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INSTRUCTION
OP
MUSKETRY.
:=^
LONDON:
PARKEE, FURNIVALL, AND PARKER,
MILITABT UBRABT, WHITBHALL.
HDCRGLT.
Z3/. t. 4^.
Circular Memorandum.
Horse Guards, 28rd February, 1854.
The General Oommanding-in-Chief deeming it essential that
one uniform system of instructing the troops in the use of the
Rifled Musket should prevail throughout the Army, and
having decided that a book of Instructions should be drawn up
for that purpose, foxmded on the system which it is intended to
pursue at the School of Musketry at Hythe, — His Lordship has
directed that three copies shall be transmitted to the several
Regiments and Dep6t^, viz. : —
1 — for the use of the Commanding Ofl&cer,
1 — ^for the Ofi&cer Instructor, — and
1 — for the Non-Commissioned Ofi&cer Instructor;
and Viscount Hardinge requests that General Ofi&cers Command-
ing Districts will make a point ofascertaining, at their periodical
Inspections, that the Instructions, as therein laid down, are
strictly observed by the troops under their orders.
By Command,
G. A. Wbtherall,
Deputy Adjutanf^General.
CONTENTS.
INSTRUCTORS OF MUSKETRY : Part Pa^e
The Officer Instructor I. 7
Assistant Officer Instructor jj ^
N.C. Officer Instructor ^ t^*
The Company Instructor >» 10
INSTRUCTION (Summary of) „ 11
Thborbtigal Prinoiflbs II. 13
PBACTIOA.L lySTRUCTION :
I)riU:
Target Drill III. 18
Position Drill
Judging Distance Drill
Manufacture of Cartridges
Practice:
Target Practice
Indiyidual Firing
First Period
Second Period^
Third Period
File and Volley Firing „ 40
Skirmishing „ 41
Judging Distance Practice 99 44
First Period „ 4»^
Second Period „ 46
Third Period ...,..,. „ 47
BecruUs : Instruction of ?> «*.
Snapping Caps and Firing Blank Cartridge . . 97 48
Prizes „ 49
Returns ,, ib.
20
22
26
29
33
37
38
INDEX TO FIGURES.
Figures Paffw
I, 2 Illustrations of the Line of Sight^ the Line of Fire^ and
the Trajectory 14
3y 4, 5 Diagrams explanatory of Fine Sight, Full Sight, and
Half Sight 19
6 Measured Line for judging Distance Drill . . .24
7 Cylindrical Mandrel to roll the Cartridge . . .27
8 A Former to make the Hollow in the inner Case, to re-
ceive the Point of the Bullet . . . . ib.
9 Rectangle of strong Paper to form the Sides of the inner
Case containing the Powder . . . . ib,
10 A little Trapezium of white fine Paper to complete the
inner Case ib,
11 Trapezium Envelope to enclose the Powder and Bullet . 28
12 Section of a Minie Cartridge ib,
13 Plan of Target 30
14 Plan of Butt 32
15 Section of the same ib.
qnpvi^
INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY,
PART FIRST.
Duties of the Instructors of Mus-
ketry in Battalions.
The Officer Instructor of Musketry.
IN every battalion the instruction in firing, placed like all other
exercises under the responsibility of the commanding officer,
will be especially confided to the direction of a captain or lieu-
tenant, who will exercise the functions of officer instructor of
musketry. This officer, having passed the specified time at the
School of Musketry, will be charged with the practical and theo-
retical instruction of the young officers and recruits, and with the
theoretical and preliminary instruction of the other officers and sol-
diers of the battalion. The target 'practice of the soldiers in the
companies will take place (tcAew practmng hy companies) under
the command of their captains. The officer instructor, however,
will be present in his capacity as instructor, to assist the cap-
tains by his superior knowledge in this particular branch of the
service, and in order that the instruction and practice may be
conducted with uniformity throughout the battalion.
The commanding officer will assemble the officers of the bat-
talion once every quarter, when the officer instructor will explain
8 . INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY.
to them the theoretical principles of musketry. The officer in-
structor will also assemble the non-commissioned officers and
men by squads, or companies, every two months, for the same
purpose. On these occasions the instructor, after having tho-
roughly explained the principles contained in this book, will be
at liberty to advance deeper into the subject, developing, to a
diBgree proportioned to the rank and intelligence of his auditors,
the whole history of small arms, from the first invention of gun-
powder, and the successive steps by which the rifled musket has
attained its present efficiency, in order that the officers and
soldiers, by acquiring a thorough knowledge of the subject
theoretically, may take greater interest in the practical part of
this most important branch of their duty.
Every young officer, on joining his regiment, previous to his
being dismissed drill, will be placed under the instruction of the
officer instructor, and will attend the practice of the recruits, and
of the other soldiers, until dismissed by him. The instruction
of the recruits in firing (practical and theoretical) will be placed
entirely under the superintendence of the officer instructor, as
well as the target driUy a.nd judging distance drill of the soldiers
in the companies. It is not, however, intended to prevent the
attendance of captains and officers with their companies, the in-
structor acting on those occasions in the capacity of adjutant, to
Insure uniformity, and close adherence to the system laid down,
for which the instructor is held responsible.
The officer instructor will arrange the progression of the dif-
ferent companies, from one branch of the instruction to another ;
he will cause the ground to be properly prepared for practice,
and butts to be erected according to rule. At every practice
there will be a fatigue party on the ground, for the management
of the targets, under the orders of the officer instructor. The
officer instructor and his subordinates will inspect all the prac-
tice registers, diagrams, and returns, and see that they are accor-
ding to form. He will also make out the battalion returns, and
send them to the commanding officer. The officer instructor
will recommend to the commanding officer those non-commis-
sioned officers whom he may consider best qualified for promo-
INSTBUCTION OP MUSKETRY. 9
tion to the ranks of iionH^oinmiasioned officer instructor of the
battalion, or of the non-commissioned officer instructor in the
companies. He will award (subject to the approval of the com-
manding officer) the battalion and company prizes for target
practice and judging distance practice.
The officer instructor will be exempt from all regimental duty,
and from all such garrison duty as may clash with his duties as
an instructor of musketry.
Assistant Officer Instructor.
In each battalion a subaltern will be chosen to act as assistant
instructor. This officer will only be exempted from such gar-
rison and regimental duties as may interfere with his duties as
assistant instructor during the periods of target practice. He
will take the place of the officer instructor, should it be neces-
sary, during his temporary absence.
The Nan'Cammissianed Officer Instructor of M%sketry.
The non-commissioned officer selected for promotion to this
rank will be sent to the school of musketry, and when he has re-
mained there the specified time, and qualified himself for the
post, he will be appointed non-commissioned officer instructor of
the battalion. He will be placed under the special orders of the
officer instructor, and will rank next to the seijeant-major and
quartermaster-Serjeant (in the Guards with the drill-serjeants,
according to seniority). He will assist the officer instructor in
all his duties, and will be especially charged with the practical
part of the instruction. He will attend every target practice
and target drill. He will take charge of the targets, mea-
suring tapes, cords, flags, (fee, so long as they remain in use, and
until they are delivered over to the quartermaster's department.
He will superintend the company instructors in the performance
of their duties. He will precede the companies to the practice
ground with the fatigue party, and will superintend the placing
A 8
10 INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY.
of the targets according to the orders received from the ofBeer
instructor. He will measure the distances himself, and is re-
sponsible that they are correctly marked. At the conclusion of
each target practice he will, if necessary, mark off the hits on
the diagram provided for that purpose. If a diagram has been
kept by the Serjeant who has been marking in the butt, the non-
commissioned officer instructor will compare it with the register,
and ascertain the correctness of botL He will receive, at the
conclusion of each practice, the duplicate column of "total
points ;" these he will make use of to check the registers and
companies* returns, which, if found correct, he will take to the
officer instructor, who, after carefully inspecting them, will
countersign them, and make out the battalion return from them.
Like the officer instructor, he will be exempt from all garrison
and regimental duty.
The Company Instructor.
In each company the senior Serjeant will be charged with the
instructiom of the men of his company in target practice, judging
distance, and cleaning arms, under the orders of his captain,
and of the officer and non-commissioned officer instructor of the
battalion. He will keep the register of his company on the
practice ground. At the conclusion of each practice he will
read over to the company the number of points obtained by each
man ; he will then go up to the target, and compare his register
with the diagram in the marker's butt, should one have been
kept ; both register and diagram will then be signed by two Ser-
jeants, viz., the company instructor and the Serjeant of another
company who has kept the diagram; the company instructor
will then take them to the officer instructor, who will counter-
sign them. The duplicate toted points, after receiving the initials
of the officer instructor, will be immediately torn off, and handed
over to the non-commissioned officer instructor of the battalion.
The same form will be attended to in the practice of judging
distance. He will attend with his company when it is ordered
for target drill or judging distance drill, and assist the officer and
INSTBUCTION OP MUSKETBY. 11
non-commissioned officer instructors in the performance of their
duties. The exercise of his functions as company instructor does
not require that he should be taken off the duty roster.
Summary of Instruction.
The instruction of musketry is divided into two principal
parts, the theoretical and the j[>raciical.
The theoretical branch is confided especially to the officer in-
structor, who will explain the principles thereof, as mentioned
under the head of *' Duties of the Officer Instructor." In this in-
struction the soldier will be made to understand the reasons for
all those rules which have to be attended to in practice.
The practical branch is divided into two principal parts : drill
and practice. In the former are comprised the cleaning arms,
target driU, Judging distance driU, and the manufacture of car-
tridges ; the latter is divided into target practice and judging
distance practice.
Cleaning of Arm^. — In this branch the soldier will be
made to learn the names of the different parts of the firelock,
the rules for cleaning and keeping them in proper repair. This
will be the first exercise in which the soldier is practised. The
instruction in this branch will be given to the recruit by the non-
commissioned officer instructor of the battalion, and to the sol-
diers in the companies by the instructor of the company.
Target DriU. — In this drill the soldier will be put through all
the motions of firing ball : it will be divided into aiming and
position drill; in the first, the soldier will acquire a knowledge
of the use of the sights, and his progress in this branch will be
tested by making him aim with them at different distances, by
means of the traversing rest; in the second, the soldier will be
put through all the motions of firing, standing, and kneeling,
with the same accuracy as if actually firing ball, attention being
paid to each movement : this exercise is in order to habituate
the soldier to the correct position, and to the natural connection
that should exist between the hand and the eye, and is intended
12 INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY.
to make up in some measure for the small amount of target
practice of which the yearly allowance of ball ammunition
admits.
Judging Distance DrUL — In this drill the soldiers will be
accustomed to take note of the size of men and objects at different
distances ; and after judging the distance of a man placed at any
uncertain distance from them, they will be made to pace and
measure it.
The Manufajdture of Cartridges, — In each company from ten
to a dozen men will be instructed in the manufacture of cartridges
by the non-commissioned officer instructor of the company.
Target Practice, — Target practice is the 'proof of the attention
that has been paid to the preliminary drills. The instruction in
this branch is given to the recruiti by the officer and non-com-
missioned officer instructors ; and to the soldiers in the companies
by the captains and by the company instructor, with the assist-
ance of the officer instructor of the battalion. This practice is
divided into three parts : namely, firing singly, file firing, and
firing in extended order, — the latter of which is agairf sub-divided
into two parts ; namely, firing at known distances, and firing at
wnhnown distances, in which. laMer the practice of judging
distance is combined with that of target practice.
Judging Distance Practice. — This practice will be carried on,
when possible, by the sections that are not occupied in firing,
when at target practice. It has for its object to test the profi-
ciency of each company in judging distance. The answers of
each man will be noted down, and the result will be taken into
consideration in awarding the prizes at the end of the year.
All the above branches of instruction are detailed in the
remainder of this pamphlet ; they will each be gone through
yearly by every soldier of the battalion ; and the number of drills
or parades to be devoted to each branch, with the amount of
ammunition to be expended at each drill or parade, is given in a
table at the end (page 52). The time to be spent by the recruits
in these exercises, before they are dismissed drill, must depend
on the intelligence of the individual, and the progress made,
according to the discretion of the officer instructor; but the
INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY. 13
amount of ammtmition to be expended in the instrnction of the
recruits is not under ordinary circumstanceB, to exceed the amount
specified under the colunm for recruits, in the table before
alluded to.
To the above course of instruction may be added that of
skirmishing, when the nature of the ground admits of it. A
squad of from 15 to 20 men will be extended in skirmishing
order on broken ground, and made to advance and retire firing,
judging their distance, and setting the sights according to the
position of a supposed enemy, or of another squad in front of
them ; the squad will occasionally be halted, when the instructor
will go down the ranks, and examine and, if necessary, correct
the position of each soldier, pointing out errors either in the
appreciation of distances, or in the method of covering himself
from the fire of the enemy, by taking advantage of the irregularity
of the ground ; he will also require each man to point out to him
the position he intends to occupy when next ordered to move,
either in advancing or retiring.
After the above course of instruction has been gone through,
the men should, if there is any extra ammunition, be trained to
use their muskets at short distances (from 50 to 300 or 400
yards), with the sights down, judging for themselves the proper
elevation or depression to be given to their muskets.
PART SECOND.
Theoretical Principles.
rB barrel of the firelock is a cylinder of equal dimensions
throughout in the inside or bore; but as it is necessary to
construct the metal thicker at the breech .than at the muzzle, the
barrel exUmally is larger at the breech than at the muzzle;
consequently, the upper surface of the barrel does not lie in the
same direction as the bore, but forms an angle with it.
INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY. 16
The axis of the piece (A. B., figs. 1 and 2) is an imaginary
line drawn through the centre of hore^ and parallel to its sides.
The continuation of the axis in the same line (A. C, figs. 1
and 2) is called the line of fire, so called because it marks the
direction that is given to the bullet when it first quits the muzzle.
The line of iigkt (G. F. D., figs. 1 and 2) is the line taken
along the sights, on the upper surface of the barrel ; it is formed
by the continuation of the line between the centre of the notch
on the back sight, and the top of the foresight : this line crosses
the line of fire beyond the muzzle of the gun at (H., fig. 1).
Every bullet, when fired from a musket, has a natural tendency
to fall to the ground ; this tendency ijicTeases as the bullet nears
the earth ; on the other hand, the velocity of the bullet in its for-
ward motion dvmmishes as it becomes more distant from the
muzzle; the effect of these two distinct motions, the one in-
creasLQg as the other diminishes, by reason of the resistance
offered to the course of the bullet by the atmosphere, is to cause
it to move in a curved line (A. D. E., fig. 1), called the tra-
jectory ; for a short distance this line is scarcely distinguishable
fi'om the line of fire : it crosses the line of sight at a short dis-
tance from the muzzle, rising above it gradually ; as the velocity
of the bullet diminishes, it falls off more and more from the line
of fire, proceeding in a curved direction to D., where it again
crosses the line of sight, passing below it, and finally it touches
the ground at E.
In order to appreciate the degree of curve, or drop, that takes
place, suppose the axis of the piece (A. B., fig. 1) to be laid per-
fectly level, at a distance of 4^ feet from the ground, the line of
fire will then be horizontal, and the line of sight forming an
angle with it, inclining towards the ground ; now, if the musket
be fired in this position, the bullet commencing its fall as soon aa
it quits the muzzle, and proceeding in the curved trajectory*
above described, will be found, at the distance of 100 yards from
the muzzle of the gun, to have fallen 1 foot 5 inches (say 1 foot
and a half) (C. D., fig. 1), ai^d at the distance of 177 yards it will
touch the ground.
It is evident, therefore, that if the axis of the piece is directed
16 INSTRUCTION OP MPSKETRY.
80 that the line ofjire passes through the mark fired at, the bul-
let will never hit it, but will always pass below it ; now it is
sufficiently near the truth to say that the line of fire must be
directed as much above an object at a given distance as the bullet
passes below the line of fire at that distance ; and since it has been
shewn that at 100 yards this drop is one foot and a half, the
height of the back sight of the firelock has been arranged so that
when the aim is taken at an object at 100 yards, (with flap down)
the axis of the piece is directed a foot and a half above the object.
To hit an object at 100 yards, it is necessary therefore to aim
straight at it with the lowest fixed sight.
From what has been said above, it is obvious that if the same
sight be used to aim at an object at any greater distance than that
for which the sight is intended, the bullet will not hit it, but will
pass below it. The back sight has, therefore, been made capable
of adjustment, so that by raising it you obtain a higher point for
each successive distance ; by this arrangement the soldier is
enabled to aim straight at an object at every distance, provided
always that the sight is properly adjusted, according to the rules
hereioafter laid down.
It is necessary that the lines oifire and of nght should be con-
tained in the same vertical plane, in which case the trajectory
will also be described in the same plane. This is effected by
holding the sight perfectly upright ; for if this is not attended to,
not only will the elevation be affected by it, but the musket will
throw to the right or left, according as the sights are inclined to
the right or left.
It has been shewn that the trajectory crosses the line of sight
twice — first near the muzzle, rising above it ; and again, it should
cross it at the object fired at. The distance of this second inter-
section from the muzzle depends upon the angle formed by the
line of sight and the line of fire, — ^in other words, upon the ele-
vation given to the axis ; but it is aho affected by the direction
in which the line of sight is taken. If the line of sight is directed
upwards at any considerable angle, then the force of gravity (or
force caused by the weight of the bullet), being more directly op-
posed to the course of the trajectory, produces a greater effect
INSTBUCTION OF MUSKETRY, 17
upon it, checking the velocity, and causing it to cross the line of
sight in its downward course nearer to the muzzle than when the
line of sight is directed horizontally. In like manner, when the
line of sight is directed downwards bt a considerable angle, the
force of gravity acting to a certain extent in the same direction as
the course given to the trajectory, increcutes the velocity, and
causes the bullet to cross the line of sight at a greater distance
from the muzzle than when the line of sight is directed horizon-
tally.
The practical rules deduced from this principle are the follow-
ing : — When firing upwards, s^ higher than when firing at an
object on the same level ; and when firing downwards, aim low.
The ordinary undulations of the ground, however, do not afford
sufficient difference of level to make it necessary that this rule
should always be attended to in practice : it would, nevertheless,
affect the practice when firing at such angles as 45 degrees, — in
firing up or down a precipice, for instance.
The course of the trajectory is also greatly affected by wind.
When the wind blows across the range from the right, the bullet
is forced to the left, and vice vend. When the wind is from the
rear, the velocity of the bullet is accelerated, thereby causing it
to cross the line of sight at a greater distance from the muzzle of
the gun than when the atmosphere is calm. In like manner,
when the wind is from the front, the velocity of the bullet is
diminished, causing the bullet to hit the object low. In making
allowance for wind, therefore, the following rules must be at-
tended to :— When the wind is from the right, aim a little to the
right ; when from the left, aim to the left ; when from the rear,
aim low ; when from the front, aim high ;— remembering, how-
ever, that the bullet is less affected by a wind from front or rear,
than by a side wind.
As no fixed rules can be laid down for firing in different states
of atmosphere, the soldier must be guided entirely by his own
experience ; and too much attention cannot be paid to these, and
all other causes which are calculated to affect the accuracy of
fire,
18 IN8TBUCTI0N OP MUSKETRY.
PART THIRD.
Practical Instruction in Mrifig,
Target Drill.
Aiming with a Rest.
FOR this exercise the traversing rest must be used to sup-
port the firelock; or, in the absence of a traversing rest,
three stakes tied near the top, and supporting a bag of sand
about 4J feet from the ground, will answer the same purpose.
The squad, which should not exceed five or six men at a time for
each stand, may parade in side arms, each man having his own
firelock. An ordinary target should be set up at the distance of
100 yards for the men to aim at : placing the men in single rank,
a few paces in rear of the stand, the instructor will make each
soldier advance with his firelock, and placing it on the rest so
that the sights are perfectly upright, he will aim at the target,
according to the rules laid down in the instructions for aiming,
at the distance of 100 yards. The man will then remove him-
self, in order that the instructor may look along the line of sight,
and if he observes any error, he will cause the next man to ad-
vance, and point out the defect ; the error, however, is always to
be corrected by the man who has aimed. When each man of
the squad has been exercised at this distance, the squad will be
practised at 150 yards ; and so on, at every 50 yards up to 900.
To vary the practice, however, the squad should occasionally be
exercised at intermediate distances (as 425 yards, for example).
In order to habituate the men to an object of the same size as
that at which they will have to fire at in practice, a double tar-
INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY.
19
get will be pnt up at 250 yards, and, in like manner, one target
will be added at each distance, conformable to the rules laid down
in the " taa-get pracHce" The sqnad will also occasionally be
made to aim at a soldier placed in front of the target, or at a
group of several men together : the instructor will take care that
in this practice every man closes his left eye, -aiming with the
right eye only ; and if any of them are not able to do so at first,
they will soon succeed by tying a handkerchief over the left eye.
The instructor will caution the men that they are to fix the eye
on the mark in aiming, and not on the fore sight of the musket.
The instructor will also explain the difference between ^wc iight
and fuU sight in aiming ; — ^the former being,
when the line of sight is taken along the bottom
of the notch of the back sight, the fine point of
the fore sight only being seen above it in the
alignment, as A; — ^the latter, is when the point
of the fore sight is taken in alignment with
the shoulder of the notch of the back-sight as B.
As these two methods of aiming cause a slight
difference in the angle of elevation, it is necessary
to understand that the ordinary rules for aiming
are intended to apply to half nght; that is, when the alignment
is taken with the summit of the fore sight at half distance between
the shoulder and bottom of the back sight. As some firelocks
will carry higher and others lower than the average, allowance
can be made for this defect by aiming with full sight when the
musket is found to carry low, and by aiming
with fine sight when it carries high ; when,
however, no such defect 'has been observed in
the practice with the firelock, the men are
invariably to be taught to aim at half sight,
asO.
Kg. 4.
20 INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY,
Instructions for aiming with the Rifle Musket.
Firing at a Human Figure. Firing at the Target.
At 100 yardfl. Aim at the waist. Aim with the sight down, straight
at the bull's eye.
At 150 yards. Raise the sliding bar. Raise the sliding bar, raise the
raise the sight, and sight, aim witi^ the 200 yards
aim with the 200 iK)int at the bottom of the black
yards, point at the ring.
thigh.
At 200 yards. Aim at the waist with Aim at the bull's eye with the 200
the 200 yards point. yards point.
At 250 yards. Press down the sliding Press down the sliding bar, aim
bar, aim with the 300 with the 800 yards point, six
yards point at the inches below the black ring.
knees.
At 300 yards. Aim with the 300 yards Aim with the 300 yards point at the
point at the waist. bull's eye.
At 350 yards. lUise the sliding bar Raise the sliding bar to half dis-
to half distance be- tance between the 300 and 400
tween the 300 and yards point, and aim at the bull's
400 yards point, and eye.
aim at the waist.
From 400 to 800 yards. Hake use of the sliding bar, by raising it to the
respective distances, as marked on the back sight.
Position Drill.
^ For this drill the squad will fall in with their knapsacks on, in
single rank, at one pace apart, and at any convenient distance
from the target or mark. The instructor will then order the
squad to fix bayonets, and will put the whole squad through the
position drill, first in slow time standing, according to the fol-
lowing rules : —
1st. Load. According to regulation.
2nd. Ready. According to regulation, and adjust the sight.
3rd. Present 1st. Bring the firelock at once to the shoulder,
INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY. 21
presaing the centre part of the heel-plate firmly
into the hollow of it, with the left hand, which
must grasp the piece at the Bwell, the right hand
holding it at the small, the right elbow slightly
raised (bnt not so much as to impede the aim of
the rear rank man), the muzzle inclining to the
bottom of the object and the forefinger of the
right hand extended along the side of the trigger
guard ; at the same time shut the left eye.
4th. 2nd. Raise the muzzle slowly and independent-
ly until the foresight is aligned through the back
sight with the object the right eye is fixed upon ;
at the Same time placing the forefinger on the
trigger, and restrain the breathing.
5th. 3rd. Pull the trigger with the second joint of
the finger by a steady pressure, without the least
jerk or motion of the hand or elbow, keeping the
eye still fixed on the object.
6th. 4th. Bring the firelock down to the capping
position, at the same time bring the right foot
to the position in which it was placed before
coming to be ready ; shut down the flap, count
a pause of the slow time, and come to the posi-
tion of " prepare to load."
7th. Load. According to regulation.
Having thus put the whole squad through the drill in slow
time, and corrected the position of each man, the instructor will
order them to continue the motions of loading and firing, inde-
pendently aiming at the mark ; and moving to the rear of the
squad, he will see that each man attends to the instructions given
him, and especially that the firelock is pressed firmly to the
shoulder : the instructor will then place himself in front of each
man, at five or six paces distant, and will desire him to aim athis
right eye, in order that, by closing his left eye, he may see along
the sights so as to correct the aiming.
When the men have been sufi&ciently exercised in the position
of firing standing, they will be put through the drill in the
22 INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY.
kneeling position, going through it at first, in slow time, ac-
cording to regulation.
Judging Distance Drill.
Detailed Instruction for the Recruits and other Soldiers in
the Companies.
In order to apply the rules of firing laid down for the musket,
it is necessary to know the distance which separates a man from
the object he is firing at.
In firing for instruction, the target is generally placed at
known and measured distances, but before the enemy the distance
is unknown; it is necessary, therefore, to judge the distance
quickly and exactly, in order to regulate the elevation of the
piece accordingly.
In order to teach the soldier to estimate distances by the eye,
he will be instructed according to the following rules in the first
instance, before he passes on to the method contained in the
Judging Distance PmcUce,
The instructor will cause a line of 300 yards to be measured
accurately ; this line will be divided into equal parts of 50 yards
each, by perpendicular lines of the length shown in the diagram
(fig. 6).
At the extremity of each of these perpendicular lines the
instructor will place a soldier standing at ease, and fsu^ing the
squad he is about to instruct. It will be observed, that each of
these soldiers are placed at a greater distance from the line of
300 yards, in proportion as they are distant from the point
where the squad will commence their instruction, in order that
each soldier may serve in turn as a point of distance for the
squad to estimate.
The instructor will point out successively to the men the dif-
ferent parts of the arms, accoutrements, figure, and dress, which
they can still perceive distinctly on the soldier, placed at 50
yards distant, and also those parts they can no longer perceive
INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY. 23
clearly at this distance ; he will question the men one after the
other on the observations they make on what they see, but he
' must not expect that the answers should be the same from every
man, since the eyesight is not the same in all.
Every soldier will try to imprest upon his mind the appear-
ance of the man placed at 50 yards.
The instructor then, by moving the squad to the right, will
place them in front of the soldier at 100 yards distant, and will
cause them to make observations of the same kind as on the man
at 50 yards, and he will desire them to make comparisons
between the two men placed at these two different distances.
The instructor will then pass on to the other distances, pro-
ceeding in the same manner as for the first two.
He will endeavour above all to point out to each soldier,
according to the observations he may make, the differences that
exist between the six different distances comprised in the sub-
divisions of 300 yards, pointing out at each distance what parts
of the figure, dress, and equipments are clearly perceivable,
those that are seen confusedly, and those which are no longer
visible. •
The instructor will make the men observe the state of the
atmosphere at the time, remembering that objects are not so dis-
tinctly seen on a dall day.
The men who are placed as points will then be relieved, for
which purpose the squad should be of sufficient strength; double
the number of the men employed as points, being the most con-
venient strength, for the squad to be exercised at one time.
When all the men of the squad shall have made a sufficient
number of observations on the different points designated, and
when these observations are well engraved in their memory, the
instructor will proceed in the following manner to the estimation
of distances comprised within the limits of 300 yards.
After having marched the squad on to different ground from
that on which the appreciation . of distances has taken place
before, the instructor will form them in single rank, and will
send a man to the front, marching him by means of the bugle (if
there is one) diagonally to the right and left, and occasionally at
24
Fig, 6.
50. PACES.
^
»
40. p.
o\
30. P.
I i
20. P.
.1 J
irfoT""
L-
INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY. 25
the double, in ordeMhat the rest of the squad may not count
his paces ; then, at any convenient distance within 300 yards, he
will command, " Halt," when the man will face the squad, and
" stand at ease." He will then order the men to observe the
soldier who is feeing them, and to estimate the distance, recol-
lecting the observations they have previously made on the men
placed at measured distances.
The instructor will then question each man, and will note
down his answers, calling him out of the ranks, and desiring him
to speak in a low tone of voice, in order that those following him
may not be influenced by his opinion. Every man will adjust
the sight of his firelock to the distance he judges.
Then, in order to measure the correct distance, the instructor
will place himself in the centre of the squad, and commanding
** Quick march," they will advance toward the man; the men
counting the number of paces, the instructor counting them
aloud.
The men should be taught to measure the distance in the
following manner : at every 120 paces they wiQ double up one
finger of the right hand to mark 100 yards, commencing again
one, two, three, and so on. When, at the end of any division
of loo yards, the remaining distance appears to be within 100
yards, straightening their fingers, they will commence counting
by tens of yards, by doubling up a finger every twelve paces ;
and finally, when at the end of a division of ten yards the re-
maining distance is less than ten yards, they may, by lengthening
their pace, measure the remaining distance in yards. Two or
three men should also follow, measuring the distance correctly
with a cord or chain.
The instructor, in repeating this exercise, will take care that
as much as possible it is conducted on different ground, and
under different states of atmosphere, in order that the soldier
may become habituated to the diversity of circumstances in
which he may have to act.
The above course of instruction will be carried on by all the
soldiers of the battalion yearly, before they proceed to the judg-
ing distance practice.
B
26 INSTRUCTIOII OP MUSKETRY.
The men, after they have been drilled np to 300 yards, will
continue the exercise up to 600 yards. In exercising the
men at great distances it will be desirable to separate the squad
into two equal parts, facing each other. After every man
has judged the distance which separates them, they will advance
towards one another, each party measuring half the distance.
By this means much time and walking is saved.
The judging distance drill will be carried out in the following
manner:
Four drills at fixed points to three hundred yards.
Three ditto at unknown distances, up to three hundred yards ;
each drill to consist of four answers.
Two drills at fixed points from three hundred to six hundred
yards.
Three ditto at unknown distances, from three hundred to six
hundred yards ; each drill to consist of four answers.
Manufacture of Cartridges.
The following articles for the Instruction of soldiers in the
manufacture of cartridges, will be supplied to each barrack by the
.Ordnance Department.
Five tin measures containing two and a half drams.
Five tin funnels.
An iron straight edge, for cutting the paper.
A large knife.
Five cylindrical mandrels of hard wood, of the dimensions
given in fig. 7, to roll the cartridge.
A former, to make the hollow in the inner case, to receive the
point of the bullet, fig. 8.
A set of tin patterns for shaping the paper.
" Cartridge paper " and " white fine paper."
Bullets, and fine sand to be used instead of gunpowder.
To construct the cartridge, cut the paper according to the pat-
terns, place the rectangle (fig. 9) on the little trapezium (fig. 10), the
INSTBUOnON OF MUSKBTBT.
27
sides A B C of the rectangle coinciding with the sides A B C of
the trapezium, lay the mandrel on the rectangle, parallel
to the side B 0, the base of the nuindrel even with the
Kg. 9.
Fig. 10.
JLfiD
S RECTM(CLE
>2ifn
LITTLE
TRAPEZIUM
\^
Fig. 8,
Fig. 7,
f7
18
S
BASE
side G D of the rectangle ; roll the whole tightly on the mandrel ;
place it vertically, and fold the remainder of the trapezdnm paper
into the hollow in the base of the mandrel; commencing with the
acute angle of the trapezium, make use of the point of the former
to close the folds; examine the bottom of the inner case thus
28
INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY*
Fig. 12.
Pig. 11.
fonned, to see that there remains no hole for the escape of the
powder when charged ; introduce the point of the hnllet into
the aperture at the base of the mandrel ; take the trapezium
WSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY. 29
envelope (fig. 11)^ place the mandrel and bnllet parallel to the side
F G, the base of the bullet at half-an-inch from the base F H of
the envelope ; press up the point of the ballet into the cavity ; roll
the envelope tightly on the bullet and on the mandrel ; fold the
remainder of the envelope on the base of the ballet, commencing
with the acute angle; place the base of the cartridge on the
table; withdraw the mandrel, squeezing the case of the cartridge
with the left hand, and raising up the mandrel with the right
hand.
To charge the cartridge, introduce the point of the copper
funnel into the bottom of the case of the cartridge ; pour in 2j^
drams of fine grain powder from the powder flask ; withdraw
the funnel, taking care that none of the powder escapes between
the case and the envelope; squeeze the top of the cartridge, and
twist it round.
When completed, the base of the cartridge must be dipped
up to the shoulder of the bullet in a pot of grease, consisting of
six parts tallow to one of bee's wax.
Target Practice.
The targets will be of the same dimensions hitherto used,
viz. : six feet in height by two in breadth. They will be con-
structed of cast iron, three quarters of an inch thick, and cut in
squares of six inches on the face, to facilitate the marking off of
the hits on the diagrams provided for the purpose ; in the centre
is a bulVs eye, eight inches in diameter; and from the same
centre, with a radius of one foot, a black circle is described,
dividing the target into two parts, centre and outer (fig. 13). Cir-
cular rings will also be cut on the face of the target, to serve as
guides in painting it The white part of the target should be
white-washed, and a pot of white-wash, together with a pot of
black colouring for the bull's eye and black circle, should be kept
30
Kg. 18.
« FEET
.
/
^""""^
""^
\
t;
/
f Sri»
:hes
^
m
<0
V
C
J
i
\
^^
/
-
INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY. 31
in rear of the target*. The shot wUl be found to make a very
distinct mark, on striking the face of the target, so that the
correct position of each shot is easily distinguishable at a short
distance.
In all cases, when the nature of the ground admits of it, a
trench should be dug for the markers, of the dimensions given
in fig. 14, about fifteen yards to the front, and to one side of the
targets, in such a position that the markers may easily see the
face of the target from it; the earth excavated should be thrown
up on the side of the firing ; there should also be two epaul-
ments, so as to screen the men, not only from the shots them-
selves, but from any stones that may be thrown up by them.
There will always be a fatigue party on the ground, under
the orders of the ofl&cer instructor. These men will fix the
target before the practice commences. They will lay down the
cord for the practice of judging distance ; and whilst the men
are firing they will assist in marking, or in any other fatigue
duty that may be required. Two men of the fatigue party will,
when necessary, be placed as sentries to the right and left of the
butt, and clear of the range, to prevent any persons from passing
within the line of fire.
Each man will expend as his annual allowance of ammunition
90 rounds, in the following manner, viz. : 60 in firing individually,
10 in file firing and volleys, and 20 in firing in extended order.
The targets will be arranged as follows for the different
distances : —
Up to 200 yards (included) the practice will be at a single target :
At 260 and 300 at 2
„ 360 „ 400 „ 3
„ 460 ,,600 . . . , „ 4
„ 660 „ 600 „ 6
„ 660 ,,700 . . . . „ 6
,, 760 „ 800 „ 7
„ 860 „ 900 . . . . „ 8
* It huB been found that the colouring which answers best is made by
mixing whiting or lampblack, with water and size.
32
Rg.U.
N.B.— This is the smallest description of Butt that ought ever to be
made, and the markers must always sit on the upper banquette close to the
interior slope.
Fig. 15.
Section on the line A B.
INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY 33
The troops will fire at every distance of 60 yards, from 100
to 900. These distances are divided into three parts: np to
300 yards (included) will be for the practice of the 3rd class ;
as far as 600 yards (included) for the 2nd class ; and the Ist
class only will continue the practice to 900 yards.
Indimdual Firing.
The company or class will be marched to the ground in open
column of sections right in front, and halted, so that the right of
the leading section may rest on the point selected to commence
the firing, the column facing the targets ; the remaining sections
will then open out to double distance from the front ; they will
pile arms and take off their knapsacks, placing them in a line,
in rear of their arms. The non-commissioned officers and men,
who have been previously told off as markers, will then be sent
to the marker's butt, to mark, and give the established signals,
which will be denoted by flags of different colours, to be raised
above the butt, as the shot strikes.
The signals for the different distances, and the value attached
to each shot, will be as follows : —
Flags. Valne.
In the /outer white .... 1
practice i centre dark blue
of the j bull's eye red and white stripe
3rd class. \ miss
Practice of I outer white
th^ 1st and < centre blue
2nd class. ( miss
The danger or cease firing signal will in all cases be a red
flag. This will be hoisted whenever it is necessary to cease
firing, in order to run out to wash the target, or for any other
purpose ; it will invariably be answered by the bugler at the
firing point, by sounding the ** Cease fire," and it is always to be
kept up as long as the markers are out of the butt. Whenever
the " Cease fire" is sounded from the firing point, it will be
answered by raising the danger flag from the marker's butt; and
in like manner, the " Commence firing" will be answered by
B 5
34 INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY.
lowering it. Whenever a Bbot strikes the target to the right,
the flag, denoting the value of the shot, will be inclined to the
right of the marker's bntt, and vice versA; when the shot strikes
high the flag will he raised as high as possible, and when low,
it will only be raised high enough to be easily distinguishable
above the butt.
It is to be understood that, in all practices, whenever a shot
strikes the target, so that the circumference of the mark made
by it cuts within the circumference of the bulFs eye or centre,
such shot is to be counted as hitting the bull's eye or centre; and
the circumference of these divisions is in all cases to be taken to
the outer edge of the mark cut on the face of the target.
The non-commissioned officer instructor of the class or com-
pany will keep a register of the form marked A. On this he
will note, under the number of the shot fired, the value or nvmber
of points obtained by it, whether 1, 2, 3, or 0. At the con-
clusion of the practice he vnll add up the total number of points
obtained by each man during the practice ; the addition of the
column of total points will give the total of the squad or section,
and this divided by the number of men will give the average
(should it be required). All entries are to be invariably made in
inhj on the ground ; and should any erasure be neces-
sary, a fine line will be drawn through the figure thus,
a £7
the correction made, and the officer's initials immediately attached
to it. The men's names should be written in the register before
the party comes out, according to the order they stand in the
ranks ; and, in general, one register will suffice for each section.
The non-commissioned officer who is acting as marker in the
butt, when convenient, will keep a diagram of the form marked
G. On this he will mark each shot as it strikes. This diagram
should always be kept by a non-commissioned officer of another
company, who will be detailed for that purpose, and will serve as
a check on the register kept by the non-commissioned officer
instructor of the company firing. In the absence of diagrams,
the marker should keep a register, on which the names have
been previously written in the same order as on that kept by the
non-commissioned officer instructor. This register cannot, how-
INSTEUCTION OP MUSKETRY. 35
ever, be kept in the butt, when, the firing is at long ranges, and
Ihe wind contrary, as the shots cannot then be heard by the
marker. The markers should wear a white smock frock over
their uniforms.
When the leading section has loaded by word of command,
and everything ready to commence, the bugler, who is placed on
the right of the firing point, will sound the *' Commence firing ;'*
and after the danger signal has been lowered, the officer will
order the right-hand man of the front rank to go on ; after he
has fired he will immediately fall three paces to the rear; the
next man of the front rank will move up to the firing point and
fire, after which he will also fall three paces to the rear of the
point he previously occupied. In like manner every man of the
front rank will fire in succession ; after which the rear rank will
commence on the right, and after firing they will form in rear of
the front rank, so that by the time the whole section has fired
one round it will have re-formed three paces in rear of its
original position. The non-commissioned officer of the section
will then advance his section three paces, and load; after which
the firing will proceed as before.
The non-commissioned officers of each section will fire at the
head of their sections, according to seniority; the non-com-
missioned officer instructor should fire at the head of his company
or class.
The instructor will tkke care not to correct a man at the
moment he is firing, which would produce no other effect than to
distract the man's attention from the object he is aiming at ;
but he will observe attentivelyi the position of each soldier,
and correct him after he has fired.
Whenever the hits on the target become too numerous to dis-
tinguish quite easily the fresh ones as they strike, the target should
be fresh white-washed ; before which, however, the non-commis-
sioned officer instructor must go up, and compare carefully his
register with the diagram which has been kept in the butt, and
with the target ; the subsequent hits should then be marked on
the diagram with a + or some other mark, to denote the shots
which have struck the target after it was white-washed.
36 INSTRUCTION OF BiUSKETBY.
In the practice as a companif, in the third class, the fourth
section may be practised in jndging distance whilst the first section
is firing, and each section after it has fired may proceed to the
judging distance practice. When, however, it is not found con-
venient to carry on the target and judging distance practices at
the same time, the men who are not firing should always be
occupied in the aiming and position drill.
All those men who are not occupied in the abovi-mentioned
exercises, and who desire to watch the practice of their com-
panies, are to stand on the right of the firing point ; they are
always to be kept clear of the section that is firing, and on no
account is any noise or talking to be allowed between them.
At the conclusion of each practice the bugler will sound the
assembly, when the non-commissioned officer instructor will go
up to the target, and compare the diagram with the register ;
both diagram and register will then be signed by each of the
non-commissioned officers, and countersigned by the officer
instructor ; the non-commissioned officer instructor will then fill
up the duplicate column of " total points," which, after the officer
instructor has attached his initials, will be cut off, and given
to the non-commissioned officer instructor of the battalion, who,
on the practice ground, is especially responsible that this order
is rigidly attended to in all cases. When there are casuals who
have to make up their practice on a subsequent day, the register
will only receive the initials ofthe officer instructor and Serjeants,
and it will then be given over to the non-commissioned officer
instructor of the battalion, who will take charge of it until it is
required. When the whole company or class have completed
their practice, the column of " casuals" will be totaled up ; and
the column of "casuals" added to the column " total points,"
will make the duplicate column "total points," which will then be
torn off, and given to the non-commissioned officer instructor of
the battalion as before ; the register will then be signed in full.
It is desirable that every company should be made as effective
as possible whenever it goes to target practice; but should any
men be unable to attend with their companies, all such casuals
will make up their lost ground in one practice the next day their
INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY, 37
company goes out, when the register of the section, or class, at
the distance missed, will be taken out again, and their total
practice recorded under the colomn of " casuals ;** the diagram
should also be taken out, and the hits marked with some sign
to distinguish them from the shots previously obtained by their
company or class ; both the column of '' casuals" and the diagram
will then receive the initials of the officer instructor.
The practice of individual firing is divided into three
" periods," in each of which the soldier will fire twenty rounds.
First Period.
Practice of the Company in the 3rd Class.
The battalion will commence the first period yearly, with the
practice of the 3rd class, which will be carried on by companies,
under the command of their captains, assisted by the officer
instructor. All shots which hit the buirs-eye will be marked
with No. 3 in the register ; those that strike the centre, with
No. 2 ; those that strike the outer, with No. 1, and the misses
with^O. Each man will fire four rounds at each of the following
distances :— 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 yards. As far as 200
yards (included), the practice will be conducted with fixed
bayonets and knapsacks. In the last two distances the men will
fire with knapsacks and unfixed bayonets, and they will be
allowed to stand or kneel at pleasure.
When the whole of the company has executed the practice up
to 300 yards in the 3rd class, the "first period" of the practice
return, marked B, will be filled up by the non-commissioned officer
instructor of the company, and the totals of each distance will be
added together, to shew the practice of each man in the third
class. From this column the company will be divided into two
classes ; those non-commissioned officers and privates who have
gained in the whole practice a total number of points equal to
two-thirds the number of shots fired will pass into the second
class ; the remainder will re-commence the practice of the third
class at 100 yards. Whenever the division of the number of
38 nraTBUCnON of MUSKBTRYi
shots into these parts produce a fraction, the fraetioii willl)e
omitted in favour of the men* For example, 13 will be taken
as two-thirds of 20. This <' period" of the return will be signed
by the captain of the company, and by the officer instructor, after
having been carefully examined and compared with the registers
by the non-commissioned officer instructor of the company.
The names of the men who have passed into the 2nd class will
be read to the companies on parade.
Second Period.
Practice of the Second and Third Class.
After the men of the company have been divided into classes,
the practice will no longer continue as a company, but will be
carried on by classes, under the superintendence of the officer
instructor of the battalion. Each dass, if the number will admit
of it, will be divided into sections, and their names will be placed
in the registers, in the order they stand in the practice return.
The company instructor will attend when possible, with every
class. Whenever there is a choice of time for practice, the senior
class will always have the advantage.
The 3rd class will repeat the practice from 100 to 300 yards,
firing four rounds per man, at each distance, as before.
The 2nd class will fire three rounds per man, at the distances
of 350, 400, 450, 500, and 550 yards. At the distance of 600
yards each man will fire five rounds to complete the 20 rounds
allotted to each period. In the practice of the 2nd class, all those
shots which strike the centre will be marked No. 2 in the regis-
ter; those which strike the outer, with No. 1; remainder, 0.
The bull's-eye in this practice will only count as centre.
At the longer ranges of the 2nd class it will be found desir-
able to paint the whole of the centre black.
The practice of the 2nd class will be carried on throughout
with knapsacks and unfixed bayonets, the men standing or kneel- '
ing at pleasure.
At the conclusion of the practice of the '' second period*' the
msTBuonoN op muskbttby. 39
non-oonmiusioned officer instractor of the company will fiU np
the colnmn of the ** second period" in the practice return for
-second and third class, and having totaled the nnmber of points
obtuned at each practice, he will then take the retom to the
captain of the company, who wiU attach his signature to each
oolmnn; after which it will be delivered over to the non-com*
missioned officer instractor of the battalion, who will take the
same to the officer instractor for signature, and then return it to
the company.
A second classification will now be made, when all those men
who, in the practice of the second class, have obtained a number
of points equal to half the number of shots fired, will pass into
the first class ; the remainder will repeat the practice of the
second class.
The qualification for passing from the 3rd to 2nd class will be
the same as in the first period.
Third Period.
Practice of the First, Second, and Third Class.
The three classes will be told off, as before ; the second class
will now be composed partly of men who repeat the practice of
the second class, and partly of men who have passed out of the
third class. The practice will be conducted on the same princi-
ples, and the hits will have the same value as in the second
period, except that the centre in the practice of the first class
will have a diameter of four feet instead of two feet.
The first class will fire three rounds per man, at the distances
of 650, 700, 750, 800, and 850 yards; and at 900 yards each
man will fire five rounds, After the columns of tiie "third
period" have been filled up and totaled, a third classification will
be made ; after which, a list will be made out in each company,
by the non-commissioned officer instructor of the company, and
posted in the barrack room. In this list, each man will be
placed in his class, according to his performance; and the
number of points obtained in tbe third period of practice will
be attached to his name.
40 msTKUcnoN of musketry.
• ,
The men of the first class will be exempt throughout the fol-
lowing year from target drill.
That man who obtains the greatest number of points in the
practice of the first class will receive the prize as best shot of
his battalion. Should two or more men obtain the. same
number of points in the practice of the first class, the prize will
be awarded to that man who has obtained the greatest number
of points throughout the whole practice of individual firing.
File and Volley Firing.
This practice will be carried on as a company, under the com-
mand of the captain, the men of all classes being united. The
company will fire by sections two deep, at the distance of 300
yards, with knapsacks and fixed bayonets. Each company will
expend five rounds per man in file firing and five in volleys. At
the conclusion of the practice of the company, the non-commis-
sioned officer instructor, together with the non-commissionedr'
officer instructor of the battalion, and a Serjeant of another com-
pany, will go up to the targets, and mark the hits on a diagram,
which will be signed, as in the preceding practices, by the two
Serjeants and by the officer instructor of the battalion, the same
as practice of company in third class. The diagram will then be
immediately given over to the non-commissioned officer instructor
of the battalion. The non-commissioned officer instructor of
the company will keep a memorandum of the total points ob-
tained in this practice, and insert them in the proper place in the
practice return. This colmnn will bear the signature of the
captain and officer instructor of the battalion.
For this practice the mark will consist of eight targets placed
close together, and each target will have a separate bulFs-eye
and centre.
All shots which hit in the bulFs-eye will count 3 ; centres 2;
outers 1 ; misses 0.
INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY. 41
Skirmishing.
This practice will also be carried on as a company, under the
command of its captain. Twenty rounds per man will be fired
by section* in extended order, in two practices. In the first
practice, five rounds will be fired kneeling at the distance of 300
yards, and five in advancing to 100 yards. In the second prac-
tice, ten rounds will be fired, advancing and retiring, between
200 and 400 yards, judging their distance from the targets, and
arranging their sights accordingly. The instructor will take
care that the men of the third class (who have not fired at this
latter distance) should arrange their sights to the proper eleva-
tion. In firing advancing, the men will be allowed to kneel as
they fire, rising to load.
. The files will always be extended to six paces. Eight targets
will be placed with intervals of six paces between each. Each
target will have its bull's-eye and centre, and the hits will count
as in the practice of the first and second class.
The sentries placed on each flank of the butt to keep the
ground will prevent any persons from approaching within fifty
yards of either flank of the line of targets.
At the conclusion of the practice of each section a diagram
will be marked off, and signed, as in the preceding practices,
which will be immediately given to the non-commissioned offi-
cer instructor of the battalion; the non-commissioned officer
instructor of the company will make, a memorandum of the
points obtained by each section in the practice, the totals of
which will be inserted in the proper place of the practice return,
and bear the signature of the captain and officer instructor.*
When the number of rounds available for the yearly course
of target practice is not sufficient to carry on the practice as
detailed in jthe above, the following alterations will be observed
in the order of firing.
* The average points obtained in this practice added to the average
obtained in " practice of company in third class," and that of " file firing
and volleys," will denote the merit of the company.
42 IKSTRUCnON OP MUSKETRY*
1st When only 70 roundB per man are available, the practice
will be conducted as detailed in these instructions, except that
the practice of the third period will be omitted. Should there
be any number of rounds over, they will be used in the instruc-
tion of the men of the third class by firing from a rest, at dis-
tances from 300 to 600 yards.
2nd. When 60 rounds, the practice of the third period will be
omitted, and 10 rounds only will be expended in the second
period ; viz., in the third class, five at 200 and five at 300 yards ;
and in the second class, five at 400 and five at 600 yards.
Whenever the practice ground does not afford a longer range
than 600 yards, and the regulation allowance of 90 rounds per
man is available, the men of the first class will expend the 20
rounds allotted to the practice of the first class in skirmishing,
advancing and retiring between 600 and 400 yards. This prac-
tice will be registered, but will not be included in any return.
When the range only extends to 400 or 500 yards, all those
men who pass into the second class during the first period will
expend the amount of ammunition allotted to the second period,
at distances between 300 yards and the extreme limits of the
range ; taking care that the ammunition is equally divided be-
tween those distances. The practice of the third period will be
omitted, and the battalion will not expend more than 70 rounds
per man in the annual course of practice.
When the range extends to 300 yards only, all those men who
pass into the second class during the first period will repeat the
practice of the third class during the second period. It must be
understood, however, that when a man has once passed into the
second class, he cannot be reduced during the annual course of
practice, even although he may fail in going over the same dis-
tances a second time. At the close of the second period no
further classification can be made in the case of those who have
already passed into the second class, by the practice of the first
period ; but a reorganization of the classes will take place, when
every man will be placed individually according to his perform-
ances in the second period. The skirmishing in this case can
only be carried on between 300 and 200 yards. The bat-
INBTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY. 43
talion will only expend 70 rotmds during its annual conne of
practice.
So long as 60 ronnds per man are available, and the range
extends to 300 yards, the following practices will in all cases be
gone throngh, without the slightest alteration either of the
amount of ammunition or distance, viz., " The Practice of the
Company in the Third Clour " FUe firing and VoUeys" and
** Skirmiihing " Practice ; but should a still further reduction be
unavoidable, the skirmishing practice may be reduced to ten
rounds, or if necessary, discontinued altogether ; the whole of the
course of practice must, in this case, be conducted as much as
possible in conformity to the instructions contained in this book,
according to the discretion of the commanding officer and in-
structor.
Whenever a single company is detached from its head quar-
ters, and means of practice are provided, the company will exer-
cise in conformity to the instructions herein contained, and at
the conclusion of the practice a company return of the established
form will be sent in to head quarters. An assistant non-com«
missioned officer instructor should be temporarily appointed, in
addition to the company instructor.
Whenever two or more companies are detached, the assistant
officer instructor should join the detachment during the period
of target practice; provided always, that both regiment and de-
tachment are in the United Kingdom of Oreat Britain or Ire-
land, or in any part of Her Majesty's dominions, where this may
be practicable.
When practicable, it will be desirable that a company should
be kept off duty, for not more than one week at a time, to enable
it to proceed with its practice without interruption ; but should
the severity of the duty be such as to prevent this arrangement,
the same class of the different companies will parade at the same
time, accompanied by a non-commissioned officer of the com-
pany (if possible, the non-commissioned officer instructor), each
company keeping its own register of practice, and causing them
to be signed as before laid down.
Should any men be absent when a company or class is firing
44 iJszBTCTni: mnsEcass^
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mmUHST OP" CMK SBKZ «»->- — -L
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4ifwrd Zf/Jjmt^ ialotgt^ will besmtckBd fmmv&cdixm
tJbttt^befooiidocmTeDkotlivtliepnKi^ takn^^Qwe^liow-
evtf ^ to w§rj the gioaad as mndi as posaUe fer Ae di£ferent
Tbe ewd, <irdiaiB, will be dirided iatoputs of fiveyaids
«ieb^ aodthedifltanee of eachdnriaon from the tuget will be
ntunbered oil wmII bito of pardimpnt attadied to the ccMPd at the
dlyUAoim; the BgwreB on the fatts of parehmcait attadied to the
eord ftbonld not be boge enoog^ to be dtstingiiished exo^ on
dom iiuipeeticnL
The commnnder will fix <m a point at any uncertain distance
to commence the practice, and be will £dl the section in, abont
tm paced to the left ci this station, fusing the object; he will
tb4m call each man in snccession to the point selected, and the
man will then jndge the distance in yards, and his answer will
im noted down in a register of the form marked D, after which
be will pass on about ten paces to the right of the cord.
As the commander will always select a division of five yards
INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY. 46
for the practice, the men should be cautioned to complete a di«
vision of five yards in giving their answers.
After all the answers of the section have been noted down, the
commander will refer to the cord, and state the correct dis-
tances alond to the men, as well as the number of points ob-
tained by each individual : he will also note the correct distance
at the top of the column.
When the men are tolerably advanced in this practice, it will
be found advisable to read the answers only to the men at each
station, reserving the correct distance for the conclusion of the
practice, in order to preclude the possibility of any clue being
obtained by noting the distance from the stations at which they
may have been previously examined.
After the section has been exercised at one station they may
proceed to another, taking care, however, to march them by a
circuitous route, obliquing to the right or left, in order that the
men may not be unable to pace the distance from the preceding
station.
The commander of the practice will take care that the strict-
est silence is preserved throughout the practice, and that the men
should not consult together in judging the distance. The men
in giving their answers must speak in a low tone of voice, that
they may not be overheard by the rest.
The practice of judging distance, like the target practice, will
be divided into three periods, and three classes. The 3rd class
will practise as far as 300 yards, the 2nd to 600 yards, and the
Ist as far as 900 yards.
First Period.
Practice of the Company in the 3rd Class.
This practice may be carried on in general by the sections that
are not occupied in firing when at target practice ; the register will
invariahly be kept by a non-commissioned officer of another
company, and if possible, by a non-commissioned officer instruc-
tor ; at the conclusion of the practice, it will be signed by the
non-commissioned officer who keeps the register, and by a non-
46 INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY.
conmiissioned officer of the company, and connterBigned by the
officer instructor. When there are caflnals, the inituJfi only will
be attached, instead of the signatures, and the register will be
given in to the non-commissioned officer instructor of the batta-
lion at the conclusion of the practice. When the casuals are to
make up their judging distance, the non-commissioned officer
instructor of the company will go to the non-commissioned
officer instructor of the battalion for it, and after the whole of
the register has been filled np, the signatures will be attached in
full ; the register will then be kept until the company instructor
has filled np the colunm of the " Ist Period " in the judging
distance practice return, after which they will be given in to the
non-commissioned officer instructor of the battalion. The
columns of this period will be signed by the captain of the com-
pany and by the officer instructor, who will previously compare
it carefully with the registers.
In the practice of the company in the third class every man
will be exercised at 16 different stations, and in general it will
spread over a period of four days. All those who answer the
correct distance will be noted in the column of points with No. 3 ;
those who answer within five yards inclusive; with No. 2 ; within
ten yards, with No. 1 ; remainder 0.
All those men who obtain in the whole practice a total num-
ber of points equal to the number of answers given will pass into
the second class, the remainder will recommence the practice of
the third class.
Seoond Period.
Practice of the 2nd and 8rd Class,
The whole company will now be told off in two classes and into
sections, and the practices continued in that order ; another cord
will be stretched in continuation of the first, as far as 600 yards, for
the practice of the second class. Every man who judges within five
yards inclusive will be registered with No. 3 ; those who judge
within 10 yards, with No. 2 ; those who judge within 15 yards,
with No. 1 ; and the remainder with 0. At the conclusion of
INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY. 47
the second period, the colnmns of the second period inihe judg-
ing distance practice return will be filled up, and signed by the
captain and officer instructor as before. All those who in the
practice of the second class have obtained a total number of
points equal to the number of answers given will pass into the
first class, the remainder will repeat the practice of the second
class. Every man will be exercised at 16 different distances in
the practice of the second period. The test for passing from the
third to the second class will be the same as in the practice of
the company in the third class.
TnmD Pbbiod.
Practice of the Ist^ 2nd^ and Srd Class.
The three classes will be told off as before. The second class
will now be composed partly of men who repeat the practice of
the second class, and partly of men who have passed out of the third
class. The answers of the men of the first class will be regis-
tered as follows : viz., within 10 yards, with No. 3 ; within 15
yards, with No. 2 ; within 20 yards, with No. 1 ; remainder 0.
That man who, in the practice of the first class, obtains the greatest
number of points, will obtain the battalion prize as best judge of
distance. Should one or more men obtain the same number of
points, the prize will be awarded to that man who has obtained
the greatest number of points throughout the whole practice.
Every man will be exercised at 16 different stations in the
practice of the third period. At the conclusion of the third pe-
riod, the columns of this period will be filled up and signed, and
the registers given in to the non-commissioned officer instruc-
tor of the battalion as before.
(Note.) It is to be observed that should the 2nd or Ist Class be brought
to judge within Uie distance of an inferior Class, the points shall then only
be oounted agreeably to the conditions laid down for those classes.
Instruction of Recruits.
Every recruit, before he is allowed to join the practice of the
battalion will be put through the whole of the foregoing course.
48 INSTEUCTION OF MUSKETRY,
with the exception of the judging distance practice, under the
close superintendence of the officer instructor and non-com-
missioned officer instructor of the battalion.
In the aiming drill, the instructor should at first cause the re-
cruit to aim at a small mark placed on the wall of the yard or
barrack room. In this preliminary exercise, the instructor should
confine the attention of the recruits to the following simple
rules : —
1. That the firelock should not incline to the right or left.
2. That the line of sight should be taken along the centre of
the notch of the back sight, and the summit of the fore
sight should cover t^e middle of the mark.
8. That the recruit should fix his eye stedfastly on the mark
aimed at,* and not on the fore sight, which latter will be
easily brought into the alignment if the eye is fixed
stedfastly on the mark.
The instructor should give particular attention to this last rule,
for the beginner is very apt to fix his eye on the fore sight in-
stead of the mark, in which case the latter can never be dis-
tinctly seen, and the difficulty of aiming is greatly increased.
The recruit should never be allowed to aim with his left eye
open ; it is certain, that every man may be brought to accom-
plish this by practice.
In the position drill, the instructor should frequently place him-
self in front of the men, at five or six paces distant, and causing
any man to aim at his right eye, he will be able to ascertain that
he obtains the alignment quickly and correctly, and that it is not
distracted by pulling the trigger.
The squad in these preliminary drills should never consist of
more than five or six men at a time.
Snajffping Caps, and firing Blank Cartridge,
Having distributed three or four caps to each man, the instruc-
tor will place a lighted candle on a table or stand, at eight or
ten paces in front of the squad ; he will then make each man
INSTRUCTION OP MUSKETRY. 49
advance in succession to such a distance from the light that when
aiming, the muzzle may be about a yard from it ; after gom^
through the motions of firing, and loading in the usual Qianner,
putting on the cap, the man will fire aiming at the wick of the
candle, when, if the aim is properly directed, the candle will be
blown out.
In order to accustom the recruit in some measure to the ex-
plosion of the gunpowder and recoil of the piece, the squad
should then be made to fire a few rounds of blank cartridge, in
file firing and volleys, before it commences the practice with ball
cartridge.
After all these exercises have been gone through, the soldier
will be competent to join the practice of his battalion; but any
man who concludes his practice as a recruit after the target prac-
tice of his battalion has commenced, will not fire with his bat-
talion until the ensuing year.
A return will be made out by the non-commissioned officer
instructor of the battalion, on the form of a company return, shew-
ing the practice of the recruits yearly ; also an index will be kept
of the preliminary drills.
Prizes.
Prizes will be awarded at the conclusion of the whole practice,
subject to such arrangements as may be hereafter approved by
His Lordship Ck)mmanding in ChieL
Returns, &c.
The following forms will be made use of in the different
branches of the instruction.
1 An Index for the PreUminary Instruction.
This index is to be filled in by the company's instructor after
each drill or parade.
o
50 INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETBY.
2 A Register of Practice for Indimdual Firing. [A.]
This register is invariably to be kept in ink on the practice
gronnd, and any erasure that may be necessary will be marked
through with a fine line, and corrected ; the correction will in-
variably receive the initials of an officer. This register has a
duplicate column of " total points," which must be torn off at the
conclusion of each practice, and given in to the non-commissioned
officer instructor of the battalion, who will write on the back the
number of the section, company, or class, as also the period, dis-
tance, and date. At the conclusion of each practice, the register
will be signed by the company instructor, or serjeant doing the
duty of company instructor, and by the serjeant who has been
marking at the butt, and countersigned by the officer instructor.
When there are casuals, the register will only receive the initials
of these Serjeants, and the column of " total points " will not be
torn off till the register is completed, when it will receive the
signatures in full.
3 A Company Return. [B.]
To be filled up by the company instructor as the practice pro-
ceeds.
Each period when completed will be signed by the captain and
by the officer instructor, after having been carefully compared
with the registers and with the checks kept by the non-com-
missioned officer instructor of the battalion.
4 A Battalion Return. [C]
To be filled in by the officer instructor as the practice proceeds.
At the bottom will be noted the number of rounds per man
drawn from the Ordnance Department, as also the number of
rounds expended by each man who has completed the annual
course of practice. These figures are merely intended to shew
INSTRUCTION OF MUSKETRY. 61
that the proper course has been gone tibroagh, according to the
extent of range ; they are not intended as a check on the expen-
diture of ammunition. This return will be signed by the officer
commanding the battalion, and by the officer instructor.
5 A Register of Judging Distance Practice. [D.]
To be kept on the ground by a seijeant of another company, to
be signed by him and also by a non-commissioned officer of the
company that is practising. In all other points, this register will
be kept on the same principles as the system of target practice.
6 A Company Return of Judging Distance Practice, [E.]
To be filled in as the practice proceeds, and signed like the
company return for target practice.
7 Diagrams, for File-firing and Vollegs, and Skirmishing
Practice. [F. & G.]
This diagram will be marked off at the conclusion of each
practice, signed by the two seijeants, and countersigned as be-
fore. Diagrams of the same description may also be made use of
in the practices of firing individually; in which case, they should
be kept in the marker's butt, and each shot noted as it strikes ;
they will then serve as a check to the registers.
By Command,
G. A. Wbthbrall,
D.A. Q,
52
Recapitulation of the Nuxbeb of Drills or Practigbs to be occu-
pied in the Instruction op Musketry by every Non-com-
missioned Officer and Soldier of the Battalion annually, and
by the Eecruits before they join in the Practice of the Bat-
talion.
N.C. Offloen
and Soldiers.
Becmits.
RKiussa.
1
No. of
DrUlaor
Practices.
No. of
Bounds.
No. of
Drills or
Practices.
No. of
Bounds.
TheoreUcal Principles .
6
Jill
...
Cleaning Amu . . . «
Aiming DriU . . . .
PosiUonDriU . . . .
6
e
6
;;;
...
...
87 the N.C. Officer Inatructor
ererj two months.
By the Officer Instructor.
By the Officer Instructor.
Ko.ofPer.
cussion
Caps.
Blank
Cartridge
Snapping Caps and Blank
Judging Distance Drill .
...
...
20
20
By the Officer Instructor.
12
According
...
By the Officer Instructor.
to the dis-
cretion of
Officer In-
structor.
P&AOnOBS.
Ban
Cartridge
Fir
I
1
ing and Preliminai^
Practice tfom a Best .
■ist Period . . . .
5
20
5
5
20
20
By the Officer Instructor.
In the Company under the
Captain of Companies and
Recruits by the Officer In-
structor.
«. T,^^ 2d Class
2d Period- 3^^,^
6
6 '
20
•)
20
By the Officer Instructor.
Fil
Ski
fist and
3d Period-^ 2d Class
L l3d Class
B Firing and VoUeys .
rmishing Practice . .
^g fist Period . .
6|
1
2
4
30
10
20
2
20
10
20
By the Officer Instructor.
in the Companies by their
Captains, and Becruits by
the Officer Instructor.
Do. do.
By the Officer Instructor.
•5,||^ 2d Period . . .
^q£ tad Period . . .
4
...
...
By the Officer Instructor.
4
...
...
...
By the Officer Instructor.
Total ....
90
110
Obs. — The following Forms have in some cases been reduced
in size for the convenience of printing.
54
[A.]
Rbgistbb of Paactice of the Ist Section^ 2iid Company,
in the drd Class.
Targets, 2. Distance, 300 Yards. Date, August 16th, 1853.
Polnto obtained in firing.
II
1
Rank and Namei.
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
3
Remarks.
1
Seijeant NobM .
1
1
3
2
Corporal Hill* .
3
1
1
3
Private Andrew*
1
3
4
„ Burrage .
3
1
4
5
„ Gardner .
3
2
1
6
„ Pollen .
1
2
3
7
„ Mitchell.
1
2
2
8
„ Talbot .
1
1
1
9
„ Palmer .
3
2
1
10
.. Barker .
3
11
„ Smith .
1
1
1
12
„ Batea. .
1
2
1
13
„ Cpom. .
3
1
2
6
14
„ Butter .
1
3
15
„ Tyler .
2
2
16
„ Cherry .
1
2
1
17
„ Crabb .
3
3
1
18
„ BurgeM .
1
1
3
19
„ Martin .
1
20
„ Poynter .
3
1
1
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Tot
n
Total . .
al divided by the
amber of Men.
75
13
4-40
1^
■I
_ Company Instmctor.
4-40
.Marker.
^Officer Iiutractor.
i Gompanyi Target Practice Retnm.
18
)
J SUmdaluiig.
PracdceB.
i ll a
RoundB.
1 I 10
Distance.
fS
to400yarda.
Men pregent.
REMARKS.
-
-t 1
i 1
-i 1
--J 1
• 1
* 1
1) 1
DiMbarged Hoq^tal.
264103
108
tractor.
Captain.
OiBoer Instmctor.
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London :
Parker, Fumivall, and Parker,
Military Library, Whitehall.
LONDON :
MILITARY LIBRA BY,
WHITEHALL.
The Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Army.
July 1844. 8». 6rf.
Addenda to the Queen's Regulations, containing
Copies of Orders from the Ist July, 1844, to the Slst March,
1854, with an Analytical Index. 6«.
Special Instructions for the Officers of the Quarter-
Master-Generars Department, 20th March, 1854. 2«. 6d.
Regulations for Encampment8,Quarter-Master-Gene-
ral's Office, Horse Guards, 11th May, 1853. 2a. 6d,
Regulations for the Instruction, Formations, and
Movements of the Cavalry. Revised and Corrected. 1851. 8».
Instructions for Officers and Non-commissioned
Officers ot Cavalry on ()ut-post Duty. 2«.
The Carbine, the Pistol, and the Lance Exercises.
Revised and Corrected. 1850. 28,
The Platoon Exercise, and different Firings for the
ordinary or Rifle Musket. Horse Guards, 18th June, 1854. 6</.
The Infantry Manual, in which is embodied the
Platoon Exercise as revised 13th June, 1854. 2s.
Abridgment of the Field Exercise and Evolutions,
for the use of the Militia. 1854. 2a.
In the compilation of this Manual of Inatructions in Field Morements, it is
aasnmed that the Regiments of Militia have been sufficiently taught the preliminary
drill of a recruit, and that he knows his facings, his time of march and length of
pace, his wheelings, &c., without a knowledge of which no movement, however
simple, can be correctly performed.
The movements are confined to the most necessary of those in which the
Army is instructed, and to such only as have been found to be practically useAiI
on service. — Introduction.
BY
PARKER, FURNIVALL, AND PARKER,
MILITABr LIBBARY, WHITEHALL,
LONDON.
DlflFORM SERIES OF PORTABLE MHJTART BOOKS.
In Duodecimo^ Bound in Cloth,
Manual of Information for Candidates for Commis-
dons. By Alfred Downes. St.
Manual of Information for Regimental Officers. By
Captain F. TorrenB Lyster. 2», 6cf.
The Subaltern's Check Book. 28. 6d.
Six Familiar Lectures for Young Officers. By a
Field Officer. Plates. 4#. W.
The Military Topography of Continental Europe.
Adapted from the French of Lavall^, by Colonel J. R.
Jackson. 8t.
Military Geography, its Nature, Object, and Impor-
tance. By (Lionel J. B. Jackson. 2«. 6</.
Manual of Outpost Duties. By Lieut-General Lord
Frederick FitzClarence. 4«. M.
Essentials of Good Skirmishing. By Colonel G.
Gawler, K.H. Second Edition. 2«. 6<f.
Principles of the Minor Operations of War. Trans-
lated from the French of Lallemand, by Major Sir Thomas
Troubridge, Bart. 6a,
Divisional Tactics. Adapted by Inigo Jones, Lieut-
Colonel, from the improvea French Edition of Decker's Three
Arms. 4«.
Su^estions on Brigade and Light Infantry. By Lord
Frederick FitzClarence. 2«. W.
Sinnott's Manual of Light Lifantry and other Military
Duties. 4a,
Manual of Position Drill, with 55 Figures, l^. 6^.
Tabular Arrangement of Battalion Drill. By Major
Sir Thomas Tronbridge, Bart. Corrected Edition, oa.
Manual of Battalion Drill. By Captain F. Torrens
Lyster. 2a. Sd.
The Cavalry Catechism. By Captain Bobbins, late
6th Dragoon Guards. 5a.
On Breaking and Training Young Horses. By
Seijeant-Major Turner, late Boyal Horse Ghiards. 2a, 6cr.
The Barrack Ready Beckoner. By Thomas Smith,
Esq., late Carabiniers. la, 6d.
The Law relating to Officers in the Army. By Harril
Prendei^gast, of Lincoln's Inn, Esq. Revised Edition. %a» 6{f.
Alao by the aame Author j
The Law relating to Officers of the Navy. Two
▼ols. io«. M.
Pabkeb, Fubnivall, & Pabkeb,
Mtlitaby Libbaby, Whitehall, London.
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