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I
ju^T <\ i i- i r.sno
BartatB College librarj
THE GIFT OF
GINN AND COMPANY
<*£
3 2044 097 074 611
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
BY
HENRY S. LUPOLD
INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN,
CRBBTYIEW JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL,
COLUMBUS, OHIO
ipart ©ne
D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS
BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO
£- JbuxSV o\ \ <T , I T. 5 4
Copyright, 19 18,
Bt D. C. Heath & Co,
2e2
Printed in U. S. A.
PREFACE
The way of the beginner in Latin is too often confined
to those subjects in which, aside from memory, the
powers of the mind find little chance of development.
This fact, with the opinion that in the American schools
the study of Latin is usually undertaken so late that
every lesson of the first year must be planned with a
view to covering an assignment and preparing for the
second year work, led me to work out for myself a simple
sentence method, adapted to the ability of the average
seventh grade pupil. Out of seven years of successful
experience with this method has grown this small volume
for seventh grade pupils.
The prime object in the preparation of this work is to
achieve the utmost simplicity of treatment of subject
matter, so as to render it easy to the pupil, thus sparing
him the perplexities attendant upon the use of a regular
first year Latin text until he is better able to cope with
them. Instead of spending long hours from the begin-
ning in endless drill on the rules of grammar, on declensions
and conjugations, and on the perplexities of syntax, the
pupil is, in his first lesson, introduced to the simple sen-
tence, "Agricola aquam portat," as shown in the model
lesson. The development of the translation of this sen-
tence by English derivatives creates in every child an
interest and desire to see the very close relation between
Latin words and those of the English language, as well
• • •
ni
IV PREFACE
as an interest in finding the translation of the sentence.
By careful questioning we are always pleasantly sur-
prised at the number of English derivatives that the
small seventh grade pupil can name. We also find that
he shows much interest in the three possible English
translations of the sentence, in the Latin word order, in
the omission of the article in Latin, etc.
After a thorough discussion of the above Latin sentence
and the use of the most common English derivatives in
sentences, the terms, subject and nominative case, are
discussed in Lesson I. The use and the terminations
in the singular and plural of the nominative case are
given. Other sentences are used to show that the endings
are "a" in the singular and "ae" in the plural.
In like manner the most common use and the termina-
tions of the accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative
cases are studied and learned, new words, mostly Csesarean,
being introduced in each new sentence, up to Lesson IX,
when the pupil is able to form for himself the paradigm
for first declension nouns. Further application of the
first declension forms is then made by exercises from
Latin into English and vice versa.
Nouns of the second declension, masculine and neuter,
adjectives of the first and second declensions, first conju-
gation verbs, active and passive, second conjugation verbs,
active, and the simplest and most common constructions
of the various cases are very similarly treated. The book
affords much drill for the application of all new phases of
the work as they are presented.
Review lessons are frequent. They embrace vocabu-
laries, derivatives, and constructions. Many of these
PREFACE V
lessons contain Latin sentences using the different con-
structions studied during a certain period of time.
Short reading lessons and conversational exercises
occur frequently in the latter part of the text to arouse
interest and to prepare the pupil for his later connected
reading of the language.
Following the eighty-six lessons there are a few pages
of abbreviations from the Latin, Latin phrases common
in English, easy fables, poems, etc., to be used at the
teacher's discretion during the year.
Thus the pupil thoroughly familiarizes himself with a
working vocabulary of about 175 words and with the
use of approximately 700 English derivatives — which
makes the work alive and interesting to him. He also
lays for himself a sure foundation of a limited number of
forms and fundamental constructions.
Henby S. Lupold.
Columbus, Ohio.
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS
In the belief that pronunciation is best learned directly
from the teacher, the use of the material on that subject
at the beginning of the text is left to the discretion of the
teacher.
In connection with the earlier lessons on the develop-
ment of the cases, etc., it is desirable that much time be
.spent in oral work and in the correlation of English and
Latin grammar.
Throughout the entire course it is very desirable and
profitable to develop the meaning of the new Latin words
by English derivatives, to obtain as many common
derivatives* as possible from each new word, to under-
stand their meaning, and to use all the most common
ones in good English sentences. Such work serves to
relate the study of Latin more closely to the pupil's study
of English, and so makes clear the great importance of
the Latin element in the English language.
It is profitable and quite necessary that particular
attention be given to the review lessons as they occur
in the book.
Instead of the usual arrangement of lessons which
must be divided into two or three assignments, this
text provides short lessons which can usually be covered
in a single assignment. The rate of progress through
the book must, of course, be determined by the ability
and aptitude of the class. It is found that with pupils
vn
vill SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS
of the seventh grade much supervised study is very
advantageous, and also insures economy of time.
In conclusion, to those who are for the first time teach-
ing Latin to the young beginners of the seventh grade,
permit me to say that it is very easy for the adult to
overestimate the ability of these young pupils and to
underestimate the difficulties under which they struggle.
Assume that they know no English grammar, present
the work very slowly at first, repeat many times, and be
patient with their crude mistakes.
THE VALUE OF LATIN
Latin, the language of the ancient Romans, derived
its name from the Latini, who first spoke it. Later it was
the chief language of the vast Roman Empire.
The Latin language, however, extends much further
than the Roman Empire. Physicians, lawyers, clergy-
men, scientists, and scholars in general continue to study
it, for many Latin terms are used in medicine, law, and
the sciences.
The study of Latin is valuable in business life. Since
the majority of the words of the English language are of
Latin origin, either directly or indirectly through the
French language, it gives one a larger English vocabulary.
Furthermore, accuracy and training in the careful choice
of words are gained through the experience of translation.
The study of Latin is of further importance to us, since
the greatest works of English literature have been written
by men who knew Latin. These works cannot easily be
understood without a knowledge of that language, as
they contain many famous Latin quotations, phrases,
and even passages of great length.
Another important reason for the study of Latin is
that the Romance languages — Italian, French, Spanish,
and Portuguese — are modern forms of it. If one knows
Latin, he has the foundation of all these other languages
and can easily learn any one of them. This is of direct
concern to us, since these languages are spoken in most
ix
X THE VALUE OF LATIN
parts of South America and Mexico, and in some parts of
Canada and the United States.
In these and other ways Latin is of great practical
value in English and is closely connected with everyday
life, so that anyone who wishes to become in the best
sense efficient and intelligent cannot disregard the study
of this language.
CONTENTS
Lmson Page
Introduction 1
Model Lesson 4
I. Nominative Case 7
II. Agreement op Verb 9
III. Accusative Case 10
IV. Genitive Case 11
V. Dative Case 13
VI. Ablative Case 14
VII. Ablative Case (Continued) . . .15
VIII. Review 16
IX. First Declension 17
X. Accusative op Limit 20
XI. Predicate Adjective 21
XII. Adjectives (Continued) .... 22
XIII. Vocabulary 23
XTV. English Derivatives . ; . . .24
XV. Verbs 25
XVI. Vocabulary . . . > . . .26
XVII. Exercise 27
XVIII. Exercise 28
XIX. Review 28
XX. Vocabulary 29
XXI. Verbs (Continued) 30
XXII. Verbs (Continued) 32
xi
xu
CONTENTS
Lesson
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVL
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.
Paob
Vocabulary 34
Exercise 35
Second Declension 36
Second Declension {Continued) . „ 37
Vocabulary 38
Exercise 38
Exercise 39
Adjectives in us 40
Second Declension {Continued) . . 41
Vocabulary 42
Adjectives {Continued) .... 43
Exercise 45
Reading Lesson 46
Dative with Adjectives .... 47
Vocabulary 49
Review op Second Declension . . 50
Conjugation op Sum, Be . . . .51
Exercise 52
Exercise 53
Reading Lesson 53
Passive Voice 54
Review op Active and Passive Forms op
Verbs 56
Exercise 56
Exercise 57
Ablative op Personal Agent ... 58
Conversation Exercise .... 59
Principal Parts op Verbs [ . . .60
CONTENTS
xm
Lemon
L.
Page
62
LI.
64
Ln.
Pluperfect Indicative Activb .
. 65
un.
Exercise
. 66
uv.
Future Perfect Indicative Active
. 67
LV.
Exercise
. 68
LVI.
Exercise
. 69
LVII.
. 70
LVIII.
Ablative of the Place from Whicb
[ . 71
ux.
Reading Lesson
. 72
LX.
Review
73
LXI.
Perfect Passive System .
74
LXII.
. 76
LXIII.
77
LXIV.
78
LXV.
Exercise
. 79
LXVI.
Future Perfect Tense
. 80
LXVII.
Exercise
81
LXVIII.
82
LXIX.
83
LXX.
Reading Lesson
. 84
LXXI.
Masculine Nouns of the First De<
3LEN-
sion
84
LXXII.
Nouns in -ius and -ium. Vocative
Case 86
LXXIII.
Second Declension Nouns in -er an
D -IR 87
LXXIV.
Exercise
. 88
LXXV.
Second Declension Adjectives in -e
R 89
LXXVI.
Ablative of Means or Instrument.
91
XIV
CONTENTS
Lxsson
LXXVII.
LXXVIII.
LXXIX.
LXXX.
LXXXI.
LXXXII.
LXXXIII.
LXXXIV.
LXXXV.
LXXXVI.
Page
Review op Second Declension . 92
Vekbs — Second Conjugation ... 93
Exercise 95
Carolus et Poma ..... 96
Vocabulary Review 97
Second Conjugation. Perfect Tenses . 98
Exercise 100
Exercise 100
Exercise 101
Review Sentences 102
Abbreviations prom Latin . . . 103
Latin Words and Phrases Common in
English 104
Fables . . 106
Poems 109
Latin-English Vocabulary . . .113
Vocabulary for Supplementary Matter 122
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
ALPHABET
1. Latin has no w or j.
2. The vowels are the letters a eiou and sometimes y.
All other letters are consonants.
3. J is used both as a vowel and as a consonant. It is
a consonant when it stands before a vowel in the same
syllable.
SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS
Vowels
(Long) (Short)
ft as in father a like the first a in aha
$ as in prey e as in step
i as in machine i as in pin
6 asm old o as in obey
u as oo in moon u as oo in foot
Diphthongs
Diphthongs are combinations of two vowels that are
pronounced as one sound.
ae like ai in aisle
oe like oi in coin
au like on in house
ui is almost like we
eu as in feud
ei as in eight
1
2 INTRODUCTION TO LATEST
Consonants
Consonants have the same value as in English except
that c and g are always hard, as in come and give.
i consonant is like y in yes.
t is always like t in time.
v is like English w as in wood.
s is always like s in sun.
u followed by a vowel and after q> g, and sometimes s,
is pronounced like Latin v.
x is like ks or the x in extra.
bs and bt are pronounced as ps and pt.
In ch, ph, and th the h is silent.
SYLLABLES
1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has
vowels and diphthongs ; thus ae-di'-fi-c6 has four syllables,
ca'-sa, two.
2. When a word is divided into syllables, a single con-
sonant is joined with the vowel following : a-mi'-cus.
3. If two or more consonants occur between vowels or
diphthongs, the first consonant is put with the preceding
vowel : lau-dan'-tur. But a consonant followed by I or r
usually goes with the I or r : a-gri'-co-la, pu'-bli-cus.
4. Doubled consonants are separated : pu-el'-la.
5. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima. The
next to the last, the penult; the one before the penult, the
ardepenuU.
QUANTITY— ACCENT 3
QUANTITY
1. Vowels are long (~~) or short ( w ). The long vowels
are marked in this book ; unmarked vowels must be con-
sidered short. Diphthongs are long and not marked.
2. A vowel is short before another vowel or h : fi'-U-a ;
nl'-hil.
3. A vowel is short before a final m or t, before nd or n£,
and before final I or r in words of more than one syllable :
lau-d&'-b&m, pa-r&'-b&t, a-m&n'-dus, por-t&n'-tur, a'-ni-m&l.
4. Vowels are long before nf, ns, nx, and net : In-fir'-
mus, in'-su-la, s&n'-xi, func'-tus.
5. Syllables as well as vowels are either long or short.
6. A long syllable is one which contains a long vowel or
diphthong, or one whose vowel is followed by two or more
consonants (except when one consonant is followed by
lor r): n&-tu'-ra, nau'-ta, vo-can'-tur.
7. A syllable is short, if it ends in a short vowel : d6'-
ml-na. But in the final syllable of a word the short vowel
may be followed by a final consonant : dd'-mi-n&m.
ACCENT
1. Words of two syllables accent the first, or penult:
f&'-ma, tu'-ba.
2. Words of more than two syllables accent the penult
when it is long, otherwise the antepenult: ha-bi-ta'-re.
do'-mi-na.
3. The syllables que, and ; -ve, or ; and -ne, the sign
of a question, called enclitics, are attached to the ends of
words. The syllable before an enclitic is always accented :
nAr-rat'-que, vo-cant'-ve, pro-pe-rat'-ne.
4 INTRODUCTION TO LATEST
MODEL LESSON
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSLATION BY DERIVATIVES
Agricola aquam portat
i. What English words does agricola suggest? Can
you give an English word containing the agric of agricola?
Agriculture, agriculturist, etc. Who is an agricul-
turist? What is the word used more commonly than
agriculturist? Farmer. Agricola means farmer, the
farmer, or a farmer.
2. What English words does aquam suggest? Can
you give an English word containing the aqua of aquam?
Aquarium. What is an " aquarium"? It was named
" aquarium" from the Latin word aqua, which means
water.
3. Can you give English words from portat? Words
with port in them? Export, import, transport, etc.
What is the meaning of "export"? To carry out of.
Ex is the Latin meaning out of or from. Port means carry.
4. What is the translation of the sentence into Eng-
lish? The (or a) farmer carries water. In what other
ways may we translate the sentence? The (or a) farmer
is carrying water. The (or a) farmer does carry water.
Do all these translations denote the same time? They
do. Portat means carries, is carrying, or does carry.
Every Latin verb in present time has the three transla-
tions.
5. How many words are there in the Latin sentence?
How many in the English translation ? What is omitted
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSLATION 5
in the Latin? There is no article in Latin. Agricola may
mean farmer, the farmer, or a farmer.
6. What part of the sentence is agricola or farmer t
The subject^
7. Aquam or water t The receiver of the action of the
verb is called the direct object. Notice the ending of the
subject ; of the direct object.
8. What are the English derivatives from agricola?
Agriculture, agriculturist, agricultural.
From aquam? Aquarium, aquatic, aqueduct, aqueous,
terraqueous, subaqueous, etc.
From port at? Port, portable, portableness, portly,
portal, porter, portage, portcullis, port-folio, portico, port-
manteau, export', ex'port, exportable, exportation, ex-
ported, exporting, exporter, import', im'port, importable,
importation, importer, imported, importing, important,
importantly, importance, deport, deported, deportation,
deporter, deportment, deportable, comport', com'port,
comportable, comportment, report', reporter, reported,
reporting, reportable, support', supportable, supported,
supporter, supportless, transport', trans'port, transported,
transportable, transporter, transportation, unportable, un-
important, unsupportable, unsupported, unexportable,
unimportable, unreportable, untransportable, unreported,
unexported, unimported, untransported, pur'port, purport-
ing, purported, re-export, re-exported, re-exportation, re-im-
port, re-importation, re-imported, misreport, misreported,
misreporting, insupportable, etc., etc.
9. Discuss meanings of the more common derivatives
and have the pupils use them in good English sentences.
6 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
io. Teach the prefixes used in the above words ; as,
comport, to carry together; (corn-port)
deport, to carry down or from; (de-port)
export, to carry out; (ex-port)
import, to carry in; (im-port)
report, to carry back; (re-port)
transport, to carry across; (trans-port)
support, to carry under, to carry up under; (sub-port)
importable, not portable, not capable of being carried;
(un-portable)
re-export, to carry out again; (re-ex-port)
misreport, to report wrong; (mia-re-port)
ii. Teach new prefixes as they are used in the work.
Aqricola abat
NOMINATIVE CASE
LESSON I
NOMINATIVE CASE
Agricola aquam portal.
The farmer carries water.
The farmer is carrying water.
The farmer does carry water.
A farmer carries water, etc.
Agricolae aquam portant.
The farmers carry water.
The farmers are carrying water.
The farmers do carry water.
Nauta tvbam portal. The sailor carries a trumpet, etc.
Nautae tvbam portant. The sailors carry a trumpet, etc.
Nauta lunam special. The sailor looks at the moon.
Nautae lunam spectant. The sailors look at the moon.
RULES
The subject of the finite verb is in the nominative
case.
When the nominative singular ends in a, the nomi-
native plural is formed by changing the a to ae
(pronounced like ai in aisle) .
DERIVATIVES
Develop as many as possible common English deriva-
tives from each new Latin word. Discuss their meanings
and have the most common ones used in sentences.
8 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
From spectat : expect, expectation, expectant, expecter,
expected, expecting, expectancy, inspect, inspection, in-
spector, perspective, respect, respectable, respectability,
respectful, suspect, circumspect, retrospect, aspect, unex-
pectedly, spectator, speculation, spectacle, specimen, etc.
SCHOLA ROMANA
AGREEMENT OP VERB 9
LESSON II
AGREEMENT OF VERB
Agriccila aquam -portal. The (or a) farmer carries
water, etc.
Agricolae aquam portant. The farmers carry water, etc.
Nauta lunam special. The sailor looks at the moon.
Nautae lunam spedant. The sailors look at the moon.
Nauta viddriam reportat. Thesailor reportsthe victory.
Nautae victonam reportant. The sailors report the victory.
RULES
A verb agrees with its subject in person and number.
The ending t in the third person singular becomes
nt in the third person plural.
Navis bt Nadth
10 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON III
ACCUSATIVE CASE
Agricola aquam portat.
Agricola fabulam narrat. The farmer tells the story, etc.
Agricolae f&bulas warrant. The farmers tell stories, etc.
Reglna patriam amat. The queen loves her father-
land.
Reglnae patrias amant Queens love their fatherlands.
Domina fQiam vocat. The lady calls her daughter.
Dominae filias vocanL The ladies call their daughters.
Filia ptcturam laudat. Her daughter praises the pic-
ture.
FUiae pictures laudant. Her daughters praise the pic-
tures.
Sagitta agricolam vulnerat. The arrow wounds the farmer.
Sagittae agricolas vulnerant. The arrows wound the
farmers.
RULES
The direct object in Latin is in the accusative case.
When the accusative singular ends in am, the accu-
sative plural is formed by changing the am to &s.
Notes. — The normal Latin word order is subject, direct
object, verb.
Notice that the possessive adjectives, her, etc., may be
put into the English, when they improve the translation.
GENITIVE CASE 11
LESSON IV
GENITIVE CASE
#
Filia agricolae aquam portat. The farmer's daughter
carries water.
The daughter of the
farmer carries water,
etc.
Filiaeagtico]&rumfdbuld8 ndrrant. The farmers' daugh-
ters tell stories.
The daughters of the
farmers tell stories.
Incolae insulae servos vocant.
Filia dominae picturds laudat.
Agricolae ndturam terrae laudant.
Domina amlcitiam puellarum laudat.
Regina patriam agricolae amat. <
Puellae victoriam agricol&rum nuntianJt.
Poetae patriam rSginae laudant
RULES
Possession in Latin is denoted by the genitive case.
When the genitive singular ends in ae, the genitive
plural is formed by changing the ae to Arum.
Notes. — Notice that the English 's = ae and s' = drum.
The genitive is often translated by a prepositional phrase
introduced by of.
The genitive usually stands after the noun it limits.
12 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Suggestion. — Change forms in sentences for variety in
drill, as from singular to plural, and vice versa. For example :
Puellae victoriam agricoltirum n&ntiant.
PueUa victoriam agricoltirum nUntiat.
Puella victSrids agricoltirum nuntiat.
Puella victorias agricolae nuntiat.
PueUae victorias agricoltirum nuntiant.
Puellae victoriam agricolae nuntiant.
Puella victoriam agricolae nUntiat.
PueUae victorias agricolae nUnHant.
Roman Whiting Materials
DATIVE CASE 13
LESSON V
DATIVE CASE
Agricola dominae ffibulam ndrrat. The farmer tells the
lady a story.
The farmer tells a
story to the lady,
etc.
Agricolae dominis fdbidds ndrrant. The farmers tell the
ladies stories.
The farmers tell
stories to the ladies.
NaiUa ffliae lunam demonstrat.
PueUae dominis curds ndrrant.
Regina Belgis cenam parol.
Flliae agricolae c&nam parant.
Dominae puellis f fibulas poelae ndrrant.
FUiae poetdrum agricolis cenam parant.
RULES
The indirect object in Latin is expressed by the
dative case.
The indirect object states to or for whom something
is done.
When the dative singular ends in ae, the dative
plural is formed by changing the ae to Is.
Note. — In Latin the indirect object generally stands
before the direct object.
14 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON VI
ABLATIVE CASE
Agricola in insula habitat. The farmer lives on the
island, etc.
A farmer lives on an island,
etc.
Agricolae in Insulls habitant. The farmers live on the
islands.
Columbae in silva volant.
Nautae in Insulls habitant.
Est 1 aqua in insula.
Sunt columbae in silvis.
Nautae in Insula sunt.
Tuba in agricolae casa est.
Est tuba in agricolae casa. _
Nautae et agricolae in terra Italiae habitant.
RULES
Place in or on which is expressed by the Latin
preposition in with the ablative case.
When the ablative singular ends in ft, the ablative
plural is formed by changing the ft to is.
Notes. — Notice that the dative and ablative plural have
the same ending is.
A vowel before ns is long, as the i in insula.
1 Est, beginning a declarative sentence, there is; sunt,
there are.
ABLATIVE CASE 15
LESSON VII
ABLATIVE CASE (Continued)
NaiUa cum agricolA habitat. The sailor lives with a
farmer.
Nautae cum agricolis habitant. The sailors live with the
farmers.
Dominae cum puellis nautas curant.
NaiUa cum agricolis pugnai.
Domina cum fOi& poetae habitat.
Regina cum puellis servos voccti.
Nautae cum feris pugnant.
Agricola cum ffliA in casft habitat.
RULES
Accompaniment (association with) is expressed by
the ablative case with the preposition cum (with).
This is called the ablative of accompaniment.
Tuba
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON VIII
Review thoroughly the vocabulary, derivatives, and
rules of construction taught up to this point.
EXERCISE
Dominac vias Italiae laudant.
Sunt ferae in provincia.
Agricola Belgls fugam nautae reportat.
Ptliae regmarum cum poeta habitant.
Agricola vitam nautae non amat.
Kalendae Aqbicolab
FIRST DECLENSION
17
LESSON IX
FIRST DECLENSION
From the preceding work it is seen that there are five
cases in Latin : the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative,
and ablative.
With these cases the following form for the declension
of Latin nouns ending in a is made.
Singular
Case
Use
Terminations
Nominative
Subject
a
Genitive
Possession
ae
Dative
Indirect Object
ae
Accusative
Direct Object
am
Ablative
Place, Accompaniment
Plural
, etc.
&
Nominative
Subject
ae
Genitive
Possession
ftrum
Dative
Indirect Object
is
Accusative
Direct Object
as
Ablative
Place, Accompaniment,
, etc.
is
Comparis(
on between English and Latin Cases
English Case
Latin Case
Nominative
Nominative
Possessive
Genitive
i
Objective with
to or for
Dative
Objective — direct object
Accusative
Objective with by, in, with, from, etc.
Ablative
>
18
•
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Singular
Nominative
agricola
a or the farmer
Genitive
agricolae
of a farmer, or farmer's A
Dative
agricolae
to or for a farmer |
Accusative
agricolam
a farmer 1
Ablative
agricola
by or with a farmer 1
Plural |
Nominative
agricolae
the farmers
Genitive
agricol&rum
of the farmers or farmers'
Dative
agricolis
to or for the farmers
Accusative
agricol&s
the farmers
Ablative
agricolis
by or with the farmers
This is called the first or A Declension. Nouns of this
declension are feminine, except a few which denote males;
as agricola, farmer; nauta, sailor.
The base is that part of a word which remains un-
changed in inflection, as agricol in agricola.
Decline like agricola :
1. Insula. 2. Domina. 3. Fabula. 4. Silva.
5. Aqua.
Give English words suggested by each of these Latin
words.
*
Decline like agricola :
1. Fera. 2. Nauta. 3. Puella. 4. PoSta.
5. Regina.
Give the English translation of each form in the above
declensions.
FIRST DECLENSION
EXERCISES
Pronounce, give case and number, and translate each
form in all the possible ways :
1. Dominarum. 2. Insulae. 3. Agricolas.
4. Poetae. 5. Silvia. 6. FabulS. 7. Dominae.
8. Aquam. 9. Agricolls. 10. Silv&rum.
Write the Latin for the following :
1. For the farmers. 2. On the island. 3. The
water (accusative). 4. Lady's. 5. The stories
(accusative). 6. In the forest. 7. With the
farmer. 8. Of the islands. 9. For the lady.
Deniiuus Romanits
coin with the head of Julius Caesar
20 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON X
ACCUSATIVE OF LIMIT
PueUa aquam ad silvam portal. The girl carries water
to the forest.
Dominae jncturas ad port&s portant. The ladies carry pic-
tures to the gates.
Agricola aquam in silvam portal. The farmer carries
water into the
forest.
Nautae in cas&s properant. The sailors hasten
into the cottages.
Columbae ad insulam volant.
Nautae ad insulam properant.
Belgae in silvas properant quia nautae incolds fugant.
RULES
Place to which is expressed in Latin by the preposi-
tion ad with the accusative case.
Place into which is expressed in Latin by the
preposition in with the accusative case.
Hasta
PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
21
LESSON XI
PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
Porta est lata.
Porta est alta.
Porta est pulchra.
Porta est magna
Porta est alba.
Porta est l&ta et alta.
Portae sunt pulchrae.
Portae sunt mcgnae.
Portae sunt l&tae et altae.
Ffta m insula est gr&ta.
Sifca provinciae est d€nsa.
The gate is wide.
The gate is high.
The gate is beautiful.
The gate is large.
The gate is white.
The gate is wide and high.
The gates are beautiful.
The gates are large.
The gates are wide and high.
Life on an island is agreeable.
The forest of the province is
dense.
RULES
A predicate adjective is an adjective that stands in
the predicate and refers back to the subject.
A predicate adjective agrees with the subject in
gender, number, and case.
Any form of the verb be takes the same case after it
as before it
Note. — In English the predicate adjective is often called
the attribute complement.
22
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XII
ADJECTIVES (Continued)
The white gate is high.
The large gate is beautiful.
The high wide gate is
white.
The white gates are beau-
tiful.
The large gates are white.
Porta alba est alia.
Porta m&gna est pulchra.
Porta alta et lata est alba.
Portae albae sunt ptilchrae.
Portae m&gnae sunt albae.
Portae l&tae et altae sunt albae. The wide high gates are
white.
RULE
An adjective directly modifying a noun agrees with
it in gender, number, and case.
From the above sentences we may form the following
declension.
Singular
Norn, porta lata
Gen. portae l&tae
Dot. portae l&tae
Ace. portam l&tam
Abl. porta lata
Plural
Nom. portae l&tae
Gen. port&rum l&t&rum
Dot. portis latis
Ace. port&s l&t&s
Abl. portis latis
EXERCISE
Decline :
1. Silva magna. 2. Aqua alta. 3. Insula l&ta.
READING LESSON 23
LESSON XIII
VOCABULARY
longa, long Ala, Alae, wing
labfirat, he labors, works saepe, often
timida, timid fugat, he drives away, puts to
multa, much flight
multae, many
READING LESSON
ITALIA
Italia est terra pulchra. Viae ftaliae sunt longae
et latae. In agris {fields) Italiae laborant agri-
colae. Sunt silvae miignae in Italia. In silvis sunt
ferae multae et columbae timidae. Columbae alas
pulchras habent (have). Ferae columbas Baepe
fugant.
24
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XIV
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES
What Latin words are suggested by the following Eng-
lish words?
latitude
portable
preparatory
inhabitant
fabulous
density
agriculturist
demonstration
gratitude
ferocious
altitude
laborious
albino
narrative
vocative
Give other English derivatives from the Latin words
suggested.
Give English derivatives from the following Latin
words:
ctira
multa
spectat
p^gnant
amat
timida
longa
filia
terra
provincia
luna
patria
pictura
vulnerat
laudat
A Roman Slave's Collar
VERBS 25
LESSON XV
VERBS
In Latin the person of a verb is shown by its ending,
which is called the personal ending.
The following are the regular personal endings of the
active voice :
Singular Plural
First person -6 or m, J -mus, we
Second person -s, thou, you -tis, you, ye
Third person -t, he, she, it -nt, they
To form the present indicative add the personal end-
ings to the present stem of the verb.
Notes. — In the first person singular the & of the stem is
dropped before 6. In the third persons the a becomes short
before -t and -nt. A vowel is always short before nt or final t.
To find the present stem of a verb drop the re from the
present active infinitive. Portftre is the present active
infinitive, to carry. Porta is the present stem.
If the present infinitive ends in -are, the verb is of the
first conjugation.
Present Active Indicative
Singular
1. por'td, J carry, am carrying, do carry.
2. por't&s, you carry, are carrying, do carry.
3. por'tat, he, she, or it carries, is carrying, does carry.
26 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Plubal
1. porta'mus, we carry, are carrying, do carry.
2. porta'tis, you carry, are carrying, do carry.
3. por'tant, they carry, are carrying, do carry.
LESSON XVI
VOCABULARY
narr&re, to tell. am&re, to love, to like.
habit&re, to live, to dwell. voc&re, to call.
par&re, to prepare, make fugare, to drive away, to put
ready. to flight.
Iab6rare, to labor, to work. p gn&re, to fight.
Find the present stem of each of the above verbs.
Write all the forms in the present active indicative,
singular and plural, and give all the English translations
of each form.
Review the English derivatives from these verbs.
Denarius
LESSON XVII
EXERCISE
Translate, give the person and number of each verb,
and the construction of each noun in the following. For
the construction of a noun give its case and the rule for
the case.
1. Domina filiam amat.
2. Paramus.
3. Laboro.
4. PXcturas portas.
5. Nautis fabulaa narratis.
6. Cum agricola habito.
7. Nautam vocant.
8. Filias nautarum amamus.
9. In Insulls habitatis.
10. Dominas vocat.
I
28 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XVIII
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. She is carrying pictures.
2. We do tell stories.
3. You (sing.) love the forest.
4. The ladies do like water.
5. I am living on an island.
6. You (plural) do work.
7. He prepares.
8. We are calling the sailors.
9. You (sing.) are telling the farmers stories.
10. They carry pictures to the cottage.
LESSON XIX
REVIEW
Review thoroughly the vocabularies from Lesson VIII.
Give much attention to English derivatives.
Decline in Latin :
1 . Long road.
2. White wing.
3. Faithful (flda) girl.
4. Small (parva) dove.
5. Beautiful rose (rosa).
EXERCISES 29
LESSON XX
VOCABULARY
Adjectives Adverbs
bona, good ubi, where
mala, bad cur, why
fida, faithful n6n, not
parva, small
EXERCISES
Translate into English :
1. Ubi sunt silvae m gnae?
2. Rosae albae sunt parvae.
3. Puellae parvae rosas pulchrSs portant.
4. Cur columbas non amatis?
5. Vias provincial amo.
Translate into Latin :
1. We praise good girls.
2. The white wings of the dove are beautiful.
3. You (sing.) love.
4. She praises the large gates.
5. I do praise a wide street.
30 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XXI
VERBS (Continued)
The sign of the imperfect indicative is -bft.
The imperfect indicative is formed by the present stem
plus the tense sign, b&, plus the personal endings.
ports, ba m •
carrying was I.
Imperfect. Active Indicative
Singular
1. port&l>am, / was carrying, carried, did carry.
2. port&l>&s, you were carrying, etc.
3. port&'bat, he, she, or it was carrying, etc.
Plural
1. port&b&'mus, we were carrying, carried, did carry.
2. potrt&b&'tis, you were carrying, etc.
3. port&'bint, they were carrying, etc.
Notes. — The imperfect indicative represents an act as
going on or progressing in past time, or as repeated in past
time.
A vowel before final m, t, and nt is short, as port&'b&m.
EXERCISES
Conjugate in the imperfect active indicative :
1. Necare. 2. Laborare. 3. Pfignare, 4. Nar-
rare. 5. Parare.
VERBS
Translate into English :
1. Cenam parabamus.
2. Dominls fSbulas narrabant.
3. In insula m gna habitabas.
4. Ctir pugnabatis?
5. Puellas ad cenam vocabam.
Translate into Latin :
1. I was driving away the wild beasts.
2. We were calling the girls.
3. They were praising the sailor.'
4. You (sing.) were telling a story.
5. She was working.
31
Galeae
32 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XXII
VERBS (Continued)
The sign of the future indicative is -bi.
The future indicative is formed by the present stem
plus the tense sign, -bi, plus the personal endings.
The i of the tense sign is dropped before the personal
ending 6 in the first person singular, and becomes u before
the ending nt in the third person plural.
Future Active Indicative
Singular
1. porta'bd, I shall carry.
2. portftlris, you will carry.
3. porta'bit, he, she, or it will carry.
Plural
1. porta'bimus, we shall carry.
2. porta'bitis, you will carry.
3. porta'bunt, they will carry.
EXERCISES
Conjugate in the future indicative :
1. Laudare. 2. Culpare. 3. Fugare. 4. Amare.
5. laberare.
Translate into English :
1. Columbae silvam amabunt.
2. In casa parva habitabo.
VERBS i
3. Fugara puellae laudabitis.
4. Nautas ttberabimus.
5. Cur ad insulam properabis?
Translate into Latin :
1. I shall praise a good dinner.
2. They will work in the forests.
3. You (sing.) will love.
4. We shall fight.
5. She will prepare dinner for [her] daughter.
a Sacred Chickens
34
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XXIII
VOCABULARY
culpare, to blame
necare, to kiU
EXERCISE
Translate, giving the person, number, and tense of each
verb:
1. Vocabunt.
2. Paramus.
3. Laudabam.
4. Pugnabatis.
5. Amabis.
6. Culpo.
7. Fugare.
8. Necabamus.
9. Habitabitis.
10. Laudabit.
11. Servas liberabant.
12. Puellis fabulam nar-
rabo.
13. Columbas fugabatis.
14. Cum nautis bonis
non pugnabit.
15. Servam malam cul-
pamus.
EXERCISE 35
LESSON XXIV
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. I was calling.
2. They will kill.
3. You (sing.) were fighting.
4. We shall praise.
5. You (plu.) do love.
6. I shall prepare.
7. She was telling.
8. We work.
9. You (sing.) will call.
10. They were living.
11. We shall praise the good girl.
12. Why were you (sing.) blaming the farmer?
13. I shall kill the large wild beast.
14. They were driving the doves away.
15. The farmer praises [his] daughter.
36
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XXV
SECOND DECLENSION
Dominus agricolam laudat. The master praises the
farmer.
Fllia domini agricolam laudat. The master's daughter
praises the farmer.
Puetta domin6 fdbulam ndrrat. The girl tells her master a
story.
Agricola dominum laudat. The farmer praises his
master.
Servos cum domind habitat. The slave lives with his
master.
Singular
Terminations
Nom.
dominus
US
Gen.
domini
I
DaL
dominft
5
Ace.
dominum
urn
Abl
domind
5
Gladius
SECOND DECLENSION
37
LESSON XXVI
SECOND DECLENSION (Continued)
Domini agricolds laudant.
Fttiae domindrum agricolds laudant.
Puellae dominis fabulds n&rrani.
Agricolae dominfts vocant.
Servi cum dominis habitant.
Plural
Norn, domini
Gen. dominfrum
Dai. dominis
Ace. dominfts
Abl. dominis
The masters praise
the farmers.
The masters' daugh-
ters praise the
farmers.
The girls tell the
masters stories.
The farmers call
their masters.
The slaves live with
their masters.
Terminations
I
drum
Is
5s
Is
Notes. — Nouns of the second declension end in I in the
genitive singular. By dropping this I we find the base of
the noun; as domin, the base of domini.
Nouns in us are masculine.
The final i and 6 in this declension are always long.
The dative and ablative plural have the same endings as
the nouns of the first declension.
38 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XXVII
VOCABULARY
amicus, -I, m., friend. equus, -I, m., horse.
l€g&tus, -l, m., lieutenant, cibus, -I, m., food.
ambassador. numerus, -I, m., number.
murus, -I, m., wall.
EXERCISE
1. Decline the nouns in the above vocabulary.
2. Give English derivatives from each of the Latin
words in the vocabulary.
LESSON XXVIII
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Cum servo.
2. Numerum.
3. Ad muros.
4. Amicorum.
5. In equo.
6. Servus patriam amat.
7. Cur legatum non laudas ?
8. Sena cibum parant.
9. Numerum puellarum laudamus.
10. Dominus servum liberat.
LESSON XXIX
Translate into Latin :
1. The wild beast kills the horses.
2. Why does the master not free [his] slaves ?
3. We are driving the horses away.
4. You {sing.} blame the girls.
5. The farmers are fighting with the sailors.
6. You (plural) praise a faithful daughter.
7. The fight is long.
8. I praise a good fight.
9. We carry food to the wall.
10. I am telling my friends a number of long
stories.
40
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XXX
ADJECTIVES IN US
The masculine form of every adjective (except pulchra)
so far given may be found by changing the ending a to us.
The masculine form is declined like dominus.
Singular
Plural
Norn.
dominus bonus
domini boni
Gen.
domini boni
dominfrum bonftrum
Dot.
dominft bon6
domiriis bonis
Ace.
dominum bonum
dominds bonds
Abl.
dominft bon6
dominis bonis
EXERCISE
Decline in Latin :
1. Wicked slave.
2. Pleasing friend.
3. Good girl.
4. Faithful lieutenant.
5. Small horse.
Circus Romanus
SECOND DECLENSION
41
LESSON XXXI
SECOND DECLENSION (Continued)
Nouns of the second declension which end in -urn in the
nominative singular are neuter.
Neuter nouns of all declensions have the nominative
and accusative cases alike, and in the plural these cases
always end in -a.
The neuter forms of every adjective (except pulchra)
so far given may be found by changing the ending -a to
-urn, as, longa, longum. This neuter form is declined like
oppidum.
Notice that the dative and ablative plural of the first
and second declension nouns end in -is.
Singular
Plural
Terminations
Terminations
Nom.
oppidum
urn
oppida a
Gen.
oppidi
i
oppiddrum drum
Dot.
oppidd
6
oppidis is
Ace.
oppidum
urn
oppida a
Abl.
oppidd
6
oppidis is
Note. — Compare very carefully the terminations of
feminine, masculine, and neuter nouns.
Lrruus
42 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XXXII
VOCABULARY
Nouhs Verbs Pronocnb
bellum, -i, n., war. occupare, to seize, quis, who.
dfinum, -I, n., gift. donare, to give. quern, whom.
frumentum, -i, n., grain. quid, what.
tetnplum, -I, n., temple.
periculum. -i, n., danger.
EXERCISE
Decline:
1. Great danger. 2. Small town. 3. White rose.
4. Wicked slave. 5. Long war.
ADJECTIVES
43
LESSON XXXIII
ADJECTIVES (Continued)
Latin adjectives are declined like nouns and, in order
to agree with their nouns in gender, they have a mascu-
line, a feminine, and a neuter form.
Adjectives of the first-and-second declension have their
feminine forms like nouns of the first declension, and their
masculine and neuter forms like masculine and neuter
nouns of the second declension.
longus, long. Base, long.
Singular
Afasc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
longus
longa
longum
Gen.
longi
longae
long!
Dot.
longd
longae
longd
Ace.
longum
longam
longum
AU.
longd
longa
Plural
longd
Afasc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
longi
longae
longa
Gen.
longdrum
longarum
longdrum
Dat.
longis
longis
longis
Ace.
longds
long&s
longa
AU.
longis
longis
longis
44 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
VOCABULARY
Adjectives
novus, nova, novum, new.
clams, clara, clarum, clear, bright; famous.
multus, multa, multum, muck; plural, many.
Note. — Adjectives like these are always declined in the
three genders.
EXERCISE
Decline in the three genders :
1. Altus. 2. Bonus. 3. Latus. 4. Magnus.
5. Malus.
SlQNA RoUANA
2. Signum 3.
EXERCISE 45
LESSON XXXIV
EXERCISE
Translate into English, giving the reason for the end-
ing of each adjective :
1. Frumentum multum portamus.
2. Oppida sunt magna.
3. Via est longa.
4. Servi sunt mall.
5. Serv5s bonos laudabO.
6. Oppidum est clarum.
7. Rosae sunt albae.
8. Cui fabulam bonam narras?
9. Equus bonus est parvus.
10. Quern laudabatis.
Tbmplum Jovis Capitolini
46 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XXXV
READING LESSON
QERMANIA
GermSnia patria GermanOrum est. In silvis latls
Germaniae sunt ferae multae. Multi German! in
oppidls magnls et in vicis (villages) parvis habitant.
Multi sunt agricolae. Bella Germanorum sunt
magna. German! bellum amant et saepe pOgnant.
Gaiub Julius Cesar
Who twice invaded Germany
DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 47
LESSON XXXVI
DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
VOCABULARY
Nouns
oculus, -i, m., eye
locus, -I, m., place, spot. Locus is neuter in the plural
and is declined loca, loc6rum, etc.
M&rcus, -I, m., Mdrcus, Mark
forma, -ae, f ., beauty, form
Adjectives
iddneus, -a, -urn, fit, suitable (for)
amicus, -a, -um, friendly (to)
inimicus, a, -um, unfriendly (to), hostile (to)
gr&tus, -a, -um, pleasing (to), agreeable (to)
c&rus, -a, -um, dear (to)
fidus, -a, -um, faithful (to)
dignus, -a, -um, worthy, dignified
meus, -a, -um, my, mine
barbarus, -a, -um, strange, barbarous. As a noun,
barbari, -drum, m. plural, savages, barbarians.
RULE
The dative is used with the adjectives iddneus, ami-
cus, inimicus, gr&tus, c&rus, fidus, to denote the object
toward which the given quality is directed.
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Translate .
1. Locus est idoneus casae parvae.
2. Donum meum erat l gratum MarcO.
3. CQr erant barbarf inimlcl legato claro?
4. Domina est arnica puellls.
5. Forma reginae dfgnae erat grata oculis domi-
narum.
6. Serva erat iida reginae pulchrae.
7.' Mea ftlia est cara puellae parvae.
8. Patria est cara nautls et agricolls.
9. Reglna erat arnica servls.
10. ServT erant fldl domino.
1 Srat, was; erant, were.
DERIVATIVES 49
LESSON XXXVII
VOCABULARY
Nouns
cftpia, -ae, f., abundance, plenty
animus, -I, m., mind, soul, heart
annus, -i, m., year
frftmenta, n. pi., standing grain
. lftdus, -I, m., school, play
pilum, -I, n., spear
scutum, -I, n., shield
verbum, -i, n., word
Verbs
c&l&re, to hide, conceal
exclfim&re, to cry out, exclaim
mftt&re, to change
Adjectives
antiquus, -a, -urn, old, ancient
certus, -a, -um, certain, fixed
m&tfirus, -a, -um, ripe, mature
centum, indeclinable, hundred
Discuss English derivatives from the Latin words in
the vocabulary.
50 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XXXVIII
REVIEW OF SECOND DECLENSION
Translate into English :
1. Frumenta sunt non matura in agris.
2. Incolae cibum et aquam in silvas dfinsas
portant.
3. EBt in agris c6pia frQmentl.
4. Ubi scuta et pfla celabatis? Scuta et plla in
oppido celabamus.
5. Legatus cum amicis Belgis dona parabit.
6. Annus est longus.
7. Verba domini animos servorum mutabunt.
8. Servi in insula exclamabant.
9. In liido erant centum puellae.
10. ScQtum legati est longum.
11. Kla ad oppidum portabitis.
12. In oppidls antiquis erant multl barbari.
CONJUGATION OF SUM 51
LESSON XXXIX
CONJUGATION OF SUM, BE
Principal parts: sum, esse, fui.
The present stem is -es ; the perfect, fu.
Present Indicative
Singular Plural
1. sum, I am sumus, we are
2. es, you are estis, you are
3. est, he, she, or it is, there is sunt, they are, there are
Imperfect Indicative
Singular Plural
1. eram, / was er&'mus, we were
2. eras, you were er&'tis, you were
3. erat, he, she, or it was, there erant, they were, there
wm were
Future Indicative
Singular Plural
1. erd, / shall be e'rimus, we shall be
2. eris, you will be e'ritis, you will be
3. erit, he, she, or it will be erunt, they will be
Aecus
2 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XL
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. In oppido eramus.
2. Oppidum est magnum.
3. Ubi eritis? In oppido?
4. In silva erimus.
5. Eras bonus.
6. Eratis mail.
7. Non mall sumus.
8- Gflr non bonus es?
9. Bellum erat longum.
10. In insulis parvls erunt.
READING LESSON 53
LESSON XLI
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin:
1. They are in the small town.
2. You (plural) were bad.
3. We shall be slaves.
4. I am faithful.
5. He was in the forest.'
6. You (sing.) will be with (your) master.
7. They will be good.
8. You (plural) are faithful.
9. We were with the ladies.
10. She will be with the little girl.
LESSON XLII
READING LESSON
MARCUS ET EQUUS
Marcus in Italia habitabat. Amicus bonus Marco
equum mSgnum et pulchrum donabat. Marcus
equum amabat; equo aquam et frumentum saepe
donabat. Olim (once upon a time) equus in silvam
densam errabat (wandered). In silva erant ferae
multae et magnae. Equus timidus magno in peri-
culo erat, sed Marcus equum llberabat.
54 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XLIII
PASSIVE VOICE
The rules for forming the present, imperfect, and
future indicative in the passive voice are the same as in
the active voice, the passive personal endings taking the
place of the active ones.
The personal endings in the passive voice are :
Singular
w
Plural
First person
-r
-mur
Second person
-ris (re)
-mint
Third person
-tur
-ntur
Present Indicative
Singular
• 1. por'tor, J am carried
2. portar'is or porta're, you are carried
3. portfi'tur, he, she, or it is carried
Plural
1. porta'mur, we are carried
2. porta'mini, you are carried
3. portan'tur, they are carried
Imperfect Indicative
Singular
1. port&'bar, / was carried
2. portaba'ris (re), you were carried
3. portaba'tur, he, she, or it was carried
PASSIVE VOICE 55
Plural
1. port&b&'mur, we were carried
2. port&b&'mini, you were carried
3. port&ban'tur, they were carried
Future Indicative
Singular
1. portfi'bor, I shall be carried
2. port&'beris (re), you will be carried
3. port&'bitur, he, she, or it will be carried
Plural
1. porta'bimur, we shall be carried
2. port&bi'mini, you will be carried
3. port&bun'tur, they will be carried
Notes. — Note the change in the vowel of the tense sign
in the first and second persons in the singular, and in the
third person in the plural of the future passive.
A vowel before the final -r in words of more than one
syllable is short, as in port&bor.
Compare very carefully the English translation of the
active and passive in each tense.
Navis
1
56
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XLIV
REVIEW OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FORMS OF
VERBS
EXERCISE
Conjugate in the present, imperfect, and future indica-
tive in the passive voice :
Laudare, amare, necare, vocare, and narrare.
LESSON XLV
EXERCISE
Translate ; giving the tense, voice, person, and num-
ber of each verb :
1. Pugnabunt.
2. Amamur.
3. Laudabantur.
4. Necabat.
5. Necaris.
6. Vocabimus.
7. Vocabamini.
8. Fugo.
9. Culpabamus.
10. Amabitur.
11. Laudor.
12. Narrabuntur.
13. Narrabas.
14. Necatis.
15. Laudaberis.
16. Pugnabam.
IUMENTUM
EXERCISE 57
LESSON XLVI
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. You (sing.) will be called,
2. You (pi.) were telling.
3. She does blame.
4. I am praised.
5. They were praised.
6. We shall be loved.
7. You (sing.) were carried.
8. I was called.
9. We were living.
10. They will put to flight.
11. I shall free.
12. We shall be freed.
13. They are loved.
14. He will be killed.
15. It was killed.
lUGUM BT ArATBUM
,^S INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XLVII
ABLATIVE OF PERSONAL AGENT
RULE
The personal agent with a passive verb is expressed
by thv ablative with & or ab.
Notks. — In this construction the English translation of
A, at> is by. This ablative is used with passive verbs to indi-
cate the person by whom an act is performed.
A is used only before words beginning with a consonant ;
%\> is used before either vowels or consonants.
, EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Equus ab servo vulneratur.
2. Fabula pulchra ab amlco meo narrabatur.
3. Regnum a populo servabatur.
4. Provincia a Belgis occupatur.
5. Oppidum a Gallis occupabitur.
6. Nautae a servis vulnerabuntur.
7. Cena a filia agricolae parabatur.
8. Populus oppidi a nautis servabitur.
PlLUM
CONVERSATION EXERCISE 59
LESSON XLVIII
CONVERSATION EXERCISE
Quis columbam amat?
Puella columbam amat.
Cur puella columbam amat ?
Puella columbam amat quia (because) columba
pulchra est.
Ubi columba habitat ?
Columba in silva habitat.
Quern laudatis?
Agricolas laudamus quia agricolae laborant.
Quern laudas ?
Marcum laudo quia equum amat.
Quid portatis?
Rosas portamus.
Cuius rosas portatis ?
Rosas puellarum portamus.
Quis servum laudat ?
Dominus bonus servum laudat.
Cur in insulis habitatis?
Quia Insulas amamus.
Cur Insulas amatis ?
Quia sunt magnae et pulchrae.
Cuius columbas liberabas?
Columbas puellae Uberabam.
Cui fabulam narrabis?
Puellis bonis fabulam narrabo.
60 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON XLIX
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS
The principal parts of a Latin verb are :
The first person singular of the present active indicative.
The present active infinitive.
The first person singular of the perfect active indicative,
and the perfect passive participle.
These are called the principal parts because when they
are known all forms of the verb may readily be found.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Per]. Part.
port6 portfire portfivi portfitus
The fixed parts of a verb, to which the different end-
ings are added, are called stems. Every regular verb has
three stems : present, perfect, and participial, correspond-
ing to its principal parts.
To find the present stem of a verb drop -re from the
present active infinitive : portfire ; stem, porta-.
To find the perfect stem, drop -i from the perfect in-
dicative active : portfivi ; stem, portfiv-.
To find the participial stem drop -us from the perfect
passive participle : poirtfitus ; stem, pojrtfit-.
Verbs whose present stems end in a are said to be of
the first conjugation. In the first conjugation the first
person of the perfect indicative active (the third part of
the verb) is regularly formed by adding -vi to the present
stem.
The perfect passive participle (the fourth part of the
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS 61
verb) is regularly formed by adding -tus to the present
stem.
EXERCISES
Give the principal parte of :
Narro, laudo, amo, occupo, and pQgnO.
Write the three stems of each of the above verbs.
A Vestal Virgin
62 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON L
PERFECT TENSES
To find the perfect stem, drop -I from the perfect in-
dicative active.
The perfect (the English past and present perfect),
the pluperfect (the English past perfect), and the future
perfect indicative active are formed from the perfect stem.
The perfect indicative active has its own characteristic
personal endings.
Singular Plural
First person -I -imus
Second person -isti -istis
Third person -it -Srunt (-€re)
The perfect tense is formed from the perfect stem plus
the perfect personal endings.
The perfect indicative represents an action as com-
pleted at the present time, or it may simply represent
something that happened in the past.
Perfect Indicative Active
Singular
1. porta'vi, I carried, I have carried, I did carry
2. portavis'ti, you carried, have carried, did carry
3. porta'vit, he, she, or it carried
he, she, or it has carried
he, she, or it did carry
PERFECT TENSES
Plural
1. porta'vimus, we carried
we have carried
we did carry
2. portavis'tis, you carried
you have carried
you did carry
3. portave'runt, they carried
or they have carried
portave're they did carry
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Pfignavistia.
2. Narraverant.
3. Habitavimus.
4. Vocavi.
5. Laudaverunt.
6. Fugavisti.
7. Habitavi.
8. Pugnavit.
9. Vocavimus.
10. Laudavere.
Youth Reading a Paptrdb Roll
64 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LI
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. She has called.
2. You (pi.) have fought.
3. I have hastened.
4. They have told.
5. We have praised.
6. They will call.
7. I was praising.
8. You (sing.) have loved,
9. They have blamed.
10. He freed.
11. We did call.
12. They loved.
13. You (pi.) do hasten.
14. I praised.
15. She will praise.
Anulus
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE 65
LESSON LII
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
The pluperfect tense is formed from the perfect stem
plus tense sign -era plus regular personal endings.
The pluperfect indicative represents an action as com-
pleted before some past time.
Singular
1. port&'veram, I had carried
2. portfc'ver&s, you had carried
3. port&'verat, he, she, or it had carried
Plural
1. port&ver&'mus, we had carried
2. port&ver&'tis, you had carried
3. port&'verant, they had carried
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Pugnaveramus. 6. Narravisti.
2. Narrat. 7. Culpaveram.
3. Laudabunt. 8. Habitaveratis.
4. FugaverSs. 9. Habitavit.
5. Amaverant. 10. Uberaverat.
66
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LIII
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. You (pi.) had hastened.
2. He had loved.
3. I had told.
4. They have praised.
5. They had praised.
6. You (sing.) had fought.
7. She was calling.
8. I shall seize..
9. You (sing.) carry.
10. We had freed.
11. She has called.
12. They had hastened.
13. I did prepare.
14. You (pi.) worked.
15. We had told.
GfNivs
HVIVSIOCI
NONTIS
Arae
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE 67
LESSON LIV
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
The future perfect tense is formed from the perfect
stem plus tense sign -eri plus regular personal endings.
The future perfect indicative represents an action as
having taken place before some definite time in the future.
Singular
1. portfc'verfl, I shall have carried
2. port&'veris, you will have carried
3. portft'verit, he, she, or it will have carried
Plural
1. port&ve'rimus, we shall have carried
2. port&ve'ritis, you will have carried
3. port&'verint, they will have carried
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Necaverint. 6. Narrabit.
2. Donavero. 7. Laudaveris.
3. Occupaveratis. 8. Paraverimus.
4. Necavisti. 9. Properabas.
5. Donaverftis. 10. Properaverit.
8 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LV
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. We shall have prepared.
2. You (sing.) will have fought.
3. They will have called.
4. You (pi.) have praised.
5. I had hastened.
6. He will have killed.
7. You (pi.) will have told.
8. She will hasten.
9. We have blamed.
10. I shall have set free.
11. I was calling.
12. You (sing.) did prepare.
13. He does announce.
14. We shall have worked.
15. They had blamed.
LESSON LVI
Translate into English :
1. Puella columbas pulchras amavit.
2. Domini servos maids culpaverint,
3. Cur equum non libera visti?
4. Feram mUgnam necaveramus.
5. Servl ftdl ad muros altos properaverant.
6. Marcus equls frumentum d5naverit.
7. Amid Marcum laudaverunt.
8. Servl in agris laboraverant.
9. Properavistis.
10. Ad oppidum properaveris.
70 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LVII
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. Where had the girls worked ?
2. We shall have told the story.
3. I was praising [my] master.
4. You (sing.) have driven away the doveB.
5. You (pi.) live on the island.
6. He will fight with the sailor.
7. You (sing.) had seized the grain.
8. They will have blamed [their] slaves.
9. She has hastened into the town.
10. I had worked in the forest.
ABLATIVE OP THE PLACE PROM WHICH 71
LESSON LVIII
ABLATIVE OF THE PLACE FROM WHICH
The place from which is expressed by the ablative
with the prepositions a or ab, de, e or ex.
a or ab, from, away from.
dfi, from, down from.
6 or ex, from, out from, out of.
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Monstrum magnum ex aqua ad terram pro-
perat.
2. Servus malus ex castrls arma portabit.
3. Nautae a silva ad insulam properaverunt.
4. Columbae albae de templo volabant.
5. Multl amlci ex templo properant.
6. Nautae cibum ab oppido ad insulam portabunt.
7. Legatus ex oppido magno in vicum parvum
properabat.
8. Columbae de templ5 ad terram volant.
Chubs Suction op a Rohan Road
72 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LIX
READING LESSON
MARCUS
Marcus in casa, in insula magna habitavit. Olim
erravit in silvam densam, ubi erant multae ferae.
Ferae malae Marcum vulneraverunt, sed Marcus
exclamavit. Agricolae ex agrTs in silvam densam
properaverunt, feras fugaverunt et Marcum servfi-
v§runt.
Translate into English, giving special attention to form
of verbs and construction of nouns :
1. Galll multOs agrds in provincia vastaverunt.
2. Agrl multi a GallTs vastantur.
3. Marcus populo Italiae victoriam nuntiabit.
4. Servf dominorum ex oppidls in provinciam
frumentum portabftnt.
5. Puella bona a femina mala culpabatur.
6. Domina cum amico habitaverat.
7. Domini servos fldos llberaverint.
8. CSnffi bon:« il nautls laudabuntur.
9. Nauta in insula magna habitat.
10. Cur erant dominae servo inimlcae ?
11. Fllia agricolae ad vicum properavit.
12. Silva magna est densa.
74 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LXI
PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM
The perfect passive system is built on the participial
stem, which is found by dropping the -us from the per-
fect passive participle (the last one of the principal parts).
The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in the
passive voice are made by combining the participial stem,
plus the endings seen in bonus, bona, bonum, to agree
with the subject, with sum for the perfect, eram for the
pluperfect, and er6 for the future perfect tense.
Third Person Singular
port&'tus est, he has been carried
he was carried
port&'ta est, she has been carried
she was carried
porta 'turn est, it has been carried
it ivas carried
Third Person Plural
port&'ti sunt, they (mas.) have been carried
they were carried
port&'tae sunt, they (fern.) have been carried
they were carried
porta'ta sunt, they (neu.) have been carried
they were carried
PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM
Perfect Tense
Singular
1. porta 'tus sum, / have been carried
I was carried
2. porta'tus es, you have been carried
you were carried
3. porta'tus est, he has been carried
he was carried
Plural
1. porta'ti suraus, we have been carried
we were carried
2. porta 'tJ estis, you have been carried
you were carried
3. porta'ti sunt, they have been carried
they were carried
76 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LXII
EXHRCISB
Translate into Englia h :
1. Oppida fi servis occupata sunt
2. LaudatI sumus.
3. Equus necatus est.
4. Fabula a puella narrata eat.
5. Fabulae narratae sunt.
6. A nautfe vulneratl estis.
7. Vulnerata es.
8. Servatus sum.
9. Servi a dominls servatl sunt.
10. Laudata sum.
11. Aniatae sumus.
12. Monstrum necatum est.
EXERCISE 77
LESSON LXIII
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. We have been wounded by the slave.
2. You (sing.) have been praised.
3. Food has been prepared.
4. The wild beasts have been killed by the sailors.
5. You (pi.) have been excited.
6. She has been wounded.
7. The town has been seized by the wicked
farmers.
8. The land has been laid waste.
9. The victories have been announced by a
faithful slave.
10. I have been freed.
11. The slaves have been called.
12. The grain has been given.
Scorpio
78 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LXIV
PLUPERFECT TENSE
Singular
1. porta'tus eram, / had been carried
2. porta'tus eras, you had been carried
3. porta'tus erat, he had been carried
Plural
1. port&'ti era'mus, we had been carried
2. porta 'ti era'tis, you had been carried
3. porta'ti erant, they had been carried
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Victoria ab agricolis reportata erat.
2. Puella bona creata erat.
3. Vici multi occupati erant.
4. Citati eramus.
5. Amatus eras.
6. A domina laudatus erat.
7. Curat! eratis.
8. A barbaris vulnerati eramus.
9. Frumentum donatum erat.
10. Servatus eram.
11. Laudatae eramus.
12. Oppida occupata erant.
LESSON LXV
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. The story had been told by the little girl.
2. Many roads had been pointed out.
3. I had been freed by the sailor.
4. You (pi.) had been praised.
5. The good horse had been killed by the wild
wast.
6. You (sing.) had been freed.
7. We had been cared for.
8. Beautiful gifts had been carried out of the
own.
9. Arms had been given to the good sailors.
10. I had been blamed.
11. You (pi.) had been called by the slaves.
MlLITEB ROHANI LlQlONABTI
80 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LXVI
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Singular
1. port&'tus erd, I shall have been carried
2. porta 'tus eris, you will have been carried
3. port&'tus erit, he will have been carried
Plural
1. port&'ti e'rimuSy we shall have been carried
2. port&'ti e'ritis, you will have been carried
3. port&'ti erunt, they will have been carried
Translate into English :
1. Superati erunt.
2. A domino meo laudatus ero.
3. Cibus a servo fido paratus erit.
4. Oppida occupata erunt.
5. Ctiratus eris.
6. Creati erimus.
7. Italia vastata erit.
8. Servati eritis.
9. Curatus ero.
10. Superati erimus.
11. Laudatae erunt.
12. Laberata ero.
LESSON LXVII
Translate into Latin :
1. I shall have been called to the town.
2. The victory will have been announced.
3. The slaves will have been conquered.
4. He will have been praised by the sailors.
5. You (sing.) will have been killed.
6. The battles will have been reported by the
barbarians.
7. She will have been saved.
8. You (pi.) will have been saved.
9. I shall have been called.
10. They will have been freed.
11. The large monster will have been killed.
12. Grainwill havebeen given by the good farmers.
A Roman Litter
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LXVIII
Translate into English :
1. Servl a dominls vocati erant.
2. Fabula ab amlco meo narrata erit.
3. Oppidum 5 populo servatum erat.
4. Vulnerati sumus.
5. Laudatus eras.
6. Provincial occupatae sunt.
7. Provincia vastata erit.
8. Ab incolis curat! estis.
9. Servati eritis.
10. Vocatus ero.
11. Frumentum in oppidum portatum e
12. VictOriae ndntiatae erunt.
13. Cibus paratus erat.
14. Aqua ab insula portata est.
15. Culpatl eratis.
LESSON LXIX
Translate into Latin :
1. The pictures had been carried to the town.
2. Many horses had been killed.
3. We shall have been called.
4. You (sing.) will have been overcome.
5. I shall have been wounded.
6. A good road had been pointed out.
7. A great battle had been reported.
8. You (pi.) had been saved.
9. A long story had been told by the little girl.
10. A famous victory will have been announced.
11. A beautiful rose has been given.
12. We have been blamed by the slaves.
A Roman Villa
84 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LXX
READING LESSON
ROMANl ET SABlNl 1
Romulus Romam, pulchrum Italiae oppidum,
aedificavit. Romanl in oppido habitaverunt. ValidI 2
erant Romanl et patriam amaverunt. Saepe cum
Sabinis pugnaverunt et saepe eos (them) supera-
verunt. Olim erat victoria diu dubia. Nam Sabini
arma bona habuerunt 3 et magna cum audacia pug-
naverunt. Sed Romanl Sabinos fugaverunt. Cara
Romanis erat ilia (that) victoria.
1 Sabini = the Sabines, a tribe in Italy. 2 Valid! = strong.
8 Habuerunt = they had.
LESSON LXXI
MASCULINE NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
Agricola bonus aquam portat.
FUia agricolae boni f fibulas narrat.
Nauta agricolae bond pecuniam donat.
Puellae agricolam bonum vocant.
Servi ab agricola bono laudantur.
Singular
Norn, agricola bonus
Gen. agricolae boni
Dat. agricolae bond
Ace. agricolam bonum
Abl. agricola bond
FIRST DECLENSION — MASCULINE 85
Agricolae boni patriam amant.
Ddna agricolarum bondrum magna sunt
Puettae agricolis bonis fdbulds ndrrant.
Poeta agricol&s bonds laudaL
Pirdtae cum agricolis bonis nbn habitant.
Plural
Nom.
agricolae boni
Gen.
agricolarum bonSrum
Dot.
agricolis bonis
Ace.
agricolas bonds
Abl.
agricolis bonis
When an adjective is used with a noun, it must show
by its ending the same gender, number, and case. A
masculine noun of the first declension takes a masculine
adjective, which has the endings of the second declension.
VOCABULARY
Galba, -ae, m., Galba.
pirata, -ae, m., pirate.
po€ta, -ae, m., poet.
Decline :
1. Rrata malus. 2. Poeta clarus.
Write the Latin for the following :
1. Faithful sailor's.
2. With the wicked sailor.
3. Worthy poets (accusative).
4. Of the good farmers.
5. For the unfriendly pirate.
86
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LXXII
NOUNS IN -/MS AND -IUM. VOCATIVE CASS
Nouns of the second declension in -ius and -ium end
in -I in the genitive singular, not in -ii : filius, gen., fill ;
praesidium, gen., praesi'di. These shortened genitive
forms are accented on the syllable before the last, even
if short. Adjectives are not thus contracted.
Filius, m., son.
Praesidium, n., garrison.
Base, fili-.
•
Base,
Singular
praesidi-.
Norn, filius
praesidium
Gen. fili
praesidi
Dat. f0i5
praesidid
Ace. filium
praesidium
Abl. fiU6
praesidid
The plural is regular. Note that the -i of the base is
lost only in the genitive singular.
VOCABULARY
aedificium, aedifi'ci, n., building, edifice.
filius, fili, m., son.
nuntius, nunti, m., messenger.
praesidium, praesi'di, n., garrison, guard.
proelium, proeli, n., batlle.
Decline :
1. Nuntius fidus.
2. Proelium longum.
NOUNS IN -I US AND -IUM
87
The vocative is the case of direct address. In Latin it
is regularly like the nominative. The following are the
exceptions :
1. Nouns of the second declension ending in -us like
dominus have the vocative singular in -e, as domine,
Master !
2. Proper nouns ending in -ius and also the common
noun filius form the vocative singular in the same manner
as the genitive singular; hence, Vergi'H and fill may
be either genitive singular or vocative singular.
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Male serve.
2. Male fill.
3. Mali fill.
4. Malifilii.
5. Clare domine.
6. Multorum proeliorum.
7. Belli longi.
8. Ad proelia dura.
LESSON LXIII
SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS IN -ER AND -IR
Puer,
m., boy.
Base, puer-
Age]
r, m., field.
Base, agr
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nam.
puer
pueri
ager
agri
Gen.
pueri
puerdrum
agri
agrdrum
Dai.
puerd
pueris
agr6
agris
Ace.
puerum
pueros
agrum
agrds
AU.
puerd
pueris
agr6
agris
88 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
In some words with bases ending in -r, the -e is inserted
in the nominative singular only, for pronunciation. The
genitive printed after a word in the vocabulary will show
whether or not the e of the nominative appears in the
other cases.
VOCABULARY
liber, libri, m., book.
magister, magistri, m., master, teacher.
signifer, signi'feri, m., standard-bearer.
vir, viri, m., man.
EXERCISE
Decline in Latin :
1. Strong standard-bearer. 3. Good messenger.
2. New book. 4. Large building.
LESSON LXXIV
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Nautae pueris bonis sagittas donant.
2. Ubi sunt libra puellae?
3. Legatus virum ftdum laudavit.
4. Signifer signum magnum portaverat.
5. Plratae mall in insula habitabant.
SECOND DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN -ER 89
Translate into Latin :
1. The small boys wandered into the large forest.
2. The man's son is proud.
3. The good slaves will work in (their) l masters'
fields.
4. The teacher was praising the small boy.
5. Food had been prepared by the slave.
LESSON LXXV
SECOND DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN -ER
Adjectives of the first and second declensions with
bases ending in -er have lost the termination -us in the
nominative masculine singular.
liber, libera, liberum, free, base, liber-
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful, base, pulchr-
Singular
Masc.
Fern.
Norn.
liber
libera
Gen.
liberi
liberae
Dot.
liberd
liberae
Ace.
liberum
liberam
AU.
liberd
libera
Neut.
liberum
liberi
liberd
liberum
liberd
1 Words in parenthesis are not to be translated.
90
INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
i
Plural
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Norn.
liberi
liberae
libera
Gen.
liberdrum
liberarum
liberdrum
Dat.
liberis
liberis
liberis
Ace.
liberds
liber&s
libera
Abl.
liberis
liberis
Singular
liberis
Norn.
pulcher
pulchra
pulchrum
Gen.
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchri
Dat.
pulchrd
pulchrae
pulchr6
Ace.
pulchrum
pulchram
pulchrum
Abl.
pulchrd
pulchrS.
Plural
pulchrO
Norn.
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchra
Gen.
pulchrdrum
pulchrarum
pulchrdrum
Dat.
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
Ace.
pulchrds
pulchras
pulchra
Abl
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
Note. — The nominatives, feminine and neuter, show
whether -er adjectives are declined like liber or pulcher.
VOCABULARY
asper, aspera, asperum, rough, harsh.
miser, misera, miserum, wretched, unfortunate
niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
piger, pigra, pigrum, lazy.
liberi, liberdrum, m., children (lit., the freeborn or free
members of a household).
ABLATIVE OP MEANS OR INSTRUMENT 91
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Sumus liberi viri.
2. Femina misera est quia pueri pigri sunt.
3. Via longa et aspera erat.
4. Multl pueri equos nigros amant.
5. Agricolae bonl flliabus 1 rosas pulchras dona-
verunt.
Translate into Latin :
1. The woman has given (her) son a new book.
2. The master of the slaves was harsh.
3. We had often praised the good sailor.
4. The slave is wretched because he is not free.
5. The farmer will have worked with the lazy
slave.
LESSON LXXVI
ABLATIVE OF MEANS OR INSTRUMENT
Means or instrument is expressed by the ablative with-
out a preposition. This answers the question " By means
of what? " "With what?"
Vir feram pfl6 necdvit.
The man killed the wild beast with a javelin.
Servl gladiis pugnabunt.
The slaves will fight with swords.
1 The dative and ablative plural of the first declension nouns,
filia, daughter, and dea, goddess, end in -abus instead of -is.
92 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
VOCABULARY
art, ar&re, aravi, ar&tus, plow.
d6, dare, dedi, datus, give.
gladius, gladi, m., sword.
Note the irregularities in the principal parts of d&.
The stems are found in the regular way.
EXERCISE
Translate :
1. Agricola validus agrum equis arabat.
2. Tuba signum dabimus.
3. Regina ad poetam clarum dona portaverat.
4. Rratae mall nautas fidos gladiTs lonps neca-
verunt.
5. Galba columbam sagitta vulneravit.
Translate into Latin :
1. The strong sailors will put the lazy pirates to
flight with spears.
2. Famous poets will praise the beautiful queen.
3. The bad master fights with a javelin.
4. Galba had wounded the wild beast in the forest
with an arrow.
5. The farmers were carrying grain on large
wagons.
LESSON LXXVII
REVIEW OF SECOND DECLENSION
Review constructions, declension of nouns and adjec-
tives, and verb forms in the following exercise.
VERBS — SECOND CONJUGATION 93
Translate into English :
1. Magister puerum bonum laudavit.
2. Fflius poetae timidus est.
3. Ubi est liber novus ?
4. Nuntium fidum semper (always) ctirabimus.
5. Viri in vico frumentum celabant.
6. Signifer ad bellum properabit.
7. Erant equi albi in agro.
8. Cum servo misero laborabam.
9. Scutum fill validum erat.
10. In templum picturas pulchras portaverimus.
11. Nauta liber filiabus fidis peciiniam dedit.
12. Locum idoneum castris parvis demonstraverat.
13. Forma reginae pulchrae erat grata oculis
dominarum. %
14. Cur pills non pugnavistis ?
15. Quern puer superbus culpat ?
LESSON LXXVIII
VERBS — SECOND CONJUGATION
The same rules as to stem, tense sign, and personal
endings are followed for forming the different indicative
tenses in the second conjugation as in the first.
Note that in the first person singular of the present
tense e of the stem is retained but shortened before the
personal ending -6 : moneO, I advise, I warn.
Verbs of the second conjugation end in -Sre in the
present infinitive.
94 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Pres. Ind. Pre8. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Part.
moned monSre monui monitus
The present stem is mone- ; the perfect stem, monu- ;
the participial stem, monit •.
Present Active Indicative
Singular
1. mo'ned, I advise, am advising, do advise.
2. mo'nSs, you advise, are advising, do advise.
3. mo'net, he, she, or it advises, is advising, does advise.
Plural
1. mone'mus, we advise, are advising, do advise.
2. mone'tis, you advise, are advising, do advise.
3. mo'nent, they advise, are advising, do advise.
Imperfect Active Indicative
Singular
1. mone'bam, I was advising, advised, did advise.
2. mone'bas, you were advising, etc.
3. mone'bat, he, she, or it was advising, etc.
Plural
1. moneba'mus, we were advising, advised, did advise
2. moneba'tis, you were advising, etc.
3. monS'bant, they were advising, etc.
Future Active Indicative
Singular
1. monS'bd, I shall advise.
2. mone'bis, you will advise.
3. monSTut, he, she, or it will advise.
EXERCISE 95
Plural
1. monS'bimus, we shall advise.
2. monS'bitis, you will advise.
3. monS'bunt, they will advise.
VOCABULARY
dSled, dSlSre, dSlSvi, dSlStus, destroy.
habed, habere, habui, habitus, have, hold ; consider.
moved, movfcre, m6vi, mdtus, move, castra movfcre, to
break up camp.
praebed, praebSre, praebui, praebitus, furnish, supply,
offer (prae, forth, and habeo, hold).
vided, vidSre, vidi, visus, see.
Note. — Nearly all regular verbs ending in -ed belong to the
second conjugation.
Find the stems of each of the above verbs.
Conjugate in the present, imperfect, and future active
indicative and give all the English translations of each
form:
1. VidSre. 2. Habere. 3. Delere.
LESSON LXXIX
EXERCISE
Translate, giving the person and number of each verb :
1. Patriam caram non videbimus.
2. Castra movet.
3. Amicos bonos habetis.
4. FrQmentum m&turum et aquam puram prae-
beb5.
96 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
5. Aedificium delebant.
6. Marcum videbitis.
7. Cur pueros monebas ?
8. Viri frumentum publicum delebunt.
9. Quis pecuniam praebebit ?
10. Monstrum magnum vident.
Translate into Latin:
1. We often warn (our) small friends.
2. The farmers will furnish food to the sailors.
3. You [pi.) will consider.
4. She will see the girl.
5. You [sing.] were destroying the camp.
6. I see the danger.
7. They were breaking up camp.
8. He has a number of weapons.
9. We were building a wall.
10. The free man will give many arms.
LESSON LXXX
CAROLUS ET POMA
Carolus, agricolae ftlius, puer bonus erat sed
amicos malos amavit. Agricola igitur puero cala-
thum p5morum plenum dedit. Bona erant multa
poma sed pauca erant mala. Puer donum dfligenter
curat, sed poma mala maculant bona, et mox mala
erant cuncta. Turn agricola fllium ita monuit:
" Poma mala maculant bona, certe mall amlcl
maculabunt puerum bonum."
VOCABULARY REVIEW
97
cunctus, -a, -urn, all.
pauci, -ae, -a, few.
VOCABULARY
calathus, -I, m., basket.
pdmum, -I, n., apple.
planus, -a, -urn, fidl, filled.
(Followed by the genitive case.)
macula, -Are, -&vi, -&tus, spoil, spot, igitur, therefore.
certS, surety. ita, therefore, so, thus.
dOigenter, carefully. turn, then.
LESSON LXXXI
VOCABULARY REVIEW
aediflcium, aedifici, n.
filius, fill, m.
gladius, gladi, m.
liber, librl, m.
magister, magistri, m.
nuntius, nuntl, m.
pecunia, -ae, f .
plr&ta, -ae, m.
potta, -ae, m.
praesidium, praesidi, n.
proelium, proell, n.
puer, pueri, m.
signifer, signiferi, m.
Vergilius, Vergili, m.
vir, viri, m.
asper, aspera, asperum.
liber, libera, liberum.
miser, misera, miserum.
niger, nigra, nigrum,
piger, pigra, pigrum.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum.
ard, ar&re.
d€le5, dSUre.
dd, dare,
habed, habere,
moneo, monSre.
moved, movSre.
praebed, praebSre.
vided, vidtre.
semper.
What Latin words are suggested by the following Eng-
lish words?
98 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
library
puerile
admonish
liberty
equine
oculist
mural
dative
nautical
peril
pecuniary
visualize
filial
gladiator
laborious
movement
miserable
evident
Give other English derivatives from the Latin words
suggested.
LESSON LXXXII
SECOND CONJUGATION. PERFECT TENSES
The perfect tenses of second conjugation verbs are
formed from the third principal part like the perfect
tenses of first conjugation verbs.
Perfect Indicative Active
Singular
1. mo'nui, I advised, have advised, did advise.
2. monuis'ti, you advised, have advised, did advise.
3. mo'nuit, he, she, or it advised, has advised, did advise.
Plural
1. monu'imus, we advised, have advised, did advise.
2. monuis'tis, you advised, have advised, did advise.
3. monuS'runt or monuS're, they advised, have advised,
did advise.
Pluperfect Indicative Active
Singular
1. monu'eram, I had advised.
2. monu'er&s, you had advised.
3. monu'erat, he, she, or it had advised.
SECOND CONJUGATION — PERFECT TENSES 99
Plural
1. monuera'mus, we had advised.
2. monuera'tis, you had advised.
3. monu'erant, they had advised.
Future Perfect Indicative Active
Singular
1. monu'erd, I shall have advised.
2. monu'eris, you will have advised.
3. monu'erit, he, she, or it will have advised.
Plural
1. monue'rimus, we shall have advised.
2. monue'ritis, you will have advised.
3. monu'erint, they will have advised.
VOCABULARY
compled, complere, complSvi, computus, fill up.
debed, dSbere, d€bui, dSbitus, owe, ought.
maned, manere, m&nsi, mansurus, remain.
tened, tenere, tenui, hold, keep.
timed, timere, timui, fear, be afraid of.
EXERCISE
Conjugate in all tenses of the active indicative, and
give all the English translations of each form.
1. Timere. 3. Tenere.
2. Manere. 4. Dare.
100 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LXXXIII
EXERCISE
Translate into English :
1. Timuerint. 6. DSleveramus.
2. Mansistis. 7. Moveritis.
3. Vidit. 8. Debueram.
4. Tenueras. 9. Complevit.
5. Habuerunt. 10. Monuerimus.
Translate into Latin :
1. He will have destroyed.
2. You [pi] have feared.
3. I had considered.
4. They have held.
5. You [sing.] will have remained.
6. We had owed.
7. She has warned.
8. I shall have moved.
9. You [pi.] had remained.
10. We have destroyed.
LESSON LXXXIV
EXERCISE
Translate, giving the person, number, and tense of each
verb:
1. Proelium cum barbaris vidimus,
2. Ventus oppidum deleverat,
REVIEW EXERCISES 101
3. Amlcls pectiniam debuit.
4. Famae perlcull oppidum compleverint.
5. Cur in vico mansisti ?
6. Quid timueratis ?
7. Monstrum in Insula vlderint.
8. Servl mall in agris manebunt.
9. Viri validl periculum non timent.
10. Ornamentum pulchrum tenebam.
LESSON LXXXV
EXERCISE
Translate into Latin :
1. I had seen the messenger's danger.
2. We shall have remained in the old town.
3. The men have destroyed the beautiful forest.
4. The boy did not owe (his) friend money.
5. You [pL] feared the teacher's words.
6. Who had seen the lieutenant?
7. The woman will remain in (her) daughter's
cottage.
8. Why were you [sing.] warning the wicked
pirates ?
9. We are breaking up camp.
10. The free men will have held the town.
11. They will remain.
12. We have considered.
102 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
LESSON LXXXVI
REVIEW SENTENCES
Translate into English :
1. Viri magna cum audacia pugnaverant.
2. In oppido parvo manebo.
3. Liber a filio meo datus est.
4. Magister pueris bonis fabulam narrabat.
5. Gladium nunti vidimus.
6. Quid tenebas?
7. Feram sagittis vulneravistis.
8. Cur poetae bono pecuniam non praebent ?
9. Proelium cum barbaris timueramus.
10. Liberos domini monuero.
11. Cur servus miser ex agro in oppidum propera-
bat?
12. Quis vicum pulchrum delevit?
13. Piratae pigri necati erant.
14. A magistro laudamur.
15. Ex templo vocaberis.
ABBREVIATIONS FROM LATIN
A.D.
anno Domini,
in the year of our Lord.
A.M.
ante meridiem,
before noon.
etc.
et cetera,
and the rest.
i.e.
id est,
that is.
N.B.
notd bene,
note well, take notice.
P.M.
post meridiem,
after noon.
P.S.
post scrlptum,
written after, postscript.
vs.
versus,
against.
ult.
ultimo mense,
last month.
prox
proximo mense,
next month.
inst.
Instantl m&nse,
the present month.
M.
merldies,
noon.
pro et con.
pro et contrd,
for and against.
103
LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES COM
MON IN ENGLISH
Alias,
Alibi,
Equilibrium,
Exit,
Ex tempore,
Extemporaneous,
Finis,
Gratis,
Impromptu,
Maximum,
Minimum,
Omnibus,
Simile,
Vacuum,
Vale,
Verbatim,
Veto,
Via,
Ante bellum,
Post bellum,
Multum in parvo,
Pater noster,
Otherwise.
Elsewhere.
Equal balance.
Departure.
At the time.
At the time.
The end.
For nothing.
Offhand.
The greatest.
The least.
For all.
A comparison.
Empty space.
Farewell.
Word for word.
I forbid.
By the way of.
Before the war.
After the war.
Much in little.
Our Father.
104
LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES
105
Habeas corpus.
Ad valorem,
Alma Mater,
Bona fide,
Deo volente,
Ex officio,
Ex post facto,
Fac simile,
Magna Charta,
Mirabile dictu,
Pro et con,
Post mortem,
Pro tempore (pro tern),
Subpoena,
Tempus fugit,
Una voce,
Veni, vidi, vici,
Vice versa,
Viva voce,
E pluribus unum,
In pace,
In meinoriam,
Labor omnia vincit,
Pax vobiscum,
Per annum,
Per capita,
Per diem,
Terra firma,
Mens sana in corpore sano,
Have the body.
According to value.
Gentle Mother.
In good faith.
God mlling.
By virtue of the office.
After the deed.
An exact copy.
The Great Charter.
Strange to tell.
For and against.
After death.
For the time.
Under fear of penalty.
Time flies.
With one voice.
I came } saw, conquered.
The order being reversed.
With the living voice.
One out of many.
In peace.
In memory.
Labor conquers all.
Peace with you.
By the year.
By the person (head).
By the day.
Solid land.
A sound mind in a sound body.
FABLES
THE KID AND THE WOLF
Haedus * stans 2 in tecto 3 domus lupo 4 praeter-
eunti 5 maledixit. 6 Cui lupus, " Non tu," 7 inquit,
" sed tectum mihi 8 maledicit." Saepe locus et tem-
pus homines timidos audaces 9 reddit. 10
* kid * maledicio, speak ill of, abuse
* standing 7 you
9 tectum, -i, roof * me
4 lupus, -i, wolf • bold, daring
1 passing by 10 makes
THE FOX AND THE GRAPES
Vulpes x ad uvam 2 subsiliebat 3 sed earn 4 attin-
gere 5 non poterat 6 tandem, defatigata 7 inani 8 la-
bore, exclamavit ; "At nunc etiam 9 acerbae sunt,
et eas edere nolo. ,, 10 Haec n fabula docet multos ea
contemnere, 12 quae 13 assequi 14 non possint. 15
»fox
9 nunc etiam, after all
J bunch of grapes
10 1 do not wish
1 leaped up
"this
«it
u despise
1 to reach
19 what
6 could, was able
14 obtain
7 exhausted
18 they can, are able
•vain
106
FABLES 107
THE GOAT AND THE WOLF
Lupus capram * in alta rape 2 stantem 8 conspica-
tus, 4 " Cur non," inquit, " relinquis 5 nuda ilia 6 et
sterilia 7 loca, et hue 8 descendis 9 in herbidos cam-
p5s, 10 qui n tibi 12 laetum pabulum 18 offerunt? " 14
Cui respondit capra : " Mihi non est in animo dulcia
tutis praeponere." 15
1 goat • you descend
1 cliff, rock 10 fields, plains
* standing n which .
4 having seen lf you
1 you leave u food
6 those 14 offer
7 unfruitful 1S I do not intend to prefer sweet
1 hither things to safe ones
THE DOG IN THE MANGER
Canis iacebat x in praesepe, 2 et boves latrando 3 a
pabulo arcebat. 4 Cui unus bourn dixit ; " Quanta 6
ista invidia 6 est ! Non patens 7 alios cibum edere,
quern 8 tu ipse 9 edere non potes ! " 10
1 was lying • that jealousy (of yours)
1 manger T you allow
• by barking ■ which
4 was keeping away * you yourself
1 how great 10 can
THE WOMAN AND THE HEN
Mulier quaedam x habebat 2 gallinam, 8 quae 4 el 5
cotidie ovum 6 pariebat 7 aureum. Mulier ita existi-
1 a certain * had ' gallium, -ae, hen 4 which
1 her, for her • egg 7 laid
108 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
mabat : " Mea gallina sine dubio massam s ami
intus s celat ; si galllnam occldara 10 omne " aurum
atatim 1! possidebQ." " Itaque " earn oceidit. Sed
nihil 16 in ea repperit ie nisi quod 17 in aliis gallnls
reperitur. Maioribus 1S dlvitils u inhifibat M ; mi-
nores " etiam perdidit. 2 *
* quantity " reprrio, find
' inside " nisi quod, except that
11 occldo, kill » greater
11 all " wealth
« longed for
"lost
A Roman Fkeiqht Ship
POEMS
MICA, MICA, PARVA STELLA!
Mica, mica, parva stella !
Miror quaenam sis, tarn bella !
Splendens eminus in illo,
Alba velut gemma, caelo.
Quando fervens Sol discessit,
Nee calore prata pascit,
Mox ostendis lumen purum,
Micans, micans per obscurum.
Tibi, noctti qui vagatur,
Ob scintillulam gratatur ;
Ni micares tu, non sciret
Quas per vias errans iret.
Meum saepe thalamum luce
Specularis curiosa ;
Neque carpseris soporem
Donee venit Sol per auram.
109
HO INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
TWINKLE, TWINKLE, LITTLE STAR
Twinkle, twinkle, little star ;
How I wonder what you are !
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.
When the blazing sun is gone,
When he nothing shines upon,
Then you show your little light,
Twinkle, twinkle, all the night.
Then the traveler in the dark,
Thanks you for your tiny spark ;
He could not tell which way to go
If you did not twinkle so.
In the dark blue sky you keep,
And often through my curtains peep ;
For you never shut your eye
Till the sun is in the sky.
AMERICA
Te cano, Patria,
Candida libera ;
Te refert
Portus et exulum
Et tumulus senum
Libera montium
Vox resonet.
POEMS 111
Sit modulatio !
libera natio
Dulce canat !
Labra vigentia
Ora faventia
Saxa silentia
Vox repleat.
Tutor es tinicus
Unus avum deus
Laudo liberis !
Patria luceat
Libera fulgeat
Vis tua muniat
Omnipotens.
THE SHEPHERD PSALM
Dominus regit me, et nihil mihi deerit.
In loco pascuae ibi me conlocavit.
Super aquam refectionis educavit me.
Animam meam convertit. Deduxit me
Super semitas iustitiae, propter nomen suum.
Nam, et si ambulavero in medio umbrae mortis,
Non timeb5 mala, quoniam tu mecum es.
Virga tua et baculus tuus, ipsa me consolata sunt.
Parasti in conspectu meo mensam,
Adversus eos qui tribulant me.
Impinguasti in oleo caput meum.
112 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Et calix meus inebrians quam praeclarus est !
Et misericordia tua subsequetur me
Omnibus diebus vitae mgae, et ut inhabitem
In domo Domini in longitudinem digram.
THE LORD'S PRAYER
Pater noster, qui es in caelis ; sanctificetur nomen
tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua,
sicut in cael5 et in terra. Panem nostrum da nobis
hodie. Et dlmittite nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos
dlmittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas
in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo ; namque tua
sunt regnum, potentia et gloria, in aeterna. Amen !
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Nouns of the First Declension
agricola, -ae, m., farmer.
&la, -ae, f., wing.
amicitia, -ae, f ., friendship.
aqua, -ae, f., water.
aud&cia, -ae, f., boldness, audacity.
Belgae, -arum, m., the Belgians.
casa, -ae, f., hut, cottage.
c£na, -ae, f., dinner.
columba, -ae, f., dove.
cdpia, -ae, f., abundance, plenty. Plural, cdpiae, -Arum
troops.
culpa, -ae, f., blame, fault.
cura, -ae, f., care, pains.
disciplina, -ae, f., instruction, training, discipline.
domina, -ae, f., mistress, lady.
f&bula, -ae, f., story, tale, fable.
f&ma, -ae, f., report, rumor, fame, reputation.
fgmina, -ae, f., woman.
fera, -ae, f., wild beast.
£Dia, -ae, f. (dat. and abl. plur. fOi&bus), daughter.
forma, -ae, f., form, shape; appearance, beauty.
fuga, -ae, f ., flight.
Germ&nia, -ae, f., Germany.
113
114 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Galba, -ae, m., Galba.
gl6ria, -ae, f., glory, fame.
hGra, -ae, f., hour.
incola, -ae, m. and f., inhabitant.
inopia, -ae, f., want, need, lack.
insula, -ae, f., island.
Italia, -ae, f., Italy.
luna, -ae, f., mood.
n&tftra, -ae, f., nature.
nauta, -ae, m., sailor.
patria, -ae, f., fatherland, native land.
pecunia, -ae, f., money.
pictura, -ae, f., picture.
pirftta, -ae, m., pirate.
poena, -ae, f., punishment, penalty.
po£ta, -ae, m., poet.
porta, -ae, f„ gate, door.
prfvincia, -ae, f., territory, province.
puella, -ae, f., girl, maiden.
pugna, -ae, f., fight, battle.
r£gina, -ae, f., queen.
rosa, -ae, f., rose.
sagitta, -ae, f., arrow.
serva, -ae, f., slave.
silva, -ae, f., wood, forest.
superbia, -ae, f., pride, arrogance.
terra, -ae, f., earth, land, ground.
tuba, -ae, f., trumpet
via, -ae, f., way, road, street.
victdria, -ae, f., victory.
vita, -ae, f., life.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY .115
Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension
ager, agri, m., field, farm.
amicus, -I, m., friend.
animus, -I, m., mind, heart; spirit, feeling.
annus, -I, m., year.
barbarus, -I, m., barbarian , savage.
calathus, -I, m., basket.
carrus, -I, m., cart, wagon.
cibus, -I, m., food, victuals.
equus, -I, m., horse.
fflius, fill, m., son.
gladius, gladi, m., sword.
legatus, -I, m., ambassador, lieutenant.
liberi, liberdrum, m., children.
liber, libri, m., book.
locus, -I, m. (plur. loca, -drum, n.), place, spot.
ludus, -I, m., play, school.
magister, magistri, m., master, teacher.
Marcus, -I, m., Marcus, Mark.
murus, -I, m., wall.
ntunerus, -I, m., number.
nuntius, nunti, m., messenger.
oculus, I, m., eye.
populus, -I, m., people.
puer, pueri, m., boy.
servus, -I, m., slave.
signifer, slgniferi, m., standard-bearer
ventus, -I, m., wind.
vicus, -I, m., village.
vir, viri, m., man.
116. INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension
aedificium, aedifici, n., building, edifice.
anna, -drum, n. (plur.), arms, weapons.
bellum, -I, n., war.
castra, -drum, n. (plur.), camp.
ddnum, -I, n., gift, present.
frumentum, -i, n., grain.
mdnstrum, -I, n., monster.
oppidum, -I, n., town.
drnamentum, -I, n., ornament, jewel.
periculum, -I, n., danger; trial, test.
pHum, -I, n., spear, javelin.
pdmum, -I, n., apple.
praesidium, praesidi, n., garrison, guard.
proelium, proeli, n., battle.
regnum, -I, n., kingdom; sovereignty.
scutum, -I, n., shield, buckler.
signum, -I, n., signal; ensign, standard.
telum, -l, n., weapon.
templum, -i, n., temple, shrine.
verbum, -i, n., word.
Verbs
aedificd, -are, -avi, -atus, build.
amd, -are, -fivi, -atus, love, like, be fond of.
ar6, -are, -avi, -atus, plow.
c§16, -fire, -avi, -atus, conceal, hide.
cit6, -fire, -avi, -fitus, rouse, stir up; excite.
compleo, -ere, -§vi, -etus, fill up.
cre6, -are, -avi, -fitus, make, elect, appoint.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 117
culp6, -fire, -£vi, -fitus, blame, censure.
curd, -Are, -fivi, -fitus, care /or, look after.
d€be5, -€re, -ul, -itus, owe, ought
d€le5, -fire, -5vi, -€tus, destroy.
d&ndnstro, -Are, -fivi, -fitus, point out, show.
dSsiderd, -fire, -fivl, -atus, long for.
dd, dare, dedi, datus, give.
ddnd, -fire, -£vi, -fitus, give.
errd, -fire, -£vi, -fitus, wander, stray about.
exclfimd, -fire, -fivl, -fitus, cry out, shout; exclaim.
fugd, -fire, -fivi, -fitus, drive away, put to flight.
habed, -€re, -ui, -itus, have, hold; consider.
habits, -fire, -fivl, -fitus, dwell, inhabit, live.
labdrd, -fire, -fivl, -fitus, labor, work.
Iaud6, -fire, ^fivi, -fitus, praise.
liberd, -fire, -fivl, -fitus, free, set free, liberate.
maculo, -are, -avi, -fitus, spoil, spot.
maned, -€re, mfinsi, mfinsurus, remain.
moned, -5re, -ui, -itus, advise, warn.
moved, -€re, mdvi, mdtus, move ; castra movSre, to break
up camp.
mutd, -fire, -fivl, -fitus, change.
narro, -fire, -fivl, -atus, tell, relate.
need, -fire, -fivl, -fitus, kill.
nuntid, -fire, -fivl, -fitus, announce, report.
occupy, -fire, -fivi, -fitus, seize, take possession of, occupy.
par6, -fire, -fivl, -fitus, prepare, prepare for.
port6, -fire, -fivi, -fitus, carry, bear.
praebed, -fire, -ui, -itus, furnish, supply, offer. •
properd, -fire, -fivi, -fitus, hasten, go quickly.
pugnS, -fire, -fivi, -fitus, fight.
118 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
reportd, -fire, -fivl, -atus, carry back; win, gain, report.
serv6, -are, -fivl, -atus, save, keep, rescue.
specto, -are, -fivl, -atus, look at, witness.
sum, esse, fill, futurus (irreg. verb), be; exist
superd, -are, -fivi, -fitus, conquer, overcome, surpass.
tened, -ere, -ui, , hold, keep.
timed, -ere, -ui, , fear, be afraid of.
vfisto, -are, -fivi, -atus, lay waste, devastate.
video, -Sre, vldi, visus, see.
voc6, -are, -fivi, -atus, call, summon.
vol6, -are, -fivi, -atus, fly.
vulnerd, -fire, -fivi, -atus, wound, hurt.
Adjectives
albus, -a, -urn, white.
altus, -a, -urn, high, tall, deep.
amicus, -a, -urn, friendly.
antiquus, -a, -urn, former, ancient, old.
asper, aspera, asperum, harsh, rough.
barbarus, -a, -urn, barbarous.
bonus, -a, -urn, good, kind.
cfirus, -a, -urn, dear, precious.
centum, (indecl.) numeral, hundred.
certus, -a, -um, certain, fixed, sure.
clfirus, -a, -um, clear, bright; famous.
cunctus, -a, -um, all.
d€nsus, -a, -um, dense, thick.
dignus, -a, -um, worthy.
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful, dubious.
durus, -a, -um, hard, tough; harsh.
fidus, -a, -um, faithful.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 119
firmus, -a, -urn, strong, stable, firm.
gr&tus, -a, -urn, acceptable, pleasing, agreeable.
iddneus, -a, -urn, suitable, fit.
infirmus, -a, -urn, weak, infirm.
inimicus, -a, -urn, unfriendly, hostile.
l&tus, -a, -urn, wide, broad.
liber, libera, liberum, free.
longus, -a, -urn, long.
m&gnus, -a, -urn, "large, great; loud.
malus, -a, -urn, bad, wicked, evil.
m&turus, -a, -um, ripe, mature.
meus, -a, -um (possessive adj.), rny, mine.
minis, -a, -um, wonderful.
miser, misera, miserum, wretched, unfortunate.
multus, -a, -um, much; plural, many.
niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
novus, -a, -um, new.
parvus, -a, -um, small, little.
pauci, -ae, -a, few.
piger, pigra, pigrum, lazy.
planus, -a, -um, full, filled.
primus, -a, -um, first.
publicus, -a, -um, public, of the people.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful, pretty.
purus, -a, -um, pure.
superbus, -a, -um, proud, haughty.
suus, -a, -um (reflexive possessive adj.), his t her, its, their.
timidus, -a, -um, timid.
tuus, -a, -um (possessive adj.), your, yours.
validus, -a, -um, strong, well, able.
v£rus, -a, -um, true, actual.
120 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Adverbs
bene, well.
cert€, certainly.
cur (interrogative), why, wherefore.
diligenter, carefully.
diu, for a long time, long.
ita, therefore, so, thus.
n6n, not.
Slim, formerly, once upon a time.
saepe, often, frequently.
semper, always, forever.
turn, then.
ubi (interrogative), where, when.
Prepositions
& or ab, prep, with abl., from, away from, by.
ad, prep, with ace, to, towards, near.
cum, prep, with abl., with.
d§, prep, with abl., from, down from; for, about, concerning.
$ or ex, prep, with abl., from, out of, off.
in, prep, with ace, into, against, at, upon; with abl., in, on.
Conjunctions
et, and, also.
igitur, therefore.
nam, for.
quia, because.
sed, fail, on the contrary.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 121
Interrogative Pronouns
cui, to whom, for whom.
cuius, whose, of whom.
quern, whom.
quid, what.
quis, who.
VOCABULARY FOR SUPPLEMEN-
TARY MATTER
Nouns
anima, -ae, f., breath, life.
animal, -alis, n., animal.
aura, -ae, f., air.
aurum, -I, n., gold.
avus, -I, m., grandfather.
baculus, -I, m., staff, stick.
bos, bovis (gen. plur., bovum), m. and f., ox, cow; plur.,
cattle.
caelum, -I, n., sky, heavens.
calix, calicis, m., cup, goblet.
calor, -dris, m., heat, glow.
canis, canis, m., dog.
caput, capitis, n., head.
conspectus, -us, m., sight, appearance.
debitor, -5ris, m., debtor.
debitum, -I, n., debt.
deus, -I, m., god.
dies, -€i, m., day.
domus, -us, f., house, home.
exsul, exsulis, m. and f., exile, banished person*
gemma, -ae, f., jewel, gem.
homd, hominis, m. and f., man, person.
iustitia, -ae, f ., justice, uprightness.
122
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 123
labor, -dris, m., labor, toil.
labrum, -I, n., lip.
longitudo, -inis, f., length.
lumen, -inis, n., light.
lux, lucis, f., light.
m£nsa, -ae, f., table.
misericordia, -ae, f., pity, mercy, compassion.
modulatid, -dnis, f., measure, proportion.
mdns, montis, m., mountain.
mors, mortis, f., death.
mulier, -eris, f., woman.
n&tid, -Arris, f., nation, race.
nihil, n., indict., nothing.
nomen, -inis, n., name.
oleum, -i, n., oil.
6s, 6ris, n., mouth, beak.
panis, -is, m., bread.
pascua, -ae, f., pasture.
portus, -us, m., harbor, port.
potentia, -ae, f ., might, power, force.
pratum, -I, n., meadow.
refectid, -dnis, f., refreshment, restoring.
saxum, -i, n., rock, stone.
scintillula, -ae, f., sparkle, little spark.
semita, -ae, f., way, path.
silentium, -i, n., silence.
sdl, sdlis, m., sun.
sopor, -dris, m., sleep, slumber.
Stella, -ae, f., star.
tempus, -oris, n., time.
tentatio, -dnis, f., temptation.
thalamum, -i, n., chamber.
124 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
tumulus, -I, m., heap, mound.
tutor, -dris, m., protector, defender.
umbra, -ae, f., shadow, shade.
virga, -ae, f., rod.
vis (vis), f., strength, power, might.
voluntas, -atis, f., will, wish.
vox, vdcis, f., voice, cry, word.
Verbs
advenid, -Ire, -veni, -ventus, come, arrive.
anibuld, -are, -avi, -atus, walk.
cand, -ere, cecini, , sing.
carpd, -ere, carpsi, carptus, pluck, nibble, enjoy.
con-locd, -are, -avi, -atus, place, station.
cdn-sdlor, -ari, -atus sum (deponent), comfort.
con-vertd, -ere, -verti, -versus, turn, restore.
d€-duc5, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead down, escort.
d€-mittd, -ere, -misi, -missus, send down, let down, lower.
d€-sum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be wanting, lack.
died, -ere, dud, dictus, say, speak, tell.
dl-mittd, -ere, -misi, -missus, send away, dismiss.
dis-ced6, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus, depart from, withdraw,
leave.
do, dare, dedi, datus, give.
doced, -£re, -ui, -tus, teach, show.
edd, -ere, §di, essus, eat.
e-duc6, -are, -avi, -atus, bring up, nurture.
e6, ire, ii (Ivi), iturus, go.
ex-istimo, -are, -avi, -atus, estimate, think, judge.
f erro, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, bring forth, yield.
ferveO, -ere, , , be hot, glow.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 125
fid, fieri, factus sum, be made, become, happen.
fulged, -£re, fulsi, , lighten, glitter, glisten.
fungor, fungi, functus sum (deponent), perform, do, exe-
cute, fulfil.
gr&tor, -ari, -&tus sum (deponent) , feel joy, rejoice.
inipingud, -are, -&vi, -atus, make fat, anoint.
in-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead into, bring into.
in-habit6, -fire, -fivi, -atus, dwell.
inquit, said he, said she.
luced, -§re, Ivad, , be light or clear, shine.
mic6, -are, -ul, , quiver, flash, twinkle.
miror, -&ri, -atus sum (deponent), wonder, wonder qJt.
munid, -ire, -ivi, -itus, fortify, defend.
ostendd, -ere, ostendi, ostentus, stretch out, show, display.
p&scd, -ere, pfivi, p&stus, feed, tend.
re-fer6, -ferre, rettuli, rel&tus, bear back, report.
reg6, -ere, rSxi, rectus, govern, rule.
re-ple6, -£re, -£vi, -etus, fill again, replenish.
re-sono, -fire, -fivi, -atus, resound, reecho.
sancio, -ire, sanxf, sanctus, make sacred, ordain, fix, ap-
point.
santificd, -Are, -ftvi, -&tus, sanctify; hallow.
sci6, -ire, -Ivi, -itus, know.
speculor, -Sri, -fitus sum (deponent), spy out, watch; peep.
splended, -£re, , , shine.
sub-sequor, -i, -secutus sum (deponent), follow closely.
timed, -Sre, -ui, , fear, be afraid of.
tribuld, -&re, -&vi, -&tus, trouble, harass.
vagor, -ari, -atus sum (deponent), wander.
venio, -ire, vSni, venturus, come.
viged, -gre, , , live, thrive, be robust, flourish.
126 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN
Adjectives
acerbus, -a -urn, bitter, sharp; cruel, harsh.
adversus, -a, -urn, turned against, facing; unfavorable.
aeternus, -a, -urn, eternal.
alius, -a, -um (gen. -ius, dat. -i), another, other.
aureus, -a, -um, golden.
bellus, -a, -um, pretty.
candidus, -a, -um, white, fair.
curidsus, -a, -um, inquisitive, curious.
dulcis, dulce, sweet, pleasant.
herbidus, -a, -um, grassy.
in€bri&ns, -antis, filled full, running over.
laetus, -a, -um, glad, joyful.
medius, -a, -um, middle, in the middle.
nudus, -a, -um, bare, exposed.
obscurus, -a, -um, dark, obscure.
omnipotens, -entis, mighty, omnipotent.
praeclarus, -a, -um, noble, excellent.
senex, senis, old.
unicus, -a, -um, single, only, alone, rare.
unus, -a, -um, one.
Adverbs
cotidiS, daily.
Sminus, from afar, at a distance.
ho-die, to-day.
ibi, there, in that place.
ita, so, thus. sic-ut, just as, as if.
mox, soon, presently. tarn, so, such.
noctu, at night, by night. tandem, at length, finally.
quam, how, than. vel-ut, as, like as, just.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 127
Prepositions
per, prep, with ace, through, by means of.
propter, prep, with ace, on account of y because of.
sine, prep, with abl., without.
super, prep, with ace. and abl., over, above.
Conjunctions
at, but.
ddnec, until.
nam-que, for, inasmuch as.
n€, in order that not, lest.
nee, and not, nor.
ni, if not, unless.
quandd, when.
quoniam, since.
si, if.
ut, that, in order that.
Pronouns
hie, haec, hoc, demonstrative adj. and pron., this (of mine).
ille, ilia, illud, demonstrative adj. and pron., that (yonder).
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive, that very; self, himself, her-
self, itself.
is, ea, id, demonstrative adj. and pron., this, that; he, she, it
n6s, personal, we.
noster, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron., our, ours.
qui, quae, quod, relative, who, which, what, that.
qulnam, quaenam, quidnam, interrogative, who, what.
tu, personal, thou, you.
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