The inscriptions of Siut and Dêr Rîfeh

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Griffith, Francis Llewellyn
The inscriptions of siut
and Der Rif eh

; i m

PJ

1515

G7

1889

THE INSCRIPTIONS

OF

SItfT AND DEE BIFEH.

COLLECTED BY
& 'V^

FfLT*GRIFFITH,

OF THE BEITISH MUSEUM, LATB STUDENT OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

500539

u

LONDON :
TRUBNER AND CO., LUDGATE HILL.

1889.

HARRISON AND SONS,

PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY,
ST. MARTIN'S LANE, LONDON.

TO THE TWO FRIENDS,

WHOSE GENEROSITY ENABLED ME

TO ENJOY

THE PRIVILEGES OF A STUDENT OP THE
EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND,

I DEDICATE
THIS VOLUME OF INSCRIPTIONS.

If a small portion of the sums of money that, in the name of scientific research, have been spent in Egypt on
treasure-hunting for antiquities, on uncovering monuments and exposing them to destruction, on unwatched
excavations from which the limestone sculptures have gone straight to the kiln or the village stone-mason — if a small
portion of this had been utilised in securing systematically throughout the country accurate and exhaustive copies
of the inscriptions above ground and in danger, the most important part of all the evidence of her past that Egypt has
handed down to our day would have been gathered intact, instead of mutilated beyond recovery.

If the remainder of those sums had been devoted to watching, and talcing proper measures to preserve, the
monuments of Egypt, the present century would not have been destined above all other periods to the maledictions of
posterity on account of the searching and unrelenting damage of every kind done to these records, that had weathered
so many centuries with hardly an injury, and that should have delighted mankind for so many ages to come.

Each year a vast amount of damage is done, but there is still much that can be saved. The resources of
Egyptology are considerable for good as well as for evil, and there are perhaps signs to encourage those who cannot
but take a gloomy view of the present state of things. Meanwhile my heartiest wish is that the present publication
along with a hundred others equally imperfect will soon be superseded.

\

INTRODUCTION.

Considering their accessibility and importance, the tomb inscriptions of Siut have been strangely
neglected, and I have every reason to believe that the present publication will supply a much felt want.
My endeavour has been, in the first place, to obtain accuracy in the readings and completeness ; secondly,
to give a faithful transcript .of my own copy; thirdly, to add to it materials for future correction and
restoration. The task has entailed more labour than may be realised by the reader, who I hope will none
the less pardon the rudeness of my drawings.

The discovery of a mass of fresh material since the Plates were drawn, and consequent delays which
gave me further opportunities for revision, have resulted in burdening the texts with more notes than are
convenient. But until a fresh comparison with the original can be undertaken, I shall refuse to alter my
own copies or to omit annotations that may still lead to the true reading : and I believe that no Egypto-
logist will quarrel with this decision.

Gladly would I have placed at the head of this little memoir the names of the two friends to whom I
owe so much, but that privilege was refused me. Let me however here repeat my thanks, in the one case
to a connoisseur of art who, exercising a wise philanthropy, has given a start and encouragement to many
enterprises ; in the other case to a dear relative to whom I am bound by acts of particular kindness.

I must also thank those who have assisted me in matters more closely connected with the present work,
namely : in England, the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund, and especially Miss Amelia B. Edwards,
Mr. R. S. Poole, and Mr. Grueber ; also Mr. Le Page Renouf, Professor Hayter Lewis, and the Rev. W. J. Loftie ;
in Egypt, Mr. Petrie, Count Riamo d' Hulst, Dr. Grant-Bey, and M. Ed. Naville : whilst I must draw special
attention to the fact that Professor Maspero of Paris and Professor Erman of Berlin have not only con-
tributed directly to the contents of the Plates, but have also subjected those numbered from I to XIX to
a close revision. Their cordial interest in the work has, I need hardly say, been the greatest possible
encouragement to me.

SIUT.

In two visits, December 31, 1886 — January 1, 1887,
-without ladders, and May 21-29, 1887, with clumsy
native ladders, I copied and revised the inscriptions
from Der Rifeh to Siut, with the exception of Tombs
I and II at the latter place, [t is clear that the
Siut hill was once rich in memorials of the Middle
Kingdom, but I could discover inscriptions in only
five tombs, the same that have long been known
to Egyptian travellers. Two of these, I and II, may
be attributed to the Xllth dynasty, the other three to
the IXth or Xth. In England I added to these copies
all the texts published by Lepsius, Brugsch (Recueil),
Mariette, De Rouge, Maspero, and Erman, together
with all their variations or suggestions, besides taking
numerous notes from the " Description de 1'Egypte " ;
moreover, Mr. Renouf lent me some good copies that
lie had made. I also obtained permission from the
Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund to be
absent for a fortnight from the excavations of the
following season.

In 1888, from the 16th January to the 5th February,
I was engaged at Siut, and having already much
exceeded the time agreed upon, was quite unable to
proceed to Rifeh. The Committee of the Exploration
Fund was however well satisfied with what had been
done, and furthermore, contrary to my expectation,
paid all the expenses of travelling and stay at Siut.

When preparing my note-books in England, in the
case of important inscriptions I assigned four vertical
or horizontal lines to each line of the original, and so
had plenty of space for annotation. But the abun-
dance of false readings and other circumstances made
it necessary, after the first collation with the original,
to make a fair copy, into which were introduced
many improvements resulting from subsequent colla-
tions. I was anxious to obtain the original reading
of obscure and mutilated passages, which unfortu-
nately abound, and this was only to be done by
long-continued and repeated examination of the
parallel texts in the tombs. Some long and handy

ladders borrowed from Mr. Petrie enabled me to
closely examine the lofty walls, and catch the merest
shadows of signs by holding a candle at every pos-
sible angle. For the sake of clearness, all the effaced
signs were inserted in red ink amongst the black ink
of my fair copy. One more such revision after a
thorough study of the texts should complete the
recovery of the inscriptions. Unfortunately my hiero-
glyphic vocabulary was then exceedingly limited,
and even such a common word as ® ^ was a total
stranger to me : I had therefore to depend almost
entirely on eyesight for the restorations, which how-
ever are in general fully confirmed.

Since my return from Egypt I have collected s^mo
new material. In Paris indeed (where I unhappily
lost a note-book containing two inscriptions) the
MSS. of Nestor de 1'Hote furnished scarcely any
material for this memoir. From Berlin, however, Pro-
fessor Erman, most kindly forwarded for my use his
collation of the MS. copies of Brugsch and Diimichen,
supplying several signs and groups that have become
illegible on the original. Above all, in London, last
October, after the Plates had been drawn, I had the
good fortune to find some copies by Aruudale (1834?)
in the Hay MSS. of the British Museum. Made evi-
dently with the help of a good ladder, they might
long ago have solved many difficulties. Lastly, since
commencing to work seriously on the philology of the
inscriptions, I have found many passages quoted in
Brugsch's dictionary : but very few of these are
accurate, though Herr Brugsch's copy is, I think, the
most careful of any that I have yet seen, except
perhaps Arundale's, which still abounds in little
faults. The truth is that high ladders, with an
infinite expenditure of time, trouble, and patience,
and candles in corresponding quantity, are necessary
for making good transcripts in such places.

The Plates of Siut are drawn from the fair copy.
For the revision of 1 — XIX I was exceedingly
fortunate in obtaining help from MM. Maspero and

9

Erman. Many of the emendations of these great
scholars appear in the notes upon the Plates, while
the queries of Professor Erman have besides un-
earthed several faults that I had committed in re-
copyiug, and that I was able quietly to correct
without impairing the genuineness of the text.
Where I found clear corroboration of a queried sign
in Arundale's copies, or a proof of some kind in my
own, the word sic is inserted on the Plate; where
I still feel a doubt the suggestion has been placed
in a note.

I am not quite satisfied with the numbering of the
lines. To combine logic with convenience is not
easy, and I have simply followed the numbers in my
note-book, proceeding in each tomb from the interior
to the facade.

All signs not in existence in January, 1887, are
treated as restorations. Where no authority is
stated for a restored sign it is conjectural. For the
meaning of abbreviations etc., vide Plate XX.

In the following notes I use the word band in the
sense of the French registre when describing scenes
superposed on the same wall ; and in connection
with doorways, the word framing denotes the lintel
and jambs (which of course are cut in the solid
rock), and thickness of wall is the part in which
sculptures are seen to right and left in passing
through the door.

XIlTH DYNASTY.

Tombs I and II. The first is elaborate ; the scheme
of the second seems not to have been completely
carried out.

TOMB I.

(See, PI. I-X, and Plan, PI. III.)
The sculptures are raised about 6 feet above the
floor, over a plain band or dado.

t

SHRINE. — Sculpture only, no painting. At top 0 .
Back (west) wall two bands —

(1) upper, 1. 1-4, MS. Diimichen.

(2) a. South half defaced, probably similar to

north, or else statue in the round ?
b. North half, H. seated m—>, in front 3 female
relations standing holding lotus flowei'S
•«-», 1. 5-12, MSS. Brugsch and Diimi-
chen (continued smaller in 5th band,
north wall);

also (3) below the 6 feet level, a, centre defaced lower
part of statue ? , b, on south a false door,
1. 13-15, much defaced.

South wall, PI. I and II, 5 bands of equal height,
the upper scene comprising 4.

(l)-(4) at west end H. seated •«— »; above him
titles, 1. 20-25, Mariette, Mon. Div. 68Z>, MSS.
Brugsch and Diimichen ; in front, table of
offerings, 1. 65 : (1) (2) names of offerings in
two rows, 1. 26-64 : (3) priests performing
services, 1. 6(5-71 : (4) priests, etc., bringing
offerings, 1. 72-73.

(5) family headed by two sons, 1. 74-76, offering
(to the defaced figure or statue on back
wall).

North wall, PI. II and III, similar to south but
reversed.

(l)-(4) H. before table »-*•, receiving offerings,
1. 85-133 (1. 80-85 = Mariette, Mon. Div.,
68a, MS. Diimichen).
(5) family offering, 1. 134 (continued 1. 5-12 on

the back wall).

East wall (and entrance) now blasted away, PI. II,
scenes 1-8, now destroyed, are from Descr. Ant.
IV, PI. 45. In the text they are said to have filled
the spaces between the doorway and the side walls.
Probably there were five bands, as on the side walls,
but perhaps only four : no space over the doorway ?.
I have assigned the eight scenes in the Description
to the north and south according to direction of
figures. A portion of scene 4 remains at the top of
the wall on the north.

Walls of chamber surrounding shrine and passage
formerly with paint on plaster?

GREAT HALL. — Ceiling painted on plaster with

basket and scroll-work, cornice painted CDtm and 0

H
blue on greenish-black : line of titles (blue) down

the centre from south to north, defaced.

West wall, traces of painted scenes at south end.

Central doorway, inscriptions incised and painted
green ; destroyed except 1. 150-155, which are very
much damaged; 1. 1 5 5a insert _J^» (copy): at end of
1. 154 I have omitted ^i (restored).

South doorway, inscription incised and painted
green, framing 1. 160-163 ; thickness of wall on south,
1. 170-174, copy lost, from MS. Diimichen, corrected by
notes and recollection. Top of 1. 173 very doubtful,
the rest almost certain. Thickness of wall north,
illegible.

North doorway incised only, framing 1. 180-185.
South wall, defaced or blank.
North wall, traces of painted scenes.

10

East wall, south side of door, PL IV- V, scene
painted in colours on plaster, inscription incised and
painted, 1. 210-249. A portion of the wall palimpsest,
the early text from left to right t—»: inscription
much damaged and reading still uncertain in some
places. Arundale's complete copy shows the wall
in almost the same state as now. I have improved
my copy of the figure from it : h e indicates the un-
broken corner of the wall on the left of the scene,
thus there are no lines missing. His drawing of
the figure explains my finding that the outline of it
had been marked with a lead pencil.

210, 211 v. PL XXI.

223«. Not in Arundale : it should therefore be
omitted.

241a. yiit matu-f E.

I. mh ab E. but Arundale as text.

North side of door, PL VI- VIII, incised and painted
green. MSS. Arundale, Brugsch and Diimichen (MS.
Mariette partly collated by Prof. Maspero without
result). After subjecting the copy to every possible
test, I have detected two errors, 1. '209a and 324a.

Perhaps also 1. 295 sic ? .Q, B? where the sign seems

to have been imperfect. Some parts of the text are
very indistinct, especially at the base, and a portion
is palimpsest.

262-4 v. PL XXL

270a. The restoration is almost certain.
273a, 282a, insert 0=0 (copy).
291a. ci perhaps from the palimpsest.

317a. or

320. Top, Maspero, Trans. Soc. Bibl. Arch., restores

325. In my own copy only: the restoration was
suggested by 1. 313, and confirmed by the faint traces
on the wall.

ENTRANCE. — Incised, not painted.

Thickness of wall on south, 1. 330-336. My copy
lost. Copy in PL IX worthless except for comparison
with that in PL XX. The lower half of 1. 330-1 is
destroyed. Arundale has two copies, (1) fol. 18 without
ladder, (2) fol. 68 evidently with ladder, and ex-
cellent; the inscription is thus complete except ex-
treme base of 1. 330-1. The copy seems to be exact
excepting two or three very slight errors. The
figure of II. (alterations seen owing to the plaster

having fallen off) is the only example in the tomb
with wig, beard, and divided skirt.

Thickness of wall, north, 1. 337-342. My copy
lost, and I have found no others.

Framing 1. 345-359. The upper lines are in bad
condition. MSS. Brugsch, Diimichen, Nestor de
1'Hote.

346a. Inserted only to show the width of the gap.

Sola. Cf. 1. 340.

ENTRANCE PASSAGE.— Roof arched with star pattern
painted blue on yellow? or dark green? Cornice
CDCD of various colours.

South side. Traces of scenes painted on plaster ;
at outer end remains of incised inscription, 1. 370-3 ;
probably others preceded them. Originally each line
of same length as those on north side.

North side. Incised inscription. 1. 380-418, PL
IX-X, on a palimpsest wall ; much altered and
corrected by the mason, and damaged by incrusta-
tions, etc. Hoping to find other versions I did not
revise minutely, it being the most difficult of all to
copy. M. Maspero quotes parallel pyramid texts,
1. 388-404 = Unas 269-294 (Rec. de trav., Ill, p. 214
ff.), and Horhotep, 148-166 (Mem. Miss. Arch. Franc.
Caire, II, p. 144 ff.).

TOMB II.

Single chamber, formerly with pillars and sculp-
tured entrance, now destroyed. PL X and XX.

West wall, two real doorways with traces of
inscriptions (but no excavated passage beyond).
On lintel of southern doorway inscription painted
green, 1. 1-2.

East wall, traces of inscription.

Entrance. Thickness of wall, south, 1. 3-10 from

Mariette, etc.

» „ north,!. 11-18 from

Rouge, etc.

12a, 13«. I have mis-copied Rouge, who reads

Framing, 19-22, PL X and XX, from MSS. Nestor
de 1'Hote, Arundale; photograph Petrie. The portions
in the photograph are dotted, but all is somewhat
obscure and uncertain. Hieroglyphs curiously
crowded.

on south side of doorway, I. 23, visible on

photograph.
north „ ruined anciently.

11

HERACLEOPOLITE. (Dyn. IX-X.)

Tombs III, IV, V from south to north on one
terrace, divided only by party walls. Large single
chambers, divided transversely by pillars and archi-
trave. Facades now destroyed.

TOMB III.

No traces of decoration left, except on north wall,
viz., west of architrave traces of painted plaster, and

East of pillars, 1. 1-56, PI. XI-XII, as follows :
1. 1, incised and painted blue, heading the inscription
(it also remained as the heading after the substitution
of 1. 41-56 for 1. 16-40), 1. 2-40 one inscription in
two sections, of which 1. 2-15 were incised and
painted blue, but 1. 16-40 being offensive were not
completed. These latter remained half incised, half
sketched, and plaster was laid over them. On the
plaster was painted a figure of Tefaba, and behind
him a new inscription, 1. 41-5(5. This plaster fell off
from the upper part in ancient times, and the wall
was again covered with whitewash by Copts?. I
cleaned the earlier inscription with great care.
There is no trace of the lower halves of 1. 16-40;
the signs in the upper portions are incised, but
roughly and not finished ; some have not yet been
begun but are traceable in the sketching.

1. 156. Insert WWA.

16« should probably be a female ; cf. Champollion,
Not., II, p. 145 = L.D., PI. 130.

Inscriptions in thickness of wall and framing of
entrance, 1. 57-71. From the "Description de
1'Egypte," identified by the name ^_®\.

TOMB IV.

On a pillar remains of inscription, vide PI. XIV.

South wall, east of pillars, scene of soldiers with
large shields, in two rows, unfinished (perhaps for the
same reason as the inscription III, 16-40).

North wall, east of pillars, inscription incised and
painted blue, 1. 1-40, PI. XIII and XX : authorities
for the destroyed portion, Description and Arundale.
In Description, by confusion of 1. 3 with 1. 22, the
former has been repeated, and the first two lines
misplaced. Their true position is almost certain.

L. 41-44, inscription beneath a cornice, from
Description, but its provenance is quite uncertain.

Thickness of wall and framing of entrance (PI.
XIV, 1. 45-87), the latter identified by name in 1. 76,
and the former, 1. 45-60, corresponds in size, etc.,
to the framing, and is associated with it in tho
Description.

TOMB V.

Back wall, large false door in the centre, inscription
incised and painted green, 1. 1-24 (MSS. Brugsch
and Diimicheu). Damaged since my visit in 1887.

South wall, in the inner half (i.e., behind destroyed
architrave) fragment of long inscription incised,
1. 25-40 ; less than half of the height remains. There
were at least 24 lines.

Thickness of wall at entrance, 1. 41-48, from
Description. The name is **"~==(1(1 and there is no

o n

other tomb to which these can be assigned.

Add notes 12a, G. 1887, etc. ; 12b, G. 1887 ; 146,

old copies, G. 1887 ; 15a, so M. \, in R.

DER R1FEH.

In the western cliffs about nine miles south of Siiit
and seven miles from Shotb. The principal tombs
are on one terrace, the northern tombs are occupied
by the Copts.

I have had to depend entirely on my copies of
1887. Tombs I and VII were copied with special
care, but the former was very difficult (a portion
of Tomb VII checked with a photograph taken by
Count Eiamo d' Hulst).

TOMB I (Middle Kingdom).

Entrance-framing and thickness of wall, north
side, inscription incised 1. 1-6. PI. XVI.

East wall, north of entrance, 1. 7-20, incised and
painted ; much damaged.

North, west, and south walls, traces of scenes of
offerings, soldiers, figure of Nefer Khnum, and false
door (west wall). All these painted only.

TOMB II (New Kingdom).

Great hall, west side, south of the door, scene
with cartouches of Rameses III A. An inscription of
many short lines, painted black, terminates with B.
In a lower band gods with C. Over the entrance D
is the bark of Ra. The 'tomb was probably painted
throughout.

12

TOMB III (New Kingdom).

Occupied by Copts. Small entrance much defaced.
Incised inscriptions in the thickness of the wall very
fragmentary. Cornice-lintel.

TOMB IV (New Kingdom).

Occupied : very large and lofty, inscriptions in-
cised. PL XVI, XVII, XVIII. Framing of entrance
scene and inscriptions. 1. 1-21.

Thickness of wall, south side, 1. 22-29; north
.side, veiy fragmentary.

Entrance- passage, south side, 1. 30-47; north
side, 1. 48^65.

Interior partly explored. The framing of an inner
entrance, much encumbered with mud walls, has a
scene at the top, and 1. 66-71 at the sides.

The Coptic marble slab in PL XVII is over a door-
way in the village leading to the church.

TOMB V (New Kingdom).

Occupied. Inscription incised: framing of entrance
1. 1-11; interior not seen.

The Coptic tablet in PL XVIII is fixed over the
main gateway of the Der on the inside.

TOMB VI (New Kingdom).

Occupied, very large and lofty, inscription incised.
PL XVIII.

Framing of entrance inscribed ; lintel illegible ;
south jamb mostly hidden by brick walls ; north
jamb destroyed. Interior partly explored, no in-
scriptions.

L •

TOMB VII (Middle Kingdom).

Entrance : two polygonal columns support the roof,
terminating in eave with beams. Entrance hall (used
as church), north side, inscription incised and painted
on plaster, much damaged, 1. 1-55. Count R. d' Hulst
and I scaled off the Coptic plaster. One or more
inner chambers, but no other inscriptions found.

DER DRONKEH.

In western cliffs two miles north from Der Rifeh.
Quarries, and Coptic epitaphs. PL XIX.

ERRATA.

PL VI, 1. 266. The letter b should be attached to PL XI, 1. 17 a. E. p refers ®, but?
the last sign (l^?)- „ L 22. Read b|-r^.

PL VI, 1. 282, top. ~~^ should perhaps be entirely PL XII, in title. For front wall read facade.
omitted.

PL X, Tomb II, 1. 4. For ^=,b read

„ ,. Omit the words 20a read

read "^ ^.

PL XI, 1. 1. For

„ 1. 12. Near base read fl\.

1. 14. read

and

„ 1. 47. Omit a.

1. 58, 62, 55. Read ^ (without *__).

\

., in note. For 64 read 63.
PL XIII, 1. 27. Omit the letters a, b, c.

„ 1. 28, near the top. Omit the letter b.

PL XIV, 1. 75 a. f®?
x I

PL XV. For 28a read 26a.
„ „ 39a „ 37a.

PL XX (Plate 13). For 28a read 28b.
PL XXI (Plate VIII). 304a is in PI. VI I.

„ (Plate IX). 354a. Omit the laxt part of
the note.

For corrections throughout, see Plate XX-XXf.

A Bibliography, etc., will appear in the Babylonian and Oriental Record, May, 1889, and following numbers.

HARBISON A.NU SONS, PBINTEBS IN OBUINABY TO ilKB MAJitiT, 61. XAMTIH** LANE.

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