|)8|t5al
f.1i
yjsa
set in
authority, t.
siimdftl
V- 6^6- S.
fi.vr
y|8^6m
flee from,
t.
VllrtA
iatdlll
(sM
hide, i
8$si|gdftl
(§4-)
y|s$S8|g
(-84-)
plait, t.
ff-nllaA
sdbsjb^I
(-W-)
yjg^bds^b
smell, i.
lf*A
sdtt^
(sft-)
yjsAtt
(-i&-)
make
water, i
IfhfcA
^ntdftl
yis^n
Comp. impeil
^§32)
j&A^^A
y|4f(|)rftl
yjsai
y|8^6mSl
f.1f1fA
yjs^s&l
(-8ft-)
(-14-)
J&ffflTfQA
(-y488|y-)
yj^ttfil
(-84-)
l&fffA
yJBinftl
Digitized by
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Appendix,
219
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28) ■
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
rM4JC
ttAM
A9C
tmbijC
(ii^
(-fa.)
sJfF
(-fa-)
s^fr^o
mfc«jr
(-fa-)
s^fdri
y|Bfi
(|8a§8)
OJH-f
(i)sro
mtU^t (§ 8)
f,lS^
*r
n-'T
«.!r^
Tt-l
y|8um
sum
liim^o
If- 8-6- S.
m$S'din(§8)
swami
^TTll
Tffi
rmi-
a^rm
tau
y|^
¥
sdst-o
(8ft-)'
(-&^;§8)
(8^)
f,rnh
mrt
fflrt
<i»inr*7
ffifx
(-i4r)
(ii)
(8^)
(-^8sa-)
ii^8%i
(Sa-)
fXnTi-a
ff'flTf'fl
V-tttifi
a^ViOf-a
tff-o^fo.
j^bSib
(-ysir)
sdb8|b
(-ysjy)
ldb8|b-o
(-TBiy-)
m^bsab
(-yg|T)"
sfbidbi
(-yidy-)
^Tl-H-
Tl-H-
ff*
-.Tl+I-
ff;^*
(-at)
l|t»t
(-&t)
(8^)
m^tft
(-at)
sdt^
(Sft-;§8)
^117
117
lf7*
n-TIVt*
yl^n
8|n
i^t-o
m^|t(-at)
invito (§8)
Digitized by
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220
Amharie Grammar,
Simp. perf.
(§2«)
Comp. pert.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
ffT
8^tifia(i4.)
2nd -70
-fifiah, etc
escort, i
a4fifi|t6ftl
(si-)
ymflft
(-sir)
be mouldy,
i
(Sfir)
seU, t
s|t5ftl
n- si- s.
(-Si-)
{hi-)
wrap, t
s^ffjndftl
(si-)
jls^rjn
(-si-)
♦A
qfUS
be red, i.
•
♦A*A
q^ltdftl
^♦A
jiq^lS
*ham
q^ll§ma
stain, t.
♦A**A
q^m^
q^llimdSl
yiq^m
yjq^lljin
t+A+A
qal^qqal^
mix, t.
<^A^^A
q^q|l5sl
t^+A*A
yiqfi^qii
♦A+A
qalSqqala
mix, t
♦aKa
qaUki(|)l6sl
^♦A*A
yjqdliqqjl
tAm
q4"f**
melt, L
tAouA
q^ltd&l
^♦AT
yiq^H
Comp. imperi
(§32)
js.ir?A
(-si-)
^^f1;^A
j^ggitfii
jis^tfti
(-si-)
(-si-)
^♦AA
yiq^lfil
^tATA
y|q^4l
yiq^lljmftl
tj&^A^AA
y|qfl|qqjlftl
^♦A^A
^qjliqqjlftl
^♦AA|A
yjq^t&l
Digitized by
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Appendix.
221
Jussive
Imperatiye
Gerund
Infinitive
.Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
f.in
m
!P<+
n-ffTI-
m
yi^flfl
SfM
i^fifilf^o
m^siMat
a&fitii
(-8^-; §8)
(sa-)
(Sa-)
(-8^)
(ia-)
piin^
-
7f1*
ll-lf-H-
if;»Y
yjl^
i^^'o
m|8ligat
(-at)
S^(§8)
r.7Lf
ttT
IC^
imlfT
«^
yjsit
^*
siro^
mds^t
§&€
(§8)
S-i&-S.
(-Sft-;§8)
(-«. -^i)
pVVi
n9j
ff*T
^mir^ci
ff**?
yi^fp
Baffin
idrjii^o
masdffan
84fnii(i(84-,
(-&i-)
(S4-)
(i^) ,
(-Sft-)
-ftftfl§6;§8)
f.¥^
♦A*
HD^A^
^ ♦^
yjqis
q^lt^o
mdqldt(§8)
q8(q?yy§6)
j6*Ar
*A^
♦Af»
«i»*Ar
♦A-l
yiqifm
q|l§m
qdlm^o
iD^lam
qal(l)ftmi
^♦A^
♦Ar
q^ll|m^o
«*tA^
yiq^ujm
q^Ijin
m|q^^
J&^A^A
tA^A
♦A*A-
imtAtA
♦A;*'j&
m^qp
q^iqp
qdlqjl^o
maqdlqal
q^lqfij
(-%§6;§8)
Ji+A*A
♦A*A
♦A*A-
nB^AtA
*^^
yiqfl^
qgldqjl
qaMUi(|)l-o
maq^lftqfl
qaldqfij
{-%§6;§8)
^♦at
♦A<n
0o^AT
♦A^
yjqift
qdlt'^o
mAql§t
Digit
q«fic(§8)
zedbyGoOQle
220
Amharie Oramimar,
Simp. perf.
(§25)
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
ff7
8ififia(ill-)
2nd -TU
-fift&h. etc.
escort, t
B^fif4t5ftl
(si-)
ylS^flfl
be mouldy,
L
8figt6&l
Ifni
seU, i
1C/P.A
s|tdfil
•a- i4- s.
d^ffin^
(Sft-)
wrap, t.
siff^d&l
(sa-)
yjidrjn
(44-)
♦A
q^S
be red, L
•
♦A*A
q^ltdftl
ji+A
yjq^is
stain, t.
q^mdftl
q^l]|m5ftl
yjq4%»
t+A+A
qi»fiqti^
mix, t.
+A^d.A
q^q|Idftl
yiq|ifiqji
♦A+A
q^lfiqq|l|
mix, i
♦A*d.A
q|Iftq(|)ldfil
J&^A^A
y|q^laqqjl
^Am
q^ll^ti
melt, L
♦Aa».A
q^tdftl
yiq^t
Comp. imperi
(§32)
j&ir?A
Jtlf1;*'A
j^g^tftl
^ff'HA
7|§4t&l
(-ifi.)
jrtf*9A
yisdffinfil
(-84.)
J&^AA
yiq^Iftl
f,tA«TA
y|q41m«l
yiq^mfil
tj&^A^A
yiqsi^qpftJ
J&tA^AA
yiqjlSqqjtel
j&^A'HA
Digitized by
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Appendix.
221
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
(-b4-;§8)
8^
(ia-)
yp%t
(§8)
(-8ft-)
(Si-)
y|qis
yiqifm
yiqfUjm
qpam
♦Ar
q^Ujiii
yiq^iqp
q^qP
^qaiiqji
yjqift
qjldqjl
Oerond
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
IPS*
n-ffTI-
(8ft-)
m^iffiftftt
(-8ft-)
Ifl*
ao-ni^
digt'^'o
m^sdgat
(-at)
1t<n
iiolfT
S- s4- S.
(-Sft-;§8)
ffW
a^'Si.l
(84-)
m§84ff|n
(-Sft.)
♦A-f
ai^tit
q^lt^o
m4qUt(§8)
♦AT»
ao^hf
q^m^o
q^Ujm^o
m^q^im
♦A*A-
««+A*A
q^lqjl^o
m^ilq^
♦A*A-
<i»^AtA
q|UUi(|)l-0
m|q|lfiqal
♦A/n
iw^A-P
q^iro
m^la*
.Participle
(§31)
(8ft-)
(§8)
sftc
(-«.'-«)
^fil&&(sftr,
-ftftfi§6;§8)
j8(q|yy§6)
qjl(l)dmi
q^lqfij
(-%§6;§8)
(-iyy§6;§8)
♦A*
q^^(§8)
Digitized by
Google
222
Amharie Orammar.
Simp, pert
(§25)
qwckJllaff
ma
q^mmasf
qirra
2nd *dV
qdrrah
(-ah), etc.
qdrrab^
(-y»)
qw6>rrata
qwcossal^
lock,
rob.
stand,
taste, t.
remain be-
hind, i.
approach,
L
charge
dues, L
cut.
be
wounded,
P-
Comp. perf .
(§32)
qwoaiifdftl
q^in|td&l
qdmdftl
♦- q^^- S.
qimsd&l
♦C*A
qdrtd&l
(V)
♦caA
q^bdftl
(q4-,-ry-)
qirtdftl
(qi)
qwcurtd&l
qwt^ldftl
Contingent
(§26)
y|qwaai|f
yjq^ms
yjq^r
yjq^b
(-qa-, -ry)
f,*Cf
(-qi-)
yiqwoJrt
J^qwefed)!
Oomp. impnl
(§32)
Jt«feA4A
7|qwo>U|rfiI
^qimmSl
y|q^^mftl
^♦^•4A
yjq^msftl
Jt^^A
Jlq^rftl
(-q^-)
yjq^rbal
(-q4-, -ry-)
yiq^rtfii
(-qi-)
^^<i|A
^qw(urt&I
^^AA
^qw(u8(|)lftl
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
228
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Oernnd
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
^<tA«
*A*
«AC
<iotA«
y|qw<w11|f
qw<u11jf
qwitfUjT'o
maqwtull^f
f»*n
*n
♦r*
ai>^n^
^qdmmS
qdmmS
qdmin|t^o
maqdmmdt
(§8)
fA^
*r
*1»
tm*r
y|qum
qum
qiim^o
mdq^^m
(§8)
fȴaoh
¥imh
♦r^
0V^0VA
y|qmas
q|mas
q^ms^o
mdqmfs
f.^C
*C
♦C*
im^^^
JiW
qjr
qdrf'o
(qa-)
mdqr|t
(-at)
f,¥Mi
^C'vk
tC0
0i>^<:«
y|qrab
(-IT)
q|r|b
(-IT)
qdrb^o
(ql-, -ry-)
mdqrab
(-IT)
jt*<:T
♦^T
♦cm
ao^C'?
yjqrat
qirat
qArt^o
(q^)
mdqrat
^♦*<:t
♦*^T
^cm
«ii»t^<:T
yiqwttrat
qwdr|t
qw<wrt''o
mdqwtir|t
pr-APi
♦*flA
^htr
0|>4^AA
yjqwfisfi
(-al)
qw^
(-al)
qwft»8(|)l^o
mdqwttsfl
°(-al)
Participle
(£3l5
qwcullftfi
*'%
qdmmi
*^
qwdmi
♦•m
qdm^ (§ 8)
*&
qAri
(qM
♦4S4I.
(-Ti)
qdrfic
(§ 8)'
qw(uric (§ 8)
qwcuEAj
^-ayy§6;§8)
Digitized by
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224
Amhatie Grammar.
Simp, pert
(§26)
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Contingeiit
(§26)
Comp. imperl
(§32)
rouse, t
q^8q|8^
y|q§84qq|8
^♦A^A
yjqis^qqj-
s&l
♦♦A
boa, t
q^q|lMl
yiq^qji
^♦♦aa
^q^qjlfil
qdbbS
anoint, t.
♦^1*A
qdbtdSl
i-Ytr)
yiqibS
i-iY-)
^qdbSl
(-Ay-)
qdbb|ra
(-ba-)
bury, t.
♦^liA
qdbr6&l
(-yr-)
p¥4kC
mAb(|)r
(-Ay-)
yiqAb(i)rfti
(-^y-)
q^bbjta
play the
fool, L
qdbt^
(-yt-)
yiqAbt
(-yt)
^qdbtftl
(-yt^)
q4nnS
be straight,
L
bejealous,L
♦7*A
q^t^
^♦9
yfq^s
y|q$n§l
q^§ta
put girths
on, t.
♦l^A
qdnn|tOfil
yiqAnnj*
3^qdnn|tfil
qwwndtt^ta
pinch, i
«rrai.A
qw<^nt}t5&l
yiqwa,n$t^t
^♦VP-HA
3^qwo.ndt§-
tel
qaz^qftz^
be cold, i.
♦Tf+nA
q^q|zd&l
mfz^qqiz
Digitized by VjO(
^♦H^HA
yjqF^qi-
z&l
Appendix,
225
Josrive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Oenwd
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
f.*li¥h
*hHl
*lt¥li
m^h*h
♦MTI
mia^
qdsqjs
q^sqls'^o
mfq^as
q^^
(§8)
p*^ti
4^A
**/f
m^fii
♦^^
ylq^qqp
q^qjl
q^qil^o
mfq^qfJ
qfqq^
(-iyy§6;§8)
f,^
♦n
♦^1+
0»*n>t
♦0.
y|qbs
<-qy-)
q|bS
Hy-)
q^bt^'o
(-yt-)
m^bftt
(-qy-;§8)
q^bi
(-^y-)
f.^C
^c
*-ae
tm^ac
*a£
y|qb|r
<-qv-, -Sr)
qibfr
(-|y-, -ar)
qdbp^o
(V)
m$qb|r
(-qy-.-ar)
q^bftri
(-yi-)
P^ttf
*nT
*iUn
flo^IlT
♦fl^
Jlqbjt
<-qy-)
q(bft
(-|y-)
(-yt^)
m^bft
(-qy-)
q^b^
(-^y-;§8)
^♦^
♦9
♦Tf
m^t
♦'V
j|qn5
q|nS
q^f'o
(§8)
q^fi(-fifi§6;
-•« -flfli)
Jt+n-
♦n-
♦Tf
«•♦«•
♦V*
Jiq^nnit
q^ii}t
qdnnit^o
miq^nn^t
(-at)
q^nn^
(§8)
j^trpT
♦TPT
trpm
tfHilm'P
t1«l'P'
jiqw«nftt
qwaJntit
1
qw<tfnt|t^o
m^wa!nt|t
qw<un|^
(§8)
^*TI*ll
♦Tl*»
•H^tni
*v^Dr
jjq^zqjz
1
1
1
m|q^q|z
(§8)
JllL OR.
15
Die
^itized by CjOOQ I
26
Amharie Chrammar.
Siinp. perf.
(§26)
Comp. perl
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
Gonip. impof.
(§S8)
qizz$n|
have
diarrhiBa,
i.
♦TIXA
qAz(|)nttftl
^qM)^
yiqW)«»ft»
qwwyya
2nd«fU
qwcuyyah,
etc.
await, t.
yiqw^j
(-<^yy § 6)
Jiqw-yyal
qfldS
q^d^ma
q^d|d|
draw
(liquids), i
precede, t.
tear, t
♦jt*A
qid(|)t5fil
(qi^,-rtr§7^
q^dm^
(air, -nn-
§rrf)
♦*,A
qflddfil
yjq^S
3lqfi(Pm
Wfdd
J&^^A
ylq^dftl
la+A-TA
y|q4d(|)mftl
(-q4-, -rm-
^q^dftl
qdttS
punish, i
qdttdfil
mm
join, t
♦T^A
q^t^ttftl
16+TA
yiq^ttji
^♦TAA
yiq^t^lfil
q^t*§rt
(-ta-)
engage, t.
♦l»iA
q$tr5&l
yiq^t(I)r
yiq^t(i)rfti
qw«5ttfrj
(-tft-)
count, i
qw«;trOftl
yiqw«ta)r
Digitized by VjO
^•feT^A
yiqw^)rftl
ogle
App&uHx.
227
Jnnive
Imperative
Qerand
Infinitive
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
♦TIT
flu^in
*H^
qW*''o
m|qz|n
q^z^
(-flfi§6;§8)
fiif^
*^
t^f
*^rt-
y|qw^
qwfi>|(-tt»yy
qwa»yy|t^o
in|qw<tt77&t
(-«yy§6;§8)
§6)
pl-tf
qwwyyu
Jt*<
*fi
♦«r+
ao^f\?t
♦»
yJqdS
q|d5
q$d(|)t-o
mdqddt
qii
(q^,-r^§7<?)
(§8)
(qft-,-ll-ji)
p^9r
♦i^r
*f:r
o^fT
««t
yiqdfm
q|d|in
qddm^o
(q4-, -rm-
§7rf)
m^d|m
q|dimi
P^fS:
♦IX
♦^
ti^fS:
«»
yiqdfd
q|dad
q^d^o
m^d^
q^(§8)
f,¥*n
*«l
♦T*
flB^flll*
♦*
yiqt«
q|tS
qitt-o
(§8)
qt?
(qa-.^-ci)
f-tTA
♦TA
♦TA-
tfvtmA
*mf.
y|qW
q^tW
qittjl'o
ni|q|t*Sl
(-iyy§6;§8)
jt^mC
^mC
♦TC
dv^mC
♦'Q^S
yiqtar
qitar
qdtr'^o
mfitar
q|tfiri
(-*a-)
(-ta-)
(-ta-)
f^mC
♦*niC
tTC
aa^mC
^m£
Jlqwtt^
qwtlt^
qweatr^o
m|qwiit^
qwoitdii
(-*&-)
(-ta-)
(-ta-)'
Digitiz
16—2
ed by Google
228
Amharic Grammar,
Simp. perf.
(§25)
qw^itt|r$
(-ta-)
knot, t.
<}oinp. pert
(§32)
*TAA
qwitrOfil
strike re-
peatedly, t
q^tqit«ftl
qwOt^bf
(-?y-)
save,
(money etc)
t
qwa;t<ib^
(IT-)
q*ttjii|
be thin, i.
q^tndftl
cheat, t.
qw(uff|r|
(.fa-)
dig. t.
qw<»fi|rd&l
b4US
eat, t.
OArfcA
b^t5ftl
(bi-)
flAm
bllljtj
be more, i.
HAai-A
bdltdftl
(M-)
b^rrS
shine, i.
nc*A
b$rt5ftl
Oontingent
(§26)
y|qwdt^r
yiq^tfiqj*
y|qw(u^b
(iy)
yiq^*(|)n
yiq^f
^qwc^
yibdlS
(-yf)
^nAT
(iy-> -&1-)
yibdrS
(-jy-, -4iv)
Comp. imperC
(§32)
y|qw&t^
5S,+m^<qA
yiqf**qqi*fti
y|qw<ut^bfil
Hy-)
^♦TVA
yiq«(|)nfil
^qw<i»ff|rfil
^AA
y|b41ftl
(-yf)
^flA^HA
y|b4ltal
(-jy-. -8I-)
JUU-A
yjb^rtl
(■|y-, -ar-)
Digitized by
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Appendix.
229
Jafldve
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
(Gerund
(§29)
Ptrc
yjqwftftr
qw^"
qwitr'^o
m^tqit
q^tqjt
q$*q|ro
yiqwaJt^b
(IT)
qw«tt|b
(-It)
♦TO
qwctft^b^o
(-if-)
yjqt|n
qdin^'o
yjqt»f
q|tsf
♦TC
q^tf-o
yjqwwffjr
qw<ufr|r
qwaJffjr'^o
y|bi5
(-Tl-)
•OA
b|lS
flA-f
b^lt^o
(b4-)
y(bi|t
(-Tl-)
b^t^o
(bi-)
yjbri
(-TT-)
flC-f
birf^o
(ba-)
Infinitive
(§30)
maqwdt^
(-ta-)
m|q^*qft
(-IT)"
mfqt|ii
m^qtjf
m|qw<»flr|r
(.fa-)
rndblit
(-Ti-;§8)
0MIAT
mibl^
(-Tl-)
m^brit
(-Tr-;§8)
Participle
(§31)
qwfttiri
q^tq^
(§8)
t«no.
qw<utt£bi
(-fi)
qdtdft
(-fifi§6;§8)
♦'HA
«4^
qwoiffftri
(btyy§6)
tnA'p'
bdl45
o
(§8)
tfld
bdri
(bi)
Digitized by
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230
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
b^iT|r|
(-rSr-)
bfi^US
(ba-)
bfrr^df
(bi-)
flAA
OAOA
bfiqS
(hi.)
fl^A
^qqsif
(b4-)
(-
AH
b^
(bi-)
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
fly. i.
b^rr^
fMC
yjb^rr
be strong,
L
nc^rfcA
b^rt|t5ftl
(hi-)
yibF^tts
beoold, i.
nci&,A
b^rddftl
(bft.)
yib^rd
(-jy-. -^-)
ripen, i.
nAiA
b^sldftl
^OAA
yibHPi
(-jy-)
be
drenched,
•
flfrfljlLA
b^b|8dftl
J&OAilA
jib^sdbbjs
(-jy-)
suffice, i.
n**A
bdqtMl
(bft-)
yjbiqS
(-jy-. -^-)
sprout, i.
n^A
bdql^l
(bft.)
j&n^A
yjbiq(I)l
(-jy-. -ftq-)
scatter, i
ni-xA
b^tt|ndftl
(bi-)
yjb^ttjn
(-jy-. -^t-)
be much,
I
niirtA
b^stdftl
(hi-)
yjb^s
(-jy-. -fi*-)
Comp. impeil
(§33)
J&O^A
yjbfrrtU
(-y*-)
J&fl^;^A
yjbar^ttfil
(-jy-. -ar-)
JUIC^A
yjbirdftl
(-jy-. -ar-)
J&OAAA
y|b^(i)lal
(-jy-)
JUIA<I4A
fjb^sibbjsil
(-jy-)
jMt^'A
j^biqfil
(jy-. -»q-)
j&n^AA
y|bdq(l)lal
(jy-. Mr)
(-jy-. -it-)
yjbjrtU
(-jy-. -^)
Digitized by
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^Joisive
(§27)
<-yiv. -ar)
fitter
yib^rtS
(IT-, -M
y|br|d
(-yr-)
(-78-, -al)
fittHrttil
^b^sbls
(-y§sy-)
y(bq5
(-yq-)
(-yq-)
(-iy-. -at-)
pm
(-y»-)
Imperative
(8 28)
(-ar)
0C;^
b^S
(hi-)
•OAA
w
b|i8
Appendix.
Gtorund
(§29)
281
nc
b^rp^o
acM-
b^rtiro
(bl-)
nc^
b^rd^o
(hi.)
flAA-
bdsl'^o
o
ill
flfrflA
b^bls^'o
(-sy-)
nf^
b^t^o
(b&-)
n^A-
biql'^o
(hi-)
a^
atv
b^ttin
(bi-)
bdttin^o
b^'^o
Infinitive
(§30)
mdbr|r
(-yr-, -ar)
mfb^rtit
(-»y-,-ar-;§8)(ba-,-'g-ci)
mdbr|d
(V-)
m^bs^l b48§(-%
(-ys-.-al) §6; §8)
tiottMh fiAnit
m|b^b|8
(-y$8y-) (-sy-;§8)
tfHUH- tfl*
mdbq^ b^i
(-yq-;§8) (hi-)
mAbqfl h^ (hi-;
(-yq-) -iyy§6;§8)
mfb^tt^ b$ttftfl(b4-;
(-^T-,-dtt&-)-iflfl§6;§8)
am-mt lur
m^bsit bfi
(-y^;§8) (bft-. -TC -ii)
Participle
(§»1)
bfrfiri
(ba-)
acl-
b^
Digitized by
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232
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
n^A
{hi.)
nil*
(b&-)
mja(b4.)
2iid -fjt
etc.
1*AAll G.
ill-treat, t.
be
paralysed,
L
be good, L
Oomp. pert
(8«2)
•MAh a
tflimm^
be sent to
and fro, p.
be sent to
and fro, p.
be used,
P-
+Afl I be licked,
! P-
be picked,
P-
+A*ii»
Jfiq««
mourn
publiclj, i.
b^dildftl
b^5ftl
(bft-)
n)J*A
b^jjitttfti
(bl)
t|ifia)kttfti
(-1S1-)
•^AAt^A
t|Uil(|)kdftl
+A>*J&,A
tfl^ddfil
i-AjlLA
t%6ftl
(t&-)
+A***A
t|l^m^
•M^dLA
t^Uqs^l
Contingent
(8 26)
^A-A
yib^dy
(-jy-, -^.)
yib4d(|)n
(-jy-. -id-)
yib^jj
(IT-, -k-)
j&AAll
yiUfltic
yP&Uik
y|Q^m|d
ypl$qq|in
MM
Comp. iiuperC
(1 32)
JftflJCAA
^b^d^
(-jy., -^-)
^Jt^A
y|b4d(DnftI
(-jy-. -id-)
^3fA
^b^jjsl
(-|y-. -&j-)
MA>IA
MA>iA
yilljalikfil
^A«^A
yjll^mmfr
dftl
M4A
^iaftl
M+^A
yiU^qimil
M^A
yyi^qfsftl
Digitized by
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Appendix.
28a
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
yib^<^
(-|y-. -^-)
njcA
b^dy
(bft-)
(-jY-,-^-;§8)
^Ah
(§8)
i-AAh
(§8)
^AAll
^UftUik
(§8)
+AAII
t^Aliik
(§8)
yiU^mid
tgl$m|d
y|Uis
(§8)
+AA
t^ISs
(§8)
yillfqim
+A+A
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
n«-A- i -^OjiA I tfl^^
b^i^'^o mjbdddil |b^d^(bft-;
(ba-) j(-ay-,-adda-)|.^yy § e ; § 8)
b^dn^'o
(b4-)
m^bd^n
(-yd-, -an)
b^jjit-o
(bl-)
m|bdjjat
i-AAh
t^^mk-o
(-lai.)
iivAAll
malldlftk
°(§8)
1*AAtl.
tflfliki
•hAAh
tfUil(|)k^o
floAAti
mfllildk
(§8)
+AAtl.
t^lftUUd
tfl^md^o
1-AA
in|ll^mad
tfnAA
miUfis
(§8)
+A-Tt
(§8)
+ATS
(§8;'-Tt-ii)
+A*i»
+A*^
tal^s^o
mall^im
«oA^A
+A;ML
t^^(§8)
Digit
zedbyGoOQie
284
Amharic Ghrammar.
Simp, peri
(§25)
tal|qaqq^
•^Ann
(-y&)
tSll^bac
(-^ya- ;
•iidc§6)
•hAti
t§l$kkS
+Af
2nd •hAf U
taldyyfth,
etc
be given
up, p.
Comp. pert.
(§32)
+A*A^
be picked ' +A^+*%A
out, p. ! t|l§5|4q-
mdftl
have a
halter put
on, p.
•hA^iaA
t$1dbb|b6ftl
HT-)
be milked, ' :^AQAY
P- ; tftlbdllac
(-lyA-; -add
i §6)
be
measured,
P
be sent, p.
be
changed,
P-
be dis*
tinguished,
P-
i*Ati:i:A
tal^kl^tdftl
' (-14-)
i*AV^A
tdlikdiil
(t4-)
•i*Ad»*aiLA
t|lduwtl-
t5ftl
i-A^:t:A
taldyyitdftl
Contingeiit
(§26)
yyifqSq-
q|m
j&Afl'fl
y|Il^bb|b
^•;^A'0
t^tt^lab
y|ll^kS
yjllik
y|114uw|t
Comp. inperl
(8 32)
JiA*J*A
y?ifiqfq«i
^A;#»*nA
y|U|qSqq|r
m&l
l&AflQA
y|Ufbbtbfil
(-yft-)
1-;*'AnAY
t|ttini$bdl-
lac (-yd- ;
-a6c§6)
y^dkkftl
M*IA
yiUAkfil
fAtf'HA
y|ll|uw|tel
yiUAyyftl
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
335
JiuBiye
(§27)
fA^*r
fAttH
yjU^b^
(-y^y)
4tt^ab
(-ay)
yjlUkS
yJlUUc
(§8)
(-^yy§6;§8)
yjll^yyu
Imperative
(§28)
Oerand
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
t|l^q-o
m^^iq
m^Sqi-
q^m
tfllbblb^'o
(-|y-)
i|l
tilabi
(-yi)
t4lb&
(-ly-)
m^ttil§b
(-ay)
tfl^kg
•hAlfl-f
t§l^kkit-o
(-14-)
m^ll^
(§8)
(§8)
•hAlt
t41|k^o
(ti-)
(§8)
t|l|Ji|t
tfl^Wtlt'O
t|l|yyit-o
mfll^yftt
(-#t)
Participle
(§31)
tfl|qq«qi
t|l|qfiqiini
•hAOfl.
(-yi)
tftldbi
(-yi)
t+Ah.
t^l^kki
(-14-)
+A11.
tflftki
(§8) ■
t+Aft.
Wyyi
Digitized by
Google
286
Amharic Chrammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
ma
o
2nd •hAcau
etc
+amliA
(-ma-)
tSinm|in|
t|m^rrS
tamdr|
: Ckmip. perl
1 (§32)
have a +A7**iA
bridle put j tal^ffffwd-
be shaved,
self, r.
Ccmtingent
(§26)
come and
go, L
return, L
watch, i
be ill, i.
be guided,
P
(a) learn, l
(6) be for-
given, p.
be ex-
amined, p.
mfr§
(-ar^mmft-)
+A**A M'P'
t|li6a)t^l yjlto
+«i>AAjk.A
t«m|lti(l).
85&1
•hfl»Ajk.A
t|m^]|86&l
(-ml-)
•^«•Ah:i:A
<-m^)
;i^A
tSmmdftl
tamdrt^I
(-m^)
•I^AA
t4m(|)r5ftl
t^m^rm}-
r6&l (-mi-)
I|8
(-mfi-)
yimm|l^
kjt (-at)
j^ttfimm^
^^mm^rrS
y|mmar
jj^mmfr^-
(-ar^mm&-)
Comp. impefl
(§3«)
JlAl^A
mftl
^«>AA4A
y|mm§l«l-
I98&I
J&«^4A
yjmm^lli-
sal (-m&-)
yjmmal^-
kftftl
Tltt^mf-
m&l
ysmm^rrftl
^•T^A
yymmirftl
yjmm^i^m-
m|rftl
(-&r^mma-)
Digitized by
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Appmtdias,
287
Jussive
Imperative
Gerund
Infinitiye
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
f^'hr
^A-M*
trnKM*
yj^\Agyt(t)Vii
tjl$ggwtt-
m'^o
mall^gwtiim
fAlf'
+A*
+A*P"f
«vAA^
ypiic
t^l^
t|li6(|)t-o
mfllidat
(§8)
(§8)
1
fumiihH
i-oaAAA
-hovAA/k
aoa^Mi
yiinin^lftl|s
t^a1il|s
tf»nr
m|mm^
lil(J)8^o
lil|s
ptoHh
i-tfuAA
^•^•A/k
ovOT^A
yiinm^^
t|in^|S
t^m^lis^o
m^mm^^s
{-mi-)
(-m^)
(-m&-)
(-mir)
fi^fiiMr
•hfl-Ah^
-hovAlfl-f
0>0»Ah^
Timm^k^t
t^m^kat
tfmdlklf'o
m^mmilk|t
(-m^, -at)
(-mi-, -at)
(-mi-)
(-mi-, -at)
f^ii^
^
tm^aoT
yitt^^
tamm^o
m^ttim^
^0>^
+ii»^
+««<:♦
^l^0m^^
yimmdrS
t^$rS
tfm^'^o
m^mmdrit
(-m4-)
(-ml)
(-mi-)
(-ir-;§8)
f,nc
•f-7C
Arrc
00frc
jjoMaair
t$mir
t4m(|)r'^o
mdmmir
(§8)
(§8)
(§8)
f^^Ci^C
+«ii»crir
aoaoCmiC
y|inindnn^
tgm^imjr'^o
m|mm^-
(-§nna-)
(-mi-)
'mjr
(-irma-)
Participle
(§31)
'^Aa).
t^fic(d)i
t^m^l&lis
(§8)
t^mdllSs
(-mi-; § 8)
+fl»Ah¥
t^m^lkad
(-mir; §8)
tSmftmi
t^mdri
(-ma-)
(a) ^im6
t|mftri
t|marmari
(-|ma-)
Digitized by
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288
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
<§26)
Comp. perf.
(§85)
(-rar-)
be
annoyed,
i.
t|m^rrtt&l
t^mSiT§k|
be
captured,
P
t^mirkdftl
i-andm
twnArrata
be chosen,
P
tam^rtdftl
(-mft.)
tamafi|g-
be praised,
p.
tfmjagl-
tambfi^k-
kaka
(-ba-)
t|mdttS
kneel, L
be struck,
i^OdiKA
t|mbArk|-
k5&l
(-ba-)
+<ii»1*AA
tamdtt^
tam^ttS
come to
blows, i.
•f'^rt*;JtA
tamdttdal
t|m^dca
(-m&-)
be suitable^
i.
+ii-1^AA
t|m^c)i-
td&l
(-mft-)
ConiingeQt
(§W)
yjmm$rr|r
(-rar)
y|mm4rrat
y|mm|8^-
fi,f*adMn
yjmbwfk-
kak (-ba-:
•§To)
yimmdtta
y|mmStta
(-ma-)
Comp. impeil
(§82)
^mm^rr|-
rftl (-rar-)
y|nimSrra-
ksl
fi0mdmfii
y|mmfrra-
t&l
y|mma8^-
gan&l
yjmbar|k-
kiJc&I(-ba-;
§Tc)
j&fl»;*"A
yjmm&tt&l
yjmmSttfl
J&«•^'A
3^nun|5c&l
(-ma-)
Digitized by
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Appendix.
239
JussiTe
ImperatiTe
Gerund
Infinitive
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
neg.hfi0m£C
neg.X^0P^C
+#iN?
aiHrnd^C
^ami^
gtfiinindr|r
tim&rr'^o
mammdr^
i-iiir)
(-arar')
'(-arar) '
(-ma-)
j6«»^
•f-74fll
+*7C*i
m^Ca
•f^z-h.
^mmdrik
t|iii^b|k
t^m&rk'^o
mamm&rak
t|m&r&ki
f.amdf
+iiii<:'p
i-a^an
aoaoC^
•^«»^'3^
yimm^t
tftm^t
t^m^^o
mammdrat
tamar(r)ac
(-mi-)
(-m4-)
(-ma-)
(-maV
(§8)
paoiirt
+*»ftr>
+ii»ft1T
aoaoliin
+«>A;j'?
y|mm$8g§n
t|in|8gan
tamas^n^o
mamrnds-
t|masgiii
(-fiftf6;§8)
^rnchii
•i-mciiti
•I^OCllli
0Bf*achifi
t-wnchh.
3^b^k|k
t^b^kgk
tambdr-
mambar-
tambarkiki
(-b4-;§7c)
(-b^
k|k^o
(-ba-)
kak (-b4-;
'§7c)
" W
^;^
+ll•;^
+«io1-f
^«iio;Hh
+«■¥
^mm^ta
t^^ta
tam^tf^o
mammdt&t
(§8)
tam^
(-^;§8;
-*e-di)
fjn^
•f-7;^
•Ml-f
fl»^;H*
•f-7*
^mmdtS
tamdtS
t^m&tf^o
mammdtit
(§8)
tamic
(§8;-^-ci)
pam'^
^0.^
flOCBVI*
+«•¥
7|inm46
tamac(c)|t'^o
mammacat
tam^
(-m^;§8)
(-m^)
\n£.)
(-mar; §8;
-'C-ci)
Digit
zedbyGoOQie
240
Amharie Ghrammar.
Simp, perl
(8 25)
;*••■* be
tSmmanft ibelieved, p.
believe, t
zar| (-Z&-)
tam^ftfla
2nd -7U
-flMh,
etc
tamSkk|r|
' (-ka-)
tam'^dk-
kara (-ka-)
tam^^b^
(-T
tSrr|ni|
Comp. perf.
(§32)
(p.)t4mnd&I jj^tt^mm^
(t) tfi:inm|-
n5ftl
be ! +ii»THiA
changed, p.| t|m4n4-
r6ftl
long for, 1 1 ^m?iXfi
I (-mi-)
deliberate,
1.
be tried, p.
t|mikrdftl
t|m^<5kk}-
weigh, i. i +^1I>.A
be weighed,! t|m^z4-
P- ndftl
be fed, p. j +iiii1(I.A
b«ftl (-jy-)
be weeded, JHA^
P- : tSrr|mdftl
Contingent
(§26)
s|r (-eft-)
y|mm4fifk
(-mt)
y|mniSkk}r
(-ka-)
yjnun*<5k-
k|r (-ka-)
^mm^EC|n
Comp. imperl
(§32)
ylttSmm^
pmPMin^
y|nnnan^
s|rftl (-sa-)
pm^Pi
y|nimiftMl
(-mi)
pttu^
y|mmakkr
rftl (-ka-)*
prtu^
y|inm*<$k-
k^ (-ka)
yimm^in-
n&I
bftl (a?)
p^ink
y}tt£iT|m ly|ttSrr|iDil
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Appendix.
241
Jussive
(§27)
Imperatiye
(§28)
Qerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
y}ttftmaii
(p.)<imn^o
(t) tfim.
fiaolttC
■tifyne
tmamJUC
yimm^z|r
(.za-)
t^in^^o
mammdn-
z|r (-za-)
fi^'i
^a^
+poff
imaofit
yJmmAfi
{-mi-; -fift
(-mft-; -fkfi
' (-m4.)
in|min&Mt
(-m4-)
§6; §8)
§6; §8)
jt-lhC
•f-ThC
i-^nie
0»^hc
y}minftk|r
(-ka.)
(-ka.)
t|in&kr^o
mammftkar
(.ka.)
^rhc
"tTtlC
at^VhC
y|mm^<5kar
tfm^6k-
mamrn^d-
(-ka-)
kjr^o
k|r (-ka-)
fiei^'i
^aofn
+fli»TlT
ODODnt
yimmizKa
tamdzan
tamiz^n^o
m|mmizan
f^mink
^aum
i'ao'^a
nnnol-n
yjmm^g^b
(-17)
(-IT)
(-JT-)
(-IT)
f^i^r
^cr
aa^Cr
y|tt^m
tgrrjm^o
m|tt&ram
Participle
(§31)
(p.) t&mifi
(-fifl§6;§8)
(t.) tfimm^fi
(-fift §6; §8)
t|inanzdri
tdm&fifi
(-m&-!§8>
tamftkftri
tam^ok-
kiri
tamdzz&fl
(-fift §'6; §8)
t|inaggibi
(-Ti)
AM. OR.
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242
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
t|r|dkiu
(t&r&-)
+^<:+
t|rSrr|q^
(ta.)
t^rdqu
(ta-)
tar^S
o e
-tea
irrabi
(t&-, -ya)
tdrraba
o^ o o
t-z-fl
(ta-, -y§)
t^tta
(ta-)
+^+<:
t^r^tt§j^
(-ai^tt^)
Comp. perl
Contingent
(§82)
(§26)
be
+4m:**a
JUUHi
separated.
t^I).
yjrrjriqu
P-
q^ftl
(tftri-)
(-arft.)
make
'^^C«A
^+^*
peace, L
t§rfb<|)q5ftl
yjtt|rfirr|q
(ta-)
(-ta-)
be
+^C**A
^^^4i
separated,
^r^r(D-
yjrr&rfiqn
P-
q^ii&l (ta-)
be
+<:ft*A
^4
forgotten,
tfrtistdftl
j^rrdssS
P-
(-ard-)
play, L
•H:a.A
jt-HI-O
tdn^bdftl
yit^i^ib
(ta-. -jT-)
(-t4-. -jy)
be hungry.
•h:(i.a
^^«
i.
t^rjbdal
yjrrfib
(td-, -jy-)
(-ay)
be
+<:i-*A
f^
overcome,
tar^ttd&I
yirr^ttS
P-
(ta-)
crack, t.
+C1-AA
fA-eta
tdrtjr^l
yjtir^ttjr
'(ti-)
(-ite-)
Comp. imperl
(§32)
^rr|rftq^ii
(Mr)
J6+^^A
3^ttfrSrr^
qftl (-ta-)
^rr&rftq^a
^4 A
yjrr^ssftl
^•^cnA
yjtdn^bftl
(-ta-. -jy-)
^^OA
y|rrdbftl
(-ay-)
yirr^ttftl
yittr^t<|rfil
(-jta-)
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Appendix.
248
1 •
ti
f
rir
Jnasive
(§2T)
Imperative
(§28)
Oerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§81)
j|rr|rdqu
(-ftri-)
^ttartoiq
(-ta-)
t^r|riqu
(tarft.)
+^<:*
t|rir|q
(ta-)
t|i^r(DqfU
(tari.)
t|rftr(|)q-o
(ta.)
m^rrdriq
(-arr4-';§8)
in|tt^rftr^
(-ta-)
tfrarftq*Od
(tara-; -d6
§6)
tarftrdqi
(ta-)
j^rrftrftqu
t^rarftqu
(ta-)
t|rft»<|)qao
(ta-)
marririq
(§8)
t^riq^Oc
(te.j-66§6)
^^4
tardsfo
(-ar4-)
marr^t
(§8)
(-^-r§8;
a- -si)
yjt^b
(-tfir, -jy)
tdr^b
(tl-, -jy)
t^rrjb^'o
(ta-. -jy-)
m|t^rrab
(-t&-, -ay)
+^0.
tfiribi
(ti-. -yi)
y|rr4b
<-ftT;§8)
tdrib
(t^,-fty;§8)
tiiib^o
(ti-, -jy-)
mdrrdb
(-iY;§8)
+45.0.
tar&bi
(ta-. -yi)
ylrrdtS
tardtS
(tft-)
tardtt^o
(te-)
marrdtit
(§8)
+^*
t4rdc(-iri-;
§8;-«Hci)
(iti-)
tirtjr
(tSr)
t^I^'^O
(tft-)
IIB+C+C
matdrt^
(-irta-)
Digit
+C;»'<!
tartftri
(ta-)
16—2
zed by Google
244
Amharic Gframmar.
Simp, perl
(§26)
i-Chao
ma (ta-)
•Hnoifl
g§b| (ta-.
(ta-)
t^l^f|
(-as&-)
i'An
t|8^mmS
(ta-)
t^amSm-
mS (-asa-)
(t^mSm-
mS, ta-)
narrate, i
interpret,
t
wave, 1.
remain
over, i
be
paraded, p.
be heard,
P-
make
peace, i
C!omp. perf.
(§32)
tdrk^
(t4Aik-.t4-)
•NTI^A
t^rgwti-
mdal (ti-)
bd&l (ta-,
■mj-)
t^rf^l
(ta-)
•hAA^A
t|S^l|fdftl
'(-as^-)
+A^*A
tas^mtdftl
(ta-)
t'A'TrAA
t|S|mim-
tdal (-asa-)
(t|smi-, ta-)
Gontiiigent
(§26)
yjt^rk
(-tinik.
-t4-)
gwiim (-ta-)
y^r)gtb$g
g|b(§7c;
yitirf
(-ti)
J&AA9
(-si)
^A«f
ylss^mma
fAnn
j|8S|mSm-
ma
|>ft-»-]
(yj8(8)mg-;
§7c)
Comp. impefl
(§32)
^ri-CtiA
y|tirkfa
(-t^rrik-,
-ti)
y|tartfggwii-
m&l (-ta-)
j&cinioA
^r)gfb$g-
g|bal(§7c;
-y^ggfy-)
yitfrffil
(-ti)
fAh<^
yisefllafal
J6A*»A
yiBB^mmftl
jjss^am-
m&l
[J1A-T-]
(yi8(8)mS-;
§Tc)
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Appendix.
245
JossiTe
(§27)
ImperatdTe
(§28)
yitr^t
yitAr4k
(-tft-)
t(r|k
(tft.)
yjt^rgwtim
(-ta-)
t^rgwiim
(ti-)
yir(r)g4b-
gfb(§7c;
-ygfy)
•HTMn-fl
t^g^bgab
(ta-, -ygay)
^A9
yj8s41af
(-sa-)
+AA*
tasilaf
(-aai)
yjssdma
+A-1
tas&mS
'(tA-)
y|ss^m&mS
(y^8)m^;
t|sam&mS
(W)
(t|smi-, ta-)
Oerand
InfinitiTe
(§29)
(§30)
•l-Cti
aa^Ol
tArk^o
m^trak
(t^k-, ti-)
iiH-^ni
in^tdrr|k
(-tft.)
+cri»
flH-or
tArgwtim^o
matir-
(tir)
gwoiox (-ta-)
•Hn-niii
aocmra
t^gdb-
mF(r)g*b-
g|b-o(ta-.
gab (§ 7c;
-ygiy-)
ma-, -ygay)
•tec
iiirh*:*
tirf^o
m^traf
(t^)
'^AAC
aoAh9
tasdlljf^o
m^^
Vasa-)
(-sa-)
^A^-f
^•hIt
tasdmt^o
massimftt
(ta-)
(§8)
+A*7^-f
a^Ann't
tasamftmt^o
m|8Sfm4-
° (-asa-)
mftt (§ 8)
[+A-1-]
[flWl^f-]
(t|smft-,ta-)
(m|s(s)mi- ;
§7c)
Participle
(§31)
t|r(r)iki
(ta-)
targwimi
'(ta-)
tfrgabgibi
(ta-, -ygiy-)
tar&fi
(ta-)
t|S^l&fi
(-asa-)
+A*l
tasimi
(ta-)
+A«f«l
tas^m&mi
(-asa-)
[+A«T-]
(t^mi-, ta-)
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246
Amharic Ghrammar.
Simp. pmrf.
(§25)
-hAn*^ S.
(-a8&-)
2nd -^U
-rrah
e
(-ah), etc
+fl^^ G.
t^marra
(-asa-)
t|s^S
(-asa-)
MC
tdssara
(-8ft.)
tfsfrdss^ra
(-ftrissft-)
tas^hraqa
(-fte^)
+A4+ G.
tasasdta
(-ftsft-)
•fhh^ a
tasflsit^
(ta-)
gnie, L
t|8fm^rtdftl
gTM©, 1.
be built, p
be decreed,
P
be tied, p.
be bored,
P
be stolen,
P-
be
confused, I
be
confused, i
Gomp. ^txt.
(§32)
tasam&rt6fil
9 O
(-asa-)
t^^rt6sl
(-asa-)
tiisrd&l
tasdmrdSl
e o o
(-as^-)
+AC#A
tas^rq5Sl
(-as^)
i*AA:i:A
tas4s(Y)tdftl
(-as4-)
+Aft*A
t98fis(|)tMl
(ta-)
Oontdngent
(§26)
JB.A««^A
yjss^^rrSl
yiss^rrS
(-84-)
y|tt&ssar
(-sa-)
^A^CAC
(-ar^ssft-)
yjssArr^
{-si-)
fA¥t
(-sfis-)
J6AA*
Corop. imperl
(§32)
yjss^mSrrfil
i&A^A
yjas^rrftl
(-8&-)
f^A^A
yitt&ssar&l
(-ea")
j&a<:A4s<a
yjss^rAssf-
rSl(-ar4s8a-)
yjssdrr^qftl
(-84-)
^A4;'-A
}^8sas&t&l
(-sas-)
J&AA;^A
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Appendix.
247
Josnye
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
(-ar)
^fl•»^
y|ssaindra
yjssirS
y|ttfis§r
(-sa-)
tdsfr
(-sa-)
fACAC
yyss^ar
(-^rsft-)
yjssdraq
(-sa-)
yias^sat
(-8^-; §8)
+A41-
(-a^4-;§8)
y|ssfts&t
(§8)
•MAI-
tfsisiit
(ta-;§8)
(Gerund
(§29)
(-Saami-)
+A«TC'f
tasamirt^o
e e
(-asa-)
i-AC-f
(-ftsa-)
;^Al?
tisr^o
•^ACA(;
t|sdrs|r^o
(-asi-)
+AC#
(-asft-)
+AA-f
t|8fc(l)t-0
(-88^-)
+AA-f
tisasODf^o
(ta-)
Infinitiye
(§»0)
n-AtHx:^
r|t (-ara-)
m|ssami-
rdt (§8)
0bA^^
massirdt
(-sft-J 8)
a»^AC
m|tt&8|r
(.sa.)
tfvACAC
m|ssdr8ar
(.firsa.)
massdraq
(-84-)
i»A4^
(-sis-' §8)
flf^AI*
mass^t
(§8)
Participle
(§31)
(-asa-)
-Hind
tasamiri
o o
(-fisa-)
iaaixi
e o
Md
t+ACA<5
(-asa-)
t+A^*
tasar&qi
(-asa-)
+AA*
(-asft-; §8)
+AA*
t^s^sftd
(ta-;§8)
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248
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. per!.
Comp. perf.
Contingent
(§25)
(§32)
(§26)
+A+A
be sus-
+rt*d.A
^A^A
tas^q^if
pended, p.
t^s^qldal
yissfiqfi
(ta.)
ride, i
(ta-)
4-40
be drawu,
'^Aa.A
J&A4
tas&b§,
' P-
tds|bd&l
y|ss4b
(ta-, -ya)
(t^-. -jy-)
(^y)
-tAttd
be broken.
•^A•a&A
f,Aac
tas^bb^
P-
tfs^br^l
Tjssdbbar
(ta-, -ba-)
(ta-, -yr-)
(-ba-)
+MM
be
i'A'flAa.A
j&AflA^
tasab&ssaba
gathered.
t|s^b4b^l
yjssab^ssab
' '{&,-,' °
P-
(ta-, -y4y-)
(-y^y)
-y^ssay-)
i-AlMd
be
-hAO'fl&A
f,AtMC
t|s^b§;bb^-
shattered.
tasabdb-
7}ssab£b-
r|(-asa-.
P-
r5al
b|r
-yS-, -ar-)
(-aaa-,-y4y-)
(-yg-, -ar)
+4+
be missed,
+A*A
j6A^
t|sata
P
t^td&l
yjssftt
(ta-)
(ta-)
+rt9'fl+
be
+AV'OAA
fiAvay
t|san§l>bat^
dismissed,
t|san&btd&l
yissanSib-
(-asa-. -ba-)
P-
(-asa-, -yt-)
bat
(-sa-.'-ba-)
+AW
be
+A9'«"AA
|iA«
tasanSddS
prepared.
t|8|ndd(i)-
y|ss^nSddS
(-asa-)
P-
t5al (-asa-.
Comp. imperf.
(§32)
J&AtAA
yiasiqqalil
y|ssfibal
(-ay-)
fAtU-A.
y}88ibbaral
(-ba-)
J&AnAOA
3^ssab^ssa-
baJ
(-y^ssay-)
j^AQfUA
yjssababb^r
r&l
{-Y&-, -ar-)
7|ssfttal
^Avn;^A
y|ss|nSb-
batal
e
(-sa-, -ba-)
y|8S|nSd-
dal
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Appendix.
249
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§ 28) .
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
J&A4>A
•f-AtA
+A*A-
iioAtA
+A^^
yias^qfi
tas^qfl
(ta-)
tas^l^'o
(ta.)
mfssfiil
t|s4q$(ta-;
-fiyy§6;§8)
pMk
+A^1
+An
iiiiA^
+AII.
7|ss&b
<-aT;§8)
(t4-.-fty;§8)
t44b'^o
(t^-, -jy-)
m^^b
(4; §8)
tas&bi
(ta-, -yi)
rA^c
•^AOC
i-AilC
noAflC
+An<!
yissibar
(-Ay-, -ar)
t|sAb|r
(tar,-^y-,-ar)
tasAbr'^o
(ta.,-yr.)
inass^b|r
(-|y-, -ar)
tasabdri
(ta-,-y&-)
jB.A'OA^
i*A«A«
-hA-flAn
AoA'AA^
i-A-AAO.
jjes^bsib
(-ysfy)
tfs^bsftb
(ta-,ysay)
tis^bsib'^o
(ta-,-y4y-)
mass^bs|b
(-ysfT)
t^sabsftbi
(ta-,-y8ay-)
^QOC
•^AQac
•hAO-flf?
«>AQac
i-AQQ^S
yjssabdbfr
(-yfiy-, -ar)
t|s|b&bar
(-asa-,-yAy-,
-ar)
tasabibr^o
(-asa-, -ydy-)
massabd-
b|r
(-yay-,-ar)
tasabfibdri
(-a8a-,-yay-)
f/^
+A-f
0d4^
yjssit
(§8)
td4t^o
(ta-)
m^ssdt
(§8)
^A?0^
+A?fl1-
+AS''n'f
noAffl^
t+Avn^
^88|nfib^t
(-sa-, -fty-.
t|sanib|t
(-asa-.-dy-,
t|sanfi,bt^o
(-asa-, -yt-)
m|ss^iidbat
(-sa-, -dy-,
tasandbdc
(-asa-, -dy-;
-at)
-at)
-at)
§8)
fA'IH
+AW
+A9'«"*
0DA?'t^
+AT3f
7|s8^nddS
t|8|n^S
(-asa-)
t§san&d(D-
Vo (-asa-,
-irtr § 7</)
m|ssanddit
(§8)
Di
tfsAn&j
(-asd-;§8)
gitizedbyGoOQl
260
Amha/ric Grammar.
Simp, perl
Comp. perf.
(§25)
(§32)
•hAVfli^
be split, p.
•WITWfrA
tfs^^tWf
t|s$n^qd&l
(-aaa-)
(ta.)
•1^01^
be hidden.
i-AOH^
t|s|uw^*|
P
t|8^uwtlrd&l
(ta-)
(ta-)
i-Aftfl
be abused.
+AjC-aA
t|s^d^b^
P-
t$sfi(Dbdftl
(ta-, -y|)
(ta-, -y5-)
•Mw;
migrate, i.
+A<,A
t^ddad^
tasSdddftl
(ta-)
°(ta-)
+fl<ftO'
quarrel, L
•^A^J^nfA
tas^dSd-
t|8|dfid(D-
d|bu
b^&l
(-afia'-, -yu)
(-asa-, -y^-)
+flfli
be given, p.
+At*a
t|s4^
ta84t(|)t5al
(-a«&-)
(-a«4-)
2nd -mU
-tt^h
(-ah), etc.
•^A4.
be sewn, p.
i-A«:i:A
tasdfns
tasdftdal
(tfi-)
(ta-)
Contingttit
. (§26)
j&AVm^
q&l
Tissduw^ |y|ss^waril
^A<dC
^il-fl
yJBS^d^b y|88^d|bil
(-ay)
y|88§kld|d
yjss^ad-
d^bu
(-yu)
JtAT
fAi-
^ssiffS
Comp. impoi
(§32)
fAfS^
(-yal)
fAfS/iti
y|88Sdd|-
d&l *
j^ss^dad-
dfbdUa
(-ydl-)
fA^U
yjssAttel
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Appendix.
251
JuBsive
(8 27)
ImperatiTe
(8 28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
(ta.)
i-AiDC
(ta-)
tas^wiir'^o
(ta-)
mass^tt^r
yjssfljb
(-ay)
+Ajtn
t^(i)b''o
(ta-,-y-o)
m|8s^d^b
(-ty)
y|8sid§d
(ta-)
+4^
t^dd^o
(ta.)
m^ssidad
d|bu
(-yu)
t|8^d&d^bu
(-asar. -yu)
t^|dad(D-
b^
(-asa-, -y|u)
m^ss|dft-
dab
(-^y)
(§8)
ta84t(iJt-o
(-as4-)
massdtat
(-at)
yWf«
taslft^'o
(ta.)
omAiJt
m|ssifdt
(§8)
Partioiple
(§_31)
(ta-)
tasauwiri
' (ta-)
i-AWl.
t{8|ddfibi
(ta-, -yi)
tfsid^j
(ta-;§8)
+A«n*
b'^Oc (-asa-,
-&y-;-6c§6)
(-tear; §8;
-ai.-9i)
t+AA
(t&-,-Ur)
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252
Atnharie Gframmar,
Simp. perf.
(§26)
Comp. perl
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
Oomp. imperi
2nd:^ffO
<i8sah,etc.
be nibbed,
P
t^td&l
yltt&i
^;«fA
^ttftsiil
tas&la
(ta-)
be better,
•
1.
t^s|IMl
(ti-)
Tlsiil
^IfAA
yjssftlfil
t|8SmmS
(ta-)
scramble
for, t.
tas&mt5&l
(ta-)
yjIsSmmS
J6W-TA
7}88fininiJil
■tVam
til'^Om^
(ta-)
be set in
authority,
P-
+Ma
t|siimdfil
(ta-) ^
-If- -8-6- 8.
7is8-6m
jtir-TA
y|a8'^6mlil
(-asdssa-)
be hidden,
P
+ffTfs»A
tas^8e|g5&l
(tasft-)
(-&ia-)
j&mfpA
yiss^s|gsl
(-asla-)
+ff7
tasdilM
(-ak)
2nd -70
be
escorted,
P
t|sd&ilit5&l
(-asft-)
ylss^fiii
(-si-)
^ff?A
Tiss^ftftftl
(-ii-)
-fifiah, etc.
(-&&£)
be laden,
P-
+ffh**A
t|s^kkim5&l
(-as^-)
y|i8^kk|m
(-84-)
j&irh«TA
mal {-si.)
t|Sdgg^
(ta-, -ga-)
cross, t.
+«'?iA
tflfigrdEl
(ta-)
yisadggjr
(-ar)
Digitized by VjOC
J&lf-t^A
yj8s%g|rsl
(-ga-)
Appendix.
26S
JassiTe
(§27)
ImperatiTe
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
(§8)
+TSA-
(tft-)
mittisat
mdss&l
(§8)
tasfimS
V)
tasfimt^o
(ta-)
iD|8iftmit
(§8)
tasftmi
(ta-)
y|s8^6m
(§8)
(t4-;§8)
tjliim^o
(ta-)
mdss'^6m
(§8)
t|swftini
(ta-)
Tlasdsag
(-i&sa-)
t&BdsftfiT
t|8dS8|g'^0
(tas4-)
(-&88^-)
tasassfigi
'(tasa-)
(-Bi-; § 8)
{-4S4-; § 8)
tisAftfijt^o
(-as^-)
mgs84il(&)at
tasdiiiii
(-aM-)
pVhr
yjSsdkam
(-8^)
(-ai^-)
talAkkim'^o
° (W)
m^lsdkim
(-st)
ta8|kkftini
(-aaa-)
(-ar)
t|8&g|r
(ta-, -ar)
t|8%r^o
(ta-)
massfiffar ■
(-ar) •
Digitiz
t^sfig&ri
(ta-)
edbyGoOQl
264
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
tas^ti
(-asa-)
t^S^ffan^
(-aM-)
t++A*A
++A+A
taqalSq-
q|i|
taqwc^ll§f|
taq^mmS
t|qdmm^
be sold, p.
Comp. perf.
(§32)
+?tip.A
t^itdfti(t&-)
-K- -84- a
Oontingmt
(§26)
(-sir)
be
wrapped,
P-
+ff*>.A
taldrtnOftl
' (-as^-)
(-SS.)
be stained,
P-
•I^A**A
taqdlmd&l
(-dlljm-)
yiqqtfljm
be mixed,
P-
t+*A*A,A
t^dlq|ld&I
tf,*A*A
yiqqsi^q-
qai
be mixed,
P-
++A*0,A
tfqaiaqd)-
15al
^^A^A
y|qq|laq-
qai
be locked,
P
i^A^A
taqw(u1l|f5al
yiqqwoaiaf
be robbed,
P-
+*r*A
t^q^mmj-
t5&l
7}qqdmm£
be tasted,
P-
•i^*-fl.A
taq^sd&l
yjqq^mmfs
sit, ride, i.
+*fip.A
tjq^m(mD-
tdal
yjqq^mjt
Comp. impert
(§32)
^ir<qA
(-si.)
}^si4ffaii&l
^♦A«TA
y|qqill9infil
t^^A4^IA
yiqqaifi-
qalftl
f,'^A^AA
yjqqalSq-
qalftl
^qqw<ttUa^
^qqimmSl
j&^«ii4A
yjqq^mma-
sftl
mq^^r
t&i
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
266
Jassive
Imperative
Oerond
Infinitiye
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31) .
fiVf
•l«<n
n.ff'T
+lf^
ym\
W"o(t^)
m^d^t
t^
(-S4-;§8)
-K- -84^ 8.
(-^;§8)
(t4-; § 8)
i&ffiO
+ffA'>
+ff*T
n-ff^L?
+ff4.'$
yji^faii
tal^^
tasifiin'^o
m|88df§n
tas^ffftfi
(-84-)
(-s^)
(-884-)
(-sa-)
(-as^-; -ftft
§6; §8)
f.*Ar
++Af»
ao^Ar
++A-1
y|qq41am
taqdlm'^o
{-dll|m-)
maqq^l^
tfq|l(l)&mi
tj&^A^A
t++A*<l-
tup^A^A
t++A;»J
yjqqliqai
taqdlq|l^o
maqq^iq^i
taq^q4|
(-ftyy§6;§8)
16+A+A
•h+A^A-
ao*ii*ti
fi^h^f.
y|qq8lftq|l
taq^li-
maqq^
t|q|l4q4
q(Dl-o
°qai
(-%§6;§8)
j6*A*
i^AC
<i»tA«
t-hfcAA
yjqqwoJlaf
taqwtuHjT'o
maqqw&!l|f
t|qw<i)llftfi
jt^-t
•l"+*T
•l^*»-f
«io+*M-
+*n
ylqq^S
t^^S
maqqdmftt
(§8)
taq^mi
P*amH
•f-ty-A
tm*aoh
•f-t-rs
ylqq^as
taqdms^o
m|qqdm|8
t^q^m&i
(§8)
fi*imT
i-*a^
++>-<n
«D4>tf»f
yjqq^at
tfq^ft
taqAm(mD-
m^qq^jt
t^immfic
1 t^o
1 (§8)
Digit
izedbyGoOQle
266
Amharic Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
t|qarar-
r^bu
taq&ratj
tjqwa5rr|t|
tjqasiq-
q§sf
t^qiqqala
t^qdbbS
tyi4bb|l§
t^q^bbfTi
(-ba-)
+♦<
t§q|ddS
becloee
together,
i.
pay dues,
i.
be cut, p.
be roused,
P-
be boiled,
P-
be
anointed,
P-
accept, t.
be buried,
P-
be drawn,
P
Comp. perf.
(§32)
(-yyi-)
t^drt5S,l
(-qa-)
+tCip.A
t^Wairtdftl
•l<^Ata.A
t^dqq|l5al
++«AA
taqdbt5&l
ttq^bbil5ftl
taqdbrd&l
•h+JC^A
t|q^|t5&l
l(-art-§7<i)
Contingent
(§26)
y|qq|rSr-
rabu
(-yu)
yiqq^rr^
yiqqwcorrjt
yjqqasfi-
q|s
yjqq^qsi
j^qqdbbS
^♦flA
yiqq^bb§l
. (-al)
yjqqdbbjr
(-ba-)
j&M
yiqqdddS
Ck>mp. imperf.
(§32)
y|qqfrSrrj^
bdllu
(-y^-)
^^^«IA
yjqqlrratel
3^qqw<urT|-
tal
yjqqasiq-
qasal
|6*+AA
j^qqdqqalal
J&^QA
yjqqfbbfil
J&^flAA
yiqq4bb|lfil
j&^a^A
yjqq^bba-
rfil (-ba-)
J&t^A
yiqqiddfil
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
267
Jassive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Qerund
(§29)
InBnitiye
(§30)
I6,*^it
i^^^Or
-hf^caoh
0i>*i^-a
y|qq|rfi-
rabu
(-yu)
t^q^rftrabu
(-yu)
taq§i*r(|)-
b|u
m|qq^
{-?y)
f,*df
++<:t
++C<n
«o*<:t
mq^rffc
t|q$r|t
tjqdrt^o
(-qS^)
m?qq^
f.iLd'?
i-i^f
+*Cin
aatdf
yjqqwwrgt
taqwa!r|^
t|qw<urt''o
m^qw&>r|t
fs,*h*n
i^Mh
•l^ft^A
ao*H*ll
yjqqdsqas
t|qdsq|S
taq^q^^o
mfqq^sqfs
tS.**fii
't'+^^
«»^A
yiqqfiii
tfq^qjl^o
m^qqiq^
f.*Q
++a
++<l-f
0«*n't
ylqq^bS
taqdbS
i-iY-)
taqdbf^o
"(-yt-)
m|qq^bftt
(-^y-;§8)
f,*aA
•h+IIA
■t*iUf
ao*aA
yiqq^fi
{-iY: -al)
tjq^bll
{■iY-> -ai)
tiq^bl^l'^o
m|qq4b|l
f.*ac
■t^-ae
AD^nc
^qq4b|P
{-iY-> -&r)
tjq^br^o
(-yr-)
maqq4b|r
i-iY: ^)
ylqq^dS
(-&rt-§7rf)
m|qq^dit
(§8)
•Participle
(§31)
taqarftr^
b^od(-fty-;
-'^ooc § 6)
taq^Mld
{§"8) *
t^w<urftd
(§8) *
(§8)
taq^qqS
(-%§6;§8)
taqdbi
(V)
(-%§6;§8)
AM. OB.
.n
(-yi-)
§8;-3t-ji)
17
Digitized by
Google
268
Amharie Orammar.
Simp, perl
(§2g )
tfqddd^m}
t$qfld|d|
t|qwa!t|a
Wttal^
(-ta-)
t|qwa.'tter|
(-t&-)
tjqwaJtt|b|
(-&T-)
gomfiront,
i.
C(Hiip. perl
(§32)
t^^dfil
(-qi^, -nn-
Contiiigent
(§26)
yiqq^djm
be pierced,
P-
t|qfld6ftl
yiqqfidfd
be
punished,
P-
++T*A
t^q^ttOfii
yiqq^tts
be angry,
i.
t^qwcJtd).
t5fil
jiqqw«5ttS
be joined,
P-
+*i*^A
tjq^ttjltt&l
^tmA
3lqq$tt|»
(-al)
be burnt,
P-
+;^T^A
t|qdt(DlMl
yiqqSttgl
(-al)
be
engaged,
P-
•I^TiA
t^^trttfil
mq^^
(-ta-)
be
counted,
P-
•h*TiA
t|qw<<!tr5fil
y|qqwo5tt|r
(-ta-)
be sayed,
P
+tTaA
tyiwaJtft.
b^ (-It-)
^qqwolttjb
(-»y)
Comp. in^wl
(§32)
^W»A
yjqqidd^
mSl
^♦A'SA
^qq^dd^
dal
>5+«IA
yiqq<*|fii
Itt'nA
yjqqwoJttfil
jB.^fllAA
mq^ttfiai
j&^mAA
yiqqSttflal
mq^^^
(-ta-)
yjqqwolttjr
r&l(-tiir)
j&^mOA
j^qqwoSttj-
b&l (-f y)
Digitized by
Google
Appendix*
269
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
f'^fT
•lr*fr
++J5:1»
m>*f,r
t+«1
^^qq^dgm
t|qfl|m
t^^dm^o
(-qa-, -nn-
11 d)
m§qq^|in
t§q|dibiii
f'^fJ:
-t-^f-
tio*fJ:
++'«e
^qq^dfd
tiq^d'^o
m^qfl|d
t|q4d(d)4j
(§8)
|6*«l
•t**n
-I^T-f
flp+^rt*
t+**
yiqq^s
t^qitS
t|q|tt-o
mfqq^tdt
(§8)
t$q4c (.qi-;
§8;-fll.-6i)
J6*fl|
•f^*n
•hfeT-f
tmt^nlr
•hfc*
yiqqwoJtS
taqwiutS
tyiw<M't(Dt'^o
m|qqwa>tat
(§8)
t|qwa»d
(-«,-6i)
j&^mA
•l^mA
++TA-
ao*m6i
•H"n^
3lqq*t|»
(-al)
taq4t|l
(-al)
taq^ttjl-o
maqq4¥
(-al)
(-%§6;§8)
f^^tn^
+;^niA
+;*TA-
AD^mA
+;^«i^
yiqqfitfi
(-al)
(■Al).
taqftt(|)l''o
m|qqfit|l
(-aJ)
taqft^
(-ftyy§6;§8)
j&^mC
++mC
t+TI?
tfD^mC
•H"n<5
yiqq^tar
(-ta.)
t^q^tF
(-ta-)
taq^tr^o
mfqq^^
(-ta-)
t^jttari
f,tMiC
•hfemC
•htTC
au^mC
t+t«l45
y|qqwa5t|r
(-ta-)
t|qwo5ty
(-ta.)
taqwwtr'^o
maqqw<ut^
(-ta-)
t^w<u0ri
fjtma
•htTO
AD^m-fl
t+fnfl.
ylqqwolt^b
(-ay)
t|qwo>ttib^o
(-jy-)
m|qqw(ut|b
(-^y)
D
t|qw(uttftbi
(-yi)
17—2
gitizedbyCjOOQl
260
Amharie Grammar.
Simp, perf .
(§25)
t^w<uff|r|
(-fa-)
tOA
tabdUS
o o
(-ay-)
tfbil|
(-ay-)
+nAff
(-»y-)
2nd-!ru
-siah, etc.
tabirrS
UV).
<-iy-)
Oomp. perl
(§32)
OontingeDt
(§26)
be cheated.
++T?A
taq^tfttfil
be dug, p.
tyiwajrj-
rd&l
7|qqw<i»ff|r
(-fa.)
be eaten,
P
i-flArtA
t|b$lt5&l
(-ay-. -i\.)
^flA
^bb^US
be said,
P-
•Hld,A
t^b(D15&l
(t4-. -yd)-)
^QA
yibbil
be spoiled,
P
•f-OATlrtA
tibfl&std&l
(-ty-)
^OAl!
y|bb^
beUt, p.
•i*ac:i:A
t|b^5&l
(-ty* -^r-)
yjbb^
be blessed,
•
1.
i-QCl^A
t|b&rk5al
(-?y-)
7|bbirr^
be wiped,
P
t^b|86al
y|tt^bas
Comp^impol
(§32)
yiqqw«fff
rfil(-fa-)
J&OAA
Tlbb^U&l
J&QAA
j|bb^Sl
fM^Hk
j^bb^rril
^bb^bT|kii
i&:HI4A
y|ttSbb{Sil
Digitized by
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Appendix.
261
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Fturtioiple
(§31)
tfq^o
mjqq^tlf
t|q#fl
yiqqw<^jp
(-fa-)
t^qw<ufi|r^o
m|qqw<ii)f|r
(-&-)
yjbb^S
•i-flA
t|bfl8
(-*y-)
i-flA-f
tibflf^o
(-ay-, -41-)
«»aA^
m^bb^Ut
(§8)
+flj&
t^bS(-4y-;
-4yy§6;§8)
yibbfil
m
•HIA-
t^b(Di-o
(t4-, -y(|»
«>QA
m^bbil
(§8)
tfb§(-^y-;
-iyy§6;§8)
j&aATi
Tlbb^ds
(§8)
i-OAH'f
tab^&sf'o
(-ty-)
m^bb^lis&t
yibb^rS
(-ir-)
+OC-f
tab&^^o
(-iy ° -4r-)
m^bb^rie
(-ir-;§8)
t|b^
(-^y-,'-a^)
j|bbir|k
t|b&<|k
(-&y-)
+acii
tibftrk'^o
(-?y-)
m^bir|k
t|b&r4ki
(-»y-)
(-M
tSbbls'^o
m|ttib|8
(-iy-)
tabb&
(§8)
)igitized by VjOOQ
262
^mAoru; Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
Comp. perf.
(§32)
(Contingent
(§26)
Comp. inmeri
(132)
t|b^t^^
(-lY-.-atta-)
be
scattered,
P-
i-fl^-XA
t^b^ttindal
(-17-. -^tt-)
7|bb^ttfn
(-4tta-)
y|bbdtt|iii
(-attar)
t|bfld|l^
(-^Y-. -ad-)
be
m-treated,
P-
+fl/td.A
t^b^d)ld&l
^0)lA
yibb^ddfl
(-lidda-)
J60MA
Tibb^ddate
(-id-)
t^b^dfr^
(-jY-.-^dft-)
borrow, t.
+0«'iA
t^b$dd|r^
(-ay-. -Sd-)
Tlbb^dfr
(-4ddar)
7|bb^d^
rftl (-^da-
Wjja
(-IT-, -^j-)
2nd -](U
-jjah, etc.
be made,
P
+n3e*A
t|b^jjit5ftl
(-IT-. -^•-)
yjbb^jj
(-41-)
j&aifA
yibbAjjfti
t^tSIl^a
be
deceived,
P-
+;»-^A
t|tS1l5fil
^;^AA
TittSUfl
(-al)
l&^-AAA
jjttSllalSl
t^ttam|
be sealed,
P
t&tt|m5&l
^tt^ttfin
7|tt&tt|inil
tjt|rdtt|r|
(-ai^tta-)
be
cracked,
P
•M-C^-iA
t^t^ri^rdal
(-ti-)
yittgr^ttir
(-ar^tta-)
yittgrlttiril
(-ar^tta-)
t^tn-^ggWia-
m| (-ar-)
be in-
terpreted,
P-
'M'C7**tA
tatArgwtl-
mfial (-ar-)
yjtt|rig-
gwotm (-ar-)
Digitized by VjO
m&l (-ar-)
OQle
Appendix.
263
Jnarive
(§27)
Imperatiye
(§28)
Gerond
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Pardoiple
(§31)
^0+1
pL+n+>.
+ai-T
««a-M
+a;^'$
^bb^tfii
(-4ta.)
t|b4t(t)|iiu
t^b^tiin^o
{-IT-, -fttt-)
m|bb^^n
(-4ta-)
tfb^ttdft
(-|Y-, -itt- ;
M§6;§8)
JtflAA
■i-ttfA
+n)tA-
«ion;»A
i-Mf,
Jibb^d^
(-4dar)
t|b4d,i
(-|y-,-fidar)
t^b^ddll^o
(-»y-. -^-)
m^b^|l
(-4da-)
tfbAdd^'
(-^Y-.-4d-;
'Ayy§6;§8)
f-afjc
+OAC
+flJfC
floflftC
iiM£
}^bb^gr
ttbAdjr
(-»y-,-ada.)
tfb^djr'^o
(-»y-. -^-)
m|bb^|r
(-^a-)
t|b|dddri
(-jy-, -ad-)
t^aj^
+flfrf
eoaxi-
yibbAj
(-41 ; § 8)
•
tfb^jjit-o
(-f y-, -4j-)
mfbb^jat
(-4)-)
fi^Ati
+;!•*•
0P;^AA
+;I-A^
yjttftl|l
(-al)
tjtSU^o
mattil|l
(-al)
tftftl^
(-iyy§6;§8)
^;H^
;H^
fli»;^+^
;»-;^1
jittftt^
tfittjin^o
mattatam
tatt&mi
16+C+C
•i-tCfC
++C1-C
nH-Ci-C
•M-C^6
y|ttdrt^
(-arta-)
tatdrt|r
(-4rta-)
tat4rt|r^o
(-U-)
m^tUrt|r
(-arta-)
(-ata-)
^+o^
•MtTM"
tmtChr
•M-C^l
tatirgwtt-
m'^o (-4r-)
m^ttir-
gwctfin (-4r-)
t|targw4ini
(-ar-)
Digitized by
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m
Amharic Ghrammar.
Simp. perf.
Comp. perl.
Oontuig«nt
Comp. imperl
(§25)
(§32)
(§26)
(§32)
++hA
be planted.
-hrti^A
^•HlA
^•HlAA
ti^kk^j
P-
t|t$k(Di6fti
(-ti.)
yjtt^kk^
7|tt$kkalfil
•I*Hi»A
be
++tf-a.A
fA\^
^•Hi-^A
}|tdkkwct>s^
scorched,
t|t^wti-
^tt^kkwois
^tt^kkwoH
(-'oikko-)
P-
s6fil (-<Jk-)
(-oJkko-)
8ftl(-a>kko-)
++fl»
be left, p.
-H-AA
^+fl»-
jt-WA
tft^wi
tit|td&l
yjttfu
yitt^wal
(-^)
*(ti)
(-tlilfir)
+^A
be
+^A
f.^6i
^^'AA
tacftli
possible,
td^5&l
^ocil
7)0cftl&l
j.iii m
rise, L
+V/»'*A
j&t«V
^»-fA
t|n^a
tan^stdal
y|nn^S
^nn^ss&l
•Mlf-M-
slide, L
+^1f*A
j&iif-rt-
f,'Hti-^A
t^nsStt^t^
t|nsStt6&l
yjnsStt^t
^sStt^tftl
(-at|)
(§7c;-at)
(§ 7c; -atfil)
•n+4+A
be moved.
+l+4*flLA
f.t*fi*n
JbTt^^^A
t^Aqas^
P
tfAqas^d)-
yjnq^sS-
yinqasS^
qqi«*
sd&l
qqas
qq|B8l
(§7rf)
(§7c;-j6q-)
(§7c;i6q-)
+»♦»♦
be shaken.
+**1itA
f,i*i*
f.i*^^fii
t|n§qf
P
tanAqnj-
yjnnyi^-
yjnnaqf
nn^^
q5&l
nnaq
nn^qfil
+V/^»+
be shaken.
+V/»'^A
fi.i^^
^»;*»;^A
t|n|qd-
P-
t|n|qi&-
yjnniqd-
^nnaqd-
nn^^
qdal 1 nnaq 1 nnaqftl
Digitized by VjOC
)Qle
Appendix.
265
Jussive
Imperative
Oerund
Infinitive
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
^-HlA
++IIA-
0HiiA
++hjpj^
yjtt^kil
t|t4k(Dl'^o
i-d-)
m|ti4k|l
tft^l^
(-%§6;§8)
JB.-HI-A
++H-A
<iH-h-A
•M^Tl
7|tt^kwa«
tat^kkwtt-
m|t<4kwa«
(-oJko-)
8^o (-wk-)
(-aio-)
(-«k-;§8)
JR+dH
+1-f
iiH-iDl-
yjtt^
Wo
mattiwat
(§8)
(ti-)
(-tf^-)
JR^A
+Ta-
im^A
yjdcil
t^^o
m^
(§8)
(tt)
(§8)
^»-f
+f^
+*/»•*
+*•«
7|im^I
tfn^sS
tan^st^o
(§8)
tfnti (-nlU;
§8;.a:-8i)
itiir-H-
-nir-H-
-nir-f
<»iir+i-
irtri^l-
y|ii8it|t
t|nslltat
t^nsStt^o
m^nsftt^t
t^nsftt^
<§7c;^t)
(-at)
(§ re; -at)
(§8)
^1+4+ft
+^Wft
•l1+4*^
<m1^4tA
+7+4;i'1l
y|nqjsftq|8
t$Aq^^
t|Aq|8i-
m^q^ad-
taAq|8fiq4l
(§ 7c; -jAq-)
q(i)8-o
q|8
(§7c;-|Aq-)
(§8)
f.i*i*
+*♦»*
■Vk^-i*
00i¥i¥
+»*V*
yjimfin|q
tfn^qnaq
i^a^qniq^o
n|q
t^iqniqi
^»;^»*
-n^l*
aoi:H*
yjnnaqAniq
t^fqiikq^o
m^n^i-
ofq
Digitized by
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266
Amhartc Ghrammar,
Simp, perl
(§26)
•l-^ni+ni
t|Aqt*f
qqft*
(§w)
tfn4kk|r|
(-4kka-)
•KhA
tfnSkk^
t§]ikw&>sd-
kkwa>8^
(§vrf)
taAkabd-
o o
(§7rf;-yA-)
taAkwi-
o
kkwS
tremble,
L
be
touched,
P-
be wetted,
P-
be bitten,
P-
bite, L
rustle, L
be rolled,
P-
creak, L
C!omp. pert
Oontingent
(§32)
(§26)
•M+T^ip.A
j&l+m+T
tfAqdtqj-
yinqftf
tdftl
qqjt
(§7c;-jAq-)
•HIirfcA
^»l
tfn^tdftl
y^im^kkS
(-ni-)
•MIl&A
^thc
taniikrOftl
7jnii&kk|r
(-4k-)
(-4kka-)
tttoilLA
^VhA
tan^ksdftl
y|nnAkk|s
i-^jlLA
^9llA
t^nikadftl
y}imSkk|s
•Wb-lTtf-TtA
^Ib-ifh-ll
fAAkw&>84-
y|nkwa>8d-
kwtigdftl
kkwots
(§ 7c; -i<Uc-)
'Mhfl^A
^'YhQAA
tfAkabd-
T^nkabdUfl
II5I1
(§7c'-y4k-,
(-y^-)
-yd-, -al)
+Wvtf-AA
i&T*\^
taAkwdkwti-
yjnkwft-
t5ftl
kkwS
(-4kt-)
(§7c;-|Ak-)
Comp. imperl
(§32)
j&T^m^'qA
ypqfl^qr
(§7c;-jAq-)
^thA
y|nD^kkfil
yjim^kk|r&l
(-4kka-)
^>h'kA
yjnn^kkfBfil
^Vll4A
yjnnakkaail
yjnkwcaii-
kkwoisftl
(§rc;-iAk.)
^IhOAAA
7|nk^b^^
lal
(§7c;.|Ak-,
-yd-)
^•W\*lA
yjnkwftr
kkwsl
(§7c;-jftk-)
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
267
Jnsaive
ImperatiTe
(§28)
Gerund
Infinitive
Participle
(§31) .
(§27)
(§29)
(§30)
jB.'J+T+T
+?+1'+T
•«*T*<n
im-M^+T
•t^'T^'B'
yinq^tqft
ifAq^jt
tftiq^f
m|nqdtqjt
tfAq^tq^
(§rc;-|Aq-)
q|ro
(§7c; -aAq-)
(§8)
^Vh
ttto-f
aoiVt
•rth.
y|nn^S
>
tan&kf^o
mannikit
tan^ki
i-uir)
i-ni.)
{-ni-;'§8)
(-nl)
fi.ihC
'hVhC
+>hC
ii«)hc
+*h<{
yjnn^kgr
t^ikfr
tan^kr^o
t^nak^ri
(-ftka-)
(-aka-)
(ik-)
(°-4ka-)'
{-ak-)
j&VhA
+>h^
<mVhA
+Vh1l
yjnn$k|s
t^^ks^o
manndkas
tan^kds
(§8)
^?hA
•KhA
+VhA
flufhA
-Kim
y|imdk|S
t|ii&ks^o
m|imik|8
(§8)
f^TfMSMi
+lh.?rh.Tl
+ih-irtf-?r
im'^h-ifh-'ii
•Wh-?ft\Tl
y|nkw&>8i-
t^Akwa»8&-
taiikw<ii>si-
mankwotsi-
tftkkwcjsi-
kwots
kwcus
kwiis'^o
kwcdS
kwil
(§7c;-|4k-)
(§7c;-^4k-)
(§8)
^^haAA
i"}hQAA
i^mur
n-lhnAA
•whnAji^
TinkabSlal
taAk|b§l|l
t|Aka-
mpk|b§;-
taAkabdl^
(§ 7c; -|4k-.
(V, -al)
Mll^
lal
(-ya-;
-y^, -al)
(-y^-)
(§7c;-a<Uc-,
-yS-, -al)
4yy§6;§8)
f>JWiK
•i-^tf-f
a^TWKt
y^kwikwi
tafikw^
mankwi-
(% 7c; -|Ak-)
kwWo
(-fikt-)
kwlt(§7c;
-|Ak-;§8)
Digitized by
Google
268
Amharic Grammar.
Simp, per! .
. (§25)
'K'«in
{-Wtt»-)
+M
t^n&dda
t|nadd|d|
t|n4dd|f^
tandddafi^
+«<:
t|nSgg|ra
(-ar-)
tan|gSgg^
ra (-ar-)
•MmAfliA
t|nt^l$ttal|
be
disturbed,
P-
be driven,
P-
be
annoyed,
L
be stung,
P
Comp. perf .
(§32)
sting,
speak, L
converse,
1.
be hung,
P-
t^ndutitdftl
t|n4d|tdfil
(-n^rt-,
-n^§7rf)
t^dulddftl
t|nfdf5ftl
+TJ5-VA
tanftdfbftl
o
tan&gr5S.l
tan|gd-
grdftl
•UrtlATOLA
Contmgent
(§26)
j^pnguwfl
(-w«-)
^^dS
C<»np. imperL
(§32)
7{nnSdd|d
yinn^ddaf
j^ndddaf
y|nnSgg|r
(-ar)
yjnnagS-
ggar (-ar)
j&'YaiAaiA
(§7c;-al)
y|nnSuw|-
tSl (-Wfifl-)
y|nn^dfil
y}nnadda-
dal
7}nnddda-
ffil
^VA4-A
y^nndxlda-
m
3^nnagg}r
ral (-ar-)
yjnn|gSgg»
rfil (-ar-)
lal
(§^c)
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
260
Jussiye
(§27)
j^nnauft
^^im&d|d
7iimid|f
fi.'HC
(-ar)
(-ar)
(§7c;-liltar)
Imperative
(§28)
+^IUf
t|ndd|f
+T7C
(-ar)
+>JJ7C
(-ar)
(-4lt&-)
Gerund
(§29)
•KdH<n
t^dutit^o
-n4rt- § 70)
tanftdd'^o
o
tanddf^o
o e
t|nidf^o
•ttjJ^C
'o
•MfllATA-
(-ti-)
Infinitive
(§30)
mannau|t
°(-4)
m^nn^dit
(§8)
m^im&d|d
in|im^af
m|im&d|f
m|imdg|r
(-ar)
g|r(-ar)
dvlfllAfllA
(§7c;-<ft-)
Participle
(§31)
t|nSu&c
(§8)'
(-ni;§8;
-^ -ji)
tanftd&j
'(§8)
tanaddfi
tanSdifi
o
t^nfigdri
+*;»:»<{
+TrtiA'nj&
tfnUlt^
§6;§8)
Digitized by
Google
270
Amhqne Ghrammar.
Simp. peif.
(§25)
•Ha
2nd '^)nu
be plucked
out, p.
•^iJk
tfuSffasa
t^fifiS
(ti-, -fia)
i-hA
•^hAhA
takaldkka-
e e e e
la
o
t|k4mmara
(-ma-)
be inflated,
P-
breathe, i.
get fresh
air, i.
recline, i.
plant, t.
be
hindered,
P-
be piled,
P-
Gomp. perf.
(§32)
tjn4ct»ftl
tandftdal
o o
(-nS.)
tdnf|s5ftl
(t&-, -mf-)
tan&fs5S,l
o
td&fiitdftl
tdkp5al
°(t4-)
4*hAllO.A
tak^mm|-
1^1
Contingeiit
(§26)
yjnnacS
J6+»*A
yjtan^ris
ylnnSffis
yit^ftfiS
(-t4r, -fia) •
yjt^cODi
(-t4-)
j&hAhA
t|k41k|ldfil Tikkaldkkal
fMooC
y}kk^mm|r
(-ma-)
Oomp. imperL
(§32)
f.)«%A
yinnao&l
yjnniflfltl
y|taniflF|8jU
yinnaff^sfil
J6+?A
y|tdfififil
(-ta.)
^iiflAA
yjtikCplftl
(-t4-)
^hAhAA
yikkaWkkf-
Iftl
)&h0^A
y|kkdmma-
r&l (-ma-)
Digitized byVjOOQlC
Appendix.
271
Jussive
(§27)
(§8)
(-ni-)
yitfnT^
(-<ir, -mf-)
7iim&f|s
yjt^fifiS
(-tl^,-fia)
y|tk|l
y|kk41k|l
(-ma-)
Imperative
(§28)
+>4.
i-ni.)
(tHr, -mf-)
t|iidf|8
tdfifia
(t4-, -M)
^hA
•HlAhA
t^k^m^
(-ma-)
Oerund
(§29)
(-ni-)
tfnfls'^o
(<ir, -mf-)
tfnifs^o
<4k(|)i-o
(t4-)
•HiAllA*
tf^mmj-
Infinitive
S30)
B^A^
m^miifilt
(-ni-;°§8)
m^t^nfi^
{-iAr, -mf)
mami&f|8
m^t^flfiit
(-t4-;§8)
uiKhhA
m^tk^
0vhAllA
m}kk^lk|l
makk^m|r
(-ma-)
Participle
(§31)
(§8;-fla.-di)
(§8)
tfndfis
(§8)
+h^
(-%§6;§8)
•HiAh^
takdikil
(-%§6;§8)
t^kammiri
Digitized by
Google
272
Amharie Grammar,
Bimp. perf.
(§25)
Oomp. perf.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
Gomp. impeif.
(§32)
t^k|rSkk^
(-ftrSkkar)
dispute, i
takartir
kr5&l
(-arfi-)
yjkkfra;-
kkar
(-arSkkfir)
yjkk^rS-
kk^
(-arSkka-)
t^karSyya
(-ka-)
2nd -^f U
-rSyyah, etc.
take
on hire,
t.
takardyi-
tdal
(-ka-, -^t-)
yjkkarayy
(-ka-)
yikk^r§;-
yyftl
(-ka-)
•lii-A
t^kkwcdSf
(toSkkosa)
scorch, i
tdkkwtisdftl
(to;-)
^•hf-A
yjtikkwtis
(-to;-)
j^t^wtisal
•HiAA
takdssasa
be
accused,
P-
takdssdsl
^hAA
y|kk$s8|s
yjkkdssas&l
t|k&bb|r|
(-ba.)
be
honoured,
P-
t|k4br6al
Hi-)
yjkk^bb^
(-ba-)
yjkk|bbj-
rsl
(-ba-)
•HH-A
tfk&tt|l|
follow, t
t|k^tt|ld&l
3lkk4*¥
(-al)
^IH-AA
yjkk$ttal2l
;^hh
tikkgka
be
scratched,
P-
tSkkdal
^ttSkk^k
Digitized by VjOO
yittSkk^k&I
Appendix.
278
Jnasive
(§27)
(-arikar)
yjkkai^
(-ka-)
y|tikkwii8
ylkk^tfl
(-al)
7|ttik|k
AM. OB.
ImperatiTe
(§28)
t|k|rik|r
(-arakar)
tfk^r^
(-kS.)
+tf-A
t^kkwtis
(U-)
iiiAA
tfk^
Wt(t)|l
(-al)
Gerund
(§29)
t|k|r&kr^o
i-ari-)
t§k^7|t^o
(-kar, -Qt-)
+tf-A
t^kkwiia^o
(to{-)
•HiA
t|k^^o
'HHU?
tak^br^o
'(-Yl^)
takdtt|l''o
Infinitive
(§30)
m^kk|rd-
(-ardka-)
m|kk^-
yat^
(-ka-, -djat)
m|t^kkwa>8
(-tcJkkos)
m|kk^s
makk^b|r
(- Jy., -ar)
m^kkdifl
(-al)
m|ttdk|k
Partioiple
(§31)
tik^rftkdri
(-arft-)
tikkw^
(taJ-;§8)
tMTf
(§8)
tfkab^
(-yi-).
hoiMured;
conceited
t|k$ttQ
(-%§6;§8)
tftkiki
18
Google
Digitized by
274
Amharic Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
Ck>mp. perf.
(§32)
Oontiogent
(§26)
Comp. imperL
(§32)
•MihA
tfkSkkalf
be equal, L
•M1I19.A
tak^kldsl
^•^hhA
y|tt^kakk^
jK+hhAA
^tt^kSkkf.
Iftl
tak^ffala
be divided,
P-
•Hi¥O.A
t§k^d&l
(-k4-)
y|kkdff|l
(-al)
^h^AA
7|kkiffiili]
taMfTal}
share, t.
tAkifldfil
7|kk^|I
^h^AA
j^kkdfiaUU
takiffat^
be opened,
P-
•lii«:i:A
tak^ftdal
yjkk^jt
(-at)
f.h^;J^A
y|kk^atsl
•f0
*I*<dAidA
tawal^-
(taV)
leave, t
be wiped,
P-
t|tMl
JE.+0.
^«A0A
(yuw^)
^•M»A
yitdwfil
(-tjifi-)
I&0A0AA
walsl
(yuwa-)
i*0Ajl
tfwdllad^
(taiid.. -41-,
be born,
•
L
i*0A«.A
tawdld^
^fl»Ajt
yjww^lad
(yuwf,-4l-
^idA^A
y|ww^ad&l
(yuwf,-4l-
-oa-)
t^warSr-
-ora-)
bet, l
tawardr-
^dHsl
(t^j-.-wri-)
y}ww^rar-
r|d (yuwfr,
-<ur5-)
Digitized by VjO<
^0^d^A
^ww|rgr-
rjdftl
(yuw|-,-<k»rS-)
DQle
Appendix.
276
Jussive
Imperative
Oernnd
Infinitive
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
^•MihA
•MihA
+iitoA-
oH-hhA
+lllli^
yittakik|l
tfkikfl
tfk^^o
in}tt|kik|l
tfk^
(-%§6;§8)
f,h4^
•iiliCA
+h*A-
iwh^A
•Hi*^
ylkU^
t|k^|l
tikdfl'^o
m|kk^|l
tak^
(-al)
(-al)
i-ki-)
(-ftl)
(-iyy§6;§8)
j&ll^A
•MI/.A
+h*A-
ii>h^A
+h4.^
yjkWL^
t|kdf|l
tfkifl^o
m|kk4f|l
fAkiif^
(-al)
(■*!)
(-al)
(-^37 §6; §8)
fih^t
+h**
0ohd,1-
•Hi*^
yjkk^lt
t^kift'^'o
makk^t
tikdfilid
(-at)
(-at)
(§8)
f,i'ah
•i-oh
t^
avt-Oh
+f.
m^
i^
t|t-o
m&t|u
tg
(§8)
f.+^t§
(§8)
^0A«A
i*0Ad»^
0V0A0A
^wwdlwal
t^w^l^^o
m|ww^w|l
(yuwf)
-iwta-)
(in|uw^)
+i»A^
im0Ajt
+0A3J
t^w^d^o
m|ww^^
t|wiUlj
(tyif,-aa.)
(mjiiw^-,
-4i-, -oa-)
-aa-; §8)
fimi-^
•f0^^
•^0^l:f•
«m0^^J^
•^0^^3^
^ww^rirfd
t|W|r^br|d
lfW|rird'^o
in}ww|iir|d
t|w^r^j
(yuwj-,
(tJua-,-tt»ii-)
;tJuj-,-«rA-)
(m|uw^-.
(tyif-.-ani-;
-«r4-)
-<oii.)
§8)
18—2
Digit
zed by Google
276
Atnharie Orammar.
Simp, peri
(§26)
Comp. perf.
(8 32)
Contingent
(§26)
Comp. imp«l
(§32)
wjri
(tfUf)
be thrown,
P-
•^0CdH^A
t|w|rwii.
r5ftl
3^ww|rfr-
W|P
(yuw}r)
f.0£m^
warfil
(yuwjr)
+1»A
taw&9|
begnaran-
tor, L
t^wtis5ftl
(t|ut(8-)
y|wwAs
(yuw^)
^<P4A
yjww^sSl
{yuw&-)
bere-
moTed, p.
_d5ftl
(tJuA-, -fife-)
yiwwdssfd
(yuw4-,-«s-)
ylww^ssar
dfi.1
(yuwf-,-«B-)
tduwaq^
(-W0)-)
be known,
P-
tdu(ti)q5ftl
^;J0*
7}ttdaw^
(-«q)
^ttdu-
w|qfil(-W(»-)
(t|Ua;-)
becrusbed,
P-
•^0^lll.A
t|Wa;qtd&l
(tan<^)
3|ww<^q|t
(yuww-)
yjwwtuqq^
tftl(yuw«i-)
•ftflfaitf
W|Z^t|UJr,
-OtZ^UWCt)-)
be shaken,
P-
tonidi^A
t^w^zwti-
^z5ftl
f.mtt0Ti^
y}ww^z^u-
w§z(^w|-,
-oZ^UWO)-)
f,0UmnA
y|ww^Z^a-
W|Z&1
(yuw|r,
-6>Z^UWai-)
beloyed,
P-
t|wakld5fil
(tj^oi-)
7|wwaidd|d
(yuw<u-)
Digitized by VjOC
7jww<»ddf-
dfil(7awo;-)
Appendix.
277
Jiusive
(§27)
(yuwf)
y|wwas
(ydwds;
§8)
^TUW^, -CttS-)
(-<oq)
^©♦^
yjwwtaqat
(yuwa»-)
(yuwf,
-wZWft)-)
yjwwcud^
(yuw<w-)
ImpentiTe
(§28)
•M»A
§8)
•^anlam
t^W^ZW|Z
(tpf
-<uZWa>-)
tfwctfd^
Gerand
(§2»)
wtir^o
tdwtts^o
(tdutis^o)
t|w^s(|)d^o
(tauf,-afe-)
tdu(ii)q^o
tawcoqt^o
+iiniiD-B
o
wttz^o
t|Waidd^O
(tJucJ-)
Infinitive
(§30)
hdTA
mdwwas
(mduwds;
§8)
maww^s^
-aJs-)
m|ttdu|q
(-<oq)
m^wwcuqat
(m|uw6^)
aomUmV
W|Z
-cJzWct)-)
in|ww(itfd^
(m^uwoi-)
Partioiple
(§31)
t^w|rwari
-a -Si)
(t|uf-,-oS9-;
§8)
taw^i
(taui-)
§8)
t|woki(dm
(tJu<i-;§8)
Digitized by
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278
Amharic Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
t|wdddadu
tfwSlggS
(-azi-)
;MIII
agree, l
be pricked,
P-
fight; butt,
i.
be aowa, p.
be looted,
P-
beinclined,
P-
be turned,
P-
obey,
Gomp. perl
(§32)
t|wddd^ttftl
(tf^-)
+©•7:1:^
tfwc^rtdftl
(t^U<o-)
t|W^tMl
•MlCrfcA
t|z^rtMl
(-az4-)
t^rf5&l
(-az4-)
+H*TI#A
t^q^qdSl
t^^uiirdftl
tazz5&l
Gontingent
(§26)
y|wwAdd|-
du
(yuwd-)
7|wwcoggS
(yuwcw-)
(yuwS-)
y|zz^rrS
(-zi-)
(-Z&-)
zfq
^zz^uw|r
^;Mni
Comp. imperf.
(§32)
yjwwadd^
d^u
(yuwa-)
7|ww<uggfil
(yuwo»-)
^wwiggftl
(yuwi)-)
yizz^rrfil
i-zi.)
^ZZ^IT^fiil
i-zir)
^H^H^A
yjzz^^zai-
qfil
^ll4D^A
yjzz^uwarfil
^;^1PIA
7ittSzc|c8l
Digitized by
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Appendix.
279
Jussive
(§27)
(yuwft-)
y|WWa>gS
(yuw<»-)
yjwwagS
(yuw4-)
yizzArS
(-z4-)
y^qz|q
fittoC
p^wn
Imperative
(§28)
t^widadu
(tfSft-)
(taui-)
+M+H*
^■ini
Oerand
(§29)
t|wddd^u
(t|Ua^)
tjwagt^o
i-MC-f
taz^rf^o
(-az^-)
•^tfcc
(-azdr)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
m|wwdd|d
(m|uwd-)
-^Od6 § 6)
mawwo^t
(m|uw(^;
§8)
iron.
(tfUf, -<ig-)
m^wwagat
§8)
-hPTL
t|wfigi
mazz^t
(-zi;§8)
m|zzdraf
taz|iifi
(-azfir)
•H*H*
t^z|utir^o
tSzz'^o
0*II0C
m|zz^u|r
t+ll*H«
t^z^wdri
tiz&£(§8)
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280
ilmAane Orammow.
^r-,ir
Ciomp. pert
(§32)
Oontingent
(§26)
Oomp. imperL
(5 32)
•hl;i
be shut, p.
•hriAA
t|K|gtdftl
J6IIJJA
ylzB^ggftl
ti^yya
todjI-fO
t5yyah,etc.
be seen, p.
yittiyyfti
(tgi-)
t|dAmm^ta
be seized,
P-
be ginned,
P
tdy}z5&I
(tgz-)
t|ddmt5&l
yjyyfe
^dddmm|t
yiyyiixfil
y|dddmm^
t&l
be done,
P-
(-d4-)
y|ddfrT|gr
^dd^rrf-
gal
i-AOAt
tylabdlliq^
be mixed,
inteirere,!
t^d^bliqdftl
(-di-. -yl-)
JtjlflA*
y|ddab^l-
laq
(-dft-.-ayf,
-^-)
yidd|b^ll^
q&l
(-dft-, ^yf ,
-ill-)
+i'nA* 8.
<fd|b4Uaq|
(-y^-)
be mixed,
inteirore,!
q5ftl(-yA-)
jMinA*
^ddabdl-
laq (V)
j&|inA;^A
y|dd|biUIf
qftl (-yA.)
lean, l
tsd^gg^fftfil
y|dd4gg|f
Digitized by VjO
OQle
Appendix.
281
Jussive
(§27)
(-^yy§6;§8)
PfnA
(§8)
y|ddiin|^
yjddfrig
(-di-)
yidd^bl^q
(-di-. -yl-)
y|dd|b4laq
Imperatire
(§28)
{t5yy§6)
tjd^blaq
{-dSr. -yl.)
+AnA*
tadabilaq
( W
tfd^f
(>enmd
(§29)
•nn-f
(tgz-0)
Infinitiye
(§30)
t^dirg^o
(-di-)
taddbljq'o
(-dl, -yl-)
tadabilq'^o
° (V)
Wgg|f^o
(-d4-)
(§8)
m|ttf|llt
(-s;yat)
mdyyaz
(§8)
maddftm^t
Putioiple
(§31)
-•ji<:i
mi
(-dir)
m^d^bl^
(-di-, -yl-)
<i>^QA^
madd|bd-
mfdddgff
(-zi-)
(t^;§8)
(§8) '
t^d^(r)^
(-da-)
t§d|bl&qi
{-da-, -yl-)
+AnA4
tadabftULqi
tfdfgg^
Digitized by
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282
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
t|j^inm|l|
t|jfmmap|
(-mar)
•f^AQflm
t|galabib-
•HAflai
+1^
be added,
p.
be begun,
P-
persevere,
P-
struggle,!.
be com-
pletely in-
verted, p.
beinverted,
P-
be tamed,
P-
be sur-
prised, L
Comp. perf.
(§32)
tfj^nami-
Idftl
tfj$mm|-
rdftl
t^gtd&l
t%ld&l
•hiAn-nip.A
tdfti
(-yfty-)
'hIA'flfp.A
(-ly-)
•I-ICAA
tfg^rtdftl
t|gdrm^
Contrngept
(§26)
^X«i»A
yiijfmm|l
(41)
yjij^mmgr
(-ma-)
jitigs
yitt^ggfi
>a
1^
(-ga-,-y^)
tag&lb|t6ftl yiggal4bb|ty|ggal^bbf
(-ga-)
y|gg^rrS
7|gg^ra|m
Comp.impeil
(§32)
JtK-AA
yyj^mmar
l&l
yyj^imn|r
tSI (-ma-)
yitigsi
J&;J-IAA
^tt^^fW
JB.lAOfl'qA
y|gg|l|bab- y|ggalabSt
bat&l
(-ga-, -y«-)
tfil(-ga-)
J&7^A
yiggArrfil
5lgg*«?-
mfil
Digitized by
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Appendix.
288
Jussive
(§27)
(-ma-)
yjtgs
yjttdgal
jB.iAani'
bft
(.ga-, -ydy-)
^ggilb^
(-ly-, -at)
y|gg^
(-gi-)
^ggH«^
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitiye
(§30)
+E*-A-
m|jj>m|l
(-al)
mjr^o
m^jj^mfr
(-ar)
■l-7-f
mdtgit
(§8)
;MA
:*-7A-
tigl^o
m§ttiigal
+7AaOT
t|g|l§b4bftt
(-yiy-)
'hlAll'flin
tagal§r
bftbt^o
(-yAy-)
no^AQnT
maggala-
b%t
(-yiy-)
'^7A•nln
t|gftlb|ro
(-ly-)
0o7Aai'
mfgg4lb|t
(-ly-. -at)
•l-IC-f
tagdrt^o
0D7^t
magg^rdt
(-g^;§8)
•|-ICT»
t|g^rm^o
m^gg^ram
Participle
(§31)
t|jainmdri
•H.
t^gi
(tt)
t%&|
(-%§6;§8)
+iAnn*
bic
(-yay-;§8)
+iAa^
t§g4lbftd
(-iy-;§8)
tagiri
(-gi-)
tigarr^
Digitized by
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284
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
Oomp. perf.
Oontiiigent
(§26)
(§32)
(§26)
fli4.
be beaten,
+icVa
SS,1d9
t?g$rrafe
P-
t|g$ri6ftl
msi^
(-gi-)
(-g^)
(-gi-)
^o»
be patient,
:i^OJi
s^^^
t^gg|S|
i.
t^g8is6Sl
yitt^ggas
+ia
be proper.
+TO*A
f^-m
tag^bbS
i
t§g^bt5&l
(-yt-)
yigg^bbS
+^n
be married,
+;HI*A
f'Pn
t|gSl>bS
P-
tagdbtdftl
(-yt-)
Tlg^bbS
•I^OA
be bent, p.
+T-1'0ft>
f.'h^ah
tagwcun^b-
tagwoim-
y|ggw<tfn^b-
bas|
b|s6&l
bas
+197
meet, i
+1S^AA
f,VS^
t|g|iiSfifia
tggjndfi-
yjggfnSfifi
2nd -70
td&l
(-^fl § 6)
-fifiah, etc.
+17
be found.
ti^:f:Pi
f.1^
teg^fiM
P-
tfg^fitd&l
yigg^fifi
(-gftr;-^fi§6)
2nd -70
-fifiah, etc.
+1H
bebought^
+TIIAA
JMH
t|gdzzl
P-
tfg^Btai
yfeg^s
Oomp. impeil
(§32)
yitt^ggMti
JblQA
yigg^bbal
yiggSJ>b8l
yjggwwnib-
b^sfil
JfN?A
yigg^nSfr
yigg^iifiil
^THA
Digitized by
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Appendix.
266
Jussive
(§27)
yjggdba
(-y8)
(§8)
Imperative
(§28)
Qenmd
(§29)
+1^*
•I-ICC
tfg^o
(-gi-)
;M/^
;My
t^
tfigg|8''0
tWI-f
tig^bfo
(-yt-)
+;ia
+;j'n'f
tfgkbs
(-y«)
tagftbf^o
ti-'inft
+>'HI/i
tagweumbas
tagW6>m-
bjs^o
+1V»J
i-l^-f
(§8)
t|g|nliflt^o
+1'«
l-i'S*
(-«i-;§8)
•t-w
•hm*
t|g^
tgg^'^o
Infinitive
(§30)
eOOe e
«i»;M/^
m|gg$Wit
(-$y-;§8)
ma^ibit
(-l^t; §8)
magg^cuiD-
miggan^fi-
(fi)&t
(-ga-)
ao'fi
n»^g^fi(-g^»
ftft§6;§8)
(§8)
Participle
(§31)
+1^4t
(-ga-)
<iggfii(§8)
tagftbi
(-yi)
t|gwa5mbti
(§8)
tagdndfi
(-fill §6; §8)
•HPT
§8;-1C-fi)
Digitized by
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286
Amharie Oranvmar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
t|gwiz|
set out, i.
t^gwtizdSl
yiggwfe
t|gW(uddS
be injured.
tfgWoad)-
tdsl
^ggw<uddS
+PAA
tag§kld|la
fight, i
t^;ddldftl
y|gg§kld^
t|gidd|f|
lean, l
t§g^dif5&l
(-gi-)
ylgg^ddjf
t|gft9ca
2nd -OLU
■dcah, etc
be
knocked, p.
tfgict^
tfgiffs
be pushed,
p.
t?g^t5al
yjgg^
tstts
be lacking,
L
yitt^ttS
+«IA
be thrown,
p.
t^tlld&l
(t^)
Comp. imp^l
(§32 )
J&^4A
yjggwaiftl
y^lgwcudd&l
yjgg^da-
lai
yjgg^d^
mi
yiggddcfil
M4*A
yjgg^ffw
yittSttfil
^<qAA
yjt^
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
287
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Qenind
(§29)
Infinitive
(§»0)
yfegwdz
(§8)
(§8)
t^gwttz'^o
m^ggwiz
(§8)
j|ggwc*d5
(.«5rt-§7rf)
mfggwtiJ-
dit
(§8)
j'igg^fi
t|g4d|l
tfgftcQ^o
m|ggid|l
tfg^^
t|g4ddjf^o
yfeg^
(§8)
t^g^
(§8)
tag^t^o
maggddat
JM4.
Jjgg^
+1*
tag^t^o
i»?gg^^*
(§8)
mattdtdt
(§8)
J5«IA
(§8)
(Or)
iw'ilA
(§8)
Participle
(§31)
+sj5r
(§8;-'IC-fi)
^gWttJj
(§ 8; -3t -ji)
tagdd^
(-%§6;§8)
t*gi6(§8)
[+;ifll.]
tfg^fi
(-iyy§6;§8)
Digitized by
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288
Amharie Ghrammar.
Simp, perl
(§25)
t|t^mm|q|
ma
e
t^tfirrS
quarrel, i.
be wrung;
be
baptized,
P-
be
twisted, p.
be yoked,
P-
be wound,
P-
be called,
P-
summon,
t
be deaned,
P-
be
doubted,
P-
Oomik perf .
(§32)
tfl^tdfil
t§^mq5&l
+my"Tl!l.A
+mrJ5^A
t^t^mddfil
md&l
tmC:l:A
tat^rtdftl
+«icy:A
t^tdrtOftl
tmc?)A
tit^rgdfil
•hmCTibA
tft^rCftl
Oontingeiit
(§26)
yittSUS
^tt^miq
^oiflDini
Mt^^zziz
yittfmm§d
y|tt|m4t-
y|tt^rr5
Comp. imperl
(§32)
J&oiAA
yltt^Ufil
j&ai«»^A
y|^t^mm{r
qfil
z&l
j^ttdmmar
dfil
mfil
j&m^A
yjtt^rrfil
J&o|^A
y|ttarTfil
j&m<:pA
7|t^r^tt$ri]
(^tte-) I (-ar^-)
Digitized by
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Appendix.
289
Jusiive
(§27)
yi*t*maq
yitt^ld
Tit<4mtain
yittfra
(-ta-)
y|ttftra
yjt^rag
(-It-)
fimCmC
(-4rta-)
AM. OB.
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitiye
(§30)
+«IA
♦"lA-f
tm^'it-
t^8
tatilf'o
m|ttdlit
(§8)
•fnitf*^
+mr#
arnnan^
tft^miq
t^timq'^o
mattimaq
tm^TlH
trnrnfm
t|Um4z'^o
matt^mzaz
+m>'l«i
flofllooj^
t^t^mdyo
m|tt^ad
+m^m^
+mn'f
t/omfmf
tat^mt|m^o
mattdmtam
tmC-f
0vai^^
tatdrt^o
matt^t
(-^;§8)
+«IC'f
IIVA|^^
tatirt^o
mattdrdt
(§8)
+mC»
aotndl
tfttrg^o
mfttfrag
+mCTir
0vmCmC
(-fti-)
(-4rta-)
FbrtiGiple
( §31)
^1
(-%§6;§8)
tat^mindqi
+mm3r
tat^mzdi
(§8)
tattmmdj
(§8)
tatamtdmi
e •e •
tatdii
tatdri
o •
tftfrtiri
19
Digitized by
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290
^mAone Grammar.
Simp. perf.
Comp. perl
(§32)
Contingent
(§2«)
Comp. imped
(§32)
tftaqiq-
qamu
be rolled
up, p.
agree
together,
1*
-hm^A^A
t»t4qljl5al
i-ti.)
tm^^A
t^t^qllldftl
+m^*fl^A
t^ttqaqd)-
maufil
)&mtAA
yittaqfllal
yittaqdq-
qamu
ifii
yjttaqftqqj-
mdllu
t4tt|b|
(-71)
be washed,
P-
;»-Pfl.A
t^(Db6&i
yjttittab
(-17)
yittittabfil
(-ay-)
t«t^bb|sj
be toasted,
P-
i-m-nilLA
tat^bsd&l
(-78-)
fMtth
yim^bas
l&AillAA
yjtt$bb|8ftl
t§tdbb|qa
be
guarded,
P-
'^m'n#A
tat4bb|qd&l
yitt^bbaq
l&md^A
yitt^bbjqsl
t^bb|q|
be
squeezed,
P-
+«M1*A
tftibq5ftl
(-7q-)
yittdbb^q
^tdbb|qSl
t|tibb|ba
(-71)
be wise;
be in diffi-
culty, i
•hmSLA
t^t^bbdal
3ltt4bbfb
(-§7)
III
tittina
beper-
fiimed, p.
;M"J.A
tit(|)n^
^ttittfu
Digitized by VjC
j&;^mfA
yjttittanfil
•oqIc
Appendix.
291
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
fiMt^hti
i-m^hPi
•t-m^PUir
^m^AA
yitt^iai
tatfilal
tat4qip-o
matt^qlal
(-^ift-)
(-^la-)
tat^U-o
(-tl)
i-k^)
Skm^*0m-
■fm^*0»'
toU^^n-lV
aom^^r
yitt»q^»-
tf^i^a-
tateqftqd)-
mjttaqd-
mu
mu
mau
e
q^m
/B^m-n
^tnra
;#-P0
ao^mH
y|tt4ttb
%b
tik(|)b^o
mattitab
(-ay)
(-ay)
(-y-o)
hi)'
^^OA
+m'0/i
flvrnflA
3ltt^b|s
tat^bs'^o
mattdbas
(-y»8)
'(V)
(-yas)
fima¥
+mn*
+m'n*
0nna^
nW^n
tft^baq
tat4bb|q^o
mftt^baq
Hy^)
i-in-)
(-^ya-)
fima*
+«M1*
aooia^
yitt^i>»q
tatdbq'^o
mattAbaq
(-yaq)
(-yq-)
(-yaq)
j&mlHl
•hmlHl
'hmfl
flomfl'fl
yjtt4bab
tatfbab
tat^bb^o
matt^bab
(-y|y)
(-yay)
(-yay)
fi^mJ
^mJ
^^f
ao^ml
yitt%ii
tAtan
tAt(|)n-o
matiitan
Participle
(§31)
(#; -dyy
§6; §8)
tataqftqd-
m^S(-d6§6)
tfttibi
(-yi)
tat^b^
(-^y-; § 8)
tat^bbiqi
tatab^i
7-y^)
tatabbdbi
(-yi)
t^ft
(-iifl§6;§8)
19—2
Digitized by
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202
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
(-ftq-)
t^tifa
(-mar)
(-acfi
(-9ciqqon-)
beware, i
be asked.
Comp. p«rf.
(§32)
lean.
be drunk,
P-
be written,
P-
be folded,
P-
be .
increased,
P-
be finished,
P-
be pressed,
P-
t^AqiqHfil
tat4y3^qSil
tft^gi^tfiftl
t|tttt|t5al
t^^dal
(tfir. -A-- ^.)
titf^
rd&l
-hnc jLA
t^rr|s5fil
(-adi-)
taddqqwtt-
* ndftl
(-dftJ-)
Contingent
(§26)
yittjn^q-
^ttdyyjq
(-&q)
yitt^
(-*- -ssA-)
f^fAaoC
(-ma-)
yi6c^iT|s
(-tora-)
(-<^qo-)
Comp. imperl
(§32)
Jitt^jq-
q^al
j&rtir^A
yitt^yyfqfii
(-aq-)
^flipA
yitt^ggfii
j&moiA
TittAttei
yittif&l
)&:^m4-A
7|d£^m^
rfil (-ma-)
yjo6^rr§sfil
(-drra-)
i&A^?A
nfil
(-ftkiqo-)
Digitized by
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Appendix,
208
Jussive
Impetative
(§28)
Gerund
Infinitive
(§27)
(§29)
(§»0)
^m-i*^
+m1**
•fmn¥*
••m-}^
y|tWAq|q
t|t^q|q
tattoq|q^o
mftt^qaq
jRmf*
+mj6*
UDOlf^
3ltt^y|q
tat^y^q^o
matt^yaq
(-fl-. -aq)
{#. -aq)
J6<n;j
•ftnp
+m1'f
«»fli;j1*
yitt^gs
tat^8
taWgg^t^'o
matt^gfit
(§8)
f,ai*n
+mT-f
flom^H*
nm^
t^t^ttlt-o
matt^tit
(§8)
^fll¥
+TC
aoOi^
yfttftf
t^tjf^o
mittftf (-*-
(-*-88ii-;§8)
(ti-^A--^-)
-8s^;§8)
J&;^m*
;M'C
no^mV
yittdtaf
tfttf^o
mattdtaf
e 'O
J&OUibC
i-ouwC
+»rcr
0on0vC
yjc^F
tfc^mar
tadfmmj-
m|?94map
(-ma-)
(-ma-)
r*o
(-&P)
f,ea^h
'^cac/k
0oau:A
yi^c^rgs
tac^rns'^'o
maoc^
(-M
(-a9Sr)
(-^)
f.fSk^'i
+ai.*^T
aoeewVi
y|6d4qwa.n
tadfqqwti-
maoc^woin
(-akio-)
n^o (-Col-)
Hqo.)
Partioiple
(§31)
tataAq^i
tatayy^i
§8;-fll.-ofi)
tat&fi
t&tftfi
tacamm^
tac^rr^
(-4i;§8)
tad^qwift
(4ci-;-flft§6;
^8)
Digitized by
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304
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
+^»
*(-a»t-)
tjffrrgdi
+*♦
t|f|^ttS
{-ltd-)
be saddled,
play, i
be sought,
P-
be decided,
P-
be scraped,
P-
be untied,
P-
be tested,
be cured,
P-
be rubbed,
P*
Comp. perl
(§32)
t^dtndal
t|c^iitdal
'(•dut-)
t^f^WygSsi
t|fird^
tff(Dq5fil
(ti-)
tjfi^t(|)t5al
t|fi^tt|n^
(-ft)
t^l^uwii-
s5al
tjf|^lg5ftl
GcMiip. imperl
(§32)
Oofitingent
( §26)
yidftta 7|dc^taifil
y|o&luw|t yidcduwatal
(-ttit) (-ot-)
yjff^jg yiff$llag«l
^^rr^ yjff^n^dfil
^^tts yiff^tt&l
^^ttfn y^ittanal
(4tt&-) (-&tta-)
yjffi^uw|8 yiff^uw|sSl
Digitized by
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Appendix.
295
Jnarive
(§27)
(§8)
M)
yjff^rad
(-fi.)
Jiffiq
(§8)
yjff^ts
Imperative
(§28)
yjff^ag
(.«t)
tafdtan
o • o
Gerund
(§29)
(Or)
ta^tit^o
taf4%^o
taf^rd^o
+*♦
t^(|)q-o
(tSr)
taf^t(|)t-o
(-It)
taf^uwtis^o
Infinitive
(§30)
(§'8)
maocduat
o • • o
M)
mafn^ag
maffUrad
o « e
(-fi-)
m^ffiq
(§8)
maff^tdt
(§8)
maff^tan
(Uta.)
maff|iia8
mfff^gfig
Participle
(§31)
t^fi(t4-;
4fifi§6;§8)
tad^l^
(§8)
tafalligi
(-ft; §8)
+**
tafiqi
t^^ (-ft;
§8;Jg-«)
tafi^ttift
(-ft;
-ififl§6;§8)
taf|^uwii
'(§8)
Digitized by
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2M
Amharie Grammar.
Simp, peri
(§26)
WJja
2nd-X0
-ijah, etc
be
destroyed,
P-
Comp. perf.
(§ »2)
+A3fAA
taf4J(Pt5ftl
i-fi.)
Oontingent
(§26)
t|fdcca
i-f^y
be ground,
P
+A'P'*A
t^dctdfil
5PA
hold, i
^d.A
C|l^
^Ya
m
(dcttkkola)
hasten, i
ddkkwttldfil
yjc^kwttl
(-^)
(.gft-;§43o)
be at a
loss, I
1«^cr;^A
c^^r'^otal
^64g^ryi
stay, L
V-iA
nx1r5fil
^-iAS.
n'^iJrttfil
pTC
yjn^^r
take, i
»/^*A
n$st5&l
(^;§48a)
bleed at
the nose, L
)Af;;»-A
n^sr'^otftl
yv^Btfi
Comp. imped
(§32)
i-fi-)
{.fir)
j6^A
yic^lfil
^(PIMA
(^)
yjn^'^rftl
yin^sftl
j&tft<:fA
^^nfsr^ufil
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
297
Jussive
(§27)
Imperatiye
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
iwje
+/je+
-A3C1-
(-f^-;§8)
taf4J{|)t-o
(-fi-)
maff^jat
(>4-)
f,4/B'
tA-P-f
«»^ak^
(-f^;§8)
tafdct'^o
(-f4-)
maffdcat
(-fi')
J13»A
3Pti
^A-
#.5PA
yjdftl (§ 8)
dsl
d|l''o
m^l(§8)
Itsptf-A
iPlf'A
VH-iir
OD^fh-A
y|d^kkwttl
m^kkwcttl
(iikkol)
Til?*
fli^'IC
dlg^'St
madiggar
(-ar)
j&w:
w:
i<:
aofC
yfiur
nur
nup^o
mto'^^r
TC 8.
(§8)
n^^r^o
Jtl-t
1-t
»/^-f
-•vrt*
yinss
n|sS
n^t^o
minsit
(§8)
j&'Mi:*-
»ftC^
0»t(iC
yinsfri"
n^'^St
m|nsar
(-8a-)
(-sa-)
Partioiple
(§31)
(-f&-;§8;
-^ -ji)
Ufdc
o o •
(-f4-;§8;
-ai.-ci)
cd|(cfiyy§6)
(da>-; -dyy
§6;§8)
daggAri
nwfiri
nas
o
(na-, -?£ hK)
Digitized by
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298
Amharie Orammar.
Simp, perf .
(§25)
n^qS
n^qjsf
n^q^^^
(ba-, -nc
-bb^, -ar)
ih
n^kkS
ihd
(-ikka-)
M
n^ddS
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Gontiiigent
(§26)
wake, i.
split, i
nfit^
uproot, t.
nfildftl
^^A
comb, t
»*fl.A
n^sdftl
yinfi(|)8
shake, i
»*^A
n^niqdal
(ni.)
jjnyi^q
be, I (§33)
touch, t
iJlAA
n^ktdfil
(n&-)
(-n4-)
wet, t.
»hAA
ndkrd&l
(-4k-)
(4k-)
bite, t
IhjLA
n|ks5&l
yjii|k(|)8
driye, t
»JtAA
n^dltdal
(n^,nart-
§W)
J6M
Comp. imperl
(§32)
7iii|qfil
^)^AA
yja4q(DW
yin^(D8Jl
yjnaqfn-
niq&l
>&)hA
(-nt)
J&ttl^A
yjii^k(|)rtl
(-^-)
J&ttl4A
yji4k(D8ftI
J&MA
Digitized by
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Appendix.
299
Jnssiye
(§27)
ImperatiTe
^28)
Gerund
(§29)
InfinitiTe
(§30)
f^-i^
V
»♦*
••1;H-
y|AqS
n|q5
n^t^o
mfAq4t(§8)
^•»+A
1+A
»*A-
•••J+A
yJAqfl
njq»i
n^l^o
in|Aq|l
SS.'i*ii
•J+ft
i^fi
iioT^A
yinqfs
(-Aq-)
njqfs
n^s'^o
m^iiq|s
(-Aq-)
^»*^
»♦■»♦
»♦?♦
0>^*i^
ypfiniq
(-n4r)
n^njq
(n4-)
n^ii|q^o
(ni)
mjn^n^
it-Jh
Ih
ttl-f
tf^lh^
y^AkS
njkS
[^^(DAkari
n^kt^o
(n4-)
miAkdt
(§8)
j&7hC
ihc
th(f
^•ThC
yjAkjr
(-ka-)
nikyr
(-ka-)
n^kr^o
(-4k-)
m^Ak^
(-ka-)
j&7hft
7hft
)»i^
^•ThA
yJAk^
njkfs
ndks^o
m^Ak|9
^W
1>?
»«^
i-W
yjnd5
n|dS
(n^,n4rt-
I7d)
m^ndit
(§8)
Participle
(§31)
Mi
(-4yy§6;§8)
ni
(§8)
n|qn4qi
n^ki (nir)
n^kdri
(-ak-)
n4k4S(§8)
(na-, -31 -ji)
Digitized by
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800
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
n^ggS
n^ggfTf
(-ga-)
Vlip
ni
MA
n^tta
••
(.ta.)
{n4-)
(nlr, -jy-)
bum, i
stmg, i
dawn, L
say, t.
reign, L
trade, i
be white,!
be clarified,
i.
snatch, t.
drip.
Ckoip. pert
(§32)
niddd&l
o
»Jt*A
n^fttftl
ndgt6fil
n^grdU
WSLA
n^5ftl
WJ5.A
ndgddftl
»T*A
ndt(|)t5&l
"(ni-)
»TiA
ndtr^
e •
n|t(|)q5fil
(n4-)
»TflLA
ndib5ftl
(nl, -ty.)
Contingent
(§26)
yin^dd
i-ni.)
{-nM
{-n^, -y)
Comp. imped
(532)
JB.MA
y|n^dil
yjn^(|)f8l
yin$g*i
^)^^A
y|ndgrfil
yjn^gsil
y|nAgdiI
id-)
yln^tftl
yjndtrtl
(-n4-)
JlVHIA
yinft(i)bfii
(-ni,-yfr)
Digitized by
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Appendix.
301
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Genmd
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
n|d|d
if-
n^d^o
m^dad
n|d|f
n^df^o
m^daf
m^t(§8)
J6TIC
(-g&-)
TIC
(-ga-)
aonc
m^iigar
(-ga-)
yjftgfs
nig«8
m^Ag|9
y|Ag|d
y|ttt«
n|gad
(n^gid)
nits
Vlf-
ndgd^o
n^t(i)t-o
(ni-)
m^jd
(mfn^ggad)
m^tdt
(§8)
yjntar
(-ar)
n^tr^o
««7mC
mintar
y|nt^
1m*
n|t(|)q-o
(na.)
flolm*
m^taq
f.lm'Q
yintjb
n^^o
(nir! -ty.)
m4nt|b
(-fy)
Partioiple
(§31)
n4ddj(§8)
nad&fi
hp6
nggftri
ttigii(§8)
»;»»
n$gg4l
(§8)
V V
nt99
(na-)
n^tiri
n^Uqi
(na-)
natibi
o •
(na-, -yi)
Digitized by
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802
Amharic Orammar.
Simp, perl
(825)
n4$$a
2nd tnu
ni$cah,ete
n^§;
n|fii8|
(§44a)
AA
dlla (§ 82)
2nd AAU
dllah, etc.
AAAh G.
MAh S.
aUsIftka
e
AAAAA
AAt
^(^r
pluck out,
t
n^dtdftl
inflate, i
M:*A
n^ftd&l
(ni-)
blow, i.
»«a.A
n^fsd&l
say, t
•ao,A
b|ld&l
be. L
send to
and fro, t.
AAAtvA
aU^(|)k^
(-1^-)
send to
and fro, t
AAA\\A
allil(|)k5&l
soften, i
hAAAJLA
al^l|s5&l
end, L
AAJtA
§lq5ftl
Oontmgent
(8 26)
y|n^
yjnffs
J&A
^AAtl
yiai^{pk
(-111-)
/AAh
yaaiftl(|)k
/aaaa
ySljs^llls
yiflq
Ck>mp. impefl
(832)
^V^A
yinicfil
f^li^A
yjnffiU
(-ni.)
^M:4A
yjn^feal
(§8)
/AAhA
y§ai^(J)kfil
(-1IU-)
/AAhA
yiaidl(DkftI
/AAA4A
ySIfs^Ujs&l
yilqfil
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
808
Jussive
(§27)
yp9
yfnfs
(-|y., -al)
ySU4i(i)k
(-iHi-)
y§aua(i)k
yal^1|8
Imperative
(§28)
[X]W
(bal)
AAAtl
aU|l(|)k
(-111-)
MAh
al]il(pk
Gemnd
(§29)
(ni-)
•OA-
XAAli
aU$l(|)k-o
(-141-)
MAli
aUil(|)k^o
AAAAA
al^l|s'^o
xa«
Slq^o
Infinitiye
(§30)
m^dat
ni|n£lt
(§8)
•7A1*
(-at)
•TAAh
mSUilik
(§8)
•TAAh
mSlUUdk
(§8)
•7AAAA
mSl^l|s
•7A*
inil|q
Participle
(§31)
n&d
(■«.*-«)
(ni-)
ni
(§8)
AAAll.
aU|Iiki
MAtl.
all&liki
Sllqi
Digitized by
Google
804
Amhcuric Orammar.
Simp. peri.
(§25)
hh*A
aljqSqq^
m|
aUfqaqq^
ma
e
(-ya)
weep,
cause to
pick a little,
t
hhd.
hn
dmmS
take to
pasture, i
help to
reap, t.
help to
picj
Ipl
ck.
t
milk,
dress, t.
pass»
slander, t
Comp. pert
(§32)
Slqjindfil
mdftl
Slq|s5ftl
ai|q^(l)-
m5ftl
aUfq^d)-
in5&l
AAa.A
Slbdftl
(-ly-)
^A'fljk.A
glb^dftl
(-ly-)
Aa^a
§3f5ftl
^^*A
Cmitiiigait
(§26)
y§a^(|)m
(-14-)
fhftr
y511Skiq|in
ySa^s
yfil^Sq-
q|m
ySll^Sq-
qjm
SMk
ySlb
(-ly)
ySl^bs
(-ISr, -ys)
/A«
yaf
yamS
Comp.imperl
(§82 )
/A+^A
yia^(pmSl
(-14-)
/a4^a
ySISqqj-
mSl
/A^4A
ySl^sSl
yftifqSqqi-
m&l
ySllaqSqqj-
mftl
/AOA
ySlb&l
(-ly-)
^A-nAA
ySa^be&l
(-14-. -ys-)
/A4^
ySlfU
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
$05
JoasiTe
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Qemnd
. (§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
ySlqim
^q|m
Slqjin^o
ySllftqjm
alliq|m
mSlU^iain
y^qis
Slqis
•TA+ft
mSlq|s
ySl^iqim
alaq^m
ai»q^(D-
mfilaqiq^
ySU^ftq|m
all^lU]im
aii|q^(P-
mallaqi-
qam
(-ly)
Slb^^o
(-ly-)
milab
(-sy)
yA-flA
ySlbis
(-ly-)
XA'flA
Slbis
(-ly-)
XA-nA
Slbjs^o
(-ly-)
•TAflA
malbas
(-ly-)
fA9
yjiff
XA«
aac
saf^o
•7A«
milaf
y^mS
X*7
amt^o
mfimit
(§8)
Participle
(§31)
Aa;ML
alqftmi
allftq^mi
AA^MI
^q^(§8)
AM. OR.
Digitized by
allaqftqdmi
MO.
alftbi
(-yi)
aaqH
Slbfis
(-iy-;§8)
siafi
At
20
Google
806
Aniharic Orammar.
Simp, perl
(§25)
Comp. pert
(8 32) .
Contingent
(§26)
amm|lSll^
8*
fetch and
cany, t.
^wAAjlLA
ammalil(|)-
s^fil
ySmm§l^-
l|s
hamlM'
indicate, t.
am4Ik|t5ftl
yftm|l^kk|t
i-li-)
Kaoao
am4r^
ache, i
be
pleasant, l
Smmd&l
gmrdftl
(ySmm)
yim(|)r
amm^sala
stir, t.
ATAO.A
ammisd)-
Idftl
/•TftA
ySnim^lss|l
am^^q^
praise, t
warm, t.
hamiinX^
am^sgjndfil
imuqd&l
faotm
yfiin|s|g-
ySm^^q
amb|rdk-
kak| (-ba-)
cause to
kneel, i
ArnctitvA
ambdrk|-
k^ l-hi-)
ySmbar^k-
k|k (-ba-)
dmmanf
believe, t
A^XA
amn^
yim(|)n
Comp. impert
(§32)
/«^A4A
ySmm^lal-
Ijsftl
yftmaUkki-
tfti (-14-)
/•7A
ySmmSl
yimrftl
/TftAA
ami
ISl
faniimPi
yftmjs4gg|-
n&l
yfim^^qfil
^rn^iiiiA
ySmbar^-
k|kal "(-ba-)
fr':Pi
y4in(|)n&i
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
307
Jussive
(§27)
LnperatiTe
(§28)
(3erand
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
y%nmalft-
1(1)8
^0BAAA
ammaUil(|)e
ammaUUQD-
mSmm|llU
amm^ilil
(§8)
ySm^t
(-mi-)
am^k|t
i-mi.)
Aa»All-f
am^klf'^o
(-ma-)
•7««Ah^
mSmdlkat
a^^lkid
(-mi-; §8)
fumr
y|m|m
amm^o
ntmr
y|m|r (-ar)
amr^o
nnc
mimir (§ 8)
hns
Smiri
^•TftA
ySmmdal
hntillr
ainm4s({)-
1^0
0|>«7AA
mamm^al
(-al)
ammis^l
(-%§6;§8)
ySm^^n
yamuq
haottn
am^gju
imuq
amds^n^o
dmuq^o
mam^gan
mam^oq
.(§8)
•T^ncaih
mSmbdr-
k^ {-hi-)
am^sgdfi
(-fifl§6;§8)
amwiqi
ySmb^k|k
i-hi.)
Af*nctih
aml^rkjk
(-bi.)
ambdrklk'^o
ambarkftki
(-ba.)
y|m|n
amn^o
m^an
Digitizec
Smift
(-fifl§6;
-?§7rf;§8)
20—2
ibyGooQie
308
Amharic Orammar.
Simp, pert
iumm
dmmata
amdttS
KO-* G.
arrariq^
(-rar-)
arrftrftqa
drraqa
ar^jja
2nd h£KV
ar^jflh,etc.
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
deceive, t
M^*A
am^dflfd-
tdfti
{-flfl § 6)
rebel, i
hr<ii.A
dmm|t^
ySmmjt
bring, i
weed, t
A^T*A
li;mQt5Sl
(-nt.§7rf)
AC«*A
dnimdftl
fcr
separate,!
separate,!
A^Cj^A^
arrir(DqdfiI
A^C^A
arrir<|)q6&l
ySrrir(|)q
y8rrir(I)q
plough, t.
Aca.A
irs6&l
fcn
yfirs
straighten,
t
ACjfA
drrjqofil
yarrjq
slaughter,!
fcC*,A
yftrd
grow old, L
ACt*A
irj|t5El
yfir^j
Comp. imperl
(§32)
^rffA
ySm^d&fiil
;^«IA
ySmm|tfil
/«««IA
ySmitfil
JPC*7A
y&rimfil
yi&T$r(|)qfiJ
yi5rrAf<|)qftl
/C4A
yirs&l
ySrqq&l
y&rd&l
yar^j&l
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
809
Jussive
Imperative
Oerund
Infinitive
(§2T)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
f^
M^
Xl^'ff
-71^1-
y^^ofi
dm^ofl
ain^(5iifl|-
mSm^dft-
(-flfi§6)
(-M§6)
t^o
iiat
JP^T
Arr
xr/n
na^
yamn^t
dmm|t
dmin|t^o
mamm^t
frm
hr«i
A^T-f
•»r«rt-
y^mtS
tvoa
^m^t^'o
m^mtdt
(-nH
(-ni-)
(-nt.)
(§8)
fcr
her
XC1»
nir
ySrrim
dnjiu
*liT|in^o
inS;rr|m
fdC*
h<:c^
his:*
nor^
y5iTdr{i)q
arrdr(|)q
arr^(|)q''o
mSrrdrdq
(-r4r-)
(-r4r-)
(-rar-)
(-rar.;§8)
fM:^
A^C*
hl^*
•7^<!.4J
y8rr4r(|)q
arriuKpq
arrir(pq''o
m&rrdrfiq
(§8)
fXA
X^
hCi^
yjrts
Jis
firs^'o
inilT|s
fc*
AC^
hx»
niJ^
jtrtYi
drrjq
^q^'o
mSrraq
UJi
rujf:
hCf-
'^iS:
yi^d
>^
fird^o
m4r^
Act*
-TCK1-
^jjf'o
m^jat
•Participle
(§31)
(§8;-flfl§6)
(am'^dfifli)
dmm&c(§8)
ftmd
(-ai.-ci)
arrfimi
arr^rdqi
(-rftr-)
anfiriqi
Sr^(§8)
A^4
arriqi
^(§8)
tAcje
ftrj
(-11 -ji)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
810
Amharic Orammar.
Simp, perf,
(§26)
arr§gg|b|
(-yj)
argib^ggf-
b^
(-y^gg^y-)
arr^ggjfa
hhk¥m
asldqqama
assdUafa
(■
asdllafa
o o
afisdmmS
loosen, i
wave, t
flutter, i
unsaddle,
t
rest, i
cause to
gather, t.
parade, t
let pass, i
cause to
hear, t
Comp. perl
(§32)
(iy-)
airdg^bd&l
(iy-)
KCMI'Ta.A
arg^bgj-
bd&l
(-ygiy-)
asl^ql*
mdftl
aasdll|f5fil
(-si-)
asdll|fd&l
M^*A
tdal
Contingent
(§26)
y5rr|g(pb
(-(|)y)
ySrr^g}b
(iy)
fcnorta
gib
(-ylggjy)
y5iTS!gg|f
yftrf
ySsUqqlm
ySssdIl|f
(-si)
^AA«
ya8dll|f
/A*?
ySssdmma
Comp. impeil
(§32)
yan^g(|)b&I
(-(Py-)
ySrraggibftl
(iy-)
ySrgjbdg-
gibal
(-yfegiy-)
yarr^gjfS]
y^fil
mfil
^AAiA
ya8sdll|f&l
(-s4-)
/4a4^
ySsdIl|fftl
/A^A
ySss^mmSl
Digitized by
Google
Appendix,
311
Jussive
(§27)
fcnn
yftr^b
Hy)
ySrr^b
Hy)
fcunn
ygrgdbgjb
i-YSlY)
ySrr^f
ySslAqqjm
yass^Iif
{^)
yS8dl]|f
Imperative
(§28)
hcn-a
Hy)
arr^b
Hy)
arg^bg|b
(-ygiy)
arr^f
hither
asldqqjm
aasdl]|f
(-Sfir)
KA«7
assdmmS
Gerund
(§29)
hcna
ftrg|b^o
(IT-)
arr^b^o
(-It-)
hcmno
arg^bglb^'o
(-TgJT-)
arr^ig^r'o
asl^qim^'o
assdll|f^o
(-si-)
Mac
asdUlf'o
KA^-f
Infinitive
(§30)
mirgab
(-IT)
mSrrdg|b
(■
mgrg^bg^b
(-Tgay)
m
m.i
•TAA*^
mSsl^qfin
•TAA*
mSss^ff
{•si)
mSsdllaf
t^o
Participle
(§31)
hCpO,
argibi
(-yi)
h£'Ptl.
arrfigabi
(-yi)
hcnupUL
ai^bgibi
(-ygiy-)
arrftgafi
Srifi
aslaqqimi
MM.
massdmmit ass^mmi
m
(-Sfir)
MM»
asallifi
JiA-l
Digitized by
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312
Amharic Chrammar.
Simp. peri.
(§25)
CoDip. perl
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
Comp-imperl
(§32)
a»imm§,m|
hurt, t.
a8dmni|-
fhrr
ySsdmmim
ySsdinni|-
mftl
aasamtori
2nd-^U
-rrah
(-ah),'etc.
take to
pasture, i
assfmlr-
tdftl
(-ma-)
ySsB^iiito*
yS8S|m|r-
Tfil
hdnA- G.
assamSlrrS
take to
pasture,!
assfmdiv
tdfil
ySs8§inS>rrS
fAnMK
ySssamSr-
rfil
hhamhh
asm^ssala
pretend, i
a8m|s4I^
ySsm^ll
yfism4BS|lSl
ZFI (-ar-)
cause to
change, t.
hhamlnni^
ySBinj-
asdnunati
cause to
rebel,!
asdinm|t5ftl
ySadinm|t
hhaotn
asmdttS
• ••
cause to
come, i
asm4tt|t5fil
ySsm^t^S
ySsmfttfil
(-sa.)
bind, t
fisrOftl
/AC
y^(i)p
Digitized by VjC
y<m)rti
►oqIc
Appendix.
313
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
hArr
asdmrnlm
hArf
asdm-
mim^o
nAa^
mSsdm-
asammfimi
assamirr
hAmC4'
assfmirt^o
(-m&-)
mS88|m^r-
rjt
(-at)
XA«T<!
a88§in^r)i
(assfmri)
ySssam&rS
ass^ftrS
Xfl«7C-f
ass^m^^o
mSssfini-
rit(§8)
hA'J6
a8Sfiiiir(r)i
fhamtUi
asm^s4l
XAiiBftA*
asm^sffll^o
mSsm^Lss|]
(-al)
hha^Ap^
asmdss^
(-^yy§6;§8)
jasm^bmr
asm^bmr
XftfloTHir
asmtozir^o
mSisminzar
hham-im.
yS8dmm|t
a8dmm|t
asdmmit^o
nAao^
mSsdmm^t
hAn'^
asimm&6
(§8) *
jSsm^ttS
fiAC
(-sar)
hbamtn
asmdttS
XAC
(-sa-)
asDadttlf^o
•TAtf»«H-
masm^ttdt
(§8)
•7AC
misar
(-sa!)
Digit
3«mdcd
(-m4-;§8;
-ffl.-oci)
hA£
zedbyGoOQie
314
Amharie Grammar.
Simp, perl
(§25)
assdrrS
MAn
(-71)
hdh^ 6.
M44- S
assas&ta
KA4*0»ni
asqdmmj
asqdrra
2nd hMiJi
asqdrr|h
(-ah), etc.
MqArraba
(-71)
a8qwcorr|.ta
employ, t
remind, t.
mistake, i
mistake, i
amnse, t.
set, i
delay, t.
Comp, perl
(§32)
a8s^r4t5ftl
(-s4-)
MAaA
AAft:i:A
ass^td&l
lS8d8(Dt5fil
Contingent
(§26)
ySss^rrS
(-si-)
/4IHI
(iY)
/AA1-
cause to
approach,
t.
cause to
cut, i
asqdmm|-
t5frl
asq^iT|i5Sl
KA^CflA
asq^rrjbd&l
(-q^. -jy-)
KA«Cip.A
asqwcuiT}-
t5&l
yfi^q
/A+rT
7Ssqimiii|t
/Ate
ySsqdrr
ySsqAnib
(-qi-. iy)
/AtCT
yafeqw<urr|t
Comp. impe(£.
(§32)
T&B^rrftl
(-si.)
u8SS8|b
(IT-)
ySssdstfil
yfis4q&l
/A*^«1A
ySsqdmmj-
ySsq^rrSl
ySsq&iT|bSl
(-qi-. IT-)
ySsqwcan|-
t&l
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
315
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Qenind
(§29)
^A^
KA^
KAC-f
ySasirrS
(-s4-)
ass^rrS
(-sir)
assdnit^o
(-si-)
fikha
KAA-fl
MAO
(-jy)
asis^b
(-iy)
asas4b^o
(-|y-)
fAMr
MA^
AAA-f
ySss^st
ass^t
ass^t^o
y5sdte(pt
AAA1-
ass&KDt
MA-f
assis(Dt^o
f/^¥
h/^*
h/^*
ys«4q
ds^q
isaiq^Q
/A+^T
KA+rr
KAtrm
y&qdmiu|t
asq^mit
asq^mml-
fhtC
KA^C
•
KA^C-f
ySsq^rr
asq^
asqdrr|t^o
(-qi^)
fMca
lhA4>C-fl
hh*CO
jSaq&rrih
(-qa^. |y)
asq^b
(-qi-. -jy)
asqinib^o
(-q^, -|y-)
yA^T
htttC'?
hA^cm
ySsqw&init
asqwcurrit
asqwctfrri-
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
1A£^
mSss^rdlt
(-si-; §8)
hAd
assdrri
(-si-)
•TAA^I
mSsS;ss|b
(-fy)
MAfl.
asSss&bi
(-yi)
•7AA1-
mSissdsdt
(§8)
masdteit(§8)
hAAl-
assdsid
(§8)
MAf
assds&d(§8]
missiq(§8)
assiqi
•7A**»T
mSsq^-
hA+-T*
asqdmmdd
(§8) '
mSsqdiT|t
(-irra-)
hA*£
asqdrri
(-qi-)
mSsqdrr^b
(-?y)
KA^^O.
asqarrdbi
(-yi)
•TAt^JT
mSsqwctfr-
asqw<tfrrd5
(§8)
Dig
itizedbyCjOOQl
816
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
Comp. pert
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
Comp. imiKri
«32)
asq^zzana
cause diar-
rhoea (to)
L&t
KAtHXA
asqdz4nd&l
fhrm
ySsq^i^ii
isqidd^m^
putinflNHit,
t>
KA^i^A
asq^dl-
mdftl
yasq^dim
ySsq^<|
mfil
dssaba
(-yt)
suppose, t.
KAOA
d64b6ftl
(-|y-)
yfe4b
(-jy)
^AaA
yiis^b&l
(-iy-)
asbdrra
(-ST-)
cause to
light, t
KAAC:I:a
asb4rr|t5al
(-sy-, -^-)
/AfU.
ySsb^rrS
(-sy-)
yasb^ml
(-sy-)
AAan^
ass|,bab-
(-yS-.-ar-)
M-t
a8s4ta
cause to
shatter, t
cause to
err, t
KAQ-fl^A
assab^bd)-
rdftl
(-yAy-)
KA:i:A
^tdfil
/AQ'flC
ySssfbSb-
bjr
(-ys-)
y^t
ySasgbab-
b|rfil
i-Y^)
yAj'-A
ySnltfil
KA+^<:
astamftr§
teach, i
AA-fr^A
astdm(l)-
r5&I
^A+rc
yS8t4m(i)r
yfet|m(D-
r&l
KA+9
astdftfiS
(-ta° -fta)
send to
sleep, t.
KA-rtAA
astdfifiit5fi]
(-ts.)
/A+9
ySst^ftiiS
(-t&-,-M)
/A+fA
ySstifififil
KA-HiA
astdkkal^
cause to
plant, i
AA-Hl^A
astdkl^d&l
i-ti-)
/AfilA
ySstdkkp
(-tfi-)
Digitized by VjOO^
/A-HMA
ySstikk^
(-tSr)
Appendix.
317
Juftaive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Oerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
KA^?
•TA+lf*
mSsqdzz|ii
fMf:r
M+Jt^
M+jfl^
•TA+A^
Ssq|dd|in
asq^ddlm
a8q^d|-
mSsqdd-
d|m
SMk
KA-fl
AAA
•TAil
ySfisib
(-jy)
d«4b
(-jy)
dssjb^o
(-jy-)
mSss^b
(-ly)
^AO^
Aftn^
AAnc-f
•TAn^l-
ySsb^S
(-8T-)
asb^rrS
(-sy-)
asbdnif^o
(-sy-, -ir-)
mSsbdrrftt
(-8y-;§8)
fAlHlC
hAHilC
KAfHlC
TAonc
ySssfbi-
b(Dr
ass9bftb(pr
(-y^y-)
ass^bib(p-
(-y^y-)
mSss^i-
b^
(-yiy-, -ar)
^irt-
Kft^
KA-f
•7A1-
y^jt
ds4t
^iasj*^<>
mijssit
(§8)
^ft-hrc
Kft-I^C
fcft+rc
•TA+^C
y5st4m(|)r
ast^(|)r
a8l4m(|)r^o
mSst^mir
(§8)
ShV?
fcft+¥
KA+'<*
nhi^t
ySstdftfkS
(-ta-, -iia)
astd&fiS
(-ti-, -M)
asttflfl|t''o
(-ti-)
mSstififiit
(-tir ; § 8)
^<H4lA
KAttiA
AA-HlA-
•fA•^taA
ySst^kk)!
(-ti-)
ast$kk|l
(-t&-)
ast-^kkjl'^o
(-ti-)
mSst^kk^
Participle
(§31)
asqdzziii
(-flft§6;§8)
KA«-l
asq^ddimi
MO.
assftbi
iril-)
hMid
asb^rri
(-sy-, -ir-)
KAflO<S
ass^babiri
(-yay-)
Mf
^issac
(§8)
fcA+^<8
ast^mftri
KA-Mi^
ast^kkil
(-iyy§6;§8>
Digitized by
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B16
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
Gomp. pert
(§»2)
(§26)
Compiiiiifd
asq^zzani
cause diar-
rhoea (to)
L&t
asq&x4n<^l
^A+HT
ySsq^z^n
fMnKk
asq^d§m|
putin front,
t
asq^dd|-
mdfil
ySsq^dim
yS«iH
mil
KM
iss|b|
(-y*)
suppose, t
KAflA
ds^bfifil
i-lY-)
ya88|b
(-jy)
^AQA
(-ir-)
asb^LrrS
(-sy-)
cause to
Ught, t
asb^it5&l
(-sy-, -ar-)
/AfU-
ySeb^rrS
(-sy-)
ySsb^
(-6T-)
hAmi
ass§bab-
(-ys-, -ftr.)
cause to
shatter, t.
KAIHI^A
ass|b4b(|)-
rdftl
(-yiy-)
ySssfbSb-
b|r
(-yS-)
yS8S|bib
birtl
(-yi)
ass^Ua
cause to
err, t
d£4tdfil
/A1-
yS84t
yinitti
astfm&r§
teach, t.
astdin(|)-
rOSl
/A+rC
y&t4m(i)r
ySB^ind
riLl
ast^fkftS
(-ta-, -fla)
send to
sleep, t.
KA-HrtA
astdfifi|t5&I
(-ta-)
/A+9
yIst$flflS
(-dr,-M)
^A+?A
yistififUl
(-ti-)
asttfckala
cause to
plant,!
KA-MllA
ast(lkky5&l
^A^A
y58tikk|I
(-tft-)
^A+IHA
ySBt^kk^
(-ti-)
•
Digitized by CjOOQIC
Appendix.
317
r:5Juteive
(§27)
rtir
M /'Ml
s-ysssjb
i Hy)
^,rfeb^5
: (-sy-)
liySssfbi-
b(Dr
(-yay-)
yass|t
ySsMfifiS
(-ar,°-fta)
/A+llA
ySst^kkll
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
humt
•TA+H-*
asq^KZJn^o
AA+Jtr
hMf:r
Ih^fT
asq^djin
asq^di-
mSsq^-
dfin
hhn
KAP
nAa
^b
(-jy)
ds^b^o
(-jy-)
mSss^b
(-ty)
KAd^
KAdC-f
•TAn^i-
asb^rrS
(-sy-)
asbdirlf^o
(-sy-, -^-)
mSsb^rrdt
(-8y-;§8)
Mnnc
KAOilC
nAnac
ass§bftb(pr
(-y^y-)
a88jbAb(p-
(-y^y-)
mSssfbi-
b^
(-yiy-, -ar)
hMr
AA-f
n/it
&BS\t
^f^o
mfissdt
(§8)
hM-rc
KA-I^C
•TA+^C
as<4m(i)r
a8t;^(l)r^o
mast^mir
(§8)
fcA+?
JiA-rt-f
IM^t
astdfifiS
(-ti-! -fia)
astdfifilf'o
(-t4-)
mSstdfifidt
(-ts-'; § 8)
KAttiA
KA-htlA-
TAiilA
ast^kky
a8t$kk|l'<^o
(-t4-)
Participle
(§31)
asqdz9s4fi
(-fifl§6;§8)
AA*>S1
MO.
assdbi
(-iy-)
AAfl<:
asb^rri
(-sy-, -4r-)
KAnois
Euss^bfibiri
(-yfty-)
dssSc
(§8)
fcA+^<8
astamdri
KA-Mi^
astdkk^
(-%§6;§8>
Digitized by
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318
Amharte Grammar,
Simp. perf.
(§25)
Comp. per! .
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
hM-hhh
a8tak^;kk|-
equalize, t.
KA-MrtilA
astakik(i)-
15ftl
/A-MitlA
ySstak^-
l4l
hh-t9h
astaw&la
notice, t.
KA•^0^A
astfu(ti)ld&I
yS8t^(tt)l
astduwasa
(-WO)-)
remind,
(of), t.
hA:^0•jLA
a8t^(tl)sd&l
7astdu(ti)s
astduwaqa
inform, i
KA;l-4iH^A
afitdu(ti)qd&l
ySstdu(tt)q
^A:^f
ast^yya
2nd KA;l*ru
astSlyyfth,
etc.
cause to be
seen, t
KA:^J&:l:A
ast^tdftl
ySst^
(-^yy§6)
htfPU
a^^ra
(-ga-)
trouble, t.
KA<F«7^A
asd^gjrddl
^A«MC
ySsd^r
asndssS
rouse, t
asndss|td&l
/AV'Y
ySsndssS
assinSbba-
ta (-bft-)'
dismiss, i
KA?'fl;l:A
assan^btdftl
(-yt-)
yfissanSb-
bit
Comp. impai^
(§32)
jSstakik-
jS8t|u(ti)U
ySBtda(ill-
sftl
ySstdu(ii)-
q&l
/Ajf-^A
ySi3<^|ti
(-Syya-)
ySsc^ggj-
rftl
^A>irA
^Av-m^A
ySssanSb-
iHtal
Digitized by
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Appendix.
319
Jussive
Imperative
(Gerund
Infinitive
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
^A-MltlA
AA-MltlA
Aft-MllilA-
<7IH-llhA
KA-f-fih^
ySst^kakd)]
ast^kiikd)!
astakftk({)-
mast^kikal
astakikd|
(-%§6;§8)
yilrt»'fii
KA4-0<A
hMrm^
•7ft-M»A
hA-M»jR
yast4ii(ti)l
aaUu(ti)l
ast|u(tt)l«^o
mSst^wil
(-t|ii-;§8)
ast^w&l
(-t|^Q;
-%§6;§8)
fh^j^
KA^«^
AA^iD^
•TA:^lpA
fcft^VTl
yS8tdu(ii)s
asfiu(ti)8
astdu(ti)s'*o
mSstduas
(-«s)
astdufia
(§8)
fh^o^
KA^iD^
hhfOh*
•7A;»up*
hh^a,
ySstdu(ti)q
astda(ti)q
astdu(tt)q'^o
mSstiuiq
(-OKI)
astauiqi
fh^^
M;!^
KA^^
•TA^Mrt-
ySst^
astij
a8tS|t^o
mastljat
<-^yy§6)
(-%§6)
(-t«yat)
ylI'MC
fcft»MC
Kft»Mir
•7fl1»7C
hh^pd
ySs6aggjr
asd^g|r
asc^gg|r^o
mSscSggar
(-ar) °
ascaggdri
ftfi-i
KA^'Y
KA»/»'*
•7Ai«Yl-
hwa
ySsD^S
asndssS
asn^ls^t^o
masn^ssdt
asn^
M-)
(§8)
(-na-;§8;
-a -ssi)
^AV-fll-
Mv-nl-
hM-M-
•TAvn^
MW^
yassanabt
assanibt
assanfibf^o
m&s^&bat
assanibftc
(-yt)
('yt) 1 (-yt-) 1 (-dy-. -at)
(-ftf; §8)
Digitiz
edbyGoOQle
320
Atnharic Orammar.
Simp, perl
(§25)
ass^naddS
assa&M
2nd hATU
assafifiah,
etc
MhA
asakkala
AAhAhA
prepare, t
cause to be,
i
Comp. perf.
(§32)
askftkkS
askSda
(-ka-, -da)
Aft'&A G.
asx^a
(-sh-^ -ad-)
not
cause to
increase, i
cause to
hinder, t
neigh, i.
let pass, i
cause to
divide, t.
let pass, i
assanidd)-
td&l
(-ndrtr§7rf)
assi
Ccmtingent Comp. imperl
(§ 26) (§ 32)
BfiSkkjl^
ask$lkjl6fil
askakt^l
AAlbJ&>
askdddftl
lkAh«4L.A
askdfTild&l
o o
AA'fi.J^A
Ssxl^^
(-sh-)
ySsitkk}! 7&B|kk|lfil
/AhAbA f AhAUAA
ySsk|ldkk|l y &k|]ikki-
Ifil
^AV^ ^AV^
ySssanSd- ySssfnad-
dS d&l
yA'V ^A»f A
y&s^fifi ySssa&Ml
/Ahh
^Afejc:
ySskdd
(- '
/Ah«A
ySskdff|l
^A*&Jt
ySsx^d
(-sh-, -ad)
yask&kk&l
yaskddftl
(-kft-)
/Ah«AA
ySskiflF|ISl
^A-fi^A
yS^ygd&l
(-eh-, -Sd)
Digitized by
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Appendix.
321
Jussive
Imperative
G^nmd
Infinitiye
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
/A?^
KA?^
KAVjC-f
•TAV^H-
ySss^duiS
assftn^klS
assftod-
mSssan^-
dd)^^©
dit
(-n4rt-§7cO
(§8)
f(ei
AA'f
hA'f-f
•TA71-
ySss^fi
assa&fl
assififllt'^o
mSssififiat
f/ilafii
MIlA
MIIA*
TAIlA
yasSkkil
asSkliil
asSkkU^o
mSBakk|l
fUhMtfii
KAhAhA
KAhAtiA-
TAtaAbA
ySsk^ky
ask^1k|1
ask^l^'o
mSsk^k^
KAIih-f
•TAhti^
askfikt^o
mSskiikit
(§8)
/fttut
KAlLA-
hMa^f-
•7Ate/t
7^k|d
^d
ask^^o
m^k^
(-k4-)
(-k4-;§8)
fMt9^
AAh^A
KAh^/k-
TAh^A
ySsk^qi
ask^
ask^jl'^o
mSsk^fl
(-al)
fftUjt
fcA-fijt
M%f'
•TA'&JC'
y^d
^d
ijBxjd^o
mS«x^
(-sh.)
(-ah-)
(^h.)
(-ah-, -Id;
§8)
Participle
(§31)
KAvje
assdn^i
(§8;-3t-ji)
Mh^
aB.
asli
(-iyy§6;§8)
5sk^
(§8;-3t-ji)
KAh4.^
ask^fi^
(-iyy§6;§8)
(-eh-; -Tit
§8; -3t-ji)
21
Digitized by
Google
322
Amheirie Grammar.
Simp, peri
(§26)
asw^s^df
(-WoJ-)
cause to
remove, t
Comp. perf .
(§32)
asw^dOftl
(-Wo^)
Contingent
(§26)
yisw^d
Mf
as^yya
2nd Mru
as^yyah,
etc.
show, t
M^:i:A
a8^yy|t5&l
ySsSyy
hnftt
asd^rrigj
cause to
catch, i
cause to
do, i
^sy[zd&l
asd^rr|g^
i-di.)
ySsyJz
(§8)
fhfjcn
ySsdfnjg
(-di-)
Mm
asdddfgi
rear, t.
asddd|gd&l
ySsdddig
cause to
kill, t
aBgfld|15ftl
ySsg^djl
Mlm
asgy%
adorn, t
MXip.A
i^t5&l
ySsgy^t
M<q
a84^
spread
out, i
l^|t^
hhmp
cause to
lean, i
ast^tdftl
fhmp
yast^
Ck>mp. inqwd
( 8 82)
y&w|88idftl
yfisSyyftl
ySsy^
ySsd^rrjgSl
yS9ddd|gfil
/A7JC-AA
yasg^djtel
ySsg^^ftl
yfist^gg*!
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
323
Jusaive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Oerand
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
ySsw^d
(-Wc^)
a8w^84d
asw^s4d^o
(-w<^)
(-^yy§6;§8)
ssii
(-^yy§6;§8)
asSyyit^o
aXaSijy&t
yfeyjz
ySsd^rrlg
(-di-)
asdirrlg
Sjsyjz^o
asdirqg^o
(-di)
nnfn
(§8)
mSsd^rr|g
ySsdddIg
asddd|g
asddd^^o
mSsddd^
ySsg^ddil
asg^d)!
asg^djl'^o
ntnfA
mSsg^dd^
(-Idda-)
fhruT
ntaf
miag4t{lS)
y&tS
S8tS
hhmp
astfggif'o
(§8)
miSst^ggdt
(§8)
Partdoiple
(§31)
(-wc^;§8)
Mft.
asayyi
Ssjii
(§8;-1C-fi)
a8d|rrftgi
asadddgi
Digitized by
(-gi; -iyy
§6; §8)
M9
ft8$
21—2
Google
824
Amharie Qrammar.
Simp, perl
(§26)
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Contuigent
(§26)
asfffS
extend, i
f^ft^&l
^A4.
ySsffS
a8f$U$gf
cause to
seek, t*
asfi^Uig^
ySsfi^
asf^rrS
(-ft)
frighten,!
asffrritOftl
ySs^rrS
as^rSrrS
(-fa-)
threaten^
t
asf|^r4rt^
(-fa-)
ySsfi^rSrrS
(-fa-)
asfi^ttS
cause to
untie, t.
ySsfi^ttS
2iidMru
a8ah.etc.
seek, i
uses parts
of[X]«
(|)ift
KS
2ndMru
dliah.etc.
rub, t.
Sitdfil
yfii
(ytt)
(-y?)
Wf-H*
ai^tt^t^
(-84-)
turn up-
wards,!
smell, t.
aiSqqjbdSl
HY-)
4l|ttdftl
ySiiiqqIb
(-jy)
Comp. impeil
(§32)
ySs^
yasfi^I]|gSl
ySsf||rr&l
(-fi.)
ySsiarSrrSl
(-fa.)
ySsfi^ttSl
y4i&l
(y^)
ySiSqq^
(-jy-)
yii^ttfil
(-14-)
Digitized by
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A'ppmAini.
825
JoBsive
(§27)
ImperatiTe
(§28)
(Gerund
(§29)
TnflnitiTe
(§30)
9M.
hh^
KAf^
•7ft4.1-
ySfifS
iaSi,
^^o
m^sfl&t(§8)
ftklM^
hhiM^
hhiM
nhiAn
ySsfpjg
a8fd%
asf&U|g^o
mSBf||ll|g
fhU^
hhi^
hhiXA-
•TftA^I-
ySsfi&rrS
(-fi-)
asfi^ralt^o
(-fi)
mSsfi^t
(-fi;§8)
fhi.M.'
hh4J^
hhiMl*
•TA^L^^^
ySsffr^
asfkr^
asfiurirt^o
mSsf^dbrit
(-fa-)
(-fa-)
(-fa-)
(-f^; § 8)
ShiJ^
}A4J^
hhiJM'
•TftAjM-
ySsf^ttS
asfj^ttS
asf4t(|)t''o
mSsf&ttit
(§8)
*ITS
K&
AH*
Tifl-
yti
tg
&t^o
m^lat
W)
m
^iff«
M^a
hlf^O
•Tirt-o
ySS^q|b
agaqq|b
ad^q|b''o
mSISqq|b
m
m
(-17-)
(tY)
f^
Met
JkH*
•m-H-
y^tt
ti^ii
^tt^o
(-at)
Partdciple
(§31)
hhi.
asfi^rri
(-f4-)
dsfi&65
(-fi-;§8;
^-66i)
adSqqdbi
(-yi)
^it^
(§8)
Digitized by
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826
Amharie Grammes.
Siinp. perf.
(§25)
hSham
hVhVU
XTffiil
askikkl
(■gfi-)
ht>*ia»tn
aqqwctfl^-
[K-Jt- G.]
(aAqwa>-)
aq^U|t|
aq^dm|
aqrSiTS
Comp. pert
Ckmtiiigent
(§32)
(§26)
load, t
KSfAPi
fWnr
as8^kk|-
yia^kk|in
mdftl
i-ii-)
(-sir)
talk scan-
hvun-v,^
^iHiif^ll
dal, i.
aji^ok^-
jm^ok^
kdSl
mk
[-TS^*i]
(-ikdftl)
duck, L
MfiitirKA
fnnti
agk^tdftl
ySikikka
take
Air^&A
fTilC
across, t
aiilgrdftl
ySsidggir
caress, i
htAr<ii.A
f^^r'?
aqqwctflim-
ySqqwo)-
tdftl
[M*.-]
C^***-]
(aAqw<u-)
(ygftqw©-)
melt, t.
h^tU^fi
^♦AT
^Itd&l
ySq^lt
(sqijt-)
station, i
Mt^A
f*r
iqum^
ySq^'^m
chant, L
^t^C:tA
f*£^
aqrlrt<^
ySqrSiiTS
Comp. impeil
@32)
^ffll-TA
ySii^kki-
mftl
(-a-)
ySfli'^ok^
ittk&l
^hiiA
ySikdkkfil
ft^rmfi
ySJqqwo*-
l£inm|tftl
(ySAqwot-)
^tA'QA
yaq^tftl
f*nA
ySq'^^m&l
ySqrfinrftl
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
327
Jussive
(§27)
Impei^tiT«
(§28)
Qerand
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
jiSi^kkim
(44-)
Jkffhr
Oi^kkjin
.(-64-)
atffkk|in'o
(-l^r)
mSii^kk^
(-ii-)
ySis^okf
hfik
[Tftl]
[^]
ali^ok^-
k^o
[■fti]
XTffitl-f
adkftkf'o
mStt^okf
s^'ok
mSik4k4t
(§8)
MIC
tone
•Tir-ic
(-ftr)
s^\r^
h^Ar^
htAr<n
•TtAfloT
ySqqwo;-
Utot(§8)
[/•Mi-]
(ySAqwo)-)
aqqwa»-
I4mt(§8)
(aAqwt*-)
aqqwaH
(aAqwo*-)
mSqqwcu-
l4in|t
[•r>t-]
(mSAqwo)-)
(ysqijt)
4qjlt
(Sqlj^)
^qjlf^o
(fiqiiH
mSqlft
yaqum
Mr
iqiim
iqum'^o
n*r
m^''^m(§8)
ySqdbrS
aqr4rS
aqiirt^'o
mfiqrirftt
(§8)
Participle
(§31)
ftai|kk4ini
(-ia-)
aal^okiwar
ki
A«^<:
n
JktA*T*
aqqwctfl&r
mfi6(§8)
(aAqw«-)
h*A*
Sql46 (§ 8)
Sqrdri
Digitized by
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328
Amharic Grammar.
Simp. peri.
(§2S)
ftqq|r^JT|-
H (-TJ)
(-yf)
htAA
K+9
aq^nnS
aqweayyft
2nd htru
aqwcSyyah,
etc.
a{q)qitt|l|
dbb^lf
pot dose
together,!
Comp. peri
(§»2)
aqq|iAr(|)-
bttftl (-y5-)
OontingeDt
(§26)
y*qq§j^
nh (iy)
bring near,
t
^rbdal
(^it-,.y5-)
ySq^rb
(-q4-. -ry)
wound, t
straighten,
t
Kt^O.A
dqwti8(pldftl
(iqsUl-)
irtAA
ySqwofe(Pl
ySq^ng
delay, t.
ht^:i:A
Sqw<»y3^-
t5ftl
ySqwciyy
bum, t
a(q)q^l)-
1^
yS(q)q^tftl
embrace,
t
break one's
word,L
A4>^A
Sqf^
fc-Oft.A
(-yi-)
ysqf
^A
y^(pi
(-^y-)
Comp. impotl
^♦^-COA
ySqq^r^
lib&l (-iy.)
ySq^bfil
(-q4-, -ry-)
^«AAA
ySqw<u8(D-
Iftl
ySq^nfil
.ft/A
ySqwcuiyySl
^;^TAA
y«(q)ql^
Iftl
yiqftl
^^AA
yiibua
(-yi-)
Digitized by
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Appendix.
829
Josdve
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Oenmd
(§29)
Infinitiye
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
f*M:-a
MMia
^^^cn
n*£^ii
MM4L
y«qqF^
aqqfiA^b
aqq|rfr(p-
inSqq|i^
aqq^eSx&bi
r(|)b(-(|)y)
(-(l)y)
b^o i-Y^o)
jffb (-fy)
(-yi)
f^oa
A^-a
h^CO
•T+^-O
h^^O.
yiqjrb
^iq)rb
iki|rb''o
m^r|b
Sqribi
(jM-' -y)
(sqti-. -y)
{iqr^, -ro)
(-fy)
(-yi)
/♦*ftA
hf^AA
hf^nur
•»**AA
Jkt^^
y^w«8(pl
dqwii8(|)l
iqwVia(^Vo
m^wtisfl
^wfidT)
(yliqsttl)
(^8(11)
(^slU-)
w
(-%§6;§8)
^*V
h*V
h^yh
•T+9*
*«
yliki(|)n5
gq(DnS
iqjnt^o
miqp.it
(§8)
(4qfli)
/tjt
KtJ&
Jk-fcf*
•Ttfl-
ySqwoiyy
l^wwyy
Sqwayyif^o
mSqw«»y-
(§8)
yat
f^T^
Wta
Wta-
n^m^
W«lj&
y«(q)qA^I)i
a(q)q^I)i
a(q)q4t(|)-
mS(q)q%l
a(q)qi^i
l^'o
(-al)
{-iyy§6;§8)
/&«:
M9
h^e
•Tt*
A;f4&
yjq|f
w
iikif^o
m^§f
Sqifi
neg. Aj&flA
neg.MHti
h-OA-
•TOA
haj&
iibsl
m^
^1^0
inib|l
ihii
(*-. ^)
(-Jy-. ^)
(-yi-)
(-iy-,^)
Digit
-*yy§6;§8)
zedbyGoOQie
830
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Oontingent
(S2e)
Comp. impeil
(§32)
abiUS
(ay-)
feed, t.
ib)ltdfil
(Sbljt-.i^y-)
faA
yab^lS
(-«y-)
/QAA
ySb^
(-Sy-)
MATS
abb^l^^iia
2nd httASo
abbflftdiah,
etc.
MIAm
abaiftj
(ay-)
spoil, t.
increase,
t
abb|l^tdftl
Sbl|t6ftl
(«y-. iit-)
fttAll
ySbbgULss
ySbflt
(-5y-. -^-)
ySbb^Uiss&l
^nA<QA
yab^t&l
(-«y-. -ii-)
MAaAa
ablaMUada
(-yi-) *
gutter, i.
ySblac^lic
(-yi-)
ySblacll-
Ijcsl (-yl-)
ab^S
(ay-)
shine, i.
A-ncrfcA
£b|rtdftl
(fty-)
ySb^rS
(-Sy-, -ir-)
ySb^
(-Sy-. -It-)
AAA
^bb^sf
wipe, t.
dbb|8d&l
JP-OA
ySbb|s
^•OAA
yabbiaSl
MAh
ab^ss^f
(ay-)
cook, t.
(Sy-)
^nAA
yabHDl
(-Sy-)
^nA'iA
ygb^sOpiftl
(-Sy-)
KflAnA
abfs^bb^
(ay-)
wet, t.
ab4sb|s5ftl
(-y^sy-)
^nA«A
yftb|s$bb|s
(-ay-)
Digitized by VjO
y&b|sfbbi-
s&I (^y-)
osle
Appendix.
881
Jussive
Imperatiye
(§28)
Gerand
Iniinitiye
Participle
(§ 27)
(§29)
(§30).
(§31)
/•OA
tMA
A-OA-f
•WIA*
h-af,
jtb\S
^IS
ibpt^o
mitbldt
ibyi
(-yi-)
(-yi-)
(Sbljt-, Sy-)
(-yi-;§8)
(ibi, iy-)
^OATI
M^•6
hflATf-f
•WAff*
MML
jSbb^
abb^d
abb^Uiat'^'o
mSbb^Ul-
abb|I^
(§8)
(§8)
iat
^•OAT
h-aPif
h-afiitn ■
•WIAT
X-OA*
ySbljt
>iit
^lit^o
mSbl^t
Sblft^
(-«y-. lit)
(«y-, -m
t
(«y-, -pt-)
ablilclia^o
(-yi-)
(-yi-)
•WA^A*-
mabl^&c
(-yi-)
(-yi-;§8)
/•fl^
hiU-
h-ac*
•Wl^^
h-ad
yibrS
ItbrS
dbjrt^o
m^rit
ibri
(-F-)
(-F-)
(iy-)
(■F-;§8)
(-F-)
^A
KflA
h-a^
<TaA
Ann
yibf8(-y»8)
|b|8 (-y|8)
f>bis^o
• mabb|8
dbb^
jf-ah
h-ah
(§8)
7Sbb|s
dbb|s
f-ahfii
h-anti
A'QAA-
•roAA
h-a/if.
jSh^
Sbs|l
Sl)8jl^O
mSbs^
absll
(-ys-)
(-ys-)
(-ys-)
(-ys-. -al)
(-ys-;-ftyy
§6; §8)
fttltUb
httMlH
KflA^^
•MAflA
AaAflTf
ySb^b^
ab4sb|s
ab^sbls'^o
mSb^b|s
ab^sbti
i-J^-)
i-ii^Y-)
(-y^-)
(-y^sy-)
Digi
(-y4gy-;§8)
izedbyGoOQl
332
Amharic Chrammar.
Simp. perL
(§25)
Comp. pert
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
ab^qS
(ay-, -Iq-)
finish,
h-a4«A
^t5fil
(-yq-)
ySbfiS
(-sy-.-iq-)
Ann
dbb|b|
(-y|)
bloom, I
dbb|b5&l
(-y»-)
f-o-a
y^b|b
(-iy)
dbb|d|
bemad, l
(-yd-)
ySbd
(-yd)
ab^d|r|
(ay-, -Idda-)
lend, i
ab|dd|rd&l
(ay-,-4dd-)
ySbfidir
(-Sy-, -idd-)
ab^jja
(ay-, -4j-)
2nd -EO
-jjah, eta
make, t
Mje*A
ab^jjjtdfil
(ay-, -iy)
(-5y-, -iy)
dbb^ti
swell, L
h'Q^ll.A
§:bt5&l
(-yt-)
yab^
(-yt)
ab^ttjri
(ay-, -iWr)
winnow, t.
ab^t^r6&l
(ay-, -it-)
yafc
ySb^tftr
(-iy-. -it)
attSU|l|
decdy^ 1
fc;^O.A
att^^
ySttil]|l
Comp. impol
(§32)
ySb^&I
(-5y-, -iq-)
/•aaA
yabl^bti
(iy-)
/^n^A
ySlxifil
(-yd.)
ySb^dpSl
/fl3(A
ySb^jjSl
(-5y-,-ii-)
^•noiA
y^bt&l
(-yt-)
^ot^a
y«4t^
(-Sy-, -if)
^;^AAA
ySttib]|liI
Digitized by
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Appendix.
388
JnssiYe
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
ySbqS
(-yq-)
(-yq-)
f-a-a
i-\Y)
ySb^ddlr
(-5y-, -ddd-)
sb^dtr
(ay-, -^d-)
yib|jj
ib|jj
(iy-)
(-yr)
/n-pc
y«b^t^
(-Sy-, 4t.)
htt'?C
(ay-, -if)
att4l|[
(Gerund
(§29)
Ml**
(-yq-)
ibblb^o
(-y-o)
h-af'
Sbd^'o
(-yd-)
ab^djc'^o
(ay-, .^d-)
ab^jjit^'o
(ay-,-4j-)
(-yt-)
httTC
ab^t^'^o
(ay-, -4t-)
ati^^o
Infinitive
(§30)
mlibqii;
(-yq-;§8)
•ra-o
mi
(-|y)
(-y*-)
•MAC
mSb^d^
(-5y-,-4dda-)
mSb^jjat
(-5y-. -^j-)
•MT
(-yr)
•ranic
inab^tt|r
(-5y-,-itta-)
•T;^AA
mSttdl|l
(-al)
Participle
(§31)
ibqi
(-yq-)
MO.
abbdbi
(-yi)
ib(b)dj
(§8)
hM£
ab|dd&ri
(ay-, -add-)
M'B'
Sbic
(^y-;§8)
ab^ttdri
(ay-, -att-)
atdUri
(-iyy§6;§8)
Digitized by
Google
834
Amharie Gframmar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
Comp. pert
(§32)
atfrr^
(-t4-)
an^^T^
seal, t.
earn, i
put, t
dtt|m5fil
4t|rf5ftl
^nurOftl
MA
AnnnasL
diminish,!
raise, t.
^nsdftl
an^asS
ani'^ok^
i^ok§
whisper,!
ani^'ok^-
kdftl
(-skdftl)
M^
an^qS
wake, t.
littqltdai
aAq|lSfi7
doze, i.
aAq^lftftdSl
aAqfS^-
q|S|
move^ i
aAq§s^(p-
85&1
Maa
an^bbfb^
(-71)
read, 1
SDb|b5fil
(^b-,-iy-)|
Oontingeiit
(§26)
y8tt{in
yStirf
(-ti)
^«
ySns
ySn^S
yfini^ok^
iOk
ySnflS
ySAq|l£ffS:
n*4*A
y&liq|8^-
q|s
ySn^bb
Comp. imperf.
(§32)
y^tt{iDSl
yat^rftl
ySn^rSl
ySnsSl
ySn^sSl
y&ul'^ok^
iOk&I
ySn^ftl
f»+A*A
ySAqalfiffftl
ySAqfs^-
fWA
ySn^bftl
Digitized by
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Appendix.
885
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
(Gerund
(§29)
yat1|m
yitjrf
dtt}m^o
dtjrfo
yixmr
ftnur^o
fiih
y^nsS
SnsS
ins|t^o
jSns^oki-
idk
ani^oki-
dtik
ani'^oki-
[-TSh]
(h&^o)
ySAqS
fiAqS
SAqit^o
ySAq|ldfS
aAq|lifS
aAq^lift^o
ySAq|si-
q(l)8
aAq|84q(S)s
aAq|8^
q{P8-o
y§iib|b
(-Smb-, -jy)
Siib|b
(^mb-, ^y)
Sjib|b^o
(^b-,-iy-)
Infinitive
(§30)
mStt|m
min^p(§8)
•nft
inin|8
m^nsit(§8)
mani^o-
m^qllt(§8)
mSAq^lifilt
(§8)
q|8
•nn-o
mijibib
(-amb-, -jy)
Participle
(§31)
Strifi
anw^
M7!
find
(-%■&)
and^okft-
iwdki
i&qi
aAq|lifi
anb^i
(amb-, -yi)
Digitized by
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886
Amharic Grammar.
Simp, perl
(§26)
Comp. perl
(§32)
OantingeDt
(§26)
Comp. imped
(§82)
snore,
purr, L
fdftl
ySAkwSnjf
ySAkwSR|-
f&l
MhA
be lame, l
MtoJUA
aAkjaOfil
ySD^kk|8
ySii^kk|sil
Mta-lfh-ff
aAkwcosdk-
cause to
rustle, i
aAkwoiii-
ySAkwctfsdk-
kwtts
ySAkwa.8^-
kwtis&l
MtaQAA
aAk|bdU$l§
(-yA-)
roll, t
Mtaao.A
aAk|l>dU6&l
(-yA-)
^ThQAA
ySAkfb^
.(-yi-)
^TIHIA^A
ySAkabtUli-
aAkwikkwS
clatter, L
aAkwikwti-
tdSl(-dkt-)
ySAkwdk-
kwa
^•>*i^A
ySAkw^-
kwfil
Matm
disturb, t.
^^d»*T
^VMA
aimS:uw|t|
(-WO.) '
anniutlt5&l
ySnnSuwiit
ySnnSawtt-
tftl
MfS.
an^d|d^
aAgwcordg-
kindle, i
hum, i.
MJC«.A
Sndidd&l
yfiiifld|d
ySn^d
gwttr
^I^J^A
yan^didil
ySn^ddSl
ySAgwwrfg-
gwtirSl
Ml*
ai4gg|t|
sling over
the
shoulder, t
fiA^t5ftl
Digitized by VjO
y&^ggitsi
osle
Appendix.
887
Jusnve
(§27)
(vaAkwirf
§8)
ySAkwoMnl-
kwttd
ySAkabSlp
ySAkwakwS
ySnniufit
y£nd)d
ySAg^curft-
gwtir
y^t
AH. OB.
ImperatiTe
(§28)
Gerand
(§29)
Infinitiye
(§30)
h'n\c«
hJ^CC
•nw*
aAkwir|f
aAkwir(p-
m8Akwir|f
(ilAkwirf
f^o
§8)
X->li^
-rjhft
^Akis'^o
mto|8
Alb-iTtf-l!
Mta-tftf-iT
•nta-lfh-Tf
aAkwoid^
afikwcudi-
mSAkwtusd-
kwtii
kwttS^o
kwa>d
MtaQAA
MhQA-
•nhflAA
aAk^bSip
aAkabdll'^o
mSAk^balfl
(-y^)
(-yA-)
(-y^, -al)
M^^
M*itf-f
•nu*i*
aAkwikwS
aAkwdkwtt-
mSAkwi-
f'o (-dkt-)
kwit (§ 8)
M»^
MohtR
•7V»T
annHuiit
anniuiit^o
(-4)
fc'JjtJt
Mf:f.
•nw
Sad|d
Sudid^o
m&id|d
hrh^rc
Mrh^'T-C
•7Th^>C
aAgwtari-
aAgwoiTft-
gwttr
gwttp^o
gWft»r
Arrt-
hn-f
•TTrt-
^t
SAgit^o
m^Ag^t
Participle
(§31)
aAkwftrifi
Mill!
SAyii(§8)
aAkwotsi-
kwftl (§8)
aAkfbildi
(-yi-;-iyy
§6; §8)
M9^
anniudd
(§8) *
Snd^
(§8)
aAgw<ur&-
gwari
(§8)
22
Digitized by
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338
Amharie Grammar.
Simp, pert
(§25)
Mm
MmAmA
MmA
an^ttas}
MtA
akk|r£yya
(-ka-)
2nd-^fU
-rSyyah^etc.
hMd
ak^bbfra
(-ba-)
hhh
ikk|k^
akkSffj^^
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
fashion, t
M«|i.A
f-y?
dnn|t»&l
y^nnjt
hang, t
MmATd.A
/IfliATA
ant^l^d&l
ySnt^^tftl
(-t^)
sneeze, L
fcrpSLA
^tTA
^^d&l
jSn^t^
spread, t
xitVa
fyr9
^Qf^
yfin^
amount to.
miola
/tiA
•
)ikk[l^
y^k|l
/•flA[/OA].
(ySx-.ySh-)
let on hire.
Jkh^j^jtA
/h^^
t
akkjrdyl-
yakk^rayy
tdftl
(-ka.)
(-ka-.-dJt-)
honour, t
Mffl/trA
flMlC
ikb|r5fil
y«Sk^b(|)r
(-ky-,-kjbr-.
(-^y-)
-yr-)
scratch, i
At^A
/*i
akk^
yakk
distribute,
MV^A
/h«A
t
akkiiflMl
ySkk^ll
Comp. imperf.
(§32)
fVHA
y&ui|t8l
yfint|Ut^
Ifil
^»TAA
yfin^t^
/»T*A
y&4tpLl
jrtlAA
yakj^IiLl
ffiAA[/l^;
yak(Dlsl
(y«X-.ySh-)
yakk^y-
yi
(-ka-)
yak^prSl
i-ij-)
j^bA
y^kk&l
^i|«AA
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
839
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
m
h-yr
Mm
yfinnjt
iiiui|t
dnn|t^o
fitnAffii
MfliATA
MmATA-
ygnt^ltll
ant^lf
antdlill^o
(-¥^)
(-t^)
(-ti.)
fy?h
hyrh
MTfl
jSn^p
Snt|s
fin^^o
fl^V
hVf^
h-JTC
ygntjf
in^
Sn^o
/tiA
Mifii
MlA-
ySkky
dkk|l
jlkkjl^o
fiU-fS,
MU-fi^
Xh^js^
ySkkfrd)
akkii^
akk^-
(-ka-)
(-kft-)
(-ka-, -djt-)
fli-ac
Mi-ac
Atl-Off
yikbir
ikbir
ikblr'^o
(-ky-, -k|br,
(-ky-,-kjbr.
(-ky-.-kjbp-.
-yr)
-yr)
-yr-)
fiMl
Xhh
Ml
yikfk
ik?t
&k^o
fh9A
Ml«A
M«A*
jSkk&fil
akkiif)l
akkifl^o
Infinitive
(§30)
mannat
mant^lt^
(-4lta-)
•nmft
mfint|s
mant^f
•ThA
m^k|l
•7IIA
mdhal
makk|rdyat
(-k&-, -^|at)
•Tiinc
mikb|r
(-ky-, -ar)
mikak
mSkkllfal
(-ftl) '
Participle
(§81)
an(n)^i(§76)
antfltJi
i-ii-; -ijj
§6; §8)
M«nf
antfe (§ 8)
ant^
(-4yy§6;§8)
akb&ri
(-ky-)
Khti.
Sk^
hhi-f.
(-%§6;§8)
22—2
Digitized by
Google
840
Amftarie Grammar.
Simp, pert
(§25)
Comp. perf .
(§32)
Contingent
(§26)
hoh*
aw^^^
(auf. -<A-)
hatdf.
avr<urr|d^
(au<^)
take ofi; t
unload, t
h«-Ad^A
^qd&l
dwilrd5ftl
(Autl-)
/«A^
yawjllq
(yauf,
-aflq)
jawcurd
(yau<»-)
MA
aw^
(aufir)
bring aa
guarantor,
t.
(duite-)
/0^
yaw|3
(yAuiis)
hw*
(-wa>-)
know, t
A9^A
du(ti)qd&l
ydu(tt)q
hoHaU
auw|zdu-
(-oizduwoi-)
shake, t.
h0H«-|i.A
aaw|zduti-
(auwcuz-)
ftfHOKH
yauw|zdu-
wttz
(yaawa>z-)
A0-AAAA
aud|I^-
(-al&dda-)
be idle, i.
A«-i>AJtlA
aad^d)ldftl
yaad|l^d-
(-ali-)
awcottS
expel, t
AdHPrtA
ySwfu^S
(yauftl-)
azz^m^t^
send on a
campaign,
XHr*A
azz^mmi-
t5&l
/lin-
Comp. imparl
(§32)
ySwflqti
(yauf.
-<»lq-)
y5w<urd&l
(yauc*-)
y5w|sSl
(yAutta-)
yllu(1i)qfil
yauw^z^-
wQs&l
(yauw<MB-)
yaud^^-
d^
(-al4.)
yawcutfil
(yautt-)
ySsz^mmi-
tsl
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
341
Jassive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
^0NA^
yiuljq
ia]|q
yiwttrd
(y&utl-)
hohCjgr
iyfUrd
fOhh
hOhlt
Sw|8
(duQs)
TAD*
y|w|q
(yii^, -«q)
}M*
iw|q
7aaw|zdutiz
(yauwo»z-)
auw|zdatiz
(auwtaz-)
yaud^ldp
(-di-)
and^dji
d^ta
yazz^mmlt
azz^mn^t
Genind
Infinitive
Participle
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
hOhti*
n04i*
^kil|q^o
m^aq
^0^:^
nshdj!:
A«^)e
iwtlrd^o
mdur|d
dur^
(duii-)
(§8)
ha^
•71»ft
h'Td
Swjs^o
w^yfia
Swfti
(dutts^o)
{m&ais; §8)
(^'^;§8;
-?£4i)
Am^
TID*
A1»*
du(tt)q^o
mdw^
Sw^i
(miu^, -toq)
(^&-)
h^HoHl
nmnarn
h«H^
auwfzdu-
maaw|zdu|z
auw^duibl
tlz^o
(mauwo)-,
(aawo)-;
(auwoiz-)
-zducoz)
§8)
^••AAJtA-
Tff-AAAA
h«-AA>(^
audildjl'^o
mauddld^
aud^d^
(id-)
(-4ldk-)
(-d4r;4yy
§6; §8)
AlD^T*
•TdMUl*
AdH*
dutt^o
mdutit
aud
(§8)
(-ffl.-^)
fcMr-f
•7ll«ii1-
ATI-7*
azz^m-
mSzz^m-
dzmdd
mjt'^o
m^t (-&t)
(§8)
Digiti
zedbyGoOQk
3i^
iSf.
<|2«>
G«)
^\.* Vis**
^.•.H . ^v*
>«v. V^
»^,*sV.\. ,**.
Vr*
<^>
^ .>' Jh
^-vsfiT
^JC
\V-Mr
>«:««
^^-^..^^
^
Aill.^iL.
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
843
Jusdye
(§27)
ydzur
fittn
y|z|z
y|y
(yi. yi)
yjdar
(yfij^)
Imperative
(§28)
G^nmd
(§29)
Infinitiye
(§30)
hxtc
izur
Mte
•7HC
Ml-}
A-MT
•Till
|z|n
azn^o
Mm
Aii
fwn
|z^
azz^o
azsigS
azz^gt^o
(§8)
X)6
*!t*
iy
(I i)
ajfo
(mi^'at)
id(DlS
ddjlf^o
m^(|)l&t
(§8)
dd|int
mdd(Dinat
idF
(-ar)
fidro
(-ar)
fcJtCT
ht:Cfl
nr:i!n
Sdrjg^o
mSdr|g
(mdr-)
Participle
(§31)
(H
azw&ri
fifi§6;§8)
MPT
(§8)
M%
azzftgi
iyyi
(ddi)
Sd(|)m4d
(§8)
Sdiri
adr^
Digitized by
Google
342
Atnharie Orcmumar.
ffimp. perf.
(§26)
Comp. perf.
(§32)
Oontbgent
(§26)
Comp.imperi
(§32)
az'^^ra
turn
round, i
^lzur6ftl
^lU-A
ySz^^ril
dzz^n|
grieve, i.
azndfil
yAz(|)n
rWVA
hm
order, t.
AHA
SIzzd&l
ySzz
JPHA
ySzz&l
aiz:^^gS
yawn, i.
KH'7:i:A
azz%tdftl
^H;i
WA
yS&^ggfil
^yya(§44ft)
2nd hf U
Sjyah, etc.
see, i
^td&l
7^1
y^
(yS^ftl)
addUS
show
favour, i.
*JfA*A
idptdftl
(§8)
ffA
ySd^S
(-di-)
/AAA
ySdil&I
(-d^-)
ad^nmi|t^
listen to,
t
hj^f«|I.A
id)mt^
ffTV
ySd^t
(-di-)
/A^-IA
ySddmtal
(-di-)
ddd^
(-da.)'
pass the
night, i.
^r5ftl
y^(l)r
yadrftl
ad^n-igj
do, t.
Aa-c^a
Sdi^5ftl
(iig- § 7rf)
ySd^rg
(-di-)
Digitized by VjO
yiSddrgftl
(-di-j
OQle
Appendix,
343
Jussiye
(§27)
y|ZJZ
y|y
(yi. yi)
y^(P5
yjd|r
(yfii^)
Imperative
(§28)
Gerund
(§29)
Infinitave
(§30)
izur
AIM?
dzur^o
•THC
aJzn^o
azz^o
•7ini
mSzzftgit
(§8)
iy
mliat
(mS^at)
ftd(|)la
idjlt'^o
•T/tAl*
mdd(pidt
(§8)
ddjmt
ftdjiut'^o
m^(Dm|t
(-ar)
Sdro
•7AC
m^|r
(-ar)
^drjg
(fi^)
Sdrjg^o
mSdr|g
(mir-)
Participle
(§31)
azwari
azi&
.flfk§6;§8)
MPT
&zziz(§8)
azzdgi
iyyi
id(|)U
[*«:«
(4di)
Sa(Dmi$
(§8)
Sddri
adiigi
Digitized by
Google
844
Amharic Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
hfA
ad^bbS
ddd|g|
hlMttm
aggflabiib-
(-ys-)
rmevr, t
ambush,
t.
hunt, i
sate, t
tire, t
grow, i
be dirty, l
completely
disarrange,
t
serv^ t.
Comp. perf.
(§32)
ddd|sdftl
^bt5&l
(-yl^, -dbjt-.
-dy.)
addindftl
^5&1
Sdk{m5&l
adgdsl
^(Dfdsi
hlAfl'flai.A
aggflfbdb-
tdil
MA<74lA
ag^lgjl5ftl
Contingent
(§26)
ySkldjja
ySdiba
(-di-.-i^
ySdd}n
y^djn
ySd|g
ySd(Df
/lAfl'Q'r
ysgg»»f-
bSbbjt
(-ys-)
ysg^i^ggii
Comp. imperf.
(§82)
/Jt4A
y^dlsfil
WIA
ySd^bfil
i-dir, -yfil)
yi!ddinfil
yidinftl
ySdik({)mSl
^JtPA
ySd(Dgfti
ySd(i)fftl
/lAfHl«IA
ySggjifr
bSbbitAl
(-ys-)
flA^AA
Iftl
Digitized by
Google
Appendix,
345
Josuve
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gernnd
(§29)
InflnitiTe
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
ddd|s
7Aft
mSdd|8
dddis (§ 8)
y^ODbs
(-ys)
(-ys)
idjbt^o
(-yt-,-db|t-,
-dy-)
m^bit
i-yiU §8)
lUl(|)bi
(-yi)
ySkid|ii
dddin
dddin^o
7AT
m^dfn
hfpi
dddifi
(-flfi§6;§8)
yddjn
ddjn'^o
•7^1
(§8)
(-fifi§6;§8)
SfMr
ySklkim
Sdk|m
Sdlqiu^o
Sdklbii
W7
miid^
yidaf
Kite
5d(|)f^o
Tuff
ndUlff
Mi,
Sdifi
Wlb(|)t
(-yiy-)
MAiHlf
b(|)^
(-yiy-)
AlAQ'Qfn
agg^l^bib-
(-yiy-)
•wAnn-p
b^b^t
(-yiy-)
ih7A009'
agg|l|bi-
b^
(-yAy-)
Maia-
ag^lgjl^o
•riAiA
Digit
MA;!^
(-*yy§6;§8)
zedbyGoOQk
d46
Amharie Grammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
(-y»)
(-ar^gga-)
ag^bba
aggSt>bS
agwa>ndb-
hv:y
agg^na&fta
2nd -To
-fiMh, etc.
•)
2nd -To
-ftMh, etc.
ag^d^l
Gomp. perf.
Contingent
(§32)
(§26)
be
hrCQA
rWM
bligteredj.
igwtirbd&l
y§^<^b
(-1T-)
(-ry)
shy, i.
h7(M&A
/7<:ic
ag^rg|r6ftl
ySgl^^r
(agi-)
(-arf)
roar, I
hl/^AA
fr^
^g|std&l
ySg^
cause to
M-a^fii
rm
enter,
„„ „ - X
^btdEl
ySg^bs
marry, t.
(-yt-)
(-yS)
giyein
hp-ttHU
fpn
marriage.
a«^btd&l
ySggSbbS
t.
(-yt-)
be bent, i.
hT-'Hia.A
/1-Wlft
agw<umb|-
yi^wcun^b-
sdsl
bjs
cause to
M?'$*A
n^
meet, t.
aggfn^ii-
ySgg|nSfk
tdftl
(-fifk § 6)
find, t.
h*Pi^^
ri'i
^g|fitd&i
ySg^ft
lst^'7'f^'Ail-
{-gi-;-hii
ag|fl(|c)cdl-
§6)
1^>>
cause a
*1«.A
fit:
lack of, i
^dd^
ySg^d
Oomp. unpen.
(§32)
f>cnA
ySgirorfofil
(-ry-)
rSJ(-&rf)
ySg^
flQA
ySg^bSl
(-val)
ySjggSbbfil
ri-Ml4A
yil^gwain|b-
b|8fil
rwr^A
ySgg|nSfl-
fiftl
ySg^Afifil
ySg^d&l
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
847
Jussive
(§27)
yag^wiirb
(-17)
y^igsS
y^bS
(-ys)
Sggdl
(-yS)
jSjgW(unib|s
(-ftfk§6;§8)
y^gjft
(-flfi § 6)
r»jf
Imperative
(§28)
Oernnd
6 29)
InfnitiTe
(§30)
igwiirb^o
(-ry-)
mdgwtir^b
(-?y)
(-gM
•WCIC
mSgfig|r
(-Arga.)
hi/"*
m^t(§8)
x<7n
^bS
(-ys)
4g|bt^o
(-yt-)
idlgbit
(■gy-;§8)
aggdbS
(-y5)
aggdbt^o
(-yt-)
mi^gibdt
{-yit;§8)
A-hrnA
Wh^ad
•n-Mft
agw<!imb|s
aggdnafi
(-flfi§6;§8)
agw<um-
b|s*o
aggjnift-
mSgw<um-
b|8
mi^gaiuibft-
(fi)at
sgifi
(-fifl § 6)
]8t hreii
Sg|ft(|d)d^e
mig(|)&at
dg|dd^o
'TifJ:
m^d|d
Participle
(§31)
S^wtiribi
(-yi)
ag|i«^
igbi
(-gy-)
agwcumbad
(§8)
(-fifi§6)
Sgddj (§ 8)
Digitized by
Google
348
Amharie Orammar.
Simp, perl
(§25)
Mm
agy%
dttS
• •
at^mmada
dttari
(.ar.)
atdrrS
dttaba
••o o
(-y?)
attdbbfqj
Gomp. perl
(§32)
Omtingent
(§26)
be orna-
mental L
lack, t
ittd&l
my)
yitS
deepen, t
dt|lqdftl
(^fljq-)
^mA^
yst^iq
bend, t
at^mm5ftl
fmrr
75t|min|in
set (a trap),
t
&t|md5ftl
(Stmld-)
be short,
L
dtrdftl
yiit(l)r
purify, t
wash, t.
Stbdftl
(-ty-)
i-m)
squeeze, i
att&bqdftl
(-yq-)
ySt^bbiq
Gomp. unpcfl
(§M)
y&tal
ys«iq«i
(-48^)
ySt^mt-
m&l
^nif*<A
ySt^dftl
/T^A
yiltrsi
^m^A
ySktol
(-4r-)
/TflA
y^b&l
(-ty-)
ySttdbb|qftl
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
849
Jussive
Imperatiye
G«raiid
Infinitive
Partioiple
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
S30)
(§31)
fVf
h%f
Axm
flf
y^t
^t
^t^o
n^tit (§ 8)
fin
X<i|
XT-f
•»««•
X*
yjts
its
•
mii&b
ft?
(it^t-o)
(§8)
(-«.-«)
/-PA*
KTA^
hffii*
•7TA*
fcTA«
y^q
itjlq
itpq^o
. in§;tl^
Stl^i
(yfifljq)
(s«iq)
(atijq-)
fmr
hmf
XflH»
•Tfliflo^
fcin*7«TL
jSit^aim
dtdmm
at^mm^o
mSt^im
at|mimi
(§8)
(§8)
ffrjc
fcTfJt
h'TTf.
TTfloJt
hvnj^
ji,^axd
it|md
fttimd^o
matm^
Stmftj
(ygtmjd)
(Simid)
(iimid^o)
(§8)
fimC
h'TC
•7niC
AO|^
n^
dtr^o
in%r
Stiri
•
(-ar)
(-ar)
f'Ti-
hT^
ATC-f
nfi^
hfd
ydtrS
dtrS
•
^jrt^o
(§8)
itai
S^mn
tuna
h^O
•im-n
hma.
nw>
m>
atb'^o
iuit|b
Stdbi
i-ff)
(-IT)
(-ty-)
(-?y)
(-yi)
fHI*
h«HI*
hm-a*
•7«lfl*
h*nitt
ySfct^ib(J)q
att4b(|)q
attibq^o
mSttdbaq
attab^i
i'^m
(-ya)q)
(-yq-)
(-y^q)
Digit
zedbyGoOQ
848
Amharie Orammar.
Simp, perf .
(§25)
Mm
dttS
at^iqa
at^m^^
(-ar-)
atdrrS
• o
Amfl
dttab|
(-ya)
attdbbfqi
be orna-
mental, i
Gomp. pert
(§32)
^t6fii
Ocmtiiigeat
(§26)
fVf
lack, t.
ittdftl
deepen, i
dt|lq5&l
/fllA^
bend, t.
a^^mmdftl
fmrr
ySt^mmlm
set (a trap),
t.
dtimddftl
(Stm|d-)
ySt^d
be short,
•
^trdftl
purify, t
^rtdil
y»^
(-4r.)
wash, t.
Stb^l
(-ty-)
squeeze, t
attibqd&l
(-yq-)
ySttdbb|q
Gomp. unpen.
(§32)
/I'qA
^'QA
7^
/mA^A
ygMlqil
(-*^)
ySf^mmi-
m&l
/m^^A
ySt^dAl
/'P^A
yitrfil
/m^A
ySt^
(4l^)
/TflA
yjitbal
(-ty-)
/«MI^A
ySttdbb|qSl
Digitized by
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Appendix.
849
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gerond
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
mfe^t(§8)
yjts
(dtftt-o)
mdtdt
(§8)
&C
(-ffl.-di)
(ystijq)
ATA*
dtjiq
(fitiiq)
hTA«
dtjlq^o
(atljq-)
•TTA*
gfcliqi
/flir
Amr
Amf*
•TfliflP^
Am«7«TL
(§8)
itdmm
(§ 8)
atdmm^o
at^imi
(yfitmjd)
%nd
(Simid)
Atlmd^o
(£^in|d''o)
mfitm^
Stmij
(§8)
(-ar)
•TfliC
mftt^
(^)
Stiri
yitrS
itrS
•
itjrt^o
mitrdt
(§*8)
dtri
(-IT)
Xoi'll
(-17)
ATP
atb^o
(V)
•Tm-a
mit|b
(-fV)
Stibi
(-yi)
yatdbQpq
(-y(l)q)
a*tib(|)q
(-ya)q)
at^bq^o
(-yq-)
mSttibaq
(-m)
Dig
attab^i
(iyA-)
tized by CjOO^
(60
Amharia Orammar.
1
Simp, perl
(§25)
Gomp. pert.
OomfciiigeDt
(8 26)
(§32)
Kmflfl
at^bb|b|
(-y|)
make
narrow, t.
^|b6ftl
ftna
ygt^b
ffllQA
ySt^bbftl
perfiime.
atndSl
ydt(I)n
yitnfil
atdttS
water, give
drink to, t
at$tt|t58l
/moiA
ySt^ttfil
dtt|f|
fold, i
st(|)f6fii
y^(i)fel
at^
extinguish,
lose, i
4tift^
ysfcffs
ySt^
converse
with, t
adadu(tt)-
t5&l
ySdd^wttt
^-^^;^A
y56a^wtf-
tftl
dcc|d|
(-ada)
reap, t.
fi^dd&l
yi^d&l
afj^US
boil, t
ifiltd&l
ySfi|lS
ySfi|lftI
(-fa.)
be
ashamed, i.
ifr6&l
Digitized by VjOC
;«^A
y^Lfrftl
3gle
Appendix.
861
Jnssive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gernnd
(§29)
TnfinitiTe
(§30)
yitbib
^b|b
(-YiT)
Stbjb^o
(-nr-)
nytm
mfi:tb|b
Xm7
at^tt|t-o
(§8)
pm9
5t(|)f-o
idit|f
ydtfS
ySo&kiiit
(y^ocaut)
aocduiit
AT** •
dt|ft^o
acc^(ii)-
mitfiit
(§*8)
mS6&lu|t
(-duft»t)
(-ad)
m&5|d
(-ad)
f9^
yiflS
h9^
ifls
mifldt,
(§8)
(-fe.)
(-fa.)
(-fa.)
Participle
(§31)
Stbibi
My-)
Sltift
(-fift§6;§8)
(-ti-;§8;
itdfi
ATA
aocduac
(*§ 8)
iay(§8)
ifli
(^)
Digitized by
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352
Amharie Orammar.
^ToSf*-
Oomp. perf.
Contangeat |Comp. imped
(§26)
(§32)
(§26)
632)
h4Mk
destroy, i
hVCOJi
S^b
flSUk^
affrr|S|
dflrsH&I
ySfj^
ySf|reftl
{-fir)
hUk
gather up,
A«9.A
^«l
f«4A
dff|8|
t
^sdftl
yftfs
yftfe&l
hiAii
pour, i
K«AA.A
fdM
fM6i
af$8S|sa
^8|sdftl
if|8SdftI
yaf^ss
ySf|8s&l
hiM
bursty t.
A^7jt:i:A
^iLM
^iCMA
af^n^da
af^nd|t5il
y&ifn^da
y&f|a^d&l
ACT 8.
hiss, L
. he?ii:tk^
fC^
/C?A
af'6fifia
af^6flfi|t5ftl
ySf^^Ofifi
ySfdiiiSftl
2nd -7U
•
-fiftah, etc.
AiLmt
hasten, t.
AWXA
^ATl
^AT9A
af^tt^ni
Sftind&l
yaf^t(pn
yaf^t(Dnftl
(-^ta-)
(-fd-)
(-fSr)
whistle, L
hy-fr*A
f^'B'
/?-^A
afwS^
afwictdfil
ySfwSdc
ySfwS6cSl
2nd -iau
(-fwdyyt-
-o^fth, etc.
§7rf)
hAhA
hinder, i
hAhOiA
^hAllA
^hAhAA
kal^kkala
k^lklldsl
yjkalfkkjl
yjkaliklq-
laJ
h<f<:
pil^ i
hr^A^
J6h^C
ACwA
j&hr^A
k^mm|ra
k^mmirdftl
y)k^m|r
yjkimml-
(-mar-) 1
1 r&l
Digitized by VjO
ogle
Appendix.
353
Jussive
Imperative
Gerund
InfinitiTe
Fftrtioiple
(§«1)
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
fvcn
AVCA
A«C^
n9dh
A«e.lf
jiTin
ifirs
if^^o
mifr|8
Sfr^
(§8)
piM
XiCA
h9fi
•T^ft
hi-fi
y^|8
|f?«
i&^o
ldlf|8
^f6i(§8)
^«AA
A«AA
h9M
•T«Aft
A«41f
yif^
^8|8
^f48^0
ID^f8|8
Sf8^(§8)
f9tl
hVh
A«A
yifiss
if|88
Afles^o
f^-W
K^14
AitlA-*
•TAl^-
fhi,Jj^
ySffndS
af^ndS
affndlf'o
mSf^nd^t
(§8)
(§8;-^-ji)
fC^
AC**
KCf-f
•7CT*
ySf^flfl
gf^^fifk
af^6flfi|t''o
mSf^^flMt
(§8)
(§8)
^*T^
AW7
A*TT
•Tffml
h^Mipi
y^ftjn
i^t}n
f^ftjn^o
m^t^
(-iifi§6;§8)
fV*
K^^
AV**
n^ia.^
yififii
•
afw^^o
mifdUSat
(-9§S.;§8)
(-^S.;§8)
(-fwdyyt-
§rrf)
(■^S.)
jbhAhA
hAhA
hAllA*
<i»hAhA
hAhjb
yikWi
k^lk|l
k^n^i^o
m(k|lk|l
(-^yy§6;§8)
jthrc
hfC
ttre
0»h«i4:
hni
yilr^min|r
k^inin|r
k^m|r'^o
mak^inm|r
(-mar)
kanundii
AK.OB.
23
D
igitized by Google
354
Amharie Orammar.
CKmp. perl
Comp. perf .
Contingent
(§25)
(§82)
(§26)
IhOhd
spur, t.
h-Ctf-^
j&iiHaK
kwoir^-
kwcirkwii-
7}kwa>r^-
kwcor^
rdftl
kwttr
(-r^)
(-r^)
M
become
hA:l:A
f,M
^ssS
thin, i
k^stdftl
yik^sS
hAA
accuse, i
hjLA
f^m
k^88§8f
kdssd&l
yjk^ss
Md
be
IHI&A
fitmc
^hh^
honoured,
•
k^brdftl
yjk^MDr
(-ba-)
L
i'lr-)
(-^T-)
hail
be heavy,
IWI«,A
JMHIJC
k^bb|d|
i.
kibdMl
yjk^bd
(-yd-)
(-yd)
h'M"
pack, i
hUPi
f^Mr
k^tt^t^
k^tt5ftl
yjk^tt
M
run away,
hjt*A
fi.M
k^dS
L
k^(pt^
yjk^dS
*>;
renounce.
tl«.A
jMiJt
yuli
t.
k|d5ftl
yWd
hfil
coyer, t
hjtXA
j6llJt"»
k^d^nf
k^dftl
yik^(l)n
Comp. imperl
(§32)
y|kwatr^-
kwttrSl
^h4A
yik«>(Dr4l
(-*y-)
y|k4bd&l
(-yd-)
y^ttfil
7|k^
f.'MA
yjk|dfil
yjk^dODnil
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
365
Jussive
Imperative
(§28)
Oemnd
Infinitive
(§27)
(§29)
(§»0)
J&tl-Ctf«
IH»C
IHCIM?
n-b-Ch-C
yjkwwr-
kwtttikwtir
kw6irk?rtt-
iD}kw<ur-
kwiir
•
kwoir
fi.M
hA-f
ii«h4^
7|ksS
k^t^o
m^ksftt
(§8)
fi,Mtt
llAft
M
«ollAA
y^ks^
k|8|S
k^^o
mdksas
fiYittC
hoc
h-ae
imiinc
ypcb^r
k^F
kdbr'^o
m^kbgr
(-ky-. -ar)
(-i7-. -&r)
(V)
(-ky-, -ar)
^flJt
ttnf.
ifiinjt
yjkbad
k^bd'^o
m^b^
(-ky-)
(-yd-)
(-ky-)
^h+1-
h-H-
h'f
aolt-t^
yikt^t
t^tjt
k^tt^o
m^t^t
(-at)
(-at)
(-at)
fi.M
M
hJC^
amM^
yJkdS
k|dS
k^(|)t^o
m^ddt
(-^t-, -itt-
(§8)
I7d)
jth/t
»ijf
llf.
aoflf:
yjkid
kftd
k|d^o
m^yid
(§8)
(§8)
J6*l>i'»
Inf,-*
hft-T
i^^if,-*
y^d|Il
kid«n
k^dn^o
m^d^
Participle
(§31)
kwurkwiri
his
k^
(kal^-£-di)
hAH
k^sfii (§ 8)
M£
k|b&ri
(-yi-)
hnje
(-y^;§8)
(§8)
hS
k|j
(kaj.-31-ji)
k^'
(-^ -ji)
kflifl
(-fifi§6;§8)
23—2
Digitized by
Google
366
Amharie Grammar.
Simp, peril
(§86)
Oomp. perf.
(§82)
CoDtiiigeiit
(§26)
hi.
be bad, L
h**A
k^ftdfil
^hi.
h^
divide, i
hf:d,A.
k^fld&l
j&h«A
yik^(l)i
(-ki)
k^|t|
open, t
h**A
k^t5ftl
yjwft
k|^kk$f|
sprinkle,
t.
h«h^A
kffkif5&l
y|k|f^kkjf
w6(
spend
noon, L
•^A
w|ld&l
j&0*A
(j^wiayta)
get dislo-
cated, i.
•A«A
w^qd&l
yjw^q
(yuf . -iA-)
«AoA
wipe, t.
OiAtf^A
w^wpdftl
(-Iwiil-)
(yu|r, -wtil)
•All*
(wi-, w<a- ;
-Ǥ6)
bear, t.
•AJIA*
waldillac
(wft-, woi- ;
-de§6)
^••A«r
^w^d
(-wi-.-wo;-)
wwrr^
inherit, t.
•CA.A
w<»r»^
yiw«^
Comp. imperf.
(§»2)
^hiA
7|k^
J&h«AA
yik^flftl
(-k4-)
^h«;^A
yik^ftel
j&h^toi.A
yikaffkkjfel
^•-AA
yjwpfii
(y|w^-,y<ll-)
^•A^A
^w^qfil
(yuf , -«!-)
i&«A«.AA
y|w^l^ui^
(jVLf-, -wtilsl)
^•A«k*
tiw^diUlac
(-war, -w«- ;
-66 §6)
/^•C4A
yjwairstl
(yu«i-)
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
867
Jussive
(§27)
yjkfl
yjirfifl
(-al)
(-at)
(yti4l;§8)
yJwtUjq
(ydl-)
(ynf, -will)
y^wttrfs
Imi
iratiTe
28)
114.
k|fa;
IliLA
(-S1)
(-at)
h^lif:
1»A
wftl
(-will)
flHAje
wiilaj
(-la-, -t -ji)
Oemnd
(8 29)
(k^)
k^t^o
k^fkjT'o
(w^l^o)
0A4
(Wft^-)
<DA9*Ar
w^lwll^'o
(-IwtU-)
wfdS
(wi-, wttt-)
idCA
wwrs^o
Infinitive
(§30)
F^trdoiple
aoipli
81)
m4kf4t(§8)
m^kfil
(-al)
m^kfft
(-at)
mfk^af
(m4u4l;§8)
(m^ul-)
(4yy§6;§8)
m^w^w^l
m^wtil^
(m^ur-)
(§8)
kafk^
o
(wfiyy§6)
(-ftyy§6;§8)
•A3J
(w4-, w«»-;
§8)
weirds
(§8)
Digitized by
Google
)58
Amkarie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
Comp. perf.
(8 32)
Chmtini^t
(§26)
Comp. impen
(§82)
throw, i
w^rwtirdftl
yjwjrfi-
wtir(yu|-)
ylw^r^wO-
rfil(ynfr)
descend, I
W<^rdd&I
j^woird
(ync^)
j&«C^A
7|w(^rdSl
0At
define, i
•ftXA
w<uB4n6&l
^W(us4n
(yuftJ-)
JMiAVA
y|w<tfs4nil
(yu^)
remoye^ i
IDft«.A
w|8(|)ddftl
(ynf , -afe-)
JMiMA
yiw^sOpdil
(ynf, -<ii8')
2nd4*a'U
IDlfif
teU a Ue,
•
L
commit
adultery, L
wditdfil
ID-II^A
Tiwiii
(yuA-)
(yuf, -<M&-)
^i»irA
yjwiai&I
^«1S^A
(yu(^, -^)
iDtm
crush, t.
WAiqtd&l
yjwcJqt
(yu^)
J&«i^o|A
y|w<uqtftl
2nd1»TU
etc
swim, i.
wiikt5&l
y|wiikik
(ydU)
Digitized by VjOC
J61»?A
y|w^fiSl
3Qle
Appendix.
859
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
G^enind
(§29)
InfinitiTe
(§30)
fimCm-C
ylw^rwttr
(yuf)
w^rwiir
(m^f)
y|w11r|d
0C^
wturd'^o
m^wttr|d
(m|ur-)
fimtn
4DA7
4DA?
ooiBikJ
(yuo;.)
we»s4n
WtuS^DL^O
m|w<uss|n
(m^ci^)
7|wtis|d
(ytfe-)
{vma-, lis-)
(w*5-)
m^wtis|d
(m^os-)
y|w&
(yii^;§8)
(m^ui-)
(yuf,-<«-)
<oTlr
(wdJ.)
(mauf,
•<^, -am)
y|wtiq|t
(ytiq-)
w6q|t
w<uqt^o
m^wtiqi^
(mfuq-)
(y^;j8;
-flfi S.)
w&fl
(-tkfl S.)
m|wiMt
(m|ud-;
-m- 8.)
Participle
(§31)
mCV£
(§8)
wcJssafi
(-flfl§6;§8)
(wc5-;§8)
wad
(-tt-fi)
mi
(W(*-)
wcJqftd
(§8)'
**$
waft
(-flfi§6;
-Ti -flfli)
Digitized by
Google
860
Simp, pert
(§25)
04
Am^ric Qr<jmmar.
(wo;-)
IDHlDlf
sweat» i
(-a>Z^UW6>-)
W6)dd|q|
shake, i
fflJift
w
fall.
love,
Wwggg
W<uttS
9m
atmd
woJttjri
(-fir.)
prick, t
come out.
swallow, t.
stretch, i
I Comp. pert
(§32)
w^zt^fil
(woJ.)
w^zwtizdftl
w<ikl(Dq^
wakld5ftl
<Dl*A
W(%t5ftl
iDTrtA
wa{t(Dt5«l
Oontiiigent i Compt imiial
(§26) (§32)
••<II.A
wtit5ftl
»1'iA
Wa;t$r6ftl
^w^zS
(yuf, -<&-)
Jfiw|ziuwtiz
(yi^,
.ftiZ^U-)
3iw<tfd(Dq
(yuo^)
y}w<a'dd
(yuo^)
jiw6>gg
(yu<^)
JlWiufS
|6«^
^W^$
(yu^)
yjwwt^r
. (y«<^)
^««A
7}waz|awii-
z&l
(yu^, .oafa-)
^«Xr;'>A
yiwwdOpqal
(yu*^)
j&0^A
j^w<uddftl
(yu^J.)
J6»PA
y|w«gftl
(yu«^)
J&«o|A
y}w<»ifil
(yuoC)
|&0-^A
yiwi^fii
yiwtJt^
(y«*<^)
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
861
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Qernnd
(§29)
Infinitiye
(§30)
y|irtizS
(ydz-)
9-4
m^wtizdt
(mjuz-; §8)
^nmoKif
y|w^wtiz
(yu^, -aJzw-)
amaKH
w^wiiz^o
m|w|zw|z
-(uZWot-)
yjwttd|q
(ytfd-)
w^d|q
w«d(|)q^o
m^wtid^
(m|ad-)
y|wtld^
(ydd-)
widfd
0f>
weidd^o
m^wtid|d
(m|ad-)
(ytig-)
m^wttgit
(m^-;§8)
yjwtitS
(ydtS)
wJtS
(wiits)
m^wtitdt
(mfJit.;§8)
y|^
(y^; §8)
wftt
(m|;iit;§8)
]&4DTC
(yudJ.)
watjr
mfC
wwttjr^o
(m^ctf-, -ar)
Participle
(§31)
(waJ-;§8)
woKiUkii
(§8)
w^gi
(WftJ-, ^(tt-)
(w«»-,-fla.-ci)
wft$
(-ffl.-$i)
wcott&ri
Digitized by
Google
862
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§25)
(-ar-)
HAA
(-ar-)
z^rrS
(z4-)
zfr^ggS
(za.)
z^rr^fi^
(z^)
Il+ll*
z^^zzfq^
Oomp. perl
(§32)
Cantingciit
(§26)
be thick, I
•«&A
iM«C
w<Jff|r6ftl
y|w<iflip
(yu«^)
jump, i
U^A
JMIA
z^S&l
yp^n
chanty i
Mr^
jtiirc
E^n]|r5&l
go on a
iir*A
f.ur^
campugn,
L
z^t^
jiz^t
sow, t
iic:I:a
^n^
zfrtOftl
(z4-)
(-Zir)
revolve, i
M-AA
pvc
ziir6&l
y\^^r
H-z'^^ S.
stretch, t
ucn:f:^
f'tlijt
z^t6&i
loot, i
HC^A
f.ttC9
z^rf^
(zt)
(-Zir)
incline, t
J&Mtlt^
z^44^
ywWql:
(532)
(yiuJ-)
TlziDSl
3^z^tSl
7|z|rtl
(-«^)
ylz'^rtl
yi"vW
(-.a.)
y|z^r&I
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
868
(§27)
Lnperatiye
(§28)
(Gerund
(§29)
(§30)
(m^ctf-, -&r)
(-al)
MA-
z^l^o
m^lfl
nrc
z^in|r
urc
aoMtmC
(-ar)
Jpsmft
(-at)
If-*
(-at)
m^zm^t
(-at)
11^
4rS
llC-f
z^^o
(zt)
m^zrat
(§8)
yjzUP
zur
amVC
(§8)
yjz^
(-Z4-)
HO;!
zfrgS
(Zir)
IIC7-f
z^rgif^o
(zA-)
m^z^igAt
i-zL; § 8)
yjzp|f
4tf
IICC
z^tT'o
(z4-)
m^zr|f
zfi4q
<»IITIIT
m^fiz|q
Participle
(§31)
watfTari
HAjb
(-'
%§6;§8)
z^mmiri
-(§8)
z^
(z4-)
zwftri
z$rgi
(z4.)
11^^
(za.)
Digitized by
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64
Amharic Qrammar.
Simp. pert.
(§26)
Comp. perf .
(§32)
CcmtangMit
Comp.imperf.
(§38)
Nil
warp, 1
H-II^A
fs.m
JUMA
z^bbS
z^bt6ftl
(-yt-)
yj^bs
yi^bfii
Htfl
rain, i.
WOA
fiWha
^imiA
z^bj
{z4., -yj)
zfn(|)b^
yi4»(I)i»
(-zi-. -y)
yiz^(pbfil
note
z^wfr^
tumround,
t
z^wtlr^
y|z^wttr
l<jlV-^A
j|z|uwtfrSl
«;»
shut, t.
irt*A
fMp
^PA
z^ggS
zfgtdSl
yi^gs
^Z^gfil
M-lf
be late, i.
H1|6*A
JMTIJt
^in^A
zgg^yya
2nd unW
z^gyitfiftl
(zi)
ylzjg^yy
yizjg^yyftl
z|g^yyah,
etc.
niA
dance, L.
MS^XA
f,nv^
J&lf«fA
zfffani
zff(|)n5fil
(z4-)
(-z4-)
yi2^(pnftl
i-zL)
Sn
hold, t.
i&!I.A
Jtjfcii
f,fMA
yiz|
(§ 44«)
y^zdal
yi(y)iz
Digitized by VjO(
yi(y)|zfti
[J6HA]
(yjzftl)
3Qle
Appendix.
865
Jussive
Imperative
Gernnd
InfinitiTe
Participle
(§27)
(§28)
(§29)
(§30)
(§31)
finM
IMl<f
a^tet
HO.
y|2bS
z^bf^o
m^bdt
z^bi
(-ay-)
(-yt-)
(-sT-;§8)
(z^. -yi)
JbHWl
ifin
fl^)-!!
7|zn|b
z^(|)b-o
m^^b
(-»y)
(z^, -y^o)
(-»y)
f,UO^
H0-C
jiflwr
aoUjnC
UV£
yjz|awtir
z|uwilr
z|uwiir^o
mfz|uw|r
zauwiri
^ii;»
Tfp
irt-f
fliOlp*
MX
yizgs
z|gS
z^^o
(§8)
4p
(Zfir)
/MfV _S.
ini& s.
Ml^-f
flNf-lf ^ S.
yjz^gS
%a
z^gyit^o
m|Z|g^yyat
(-4yy§6;§8;
(-^yy§6;§8;
w
«i»M^f^G.
pi -If
pL-W
m^^at
iijy^)
-g^yj'u)
(^4.)
f^mf. G.
H1^ G.
yHgyi(-z^;
z$gy| (z4-;
pl.-1*-gyu)
pi. -IP-gyu)
JfcTIAl
TIAl
H*ff
ifvUiLl
ui.'i
y|zfjn
zjfipi
z^|)n^o
(zi.)
m^|n
{dr; -fifi
§6; §8)
^^n
r»
JfcH
fl.ril
/3r
yi(y)&
ySz
yJz^O
m^ySlz
ySi
(§8)
(mf^.
m^ySz;§8)
D
(-TC-fi)
gitized by VjOO^
866
Amharic Gframmar.
Simp, perf .
(§25)
d^l^dd^l
(-aildda-)
d^mma
{di-)
d&atm^
d^rr|S|
d^qt
JIAA
d^tes|8|
dfb^ljqj
4)
d£a|
d^im|q^u
(§ 43a)
Oomp. pert
(§32)
Oontingeiit
(§26)
ieyel, t.
11AJM>
P9M:^
d^d|Id&l
(di-)
^d^l^djl
(.ftii-)
bleed, L
R^*A
f-sn
d^mt^
(di.)
Tld^mS
(-d^)
gin, t
dimt^
fArt
^ddinm|t
arriye, i.
RCflLA
fS'fJCh
dfrsd&l
(di-)
yid$rs
(-di-)
dry, i
IIC#A
f,f,c¥
d^6ftl
(d^)
^dipq
(A-)
handle, t.
ilflLA
ddssdftl
fAMi
yidis^a
mix, i
A-flAdtA
^llflA*
d$bl)q6&l
(d^, -yl-)
yidfb^q
(-da-, -|y^-,
-iu-)
recover, L
JtXA
JiJtr'*
d|n6ftl
Jid^
wonder, 1
ll'»*;^A
f.f.'i*dh^
d^q^'otSl
(d^)
(-di-)
Comp. imperl
(8 32)
yjdjlfldj-
ISl (-ali-)
f'KnA
yid^mlU
(-di.)
^ddmn4tsl
y|d^l
(-di-)
yjd^rqfil
(-di-)
fAhMi
y|di8fi|3Sl
jtj^aA;^A
yjdjb^qal
(-da-, -^yf,
-ill-)
Jtft-TA
y|d|nfil
yjd44q|i«I
(-di-)
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
867
Jossive
(§27)
7|din5
y|d4mt(§8)
yidr|8
y|<Wtes(§8)
(-di-, -yl-)
y|diii(§8)
ImperatiTe
28)
d^djl
(dft-)
dftmt
d^r^s
diss
d^bl|q
(d4-, -yl-)
Qerond
(§29)
d^ld^^'o
(di-)
d^t^o
d^t^o
ddrs^o
(d4-)
d^^'o
(di-)
d^^o
R-OA*
d^bljq-o
(di-. -yl-)
d^'^o
d^q^J^t
(di-; § 8)
Infinitive
(§30)
fl»AAftA
m|d^d|I
(-^da-)
m^dmit
(mi-; §8)
m
m^dr|8
mfirfq
0V4AA
mi
m|d^bl^
'■.-yl-)
mddibi(§8)
Partioinle
(§81)
d^d^Kdi-;
%§6;§8)
dimic (§ 8)
d^ril
(d6r;§8)
d^riqi
(da-)
4411
disid(§8)
d|bliqi
(da-, -yl-)
Digitized by
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368
^ffiAone Cframmar.
^*"?f-«Sf^
Comp. perf.
Gontiiigsat
C(xnp.unperL
(§26)
(§32)
(§26)
(§32)
fLitU
bolt, I
R-wiAA
PfXIC
^AHUA
d«o^bb^
dlbnbirdftl
yidjn^bjr
j|d|ii^
(-ar.)
b^
f^iltn
be horri-
Rr»ai.A
f'f.vn
Pfyi*^^
dfii^ggf^
fied, L
d^t5ftl
(di.)
yi<V^^
y|d|nfegi-
tai
JIT
arbitrate,
fPii:A
ptpi
J&4?A
ddfiM
L
difttdAl
^diflfl
^d4fififil
2nd<T0
cUlfkfifih,etc.
Rhu-
be tired, L
llh*»A
l^llhr
^Rh*TA
d4kk|m|
dlU((|)md9,l
yidllk(pm
yjdikCDmil
ring, t
R«»^A
^JWHA
^j^^-AA
d|fuw|Ia
dfuwtUdftl
^d^wttl
y|d^wif]Sl
(-WO)-)
Alfl-
repeat, i
A-»**A
WW
f'SimA
{d4-)
d^5&l
(di.)
yi<%(l)m
(-di.)
yid^g(Dinfil
f.id.
support,!.
lll^A
JtftW
WliA
<%g|%
d^ggif5fti
(di)
yid^ggjf
7|d|gg^
(-dlir)
^m
sUp, i.
Jf<Il.A
f-S^
Jt/t-HA
d%
d|td&l
m\
yiditftl
KA
be ugly, L
K(>.A
j%
j4l6ftl
UilSal) 1
Digitized by VjO(
3Qle
Appendix.
860
Joasive
(§27)
Imperative
(828)
Oentnd
(§29)
Infinitiye
(§30)
Partidple
(§31)
^dlbnbjr
dimb|r
d^blr'^o
mjd^mb^
(-fir)
damb^
i-di.)
Tlddfi
-fift§6;§8)
dftft
(-flft § 6)
(di.)
difit^'o
m|d^Ag|t
(-ligfi.)
aotnt
m|ddfi(fl)at
d^Ag^
(d4-;§8)
dftft
(-ftfi§6;
y|dknn
d&(Pm^o
m^kfin
Ah-l
dfikdmi
dfuwtU
d^wtil^o
«»A0A
m|d|uw|I
d^uw^
(4yy§6;§8)
7|dg|m
dfeam
d^gm^o
(d^mm^o,
dl-)
m^dgam
(da-)
AW
d$g8if
(dir)
d^g^f-o
(d^)
midfgg^f
yj<i^(§8)
dft^
dit^'o
m4dit(§8)
AM. OB.
Digiti:
24
ed by Google
370
Amharic Cframmar.
Simp, pert
Comp.peil
Contiiigent
(§26)
add. t.
j^in|ld&l
(-ar.)
begin, i
j^in|rOftl
yy^minjr
pAa
(-y|)
gallop,
PAaA
gil(Db6&l
(-7-6-)
^g^b
(iy)
lAaflm
gfl^bab-
(-y«-)
inveit com-
pletely, t.
lAQ'Oai.A
g^bdbpil
(-yiy-)
yjg|ljb^
(-g«^. -yi^)
lAflm
g^4bb|t|
invertt t
g4lbjt6ftl
(-yi-)
(-gft-)
gfmmfsi
plough, t
7^a.A
g^msdsl
yjg^
■1^
7C*A
g^rtdftl
|&7^
yjgfrs
g^rr|ma
astoiuBh,
t
7C**A
g^nn6ftl
fAcr
yjgfnn
betame^
i
g^rT}m^l
(gi-)
yjgfnim
(-gi-)
Oon^imperf.
(§32)
7ij^min|lil
yjj^imniril
^pAQA
7|gil]|bfil
(iy-)
^1AlHl<qA
yjgflfb^
bital
(-ga-, -7^)
^lA'O'qA
ng«i^bi4-
tal(-«a.)
Tlg^msfil
^■I^A
yjg^
(-g^)
^7C^A
ylg^rmSl
yjg^rnmftl
(-gi)
Digitized by
Google
AppmdvK.
871
Jusaive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
(Gerund
(§29)
InfinitiT6
(§30)
jfmin|l
j^mjr
K>*A-
maj^mm^
(-fil)
(.fir)
y^b
(-iy;§8)
/lA-fl
gftlb
(-ly)
;>AP
gfl(Db-o
(-y-o)
^pA-fl
m^^b
(■fy)
^lAfHlT
yig^|b4bt
(-gir,-yiy-;
§8)
1AIH1T
g|l|bdbt
(gi,-y6y-;
§8)
-lAO-n/n
gll^bibf^o
(-yiy-)
m^^bi-
(-yiy-)
jigiibii
(■y|-)
lA-OT
giibit
(-n-)
lA'flin
g&b|t-o
(-yi-)
m^bat
{-ly-. -m
^<i«A
0*^a*A
m$gm|8
yfers
1^
gjrS
■IC«f
girt^o
m^grdt
(§8)
yferfm
m^gr|m
ncfp
mncr
mag^rr^
Participle
(§81)
j^mmdi
(-^yy§6;§8)
j|mmiri
gftl4bi
(-yi)
-IAQQ9
g|l|bibi$
(-yiy-;§8)
7Afl*
gilb^
(-ly- ; § 8)
7<:
g^
24—2
Digitized byVjOOQlC
872
Amharic Orammar.
Simp, pert
(§26)
(-ar^ggar)
gwo.r^-
gwwrf
(-r«gg-)
lAlA
70
g^bbS
g^bbjrf
(-bS.)
stop short,
L
inspect, i
beat, i
travel fast,
enter, L
.pay
tribute, L
give to
drmk, t.
increase,
L
buy,
Comp. perl
(§32)
7CTiA
g^rgird&l
(gi-)
gwwrgwj-
r^
(-wtir5-)
7C¥a
7A^a.A
g^egjadftl
(gi-)
m:I:a
g^bt6&l
(-yt-)
"MIAA
g^bbirOftl
^*A
gitftfil
7XA^
g^nndiil
th:I:a
Ccmtingent
^gF^ggF
(-arf)
yjgwwr^g-
g^ir
(-r«ggw«r)
^7C«
3lg$rf
(-gi-)
pin
yjgAbg
(-ys)
pmu:
yjg^blr
yjgi*
Oomp. imperf.
(§32)
pniru>^
rftl(-«rf)
y}gwo>r^-
g«|ral
(-ro%gwto-)
^7CiA
yjg^rftl
J&lA^4A
yig|Ng83-
8fii(-dig-)
p-MA
^g^
(-y*i)
yig^bjriU
yjgitsi
^7VA
tf QO^ ■•■■III
J&74A
^g^
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
878
Jnfldye
(§27)
Imperatiye
(§28)
Tig^rgir
(-gwttr)
'hCHl
(-gwttr)
J&7A1A
(-ga-)
g^
(gft-)
^10
yfebs
10
gibs
(-ys)
j^bbjr
g^bbip
ftp*
yfeit (§ 8)
;>* f. pi-
gftt, fgfid
yfenfn
y|g»«
1H
gi»s
Gtorand
(§29)
icTir
(g&-)
(-gwttp^o)
ice
g^rfo
■IftiA
InfinitiTe
(§30)
■Ml-f
g^bt^o
(-yt-)
■MIC
g^bbjp^o
1*
7T
TM-f
«b7C7C
mjgffgF
(-irga-)
in|gwfi»r-
gw«ir
m^gr|f
mfg$8g)8
m^bdt
(-gy-;§8)
nȤg^bbfr
(-ar)
m^t(§8)
m^gzat
(§8)
Participle
(§31)
ICpd
gfrgdri
(gfi^)
gwnrgynn
g^fl
(ga-)
7A;iT!
(§8)
10.
g^bi
(g^. -yi)
70^
gfta
7^
gondii
(-flft§6;§8)
7Pr
gj*
(ga-.-TC-li)
Digitized by
Google
874
Amhatie Orommw.
Simp, perf .
(§25)
■HI
gwcuddS
IRA
>AA
gw<udd^^
7Rn
(-y»)
g^d|d(
g|dd|f|
IRA
g^d^^
iiyiire, t
kill.
belackiiig.
dam, t
bewantiiig.
break (a
fast), t
support^ t.
gnaw, t
meet^
Oomp. perl
(832)
gw<^d({)tdftl
(-a'rt- § 7rf)
gfUd&l
(g^tt-, gi.)
gwokUdftl
ijtaA
g^d|b^
(gi-. -jy-)
1«.A
g^dOftl
g^d|f6&l
^fll.A
gjtttftl
W**A
g^tmoal
Ckmtiiigaiit
(§26)
TlgwcfdS
(-g^ -gft-)
JE-^JC-A
ylg^ttdl
yjg^dib
(•gi-> -jy)
yjg^d
y|g^
yjg^djf
(-gi-)
Coou). imperf.
e32)
y|gw«dftl
yjg^difti
(-g^-, -gi)
Jt>JtAA
y^gwcidlfil
^^JtOA
7}g^d|b«l
{-gi-. -jy-)
Jbl^A
Jlg^dsl
^tJt*A
3^g|df«l
j|gfld|ffil
(-g«^)
7|g|tftl
^rp^A
7|g^t({)mS]
Digitized by
Google
Appendix.
876
Jussive
(§27)
y^wttds
(41)
yjgdddlb
{5^. -iy)
y|gd§d
yjgd|f
yjg^djf
7|g^t
(§8)
pnokf*
Imperatiye
(§28)
g^wlidS
gjdfl
(-al)
>JtA
g;wttd^
(-al)
gfddib
(g^. -jy)
g^ddjf
gftt
gjt^
Qerund
(§29)
gwcJd(Dt^o
(g^U^O, g^r)
gwcJdl^o
g^d|b^o
(g^. iy^o)
g^d^o
g^df^o
{sir)
g^dif'o
giro
InfinitiTe
(§30)
m^gwtiddt
(§8)
m$gd^
mdgwtid|I
(-aJ)
m|g^d|b
(-g^. -|y)
m§gd|d
m^gdff
m^gfddjf
m^t(§8)
Participla
(§81)
gWft»j
(-^ -ji)
gfd^
(gi;-4yy
§6; §8)
gw<ud^
(-4yy§6;§8)
ViQ,
gfdddbi
(g»-. -yi)
g^(§8)
g^difi
ga$
g((^
Digitized by
Google
376
Amharic Orammar.
Simp, perf .
(§26)
2nd nsBM
g$$6ah,etc.
psBL a
gi&
ptt G.
2nd;»akil
74.
mA
'QA
mAf
(-ifi&)
2ndmA^ll
(-Igh), etc
Comp. peri
(§32)
Oontmgent
(§26)
knock, t
•|**A
(gi-)
y|g^
abuse, t
^^A
gj§^
yig|$
sling, i
gi«»t6&l
yjg^
push, t.
7**A
g^ftOftl
^7*
yig^
hate, t
mA:i:A
t^ltdftl
^mA
yit^s
throw, t.
TOLA
tpofti
y|«i
dire, i.
AIA^A
jbmA^
pray, L
mAjtfA
t^iy|wfti
(-lyufi-)
^mA^
yit^uyj
§38)
^7<^A
mm
^;»-iA
yjg^
j&mAA
l&TAA
yjtllfil
^fllA^A
yitflqlU
(-tt)
^mAfA
yit^(Pyftl
Digitized by
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Appendix.
877
(§27)
3lg^(§8)
(§8)
yfefs
yitis
(§8)
yitiH
LnperatiYe
(§28)
G«nind
(§29)
(830)
n9
1**
1^
g|6'o
m4gi^(§8)
mag^t
-14.
7**
m^dt(§8)
mA-f
(§8)
«i|A
tttr
««^A
(§8)
TA*
AlA^
t^q-o
(ti-)
iii^A*
m^l^q
t^uyi
mAf*
t^yj-o
(-yo)
matfUg
Ptertieiple
(§»i)
g|4(ga^)
(g^g^)
PA.
g^
1^
g^fi{g^)
(t^yy § 6)
(tiyi)
mAft.
(^;-ULyy
§6;§8)
Digitized by
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378
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. peri.
(825)
mm
in^
r
t^mau
(§ 48a)
(-y»)
taste
pleasant i.
fast, ]
be benty L
wringi t.
be thirsty,
i.
twisty t.
yoke, t.
wind, t.
fa) call, i
[b) be pure,
i
hew, i
Gomp. perf .
(§32)
t|m6ftl
tiim6fi]
mr^A
m»•'f;^A
mTJS^A
mC:l:A
(Or)
mCAA
tdrbdftl
(tir. -IT-)
Oontmgent
(§26)
ymaaa
^iii0*irii
^myjt
Comp. imperf.
(§32)
pmoa
{-tf-, -ry)
J6T^A
7|t{infil
f/n^A
j&m«TA
pmf*^A
Tlt^mqSl
^m«T1PA
Mi«"^mA
B&l
j&mr^A
y|t^dia
^<ll«"T^A
mfil
j&m^A
^mCQA
yi«rb«i
(-t4-> -rr-)
Digitized by
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Appendix.
379
JoflsiTe
(§37)
Imperative
(§28)
Oenind
(§29)
InfinitiTe
(§30)
tiim^o
(§8)
y|tni|m
t(in|m
m^tmftm
m^tm^q
7|tinaxi
(§8)
7|tfin4z
earrsn^
mrnH
<i»m9*ini
m^tm|d
yjtrs
(§8)
yilr|b
tjr^b
(■IT)
AlCP
ttrb-0
(*^. -nr-)
m^tr^b
(-»y)
Partdoiple
(§31)
tfodLqi
(§8)
tyntimi
(a) Ai^
t|dLbi
(ta-. -yi)
Digitized by
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380
Amharie Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
tndmd
{-ai
aUk
m4>A
tfiqfs*
Aid
t^bbS
Ccnnp. perl
(§32)
Oontiiigent
(§26)
clean, i
AlfTIA
t^rg^
(-tir)
doubt, i
<nCT^
t^rtirttftl
smoke^ L
be
enraged,!
tfsdftl (tj-)
lll.(k.A S.
t^^s^
roll up, t.
ni^AO.A
tfilildftl
(ti)
fli*fli.A
tdqjUdfil
(ti-)
^Ai+AA
benseftd,!
sew, i
fll4^A
t^mdSJ
yitfq(Pm
betray, t
m+^A
t^qwii-
mdftl
yit^qwttm
beckon, i.
m+SLA
tfis^
nt4q(|)8
sack, t.
dawn, L
fli-IIAA
t^btdftl
(-yt-)
j&Aid
(-ys)
Comp.imperl
(§32)
i&mc;pA
yjtar^t^
(it&-)
^fllAA
JMl^AAA
TitaqPiUU
^m^^A
yit$q(|)m*l
(-ti-)
j&mt'^A
yjtfiqwtt-
mftl
j&m^4A
j&mOA
7|t|bfil
(-^y-)
Digitized by
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Appendix.
381
JussiTe
(§27)
Imperatiye
(§28)
G«nmd
(§29)
Tnfinitive
(§30)
fitdt
T«
AlCf
-^i-l
yj*^
♦ir?g
(ti-)
m^irig
fitnCfC
AlCTC
atCTC
ammCmC
t^wo
(-irta-)
fMM
m.A
<n.A
tfoiikA
yjtis
tis
tfe-o (t|-)
(§8)
j&m^AA
m^AA
m^AA*
«*m^AA
(ti-)
(t^)
mat^Qlal
(-iqla.)
1
fi'?*r
T+r
fli*1»
mT^f
yjtq|m
tjq»m
t^m^o
(ti-)
m^tqam
fimr-f*
fll*^
m*^
amm^r
y|tfiqwttm
t^qwiim
tfiqwii-
matfi-
qwa>m(-t(u-)
J6T*ft
T+ft
Al^^
0^T*h
yitqjs
t4q«8
t^S^O
m^as
^Tfl
Tfl
fll-fl-f
mrnt
yJtbi
(-ty-)
t|b5
(-ys)
(-yt-)
m^^bit
(-ty-; § 8)
Partdoiple
(§31)
tfigi
(ta-)
tartiri
(ta-)
tysd
(tfti)
tfiiii
(ti-; -iyy
§6; §8)
taq&ni
(t&-)
t^qqwdmi
* (t«-)
tfiiS (§ 8)
mil.
tdbi
(ti-. -yi)
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382
Amharic Orammar.
Simp. perf.
(§26)
AiQA
i(bb|q^
t$bb|q|
AiQQ
t^bb^b}
i-vt)
tanfiqwo*-
(-y&-)
(-71)
• o * •
griU. t
be tied
tight^ L
guard, i
be narrow,
L
prick, i
ask,
bake^ i
haye
enough
(food,etG.),i
drink, t
Oomp. perl
(§32)
t^bs^
(-ys-)
(■yq-)
|^bb|qdftl
miLA
t^bdftl
t^Aqwttldftl
tiyyjq^
-PJ&.A
${d^
ai^a.A
t^|)b6fil
(t4-, -75-)
<nT:i:A
Contiiigent
«26)
Oomp. imperL
«82)
(■ys)
yjt^bq
(■yq)
yj^bb
J&fliit^A
qwtil
yi«<i
yjt^pb
(-t^, -y)
^m-fl4A
n^bsal
(■ys-)
^m-fl^A
yitfbqftl
(■yq^)
j&m-fl^A
j^t^bjqfil
J&mQA
yit^bb&l
^Ai)t^A
yjtanfl-
qwttlftl
j&mj&^A
yit^yyiqfii
J&T^A
yjfc|dftl
I^AI^OA
yitte(Dbai
(-ti» -ya-)
l&Ai'qA
yit^ttfti
Digitized by
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Appendix,
888
Joflaive
(§27)
Imperatiye
(§28)
Gtonmd
(§29)
Infinitiye
(§30)
Pkurtioiple
(§31)
(■ty-)
TOA
^b$8
(-yr)
l^bs^'o
(-ys-)
0^ah
m^b^s
(-ty-)
tatfd
t^b^
(-^y-; §8)
yitb|q
(-ty-)
t^bq^'o
(-yq-)
m^biq
(-ty-)
^biqi
(-»y-)
yjt^bbjq
t^bbiq
t^bb|q^o
mit^bb^
Alflt
tfbbiqi
yjtb|b
(-ty^y)
t^bb^'o
m^tbab
(-tyjy)
mOfl.
t|bdbi
(-yiy-)
yit^qwiil
t^qwtil
All***-
t^qwtil''o
(-Wol)
t^qw§
(-%§6;§8)
t^yyjq
t^yyjq^'o
m^t^yyjq
(-aq)
tfyydqi
yjtid
(§8)
t&d
(§8)
taj
(-t -ji)
y|tg^
(-y)
TMl
tfefb
(-y)
t^Pb-o
(ti., -ywo)
(-y)
t^gibi
(-yi)
t^tnt^o
m»t^t
(§8)
Digit
t9^
zedbyGoOQle
884
Amharie Ghrammar.
Simp, perf .
(§25)
(■fir-)
aUA
(-te*-)
(&5qqon|)
(§rrf)
Comp. dm!
(§32)
Oontiagmt
(§26)
be extin-
guished, p.
mf:*A
t^tOftl
write, i
t|f5&l
be sweet,
L
tifti^
yjtsflrit
bedailc, L
increase,
t
ai.r&A
^^m|r^
j&Arc
yid^mmjr
finish, t.
ACa.A
64rrfe6al
(-ci-)
press, i
c^qwiindSl
(W
yi^^qwiiu
saddle, i
*XA
^5&I
shoutk L
AfCA
•
y|6^<Jh
0(»np. imperl
(§32)
yit|fal
l&<n««iA
yjtsritsi
^nATA
y|a%n&i
yjd^mmjril
(-Cir)
j&nt^A
y|£^qwfi-
nfil(-C(^)
yi«^
J6fl»T|A
y|d''<5h8l
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Appendix.
385
Jiueive
(§27)
ImpentiTe
«28)
Oenuid
(§29)
InfinitiTe
(§30)
Fkrtioiple
(§81)
yJtfS
m4t«lt(§8)
tai.
yjt4f(§8)
tef
t|f-o
m^(§8)
t&a.
3#ft(§8)
tftft
tift'^o
)&nAf*
AAr
«»AAr
$^ii]m|r^o
(-fir)
A«T<S
nCA
^friis-o
goaUJti
(-Ibrra.)
A^lf
3^(5fiqwttii
^qwtin
c^qwtin^o
(CO.)
m^^qwoin
(-«qqo-)
^fiqwdfl
(^;-ftfl§6;
§8)
«»•>
^
(§8)
dftft(-ftfi§6;
iMk'fi
All
C§8)
$0^
Aii.aB.
25
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886
Amharic Orammar,
ffimp. perl
(826)
T^r
Contingent
(8 26)
writer i
4A
bon, L
/.AAA
(fi-)
yjfijlS
make a
slightsearch
for. i
seek, t
AASIA
fear, i
iLC:i:A
%t5&l
(ft)
(-fi-)
be mined,
L
Aca.A
fl^rs66l
(fi-)
(-ft)
judges L
AC«,A
fj^dftl
(fi-)
(.ft)
leak, i
i^diA
fj^SS^
yjfilas
scrape^ i
««A
f|q«&l
%qfd»
aUow, t
A*«,A
%(|)d«ftl
(ft)
yjfiK^Pd
(-ft)
Oomp. imparf.
(8»2)
y|8(f«l
^AA
^AAJ9A
yjfipijgai
^iL^A
(-ft)
J&iLC4A
yj;f||r8Sl
(-ft)
l&iLC^A
y|f||pdftl
(-ft)
^/>kA
|i«^A
y|f|qftl
i&iL4>^A
y}fiK(l)d«»
(-ft)
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Appendix.
387
Jnssiye
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
(Gerund
(§29)
Infinitiye
(§30)
Participle
(§31)
f,A9
««
irc
«•««
A4,
y^(§8)
laf
s^o
m|9if(§8)
^
J&«A
«A
iLA-f
•k:a1-
tAj&
yjflS
fps
(fi.)
in4flit.(§8)
(^yy § 6)
fiMPil
iLAA^
iLAA^
0m^fiM
iLAAX
yjf#ig
¥%
i5^(Pgwo
m^il|g
f^i&ligi
fidMl
^LA^
i.M
«»^^
AAX
yjffUig
w?
ipig^o
mffj^Ufg
f^lligi
j&«^
«^
iX-f
m>«^^
L&
yJfrS
f|rS
(fi-)
m^t(§8)
(fii-)
j&«<:A
4JCfi
im9£h
iL^lf
yifrjs
(fi-)
m^fr|8
(fi-;§8)
J6«<*
«<*
UCf-
•i-WJt
/^3f
yjfryi
f|r|d
fj^^'O
(fir)
m^fr^
(«i-;§8)
J&«AA
^
0o9ikn
iLAT!
y|fe|8
f^as^o
m^Sa^
£|8id(§8)
^4*
*♦
««
dH^
i4
yi«k(§8)
fftq
fiq'^o
in^iq(§8)
fiqi
liwjf
Wjt
4,¥f'
*»«*Jt.
A^J?
yifqfd
fiq|d
(fi-)
in^q|d
%^(§8)
26—2
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388
(S2S)
I
OoiipLpefl I
«»)
(S32)
untie, t
:
y^^
(-Itta-)
test, t
1
more, t
yi^n^qq)!
bunt, L
fi^d|t6ftl
y^fip^di
y^^dfil
(-ar-)
boast, L
yjfijkkjr
y|f|kkirfil
A0A
cnre^ t.
fiuwttsO&l
^fi^wtisSl
^&(fi^)
2nd -Ku
-Uah, etc.
(fa-)
2nd-3^U
-jjiUi,etc.
destroy,!
destroy
utteriy, i
%j(ptd&i
(fii.)
%j4j(pt6&i
(fa-)
mi
(-ft)
(-fa-)
Digitized by V^j(
(-ft)
yjfoj^ijfil
(-fS.)
30Qle
Appendix.
889
JnssiTe
(§27)
y^dS
IU.I1C
y|ffkkjr
yjf||awtis
(§8)
(-fi-;§8)
Imperative
(§28)
Qerond
(§29)
Infinitive
(§30)
«;^
iL^hf
flM::M-
f|tS
fi^t(|)t^o
mfftit
(§8)
AJ«
A*ff
-•iL+l
i)^tt|ii''o
(itta-)
iL-y^A
A-***-
d^A-l+A
f^q|l
f|^q|l''o
inaf|^q{l
AlJt*
««iLl4^
fj^dit^'o
(§8)
iLtiC
Allf?
«»^C
f^kkjr
f^kkip^o
m|£|kkar
(-ar)
fi&uwtis^o
m|f|uwa8
«»
^J^f
«H«*
fij
fi^jdro
m^j&t
(f<^;§8)
(fft-)
m|fajij&t
(.fa-)
Participle
(§81)
(fa-, -1! -ffl)
fdttdft
(fi; -lift
§6; §8)
fdAqQ
(-^yy§«;§8)
f^
(f i-, -5t -ji)
fakUri
o
(§8)
tAje
(fft-, -It -ji)
(ft; §8;
-^ -ji)
Digitized by
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390
Amharic Cframmar.
Simp, perl
(§2g)
MM
(fir)
2nd-afcU
-^dah,etc.
mb.
hasten, i.
grind, t.
Oomp. peri
(§32 )
%f|gdfil
fi^t(|)n^
(fi)
(fir)
Oontdngent
(§26)
Camp, imperi
(§32)
yj%g$flr|g«l
j6AT^A
yifi^t(pn8i
(-dr)
Digitized by
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Appendix.
891
Jussive
(§27)
Imperative
(§28)
Gtomnd
(§29)
Infinitive
(§»0)
Participle
(§3l[
JBA1€>7
dJlV^
An^
amiM^.I
A-W-X
men^
%%
filgfjgwo
009%%
%gf^
fiVan
Vrnt
ATT
tfvfVnl
IM^
yjft|n
n^
fi|t(|)n-o
(ft)
m^ft^
(ft; -ftfi
§6; §8)
f,fi9
**
4,1^
«»«A^
A*
m
n$
(ft)
m^f^t
(fa-,-«.-d
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INDEX.
{The wmnbers refer to the panngrapha.)
abstract rendered by concrete,
84.
accent^ 8.
accusatiyey adverbialy 56€f d.
accusatiye, determinate, 566.
accusative, determinate and in-
determinate together, 56«, 836.
accusative, double, 56/
accusative, Ethiopic, 9d.
accusative for nominative, 56h.
accusative, indeterminate, 56a.
accusative of noun, formation of,
9c, 10.
accusative, omission of personal
pronoun representing, 615.
accusative, position o^ 55a.
accusative, specific, 56c, d.
accusative, use of, 56.
adjacent vowek, contraction of,
7a.
adjectival clause, 62a.
adjectival clause, position of, 82.
adjective, 10.
adjective, position of, 57a.
adjective used as adverb, 46,
57c
adverb, 46.
adverb, position o^ 73c, A
adverbial accusative, 56c, d.
adverbial clause, position o^ 82.
adverbial expression, position o(
73c, dL
adversative proposition, 75.
alphabet, phonetic, 3.
Amharic characters, 4a.
Amharic, dialects o( 15.
Amharic, field of, la.
Amharic, place of in Semitic
Family, 2.
Amharic syllabary, 4a.
anomalies of pronunciation, 7dL
anomalous biliterals, common,
44.
article, 11.
article, generic use of, 59d,
article, transference o( 595.
article, use of, 59.
assimilation of consonant by fol-
lowing consonant, 7c, d.
biliteral verbs, coqjugation o^
42.
biliterals, common anomalous,
44.
breaches of concord, 535, 54d.
cardinal numerals, 20a.
case, 9c, 55, 56.
Digitized by
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394
Amharic Grammar.
case of relative pronoun, 62e.
caosatiye form in hA-, use of,
6a
causatiye form of verb, coqjuga-
tion of, 41d,e,/
caosatiye form of verb, forma-
tion o^ 22.
characters, Amharic, 4a.
characters, interchangeable, 4b.
characters, value o^ 46.
clauses, order of, in sentence, 82.
comparison, degrees of, 5a
composite prepositions, 47b.
composite tenses, 24b.
compound imperfect, 24a.
compound imperfect, formation
and inflexion o^ 32.
compound imperfect with poten-
tial force, 63c.
compound perfect, 24a.
compound perfect, force of, 63a.
compound perfect, formation and
inflexion of, 32.
compound sentence, 82.
concord in gender, 54a, d.
concord in number, 63.
concrete for abstract, 84.
conditional sentence, 81.
conjugation of biliteral verbs, 42.
conjugation of causative form of
verb, 41c^ e,/.
conjugation of negative verb, 3a
conjugation of passive form of
verb, 41a> 6, c
conjugation of quadriliteralverb,
36.
conjugation of reflexive form of
verb, 41a) 6, e.
conjugation of regular triliteral
verb, 34, 35.
conjunction, 4a
conjunctions, prefixing of to con-
tingent, 45.
conjunctions, use o^ 48» 72.
consonant, assimilation of by
following consonant^ 7c, d.
consonant, modification of by
following vowel, 76, 436.
consonants, 3.
consonants, doubling of, 5, 6.
contingent, 236.
contingent, formation and in-
flexion o^ 26.
contingent, prefixing of conjunc-
tions to, 45.
contingent, use o^ 64
contraction of adjacent vowels,7a.
co-ordinatedprincipalclauseB,74.
crasis, 7a.
dative, personal pronoun repre-
senting, 12c, 61a, c
degrees of comparison, 5a
demonstrative pronoun, 13a.
derived forms of verb, 22.
derived forms of verb, conjuga-
tion of, 41.
determinate accusative, 566.
determinate and indeterminate
accusative together, 56e, 836.
determination of gender, 546.
determinative, position of, 73c, dL
Digitized by
Google
Index.
305
dialects of Amharic, 16.
diminutiye use of femmine, 54c.
diphthongs, 3.
direct question, 76, 77.
disjunctive personal pronoun,
12a.
disjunctive personal pronoun,
use of, 606.
displacement of u, 7d.
distributive pronoun, 18.
distributive sense, words re-
peated in, 83a.
double accusative, 56/
doubling of consonants, 5, 6.
emphasis, 83.
enclitics, 8.
English participle, rendering of,
%7d.
epithet, position of, 57a, 73c.
Ethiopic accusative, 9d
Ethiopic, relationship of Am-
haric to, 2.
feminine, diminutive use of, 54c.
field of Amharic, la.
final consonants, doubling of, 6.
forces of tenses, 24, 63.
formation of nouns, 50.
fractions, 20c.
gender, concord in, 54a, d.
gender, determination o^ 546.
gender of noun, 9a, 10.
gender, words of variable, 54e.
generic use of the article, 59d
gerund, 22b.
gerund, construction of, 65c, d.
gerund, force of, 236, 746.
gerund, formation and infiexion
of, 29.
gerund, use o^ 65a, 6, 74a.
imperative, 236.
imperative, formation and in-
flexion of, 2a
imperfect, compound, 24a.
imperfect, compound, formation
and inflexion of, 32.
imperfect, compound, with po-
tential force, 63c
imperfect, past, 246, 33a.
imperfect, simple, (=contingentX
236, 24a.
impersonal verb, 43a.
indefinite pronoun, 16.
indeterminate accusative, 56a.
indicative, 236.
indirect narration, 80.
indirect object, 736.
indirect question, 78, 79.
infinitive, 236.
infinitive, construction o^ 666.
infinitive, formation and in-
fiexion of, 30.
infinitive, use o^ 66a, 78c.
interchangeable characters, 46.
interjection, 49.
interrogative pronoun, 15.
intonation, 8.
intransitive verb, personal suf-
fixes attached to, 61c
introductory nominative, 556.
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806
Amharic Orammar.
jussive, 236.
jussive, formation and inflexion
of, 27.
last radical doubled, verb with,
25, 42a, h.
mental action, verbs expressing,
63rf,e.
mood, 23&.
narration, indirect, 80.
negative coqjugation, 37, 38.
nominative, introductory, 556.
nominative, position of, 55a.
noun, 9, 10.
nouns, formation o^ 50.
number, concord in, 53.
numerals, cardinal, 20a.
numerals, ordinal, 206.
object, indirect, 736.
object, position of, 736, ciL
omitted English words rendered
in Amharic, 85.
order of clauses in sentence,
82.
order of words in sentence, 73,
83c.
ordinal numerals, 206.
participle, 236.
participle, construction of, VJc
participle, force of, Q7h.
participle, formation and in-
flexion o^ 31.
participle, r^idering of English,
participle, use of, 67a.
passive form of verb^ conjuga-
tion o^ ildyhjC
passive form of verb, formation
0^22.
past imperfect, 246, 330^
perfect, compound, 24a.
perfect, compound, force o^ 63a
perfect, compound, formation
and inflexion of, 32.
perfect, simple, 21, 24a.
perfect, simple, force o^ 63a.
perfect, simple, inflexion o^ 25.
personal pronoun, 12, 60, 61.
personal pronoun, redundimt,
61d,6.
personal pronoun representing
accusative, omission o^ 616.
personal pronoun representing
dative, 12e, 61a, c
phonetic alphabet, 3.
pluperfect, 246, 336.
plural for singular, 526.
plural of noun, formation o^ 96,
10.
polite form of address and refer-
ence, 12, 26, 526.
position of accusative, 55a.
position of adjective, 57a.
position of nominative, 55a.
possessive expressed by prepo-
sition, 70.
potential force of compound im-
perfect, 63c.
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Index.
397
predicate, positioii of, 57a> 736.
prepofiitioD, composite, 47b.
prepodtioD, constructioD of, 69a.
preposition expressing posses-
sive, 70.
preposition, position o^ 696.
preposition, simple, 47a.
primitiye form of verb, 21.
process, verbs expressing, Q3d, e.
pronoun, case of relative, 62e.
pronoun, demonstrative, 13.
pronoun, distributive, la
pronoun, indefinite, 16.
pronoun, interrogative, 15.
pronoun, personal, 12, 60, 61.
pronoun, reciprocal, 19.
pronoun, reflexive, 17.
pronoun, relative, 14.
pronoun, use of relative, 62.
pronunciation, variations and
anomalies of, 7dL
punctuation, 4e.
quadriliteral verb, conjugation
o^ 36.
quantity of vowels, 46, 7d.
question, direct, 76, 77^
question, indirect, 78, 79.
reciprocal pronoun, 19.
redundant personal pronoun,
eid, e.
reflexive form of verb, conjuga-
tion of, 41a> b, c
reflexive form of verb, forma-
tion of, 22.
reflexive pronoun, 17.
regular triliteral verb, conjuga-
tion of, 34, 35.
relative pronoun, 14.
relative pronoun, case o^ 626.
relative pronoun, use o^ 62.
repetition of word, 83a> b.
root of verb, 21.
Semitic Family, place of Am-
haric in, 2.
sentence, compound, 82.
sentence, conditional, 81.
sentence, simple, 73.
sex, method of indicating, 546.
simple imperfect («> contingent),
235, 24a.
simple perfect, 21, 24a.
simple perfect, force of, 63a.
simple perfect, inflexion of,
26.
simple prepositions, 47a.
simple sentence, 73.
singular for plural, 52a.
smallness denoted by feminine,
54c
specific accusative, 56€f d.
state, verbs expressing, 63c{, e.
subject, position o^ 73(.
subordination of clauses co-or-
dinated in English, 74a, b.
substantival clause, position o^
82.
substantive, 9.
substantive, formation of accu-
sative of, 9c.
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808
Amharic Grammar.
sabstaDtiye, formation of plural
o^9&.
subetantiye, gender o^ 9a.
subetantiYe used as acyective,
576.
subBtantiye used as adverb, 46.
syllabary, Amharic, 4a.
tenses, 24.
tenses, forces o^ 24, 6a
transference of the article,
596.
triliteral verb, conjugation of,
34, 35.
u, displacement o^ 7dL
value of characters, 46.
variable gender, words of, 54e.
variations of pronunciation,
7d.
verb, conjugation of biliteral,
42.
verb, conjugation of derived
forms o^ 41.
verb, conjugation of quadri-
literal, 36.
verb, conjugation of regular tri-
literal, 34, 35.
verb, derived forms o^ 22.
verb, impersonal, 43a.
verb, negative, 37, 38.
verb, position o^ 736.
verb, primitive form of, 2L
verb with last radical douUed,
25, 42a, 6.
verbs, common anomalous In-
literal, 44
verbs expressing a state, process
or mental action, 63d^ e.
voice, 23a.
vowel, modification of preceding
consonant by, 76, 436.
vowels, 3.
vowels, contraction of a^jac^it,
7a.
vowels, quantity o^ 46, 7dL
words omitted in English ren-
dered in Amharic, 85.
OAMBBIDOB : PBIMTSI) BT JOHN OLAT, M.A. AT THE UNITBB8ITT PBE88.
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