NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 95
International Mussel Watch
Coastal Chemical Contaminant
Monitoring Using Bivalves
International Mussel Watch Project
Initial Implementation Phase
Final Report
May, 1995
International Mussel Watch Committee
Prepared by IMW Project Secretariat:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Coastal Research Center
(J.W. Farrington and B.W. Tripp, Editors)
with assistance from Analytical Centers:
International Atomic Energy Agency,
Marine Environment Laboratory (MEL)
and
Texas A&M University,
Geochemical and Environmental Research Group (GERG)
Supported by
UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
The United Nations Environment Programme
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
US Department of Commerce
noaa NATIONAL oceanic and atmospheric administration
Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment
National Ocean Service
Silver Spring, Maryland
NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 95
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International Mussel Watch
Coastal Chemical Contaminant
Monitoring Using Bivalves
International Mussel Watch Project
Initial Implementation Phase
Final Report
May, 1995
International Mussel Watch Committee
Prepared by IMW Project Secretariat:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Coastal Research Center
(J.W. Farrington and B.W. Tripp, Editors)
with assistance from Analytical Centers:
International Atomic Energy Agency,
Marine Environment Laboratory (MEL)
and
Texas A&M University,
Geochemical and Environmental Research Group (GERG)
Supported by
UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
The United Nations Environment Programme
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Silver Spring. Maryland
United States
Department of Commerce
Ronald H. Brown
Secretary
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
D. James Baker
Under Secretary
National
Ocean Service
W. Stanley Wilson
Assistant Administrator
International Mussel Watch Project
Final Report
Initial Implementation Phase
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Executive Summary
Initial Implementation Phase: introduction and overview
Operational Activities
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
Discussion and Interpretation of Combined IMW Dataset
References
Appendices
A • Combined IMW Dataset from Central Laboratories,
including Inventory of Field-Collected Samples
B • Central Laboratory Analytical Methods Summary
C • Host Country Inter laboratory Comparison Exercise
D • Summary of Available Production and Use Data
E • Report of Field Scientist
F • List of Host-Country Scientists
Dedication
Professor Edward D. Goldberg
Chair, International Mussel Watch Committee
Professor Edward D. Goldberg, distinguished marine geochemist and Tyler Prize Laureate,
and now retired from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California- San
Diego, serves as Chairman of the International Mussel Watch Committee. His long standing
dedication to obtaining high-quality objective data for assessing the extent and severity of chemical
contamination in the world's oceans, especially the coastal zone, and communicating these data in a
manner understood by all sectors of global societies has been a major contributing factor to
planning and executing the International Mussel Watch Program. Professor Goldberg provides
inspiration and advice to all those participating in the effort.
John W. Farrington
Bruce W. Tripp
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
October 3 1,1994
Acknowledgments
The International Mussel Watch Project has been freely supported by the good- will and
dedicated effort of many people over a long period of time from concept through planning to
implementation and completion of the Initial Phase in South and Central America and the
Caribbean. Were we to adaquately acknowledge individual contributions by each person, this
section would be equal to, or greater in length than, the main report It is our belief that for the
people dedicated to the success of this program, the results described here and the use of these
results by global societies within the United Nations family is the desired acknowledgment.
Nevertheless, several people deserve special recognition and these are given in the following
paragraphs.
The Project was concieved by scientists from many countries, several of whom came
together as the International Mussel Watch Committee to oversee the implementation and progress
of the concept Intergovernmental mechanisms provided by UNESCO- IOC and UNEP assured
that national agencies in each country were contacted and their endorsement solicited. The role of
these intergovernmental bodies in providing official sanction for the Program is acknowledged. In
addition, the GIPME program functions as a scientific umbrella that can provide links to other
national and international programs to disseminate the results of International Mussel Watch. The
US NOAA, in addition to the direct support mentioned below, cooperated at the agency level with
UNESCO-IOC and UNEP to ensure the success of the Project
The Initial Implementation Phase of the International Mussel Watch Program was a
complex logistical undertaking. Dr. Jose Sericano of the Geochemical and Environmental
Research Group (GERG) of Texas A & M University in the United States was temporarily
seconded to the Marine Environmental Laboratory (MEL) of IAEA to serve as the Field Scientific
Officer for this Initial Phase of the IMW Project. Dr. Sericano personally collected the vast
majority of the samples and supervised the few other collections in the program. The remarkable
scope of this undertaking is underscored when viewing the sampling location chart in the body of
this report. Dr. Sericano was also the principal analyst in the analytical chemistry effort by GERG.
The field sampling effort by Dr. Sericano and other key aspects of the program was
successful because of the support of the Host-Country scientists on whom he relied. Without
their cooperation and support in each country, this project could not have been completed. A base
of operations for the field program was generously offered at the University of Costa Rica by Dr.
Manuel Murillo, Director of the Centra de Investigacion en Ciencas del Mar y Limnologia
(CTMAR). Local support of the Field Scientist at CEMAR was reliably and consistently given by
Dr. Jenaro Acuna.
Analysis of the field-collected samples is an essential component of IMW and the analytical
chemistry efforts of the scientists at the Geochemical and Environmental Research Group (GERG)
led by Drs. Terry Wade and Jose Sericano and at the IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory
(MEL) led by Dr. James Readman have provided us with a unique high-quality database. In
addition to Dr. Readman at MEL, Dr. Jean-Pierre Villeneuve and Chantal Cattini provided
analytical assistance.
The philosophical and intellectual leadership provided by Prof. Edward D. Goldberg
was fully supported by the International Mussel Watch Committee and their dedicated
efforts to the International Mussel Watch Project over many years must be acknowledged. Some
members of the International Mussel Watch Committee deserve individual recognition. Dr. Eric
Schneider first supported Professor Goldberg's idea of a Mussel Watch program in 1975 with
the funding to support the original U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Mussel Watch
Program. As a member of the International Mussel Watch Committee, Dr. Schneider expended
considerable efforts in arranging financial support at key stages of the early planning process and
provided enthusiastic intellectual support in getting the IMW effort beyond the planning stages. In
collaboration with Dr. Rodger Dawson of the Center for Estuarine and Environmental Studies,
University of Maryland, Dr. Schneider organized key workshops in the early years. Dr.
Dawson's expertise as a chemical oceanographer and environmental chemist, his experience with
international scientific research and training exercises within the United Nations programs and his
seemingly inexhaustible energy proved invaluable throughout the program. Dr. Arne Jernelov
provided his considerable global experience in an advisory capacity to the International Mussel
Watch Committee deliberations. Dr. Lawrence Mee, formerly the Head of the Marine
Environmental Studies Laboratory at IAEA and now based in Turkey as the Coordinator of the
Global Environmental Facility Black Sea Environmental Programme provided enthusiastic and
pragmatic guidance in support of this effort and was especially valuable in interfacing the IMW
Program with other United Nations efforts ongoing in the South and Central American and
Caribbean Regions.
Drs. Thomas P. O'Connor and Adrianna Cantillo of the National Status and
Trends Program Office, of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
Department of Commerce provided valuable support and advice throughout the duration of the
Initial Phase. They arranged for the incorporation of the IMW program in Quality Assurance
activities of NOAA S&T and for distribution of valuable NOAA manuals and reports to Host-
Country scientists. Dr. O Connor also identified and helped to secure essential support for
workshops and meetings throughout the initial implementation phase.
Financial Support was provided by : US NOAA, for direct grants to UNESCO-IOC,
funding for analyses by GERG and funds for meeting travel and technical assistance through the
Coastal Monitoring Branch of ORCA; UNESCO-IOC, for funding support of MEL for analyses
and the field collections and support of the Costa Rica meeting; UNEP, for funding to UNESCO-
IOC; SAREC, for support of the Caribbean scientist training workshop; WHOI, for cost-sharing
throughout the project.
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
International Mussel Watch, Initial Phase
The International Mussel Watch Program Initial Phase ( South America, Central America,
Caribbean and Mexico) has been completed. International Mussel Watch was undertaken under the
auspices of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, and the UNEP Ocean
and Coastal Areas Program to assess the extent of chemical contamination of the coastal areas;
primarily in the equatorial and subequatorial areas of the southern hemisphere with particular
attention to coastal areas of developing countries. Previous national and international regional
efforts had provided a first assessment and several in depth studies for coastal areas of developed
countries in the northern hemisphere using bivalves as sentinel organisms of chemical
contamination of the coastal areas.
This Final Report meets three goals:
• reports the analytical results of IMW Initial Phase, with interpretation of the combined
data set,
• documents the organization and implementation of the Initial Phase, and
• serves as a reference for participating scientists in the region.
In May, 1991 members of the International Mussel Watch Committee and representatives
of three regional monitoring programs met at the University of Costa Rica under the leadership of
Prof. Edward D. Goldberg, Chairman of the International Mussel Watch Committee to finalize the
initial implementation phase ( Phase I). Sampling sites were chosen and participating national
scientists identified. The Project Secretariat at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution under the
direction of Dr. John W. Farrington , Vice Chairman of the International Mussel Watch
Committee, and Mr. Bruce W. Tripp, Executive Officer of International Mussel Watch
coordinated this Initial Phase. The two central analytical facilities where the samples were analyzed
were the Marine Environmental Laboratory (MEL), International Atomic Agency Laboratory,
Monaco and the Geochemical and Environmental Research Group (GERG) at Texas A and M
University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Dr. Jose Sericano of GERG was seconded to MEL for purposes of the field sampling and
he collected samples throughout the region with assistance from Host-Country scientists. A total of
76 sites were sampled. Selection of sites included locations near known or suspected
contamination sources ( industrial, urban, agricultural run-off) and suspected non-contaminated
sites and were from estuarine and open coast parts of the sub-littoral. Since there are not one, two
or even three species which are common to allsites when considering the entire coastal region of
this IMW phase, between two and five different species were collected at several of the stations for
between-species comparison to calibrate the sample set. Between-species differences of no more
1
Executive Summary
than a factor of four were found for these sample collections and is similar to between-species
differences reported elsewhere.
Frozen archive samples are being maintained temporarily at GERG for future use of the
UNESCO-IOC and UNEP programs. Shell samples representative of the entire sample set were
sent to Dr. Ruth Turner at the Museum of Comparative Zoology , Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA for identification of several unknown bivalve species which could not be
identified by local scientists. The collection of shells is now stored at Harvard University as a
reference set for species identification.
The initial focus of the International Mussel Watch Program was on chlorinated pesticides
and individual chlorobiphenyls of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The initial set of target
analyte chlorinated pesticides were: aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, chlordanes, DDT family, heptachlor,
heptachlor expoxide, hexachlorbenezene (HCB), alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH),
beta- hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), Lindane (gamma-HCH), trans-nonachlor, and
methoxychlor. A Quality Control and Quality Assurance( QA/QC) program was coordinated by the
Secretariat at WHOI and provided a framework for evaluation of the field data submitted by each of
the central analytical facilities. Timing of funding to the central analytical facilities forced the initial
QA/QC exercise to coincide with the analysis of the field samples, with the attendant risk of finding
major differences in data between laboratories after the first set of field samples were analyzed.
However, the QA/QC results were generally satisfactory to excellent and comparable to similar
between-laboratory comparisons of experienced laboratories for these analytes.
Participating Host-Country laboratories also received a set of QA/QC samples and standard
solutions of the analytes and also several of these laboratories analyzed comparable portions of
field samples. Results of the QA/QC exercise for the national laboratories were for their own
individual use and are not reported in detail.
A total of 76 sites were sampled during this Initial Phase. Analyses show that
concentrations of chlorinated pesticides were not elevated for most of the stations and were similar
to the range of concentrations found in the United States, based on the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's National Status and Trends (NOAA-NS&T) data set during the late
1980s to early 1990s.
Several stations in this region show elevated concentrations of one or more chlorinated
pesticides compared to the rest of the data. Most of these stations were near urban or agricultural
areas. Individual chlorobiphenyl concentrations were generally lower for the in Latin America data
set in comparison to the NOAA-NS&T dataset for the U.S. coast, perhaps indicating less use
and/or release of PCBs in this region in comparison to the United States.
GERG also undertook analyses of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) under
the auspices of the IMW project and with the approval of the participants at a preliminary data
2
Executive Summary
assessment meeting in Sao Paulo, Brazil in April, 1993. PAH concentrations in the sample set are
within the range of PAH concentrations found in the NOAA NS&T data set, and several locations
had elevated concentrations. Both petroleum and fossil fuel combustion product PAHs were
identified in samples with elevated concentrations. These results indicate the need for assessing
further the extent and severity of PAH concentrations in coastal areas of this region and an
assessment of adverse effects in areas where PAH have elevated concentrations.
International Mussel Watch Program Initial Phase has accomplished the following:
• Provided a systematic regional assessment of the concentrations of several
chlorinated pesticides, chlorobiphenyls and PAH in bivalve sentinel organisms in
coastal areas of the region and contributed to the global data base for the
distribution of these chemicals in the environment.
• Established a regional network of Host-Country scientists that can contribute to a
continued assessment of the extent and severity of contamination by several
chemicals of environmental concern in coastal areas by use of the bivalve sentinel
organism approach.
• Provided technical support to this network of scientists and stimulated this
regional network to undertake further cooperative studies within the region on
problems of mutual interest.
• Established an archive of frozen samples from stations in this global region.
• Established a reference set of mollusk shells archived at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• Proved that the International Mussel Watch concept is viable and should be
undertaken in other regions of the world's coasts.
Lessons learned or reinforced from the Initial Phase of International Mussel Watch:
• Field collection of high-quality samples is logistically complex and requires a
skilled, scientifically competent Field Scientist who is authorized to make
decisions in the field. The Field Scientist must personally collect each sample or
personally supervise the collection and requires a budget for local sampling
expenses as well as a budget which includes travel, shipping, insurance,
communication etc.
• Participation by Host-Country scientists is crucial to the success of the Project.
Local knowledge and local logistic support is essential and the Field Scientist
cannot successfully accomplished his/her sampling task without it. Good
communication with these local scientists prior to the Field Scientist visit is
necessary so they can adapt their own schedules.
• Sampling by the Field Scientist should be accomplished in short trips from a
central base to minimize the risk of lost samples. The central base must have
adequate reliable freezer space, reliable international communication capability and
dependable international airline connections. Regular communication between the
Field Scientist and the Project Secretariat is essential.
• Geographic station location data should be simultaneously acquired with the tissue
sample to document station location. A hand-held GPS should be carried by the
Field Scientist. Station selection by the Host-Country scientist can be improved if
the Project develops a standard "site selection process" for each local scientist to
follow. This process must include a recent site visit by the local scientist prior to
the arrival of the IMW Field Scientist.
Executive Summary
• Shipping of field-collected samples is risky and, ideally, will be done by courier.
Both sets of duplicate samples should not be shipped together. Sample shipments
should be accompanied by a "letter of authority" from a local scientist and from
the Project; perhaps a UN Property Pass would also be useful in some places.
• Production and use data for chlorinated biocides in the region is sparse. Record-
keeping has been poor and access to records is difficult. Several national
summary reports are available for parts of this global region and these may define
the extent of useful data.
• An interlaboratory comparison exercise should be run between the Central Labs
prior to the initiation of any analyses of field samples. This exercise should
include a meeting of principal analysts to resolve any analytical differences (or
reporting differences) that arise.
• There should be continuity with the analytical effort of the Initial Phase as IMW
expands to new global regions. Priority must continue to be given to the need for
high-quality data.
• "Capacity Building" should be an integral component in the Project and Host
Country scientists should be supported with training manuals, workshops,
technical reports and QA Reference Standards. This component of the Project
should also assist with the creation of new coastal monitoring programs and with
the integration of EM W data and scientific network of scientists into existing
international efforts.
• International Mussel Watch should remain flexible and respond to coastal
monitoring needs as identified by each global region. Monitoring of additional
chemical contaminants (e.g. selected metals, PAHs, nitrogen, and biological
agents (e.g. virus, red tide) should be considered as EMW moves to new regions.
• There is a continuing need for EMW project oversight to maintain the database,
integrate the seperate efforts and provide continuity for the several phases and to
interface the global region scientific networks which develop.
• The Project should foster increased scientific communication in the region in order
to give support to local scientists in the IMW network. Specific research projects
and student theses should grow from the EMW effort
• Processes and procedures for better integration of the EMW data into regional
national decision-making needs to be addressed.
The successful completion of this Initial Phase provides a base of information and a
scientific network for future international activities. The Initial Phase of International Mussel
Watch has successfully produced a unique high-quality database of chemical contaminants in
coastal organisms from a widespread geographic region. These data are useful to guide future
research and monitoring activities in the region. These data and their interpretation will also
provide a sound basis for formulation and implementation of policies for protection of human
health and for wise management of coastal ecosystems.
We expect that this program will benefit from, and collaborate with, existing national and
regional efforts. This program should provide an impetus for additional national and regional
research and monitoring activities concerning pollution of coastal areas. An added benefit will be
dissemination to the world community of the results of a successful collaborative experience
involving sampling, sample storage, chemical analysis, quality assurance procedures and data
interpretation.
International Mussel Watch (IMW) Committee
Members
Edward D. Goldberg, Chair IMWC
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
LaJolla,CA 92093
John W. Farrington, IMW Scientific Director
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Roger Dawson
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
University of Maryland
Solomons, MD 20688
Arne B. Jernelov
Swedish Water and Air Pollution Research Lab (TVL)
Stockholm 10031, Sweden
Laurence D. Mee
IAEA Marine Environment Lab
BP No. 800
MC-98012 MONACO
Eric Schneider
45 Barstow Rd.
Prince Frederick, MD 20678
Rolf R. Weber
Pra?a do Oceanografico 191
05508 Cidade Universitaria, Butanta
Sao Paulo, BRASEL
Shinsuke Tanabe
Dept. of Environmental Conservation
Ehime University
3-5-7 Tarumi Matsuyama, 790
JAPAN
Ex Officio
Bruce W. Tripp, Executive Officer
Coastal Research Center
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Jose Sericano, Field Scientific Officer-Initial Phase
GERG
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77845
Anthony H. Knap, IOC/GEMSI Liaison
Director, Bermuda Biological Station
Ferry Reach, 1-15, BERMUDA
International Mussel Watch
Coastal Chemical Contaminant
Monitoring Using Bivalves
Initial Implementation Phase
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IMW Initial Phase Report
International Mussel Watch: introduction and overview
The International Oceanographic Commission (IOC), in collaboration with the United
Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) have supported the creation of the International Mussel Watch Project and
completed an initial monitoring program in the Latin America region, including central-South
America and the wider Caribbean area including Mexico, in 1991-92 (Figure 1). The program has
been directed by the International Mussel Watch Committee and coordinated and administered by
the Project Secretariat office based at the Coastal Research Center of the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution.
The genesis of the International Mussel Watch Project can easily be traced to the 1975
Marine Pollution Bulletin editorial where Professor Edward Goldberg of Scripps Institution of
Oceanography called for a global marine monitoring program to serve as a "spring board for
action" (Goldberg, 1975). In his editorial, Prof. Goldberg outlined a global scale monitoring
program based on the sentinel organism concept that is capable of detecting trends in
concentrations of several important marine contaminants. Since the mid-1970's, scientists of
several countries have used bivalve filter-feeding mollusks to monitor for selected chemical
contaminants in coastal marine waters. Such contamination of coastal waters might result in
chemical changes that are deleterious, over the long term, to both the integrity of the coastal
environment and to human health. Because of their sedentary habits and their ability to
bioconcentrate the pollutants of interest, mussels and other bivalve species appear to be appropriate
sentinel organisms (Table 1 and Phillips, 1980). This approach to marine monitoring has been
successfully applied in several national and regional programs in Europe, Taiwan, Canada and the
United States and an extensive scientific literature has been generated from this work (NOAA,
1991). The mussel watch approach has been adopted as one of several coastal environmental
quality monitoring strategies by United Nations programs and the International Mussel Watch
Project is working to build on this cumulative experience.
Particularly important among the monitoring programs that were established during the
1970's were those of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development and of
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. The United Nations Environment Program
has also created its Regional Seas Program which has placed a major emphasis on the development
of host country capabilities for measuring the levels of pollutants in coastal and marine
environments. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the UNESCO
sponsored the formation of a Task Team on Marine Pollution Research and Monitoring in the West
Pacific region. National governments of many countries have initiated their own programs to
provide for longer-term protection of coastal zones from the deleterious effects of chemical
TABLE 1: Attributes of Bivalves as Sentinel Organisms
• A correlation exists between the pollutant content of the organism and the average
pollutant concentration in the surrounding habitat; contaminant concentration factors of
many-fold (over seawater concentrations) are common .
• Bivalves are cosmopolitan, minimizing the inherent problems which arise when
comparing data from markedly different species; this issue will be more importent in
tropical areas.
• Bivalves have reasonably high tolerance to many types of pollution and can exsist in
habitats contaminated within much of the known range of pollution.
• Bivalves are sedentary generally and better representative of the study area than
mobile species.
• Bivalves often are abundant in relatively stable populations that can be sampled
repeatedly throughout the study region.
• Many bivalve species are sufficiently long-lived to allow the sampling of more than
one year-class, if desired.
• Bivalves are often of a reasonable size, providing adequate tissue for analysis.
• Bivalves are easy to sample and hardy enough to survive in the laboratory, allowing
defecation before analysis (if desired) and laboratory studies of pollutant uptake.
• Several bivalve species tolerate a range of salinity and other environmental
conditions, making them hardy enough to be transplanted to other areas for
experimentation.
• Bivalves are generally metabolically passive to the contaminants in question and not
alter the chemical after uptake; uptake by the organism provides an assessment of
bioavailability from environmental compartments.
• Bivalves are commercially valuable seafood and a measure of chemical contamination
is of public health interest.
EMW Initial Phase Report
contamination. In the United States, the "Mussel Watch" program was begun by the U.S. EPA in
the mid-1970's and involved academic scientists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Moss
Landing Marine Laboratory, University of California Bodega Bay Laboratory, University of
Texas Marine Sciences Institute and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. This program used
mussels and oysters as indicators of the concentrations of several classes of pollutants, principally
synthetic organics, fossil fuel compounds and their derivatives, several trace elements, and the
transuranic radioactive elements produced in the nuclear fuel cycle and by fallout from nuclear
weapons tests (Farrington et al, 1983). Mussel Watch became an operational contaminant
monitoring program in the United States in 1986 and is directed by NOAA as a part of the Status
and Trends Program (NOAA, 1987, 1989, O'Connor, 1991).
In December, 1978, the members of the U.S. Mussel Watch Program joined with scientists
of other countries to hold an international workshop in Barcelona, Spain. This workshop
assessed the methodologies employed for the detection and measurement of pollutants in coastal
zones through the use of indicator organisms (NRC, 1980). The participants at the Barcelona
workshop decided that continuing international collaboration and communication would be
worthwhile, and elected a committee charged with the task of planning for the initiation of a global
monitoring program. Communication at the international level was continued at a second meeting
held in Honolulu, Hawaii in November of 1983 under the chairmanship of Dr. Robert Risebrough,
Bodega Bay Institute. Participants at the Hawaii meeting examined the conceptual approaches used
by the Mussel Watch programs and assessed the potential for expansion of this approach to a
global scale (Peterson and Tripp, 1984; Sivalingam, 1984). The International Mussel Watch
Project had its genesis at the Hawaii meeting. Planning momentum was maintained by the
International Mussel Watch Committee under the leadership of Prof. Edward Goldberg who
received substantial support from a planning office based at the University of Maryland and
directed by Drs. Rodger Dawson and Eric Schneider. The Initial Phase of the Project has been
implemented in the Latin American region (Figure 1) and due to financial limitations, has focused
mainly on organochlorine contaminants. Financial support for the Project is coordinated by the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and includes financial contributions from IOC-
UNESCO, UNEP, US-NOAA, with cost-sharing from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
and in-kind contributions from the University of Texas and host country institutions.
A primary initial goal of the International Mussel Watch is to ascertain and to assess the
levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in bivalves collected
from coastal marine waters throughout the world, with emphasis on tropical and southern
hemispheric locations where the use of these biocides continues. Prior to the IMW sampling in
1991-2, there has been no systematic survey of organic contaminants in the tropical and
subtropical coastal regions of the southern Hemisphere. Increased use, or continued use at present
9
rates, of these persistent toxic biocides may result in contamination of living coastal resources with
consequent implications for human health and the integrity of marine communities (Goldberg,
1976; Goldberg, 1991; UNEP, 1990; World Resources Inst., 1994).
Comparison of the measured values with those from temperate and subtropical zones of the
northern hemisphere of the 1960's and the 1970's (at which times morbidities and mortalities
related to chlorinated hydrocarbons pollution were observed) will provide an assessment as to
whether populations at upper trophic levels, the most susceptible parts of the ecosystem (e.g.,
mammals and birds), are at risk from these compounds.
Another goal for the International Mussel Watch Project is capacity building and this
program will help develop a sustainable research and monitoring activity for observation and
monitoring chemical contamination in the coastal regions of the world's oceans. Such a global
network will provide a framework for new national efforts and will produce comparable and
reliable monitoring data for environmental decision makers.
The International Mussel Watch Project complements regional and national monitoring
programs where they are established, thus linking the existing programs and increasing their
effectiveness. Existing regional programs provide a base on which to build an international
program and their support and collaboration is critical to the success of the international program.
The organizational structure of the Initial Phase is represented in Figure 2.
International Mussel Watch Objectives
* To establish on a global scale the levels of contamination of selected organochlorine
pesticides and the polychlorinated biphenyls, in the coastal marine environment.
* To compare, where possible, present day levels of organochlorine compounds found in the
tropics and the southern hemispheric locations with those found in the northern hemisphere during
the 1960's and 1970's, where ecosystems disturbances at the upper trophic levels (fish, birds,
cetaceans) were apparent.
* To establish an archive of samples to provide a basis for a time series comparison for both
these compounds and as yet unidentified industrial and agricultural contaminants.
* To contribute to the global data base for the evaluation of the present and future state of the
health of the oceans. Provide laboratories and regional organizations with baseline data against
which to interpret trends in the global environment and to make future environmental management
decisions.
Results and Progress of the Initial Implementation Phase
* Generation of a unique, high-quality data base on the distribution of organochlorine
concentration residues (and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in selected samples) in sentinel
bivalves on a global region scale.
10
INTERNATIONAL
MUSSEL WATCH
Initial Implementation Phase
Caribbean, Central America and
South America
ILMR
Sample Analysis
Quality Control
Field Sampling
GERG
Sample Analysis
Quality Control
Host-Country Lab
Field Sampling (with IMW)
In-country logistics support
Sample Analysis (optional)
FIGURE 2: Organizational Structure
11
* Stimulation of an approach whereby regional specialized networks of laboratories employ
the sentinel organism technique for surveillance and monitoring of contamination; serve as a "field-
test" of a large-scale international coastal monitoring program for chemical contaminants.
* Creation of a global area regional network for data exchange between area laboratories,
including discussion of quality control, sample analysis, data format and data analysis procedures.
* Encourage the creation of an institutional mechanism capable of building on the base of this
Initial Phase to systematically produce high quality data on priority contaminants in the near-shore
environment using tested methods of sampling and analysis for baseline studies, for regional
monitoring programs and for research studies.
* Provide technical assistance to scientists in the IMW Phase I (Latin America) region
concerning sampling and analysis of environmental samples, data interpretation and access to
international scientific literature.
* Assist regional scientists with the evaluation of scientific data for use by decision-makers in
all government levels.
* Increase national capabilities to assess environmental problems related to organochlorine
pesticides, industrial chemicals and other contaminants in the broader context of a global baseline;
provide a forum for training and for a discussion of the interpretation of analytical results in the
context of environmental processes.
* Create a base for assessment of priorities for future research and monitoring in relation to
the information gathered during this IMW phase with existing historic information.
Initial Implementation Phase; Operational Activities
In May, 1991 members of the International Mussel Watch Committee and representatives
of three regional monitoring programs (i.e. Costa Atlantica Sudoccidental.CASO; Comision
Permanente del Pacifico Sur, CPPS; Regional Programme for Assessment and Control of Marine
Pollution in the Wider Caribbean.CEPPOL) met at the University of Costa Rica to organize the
Initial Implementation Phase of International Mussel Watch. In this Initial Phase, the goal was to
collect samples from throughout the region by the IMW Field Scientist, with the assistance of
Host-Country scientists (IMW, 1992). The Initial Phase region includes both coasts of Central
and South America, including the wider Caribbean area and Mexico. Discussions in Costa Rica
resulted in a fine-tuning of the International Mussel Watch program design, a solidification of the
sampling program and the list of national participants (see Appendix F). Potential sampling areas
were selected and Host-Country scientists invited to collaborate in the program. The Initial
Implementation Phase provides direct experience for introducing this program to other global
regions. Host-Country scientists form the nucleus of an international marine monitoring network
through which the results of the project are being disseminated.
12
IMW Initial Phase Report
Field sampling, Host-Country scientist analyses and data interpretation has been
coordinated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution-based Project Secretariat, under the
guidance of the IMW Executive Officer. Sampling during the Initial Implementation Phase took
place at 76 sites in the IMW Initial Phase region (see map, Figure 2). Sampling locations include
sites presumed to be contaminated (industrial, urban or agriculture run-off) and non-contaminated
(rural, undeveloped), and encompasses both estuarine and open-ocean coastline. One sampling
"station" covers an approximate linear distance of 200 meters and replicate samples of the same
species were usually collected at each "station". Large or highly variable (e.g., different sediment
substrates) sites may contain more than one "station".
The identification of sites using these criteria was made by local scientists familiar with the
area in concert with the International Mussel Watch Field Scientist. All sampling and sample
logistics have been carried out under the direct supervision of the IMW Field Scientific Officer,
who was under contract to the IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratory. The Host-Country
scientists have directly assisted the Field Scientist with travel logistics and sampling and without
their participation this program could not have been implemented. A report of the field sampling is
found in Appendix E.
Shells of collected samples were retained by the Field Scientific Officer at each site. In
some cases, species identification was questioned in the field and collected shells were provided to
Dr. Ruth Turner and Mr. Zachary Zevitas of the Museum of Comparative Zoology(MCZ) at
Harvard University, Cambridge, Masasachusetts. They generously agreed to assist with species
identification at no cost to the project. All IMW shell samples collected in Latin America have been
donated to the MCZ to supplement their existing mollusk collection.
Collected samples were distributed for chemical analysis by two contract laboratories.
Selection of these analytical facilities for analyses of field-collected samples from the regions was
based on the following criteria:
(i) prior experience in chemical analyses for organochlorine
compounds using capillary gas chromatography with confirmatory gas
chromatographic mass spectrometric (GC-MS) techniques.
(ii) proven capability to produce high quality data for organochlorine
analyses in marine tissue samples; including glass or fused silica
capillary GC and access to capillary GC-MS back up.
(iii) commitment of supervisory scientists in the laboratory for the
direction of analysts in the project, quality assurance checks, and
assessment of data.
(iv) reputation and acceptability to international-regional groups of
scientists, their governments and international bodies.
(v) ability to carry out the program within the designated time period.
13
IMW Initial Phase Report
The two Analytical Centers selected for the Initial Phase were the International Atomic Energy
Agency Marine Environment Laboratory (MEL), Principality of Monaco, and the Geochemical and
Environmental Research Group (GERG), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Data interpretation of the combined IMW dataset (found in Appendix A) has been
undertaken by the Project Secretariat with substantial input from the Analytical Center analysts and
several Host-Country scientists. All data are being made available to participating Host-Country
scientists by a copy of this report.
Host-Country scientists with requisite analytical expertise, and who wished to do so,
retained tissue samples collected by the Field Scientist for in-country analysis. Results of field
sample analysis by the individual national laboratories have been retained for individual
comparison with data from the EMW Analytical Centers. An interlaboratory comparison exercise
was conducted by the Project Secretariat and the results of this work is summarized in Appendix
C. Host-country scientists were asked to determine production and use data from available sources
in their respective countries and this information is summarized in Appendix D.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Trace analyses of organic contaminants in this program can be difficult because of the low
concentrations of many of the target analytes and the several different bivalve species or different
physiologic states of the same species collected over a wide geographic range. The original plan for
the Initial Implementation Phase included a Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QA/QC)
interlaboratory comparison prior to the phase of field sample analyses. The plan had to be revised
to accommodate funding and scheduling constraints. However, a good series of QA/QC analyses
have been completed. An extensive scientific literature on good Quality Control/Quality Assurance
practices can be found elsewhere, but several are cited here (Farrington et al 1983; Taylor, 1985,
1985a; UNEP, 1990; UNESCO, 1990; Villeneuve and Mee, 1989, 1990)
There were two principle components to the QA/QC program in the Initial Implementation
Phase. The first component was the routine QA/QC internal to each Analytical Center (IAEA
Marine Environmental Laboratory [MEL], and Texas A&M University Geochemical and
Environmental Research Group [GERG]). The second component was coordinated by the Project
Secretariat and consisted of two sub-components: 1) The analysis of two IMW Intercomparison
samples and one Working Standard Reference Material (SRM), and 2) the analysis of field
replicate samples for several stations. The results of the QA/QC component coordinated by the
Project Secretariat are presented in this section of the report.
14
IMW Initial Phase Report
The QA/QC samples were as follows:
A) Deer Island. A freeze dried (lyophilized) sample of Mytilus edulis tissue from a
large batch of samples collected several years ago from a coastal site near the Deer Island sewage
treatment plant, Boston, Massachusetts USA, homogenized, frozen and subsamples used in a
previous IOC/ICES QA/QC exercise for petroleum hydrocarbons. (Farrington et al, 1983). Each
laboratory received three sub-samples chosen by random.
B) Staten Island. A batch of mussels collected from Staten Island in the harbor of
New York City, New York ,USA, was shucked to obtain tissues, blended, stored frozen (wet),
and distributed to the Analytical Centers. Each laboratory received one sub-sample for triplicate
analysis. These samples were prepared by Dr. Rodger Dawson and colleagues of the Center of
Estuarine and Environmental Studies, University of Maryland, USA for the GESRM Program of
IOC.
C) NOAA-NIST. Samples prepared for the U.S. National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administrations Status and Trends Program by the U.S. National Institute of
Standards and Technology as a working reference sample of a mussel tissue homogenate (soon to
be a Standard Reference Material) were distributed to the IMW Analytical Centers by U.S. NOAA
at the request of the Project Secretariat. Each laboratory participated in the NOAA-NIST
comparison exercise along with other NOAA-funded labs.
D) IMW Field Samples. At nearly all collection sites, seperate "replicate" field
samples were taken. In several cases, seperate analyses of these field replicates were conducted by
each Analytical Center, splits of samples from 1 1 field stations were analyzed by both laboratories.
All data resulting from the analyses of these QA/QC samples were reported directly to the
Project Secretariat and were not available to the other Analytical Center until a preliminary report
was distributed for the Sao Paulo data review meeting in April of 1993. A review of the available
data prior to the Sao Paulo meeting led to the discovery that the Analytical Centers had
inadvertently reported results from a different working reference material of the NOAA-NIST
sample set. This error was subsequently rectified with one laboratory reporting additional data for
the correct sample.
In addition to the Analytical Center QA/QC program, participating Host-Country
laboratories received splits of field samples, Standard Reference Materials and a working reference
freeze-dried tissue sample for analysis. A summary of the results of that exercise is reported in
Appendix C.
Detection limits reported by the two Analytical Centers are listed in Table 2. The two
laboratories routinely use different philosophies and methodologies in arriving at what they each
term "detection" limits. GERG follows U.S. Federal agency requirements and MEL, as a U.N.
laboratory, has adopted a UNEP reference method. (See footnotes in Table 2.)
15
TABLE 2: Detection Lin its of IAEA-MEL and Texas A&M GERG
Reported as
pg/g Sample (dry)
MELLOD*
GERG MDL**
Analvte
(Sb+3v)
Hexachlorobenzene
28
600
Lindane (gamma HCH)
120
2,560
Hexachlorocyclohexane
18
—
2,4'DDE
70
5,460
2,4'DDD
270
7,020
2,4'DDT
110
2,550
4,4'DDE
24
3,740
4,4'DDD
35
1,940
4,4'DDT
18
2,680
Heptachlor
11
2,080
Aldrin
14
2,400
Dieldrin
18
2,860
Mirex
—
1,200
Endrin
33
—
CisChlordane(a)
17
2,500
Trans Chlordane(t)
17
—
Trans Nonachlor
12
1,690
Heptachlor epoxide
15
850
Methoxychlor
135
—
CB8
—
2,120
CB28
42
1,470
CB31
45
—
CB44
—
2,780
CB49
20
—
CB52
170
2,400
CB 66/95
—
2,220
CB 101/90
98
6,560
CB 105
42
880
CB 118
24
4,040
CB 128
—
2,120
CB 138/163
45
7,250
CB 149
29
—
CB 153
41
4,700
CB 180
57
1,810
CB 187/182
—
4,720
CB 189
24
—
CB206
—
1,510
CB209
—
1,600
* Limit of Detection, calculated according to UNEP Reference Method #57 (1990), using
reagent blank (not a field blank).
** Method Detection Limit, calculated according to Fed.
Reg. 8_6j 198-99 (1984), using
oyster tissue continuing some indigenous level of selected contaminants, thus the actual MDL
is less than reported MDL. Estimated Detection Limit, calculated on the basis of 15g (wet)
sample size, with 0.2% of total
extract injected into the GC-ECD for measurement, is
250pg/gdw for all analytes.
16
EMW Initial Phase Report
Herein lies a problem that can occur in any international program; even one with central
coordination. Each of these laboratories was funded by various funding sources related to other
monitoring programs to undertake analyses according to certain specifications which were different
for the respective laboratories. Because analytical chemistry contracts were not controlled by the
EMW Secretariat and funds were provided directly to each laboratory, the contracts did not specify
which method for detection limits to invoke and apply. Neither did they specify analytical
methodologies, Standard Reference Materials used, analytes to be measured or reporting
standards. Furthermore, funding for the QA/QC was delayed until the same time as the sample
analyses funding and the delayed schedule resulted in a decision by the IMW Secretariat and EMW
Committee to proceed with all QA/QC and field sample analyses expeditiously. This decision
permitted the detection limit misunderstanding to occur and this misunderstanding had to be
addressed over a period of several months after the principle analyses were completed, causing
confusion as well as a delay in issuing this report. The power of having good QA/QC was clearly
demonstrated and did not adversely affect the utility of the combined dataset for the primary
purposes of the program. There is no blame to be assigned to either Analytical Center for this
misunderstanding; in fact the excellent cooperation of all parties in this complex project have
resulted in overall success. Rather, the unfortunate consequence of having to fund the program
from various sources, with various contracts, and on a fragmented basis caused delay and
confusion that could have been avoided. The lesson learned is to have funding and analytical
contract specification more closely coordinated with the central coordinating group responsible for
QA/QC and for overall direction of the program.
Overall, MEL's limit of detection (LOD) and GERG's Estimated Detection Limit (MDL) are
equivalent in the 10 to 250 pg/g dry weight range (See Table 2 and table footnotes). For this report
we have adopted a reporting limit of 250pg/g for each analyte reported in the IMW combined
dataset (Appendix A) and have indicated in the data tables any reported concentration below that as
"trace" (Tr) unless it was reported by the Analytical Center as below detection limits (N.D.).
However, we have retained the original data base reported by the Analytical Centers in order not to
discard useful information. These data can be supplied upon request to the IMW Secretariat for the
duration of the existence of the Secretariat and thereafter from the Secretary, IOC- Paris. Adoption
of the 250pg/g dry weight detection limit does not compromise the important interpretations and
conclusions of the MEL and GERG combined dataset for the EMW Initial Implementation Phase.
SPECIFIC QA/QC RESULTS
A) Deer Island.
Representative data for the Deer Island QA/QC samples are presented in Tables 3 and 4,
and Figure 3. The within-laboratory precision is good at +/- 5 to 20 % relative standard deviation
17
(r.s.d.). Some of the analytes; i.e. hexachlorobenzene(HCB); heptachlor, and heptachlorexpoxide;
2,4' DDE; and 2,4' DDT; were present in concentrations near or below detection limits for one or
both Analytical Centers. The data for dieldrin and 2,4' DDD (Table 3) indicate between- laboratory
differences of a factor of two or three which has to be kept in mind when interpreting the field data.
MEL data are systematically slightly higher than GERG data when considering the entire set of
analytes (Figure 3.); but by less than a factor of two. Otherwise, the agreement between the two
laboratories for the Deer Island samples are within state-of-the-art limits for these types of
challenging analyses of trace concentration levels.
B) Staten Island.
Data from the Staten Island QA/QC intercomparison are presented in Tables 5 and 6
and Figure 4. The within-laboratory precision is between +/- 5 to 10% for those analytes with
reported concentrations well above the 250 pg/g dry weight detection limit; that is for
concentrations of 1 ng/g dry weight or above. There are between-laboratory differences of factors
of two to three for most of the chlorinated pesticides (Table 5). There is better agreement between
laboratories for several of the chlorinated biphenyl congeners, but there is a factor of two
difference for CB 52, CB153 and CB180. In contrast to the Deer Island QA/QC data, GERG
rather than MEL is systematically higher for the Staten Island samples (Figure 4). The main
difference between the Deer Island and the Staten Island QA/QC exercise was the state of the
samples when shipped to the laboratories. The Deer Island samples had been freeze dried whereas
the Staten Island samples were frozen wet samples. There may have been some difficulties in
determining wet weight to dry weight ratios which would account for systematic differences for all
analytes.
C) NOAA-NIST.
The NOAA-NIST sample results are presented in Tables 7 and 8, and Figure 5. There are
reasonable within laboratory precisions of the order of +/- 5 to 20% r.s.d. The between-
laboratory comparison indicates that, as with the Deer Island and Staten Island QA/QC samples,
there is a factor of two to three difference between the MEL and the GERG results for 2,4' DDD
and dieldrin with GERG reporting the higher concentration. There are also factors of four to five
difference between laboratories for the 4,4' DDE and 2,4' DDT concentrations. The
concentrations of 2,4' DDE, and heptachlor were near, at, or below detection limits for both
laboratories. The agreement between laboratories for individual chlorobiphenyl congeners shows
factors of three to ten differences for CBs 18, 28(31), 52, 44, 66/95, 101/90, 180 and 195; for
eight of the eighteen CBs analyzed. In contrast to the Deer Island results, the GERG data
appears to be systematically higher than the corresponding MEL data (Figure 5).
18
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TABLE 4. IMW Deer Island Interlaboratory Comparison Exercise Between
GERG and MEL;
PCB Concentrations Reported as ng/g dry weight
Congener Number
CB28
CB52 CB105 CB118 CB138
108 163
149
CB153
CB180
MEL
Sample No.
1401
7.4
13 10.6 27.2 40
47.7
4.3
1402
7.5
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54.2
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10.3
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56.7
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4.65
0.5
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Sample No.
1409
6.27
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35.7
3.33
1410
6.42
12.6 15 29.7 35
39.3
5.26
1411
5.13
8.82 10.4 27.6 33.7
36.2
3.25
mean
5.94
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37.1
3.95
s.d.
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2.32 2.8 1.27 1.56
1.95
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21
TABLE 6. IMW Staten Island Interlaboratory Comparison Exercise Between
GERG and MEL; PCB Concentrations Reported as ng/g dry weight
Congener Number
CB28 CB52 CB105 CB118
CB138
CB1S3
CB180
108
163
149
MEL
Sample No.
1448
8.66 21.6 19.7 39.3
48.3
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47
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46.07
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GERG
Sample No.
1404
8.6 41.3 20.3 55.5
77.8
101.7
15.9
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77.9
109.6
16.8
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82.4
104.5
17.6
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Z E
8
in n 6
en tt ■*»-
9 *
On On On
a
Q
B °
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e c c
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odd
rn o
d d
a
ca
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<c
TT
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rf
C5 en ■** m
es . 5 1 5
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5 tj
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5 -a
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rj CN CN CN
5 o — — —
u
&
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CO
</3
23
TABLE 8. IMW NOAA-NIST Intercalibration; Results of Triplicate Analysis
of Samples
QA92TiS4 Chlorobiphenyl Congeners as ng/g dry weight
Chlorobiphenyl Congener
CB28
CB52 CB105 CB118 CB138 CB153
108 163
CB180
GERG
Sample No.
1443
51
59 36 84 103 127
30
1444
55
62 45 98 112 130
33
1445
56
63 46 94 114 129
32
mean
54
61 42 92 110 129
32
s.d.
2.6
2.1 5.5 7.2 5.9 1.5
1.5
MEL
Sample No.
1422
9.1
19 24 59 68 68
6.6
1425
11
18 24 61 73 75
6.8
1426
9.2
16 29 63 71 73
8.9
mean
9.8
18 26 61 71 72
7.4
s.d.
1.1
1.5 2.9 2 2.5 3.6
1.3
24
FIGURE 3. Comparison of MEL and GERG Data, Deer Island
Data for all Analytes (ng/gdw)
in -
■
■
ou
i
x.
■
O CM
85
5
10 .
S* m
LMm
Solid line is the theoretical 1 :1 correspondence
0 '
1 1
10
20
30
MEL
40
50
60
FIGURE 4. Comparison of MEL and GERG Data, Staten Island
Data, Staten Island Data for all Analytes (ng/gdw)
120
100
80
O 60
cc
LU
(3
40
20
10
■
Solid line is the theoretical 1 :1 correspondence
■
■
■
■ ■
■
■
20
30
MEL
40
50
60
25
FIGURE 5. IMW NOAA-NIST Mussel Tissue IV Intercalibration
(QA92TiS4) Compare all Chlorobiphenyl and
Chlorinated Pesticide Data as ng/gdw
150
100
o
os
u
o
50
■
■
1
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Solid line is the theoretical 1 :1 correspondence line.
10
20
30
40
MEL
50
60
70
80
26
IMW Initial Phase Report
The NOAA-NIST sample is a working reference material that has been analyzed by'a larger
set of laboratories but the analytical data can be assessed within the context of the results of this
project (Table 9 and Figures 6 and 7). These preliminary comparisons taken with permission
from a draft NOAA report show that GERG and MEL were generally within +/- one standard
deviation from the consensus mean for analytes with the following exceptions : MEL's
concentrations for 4,4' DDE, CB18, CB44, CB66/95, 101/90 were between one and two standard
deviations below the consensus mean, and MEL's concentration for CB 195 was greater than the
consensus mean by more than one standard deviation; GERG's concentration for CB 180 was
higher than the consensus mean by more than two standard deviations. During final data
interpretation, NOAA coordinators may revise the consensus means and standard deviations as a
result of checks for data transcription errors and elimination of outliers by statistical treatment of
the data set.
Participation of the IMW Analytical Centers within the larger group of NOAA-NIST
laboratories provides a valuable QA/QC check on IMW results and provides a framework for cross
comparison of IMW data with other bivalve tissue chlorinated pesticide and chlorobiphenyl data.
Participation in the NOAA-NIST intercomparison activities or similar exercise should be a
continuing requirement for the IMW Analytical Centers in future phases.
D) IMW Field Samples.
Representative results for analyses of splits of the replicate field samples are presented in
Tables 10 and 11, and Figures 8 and 9. Much of the field sample data are near, at, or below the
limits of detection and we would not expect close agreement between the two laboratories.
Overall, given the low concentrations of the analytes in several of the field-collected samples, the
results of the QA/QC are encouraging.
There is excellent agreement for the dry weight determination (Figure 10) which eliminates
this factor as a cause of any significant discrepancies between laboratories for the pesticide and CB
analytes. For those samples where analyte concentrations are significantly above the detection
limits, the agreement between laboratories is usually very good, and generally within a factor of
two or better. IMW samples of particular concern with apparent significant differences between
laboratories are sample nos. 1 153-54 for 4,4' DDE, 2,4' DDD; sample nos. 1 175-76 for 2,4' DDD
and 4,4' DDD; and sample nos. 1279-80 2,4' DDD ; and for gamma chlordane concentrations,
sample nos. 1 153-54 and 1 193-94.
There may be a slight systematic difference between GERG and MEL for dry weight to wet
weight ratio and for lipid concentrations (Table 10 and Figures 10 and 1 1). This may account for
some of the variability between these two laboratories for some samples. It might be that one
laboratory has an extraction method which yields more lipid or is more efficient for lipids and
associated chlorinated- lipophilic compounds such as chlorobiphenyls and chlorinated pesticides.
27
TABLE 9. QA7QC Results for IMW NOAA-NIST
Mussel Tissue IV QA92TiS4
ANALYTE
MEL
GERG
ng/g. dry wt.
CONSENSUS
MEAN*
s.d.*
r.s.d.(%)*
CB8
1.74
2.27
3.3
2.4
72
CB 18
1.1
10.2
11
5.4
49
CB 28/31
9.85
54
43.7
20.1
46
CB52
17.1
56.8
55.9
11.2
20
CB44
0.08
42
31.7
11.9
38
CB 66/95
12
60.3
85
29
34
CB 101/90
31.3
93.5
101
22
21
CB 118
60.9
93.3
96.6
22.6
23
CB 153
72.8
130
122
36
29
CB 105
25.5
41.9
40.3
10.8
27
CB138/163*
71.1
110
106
30
28
CB 187/182
19.4
27.1
26.3
8.7
33
CB 128
13.8
14.7
14
5
36
CB 180
7.67
31.9
9.2
2.3
25
CB 170/190
0.12
0
1.5
0.9
61
CB195
6.46
0
1.1
1
98
CB206
0.02
0.03
4.2
7.1
168
CB209
0
0.79
0.8
0.9
103
HCB
0.37
0.1
0.4
0.5
116
gHCH
3.83
0.56
3.5
4.2
120
HEPTACHLOR
0.33
0
1.3
1.5
116
ALDRIN
0.05
4.53
2.5
2.3
92
HEPTACHL-E
0.23
0.43
4.4
5.1
115
DDE - 2,4'
0.38
10.9
15.8
12.9
82
c-CHLORDANE
7.3
2.55
18.7
9.1
49
t-NANOCHLOR
5.24
11.4
13
4.2
32
DDE - 4,4'
9.24
40.4
45.2
4.2
9
DIELDRIN
2.02
5.39
13.4
11.7
88
DDD - 2,4'
9.28
4.69
11.3
5.1
45
DDD - 4,4'
29.3
27.5
39.5
37.6
95
DDT - 2,4'
0.12
4.62
6.3
4.3
68
DDT - 4,4'
2.62
7.37
10.3
4.3
42
MIREX
0.15
0.43
1.3
1
79
* Data from NIST-NOAA; courtesy of NOAA Status and Trends programs.
Final data report may contain slightly revised means
and s.d. and r.s.d.
28
FIGURE 6. IMW NOAA-NIST Mussel Tissue IV Intercomparison:
QA92TiS4 Cholorbiphenyl Data
150
£ 10°
a
OS
a
53 50
CB18
CB5 2 CB66/95
CB138
/163*
CB118 CB105 CB187/182
CB170
/190
CB180 CB195
CB209
ANALYTE
H
EC
O
>-
OS
a
a
z
50
40
30
20
10
FIGURE 7. IMW NOAA-NIST Mussel Tissue IV Intercomparison:
QA92TiS4 Chlorinated Pesticide Data
■ MEL
^GERG
■ CONSENSUS MEAN
H9 ^1
i:^l
11
1
^m~-:'
HCB
I
HEPTACH]
.OR
HEPTACH]
c- CHLCRDANE 4,4' DDE
t.E t- NANOCHLOR
2,4' DDD
2,4' DDT
MIREX
gHCH
ALDRJN
2,4" DDE
DELDRIN
4,4' DDD 4,4' DDT
ANALYTE
29
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30
TABLE 11. QA/QC IMW Comparison of Results of Analysis of Field Replicates
PCBs
ID No. Code
Lindane Chlordane CB 101 CB 138
ng/g dry weight * 163
CB153
1077 CREC
0 1.2 0.2 0.4
0.3
1078 CREC
1 1.8 0.5 0.5
0.8
1153 BRSB
2.4 5.2 1.3 6.5
4.1
1154 BRSB
0.6 0.9 1.8 4
4.4
1175 BRFO
1 0.8 0.6 3.7
1
1176 BRFO
0.4 0.3 0.8 1.9
2
1193 BRGB
2.1 13 7 13
13
1194 BRGB
0.5 2.2 6 8.9
8.2
1239 PEPA
0 0 0.6 2.8
1.9
1240 PEPA
0.5 0 0.8 2.1
2.3
1241 PEPA
0 0 0.6 3.2
1.5
1242 PEPA
0.5 0 0.9 1.8
2.3
1247 ECCR
0.2 0.9 0.4 2.4
0.2
1248 ECCR
0.3 0 0.3 0.3
0.3
1267 JABO
0 0.3 0 1.4
0.5
1268 JABO
0.3 0 0 0.5
0.8
1279 MELO
0.6 0.4 0.9 3.4
3.8
1280 MELO
0.4 0.4 0.5 3.2
6
1313 CUCC
0.6 0 0.2 1.3
0
1314 CUCC
0.1 0 0.2 0.6
0.6
* NOTE: Detection limit 0.12 ng/g dry wt All values at or below that
concentration are recorded as 0.
31
FIGURE 8. Comparison of MEL and GERG Field Replicate
Analyses; DDT Family Compound Data (ng/gdw)
120
100
80
W
OS
a
O 60
40
20
-■
^-^
^^
■
B
Solid line is the theoretical 1 :1 corespondence line.
i ': ■ ■ ■ ■
20
40
60
MEL
80
100
120
FIGURE 9. Comparison of MEL and GERG Field Replicate Analyses;
PCB Inividual Chlorobiphenyl Data (ng/gdw)
15
10
a
OS
u
a
■ ■
i
i
I ^^.
■
m
m
■ ^^^^
m
m
I
■^"""a
i
I
Solid line is the theoretical 1 :1 correspondence line.
1 1 1 1 1
5 6
MEL
10
32
FIGURE 10. Comparison of MEL and GERG Field Replicate
Analyses; Dry Weight/Wet Ratio
0.25
0.2
§ 0.15
a
O
0.1
0.05
_^^ i
■
■
■ ^^"^ 1
Solid line is theoretical 1 :1 correspondence line
0.05
0.1
0.15
MEL
0.2
0.25
a
120
100
80
60
40
20
FIGURE 11. Comparison of MEL and GERG Field Replicate
Analyses; Lipid Concentrations (mg/gdvv)
^^ U
■
-^ 1
l|
^^\
/
Solid line theoretical 1 :1 correspondence line.
20
40
60 80 100
MEL
120
140
160
33
Interlaboratory QA/QC is an essential component for any regional program involving
multiple analysts and it's importance cannot be overstated. If the QA/QC effort is not initiated prior
to the analysis of field samples, data interpretation delays and other difficulties are likely and may
even compromise the program.
E) Summary of QA/QC Data
There was general agreement between the two Analytical Centers within factors of two to
four for analy te concentrations which are above the limits of detection by at least a factor of four
(i.e. for concentrations 1 ng/g dry weight or higher). These QA/QC results provide a framework
for interpretation of the entire field data set . For example, differences of factors two to three
between stations cannot be accepted as significant if the data were not produced by the same
laboratory.
Results and Discussion of Combined IMW Dataset
The combined set of IMW data as produced from the analysis of field-collected samples by
the two IMW Analytical Centers is appended (Appendix A). Some of the results are discussed in
this section.
COMPARISON OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT SPECIES
One of the main objectives of the International Mussel Watch Project is to compare the
occurrence and concentrations of selected trace organic contaminants among sampling locations.
Although bivalves have been targeted as the sentinel organism for the study, it was not possible to
collect the same species at every location because of the large extent of the area under study. This
issue must be faced by any monitoring program which involves organisms and covers a broad
tropical-subtropical-temperate range. There are only a few coastal areas in the IMW South and
Central America and Caribbean combined data set where the same species was present in more than
four to five stations in sequence. Figure 12 illustrates the distribution of the different species of
bivalves sampling during this study.
The IMW Project has collected a larger number of species throughout the region than have
been collected by other national programs, for example, in the U.S. NOAA Status and Trends
Program (primarily three species). Most other national programs are limited to one to three
species. Understanding how species differences might influence comparisons of chemical
concentration data between and among stations is essential to the interpretation of this data set.
Fortunately, the sampling strategy made
34
- 20°N
- 20°S
- 40°S
60°S
120°W
100°W
80°W
60°W
40°W
35
provisions for collection of multiple species at several stations and we have sufficient data from
this and other programs to address this issue.
The collection of different species of bivalves might complicate the comparison of analytical
results and further analysis of the data. Fortunately, some species have been found to coexist at
the same locations (Figure 12 and Table 12). The chemical analysis of these species will assist in
the decision whether or not it is appropriate to compare trace organic concentrations encountered in
different organisms and/or the limitations of such comparisons. The following species-by-species
sections discuss the similarities and differences in the concentrations of the total HCHs, DDTs,
chlordanes and PCBs, on a dry weight basis, among the different species listed in Table 12. This
comparison is not comprehensive because we do not have data for age, sex, or reproductive stage
which may differ for the various species sampled and these factors do influence tissue
concentration of contaminants.
Anadara tuberculosa, Anadara similis and Protothaca grala
These organisms have been collected from under the roots of mangroves in several
stations, including Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador. Figures 13 and 14 compare the
concentrations of total HCH, DDTs, chlordanes and PCBs encountered in Anadara tuberculosa,
Anadara similis and Protothaca grata.. Results indicate that the concentrations measured in one
species are, in general, accompanied by similar concentrations in the other species. Concentrations
of total HCHs, chlordane, DDTs and PCBs differ by less than a factor of three between these
species and indicating no preferential uptake and retention of analytes by either of the two Anadara
species. The same analysis, however, seems to indicate that Protothaca grata tends to accumulate
these trace organic contaminants to a slightly greater extent than both Anadara species. The
observed differences are very small and too few samples were analyzed to detect with any certainty
systematic differences between species.
Crassostrea rizhophorae, Isognomon alatus, Anomalocardia brasiliana, Mytella
falcata and Mytella guayanensis
Although not all these organisms were found at the same sites, they all were collected in
areas were Crassostrea rizhophorae was also found. Crassostrea rizhophorae and Isognomon
alatus were found attached to the roots of mangroves in Jamaica. In Brazil, Crassostrea
rizhophorae was collected within one hundred meters from the areas where Anomalocardia
brasiliana, Mytella guayanensis or Mytella falcata were sampled.
Figure 15 indicates that Crassostrea rizhophorae does not accumulate HCHs, DDTs,
chlordanes and PCBs to the same extent, compared to Isognomon atatus and Mytella falcata,. The
concentrations, however, do not differ by more than a factor of three. No clear differences can be
36
Table 12: Co-existing
Bivalves Sampled
at IMW Stations in Latin America
Anadara tuberculosa
Anadara similis
Protothaca grala
Mytella guayanensis
Anomalocardia brasiliana
Crassostrea rizhophorae
Crassostrea rizhophorae
Isognomon alatus
Crassostrea rizhophorae
Mytella falcata
Aulacomya ater
Choromytilus chrous
Aulacomya ater
Mytilus platensis
Semimytilus algosus
Perumytilus purpuratus
37
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40
IMW Initial Phase Report
observed when the concentrations measured in Crassostrea rizhophorae are compared to those
encountered in Mytella guayanensts or Anomalocardia brasiliana.
If Crassostrea rizhophorae is used as a reference to link these species, it is reasonable to
expect that, when exposed to the same environmental concentrations, Isognomon alatus will
accumulate these chemicals to a slightly larger extent than Mytella falcata, Mytella guayanensis
and Anomalocardia brasiliana. Except for total chlordane, the concentrations will be within a
factor of two to three. The differences observed among Mytella falcata, Mytella guayanensis and
Anomalocardia brasiliana are small.
Aulacomya ater, Choromytilus chorus and Mytilus platensis
Aulacomya ater was found to share substrate with two different species of mussels,
Choromytilus chorus and Mytilus platensis, in Chile and Argentina, respectively. As shown in
Figure 16, Aulacomya ater seems to contain slightly higher concentrations of HCHs, chlordanes,
DDTs and PCBs compared to the other two species of mussels. The concentrations observed in
Aulacomya ater, however, are not larger than threefold higher than those measured in
Choromytilus chorus or Mytilus platensis.
Semimytilus algosus and Perumytilus purpuratus
These two species of mussels were collected off the rocky coasts off Paracas, Peru.
Concentration differences (Figure 16) between both species were small, i.e. less than 50%, for all
analytes.
General Comment
In spite of being exposed to the same environmental habitat concentrations of HCHs,
chlordanes, DDTs and PCBs, there appear to be several small differences when comparing tissue
concentrations in species collected at the same or nearby sites. Most tissue concentration
differences were within a factor of three or less but these differences are of interest when trying to
understand the relationships between habitat exposure and tissue concentration in different species.
These small differences permit the broad global region comparisons we originally sought to make
in the IMW program even though there were several species sampled. In a similar study with
oysters and mussels for the NOAA's National Status and Trends Program, O'Connor (1991)
similarly reported concentration differences for total PAHs, DDTs, PCBs and chlordanes to be
within a factor of two to three.
CHLORINATED PESTICIDES AND PCBS
In this discussion of the results of analysis of samples from the IMW Phase I Region, we
utilize summary plots of data for ease of viewing, but remind the reader that all the data are
presented in tabular form in Appendix A. We will not attempt an exhaustive interpretation of the
IMW data in this report. Our purpose is to present the first order interpretations
41
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o
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o
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o
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42
IMW Initial Phase Report
and to make the data generally available. We believe that these IMW data will be more fully
interpreted over time by comparison with local sets of data in conjunction with Host-Country
scientists and that the project has indeed provided a "springboard for action". A summary report to
be published in the scientific literature is in preparation.
The total DDT concentrations (sum of DDD, DDE, and DDT) in the samples from the EMW
collection taken along the coast of Central and South America and the Caribbean (Figure 17) are
within the range found for the United States coasts during the same sampling period of 1991-1992
( NOAA unpublished data). To provide a nearby direct comparison with the IMW data, the NOAA
Status and Trends Stations for the Gulf of Mexico are listed in Table 14. DDT data for these
NOAA Status and Trends Mussel Watch Gulf of Mexico stations (Figure 18) can be directly
compared to the IMW data subset for the Caribbean area (Figure 19) because GERG was the
analytical laboratory for these NOAA S&T samples. All of these data show a similarity for the
range of DDT concentrations encountered.
Beta HCH concentrations are present in the IMW samples at, or below, the limit of
detection with the exception of about a dozen samples (Figure 20). In particular, stations ARHU,
ARAT, TRCS, BRSB, CHPA, and MEAP deserve attention for elevated concentrations in
comparison to other stations. The stations with the higher concentrations of beta HCH in the IMW
data set (Figure 20) have concentrations distinctly higher compared to the NOAA Status and
Trends Mussel Watch data for the Gulf of Mexico (Figure 21).
Lindane concentrations are elevated compared to most of the IMW stations for the samples
from stations ARHU, ARAT, ARRA, and CHPA (Figure 22). The highest concentrations are
above those reported for the NOAA S&T Gulf of Mexico samples but the main portion of the
samples have similar concentrations for both the IMW and the NOAA Status and Trends Gulf of
Mexico samples (Figures 23).
Chlordane concentrations are elevated at two stations, ARHU and ARAT compared to a
generally low concentration at most IMW stations (Figure 24). The high chlordane concentrations
for the three IMW stations are higher than for any of the NOAA Status and Trends concentrations,
but the major portion of the concentrations in the IMW data set are similar to concentrations found
along the Gulf of Mexico and other U.S. Coasts. (O'Connor, 1991).
The ARHU and ARAT samples also have chlorobiphenyl concentrations that are
significantly elevated compared to the concentrations at other IMW stations (Figure 25). PCB
contamination of the Central-South American and Caribbean coasts as indicated in concentrations
of selected chlorobiphenyl congeners is similar to that for the United States Gulf of Mexico coast
as indicated in comparing the major portion of the data for the IMW data (Figure 25) with the
NOAA Status and Trends Mussel Watch Gulf of Mexico data (Figure 26). This is similar to much
of the chlorinated pesticide data for which there was general comparability of concentration ranges
43
MELM
BEBC
COBC
§ ARPL
g CHPA
CO
CHCO
CHLS
PEPA
PECA
COBT
PAPC
CRPZ
CREC
HOGF
MELV
MESF
MEPB
FIGURE 17. Total DDT Concentration
South and Central America
Cone, ng/g dry wt.
100 200
300
Total DDT sum as reported by analyst
44
TABLE 14: NOAA Gulf of Mexico Station Locations and Identification Code
SITE
General
Specific Location
SITE
General
Specific Location
Location
Location
CBFM
Charlotte
Harbor
Fort Meyers
FL
BSBG
Breton Sound
Bay Gardene
LA
CBBI
Charlotte
Harbor
Bird Island
FL
BSSI
Breton Sound
Sable Island
LA
NBNB
Naples Bay
Naples Bay
FL
MRPL
Mississippi
River
Mississippi
River
Sabine Lake
Pass A Loutre
LA
RBHC
Rookery Bay
Henderson Creek FL
MRTP
Tiger Pass
LA
EVFU
Everglades
Faka Union Bay
FL
SLBB
Blue Buck Point
TX
TBOT
Tampa Bay
Old Tampa Bay
FL
CLSJ
Calcasieu Lake
St. Johns Island
LA
TBPB
Tampa Bay
Papys Bayou
FL
CLCL
Caillou Lake
Caillou Lake
LA
TBHB
Tampa Bay
Hillsborough
Bay
FL
JHJH
Joseph Harbor
Bayou
Joseph Harbor
Bayou
LA
TBCB
Tampa Bay
Cockroach Bay
FL
VBSP
Vermilion Bay
Southwest Pass
LA
TBMK
Tampa Bay
Mullet Key
Bayou
FL
GB3C
Galveston Bay
Ship Channel
TX
APDB
Apalachicola Bay
Dry Bar
FL
GBYC
Galveston Bay
Yacht Club
TX
APCP
Apalachicola Bay
Cat Point Bar
FL
GBTD
Galveston Bay
Todds Dump
TX
CKBP
Cedar Key
Black Point
FL
GBHR
Galveston Bay
Hanna Reef
TX
PBPH
Pensacola Bay
Public Harbor
FL
GBOB
Galveston Bay
Offatts Bayou
TX
PBIB
Pensacola Bay
Indian Bayou
FL
GBCR
Galveston Bay
Confederate
Reef
Freeport
TX
CBSR
Choctawhatchee
Off Santa Rosa
FL
BRFS
Brazos River
TX
Bay
Surfside
SAWB
St. Andrews Bay
Watson Bayou
FL
CCNB
Corpus Christi
Nueces Bay
TX
MSPC
Mississippi
Sound
Pass Christian
MS
cac
Corpus Christi
Ingleside Cove
TX
MSBB
Mississippi
Sound
Biloxi Bay
MS
ABLR
Aransas Bay
Long Reef
TX
MSPB
Mississippi
Sound
Pascagoula Bay
MS
CBCR
Copano Bay
Copano Reef
TX
MBCP
Mobile Bay
Cedar Point Reef AL
MBAR
Mesquite Bay
Ayres Reef
TX
MBHI
Mobile Bay
Hollingers Is.
Chan.
AL
SAPP
San Antonio Bay
Panther Point
Reef
TX
ABOB
Atchafalaya Bay
Oyster Bayou
LA
SAMP
San Antonio Bay
Mosquito Point
TX
CUCL
Caillou Lake
Caillou Lake
LA
ESSP
Espiritu Santo
South Pass Reef
TX
TBLB
Terrebonne Bay
Lake Barre
LA
ESBD
Espiritu Santo
Bill Days Reef
TX
TBLF
Terrebonne Bay
Lake Felicity
LA
MBLR
Matagorda Bay
Lavaca River
Mouth
TX
BBSD
Barataria Bay
Bayou Saint
Denis
LA
MBGP
Matagorda Bay
Gallinipper
Point
TX
BBMB
Barataria Bay
Middle Bank
LA
MBTP
Matagorda Bay
Tres Palacios
Bay
East Matagorda
TX
LPQO
Lake
Gulf Outlet
LA
MBEM
Matagorda Bay
TX
Pontchartrain
LBMP
Lake Borgne
Malheureux
Point
LA
LMSB
Lower Laguna
Mad re
South Bay
TX
45
FIGURE 18. Total DDT Concentration
NOAA S&T Gulf of Mexico, 1991-92
0)
o
o
c
o
Cone, ng/g dry wi
100 200
300
CBFM
NBNB
EVFU
TBPB
TBCB
APDB
CKBP
PBIB
SAWB
MSBB
MBCP
ABOB
TBLB
BBSD
LPGO
BSBG
MRPL
SLBB
CLCL
JHJH
GBSC
GBTD
GBOB
BRFS
CCC
CBCR
SAPP
B3SP
MBLR
MBTP
LMSB
Total DDT summed from NOAA data, including all "DDT' components
46
FIGURE 19. Total DDT Concentration
IMW Caribbean Sites
300
0
Cone, ng/g dry wt.
100 200
MELM "
melo ;
MELT ;
a, holc ;
o papa ;
o
c cobc :
o
S COOG .
CO
w arcb ;
VEPA ;
trcs :
TRSR !
■
I
i
■
■
i
i
■
■
47
FIGURE 20. b HCH Concentrations
South and Central America
10
20
ng/g dry wt.
30 40
50
60
70
MELM
BEBC = =
COBC E:
4>
"O
o
O
c
o
2 CHPA
CHCO
CHLS
PEPA
PECA
COBT
PAPC
CRPZ
CREC
HOGF
MELV $
MESF
IVEPB
48
CD
■D
O
o
c
o
2
FIGURE 21. b HCH Concentrations
NOAA S&T Gulf of Mexico, 1991-92
10
20
ng/g dry wt.
30 40
50
60
70
CBFM __
nbnb ::
evrj ::
tbpb ::
tbcb ::
APDB IE
ckbp ::
pbib ::
SAWB IE
msbb ::
mbcp ::
abob ::
tblb ::
BBSD IE
LPGO
BSBG
MRPL
SLBB ::
cllc :
vbsp :
GBYC :
"
gbhr :
r
r
GBCR :
CCNB :
[
ABLR I
MBAR I
SAMP :
ESBD :
MBGP :
[
MBEM I
49
FIGURE 22. Lindane Concentration
South and Central America
ng/g dry wt.
10 15
20
25
MELM
BEBC
COBC
© ARAT
5 ARRA
c
o
ra CHPA
en
50
FIGURE 23. Lindane Concentration
NOAA S&T Gulf of Mexico, 1991-92
ng/g dry wt.
(
)
5 10 15 20
i i i I
25
I
CBFM _
i
I I I I
i
NBNB I
EVRJ :
TBPB :
TBCB :
APDB :
i
i
■
CKBP :
pbib :
r
sawb :
MSBB :
MBCP :
i
Station Code
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i
i
■
1
1
i
•
■
GBHR I
GBCR I
CCNB :
■
■
i
i
ABLR I
MBAR I
SAMP :
i
i
|
ESBD :
1
NBGP :
i
MBEM I
i
!
51
FIGURE 24. Gamma Chlorane Concentration
South and Central America
50
Cone, ng/g dry wt.
100 150 200 250
300
350
MELM
BEBC
COBC
VEM
O
TOR
CU0C
BRFO
BRLM
BRVI
BRSB
BRLP
o> ARAT
3 ARRA
§ ARPL
| CHPA
W CHCO
CHLS
PEPA
PECA
COBT
PAPC
CRPZ
CPEC
HOGF
MELV
MESF
MEPB
52
FIGURE 25. CB 138 Concentration
South and Central America
50
Cone, ng/g dry wt.
100 150 200 250
300
350
MELM
BEBC
COBC =§
a) ARAT
■D
5 ARRA ;
ARPL
c
o
ra CHPA
W CHCO
CHLS
PEPA
PECA
COBT
PAPC
CRPZ
CREC
HOGF
MELV
MESF
MEPB
53
FIGURE 26. CB 138 Concentration
NOAA S&T Gulf of Mexico, 1991-92
Cone, ng/g dry wt.
1
CBFM .
3
50 100 150 200 250 300
I l l I i i
350
i
I
1
r
1
1
■
1
I I I I I I
I
NBNB I
EVFU :
TBPB :
TBCB I
1
1
1
APDB :
CKBP :
1
i
1
1
pbib :
i
SAWB :
■
MSBB :
MBCP :
ABOB :
TBLB Z
■
i
i
■
■
1
Station Code
1
1
1
f
[
I
1
CLLC :
vbsp :
1
1
GB\C :
gbj-r :
GBCR :
CCNB :
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
ABLR I
MBAR I
SAMP :
i
ESBD :
mbgp :
MBEM I
_
■
■
i
i
"
r
54
EMW Initial Phase Report
found in the NOAA S&T data and the IMW data. Possibly this reflects similar overall use and/or
release of PCBs in the IMW Phase I region, but this hypotheses cannot be tested unless adequate
production and use data becomes available.
OVERVIEW OF CHLORINATED PESTICIDE AND PCB DATA
Many of the analyte tissue concentrations are at, or below, detection limits. This is good
news from an environmental quality perspective. There are no samples for which contaminant
concentrations exceed the various national and international recommended action limits for these
individual chemicals in seafood destined for human consumption. This does not address the issue
of the long term effects of exposure at low concentrations of these chemicals (Colborn et al, 1993;
Sheehan et al, 1984; Slorach and Vaz, 1983).
We must keep in mind that the IMW Project was designed to provide a broad geographic
assessment only, and at only one point in time. We suspect that concentrations of most of the
chlorinated pesticides and chlorobiphenyls are on a curve of decreasing concentrations over time;
perhaps similar to that experienced in the United States in the mid-to-northem latitudes of the
Western Hemisphere (O'Connor, 1991). However, we cannot be certain until some measures of a
time series, either through continuation of a time series of IMW stations and analyses in the near
future, or by judicious selection and analyses of sediment cores in key locations, provides
definitive proof.
Local areas of intense pollution of major consequence may not have been detected. The
original sampling plan was intended to survey coastal contamination from the range of human land
uses and was not designed to detect "hot spots". This initial survey should be followed by a more
detailed assessment of specific embayments by participating Host-Country scientists and
colleagues in their countries using similar techniques. In addition, the stations identified in the
EMW data set as having significantly elevated concentrations of chlorinated pesticides or
chlorobiphenyl congeners do require further investigation at the regional and local level into the
reason for these elevated concentrations in order to provide effective protection of valuable living
natural resources and to minimize future threats to public health.
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS)
Although funding constraints for the Initial Implementation Phase restricted chemical
analysis to the chlorinated biocides, scientific and environmental issues of interest in fossil fuel
hydrocarbons persist. As part of GERG's routine screening methodology for trace organic
contaminants in environmental samples (and with no contractual commitment or funding from the
International Mussel Watch Program) concentrations of several PAHs (Table 15) were determined
55
TABLE 15: Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons analyzed by GERG on
Selected IMW Bivalve
Samples
Naphthalene (*)
DBT
CI -Naphthalenes
Cl-DBT
C2-Naphthalenes
C2-DBT
C3-Naphthalenes
C3-DBT
1 -methyl naphthalene
Fluoranthene (*)
2- methyl naphthalene
Pyrene (*)
2,6-dimethyl naphthalene
C 1 -Fluoranthene+Pyrene
2,3,5-trimethyl naphthalene
Benz(a)anthracene (*)
Biphenyl (*)
Chrysene (*)
Acenaphthylene
Cl-Chrysene
Acenaphthene (*)
C2-Chrysene
Fluorene (*)
C3-Chrysene
Cl-Fluorenes
C4-Chiysene
C2-Fluorenes
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
C3-Fluorenes
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Phenanthrene (*)
Benzo(e)pyrene (*)
1 -methyl phenanthrene (*)
Benzo(a)pyrene (*)
Anthracene (*)
Perylene (*)
C 1 -Phenanthrene+ Anthracene
Indeno[ 1 ,2,3-c,d]pyrene
C2-Phenanthrene+Anthracene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene (*)
C3-Phenanthrene+Anthracene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
C4-Phenanthrene+Anthracene
(*) An asterisk indicates the PAHs analyzed for the first year of the US NOAA
National Status and Trends
Program
56
IMW Initial Phase Report
in bivalve samples collected for the IMW Program that were previously analyzed for chlorinated
hydrocarbons. The following is a brief overview of the PAH data provided by GERG. These
preliminary data provide information on the PAH concentrations in Central and South America,
including Mexico, and the Caribbean region.
The preliminary total concentrations found in samples from 56 locations in the Caribbean
region, Central and South America, including Mexico, is summarized in Table 16. Total
concentrations are presented as the uncensored sum of 18 specific PAHs measured for NOAA's
Status and Trends Mussel Watch Program in the U.S.A. (S&T PAHs) and as the uncensored sum
of all the PAHs listed in Table 15 (tPAHs). The geographical distribution for total S&T PAHs and
tPAHs are provided in Figures 27 and 28, respectively. In these figures the concentrations are
shown in a north-to-south geographical sequence from the U.S.A.-Mexico border down along the
east and west coasts to the most southern sites in Chile and Argentina, respectively. Examples of
S&T PAH profile distribution encountered in samples from different locations are shown in Figure
29.
Total concentrations of S&T PAHs and tPAHs ranged from 20 to 1,670 ng/g dry weight
and from 28 to 13,800 ng/g dry weight, respectively. In general the highest concentrations in both
groups were encountered in sites located near Navy/commercial ports and/or large urban centers.
The high concentrations encountered in samples from stations ARHU and ARAP in Argentina,
BRRE and BRGB in Brazil, CHPA and CHCO in Chile and MEEM in Mexico are examples of the
influence of these sources of PAHs. The lowest concentrations were in contrast, found in areas
with low population and/or minimal transportation activities using fossil fuel.
The different molecular distribution for individual S&T PAHs shown in Figure 29
illustrates the differences in hydrocarbon sources encountered during this study. In most samples,
the ratios of 4+5-ring to 2+3-ring PAHs were lower than 1. The predominance of the methyl and
dimethyl naphthalenes is indicative of petroleum inputs. This is consistent with the dominance of
substituted homologs over their unsubstituted parent compounds observed in most of the samples
analyzed and roughly indicated by the methyl phenanthrene-to-phenanthrene ratios in Figure 29
(Sericano, personal communication). Petroleum, however, is not the only source of PAHs in the
samples as indicated by some of the diagnostic ratios useful in determining PAH sources. For
example the ratios of phenanthrene to anthracene (range =<1.0 to 29) indicate the contribution of
combustion products to total PAH concentrations in some of the samples.
These data show a wide range of concentrations of PAHs in the bivalve tissue samples
derived from petroleum and combustion sources. Concentrations of PAH appear to be similar both
in range of concentration and in proportion of samples with specific concentration distributions, to
PAH concentrations in bivalve samples from the U.S. coast reported by the U.S. National Status
and Trends program (NOAA, 1989).
57
TABLE 16: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations (reported as
ng/g, dry wt.) and Distribution Frequencies in International Mussel
Watch Samples
S&T PAHs
Total PAHs
Average
182
1340
Median
79.3
290
Range
20.0-1670
28.4-13800
Distribution (%)
<20.0 ng g-1
2
-
20.0 - <100 ng g-1
60
14
100 - <1000 ng g-1
36
61
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2
23
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FIGURE 29: Distribution of specific PAH
61
This brief overview of a more complete PAH data set generated by GERG for the
International Mussel Watch Program provides an introduction to an important topic that deserves
further discussion by the international community. Contamination of coastal areas by elevated
concentrations of PAH is ubiquitous as indicated by the IMW and NOAA S&T data and may
threaten the viability of living natural resource populations or even be of human health concern
in some locations.
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63
Appendices
A • Combined IMW Dataset from Central Laboratories,
with Inventory of Samples Collected
B • Central Laboratory Analytical Methods
C • Host Country Interlaboratory QA Comparison
Exercise
D • Summary of Available Production and Use Data
E • Report of Field Scientist: field sampling program
F • List of Host-Country Scientists
Appendix A: Combined IMW Dataset
Appendix A
Combined IMW Dataset from Central Laboratories, with
Inventory of Samples Collected
The combined EMW database, including all QA/QC data, consists of two reports:
• Collection Sites and Sample Inventory
• Analytical Results of Tissue Concentrations
These two reports represent the complete combined dataset of analytical results from the
Initial Implementation Phase of International Mussel Watch. The analytical chemistry data has
been reviewed by the two principle analysts, Drs. J. Sericano (GERG) and J. Readman (MEL) and
revisions to the database have been made based on their comments.
The Sample Inventory is organized sequentially by Sample ID Number and includes all
samples collected during the Initial Implementation Phase in Latin America. The Sample Inventory
includes sample Identification Code, country of origin, station site name, species name, number of
individual organisms sampled and tissue wet weight in sample jar. A unique four-digit sample
number was assigned sequentially to each sample at the time of collection and indicates the
chronological sequence in which samples were taken. In some cases, especially in Central
America, one country may have been sampled in fragments over multiple sampling trips. Thus the
sample number is not a convenient way to identify station location. The parallel four-letter
Identification Code is a combination of country name and sample site name (e.g., Brazil/Cabo
Frio=BRCF). This Code identifies sampling stations on the map (Fig. A 1).
At each sampling station replicate samples (i.e., "A" and "B") were usually taken. In some
cases, more than a single replicate set was sampled (e.g., very large embayments, different
sediment substrates or if more than a single species was present). All samples were transported to
Texas and stored frozen in solvent-rinsed glass jars until analysis. Many samples remain
unanalyzed and are archived temporarily at Texas A&M University.
Sample stations in the report of analytical results are indicated in Figure Al and in this
report they are organized geographically, beginning in eastern Mexico (MELM) and following the
Central America Caribbean coastline south and east to Trinidad (TRSR) where they loop back
north and west to include the Caribbean sampling stations, ending at Cuba (CUCC). No IMW
samples were taken in Puerto Rico because the US NOAA Status and Trends program includes that
island. After Cuba, the sample sequence returns to continental South America in northern Brazil
(BRBR) and continues southerly, following the Atlantic coastline southward to Tierra del Fuego
(ARVS). From there, sample stations are ordered from south-to-north along the South America
Pacific coast to western Mexico and the US border.
Appendix A: Combined EMW Dataset
Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in bivalve tisses are reported as ng/gdw and have
been corrected for recoveries by the individual Analytical Center. For this report , we have
adopted a reporting limit of 250pg/g for each analyte in the combined dataset (see the discussion in
the QA/QC section of the report) and have indicated in the data tables any concentration below that
as "trace" (Tr) unless it was reported by the Analytical Center as below detection limits (i.e., not
detected, N.D.). Data reported by participating Host-Country analysts is not included here but are
discussed in Appendix C.
In addition to the analytical results, the International Mussel Watch database contains
information on:
• participating Host-Country scientists (e.g., name, address, fax, etc.)
• bivalve species (e.g., scientific and common names, length, range, etc.)
• sample site description (e.g., collector observations, location information, etc.)
• sample file (e.g., sample handling, storage, etc.)
The software for this complex database is 4th Dimension, a relational database tool which runs on
Macintosh. The database structure was designed by the Project Secretariat staff to meet IMW data
needs.
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Appendix B: Analytical Methods
Appendix B
Central Laboratory Analytical Methods
No analytical chemistry standard methods exist for the analysis of complex mixtures of
organic contaminants in environmental matrices. The goal of standardized analytical results that
can be compared between laboratories (or from day-to-day in a single laboratory) is currently being
met by performance-based analysis, where accepted QA/QC practices are incorporated into the
standard operating procedures of each laboratory. Several methods and variations of these
methods have been published in the scientific literature (see reference list with this appendix).
These may be used for analyses of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and PCBs; especially for the
extraction and initial separations of the classes of analytes of interest. The methods described in
any of these reports may be used as guides for analysts in laboratories in participating countries.
Local circumstances including available equipment, chemicals, and solvents, and analytical
requirements for other programs in a given laboratory will govern final method selection by each
laboratory.
The two IMW Analytical Centers used analytical methods and QA/QC practices that they
have developed over time to meet their own needs. While basically similar in design, these two
methods differ in detail and are summarized here, and in Figure B-l. The method described in the
EVTW Manual is an older version, similar to these methods, and is also included for comparison.
References which give details of these methods are listed in the reference list at the end of this
Appendix.
Texas A&M GERG
Methods used by the NOAA Status and Trends Program are modifications to the
procedures developed by MacLeod et al (1985) and more recently published in NOAA (1993).
Wet tissue is extracted with methylene chloride and combined extracts are chromatographed on
silica gel and alumina. The chlorinated hydrocarbon eluant from column chromatography is further
seperated by HPLC using a Sephadex LH-20 column. Capillary gas chromatography with electron
capture detection is used to seperate and quantify chlorinated hydrocarbons in the mixture.
Individual laboratories participating in the NOAA Status and Trends Program have modified this
basic procedure.
IAEA Marine Environment Lab
Mel uses the analytical methods described in UNEP (1991), extracting organic
matter with hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus, concentrating the extract by Kuderna-Danish
concentrator, and purifying the extract on Florisil. Recovery standards are routinely added to the
extraction step. Organochlorine compounds are found in two elution fractions from the Florisil
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purification step and these are analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with ECD detection.
Analy tes of interest are identified by comparison of retention times of authentic standards.
IMW Manual
Lipids are extracted from an aliquot of a sample by solvent extraction, fractionated
into classes by adsorption chromatography prepared according to guidelines in UNEP (1991)
using hexane or petroleum ether as solvent Extracts may be treated with concentrated sulphuric
acid to destroy some of the interfering lipids and then further cleaned and fractionated into classes
of chlorinated hydrocarbons by silica gel adsorption chromatography using known reference
substances for identification. Extracts are further seperated into component compounds by
capillary gas chromatograpry, and quantification is based on peak signal.
Glassware should be cleaned just before use. All reagents, including distilled water, should
be of demonstrated analytical quality and result in adequate signal-to-noise ratio with the electron
capture detection. Analytical blanks are run routinely, as are analyses of surrogate spikes.
Working solutions from the stock reference solutions are prepared on a regular basis and stored in
clean glass vials tightly capped with non-contaminating materials such as teflon or glass. Extreme
care must be taken to ensure that standards have not changed their concentrations through solvent
evaporation.
References, Analytical Methods
INTERNATIONAL MUSSEL WATCH. 1992. International Mussel Watch: a global assessment
of environmental levels of chemical contaminants. UNESCO-IOC, Paris, France.
MACLEOD, W.D., JR., BROWN, D.W., FRIEDMAN, A.J., BURROWS, D.G., MAYNES,
O., PEARCE, R.W., WIGREN, C.A. AND BOGER, R.G. 1985. Standard Analytical
Procedures of the NOAA National Analytical Facility, 1985-1986. Extractable Toxic
Organic Compounds, Second Edition. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/NWC-92.
NOAA. 1993. Sampling and Analytical Methods of the National Status and Trends Program,
National and Benthic Surveillance and Mussel Watch Projects, volumes I, n, IB and IV.
Eds. G.G. Lauenstein and A.Y. Cantillo. NOAA Tech. Memo. NOS ORCA 71, Silver
Spring, MD, USA.
PETRICK, G., SCHULZ, D.E. and DUIKER, J.C. 1988. Clean-up of environment samples by
high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of organochlorine compounds by gas
chromatography with electron-capture detection. J.Chromatogr. 425JJQ: 24 1-248.
UNEP. 1988. Determination of DDTs and PCBs by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Electron
Capture Detection. Mar. Pollut. Studies No. 40.
UNEP. 1990. Reference Methods and Materials: a programme of support for regional and global
marine pollution assessments.
UNEP. 1991. Sampling of Selected Marine Organisms and Sample Preparation for the Analysis
of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Mar. Pollut. Studies No. 12, rev.2.
ZELL, M. and BALLSCHMITER, K. 1978. Single Component Analysis of Polychlorinated
Biphenyl (PCB)- and Chlorinated Pesticide Residues in Marine Fish Samples,
Identification by High Resolution Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography with an Electron
Capture Detector (ECD). FreseniusZ.Anal.Chem. 292:97-107.
B3
Appendix C: QA Comparison Exercise
Appendix C
Host Country Interlaboratory QA Comparison Exercise
The need for quality control and intercalibration of analyses for chemical contaminants in
environmental samples has been documented numerous times during the past two decades (see
References in main report). Some advantages of inter-comparison exercises include:
• create a frame of reference so that data from multiple labs can be used in
comprehensive, regional assessments.
• introduce and evaluate advanced analytical methods
• permit self-evaluation by participating laboratories and assist with training new
staff
• impose an external incentive to maintain internal quality control programs
• identify variation between laboratories and common sources of error leading
to this variation.
A goal of inter-comparison exercises is to reduce the inter-laboratory variation in analytical
results. Such exercises are a mutual learning experience and are not a "test" to determine how
close any particular analyst comes to the "correct" answer. With sufficient time and funding, a
step-wise inter-calibration exercise would sequentially include:
• a) analysis of standard solutions,
• b) check of participants ability to prepare quantitative standard mixtures,
• c) analysis of cleaned extracts,
• d) analysis of whole extracts (no clean-up), and finally
• e) analysis of environmental samples.
In the small interlaboratory comparison exercise initiated by the Project Secretariat, we
jumped directly to step "e" because of time and funding constraints. We did this in anticipation that
further iterations of this collaborative effort based on the results of this exercise would continue
and be supported by additional funding.
The Project Secretariat distributed selected quality assurance (QA) Standard Reference
Materials (Table CI) to all Host-Country scientists who retained International Mussel Watch
samples for analysis in their own labs. The Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) are listed on
Table CI and included internal recovery standards, quantitation standards for GC, two quantitative
pesticide mixtures, a commercial PCB solution and a Florosil column elution standard. In addition
to the SRMs, we also included a freeze-dried homogenized mussel tissue. As we did not know the
specific analytical methods being used in each lab, we distributed SRMs of general utility for
contaminant analysis. We encouraged each participating analyst to report their own results (i.e.,
CI
TABLE: CI International Mussel Watch Standard Reference Materials Distributed to Host-
Country Scientists for Interlaboratory Comparison Exercise.
1. Florosil Column Check
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol, (1 ml @200ng/ml)
2. Internal Recovery Standard
Tetrachloro-m-xylene & Decachlorobiphenyl, (1 ml @200ng/ml)
3. GC Quantitation Standards
Pentachlorobenzene, (@100|ig/ml)
Octachloronaphthalene
4. Pesticide Mix A
alpha-BHC (5 ng/ml)
Heptachlor (5 Jig/ml)
gamma-BHC (Lindane) (5 M-g/ml)
Endosulfan I (5 |ig/ml)
Dieldrin (lO^ig/ml)
Endrin (lOjig/ml)
p,p'-DDD (10ng/ml)
p,p'-DDT (10^g/ml)
Methoxychlor (50ng/ml)
5. Pesticide Mix B
beta-BHC (5 ^ig/ml)
delta-BHC (5 jig/ml)
Aldrin (5^ig/ml)
Heptachlor Epoxide (5 |ig/ml)
Chlordane (alpha) (5 Jig/ml)
Chlordane (gamma) (5 p.g/ml)
p,p'-DDE (10 ng/ml)
Endosulfan S ulfate (10 |ig/ml)
Endrin Aldehyde ( 1 0 Jig/ml)
Endrin Ketone ( 1 0 Hg/ml)
Endosulfan II (lO^ig/ml)
6. Aroclor 1254,
(lml@200|ig/ml)
C2
Appendix C: QA Comparison Exercise
analyses of bivalve tissue and QA sample) to the Project Secretariat. Participation in this exercise
was voluntary, but we emphasized that in order to create a future regional database from the results
of combined analytical efforts, intercomparison exercises were essential.
We requested that each analyst use the analytical method currently in use in his/her lab and
report the analytes normally reported. In addition, we asked that complete analytical results
including QA information listed below, be included in addition to analyte concentrations. Such
information, is essential for one laboratory's data to be compared with that from other laboratories.
QA Information requested:
• sample weight (report dry weight and how derived)
• extract weight (total lipid)
• SRM recovery spikes used and amount spiked per sample
• % recovery (include how calculated)
Note: recovery data from other (i.e., non-EMW) tissue analyses run in each lab was requested as
well, if available. We anticipated the analysis of one internal recovery spike in the triplicate
analysis of freeze-dried tissue homogenate.
• lab blank results (and lab limit of detection)
• sample injection volume, total sample volume (gc)
• quantification calculations, including total amount of analyte concentration relative
to extracted tissue
• a copy of the analytical method used
A total of 12 Host-Country laboratories retained EMW-collected tissue samples for analysis
at the time of the visit of the IMW Field Scientist. All of these laboratories received a collection of
Standard Reference Materials (SRM's) and a freeze-dried tissue from the Project Secretariat along
with instructions for reporting results. Six labs have reported analyte concentration data in the
freeze-dried sample supplied to the Project Secretariat. The total number of reported analytes and
the specific analytes reported by any single lab varied greatly, as did the level of detail of
methodology and quality assurance data. For these reasons, a complete discussion of this data, as
is presented in the body of this report is not possible. A summary of the data is presented in Table
C2.
Given that the IMW Host Country interlaboratory comparison exercise began at the final
step of the ideal iterative exercise described above, the results are encouraging and should cause the
participating analysts to look forward to future exercises. Variations in the reported results cannot
be explained here because insufficient analytical detail was available to make valid comparisons.
Some data on organic contaminant concentrations in environmental samples from the IMW
Initial Phase Region has been published and selected reports are cited in the reference section of
C3
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Appendix C: QA Comparison Exercise
this Appendix. These national data and the results of analyses of IMW samples by Host-Country
scientists are not discussed here. This issue can be pursued in greater detail by a regional
subgroup of the International Mussel Watch Committee.
References, National Data Reports
ALVAREZ, L. 1988. Evaluacion de Pesticidas y Metales Pesados en Especies de Pesces e
Invertebrados en la Bahia de Panama: programa de caracterizacion y vigilancia de la
contaminacion marina a patir de fuentes domesticas, agricolas, industriales y mineras en
areas ecologicament sensibles del Pacifico sudeste. Informe. Univ. de Panama.
ALVAREZ, L. 1988. Evaluacion de Pesticidas en Especies Marinas en el Golfo de Chiriqui:
programa de caracterizacion y vigilancia de la contaminacion marina a patir de fuentes
domesticas, agricolas, industriales y mineras en areas ecologicament sensibles del Pacifico
sudeste. Informe. Univ. de Panama.
CHUECAS, L. et al. Programa de Vigilancia de Contaminantes en la Bahia de Concepcion, Chile.
Informe. Univ. de Concepcion
COLOMBO, J.C., KHALIL, M.F., ARMAC, M., HORTH, A.C. and CATOGGIO, C.C. 1990.
Distribution of Chlorinated Pesticides and Individual Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Biotic
and Abiotic Compartments of the Rio de la Plata. Environ. Sci .and Technol. 24(4): 498-
505.
CPPS. 1981. Fuentes, Niveles y Efectos de la Contamination Marina en El Pacific Sudeste.
CPPS, Serie Seminarios y Estudios, No. 2.
GOLD-BOUCHET, G., SELVA-HERRERA, T, and ZAPATA-PEREZ, 0. 1993. Chlorinated
Pesticides in the Rio Palizada, Campeche, Mexico. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 26(11): 648-650.
GOLD-BOUCHET, G., SILVA-HERRERA, T., and ZAPATA-PEREZ, 0. (in press)
Organochlorine Pesticide Residue Concentrations in Biota and Sediments from Rio
Palizada, Mexico. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
GUTIERREZ-GALINDO, E.A., MUNOZ, G.F., GARCIA, Ma.L.O., CELAYA, J.A. 1992.
Pesticidas en las Aguas Costeras del Golfo de California: programma de vigilancia con
mejillon, 1987-88. Ciencias Marinas 18(2): 77-99.
IOC. 1990. Regional workshop to Review Priorities for Marine Pollution Monitoring, Research,
Control and Abatement in the Wider Caribbean. San Jose, Costa Rica, Workshop Report
No. 50. Paris.
JANIOT, L.J., ORLANDO, A.M., y ROSES, OE. 1991. Niveles de Plaguicidas Clorados en el
Rio de la Plata. Acta Farm. Bonaerense 10(1): 15-23.
MONTONE, R.C., e WEBER, R.R. 1987. Niveis de Organoclorados em Sedimentos do Litoral
de Ubatuba e Sao Sebastiao do Estado do Sao Paulo. XI Encontro de Analistas de
Residuos de Pesticidas, Inst. A. Lutz.
C5
Appendix C: QA Comparison Excerise
ROSALES, L., BOTELLO, A.V., BRAVO, H., and MANDELLI, E.F. 1979. PCBs and
Organochlorine Insecticides in Oysters from Coastal Lagoons of the Gulf of Mexico. Bull.
Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 21.: 652-656.
SAMPATH, M. 1982. An Investigation of Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides and
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Caroni Swamp. MS Thesis, Univ. of West Indes,
Trinidad.
TAVARES, T.M., ROCHA, V.C., PORTE, C. BARCELO, D. and ALBAIGES, J. 1988.
Application of the Mussel Watch Concept in Studies of Hydrocarbons, PCBs and DDT in
the Brazilian Bay of Todos os Santos (Bahia). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 19(1 11: 575-578.
TINOCO, J.G., CASTRO, L.A., and PION, A.V. 1993. Impact of Organochlorinated Pesticides
on the Ecosystem of " Cienaga de la Virgen". CIOH Final Report, Cartagena, Colombia.
TOMMASI, L.R. 1985. Residuos de Praguicidas em Aguas e Sedimentos de Fundo do Sistema
Estuarino de Santos, E. do Sao Paulo. Cienc. e Cult. 31(6): 1001-1012.
VAZQUEZ-BOTELLO, A. 1990. Impacto Ambiental de los Hidrocarburos Organoclorados y de
Microoganismos Patogenos Especificos en Lagunas Costeras del Golfo de Mexico.
Informe Final, 1989-1990. Universidad Nacional Autonema de Mexico, Inst, de Ciencias
del Mar y Limnologia.
WEBER, R.R. 1983. DDT and PCBs in Equatorial Atlantic Organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull.
14(71: 274-275.
WEBER, R.R. and MONTONE, R.C. 1990. Distribution of Organochlorines in the Atmosphere
of the South atlantic and Antartic Oceans. In: "Long Range Transport of Pesticides", Kurtz,
D.A. (ed.), Lewis Pub., Ann Arbor MI.
C6
Appendix D: Available Production and Use Data
Appendix D
Summary of Available Production and Use Data
Since World War II, pesticides have been manufactured in and imported into Latin
America countries for agricultural and public health uses. Even though most chlorinated pesticides
are currently banned, there are more than 300 active ingredients in 2,000 formulations of non-
chlorinated pesticides being produced in Brazil alone (Lara, 1992). The use of pesticides, even
when applied correctly, has caused ecological and public health problems such as increased pest
resistance, high residue levels in food, applicator toxicity and unintended damage to non-target
organisms. Much of the knowledge about pesticide cycling in the coastal environment has been
produced in temperate regions of the world and specifics of chemical cycling in the tropical
environment , including pesticide longevity and biological effects, remains poorly understood.
In order to understand the environmental cycling of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants,
it is necessary to determine quantities of each material used and when, where and how fast that
material was injected into the coastal ecosystem. Routes of loading, rates of loading and the
chemical reactions to which each contaminant is subjected must be known before environmental
scientists can begin to unravel the complex lethal and sublethal effects these chemicals may cause in
various ecosystem components and at multiple levels of biological organization (e.g., cellular,
organ, individual, population, community or ecosystem).
For a variety of industrial, economic and political reasons, data on production and use of
toxic chemicals is difficult to obtain. A thorough investigation of production and use of chlorinated
biocides in Latin America would require a substantial effort and in recognition of this difficulty
(and limitations of funds), acquisition of production and use data could not be diligently pursued as
a part of this project. All participants do, however, understand the importence of such information
and have made an effort to acquire reports where they were available. Host-Country scientists
searched for production and use data as a part of their support of the Project and reports they
located are included in the reference section of this Appendix. While a significant effort was made,
this collection of citations should not be considered comprehensive or complete. Cited reports do
contain extensive data which can yield a greater understanding of production and use in the Latin
America region and could be synthesized as one step toward an improved understanding of
environmental cycling. This synthesis is also a topic for more thorough investigation by scientists
in the region, perhaps guided by a regional subgroup of the International Mussel Watch
Committee.
Dl
Appendix D: Available Production and Use Data
References, Production and Use
ACUNA, J. 1990. Principales Regiones en donde se Emplean Plaguicidas para la Agricultura:
aplicacion, distribution, y production en Costa Rica. Regional Seminar Series-"Impacts
of Agriculture on Pollution of Aquatic Systems", Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo,
Mexico.
APPEL, J., deMa.MATUS, R, Ma.BECK, I., GARCIA, T., GONZALES., O., REIDING, J.
1991. Uso, Manejo y Riesgos Asociados a Plaguicidas en Nicaragua. Informe. Proyecto
Regional de Plaguicidas, Confederation Universitaria Centroamericana (CSUCA).
BOTELLO, A.V. 1990. Los Plaguicidas en Mexico: aplicacion, distribution, y production.
Regional Seminar Series-"Impacts of Agriculture on Pollution of Aquatic Systems",
Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
GUTffiRREZ-GALINDO, E.A., MUNOZ, G.F., GARCIA, Ma.L.O., CELAYA, J.A. 1992.
Pesticidas en las Aguas Costeras del Golfo de California: programma de vigilancia con
mejillon, 1987-88. Ciencias Marinas 18(2): 77-99.
SINGH, N.C. 1990. Pesticides in Tropical Agriculture: a diagnosis. Regional Seminar Series-
"Impacts of Agriculture on Pollution of Aquatic Systems", Puerto Morelos, Quintana
Roo, Mexico.
SUNG-CHANG, A. 1990. Principle River Basins and Aquatic Systems in Trinidad and
Tobago: impacts of pesticides used in agriculture on groundwater, river basins, estuaries
and coastal lagoons. Regional Seminar Series-'lmpacts of Agriculture on Pollution of
Aquatic Systems", Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
TTNOCO, J.G. 1990. Principales Cuencas y Sistemas Acuaticos de Colombia Impactados por
el Uso de los Plaguicidas en le Agricultura. Regional Seminar Series-"Impacts of
Agriculture on Pollution of Aquatic Systems", Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
TINOCO, J.G., CASTRO, L.A., and PION, A.V. 1993. Impact of Organochlorinated Pesticides
on the Ecosystem of " Cienaga de la Virgen". CIOH Final Report, Cartagena, Colombia.
U.S. DEPT. OF STATE. 1989. Land-Based sources of Marine Pollution in the Wider Caribbean
Region: report of a workshop. Dept. of State Publ. No. 9753
U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE. 1989. Agricultural Pesticide Use in Estuarine Drainage Areas: a
preliminary summary of selected pesticides. Eds. A. Pait, D. Farrow, J. Lowe, P.
Pacheco. NOAA/Strategic Assessment, Rockville, MD.
U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE. 1992. Agricultural Pesticide Use in Coastal Areas: a national
summary. Eds. A. Pait, A. DeSouza, D. Farrow. NOAA/ORCA, Rockville, MD.
LARA, W.H., and de BATISTA, G.C. 1992. Pesticidas. Quimica Nova. 15(2): 161-166
D2
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
Appendix E
Report of Field Scientist: field sampling program
General
This Appendix provides a detailed description of the field sampling and logistics in Central
and South America, including Mexico and the Caribbean area, for the Initial Implementation Phase
of the International Mussel Watch Program.
Sampling activities for this phase of International Mussel Watch were based primarily at the
University of Costa Rica in San Jose. The sampling missions were planned and carried out in
close collaboration with the Executive Officer in Woods Hole and local scientists in Host
Countries. A total of seven sampling missions covered 76 locations in 18 countries. Six of these
mission were operated out of Costa Rica. The seventh sampling mission was operated out of
College Station, Texas.
The International Mussel Watch manual (TMW, 1992) and the recently published NOAA
methods manual (NOAA, 1993) contain detailed guidelines for field sampling and should be used
by anyone who is planning to initiate a field sampling program.
Geographical Distribution of Bivalves
Distribution patterns of bivalve assemblage are dependent on water depth, substrate type,
turbidity, salinity, wave energy and latitude. Because of the large area of this study, latitude
played a very important role in the species of bivalves found at the different sampling locations.
As a result, a variety of different bivalves were collected (Table El).
Field Logistics
Collection of bivalves was conducted by the Field Scientific Officer with the assistance of
Host Country scientists (Appendix F). Previous contacts between the Executive Officer, at Woods
Hole, and/or the Field Scientific Officer, in Costa Rica, with scientists in host countries helped to
identify the possible sampling sites within each country.
Local laboratories served as the base for the sampling operations in the different countries
and the field collection were operated out of these laboratories. Access to the sampling locations
was, in general, by car. In instances where a boat was required to access to the sampling sites, the
boat was either provided by the local institution or it was rented from local fishermen. Bivalve
samples were collected by hand or by divers and processed within 24 hours on-site at the local
laboratories. Samples were kept frozen in pre-cleaned screw-cap jars and transported in coolers by
the Field Scientific Officer from laboratory to laboratory, from country to country or to the final
TABLE El. Bivalve species
sampled for the International Mussel Watch Program
Oysters
Mussels Others
Crassostrea rizhophora
Mytilus edulis Anadara tuberculosa
Crassostrea virginica
Mytilus edulis chilensis Anadara similis
Isognomon alatus
Mytilus platens is A nadara grandis
Crassostrea corteziensis
Perumytilus purpuratus A nomalocardia brasiliana
Crassostrea columbiensis
My tela guayanensis Corbiculafluminea
Mytella falcata Protothaca grata
Pernaperna
Aulacomya ater
Bracchiodontes rodrigezii
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
destination in Costa Rica and then College Station, Texas, samples were stored frozen in Texas
until analysis.
In a few countries or locations where there were no local contacts, the access to the pre-
selected sampling locations was either by rented car or public transportation and sampling was
completed with the assistance of local fishermen. In these cases, the samples were processed on
combusted aluminum foil in the hotel and kept in the freezer of the hotel restaurant or a local store
with freezer until ready to move them to a new sampling location or transported back to Costa
Rica.
During this initial phase, no geographic location data was recorded. In the future, the IMW
Field Scientist should be supplied with hand-held GPS instrumentation to systematically record the
location of each site.
Sample Collection
Bivalves were collected by hand, with tongs or using a small hand-held dredge. Inter tidal
and shallow subtidal sites were collected by hand. Because of the large area covered in this study,
bivalves were found to be attached to rocks, attached to the roots of mangroves, buried in the mud
or in the sand or simply lying on hard to medium-soft bottom. At deeper subtidal sites, bivalves
were collected with the help of local divers. In a few cases were the direct access to the sampling
area was not possible, the sample was obtained from commercial oyster fishermen. Clumps of
bivalves were separated in individual organisms before cleaning. Bivalves were separated from
attached debris and/or mud and washed "in situ" before shucking them in the laboratory. In
locations where more than one species of bivalves were present, i.e. none of the bivalves was
obviously dominant, samples of the different species were collected. This allowed not only for a
species inter comparison at a given site but also to compare sites where only one of the species is
present.
Sample Processing
In general, samples were processed the same day they were collected. As samples were
collected, they were cleaned, labeled according to site, station and replicate and kept in ice chests
until ready to be processed in the laboratory later in the day. An effort was made to collect pooled
organisms within the same size range. This was done with the intention to assure that pooled
organisms were of similar age. Since the decision was to collect sufficient sample from each site,
e.g. 200 to 300 grams of wet tissue per station (up to 900 grams of wet tissue per site), to allow
for re-analyses of a sample if necessary, the number of pooled organisms in each sample varied
with organism size. In all but one site, the number of pooled organisms per sample was 10 or
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
more individuals per sample. In all cases, shells from samples collected were retained for species
confirmation and further analysis where appropriate.
In the laboratory, the bivalves were shucked on combusted aluminum foil using a clean
oyster knife, the tissue combined into a pre-cleaned jar with a Teflon-lined screw-cap seal and kept
frozen in the host countries laboratories. Each jar is a unique replicate sample and is individually
labeled with the location descriptor, date and organism species. In those sampling locations where
no local contacts were made, the sample processing was done at the hotel on pre-combusted
aluminum foil. Sample tissue was placed in pre-cleaned jars with a Teflon-lined seal and kept in
the freezer of the hotel restaurant or a local store with a freezer until ready to be moved to a new
sampling site or transported back to Costa Rica. Eventually all samples were shipped to College
Station, Texas which is the temporary central sample archive for IMW.
Sampling Criteria
Tentative sample sites were initially pre-selected to give a good coverage of the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of Central and South America, including Mexico and the Caribbean. Collection of
duplicate samples from two or three seperate stations within each sampling site, was attempted in
order to characterize the site. In general, stations were located a few hundred meters apart and a
single embayment or length of coastline (i.e., "site") would contain one or more "stations" at
which replicate tissue samples were collected. When more than one bivalve species were present at
a single station without an obvious dominance of any of them, duplicate samples of each species
were also collected.
The general sampling criteria included the sampling of mature organisms from areas
beyond the zone of initial dilution of wastes or suspected point-source discharge of contaminants.
In most cases, sampling was limited to natural substrates, e.g. rocks, mangroves or mud, to avoid
any potential contamination. In a few instances, however, bivalves were only found attached to
artificial structures, e.g. pilings, bridges, etc. In these cases, samples were collected and the type
of artificial structured recorded in the sampling logbook. Final decision regarding the sampling site
at the pre-selected sites was based on the suitability for the site to allow for this and follow-up
samplings without affecting the resource.
Sampling Problems
Although an attempt was made to obtain samples from every pre-selected site, this was not
always possible. Different factors worked against this objective. Following is a brief description
of some of the sampling problems, in no particular order, encountered during this field program.
Preselection of sampling areas
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
Bivalves could not be found at some of the pre-selected sites. This was, for example, the
case of Cancun in Mexico and in Lim6n/Cahuita, Costa Rica. Since there were no alternate
location which supported bivalve in the area, these sites had to be deleted. Because of the unsafe
conditions (for the sampler) in Guatemala at the time of sampling, no alternative site was attempted
to replace pre-selected Puerto Barrios. In Belize, the bivalve population was very small and
although a sample was collected in front of Belize city, a follow-up sampling in this area might not
be possible.
In other sites, the bivalves were located only in areas of difficult access or the collection
required the use of equipment only available through local fishermen. Since the Field Scientific
Officer did not have the resources to hire a fishing boat for the sampling and/or to compensate for a
full day of work, the bivalves were obtained directly from local fishermen as they returned from
their daily activities. Complete sampling details, including location and description of the area was
recorded in the sampling log book by the Field Scientist.
It is essential that the person charged with field sampling responsibilities have extensive
experience and be given latitude to make final site selection decisions in the field in consultation
with local scientists.
Site selection within a sampling area
Although the general sampling area was pre-selected by the IMW Committee, most of the
actual sampling stations within these sites have been suggested by local scientists. In most cases,
the local scientists had previous working experience in the proposed sites and it was relatively easy
to find good sampling stations. In a few cases, even the local information, concerning the
presence of bivalves in a given location was poor. In these cases, the location of bivalves and/or a
representative sampling site for the general area was more difficult and more time consuming than
it should have been. In a few instances, it was not possible to find the bivalves and the sampling at
the site had to be canceled.
Lack of local contacts
In many sampling sites in different countries (e.g. Rio Gallegos, Bocas del Toro, Cumana,
Lagoa Mundau/Maceio, Fortaleza, Sao Luis, Belem/Braganca, Vitoria, Puerto Montt, Punta
Arenas, Valparaiso, La Serena, Arica, Antofagasta, Puerto La Uni6n, Puerto La Libertad, Belize
City, La Ceiba, San Lorenzo, Puerto Barrios, Cancun, Laguna de Terminos, Laguna del Ostion,
Bahia La Ventosa, Puerto Escondido, Puerto Madero, Tampico, Laguna Madre, and San Carlos) it
was not possible to contact local scientists. These sampling locations represent approximately 40%
of the pre-selected sites for this program. Although samples were collected from all but two of
these sites without the assistance of local scientists (e.g. Puerto Barrios and Cancun), their
presence would have undoubtedly made the sampling easier and safer. Collected samples were
processed at the local hotel and kept in the freezer of the restaurant or at local stores with a freezer
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
until ready to be moved to a new sampling site or transported back to Costa Rica. If previously
arranged contacts with local scientists cannot be made, the Field Scientist should travel with a
companion for assistance and personal security in remote areas.
Variety of species
Because of the large area covered by this study, it was not possible to sample the same
species of bivalves at every location. As a result, a number of different species had to be sampled.
In those locations where no species was obviously the dominant one, a sample of every species
encountered in the site was collected. This will allow for a inter-comparison among the different
bivalves and will provide valuable information when comparing different locations where only one
of the species is present.
Sampling Summary
Six sampling missions operated out of Costa Rica and one sampling mission operated out
of College Station, Texas. Following is a brief description of the sampling missions (sampling
date in parenthesis), location characteristics and possible sources of contaminants as observed by
the Field Scientist. The order of the following descriptions is chronological, following the actual
schedule of the sampler. Samples collected were numbered sequentially with a unique 4-digit
identification code as they were collected. A summary of the EMW sample collection is found in
Appendix A.
In general, duplicate samples were collected from 3 different stations within each site.
Distances between stations varied from 500 to 1000 meters. Total wet weight tissue per station
was between 200 and 300 grams in 2 replicate samples and total wet weight of tissue per site is
approximately 600 to 900 grams. When conditions did not allow for the sampling of 3 different
stations within each site, duplicate samples from only 1 or 2 stations were collected. In instances
where more than one species was present, all of them were sampled in order to allow for species
inter comparisons that might assist in comparing areas where only one of these species is present.
Photographs of the locations/stations were taken to document the area for further sampling efforts.
Shell samples from each location were kept for a later confirmation/identification of the species.
Frozen samples were transferred to San Josd, Costa Rica.
1st IMW Sampling Mission: Argentina and Uruguay
Bivalve samples from 9 pre-selected sites in Argentina and 2 in Uruguay were collected
between November 13 and December 5, 1991.
ARGENTINA
Hudson (11/17/91). Hudson is located about 45 km to the southeast of Buenos Aires city.
Approximate travel time was 1:15 h. At this site 3 duplicate samples (Corbiculafluminea) were
collected.
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
Contamination:: Industrial effluents
Atalaya (1 1/17/91): Atalaya is located about 60 km to the southeast of Hudson; approximate
travel time was 1:30 h. Three duplicate samples (Corbiculafluminea) were collected at this
location
Contamination:: Industrial effluents
Punta Piedras/Punta Indios (11/19/91). Sampling in these locations, less than 20 km apart,
was attempted because they are located in the fresh water- sea water mixing zone (Rib de la Plata -
Atlantic Ocean). The most external site, Punta Piedras, is located 175 km (southeast) from Buenos
Aires. Sample collection at any of these sites was not possible because strong winds kept the
water level to high for sampling. Local sources, however, indicated that bivalves were not present
in the area because of very soft substrate. On the way back to Buenos Aires, alternative sites were
searched but the high tide aborted a sampling attempt.
URUGUAY
Punta del Este (1 1/21/91). Punta del Este is located 120 km to the east of Montevideo. At this
site, 3 stations were sampled (Mytilus platensis); two of the stations are located on the coast about
500 meters apart. The third station is located near Gorritti Island. This last sample was obtained
from local fishermen working in the area.
Contamination:: Domestic effluents. Recreational boating.
Santa Lucia (1 1/25/91). Sampling at this site was originally attempted on 1 1/21/91, but
problems with the boat aborted the mission. This site was later sampled by Dr. Jorge Altamirano
from the Instituto Nacional de Pesca (INEPA) who helped with the sampling and processing of the
mussels collected in Punta del Este. Santa Lucia samples (Corbiculafluminea) were collected in
duplicate from 1 station and sent frozen (same day delivery) to the Servicio de Hidrografia Naval
(SHN), Buenos Aires.
Contamination:: Industrial effluents
ARGENTINA (cont.)
Mar del Plata (1 1/25/91). Bivalves found along the shore were to small to be sampled.
Duplicate samples (Mytilus platensis) were obtained from 3 stations located about 3000 meters
offshore. The 3 offshore stations are located parallel to the coast in front of the city of Mar del
Plata. The samples were provided by Dr. J. Delbusto from SENASA who, at the sampling time,
was involved in red tide studies and was working with local fishermen.
Contamination:: Domestic and industrial effluents. Navy port.
Pehuen-co (1 1/26/91). This site and next, Arroyo Parejas, completed the sampling in the Blanca
Bay area. Bivalves in the upper portion of the Blanca Bay were depleted possibly because of a
large number of industries along the coast. Pehuen-co is located just outside Blanca Bay and about
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
100 km from the city of Bahfa Blanca. Mussels (Brachiodontes rodrigezii) were small. Only one
duplicate sample was collected. Access to the site is by car from Bahfa Blanca.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed.
Arroyo Parejas (1 1/26/91). This is the second site sampled in the Blanca Bay area. Arroyo
Parejas is located midway into the bay near Puerto Belgrano, a navy base. Distances between
Arroyo Parejas and Bahfa Blanca is about 35 km and between Arroyo Parejas and Pehuen-co is
about 70 km. Because of the small size of the mussels (Brachiodontes rodrigezii), only one
duplicate sample was collected by hand. Access to the site is by car from Bahfa Blanca.
Contamination:: Navy base.
Camarones Bay (1 1/27/91). Camarones is located 320 km to the south of Puerto Madryn.
Duplicate samples (Aulacomya ater) were collected from 3 stations. A sample of a co-existing
mussel (Mytilus platensis) was also collected at one station to compare contaminant concentrations.
Access to the site is by car from Puerto Madryn.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed.
Rawson (1 1/27/91). This site is located about 80 km to the south of Puerto Madryn and on the
margins of the Chubut river. Samples (Mytilus platensis) were collected from 3 stations. Because
of the small size of the mussels, only single samples at each station were collected.
Contamination:: Chubut river.
Ushuaia (1 1/28/91). Three duplicate samples (Mytilus edulis chilensis) were collected from 3
stations located in front of the city of Ushuaia. This sampling site is located within city limits.
Access to the area is by car.
Contamination:: Domestic and industrial effluents. Navy port.
Rio Gallegos (1 1/29/91). Samples were collected from 3 stations in Punta Loyola, located about
40 km from Rio Gallegos. Access to the site is by car.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed.
2nd IMW Sampling Mission: Panama
Bivalve samples from Panama were collected between December 17 and December 19,
1991 at 3 pre-selected locations. A fourth site, Bocas del Toro, was left to be accessed from Costa
Rica. As with the previous sampling mission, duplicate samples were collected from 1 to 3
stations within each site; total wet weight tissue per station was between 200 to 300 grams and
photographs of the area were taken to document the area for further sampling efforts. Shell
samples from each station were kept for a later confirmation/identification of the species. Frozen
samples were transferred to San Jose, Costa Rica.
PANAMA
Portobelo (12/18/91). Portobelo is located about 1 10 km from Panama city on the Caribbean
Sea. A "cayuco" (a one piece canoe made out of a tree trunk) was rented from native fishermen to
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
search for bivalves. Bivalves were not very abundant in this area. One duplicate sample
(Isognomon alatus) was collected from the roots of mangroves. Access to the site is by car from
Panama city and then by boat
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed.
Punta Chame area (12/19/91). Two different sites were sampled within this general area.
Playa Bique, located about 30 km to the west of Panama city, on the Pacific coast, was the first
site to be sampled. Duplicate samples {Mytilus edulis) from 2 stations were collected by local
people. Sampling stations are located about 500 meters apart. The second site, Punta Chame, is
located 90 km to the west of Playa Bique. Samples {Anadara tuberculosa) were obtained from
local fishermen who had collected this bivalves a few hours earlier from within the roots of
mangroves.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in either location.
3rd IMYV Sampling Mission: Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama
Bivalve samples from 7 sites in Nicaragua and Costa Rica were collected between January
7 and January 18, 1992. No samples could be obtained from pre-selected sites at Bluefields
(Nicaragua) or Limon (Costa Rica). Samples from Bocas del Toro, Panama, were collected
between January 21 and January 22, 1992 to complete the sampling in that country. As in the
previous sampling missions duplicate sampling at more than one station within a given site was
routinely attempted. Wet weight tissue per station was the same; photographs of the were taken
for documentation of the area; shell samples from each location were kept ; frozen samples were
transferred to San Jose\ Costa Rica.
NICARAGUA
Isla de Aserradores (01/1 1/92). Isla de Aserradores is located about 20 km to the north of
Puerto Corinto, a pre-selected site, and close to the border between Nicaragua and Honduras on
the Pacific coast. Duplicate samples {Anadara tuberculosa) were collected from within the roots of
mangroves at 2 stations with the help of local people. Access to the site is by car from Managua
(180 km).
Contamination:: Cotton, banana and sugar cane fields.
Ostional (01/1 1/91). Ostional is located on the Pacific coast near the border between Nicaragua
and Costa Rica, about 350 km from Isla de Aserradores and 170 km to the south of Managua. A
duplicate sample was obtained from local fishermen.
Contamination:: No sources of contaminants were observed.
Bluefields. This location was pre-selected as a sampling site on the Caribbean coast. The
sampling trip to Bluefields was not possible because of flight cancellations to and from Bluefields-
Puerto Cabezas and Managua. This site was left for later sampling.
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
COSTA RICA
Gulf of Nicoya Area (01/15/92). Three sites were sampled in the Gulf of Nicoya, located on
the Pacific coast of Costa Rica about 140 km from San Jose. The first site, Estero Jicaral, is
located on the west coast of the Gulf of Nicoya, opposite Puerto Morales. Duplicate samples
(Anadara tuberculosa and Prototaca sp.) were collected by hand from within the roots of
mangroves. The second site, Isla Paloma, is a very small island located in the upper portion of
the Gulf of Nicoya. Duplicate samples {Anadara grandis) were collected from a single station.
The third site, Estero Cocoroca, is located on the east costa of the Gulf of Nicoya a few
kilometers south of Puerto Morales and opposite Estero Jicaral. Duplicate samples (Anadara
tuberculosa and Anadara similis) were collected from one station within the roots of the
mangroves. Distances between Estero Jicaral and Isla Paloma, between Isla Paloma and Estero
Cocoroca and between Estero Cocoroca and Estero Jicaral are about 20, 30 and 25 km,
respectively. Access to the sampling sites is by car from San Jose- and by boat from Puerto
Morales.
Contamination:: Except for the area close to the city of Puntarenas (not sampled), the Gulf of
Nicoya seems to be a pristine area
Golfo Dulce Area (01/17/92-01/18/91). Golfo Dulce is located about 350 km from San Jose on
the Pacific coast and near the border between Costa Rica and Panama. Two sites were sampled at
this location. The first one, Golfito, is within the city limits of the city of Golfito. Duplicate
samples (Anadara tuberculosa, Anadara similis and Prototaca sp.) were collected from two stations
The second site, Punta Zancudo, is located about 50 km from Golfito. The sampling site is
located near the mouths of the Coto and Sabalo rivers. Duplicate samples (Anadara tuberculosa)
were collected from one station. Access to the sites is by car from San Jose\
Contamination:: Golfi to-Domestic effluents. Punta Zancudo-No sources of contamination were
observed.
PANAMA (cont.)
Puerto Almirante (01/22/91). The sampling location is located in the Bocas del Toro area, close
to the border between Panama and Costa Rica on the Caribbean coast. The site is located about
1000 meters from the port of Puerto Almirante, toward open water. Duplicate samples were
collected by hand by divers from two stations about 300-400 meters apart. Water Depth was
between 1.5 to 2.5 meters. Access to the site is by boat.
Contamination:: Port activities (most of the banana production from this area is shipped from
Puerto Almirante). Domestic effluents are discharge from houses directly into the coastal waters.
Cholera.
10
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
4th IMW Sampling Mission: Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Aruba
Bivalve samples from 9 sites in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Aruba were collected
between February 9 and February 26, 1992. In Colombia, samples were collected in 3 of 4 pre-
selected sites (Cartagena, Santa Marta and Tumaco). No samples were collected from
Buenaventura. In Venezuela, samples were collected from 3 sites: Paparo, Morrocoy National
Park and Cumana. No samples were collected in Maracaibo (depleted population) or from the
Curiapo site located on the margins of the Orinoco river delta (no local contact). Sampling in the
Trinidad and Tobago area were carried out near Port of Spain and at the southeast extreme of
Trinidad. The last sampling site is facing the delta of the Orinoco river and replaces the Curiapo
site in Venezuela Samples in Aruba were collected in the vicinity of the port. Sampling details are
similar to the previous missions.
On February 18, personnel of CICA at the University of Costa Rica, collected samples in
Tortugueros, located on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. This site replaced Limon.
COLOMBIA
Cartagena Bay (02/11/92). Known oyster beds have been mostly depleted in Cartagena Bay.
Duplicate samples {Crassostrea rizhophorae) were collected from two sites in Cartagena Bay. One,
Cienaga de los Vazquez, is a fairly enclosed area located outside Cartagena Bay, near Boca
Chica.. A second site (Isla Tierra Bomba) is located inside Cartagena Bay. Access to the sites
is by boat.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in Cienaga de los Vazquez.
Domestic and industrial effluents, port and marine transit might be significant sources of
contamination to the second site.
Santa Marta (02/12/92). Cienaga is located about 195 km from Cartagena. Cienaga Grande is
located about 10 km from Cienaga. Three stations were sampled. Depending on the station,
oysters (Crassostrea rizhophorae) were lying on hard bottom, attached to the roots of mangroves
or attached to rocks on the coast. Access to the sampling sites was by boat
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed other than small villages on the
coast. Water circulation is very restricted.
Tumaco (02/14/92). Duplicate samples (Anadara tuberculosa and Anadara similis) were collected
from three stations in the Tumaco area with the help of local people. Access to the sampling sites
was by boat.
Contamination:: Domestic effluents.
VENEZUELA
Paparo (02/17/92). Paparo is located about 160 km from Caracas. Samples were collected from
3 stations located to the east of the Tuy river. The first station is located just to the east of the
mouth of the river. The second and third stations are about 500 and 1000 meters to the east from
11
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
station 1. No bivalves were found to the west of the mouth of the Tuy river. Access to the site is
by car from Caracas.
Contamination:: The Tuy river brings industrial and domestic wastes from Caracas and several
smaller cities.
Morrocoy (02/19/92). Morrocoy National Park is located about 280 km from Caracas. Duplicate
samples (Isognomon alatus) were collected from 3 stations. Oysters were attached to the roots of
mangroves. Access to the sampling stations is by boat
Contamination:: Morrocoy National Park seems to be a pristine area.
Cumana (02/25/92). Cumana is located 450 km from Caracas. Duplicate samples were collected
in front of the city by a local diver. Samples were shucked "in situ" and kept on ice during the trip
back to Caracas.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed.
TRINIDAD
Caroni Swamp (02/20/92). Caroni Swamp is located about 7 km from Port of Spain. Duplicate
samples (Mytela guayanensis) were collected from the mud within the roots of mangroves along
one of the many channels opened through the mangroves. Access to the site is by boat.
Contamination:: The swamp receives the water drained from a large agricultural area around Port
of Spain.
Southern Range (02/21/92). This site is located on the southeast extreme of Trinidad and facing
the delta of the Orinoco river. Duplicate samples were collected from 3 stations covering over
1000 meters along the beach. Access to the site is by car from Port of Spain (200 km).
Contamination:: Oil platforms.
ARUBA
Commander's Bay (02/23/92). Commander's Bay is located about 15 km to the south of the
capital city in the vicinity of the main port in Aruba. Duplicate samples were collected by a local
diver from 3 station located about 250 meters apart. Water depth varied from 1.5 to 2.5 meters.
Access to the site is by car.
Contamination:: The site is located by the main port in Aruba. Petroleum tanks.
5th IMW Sampling Mission: Brazil, Chile, Peru and Ecuador
Eighty nine samples from 12 sites in Brazil, 7 sites in Chile, 2 sites in Peru and 2 sites in
Ecuador were collected between March 15 and May 2, 1992 in a single sampling mission. With a
few exceptions, samples were collected at the pre-selected sites. In Brazil, for example, Bragan?a
and Macei6 replaced Belem and Aracaju, respectively. The pre-selected Isla Caviana was deleted
while Sao Luis and Guanabara Bay were added to the sampling list. In Chile, 2 sites (Puerto
Montt and Concepcibn) replaced Valdivia. Arica was added to the sampling list to give a better
12
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
coverage of the Chilean-Peruvian coast between Antofagasta (Chile) and Paracas-Pisco (Peru). In
Ecuador, Bahia de Caraquez replaced Esmeraldas.
As in the previous missions, replicate sampling was attempted at more than one station,
usually a few hundreds meters apart, per site. Total wet weight tissue per station was between 200
to 300 grams. Photographs of the locations /stations were taken to document the area for further
sampling efforts. Shell samples from each location were kept for a later confirmation/identification
of the species. Frozen samples were transferred to San Jose\ Costa Rica.
BRAZIL
Santos (03/16/92). Santos is a coastal port city located about 90 km from Sao Paulo. Duplicate
samples (Perna perna) were collected from 3 different stations along the main ship channel.
Access to the site is by car from Sao Paulo and by boat to the sampling stations.
Contamination:: A large number of industries (chemical industries, oil refineries, etc.) discharge
their wastes either directly into the bay or into the Cubatao river. This river discharges in the upper
part of the Bay of Santos.
Salvador (03/18/92). The sampling site is located about 95 km from Salvador. Samples of 3
different bivalves were collected at one station during low tide. Mussels (Mytela guayanensis)
were collected from within the mangroves, oysters (Crassostrea rizhophorae) were collected from
nearby underwater constructions and Anomalocardia brasiliana were found in the sandy inter tidal
area. Access to the site is by car from Salvador.
Contamination:: Effluents from paper mills are discharged into this area. Domestic effluents.
Several small creeks.
Recife (03/20/92). Oyster and mussel samples were collected from 3 stations in Pina Bay.
Oysters (Crassostrea rizhophorae) were collected from inter tidal populations during low tide.
Mussels (Mytellafalcata) were collected from beds on the mud (0.5-1.0 water depth during low
tide). The site is located within city limits.
Contamination:: Several rivers (Jordao, Tejipio and Jiquia) run through the city of Recife and
discharge into the Pina river before reaching the Pina Bay. Industrial and domestic effluents. Port
activities. Cholera
Lagoa Mundau/Macei6 (03/21/92). Maceid is located about 200 km south of Recife. This area
was sampled instead of a pre-selected site near Aracaju because of its importance as a mussel-
producing area for human consumption in Brazil. Mussel (Mytellafalcata) samples were collected
by hand from beds on the soft bottom by local fishermen working in the lagoon.
Contamination:: Limited water exchange with the open sea. Domestic effluents directly discharged
in channels empty into the lagoon. Cholera.
Fortaleza (03/23/92). Two different sites were sampled in Fortaleza. The first location is a fairly
small rocky formation about 400-500 meters long in front of the city. Two duplicate oyster
13
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
samples (Crassostrea rizhophorae) were collected at this site from stations about 300 meters apart.
A third sample (Mytella guayanensis) was obtained from a second site located near the mouth of
the Coto River on the opposite side of the city. Mussels were collected from within the roots of
mangroves. Access to both sites is by car.
Contamination:: Industrial and domestic effluents, port activities and fisheries were observed at the
first site. No sources of contamination were observed at the second location other than the Coto
River which runs through part of the city of Fortaleza.
Sao Luis (03/25/92). Duplicate mussel samples {Mytella guayanensis) were collected from 2
stations, during low tide, at the Lagoa da Jensen located to the east of San Marcos Bay. Mussels
were collected from the mud within the mangroves. The site is located within city limits and access
is by foot.
Contamination:: Domestic effluents. Cholera.
Belem/Braganca (03/26/92). Bivalves could not be found near Belem. The nearest mussel
producing area was found near Braganca, located about 100 km to the north of Belem. Mussels
were obtained from fishermen working in the area.
Contamination:: Amazon river. Cholera.
Vitoria (03/29/92). Duplicate mussel samples (Pernaperna) were collected from 2 stations in
Vitoria Bay, located within city limits. Access to the site is by foot, or by boat.
Contamination:: Port activities. Oil refineries. Industrial and domestic effluents. At the time of
sampling, swimming in the area was restricted because of contaminated waters.
Cabo Frio (03/30/92). Duplicate mussel samples (Pernaperna) were collected from 3 different
stations during low tide. Access to the site is by boat.
Contamination:: This is fairly isolated area. Some port activity. Small fisheries. Water circulation
might bring wastes from oil producing platforms working in coastal waters.
Guanabara Bay/Niteroi (03/31/92). This site was sampled on the way to the Rio de Janeiro
Airport while transferring from Cabo Frio to Pontal do Sul. Duplicate mussel samples were
collected from a rocky formation in front of the city of Niteroi. Mussels were kept in a cooler and
shucked in Pontal do Sul about 10 h. later. Mussels were tightly closed at the time of processing.
Contamination:: Industrial and domestic effluents. Petroleum-related activities. Port. This area is
considered to be one of the most polluted areas in Brazil.
Paranagua (04/01/92). Duplicate mussel samples were collected from 2 stations in Laranjeiras
Bay. Samples were collected by hand from mussels bed located in the inner portion of the bay
(0.5-1.0 water depth). This site is located about 1 h. from Pontal do Sul and the city of
Paranagua. Access to the sampling stations is by boat.
Contamination:: This seems to be a fairly pristine area of the Paranagua/Laranjeiras Bay system.
14
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
Lagoa dos Patos (04/02/92). Duplicate mussel samples (Perna perna) were collected from 2
stations located about 500 meters from the mouth of the lagoon. Stations face the open ocean, and
were collected by hand. Access is by boat.
Contamination:: Different industries (chemical, oil-related, fertilizer, etc.) discharge wastes into
the lagoon. The lagoon also receives, directly or indirectly through smaller interconnected
lagoons, surface waters drained from a large upland area with extensive agriculture.
CHILE
Puerto Montt (04/09/92). Puerto Montt, together with Conception, replaced the Valdivia site.
Samples were obtained from local fishermen/divers. Duplicate samples {Aulacomya ater) were
obtained from 2 areas in this region: Guar Island and from near the mouth of the Relon Cavi river.
Duplicate mussel samples were obtained from the station near the mouth of the Relon Cavi river.
Access to the sampling sites is by boat
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in the area.
Punta Arenas (04/10/92). The sampling site is located in front of the city of Punta Arenas about
1000 meters from the main port. Duplicate mussel samples were collected from 2 stations located
about 300 meters apart. At one station, an extra sample of Aulacomya ater was collected. Access
to the site is by car.
Contamination:: Punta Arenas Port. Domestic effluents.
Valparaiso (04/12/92). One duplicate sample (Perumytilus purpuratus) was collected during low
tide at a site located about 100 meters from the port of Valparaiso. Access to the area is by car.
Contamination:: Port Activities. Industrial and domestic effluents.
La Serena (04/13/92). Bivalves were depleted in this area. Duplicate mussel samples
(Aulacomya ater) were obtained from local fishermen/divers who had collected the organisms near
Quebrada Grande about 4 h earlier. Quebrada Grande is about 20 km to the north of La Serena.
Access to the area is only by boat.
Contamination:: Quebrada Grande seems to be a pristine area.
Arica (04/16/92). At this site, bivalves (Perumytilus purpuratus) were collected from 3 stations
during low tide. Stations were located about 300 meters apart from each other. Sampling stations
were located to the south of the main port of Arica. The sampling site is within the city limits and
access is by car.
Contamination:: Port activities. Fisheries. Industrial and domestic effluents.
Antofagasta (04/18/92). As in La Serena, bivalves were not found near the city of Antofagasta,
Samples (Aulacomya ater) were obtained from local fishermen/divers who collected the organisms
in Caleta Coloso a few hours earlier. Caleta Coloso is located about 18 km to the south of
Antofagasta . Access to the sampling site is only by boat.
Contamination:: Caleta Coloso seems to be a pristine area.
15
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
Concepci6n (04/20/92). The sampling site was located between the Bio-Bio river and San
Vicente Bay. Duplicate samples (Perumytilus purpuratus) were collected from 3 different stations
within this area. Station #1 was located at the mouth of the Bio-Bio river. Stations #2 and #3
were located about 500 and 1000 meters from station #1, respectively. Access to the site is by car.
Contamination:: Domestic and industrial effluents from Concepci6n are discharged through the
river. Paper mills are located along the river. Chemical Industries. Shipping/receiving of oil.
PERU
Callao (04/24/92). Two samples were collected by hand from piers located in Callao near La
Punta. Mussels were small and reduced in number.
Contamination:: Domestic and industrial effluents. Navy and commercial ports. Cholera.
Paracas (04/25/92). Two different species of mussels were collected from 2 stations in Paracas'
Peninsula near Pisco. The stations, about 500 meters apart, are located in front of the El
Candelabra formation.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed. Cholera.
ECUADOR
Guayaquil (04/29/92). Duplicate samples (Mytela guayanensis) were collected from the
mangroves at 2 stations located in Estero Salado. Stations are located about 800 meters apart.
Samples were collected by hand during low tide. Access to the site is by car.
Contamination:: Domestic and industrial effluents. Technical DDT is sold in the street.
Chone River (Bahfa de Caraquez) (04/30/92). This area, which replaced Esmeralda at the
suggestion of local scientists, is an important shrimp production region. Duplicate (Prototaca sp.)
and a single {Anadara tuberculosa) samples were collected at 1 station in this area.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in the area.
6th IMW Sampling Mission: El Salvador, Belize, Honduras and Guatemala
Sixteen bivalve samples from 2 sites in El Salvador, 1 site in Belize and 2 sites in
Honduras were collected between June 28 and July 11, 1992. Samples were, in general, collected
at the pre-selected sites. Samples in El Salvador were collected near Puerto La Union on the Gulf
of Fonseca and Puerto La Libertad on the Pacific coast. La Libertad replaced a requested second
sampling site in the Gulf of Fonseca area from El Salvador. A second sampling site on the Gulf of
Fonseca (San Lorenzo) was accessed from Honduras. In that country, La Ceiba replaced Puerto
Trujillo on the Caribbean coast. Direct access to Puerto Trujillo was difficult. In Belize samples
were collected in front of Belize City. In Guatemala, no bivalves were found in Puerto Barrios.
Because of the lack of a local contact in Guatemala and die very unsafe conditions at the time of
sampling, no alternative sampling site was attempted.
Sampling details are similar to the previous missions.
16
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
EL SALVADOR
Puerto La Uni6n (06/29/92). Puerto La Uni6n is located about 200 km from San Salvador on
the Gulf of Fonseca. At this site, duplicate samples {Anadara tuberculosa) were collected from 2
stations. Stations 1 and 2 are located about 500 and 100 meters to the north of Hotel "El Pelicano"
in Canton Huisquil, respectively. Canton Huisquil is located 3 km to the north of Puerto La
Uni6n. Access to the sampling site is by car/bus from San Salvador. Samples were collected with
the help of local people.
Contamination:: This area of El Salvador was, before the internal war, an important cotton-
producing area. Presently, most of the cotton fields are lost Except for a few com fields, no
much agricultural activity is observed in the area. No obvious sources of contamination were
observed in Puerto La Uni6n other than domestic effluents.
Puerto La Libertad (06/30/92). Puerto La Libertad is located on the Pacific coast about 35 km
from San Salvador. At this site, duplicate samples were collected from one station with the help of
a local diver. The station is located in front of the local cemetery about 500 meters to the west of
the main fishing pier. Access to the sampling site is by car/bus from San Salvador.
Contamination:: Domestic effluents. Fishing activities. A small river discharges near the
sampling area.
BELIZE
Belize City (07/02/92). Sampling site is located within the city limits. Samples (Crassostrea
rizhophorae) were collected from the rocks along the shore in front of the Embassy of Mexico.
The site is located about 500 meters to the north of the mouth of the Haulover river which runs
through the city. Oysters were difficult to find.
Contamination: The most obvious source of contamination is the Haulover river. Domestic
effluents. Heavy boating activities was observed in the river, e.g., fishing, transport.
HONDURAS
La Ceiba (07/04/92). La Ceiba replaced Trujillo on the Caribbean coast of Honduras. The
sampling site is located about 1 km to the east of the restaurant "El Piloto" near the construction site
of the new port of La Ceiba. Duplicate samples were collected from one station.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in the area. At the time of sampling
there was a confrontation between the Standard Fruit Company (SFC), who does most of the fruit
processing in (and shipping from) Honduras, and the city of La Ceiba because of reports on the
use of banned pesticides (e.g. lindane and DDT) by the SFC in the area. Apparently, laboratories
in Tegucigalpa had detected pesticide residues in fruit samples.
San Lorenzo (07/06/92). The second sampling site on the Gulf of Fonseca, San Lorenzo is
located 2.5 h. from Tegucigalpa by bus. Samples {Anadara similis and Anadara tuberculosa) were
collected from 2 stations located in an area with mangroves. Access to the sampling site is by boat.
17
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in the area other than domestic
effluents.
GUATEMALA
Puerto Barrios (07/09/92-07/10/92). No bivalves were found at this location. Because of the
unsafe situation in Guatemala at the time of sampling, no alternative site was attempted.
7th IMW Sampling Mission: Jamaica, Mexico and Cuba
Sampling missions to Jamaica, Mexico and Cuba were divided into two phases. During
the first one, samples were collected from 2 sites in Jamaica. The second sampling mission
involved sampling 13 sites in Mexico and 1 in Cuba. At the end of each sampling trip, the frozen
samples were transferred directly to College Station, Texas.
A total of 53 bivalve samples were collected between September 7 and October 21, 1992.
Samples were, in general, collected at the pre-selected sites. Samples in Jamaica were collected
near Bowden and Port Royal. In Mexico, sampling operations were mainly based in Merida,
Tampico, Mazatlan and Ensenada. Samples from Laguna de Terminos (Ciudad del Carmen),
Laguna del Ostion (Coatzacoalcos), Bahia Ventosa (Salina Cruz), Puerto Escondido and Puerto
Madero were collected using Merida as the base laboratory. Laguna Madre (Matamoros) and
Tampico were sampled from Tampico. Mazatlan was used as the base laboratory for the sampling
in Mazatlan and Altata-El Pabellon. Ensenada served as the base of operations for the sampling in
Punta Banderas (Tijuana), San Felipe and Ensenada. No bivalves were found in the area of
Cancun. Sampling at one site on the Pacific coast near Lazaro Cardenas, Punta Mangrove, has to
be canceled because of unsafe weather conditions. The area was reached by a powerful tropical
storm and most routes to Lazaro Cardenas were closed.
JAMAICA
Bowden (09/10/92). This site is located about 60 km from Kingston, between Port Morant and
Bowden. Replicate samples (Isognomon alatus) were collected from the roots of mangroves at 2
stations. Station 1 and 2 are located 200 and 500 meters, respectively toward die center of the
small bay in front of Bowden Marina. Access to the sampling site is by car from Kingston and by
boat from Bowden marina.
Contamination:: This site can be considered a clean area and is used for commercial oystering. No
obvious sources of contaminants other than a limited boating activities were observed.
Port Royal (09/10/92). Port Royal is located about 15-20 km from downtown Kingston. At this
site, replicate samples (Isognomon alatus) attached to the roots of the mangroves were collected at
2 stations. The stations face Kingston Harbor between the International Airport and Port Royal.
Access to the sampling site is by car from Kingston and by boat from Port Royal.
Contamination:: Domestic effluents. Commercial fishing. Airport. Industries. Main navigational
access to Kingston.
18
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
MEXICO
Cancun (09/16/92). No samples were obtained from this location. Several sites were searched
for bivalves along the Nichupte Lagoon coast between Cancun and Punta Nizuc. Conversations
with local fishermen indicated that small bivalves might be found near the mouth of the Manati
river. No sampling was attempted there.
Laguna de T£rminos (09/18/92). At this site samples (Crassostrea virginica) were obtained
from local fishermen returning from their daily oystering activities. The sampling site, near the
Boca de Atasta, is located about 45 minutes by boat from Ciudad del Carmen. Oysters are lying
on a hard bottom.
Contamination:: Sources of contamination are petroleum-related activities and local fisheries in the
lagoon and nearby Gulf coastal areas. There are several important rivers that discharge in the
lagoon (e.g., Palizada, Chumpan and Candelaria rivers).
Laguna del Ostion (09/19/92). The sampling site is located in front of La Barrilla, a small
village about 15 km from downtown Coatzacoalcos. At this site, 2 replicate samples (Crassostrea
virginica) were collected from two stations with the help of local residents. Access to the site is by
boat.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in the area.
Bahia la Ventosa (09/20/92). This location has been added to the sampling program. Bahia
Ventosa is located on the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, near Salina Cruz. Bivalves
("Rock oysters"), attached to rocks at variable depths, were collected from 3 stations by local
divers. Sampling stations are located within 500 meters from each other. Access to the sampling
site is by boat.
Contamination:: Petroleum -related activities. Navy base.
Puerto Escondido (09/21/92). Puerto Escondido replaced Punta Maldonado on the original
sample scheme. "Rock oysters" (C. corteziensis ) were collected with the help of local divers.
Because of bad weather conditions, only one station, located near Zicatela beach in Puerto
Escondido, was sampled. The sampling site can be accessed from the coast.
Contamination:: No obvious sources of contamination were observed in the area other than
domestic effluents from Puerto Escondido.
Puerto Madero (09/22/92). Replicate samples of "Rock oysters" were collected from 1 station
in front of the local light house. This site is located within the limits of Puerto Madero.
Contamination:: Small port. Local fisheries. Banana fields.
Tampico (09/26/92). Samples (Crassostrea virginica) were collected in the Pueblo Viejo Lagoon
which is part of the Tamiahua Lagoon system. Access to the area is by car to La Puntilla, Colonia
Morelos, and by boat to Congregacidn Anagua. This village is located on the margin of the
Lagoon. Access to the site is by boat. Oysters are lying on a fairly soft bottom.
19
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
Contamination:: Industrial and domestic effluents from the city of Tampico are discharged into this
area through the Panuco River.
Laguna Madre (09/27/92). Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were collected by tongs with the help
of local fishermen from two soft bottom stations, about 300 meters apart, located in front of the
local light house. Access to this area is by car from Matamoros to Puerto Mesquital and then by
boat to the sampling site.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in the area.
Punta Banderas (10/01/92). Punta Banderas is located near Tijuana, Baja California, and about
7 km to the south of the border with the US (California). Duplicate samples (Mytilus
californianus) were collected from rocks along the coastline.
Contamination:: Domestic and industrial effluents.
Ensenada (10/02/92). Samples (Mytilus edulis) were collected from the rocks that form the north
side of the main marine port of Ensenada. The site is located within city limits.
Contamination:: Industrial and domestic effluents. Port activities.
San Felipe (10/02/92). San Felipe is located on the coast of the Gulf of California (Cortez Sea)
about 270 km from Ensenada. Bivalves were difficult to find because of high tides. One duplicate
sample of C. columbiensis ("Chinese oysters") was collected 20 km to the south of San Felipe,
near Punta Estrella. Hard bottom.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in the area.
San Carlos (10/05/92). San Carlos is a small village located in Magdalena Bay area on the
Pacific coast of Baja California. Because of it easier access, this sampling site replaced Isla
Magdalena, situated in front of San Carlos. One station was sampled in the vicinity of the local
thermoelectric plant.
Contamination:: Except for the thermoelectric plant, no obvious sources of contamination were
observed.
Mazatlan (10/10/92). Samples ("Rock oysters") were collected from two sites fairly apart from
each other. The first site is located about 5 km from downtown Mazatlan in Cerrito Beach. The
second site is within the city limits and about 200 meters to the north of the Instituto de Ciencias
del Mar y Limnologia. In both cases, oysters, attached to rocks, were collected by local divers.
Contamination:: No sources of contamination were observed in the first site. The second
sampling site is affected by domestic effluents and Mazatlan Port.
Altata-El Pabell6n (10/10/92). The Altata-El Pabell6n system is located about 220 km to the
north of Mazatlan. In this site, duplicate samples (Crassostrea rizhophorae) were collected from 3
stations. Oysters were attached to the roots of the mangroves.
Contamination:: This is an area with extensive agriculture. Pesticides.
20
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
Punta Mangrove. Sampling in Punta Mangrove was planned before the sampling mission to
Cuba, but it has to be canceled because of severe weather conditions. On October 9 and 10,
hurricane Winifred hit the state of Michoacan between Lazaro Cardenas and Punta Mangrove,
severely damaging several routes and bridges.
CUBA
Cayo Culebra (10/14/92). Access to the sampling site is by car to Surgidero located about 50
km from La Habana on the south side of Cuba. From Surgidero, the access to the sampling site is
by boat. The sampling site is located about 15 nautical miles from Surgidero on Cayos Las
Cayamas, Batabano Gulf. Bivalves (hognomon alatus) were attached to the roots of mangroves.
Contamination:: Although the coastal area surrounding the Gulf is an area with intensive
agriculture (sugar cane, banana), the sampling site seems isolated and free of contaminants.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Field sampling for the Initial Implementation Phase of International Mussel Watch required
detailed pre-planning, good communication with Host Country scientists and extensive logistical
support for the IMW Field Scientist. This equipment (all pre-cleaned) was transported via airline,
bus, and auto as a part of the Field Scientists carry-on luggage. An "official" letter of introduction
from the program was sometimes useful to the Field Scientist when passing through national
customs.
Access to adaquate freezer space throughout a sampling mission is essential to the success
of the program (frozen samples remain safely frozen for several hours in the travel chests used in
Latin America). If freezer space (or electrical power) is anticipated to be erratic in any part of the
global region being sampled, some other method of sample storage (e.g., grind with silica gel)
may need to be used. Multiple sample storage methods should not be used in a single region. If
the storage method adds weight or bulk to the sample, the length of a sampling mission will
necessarily be shortened, adding to the expense and duration of the program.
Logistical assistance and local knowledge at each site was also a critical component to the
success of the field sampling in this global region. Without the generous support of Host Country
scientists who donated (in varying combinations) labspace, freezer space, ground transportation,
boat transportation, technician assistance and specific local knowledge, this project could not have
been accomplished. Host Country scientists who participated in this effort are listed in Appendix
F. At some sites where there was no local contact, sampling in remote areas was personally
hazardous and probably, in hindsite, should not have been attempted. In all cases, lack of a local
contact made the sampling more time consuming and less efficient. Where no local contact is
available, the Field Scientist should travel with a companion even though this will add to the cost
21
Appendix E: Field Scientist Report
of sampling. The Field Scientist should also be given guidelines as to when a sampling site
should be scrubbed for logistic/safety reasons.
No matter how carefully sampling sites are pre-selected, a myriad of problems will be faced
by the Field Scientist in the field. The Field Scientist must be experienced enough to be able to
make intelligent choices in the field and be given enough freedom to make field decisions without
further authorization from the Project Secretariat or other program component. Guidelines
provided to the Field Scientist for this phase should be used in other global regions and should be
expanded to include safety/logistics guidance as well.
Systematically recorded geographic location information would be a useful component of
the global database and this information should be included in the sampling effort. The Field
Scientist should be issued a hand-held GPS receiver to record the geographic location of each site.
This initial phase was a success because many people freely gave of their time and energy
without hesitation. The contracts which financially supported this effort covered only the essential
basic direct costs incurred and were a small fraction of the total effort made. If this attitude is
carried over to the other global regions, the International Mussel Watch will continue to be
successful .
Dr Jose Sericano
GERG
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX
22
Appendix F: Host Country Scientists
Appendix F
Host Country Scientists
Name
ARGENTINA
Oscar Amin
Dr. Jose Luis Esteves
Dr. Ruben Hugo Freije
Lucio Jose Janiot
Jorge Eduardo Marcovecchio
BRAZIL
St. Dalmo Lacerda Andre
Dr. Paulo da Cunha Lana
Dr. Silvo Jose de Macedo
Dr. Luis Felipe Niencheski
Dra. Tania M. Tavares
Dr. Rolf Roland Weber
CHILE
Dr. Lizandro Chuecas
Victor A. Gallardo
COLOMBIA
Fidel Robinson Casanova
Mario Palacios
Dr. Jesus T. Antonio Garay Tinoco
COSTA RICA
Jenaro Acufia Gonzalez
Olga Marta Rodriguez Brenes
Alexis Rodriguez
CUBA
Gonzalo Dierksmeier Corcuera
Fernado Ruiz Escobar
Jesus Boltran Gonzalez
ECUADOR
Dra. Lucia Solorzano
Affiliation
Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas
Centro Nacional Patagonico
Instituto Argentino de Oceanografia
Servico de Hidrografia Naval (Oceanografia)
INIDEP
Instituto de Estudios do Mar Almirante Paulo
Centro de Bi'o. Marinha da Universidade
UFPE - Campus Universitario
Fundacao Universidad do Rio Grand
Universidade Federal da Bahia
Universitaria - Butanta
Universidad de Concepcion
Universidade de Concepcion
Centro de Control de Contaminacion
Centro Control Contaminacion del Pacifico
Centro de Investigaciones Oceanograficas
Universidad de Costa Rica
Universidad de Costa Rica
Universidad de Costa Rica
Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal
Instituto Investigaciones del Transporte, CIMAB
Instituto Investigaciones del Transporte, CIMAB
Instituto Nacional de Pesca (INP)
Fl
Appendix F: Host Country Scientists
Name
HONDURAS, C.A.
Dr. Luis Munguia Guerrero
JAMAICA
Dr. Ajai Mansingh
MEXICO
Dr. Alfonso Vazquez Botello
Gerardo Gold Bouchot
Dr. Fernando Gonzalez-Farias
Dr. Efrain A. Gutierrez-Galindo
Omar Zapata Perez
NICARAGUA
Dr. Salvador Montenegro
Marta Lacayo R.
Mauricio Lacayo
PANAMA
Vasco Duke
PERU
Dra. Ruth Calienes
Quim. Maria Elena Jacinto
PUERTO RICO
Jorge Corredor
TRINIDAD, WEST INDIES
Dr. Avril Siung-Chang
Dr. Winston F. Tinto
URUGUAY
Ing. Jorge V. Altamirano
Sr. Juan Miguel Moyano Recine
VENEZUELA
Dr. Rudolf Jaffe
Affiliation
Centro de Estudios y Control de Contaminantes, CESCCO
University of the West Indies
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia
CINVESTAV - JPN, Unidad Merida
Instituto de Qencias del Mar y Limnologia
Universidad Autonoma de Baja California
CINVESTAV - IPN, Unidad Merida
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Managua
Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de Managua
Universidad de Panama
Instituto del Mar del Peru
Instituto del Mar del Peru
Universidad de Puerto Rico
Institute of Marine Affairs
Institute of Marine Affairs
IN APE
Hidrografia y Meteorologia de la Armada
Universidad Simon Bolivar
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