An international idiom : a manual of the Oregon trade language, or "Chinook jargon"

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u

PURCHASED FOR THE

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

FROM THE

CANADA COUNCIL SPECIAL GRANT

FOR

ANTHROPOLOGY

OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE,

OK

"CHINOOK JARGON."

AN INTERNATIONAL IDIOM.

A MANUAL OF THE

OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE,

OR

"CHINOOK JARGON."

BY HORATIO HALE, M.A., F.R.S.C.,

MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL

INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ; OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL

SOCIETIES OF VIENNA AND WASHINGTON ; OF THE

CANADIAN INSTITUTE, ETC.

A uthor of" Ethnography and Philology of the U.S. Exploring Expedition
" The Iroquois Book of Rites" &>c.

co

CT3

LONDON :
WHITTAKER & CO., WHITE HAR

PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
1890.

PM

CHISWICK PRESS: — c. WHITTINGHAM AND co., TOOKS COURT,

CHANCERY LANE.

PREFATORY NOTE.

THE following treatise was designed to form part of a

lorn-or *7r»1

rvf linmiicfrir»c

work nf

CORRIGENDA.
P. 10, line 10, for q read g.

,, ,, 12 from below under "Jargon," for ikeh' read tiketi .
» " 6 »» 55 " Chinook," for taghka read iaghka.

best results, among populations in various stages of civi-
lization, speaking more than twenty distinct languages,
and diffused over a territory nearly half as large as
Europe.

Extract from the " Introduction to the Study of the Human
Races ; " by A. de Quatrefages. Part //., /. 603. (Paris, 1889.)

" The formation of these new languages deserves to attract the
attention of linguists ; and it will be fortunate if the example given
by Mr. Hale should arouse their interest on this point. That
eminent anthropologist has found in Oregon and north of that
country a sort of lingua franca^ which, born at first of the neces-
sities of commerce, is to-day employed almost solely by many indi-
viduals. This idiom has already its vocabulary, its rules, its
grammar. The elements composing it are borrowed from four
languages — two American (Nootka and Chinook) and two European
(French and English). A certain number of words have been
formed by onomatopoeia ; and the language admits the formation of
compound words to supply the deficiencies of its vocabulary."

CONTENTS.

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE .

ITS ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION

GRAMMAR

PAST AND FUTURE OF THE LANGUAGE

SONGS ......

HYMNS

A MISSIONARY SERMON .

THE LORD'S PRAYER

DICTIONARY : —

TRADE LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH
ENGLISH AND TRADE LANGUAGE

PAGE

I

3
9

12

19
24
26
28

37

39
53

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE,

OR,

"CHINOOK JARGON."

THE interest recently awakened in the subject of an in-
ternational language has given a new importance to a
study originally made for purely scientific purposes more
than forty years ago. As a member of the United States
Exploring Expedition, which surveyed a portion of the
western coast of North America in 1841, I undertook the
charge of giving an account of the ethnology of Oregon.
This name, now restricted to a single State, was then ap-
plied to an unorganized and undefined territory, a " de-
batable land," as it might have been truly styled, which
stretched northward between the Rocky Mountains and
the Pacific, from what was then the Mexican province of
California to the as yet undetermined limit of the British
possessions. My opportunities, however, did not allow
me to extend my researches much to the north of the
present southern boundary of those possessions. Within
the space thus limited — a space larger than France —
there was ample work to occupy an ethnologist for a

6

2 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:

much longer time than I was enabled to devote to the
task.

On commencing that work I encountered at once two
remarkable phenomena, the one of which added greatly to
the labour of the inquirer, while the other afforded an
equally notable and unexpected help. The great obstacle,
as it seemed, and indeed was — though it has proved ulti-
mately the source of most valuable gains to philological
science — was the surprising number of distinct languages
which were found to exist within this limited area.
Twelve of these languages were distinct, not in the sense
in which the Spanish differs from the Italian, but in the
sense in which the Hebrew differs from the English ; that
is, they belonged to separate linguistic stocks, utterly dis-
similar in words and in grammar. Furthermore, several
of these stocks were split up into dialects, which some-
times differed so widely that the speakers of one of them
could not be understood by the speakers of another. To
work one's way through this maze of idioms, many of
them exceedingly harsh and obscure in pronunciation and
intricate in construction, to a correct classification of
tribes and stocks, seemed likely to be a work of no small
difficulty.

But the perplexity was lightened and almost removed
by an aid which, as it appeared, this very difficulty had
called into being. The needs of commerce, that had
suddenly arisen with the advent of the foreign traders,
required some common medium of communication. The
" Trade Language," which came afterwards to be known

ITS ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. 3

as the " Chinook Jargon," grew into existence. As finally
developed, it has become really an " international speech,"
widely diffused among the fifty tribes of Oregon, British
Columbia, and Alaska, and of inestimable service, not
only to commerce, but to science, to missionary efforts,
and to the convenience of travellers. Nor were even
these the chief benefits which have sprung from it. A
well-informed writer, Mr. James Deans, in a recent article
relating to the tribes of British Columbia, gives some
striking evidence on this point. " Pride and ignorance of
the languages of their neighbours were," he tells us, " the
principal causes of the wars and ill-feeling between the
various nations. For example, some ill-timed joke would,
through ignorance on the part of the members of another
tribe, be construed into an insult, which their pride would
not allow to go unpunished." This root of infinite mischief
has been extirpated, he informs us, by that " trade lan-
guage or jargon, the Chinook," which " the traders found
it necessary to create," — " than which," he adds, " I know
nothing that has done so much to civilize our native races.
It stimulated friendly intercourse between tribes, by en-
abling them to converse with each other, — whence sworn
foes became lasting friends."1

The origin and character of this interesting speech
cannot perhaps be better described than in the terms in
which my notes, made during the investigation, were
afterwards summarized in my published report.2 These

1 "The Journal of American Folk-Lore" for July, 1888, p. 123.
a " United States Exploring Expedition, under Charles Wilkes,

4 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:

will here be given with such additional information as
later inquiries have procured.

The British and American trading ships first appeared
on the north-west coast during the closing years of the
last century. The great number of languages spoken by
the native tribes proved to be a serious hindrance to their
business. Had it chanced that any one of these lan-
guages was of easy acquisition and very generally diffused,
like the Chippeway among the eastern tribes, the Malay
in the Indian Archipelago, and the Italian in the Mediter-
ranean, it would, no doubt, have been adopted as the
medium of communication between the whites and the
natives. Unfortunately, all these languages — the Nootka,
Nisqually, Chinook, Chihailish, and others — were alike
harsh in pronunciation, complex in structure, and each
spoken over a very limited space. The foreigners, there-
fore, took no pains to become acquainted with any of
them. But, as the harbour of Nootka was at that time
he headquarters or chief emporium of the trade, it was
necessarily the case that some words of the dialect there
spoken became known to the traders, and that the
Indians, on the other hand, were made familiar with a
few English words. These, with the assistance of signs,
were sufficient for the slight intercourse that was then
maintained. Afterwards the traders began to frequent
the Columbia River, and naturally attempted to com-
municate with the natives there by means of the words

U.S.N.," vol. vii., "Ethnography and Philology," by Horatio
Hale, 1846, pp. 635-650.

ITS ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. 5

which they had found intelligible at Nootka. The
Chinooks, who are quick in catching sounds, soon ac-
quired these words, both Nootka and English, and we
find that they were in use among them as early as the
visit of Lewis and Clark, in 1804.

But when, at a later period, the white traders of Astor's
expeditions, and from other quarters, made permanent
establishments in Oregon, it was soon found that the
scanty list of nouns, verbs, and adjectives then in use
was not sufficient for the more constant and general inter-
course which began to take place. A real language,
complete in all its parts, however limited in extent, was
required ; and it was formed by drawing upon the
Chinook for such words as were requisite, in order to add
to the skeleton which they already possessed the sinews
and tendons, the connecting ligaments, as it were, of a
speech. These consisted of the numerals (the ten digits
and the word for hundred), twelve pronouns (I, thou, he,
we, ye, they, this, other, all, both, who, what), and about
twenty adverbs and prepositions (such as — now, then,
formerly, soon, across, ashore, off-shore, inland, above,
below, to, with, &c.). Having appropriated these and a
few other words of the same tongue, the Trade Language
— or, as it now began to be styled, " the Jargon " —
assumed a regular shape, and became of great service as
a means of general intercourse.

But the new idiom received additions from other
sources. The Canadian voyageurs, as they are called,
who enlisted in the service of the American and British

6 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:

fur companies, were brought more closely in contact
with the Indians than any others of the foreigners. They
did not merely trade, they travelled, hunted, ate, and, in
short, lived with them on terms of familiarity. The
consequence was, that several words of the French lan-
guage were added to the slender stock of the Jargon.
These were only such terms as did not previously belong
to it, including the names of various articles of food and
clothing in use among the Canadians (bread, flour, over-
coat, hat), some implements and articles of furniture
(axe, pipe, mill, table, box), several of the parts of the
body (head, mouth, tongue, teeth, neck, hand, foot), and,
characteristically enough, the verbs to run, sing, and
dance. A single conjunction or connective particle,
puts, corrupted to/<?, and used with the various meanings
of then, besides, and, or, and the like, was also derived
from this source.

Eight or ten words were made by what grammarians
term onomatopoeia, — that is, were formed by a rude
attempt to imitate sound, and are therefore the sole and
original property of the Jargon. Considering its mode
of formation, one is rather surprised that the number of
these words is not greater. Liplip is intended to express
the sound of boiling water, and means to boil. Ting-
ting, or, more commonly, tintin (for the nasal sound is
difficult to these Indians) is the ringing of a bell, and
thence any instrument of music. Po, or poo^ is the report
of a gun ; tiktik is for a watch ; tumtum is the word for
heart, and is intended to represent its beating. The

ITS ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. ^

word turn, pronounced with great force, dwelling on the
concluding m, is the nearest approach which the natives
can make to the noise of a cataract ; but they usually
join with it the English word water ^ making tum-wata,
the name which they give to the falls of a river. Mash
represents the sound of anything falling or thrown down
(like the English mash and smash) ; klak is the sound
of a rope suddenly loosed from its fastenings, or " let

go."

All the words thus combined in this singularly con-
structed language, at that stage of its existence, were
found to number, according to my computation, about two
hundred and fifty. Of these, eighteen were of Nootka
origin, forty-one were English, thirty-four French, one
hundred and eleven Chinook, ten formed by onomatopoeia,
and some thirty-eight were of doubtful derivation, though
probably for the most part either Chinook or Nootkan.
But, as might be expected, the language continued to
develop. Its grammar, such as it was, remained the
same, but its lexicon drew contributions from all the
various sources which have been named, and from some
others. In 1863, seventeen years after my list was*/
published, the Smithsonian Institution put forth a " Dic-
tionary of the Chinook Jargon," prepared by the late
George Gibbs, a thoroughly competent investigator. v
His collection comprised nearly five hundred words.
Those of Chinook origin had almost doubled, being
computed at two hundred and twenty-one. The French
had more than doubled, and comprised now ninety-four

8 7 HE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

words. The English terms were sixty-seven. The great
Salish or " Flathead " stock, with whose tribes, next to
the Chinook, the Oregon traders had the largest relations,
furnished thirty-nine words. The Nootka, in its various
dialects, now yielded twenty-four. The others, about
forty, were due to the imitation of natural sounds, or were
of casual or undetermined derivation.

The origin of some of the words is rather whimsical.
The Americans, British, and French are distinguished by
the terms Boston, Kinchotsh (King George), and Pasaiuks,
which is presumed to be the word Fran$ais (as neither^
r, nor the nasal n can be pronounced by the Indians)
with the Chinook plural termination uks added. The
word for blanket, paseesee, is probably from the same
source (fran$aises, French goods or clothing). " Foolish "
is expressed by pelton or pilton, derived from the name
of a deranged person, one Archibald Pelton, whom
the Indians saw at Astoria; his strange appearance
and actions made such an impression upon them, that
thenceforward anyone behaving in an absurd or irrational
manner, was said to act kahkwa Pelton, " like Pelton,"
but the word is now used without the preceding particle.

Since the publication of the vocabulary of Gibbs, no
material change seems to have been made in the lan-
guage. Two later dictionaries of the Jargon have come
into my hands — small pamphlets, both printed in Victoria,
B.C., the one in 1878, and the other as late as 1887.
The former is announced as the " sixth edition," and the
latter is described as a " new edition " — facts which

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. 9

sufficiently prove the continued and extensive use of
this "international speech." There can be no doubt
that it will remain a living and useful language so long
as the native tribes continue to speak their own dialects.
Rude and almost formless as it is, the spontaneous pro-
duct of the commercial needs of mingled races, it has
been the source of great and varied benefits. It may
well serve, if not as a model, at least as a finger-post to
direct us to some higher invention for subserving the
larger uses of an advanced civilization. Viewed in this
light, and also as presenting one of the most curious
specimens of a " mixed language " which philologists
have had the opportunity of analyzing, the Jargon seems
to merit a somewhat careful study.

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION.

In my original account of this language, the usual
" scientific orthography " was adopted. The vowels had
their " continental " sounds (as in German or Italian),
and the consonants their English pronunciation. But
what was then a purely oral idiom has now become a
written language. Books have been printed in it, and
dictionaries published, in which the English orthography
has been adopted. The defects of this orthography are
well known, but, under the circumstances, we have no
choice but to follow it, making up for its deficiencies by
the necessary explanations.

In the phonetics of the language one point is specially

io THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

interesting, both as illustrating the usual result of the
fusion of two or more languages, and as showing one of
the laws which must govern the formation of any inter-
national speech. As the Jargon is to be spoken by English-
men and Frenchmen, and by Indians of at least a dozen
tribes, so as to be alike easy and intelligible to all, it
must admit no sound which cannot be readily pronounced
by all. The numerous harsh Indian gutturals either dis-
appear entirely, or are softened to h and k.1 On the
other hand, the d,f, q, r, v, z, of the English and French
become in the mouth of a Chinook /, p, k, /, w, and s.
The English j (dzh) is changed to ch (tsh) ; the French
nasal n is dropped, or is retained without its nasal sound.
The following examples will serve to illustrate these and
other changes. In writing the Indian words, the gutturals
are expressed by gh (or kh) and q, and the vowels have
their Italian sounds :

Chinooki Jargon. Meaning.

taqegh, ikeh>, to wish, will, desire.

thliaksO) yakso, hair.

eleghe, illahee, earth, land, country.

etsghot, itshoot, bear.

opthleke, opitlkeh, bow.

tkalaitanam, kali'tan, arrow, shot, bullet.

taghka, yahka, he, his.

ntshaika, nesi'ka, we.

mshaika, mesi'ka, ye.

1 Some writers, however, retain in the Jargon the "digraph"
gh, to express, in some words of Chinook origin, the sound of the
German gutteral ch in Buch.

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION.

ii

Chinook.

Jargon.

Meaning.

thlaitshka,

klaska,

they.

ight,

ikt,

one.

tkhlon,

klone,

three.

kustoghtkin,

state kin,

eight.

English.

Jargon.

Meaning.

handkerchief,

hakatshum,

handkerchief.

cry,

cly, kali',

cry, mourn.

coffee,

kaupy,

coffee.

suppose,

spose, pos,

if, supposing.

stick,

stick,

stick, wood, tree,

wooden.

fire,

piah,

fire, cook, ripe.

sun,

sun,

sun, day.

stone,

stone,

stone, bone, anything

solid.

dry,

tly, dely',

dry.

•warm,

waum,

warm.

cold,

kole, cole,

cold, winter, year.

skin,

skin,

skin, bark.

French.

Jargon.

Meaning.

courir,

kooley,

run.

la bouche,

laboos',

mouth.

la hache,

lahash',

axe.

la graisse,

lakhs',

grease.

le mouton,

lemooto,

sheep.

le main,

lemah',

hand.

le loup,

leloo',

wolf.

poudre,

pdlalie,

gunpowder.

sauvage,

si'wash,

Indian.

chapeau,

seahpo,

hat.

As will be seen, the orthography of the Jargon is
unsettled and capricious. Most writers spell Indian and
French words " by the ear," but use the ordinary English

12 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

spelling for the English words comprised in the language,
without regard to uniformity.

GRAMMAR.

The grammatical rules are very simple. There are no
inflections. The language has no article. The demon-
strative pronoun, okook, this, occasionally supplies the
place of the English the.

The genitive of nouns is determined merely by the
construction; as, kahtanem mika papa? (lit, what name
thy father), what is the name of your father?

The plural is in general not distinguished in speaking ;
sometimes hyut many, is employed by way of emphasis.

The adjective precedes the noun, as in English and
Chinook; as, lasway hakatshum, silk handkerchief;
mesahchie tilikiim, bad people.

Comparison is expressed by a periphrasis. " I am
stronger than thou," would be wake mika skookum
kahkwa nika, lit., " thou not strong as I." The super-
lative is indicated by adverbs ; as, hyas oleman okook
canim, that canoe is the oldest, lit., "very old that
canoe;" siah ahnkottie, very ancient (lit., far ago). A
great deal is expressed by the mere stress of the voice ;
hyas" (dwelling long on the last syllable) means exceed-
ingly great. Ahri'kottie, with the first syllable drawn out,
signifies very long ago ; so hyak?, very quick ; hyu", a
great many ; tenas*, very small, &c.

The numerals are from the Chinook. They are —

GRAMMAR. i$

ikt, one. sinamoxt) seven.

rnoxty two. stotekin, eight.

klone, three. kwaist, nine.

/#&/, four. tahtlelum, lahtlum, ten.

kwinmtm, five. takamonuk, hundred.
tag/mm, or tahkum, six.

The combinations of the numerals are the simplest
possible. Eleven is tahtlum pe ikt, ten and one ; twelve is
tahtlum pe moxt, &c. Twenty is moxt tahtlum ; thirty,
klone tahtlum. Thousand is tahtlum takamonuk. " Eigh-
teen hundred and eighty-nine" would be tahtlum pe
stolekin takamonuk stotekin tahtlum pe kwaist.

The personal pronouns are —

nika, I. nesika, we.

mika, thou. mesika, ye.

yahka, he. klaska, they.

Nasaika (or ntshaika) in Chinook means "we here,"
excluding the person addressed. In the Jargon, nesika
is used in a more general sense, though alhika (in
Chinook alghaikd), which means " we all " (including the
person addressed), is sometimes employed by those
who understand the native idiom.

The personal pronouns become possessive merely
by being prefixed to nouns ; as, nika house, my house ;
mika papa, thy father; nesika illahee, our land.

The interrogative pronouns are, klaksta, who ? kata or
ikta, what ? and kunjik, how many or how much ? The
latter is also used for when? i.e. how much time, how
many days ?

14 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

The relative pronouns must, in general, be understood ;
as, kah okoke sahmun mika wawa nika ? where is that
salmon [of which] you told me? Sometimes, however,
the interrogative pronouns supply their place, as in Eng-
lish ; thus, wek nika kumtuks ikta mika wawa, I do not
understand what you say.

Okoke, this or that, is the only demonstrative pronoun.

The indefinite pronouns are, kunamoxt, both ; halo,
none ; konaway, all ; hyu, much or many ; tenas, few or
little ; huloima, other.

In general, the tense of the verb is left to be inferred
from the context. When it is absolutely necessary to
distinguish the time, certain adverbs are employed ; as,
chee, just now, lately ; alta, now, at present ; winapie, pre-
sently ; alkie^ soon ; ahnkuttie, formerly ; okoke-sun, to-
day ; tomolla, to-morrow ; tahlkie, yesterday.

The future, in the sense of "about to," "ready to," is
sometimes expressed by tikeh or tikegh, which means pro-
perly to wish or desire ; as, nika papa tikegh mimaloose, my
father is near dying, or about to die.

A conditional or suppositive meaning is given to a sen-
tence by the words klonass, perhaps, and spose (from the
English " suppose ") used rather indefinitely. Nika kwass
nika papa klonass mimaloose, I fear my father will die
(lit., I afraid my father perhaps die). Spose mika klatawa
yahwa, pe nika chaco kahkwa, if you will go yonder, I will
follow (lit., suppose you go that way, then I come the
same). Na (or nah) is a common interrogative particle ;
sick na mika, are you sick ?

GRAMMAR. 15

The substantive verb is always to be understood from
the form of the sentence ; as, mikapelton, thou art foolish ;
hyas oluman mika house, very old (is) thy house.

The adverb usually precedes the adjective or verb
which it qualifies, though it may sometimes follow the
latter ; as, hyas kloshe, very good ; nika hyas tikeh kum-
tuks, I very much wish to know ; pahtlatch weght, give
more, or again.

There is but one true preposition, kopa, which is used
in various senses, — to, for, at, in, among, about, towards,
&c. ; but even this may generally be omitted, and the
sentence remain intelligible. Nika klatawa nika house
(I go my house) can only mean "I am going to my
house." Keekwilie^ down, is used in the sense of " be-
neath," and saghalie, high up, in the sense of "above."
Kunamoxt, both, or together, is sometimes used in the
sense of " with."

Only two conjunctions, properly speaking, are found
in the language— /te, from the French woidpms, used to
mean and, or, then, but, &c., and spose (often contracted
to pos), from " suppose," employed in the sense of if,
when, in case that, provided that, and in general, as has
been said, as a sign of the subjunctive or conditional
mood.

It will be noticed that these two conjunctions form the
only exceptions to the rule that all the grammatical
elements of the Jargon are derived from the proper
Chinook language. The pronouns and the numerals are
pure Chinook. The fact thus brought to view accords

1 6 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

with the well-known law of linguistic science, that in
every mixed language the grammar is mainly derived
from one of the constituent idioms, which must conse-
quently determine the stock of the composite speech.
The Oregon Trade Language, though framed mainly by
English-speaking men, must be held to be, philologically,
a dialect of the Chinook stock, just as the English, in
spite of its immense store of Romanic words, is properly
classed as a Teutonic idiom.

It may not at first be easy to comprehend how a lan-
guage composed of so few words, thus inartificially com-
bined, can be extensively used as the sole medium of
communication among many thousand individuals.
Various circumstances, however, are to be borne in mind
in estimating its value as such a medium. In the first
place, it is to be observed that many of the words have a
very general sense, and may receive different, though
allied significations, according to the context. Thus
mahkook is to trade, buy, sell, or barter, and, as a noun,
a dealing, bargain, or exchange; hyas mahkook (great
bargain) signifies dear or precious \ tenas mahkook (small
bargain), cheap. Sahhalie (or saghalie) expresses above,
up, over, high, tall, and, as a noun, the upper region,
heaven. Stik, or stick, is stick, wood, tree, forest, club,
cane. Solleks is angry, hostile, to quarrel, fight. Mitlite
is to sit, reside, remain, stop, and may also express to
have and to be ; as, mitlite hyu sahmun kopa mika ? have
you plenty of salmon ? (lit., remains much salmon to
you ?) Muckamuck is to take anything into the mouth ;

GRAMMAR. 17

hence, muckamuck sahmun, to eat salmon; muckamuck
chuck, to drink water ; muckamuck kinootl, to smoke or
chew tobacco.

But it is in the faculty of combining and compounding
its simple vocables — a power which it doubtless derives,
in some degree, from its connection with the Indian
tongues — that the Jargon has its capacity for expression
almost indefinitely extended. Three or four hundred
words may be learned without difficulty in a week or
two, and a very short time will make the learner familiar
with their ordinary use and construction. He will then
have no difficulty in understanding the numerous com-
pounds which, if they had been simple words, would
have cost him much additional labour. Almost every
verb and adjective may receive a new signification by
prefixing mamook, to make or cause. Thus, mamook
chaco (to make to come), to bring; mamook klatawa
(make to go), to send or drive away ; mamook po (make
blow), to fire a gun ; mamook kloshe (make good), to re-
pair, adorn, put in order, cure ; mamook keekwilee (put
low), to put down, lower, bury ; mamook klimmin (make
soft, or fine in substance), to soften, as a skin — also, to
grind, as wheat ; mamook papeh (make paper), to write
or draw ; mamook kumtuks (make to know), to teach.

The following instances will show the usual mode of
forming compound terms. From the English words
(adopted into the Jargon) man, ship, stick, stone, sail,
house, skin, are formed shipman, sailor ; shipstick, mast or
spar; stickskin, bark; sailhouse, tent; stickstone, a piece

c

i8 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:

of petrified wood. The latter term was used by a native
who saw a geologist collecting specimens of that descrip-
tion ; whether it was composed on the spot, or was
already in use, is not known. Hyu-house (many houses)
is the common term for town ; cole-illahee, waum-illahee
(cold country, warm country), mean summer and winter.
Cole-sick-waum-sick (cold sickness, warm sickness), pro-
nounced as one word, is the expressive term for the ague-
fever. Kopet kumtuks (no longer know) means to forget.
Tenas-man (little man) is the term for boy ; tenas klootsh-
man (little woman), for girl. The usual expression for
God is Saghalie-Tyee, lit. above-chief, or the heavenly
chief. Turn, heavy noise, and wata, make tum-wata, a
cataract. Cole-snass (cold rain) is snow.

Finally, in the Jargon, as in the spoken Chinese, a
good deal is expressed by the tone of voice, the look, and
the gesture of the speaker. The Indians in general —
contrary to what seems to be a common opinion — are
very sparing of their gesticulations. No languages, pro-
bably, require less assistance from this source than theirs.
Every circumstance and qualification of their thought are
expressed in their speech with a minuteness which, to
those accustomed only to the languages of Europe, ap-
pears exaggerated and idle, — as much so as the forms of
the German and Latin may seem to the Chinese. We
frequently had occasion to observe the sudden change
produced when a party of natives, who had been convers-
ing in their own tongue, were joined by a foreigner, with
whom it was necessary to speak in the Jargon. The coun-

ITS PAST AND FUTURE. 19

tenances which had before been grave, stolid, and inex-
pressive, were instantly lighted up with animation ; the
low, monotonous tone became lively and modulated ;
every feature was active ; the head, the arms, and the
whole body were in motion, and every look and gesture
became instinct with meaning. One who knew merely
the subject of the discourse might often have compre-
hended, from this source alone, the general purport of
the conversation.

THE PAST AND FUTURE OF THE JARGON.

The notes from which the foregoing account of the
Trade Language has been chiefly drawn were made, shortly
before the middle of the century, at Fort Vancouver, on
the Columbia River, then the headquarters of the
Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon. The following de-
scription, written at the time, may be cited, as possess-
ing now some historical interest : —

" The place at which the Jargon is most in use is at
Fort Vancouver. At this establishment five languages
are spoken by about five hundred persons, namely, the
English, the Canadian French, the Chinook, the Cree,
and the Hawaiian. The three former are already ac-
counted for. The Cree is the language spoken in the
families of many officers and men belonging to the
Hudson's Bay Company, who have married half-breed
wives at the ports east of the Rocky Mountains. The
Hawaiian is in use among about a hundred natives of the

20 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE:

Sandwich Islands, who are employed as labourers about
the Fort. Besides these five languages, there are many
others, the Chehalis, Wallawalla, Calapooya, Nisqually,
&c., which are daily heard from the natives who visit the
Fort for the purpose of trading. Among all these
persons there are very few who understand more than
two languages, and many who speak only their own.
The general communication is, therefore, maintained
chiefly by means of the Jargon, which may be said to be
the prevailing idiom. There are Canadians and half-
breeds who have married Chinook women, and can only
converse with their wives in this speech ; and it is the
fact, strange as it may seem, that many young children
are growing up to whom this factitious language is really
the mother-tongue, and who speak it with more readiness
and perfection than any other. Could the state of
things which exists there be suffered to remain a century
longer, the result might be the formation of a race and
idiom whose affinities would be a puzzle to ethno-
graphers. The tide of population, however, wjrich is
now turning in this direction, will soon overwhelm and
absorb all these scattered fragments of peculiar lineage
land speech, leaving no trace behind but such as may
exist on the written page."

The concluding prediction, which seemed at the time
well warranted, has been but partly fulfilled. The lan-
guage, in fact, seems destined to a long life and wide
usefulness, though in a region somewhat remote from its
original seat. On the site of Fort Vancouver it is now

ITS PAST AND FUTURE. 21

only heard from stray Indians who have wandered
thither from their reservations. But on the reservations
and in the interior it is still in frequent use. Its great
field of usefulness, however, is now, as has been said, in
the northern regions. In British Columbia and in parts
of Alaska it is the prevailing medium of intercourse
between the whites and the natives. There, too, the
Indian tribes are not likely to die out. Along the rugged
coast and in the mountainous interior there are friths
and defiles which the white settler disdains, but where
the hardy native fishermen, hunters, and trappers find
ample means of livelihood. These natives seem destined
to be hereafter to the whites of the valleys and towns
what the Lapps are to the Swedes, and the Samoyeds to
the Russians, an alien race of semi-barbarous but peace-
ful borderers, maintaining their own customs and lan-
guages, but keeping up a friendly commerce with their
civilized neighbours. This commerce will probably be
carried on for centuries by means of the Trade Language.
When we note the persistency with which such isolated
tribes preserve their own idioms — as in Wales, in the
Scottish Highlands, in the Pyrenees and the Caucasus —
we may find reason to believe that the Jargon will still
have its office of an international speech to fulfil, among
the many-languaged tribes of North- Western America,
for hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of years to come.

22

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

THE LANGUAGE AS SPOKEN.

In addition to the examples of construction given in
the foregoing pages, the following colloquial phrases,
written down as they were heard from the natives and
others versed in the idiom, will show the manner in
which it is employed as a medium of ordinary inter-
course : —

Nah, siks !
Klahowyah.

Kah mika house 1

Kah mika klatawa f

Kah mika chahko ?

Pahtlatch chuck.

Hyas olo chuck nika.

Hyas olo muckamuck.

Nika klatawa kopa canim.

Kopet wawa.

Kunjik mika tillikum ?

Tahtlum pe klone house kon-

away.

Nika tikeh muckamuck mowitsh.
Kunjik sahmun mika makook

chahko ?

Moxt tahtlum pe quinnum.
Kahta okok ^vin ?

Hyas win. Halo win.
Okok sun hyas waum.

Kahta nem mika papa ?
Sick mika papa 1

Ho ! friend !

Good day ! (the common saluta-
tion).

Where is your house ?
Where are you going ?
Whence come you ?
Give me some water.
I am very thirsty.
Very hungry.
I am going in a canoe.
Do not talk.

How many are your people ?
Thirteen houses in all.

I want to eat some venison.
How many salmon do you bring

to trade ?
Twenty-five.
How was the wind ? (What that

wind ?)

Strong wind. No wind.
The sun (or day) was very

warm.
What is the name of your

father ?
Is your father sick ?

COLLOQUIAL AND NARRATIVE PHRASES. 23

His leg is broken.
Truly he is very miserable.
Do you think it will rain ?
That tree fell to the ground.
I wish very much to learn to

write.
Formerly I used to (lit. knew

to) steal much ; now my heart

is changed.
Why do you not go and kill

beaver, — and then buy a gun?

Truly all our people are dead.

Very good is that mill ; quickly
it grinds (makes fine) the
corn.

We did not know the channel ;
the ship went aground ; there
was no water (to float it) ; a
strong wind ; it perished ;
went to pieces ; then sank
down under water ; nobody
was drowned ; all got ashore.

We fought the enemy (bad
people) ; we killed three ;
they were twice as many as
we.

The language has already the beginning of a literature.
It has its songs, mostly composed by women, who sing
them to plaintive native tunes. One of these simple
songs, with its music, is given by Mr. J. G. Swan in his
volume, "The North- West Coast," published in 1855.
It might be styled " Annawillee's Lament.'' The de-
serted wife thus reproves her faithless husband :

Kokshut yahka lepee.
Natvitha hyas klahowyam yahka.
Mika na kumtuks alkie snass ?
Okook stick klataiua illahie.
Nika hyas tikeh kumtuks ma-

mook papeh.
Ahnkottie hyas nika kumtuks

kapswalla ; alta kelapi nika

tumtum.
Iktah mika wake klatawa kok-

shut eena, — alke mika mahkook

musket.
Nawitka konaway nesika tillikum

memaloose.
Hyas kloshe okook moola y hyak

okook mamook klimminklim-

min okook sapolil.
Wake nesika kumtuks waykut ;

kopa illahie klatawa ship ;

halo chuck ; hyas win ; kok-

shut j klimmin chahko / alta

klatawa keekwilee chuck ; wake

klaksta memaloose; konaway

klatawa mahtwillie.
Nesika solleks mesahchie tilli-
kum ; klone nesika kokshut ;

moxt kahkwa hyoo nesika.

24 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Kah mika klatawa ?
Kah mika klatawa ?
Konaway sun
Hyu kely
Annaivillee.

Where hast thou
Where hast thou
Every day
Greatly mourns
Annawillee.

gone ?
gone ?

Ok, nika tenas !
Hyas klahowyam !
Hyu kely,
Konaway sun,
Nika tenas.

Oh, my little one
Very wretched !
Greatly mourns,
Every day,
My little one.

i

Konaway halo
Nesika muckamuck ;
Wake-siah mimaloose

All gone is
Our food ;
Soon will die

Nika tenas.

My little one.

Dr. Franz Boas, during his recent visits to British
Columbia, has collected many of these artless little effu-
sions, which he has published in the "Journal of American
Folk-lore" for December, 1888. Several of them have
at least the poetry which a touch of true pathos will
always give. Here are some that, as we are told, " refer
to the parting of friends, and greetings to those staying at
home":

Klonas kahta nika tumtum ; I know not how my heart feels ;

Kivanesum nika tikeh nanitsh Ever I wish to see you ;

mika ;

Alkie nika wawa klahowya. Ya Soon must I say farewell. Ah

aya! me !

Hayaleha, hayalehat hayaleha ! Ah me ! ah me ! ah me !

Spose mika nanitsh nika tilli- When you see my people,

kum,

Wake-siah nika mimaloose alta, (Say) Almost I am dead now,

Kopa Koonspa illahie. Yaya ! In Queensboroughland. Ah me !

SONGS.

Yah ! konaway sun nika sick

tumtum,
Kopa nika man kopa Kaliponia.

Ah ! every day I am sick at

heart,
For my husband in California.

Then we have some of the rude " songs of love and
jealousy " that float among the motley throngs of Indians
and sailors in the native shanties which form the suburbs
of Victoria, Vancouver, and New Westminster :

Klonas kahta nika tumtum

Kopa Johnny.

Okook tenas man mamook pelton

nika.
Ay a!

Yaya !

Spose inika iskum klotshman,

Yaya !

Wake mika solleks nika.

Kultus kopa nika.

Kulttis kopa nika

Spose mika mahsh nika.

Hyu tenas man koolie kopa town ;

Alkie wekt nika iskum.
Wake kul kopa nika .

Ay a, ay a !
Ellip nika nanitsh
Sitka, mesika illahie.
Kultus spose nika mimaloose
Yakiua ellip.

I know not how my heart is

Toward Johnny.

That young man makes a fool of

me.
Ah me!

Ah me !

If you take a wife,

Ah me !

Do not quarrel with me.

It is nothing to me.

It is nothing to me

If you desert me.

Many young men go about

town ;

Soon again I take one.
That is not hard for me.

Ah me ! ah me !
Soon shall I see
Sitka, your country.
No matter if I die
There speedily.

The missionaries, among whom, both in Oregon and in
British Columbia, there have been men of more than
ordinary talent and cultivation, have not failed to turn to
account this fondness of the natives for verse and song.

26

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

The Rev. Myron Eells, missionary on the Skokomish
Reservation, well known for his valuable contributions to
ethnological science and religious literature, has pre-
pared and published a little collection of " Hymns in the
Chinook Jargon Language," in which the difficulty of
expressing moral and religious truths in this limited and
purely material speech has been overcome with much
skill. The following is sung to the tune of " John
Brown " :

Jesus chaco kopa saghalie ;

Jesus hias kloshe.
Jesus wawa kopa tillikums ;

Jesus hias kloshe.

Jesus wawa, wake kliminwhit ;

Jesus hias kloshe.
fesus wawa, wake kapswalla ;

Jesus hias kloshe.

Kopa nika Jesus mimaloose ;

Jesus hias kloshe.
fesus klatawa kopa saghalie y

Jesus hias kloshe.

A It a Jesus mitlite kopa saghalie ;

Jesus hias kloshe.
Yahwa Jesus tikegh nika kla-
tawa ;

Jesus hias kloshe.

Jesus came from heaven ;

Jesus is very good.
Jesus taught the people ;

Jesus is very good.

Jesus said, do not lie ;

Jesus is very good.
Jesus said, do not steal ;

Jesus is very good.

For me Jesus died ;

Jesus is very good.
Jesus went to heaven ;

Jesus is very good.

Now Jesus lives in heaven ;

Jesus is very good.
There Jesus wishes me to go ;

Jesus is very good.

The following, entitled " Heaven," is sung to the tune
of " Greenville." A literal version shows that the hymn
is not devoid of poetical sentiment :

HYMNS.

Kopa sagkalie konoway tillikums In high heaven all the people

Do not hunger, are not sick ;
Say no falsehood, never quarrel,
Are not drunken, do not weep.

Halo olo, halo sick ;
Wake kliminwhit, halo sollecks,
Halo pahtlum, halo dy.

CHORUS —

Jesus mitlite kopa saghalie, Jesus dwells in heaven above,

Kunamoxt konoway tillikums With all people who are good.

kloshe.

Yahwa tillikums wake klahowya,

Wake sick tumtttm, halo till,
Halo mimaloose, wake mesachie,

Wake polaklie, halo cole,

Yahwa tillikums mitlite kwane-

sum,
Hiyu houses, hiyu sing ;

Papa, mama, pe kloshe tenas,
Wakut yaka chikamin pil.

Jesus pot latch kopa siwash,
Spose mesika hias kloshe,
Konoway iktas mesika tikegh,

Kopa saghalie kwanesum.

There the people are not

wretched,

Not sad-hearted, never tired ;
There they die not, are not

wicked,
There no darkness is, no cold.

There the people dwell for ever,

Many a home there, many a

hymn ;

Father, mother, and good chil-
dren,

In the streets of yellow gold.

Jesus will bestow on Indians,
If you all are very good,

All the things that you can long

for,
In high heaven evermore.

Mr. Eells has been accustomed for many years to
preach to the Indians in the Jargon, and he mentions
the curious fact that he sometimes even thinks in this
idiom. I am indebted to his kindness for the copy of a
sermon which was preached in August, 1888, and which
he has been good enough to put in manuscript for me.

2% THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

It will serve to show how this language, limited as it is in
vocabulary, can be made a vehicle, not merely of instruc-
tion, but also of effective argument and persuasion.
Before giving the original, with its interlinear translation,
it may be well to prefix a version in ordinary English, in
which form, as will be seen, it becomes such a discourse
as might have been addressed to the white pupils of a
Sunday school in England or America. Mr. Eells writes :
" By way of explaining it, I ought to say that, in speak-
ing to the Indians, I am accustomed to use some large
pictures, which I refer to; also that on the previous
Sabbath I had been at Walla Walla, celebrating the semi-
centennial of the organization of the first Presbyterian
church in this region."

MATT, xxviii. 18, 19.

"Two Sundays ago I spoke to you concerning that
picture. There you saw two women coming to the
sepulchre where Jesus lay, on Sunday, just at sunrise.
When they came to the sepulchre they did not see Jesus.
Jesus had risen ; He was gone. So I told you in that
sermon.

" To-day I wish to explain to you about this picture.
After Jesus had risen, He continued on the earth forty
days. When the forty days were ended, He desired to
ascend to heaven. So He led the people out of the city
to that place where you behold them. Here you see
Jesus. There are those people. Jesus wished to give

A SERMON. 29

good instructions to the people before He returned to
heaven.

" Now I will explain to you the teaching of Jesus to
those people. He said to them : ' It is good that you
should go to every country in all the world, and carry
the Gospel to all nations.' Thus spoke Jesus to them.

" Jesus was aware that all the nations of the world had
no knowledge of the Gospel. They knew nothing of the
happy home in heaven. They knew nothing of the
Devil's home in the great fire. Jesus knew that the soul
of a man is truly precious ; that it is more precious than
all the money and everything else in the world. So He
wished His people, His missionaries, to go everywhere,
and to help all people to leave the Devil's way, and to find
the way of Jesus.

" They accepted the teaching of Jesus. One man went
to one country ; another man went to another country ;
and others went to other lands. Thus it was with all
these missionaries in ancient times. Jesus was gracious
to them and to their work. Jesus helped them ; and
many people in many lands became Christians. Before
all those early missionaries were dead, five hundred
thousand people had become Christians.

" Now Jesus wishes us to do likewise. He wants us to
help other people to become Christians. Perhaps He
may wish us to go to a distant land, and tell the far-off
people about Jesus' word. Perhaps not. Perhaps He
may want us to speak to the people who are near at
hand. Perhaps He wishes us to give some money to-

30 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

help the missionaries in those far-off lands. In distant
lands — in China, in Africa — there are many heathens.
They do not want missionaries in their countries ; so they
will give no money to missionaries in their countries.
Where shall the missionaries get food and other things ?
It is good for us to give some money, and to send the
money to the far-off missionaries, and help them to carry
the words of Jesus to the distant nations. If we are poor
and have not much money, we should give a little money.
Such is the teaching of Jesus.

" Perhaps we really have no money. Then we should
pray to God that He will help those far-off missionaries.
Jesus will accept our prayers. Thus we shall help to
carry the teaching of Jesus to all countries everywhere.

" You know that last Sunday I was not with you. I
was far away, at a place called Walla Walla. And why
did I go ? Fifty years ago American missionaries came
from a distant land to Walla Walla. They wished to
tell the Indians of the Gospel of Jesus. Just fifty years
ago they founded a church there. So now the Christian
people desired to have a celebration. Fifty years ago
these missionaries left their homes in their far American
land, and did just as Jesus had taught. Nearly ten
years they remained at Walla Walla. Then some bad
Indians became very hostile to one missionary, named
Dr. Whitman, and they killed him and his wife and other
persons. Other missionaries became afraid of those
Indians, and left that region. Perhaps many persons
said, 'The teaching of Jesus was not good, when He

A SERMON. 31

said to the missionaries long ago, that they should go
into all lands, and carry the Gospel to every people.'

" Was what they said right ? No ! Before Dr. Whitman
died he had given good teaching to the Indians. Other
missionaries had done the same. That teaching was
like good seed. Now this has grown mightily. When I
now go to Walla Walla, I see there an Indian missionary;
he is of the Nez-perces nation. And I know that not
far from Walla Walla there are now ten Indian mis-
sionaries and seven hundred Christians. Fifty years
ago missionaries did according to the word of Jesus, and
bore the Gospel to the Indians, like good seed ; and
now it has become great. Thus we know that the
teaching of Jesus is very good teaching. Jesus wishes
you to do the same. It is good that you should help
other people to become Christians."

The following is the sermon in its original language,
with an interlinear translation. A careful enumeration
shows that to express the whole of its historic and de-
scriptive details, its arguments and its appeals, only
ninety-seven different words of the Jargon are required,
and not a single grammatical inflection. We may learn
from this striking evidence, as Mr. Eells suggests, with
how slender a vocabulary and how little grammar a
language can "get along." Of these ninety-seven words
we find that forty-six are of Chinook origin, seventeen of
Nootka, and two of Salish ; twenty-three are English,
seven are French, and two only are the special property
of the Jargon.

32 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Moxt Sunday ahnkuttie nika mamook kumtux mesika

Two Sundays ago I made know you

kopa okoke papeh. Yahwa mesika nanitch moxt

about this paper (picture}. There you saw two
klootchmen. Klaska chaco kopa mimoloose-illahee, kah

women. They came to death-place, where

Jesus mitlite, kopa Sunday, kopa delate tenas sun.
Jesus lay, on Sunday at just little (early} day.
Spose klaska klap okoke mimaloose-illahee, klaska halo
When they reached that death-place, they did not
nanitch Jesus. Jesus get-up ; yaka klatawa. Kahkwa

see Jesus. Jesus had risen j he was gone. So
nika wawa kopa mesika talkie Sunday.

/ spoke to you (in} discourse of Sunday (sermon}.

Okoke sun nika tikegh wawa kopa mesika kopa okoke

This day I will speak to you about this
papeh. Kimtah Jesus yaka get-up, yaka mitlite kopa
picture. After Jesus he had risen, he continued on
illahee lakit tahtlum sun. Spose kopet lakit tahtlum sun,
earth four ten days. When ended four ten days,
Jesus yaka tikegh klatawa kopa Saghalie. Kahkwa yaka
Jesus he would go to Heaven. So he

lolo yaka tillikums klahanie kopa town, kopa okoke illahie
led those people out of town, to that place
kah mesika nanitch klaska. Yahwa mesika nanitch Jesus.
where you see them. There you see Jesus.
Yahwa yaka tillikums. Jesus yaka tikegh potlatch kloshe
There those people. Jesus he would give good
wawa kopa yaka tillikums, elip yaka killapi kopa
speech to those people before he returned to
Saghalie.
Heaven.

Alta nika mamook kumtux mesika kopa Jesus yaka wawa

Now I make know you about Jesus his speech
kopa yaka tillikums. Yaka wawa kopa klaska : " Kloshe
to those people. He said to them : " Good

A SERMON. 33

mesika klatawa kopa konoway illahee, konoway kah, pe
you go to every cotmtry, every where, and
lolo Bible wawa kopa konoway tillikums." Kahkwa Jesus
carry Bible words to all nations." So Jesus
yaka wawa kopa klaska.
he spoke to them.

Jesus yaka kumtux konoway tillikums, konoway kah,
Jesus he knew all nations, every where,
halo kumtux kopa kloshe home kopa Saghalie. Klaska
did not know about good home in Heaven. They

halo kumtux kopa Lejaub yaka home kopa hias piah.
did not know about the Devil his home in great fire.
Jesus yaka kumtux ikt man yaka tumtum delate hias
Jesus he knew a man his soul truly (of] great
mahkook ; yaka clip hias mahkook kopa konoway dolla pe

price j it more precious than all money and
konoway iktas kopa konoway illahee. Kahkwa yaka

all things in every country. So he

tikegh yaka tillikums, yaka leplet, klatawa konoway
wished those people, those missionaries, go every

kah, pe help konoway tillikums mash Lejaub yaka
where, and help all nations reject Satan his
owakut, pe klap Jesus yaka owakut.
way, and take Jesus his way.
Klaska iskum Jesus yaka wawa. Ikt man klatawa kopa

They received Jesus his words. One man went to
ikt illahee ; huloima man klatawa kopa huloima illahee ;
one country; another man went to another country;
huloima man klatawa kopa huloima illahee ; kahkwa kopa
another man went to another country ; so with
konoway okoke leplet ahnkuttie. Jesus chaco hias
all those missionaries formerly. Jesus became very
kloshe tumtum kopa klaska, kopa klaska mamook. Jesus
good (in} heart to them, to their work. Jesus
yaka help klaska ; pe hiyu tillikums kopa hiyu illahee
he helped them; and many people in many countries

D

34 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

klaska chaco Christian. Elip kopa konoway okoke

they became Christians. Before that all those

leplet mimaloose ahnkuttie, kwinnum tukamonuk thou-
missionaries died anciently, five hundred thou-
sand tillikums chaco Christian.
sand persons became Christians.

Alta Jesus tikegh nesika mamook kahkwa. Yaka tikegh

Now Jesus wishes us to do likewise. He wishes

nesika help huloima tillikums chaco Christian. Klonas

us to help other people become Christians. Perhaps

yaka tikegh nesika klatawa kopa siyah illahee, pe mamook

he wishes us to go to far countries, and make
kumtux siyah tillikums kopa Jesus yaka wawa. Klonas

know far nations about Jesus his words. Perhaps
halo. Klonas Jesus yaka tikegh nesika wawa kopa tillikums
not. Perhaps Jesus he wishes us speak to people
wake siyah. Klonas yaka tikegh nesika potlatch tenas

not far-off. Perhaps he wishes us to give a little
dolla, kahkwa nesika mamook help leplet kopa siyah
money, so we make help missionaries in far

illahee. Kopa siyah illahee, kopa China illahee, kopa
countries. In far countries, in China country, in
nigga yaka illahee, hiyu mesachie man mitlite. Klaska
negro his country, many bad men live. They

halo tikegh leplet kopa klaska illahee ; kahkwa
do not want missionaries in their countries j so
klaska halo pay dolla kopa leplet kopa klaska

they do not pay money to missionaries in their

illahee. Kah okoke leplet iskum muckamuck pe
countries. Where those missionaries get food and
huloima iktas? Kloshe nesika potlatch tenas dolla, pe

other things ? Good we give little money, and

nesika mash okoke dolla kopa siyah leplet, pe

we send that money to distant missionaries, and
mamook help klaska lolo Jesus yaka wawa kopa siyah

make help them carry Jesus his words to distant

A SERMON. 35

tillikums. Spose nesika klahowya kopa dolla, pe halo
nations. If we are poor in money, if not
mitlite hiyu dolla, kloshe nesika potlatch tenas dolla.
have much money, good we give little money.
Kahkwa Jesus yaka wawa.
So Jesus he said.

Klonas nesika delate mitlite halo dolla. Spose kahkwa,
Perhaps we really have no money. If so,
kloshe nesika pray kopa Saghalie Tyee kloshe yaka help
good we pray to Heavenly Chief kindly he help
okoke siyah leplet. Spose nesika mamook kahkwa,

those distant missionaries. If we do thus,
Jesus yaka iskum nesika wawa. Kahkwa nesika help kopa
Jesus he receives our words. So we help in

lolo Jesus yaka wawa kopa konoway illahee konoway
carrying Jesus his words to every nation every
kah.
where.

Mesika kumtux kopa talkie Sunday nika halo mitlite

You know on sermon Sunday I did not stay
kunamoxt mesika. Nika mitlite siyah kopa ikt illahee yaka

with you. I stayed far-off in a place its
nem Walla Walla. Pe kahta nika klatawa ? Alta nika
name Walla Walla. And why (did} I go? Now I
mamook kumtux mesika. Kwinnum tahtlum cole ahnkuttie,
make know you. Five ten winters ago,
Boston leplet chaco kopa siyah illahee, kopa Walla
American missionaries came to far country, to Walla
Walla illahee. Klaska tikegh mamook teach siwash kopa
Walla country. They would make teach Indian about
Jesus yaka wawa. Delate kwinnum tahtlum cole ahnkuttie
Jesus his words. Just five ten winters ago
klaska mamook church yahwa. Kahkwa alta Christian
they made church there. So now Christian

tillikums tikegh chee mamook kloshe time. Kwinnum
people wish just make good time. Five

36 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

tahtlum cole ahnkuttie okoke leplet mash klaska

ten winters ago those missionaries left their
home kopa siyah Boston illahee, pe mamook delate
home in far-off American land, and did just
kahkwa Jesus yaka wawa. Wake siyah tahtlum cole
as Jesus he said. Not far (nearly) ten winters
klaska mitlite kopa Walla Walla illahee ; pe mesachie
they stayed at Walla Walla country ; but bad
siwash chaco hias solleks kopa ikt leplet, Dr«
Indians became very angry against one missionary. Dr.
Whitman yaka nem, pe klaska mamook mimoloose yaka
Whitman his name, and they made dead him
pe yaka klootchman pe huloima tillikums. Huloima
and his wife and other persons. Other

leplet chaco kwass kopa siwash, pe mash siwash yaka
missionaries became afraid of Indians, and left Indians their
illahee. Klonas hiyu tillikums wawa, " Jesus yaka wawa
country. Perhaps many persons said, "Jesus his words
hias cultus, spose yaka wawa ahnkuttie kopa leplet,
very foolish, when he said formerly to missionaries,
kloshe klatawa kopa konoway illahee konoway kah, pe
good go to every country every where, and
lolo Bible kopa konoway tillikums." Okoke delate
carry Bible to every nation." (Was) That true
wawa? Halo. Elip okoke man, Dr. Whitman, yaka
speech ? No. Before that man, Dr. Whitman, he
mimaloose, yaka potlatch kloshe wawa kopa siwash ;
died, he gave good speech to Indians;

huloima leplet mamook kahkwa. Okoke wawa

other missionaries did likewise. That speaking
kahkwa kloshe seed. Alta yaka chaco hias. Spose nika

like good seed. Now this becomes great. When I
chee klatawa kopa Walla Walla, nika nanitch yahwa ikt
now go to Walla Walla, I see there an
siwash leplet, Nez-Percd yaka illahee. Pe nika
Indian missionary, Nez-Perce's his country. And I

THE LORD'S PRAYER. 37

kumtux wake siyah kopa Walla Walla mitlite alta tahtlum

know not far (near) to Walla Walla reside now ten
siwash leplet, pe taghum tukamonuk Christian.
Indian missionaries and six hundred Christians.
Kvvinnum tahtlum cole ahnkuttie, leplet mamook

Five ten winters ago, missionaries did
kahkwa Jesus yaka wawa, pe lolo Bible kopa siwash,

as Jesus he said, and carried Bible to Indians ;
kahkwa kloshe seed, pe alta yaka chaco hias. Kahkwa

like good seed, and now this becomes great, So
nesika kumtux Jesus yaka wawa hias kloshe wawa. Jesus

we know Jesus his speech very good speech. Jesus
yaka tikegh mesika mamook kahkwa. Kloshe mesika
he wishes you to do likewise. Good (that] you
help huloima tillikums chaco Christian.
help other people become Christians.

To the foregoing may be added the version (showing at
once the strength and the defects of this idiom) which
Mr. Eells has given, in his Hymn-book, of

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

Nesika Papa klaksta mitlite kopa Saghalie, kloshe

Our Father who lives t in the Above, good

mika nem kopa konoway kah. Kloshe spose mika chaco

thy name over everywhere. Good if thou become
delate Tyee kopa konoway tillikums. Kloshe spose mika

true Chief over all people. Good if thy
tumtum mitlite kopa illahee kahkwa kopa Saghalie. Potlatch

mind is on earth as in the Above. Give
kopa nesika kopa okoke sun nesika muckamuck. Mamook

to us during this day our food. Pi-

klahowya nesika kopa nesika mesachie mamook, kahkwa
ty us for our evil doing, as

38 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

nesika mamook klahowya klaksta man spose yaka mamook

we do pity any man if he does

mesachie kopa nesika. Wake mika lolo nesika kopa kah

evil to us. Not thou carry us to where
mesachie mitlite ; pe spose mesachie klap nesika, kloshe

evil is; but if evil find us, good

mika help nesika tolo okoke mesachie. Delate konoway
thou help us conquer that evil. Truly all

illahee mika illahee, pe mika hias skokum, pe mika delate
earth thy earth, and thou very strong, and thou truly
hias kloshe ; kahkwa nesika tikegh konoway okoke. Kloshe
very good; so we wish all this. Good
kahkwa.

so.

TRADE LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH
DICTIONARY.

IN writing the Jargon, philologists like George Gibbs and mission-
aries like Mr. Eells have been compelled, by the demands of the
population for whom they wrote, to adopt the English orthography,
with all its notorious imperfections. The result is, that in many
cases it is impossible for a stranger to judge from the spelling of a
word how it should be pronounced. Whether the ow in klahowyah
is pronounced as in the English "how," or as in " know ; " whether
nanitch is sounded "nah-nitsh," or "nay-nitch ; " whether ahnkuttie
is accented on the first or on the second syllable, cannot be known
from the orthography. In the dictionary, therefore, wherever any
doubt can arise, the correct pronunciation is indicated in brackets,
by employing the vowels with their Italian (or German) sounds : a
as in father ; e like a in fate ; i as in machine ; o (long) as in note, or
short (8} as in not ; u like oo in pool, or short (u) as in but ; ai like i
in pine ; au like ou in loud. The acute accent (as in klonds) marks
the syllable on which the stress of voice is placed. In many cases
there are various spellings and different pronunciations, which are
given as far as such minute accuracy has seemed likely to be useful.

The letters C., E., F., N., and S., refer to the derivation of
words, and signify Chinook, English, French, Nootka, and Salish.
Words marked J. are considered to be the peculiar property of the
Jargon, as having been formed either in imitation of sounds or by
some casual invention. Unmarked words are of doubtful origin.

In words derived from the Chinook language, the guttural sound
represented by ch in German, and in old English by gh, is sometimes
retained in the Jargon, and is expressed by gh, as in saghalie, tikegh,
iveght, and a few others. Speakers not familiar with this sound will
be understood if they utter it as a strongly aspirated English k.

This dictionary, it should be stated, is, in the main, a copy (with

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

some additions and corrections) of that of George Gibbs, published
by the Smithsonian Institution in 1863, and now regarded as the
standard authority, so far as any can be said to exist ; but it may be
added that the principal part of that collection was avowedly derived
by the estimable compiler from my own vocabulary, published
seventeen years before.

Abba, well then.

Ahha, C. [aha], yes. See Eyeh.

Ahnkuttie, ahnkottie, C. [an-
kati, ankoti], formerly, an-
ciently, ago. Moxt sun ahn-
kuttie, two days ago.

Alan, J. [aid], ah ! oh ! Excla-
mation of surprise.

Alip, first, before. See Elip.

Alkie, C. [dike, alki], soon,
presently, by-and-by.

Alloima. See Huloima.

Alta, C., now.

Amota, C. [amote], strawberry.

Anah, J. [ana], exclamation of
pain or displeasure, ah ! oh !
fie!

Appola, anything roasted. See
Lapellah.

Ats, C., younger sister.

Ayahwhul, S. [ayahwul], to
lend ; to borrow.

F.

B.

[bibi],

to kiss, a

Bebee,

kiss.

Bed, E.,abed.
Bit, E., a sixpenny piece;

dime.

Bloom, E., broom. Mamook

bloom, to sweep.
Boat, E., boat.
Boston, American. Boston il-

lahee, the United States.
By-by, E., by-and-by.

C.

Calipeen, calipee, F., a rifle.
(Fr. carabine.}

Canim, C. [kanim, kanem],
canoe.

Capo, F. [kapo], coat.

Chaco, chahko, N. [chako],
to come ; to become. Chako
kloshe, to get well.

Chakchak, C., the bald eagle.

Chee, C., lately, just now;
new.

Chetlo, S., oyster.

Chetwoot, S., black bear.

Chikamin, N. [chikamin], iron,
metal ; metallic. T^kope chika-
min (white metal), silver. Pit
chikamin, or chikamin pit
(yellow metal), gold, or copper.

Chikchik, J., waggon, cart,
wheel.

Chilchil, C., button, star.

Chitsh, S., grandfather.

DICTIONARY.

Chope, S., grandmother.

Chotub, S., flea.

Chuck, N., water, river. Salt
chuck, the sea. Skookum chuck
(powerful water), rapids.

Chukkin, S., to kick.

Cly, or kely, E. [kulai], to cry,
lament ; mourning, weeping.

Cole, E., cold, winter, year.
Cole illahie (cold country),
winter. Tahtlum cole, ten
years. Kale- sick - ivaum - sick,
the ague-fever.

Comb, E., comb. Mamook
comb, to comb. Mamook comb
illahie (to comb the ground),
to harrow.

Cooley, F. (courir), to run, go
about.

Coopcoop, C., small dentalium,
or shell money.

Cosho, F. (cochon}, hog, pork.
Siwashcosho (Indian pig), a.sea.\.

Cultus, C., worthless, purpose-
less ; merely, simply ; nothing.
Cultus man, worthless fellow.
Cultus pot latch , free gift. Cultus
heehee, a joke (merely laughter).
Cultus mitlite, to sit idle
(merely sitting).

D.

Delate, delett, F. (droite)
[delet], straight, direct, true ;
truly, exactly. Delate ktuinnum
cole ahnkuttie, just five years
ago.

Diaub, or yaub (diable), devil.

See Lejaub.

Dly, dely, E. [dulai], dry.
Doctin, E., doctor.
Dolla, tahla, E. [tala], dollar;

money. Dolla seahost (silver

eyes), spectacles.

E.

Eyeh, N. [iyeh], yes.
Ehkahnam, C. [ekanam], tale,

story.

Ehkoli, C. [ekoli], whale.
Eena, C., beaver. Eena stik

(beaver wood), willow.
Eenapoo, C. [inapu], louse.

Sopen eenapoo (jump-louse),

flea.

Ekkeh, brother-in-law.
Elahan, elann, S. [ilahan,

ilan], aid, alms. Mamook

elann, to help.
Elip, or ellip, S. [ilip, or clip],

first, before, sooner, more ;

soon, speedily. Elip yaka

mimoluse, before he died. Elip

hias mahkook, more precious.
Elita, C. [ilaite], slave.
Enati, C., across, on the other

side. See Inati.
Esalth, yesalth [isalth], Indian

corn, maize.
Ethlon, C., fathom. See Itlan.

G.

Get-up, or ket-op, E., to
up, rise ; risen.

get

THE OREGON 7RADE LANGUAGE.

Glease, E., grease, fat, oil.
Gleasepiah, candle. See Lak-
hs*.

H.

Hahlakl, C., wide, open.
Mamook hahlakl la pote, open
the door.

Hahthaht, S., the mallard
duck.

Hakatshum, E., handker-
chief.

Halo, not, none, absent. Halo
mitlite (nothing remains),
empty. Halo seahost (no eyes),
blind. Halo ikta (no goods),
poor. Halo dolla, without
money.

Haul, E., to haul, pull.

Heehee, J., to laugh, laughter,
amusement. Mamook heehee,
to make fun, to jest. Heehee
house, place of amusement, as
a tavern or bowling alley.
Heehee limah, gambling.

Help, E., to help.

Hias, great. See Hyas.

Hiyu, much. See Hytt.

Hohhoh, J. , to cough.

Hokumelh, S., to gather,
glean.

Home, E., home.

Hoolhool, C., mouse. Hyas
hoolhool (big mouse), rat.

House, E., house. Mahkook
house (trading house), shop.

Howh, J. [hau], inter)., yohoe !
hurry ! Howh, howh, hurra !
Ho ! ho ! hurry up !

Howkwutl, C. [haukwiitl], how
could, cannot. Howkwutl ' nika
klatawa ? how could I go ?

Hullel, C. [hullel], to shake.

Huloima, C., other, another,
different.

Humm, J., bad odour; stink-
ing. Humm oputsh (stinking
tail), skunk.

Hunlkih, C., crooked, knotted,
curled.

Huyhuy, J. [huihui], bargain,
exchange, barter ; to change.
Huyhuy lasell, change the
saddle. Huyhuy tumtutn, to
change the mind.

Hwah, hwahwa. J. (exclama-
tion of surprise, admiration,
or earnestness), aha ! dear
me !

Hyak, C. [hai'ak], swift, quick ;
hurry ! hasten !

Hyas, bias, N. [haias], great ;
very. Hyas tyee, great chief.
Hias mahcook, great price,
dear. Hyas ahnkottie, long
ago.

Hykwa, hyakwa, N., shell-
money ; the dentalium. See
Coopcoop.

Hyu, hyoo, N. [haiu], much,
many, plenty, enough. Hyu
tiliikum, many people. Tenas
hyu (little many), some.

DICTIONARY.

43

I.

Ikkik, C., fishhook.

Ikpooie, C. [ikpui], to shut,
close ; closed, shut up. Ikpooie
lapote, shut the door. Ikpooie
kwolann (closed ear), deaf.

Ikt, C., one, once ; a, an. Ikt
man, a man. Ikt-ikt man,
someone or other. Ikt nika
klatawa kopa yaka house, I
went once to his house.

Iktah, ikta, C., what, why
(same as kahta}. Iktah okook,
what is that ?

Iktah, iktas, C., thing, goods.
Hyu tenas iktas, many little
things.

Illahee, illahie, C. [ilahi], the
earth, land, dirt. Saghalie
illahee, high land, mountain,
heaven.

Inati, eenati, C. [matai], across,
opposite. Inati chuck, on the
other side of the river.

Ipsoot, C. [ipsut], to hide, keep
secret ; hidden ; secretly.

Isik, C. [isik], a paddle. Ma-
mook isik, to paddle. Isik
stick (paddle-wood), the elm.

Iskum, C., to take, receive,
get, hold.

Itlan, it'hlan, C., a fathom ;
the length of the extended
arms.

Itlokum, C. [itlokum], the
game of " hand," a gambling
game.

Itlwillie, ilwillie, C. [itlwili],
flesh, meat.

Itswoot, itshoot, C., the black
bear. Itshoot paseesie, thick
dark cloth or blankets.

K.

Kah, C., where, whither,

whence. Kah mika mitlite,

where do you live ? Konoway

kah, everywhere.
Kahdena, C., to fight.
Kahkah, J., a crow.
Kahkwa, N., like, equal with,

so, as, thus. Kahkwa nika

tumtum (such my heart), so I

think. Kloshe kahkwa (good

so), that is right.
Kahnaway, C. [kanawe],

acorns.
Kahp'ho, C., elder brother,

sister, or cousin.
Kahta, C., how, why, what.

Kahta mika chaco ? why have

you come ? Kata mika nem ?

what is your name ?
Kalakalahma, C., a goose.
Kalakwahtie, C. [kalakwati],

inner bark of the cedar ;

woman's petticoat of bark.

Kalakwahtie stick, cedar tree.
Kalitan, C. [kalaitan], arrow,

bullet, shot. Kalitan lesac,

quiver, shot-pouch.
Kalakala, kullakulla, C. [ka-

lakala], bird, fowl.

44

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Kamass, camass, lakamass,

N., camass root, Scilla escu-
lenta.

Kamooks, C. [kamuks], dog.
Kahkwa kamooks, like a dog,
beastly.

Kamosuk, C. [kamosiik],
beads.

Kapsualla, kapswalla, to
steal.

Katsuk, kotsuk, C., middle,
centre.

Kaupy, E., coffee.

Kawak, S. [kawak], to fly.

Kawkawak, C. [kakawak],
yellow, or pale green.

Keekwilee, keekwillie, C.
[kikwili], low, below, under,
down. Manwok keekwilee, to
lower.

Keepwot, or keepwah, C.,
needle, thorn, sting of an in-
sect. Shoes keepwot, an awl.

Kehwa, because.

Kelapi, kilapie [kilapai], to
turn, return, overturn, upset.
Elip yaka kelapi, before he re-
turns. Kelapi canem, to upset
a canoe. Mamook kelapi, to
send back.

Kely. See Cly.

Ketling, or killing, E., kettle,
can, basin.

Ket-op. See Get-up.

Keuatan, C. [kiuatan], horse.

Kilitsut, C., flint, bottle, glass.

Killapie. See Kelapi.

Kimta, C., behind, after, after-
wards, last, since.
Kintshautsh,E. [King George],

English. Kintshautsh man,

Englishman.
Kinootl, kinoos, C. [kainutl],

tobacco.
Kishkish, C., to drive, as

cattle.

Kiwa, J. [kaiwa], crooked.
Kiyah, S., entrails.
Klah, C., free, clear ; in sight.
Klahanie, C. [klahani], out,

without. Klahanie kopa town,

out of town.
Klahowya, C. [klahaiiya], how

do you do? good-bye ! The

common salutation.
Klahowyam, klahowya, C.

[klahauy&m], poor, wretched,

pitiable, pitiful. Mamook

klahowyam, to be pitiful or

generous.

Klahwa, C., slow, slowly.
Klak, C., off, out, away.

Mamook klak, take off, untie,

put away.
Klaksta, C., who ? what one ?

Halo klaksta, no one.
Klakwan, S., to wipe or lick.
Klale, C. [klel], black, dark

blue, or green ; dark, igno-
rant.

Klap, C., to find.
Klapite, or klapote, C.

[klepait], thread, twine.
Klaseess, C., stars.

DICTIONARY.

45

Klaska, or kluska, C, they,

their, them.

Klatawa, N., to go, walk.
Klawhap, C. [klahwap], a hole.
Klemahun, S. [klemahun],

to stab, wound, spear.
Klementikote, C., to lie. See

Kliminwhit.

Klitl, or klilt, C., sour, bitter.
Klikamuks, C., blackberries.
Klikwallie, C. [klikwali], brass

wire, brass armlet.
Kliminwhit, klemanawit, C.,

a lie, falsehood ; to lie.
Klimmin, klimmin-klimmin,

C., soft ; fine in substance.
Klip, C., deep, sunken.
Kliskwiss, C., mat.
Klohkloh, C., oysters. See

Ghetto.
Klonass, C. [klonas], perhaps ;

I do not know ; it is doubtful.
Kohlkohl, C., mouse. See

Hoolhool.

Klone, C. [klon], three.
Klook, E., crooked.
Klootchman, N., woman,

female. Tenas klootchman,

little woman, girl.
Kloshe, N., [klosh], good, well.

Kloshe spose, well (is it) if.

Kloshe spose nika klatawa ?

shall I go? (lit. well, if I

go?)

Kluh, C., to tear.
Klukkul, C., broad or wide, as

a plank.

Ko, C, to reach, arrive at,
attain.

Koko, J., to knock. Koko stick
(knock-tree), woodpecker.

Kokshut, kokshutl, N., to
break, kill, destroy ; broken,
destroyed, killed.

Konaway, C. [konawe], all,
every. Konaway kah, every-
where.

Koosah, C., sky.

Kopa, formerly kwapa, C.
[kopa, or kopa], to, in, at,
with, towards, of, about, con-
cerning ; there.

Kopet, kwapet, C. [kopet,
kwapet], to stop, leave off;
finished ; enough. Kopet to-
malla, day after to-morrow.
Kopet kumtuks (no longer
know), to forget.

Kow, C. [kau], to tie, fasten;
a parcel, bundle.

Kull, C., hard, solid, difficult.

Kullah, S. [kulah], fence, en-
closure.

Kumtuks, N., to know, under-
stand ; knowledge, acquain-
tance. Kopet kumtuks (cease to
know), to forget. Halo kumtuks
(no understanding), stupid.

Kunamoxt, C. [kun'amokst],
both, together. Kunamoxt
kahkwa, both alike.

Kunjik, kunsic, kunjuk, C.,
how many, when, ever. Wake
kunjik (not ever), never.

46

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Kushis, S., stockings.
Kwaddis, J., whale.
Kwahta, E., quarter of a dollar.
Kwanesum, C. [kwanisum],

always, for ever.
Kwaist, C. [kwaist, or kwest],

nine.

Kwalal-kwalal, C., to gallop.
Kwahl, S., aunt.
Kwan, C., glad ; tamed.
Kwass, C-, fear, afraid, tame.
Kwates, kwehts, S. [kwets],

sour.

Kwehkweh, J., a mallard duck.
Kwekwiens, S., a pin.
Kweokweo, C., ring, circle.
Kwinnum, C., five.
Kwitl, C., to shoot, hunt, kill.
Kwish, or kweesh (exclama-
tion of refusal), pooh ! no

indeed !

Kwitshadie, S., hare, rabbit.
Kwolann, S. [kwolan], the ear.
Kwulh, hwult, C., to hit,

strike, or wound (without

cutting).
Kwunnum, S., counting.

Mamook kwunnum, to count.
Kwutl, C., to push, squeeze ;

tight, fast.

L.

Lableed, F., a bridle.
Laboos, F. [labus], mouth.
Labooti, F. [labutai], bottle.
Lacalat, F. [lakalat], carrot.

Lacaset, F. [lacaset], a box,

trunk, chest.
Lacloa, F., a cross.
Lab, v., C., to lean, to tip (as a

boat), to stoop, to bend over

(as a tree).

Lagome, F., pitch, glue, gum.
Lagween, a saw.
Lahash, F., an axe or hatchet.
Lake, E., lake.
Lakit, C. [lahkit], four.
Lakless, F. [lakles], fat, oil.

See Glease.
Lala, J., long time. Wake

lala, not long.
Lalah, C. [laid], to cheat, trick,

joke with.
Lalahm, F., an oar. Mamook

lalahm, to row.
Lalang, lalan, F., the tongue ;

language.

Laleem, F., a file.
Larness, F., the ceremony of

the mass.
Lamestin, lametchin, F.,

medicine, physic.
Lammieh, F. [lamie], an old

woman (la vieille).
Lamonti, F. [lamontai], a

mountain.
Lapeashe, F. [lapiesh], a trap

(lapiege}.

Lapeep, F., tobacco-pipe.
Lapehsh, F., pole (laperche).
Lapellah, J. [lapeld], roasted.

Mamook lapellah, to roast be-
fore the fire. See Appola.

DICTIONARY.

47

Lapell, F. [lapel], a shovel or

spade.

Lapeosh, F. [lapiosh], a mat-
tock, a hoe.

Laplash, F., board (laplanche).
Lapoel, F. [lapoel], a stove.
Lapool, F., fowl, poultry.

Si-wash lapool (Indian fowl),

grouse.
Lapooshet, F., fork (la four -

chelte).

Lapote, F.,door.
Lasanjel, F., girth, sash, belt

(la sangle).
Lasee, F., a saw.
Las ell, F., saddle.
Lashalloo, F. [lashalu], plough

(la charue).

Lashandel, F., candle.
Lashase, F. [lashes], chair.
Lashen, F. [lashen], a chain.
Lassiett, F. [lasiet], a plate.
Lasway, F., silk.
Latahb, F., table.
Latet, F. [latet], the head.
Latlah, F. Qatla], noise. (F.
faire du train, to make a

noise.)
Lawen, F. [lawen], oats

(Favoine).

Lawest, F., waistcoat, vest.
Lazy, E., lazy.
Lebardo, F., shingle (le bar-

deau}.

Lebal, F. [libal], ball, bullet.
Lebiskwie, F., biscuit, crackers,

hard bread.

Lecock, F., a cock, a fowl.

Ledoo, F. [lidu], finger (le
doigt\

Lejaub, F., devil (le diable).

Lekleh, F. [likle], key.

Lekloo, F., nail.

Lekoo, F., neck.

Lekye, spot, spotted ; a pie-
bald horse.

Leloba, F., ribbon (If rubari).

Leloo, F., wolf.

Lemah [lima], or lehma [lema],
F., hand.

Lemahto, F. , hammer (le mar-
teau}.

Lemel, F. [limel], mule (le
mulet).

Lemolo, F., wild, untamed (le
marron).

Lemooto, F., sheep.

Lenay, F., nose.

Lepan, F. [lipan], bread.

Lepee, F., foot.

Lepishemo [lipishimo], saddle-
housing.

Leplet, F. [liplet], priest, mini
ster, missionary (le pretre].

Lepome, F. [lipom], apple.

Lepwah, F. [lipwa], peas.

Lesak, F. [lisak], bag, pocket.

Lesap, F. [lisap], egg, eggs
(les ceufs).

Lesook, F., sugar.

Letah, F. [lita], the teeth (les
dents}.

Lewhet, F. [lihwet], a whip
(lefouet).

co
co

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Lice, E., rice.

Liplip, J., to boil.

Liskwis, C., mat. See Klis-

kwiss.

Lolo, C., to carry, take.
Loloh, C. [lolo], round, whole,

complete.
Lope, E., rope.
Lum, E., rum, ardent spirits.

M.

Mahkook, N. [makuk], to trade,
buy or sell ; a bargain.

Mahsh, or mash, F., to leave,
put away, remove (marcher}.

Mahsie, F., to thank.

Mahtlinie, C. [matlini], off
shore; (in boating) keep off!
(if on land) towards the
water.

Maht willie, C. [matwili], in
shore, shoreward ; keep in !
(on land) towards the woods,
or inland.

Malah, C. [mala], tinware,
earthenware, dishes.

Malieh, F. [malie], to marry.

Mama, E., mother.

Mamook, N. [mamuk], to
make, do, work. Used gene-
rally as a causative verb, as,
mamook chaco (make to come),
bring ; mamook liplip^ make
to boil.

Man, E., man, male. Tenas
man, young man, boy.

M class, F., molasses.

Memaloose. See Mimaloose.
Mesachie, C. [mesatshi], bad,

wicked.
Mesika, C. [misaika], ye, you,

yours.
Mika, C. [maika], thou, thy,

thine.
Mimaloose, C., to die; dead.

Mimaloose illahee (death

ground), cemetery, sepul-
chre.
Mimie, C. [mafmi], down

stream.

Mistchimas, N., slave.
Mitass, J. [mitas], leggings.
Mitlite, C. [mitlait], to sit, stay,

reside ; to be, have.
Mitwhit, C., to stand. Mit-

whit stick (standing-tree), mast.
Moxt, C., two, twice. Moxt

poh, double-barrelled gun.
Moola, F., mill. Stick moola

(wood mill), saw-mill.
Moon, E., moon.
Moosmoos, C., buffalo.
Moosum, S., to sleep ; sleep.
Mowitsh, or mawitsh, N.

[mauitsh], deer, wild animal.
Muckamuck, J., food ; to eat,

bite, drink.
Musket, E., musket, gun.

N.

Na, or nah,J., the interrogative
particle. Sick na mika ? Are
you sick.

DICTIONARY.

49

Nab, or naah ! J., inter)., ho !

hey ! look here ! Nah sikhs !

halloo, friend !
Nanitsh, N. [nanitsh], to see,

look, seek.

Nawitka, C., certainly, in-
deed.

Nem, E., name.
Nesika, C. [nisaika], we, us,

our.
Newha, C. [niwha], here; come

here.

Nigga, E., negro, African.
Nika, C. [naika], I, me, my,

mine.
Nose, E., nose ; promontory ;

prow of boat.

O.

Okoke, or okuk, C. [okok],
this, that, it.

Oleman, E. [oliman], old man ;
old, worn out.

Olhiyu, C. [olhaiyu], a seal
(phoca).

Olillie, or olallie, C. [olili],
berries. Shot olillie, huckle-
berries. Seahpolt olillie (cap-
berries), raspberries.

Olo, C., hungry, craving. Olo
chuck, thirsty. Olo moosum,
sleepy.

Oluk, S., make.

Ooskan, or oiskin, C., cup,
bowl.

Owakut, C., road. See Way-
hut.

Opekwan, C. [opikwan], bas-
ket ; tin kettle.

Opitlkeh, C. [opitlkeh], bow.

Opitsah, C. [opitsah], knife.

Opoots, C. [oputs], tail; hinder
part ; stern of vessel.

Ow, C. [au], younger brother.

P.
Pahtl, C., full. Pahtl lum, or

pahtlum (full of rum), drunk.

Pahtl chttck (full of water), wet.
Paint, or pent, E., paint.
Papa, E. and F., father.
Papeh, E. [pepah], paper, let-
ter, picture.
Paseesee, F., blanket, woollen

cloth (i.e., Fran$aises, French

goods).
Pasiooks, F. [pasaiooks],

French, Frenchmen (from

Fran$aisy with the Chinook

plural termination, uks).
Pay, E., pay.
Pechuh, or pechuk, C. [pit-

shvih'), green.
Pe, or pee, F., and, then, or,

but (Fr. puis).
Pehpah. See Papeh.
Pelton, J., a fool, foolish,

crazy.

Peshak, or peshuk, N., bad.
Pewhattie, C., thin, slight,

flimsy.
Pi ah, E., fire, cooked, ripe.

Mamookpiah, to cook. Piah-

ship, steamer.

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE,

Pil, C., red. Pildolla, gold.

Pilpil, J., blood.

Pish, E., fish.

Pishpish, cat. See Pusspuss.

Pitlil, thick, as molasses.

Piupiu, F. [piupiu], to stink.

(Fr. puer.)
Poh, J., a puff of breath. Ma-

mook poh, to blow out, as a

candle, to fire a gun.
Polallie, F. [polali], gunpow-
der, dust, sand. (Fr. poudre.)
Poolie, F., rotten.
Pos. See Spose.
Potlatsh, or pahtlatsh, N., to

give ; a gift.
Pray, E., to pray.
Pukpuk, J., a blow with the

fist.
Pusspuss, or pishpish, E.,

cat. Hyas pusspuss, panther.

S.

Saghalie, or sahhalie, C. [sa-
hali], above, up, high ; heaven ;
heavenly. Saghalie tyee (hea-
venly chief), God.

Sail, or sell, E., sail, cotton or
linen cloth.

Sakoleks, C. [sakoleks], trou-
sers, leggings.

Salmon, or sahmun, E. [sa-
mun], salmon.

Salt, E., salt.

Sapolill, C., wheat, corn, flour,
or meal.

Seahhost, or seaghost, C.

[siahost], face, eye, eyes.
Seahpo, or seahpolt, F. [sia-

po], hat or cap. (Fr. cha-
peau. )

Shame, or shem, E., shame.
Shantie, F., to sing.
Shelokum, C. [shilokam],

glass, looking-glass.
Ship,E., ship. Shipman, sailor.
Shoes, E., shoes, mocassins.

Stick shoes (lit. wooden shoes),

stiff leathern shoes.
Shot, E., shot, lead.
Shugah, E., sugar.
Shut, E., shirt.
Shwahkuk, E. , frog.
Seed, E., seed.
Siah, N. [saia], far, far off.

Wake siah, not far, near.
Siam, C. [saiam], the grizzly

bear.
Sick, E., sick, sickness. Sick

tumtum, grieved, sorry, sick

at heart.

Sikhs, C., friend.
Sinamoxt, C. [sinamokst],

seven.

Sing, E., to sing ; song.
Sitkum, C., half, part. Sitkum

dolla, half-a-dollar. Sitkum

sun, noon. Tenas sitkum, a

quarter, or small part.
Sitshum, S. [sit-shum], to

swim.
Siwash, F. [saiwash], Indian.

(Fr. sauvage.)

DICTIONAR Y.

Skin, E., skin. Stickskin (lit.

tree-skin), bark.
Skookum, or skookoom, S.,

strong ; a demon, ghost.
Skwiskwis, C., squirrel.
Smoksmok, C., grouse.
Smoke, E., smoke, clouds, fog,

steam.
Snass, J., rain. Colesnass (cold

rain), snow.
Soap, E., soap.
Solleks, orsahleks, J., angry ;

anger. Mamook solleks, to

fight.
Sopena, C. [sopina], to jump,

leap.

Spoon, E., spoon.
Spose, E., suppose, if, when.

(Often pronounced p5s.)
Stick, E., stick, tree, wood ;

wooden. Ikt stick, one yard.
Stocken, E., stocking, sock.
Stoh, C. , loose ; to untie, set free.
Stone, E., stone, rock, bone,

horn.

Stotekin, C. [stotkin], eight.
Stutshin, E., sturgeon.
Sun, E., sun, day. Tenas sun

(little sun), early morning.
Sunday, E., Sunday. Ikt Sun-
day, one week. Hias Sunday

(great Sunday), a holiday,

Christmas.

T.

Taghum, or tohum, C., six.
Tahlkie, C., yesterday.

Tahtlum, tahtelum, C., ten.
Takamonuk, C., hundred.
Talapus, C., coyote, prairie

wolf.
Talkie, E., speech, discourse.

Sunday talkie, sermon.
TamahnowuSjC. [tamanowus],

luck, fortune, magic ; sorcerer.
Tamolitsh, C. [tamolitsh], tub,

barrel, bucket.
Tanse, E. or F., dance.
Tahnkie, C., yesterday. See

Tahlkie.
Tea, E., tea.
Teahwit, C. [tiawit], leg,

foot.
Tenas, or tanas, N. [tenas],

small, few, little, young ; child.
Tepeh, C. [tepeh], quill, wing.
Tikegh, or takeh, C. [tikeh],

to want, wish, love, like.
Tiktik, J., a watch.
Tilikum, or tillikum, C.,

people.
Till, or tull, E., tired, heavy ;

weight. (English, tire.}
Tintin, J., bell ; to ring.
Tipso, C., grass, leaves, fringe,

feathers, fur. Dly tipso, hay.
T'kope, C., white, light-co-
loured.

Tl'kope, C., to cut, hew, chop.
Toh, or tooh, J., spitting.

Mamook toh, to spit.
Tolo, J., to earn, gain, win,

conquer.
Tomolla, E., to-morrow.

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Tot, S., uncle.

Toto, J., to shake, sift, win-
now.

Totoosh, J. [totush], breast,
udder, milk.

Towagh, C., bright, shining,
light.

Tsee, C., sweet.

Tseepie [tsipi], to mistake.
Tseepie wayhut, to take the
wrong path.

Tsikstik, J.,waggon,cart, wheel.

Tsiltsil, or chilchil, C., but-
tons ; stars.

Tsolo, J., to wander, to lose
the way.

Tsugh, C., a crack or split.
Mamook tsugh, to split.

Tukamonuk, C. [tukamonuk],
hundred.

Tukwilla [tiik'willa], nuts.

Tumchuck, waterfall. See
Tumwata.

Tumtum, J., the heart; will,
mind, feeling, thought, soul ;
to think, feel.

Tumwata, J. and E., water-
fall.

Tupshin, or tipsin, S., needle.

Tupso. See Tipso.

Tyee, N. [taii], chief.

Tzum, C., spots, stripes, marks,
figures, writing, painting. Ma-
mook tzum, to write.

W.

Wagh,C., to pour out; to vomit.
Wake, N., no, not.
Wakut. See Wayhut.
Wash, E., to wash.
Watah, E., water. See Chiick

and Tumwata.

Waum, or wahm, E., warm.
Wawa, or wauwau, N., to

talk, speak ; speech, talking,

word.
Wayhut, wehkut, owakut,

C., road, track, path.
Weght, or weht, C, again,

also, more.
Winapie, N. [winapi], soon.

presently.
Wind, or win, E., wind,

breath, life.

Y.
Yahka, or yaka, C., he, she, it ;

his, hers, &c.
Yahwa, C., there, thither,

thence, beyond.
Yakso, C., hair.
Yakwahtin, C., entrails.
Yiem, S. [yaiem], a story, tale ;

to relate.

Yootl, S., pleased, proud.
Yootlkut, C., long, length.
Yootskut, C., short.
Yukwa, or yakwa, C., here,

hither, this way.

DICTIONARY.

53

ENGLISH AND TRADE LANGUAGE.

A.

Above, saghalie, sahhalie.

Across, inati.

Afraid, k-zvass.

After, kimta.

Again, weght.

All, konaway.

Always, kwanesum.

American, Boston.

Amusement, heehee.

And, pe.

Anger, angry, solleks.

Apple, lepome.

Arrive, ko.

Arrow, kalitan.

As, kahkwa.

At, kopa.

Aunt, kwalh.

Axe, la hash.

B.

Bad, mesachie, peshuk.
Bag, lesak.
Ball, lebal.

Bargain, to, mahkook, huyhuy.
Bark (of tree), stickskin.
Barrel, tamolitsh.
Basket, opekwan.
Beads, kamosuk.
Bear (black), chetwoot, itswoot

(grizzly), siam.
Beat, to, kokshut.

Beaver, eena.
Because, kehwa.
Bed, bed.
Before, elip.
Behind, kimta.
Bell, tintin.
Belly, yakwahtin.
Below, keekwillie.
Belt, lasanjel.
Berries, olillie.
Best, elip kloshe.
Bird, kallakala.
Biscuit, lebiskivee.
Bitter, klihl.
Black, klale.
Blackberries, klikanmks,
Blanket, paseesie.
Blind, halo seahhost.
Blood, pilpil.
Blow out, mamook poh.
Blue, klale.
Blunder, to, tseepie.
Board, plank, laplash.
Boat, boat.
Boil, to, liplip.
Bone, stone.
Borrow, to, ayahwhul.
Both, kunamoxt.
Bottle, labooti.
Bow, opitlkegh.
Bowl, ooskan.
Box, lacaset.

54

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Bracelet, klickwallie.
Brave, skookum tumtum.
Bread, lepan.
Break, to, kokshitt.
Breasts, totoosh.
Bridle, lableed.
Bright, towagh.
Broad, klukulh.
Broom, bloom.
Brother, elder, kahpo.
Brother, younger, aw.
Brother-in-law, ekkeh.
Bucket, tamolitsh.
Buffalo, moosmoos.
Bullet, lebal, kalitan.
Bundle, kow.
But, pe.

Butter, totoosh lakless.
Buttons, tsiltsil.
Buy, to, mahkook.
By -and -by, winapie, alkie.

C.

Candle, laskandel, glease piak.

Carrot, lacalat.

Carry, to, lolo.

Cart, tsiktsik.

Cat, pusspussy pishpish.

Cataract, tumwata.

Cattle, moosmoos.

Certainly, nawitka.

Chain, lashen, chikamin lope.

Chair, las has e.

Cheat, to, lalah.

Chicken, tenas lapool.

Chief, tyee.

Child, tenas.

Clams, ona,

Clear up, chahko klah.

Cloth (cotton), sail.

Cloud, smoke.

Coat, capo.

Coffee, caupy.

Cold, cole.

Comb, comb.

Come, to, chahco.

Confess, to, yiem.

Conjuring, tamahnous.

Cook, to, mamook piak.

Copper, pil chikamin.

Cord, tenas lope.

Corn, esalth.

Cotton cloth, sail.

Cough, hohhoh.

Count, to, mamook kwunnum.

Cousin. See Sister and Brother.

Coyote, talapus.

Crazy, pelton.

Cream-coloured, leclem.

Crooked, kiiua.

Cross, lacloa.

Crow, kahkah.

Cry, to, cly.

Cup, ooskan.

Curly, hunlkih.

Cut, to, tlkope.

D.

Dance, to, tanse.

Dark, polaklie.

Day, sun.

Dead, mimaloose, memaloost.

Deaf, ikpooie kwillan.

DICTIONARY.

55

Different, huloima.
Difficult, hull.
Dig, to, mamook illahie.
Die, mimaloose.
Dime, bit, or mit.
Do, to, mamook.
Doctor, doctin.
Dog, kamooks.
Dollar, dolla, or tahla.
Door, lapote.
Down stream, mimic.
Drink, to, muckamuck.
Drive, to, kishkish.
Drunk, pahtlum.
Dry, defy.
Duck, kwehkweh.
Dust, polallie.

E.

Eagle, chakchak.
Ear, kwolann.
Early, tenas sun.
Earn, to, tolo.
Earth, illahie.
Eat, to, muckamuck.
Egg, lesap, lezep.
Eight, stotekin.
Elk, moo lock.
Enclosure, kullagh.
English, Kinchautsh.
Enough, hiyu, kopet.
Entrails, kiyagh.
Evening, tenas polaklie.
Every, konaway.
Exchange, huyhuy.
Eyes, seahhost.

F.

Face, seahhost.

Falsehood, kliminwhit.

Far, siah.

Fast (quick), hyak.

Fast (tight), kioutl.

Fasten, to, kow.

Fat, glease.

Father, papa.

Fathom, itlan.

Fear, kwass.

Fence, kullagh.

Fetch, to, mamook chahko.

Fever, ivaum-sick.

Few, tenas.

Fight, to, kahdena, mamook

solleks.
Fight with fists, mamook puk-

puk.

Figured (as calico), tzum.
File, laleem.
Fill, to, mamook pahtl.
Find, to, Map.
Fingers, ledoo.
Fire, piak.
First, elip.
Fish, pish.
Fishhook, ikkik.
Five, kwinnum.
Flea, sopen enapoo.
Flesh, itlwillie.
Flint, kilitsut.
Flour, sapolill.
Fly, to, kawak.
Fog, smoke.
Food, muckamuck.
Fool, foolish, pelton.

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Foot, lepee.

For ever, kwanesum.

Forget, to, maklie, kopet kum-

tuks.

Fork, lapoushet.
Formerly, ahnkuttie.
Four, lakit.
Fowl, lapool.
French, pasiooks.
Friend, sikhs.
Frog, schwakuk,
Fry, to, mamook lapoel.
Frying-pan, lapoel.
Full, pahtl.
Fun, heehee.

G.

Gallop, to, kwalalkwalal.

Gamble, to, heehee limah.

Gather, to, hokumelh.

Get, to, iskum.

Get out, mahsh.

Get up, get-up, or ket-op.

Ghost, skookum.

Gift, cultus potlatsh.

Give, to, potlatsh.

Glad, kwann.

Go, to, klatawa.

God, saghalie tyee.

Gold, pil chikamin.

Good, kloshe, or klose.

Good-bye, klahowya.

Goods, iktah.

Goose, whuywhuy, kalakalah-

ma.

Grandfather, chope.
Grandmother, chitsh.

Grass, tipso.
Grease, glease, lakless.
Green, pechugh.
Grey, grey horse, legley.
Grizzly bear, siam.
Ground, illahie.
Grouse, smoksmok.
Gun, musket, sukwalal.

H.

Hair, yakso.
Half, sitkum.
Hammer, lemahto.
Hand, lemah.
Handkerchief, hakatshum.
Hard, kull.
Hare, kwilshadie.
Harrow, to, mamook comb ilia-
hie.

Hat, seahpo, seahpolt.
Haul, haul.
Hay, dly tipso.
He, his, yahka, yaka.
Head, latet.
Heart, tumtum.
Heaven, saghalie illahie.
Heavy, till.

Help, to, mamook elann.
Here, yukwa.
Hide, to, ipsoot.
High, saghalie, sahhalie.
Hit, to, kivuPh.
Hoe, lapeosh.
Hog, cosho.
Hole, klawhap.
Holiday, hias Sunday.
Horn, stone.

DICTIONARY.

57

Horse f kiutan.

House, house.

How, kahta.

How are you ? klahowya ?

How many ? kunjik ? kunsik ?

Hundred, tukamonuk.

Hungry, olo.

Hunt, kwitl.

Hurry, hoivh, hyak.

I.

I, nika.

If, jr^-ft?.

In, &>/#.

Indian, siwash.

In shore, mahtwillie.

Iron, chikamin.

It, yahka.

J-

Jealous, ,y£v£ tumtum.
Jump, to, sopena.

K.

Kamass-root, lakamass.
Kettle, ketling.
Kick, to, chukkin.
Kill, to, mamook mimalooset

kwitl, kokshut.
Kiss, to, £«fei.
Knife, opitsah.
Knock, to, £0£0.
Knotty, hunlkih.
Know, to, kumtuks.

Lake, 'lake.

Lame, klook teahwit.

Language, lalang.

Large, hyas.

Lately, chee.

Laugh, heehee.

Lazy, lazy.

Leap, to, sopena.

Leaf, tipso, tupso.

Lean, to, lagh.

Leave, to, mahsh.

Leave off, to, kopet.

Leg, teahwit.

Leggings, mitass.

Lend, to, ayahwhul.

Lick, to, klakwun.

Lie, to, kliminwhit.

Like, kahkwa.

Like, to, tikegh.

Little, tenas.

Long, youtlkut.

Long ago, ahnkuttie.

Look, to, nanitsh.

Look here ! nah.

Looking-glass, shelokum.

Loose, stoh.

Lose the way, tsolo, tseepie way-

hut.
Love, to, tikegh.

M. .

Magic, tamahnowus.
Maize, esalth.
Make, to, mamook.
Man, man.
Many, hyu.
Marry, to, malieh.
Mass (ceremony), lamesse.
Mast, shipstick.

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Mat, kliskwiss.
Mattock, lapeosh.
Measure, to, tahnim.
Meat, itlwillie.
Medicine, lamestin.
Mend, to, mamook tipolim.
Metal, chikamin.
Middle, katsuk.
Midnight, sitkum polaklie.
Milk, totoosh.
Mill, moola.
Mind, the, tumtum.
Minister, leplet.
Miss, to, tseepie.
Missionary, leplet.
Mistake, to, tseepie^ tsolo.
Mocassins, skinshoes.
Molasses, melass.
Money, chikamin.
Month, moon.
Moon, moon.
More, tveght.
Mosquito, melakwa.
Mother, mama.
Mountain, lamonti.
Mouse, hoolhool.
Mouth, laboos.
Much, hyu.
Mule, lemel.
Musket, musket.
Mussels, toluks.
My, mine, nika.

N.

Nails, lecloo.
Name, nem.

Near, wake siah.

Neck, lecoo.

Needle, keepwot.

Negro, nigga.

New, chee.

Night, polaklie.

Nine, kwaist, or kweest.

No, not, wake.

Noise, latlah.

None, halo.

Nonsense, cultus wawa.

Noon, sitkum sun.

Nose, nose, lenay.

Notwithstanding, keghtchie.

Now, alta.

Nuts, tukwilla.

O.

Oak, kull stick.
Oar, lalahm, lalum.
Oats, lawen.
Off, klak.

Off-shore, mahtlinnie.
Oil, glease.
Old, oleman.
Old woman, lammieh.
One, ikt.
Open, hahlakl.
Opposite to, inati.
Or, pe.

Order, to, mahsh tumtum.
Other, huloima.
Our, nesika.

Out of doors, klaghanie.
Ox, moosmoos.
Oyster, chetlo, kloghklogh.

DICTION AR V.

59

P.

Paddle, isick.

Paddle, to, mamook isick.

Paint, pent.

Paper, papeh, pehpah.

Pay, pay.

Peas, lepwah.

People, tillikums.

Perhaps, klonas.

Petticoat, kalakwaktie.

Piebald, lekye.

Pin, kwekwiens.

Pipe, lapeep.

Pitch, lagome.

Plate, lasiet.

Pleased, yootl.

Plough, leshalloo.

Plough, to, klugh illahie.

Pole, lapehsh.

Poor, klahowyum, halo ikta.

Pork, cosho.

Potato, ivappatoo.

Pour, to, wagh.

Powder, polallie.

Prairie wolf, talapus.

Presently, alkie, winapie.

Pretty, toketie.

Priest, leplet.

Proud, yootl, kwetlh.

Provided that, spose.

Pull, haul.

Q.

Quarter, tenas sitkum.
Quarter-dollar, kwahta.
Quick, hyak.
Quills, tepeh.

R.

Rabbit, kwitshadie.

Rain, snass.

Rattle, shugh.

Rattle-snake, shugh-opoots.

Reach, to, ko.

Red, pil.

Relate, to, yiem.

Return, to, kelapi.

Ribbon, leloba.

Rice, lice.

Rifle, calipeen.

Ring, a, kweokweo.

Ripe, piah.

River, chuck.

Road, way hut, tuakot.

Roan, sandelie.

Roast, mamook lapellah.

Roasted, lapellah, appola.

Rock, stone.

Rope, lope.

Rotten, poolie.

Round, lolo.

Rudder, boat opoots.

Rum, lum.

Run, cooley, koolie.

S.

Sack, lesak.
Saddle, lasell.

Saddle-housings, lepishemo.
Sail, sail, sel.
Sailor, shipman.
Salmon, salmon, sahmun.
Salt, salt.
Sand, polallie.
Sash, lasanjd.

6o

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

Saw, lagwin, lasee.

Say, to, wawa.

Scissors, leseezo.

Sea, salt chuck.

Seal, olhiyu, siwash cosho.

See, to, nanitsh.

Sell, to, mahkook.

Seven, sinamoxt.

Sew, to, mamook tipshin.

Shake, to, toto, hullel.

Shame, shem.

Sharp, yahkisilth.

Sharpen, to, mamook tsish.

She, her, yahka.

Sheep, lemooto.

Shell-money, small, coopcoop ;

large, hykiva.
Shingle, lebahdo.
Shining, towagh.
Ship, ship.
Shirt, shut.
Shoes, shoes.

Shoot, to, mamook poo, kwitl.
Short, yuteskut.
Shot, shot, tenas lebal.
Shout, to, hyas wawa.
Shovel, lapell.
Shut, to, ikpooie.
Sick, sick.
Sift, toto.
Silk, lasway.
Silver, fkope chikamin.
Similar, kahkwa.
Since, kimta.
Sing, to, shantie.
Sister, elder, kahp'ho ; younger,

ats.

Sit, to, mitlite.
Six, toghum.
Skin, skin.
Skunk, hum opoots.
Sky, koosagh.
Slave, eliteh, mistshimus.
Sleep, moosum.
Slowly, klahwa.
Small, tenas.
Smell, a, humm.
Smoke, smoke.
Snake, oluk.
Snow, snow, cole snass.
Soap, soap.
Soft, klimmin.
Sorry, sicktumtum.
Soul, tumtttm.
Sour, kwates.
Spade, lapell.
Speak, to, waiva.
Spill, to, wagh.
Spirits, him.
Split, tsugh.
Split, to, mamook tsugh.
Spectacles, dolla siahhost.
Spit, to, mamook to.
Spoon, spoon.
Spotted, lekye, tzum.
Squirrel, skiuiskwis.
Stab, to, klemahun.
Stand, to, mitwhit.
Stars, tsiltsil, klaseess.
Stay, to, mitlite.
Steal, to, kapsualla.
Steam, smoke.
Steamer, piah ship.
Stick, stick.

DICTIONARY.

61

Stink, piupiu, humm.

Stirrup, sitlay.

Stockings, stocken, kushis.

Stone, stone.

Stop, kopet.

Store, mahkook house.

Story, ekahnam.

Straight, delate, sipah.

Strawberries, amoteh.

Strong, skookum.

Sturgeon, stutchun.

Sugar, lesook, shugah, shukwa.

Summer, waum illahee.

Sun, sun.

Sunday, Sunday.

Sunset, klip sun.

Suppose, spose.

Swan, kahloke.

Sweep, to, manwok bloom.

Sweet, tsee.

Swim, sitshum.

T.

Table, latahb.

Tail, opoots.

Take, to, iskum.

Take care ! kiosk nanitsh !

Take off, or away, mahsh, ma-

mook klak.

Tale, story, yiem^ ehkahnem.
Talk, waiaa, wauwau.
Tame, k-wass.
Tea, tea.

Teach, to, mamook kumhtks.
Tear, to, klugh.
Teeth, letah.
Tell, to, wawa.

Ten, tahtlunii tahtlelum.

Thank, mahsie.

That, okoke.

That way, yahwa.

There, yahiva, kopah.

They, klaska.

Thick (as molasses), pitlilh.

Thin (as a board), pewhattie.

Thing, iktah.

Think, tumtum.

This, okoke.

This way, yukwa.

Thou, they, mika.

Thread, klapite.

Three, klone.

Throw away, mahsh.

Tide, high, saghalie chuck.

Tide, low, keekwillie chuck.

Tie, to, kow.

Tight, kwutl,

Tinware, malah.

Tip, to, lagh.

Tired, till, full.

To, towards, kopa.

Tobacco, kinootl, kinoos.

To-morrow, tomolla.

Tongue, lalang, lalan.

Trail, track, waykut.

Trap, lapeashe.

Tree, stick.

Tree, fallen, whim stick.

Trot, to, tehtsh.

Trousers, sakoleks.

True, delate.

Tub, tamolitsh.

Twine, tenas lope, klapite.

Two, twice, mokst.

62

THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE.

U.

Uncle, tot.
Under, keekwillie.
Understand, kumtuks.
Untamed, lemolo.
Untie, mamook stoh, mahsh kow,

mamook klak.
Up, saghalie.
Upset, to, kelapi.
Us, nesika.

V.

Venison, mowitsh.
Very, hyas.
Vessel, ship.
Vest, lawest.
Vomit, to, wagh.

W.

Waggon, tsiktsik, chikchik.

Wander, to, tsolo.

Want, to, tikegh.

Warm, ivaum.

Wash, to, mamook wash.

Watch, a, tiktik.

Water, chuck, wata.

Waterfall, tumwata, tumchuck.

We, nesika.

Weigh, to, mamook till.

Wet, pahtl chuck.

Whale, ehkolie, kwaddis.

What, iktah, kahta.

Wheat, sapolill.

Wheel, tsiktsik, chikchik.

When, kansik, kunjuk.
Where, kah.
Whip, lewhet.
White, fkope.
Who, klaksta.
Whole, lolo.
Why, kahta.

Wicked, mesahchie, peshuk.
White, klukulh.
Wild, lemolo.
Will, purpose, tumtum.
Willow, eena-stick.
Win, to, to/0.
Wind, win, wind.
Winter, cole illahie.
Wipe, to, klakwun.
Wire, chikamin lope.
Wish, to, tikegh, tikeh.
With, kopa.

Without (not having), halo.
Wolf, leloo.
Woman, klootshman.
Woman, old, lamieh.
Wood, stick.
Wooden, stick.
Work, to, mamook.
Worn out, oleman.
Worthless, cultus.
Wound, to, klemahun.
Write, to, mamook papeh, ma-
mook tzuni.

Y.

Year, ikt cole.
Yellow, kawkawak.

DICTIONARY.

Yes, ahha, eyeh.
Yes indeed, nawitka.
Yesterday, tahlkie, tahnkie,
sun ahnkuttie.

You, your (pi.),

mika, thy.
Young, tenas.

63

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