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AN INTRODUCTION
TO
LATIN SYNTAX
GIBSON
HENRY FROWDE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE
AMEN CORNER, E.G.
Series
AN INTRODUCTION
TO
L AT IN SYNTAX
BY
W. S. GIBSON, M.A,
Late Exhibitioner of Balliol College
Ojrfori
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
M DCCC LXXXVIII
rights resei~ved~\
PREFACE.
THIS little book is an attempt, based on the experience of
several years, first as assistant master at a public school, and
then as the master of a preparatory school, to present Latin
syntax in such a way as to require less supplementing by
oral explanation than is necessary with an ordinary memorial
syntax (though for many boys this oral explanation can
never be entirely dispensed with), and to make it impossible
for any boy to learn the rules as mere forms of words,
without any attempt at -understanding them. Instead of
beginning with an abstract (and therefore, to most boys,
meaningless) rule to be learned, each Section begins with
a Latin sentence or sentences illustrative of the rule which
is to be explained. The master should see that the pupil
is able to translate these sentences word for word, and to
parse every word in them. When he can do this, he will be
in a position to understand the analysis of the sentences
which follows, leading him up by a kind of induction to the
rule, which is thus only presented to him when he is able to
recognise its truth. The sentences are for the most part
taken from the examples in the Public Schools Primer,
though I have sometimes taken others which seemed to me
better adapted to illustrate the particular rules under con-
sideration, and in a few instances, where I could not find a
VI PREFACE.
perfectly suitable example to hand, I have framed one to
suit my requirements.
As regards arrangement, I have on the whole followed the
lines of the Public Schools Primer, though I have not
hesitated to depart from the order there observed, where it
seemed to me that greater clearness would be attained by
so doing. Such departures occur chiefly in the treatment of
the ablative and of the genitive. There is also an important
one in Chapter II, Section 4, where, after the explanation of
the accusative with infinitive, is introduced that of the mood
and tense in a subordinate clause depending on an accusative
with infinitive. It would be absurd for a boy to work all
through the rules on the several cases, and those on the
infinitive, gerunds, supines, and gerundive, before he had
any practice in the commonest use of the subjunctive ; and
this seemed the most natural place to introduce it.
Each Section concludes with one or more exercises, to
test the pupil's power of applying the rule which has just
been arrived at. In the framing of these exercises great care
has been taken to illustrate the rules previously treated as
well as those immediately under consideration, so that the
pupil may by constant repetition be kept from forgetting
what he has once learned.
It is a common complaint among schoolmasters that the
exercise books do not give enough practice on each rule. I
have tried to meet this want by often giving two exercises to
a Section, and ending each Chapter with three, which are
intended to serve as a kind of recapitulation of the contents
of the whole Chapter. For some boys, no doubt, a smaller
PREFACE. vii
number of exercises would be sufficient ; but an exercise can
always be missed at the discretion of the teacher.
A word or two may be necessary with regard to one or
two departures from the ordinary practice in the use of
grammatical terms. The term ' subject ' is, in most Gram-
mars, 'used indifferently for the thing spoken of and for
the name denoting this thing. The same remark applies,
mutatis mutandis, to the term ' object.' This ambiguous
use of terms, however high the authority for it, surely
ministers to that confusion between words and things which
is so common in the minds of the young, but from which
it is a part of the teacher's business to deliver them. The
terms 'subject' and 'object' are in this book used only to
signify things ; for the names denoting the things I have
ventured to introduce the terms * subject noun ' and ' object
noun/ This necessitates a slight extension of the meaning
of the word ' noun ' beyond its ordinary use, so as to make
it include substantival pronouns. It does not, however,
imply the disuse of the term ' pronoun,' which may still be
used to denote such words as stand in the place of nouns,
though these are no longer regarded as forming a separate
part of speech, but only as a subdivision of the class of
nouns. With regard to the so-called ' adjectival pronouns/
I have followed the French practice of calling them adjectives.
This is surely more logical and less confusing than to class
together words of such different functions as ' I ' and ' my/
and raise the class so formed to the rank of a (quite un-
necessary) part of speech.
It is hoped that the plan of giving a separate Vocabulary
VI 11 PREFACE.
for each part of speech may have the effect of obliging the
pupil to think before looking out a word, and so tend to
eliminate one fruitful source of mistakes, the habit of taking
the first Latin equivalent found for an English word (which
may have half a dozen different meanings), and spare a few
teachers' ears the too familiar answer in justification of a
blunder, ' Please, Sir ! I found it in the Dictionary/
THE ROOKERY, HEADINGTON,
OXFORD.
CHAPTER I.
ON AGREEMENT.
SECTION 1. On the agreement of a noun with another
noun, with which it is in apposition.
[Note. — No exercises are given on the agreement of the verb or ad-
jective with a single noun, as it is assumed that the pupil will have been
thoroughly practised in these while learning the accidence of verbs and
adjectives.]
Let the following sentence be learned, and each word in it
parsed :
Nos pueri patrem Lollium imitabimur.
We boys will imitate our father Lollius.
In this sentence the noun ' pueri ' is added to the noun *
' nos ' to explain it more fully, and the two nouns denote,
or are names of, the same persons. Notice that ' pueri ' is in
the same case with ' nos/
So also 'Lollium' is added to explain 'patrem/ and
denotes the same person that is denoted by this noun.
Notice again that 'Lollium' is in the same case with
1 patrem.'
1 The word ' noun ' is used throughout this book to include sub-
.stantival pronouns, ' adjective ' to include adjectival pronouns and par-
'ticiples.
2 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
A noun thus added to another noun to explain it, and de-
noting the same thing as the noun which it explains, is said
to be in apposition with that noun1. As we have seen, it
must be in the same case with the noun with which it is in
apposition.
Exercise 1.
1 . The master is teaching two boys, the sons of Caius.
2. Who will dare to say such things* about you, the de-
liverers of your country ?
3. I shall give all these books to my son Caius.
4. Tarquinius Superbus, the son of Priscus, had married
the daughter of king Servius Tullius.
5. India has two very large rivers, the Indus and the
Ganges.
6. The Tarentines sought aid against the Romans from
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.
7. The Samnites had come into Campania, the most fertile
district of Italy.
8. The Helvetii used to dwell between Mount Jura and
the river Rhone.
9. He will refuse this even to you, his 3 dearest friend.
10. Alcibiades was a pupil of Socrates, the wisest of the
Greeks.
1 Unless it is put in to show who is being addressed, in which case it
is of course a vocative.
2 When the word 'thing' has an adjective qualifying it, it may
generally be left out in turning into Latin, if it is in the nomina-
tive or accusative, and the adjective must then be put in the neuter
gender.
3 A possessive adjective should generally be left out in turning into
Latin, if the meaning is quite clear without it. Here there can be no
doubt whose friend is meant, therefore ' his ' may be left out.
ON AGREEMENT. 3
SECTION 2. On the agreement of a relative with its
antecedent.
Let the following sentences be learned, and the words in
them parsed :
1. Mortuus est Cains, quern omnes amavimus.
Cams, whom we all loved, is dead.
2. Amo te, mater, quae me amas.
/ love you, mother, who love me.
To find the word that a relative pronoun refers to, or
stands for, turn the relative clause into a question, and see
what word must be used instead of the relative pronoun in the
answer.
For instance, to find the word that 'whom,' in Sent, i,
refers to, ask the question ' Whom did we all love ? ' Ans.1
' We all loved Caius.' ' Caius ' is the word that ' whom '
refers to, and is called the antecedent.
In this answer ' Caius ' is the object noun. Therefore,
as the word ' whom ' in the relative clause stands for ' Caius,'
it denotes the object, and this explains why ' quern ' is in the
accusative.
Now, as ' quern ' stands for ' Caium,' it is of course in the
same gender and number as that word, i. e. masc. sing.
To find the antecedent in Sentence 2, ask the question
' Who loves me ? ' Ans. ' You love me.' ' You ' is the ante-
cedent, and the relative pronoun ' quae ' is in the same gender
and number as ' te,' i. e. (as it is a woman that is addressed)
fern. sing.
1 In making the answer to the question, it is necessary to repeat the
verb, or the reason for the case of the relative pronoun will not be made
clear.
B 2
4 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
In this answer * you ' is the subject noun. Therefore, as
the word 'who' in the relative clause stands for 'you/ it
denotes the subject, and this is why ' quae ' is in the nomina-
tive. Further, as the relative pronoun ' quae,' which denotes
the subject, stands for ' tu/ the verb ' amas ' is in the 2nd
person singular, to agree with its subject noun.
We see, then, that a relative agrees with its antecedent in
gender, number^ and person, but in case belongs to its own
clause.
Notice that it is only when the relative denotes the subject
of its clause that it affects the person of the verb.
Exercise 2.
1. This man * has a maidservant, who was taken in that city.
2. Are you not* willing to give this to me, your friend,
who have preserved you ?
3. The Romans besieged the towns of the Latins, whom
they had defeated at Mount Vesuvius.
4. We are willing to do anything* for* you, who have
preserved us.
5. Let us finish the work, which we have undertaken.
6. The legions, which the Romans had sent against
Hannibal, were routed at the river Trebia.
7. The Romans made an alliance with the Campanians,
whose city, Capua, the Samnites were besieging.
1 When the word ' man ' has an adjective qualifying it, it may gene-
rally be left out in turning into Latin, the adjective of course being put
in the masculine gender.
2 ' Not ' in a question should generally be translated by ' nonne.'
3 Quidvis. 4 Pro.
ON AGREEMENT. 5
8. Never shall the enemy'*- conquer us, who are righting on
behalf of our country.
9. The citizens will be walling to do 2 anything zfor you,
soldiers, who have saved the city.
10. The Romans sent two armies against the Samnites,
who had invaded Campania.
Exercise 3.
1. I cannot entrust this to you, who have always been my
enemy 4.
2. The Albans dismissed the ambassador, who had come
from king Tullus.
3. He is despised by those whom he fears.
4. What rewards will be given to us, who have saved the
state ?
5. This boy hates even me, who love him.
6. The defeat, which the army had received, was an-
nounced to Caius, the praefect of the city.
7. We will follow you, tribunes, -who are leading us against
the enemy 5.
8. Tarquinius Superbus killed king Servius Tullus, whose
daughter Tullia he had married.
9. Let us pay 6 honour to the women, who died/0r 7 their
country.
10. The Aegean sea, which separates Greece from
Asia, contains the islands Lesbos, Samos, and very many
others.
1 Hostes, plur. This word always signifies an enemy of one's country.
2 Quidvis. 3 Pro.
4 Inimicus (a personal enemy). 5 See n. i.
* Tribu-o, -ere, -i, tributum. 7 Pro.
6 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
SECTION 3. On the agreement of a verb or adjective
with two or more nouns.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero'*- valemus.
If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I * are well.
2. Pater mihi et mater mortui sunt.
My father and mother are dead.
3. Labor voluptasque natura dissimillima sunt.
Toil and pleasure are by nature very different.
In each of these sentences the subject is denoted by two
nouns in the nominative case coupled together. When this
is the case, the verb is in the plural, in Latin as in English,
even though each of the nouns denoting the subject may be
in the singular.
In Sentence i the subject of ' valetis ' is denoted by a pro-
noun of the 2nd person ' tu/ and a noun, ' Tullia/ of the 3rd
person, coupled together. Notice that the verb is in the 2nd
person, not the 3rd. So also the subject of 'valemus' is
denoted by a pronoun of the ist person, ' ego/ and a noun,
' Cicero/ of the 3rd person, coupled together. Notice that
the verb is in the ist person, not the 3rd.
In Sentence 2, where the subject is denoted by two nouns
of the 3rd person coupled together, the verb is, of course,
in the 3rd person too.
The rule, then, is that, when the nouns denoting the sub-
ject are of different persons, the verb agrees with the ist person
rather than the 2nd or %rd, and with the 2nd rather than the
yd.
In Sentence 2 the nouns denoting the subject are a mas-
1 Notice that in Latin the first person is put before the second or
third, in English we generally use the reverse order.
ON AGREEMENT. 7
culine, ' pater/ and a feminine, ' mater/ each denoting a living
being. Notice that the adjective ' mortui ' is in the masculine
gender, not the feminine.
In Sentence 3 the nouns denoting the subject are a mas-
culine, ' labor/ and a feminine, ' voluptas/ each denoting a
lifeless thing. Here the adjective ' dissimillima ' is in the
neuter gender.
The rule, then, is that, when an adjective qualifies two or
more nouns of different genders^ it agrees with the masculine
rather than the feminine, if the nouns denote living beings ; but
is generally put in the neuter, if the nouns denote lifeless things.
The same rules of course apply to the person and gender
of a relative pronoun, when the antecedent consists of two or
more nouns coupled together.
Exercise 4.
1. Your father and I were taught by1 the same master,
Orbilius*.
2. My legions and I have routed the enemy.
3. You and your legions were routed by the enemy, whom
you had provoked to 3 battle.
4. Trees and walls were thrown down in that storm, which
you had predicted.
5. We are mourning for* Caius and his wife Tullia, who
were killed by the soldiers.
6. You and I were sitting by the river, which flows past
our garden.
7. The women and children 5, whom we took in the city,
have been set free 6.
1 Ab, used with a pass, verb to show the person by whom something
is done. 2 Orbilius is the master's name.
3 Ad. * Lugeo, I mourn for, trans.
5 Pueri. 6 Liber-o, -are, I set free.
8 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
8. You and your horsemen will go to the right wing ; my
lieutenant and I will remain here.
9. P. Decius Mus and T. Manlius Torquatus, whom the
Romans had sent against the Latins, drew up l their army by
Mount Vesuvius.
10. Successes 2, honours, victories, have been denied to me
by the gods.
Exercise 5.
1. My wife and son were left in the city.
2. We are fighting for our altars and hearths, which we
will never yield up 3 to the enemy.
3. These things were said to your brother Quintus and
me, who were then standing by 4.
4. We and our allies will soon put to flight 5 the savage
multitude, which has invaded our territory.
5. The king and his legions had not yet set out.
6. All men are praising you and your wife Cornelia, who
have saved the city.
7. You and I were rejoicing because the general and the
army had returned unharmed.
8. The state has lost an excellent citizen, Hirtius, whose
death we are all mourning.
9. If you and your children are in good health*, it is well ;
my wife and I are in good health.
10. The shields and spears, which we had taken from the
enemy, were hung up 7 in the temples.
1 Instru-o, -£re, -xi, -ctum. 2 Res secundae.
3 Trad-o, -ere, -idi, -itunu 4 Adst-o, -are, I stand by.
5 Fug-o, -are, I put to flight. 6 Valeo, I am in good health.
7 Suspen-do, -dere, -di, -sum.
ON AGREEMENT. . 9
Exercise 6.
1 . You and your sister were walking near the river Tiber.
2. The consul and one legion had been put to flight'* by the
enemy.
3. Our houses and lands, which we had left unoccupied,
were spoiled by the enemy.
4. The houses and temples were set on fire"- by the enemy,
who had broken 3 into the city.
5. My brother and I have been praised by Caius, a tribune
of the soldiers.
6. You and I were fighting on 4 the walls, which the enemy
were assailing.
7. The king has promised a reward to you and your son,
who were wounded in that battle.
8. Your mother and I were born in this house.
9. Our houses and goods were entrusted to the protection
of Servilius, the master of the horse 5.
10. You and I have seen the destruction 6 which was caused'1
by the enemy.
1 See Ex. 5, n. 5. 3 Incen-do, -dere, -di, -sum, I set on fire.
3 Ir-rump-o, -ere, -rup-i, -turn. 4 In.
5 Magister equitum. 6 Strag-es, -is. • Fac-io, -ere, feci, factum.
CHAPTER II.
ON THE ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE AND ON COPULATIVE
VERBS.
SECTION 1. On the accusative with infinitive, depend-
ing on a verb in a primary tense.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Scimus annos fugere.
We know that years flee.
2. Dicit se peccavisse.
He says that he has sinned.
3. Promittit se iturum esse.
He promises that he will go.
In all these sentences the principal verb expresses either
belief of a fact (as in Sentence i, 'We know'), or a statement
of a fact (as in Sentence 2, ' He says/ and Sentence 3, 'He
promises'). Such verbs may in English be followed by a
clause introduced by the conjunction ' that.' In turning into
Latin the word 'that' must be left out, and the verb of
the clause introduced by it must be put in the infinitive,
with its subject noun in the accusative.
ON THE ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE. 11
Exercise 1 .
1. He says1 that the soldiers did not1- fear death.
2. I hope that your father and mother will soon come.
3. It is announced that the enemy have been conquered.
4. He hopes that the enemy will be conquered.
5. They say that the enemy's cavalry is approaching.
6. I think that the plunder will be given to the soldiers.
7. I feel that I am being justly punished.
8. I do not think that Caesar was justly killed.
9. We shall soon hear 2 that the camp is being taken.
10. The general has promised that we shall receive large
rewards.
1 1. I know that the enemy have broken* into the camp.
12. The general believes that the sentinels are keeping
watch 4 before the gates.
SECTION 2. On the case of the complement of a copu-
lative verb.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Nemo nascitur sapiens.
Nobody is born wise.
2. Constat neminem nasci sapientem.
// is agreed that nobody is born wise.
1 When there is a ' not ' in a clause introduced by ' that ' depending
on the verb ' say,' use ' neg-o ' (-are), I deny, for the principal verb, and
leave out the ' not.'
2 This is a verb expressing a statement of a fact, as it implies that
some one will say that which we shall hear.
3 See Chap, i, Ex. 6, n. 3.
* Excub-o, -are, I keep watch.
13 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
In these sentences it is clear that the word ' wise ' — or
some other word — is necessary to complete the meaning of
the verb ' is born/ as it would be absurd to say ' Nobody is
born.' It is equally clear that the verb does not express an
action done to any person or thing, and is therefore not a
transitive verb. It is therefore a copulative verb, and the
word 'wise,' which completes its meaning, is the comple-
ment
Notice that the complement of a copulative verb is in the same
case as its subject noun, whether that noun is in the nomina-
tive, as in Sentence i, or in the accusative, as in Sentence 2.
If the complement is an adjective, it will of course agree
with the subject noun in gender and number also.
Exercise 2.
1. The leader, whom we are following, seems most
cautious.
2. Your father will perceive that you are becoming
learned.
3. Even those who were born deaf and dumb, may1 learn
much 2.
4. It is agreed that Camillus was a very great* general.
5. These things were unknown to you and me, who were
then boys.
6. Do you not* know that my brother and I shall be
fellow-soldiers ?
7. You and your brother, who had seemed unfriendly to
us, turned out5 most friendly.
1 Possum. 2 Say ' many things.' s Summus.
4 See Chap, i, Ex. 2, n. 2.
5 E-vad-o, -ere, -vas-i, -urn, I turn out, i.e. prove to be.
ON THE ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE. 13
8. All will confess that you have turned out1 a skilful
leader.
9. We are fighting for our wives and children, who, if we
are conquered*, will become the prey of the enemy.
10. It is agreed that nobody ever becomes suddenly very
base.
11. I think that this surrender will seem most disgraceful.
SECTION 3. On the accusative with infinitive depend-
ing on a verb in a historic tense.
In the last two exercises, wherever we have had an accu-
sative with infinitive, the verb on which it depended has been
in a primary tense. Now let the following sentences be
learned, in which the accusative with infinitive depends on
a verb in a historic tense :
1. Scivimus annos fugere.
We knezv that the years were flying .
2. Dixit se peccavisse.
He said that he had sinned.
3. Promisit se iturum esse.
He promised that he would go.
Notice that the present infinitive 'fugere/ in Sentence i, is
translated as a past imperfect, the past infinitive ' peccavisse,'
in Sentence 2, as a pluperfect, and the future infinitive ' iturum
esse/ in Sentence 3, by the words ' would go.'
In Latin, 'fugere' is in the present tense, because the
action expressed by it was present at the time referred to by
the principal verb ' scivimus.'
1 See n. 5, p 12. a Say ' shall have been conquered.'
14 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
' Peccavisse ' is in the past tense, because the action ex-
pressed by it was past at the time referred to by the principal
verb 'dixit.'
' Itunim esse ' is in the future tense, because the action
expressed by it was future at the time referred to by the
principal verb ' promisit.'
To see, then, what tense of the infinitive should be used,
where the accusative with infinitive depends on a verb in
a historic tense, think what tense would have been used by
the person himself about whom the principal verb tells you.
Thus:
' We knew that the years were flying ' implies that we said
to ourselves ' The years are flying.' Therefore ' fugere ' is
in the present infinitive.
'He said that he had sinned' = 'He said " I have sinned" '
Therefore ' peccavisse ' is in the past infinitive.
'He promised that he would go' implies that he said
' I will go.' Therefore ' iturum esse ' is in the future in-
finitive.
Remember that there are only three distinctions of tense
in the infinitive, and that, if any past tense would have
been used by the person speaking, the past infinitive must
be used.
Exercise 3.
i. He pretended that he1 saw through* the plans of the
conspirators.
1 In a clause depending on a verb expressing a belief or statement of
a fact, the personal pronouns ' he,' ' she,' ' it,' ' they,' must be translated
by ' se,' and the possessive adjectives, ' his,' 'her/ ' its,' 'their,' by 'suns/
if they refer to the subject of the verb on which the clause depends.
2 Per-spic-io, -ere, -spexi, -spectum.
ON THE ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE. 15
2. He heard that the enemy had broken l into the camp.
3. It was announced that the trees and buildings had
been set on fire'2' by the enemy.
4. He promised that rewards should be given to the
soldiers.
5. He heard that the guilty were being punished.
6. He hoped that his brother and sister would be there 3.
7. He hoped that the enemy would be conquered by the
dictator Camillus.
8. He said* that the citadel had not^ been taken.
9. I did not believe that the enemy had taken the
citadel.
10. // was already clear5 to all that war was impending.
11. He promised that you and your wife should receive
rewards.
12. The Romans heard that Luceria, a town of Apulia,
was being besieged by the Samnites.
SECTION 4. On the mood and tense in a subordinate
clause depending on an accusative with infinitive.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Dicit eos, qui boni sint, beatos esse.
He says that those, who are good, are happy.
2. Dixit eos, qui boni essent, beatos esse.
He said that those, who were good, were happy.
3. Dicit te laudatum iri, quod heri veneris.
He says that you will be praised, because you came
yesterday.
1 See Chap, i, Ex. 6, n. 3. 2 See Chap, i, Ex. 6, n. 2.
3 Ad-sum, -esse, -fui. * See Ex. i, n. i.
5 Apparet, it is clear.
l6 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
4. Dixit te laudatum iri, quod heri venisses.
He said that you would be praised, because you had
come yesterday.
In each of these sentences we have a subordinate1 clause
depending on the accusative with infinitive, in Sentences i
and 2 a relative clause qualifying ' eos/ the subject of the in-
finitive, in Sentences 3 and 4 a clause introduced by the
conjunction 'quod,' qualifying the infinitive 'laudatum iri/
Notice that the verb in the subordinate clause is in all cases
in the subjunctive.
Notice, further, that where the verb, on which the accu-
sative with infinitive depends, is in a primary tense, as in
Sentences i and 3, the verb in the subordinate clause is in the
present or perfect subjunctive : where the principal verb
is in a historic tense, as in Sentences 2 and 4, the verb in the
subordinate clause is in the imperfect or pluperfect sub-
junctive. In general, the English will be a sufficient guide
as to the tense to be used ; but if you are in doubt whether
to use the imperfect or the perfect, remember that the im-
perfect subjunctive can only be used when the principal verb
is in a historic tense^ the perfect only when the principal verb
is in a primary tense.
Be careful to distinguish between a clause depending on
the accusative with infinitive, and introduced by either a
relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction 2, and a clause
joined to the accusative with infinitive by a coordinating
conjunction z.
1 A clause is said to be subordinate to another clause when it depends
on (i. e. completes the meaning of) that clause, and does not itself make
any fresh statement.
3 A subordinating conjunction introduces a clause which makes no
fresh statement, but only completes the meaning of the statement made
ON THE ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE. 17
Thus, in the sentence ' He said that the holidays were
over, and he must go back to school/ the clause ' he must
go back to school ' does not depend on the clause ' that the
holidays were over/ but makes a fresh statement. It is
merely joined to this clause by the coordinating conjunction
' and/ and both clauses alike depend on the verb ' said/
and must in Latin be turned by the accusative with in-
finitive.
Exercise 4.
1. He said that he was a Roman citizen, and1 could not**-
be condemned unheard.
2. He learned* that those, who had escaped out of the
battle, had perished in the lake.
3. He says 3 that those, who conspired against the tyrant,
did not* fear death.
4. He suspected that he was being deceived by those, who
said this.
5. He felt that his strength was failing, and that he would
soon die.
6. He confesses that he has done many things, which
cannot be approved.
7. He affirmed that all, who had been taken by the enemy,
would be killed.
8. I feel that those, who did such things, are justly
punished.
9. He heard that the soldiers, whom he had placed on 4
the right wing, were already flying.
in the principal clause. A coordinating conjunction joins two clauses
together, each of which makes a separate statement.
1 Nee, and not. 2 Cog-nosc-o, -ere, -novi, -nitum.
3 See Chap, ii, Ex. i, n. i. * In.
C
1 8 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
\ o. They knew that their wives and children, whom they
were leaving in the city, would be led away 1 into slavery.
Exercise 5.
1. He promises that those, who saved their commander,
shall receive large rewards.
2. He cried out* that the enemy were cowards, and would
soon surrender the fort.
3. They felt that they had been betrayed by their com-
manders, who were leading them to the battle.
4. He announces that the town has been taken, and that
the citizens are being butchered.
5. He had already learned* that those, who were on4 the
right wing, were being hard pressed* by the enemy.
6. He promised that rewards should be given to those
soldiers, who had^r.?/6 broken"1 into the enemy's camp.
7. He thinks that these towns will never be taken by our
men 8, unless we have a better general.
8. He said that the legions had been put to flight* by
those, whom they had often before conquered.
9. It was announced to Caesar, that the enemy's infantry
were still on this side o/10 the river, but11 that the cavalry had
already crossed to the other bank.
I Ab-duc-o, -ere, -duxi, -ductum.
3 Clam-o, -are. 3 See Ex. 4, n. 2. * See Ex. 4, n. 4.
5 Prem-o, -ere, press-i, -urn, I press hard. 6 Adjective.
7 See Chap, i, Ex. 6, n. 3. 8 See Chap, i, Ex. 2, n. i.
9 See Chap, i, Ex. 5, n. 5. 10 Citra.
II Vero. This word must stand after the first word of the clause which
it joins on to the preceding clause. »
ON THE ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE. 19
10. I know that the enemy have invaded our territory,
and are already drawing mar * to the city ; but I hope that
the allies will arrive before them 2.
Exercise 6.
1. He heard that the allies were being blockaded, and*
could not 3 long endure the scarcity of corn.
2. The enemy will learn* from deserters, that our forces
are about to cross the river, where it is narrow.
3. These men swore that they would allow no one to be
king 5, while they themselves lived.
4. I affirm that the Tarquins have reigned too long ; I am
sure 6 that they cannot live [as] 7 private men ; I believe that
their name will be dangerous to our liberty.
5. It was announced that the two cohorts, which had
been left on the other side of8 the river, were being hard
pressed 9 by the enemy,
6. He said that a letter would be given to the ambassadors,
who had come from our allies the Athenians.
7. I am sure6 that our houses and temples will be set on
fire 10, if they are taken n by the enemy.
8. He felt that the riches and honours, which most1"21 men
desired, would soon pass away 13.
1 Appropinqu-o, -are, 1 draw near. 2 Prius, adverb.
3 See Ex. 4, n. i. * See Ex. 4, n. 2.
Regn-o, -are, I am king. 6 Pro certo habeo.
Words enclosed in square brackets are to be omitted in translating.
Trans. 9 See Ex. 5, n. 5. 10 See Chap, i, Ex. 6, n. 2.
1 Say ' have been taken.' r- Plerique.
3 Inter-eo, -Ire, -ii, -itum.
C 2
20 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
9. He said that the allies, if they had sinned, had already
suffered a heavy punishment^.
10. The citizens believed that the enemy had fled, and
that our men 2 were the conquerors.
1 Poenas do (dare, dedi, datum), I suffer punishment.
2 See Chap, i, Ex. 2, n. i.
CHAPTER III.
ON THE ACCUSATIVE.
IT is assumed that the pupil has been sufficiently practised
in the ordinary use of the accusative for the object noun,
while learning the declensions of nouns.
SECTION 1. On the accusative of kindred meaning.
Sentence to be learned :
Duram servit servitutem.
He serves a hard slavery.
If we consider the above sentence, we shall see at once
that the word * servitutem,' though it depends on the verb
' servit/ does not denote an object, or thing acted upon.
We may notice, further, that it denotes a kind of action,
the same kind, namely, which is expressed by the verb
' servit/
An intransitive verb, then, may take an accusative of a noun
denoting the same kind of action which is expressed by the verb.
This is called an accusative of kindred meaning^ because the
meaning of the noun in the accusative is akin to, or like,
the meaning of the verb. The noun in the accusative is
almost always qualified by an adjective, as in the above
example.
By way of exercise, let a noun of kindred meaning, with
22 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
a suitable adjective, be supplied to each of the following
verbs :
1. He sleeps -.
2. He died
3. The soldiers fought
4. The bird sings
5. The planets run
6. The traveller goes .
7. The bells ring
8. The musician played
9. The cricketers played
10. The savages dance _
SECTION 2. On verbs of asking and teaching.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Nunquam divitias deos rogavi.
/ never asked riches of the gods.
2. Quid nunc te litteras doceam ?
Why should I now teach you letters ?
3. Nunquam divitias a me dei rogati sunt.
The gods were never asked for riches by me.
4. Quid nunc tu litteras a me docearis ?
Why should you now be taught letters by me ?
To find the object noun in the first of these sentences,
we might say either ' Whom did I never ask ? ' or ' What did
I never ask ? ' The answer to the former question would
be ' The gods,' to the latter, ' Riches/ Thus we have two
object nouns.
So also, to find the object noun in the second sentence,
we might say either ' Whom should I teach ? ' or ' What
ON THE ACCUSATIVE. 2$
should I teach ? ' The answers to these two questions
would again give us two object nouns, ' you ' and ' letters/
We see, then, that a verb of asking or teaching can have
two object nouns, one denoting a person, the other a thing.
Both are in Latin put in the accusative.
If we look at the third and fourth sentences, we shall
see that they mean just the same as the first and second,
but in each of them the verb is turned into a passive verb.
The noun denoting the person asked or taught now becomes
the subject noun, and is in the nominative, but the noun
denoting the thing asked or taught is still in the accusative.
Caution. In English we often use a preposition after
a verb of asking. Thus we may say either ' I never asked
riches of the gods' or 'I never asked the godsy^r riches.'
Do not be misled by the English preposition, but remember
that in Latin the accusative must be used both for the person
asked and for the thing asked for, if the verb is active (and
for the thing asked for, even if the verb is passive), no matter
what preposition may be used in English.
Exercise 1.
1. The Achaeans asked Philip, the king of the Mace-
donians, for aid.
2. He said that he and his wife had been asked for their
opinions about this matter.
3. He is teaching the same art, which he was taught
by you.
4. [It] is better to fight a farce1 battle than to serve a
disgraceful slavery.
1 Atro-x, -cis.
24 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
5. He asks money of those, whom he has taught philo-
sophy.
6. You and I have been asked for money by those, by
whom we were taught philosophy.
7. He said that he was teaching his son letters.
8. You and your brothers have been asked for aid by
those, of whom you had yourselves asked advice.
9. He is being taught diligence by those, whom he is
teaching letters.
10. He said that he would ask his father for advice.
SECTION 3. On factive verbs.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Te facimus, Fortuna, deam.
We make thee, Fortune, a goddess.
2. Romulus urbem suam Romam vocavit.
Romulus called his city Rome.
3. Magister pueros ignavos putat.
The master thinks the boys idle.
4. Fis dea a nobis, Fortuna.
Thou art made a goddess by us, Fortune.
5. A Romulo urbs sua Roma vocata est.
His city was called Rome by Romulus.
6. Pueri a magistro ignavi putantur.
The boys are thought idle by the master.
In each of the first three of these sentences we have a
transitive verb, with an object noun in the accusative, but
in each of them the meaning of the verb is incomplete until
another word, besides the object noun, is added. Thus
it would be nonsense to say, ' The master thinks the boys/
ON THE ACCUSATIVE. 2$
but, as soon as the word ' idle ' is added, the sentence gives
a good sense. Again, although it is good sense to say ' The
carpenter makes a table/ or 'Your father calls you,' yet
it is evident that, in the senses in which the verbs ' make '
and ' call ' are used in Sentences i and 2 above, their mean-
ings would not be complete without the words ' a goddess '
in Sentence i and 'Rome' in Sentence 2.
A verb of making, calling, or thinking, which wants
another word, besides an object noun, to complete its
meaning, by showing what the object is made, called, or
thought, is called a /active verb, from facio, to make.
The word that is added to the object noun to complete
the meaning of a factive verb is called the complement. It
may be either a noun, or an adjective, and must agree with
the object noun in case, and, if it is an adjective, in gender and
number also.
In Sentences 4, 5, and 6, the verbs of Sentences 1,2, and
3 are turned into passive verbs, and the object noun in each
sentence becomes the subject noun, and is of course put
in the nominative. The complement is therefore in the
nominative also, as the noun it has to agree with is now the
subject noun. Thus a factive verb in the passive becomes
copulative.
Exercise 2.
1. He is thought wise by those, whom he calls fools.
2. Cincinnatus, having been created dictator, * appointed
C. Servilius ^master of the horse.
3. Those whom we love are called our friends.
4. My brother and I have been asked for money by those,
whom we think very rich.
1 Dic-o, -eje, dixi, dictum. 2 See Chap, i, Ex. 6, n. 5.
26 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
5. You and your brother are being taught philosophy
by him, whom you call a slave.
6. You and I are thought troublesome by those, whom
we have asked for money.
7. He said that he had been made leader, not king.
8. That part of Gaul, which was nearest to Italy, was
called Narbonensis. ,
9. They said that they would make this man king, be-
cause he had shown l himself a skilful leader.
10. He said that Caius was considered a prudent general.
Exercise 3.
1. They said that they would create him dictator, whom
the senate had judged worthy.
2. We have been made slaves by those, whom we taught
letters.
3. In the Ligurian sea is the island Corsica, which the
Greeks used to call Cyrnus.
4. He said that those, whom he had asked for help, had
become cowards.
5. He said that this city was called Capua.
6. The old man, who has been asked for his opinion, is
considered very wise.
7. He is taught many things by those, whom he calls
his pupils.
8. Romulus, whom all thought 2 a brave man, was called a
god after his death.
1 Praest-o, -are, -iti. ' Show ' is here a factive verb, coming tinder
the head of verbs of making.
2 « Thought ' here = ' used to think.'
ON THE ACCUSATIVE. 27
9. He said that those, who had asked pardon of the
conqueror, would be called cowards.
10. We know that some, who seem learned to themselves,
are thought fools by others.
SECTION 4. On the accusative of place whither.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Regulus Carthaginem rediit.
Regulus returned to Carthage.
2. Vos ite domum; ego rus ibo.
Go ye home ; I will go into the country.
3. Ad urbem veni.
/ came to the city.
In the first two of these sentences we have the accusatives
Carthaginem, domum, rus, used with verbs of motion, with-
out any preposition, answering the question ' whither ? ' just
as in English we speak of going home, not going to home.
In Latin the preposition is left out with the words ' domum,1
1 rus •/ and names of towns : with any other word a preposition
(ad, to, or, in, into) must be used, as in Sentence 3. With
the name of a country, ' to ' should be translated by ' in/ not
' ad/ ' Ad Britarmiam venit ' would mean ' He came to
the coast of Britain' (and no further), whereas, if we say
' He came to Britain/ we really mean to imply that he came
into the country.
Exercise 4.
i. He said that he would go to Athens, to teach^ his sons
philosophy.
1 Say ' that (ut) he might/ &c.
28 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
2. He was sent into the camp, to ask1 the consul for
help.
3. Onez of the consuls went into Samnium, the other
returned home.
4. Lest he should be made a slave by the conqueror, he
fled into the country.
5. He said that the army, which they believed ready
for 3 battle, had gone into winter quarters.
6. Ambassadors were sent to Rome, to ask 4 peace of the
senate.
7. He sent his lieutenant into Gaul ; he himself returned
home. .
8. As soon as5 he arrived in6 the city, he determined to
return to the country.
9. He said that he was going to Rome, to be taught^
eloquence.
10. We shall be asked for help by the ambassadors, who
have come to England.
SECTION 5. On the accusatives of duration of time,
measure of space, and respect.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Pericles quadraginta annos praefuit Athenis.
Pericles led Athens forty years.
2. Erant muri Babylonis ducentos pedes alti.
The walls of Babylon were two hundred feet high.
1 See n. i, p. 27. 2 Alter, -a, -um. 3 Ad.
* Say ' who should ask.' 5 Quum primum.
6 As ' to arrive ' is a verb of motion, the words ' in ' and ' at,' de-
pending on it, must always be turned into Latin as if they were ' into '
and ' to.'
ON THE ACCUSATIVE. 29
3. Tremit artus.
He trembles in his limbs.
4. Nudae sunt lacertos.
They are bare as to the arms.
In the first of these sentences the words 'quadraginta
annos ' are in the accusative, answering the question < how
long ? ' (of time). This is called the accusative of duration
of time. In English we often use the preposition ' for ' ; for
instance, we might say ' Pericles led Athens for forty years/
Do not be misled by this into using the dative : in answer
to the question 'how long?' the accusative must always
be used in Latin.
In the same way, the accusative is used, as in Sentence 2,
in answer to the questions ' how high ? ' ' how deep ? ' ' how
long?' (of space), 'how broad?' ' how far ?' Notice that
the word 'alti/ in Sentence 2, agrees with 'muri'; it is the
words ' ducentos pedes/ which tell us how high the walls
were, that are in the accusative. This is called the accu-
sative of measure of space. It may depend either on an
adjective, as ' high/ ' deep/ ' long/ ' broad/ or on a verb
signifying distance.
The use of the accusative in Sentences 3 and 4 is very
similar to its use to express measure, for, though the words
* artus ' and ' lacertos ' do not express a definite measure,
yet they may be said to answer the question ' how far ? '
(or ' over how much of the body ? '). This is called the
accusative of respect, because it also answers the question
c in what respect ? ' It may depend on a verb, as in Sentence
3, or on an adjective, as in Sentence 4. In English we
sometimes use the preposition 'in/ sometimes 'as to/ or
we might say, in more old fashioned language, ' in respect
30 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
of.' The accusative of respect is chiefly used in poetry : in
prose, the ablative is generally used instead of it.
Exercise 5.
1. He said that the Roman people had flourished for
many centuries.
2. He fled to the city, which was distant two hundred
paces.
3. He said that the soldiers would make a ditch many
feet broad, a few feet deep.
4. Having stayed here for many years, he returned into
the country.
5. He said that the wall, which was being built, was two
hundred feet high.
6. When the army1'2 had arrived a/3 Capua, it remained
a few days inside the walls.
7. He has fled to Gaul, which z's* many miles away4.
8. Scouts informed* the general that the enemy were
making a bridge two hundred feet long.
9. Ambassadors came to Rome, to ask 6 help of the senate.
10. Augustus, who ruled"' prosperously for many years,
was called a god.
1 When a sentence begins with a subordinate clause having the same
subject as the principal verb, it is best to begin in Latin with the subject
noun, putting it before the conjunction introducing the subordinate
clause.
2 When ' quum ' is followed by the imperfect or pluperfect, the sub-
junctive should be used.
3 See Ex. 4, n. 6. * Dist-o, -are, I am away.
5 Say ' made the general more certain.' 6 See Ex. 4, n. 4.
7 Imper-o, -are.
ON THE ACCUSATIVE. 31
Exercise 6.
1. Numa, whom all thought^ a wise man, was made king
after Romulus.
2. When I have stayed* here a few days, I shall go either
to London or to my country-house.
3. He was called a coward by those, whom he had made
angry.
4. When he had remained there a whole year, he re-
turned home.
5. Having been informed* that this city was considered
unhealthy, he went away into the country.
6. We and our allies are building a wall many feet high.
7. The scouts reported that the enemy had made a ditch
fifteen feet broad, as many 4 feet deep.
8. Having advanced two hundred paces, we came to
a mound.
9. Those, whom you and I call the betrayers of their
country, have asked a reward of the conqueror.
10. He said that, when he had stayed there a few years,
he would go to Greece.
Exercise 7.
1 . He is called lord by those, whom he has made his slaves.
2. He said that the enemy had built a tower two hundred
feet high.
3. He was asked for a reward by those, whom he had
thought most unfriendly.
4. Caesar, having stayed three years in Gaul, determined
to cross to Britain.
1 See Ex. 3, n. 2. 2 Say ' shall have stayed.'
3 See Ex. 5, n. 5. * Totidem, indeclinable.
32 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
5. He is called master by those, whom he is teaching letters.
6. When l he had arrived at Capua, he learned z that the
enemy were distant one day's journey.
7. Having been created consul, he appointed* his son
his lieutenant.
8. Camillus, whom all thought* a skilful general, arrived
in the city.
9. The soldiers are making a rampart a few feet high.
10. He said that, when he had stayed here a few days,
he would return into the country.
1 See Ex. 5, n. 2. 2 Cog-nosc-o, -ere, -novi, -mtum.
3 Dic-o, -ere, dixi, dictum. * See Ex. 3, n. 2.
CHAPTER IV.
ON THE DATIVE.
SECTION 1. On the dative of remoter object depend-
ing on words expressing nearness, demonstration, and
their contraries.
Sentences to be learned :
1 . Colla jube domitos oneri supponere tauros.
Bid tamed lulls place their necks under the burden.
2. Paulum sepultae distat inertiae celata virtus.
Hidden worth differs little from buried indolence.
3. Kara avis in terns nigroque simillima cygno.
A rare bird in the world and very like a black swan,
4. Die mihi nomen tuum.
Tell me your name.
In Sentence i we have a transitive verb ' supponere ' with
an object noun ' colla ' in the accusative ; but besides ' the
object noun we have also another noun ' oneri/ in the dative,
also depending on the verb ' supponere/ and denoting the
thing under which the bulls are to place their necks. Now
as the thing acted on is called the object, so, when the action
expressed by the verb affects something or somebody else
besides the direct or immediate object, this is called the
remoter (i. e. further) object. The noun denoting the remoter
D
34 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
object is put in the dative. Among the verbs which require
a noun denoting a remoter object are those which express
placing near, as suppono, to place under, impono, to place
on, circumdo, to place round, antepono, to place before,
postpone, to place after, confero, to bring close to, i. e. to
compare with, jungo, to join, &c. Notice that most of these
verbs are compounded with prepositions. In English we
use a verb and a preposition to translate the Latin compound
verb. The word which denotes the direct object must of
course be put in the accusative ; the word denoting that near
which something is placed, which in English depends on a
preposition, must in Latin be put in the dative. A noun in the
dative is sometimes found depending on a verb expressing
removal from, to denote \h&\.from which something is removed,
but the ablative, with or without a preposition, is much more
often used in this sense.
A noun in the dative denoting a remoter object may
also depend on an intransitive verb which expresses being
near, as subsum, to be under, adjaceo, to lie near, haereo, to
slick, &c., or, as in Sentence 2, on one which expresses the
contrary to this, viz. being distant from (disto, lit. to be
distant, hence, to differ]. The ablative, with or without a
preposition, is however more commonly used to express that
from which something is distant.
In Sentence 3 we have a dative ' cygno ' depending on the
adjective ' simillima/ 'very like' which again expresses a
kind of nearness. In the same way ' dissimilis,' ' unlike'
takes the dative. Notice that here no preposition is used in
English, though after many adjectives expressing nearness
we use the preposition * to/
In Sentence 4 the dative ' mihi ' depends on the verb ' die,'
and denotes the person to whom something is shown. Here the
ON THE DATIVE. 35
word ' me ' in English is not the accusative, but the dative,
for it denotes, not the direct object, which of course is
denoted by the words ' nomen tuum/ but the remoter object.
In the same way we may have a dative depending on an in-
transitive verb, such as ' to appear/ ' to seem/ or an adjective
such as ' apparent/ 'evident/ 'clear'; all of which words
contain the idea of something being shown to someone.
After an adjective or an intransitive verb containing this
idea, the preposition ' to ' is used in English, as ' It is evi-
dent to all/ ' It appears to me ' : after a transitive verb it is
more often omitted, as ' He showed his brother the way/
though it may be expressed, as ' He pointed out the way to
his brother/
The dative is not commonly used depending on a verb
that expresses the contrary to showing, to denote the person
from whom something is concealed, but we find it depending
on such adjectives as ' doubtful/ « uncertain/ &c.
To sum up : a noun in the dative, denoting a remoter
object, may depend on a verb (whether transitive or intran-
sitive) or adjective expressing (i) nearness, or (2) demons tra~
tion (showing), or (though this is less common) the contrary
meanings.
Exercise 1.
1 . He said that he would place * heavier burdens on 1 those,
who had asked him for liberty.
2. He said that this boy was like his father, unlike his
mother.
1 Wherever in this and the following exercises a verb and a preposi-
tion in the same clause are printed in italics, a compound verb is to be
used in Latin.
D 2
36 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
3. He sent a slave to meet1 me, who showed me the way.
4. The land which lies between the rivers Tigris and
Euphrates is called Mesopotamia.
5. He said that the wall, which had been built round* the
city, was two hundred feet high.
6. Livy writes that king Tullus was very unlike Numa, the
former king.
7. Hannibal showed his soldiers the fertile plains, which
He beneath the Alps.
8. Having gone out to meet1 the army, they told the
consuls all these things.
9. Cicero said that he was wont to weep over the death of
Socrates, [when] reading Plato's book.
10. Deserters told our men, that the elephants had brought
the greatest terror on the enemy.
SECTION 2. On the dative of remoter object depend-
ing on words expressing advantage, dominion, and their
contraries.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Quod alii donat, sibi detrahit.
What he gives to another, he withdraws from himself.
2. Ne libeat tibi, quod nemini licet.
Let not that please thee, which is lawful to no man.
3. Parce pio generi.
Spare a pious race.
1 Obviam, lit. * on the way.' • The expression ' sent to meet ' contains
the idea of nearness, and, though that idea is contained rather in the
adverb ' obviam ' than in the verb, the same construction must be used
as if it were contained in the verb.
2 Circum-jic-io, -ere, -jec-i, -turn.
ON THE DATIVE. 37
4. Succensere nefas patriae.
// is impious to be wroth with one's country.
5. Omnibus his sententiis resistitur.
All these opinions are opposed (lit. Opposition is offered
to all these opinions).
6. Patriae sit idoneus, utilis agris.
Let him be serviceable to his country, useful to the
lands.
7. Imperat aut servit collecta pecunia cuique.
Hoarded money rules or serves every man.
If we look at the verbs on which the datives depend in the
first five of these sentences, we shall see that they all contain
the idea of bringing advantage or the contrary to some
person or thing. In each sentence the noun denoting the
person or thing, to whom advantage, or the contrary, is
brought, is in the dative. The verb may be either transitive,
as ' dono ' and ' detraho,' in which case the direct object
must of course be denoted by the accusative J, or intransitive,
as ' libet/ ' licet/ ' parco/ ' succenseo/ ' resisto ' ; or we may
have a similar dative depending on an adjective, as in
Sentence 6.
Notice that in English we sometimes use the preposition
1 to,' as ' what he gives to another/ though ' to ' is more
often omitted after the verb ' to give ' and many other transi-
tive verbs which contain the idea of bringing advantage or
disadvantage to someone, as * Give me that book/ ' He
refused me my request/ * He grudged me this favour/ ' He
promised me a reward/ 'Lend me a pencil/ ' Pay me your
debt': sometimes we use another preposition, as 'He with-
1 The object noun of ' detrahit/ in Sentence I, is ' id/ understood as
the antecedent to ' quod.'
38 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
draws/hw* himself/ 'to be wroth with one's country' : while
very often the verb which in Latin must be classed as intran-
sitive is in English considered as transitive, and the noun
which in Latin is put in the dative is in English considered
to denote the direct object. Thus ' to please,' ' to spare,' ' to
oppose,' may all in English be followed by a noun, without
any preposition, denoting the object ; but the corresponding
verbs in Latin are intransitive, and take a dative, which will
be easier to understand if we consider that 'to please ' = ' to
be pleasing /<?/ ' to spare' = ' to be merciful to? ' to oppose' =
' to stand against.' In the same way ' to believe/ ' to favour/
' to hurt/ * to indulge/ ' to succour/ ' to pardon/ ' to threaten/
would all be classed as transitive verbs : but the correspond-
ing Latin verbs ' credo/ ' faveo/ ' noceo/ ' indulgeo/ ' suc-
curro/ 'ignosco/ 'minor/ take the dative. There are
indeed several verbs, containing the idea of bringing ad-
vantage or disadvantage to someone, which, even in Latin,
take an accusative denoting the person to whom advantage
or disadvantage is brought. Thus, although 'noceo/ and
' obsum/ * / am injurious' take a dative, ' laedo/ ' / hurt I
takes an accusative : the impersonal verb ' libet/ and ' placeo/
' / please] ta^e a dative, but ' delecto/ ' / delight I and ' juvat/
' it delights^ take an accusative : most verbs meaning ' to
help ' take a dative, but ' adjuvo ' is an exception, and takes
an accusative. To avoid mistakes, it will be safer, whenever
a verb seems to contain the idea of bringing advantage or
disadvantage to someone, and you are in doubt whether it
should be considered as transitive or intransitive, to look it
out in the Lat.-Eng. Dictionary, and see what case it takes,
unless you can remember an example of its use.
Notice, in Sentence 5, the way in which an intransitive
verb that takes the dative can be used in the passive. Any
ON THE DATIVE.
39
intransitive verb can be used impersonally in the passive, and
' resistitur ' means ' Opposition is offered (by someone)' A
dative of the remoter object may be added to this, just as to
the active, and so we get ' His sententiis resistitur ' = ' Opposi-
tion is offered to these opinions j = ' These opinions are opposed!
Remember, then, that when an English transitive verb is
turned in Latin by a verb that is intransitive and takes the
dative, the Latin verb, if used in the passive, must be used
impersonally, and the English subject noun must be trans-
lated by the dative in Latin.
In Sentence 7 the dative 'cuique' depends on the two
verbs 'imperat' and 'servit/ and denotes the person over
whom authority is exercised or to whom obedience is paid. A
dative in this sense may depend on a transitive verb, as
' Haec mihi imperavit,' * He commanded me these things',
i.e. ' gave me these commands' (where notice that the English
word * me ' is the dative) : on an intransitive verb, as in
Sentence 7 : or on an adjective, such as ' imperiosus,'
' domineering' When the verb is intransitive, the corres-
ponding verb in English is generally considered as transitive,
and the dative is translated as if it denoted a direct object.
Sometimes, however, we use the preposition c over/ as ' He
rules over the country.'
Caution. Although most verbs of commanding and ruling
take a dative denoting the person commanded or ruled over,
•' jubeo,' to bid, ' rego,' to rule, and a few others, take an ac-
cusative.
To sum up; a noun in the dative, denoting a remoter
object, may depend on a verb (transitive or intransitive) or
adjective expressing (3) advantage, (4) dominion, or the con-
trary meanings.
Note. — It has already been noticed that many of the verbs
40 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
expressing nearness are compound verbs, containing preposi-
tions. The same may be said in general of verbs that take
a dative denoting a remoter object. Whenever, therefore,
you see that a verb is compounded with a preposition, this
ought to suggest to you to think whether its meaning does
not come under one of the four heads of nearness, demon-
stration, advantage, dominion, with their contraries. But
beware of putting a noun which really denotes a direct
object in the dative, merely because it depends on a verb
compounded with a preposition, and remember, what has
been already said in Section i, that it is the word which in
English depends on the preposition that is to be expressed by the
dative in Latin.
Exercise 2.
/
1. Let him be obeyed who has been set over the army.
2. My son and I know that the laws place the welfare of
the state before the welfare -of individuals.
3. He said that, if his enemy'*- were made king, all his riches
would be taken away from him.
4. He told me that these things had been given him by
his father, a tribune of the soldiers.
5. We will do that* which you and your father have com-
manded us.
6. He showed* the soldiers that great injuries were being
inflicted on them by the enemy.
7. The Romans placed the king of sacrifices under*" the
pontiff, lest the honour attached to his title should be in-
jurious to their new liberty.
1 See Chap, i, Ex. 3, n. 4. 3 Say ' those things.'
3 Demonstr-o, -are. 4 Sacrificulus, adjective, = ' of sacrifices.'
ON THE DATIVE. 41
8. These cohorts were commanded ^ to zgo to the help of
the tenth legion.
9. He said that, if he gave* me this, he would be asked
for gifts by others.
10. Heavier burdens were placed on the soldiers, because
they had not obeyed their commander.
Exercise 3.
1. He said that this honour, for which he had asked the
king, had been denied him.
2. They said that they were unwilling to spare the con-
quered, lest other nations should *make war upon them.
3. I will never believe you and your wife, who have told
me this about my brother Caius.
4. My slave, whom I had ordered to "' bring me a sword,
did not obey me.
5. That young man pleases his brother, but he does not
satisfy me.
6. The ambassadors confessed that their nation had for
many years served the Roman people.
7. Socrates did not believe that death would take away
all feeling from him.
8. I believe that we shall be sent to Capua to meet5 the
army.
9. We will not be angry with the captives, but those shall
1 After ' impero,' use ' ut ' with subjunctive to translate the English
infinitive. For the tense of the subjunctive, see the rule given in Chap, ii,
Sec. 4.
2 Sub-ven-io, -Ire, -ven-i, -turn. * Say 'should have given.'
4 In-fero, -ferre, -tuli, illatum. 5 See n. I.
e See n. i, p. 36.
42 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
be pardoned, who have entrusted themselves to our pro-
tection.
10. The soldiers were commanded not to injure^ the allies
of the Roman people.
SECTION 3. On the wider use of the dative denoting
the person who gets advantage or disadvantage.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Numa virgines Vestae legit.
Numa chose virgins for Vesta.
2. Venus nupsit Vulcano.
Venus wedded (lit. veiled herself for] Vulcan.
3. Quid mihi Celsus agit?
What is my Celsus doing ?
4. Sunt nobis mitia poma.
We have (lit. there are for us) mellow apples.
5. Magnus civis obit et formidatus Othoni.
A great citizen is dead, and one dreaded by Of ho.
6. Legendae sunt pueris Aesopi fabulae.
Aesop 's fables ought to be read (lit. are to be read] by
boys.
7. Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit.
His death was a cause of weeping (lit. he died to be
wepf) to many good men.
In each of these sentences the dative denotes the person
or persons for whose advantage or disadvantage something
turns out. If we consider the verb in each of the first four
1 After ' impero ' use ' ne ' with subjunctive to translate the English
not ' with infinitive.
ON THE DATIVE. 43
sentences, we shall see that it does not necessarily require
a dative to complete its meaning. ' Numa chose virgins/
' Venus veiled herself/ ' What is Celsus doing ?' ' There are
mellow apples/ — each of these sentences would give a com-
plete sense without the addition of a dative. But, as any
action or circumstance may be to the advantage or disad-
vantage of someone, a dative denoting the person for ivhose
advantage or disadvantage it is may be inserted in any sentence.
In Sentence 3, the word 'mini' shows that the speaker is
interested in what Celsus is doing. It cannot be translated
literally without giving a different meaning from the original.
We might express the meaning by translating it * I want to
know/ but the translation 'What is my Celsus doing?' is
neater, and expresses the same idea. A dative of a personal
pronoun may often be translated in this way.
In Sentence 4, notice that ' sunt nobis ' is translated ' we
have' As anything that a person has may be said to exist
for his advantage or disadvantage, a common way of turning
the verb * have ' into Latin is by using ' est' or ( sunt' with the
thing that the person has for subject, and a dative denoting the
person who has it. Thus 'est (or "sunt") mihi '='7 have,'
'est (or "sunt") tibi'='j/0« have,' 'est (or "sunt") ei'=
' he has} and so on. So also we may say ' erat (or "erant")
mihi' for ' I had', 'erit (or "erunt") mihi' for 1 1 shall
have,' &c.
In Sentences 5, 6, and 7, the datives depend on adjectives.
Notice that ' Othoni ' and ' pueris/ in Sentences 5 and 6, are
translated ' by Otho,' ' by boys' The person by whom any-
thing is done (called the agent) is generally expressed in Latin
by the ablative with ' a ' or ' ab/ when the verb is passive,
but, as the doer may also be considered as the person for
whose advantage or disadvantage the thing is done, we
44 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
sometimes (but chiefly in poetry) find the dative used instead
of the ablative with ' a ' or * ab,' depending on a past par-
ticiple passive, as in Sentence 5, where we might translate
' formidatus Othoni/ ' an object of dreadyftr Otho/
In Sentence 6, the dative depends on a gerundive. We
might translate this, ' Aesop's fables are fables for boys to
read.' With a gerundive, 'a' or l ab' should not be used to
translate ' by,' even in prose, but the dative should be used
instead.
In the same way the dative is used, as in Sentence 7, de-
pending on a verbal adjective (i.e. an adjective derived from
a verb) ending in -bilis. These adjectives are like the
English adjectives ending in -able. Just as ' eatable ' means
'able to be eaten/ so 'flebilis' (from vfleo') means 'able
to be wept for/ It may be translated ' a cause of weeping,'
and the dative is used to denote the person to whom some-
thing is a cause of weeping, or (which is the same thing) the
person by whom something is to be wept for.
Note. — Strictly speaking, it is only persons who can be said
to get advantage or disadvantage, but the dative may also be
used to denote a thing which is for the moment personified,
i.e. spoken of as if it were a person, and could get advantage
or disadvantage.
Exercise 4.
1. I * have many books, which my father gave me.
2. He 2 said that pardon was 2 not to be 3 hoped for by
those who had resisted the king.
3. Good men do not wish to be rich for themselves only,
but for their friends and for the state.
1 Use the verb ' sum.' 2 See Chap, ii, Ex. i, n. i.
3 Sper-o, -are, I hope for, trans.
ON THE DATIVE. 45
4. Not all, who l have a small property, 2look with envy on
the rich.
5. I shall tell the king, that the cowardice of the soldiers
was *a cause of wonder to all good citizens.
6. He said that this labour was to be borne by those, who
thought themselves the bravest.
7. The captive 4 woman,, torn from her father, married the
conqueror.
8. This woman l had three sons, very like their father.
9. Danger 5 must not be avoided by those, who are thought
the bravest.
10. These things, which the conquerer has commanded
us, 6 must be done by all.
Exercise 5.
1. He said that Cicero was to be often read by those, who
wished to write 7 Latin.
2. We * had arms, soldiers, a good commander; fortune
alone was wanting to us.
3. Proserpine married Pluto, who had carried her away
from her mother.
4. We will place sentries round the city, that 8 all may be
like a camp.
5. 9 The advice, which you gave us, pleased nobody.
6. It was evident to all that this man had hoarded money
for his heirs, not for himself.
1 Use the verb ' sum.'
3 In-vid-eo, -ere, -vidi, -visnm. 3 Mirabil-is, -e.
4 The word ' woman ' need not be expressed in Latin.
5 Say ' is not to be avoided.' 6 Say ' are to be done.'
7 Latine, adv. 8 I.e. all things.
9 Say ' those things, which you advised (sua-deo, -dere, -si, -sum) us.'
46 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
7. He set a lieutenant over the infantry; he himself ^com-
manded the cavalry.
8. The penalty zmust be paid by those, by whom the
wrong was done.
9. He said that he would hold those, by whom the con-
spirators had been favoured, unfriendly to himself.
10. This man 3 has many pupils, whom he is teaching
philosophy.
SECTION 4. On the dative of the purpose or result, and
on the attracted dative of a proper name.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Equitatum auxilio Caesari miserant.
They had sent the cavalry to the help of Caesar (\it.for
a help to Caesar].
2. Virtus sola neque datur dono neque accipitur.
Virtue alone is neither given as (lit. for) a gift nor
received.
3. Haec res magno usui nostris fuit.
This circumstance was of (lit. for) great service to our
men.
4. Exitio est avidum mare nautis. .
The greedy sea is (for) a destruction to sailors.
5. Cui bono fuit?
To whose advantage was it? (lit. To whom was it for
an advantage?}
6. Huic ego diei nomen Trinummo faciam.
To this day I will give the name Trinummus.
1 Prae-sum, -esse, -fui. 2 See n. 5, p. 45. 3 Use the verb ' sum.'
ON THE DATIVE. 47
In Sentences i and 2 the datives ' auxilio ' and ' dono '
answer the question 'for what purpose ?' while 'Caesari' in
Sentence i denotes the person for whose advantage some-
thing is done. Notice that in English we say ' to go to the
help of a person/ but in Latin the person to whose help
someone goes is denoted by a dative. So ' He comes to my
aid ' would be ' Auxilio mihi venit.' In the expression ' dono
do/ 'dono' may be translated either 'for a gift' or * as a
gift.'
In Sentences 3, 4, and 5, the words ' magno usui/ ' exitio/
and ' bono ' show the result to which something leads, an idea
which is very near akin to that of the purpose for which
a thing is done. ' Nostris/ ' nautis/ and ' cui ' are of course
datives denoting the persons who get advantage or disad-
vantage. Notice that ' magno usui ' is translated ' of great
service/ and that ' exitio ' is translated without any English
preposition, just as if it were a nominative : while in trans-
lating 'bono' the preposition 'to' is used, and the dative
* cui ' is rendered by the possessive adjective ' whose.'
The dative of the purpose is most commonly used with
a verb of motion, as in Sentence i, or with a verb of giving
(as in Sentence 2) or taking; under which heads we may
include such verbs as 'to appoint/ 'to choose/ &c. The
dative of the result forms the complement of a copulative
verb, as in Sentences 3, 4, and 5. A second dative denoting
the person who gets advantage or disadvantage is very often
found together with a dative of the purpose or result.
In Sentence 6, ' huic diei ' is a dative of a remoter object
depending on ' faciam/ which is here equivalent to ' I will
give.' We should expect the name ' Trinummus ' to be in
the accusative, in apposition with the word 'nomen'; but.
when the noun denoting the person or thing named is in the
48 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
dative, it is usual for the name to be in the dative also, and
it is said to be attracted, or drawn, into the case of the noun
denoting the person or thing named.
Exercise 6.
1 . He said that the senate was sending two legions to the
help of the consul.
2. He said that he had seen the commander, to whom the
surname Felix had been given.
3. He said that this knowledge, which he had been taught
by me, had been of great use to him.
4. These things, which seemed to be for our welfare,
were to the injury of all.
5. The book, for which you ask me, was given me as
a present by my father.
6. They answered the ambassadors, that they would never
give up to others the lands, which their ancestors had chosen
for their abode.
7. Laelius, the friend of Scipio, ' had the surname
Sapiens.
8. He promised me that two cohorts should go to the aid
of our men.
9. Marcus was set over the two legions, which were left for
the defence of the camp.
10. Romulus, to whom the Romans gave the surname
Quirinus, was considered a god after his death.
Exercise 7.
i. Let us go to the support of those, by whom we have
been asked for help.
1 Use the verb c sum.1
ON THE DATIVE. 49
2. He 1 said that virtue could lnot be given to any one as
a gift.
3. He said that this would be for the enemy's advantage,
[and] for our destruction.
4. Minucius, the 2 master of the horse, was very unlike
Fabius the dictator, who 3 had the surname Cunctator.
5. The scouts reported to the consul, that the enemy's
commander had taken a very 4 strong 5 position for his
camp.
6. 6 When he had 7 waited a few days 'for his colleague,
he appointed the following day for the battle.
7. They cried out that *what was *fun to us would be
10 death to them.
8. Papirius, who 3 had the surname Cursor, 1] was then in
command of the Roman army.
9. Those who formerly 12 made war 12 on us, are now coming
to our aid.
10. 6 When the army had come to this spot, the consul
gave the signal for retreat.
Exercise 8.
i. He said that all would call him a coward, if he 13 gave, up
his arms to the enemy.
See Chap, ii, Ex. i, n. i. 2 See Chap, i, Ex. 6, n. 5.
See Ex. 6, n. i. * Munit-us, -a, -um. 5 Loc-us, -i.
See Chap, iii, Ex. 5, n. 2. 7 Exspect-o, -are, I wait for, trans.
'What' is not here an interrogative pronoun, but = ' that which.'
10 Say ' for sport,' ' for death.'
Prae-sum, -esse, -fui, I am in command of.
ia See n. 4, p. 41.
13 Say ' should have given up.'
E
50 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
2. They l surrounded the camp with a rampart fifteen feet
high, [and] a ditch 2 as many feet broad.
3. [It] was announced to the commander, that the enemy
were 3 threatening the camp.
4. I hope that the cavalry will be sent to our aid.
5. Insults, blows, [and] wrongs 4 must be endured by the
conquered.
6. 6 When the ambassadors had come to Rome, the senate
appointed the following day for the conference.
7. He said that I had taken away this honour from him.
8. He 6 said that those, who placed glory before safety,
would 6 never serve the conquerors.
9. He 6 said that he would 6 never 1 hand over to another
the arms which had been given him as a present by the king.
10. You and your brother will be sent 8 to meet the consul.
11. I shall not be believed, if I 9&//my countrymen ™ the
truth.
1 Say ' threw a rampart round the camp.'
2 See Chap, iii, Ex. 6, n. 4.
3 Immin-eo, -ere (lit. to hang over). * See n. 5, p. 45.
5 See Chap, iii, Ex. 5, n. 2. 6 Say ' denied . . . ever.'
7 Trad-o, -ere, -idi, -itum. 8 See n. i, p. 36.
9 Say « shall have told.' 10 Say ' true things.'
CHAPTER V.
ON THE ABLATIVE.
SECTION 1 . On the ablatives of instrument (including
price), manner (including condition), and cause.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Hi jaculis, illi certant defendere saxis.
These strive to defend with javelins, those with stones.
2. Ego spem pretio non emo.
1 do not buy hope for a price*
3. Summa diligentia scribit.
He writes with the greatest diligence.
4. Cum diligentia scribit.
He writes with diligence.
5. Pace tua dixerim.
With your leave I would say it.
6. Homo mea sententia prudentissimus est.
He is in my opinion a very prudent man.
7. Oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore.
The good hate to sin from love of virtue. ^
8. Coeptis immanibus effera Dido.
Dido wild with dreadful purposes.
In Sentence i, the words 'jaculis' and 'saxis' are in the
ablative case, and answer the question ' by what means ?">
E 2
52 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
This is called the ablative of the instrument or means. In
English we generally use the preposition ' with,' sometimes
' by/ as ' The town was taken by storm.'
Be careful to distinguish between the instrument, or thing
by means of which something is done, and the agent, or
person by whom it is done. Either may in English be denoted
by a noun depending on the preposition ' by ' after a passive
verb, but if the noun denotes a person, ' a ' or ' ab ' must be
used in Latin, while, if it denotes a thing, the ablative is to be
used without a preposition.
In Sentence 2, 'pretio' answers the question ^for what
price ? ' This is called the ablative of price, and may be
explained as a particular use of the ablative of instrument, as
the price for which you buy or sell a thing may also be
looked upon as the means by which you buy or sell it. In
English we use the preposition ' for/ or ' at/ as ' at a high
price/
Under this head comes the use of the ablative with ' muto/
'/ exchange] to denote the thing for which something is
exchanged. ' To exchange arms for a gown ' is in Latin
' arma toga mutare/
In Sentence 3, the words ' summa diligentia ' answer the
question ' how ? ' This is called the ablative of manner. In
English we generally use the preposition ' with ' ; sometimes
' in/ as * He does it in good style.' , In Latin the ablative is,
as a rule, not used without a preposition in this sense unless
the noun in the ablative is qualified by an adjective. IftJiere
is no adjective, the preposition l cum] ' with] must be used, as in
Sentence 4. There are, however, a few words which can be
used in the ablative of manner without either ' cum ' or an
adjective ; as ' jure ' (' with right] i. e.) ' rightly ' ; ' injuria '
(' with wrong] i. e.) ' wrongly ' ; ' modo ' (with a genitive de-
ON THE. ABLATIVE. 53
pending on it), ' in the manner (of}} ' ' silentio/ ' in silence' ;
' ordine/ ' in order ' ; and some others. The words ' vi,' ' by
force! and ' fraude/ * by fraud', which are also used in this
way, may be classed under the ablative of instrument.
Care will sometimes be necessary to distinguish between
the instrument and the manner, as a noun denoting either
may answer the question ' how ? ' If, however, the word
about which you are doubtful also answers the question ' by
what means ? ' it may be considered to denote the instrument,
and no preposition should be used : if it clearly does not answer
this question, it will denote the manner, and the preposition
'cum' must be used, unless the noun is qualified by an adjective.
In Sentence 5, the words ' pace tua ' answer the question
' on what condition ? ' This is called the ablative of condition^
and is closely akin to the ablative of manner. It is equivalent
to a clause introduced by the conjunction 'if: ' with your
leave ' = ' if I get your leave.' So in Sentence 6, ' in my
opinion ' = ' if my opinion is taken.' The prepositions used
in English, in translating the ablative of condition, are ' with/
' in ' (as in the above examples), ' by ' (as ' by your leave '),
and ' on ' (as ' Peace was made on these terms ').
In Sentences 7 and 8, the ablative answers the question
' why ? ' The words ' from love of virtue ' tell us why the
good hate to sin, the words ' with dreadful purposes ' tell us
why Dido is wild. This is called the ablative of cause. In
English we use various prepositions in this sense, 'from,'
' with,' ' for/ ' through ' (as ' He did this for fear of punish-
ment ' or ' through fear of punishment '), &c. Instead of
the ablative, we may, in Latin also, have a preposition, ' ob '
or 'propter ' (' on account of'), with an accusative.
In each of the above examples, the ablative is like an
adverb qualifying a verb or adjective. Sometimes it may
54 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
even be rendered by an English adverb, as 'jure,' 'rightly',
' injuria,' ' wrongly!
Exercise 1.
1. He said that friends were *won by 2 acts of kindness.
2. Much 3 progress is made by those, who learn with zeal.
3. Tarpeia, who had asked the Sabines for their bracelets,
was crushed with their shields.
4. A treaty was made between the Romans and Albans on
these * terms, 5 that 6 the people, whose citizens 7 conquered in
that contest, should 8 rule over the other people.
5. They say that our men fought with wonderful readi-
ness.
6. He said that the boy had been indulged from kindness.
7. He said that he would give me a book, which he had
bought for much money.
8. I do not think, citizens, that these burdens will be
wrongly imposed on you.
9. The soldiers, burning with anger, spared no one.
10. They 9 said that they would 9 never by ]° their own will
exchange their magistrates for a foreign king.
Exercise 2.
i. The towns, which have been taken by the enemy by
fraud, " must be recovered by us by force.
I Par-o, -are. 2 Offici-um, -i.
3 Pro-fic-io, -ere, -fec-i, -turn, I make progress. Use the passive
impersonally, and use an adverb for 'much.'
* Conditio, -nis. Use the singular. 5 Ut. 6 Is.
7 Say ' should have conquered.' 8 Imper-o, -are.
9 See n. 6, p. 50. 10 Suus.
II See n. 5, p. 45.
ON THE ABLATIVE. 55
2. They hoped that they would be received into alliance
by the conquerors on fair terms.
3. I know that you have borne this calamity with fortitude.
4. I did not believe that you had asked advice of those,
who had sold their country for money.
5. Our men will rightly be held cowards, unless they
1 resist the enemy with 2 all their strength.
6. The general * ordered the ships to be 4 rowed on, and the
enemy to be driven back with slings and engines; * which
was of great service to our men ; for the barbarians, alarmed
by the strange kind of engines, immediately fled.
7. I hope that you will never *fail your friends from
cowardice.
8. The enemy were pardoned on these conditions, 7 that
they should give postages, and obey the conquerors.
9. Some were overwhelmed by the enemy's weapons,
others escaped with disgrace.
10. Elated with hope, the soldiers were confident that they
could conquer those, who had served them for many years.
SECTION 2. On the ablative of measure.
Sentences to be learned :
i. Paulo longius processerant.
They had advanced a little further.
1 Say 'shall have resisted.' 2 Summus (lit. highest).
3 Use jub-eo (-ere, juss-i, -um), which takes accusative and infinitive.
4 Say ' to be urged on (incit-o, -are) with oars.'
5 Say * which thing.' The word « thing ' should here be expressed in
Latin.
6 De-sum, -esse, -fui (lit. I am wanting). 7 See Ex. i, n. 5.
56 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
2. Quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt.
The more they have, the more they desire.
3. Tanto pessimus omnium poeta,
Quanto tu optimus omnium patronus.
By so much the worst poet of all, as you are the best
patron of all.
4. Homerus annis multis fuit ante Romulum.
Homer was many years before Romulus.
5. Templum quinque millibus passuum ab urbe distat.
The temple is five miles distant from tfie city.
6. Millibus passuum sex a Caesaris castris consedit.
He encamped six miles from Caesar s camp.
In Sentence i, the ablative neuter ' paulo ' qualifies the
comparative adverb ' longius/ and answers the question ' by
how much (further) ? ' This is called the ablative of measure.
It may qualify an adjective or adverb of the comparative or
superlative degree. In translating into English, we often use
no preposition, as in this sentence. In the same way we
say 'much greater' (Lat. ' multo major'), 'a good deal
greater ' (Lat. ' aliquanto major '). ' Twice as great '
is expressed in Latin by ' altero major ' (lit. ' greater by a
second'} or ' duplo major' (lit. ' greater by the double'}', 'no
greater,' by ' nihilo major ' (lit. ' greater by nothing '). Some-
times we use the preposition ' by/ as ' greater by half (Lat.
' dimidio major'). Where we have two comparatives answer-
ing to one another, each preceded by ' the,' as in Sentence 2,
we must in Latin put in ' quo ' (' by what'} — < eo ' (' by that'},
or ' quanto ' (' by how much '} — ' tanto ' (' by so much ').
Where the former of two comparatives or superlatives has
4 tanto ' with it and the latter ' quanto,' as in Sentence 3, we
may translate these words ' by. so much ' — ' as.'
ON THE ABLATIVE. 57
In the same way, the ablative of measure may be joined,
as in Sentence 4, to a preposition (or to an adverb or con-
junction) signifying ' before ' or * after/ in which case the
ablative answers the question ' how long (before] ? ' or ' how
long (after] ? ' Be very careful to distinguish this from the
question ' how long ? ' (where the words are not followed by
' before ' or ' after '), the answer to which must be in the
accusative (see Chap, iii, Sect. 5).
The ablative of measure is also sometimes used, just
like the accusative, in answer to the question ' how far ? '
qualifying a verb expressing distance, as in Sentence 5, where
the words ' quinque millibus passuum ' tell us by how much
the temple is distant from the city, and even, as in Sentence
6, where no verb expressing distance is used.
Exercise 3.
1. He says that our forces are becoming a little greater
1 every day.
2. The more we are, the greater will be the slaughter.
3. 2 He was made general two years after that battle, 2 and
* commanded the army for three years.
4. A few days afterwards the captives were sent home un-
harmed on this condition, 4 that none of our allies should be
injured.
5. If this man 5 is killed by my 6 command, I shall be no
safer.
6. He said that Alexander was much the most powerful of
all kings, who were then living.
1 Indies. 2 Say ' having been made ... he commanded.'
3 Prae-sum, -esse, -fui. * Ne quis = that none.
'• Say ' shall have been killed.'
• Jussu, abl. of 4th decl. (nom. not in use).
58 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
7. The 1more this man indulges his anger, the * more do all
men hate him.
8. He said that the number of the enemy would soon be
twice as great.
9. A few hours before the battle it had been announced to
the general, that the allies had pitched. their camp six miles
from the river.
10. He was dismissed with insults by those whom he had
asked for help.
SECTION 3. On the ablative of material, and on the
use of the ablative with certain verbs, adjectives, and
nouns.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Cibus eorum lacte, caseo, came constat.
Their food consists of milk, cheese, and flesh.
2. Fungar vice cotis.
I will perform the office of a whetstone.
3. Hannibal, quum victoria posset uti, frui maluit.
Hannibal, when he might have used his victory, pre-
ferred to enjoy it.
4. Rex impius auro vi potitur.
The impious king gets possession of the gold by force.
5. Dignum laude virum Musa vetat mori.
A man worthy of praise the Muse forbids to die.
6. Auctoritate tua mihi opus est.
/ have need of your advice.
In Sentence i, the ablatives ' lacte, caseo, carne ' denote
1 Magis. Plus is not commonly used as an adverb.
ON THE ABLATIVE. 59
the material of which the food consists. In English, we
generally use the preposition 'of in this sense. This is a
particular use of the ablative of the instrument, for the
material of which a thing is made may also be looked upon
as a means by which it is made.
In Sentences 2, 3, and 4, the words/ vice/ ' victoria,' ' auro/
are really ablatives of instrument depending on the verbs
' fungor/ ' / busy myself (with} ', ' utor/ * / employ myself
(with}] ' fruor/ ' / enjoy myself (with)] and ' potior,' * / make
myself powerful (with) ; ' though the first three of these verbs
are generally rendered in English by transitive verbs, ' I per-
form] 1 1 use] ' I enjoy] and the ablatives depending on them
are then translated as object nouns, without any preposition ;
while ' potior' is usually translated ' / get possession (of).'
In the same way an ablative is used with ' nitor,' ' / support
myself (with}] or ' lean (on),' and ' vescor,' ' I feed myself
(with}' which may also be rendered ' I feed (on)' or by a
transitive verb, 'I eat!
So also the adjectives * fretus/ ' relying (on}' ' praeditus/
' endued {with},' * contentus,' ' content (witH)] take an abla-
tive, which may be similarly explained as denoting an instru-
ment or means.
An ablative is also used, as in Sentence 5, with ' dignus,'
' worthy] ' indignus,' ' unworthy] and ' dignor,' c / think
worthy] denoting that of which a person (or thing) is worthy
or unworthy. This is akin to the ablative of price. 'Dignor'
is a transitive verb, and the person thought worthy must of
course be denoted by an accusative.
In Sentence 6, the words ' opus est ' mean literally ' there
is a work (to be done}' and the ablative denotes the means
by which it is to be done. * Usus est,' which is used in just
the same way, means literally * there is a use (to be made}'
60 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
Both expressions may be translated ' there is need (of),' and
the noun denoting the thing of which there is need must be
in the ablative. ' Mihi ' is the dative denoting the person
who has need (see Chap, iv, Sect. 3).
Exercise 4.
1. He was killed by the same device, which he had often
used himself.
2. We have need of the advice of those, who are endued
with greater wisdom.
3. He said that the soldiers, if they fought with zeal, would
soon gain possession of the enemy's camp.
4. The longer we * sit here inactive, the 2 more will the
enemy despise us.
5. Relying on the skill of their commander, the soldiers
3 rushed on the enemy's camp with the greatest eagerness.
6. Compelled by hunger, the soldiers were feeding on roots
and herbs.
7. He 4 said that those could 4 not be pardoned, who had
5 shown themselves unworthy of pity.
8. We have need of masters 6 to teach us this art.
9. When you ^ have performed this duty, you will be able
to enjoy leisure.
10. A bridge, which had been made of ships a few days
before, was two miles distant from our camp.
Exercise 5.
i. Relying on the prudence of the king, we were enjoying
peace.
1 Say ' shall sit.' 2 See n. i, p. 58.
3 Irrn-o (-ere, -i, -turn) in (lit. into).
* See Chap, ii, Ex. i, n. i. 5 See n. i, p. 26.
6 Say ' who may teach.' 7 Say ' shall have performed.'
ON THE ABLATIVE. 6 1
2 . He said that he would have need of prudence, * to
perform these duties well.
3. He said that those, who used their power well, were
worthy of the 2 highest praise.
4. The more serious the danger is, the greater will be the
glory.
5. Let those be silent, who are endued with no wisdom.
6. He 3 says that he 3 cannot buy for money the food, of
which he has need.
7. He said that our men would soon get possession of the
standards, which had been lost by treachery.
8. Those, who are content with 4 their own lot, have 5 no
jieed of riches.
9. A few hours after the battle the soldiers constructed a
rampart of trees and earth.
10. He said that his health, on which we 6 were depending,
had already become a good deal weaker from old age.
SECTION 4. On the ablative of quality, and the abla-
tive absolute.
The uses of the ablative of which we have had examples
in the last two sections may be explained as special instances
of the ablative of instrument : this section contains examples
of some special uses of the ablative of manner.
Sentences to be learned :
i. Senex promissa barba, horrenti capillo.
An old man with long beard and rough hair.
1 Say ' that he might perform.' a Summus.
3 See Chap, ii, Ex. i, n. i. 4 Sutis. 5 Non.
' Nit-or, -i, nisus sum.
62 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
2. Vir fuit magna vi et animi et corporis.
He was a man of great force both of mind and of body.
3. Regibus exactis, consules creati sunt.
When kings had been driven out, consuls were created.
4. Hoc responso dato discessit.
Having given this answer, he departed.
5. Nil desperandum, Teucro duce et auspice Teucro.
There must be no despair, with Teucer for leader and
Teucer for omen-giver.
6. Natus est Augustus consulibus Cicerone et Antonio.
Augustus was born in the consulship of Cicero and
Antonius.
7. Jamque cinis, vivis fratribus, Hector erat.
And now Hector was ashes, while his brothers were
alive.
In Sentence i, the words ' with long beard and rough hair'
describe the old man, and answer the question ' of what
kind?' So also, in Sentence 2, the words 'of great force
both of mind and of body ' tell us of what kind the man
was. The ablative used in this sense is called the ablative of
quality ('quails ' = ' of what kind?') or description. In all
its other uses, the ablative is like an adverb, but the ablative
of quality is like an adjective, for it qualifies a noun. It is in
fact an adverbial phrase used for an adjective, just as in
English we use an adverb in the place of an adjective, when
we talk of a person being well or poorly. In translating an
ablative of quality, we sometimes use the preposition ' with/
sometimes ' of/
The ablative of quality can only be used when the noun
in the ablative has an adjective qualifying it. To turn into
Latin ' a man with a beard/ ' a man of courage/ we must
ON THE ABLATIVE. 63
turn the adjectival phrases, ' with a beard/ ' of courage/ into
the adjectives, ' bearded/ ' brave/ of course making the
adjective agree with the noun it qualifies (' vir barbatus,' ' vir
fortis ').
In Sentences 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, we have instances of the
construction called the ablative absolute. This usually con-
sists of a noun in the ablative and a participle agreeing with
it. It is closely akin to the ablative of condition, and, like
that, it may be turned into a clause, by putting in a conjunc-
tion (generally ' when/ sometimes ' while/ ' if/ ' though/ &c.)
and turning the participle into a finite verb. Thus ' regibus
exactis ' (lit; ' with kings driven out] or ' kings having been
driven out ') = ' when kings had been driven out.' If the
principal verb of the sentence is in a historic tense, a past
participle should be turned into a pluperfect, a present parti-
ciple into an imperfect. It is generally best to turn an
ablative absolute into a clause in translating into English.
Another common way of translating an ablative absolute,
when it consists of a noun and a past participle, is to turn
the past participle passive into a past (or sometimes a present)
participle active, qualifying the subject noun of the principal
verb, and to render the noun in the ablative as an object
noun depending on this participle. Thus, in Sentence 4,
' hoc response dato ' (' this answer having been given ') may
be translated ' having given this answer' But of course this
can only be done when the action expressed by the participle
was done by the same person as the action expressed by the
principal verb.
Sometimes, instead of a participle, we have a second noun
in apposition with the first, as in Sentences 5 and 6, or an
adjective, as in Sentence 7. 'Teucro duce ' may be trans-
lated ' with Teucer for leader •/ or ' while Teucer is leader'
64 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
1 Consulibus Cicerone et Antonio ' (lit. ' with Cicero and
Antonius consuls') may be translated 'while Cicero and
Antonius were consuls' or ' in the consulship of Cicero and
Antonius' So * in my consulship ' is in Latin ' me consule.'
In turning these ablatives absolute into clauses we must of
course supply a part of the verb ' to be/
The ablative absolute is so called, because it does not
depend so closely as other ablatives on any particular word,
though, being equivalent to an adverbial clause, it really
qualifies the principal verb of the sentencei
Exercise 6.
1 . Brutus, who * ordered 2 his own sons to be 3 beheaded,
was a 4 man of wonderful firmness.
2. We know that a great loss was inflicted on the state
in the consulship of Varro and Paullus.
3. We have need of the help of your father, who is
considered a general of the greatest skill.
4. Scipio * retired^ first to the river Po, thence, *when
Hannibal ^ followed, to Placentia.
5. He bade his men be of a brave spirit, lest they should
exchange their liberty for slavery.
6. Horace writes that in the consulship of Plancus he was
still warm with youth.
7. [There] was in the army a 4 man of remarkable swift-
>
1 See n. 3, p. 55. 2 Suns.
3 Say ' to be smitten with the axe.' * Vir.
5 Me recip-io (-ere, recep-i, -turn), I retire, lit. I take myself back.
6 When a clause is printed in italics in this and the following exercises,
turn it by an ablative absolute.
7 I.e. ' was following.'
ON THE ABLATIVE. 65
ness of ^foot, to whom the surname Cursor had been given
by the soldiers.
8. Having given hostages, the conquered were received
into alliance on fair terms.
9. He said that those, who had 2 shown themselves men
of courage, were worthy of rewards.
10. Never, while I am alive, shall so great a wrong be
borne with patience.
Exercise 7.
1. When Hasdrubal had been killed, Hannibal is said to
have despaired 3 of the fortune of Carthage.
2. Having routed the enemy, the soldiers with one rush
gained possession of the camp.
3. *A certain centurion, a man of great valour, '"inspired
our men with 6 courage by his 7 words.
4. When Numa was king, the Romans enjoyed peace
for many years.
5. These things were done in your consulship, many
years before the death of your brother.
6. He said that his son was a boy of great spirit, and
was becoming much stronger.
7. The 8 more you 9 urge this boy on, the more sluggish
he becomes.
1 Use the plural. 2 See p. 26, n. i.
3 De. * Quidam, quaedam, quoddam.
5 Say ' put courage into our men.' In-jic-io, -ere, -jec-i, -turn, I put
into.
6 Animus. 7 Dict-um, -i. 8 See p. 58, n. i.
9 Incit-o, -are, I urge on.
F
66 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
8. While you are 1 safe, 2 [there] is still hope that the enemy
3 may be conquered.
9. Those who are of moderate ability have need of 4 the
greater diligence.
i o. While the consul was saying 5 this, the soldiers kept
their eyes fixed 6 on the ground for shame.
SECTION 5. On the ablative and locative of place
where, and the ablative of time when.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Philippus Neapoli est, Lentulus Puteolis.
Philippus is at Naples^ Leniulus at Puteoli.
2. Tabernae tota urbe clauduntur.
The shops are closed in the whole city.
3. Tabernae in urbe clauduntur.
The shops are closed in the city.
4. Quid Romae faciam ?
What am I to do at Rome ?
5. Is habitat Mileti.
He dwells at Miletus.
6 Caesaris virtus domi militiaeque cognita est.
Caesar's virtue was known at home and in war.
7. Latina porta ingressus est.
He entered by the Latin gate.
8. Hieme omnia bella conquiescunt.
In winter all wars rest.
1 Salv-us, -a, -um.
2 The expression ' there is hope ' is equivalent to a verb of thinking.
3 See Chap, ii, Ex. 2, n. i. * Say 'by that the greater.'
5 Say { these things.' 6 In with accusative.
ON THE ABLATIVE. 6j
9. Quicquid est biduo sciemus.
Whatever it is we shall know in two days.
In the first six sentences, the words ' Neapoli/ ' Puteolis,'
' tota urbe/ ' in urbe,' ' Romae,' ' Mileti/ ' domi militiaeque/
answer the question 'where*' Just as the accusative of
the name of a town is used without a preposition in answer
to the question ' whither ? ' so the ablative of the name
of a town is used without a preposition, as in Sentence i, in
answer to the question ' where ? ' With any other word,
a preposition (generally 'in/ sometimes * ad,' ' at'] should,
as a rule, be used, as in Sentence 3, but the preposition is
left out when the noun denoting the place is qualified by
the adjective 'totus/ as in Sentence 2, and in certain other
expressions. In poetry, the preposition is often left out
where it would be used in prose. In Sentences 4, 5, and 6,
' Romae,' ' Mileti,' ' domi,' ' militiae,' are not in the genitive,
but in a case called the locative (from ' locus,' ' a place '),
which was used in Latin in very early times to express
the place where a thing was done, but had nearly fallen
into disuse before the times of the chief Latin writers, its
place being supplied by the ablative for all words except
names of towns in the singular number of the first and
second decknsions (and a few of the third), and the words
' domus ' (home), ' rus ' (the country)^ ' bellum ' (war),
'militia' (war), 'humus' (the ground). Of these words
the locatives ' domi ' (at home), ' ruri ' (in the country},
' belli,' ' militiae J ' (in war), ' humi ' (on the ground), are used.
It will be seen that the locative case ends in ae in the first
declension, in i in the second and third. Instances of
1 The locatives ' belli ' and ' militiae * should, however, only be used
when coupled with ' domi.'
F 2
68 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
locatives of names of towns of the third declension are
' Tiburi/ ' Carthagini.'
We see, then, that in answer to the question ' where ? '
the locative case (ending in ae or i) is used for names of towns
of the first and second declensions, singular number, and for
the words * domus' ' rus,' ' bellum' ' militia] ' humus ' : the
ablative without a preposition for any other name of a town,
or for a noun qualified by the adjective ' totus ' : but that,
with these exceptions, a preposition is generally used.
The prepositions mostly used in English in answer to
the question ' where ? ' are ' in ' and * at.' ' On ' and ' by '
are also used, as c on the ground,' ' by land and sea.'
Caution. Be careful to distinguish between the place
where something is done and trie place to which somebody goes.
This caution is the more necessary, as we often inaccurately
use the word 'where' with the meaning of 'whither/ as
' Where are you going ? ' Remember that ' where ' properly
means ' in what place,' ' whither/ ' to what place.' For the
way to express the place to which somedody goes in Latin,
see Chap, iii, Sect. 4.
In Sentence 7, the words ' Latina porta ' answer the ques-
tion ' by what way ? ' The way by which a person goes
may be looked upon as a means by which he goes, and in
answer to this question the ablative is used without a pre-
position.
In Sentence 8, ' hieme ' answers the question ' when ? ' In
English, we sometimes use the preposition 'in/ sometimes
' on/ ' at/ or ' by/ as ' on the third day/ ' at * even/ ' by
night ' ; sometimes no preposition at all, as ' last year we
went to the sea-side.'
In Sentence 9, ' biduo ' answers the question ' within what
time ? ' In English we use the preposition * in ' or ' within.'
ON THE ABLATIVE. 69
We see, then, that the ablative is used without a preposition
in answer to the questions ' when ? ' and ' within what time ? '
Exercise 8.
1. He said that he had stayed many years in that town,
and had there been taught the Greek language.
2. This man will do the same things at Athens, las he
used to do at home.
3. The Gauls had crossed into Italy by mountain passes
two hundred years 2 before they came to Rome.
4. The consul, having recovered the hostages, who were
being kept at Luceria, returned home.
5. The Romans, with Scipio for leader, conquered the
Carthaginians in the second Punic war.
6. 3 What was done on that day at Corinth * was known
in the country within a few days.
7. He says that, when this news had been brought, there
was the greatest confusion in the whole camp.
8. Next day the bodies of the slain, which had been left
on the ground, were buried with the greatest care.
9. He performed with energy all the duties of a king
both at home and in war.
10. 5 When the Romans had entered the pass by 6 one
way, they perceived that they could not go out by the
other.
1 Say < which.'
3 Remember that the word ' before ' may be either a preposition
(governing a noun) or an adverb (qualifying a verb) or a conjunction
(introducing a clause), and be careful to distinguish between these three
uses in turning into Latin. The same remark applies to the word ' after.'
3 See Chap, iv, Ex. 7, n. 8. * Cog-nosc-o, -ere, -novi, -nitum.
5 See Chap, iii, Ex. 5, nn. i and 2. 6 See Chap, iii, Ex. 4, n. 2.
70 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
Exercise 9.
1. Having stayed at Ephesus many days, in the third
month he went away into the country.
2. He promised me that he and his sister would visit me
at home.
3. He said that these things had been done at Rome in
his consulship.
4. ! When he had stayed a few days in Asia, he heard that
his brother was returning home.
5. Two hours after the battle it was announced that the
enemy were advancing into our territory, and would arrive
2 at Alba within a few days.
6. The more fiercely the enemy * fought, the more stub-
bornly 3 were they resisted.
7. He was already of a cheerful countenance, for he
3 believed that on the next day he would sup at Naples.
8. Having taken this town, the consul returned into Cam-
pania by the same way by which he had set out six days
before.
9. That year there was a great pestilence in the whole
province, both in the country and in the towns.
10. He 4^z'^that he would *not go to the help of those,
who had 5 shown themselves unworthy of pity.
SECTION 6. On the ablative of respect.
Sentences to be learned :
i. Angor animo.
/ am distressed in mind.
1 See Chap, iii, Ex. 5, n. 2. 2 See Chap, iii, Ex. 4, n. 6.
3 Imperfect. * See Chap, ii, Ex. i, n. i.
5 See p. 26, n. i.
OA? THE ABLATIVE. 71
2. Ennius, ingenio maximus, arte rudis.
Ennius, mighty in genius, in art is rude.
3. Amor et melle et felle est fecundissimus.
Love is very fruitful both in honey and in gall.
4. Sensu caret
He is without feeling.
5. Gravius est spoliari fortunis quam non augeri dig-
nitate.
// is a more serious thing to be robbed of one's property
than not to be loaded with honour.
Very similar to the use of the ablative denoting ' place
where' is its use, as in Sentences i and 2, qualifying a verb
or adjective, in answer to the question ' z 'n what respect}'
As we saw (Chap, iii, Sect. 5) that the accusative of respect,
which is chiefly used in poetry, might be said to answer
the question ' how far ? ' so the ablative of respect, which
is much commoner in prose, may be said to answer the
question ' where ? ' In translating this, the preposition ' in '
is generally used in English.
The ablative depending on a verb or adjective expressing
abundance or its contrary, comes under this head. Thus,
in Sentence 3, the words ' melle ' and ' felle ' show us in what
respect love is fruitful, while ' sensu ' in Sentence 4, shows in
•what respect someone is in want *. In English, with a verb
or adjective expressing abundance, we sometimes use the
preposition ' with/ as ' the sea teems with fish/ sometimes
1 The ablative depending on a verb or adjective expressing abundance,
or a verb of enriching, may also be explained as an ablative of instru-
ment : while that depending on a verb of depriving may be brought
under the head of the ablative of separation, which is treated in the next
Section.
72 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
1 in/ as ' a land rich in corn,' sometimes ' of/ as ' a purse
full of money.' In translating an ablative depending on
a word expressing the contrary to abundance, we sometimes
use the preposition 'of/ as 'he is in want of money';
sometimes ' in/ as ' wanting in courtesy ' ; often we render
in English by a transitive verb, as 'to want/ 'to lack.'
' Careo ' is generally translated ' I am without/
We sometimes find the genitive instead of the ablative
depending on a verb or adjective expressing abundance
or its contrary, but the ablative is commoner, at least in
prose.
In the same way (i. e. as an ablative of respect) we may
explain the use of the ablative, as in Sentence 5, to denote
that with which a person (or thing] is enriched (dignitate),
or that of which he (or if) is deprived (for turn's)*. Verbs
of enriching and depriving are of course transitive, and
take also an accusative denoting the person (or thing) err-
riched or deprived.
Exercise 10.
1. We know that some men, distinguished in genius, have
been of low stature.
2. They will be robbed of those standards, which our
soldiers have always preserved with the greatest care.
3. Many wrongs must be endured by those, who are
without friends.
4. We are fighting with a nation like ourselves in speech
and manners.
5. He said that the king had wrongly deprived him of
those honours, which were his by right.
6. We cannot buy for money that wisdom which we need.
1 See note, p. 71.
ON THE ABLATIVE. 73
7. The Greeks flourished most in literature, the Romans
in war.
8. We have been deprived by force of those arms, which
we had used for many years.
9. The enemy are without all those things, of which there
is need lfor war.
10. He said that the town was being furnished with
supplies, with which it was already 2 well stocked.
Exercise 11.
1. He said that those, who had deprived the enemy of this
assistance, were worthy of the 3 highest praise.
2. He says that our men are without many things, in
which the enemy 4 are strong.
3. The temples have been spoiled by the enemy of those
riches, of which our ancestors gained possession by their
valour.
4. The enemy 4 are strong in land forces, but our ships
6 are a good deal better 5 equipped.
5. Since we are without meat, we will feed on bread.
6. Having performed this duty badly, he was deprived of
his office.
7. Having conquered the enemy in battle, he 6 knew not
how to use his victory.
8. He said that this man, though rich in slaves, 7 was in
want of money.
1 Ad. 2 Refertus, part, from refercio.
3 See Chap, v, Ex. 5, n. 2. * Val-eo, -ere, I am strong.
5 Perfect. The present would mean ' are being equipped.'
6 Nesc-io, -ire, I know not. ' How ' is not to be expressed in Latin.
7 Eg-eo, -ere, I am in want of.
74 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
9. He said that, if that were done, he should be bereft of
all his children on one day.
10. While I was consul, the city was filled with the spoils
of the enemy.
SECTION 7. On the ablatives of place whence, separa-
tion, and origin.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Demaratus fugit Corintho.
Demaratus fled from Corinth .
2. Domo venit.
He comes from home.
3. Rure venit.
He comes from the country.
4. Ex urbe venit.
He comes from the city (strictly ' out of the city ').
.-;. Camillus dictatura se abdicavit.
Camillus resigned (lit. declared himself away from)
the dictatorship.
6. L. Brutus civitatem dominatu regio liberavit.
L. Brutus freed the state from the rule of kings.
7. Atreus Pelope natus, Tantalo prognatus est.
Atreus was born of Pelops, descended from Tantalus.
In the first four of these sentences the words ' Corintho,'
' domo/ ' rure,' ' ex urbe,' answer the question ' whence ? ' i.e.
'from what placet' Notice that the preposition is omitted
in Latin with names of towns, and with the words ' domo '
and ' rure/ just as it is in answer to the questions ' whither ? '
and ' where ? ' With other words a preposition (' ab/ 'from}
1 ex,' ' out of,' or ' de/ ' down from ') is generally used, as in
ON THE ABLATIVE. 75
Sentence 4. With the name of a country, ' from ' should be
translated 'ex/ as, when we say 'he comes from Italy/ we
really mean 'he comes out of Italy.' ' Ab Italia venit'
would mean ' he comes from the borders of Italy.'
In Sentences 5 and 6, the words 'dictatura/ 'dominatu
regio/ answer the question 'from whatl' With verbs ex-
pressing separation from a thing, the preposition signifying
' from ' need not, as a rule, be repeated in Latin, when it is
already contained in the verb, as in Sentence 5, where
' abdicavit ' contains the preposition ' ab ' ; though there are
some verbs containing ' ab/ c de/ or ' ex/ with which it is
more usual to repeat the preposition.
There are also some verbs, not containing a preposition in
themselves, which may take an ablative without a preposition,
denoting that from which something is separated, as in
Sentence 6. Among these are 'libero/ ' / set free' ' solvo/
1 1 loose' 'levo/ '/ relieve' 'arceo/ '/ keep off,' 'moveo/
' / move} ' pello/ ( / drive,' * cedo/ ' / retire', * vaco/ ' / am
free'. Remember that such of these verbs as are transitive
will also take an accusative denoting the object. An
ablative without a preposition may also be used in the same
sense depending on an adjective, as ' liber cura/ 'free from
care,' ' vacuus motu/ 'free from motion'.
Note. — The person from whom something is taken away
must be denoted by a dative, not an ablative (see Chap, iv,
Sect. 2), and the dative is sometimes used, but chiefly in
poetry, to denote the thing from which something is removed
(see Chap, iv, Sect, i.)
The preposition signifying 'from' is often omitted in
poetry where it would be expressed in prose, both in express-
ing ' place whence ' and with verbs expressing separation
from a thing.
7 6 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
In Sentence 6, the -words ' Pelope ' and ' Tantalo ' answer
the question 'from whom ? ' The ablative is used in answer
to this question, with or without a preposition, depending on
a verb expressing birth, where in English we use the prepo-
sition ' of ' or ' from/ This is called the ablative of origin.
Exercise 12.
1. He arrived ^ in the city from the country a few days
before I started from home.
2. He said that by this decree the soldiers had been shut
out from all hope of pardon.
3. This man, born of an illustrious father, was himself
considered a general of the greatest skill.
4. They hoped that we should free them from the slaver)',
which they had endured for many years.
5. He 2 removed from Athens to Rome, for he 3 preferred
to live in Italy [rather] than in Greece.
6. Nero came from Apulia to Umbria by the sea coast in
seven days.
7. P. Claudius, having lost an excellent fleet, was com-
pelled to resign his consulship.
8. When the consul had been killed, the soldiers were
scarcely able to keep off the enemy from the gate.
9. He returned home two years 4 after I 5 left the city.
10. Varro, whom the Romans had made consul that year,
6 was born of humble parents.
1 See Chap, iii, Ex. 4, n. 6. 2 Migr-o, -are.
3 Say ' was preferring.' 4 See Ex. 8, n. 2.
5 Say ' departed out of.' 6 Say ' had been born.'
ON THE ABLATIVE. 77
Exercise 13.
1. This man, who had wished to sell his country for
money, was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock.
2. He promised that he would come from the country ' to
visit me at Athens.
3. This man, born of poor parents, had always lived in
the country.
4. 2 Though he was worthy of a greater punishment, he
was 3 only deprived of his honours and sent away into the
country.
5. When the decemvirs had been driven from office, L.
Valerius and M. Horatius were created consuls.
6. On the next day he set out from the city by the Latin
gate.
7. He said that he had set out from home many days
before I had arrived at my farm-house.
8. When the enemy * have departed from Capua I will
resign my office.
9. By this man's death my wife and I have been freed
from fear.
10. Tarquinius Priscus, whose father had come from
Etruria to Rome, reigned at Rome for many years.
SECTION 8. On the ablative of thing compared.
Sentences to be learned :
i . Nulli flebilior quam tibi, Vergili.
To none more a cause of weeping than to thee, Vergil.
1 See Chap, iii, Ex. 4, n. i. 2 Etsi. 3 Tantum.
4 See Ex. 4, n. 7.
78 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
2. Vilius argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum.
Silver is less valuable than gold, gold than virtues.
3. Puto mortem dedecore leviorem.
/ think death easier than disgrace.
In these sentences we have instances of two different
ways of expressing ' than ' after a comparative in Latin. In
Sentence i, irje conjunction 'quam' couples the nouns
' nulli ' and ' tibi/ and, as two nouns coupled by a conjunc-
tion must always be in the same case, ' tibi ' is in the same
case as ' nulli/ To find what are the two words coupled by
4 quam ' in any sentence, think what are the two things
compared.
In Sentences 2 and 3, instead of ' quam ' and a noun after
it in the same case' as the noun to which it is coupled, we
have the noun which would have followed ' quam ' put in the
ablative, the word * quam ' being left out. Thus ' auro ' =
'quam aurum/ ' virtutibus ' = ' quam virtutes/ ' dedecore ' =
' quam dedecus.' This can only be done when the noun
following ' quam ' would have been in the nominative, as in
Sentence 2, or in the accusative, as in Sentence 3.
' Quam ' should be used in the following cases :
(1) if the noun qualified by the comparative does not
denote one of the things compared, as in the sent-
ence 'Caesar won more victories than Pompey/
where ' more ' qualifies ' victories/ but the com-
parison is between Caesar and Pompey :
(2) if the comparative is an adverb, not an adjective :
(3) if the omission of ' quam/ and use of the ablative,
would make the meaning doubtful, as might happen
if there were another ablative depending on the
comparative adjective. (Thus ' nihil homine dig-
ON THE ABLATIVE. 79
nius dementia ' might mean either ' nothing is
worthier of a man than mercy/ or ' nothing is
worthier of mercy than a man/
Exercise 14.
1. He * said that he had seen 1 nothing more beautiful than
the statues of Polycletus.
2. We have need of a leader rather than an adviser.
3. He says that those who died "*for their country have
won truer glory than the conquerors.
4. Nothing is worthier of a great conqueror than mercy.
5. He said that our men would fight much more stub-
bornly than the enemy.
6. I think that the soldiers will be roused by desire of
praise rather than of plunder.
7. He says that greater losses are being inflicted on us by
the enemy than on the enemy by us.
8. This state has produced no one more weighty in
influence than Africanus.
9. He said that he was doing this from desire of praise
rather than from fear of punishment.
10. In this man's consulship a battle was fought 3 fiercer
than all former battles.
Exercise 15.
1 . He said that those, who had perished in the camp by
the enemy's weapons, were much happier than those, who had
returned home with ignominy.
2. Cheered with the hope of victory, and relying on the
1 Say ' denied that— anything.' a Pro. 3 Ac-er, -ris, -re.
80 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
skill of our commander, my sons and I were fighting with
the greatest energy.
3. You and your son, who * showed * so much energy, are
in my opinion worthier of reward than of punishment.
4. Having left six cohorts for the defence of this city, he
hastened into Samnium by the shortest way.
5. Phidippides ran from Athens to Sparta in two days, 3 to
ask the Lacedaemonians for help against the Persians.
-6. I do not think that any one was ever loaded with more
honours by the Senate than you.
7. He said that his brother, a man of great foresight, had
foretold this calamity many years before.
8. The statue, which was about fifty paces distant, seemed
larger than a man.
9. Let us exchange the corn, with which our land abounds,
for wool, of which we have need.
10. Tarquinius said that he would 4 seek to regain by force
the kingdom, from which he had been unjustly expelled.
Exercise 16.
1. In that year there was a great fire in London, where
almost all the houses 5 were built of 6 wood.
2. This man, born of distinguished parents, was entirely
without talent.
3. No one ever performed the duties of a commander more
wisely than this man, whom you wish to deprive of his office.
4. They said that those, who had released them from this
fear, were more like allies than enemies.
1 Ut-or, -i, usus sum. 2 Tant-us, -a, -urn.
3 See Chap, iii, Ex. 4, n. i. * Repet-o, -ere, -ivi, -itum.
5 Say ' had been built.' 6 Trab-es, -um (timbers).
ON THE ABLATIVE. 8 1
5. While my father was alive I used to live at Athens;
when he was dead I * removed from Greece to Italy^
6. Tarquinius and his wife enjoyed for several years the
kingdom, of which they had gained possession by their
crimes.
7. No one had ever been more successful than Pompey,
who was made general that year.
8. The 2 more you threaten these men, the less you are
obeyed.
9. He 3 said that this state had produced 3 no one more
skilled in warfare than Caesar.
10. Do you 4 not think that those who employed such arts
are worthier of punishment than of praise ?
1 See Ex. 12, n. 2. 2 See p. 58, n. i.
* See Ex. 14, n. i. * See Chap, i, Ex. 2, n. 2.
CHAPTER VI.
ON THE GENITIVE.
SECTION 1. On the genitives of the maker or pos-
sessor, quality, and value.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Polycleti signa plane perfecta sunt.
Polycktus statues are quite perfect.
2. Singulomm opes sunt divitiae civitatis.
The resources of individuals are the riches of the state.
3. Respublica mea unius opera salva erat.
The state was saved by my single exertions.
4. Aves fetus adultos suae ipsorum fiduciae permittunt.
Birds entrust their grown young ones to their own self-
reliance.
5. Ingenui vultus puer ingenuique pudoris.
A boy of a high-bred countenance and high-bred
modesty.
6. Voluptatem virtus minimi facit.
Virtue makes pleasure of very small account.
In Sentences i and 2 we have three genitives, ' Polycleti/
' singulorum/ and ' civitatis/ each qualifying a noun in the
same way as an adjective does. 'Polycleti' denotes the
maker of the statues, ' singulorum ' and ' civitatis ' the pos-
sessors of the riches. Notice that the genitive may be
ON THE GENITIVE. 83
rendered in English either by a possessive case (Polycletus '),
or by the use of the preposition ' of.' Like an adjective, a
genitive may either be joined immediately to the noun it
qualifies, as in these sentences, or form the complement to
a copulative verb (that statue is Polycletus').
A genitive of the maker or possessor is called a subjective
genitive, because it may be turned into a clause with the
nominative of the same word for its subject noun. Thus
'Polycletus' statues ' = ' the statues which Polycletus made,'
'the resources of individuals ' = ' the resources which in-
dividuals have.' This, which is the commonest use of the
genitive, will present no difficulty, and instances of it have
of course occurred in previous exercises.
The genitive of a personal pronoun is not used in Latin
to denote the maker or possessor, but a possessive adjective
is used instead. Just as in English we say ' my head,' ' his
head,' etc., not ' the head of me,' ' the head of him,' so in
Latin we must say ' caput meum,' not ' caput mei/ But, as
the possessive adjective may be said to stand for the genitive
of a personal pronoun, a genitive is sometimes found with
it, as if in apposition with the personal pronoun for which it
stands. Thus, in Sentence 3, 'mea opera,' * by my exer-
tions' = ' by the exertions of me I and so 'mea unius opera ' =
' by the exertions of me alone! In the same way, in Sentence
4, ' suae fiduciae ' = ' to the self-reliance of them} and
* suae ipsorum fiduciae ' = ' to the self-reliance of them them-
selves' The genitives most commonly used in this way are
' unius ' and the genitive singular or plural of ' ipse.' A
possessive adjective with ' unius ' may sometimes be rendered
by turning the possessive adjective into a personal pronoun
with ' of,' and translating ' unius ' by the word ' alone,' quali-
fying the personal pronoun, (as above lby the exertions of
G 2
#4 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
me alone'}. Or we may keep the possessive adjective in
English, and use the word ' alone ' or ' single/ qualifying
the noun (' by my exertions alone j ' by my single exertions'}.
The genitive of ' ipse ' is used to add emphasis to the pos-
sessive adjective, and is best rendered by the word ' own,'
qualifying the noun. Notice that the right position for the
genitive in Latin is after the possessive adjective and before
the noun.
In Sentence 5, the words ' ingenui vultus ' and ' ingenui
pudoris ' qualify ' puer ' like adjectives, and answer the ques-
tion ' of what kind!' This is called the genitive of quality.
Like the ablative of quality (see Chap, v, Sect. 4), it can only
be used if the qualifying noun is itself qualified by an adjec-
tive. ' A man of courage ' is neither ' vir fortitudine ' nor
'vir fortitudinis/ but 'vir fortis' ('a brave ma?t'). This use
of the genitive may be brought under the head of the genitive
of the possessor, for, by a slight exercise of imagination, a
person may be looked upon as belonging to his qualities,
just as a railway porter will speak of ' the gentleman that
belongs to this luggage,' meaning the person to whom the
luggage belongs.
In Sentence 6, the genitive ' minimi ' answers the question
' of what value?' This is a particular use of the genitive of
quality. In the same way are used ' magni/ ' of great value j
' pluris,' ' of more value', ' maximi ' and ' plurimi,' ' of the
greatest value', ' parvi/ ' of small value,' ' minoris,' ' of less
value} ' tanti/ ' of so much value,' ' quanti/ ' of how much
value! (When used answering to one another 'tanti —
quanti ' may be translated * of as much value as!) Any of
these words may be used, agreeing with ' pretii ' understood,
as the complement to a copulative verb, or to a factitive verb
such as 'puto,' '/ reckon,' 'habeo/ ' I hold' (i.e. 'consider'),
ON THE GENITIVE. 85
'facio,' ' I make' (i.e. ''consider'), ' aestimo/ ' I value', etc.
They may be variously translated in English. Thus ' magni
puto' ('habeo/ 'facio/ or 'aestimo') may be rendered '/
reckon (or ' consider') of great value' (or ' worth' or 'im-
portance'), '/ value (or 'esteem' or 'prize') highly, etc.,
* parvi puto' ('habeo/ etc.), '/ reckon (or 'consider') of
small value' (' worth' or 'importance'), 'I make (^consider'
or 'hold') of small account,' etc.
Exercise 1 .
1. That year Fabius Maximus was created dictator, whom
all 1 thought a leader of the greatest prudence.
2. He said that you were bringing this calamity on your-
self by your own fault.
3. Money, which you consider of the highest value, is of
less worth than wisdom.
4. He says that his father is reckoned by all a man of
prudence.
5. He said that all these evils would be brought on the
state by your crimes alone.
6. I know that your father was a man of the greatest
valour.
7. Leonidas, who 2 commanded the Spartan army 3 at Ther-
mopylae, valued glory much more highly than life.
8. We will trust to our own valour rather than to the
enemy's cowardice.
9. Your safety is of as much importance to me as my
own life.
10. He said that my single vote had kept off this calamity
from the state.
1 See p. 26, n. 2. 2 Prae-sum, -esse,
3 Thermopylae is the name of a pass, not of a town.
-fui.
86 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
Exercise 2.
1. Pleasure, which lmosf men value highly, seems of very
little importance to the wise.
2. He says that this happened through your obstinacy
alone.
3. He said that your brother was 2 showing himself a man
of great firmness, and worthy of the 3 highest praise.
4. A man of courage will value his country's welfare much
more highly than his own.
5. I hope that this man will be taken by his own device.
6. The old man, whose wisdom you and I esteem so
highly, has not been asked for his opinion.
7. He said that great loss would be brought on the enemy
by your single aid.
8. Next year the Romans made Numa Pompilius king,
who 4 was reckoned a man of the greatest piety.
9. Those, who hold learning of small account, deprive
themselves of great advantages.
10. They felt that they had been betrayed by their own
commander, who had promised them 5 such great rewards.
SECTION 2. On the genitive qualifying a noun omitted,
and on ' interest ' and ' refert/
Sentences to be learned :
i. Ventum erat ad Vestae.
We had come (lit. it had been come) to Vesta's temple.
1 Pler-ique, -aeque, -aque. 2 See p. 26, n. i.
3 See Chap, v, Ex. 5, n. 2. 4 See p. 26, n. 2.
5 Tant-us, -a, -um.
ON THE GENITIVE. 87
2. Cujusvis hominis est errare.
// is any man s nature to err.
3. Est adolescentis majores natu vereri.
// is the duty of a young man to reverence his elders.
4. Tempori cedere habetur sapientis.
// is considered the part (or ' sign' or ' mar&') of a
wise man to yield to circumstances.
5. Interest omnium recte facere.
// is of importance to all to act rightly.
6. Et mea et tua interest te valere.
// is of importance both to you and to me that you
should be well.
7. Quid nostra id refert ?
What does that matter to us ?
Sometimes a genitive of the possessor qualifies a noun
omitted, as in Sentence i, where ' ad Vestae ' stands for ' ad
Vestae templum/ and in Sentences 2, 3, and 4, where the
words signifying ' nature/ ' duty,' and ' part/ or ' sign ' or
' mark/ have to be supplied as complements to the verbs
' est ' and ' habetur/ which are used impersonally. In turning
sentences similar to these last three into Latin, remember
that the word 'it' is not to be expressed, nor the word
' nature/ ' duty/ ' part/ ' sign/ or ' mark.'
The genitive used with ' interest/ as in Sentence 5, is
perhaps to be explained in the same way as qualifying the
word ' rem ' omitted. Thus ' interest omnium ' would stand
for ' inter rem omnium est/ ' it is among the concerns of
all! It may be translated, ' it concerns all} ' it is of import-
ance to all, or ' it is important to all.' ' Refert ' is used in
exactly the same way, but is less common. This is perhaps
a corruption of ' rem fert/ Thus ' refert omnium ' would
88 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
stand for ' rein omnium fert,' ' it brings the advantage of
all/
As the possessive adjectives are used instead of the geni-
tives of the personal pronouns, we might naturally expect to
find ' interest meam/ ' refert meam/ for ' it is of importance
to me.' This ' meam ' was, however, corrupted into * mea ' ;
so that the place of the genitive of a personal pronoun de-
pending on 'interest' or 'refert' is supplied by what looks
like the ablative singular feminine of the corresponding pos-
sessive adjective, as in Sentences 6 and 7.
In the last sentence, ' quid ' is used adverbially. So we
may have ' nihil/ ' nothing! used as an adverb qualifying
' interest ' or ' refert.' ' Quid interest ' (or ' refert ') ? may be
translated ' what does it matter ? ' or ' what difference does it
make ? ' ' nihil interest ' (or ' refert '), ' it matters nothing ' or
' it makes no difference'. The preposition ' to ' must be used
in translating the genitive or possessive adjective. These
verbs may also be qualified by the genitives of value ' magni,'
' pluris,' etc. Thus we may say ' magni mea interest ' for
' it is of great importance to me' Instead of such a genitive
we may have an adverb (' magnopere/ ' greatly '/ ' magis.'
' morel etc.)
Caution. ' // is of importance to him ' must of course
be translated ' interest ejus/ as ' suus ' can only be used
referring to the subject. So also ' it is of importance to
them ' is ' interest eorum/ But ' he said that it was of im-
portance to him' is ' dixit sua interesse ; ' ' they said thai it
was of importance to them', ' dixerunt sua interesse/
Each of the verbs * interest ' and ' refert ' may be used
either with a neuter pronoun for subject noun, as in Sentence
7, or impersonally, as in Sentences 5 and 6, in which 'case it
may be followed by an infinitive, as in Sentence 5, or an
ON THE GENITIVE. 89
accusative with infinitive, as in Sentence 6. Notice the
translation of the accusative with infinitive in this sentence,
and remember that in such sentences ' should ' is not a sign
of the future, but the present is the right tense to use. In-
stead of the accusative with infinitive, 'ut ' with the subjunctive
may be used ; in which case the rule explained in Chap, ii,
Sect. 4. holds good : if the principal verb is in a primary
tense, the present subjunctive is to be used, if the principal
verb is in a historic tense, the imperfect subjunctive.
Exercise 3.
1. He said that it was the nature of a wise man to bear
evil fortune with fortitude.
2. He * says that this is l not less important to the State than
2 to himself.
3. It is the duty of boys to obey their own parents.
4. It concerns both us and the 3 rest of the citizens that you
should be spared.
5. It is a sign of rashness rather than bravery to *go to
meet dangers 5 of ones own accord.
6. He says that this concerns himself alone ; but it con-
cerns you, citizens, no less than him.
7. Zeno, who presided over the Stoics for many years,
thought that it was the part of a wise man to make pleasure
of very small account.
1 See Chap, ii, Ex. I, n. i.
2 Do not be misled by the rule that the words coupled by ' quam '
must be in the same case. Remember that a possessive adjective is
equivalent to a genitive case.
3 Say ' the remaining (reliqu-us, -a, -um), citizens.'
4 Occur-ro, -rere, -ri, -sum. 5 Ultro.
90 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
8. Having received this news, he answered that that
mattered nothing to him.
9. It is the nature of a good man to consider the welfare
of others" of as much importance as his own.
10. It is equally important to me and to the soldiers that
the enemy should be conquered.
Exercise 4.
1. It is the part of a good commander to provide for the
welfare of the soldiers.
2. He said that this was of importance to him; but it is
no less important to the soldiers than to the commander
himself.
3. It is the duty of a good soldier to value the welfare of
his country more highly than his own.
4. This will make no difference to those who have re-
mained in the country.
5. It is the sign of a fool to hold learning of small
account.
6. He imposed the task of fortification on the soldiers of
the tenth legion, for it was of the greatest importance to
them that the enemy should be kept off from the camp.
7. It is the nature of fools to consider learning of less
value than their own pleasure.
8. They said that this concerned us more than them.
9. It is considered the mark of a good soldier to prize
glory much more highly than rewards.
10. It is of importance not only to the king, but also to
you, citizens, that the enemy should be resisted.
ON THE GENITIVE. 91
SECTION 3. On the genitive depending on partitive
words, and the genitive of material.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Gallorum fortissimi sunt Belgae.
The Belgae are the bravest of the Gauls.
2. Sulla centum viginti suorum amisit.
Sulla lost a hundred and twenty of his men.
3. Elephanto beluarum est nulla prudentior.
Of beasts, none is more sagacious than the elephant.
4. Te venire uterque nostrum cupit.
Each of us wishes you to come.
5. Satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum est.
There is enough (of) eloquence •, too little (of) wisdom.
6. Summus mons a Labieno tenebatur.
The top of the mountain was occupied by Labienus.
7. Lapidum imber defluxit.
A shower of stones has fallen.
In the first four of these sentences the genitives 'Gallorum/
' suorum/ ' beluarum/ ' nostrum/ denote each a number of
persons or things, about one or more of which something is said.
Such a genitive may depend
(1) on a comparative (' the elder of the two ') or super-
lative, as in Sentence i, ' Gallorum fortissimi' :
(2) on a numeral, whether cardinal (one, two, three,
etc.), as in Sentence 2, ' centum viginti suorum/ or
ordinal (first, second, third, etc.) :
(3) on any pronoun or adjective denoting one or some of
a number, as in Sentence 3, where 'beluarum
nulla ' = ' not one of all beasts,' or in Sentence 4,
' uterque nostrum/ ' each (one) of us! So we
92 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
may have a genitive with words signifying ' many,'
' a few/ and the like.
[But the genitive is not used in Latin, as we sometimes
use 'of in English with a word signifying the whole of a
thing or of a number. ' The whole of Italy ' is { tota Italia,'
' all of us' is * nos omnes/ or ' omnes ' alone, if it denotes
the subject of a verb in the first person plural.]
A word which has a genitive depending on it in this sense
is called a partitive word, because it denotes a part put of a
whole number. The genitive is akin to the genitive of the
possessor, as a part may naturally be looked upon as belong-
ing to the whole, of which it is a part.
Notice that 'nulla' in Sentence 3 is feminine, to agree with
' belua ' understood ; the partitive word taking the same
gender as the word in the genitive.
Notice also that for 'of us/ 'of you' (plur.), when de-
pending on a partitive word, the forms 'nostrum' and
' vestrum ' (not ' nostri/ ' vestri ') are to be used, as in
Sentence 4.
A partitive adjective may of course be used, like any other
adjective, with the noun it qualifies expressed in the same
case. Thus we may say ' fortissimi Galli/ ' the bravest Gauls/
' centum milites/ ' a hundred soldiers/ ' nulla belua/ ' no
beast/ ' uterque consul/ ' each consul/
In Sentence 5, the genitives l eloquentiae ' and ' sapientiae '
are like the genitives in the first four sentences, except that,
instead of denoting each a number of things, each denotes
a single thing, about a part of which something is said. Such
a genitive may depend on any word denoting a certain
quantity, which may be either (i) a word like 'satis/
' parum/ ' nimis/ ' nihil/ which are all, when used in this
way, indeclinable nouns, though they may also be used as
ON THE GENITIVE. 93
adverbs : or (2) the neuter of a pronoun or adjective, as
'aliquid/ 'multum/ 'plus/ 'plurimum/ 'paulum/ 'minus/
* minimum/ ' nimium/ etc.
The partitive word and the genitive are most commonly
rendered in English by a noun and adjective in agreement,
as in the above sentence, ' enough eloquence] ( too little
wisdom! So 'nimis (or 'nimium') pecuniae ' = ' too much
money] ' nihil mali ' = 'no evil] ' aliquid voluptatis ' = ' some
pleasure] 'multum ('plus' or 'plurimum') caedis'='«tt«v$
('more' or 'very much') slaughter] ' paulum ('minus' or
* minimum ') sapientiae ' = ' a little (' less ' or ' very little ')
wisdom! Sometimes, however, the genitive may be literally
translated, as ' aliquid pristini roboris/ ' something of his old
strength!
Note i. — If a word denoting a certain quantity is in any
case except the nominative or accusative, or if it depends on
a preposition, it should be used as an adjective, agreeing
with its noun. Thus ' of too much money ' is ' nimiae
pecuniae/
Note 2. — The genitive depending on a word of quantity
may be a neuter adjective, as ' nihil veri ' ; in which case we
may either render the genitive by a noun, and the word of
quantity by an adjective qualifying it (' no truth '), or, trans-
lating the word of quantity as a noun, render the genitive by
an adjective qualifying it (' nothing true '). An adjective of
the third declension should not be used in the genitive with
a word of quantity, but should be put in agreement with it,
as ' nihil triste/ ' nothing sad!
In Sentence 6, the words ' summus mons ' mean ' the
highest part of the mountain/ We might naturally have
expected to find the adjective in the neuter, with the noun
in the genitive ; but the words * summus/ ' highest] ' imus/
94 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
1 lowest} ' ceterus ' and ' reliquus,' ' remaining} ' medius,'
' middle} ' primus/ ' first} ' extremus/ ' outermost ' or ' last}
and some other superlatives, when placed before the nouns
they qualify, have a partitive meaning. Thus 'ima vallis' =
1 the bottom of the valley} 'cetera (or 'reliqua') classis'=
' the rest of the fleet} ( media acies ' = ' the centre of the line
of battle} 'primum agmen' = ' the front (or ' beginning'} of
the line of march} l extremum (' postremum/ ' ultimum/ or
' novissimum ') agmen ' = '/&? rear (or l end'} of the line of
march! When these adjectives are placed after the nouns
they qualify, they have no such partitive meaning. Thus
' via media ' = ' the middle road'
In Sentence 7, the genitive 'lapidum' denotes the material
of which the shower consists. This differs from the ablative
of material (see Chap, v, Sect. 3), inasmuch as that depends
on a verb, the genitive on a noun. It is akin to the genitive
depending on a partitive word, as the material of which
a thing consists may be regarded as a whole, of which the
thing is a part. Sometimes a genitive denoting that of which
a thing consists is added to a noun to explain it in much the
same way as a noun in apposition, as 'honos consulatus/
' the honour (consisting) of the consulship} and may some-
times even be rendered as such in English, as ' numerus
trecentorum/ * the number (consisting of} three hundred!
Exercise 5.
1. He has J ordered the elder of you to go to Rome.
2. The front of the line of march halted at the bottom of
the mountain.
1 Usejubeo.
ON THE GENITIVE. 95
3. He said that all of you had * shown much talkativeness,
very little wisdom.
4. The Persians, who had 2 taken their stand in the centre
of the line of battle, captured three of our standards.
5. He 3 said that 3 none of us was wiser than Socrates.
6. It is of importance both to us and to the rest of the
citizens that the general should have enough forces.
7. He said that [there] would be too much danger in that
undertaking.
8. The enemy surprised many of our cohorts 4 on the top
of the hill.
9. I believe that [there] was nothing true in the whole of
his speech.
10. Money, which 5 most of you value highly, is of less
worth than a mind contented with its own lot.
11. It is the mark of a fool to have more confidence than
valour.
Exercise 6.
1. This war was e prepared for at the 7 end of the winter,
finished at the 7 beginning of summer.
2. I hope that you will say something useful ; at least you
will say nothing false.
3. He said that ten of us had been 8 sent for by the king ;
that the rest of the captives had been judged worthy of death.
4. It was announced that those, who were in the city,
would within three days have no corn.
1 Exhib-eo, -ere. 2 Con-sist-o, -ere, -stiti.
3 Say ' denied that any one.' 4 In. 5 See Ex. 2, n. i.
6 Par-o, -are, I prepare for, transitive. 7 Use adjectives.
8 Arcess-o, -ere, -ivi, -hum, I send for, transitive.
g6 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
5. The whole of our army ran down from the top of the
hill to the bottom of the valley.
6. Some of you have too much confidence, others too
little skill ; all of you are men of too much rashness.
7. It is of the greatest importance to us that the soldiers
should have more corn.
8. It is important to all that the bravest of you should be
sent to the camp.
9. * One of my sisters will go to Corinth, the other will
remain a whole year at Athens.
10. He said that the enemy had less ammunition than we,
2 and could 2 not inflict much damage on our men.
SECTION 4. On the objective genitive depending on
noun or adjective.
Sentences to be learned :
r. Nicias tud sui memoria delectatur.
Nicias is delighted with your remembrance of him.
2. Habetis ducem memorem vestri.
You have a leader mindful of you.
3. Volo me patris mei similem.
I wish myself like my father.
4. Animus fuit alieni appetens.
His mind was desirous of another s wealth.
5. Miserrima est honorum contentio.
Striving about honours is most miserable.
6. Consolantur aegram animi.
They console the woman sick at heart.
1 See Chap, iii, Ex. 4, n. 2. 2 See Chap, ii, Ex. 4, n. i.
ON THE GENITIVE. 97
In Sentence i, the words 'with your remembrance of him'
might be otherwise expressed 'that you remember him,'
where 'him' is the object noun to the verb 'remember:
So also in Sentences 2, 3, and 4, the words on which the
genitives depend may be turned into transitive verbs, and the
genitives into their object nouns. 'Mindful of you' = 'who
remembers you': 'like my father '=' one who resembles
my father1': 'was desirous of another's wealth ' = ' desired
another's wealth.' A genitive which may thus be turned
into an object noun is called an objective genitive. It may
depend on a noun, as in Sentence i, or on an adjective, as in
Sentences 2, 3, and 4. In particular, a present participle may
have such a genitive depending on it, when it is used as
a mere adjective, i. e. when it describes a permanent quality,
as in Sentence 4 (' alieni appetens '), and not a particular act
done at some one time ('mortuus est manus ad caelum
extendens/ 'he died stretching out his hands to heaven').
A participle thus used may often be rendered by an English
adjective, as above, 'desirous of another s wealfh' ; sometimes
by a noun, as ' amans patriae/ ' a lover of his country ' ; some-
times by several words, as 'patiens frigoris/ 'capable of
enduring cold!
Notice that the genitives of the personal pronouns, which,
as we saw above (Sect, i), are not used to denote the maker
or possessor, are used as objective genitives, as in Sentences
i and 2 ; and notice further that for ' of us,' ' of you ' (plur.),
when the genitive is objective, the forms ' nostri,' ' vestri/ are
used, as in Sentence 2, not ' nostrum,' ' vestrum/ which, as we
saw in Sect. 3, are used wi^Ji partitive words.
1 ' Similis'-and ' dissimilis ' may be used either with a genitive, as
here, or with a dative, as we saw in Chap, iv, Sect. i.
H
98 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
In Sentence 5, ' honorum contentio' = ' de honoribus con-
tendere/ As a preposition is seldom used depending on
a noun, a genitive is sometimes used in this way, where, if
the noun on which it depends were turned into a verb,
a preposition would be used : and as the genitive is the only
case that can be used qualifying a noun, it is occasionally
found where a dative or ablative without a preposition would
be used, if the noun on which the genitive depends were
turned into a verb. So ' vacatio militiae ' = ' militia vacare/
* freedom from military service ' ; ' imperium pelagi ' = ' pelago
imperare/ ' rule over the sea/ In such cases care will be
necessary to see what preposition is most suitable in trans-
lating the genitive into English.
In Sentence 6, the genitive ' animi ' is used just like an
ablative of respect. This is a use of the genitive which is
chiefly found in poets and late writers, but the word ' animi '
is so used in writers of the best period, both with adjectives,
as in this sentence, and with verbs, as ' animi pendeo/ '/ waver
in mind!
Exercise 7.
1. Our parents will be delighted by our care of them.
2. Of all animals none is more capable of enduring toil
than the horse.
3. He said that you had 1 shown too little goodwill in this
matter; but I will never believe that you were so forgetful
of us.
4. Having read this letter, he said that he 2 wondered at
your hatred of him.
5. That man seems to me much more like you than your
own brother.
1 Praest-o, -are. 2 Mir-or, -ari, I wonder at, trans.
ON THE GENITIVE. 99
6. I think, soldiers, that this was done from fear of you.
7. This man, whom you think so neglectful of me, has
always been considered a lover of himself.
8. Your parents will rightly be angry with you l on account
of your neglect of them.
9. I believe that znone of us will see anything like this
comet within the 3 next thirty years.
10. He told me that the rest of the allies, blind with hatred
of us, had gone to the help of the enemy.
SECTION 5. On verbs that take a genitive.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Romani signorum potiti sunt.
The Romans gained possession of the standards.
2. Mancipiis locuples eget aeris Cappadocum rex.
The king of the Cappadocians, rich in slaves, is in
want of coin.
3. Condemnamus haruspices stultitiae.
We condemn soothsayers (as guilty] of folly.
4. Petillius furti absolutus est.
Petillius was acquitted of theft.
5. Res adversae admonent nos religionum.
Adversity reminds us of religious duties.
6. Jubet mortis te meminisse Deus.
God bids thee remember death.
7. Nunquam obliviscar noctis illius.
Never shall I forget that night.
1 Use a preposition. 2 Nem-o, ace. -Tnem. 3 Proxim-us. -a, -urn.
H 2
100 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
8. Dulces moriens rerhiniscitur Argos.
Dying, he remembers sweet Argos.
9. Arcadii, quaeso, miserescite regis.
Pity, I pray, the Arcadian king.
i o. Miseret te aliorum ; tui nee miseret nee pudet.
Thou pitiest others ; thou neither pitiest nor art ashamed
of thyself.
The genitives in these sentences, unlike those in the
former examples, depend on verbs.
' Potior/ '/ gain possession' ' egeo ' and ' indigeo,' '/ am
in want,' may take either a genitive, as in Sentences i and 2,
or an ablative, as we saw in Chapter v, Sects. 3 and 6.
So also verbs signifying ' to fill ' sometimes take a genitive
instead of an ablative, denoting that with which a thing is
filled.
A genitive is used, as in Sentences 3 and 4, with verbs of
accusing, condemning, and acquitting, to denote the crime of
which a person is accused, pronounced guilty or acquitted.
In translating the genitive depending on a verb signifying
' to condemn ' it is necessary to put in some such words as
' on a charge ' or ' as guilty,' as in Sentence 3. Remember
that these are transitive verbs, and take also an accusative
denoting the person accused, condemned, or acquitted.
A genitive is used, as in Sentences 5, 6, and 7, with verbs
of reminding, remembering, and forgetting, to denote that of
which a person is reminded, or that which one remembers or
forgets. Notice that the person reminded is denoted by the
accusative (' nos ' in Sentence 5). With verbs of remember-
ing and forgetting, the genitive must be translated like an
object noun, without any English preposition. Indeed with
these verbs the thing remembered or forgotten may also be
ON THE GENITIVE. IOI
denoted by an accusative in Latin, as in Sentence 8, where
' Argos ' is ace. plur. from ' Argi/
A genitive is also used, as in Sentences 9 and 10, with the
verbs * miseresco ' and ' misereor/ ' / pity I and the im-
personal verbs ' miseret/ ' piget/ ' taedet/ ' pudet/ ' paenitet/
to denote the person or thing on account of which one feels
pity, disgust, weariness, shame, or repentance. With the
verbs signifying ' to pity/ the genitive must be translated as
an object noun, without preposition. With the impersonal
verbs given above, the person who feels the emotion is de-
noted by an accusative. In translating, the impersonal must
be turned into a personal verb, of which the word in the
accusative becomes the subject noun. Thus ' miseret te
aliorum '='/&»< pitiest others' [In the latter part of this
sentence, ' te ' is understood a second time with ' miseret '
and 'pudet.'] So 'fratris me piget/ '/ am disgusted with
my brother' : ' taedet me vitae,' ' 1 am weary of life' : * tui te
non pudet/ ' thou art not ashamed of thyself : ' paenitet eum
facti/ 'he repents of the deed'
With the verbs 'miseror' and ' commiseror/ '/ compas-
sionate] i.e. express pity for, the accusative, not the genitive,
is used.
For ' of us/ ' of you ' (plur.), when depending on a verb,
the forms ' nostri/ ' vestri/ should be used.
A genitive (of the same kind as those of which we had
examples in the last section) may be used depending on an
adjective corresponding in meaning with any of the verbs
that take the genitive, as ' potens/ ' having power (over),'
' impotens/ ' without control (over),' ' egenus/ ' in ivant'
' plenus/ '_/«/// ' reus/ ' accused,' ' sons ' and ' noxius/
'guilty', 'insons' and ' innocens/ 'innocent', ' memor/
' mindful', ' immemor/ ' forgetful', &c.
102 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
Exercise 8.
1. I think that this circumstance will remind them of us.
2. He was convicted of treason l by means of his own
letter.
3. I pity those who gave themselves up to the enemy
much 2 more than those who were killed in the battle.
4. You will soon forget the labours, of which you are now
weary.
5. I do not remember the deed of which you say that you
repent.
6. They are ashamed of their allies, who are giiilty of the
greatest crimes.
7. We could not gain possession of the camp, for we 3 had
too little strength.
8. He told me that you were innocent of those crimes, of
which you were accused.
9. I am disgusted with you, who are accusing your own
brother of 4 such baseness.
10. I cannot acquit you of those crimes which you have
committed [while] full of anger and without control over
yourself.
Exercise 9.
1. 5He will be reckoned the bravest of us who 6 gains pos-
session of the enemy's standard.
2. Those who have too much money derive no pleasure
tfrom the use of it.
1 Per. 2 See p. 58, n. i. 3 Imperfect.
4 Say ' so great.'
5 The word ' he ' should be expressed in Latin (' is ').
6 Say < shall have gained.' 7 Ex.
ON THE GENITIVE. 103
3. 1 Do you think, soldiers, that your commander will ever
forget you ?
4. The general 2 orders ten of you to go to the centre of
the line of battle.
5. I am disgusted with you, who do not repent of so great
a crime.
6. He said that he would derive some pleasure zfrom this
toil
7. It is of the greatest importance to the State that you
should remind our allies of the wrongs inflicted on us by the
enemy.
8. Brutus, who condemned his own sons [as guilty] of
treason, was a man of wonderful firmness.
9. I think that he did this from fear rather than from love
of us.
10. He said that he pitied those who were not ashamed of
their crimes.
11. He said that the general had selected a few of you,
whose influence he valued highly.
12. It concerns us that the army should have enough corn.
Exercise 10.
1. He told me that a few of our cohorts could inflict very
much damage on the enemy.
2. The general was no less weary of the blockade than
the soldiers.
3. He is so blind with love of us, 4 that he forgets his duty.
1 To mark the question, put ' ne ' after the verb, written as one word
with the verb.
2 Usejubeo. 3 Ex. * Ut (with subjunctive).
104 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
4. He said that more injury would be brought on the
State by the death of you alone than by the slaughter of a
whole legion.
5. The general will place a few of you, whose valour he
esteems most highly, in the front of the line of march.
6. It is the nature of fools to have less firmness than con-
fidence.
7. Are you l not ashamed of those crimes, which all of us
remember ?
8. It is of importance both to you and to me that you
should have the money of which you are in want.
9. He says that he pities those who had been placed in
the rear of the line of march.
10. I did not think that you had been so forgetful of us.
11. The general says that he had too little cavalry.
12. The enemy hoped that they would kill many thousands
of us.
1 See Chap, i, Ex. 2, n. 2.
CHAPTER VII.
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, SUPINES, AND GERUNDIVE.
SECTION 1. On the infinitive.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Dulce et decorum est pro patria; mori.
// is a sweet and glorious thing to die for ones country,
or,
Dying for ones country is a sweet and glorious thing.
2. Mori nemo sapiens miserum dixerit.
No wise man will call (lit. will have called} it miserable
to die,
or,
No wise man will call dying miserable.
3. Stoicus esse voluit.
He wished to be a Stoic.
4. Neu sinas Medos equitare inultos.
And may si thou not suffer the Medes to ride un-
punished.
5. Patriae diceris esse pater.
Thou art said to be the father of thy country*.
6. Multi sequi, fugere, occidi, capi.
Many were following, flying, being slain, being
captured.
To find the subject of Sentence i, we should asjc 'What
106 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
is a sweet and glorious thing ? ' The answer would be,
' Dying (or ' to die ') for one's country/ The word ' dying '
is here a verbal noun, signifying the act of dying, and is
equivalent to the infinitive ' to die/ In Latin the infinitive is
used, which we thus see is a kind of noun, and may stand as
the subject noun to a verb (though seldom to any except a
copulative verb).
Again, in Sentence 2, to find the object noun we should
ask f What will no wise man call miserable ? ' The answer,
as before, would be * Dying ' or ' To die ' ; in Latin, ' mori/
We see, then, that the infinitive may also stand as an object
noun (generally to a verb of thinking or calling).
Notice that the adjectives qualifying the infinitives used as
subject and object nouns are in the neuter gender (dulce,
decorum, miserum).
Notice also the different ways of translating the infinitive
when it is thus used as subject or object noun. It may be
rendered either by a verbal noun, as ' dying/ or by the
infinitive, ' to die/ If the infinitive is used in English, the
pronoun ' it ' is generally inserted in the regular place of the
subject or object noun, and the infinitive is added after the
complement to explain the word ' it ' (* // is a sweet and
glorious thing to die,' ( No wise man will call it miserable to
die.") In translating such sentences into Latin, remember
to leave out the word ' it/
Be very careful to distinguish between the English verbal
noun and the present participle, which is the same in form.
Remember that a participle is an adjective, and must qualify
a noun, either expressed or understood. When a Latin
participle is used without any noun to agree with, ' man ' or
' men ' must be supplied. It may be variously translated into
English. Thus ' morientem ' may be rendered la dying
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 107
man! ' one dying! ' one who is dying! ' one who dies! or, if
the verb of the sentence is in a historic tense, ' one who was
dying! ' one who died! So also 'morientes' may be
rendered ' dying men,' ' the dying! ' those dying,' ' those who
are dying,' ' those who die', ' those who were dying', ' those
who died'. In translating such expressions into Latin, re-
member that the word ' one ' or ' those,' when joined to a
participle, must be left out.
In Sentence 3, the infinitive 'esse,' with its complement
' Stocius/ completes the meaning of the verb ' voluit/
Among the verbs thus used with an infinitive to complete
their meaning are those signifying ' to wish', ' to be able', ' to
dare ' (and the opposites of these), ' to be accustomed! ' to
learn! ' to defer mine,' ' to begin! ' to cease! with ' debeo/
^ I ought! and some others. Many of these may also be used
with an accusative instead of the infinitive (most commonly
the accusative neuter of a pronoun). Thus we can say
' Hoc volo/ '/ wish this ' : ' Quod poterant, id audebant,'
' What they could, that they dared.' When the infinitive is
used, it is really a kind of object noun.
In Sentence 4, the words 'equitare inultos' are added,
like a second object noun, to complete the meaning of the
verb ' sinas/ which has already an object noun, ' Medos,' in
the accusative. Just as verbs of asking and teaching take two
accusatives, one of the person and one of the thing, so the
verbs ' doceo,' ' / teach,' ' jubeo/ « / bid,' ' veto,' ' I forbid!
'sino' and 'patior,' ' / allow', 'cogo,' ' / compel! and some
others, may be used with an accusative of a person, and an
infinitive of the thing which he is taught, bidden, forbidden,
allowed, or compelled, to do.
In Sentence 5, the words ' patriae esse pater ' form the
complement of the copulative verb ' diceris.' So also an
108 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
infinitive may stand as the complement to ' videor,' * / seem',
' putor/ ' / am thought' &c.
Notice that, in Sentences 3 and 5, the words ' Stoicus '
and ' pater ' are in the nominative, because, in each of these
sentences, the subject of the infinitive is the same with the
subject of the finite verb, which of course would be denoted
by a nominative, if expressed. On the other hand, in Sentence
4, the subject noun of the infinitive 'equitare' is the ac-
cusative ' Medos,' and therefore the complement ' inultos ' is
also in the accusative.
Although the infinitive is, as we have seen, a noun, it may,
like any other part of the verb, be qualified by an adverb, or
by an adverbial phrase consisting of a preposition with noun
(as in Sentence i, ' pro patria mori '), and it may have a noun
depending on it in any case that would be used with the finite
verb. In the same way a participle, though an adjective,
may have an accusative (or any other case that the finite verb
would govern) depending on it.
In Sentence 6, the infinitives 'sequi,' 'fugere/ 'occidi,'
' capi,' are equivalent to imperfects indicative, and must be
translated as such. This use of the infinitive is called the
historic infinitive, and is chiefly found in lively descriptions
of scenes. Several such infinitives are often found together.
Notice that the subject noun is in the nominative, not the
accusative. We may sometimes translate a historic infinitive
' began to — /
The use of the accusative with infinitive depending on
a verb of thinking or saying was explained in Chap, ii, and
has been illustrated in all the succeeding exercises. In this
construction the whole infinitive clause takes the place of an
object noun.
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 109
Exercise 1.
1. Nothing seems to me more desirable than living at
home with honour.
2. Do you lnot think it most base to insult a dying man ?
3. We answered the ambassadors, that the pardon, for
which we were asked, would be granted to z those who yielded.
4. These are the words of one rejoicing rather than
grieving.
5. What fault can be more disgraceful than lying?
6. Then the multitude 3 began to cry out and threaten ; *and,
5 owing to the shouts of those demanding battle, the general's
voice could 4 not be heard.
7. I will bid him be * more mindful of us ; for it is a mark
of an ungrateful man to forget his friends.
8. He 7 said that he * knew 7 nothing more pleasant than
living in the country, and reading the books of the philoso-
phers, Plato and Aristotle.
9. He said that he had been able to hear both the groans
of the dying and the shouts of those pursuing.
10. The fight, which our men fought that day, is said to
have been the most glorious of all fights.
Exercise 2.
i. 9 Complaining ^/"fortune is not a remedy ™for pain.
See Chap, i, Ex. 2, n. 2. 2 Use a participle.
Use the historic infinitive. * See Chap, ii, Ex. 4, n. i.
Prae. 6 The comparative of ' memor ' is ' magis memor.'
See Chap, v, Ex. 14, n. i.
Novi (perf. of nosco), I have become acquainted with = I know.
Quer-or, -i, questus sum, I complain of, trans.
10 See Chap, vi, Sect. 4.
110 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
2. Caesar 1 gave orders to his men, ^not to pursue the
flying.
3. The State seems to have been saved by your single
vote.
4. It is unworthy of you, a Roman soldier, to 3 depart from
your post.
5. He said that he would hear the words of those 4 com-
plaining of injuries.
6. Writing with care is useful for those, who are being
taught the Latin language.
7. The city had 5 now been besieged for many months;
6 and scarcity of provisions was troubling the besieging 6 no
less than the besieged.
8. It is much easier to all of you to confess your faults
than to amend your 7 ways.
9. Betraying a friend for money is more disgraceful than
being taken by the enemy.
10. We will not suffer you to be a private man, while your
son is consul.
SECTION 2. On the gerunds and supines.
Sentences to be learned :
1. Ad bene vivendum breve tempus satis est.
For living well a short time is sufficient.
2. Dat operam legendo.
He pays attention to reading.
1 Impero, I give orders. 2 See p. 42, n. i.
3 De-ced-o, -ere, -cess-i, -um. * See p. 109, n. 9. 5 Jam.
6 Begin the sentence with ' and not less ; ' and see Chap, ii, Ex. 4, n. i.
7 Mores, pi. of mos.
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. Ill
3. Multae civitates non sunt solvendo.
Many states are not capable of paying (lit. are not for
paying).
4. Fugiendo vinciraus.
We conquer by flying.
5. De pugnando deliberant.
They deliberate about fighting .
6. Ars scribendi discitur.
The art of writing is learned.
7. Cupidus sum satisfaciendi reipublicae.
I am desirous of satisfying the state.
8. Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego.
Maecenas goes to play, I to sleep.
9. Foedum dictu est.
// is horrible to tell.
In the first seven of these sentences the words 'living,'
' reading/ ' paying/ ' flying/ ' fighting/ ' writing/ * satisfying/
are all verbal nouns. We saw in the last Section that for
a verbal noun standing as subject or object noun the infinitive
could be used in Latin. For the accusative depending on a
preposition, and for the dative, ablative, and genitive, the
gerunds * are used, as we see in these sentences.
The accusative gerund is most commonly used with the
preposition 'ad/ as in Sent, i, where 'ad vivendum' =
lfor living I i.e. 'for the purpose of living.' This might also
be translated ' to live, and is one way of expressing a purpose
in Latin. [N.B. When 'to — ' expresses a purpose, it must
never be translated by the infinitive in Latin, unless it
depends on a verb expressing purpose, as ' He determined
1 Or the gerundive, as will be explained in the next Section.
112 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
to go/] The accusative gerund is also used with * inter/ ' in
the midst of I ' in the act of' and occasionally with other
prepositions.
The dative gerund is used
(1) as a dative of the remoter object, depending,
(a) as in Sentence 2, on such a verb as * do/ ' /
give! ' praesum/ * I preside over,' &c., or
(£) on an adjective expressing fitness, such as
'aptus/ 'suited] 'utilis/ 'useful' (though
with these ' ad ' with the accusative gerund
is more common) :
(2) as a dative of the purpose or result,
(a) depending on a verb of appointing or choosing
(' to appoint a day for starting '),
(3) forming the complement to a copulative verb,
as in Sentence 3, where ' solvendo ' is best
translated ' capable of paying'
The ablative gerund is used
(1) as an ablative of means, as in Sentence 4 :
(2) as an ablative of cause (' weary with fighting'),
(3) depending on a preposition, as in Sentence 5. The
prepositions with which it is used are 'in/ 'ex'
and <ab' (from'), and 'de' ('about').
The genitive gerund is used
(1) depending on a noun, as in Sentence 6, as a genitive
of that of which something consists (see Chap, vi,
Sect. 3, last paragraph) :
(2) as an objective genitive, depending on a noun or
adjective, as in Sentence 7, where ' cupidus sum
satisfaciendi '=' cupio satisfacere.'
Remember that ' of writing/ ' for writing/ ' by writing/ &c.,
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 113
can never be expressed in Latin by participles. ' Scribentis,'
in accordance with what was said in the last Section, means,
not c of writing/ but ' of one who is writing.'
The supines, as well as the gerunds, are really cases of
a verbal noun, though one of a different form from the
gerunds. The supine in -um is the accusative, the supine
in -u the ablative, of a noun of the fourth declension. As
a rule, this form of verbal noun is only used in these two
cases, though there are some verbal nouns of the fourth
declension which are used in other cases also, just like any
ordinary noun. Such are * sensus/ lfeelingl from ' sentio/
' tactus/ ' touchl from ' tango/ ' cursus/ ' running] from
' curro/ &c.
The supine in -um is used, as we see in Sentence 8, with
a verb of motion, to express the purpose for which one goes.
This is like the use of the accusative of the name of a town
to which one goes. Like the accusative gerund with ' ad/
the supine in -um expresses a purpose, but it can only be
used with a verb of motion, whereas the accusative gerund
with ' ad ' may be used with other verbs as well. Beware
of translating 'to — ' after a verb of motion by the in-
finitive.
We can now understand how the supine in -um with the
present infinitive passive of ' eo ' came to be used as the
future infinitive passive of a transitive verb. For, as any
intransitive verb can be used impersonally in the passive,
we can say 'itur/ meaning '// t's gone (by somebody)* i.e.
' Somebody is going' Prefixing to this a supine in -um, e.g.
' datum/ we get ' datum itur ' = ' Somebody is going to give!
Now the supine in -um, like an infinitive, may have an
object noun in the accusative, and so ' datum itur uxorem '
=.' Somebody is going to give a wife? Turning this into an
i
1 1 4 INTR OD UCTION TO LA TIN S YNTAX.
infinitive clause depending on a verb of thinking or saying,
we get -j \ datum iri uxorem' = ' He { . \ that
I ' Putat J I flunk* )
somebody is going to give a wife' — 1 He < . . \ that a
wife will be given!
In Sentence 9, ' foedum dictu ' means literally ' horrible in
the telling! ' Dictu/ the so called supine in -u, is then an
ablative of respect, qualifying the adjective ' foedum.' The
expression may be translated ' horrible to telV or ' horrible'
to be told! Remember, then, that ' to — / when it qualifies
an adjective, must not be translated by the infinitive, but by
the supine in -u.
In Sentence 7, ' reipublicae ' is a dative depending on the
gerund ' satisfaciendi/ This shows that the gerunds, like
the infinitive, although nouns, differ from other nouns in
taking the same cases as the verbs from which they are
formed. (They may also, like verbs, be qualified by adverbs,
as we see from Sentence i.) The same is true, as we have
already seen, of the supine in -um. The supine in -u, from
the nature of its use, can never have another noun depending
on it.
Exercise 3.
1. *// is certain that the Roman people was by nature
suited for commanding other nations.
2. I am ashamed of you, who are more desirous of escap-
ing than of conquering the enemy.
3. Having dismissed the ambassadors, he said that he
1 Constat.
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES.
would within the l next two hours 2 appoint a day for setting
out against the enemy.
4. He said that he had become the strongest of us by
using his limbs.
5. On the following day ambassadors, sent by the con-
quered, came to ask the conquerors for pardon.
6. The 3 line of the flying was pitiable to see, even to those
pursuing.
7. In the midst of drinking he fell, crying out that he was
dying.
8. So great was the desire of avenging these wrongs, 4 that
neither B those who resisted nor * those who fled were spared.
9. He said that he placed his only hope of safety in
resisting the enemy.
10. You teach others the art of painting; but I do not
think that you yourself have paid attention to writing.
Exercise 4.
1. The slaughter was horrible to see; men and horses
6 were everywhere flying, being captured, wounded, [and]
slain.
2. For commanding well it is useful to have ' 'first obeyed
others.
3. Nothing shall deter us *from succouring our allies.
4. Ambassadors were sent from Rome to Clusium, to
. * Proxim-us, -a, -um. 2 Dic-o, -ere, dixi, die-turn. 3 Agmen.
* Ut, with subjunctive. For the tense of the subjunctive, see Chap, ii,
Sect.
5 Use participles. 6 Use the historic infinitive.
7 Prius, neuter of prior, used as adverb. 8 Ab.
I 2
1 1 6 INTR OD UCTION TO LA TIN S YNTAX.
1 complain of the injuries inflicted on the allies of the Roman
people.
5. To one fighting for his country nothing seems trouble-
some to do.
6. T. Manlius 2 had the surname of Capitolinus, because
he had saved the Capitol by throwing down the Gauls 3 who
ivere climbing up.
7. He said that the soldiers were being 4 carried away by
desire of gaining possession of the enemy's camp.
8. He said that we should be surprised by our enemies
the Volscians in the midst of disputing.
9. The consul will send a few of us to lay waste the
enemy's lands.
10. Tired with pursuing rather than fighting, they returned
by the shortest way into the camp.
SECTION 3. On the gerundive attraction.
Sentences to be learned : —
1. Brutus in liberanda patria est interfectus.
Brutus was slain in freeing his country.
2. Hi septemviri fuerunt agris dividendis.
These were tJie seven commissioners for dividing lands.
In these two sentences we have 'instances of the construc-
tion called gerundive attraction. ' In liberanda patria ' and
' dividendis agris ' are translated as if ' liberanda ' and ' divi-
dendis ' were gerunds, and ' patria ' and ' agris ' accusatives
dependent on them. Notice that the object noun, instead of
being in the accusative, is attracted, or drawn, into the case
in which the gerund would have been, while the gerundive,
1 See p. 109, n. 9. 2 Use the verb ' sum.'
3 Use a participle. * Effer-o, -re, extuli, elatum.
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 117
M'hich is used instead of the gerund, is attracted to the gender
and number of the object noun.
The dative gerund is not used with an accusative depend-
ing on it, nor can a gerund depending on a preposition be
used with an accusative: instead of these the gerundive
attraction must be used. Thus you cannot translate 'far
dividing lands ' by ' agros dividendo/ nor ' in freeing his
country' by 'in liberando patriam/ but must say 'agris
dividendis' and 'in liberanda patria/ On the other hand
you can say either ' agros dividendo ' or ' agris dividendis '
for ' by dividing lands ' ; and either ' liberandi patriam ' or
' liberandae patriae ' for ' of freeing his country'
The use of the gerundive attraction is common in the titles
of officers, expressing the purpose for which they were ap-
pointed, as in Sentence 2, ' septemviri agris dividendis/ Here
the dative seems to depend on a noun ; but a participle such
as ' appointed ' may be easily supplied, on which the dative
may be said to depend.
Exercise 5.
1. From recalling the army he turned * to exhort the
soldiers.
2. It is of the greatest importance to the State that the
consul should give his attention to holding the levy.
3. He says that too much time was spent in getting ready
arms.
4. [There] was no hope that the besieged would be saved
except by surrendering the city.
5. He said that the enemy had deliberated for many hours
about killing the hostages, who were being kept at Luceria.
1 Ad.
1 1 8 INTR OD UC TION TO LA TIN S YNTAX.
6. Caius and I have been "^appointed 2 commissioners for
dedicating the temple.
7. 3 Complaining y fortune is useless for lessening [one's]
ills.
8. Some write that the consul returned to Rome for the
sake of holding the levy.
9. Marcus, a man of the greatest valour, had been sent by
the Appian road to reconnoitre the 4 country.
10. He said that that, however easy to say, could scarcely
be accomplished without great labour.
Exercise 6.
1. The Romans thought that by surrendering the consuls
they had been freed from their obligation.
2. We place our only hope of victory in saving the citadel.
3. It concerns us, citizens, that our generals should have
enough forces for storming the city.
4. Ambassadors had been sent from Rome to Alba a few
days before to 5 demand satisfaction.
5. He was 6 seized with a desire of seeing the temple,
which was not many paces distant.
6. He said that this was a good deal easier to say than
to do.
7. 7 When he was encouraging the soldiers 8 to attack the
enemy's camp, he was struck by an arrow in the midst of
speaking.
1 Cre-o, -are. 2 Duumvir-i, -orum, lit. two men.
s See p. 109, n. 9. * Loca, plural of locus.
5 Res repet-o, -ere, -ivi, -itum, I demand satisfaction.
6 Cap-io, -ere, cepi, cap-turn. 7 See Chap, iii, Ex. 5, n. 2. 8 Ad.
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 119
8. It is the part of a coward to desert the dying in hope
of escaping death.
9. The only hope of saving the city l lies in saving the
king.
10. These men have come to the consul to 2 complain of
the wrongs inflicted on them by you, an ambassador of the
Roman people.
SECTION 4. — On the impersonal use of the gerundive.
Sentences to be learned : —
i. Eundum est.
( must \
has to
One 4 V go (lit. */ is to be gone},
ought to '
\ should
2. Eundum fuit.
had to go
One \
ought to have gone h (lit. it was to be gone).
should have gone }
3. Eundum erit mihi.
/ shall have to go (lit. it will be to be gone by me].
4. Suo cuique judicio est utendum.
(must
has to
Each \ 7J . \ use his own judgment,
ought to '
should
1 Perf. pass, of pon-o, -ere, posui, positum. a See p. 109, n. 9.
120 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
5. Civibus est a vobis consulendum.
must
You \ , Y consult for the citizens.
\ ought to |
should
As any intransitive verb can be used impersonally in the
passive, the neuter of the gerundive of an intransitive verb,
with ' est,' ' fuit/ or ' erit/ may be so used, as in these sen-
tences, to express that something is, was, or will be, to be
done. Notice particularly the different ways in which these
expressions may be rendered in English.
If we want to express the person by whom something is to
be done, the dative should generally be used, as in Sentences
3 and 4 (' mihi ' and ' cuique ') ; see Chap, iv, Sect. 3. In
English, as we turn the passive into an active verb, this
dative must be turned into the subject noun. Thus, in
Sentence 4, ' cuique est utendum ' = ' each must use! In
this sentence, besides the dative 'cuique,' used with the
gerundive to express the agent, we have an ablative ' suo
judicio ' depending on the verb ' utor ' (see Chap, v, Sect. 3).
Thus we see that the gerundive of an intransitive verb with
'est/ 'fuit,1 or 'erit/ used impersonally, may have a noun
depending on it in the same case (dative, ablative, or geni-
tive) that the verb usually takes.
Thus with the gerundive of a verb which takes the dative,
we might have two datives, one completing the meaning of
the verb, the other expressing the agent ; but, as this might
make the meaning doubtful, it is more usual in such cases to
express the agent by the ablative with 'a' or cab/ as in
Sentence 5, where ' civibus ' is the dative of the persons whose
advantage has to be consulted for, while the agent is
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 12T
expressed by ' a vobis ' instead of the dative. If the dative
' vobis ' had been used, we could not have been sure whether
the meaning was ' You must consult for the citizens,' or
1 The citizens must consult for you.'
We saw in Chap, iv, Sect. 2, that with many verbs the
dative must be translated in English without any preposition,
just as if it were an accusative. When the gerundive of one
of these verbs is used with ' est/ we may either turn it
actively in English, as in the sentences at the beginning of
this Section, or we may use the passive, in which case the
dative of remoter object must be turned into the subject noun.
Thus ' Parendum est a te imperatori ' may be translated
either ' You must obey the commander I or ' The commander
must be obeyed by you'
Exercise 7.
1. We had to be silent about our own miseries.
2. We have to fly from home into the country.
3. We are entirely without corn, and shall soon have to
feed on skins.
4. He said that the general's command ought to be
obeyed by the soldiers.
5. You should not have believed those who told you this.
6. It was announced to the captives, that [they] must all
die on the following day.
7. In this man's consulship the Romans had to fight with
many enemies at once.
8. You, who used to be considered a man of prudence,
ought to have performed this duty.
9. I, who have been taken by the enemy, shall have to die
in a foreign land within a few days.
122 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
10. We should remember our allies the Romans rather
than our enemies the Carthaginians.
Exercise 8.
1. In so great a danger we must not deliberate, but dare
and l do.
2. The soldiers knew that their commander had to be
obeyed.
3. The general, standing * on the top of a mound, had to
shout with a loud voice, that he might be heard to the 3 end of
the camp.
4. The general should use rather than enjoy so great a
victory.
5. You ought to have pitied * such great sorrow.
6. We shall have to 5 exercise 'the greatest care in choosing
a commander.
7. That year all of us had to 6 remove from the country
into the city.
8. He did not think that he ought to fight with so great a
number of the enemy.
9. He answered that a Roman soldier must never forget
his duty.
10. You should not have hesitated about succouring 7 those
who were in difficulty.
1 Ag-o, -ere, egi, actum. 3 In.
3 Use an adjective. See Chap, vi, Sect. 3. 4 Tant-us, -a, -um.
5 Ut-or, -i, usus sum. 6 See Chap, v, Ex. 12, n. 2.
7 Use a participle. Labor-o, -are, I am in difficulty.
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 123
SECTION 5. — On the attributive use of the gerundive.
Sentences to be learned : —
1. Legendae sunt pueris Aesopi fabulae.
are to
must
JEsop's fables -j have to \ be read by boys :
ought to
should
or,
/ must \
have to
B°^S ] oughtto
\should ]
2. Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada.
Ships fly over the seas that ought not to be meddled with.
3. Diviti aurum servandum dedit.
He gave the gold to a rich man to keep.
4. Traditi sunt fetialibus Caudium ducendi.
They were handed over to the fetials to be led to
Caudium.
In Sentence i, 'legendae,' the gerundive of a transitive
verb, is used with « sunt/ in the same way as we saw in the
last Section that the gerundive of an intransitive verb could
be used with ' est/ with this difference, that, instead of being
used impersonally, the verb has a subject noun to agree with,
which the gerundive qualifies. The gerundive is here said to
be used attributively, because it expresses an attribute, or
quality of the thing denoted by the noun. Notice the differ-
ent ways in which the expression can be rendered in English.
It is often best to turn the verb actively, in which case the
agent, denoted by the dative in Latin, becomes the subject of
124 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX.
the English sentence, while the subject of the Latin sentence
becomes the object. Of course we may also say —
Legendae fuerunt pueris Aesopi fabulae,
which may be translated —
/ had to be
JE sop' s fables \ ought to have been
read by the boys ;
\ should have been
or,
C had to read \
The boys -\ ought to have read [ JZsop's fables :
1 should have read }
and
Legendae erunt pueris Aesopi fabulae,
which may be translated —
jEsop's fables will have to be read by the boys,
or,
The boys will have to read J2 sop's fables.
The gerundive of a transitive verb may also be used, as in
Sentence 2, without ' est ' or ' sunt/ qualifying a noun like any
other adjective. When this is the case, it is often best to
render it in English by a relative clause, as in this Sentence.
Sometimes, as in Sentences 3 and 4, the gerundive of a
transitive verb is used qualifying the object or subject noun,
and completing the meaning of another transitive verb, active
or passive, in such a way as to be equivalent to a clause
expressing a purpose. Thus, in Sentence 3, the meaning of
' servandum ' (lit. 'to be kept,'} which forms the complement
of ' dedit/ might otherwise have been expressed by the words
' quod servaret/ And in Sentence 4, instead of ' ducendi/
which forms the complement of ' traditi sunt/ we might have
had ' ut ducerentur/ The gerundive used in this way may
be rendered in English by the preposition 'to,' with either
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 125
the infinitive active, as in Sentence 3, or the infinitive passive,
as in Sentence 4.
Exercise 9.
1. You must not endure so great a disgrace.
2. An opportunity of fighting with the enemy has to be
given to the soldiers.
3. Those, who 1 ivere born of free parents, were sent into
the camp to be 2 kept under guard.
4. They said that you and Caius, who had not gone to the
general's aid, ought rightly to be deprived of your arms.
5. You should not have spent the rest of the time in
playing. ,
6. These things, and worse than these, will have to be
endured by me at Thebes.
7. We have to obey those who have given us the hostages
to keep.
8. The opportunity of indulging their anger should not
have been given to the soldiers.
9. We shall have to mourn many who have been slain in
freeing their country.
10. Two of you must be sent home to announce that tfce
allies are by no means ready for fighting.
1 1 . You are thought by 3 most men to be the writer of a
book 4 which ought to be read by all.
12. He 5said that these insults, so disgraceful to tell, were
5 not to be endured by Roman citizens.
1 See Chap, v, Ex. 12, n. 6.
2 Custod-io, -Ire, I keep under guard. 3 Pler-ique, -aeque, -aque.
4 Compare the second of the Sentences to be learned at the beginning
of this Section.
5 See Chap, ii, Ex. i, n. i.
126 INTR OD UCTION TO LA TIN S YNTAX.
Exercise 10.
1. A river three hundred feet broad had to be crossed by
the arm}7.
2. We had to endure the injuries inflicted on us by the
conquerors.
3. l One of these apples is sweeter to taste, the other softer
to touch.
4. We have to guard the women and 2 children, who have
been entrusted to our care.
5. You should appoint a time for setting out from the
city.
6. You ought not to have neglected the advice of your
father for so many years.
7. We shall have to pursue the flying for many miles.
8. Do you 3 not feel that this is a very great disgrace, 4 and
[one] that ought never to be endured by a man of courage ?
9. He promised that those, whose houses and goods had
been destroyed in keeping off the enemy, should receive lands
to cultivate.
10. Never, while I am tribune, shall a Roman citizen be
handed over to the lictors to be beaten.
11. He said that you and I, who had given up our arms,
ought to be shut out of the city.
12. He said that he had been sent from Rome to 5 inquire
into the disposition of the allies.
1 See p. 28, n. 2. 2 Pueri.
3 See Chap, i, Ex. 2, n. 2.
* Compare the second of the Sentences to be learned at the beginning
of this Section. For 'and — never/ say 'and not ever,' and see Chap, ii,
Ex. 4, n. i.
5 Per-spic-io, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, I inquire into, trans.
ON THE INFINITIVE, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 127
Exercise 11.
1. The soldiers felt that they had to fight with an im-
placable enemy.
2. The consul, l thinking that he ought to encourage the
soldiers, 2 ordered the legions to assemble 3 in arms.
3. The Samnites sent the hostages of the Romans to
Luceria to be 4 kept under guard.
4. He said that he would 5 give up the bodies of the slain
to their friends to bury.
5. The Greeks thought it a noble deed to free [one's]
country by killing a tyrant.
6. The consuls should not have spent the whole of that
day in deliberating.
7. The consul, having set out to * go through Apulia,
conquered some peoples, received others into alliance on
fair terms.
8. The slaughter, horrible to ' hear of, was even more
horrible to see.
9. We have 8 no need of the help of those, who are not
9 capable of bearing arms.
10. He said that you had10^/ an example which ought to
be imitated by all good men.
11. The tribunes of the plebs were handed over to the
fetials with the rest to be led to Caudium.
12. Resisting [one's] passions is more difficult than taking
a city.
Use a deponent verb, and say ' having thought.'
Use jubeo. 3 Say ' armed.' * See Ex. 9, n. 2.
Tra-do, -ere, -idi, -itum. 6 Peragr-o, -are, I go through, trans.
Audio, I hear of, trans. 8 Non.
Compare the -third of the Sentences to be learned at the beginning
of Sect. 2.
10 Ed-o, -ere, -idi, -itum.
VOCABULARIES.
BEFORE looking for a word in these Vocabularies, think what part of
speech it is. A separate Vocabulary is given for each part of speech.
Pronouns which stand for nouns (as the personal pronouns, the relative
pronoun, and the interrogative 'who?') will be found among nouns,
while the possessive, demonstrative, and other so-called pronouns which
qualify nouns are given among adjectives.
1. NOUNS.
Note. — All proper names used in the exercises will be found in this
Vocabulary except those which, ending in -a or -us, are the same in Latin
as in English, and are declined regularly according to the first or second
declension.
The genitive of each noun is given, to show how the noun is declined,
but not the gender, as this can always be found by applying the rules
for genders of nouus.
Ability, ingerri-um, -i.
Abode, domicili-um, -i.
Account, see Chap, vi, Sec. i.
On account of, see Vocabulary
of Prepositions.
Acnaean, Achae-us, -i.
Advantage, bon-um, -i.
Advice, consili-um, -i.
Adviser, auctor, -is.
Age, old, senectu-s, -tis.
Aid, auxili-um, -i.
Alban, Alban-us, -i.
Alcibiades, Alcibiad-es, -is.
Alexander, Alexand-er, -ri.
Alliance, societa-s, -tis.
Ally, soci-us, -i.
Alps, Alp-es, -ium.
Altar, ar-a, -ae.
Ambassador, legat-us, -i.
Ammunition, missili-a, -um.
Ancestors, major-es, -um.
Anger, ir-a, -ae.
Animal, animal, -is.
Anyone (in a negative sentence),
quisquam, cujusquam .
Anything (in a negative sentence),
quicquam, neut. of quisquam.
Apple, pom-um, -i.
Aristotle, Aristotel-es, -is.
Arms, arm-a, -orum.
Army, exercit-us, -us •
Arrow, sagitt-a, -ae.
130
VOCABULARIES
Art, ar-s, -tis.
Assistance, auxili-um, -i.
Athenian, Atheniens-is, -is.
Athens, Athen-ae, -aram.
Attention, oper-a, -ae.
Axe, secur-is, -is (abl. -i).
Bank, rip-a, -ae.
Barbarian, barbar-us, -i.
Baseness, turpitud-o, -mis.
Battle, praeli-um, -i.
Beginning, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Behalf of, on, see Vocabulary
of Prepositions.
Betrayer, proditor, -is.
Blockade, obsidio, -nis.
Blow, ict-us, -us.
Body, corp-us, -oris.
Book, lib-er, -ri.
Bottom, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Boy, puer, -i.
Bracelet, armill-a, -ae.
Bravery, fortitud-o, -mis.
Bread, pan-is, -is.
Bridge, pon-s, -tis.
Britain, Britanni-a, -ae.
Brother, frat-er, -ris.
Building, aedifici-um, -i.
Burden, on-us, -eris.
Caesar, Caesar, -is
Calamity, calamita-s, -tis.
Camp, castr-a, -orum.
Campanian, Campan-us, -i.
Capitol, Capitoli-um, -i.
Captive, captiv-us, -i.
Care, cur-a, -ae.
Carthage, Carthag-o, -mis.
Carthaginian, Poen-us, -i.
Cavalry, equitat-us, -us.
Centre, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Centurion, centurio, -nis.
Century, secul-um, -i.
Children, liber-i, ^orum.
Cicero, Cicero, -nis.
Circumstance, re-s, -i.
Citadel, ar-x, -cis.
Citizen, civ-is, -is.
City, urb-s, -is.
Coast, or-a, -ae.
Cohort, cohor-s, -tis.
Colleague, colleg-a, -ae.
Comet, comet-es, -ae.
Command, imperi-um, -i.
Commander, imperator, -is.
Condition, conditio, -nis.
Conference, colloqui-um, -i.
Confidence, fiduci-a, -ae.
Confusion, trepidatio, -nis.
Conqueror, victor, -is.
Conspirator, conjurator, -is.
Consul, consul, -is.
Consulship, consulat-us, -us.
Contest, certam-en, -mis.
Control over, without, see
Vocabulary of Adjectives.
Corinth, Corinth-us, -i.
Corn, frument-um, -i.
Countenance, vult-us, -us.
Country ( = native land), patri-a,
-ae.
Country (as opposed to ' town '),
ru-s, -ris.
Country-house, vill-a, -ae.
Countryman (= fellow-country-
man), civ-is, -is.
Coward, ignav-us, -i.
Cowardice, ignavi-a, -ae.
Crime, scel-us, -eris.
Cunctator, Cunctator, -is.
Cursor, Cursor, -is.
Damage, damn-um, -i.
Danger, pericul-um, -i.
Daughter, fili-a, -ae.
Day, die-s, -i.
Deal, a good, see Chap, v,
Sec. 2.
Death, mor-s, -tis.
Decemvirs, decemvir-i, -orum.
Decree, decret-um, -i.
Deed, fact-urn, -i.
Defeat, clad-es, -is.
Defence, praesidi-um, -i.
Deliverer, liberator, -is.
Deserter, transfug-a, -ae.
TO INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX. 131
Desire, cupid-o, -mis.
Destruction, exiti-um, -i.
Device, artifici-um, -i.
Dictator, dictator, -is.
Difference, to make a, see Chap.
vi, Sec. 2.
Diligence, diligenti-a, -ae.
Disgrace, ignomini-a, -ae.
Disposition, anim-us, -i.
District, regio, -iris.
Ditch, foss-a, -ae.
Duty, offici-um, -i ; it is the duty
of, see Chap, vi, Sec. 2.
Eagerness, alacrita-s, -tis.
Earth, terr-a, -ae.
Elephant, elephant-us, -i.
Eloquence, eloquenti-a, -ae.
End, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Energy, alacrita-s, -tis.
Engine, machin-a, -ae.
England, Angli-a, -ae.
Euphrates, Euphrat-es, -is.
Evil, mal-um, -i.
Example, exempl-um, -i.
Eye, ocut-us, -i.
Farm-house, vill-a, -ae.
Father, pat-er, -ris.
Fault, culp-a. -ae.
Fear, timor, -is.
Feeling, sens-us, -us.
Felix, Feli-x, -cis.
Fellow- soldier, commilito, -nis.
Fetial, fetial-is, -is.
Fight, pugn-a, -ae.
Fire, incendi-um, -i.
Firmness, constanti-a, -ae.
Fleet, class-is, -is.
Food, cib-us, -i.
Fool, stult-us, -i.
Foot, pe-s, -dis.
Force, vis, ace. vim, abl. vi.
Forces, copi-ae, -arum.
Foresight, providenti-a, -ae.
Fort, castell-um, -i.
Fortification, munitio, -nis.
Fortitude, fortitud-o, -mis.
Fortune, fortun-a, -ae.
Fraud, frau-s, -dis.
Friend, amic-us, -i.
Front, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Ganges, Gang-es, -is.
Garden, hort-us, -i.
Gate, port-a, -ae.
Gaul (name of country), Galli-a,
-ae.
Gaul (inhabitant of the country),
Gall-us, -i.
General, du-x, -cis ; imperator,
-is.
Genius, ingeni-um, -i.
Gift, don-um, -i.
Glory, glori-a, -ae.
God, De-us, -i.
Goods, bon-a, -orum.
Goodwill, volunta-s, -tis.
Greece, Graeci-a, -ae.
Greek, Graec-us, -i.
Groan, gemit-us, -us.
Ground, terr-a, -ae ; hum-us, -i.
Hannibal, Hannibal, -is.
Hasdrubal, Hasdrubal, -is.
Hatred, odi-um, -i.
Health, valetud-o, -mis.
Hearth, foc-us, -i.
Heir, here-s, -dis.
Help, auxili-um, -i.
Herb, herb-a, -ae.
Hill, coil-is, -is.
Himself (in apposition with a
noun), ips-e, -ius.
Himself (in any 'case except no-
minative ; referring to subject of
the clause), se, sui, etc.
Home, dom-us, -us.
Honour, honor, -is.
Hope, spe-s, -i.
Horace, Horati-us, -i.
Horse, equ-us, -i.
Horseman, equ-es, -itis.
Hostage, obs-es, -idis.
Hour, hor-a, -ae.
K 2
132
VOCABULARIES
House, dom-us, -us.
Hunger, fam-es, -is.
Ignominy, ignomini-a, -ae.
Ill, mal-um, -i.
Importance, see Chap. VI, Sees.
i and 2.
Individuals, singul-i, -orum.
Infantry, peditat-us, -us.
Influence, auctorita-s, -tis.
Injury ( = harm), detriment-um,
~*»
Injury ( = wrong"), injuri-a, -ae.
Insult, contumeli-a, -ae.
Island, insul-a, -ae.
Italy, Itali-a, -ae.
Journey, it-er, -ineris.
Kind, gen-us, -eris.
Kindness, benevolenti-a, -ae.
King, re-x, -gis.
Kingdom, regn-um, -i.
Knowledge, scienti-a, -ae.
Labour, labor, -is.
Lacedaemonian, Lacedaemoni-
us, -i.
Lake, lac-us, -us.
Land ( = country), terr-a, -ae.
Lands, agr-i, -orum.
Language, lingu-a, -ae.
Latin, Latin-us, -i.
Law, le-x, -gis.
Leader, du-x, -cis.
Learning, doctrin-a, -ae.
Legion, legio, -nis.
Leisure, oti-um, -i.
Lesbos, Lesb-us, -i.
Letter (of the alphabet), litter-a,
-ae.
Letter ( = epistle), litter-ae, -arum ;
epistol-a, -ae.
Levy, delect-us, -us.
Liberty, liberta-s, -tis.
Lictor, lictor, -is.
Lieutenant, legat-us, -i.
Life, vit-a, -ae.
Limb, membr-um, -i.
Line of battle, acie-s, -i.
Line of march, agm-en, -inis.
Literature, litter-ae, -arum.
Little, a (qualifying a compara-
tive or superlative), see Chap, v,
Sec. 2.
Livy, Livi-us, -i.
London, Londini-um, -i.
Lord, domin-us, -i.
Loss, clad-es, -is.
Lot, sor-s, -tis.
Love, amor, -is.
Lover, use pres. part, of amo.
Macedonian, Maced-o, -onis.
Magistrate, magistrat-us, -us.
Maidservant, serv-a, -ae.
Man (as opposed to woman), vir,
-i.
Man ( = human being), hom-o,
-mis.
Manners, mor-es, -um.
Mark of, it is a, see Chap.
VI, Sec. 2.
Master ( = schoolmaster), magist-
er, -ri.
Matter, re-s, -i.
Means, by no, see Vocabulary of
Adverbs.
Meat, car-o, -nis.
Mercy, clementi-a, -ae.
Midst of, in the, see Vocabulary
of Prepositions.
Miles, millia passuum, lit. thou-
sands of paces.
Mind, anim-us, -i.
Misery, miseri-a, -ae.
Money, pecuni-a, -ae.
Month, mens-is, -is.
Mother, mat-er, -ris.
Mound, tumul-us, -i.
Mount )
Mountain ( mon-S> 'tls- ^
Multitude, multitud-o, -inis.
Myself (in any case except nomi-
native ; referring to subject of
the clause), me, mei, etc.
TO INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX. 133
Name, nom-en, -Tnis.
Naples, Neapol-is, -is.
Nation, gen-s, -tis.
Nature of, it is the, see Chap.
VI, Sec. 2.
Need of, to have, see Chap.
v, Sec. 3.
Neglect, negligenti-a, -ae.
News, nunci-us, -i.
nem-o, ace. -inem. For
Nobody the gen. and abl. nul-
No one lius and nullo are
used.
Nothing, nihil, indeclinable.
Number, numer-us, -i.
Oar, rem-us, -i.
Obligation, religio, -nis.
Obstinacy, pertinaci-a, -ae.
Office, magistrat-us, -us.
Old age, senectu-s, -tis.
Old man, sen-ex, -is.
Opinion, sententi-a, -ae.
Opportunity, occasio, -nis.
Pace, pass-us, -us.
Pain, dolor, -is.
Pardon, veni-a, -ae.
Parent, paren-s, -tis.
Part, pai-s, -tis ; it is the part
of, see Chap, vi, Sec. 2.
Pass, salt-us, -us.
Passion, appetit-us, -us.
Patience, patienti-a, -ae.
Peace, pa-x, -cis.
Penalty, poen-ae, -arum.
People ( = nation), popul-us. -i.
Persian, Pers-a, -ae.
Pestilence, pest-is, -is.
Philip, Philipp-us, -i.
Philosopher, philosoph-us, -i.
Philosophy, philosophi-a, -ae.
Piety, pieta-s, -tis.
Pity, misericordi-a, -ae.
Plain, camp-us, -i.
Plan, consili-um, -i,
Plato, Plato, -nis.
Pleasure, volupta-s, -tis.
Plebs, pleb-s, -is.
Plunder, praed-a, -ae.
Pluto, Pluto, -nis.
Po, Pad-us, -i.
Pompey, Pompei-us, -i.
Pontiff, pontif-ex, -icis.
Possession of, to gain or get;
see Vocabulary of Verbs.
Post, static, -nis.
Power, potenti-a, -ae.
Praise, lau-s, -dis.
Prefect, praefect-us, -i.
Present, don-um, -i.
Prey, praed-a, -ae.
Property, cens-us, -us.
Proserpine, Proserpin-a, -ae.
Protection, tutel-a, -ae.
Province, provinci-a, -ae.
Provisions, commeat-us, -uum.
Prudence, prudenti-a, -ae.
Punishment, poen-a, -ae.
Pupil, discipul-us, -i.
Rampart, agger, -is.
Rashness, temerita-s, -tis.
Readiness, alacrita-s, -tis.
Rear, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Remedy, remedi-um, -i.
Rest, the, ceter-i, -ovum ; the
rest of, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Retreat, recept-us, -us.
Reward, praemi-um, -i.
Rhone, Rhodan-us, -i.
Riches, diviti-ae, -arum.
River, flum-en, -mis.
Rock, rup-es, -is.
Roman, Roman-us, -i.
Rome, Rom-a, -ae.
Root, radi-x, -cis.
Rush, impet-us, -us.
Sabine, Sabin-us, -i.
Safety, salu-s, -tis.
Sake of, for the, causa (abl. of
causa), with gen. before it.
Samnite, Samni-s, -tis.
Samos, Sam-us, -i.
J34
VOCABULARIES
Sapiens, Sapien-s, -tis.
Scarcity, inopi-a, -ae.
Scipio, Scipio, -nis.
Scout, explorator, -is.
Sea, mar-e, -is.
Senate, senat-us, -us.
Service, us-us, -us.
Shame, pudor, -is.
Shield, clipe-us, -i.
Ship, nav-is, -is.
Shout, clamor, -is.
Sign of, it is a, see Chap, vi,
Sec. 2.
Signal, sign-um, -i.
Sister, soror, -is.
Skill, scienti-a, -ae.
Skin, pell-is, -is.
Slaughter, caed-es, -is.
Slave, serv-us, -i.
Slavery, servitu-s, -tis.
Sling, fund -us, -i.
Socrates, Socrat-es, -is.
Soldier, mil-es, -itis.
Something, aliquid (neut. of ali-
quis).
Son, fili-us, -i.
Sorrow, dolor, -is.
Spartan, Lacedaemoni-us, -i.
Spear, hast-a, -ae.
Speech ( = language), lingu-a, -ae.
Speech ( = oration), oratio, -nis.
Spirit, anim-us, -i.
Spoils, spoli-a, -orum.
Sport, ludibri-um, -i.
Spot ( = place), loc-us, -i.
Standard, sign-um, -i.
State ( = commonwealth), res-
publica, reipublicae.
Statue, statu-a, -ae.
Stature, statur-a, -ae.
Stoic, Stoic-us, -i.
Storm, tempesta-s, -tis.
Strength, vir-es, -ium.
Summer, aesta-s, -tis.
Supplies, commeat-us, -uum.
Support, subsidi-um, -i.
Surname, cognom-en, -mis.
Surrender, deditio, -nis.
Swiftness, celerita-s, -tis.
Sword, gladi-us, i.
Talent, ingeni-um, -i.
Talkativeness, loquacita-s, -tis.
Tarentine, Tarentin-us, -i.
Tarquin, Tarquini-us, -i.
Task, op-us, -eris.
Temple, templ-um, -i.
Terms, condition-es, -um.
Territory, fin-es, -ium (lit.
borders).
Terror, terror, -is.
Thebes, Theb-ae, -arum.
Themselves, see ' himself.'
Thermopylae, Thermopyl-ae,
-arum.
Thing, re-s, -i.
Thousands, milli-a, -um.
Tiber, Tiber-is, -is.
Tigris, Tigr-is, -is.
Time, temp-us, -oris.
Title, nom-en, -mis.
Toil, labor, -is.
Top, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Tower, turr-is, -is.
Town, oppid-um, -i.
Treaty, foed-us, -eris.
Tree, arbor, -is.
Tribune, tribun-us, -i.
Two days, bidu-um, -i.
Tyrant, tyrann-us, -i.
Undertaking, incept-um, -i.
Use, us-us, -us.
Valley, vall-is, -is.
Valour, virtu-s, -tis.
Value, see Chap, vi, Sec. i.
Varro, Varro, -nis.
Victory, victori-a, -ae.
Virtue, virtu-s, -tis.
Voice, vo-x, -cis.
TO INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX. 135
Volscian, Volsc-us, -i.
Vote, suffragi-um, -i.
Wall, mur-us, -i.
Want of, to be in, see Vocabu-
lary of Verbs.
War, bell-um, -i.
Warfare, militi-a, -ae.
Way, vi-a, -ae.
Weapon, tel-um, -i.
Welfare, salu-s, -tis.
Which, relative, qui, quae, quod.
Who, interrogative, quis, cujus.
Who, relative, qui, quae, quod.
Wrife, uxor, -is.
Will, volunta-s, -tis.
Wing (of an army), corn-u, -us.
"Winter, hiem-s, -is.
Winter quarters, hibern-a,
-orum.
Wisdom, sapientt-a, -ae.
Woman, mulier, -is.
Wool, lan-a, -ae.
Word, verb-um, -i.
Work, op-us, -eris.
Worth, see Chap, vi, Sec. i.
Writer, scriptor, -is.
Wrong, injuri-a, -ae.
Year, ann-us, -i.
Young man, adolescen-s, -tis.
Yourself (in apposition with
' you'), ips-e, -a, -um.
Yourself (in any case except the
nominative ; referring to sub-
ject of the clause), te, tui, etc.
Youth, juvent-a, -ae.
Zeal, studi-um, -i.
2. ADJECTIVES.
[In this Vocabulary will be found all words used in the exercises
which qualify nouns, including the possessive, demonstrative, and some
other so-called pronouns.]
Able, to be, see Vocabulary of
Verbs.
Accused, re-us, -a, -um.
Aegean, Aegae-us, -a, -um.
Agreed, it is, see Vocabulary of
Verbs.
All, omn-is, -e.
Alone, sol-us, -a, -um.
Angry, irat-us, -a, -um ; to be
angry, see Vocabulary of Verbs.
Appian, Appi-us, -a, -um.
Ashamed, to be, see Chap, vi,
Sec. 5.
Bad, mal-us, -a, -um.
Base, turp-is, -e.
Beautiful, pulch-er, -ra, -rum.
Bereft, orb-us, -a, -um.
Blind, caec-us, -a, -um.
Born, see Vocabulary of Verbs.
Brave, fort-is, -e.
Broad, lat-us, -a, -um.
Capable of enduring, pres. part.
of patior, see Chap, vi, Sec. 4.
Captive, captiv-us, -a, -um.
Cautious, caut-us, -a, -um.
Certain ( = sure), cert-us, -a, -um.
Cheerful, alac-er, -ris, -re.
Confident, to be, see Vocabulary
of Verbs.
Control over, without, im-
poten-s, gen. -tis.
136
VOCABULARIES
Dangerous, periculos-us, -a, -um.
Dead, mortu-us, -a, -um.
Deaf, surd-us, -a, -um.
Dear, car-us, -a, -um.
Deep, alt-us, -a, -um.
Desirable, optabil-is, -e.
Desirous, cupid-us, -a, -um.
Difficult, difficil-is, -e.
Disgraceful, turp-is, -e.
Disgusted with, to be, see
Chap. VI, Sec. 5.
Distant, to be, see Vocabulary
of Verbs.
Distinguished, insign-is, -e.
Dumb, mut-us, -a, -um.
Easy, facil-is, -e.
Elated, elat-us, -a, -um.
Elder, maj-or, -us (with or with-
out ' natu ').
Endued, praedit-us, -a, -um.
Enough, satis, indeclinable ; see
Chap. VI, Sec. 3.
Evident, it is, see Vocabulary of
Verbs.
Evil, mal-us, -a, -um.
Excellent, egregi-us, -a, -um.
Fair, aequ-us, -a, -um.
False, fals-us, -a, -um.
Fertile, fecund-us, -a, -um.
Few, pauc-i, -ae, -a.
Fifteen, quindecim, indeclinable.
Fifty, quinquaginta, indeclinable.
First, prim-us, -a, -um.
Following (qualifying 'day'},
poster-us, -a, -um.
Foreign, extern-us, -a, -um.
Forgetful, immemor, gen. -is.
Former, pri-or, -us.
Free, liber, -a, -um.
Friendly, amic-us, -a, -um.
Full, plen-us, -a, -um.
Glorious, praeclar-us, -a, -um.
Good, bon-us, -a, -um.
Great, magn-us, -a, -um.
Greek, Graec-us, -a, -um.
Guilty, son-s, gen. -tis.
Happy, beat-us, -a, -um.
Heavy, grav-is, -e.
High, alt-us, -a, -um ; of high
value, see Chap, vi, Sec. i.
His (referring to subject of clause),
su-us, -a, -um.
His (not referring to subject of
clause), genitive of is, ea, id.
Horrible, foed-us, -a, -um.
Humble, humil-is, -e.
Illustrious, clar-us, -a, -um.
Implacable, implacabil-is, -e.
Important, to be, see Chap. vi.
Sec. 2.
Inactive, iner-s, gen. -tis.
Injurious, to be, see Vocabulary
of Verbs.
Innocent, innocen-s, gen. -tis.
Lacedaemonian, Lacedaemoni-
us, -a, -um.
Land, pedest-er, -ris, -re.
Large, magn-us, -a, -um.
Latin, Latin-us, -a, -um.
Learned, doct-us, -a, -um.
Less, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3 ; at
least, see Vocabulary o'f Ad-
verbs.
Ligurian, Ligustic-us, -a, -um.
Like, simil-is, -e.
Little, see Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Long, long-us, -a, -um.
Loud, magn-us, -a, -um.
Low, humil-is, -e.
Many, mult-i, -ae, -a.
Mindful, memor, gen. -is.
Moderate, modic-us, -a, -um.
Mountain, montan-us, -a, -um.
Much, mult-us, -a, -um ; too
much, nimi-us, -a, -um, see
Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Narrow, angust-us, -a, -um.
TO INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX. 137
Nearest, proxim-us, -a, -urn.
Neglectful, pres. part, of neglig-o,
-ere, see Chap, vi, Sec. 4.
New, nov-us, -a, -um.
Next ( = following), poster-us, -a,
-um.
No, null-us, -a, -um. See also
Chap, vi, Sec. 3.
Noble, praeclar-us, -a, -um.
None, null-us, -a, -um.
Old (old man), see Vocabulary of
Nouns. •
Other, ali-us, -a, -ud ; the other
(of two), alter, -a, -um.
Own, see Chap, vi, Sec. i.
Pitiable, miserabil-is, -e.
Pleasant, jucund-us, -a, -um.
Poor, pauper, gen. -is.
Powerful, poten-s, gen. -tis.
Private, privat-us, -a, -um.
Prudent, pruden-s, gen. -tis.
Punic, Punic-us, -a, -um.
Beady, parat-us, -a, -um ; to get
ready, see Vocabulary of Verbs.
Relying on, fret-us, -a, -um.
Remarkable, insign-is, -e.
Rich, div-es, gen. -ids.
Right (the opposite of 'left'),
dext-er, -ra, -rum.
Roman, Roman-us, -a, -um.
Safe, tut-us, -a, -um.
Same, idem, eadem, idem.
Savage, fer-us, -a, -um.
Sea, maritim-us, -a, -um.
Second, secund-us, -a, -um.
Serious, grav-is, -e.
Seven, septem, indeclinable.
Several, aliquot, indeclinable.
Short, brev-is, -e.
Silent, to be, see Vocabulary of
Verbs.
Single, see Chap, vi, Sec. i.
Six, sex, indeclinable.
Skilful, perit-us, -a, -um.
Sluggish, pig-er, -ra, -rum.
Small, parv-us, -a, -um.
So great, tant-us, -a, -um.
So many, tot, indeclinable.
Soft, moll-is, -e.
Some, nonnull-i, -ae, -a ; some
• — others, ali-i — ali-i (-ae, -a).
Spartan, Lacedaemoni-us, -a, -um.
Strange, inusitat-us, -a, -um.
Strong, robust-us, -a, -um.
Successful, feli-x, gen. -cis.
Such, tal-is, -e.
Suited, apt-us, -a, -um.
Sweet, dulc-is, -e.
Tarpeian, Tarpei-us, -a, -um.
Ten, decem, indeclinable.
Tenth, decim-us, -a, -um.
That (answered by ' which ' or
' who'), is, ea, id.
That (contrasted with 'this'),
il-le, -la, -lud.
This, hie, haec, hoc.
Their (referring to subject ' of
clause), su-us, -a, -um.
Their (not referring to subject of
clause), gen. plur. of is, ea, id.
Third, terti-us, -a, -um.
Thirty, triginta, indeclinable. '
Three, tr-es, -ia.
Three hundred, trecent-i, -ae, -a.
Tired, fess-us, -a, -um.
Troublesome, molest-us, -a, -um.
True, ver-us, -a, -um.
Two, du-o, -ae, -o.
Two days, see Vocabulary of
Nouns.
Two hundred, ducent-i, -ae, -a.
Unfriendly, inimic-us, -a, -um.
Ungrateful, ingrat-us, -a, -um.
Unharmed, incolum-is, -e.
Unhealthy, insalubr-is, -e.
Unheard, inaudit-us, -a, -um.
i38
VOCABULARIES
Unknown, incognit-us, -a, -urn.
Unlike, dissimil-is, -e.
Unoccupied, vacu-us, -a, -um.
Unwilling, to be, see Vocabulary
of Verbs.
Unworthy, indign-us, -a, -um.
Useful, util-is, -e.
Useless, inutil-is, -e.
"Wanting, to be, see Vocabulary
of Verbs.
"Warm, calid-us, -a, -um.
Waste, to lay, see Vocabulary of
Verbs.
"Weak, infirm-us, -a, -um.
"Weary, to be, see Chap, vi, Sec. 5.
"Weighty, grav-is, -e.
"What, interrogative, qui, quae,
quod.
"Whole, tot-us, -a, -um.
"Winter (winter quarters), see
Vocabulary of Nouns.
"Wise, sapien-s, gen. -tis.
"Without control over, impo-
ten-s, gen. -tis.
Wonderful, mir-us, -a, -um.
Wont, to be, see Vocabulary of
Verbs.
Worthy, dign-us, -a, -um.
Young (young man), see Vocabu-
lary of Nouns.
3. VEBBS.
[Where only the pres. indie, and infin. of a verb are given, the perf.
and sup. may be formed regularly.]
Able, to be, pos-sum, -se, potui,
no sup.
Abound, abund-o, -are.
Accomplish, per-fic-io, -ere,
-fec-i, -turn.
Accuse, accus-o, -are.
Acquit, ab-solv-o, -ere, -i, -solu-
tum.
Advance, pro-gred-ior, -i, -gres-
sus sum.
Affirm, affirm-o, -are.
Agreed, it is, const-at, -are, -itit.
Alarm, perterr-eo, -ere.
Allow, pat-ior, -i, passus sum.
Amend, cor-rig-o, -ere, -rexi,
-rectum.
Angry, to be, irasc-or, -i, iratus
sum.
Announce, nunci-o, -are.
Answer, respon-deo, -dere, -di,
-sum.
Appoint, con-stitu-o, -ere, -i, -sti-
tutum.
Approach, appropinqu-o, -are.
Approve, prob-o, -are.
Arm, arm-o, -are.
Arrive, ad-ven-io, -ire, -ven-i,
-turn.
Ashamed, to be, see Chap, vi,
Sec. 5.
Ask, rog-o, -are.
Assail, oppugn-o, -are.
Assemble, con-ven-io, -ire, -ven-i,
-turn.
Attach, adjun-go, -gere, -xi, -ctum.
Attack, oppugn-o, -are.
Avenge, ulcisc-or, -i, ultus sum.
Avoid, vit-o, -are.
Bear, fer-o, -re, tuli, latum.
Beat, caed-o, -ere, cecldi, caesum.
Become, fi-o, -eri, factus sum. '
Believe, cred-o, -ere, -idi, -itum.
Besiege, ob-sid-eo, -ere, -sedi,
-sessum,
Betray, prod-o, -ere, -idi, -itum.
Bid, jub-eo, -ere, juss-i, -um.
TO INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX. 139
Blockade, ob-sid-eo, -ere, -sedi,
-sessum.
Born, to be, nasc-or, -i, natus
sum.
Bring, affer-o, -re, attuli, alla-
tum.
Bring on, infer-o, -re, intuli,
illatum.
Build, aedific-o, -are.
Burn (intrans.), ar-deo, -dere, -si,
-sum.
Bury, sepel-io, -ire, -ivi, sepultum.
Butcher, trucid-o, -are.
Buy, em-o, -ere, em-i, -ptum.
Call, voc-o, -are.
Can, pos-sum, -se, potui, no sup.
Capture, cap-io, -ere, cepi, cap-
turn.
Carry away from, aufer-o, -re,
abstuli, ablatum.
Cheer, e-rig-o, -ere, -rexi, -rec-
tum.
Choose, de-lig-o, -ere, -legi, -lec-
tum.
Climb up, scan-do, -dere, -di,
-sum.
Come, ven-io, -ire, ven-i, -turn.
Command, imper-o, -are.
Compel, cog-o, -ere, co-egi, -ac-
tum.
Concerns, it, inter-est, -esse, -fuit ;
re-fert, -ferre, -tulit ; see Chap,
vi, Sec. 2.
Condemn, damn-o, -are.
Confess, con-fit-eor, -eri, -fessus
sum.
Confident, to be, con-fid-o, -ere,
-fisus sum.
Conquer, vinc-o, -ere, vic-i, -turn.
Consider, hab-eo, -ere.
Conspire, conjur-o, -are.
Construct, constru-o, -ere, -xi,
-ctum.
Contain, hab-eo, -ere.
Convict, con-vinc-o, -ere, -vic-i,
-turn.
Create, cre-o, -are.
Cross, trans-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum.
Crush, obru-o, -ere, -i, -turn.
Cry out, clam-o, -are.
Cultivate, col-o, -ere, -ui, cultum.
Dare, aud-eo, -ere, ausus sum.
Deceive, de-cip-io, -ere, -cep-i,
-turn.
Dedicate, dedic-o, -are.
Defeat, pell-o, -ere, pepuli, pul-
sum.
Deliberate, deliber-o, -are.
Delight, delect-o, -are.
Demand, posc-o, -ere, poposci,
no sup.
Deny, neg-o, -are.
Depart, disce-do, -dere, -ssi,
-ssum.
Deprive, priv-o, -are.
Desert, deser-o, -ere, -ui, -turn.
Desire, cup-io, -ere, -ivi, -Itum.
Despair, desper-o, -are.
Despise, contem-no, -nere, -psi,
-ptum.
Destroy, perd-o, -ere, -idi, -itum.
Deter, deterr-eo, -ere.
Determine, stat-uo, -uere, -ui,
-utum.
Die, mor-ior, -i, -tuus sum; fut.
part, moriturus.
Disgusted with, to be, see Chap.
VI, Sec. c.
Dismiss, di-mitt-o, -ere, -mis-i,
-sum.
Dispute, disput-o, -are.
Distant, to be, dist-o, -are. .
Do, fac-io, -ere, feci, factum.
Drink, bib-o, -ere, -i, no sup.
Drive, pell-o, -ere, pepuli, pul-
sum.
Drive back, repell-o, -ere, rep-
puli, repulsum.
Dwell, habit-o, -are.
Employ, ut-or, -i, usus sum.
Encourage, hort-or, -ari.
Endure, pat-ior, -i, passus sum.
Enjoy, fru-or, -i, -itus sum.
140
VOCABULARIES
Enter, in-gred-ior, -i, -gressus
sum.
Entrust, com-mitt-o, -e"re, -mis-i,
-sum.
Equip, arm-o, -are.
Escape, ef-fug-io, -ere, -fugi, no
sup. ; trans, or intrans.
Esteem, aestim-o, -are.
Evident, it is, appar-et, -ere.
Exchange, mut-o, -are.
Exhort, hort-or, -ari.
Expel, ex-pell-o, -ere, -pul-i, -sum.
Fail, de-fic-io, -ere, -fec-i, -turn.
Fall, cad-o, -ere, cecidi, casum.
Favour, fav-eo, -ere, favi, fautum.
Fear, tim-eo, -ere.
Feed on, vesc-or, -i, no perf. or
sup.
Feel, sen-tio, -tire, -si, -sum.
Fight, pugn-o, -are.
Fill, repl-eo, -ere, -evi, -etum.
Finish, con-fic-io, -ere, -fec-i,
-turn.
Fix, fig-o, -ere, fix-i, -um.
Flee, fug-io, -ere, fugi, fugitum.
Flourish, flor-eo, -ere. *
Flow past, praeterflu-o, -ere, -xi,
-ctum, trans.
Fly, fug-io, -ere, fugi, fugitum.
Follow, sequ-or, -i, secutus sum.
Foretell, prae-dic-o, -ere, -dixi,
-dictum.
Forget, oblivisc-or, -i, oblitus
sum.
Free, liber-o, -are.
Furnish, instru-o, -ere, -xi, -ctum.
Gain ) possession of, pot-ior,
Get j -iri.
Get ready, exped-io, -ire.
Give, d-o, -are, -edi, -atum.
Give up, ded-o, -ere, -idi, -itum.
Go, eo, ire, ivi, itum.
Go away, ab-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum.
Go out, e-gred-ior, -i, -gressus
sum.
Grant, d-o, -are, -edi, -atum.
Grieve, dol-eo, -ere.
Guard, custod-io, -ire.
Halt, con-sist-o, -ere, -stiti, no
sup.
Hand over, trad-o, -ere, -idi,
-itum.
Happen, accid-o, -ere, -i, no sup.
Hate, od-i, -isse (perf., with pres.
meaning).
Have, hab-eo, -ere.
Hear, aud-io, -ire.
Hesitate, dubit-o, -are.
Hoard, cond-o, -ere, -idi, -itum.
Hold, hab-eo, -ere.
Hope, sper-o, -are.
Imitate, imit-or, -ari.
Impend, impend-eo, -ere.
Important, to be, see Chap. VI,
Sec. 2.
Impose on, im-pon-o, -ere, -pos-
ui, -itum.
Indulge, indul-geo, -gere, -si,
-turn.
Inflict on, in-fer-o, -re, -tuli,
illatum.
Injure, noc-eo, -ere.
Injurious, to be, ob-sum, -esse,
-fui, no sup.
Insult, insult-o, -are (lit. to leap
on\
Invade, in-vad-o, -ere, -vas-i,
-um.
Judge, judic-o, -are.
Keep, ten-eo, -ere, -ui, -turn.
Keep off, arc-eo, -ere.
Kill, inter-fic-io, -ere, -fec-i, -turn.
Know, sc-io, -ire.
Lay waste, vast-o, -are.
Lead, duc-o, -ere, duxi, ductum.
Learn, disc-o, -ere, didici, no
sup.
Leave, re-linqu-o, -ere, -liqui,
-lictum.
TO INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX. 141
Lessen, minu-o, -ere, -i, minutum.
Lie (=tell a lie), ment-ior, -iri.
Lie beneath., subjac-eo, -ere.
Lie between, interjac-eo, -ere.
Live, viv-o, -ere, vixi, victum.
Load, cumul-o, -are.
Lose, a-mitt-o, -ere, -mis-i, -sum.
Love, am-o, -are.
Make, fac-io, -ere, feci, factum.
Marry (if a man is the subject),
duc-o, -ere, duxi, ductum.
Marry (if a woman is the subject),
nub-o, -ere, nup-si, -turn, see
Chap iv, Sec. 3.
Matter, see Chap, vi, Sec. 2.
Mourn, lug-eo, -ere, luxi, luctum.
Need, eg-eo, -ere.
Neglect, neg-lig-o, -ere, -lexi,
-lectum.
Obey, par-eo, -ere.
Order, imper-o, -are.
Overwhelm, obru-o, -ere, -i,
-turn.
Paint, ping-o, -ere, pinxi, pictum.
Pardon, igno-sco, -scere, -vi, -turn.
Pay, solv-o, -ere, -i, solutum.
Pay attention, operam d-o, -are,
-edi, -atum.
Perceive, sent-io, -ire, sens-i, -um.
Perform (a duty), fung-or, -i,
functus sum.
Perish, per-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum.
Pitch (a camp), pon-o, -ere, pos-
ui, -itum.
Pity, see Chap, vi, Sec. 5.
Place, pon-o, -ere, pos-ui, -itum.
Place before, ante-pon-o, -ere,
-pos-ui, -itum.
Place on, im-pon-o, -ere, -pos-ui,
-itum.
Place round, circumd-o, -are,
-edi, -atum.
Place under, sub-jic-io -ere,
-jec-i, -turn.
Play, lud-o, -ere, lus-i, -um.
Please, plac-eo, -ere.
Praise, laud-o, -are.
Predict, prae-dic-o, ^-ere, -dixi,
-dictum.
Prefer, mal-o, -le, -ui, no sup.
Preserve, serv-o, -are.
Preside over, prae-sum, -esse,
-fui.
Pretend, simul-o, -are.
Prize, see Chap, vi, Sec. i.
Produce, fer-o, -re, tuli, latum.
Promise, pollic-eor, -eri.
Provide, pro-vid-eo, -ere, -vldi,
-visum.
Provoke, lacess-o, -ere, -ivi,
-itum.
Punish, pun-io, -ire.
Pursue, sequ-or, -i, secutus sum.
Head, leg-o, -ere, legi, lectum.
Recall, revoc-o, -are.
Receive, ac-cip-io, -ere, -cep-i,
-turn.
Reckon, numer-o, -are.
Reconnoitre, explor-o, -are.
Recover, re-cip-io, -ere, -cep-i,
-turn.
Refuse, neg-o, -are.
Reign, regn-o, -are.
Rejoice, gaud-eo, -ere, gavisus
sum.
Release, solv-o, -ere, -i, solutum.
Remain, man-eo, -ere, -si, -sum.
Remember, reminisc-or, -i, no
perf. ; memin-i, -isse, no sup.
(perf. with pres. meaning).
Remind, admon-eo, -ere.
Repent, see Chap, vi, Sec. 5.
Report, nunci-o, -are.
Resign, see Chap, v, Sec. 7.
Resist, re-sist-o, -ere, -stiti, no
sup.
Return, red-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum.
Rob, spoli-o, -are.
Rouse, excit-o, -are.
Rout, fund-o, -ere, fudi, fusum.
Run, curr-o, -ere, cucurri, cursum.
VOCABULARIES
Hun down, de-curr-o, -ere, -curri
or -cucurri, -cursum.
Satisfy, satis-fac-io, -ere, -feci,
-factum.
Save, serv-o, -are.
Say, dic-o, -ere, dixi, dictum.
See, vid-eo, -ere, vidi, visum.
Seek, pet-o, -ere, -ivi, -itum.
Seem, videor, pass, of video, I
see.
Select, de-lig-o, -ere, -legi, -lec-
tum.
Sell, vend-o, -ere, -idi, -itnm.
Send, mitt-o, -ere, mis-i, -sum.
Send away, di-mitt-o, -ere, -mls-i,
-sum.
Separate, di-vid-o, -ere, -vis-i,
-um.
Serve, serv-io, -ire.
Set out, proficisc-or, -i, profectus
sum.
Set over, prae-fic-io, -ere, -fec-i,
-turn.
Shout, clam-o, -are.
Show, monstr-o, -are.
Shut out, ex-clud-o, -ere, -clus-i,
-um.
Silent, to be, sil-eo, -ere.
Sin, pecc-o, -are.
Sit, sed-eo, -ere, sedi, sessum.
Slay, caed-o, -ere, cecidi, caesum.
Smite, fer-io, -ire, no perf. or sup.
Spare, parc-o, -ere, peperci, par-
sum.
Speak, loqu-or, -i, locutus sum.
Spend, consum-o, -ere, -psi,
-ptum.
Spoil, spoli-o, -are.
Stand, st-o, -are, -eti, -atum.
Start, proficisc-or, -i, profectus
sum.
Stay, commor-or, -ari.
Storm, expugn-o, -are.
Strike, per-cut-io, -ere, -cuss-i,
-um.
Succour, succur-ro, -rere, -ri,
-sum.
Suffer, pat-ior, -i, passus sum.
Sup, caen-o, -are.
Surprise, op-prim-o, -ere, -press-i,
-um.
Surrender, trans., ded-o, -ere,
-idi, -itum.
Suspect, suspic-or, -ari.
Swear, jur-o, -are.
Take, cap-io, -ere, cepi, captum.
Take away from, ad-im-o, -ere,
-emi, -emptum.
Taste, gust-o, -are.
Teach, doc-eo, -ere, -ui, -turn.
Tear from, ab-rip-io, -ere, -ui,
-reptum.
Tell, dic-o, -ere, dixi, dictum.
Think, put-o, -are ; reor, reri,
ratus sum.
Threaten, min-or, -ari.
Throw down, de-jic-io,-ere, -jec-i,
-turn.
Throw round, circum-jic-io, -ere,
-jec-i, -turn.
Touch, tang-o, -ere, tetigi, tactum.
Trouble, vex-o, -are.
Trust, con-fid-o, -ere, -fisus sum.
Turn, intr., vert-or, -i, versus sum.
Undertake, sus-cip-io,-ere, -cep-i,
-turn.
Unwilling, to be, nol-o, -le, -ui,
no sup.
Use? ut-or, -i, usus sum.
Visit, vis-o, -ere, -i, -um.
"Walk, ambul-o, -are.
"Want of, to be in, eg-eo,
-ere.
"Wanting, to be, de-sum, -esse,
-fui.
"Waste, to lay, vast-o, -are.
"Weary of, to be, see Chap.
VI, Sec. 5.
"Weep over, illacrim-o, -are.
"Willing, to be, volo, velle, volui,
no sup.
TO INTRODUCTION TO LATIN SYNTAX. 143
"Win, par-io, -ere, peperi, partum. "Wound, vulner-o, -are.
"Wish, volo, velle, volui, no sup. "Write, scrib-o, -ere, scrip-si, -turn.
Without, to be, car-eo, -ere.
"Wont,tobe,sol-eo,-ere,-itus sum. Yield, ced-o, -ere, cess-i, -um.
4. ADVERBS.
About ( = nearly), circiter.
Afterwards, postea.
Almost, fere.
Alone, tantum.
Already, jam.
Also, etiam.
Always, semper.
At least, certe.
At once ( = at the same time),
simul.
Away, to oarry, go, send, take,
see Vocabulary of Verbs.
Less, minus.
Little, a (qualifying a comp. or
superl.), see Chap, v, Sec. 2.
Long, diu.
Much, multum.
Much (qualifying a comp. or
superl.), see Chap, v, Sec. 2.
Never, nunquam.
No (qualifying a comp.), see Chap.
v, Sec. 2.
Not, non.
Back, to drive, see Vocabulary Not yet, nondum.
of Verbs. Now, mine.
Before, antea.
Off, to keep, see Vocabulary of
Verbs.
Often, saepe.
Once, at ( = at the samo time),
simul.
Only, solum.
Out, to cry, to go, see Vocabulary
By no means, nequaquam.
Down, to run, to throw, see Vo-
cabulary of Verbs.
Entirely, omnino.
Equally, pariter.
Even, etiam.
Ever (in a negative sentence), un-
quam.
Everywhere, ubique.
Fiercely, acriter.
First, primum.
Formerly, quondam.
Here, hie.
Highly, see Chap, vi, Sec.
However (qualifying an adjective), Soon, mox.
of Verbs.
Prosperously, prospere.
Rather, magis.
Rightly, see Chap, v, Sec. i.
Scarcely, vix.
So (qualifying an adjective), tarn.
So great ) see Vocabulary of Ad-
So many \ jectives.
quamvis.
Immediately, statim.
Still, adhuc.
Stubbornly, pertinaciter.
Suddenly, subito.
Justly, jure (lit. with right), abl. Then, turn.
of jus.
Thence, inde.
144 VOCABULARIES.
There, ibi. Up, to climb, to give, see Voca-
Too (qualifying an adjective or bulary of Verbs.
another adverb), nimium.
Too little ) ~, rr c "Well, bene.
Too much 1 See ChaP'VI> Sec' 3- Wisely, sapienter.
"Wrongly, see Chap, v, Sec. i.
Unjustly, injuria (lit. with wrong). Yet, not, nondum.
5. PBEPOSITIONS.
About ( = concerning), de. Inside, intra.
After, post. Into, in.
Against, adversus.
At, ad. Near, prope.
Before ( =in front of), pro. Qn account of, propter.
Before (of time), ante. On behalf of, pro.
Between, inter. Out of, ex.
By ( = near), ad.
By (depending on a passive verb, To (implying motion, or = as far
to show the person by whom as^ a(j
something is done), a or ab. To (not implying motion), gene-
For ( = in defence of), pro. rally expressed by the dative.
From, a or ab. w'th
) £ WHbo^ne; to , be ^out,
see Vocabulary of Verbs ; with-
in, in. out control over, see Vocabu-
In the midst of, inter. lary of Adjectives.
6. CONJUNCTIONS.
After, postquam. Neither — nor, nee — nee.
Because, quod. Or, aut
Before, antequam.
Both — and, et — et. Since, quoniam.
But'Sed' Than,qnam.
Either — or, aut — aut. That ( = in order that), ut.
Except, nisi.
Unless, nisi.
For, nam.
jf sj "When, quum.
"Where, ubi.
Lest, ne. "While, dum.
THE END.
July, 1888.
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Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist ; a popular Illustration of the
Principles of Scientific Criticism. By R. G. MOULTON, M.A. Crown 8vo. 5*.
Bacon. Advancement of Learning. Edited by W. ALDIS WRIGHT,
M.A. Third Edition Extra fcap. 8vo. 4*. 6rf.
Milton. I. Areopagitica. With Introduction and Notes. By JOHN
W. HALES, M.A. Third Edition Extra f cap. 8 vo. 3*.
Milton. II. Poems. Edited by R. C. BROWNE, M.A. 2 vols. Fifth
Edition. . Extra fcap. 8vo. 6s. 6d. Sold separately, Vol. I. 45., Vol. II. 3*.
In paper covers : —
Lycidas, ^d. L'A llegro, -$d. II Penseroso, ^d. Cffmus, f>d.
Milton. III. Paradise Lost. Book I. Edited with Notes, by H. C.
BEECHING, M.A. . Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. In 'white Parchment, 3$. 6d.
Milton. IV. Samson Agonistes. Edited with Introduction and Notes
by JOHN CHURTON COLLINS. . . . Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is.
Clarendon. History of the Rebellion. Book VI. Edited with
Introduction and Notes by T. ARNOLD, M.A. . . Extra fcap. 8vo. 45. 6d.
Bnnyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Grace Abounding, Relation of
the Imprisonment of Mr. John Bunyan. Edited by E. VENABLES, M.A.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 5$. In white Parchment, 6s.
Dryden. Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell ; Astr<za Redux ;
Annus Mirdbilis ,' Absalom and Achitophel; Religio Laicil The Hind and
the Panther. Edited by W. D. CHRISTIE, M.A: . Extra fcap. 8vo. 3$. 6d.
Locke's Conduct of the Understanding. Edited, with Introduction,
Notes, &c. by T. FOWLER, D.D, Second Edition. . . Extra fcap. 8vo. 2*.
Addison. Selections from Papers in the ' Spectator? With Notes.
By T. ARNOLD, M.A. . Extra fcap. 8vo. 45. 6d. In white Parchment, 6s.
Steele. Selected Essays from the Tatter, Spectator, and Guardian. By
AUSTIN DOBSON. . . Extra fcap. 8vo. 5$. In white Parchment, js. 6d.
Berkeley. Select Works of Bishop Berkeley, with an Introduction and
Notes, by A. C. FRASER, LL.D. Third Edition. . . Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d.
Pope. I. Essay on Man. Edited by MARK PATTISON, B.D. Sixth
Edition Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 6d,
Pope. II. Satires and Epistles. By the same Editor. Second Edition.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 2*.
Parnell. The Hermit. Paper covers, 2d.
Johnson. I. Rasselas. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by
G. BIRKBECK HILL, D .C.L. Extra fcap.Svo. limp, 2s. In white Parchment, y.ftd.
Johnson. II. Rasselas; Lives of Dryden and Pope. Edited by
ALFRED MILNES, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 45. 6d.
Lives of Pope and Dryden Stiff covers, 2s. 6d.
Johnson. III. Life of Milton. Edited, with Notes, etc., by C. H.
FIRTH, M.A. . . . Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff' covers, is €>d. ; cloth, zs. 6d.
Johnson. IV. Vanity of Human Wishes. With Notes, by E. J.
PAYNE, M.A. Paper covers, +d.
10 CLARENDON PRESS
Gray. Selected Poems. Edited by EDMUND GOSSE.
Extra fcap. 8vo. Stiff covers, is. 6d. In white Parchment, 3*.
Gray. Elegy, and Ode on Eton College. . . Paper covers, 2d.
Goldsmith. Selected Poems. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by
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In white Parchment, 45. 6d.
Goldsmith. The Traveller. Edited by G. BIRKBECK HILL, D.C.L.
Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is.
The Deserted Village Paper covers, id.
Cowper. I. The Didactic Poems of 1782, with Selections from the
Minor Pieces, A.D. 1779-1783. Edited by H. T. GRIFFITH, B.A.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 3*.
Cowper. II. The Task, with Tirocinium, and Selections from the
Minor Poems, A.D. 1784-1799. By the same Editor. Second Edition.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 3*.
Burke. I. Thoughts on the Present Discontents; the two Speeches
on America. Edited by E. J. PAYNE, M.A. Second Edition.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 4$. 6d.
Burke. II. Reflections on the French Revolution. By the same
Editor. Second Edition Extra fcap. 8vo. 55.
Burke. III. Four Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the
Regicide Directory of France. By the same Editor. Second Edition.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 5*.
Keats. Hyperion, Book I. With Notes, by W. T. ARNOLD, B.A.
Paper covers, ^d.
Byron. Childe Harold. With Introduction and Notes, by H. F. TOZER,
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Scott. Lay of the Last Minstrel. Edited with Preface and Notes by
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Scott. Lay of the Last Minstrel. Introduction and Canto I, with
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PBENCH AND ITALIAN.
Brachet. Etymological Dictionary of the French Language, with
a Preface on the Principles of French Etymology. Translated into English by
G. W. KITCHIN, D.D., Dean of Winchester. Third Edition.
Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d.
Brachet. Historical Grammar of the French Language. Translated
into English by G. W. KITCHIN, D.D. Fourth Edition.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. dd.
Saintsbury. Primer of French Literature. By GEORGE SAINTS-
BURY, M.A. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. zs.
Saintsbury. Short History of French Literature. By the same
Author Crown 8vo. los. &d.
Saintsbury. Specimens of French Literature. . . Crown 8vo. 9*.
LIST OF SCHOOL BOOKS. II
Beaumarchais. Le Bar bier de Seville. With Introduction and Notes
by AUSTIN DOBSON. Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d.
Blotiet. D£loquence de la Chaire et de la Tribune Francises.
Edited by PAUL BLOUET, B.A. (Univ. Gallic.) Vol. I. French Sacred Oratory.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. 6d,
Corneille. Horace. With Introduction and Notes by GEORGE
SAINTSBURY, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d.
Corneille. Cinna. With Notes, Glossary, etc. By GUSTAVE MASSON,
B.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is. 6d. cloth, zs,
Gantier (Theophile). Scenes of Travel. Selected and Edited by
G. SAINTSBURY, MA. Extra fcap. 8vo. zs.
Masson. Louis XIV and his Contemporaries ; as described in Ex-
tracts from the best Memoirs of the Seventeenth Century. With English Notes,
Genealogical Tables, &c. By GUSTAVE MASSON, B.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2$. 6d.
Moliere. Les Precieuses Ridicules. With Introduction and Notes by
ANDREW LANG, M.A Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 6d.
Moliere. Les Femmes Savantes. With Notes, Glossary, etc. By
GUSTAVE MASSON, B.A. . Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is. 6d. cloth, zs.
Moliere. Les Fourberies de Scapin. \ With Voltaire's Life of Moliere. By
Baotne. Athalie. { "us™- M£5°ra\^vo. ,, u.
Moliere. Les Fourberies de Scapin. With Voltaire's Life of Moliere.
By GUSTAVE MASSON, B.A. . . Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff- covers, is. 6d.
Musset. On ne badine pas avec f Amour, and Fantasia. With
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NOVELETTES :—
Xavier de Maistre. Voyage autour de ma Chambre. \
Madame de Duras. Ourika. By GUSTAVE
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Alfred de Vigny. La Veillee de Vincennes. [Ext. fcap. 8vo.
Edmoud About. LesJumeauxdeVHdtelCorneille.\zs. 6d.
Bodolphe Topffer. Mesaventures d'un £colier. )
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Perrault. Popular Tales. Edited, with an Introduction on Fairy
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Quinet. Lettres d sa Mere. Edited by G. SAINTSBURY, M.A.
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Racine. Esther. Edited by G. SAINTSBURY, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2 s.
Bacine. Andromaque. ) w£h Louis Racine's Life of his Father. By
Corneille. Le Menteur. \ — B MASSON« B'A' Extra fcap. 8vo. 25. *
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Brueys and Palaprat. Le Grandeur. \ ' Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6^.
12 CLARENDON PRESS
Sainte-Benve. Selections from the Cauteries du Lundi. Edited by
G. SAINTSBURY, M.A Extra fcap. 8vo. zs.
Se"vign6. Selections from the Correspondence of Madame de S6vign6
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GUSTAVE MASSON, B.A Extra fcap. 8vo. 35.
Voltaire. Merope. Edited by G. SAINTSBDRY, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2*.
Dante. Selections from the ' Inferno? With Introduction and Notes,
by H. B. COTTERILL, B.A Extra fcap. 8vo. 4*. 6d.
Tasso. La Gerusalemme Liberata. Cantos i, ii. With Introduction
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GERMAN, GOTHIC, ICELANDIC, &c.
Bnchheim. Modern German Reader. A Graduated Collection of
Extracts in Prose and Poetry from Modern German writers. Edited by C. A.
BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc.
Part I. With English Notes, a Grammatical Appendix, and a complete
Vocabulary. Fmtrth Edition. , . . Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d.
Part II. With English Notes and an Index. Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d.
Part III. In preparation.
Lange. The Germans at Home ; a Practical Introduction to German
Conversation, with an Appendix containing the Essentials of German Grammar.
By HERMANN LANGE. Third Edition 8vo. zs. 6d.
Lang-e. The German Manual; a German Grammar, a Reading
Book, and a Handbook of German Conversation. By the same Author.
8vo. 7$. (>d.
Lange. A Grammar of the German Language, being a reprint of the
Grammar contained in The German Manual. By the same Author. 8vo. 31. 6</.
Lange. German Composition ; a Theoretical and Practical Guide to
the Art of Translating English Prose into German. By the same Author.
Second Edition 8vo. 45. 6d.
[A Key in Preparation.]
Lange. German Spelling : A Synopsis of the Changes which it has
undergone through the Government Regulations of 1880 . Paper cover, dd.
Becker's Friedrich der Grosse. With an Historical Sketch
of the Rise of Prussia and of the Times of Frederick the Great. With Map.
Edited by C. A. BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc. . . . Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 6d.
Goethe. Egmont. With a Life of Goethe, etc. Edited by C. A.
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Goethe. Iphigenie auf Tauris. A Drama. With a Critical Intro-
duction and Notes. Edited by C. A. BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc. Second Edition.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 3* .
Heine's Harzreise. With a Life of Heine, etc. Edited by C. A.
BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc. Extra fcap. 8vo. stiff covers, is. €>d. cloth, zs. 6d.
LIST OF SCHOOL BOOKS. 13
Heine's Prosa, being Selections from his Prose Works. Edited with
English Notes, etc., by C. A. BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc. Extra fcap. 8vo. 4$. 6d.
iessing. Laokoon. With Introduction, Notes, etc. By A. HAMANN,
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Lessing. Minna von Barnhelm. A Comedy. With a Life of
Lessing, Critical Analysis, Complete Commentary, etc. Edited by C. A.
BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc. Fifth Edition. . . . Extra fcap. 8vo. 3*. €>d.
Leasing-. Nathan der Weise. With English Notes, etc. Edited by
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Niebnhr's Griechische Heroen-Geschichten. Tales of Greek Heroes.
Edited with English Notes and a Vocabulary, by EMMA S. BUCHHEIM.
Extra fcap. 8vo. cloth, zs.
Schiller's Historische Skizzen: — Egmonts Leben und Tod, and Bela-
gerung von Antwerpen. Edited by C. A. BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc. Third
Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with a Map. . Extra fcap. 8vo. 2$. 6d.
Schiller. Wilhelm Tell. With a Life of Schiller ; an Historical and
Critical Introduction, Arguments, a Complete Commentary, and Map. Edited
by C. A. BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc. Sixth Edition. . Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 6d.
Schiller. Wilhelm Tell. Edited by C. A. BUCHHEIM, Phil. Doc.
School Edition. With Map Extra fcap. 8vo. 25.
Schiller. Wilhelm Tell. Translated into English Verse by E.
MASSIE, M.A Extra fcap. 8vo. 5$.
Schiller. Die Jungfrau von Orleans. Edited by C. A. BUCHHEIM,
Phil. Doc. [In preparation.}
Scherer. A History of German Literature. By W. SCHERER.
Translated from the Third German Edition by Mrs. F. CONYBEARE. Edited
by F. MAX MULLER. 2 vols. 8vo. zis.
Max Muller. The German Classics from the Fourth to the Nineteenth
Century. With Biographical Notices, Translations into Modern German, and
Notes, by F. MAX MULLER, M.A, A New edition, revised, enlarged, and
adapted to WILHELM SCHERER'S History oj German Literature, by F.
LlCHTENSTEIN. 2 VQls CrOWH 8VO. 215.
Wright. An Old High German Primer. With Grammar, Notes,
and Glossary. By JOSEPH WRIGHT, Ph.D. . . Extra fcap. 8vo. $s. 6d.
Wright. A Middle High German Primer. With Grammar, Notes,
and Glossary. By JOSEPH WRIGHT, Ph. D. . . Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 6d.
Skeat. The Gospel of St. Mark in Gothic. Edited by W. W. SKEAT,
Litt. D Extra fcap. 8vo. 4*.
Sweet. An Icelandic Primer, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary.
By HENRY SWEET, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 35. 6d.
Vigfasson and Powell. An Icelandic Prose Reader, with Notes,
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14 CLARENDON PRESS
MATHEMATICS ABTD PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
Aldis. A Text Book of Algebra (with Answers to the Examples']. By
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Hamilton and BaU. Book-keeping. By Sir R. G. C. HAMILTON,
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Baynes. Lessons on Thermodynamics. By R. E. BAYNES, M.A.,
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Donkin. Acoustics. By W.F.DoNKiN, M.A., F.R.S. Second Edition.
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Euclid Revised. Containing the essentials of the Elements of Plane
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Harconrt and Madan. Exercises in Practical Chemistry. Vol. I.
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Madan. Tables of Qualitative Analysts. Arranged by H. G. MADAN,
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Maxwell. An Elementary Treatise on Electricity. By J. CLERK
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Stewart. A Treatise on Heat, with numerous Woodcuts and Dia-
grams. By BALFOUR STEWART, LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy
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LIST OF SCHOOL BOOKS. 15
Williamson. Chemistry for Students. By A. W. WILLIAMSON,
Phil. Doc., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University College London. A new
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Combination Chemical labels. In two Parts, gnmmed ready for rise.
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George. Genealogical Tables illustrative of Modern History. By
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Hughes ( Alfred). Geography for Schools. Parti, Practical Geography.
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Kitchin. A History of France. With Numerous Maps, Plans, and
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Lucas. Introduction to a Historical Geography of the British Colonies.
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Sawlinson. A Manual of Ancient History. By G. RAWLINSON,
M.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 141.
Rogers. A Manual of Political Economy, for the use of Schools.
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Stub IDS. The Constitutional History of England, in its Origin and
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Stubbs. Select Charters and other Illustrations of English Con-
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Hullah. The Cultivation of the Speaking Voice. By JOHN HULLAH.
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Trontbectc and Dale. A Music Primer for Schools. By J. TROUT-
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Tyrwhitt. A Handbook of Pictorial Art. By R. St. J. TYRWHITT,
M.A. With coloured Illustrations, Photographs, and a chapter on Perspective,
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Upcott. An Introduction to Greek Sculpture. By L. E. UPCOTT,
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Student's Handbook to the University and Colleges of Oxford.
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Helps to the Study of the Bible, taken from the Oxford Bible for
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