w
/
* .
A?
INTRODUCTION
TO THE
S1UDY OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
BY
JAMES C. EGBERT, JR., PH.D.
ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF LATIN, COLUMBIA COLLEGE
;o
X
.
V
NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
COPYRIGHT, 1896. Bt
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
EGBERT'S LAX INS
w. p. 3
PREFACE
IT has been generally recognized by classical scholars of the present
day that a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the
equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the subject itself has
become so important as to justify its introduction, in elementary
form at least, into the curriculum of undergraduate studies. Not-
withstanding this general recognition, however, no work in the
English language which would serve as an introduction to the study
of Latin inscriptions has up to the present time been published. It
is to supply this want that the following pages have been written.
The purpose determining the plan of the work has been to com-
bine abundant introductory and explanatory matter with numerous
examples for illustration and for practice in .reading. The inscrip-
tions, with the single exception of those from movable articles,
have been printed in the type ordinarily used for Latin texts, since
this form has been considered more satisfactory than any attempt
at a typographical imitation of the original letters. Numerous
photographic reproductions have been made from the fac-similes of
Ritschl's Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica and from the
exempla in Hiibner's Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae, in order to
impress in some degree upon the student the original form and
appearance of the inscription.
The debt of the author to the works of other writers is of necessity
very great. Whenever another's writings have been directly used.
iv PREFACE
acknowledgment has been made in the footnotes ; but for assistance
obtained from many other sources not noted, the author wishes here
to express himself as deeply grateful.
The Cours d? Epigraph ie Lot hie of Professor Rene" Cagnat has been
of the utmost service and has, in fact, formed the basis of this work in
many particulars. The author has also relied for much of his infor-
mation upon the Prolegomena of Professor Emil Hilbner's Exempla
Scripturae Epigraphicae and upon the same scholar's article, Romische
Epigraphik in I wan Muller's Handbuch der Klassischen Altertums-
tvissenschaft, vol. i., 1892. To Professor Hermann Dessau the
author is indebted for material obtained from his Inscriptiones
Latinae Selectae, vol i., and also for his kind words in regard to
the preparation of this volume.
In passing this book through the press the author has been greatly
aided by his friends and associates.
Professor Harry Thurston Peck has read much of the proof and
has made possible the author's task by his encouragement and by
his advice, so valuable because of wide experience.
Dr. Nelson Glenn McCrea has read the entire proof and has
in many instances, in connection with this kindly service, given
renewed proof of his scholarship. Mr. George Olcott, a Fellow of
this College, has been of most valuable service, inasmuch as he has
prepared and verified the Chronological List of the Roman Emperors.
The index is also the work of Mr. Olcott.
The author earnestly hopes. that this volume will prove to many
the open door to a subject so remarkable in its influence upon classi-
cal and archaeological study and at the same time so interesting
and attractive in its pursuit.
JAMES C. EGBERT, JB.
COLUMBIA COLLEGE, December, 1895.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PAGE
Bibliography ; Periodical Literature j Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum . 1
PART I
CHAPTER I
THE LATIN ALPHABET (HISTORICAL)
Phoenician and Greek Alphabets ; Etruscan, Umbrian, Oscan, and Latin
Alphabets ; Modifications in the Latin Alphabet ; Double Consonants ;
Double Vowels 17
CHAPTER II
THE LATIN ALPHABET (MORPHOLOGICAL)
Archaic Alphabet ; Monumental Alphabet of the Kepublic ; Monumental
Alphabet Perfected ; Documentary Forms ; Cursive Letters ; Uncial
Letters ; Methods of Making Inscriptions ; Individual Letters ; Liga-
tures ; Sicilicus, Apex, Marks of Punctuation . . . 31
CHAPTER in
NUMERALS
Numerals ; Fractions 72
V
COX TEXTS
PART II
CHAPTER IV
THE ROMAN NAME
PAGE
rraenomen ; Nomen ; Cognomen ; Names of Women ; Reduplication of
Names; Signa ; Additional Elements; Names of Slaves; Names of
Freedmen ; Naturalized Citizens ; Inscriptions for Practice . . 82
CHAPTER V
NAMES AND TITLES OK THE EMPERORS
Elements of the Imperial Name ; Title of the Emperors ; Titles of Mem-
bers of the Imperial Family ; Chronological List of the Roman Em-
perors ; Inscriptions of Emperors and their Families . . . .114
CHAPTER VI
OFFICIAL TITLES
Cursus Honorum Senatorial, Equestrian, after Constantine ; Official Po-
sitions of the Third Class ; Inscriptions of the Senatorial Order, of
the Equestrian Order, of Officials of the Third Class .... 164
PART III
CHAPTER Vn
TlTFLI
Dedicatory, Sepulchral, Honorary Inscriptions ; Inscriptions on Public
Works; Inscriptions on Movable Objects ; Inscriptions for Practice . iiii">
CHAPTER VIII
Don ME NTS
Laws and Plebiscites ; Decrees of the Senate ; Imperial Documents ; De-
crees of Magistrates; Public and Sacred Documents; Military Docu-
ments ; Documents of the Municipalities : Documents of the Collegia ;
Private Documents ; Wall Inscriptions ; Inscriptions for Practice . 348
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER IX
RESTORATION AND DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS. ABBREVIATIONS
PAGE
Restoration ; Dating ; Table of Archaisms ; Table of Legions ; Table of
Imperial Relationships ; Abbreviations ...... 399
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS . . > . . . .417
INDEX .....,.,... ... 461
TABLE OF INSCRIPTIONS . 465
INTRODUCTION
To a beginner in the study of Epigraphy, the most important
matters for consideration are the works which provide material for
research, and the method which should be followed in approaching
hhis material.
The great storehouse of Latin inscriptions is the Corpus Inscrip-
tionum Latinannn, 1 which is indispensable for advanced study in this
subject; but notwithstanding the importance of this great work,
certain minor collections of inscriptions are more useful to the
elementary student and for class-room use.
The first of these is the valuable Collectio of Orelli and Henzen :
Inscriptionum Latinarum Amplissima Collectio. lo. C. Orellius.
2 vols. Zurich, 1828. Vol. III. is by W. Henzen :
Volumen Tertium Collectionis Orellianae supplementa emenda-
tlonesque exhibens. Ed. Cluil. Henzen. Zurich, 1856.
The last volume contains indices to the entire work.
The most serviceable collection of inscriptions for general use is :
Exempla Inscriptionum Latinarum in usum praecipue academi-
cum. Gustavus Wilmanns. 2 vols. Berlin, 1873.
This work contains inscriptions conveniently classified, with
Latin notes ; also excellent indices.
1 C. I. L. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Consilio et Auctoritate Academiae
Litterarum Regiae Borussicae Editum. See page 6.
LATIN INSCEIP. 1 1
2 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
For those who are unable to consult the Cm-jut* /ii*<-,-!jitfi>,mm, a.
more recent work will provide well-selected inscriptions in greater
number than the collection just mentioned. This collection is based
upon material gathered by William Hen/en.
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Ed. Hermannus Dessau. Vol. I.
Berlin, 181 L'.
For the study of early Latin, the following will be found to be
serviceable :
Dialectorum Italicarum Aevi Vetustioris Exempla Selecta in usum
scholarum. Vol. I. Dialect! Latinae Priscae et Faliscae
Exempla Selecta. Pars 1. Engelbertus Schneider. Leip-
zig, 1886.
Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin. J. Wordsworth.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1874.
Remnants of Early Latin. F. D. Allen. Boston, 1880.
For a presentation of the inscriptions themselves the student is
referred to two great works, one of which gives inscriptions in fac-
simile, the other by " exempla."
The first of these is the large folio of F. Ritschl, containing
inscriptions from the earliest period down to the beginning of the
Empire. It is regularly denoted by the letters P. L. M. E.
Priscae Latinitatis Jfon amenta Epigraphica ad arclieti/jiornnt
Jidem exemplis lithographis repraesentata. Ed. Fr. Ritsche-
'lius. Berlin, 1862.
There are five supplements, which were originally published at
Bonn in 1862. They are also found in Ritschl's
Philologica, vol. IV. 1878.
The second of these is :
Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae Latinae a C<i<'x<n-;*
morte ad aetatem .///..//// nm i. Ed. Aem. Hiibner. Berlin. 1 SS.">.
In this book there is a complete introduction in Latin, and over
twelve hundred inscriptions with commentary. As the
title indicates, this /',>"//////</ is a complement to the work
of Ritschl, just mentioned.
INTRODUCTION 3
As introductory to. the study of Inscriptions, the student is re-
ferred to two short works of Eniil Hubner: (1) The article entitled
"Roman Inscriptions" in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. XIII.
9th ed. This will form excellent preliminary reading. A resume
of the subject is presented in a form easily understood. (2) The
article "Romische Epigraphik" in the Handbuch der Klassischen
Altertumsivissenschaft, I wan Miiller, vol. I. 1886, 2d ed. 1892. This
provides a bibliography of the collection of inscriptions and an
introduction to the subject more complete than the article in the
Britannica.
This last work is also published separately.
The only complete introduction to Latin Epigraphy is :
J Cours d'Epigraphie Latine. Rene Cagnat. 1st ed., Paris, 1886.
2d ed., Paris, 1890.
This is an exceedingly useful book.
A little book abounding in excellent suggestions, containing in-
scriptions in illustration, is :
Anleitung zum Lesen, Ergdnzen und Datiren Romischer Inschrif-
ten. Karl Bone. Treves, 1881.
This work refers in the main to Rhenish inscriptions.
For the study of Christian Inscriptions :
Manuel d'Epigraphie Cliretienne d'apres les Marbres de la Gaule.
Edmond Le Blant. Paris, 1869.
Also, by the same author :
L'Epigraphie Cliretienne en Gaule et dans PAfrique. Paris, 1890.
For historical inscriptions, illustrating the history of the early
empire :
Latin Historical Inscriptions. G. McN. Rushforth. Oxford,
1893.
4 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
PERIODICAL LITERATURK
To study inscriptions properly, one must keep pace with the growth
of the subject, as new material is constantly being added. To accom-
plish this purpose, familiarity with periodical literature must be
maintained. The following are the principal periodicals bearing
upon this subject :
1) A running supplement to the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum is
published at intervals.
Ephemeris Epigraphica (Ephem. Ep.). Vols. I.-VIII. Berlin,
1892.
2) Mitteilungen des Kaiserlichen Deutschen Archaeologischen J/ixti-
tuts, Romische Abteilimg. Loescher & Co. Rome, 1886.
This is known also as :
Bullettino dell' Imperiale Istituto Archeologico Germanico.
3) Hermes, Zeitschrift fiir Klassisclie Philologie. Kaibel and Kobert.
Berlin, 1866.
4) Rheinisches Museum fiir Philologie. Ribbeck and Bilcheler.
Frankfurt, 1833. Neue Folge, 1842.
5) Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande.
Bonn, 1842.
6) Die Westdeutsche Zeitschrift fur Geschichte und Kunst. Treves,
1882.
7) Archdologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Oesterreich-Ungarn.
Vienna, 1877.
8) Revue Epigraphique du Midi de la France. A. Allmer. 7 vols.
Vienna, 1878-92.
9) Revue Arclieologique. 1 Paris, 1884.
10) Melanges d'Archtologie et d'Histoire Publies par VEcole Francaise
de Rome. Paris, 1881.
1 For recent discoveries see Revue des publications epigraphiques relatives a
Vantiquite romaine. R. Cagnat. This forms an appendix to the Revue
Archeologique ; also appears annually as L'Annee Epigraphique, dating from
the year 1888.
INTRODUCTION 5
11) Bulletin de Correspondance HelUnique. 1877.
This is the organ of the French School at Athens.
12) Notizie degli Scavi di Antichitd, Comunicate alia Reale Accademia
dei Lincei. 1 Rome, 1890.
13) Museo Italiano d' Antichitd, Classica. By Domenico Comparetti.
Rome, 1885-90. Vols. I.-III.
This publication was discontinued with vol. III., and was suc-
ceeded by the Monumenti Antichi.
14) American Journal of Archaeology, and of the History of the Fine
Arts. Baltimore, 1885.
15) For Christian Inscriptions :
Bidlettino d' Archeologia Cristiana. G. B. de Rossi. Rome, 1863.
16) Dizionario Epigrafico di Antichitd. Romane. Hector De Ruggiero.
Rome, 1886. Thirty -two fasciculi have appeared.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE COLLECTIONS OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
To obtain a knowledge of the history of Latin Epigraphy, the
student is referred to the following :
J. C. ORELLI : Index Praecipuorum Libforum Epigraphicorum
aliorumque inscriptiones Latinas continentium.
This is found in the first volume of the Inscriptiones Latinae of
Orelli, page 21, and in the third volume by Henzen, page xv.
R. DE LA BLANCHERE : Histoire de VEpigraphie Romaine, redigee
sur les notes de Leon Renier in the Revue Archeologique,
nouv. ser. VIII. 1886, page 46. Also in a separate volume,
Paris, 1887.
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Prefaces to vols. II.-XIV.
G. B. DE Rossi : Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae Septimo
Saectdo Antiquiores. Prefaces to vols. I. -II.
1 Inscriptions of the city of Rome also appear in the Bidlettino della Com-
missione Archeologica Comunale di Boma from 1872. (Bull. Com.)
6 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
EMIL HUBNER: 1. Bibliographic der Klassischen Altertumswis-
senschaft. Berlin, 1889. Part II., page 354.
2. Article " Romische Epigraphik " in the Handbuch der Klass-
ischen Altertumawiasensckaft, Iwan Muller. Vol. I. 1886.
2d ed. 1892.
J. P. WALTZING: Reciieil General des Inscriptions Latines, et
V Epigraphie Latine depuis 50 ans. Louvain, 1892.
This work gives an account of the Cot-pus Inscriptionum, and a
bibliography of Latin inscriptions.
CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM LATINARUM
This great collection of Latin inscriptions, published under the
supervision of the Royal Prussian Academy at Berlin, is arranged on
a geographical basis in fifteen volumes. Each of these volumes with
the exception of the first, in which are published the inscriptions
dating before the death of Caesar, is assigned to the inscriptions
derived from a certain portion of the Roman world. The general
plan may be seen from the following :
VOLUMEN I. Inscriptions dating before the death of Caesar. Editio
prima. 1863 (out of print). Editio altera, Pars prior, 1893.
Tabulae Lithographae. Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epi-
graphica, 1862.
VOLUMEN II. Inscriptions of Spain, 1869.
SUPPLEMENTUM, 1892.
VOLUMES III. Inscriptions of Asia (Egypt), of the Greek Provinces
of Europe, of Illyricum.
Pars Prior : Inscriptions of Egypt and Asia, of the Greek Prov-
inces of Europe, of Illyricum. Parts I.-V. 1873.
Pars Posterior: Inscriptions of Illyricum, also Monumentum
Ancyramun, Edict of Diocletian de Pretiis Rerum, J )i pla-
in ata Militaria, Wax Tablets of Dacia. Parts VI.-VII.
1873.
INTRODUCTION 7
SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Primus: Inscriptions of the Greek
Provinces of Europe. 1892.
SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Secundus: Inscriptions of Illyricum.
Parts I.-III. 1892.
SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Tertius: Inscriptions of Illyricum.
Edict of Diocletian. Constitutions of the Emperors (Diplo-
mata militaria). Parts IV.-VII. 1893.
VOLUMEX IV. Inscriptiones Parietariae of Pompeii, Herculaneum,
and Stabiae. 1871.
SUPPLEMEXTUM (in preparation).
VOLUMEX V. Inscriptions of Cisalpine Gaul.
Pars Prior: The tenth regio of Italy, Venetia and Istria.
1872.
Pars Posterior: The eleventh (Liguria) and ninth (Gallia
Transpadana, Alpes Cottiae et Maritimae) regiones of Italy.
1887.
VOLUMEX VI. Inscriptions of the City of Rome.
Pars Prinia 1876, Pars Secunda 1882, Pars Tertia 1886, Pars
Quarta (1895), Pars Quinta, containing inscriptiones falsae,
1885, Pars Sexta, Indices (in preparation).
VOLUMEN VII. Inscriptions of Britain. 1873.
VOLUMEX VIII. Inscriptions of Africa.
Pars Prior: Proconsular Africa, Numidia. 1881.
Pars Posterior : Mauretania. 1881.
SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Prior. 1891.
SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Alter. 1894.
VOLUMEX IX. Inscriptions of Calabria, Apulia, Samnium, Sabini,
Picenum. 1883.
VOLUMEX X. Inscriptions of Bruttium, Lucania, Campania, Sicilia,
Sardinia.
Pars Prior: Bruttium, Lucania, Campania. 1883.
Pars Posterior: Sicilia, Sardinia. 1883.
8 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
VOLUMEN XI. Inscriptions of Aemilia, Etruria, Umbria.
Pars Prior: Aemilia, Etruria. 1888.
Pars Posterior: Umbria (in press).
The Accademia dei Lincei publishes supplemental volumes of
inscriptions of Italy under the title Corporis I. L. Supplementa
Italica, consilio et aiictoritate Academiae regiae Lynceorum edita :
Fasc. I., Additamenta ad vol. V. Galliae Cisalpinae. Ed. Hector
Pais, Rome. 1888.
VOLUMEN XII. Inscriptions of Gallia Narbonensis. 1888.
VOLUMEN XIII. Inscriptions of the Three Gauls and Two German-
ics (in preparation).
VOLUMEN XIV. Inscriptions of Ancient Latium. 1887. _
VOLUMEN XV. Inscriptions of the City of Rome, Instrumentum
Domesticum.
Pars Prior : Lateres. 1891.
Pars Posterior (in press).
The contents of the several volumes may be considered under
three divisions.
L, Introductory Matter; II., Inscriptions; III., Indices and
Tabulae.
I. INTRODUCTORY MATTER
At the beginning of each volume there is an Index Auctorum,
which is an alphabetical list of the authors referred to throughout
that volume, with more or less extensive biographical and biblio-
graphical comment.
II. INSCRIPTIONS
A. False Inscriptions (indicated by an asterisk) are placed at the '
beginning of this division, and are arranged topographically, accord-
ing to cities and towns, with a paging and numbering of their own.
The falsae of vol. VI. are collected in Pars Quinta, and are arranged
according to the names of the authors.
INTRODUCTION
B. Valid Inscriptions are classified in three divisions.
1. Inscriptions in general.
2. Those connected with Viae Publicae.
3. Instrumentum Domesticum.
The main body of inscriptions is arranged on geographical and
topographical principles, by provinces as in vol. II., or by regiones
as in vols. V., IX., X., with subdivisions according to the cities and
towns. The several more important sections capita, e.g. those
assigned to provinces, are introduced by historical notes, and by a
chronological list of manuscripts and other works containing the
inscriptions of the district, together with biographical comment and
estimates of the epigraphic authority of the various editors. The
character of the inscriptions under the title Instrumentum Domesticum,
can be seen from the following subdivisions from vol. XII. :
Tegulae, Lucernae, Amphorae, Dolia, Pelves, Vascula, Aequipondia, Statun-
culornm formae cretaceae, Signacula ex acre, Sigilla medicorum oculariorum,
AmtJi, Gemmae, Pundera, Tesserae, Vasa vitrea, Supellex aurea argentea, etc.,
Massae plumbeae, Fistulas plumbeae.
III. INDICES AND TABULAE
The Indices contain a classification of the contents of the texts
of the inscriptions, the scope of which may be appreciated by the
following specimen index from vol. XII. :
Provinciae, civitates, pagi, vici, fluvii,
monies, praedia, rivi, similia.
Res municipalis.
Collegia.
Artes et officia privata.
Carmina.
Litterae singulares notabiliores.
Grammatica quaedam.
Notabilia varia.
Eecensus locorum recentiorum, by
Kiepert.
Indices are at this time provided with vols. I., II., III., IV. ; V.,
VII., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIV.
Nomina virorum et mulierum.
Cognomina virorum et mulierum.
Tmperatores.
Reges.
Consules aliaeque anni determina-
tiones.
Honores alii publici populi Romani.
Res militaris.
Dei Deaeque et res sacra.
Populus Romamts, Tribus Romanae.
10 LATIX IXSCIUITIOXS
Tabulae.
Maps prepared by H. Kiepert, giving the localities from which
the inscriptions arc derived, with names both ancient and modern,
are placed at the end of vols. II., 111., IV., V., Vll., V11I., IX.,
X., XII., XIV.
GENERAL ECONOMY
Inscriptions Admitted.
All Latin inscriptions engraved upon durable materials, such as
stone and bronze, and also those cut or impressed upon small movable
articles instrument nut, no matter of what character or purpose,
are included in this work. Coins, however, are given u place in
the first volume, but are elsewhere excluded.
The work, as indicated by its title, is limited in its scope to
Lilt-in inscriptions, those of other languages, however closely related
to Latin antiquities, being as a rule excluded.
Bilingual inscriptions in Greek and Latin, however, are given in
their complete form, and certain Greek inscriptions appear among
those of Pompeii (vol. IV.), and of England (vol. VII.). The limit
of time as set by Mommsen in his letter to Borghesi (vol. X.. p. vii).
is the end of the sixth century, inasmuch as the Fasti Consulares
reach almost to that period (541). In all cases of uncertainty as to
date the inscriptions are accepted.
( 'hristian inscriptions 1 are admitted, and are marked in the indices
with a cross.
Criticism, of Inscriptions.
The great object in the criticism, of inscriptions has been to
determine their authenticity, for it early became known that false
inscriptions had been composed, so closely resembling those of an-
tiquity that even the most skillful critics were deceived.
1 Christianos titulos appello iux<Tii>ti<>iii-x <</> qua< "
causa positae stint. De Rossi. Inxcriptiones Christian" e Urbis Itomac. Vol. I.
p. xxxvii. See bibliography for special works on Christian Inscriptions.
INTRODUCTION H
The first consideration in determining the validity of an inscrip-
tion which exists only in a copy is the standing of the copyist,
or of the author publishing it. The names of Ligorius and Pratilli
are in themselves sufficient to condemn the inscriptions published
by them alone.
The standing of the various authors can be learned from the Index
Auctonim attached to each volume. 1 In the C. I. L., when the unre-
liableness of an author has been the reason for the rejection of an
inscription, the fact is indicated by some statement; as quamquam for-
tasse genuina, suspecta tamen utpote a tali auctore solo relata II. 432*,
or inter titulos suspectos releganda erant necessario propter auctorem
fide omnino indigmim II. 454* ; also by simply attaching to an inscrip-
tion the name of a well-known falsifier, e.g. Ligorius or Pratilli,
X. 406*.
The science of palaeography is useful in the criticism of inscrip-
tions as defining certain rules and usages, a violation of which leads
to a suspicion as to the validity of the inscription. This method of
criticism has to do with the external presentation, and is concerned
with the types of letters, the marks of punctuation, the forms of nu-
merals, etc. ; also, if the inscription can be seen, with the nature of
the engraving.
Such a criterion of criticism is indicated in the G. I. L., thus :
puncta rotunda pessime facta ad imas litteras apposita sunt, XII. 145* ;
also titidum recentem esse cum litterarum forma turn spatia inter
vocabula relicta punctis defaientibus demonstrant, XII. 305*, or vidi
ego et medio aevo incisam intellexi X. 143*, or descripsi et damnavi
V. 75*.
The last method of criticism has to do with the text itself. Vio-
lations of epigraphic laws, of established principles of the Latin
language, or of well authenticated theories as regards Eoman antiqui-
ties, should arouse suspicion as to the authenticity of the inscription
or any portion of the same.
In X. 52*, for instance, the tribus does not hold its proper place ;
in X. 565* there is irregularity in the use of the nomina and prae-
1 Non tarn inscriptianes singnlas in indicium vocavi quam singulos auctores.
Mommsen, C. I. L. IX. and X. p. xi.
12 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
/HUH inu; in. V. 40* a munus senatorium is inserted among the eques-
trian munera, thus violating rules of the cursas honorum; in X. 629*
Sylvanus is termed divus, and not deus, and in X. 506* appears
the irregular expression sacra aedes.
Inscriptions have been invented to prove certain statements of
classical authors, to account for the name of a town, or determine
some disputed point in Roman antiquities or mythology, e.g. XII.
188*, where the comment reads ficta nifallor ad Annecy nomen expli-
candum. Antonini held that Paestum had been a municipality, and
based his theory on two inscriptions, X. 109*, 110*. Pratilli declared
that amphitheatres were consecrated to Hercules Victor, and used for
this theory an inscription of the amphitheatre of Teanum X. 607*.
The unreliability of the source determines at once the authenticity
of the inscription, when such striking support to a chosen theory is
so readily supplied.
Other inscriptions, containing historical names and allusions to
events of history, were undoubtedly composed for various purposes.
Cyriacus shows an inscription from a statue in honor of Cicero,
dedicated by the people of Arpinum, X. 711*. Antonini publishes
an epitaph of a tomb raised to a son by M. Lamponius, general of
the Lucanians in the Social War, X. 91* ; the comment here is tit M.
Lamponii in bello sociali Lucanorum duds gens in lapidibus quoque
reperiretur.
Methods of Presentation.
Preliminary to the text of the inscription, information is given as
to where it was found, its location in antiquity, and at the present
time. In some cases the nature of the monument is described, as
basis statuae, tabula marmorea. ' The text itself is printed in Roman
capitals, even if the original was in cursive letters. Imperfect let-
ters are represented by type broken in such way as to indicate
what remains. Ligatures are shown, also accents and punctuation
marks of various forms. The lines of the inscription are repro-
duced in the text, but the words are always separated, even if they
are united in the original. With the text is also given a brief
INTRODUCTION 13
description, printed in small script, of any design appearing on the
monument. Thus with the inscription on a sarcophagus,
C. I. L. XII. 1537. mulieris imago pueri imago
cum volumine cum tunica
in manibus laticlama
in clipeo et volumine
qutin duo
genii sustinent, pastor cum grege.
Special characters are employed as follows :
I. Roman capitals inclined indicate
1) Letters added after the first cutting.
x. 6051. M T R E B I
N I G R I
IN F P XII IN AG . P XII
C M A M I L I S P
F P R I M I G E
Note : v. 4-5 post tempns adiecti sunt.
2) Letters seen by an early editor, but afterwards missing.
vi. 1098. MARC/AE.OTAC/L\kE.SEVERbE
SANCT/SS/MAE.bVG *
M/17/?/.CASTRORVM *
SENATES AC- PATRIAE
Note : Quae inclinatis expressi desumpsi ex Maffei.
3) Letters substituted in antiquity in place of erasures
vi. lose. SENATVS ET PATRIAE ET
Note : Litteris inclinatis expressi quae in litura reposita sunt.
The above was substituted for
FVLVIAE-PLAVTILLAE-AVG.
14 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
II. Italics with points beneath indicate letters erased in antiquity
which can be replaced. Capitals with points beneath indicate letters
erased, but partly visible.
xiv. 1007. D M S
q u i n t o B E ^ i F E L I C I S S I
MO QVI VIXIT- AN XXIII
V. 1 et v. 2 ex parte erasi sunt.
III. ///// indicate letters erased which cannot be replaced.
The number of dashes depends upon the number of letters.
vi. losi. IMP CAES M AVRELLIO
ANTONINO - PIO FELICI
A V G V S T
n\V M I N I E I V S/
I S S I M
v. ...
IV. VIII. 6806.
ET SVPER OMNES RETRO PRINCIPES INVIC
TISSIMI
Letters thus enclosed have been substituted in antiquity for earlier
erasures.
V. ////// indicate illegible or imperfectly copied letters.
The number is regulated by the number of letters.
XIV. 2150. D M
S A C R V M
Q//// SYNiLESI
H E R E D E S
VI indicate the same as V., but are used only when an
early editor has adopted this form.
INTRODUCTION 15
VII. FECIT. This kind of type indicates letters barely visible.
VIII. Small italics are used to fill out what is known to have
formed part of a mutilated inscription ; also to indicate when a new
reading replaces an old. The old reading is given in the commentary
accompanying the inscription.
VI. 926. \ IN H Cl n o r e m
neronllS-CLAVDlJcaes a u g germ
pont. l^MAX . TRIR/p o t
IX. When there is any break in the stone, it is indicated by lines
which trace out the fracture.
Any confusion which might arise through the use of similar
characters for different purposes is obviated by suitable information
in the commentary.
After the text of the inscription there follows the testimonium
of the eyewitness and the editor, e.g. descripsi et recognovi, vidit I. B.
de Rossi, Holstenius descripsit; next the principal authors and
reviews providing the inscription; and finally the lectiones variae,
with authorities for the same.
If the abbreviations are difficult to understand, or if the inscrip-
tion is much mutilated, a transcript is often given in cursive letters.
In this transcript square brackets indicate where substitutions are
made for letters erased or corrected, while parentheses show the fill-
ing out of abbreviations. Where nothing can be supplied, the lacuna
is indicated by points equal in number to the missing letters.
Vertical lines show the limits of the lines of the text.
THE DTENOS INSCRIPTION.
CHAPTER I
THE LATIN ALPHABET (HISTORICAL)
FOR its civilization Rome was greatly indebted to the Greeks. Its
philosophy was transplanted from Greece ; its literature was an imi-
tation of the literature of the same people. The resemblance between
the alphabets of the people of Italy and those of the Greeks proves
that for the source of the Italic alphabets we must look in a similar
direction. A careful study shows that it is to the Chalcidian colo-
nies, such as settled Cumae on the west coast of Italy and Naxos in
Sicily, that the Italic alphabets are to be traced.
The origin of the Greek alphabet is the Phoenician. Tradition, of
however little authority, supports this theory. Herodotus, V. 58-59,
states that letters were introduced into Greece by Cadmus, a Phoeni-
cian who came to Boeotia. Pliny, N. H. VII. 56 (57), 191, repeats a
similar tradition, adding that Cadmus introduced sixteen letters,
a > fi> 7> ^> e > l *> ^> / jt ' v > > """f 'P> "> T > v ) an( l that Palamedes and
Simonides each supplied four more. Tacitus, Annales, XI. 14, offers
an interesting theory, tracing Greek letters through the Phoenician
back to the Egyptians, assigning their introduction to Cadmus or
Cecrops or Palamedes, but the addition of new letters to Simonides.
The early Greek and Phoenician characters show a marked re-
semblance in form, and stand in similar alphabetical order. Knowl-
edge of the order of the Phoenician letters is obtained by a reference
to the order of derived alphabets, such as Hebrew. The order of
the Greek alphabet is known from an abecedarian scratched on a
LAT. INSCRIP. 2 17
18
PLATE I
PHOENICIAN.
Baal Lebanon.
PHOENICIAN.
Mesha Stone.
GREEK.
Abu Simbol.
OBEKK.
Eubocan Inscr's.
Aleph
<
*
A
A
Beth
<7
^
B
B
Gimel
t
r
r c
[S,.
h o
Daleth
"^
^ 1
He
^
f
/?
Vau
P
T
ri=
Zayin
I
^
Clieth
fl
H
Teth
^
6>
Tod
^
=L
1
I
Kaph
3
1
K
K
Lamed
I
^
A
/*AV
Mem
Nun
^
^
^
fA
H
A/
SameJch
4
^
Ayin
o
o
Pe
1
r n
r
Tsade
1"
\-
Q'oph
cp
1 s
?
9
Resh
^
<j
P
/?
Shin
vs/
v\
/
^ s
Tau
f
1
T
T
V
V
1 Q
C_jx
2 / =X = ! *
1 ^" =f = ^
8 \J/='/'=P
8 NJ/=X = C /<
THE LATIN ALPHABET 19
vase found at Formello near Veil in 1882. 1 The civilization of the
Greeks is younger than that of the Phoenicians, and the names of
the letters are Semitic, not Greek ; hence the inference that the
Greek alphabet is Semitic in its origin, derived from the Phoenician.
The Phoenician alphabet was not in all respects adapted to the
phonetic requirements of the Greek language. First of all, there
were no letters to represent vowel sounds. This want was supplied
by the use of aleph, he, yod, ayin to represent a, e, i, o. Van F may
have supplied the M, the semivowel, but a new sign was invented to
provide the vowel u, V or Y. There appears to be a resemblance
between the Van of the Mesha (Moabite) stone and the Greek Y
upsilon, but Kirchhoff believes this likeness merely accidental.
The sibilants abounded in the Phoenician alphabet, and were
beyond the needs of the Greeks. In consequence of this, much con-
fusion has arisen as to the history of the Phoenician sibilants in
the blending of the two alphabets. These Phoenician letters were
zayin=dz, samekh=s, tsade=tsof ss (lingual), and shin=sch (palatal).
Of these, tsade appears to suggest the name zeta, while zayin re-
sembles it in form and holds a similar place. Some declare that zeta
obtains its name through analogy owing to its proximity to rjra and
Orjra. Samekli seems to have supplied the sound of s and perhaps
1 The Formello alphabet is given on Plate II., column I. See Roberts's
Greek Epigraphy, p^ 17.
PLATE I.
COLUMN I. Names of Hebrew letters corresponding to the Phoenician characters in the next two
columns.
COLUMN II. Early Phoenician letters traced from the " Baal Lebanon " inscription as shown by
fac-simile in Corpus Inscriptionum Serniticarum. This inscription is dated by some as early
as the tenth century B.C.
COLUMN III. Early Phoenician letters traced from the fnc-simile of the Mesha Stone as found in Die
Inachrift des Ki'migs Mesa von Moab. R. Smend und A. Socin. Freiburg, 1886. This
inscription is placed by scholars in the ninth century B.C.
COLUMN IV. Greek alphabetic characters from representation of the Abu Simbel Inscription as
found in Insert ptionen Graecae Antiquissimae, Roehl, No. 482. This inscription represents
the Ionian and so the Eastern Greek alphabets and may be placed in the early part of the sixth
century B.C.
COLUMN V. Letters taken from Euboean inscriptions of Styra and Chalcis, as shown in Inscrip-
tiones Graecae Antiquinxiniae, Roehl, pp. 8T-103; and from Kretschmer's Griechinchen
Vaseninschriften, pp. 62-72. This Euboean alphabet represents the West Greek alphabets.
20 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
its name, while sJiin has given the form or 2 of the Greek sigma.
In some Ionic inscriptions samekh is found equivalent to i. Again,
there are inscriptions in which the sign for sigma is M, the Phoe-
nician tsade, and it has been suggested that the Greeks had in some
alphabets a fourth sibilant san of this form M equal to s, while
others had sigma 5, 2.
Another difference between the Greek and Phoenician alphabets
consists in the use, in the former, of additional characters to repre-
sent ps or pits, Teh and ph. In the early inscriptions, such as those
of Thera, Melos, and Greta, these phonetic values are expressed
by the actual combination of the already existing letters. 1 The
appearance of the new characters X (+), $, ^ (Y) in the alphabets
of Chalcis and the Chalcidian colonies leads to the belief that they
were introduced before the eighth century B.C. 1 Various theories
have been proposed as to the origin of these letters, but none has
been found worthy of acceptance. W. Deecke 2 considers them
Cypriote, arguing from the phonetic values of Cypriote syllabic
characters, Y = w, ^ = pu and pliu, ^ = ku and khu, |\u, Y,
V = se.
Kirchhoff has classified the Greek alphabets prior to 403 B.C. (the
archonship of Eucleides) in two divisions,
1) The eastern alphabets, which are those of the Aegean Islands,
Asiatic coast towns, and certain places in the mainland of Greece, as
Corinth, Argos, Attica.
2) The western alphabets, which belong to the Euboean cities
Chalcis and Eretria, to Sicily and the Greek colonies in Italy ; also,
on the mainland of Greece, to Boeotia, Locri, Thessaly, Western
Peloponnesus.
The order and value of the purely Greek letters, those newly added,
determine the difference between these two classes. The eastern
alphabet shows the order 4>, X, -1-, with X = ch and *l> = ps. The
sound ks () is expressed by I or hH samekh seen between N and 0.
The eastern alphabet became the recognized Ionic alphabet after
certain changes had taken place. The cheth H used at first as spir-
itus asper became long e. The was differentiated to produce Q = 6,
1 Kirchhoff, Studied, p. 172. 2 Baumeister, Denkmaler, p. 61.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 21
and placed in the last position. The use of the F digamma and
the 9 koppa as letters had ceased, and the F = 6, and the 9 = 90.
The western division retained the I (or EB in the Formello alpha-
bet) as a numeral in the same way that F and 9 were used as numer-
als in the Ionian alphabet. The order of the letters was X, 4>, !-,
with X = ks, 4>ph, -\, cli. For ty=ps, TT<T or <j>a- was used.
Besides these peculiarities, C, D, V are found for f, A, A, also H
with the value of spiritus asper, also the older form of mu, /w.
The different Greek colonies entering Italy brought with them
their own alphabetic forms, but the Chalcidian colonies provided
the alphabets for the people of Italy probably previous to 600 B.C.
The proof of this derivation rests on the similarity in the forms
V and C (gamma) in the Italic and Chalcidian alphabets, for the
appearance of these characters in the same alphabet marks it as
Chalcidian.
The Italic alphabets arrange themselves in two classes. The one
class contains the Etruscan, the Umbrian, and the Oscan ; the other
the Latin and the Faliscan. The distinguishing character is the form
8 found in the first class with sound of F. 1 The Latin and Faliscan
not possessing this letter used F (van) in place of 4> disregarded.
The Etruscan alphabet was found north of the Tiber, the Oscau
in Campania, the Umbrian east of the Apennines, the Latin and
the Faliscan between the Etruscan and the Oscan.
Etruscan. This is evidently a Chalcidian alphabet, since it shows
the use of <J and 0. The X, which in the Chalcidian alphabet = ks,
is in the Etruscan a numeral. The tenues were originally all in use.
K is at first found, then disappears, while D supplies its place, giving
up the value of g, media. The other mediae, B and D, are not found
in the oldest inscriptions. The 9 is found only in the earliest
remains, and soon falls out of use. There are two forms of the
sibilant, M and ^ or 3, used side by side. The prevailing form
in the inscriptions is 8 ; ^ seldom occurs. Two forms Q and S with
1 For the / sound, the bilabial spirant, the Italic nations seem at first to have
used FH, the aspirated digamma. Cf. fhefhaked on the Praenestine fibula and
the Etruscan vhulxenas = Fulcinius, Fabretti C. I. I. Suppl. III. 306. The 8 is
a modified 0.
22
PLATE II ALPHABETS OF ITALY
GUKKK
IN
ITALY.
KTKUSCAN.
UMBUIAN.
OSCAN.
LATIN.
FALISCAN.
A
A
ff
Fl
AA^A
fl
B
a
a
& B>
<
3
>
< C
C ^
D
P
D
a
"5
^v
3
? II
p
3
^
J
F I 1
t
I
*
$
I
G
^ r
5
S)
a
H
8-
&
\
I
i
i
1
j
I
X
^
/i
k
i,
>!
^
i
V L
J 4/1
|W
vv\ Ytt
\^A
\\\
AV >V\
yvv
ffl
14
H
n
/v
ki
BJ
P
1
1
n
P P
7P
?
9
q
a
R P
/I
}
^
\
5 ^>
5
T
r
>
T
T T
t r
X
V
V
V
V
X
V
X
1
t
c
8
8
o
S
d
v
THE LATIN ALPHABET 23
value r are found. The vowels are a, e, i, u, with o wanting. The
Etruscan is always found written from right to left.
Umbrian. All the aspirates are wanting save one, O, which is
itself rare, and does not differ in value from the T. Of the mediae
C and D have disappeared, and in consequence the K is still in use.
The 9 is not in use, perhaps was never adopted. The Umbrian,
like the Etruscan, has no o, but possesses the other vowels, a, e, i, u.
The peculiarities of the alphabet are B appearing as 0, and the new
letters S and d, which, with 8 found in Etruscan, have been added
to the Greek alphabet. The first, S, is a by-form of the Etruscan Q,
but it does not have the same value, being equal to rs. 1 Hence it
takes a different place in the alphabet. The d serves for the sound,
peculiar to this dialect, of k before the vowels e and /. The Umbrian
is, as a rule, written from right to left.
Oscan. In this alphabet there are wanting the vowel o, X = ks,
M = s, and 9. The d was at first disregarded, and the form Q was
assumed by the r sound; so that when the need of a media was
felt, a modified S, i.e. R, was used, which may have taken the place
of d in the alphabet. Need of was felt at a later date, hence
the modified u, i.e. V, changed to v . The letter next to the last is
a modified form of I, i.e. h, which, with V , naturally assumes a place
after 8, as neither appears on the older Oscan coins. The order of
writing is from right to left.
1 See Bucheler, Umbrica, and von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch- Umbrischen
Dialekte, p. 48.
PLATE II.
COLUMN I. The Greek Alphabet as found on the Formello Vase. This is the Greek Alphabet
as it was written in Italy, and is the link between the Western Greek Alphabets of Euboea,
particularly of Chalcis, and the Italic Alphabets. These letters have been traced from Plate 6
of Melanges de r^Jcole frangaiM cle Rome, vol. II., Breal.
COLUMN II. Etruscan alphabetic characters traced from representations given in Die Etrusker,
C. O. M filler and Muller-Deecke.
COLUMN III. Umbrian letters traced from Les Tables Eugubines. Michel Breal.
COLUMN IV. Oscan letters from fac-simile inscriptions, in Inscriptiones Oscae (Tabulae). J.
Zvetaieff.
COLUMN V. Latin archaic letters.
COLUMN VI. Faliscan letters from Inscriptiones Italiae Mediae Dialecticae (Tabulae). J.
Zvetaieflf.
24 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Faliscan. This alphabet possesses peculiarities that lead to a
classification with the Latin. It differs from the Latin in the disap-
pearance of the B and 9. The K also is wanting. The vau F is
represented by the form T. The old form : and the position of
the Z show the early adoption of the alphabet. The order of writ-
ing is from right to left.
All these alphabets, together with the Latin, are evidently derived,
directly or indirectly, from the same Greek alphabet. The test
characters are >t = ch, X = ks, C gamma and V lambda. The Oscan
and Umbrian people obtained their alphabets through the Etruscans,
while the Latins took their letters from the Chalcidian colonists. 1
Latin. The following peculiarities mark the Latin alphabet as
distinct from those mentioned above. It has a complete vowel sys-
tem, so that is found as well as A, E, I, V. It employs vau F for
the sign 8, which does not appear at all. The V serves the purpose
of both vowel and consonant. The K has really disappeared from
use, except in a few words and abbreviations, and C has taken its
place. To provide the gutteral media, C is made into G by a mark
of differentiation, and the new letter assumes the position of I (Z),
which early goes out of use. In the time of Cicero, I, the old zeta,
md Y, upsilon, were taken from the Greek alphabet and placed after
X (ix), and the former appeared in the shape Z. The Greek aspirates
did not become letters in the Latin alphabet, but were used as
numerals, 2 V or >l, the Chalcidian ch, = 50, O = 100 (probably),
= 1000. The ? remained in use, but gradually lost ground in
later days. The mark of differentiation was added to the P to form
R when the letter P began to have a form nearly closed.
The original right to left direction of the writing is found gener-
ally in the dialect alphabets of Italy, save those of the Romans and
Volsci, a fact which assigns the adoption of these alphabets to a
period prior to the change in direction in the Greek parent alpha-
bet. The medium of change from the original order to the left-
to-right is the " boustrophedon " method, which combines the two
1 Von Planta, Osk. Umbr. Dialekte, I. 44.
2 For a different origin see Zangemeister " Entstehung der romischen Zahlzei-
chen" (Sitzungsber. d. k. Preuss. Akad., 1887).
THE LATIN ALPHABET 25
systems. With, a very few exceptions, the writing of the earliest
Latin inscriptions is from left to right. The " boustrophedon " order
is found in the inscriptions on the bronzes from Lake Fucinus, 1 but
the language of these inscriptions cannot be said to be pure Latin.
The Duenos Inscription 2 (Vascula Dresseliana) is written from right
to left, but, being on a vase, the order of some lines may be due to
economy of space. The inscription on & fibula from Praeneste, 3 which
is regarded as perhaps the oldest Latin inscription, is written from
right to left, an order which may be due to an attempt at concealing
the meaning, as in charms. It is reasonable, however, to believe
that this last inscription is a trace of the early retrograde direction
of Latin writing.
Modifications in the Latin Alphabet.
C. This letter is the curved form of the gamma of the Greek
alphabet. Its value at first was that of the Greek letter, but after-
wards it had the sound of k (surd guttural), a value it assumed in
the period preceding the decemviral legislation (451 B.C.).
G. This letter finds its origin through the process of differentia-
tion in the letter C. The modification was due to the confusion
arising from the use of C as the sharp guttural Jc and as the flat g.
In the Duenos Inscription virgo is spelled virco (some read vir
cosied), while in the word feced an attempt has evidently been made
to change a K into a C, but the K still remains in pakari. Plutarch,
Quaestiones Romanae, 54 and 59, declares that Spurius Carvilius'
Ruga, who opened a school in Rome about 523/231, invented this
letter. Mommsen (Unterital. Dial., p. 33) shows that Spurius Car-
vilius did not invent the letter, for it appears in inscriptions before
his time. He may, however, have been the first to teach its use
at his school, or he may have given it the position it still holds in
the alphabet.
The letter G is first seen on the as libralis of Luceria, dating
1 H. Jordan, Hermes, vol. XV., 1880, p. 5; F. Bticheler, Rhein. Mus.
XXXIII., 1878, p. 989.
2 See page 16. . 8 See page 265.
26 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
before 485/269, then in inscriptions in the epitaph of Scipio Bar-
batus, who was consul in 298 B.C. The epitaph appears to be less
archaic than that of his son, who was consul 259 B.C. Ritschl has
set the date as not later than 234 B.C. The words in the Scipio
epitaph in which G appears are Gnaivod, prognatas, subigit. It is
found also on paterae from Tarquinii in the name Gabinio, the
date of which is supposed to be about the same as that of the Epi-
taph. 1 Again it is found in the decree of the Senate " de Bacchanali-
bus " of 186 B.C., in the words magister, magistratud, magistratum,
gnoscier, figier, agro* The letter G does not appear, however, in
the inscription of the Columna Rostrata, which, though dating
originally in the time of the Epitaph, was renewed, with a com-
bination of modern and archaic forms in the Empire, perhaps under
Augustus. 3 This character probably did not come into general use
until a period much later than the time of its introduction, for the
archaic form C is found long after the invention of the G. A trace
of the early use of C is found in the abbreviations C for Gains and
Cn for Gnaeus.
I. This letter served as both vowel and consonant (semi-vowel).
In the time of Cicero a double I is found indicating the semi-vowel ;
thus Aiiax, Maiia, aiio, Troiiam, are mentioned by the grammarians
Quintilian, I. 4, 11, Velius Longus VII. 54, K, ana others, and in the
inscriptions are found cuiius, eiius, plebeiius.* This doubling of the
vowel for such a purpose did not come into general use. In in-
scriptions of the imperial period the tall letter I stood between
vowels as the semi-vowel, though ATElO and ElVS are already
found in inscriptions of the late days of the Republic. 5
It should be remembered that J was not specialized as a letter
until the fifteenth century A.D. At first the letter I, initial, was
1 Corssen, Aussprache, I. p. 10.
2 See page 359.
8 It may, however, be an inscription of the days of Augustus, with imitation
of archaic forms.
4 C. L L. II. 1953, 1687, 1129. Seelmann, Die Aussprache des Lateins, p. 236.
8 C. L L. I. 750, 1418. Christiansen, De Apicibus et I Longis, p. 29.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 27
changed to J by being curved to the left, the original shape still
serving as the medial letter. As the initial I was usually the semi-
vowel, the initial shape became identified with the letter J.
K. This letter, in the earliest period, served as the sharp guttural
(ft), but was afterwards replaced almost absolutely by the letter C,
which, at first equal to the sonant g, was relieved of this double
service by the use of the differentiated C, i.e. G. K is found in
"fhefhdked " on the Fibula Praenestina, which probably belongs to
the sixth century B.C., and is apparently altered to C in the Duenos
Inscription, dating about the beginning of the fourth century B.C.,
so that its disappearance from general use must have taken place
at a comparatively early period. Its appearance in Latin orthog-
raphy is confined to a few words for which it was the common
abbreviation, as Kalendae, Kaeso. 1
V. This letter, originating in the Greek upsilou of the form V,
served the purpose of, both vowel and consonant (semi- vowel). The
differentiation of the vowel and the consonant did not occur until
about the tenth century A.D.
X. This letter, which Quintilian calls nostrarum ultima, was the last
letter in the early alphabet of the Romans. In inscriptions of all
periods after the Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus 568/186,
which has, e.g., the form EXSTRAD for extra, xs are found for x,
perhaps because the X is regarded as equal to Greek X (ch), and
then naturally s is needed. The attempt to express the sound of c
followed by s led to such irregular orthography as ucxor, vicxit C. I.
L. V. 5735, iuxcta C. /. L. VI. 14614, and visxit C. I. L. VIII. 67.
Y. This letter, in reality the Greek upsilon, was employed in the
days of the Republic to represent the Greek v, for the Latin V cor-
responded more nearly to Greek ov. Before the use of Y, the Greek
v was represented by Latin V or at times I. (Cf. Cic. Orator, 48. 160,
1 Quintilian, I. 4, 9 ; I. 7, 10; Vel. Long., 2218 (Keil, G. L., p. 63); Ter.
Maur. 2400 (Keil, Q. L. , p. 349).
28 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
where Ennius is said to have written Burrus for Pyrrhus and Bruges
for Phryges.) Ritschl, P. L. M. E. 124, states that, with one exception,
there is no instance of the use of this letter until the seventh century
of the City.
Z. This letter belonged to the earliest Latin alphabet, in which
it probably had the place which the letter G afterwards assumed,
since this is the position of the in the Greek alphabet.
In the Duenos Inscription it is believed by some to occur in the
word dze for die, although the letter may be I, or a V forming part of
the word Duenoi. It is found in a fragment of an old priestly prayer,
Carmen Saliorum, given by Varro, L. L. VII. 26 (M). 1 It appears
on a coin of Cosa dating after 273 B.C. 2 taking the place of S in the
word Coza(no), and is also seen in the transcription of an Oscan
Law of the time of the Gracchi. 3 After this we have no trace of
the letter until the time of Sulla, when it reappears as representing
the Greek , for which, when initial, S had been used, or, when
medial, SS. 4 Cicero (Orator, 48. 160), Nec"enim Graecam litteram
adhibebant, mine autem etiam duas, probably referred to Y and Z.
It should be remembered that Z, when reintroduced, was a Greek
letter, and was so recognized in the first century A.D. Z took the
last place in the alphabet.
Various attempts were made to add to the Latin alphabet. Ver-
rius Maccus, of the Augustan age, suggested a mutilated M, i.e.
K/ , to take the place of M when final. 5 No trace of this has been
found, so that it evidently did not come into use.
The Emperor Claudius invented three letters : the Greek digamma
inverted, to provide the consonant V, the antisigma for the soimd
word is cozeulodoizeso (some read cozeulodorieso} . Velius Longus, p.
2217 (Keil, G. L.,p. 52) wrote : mihi videtur nee aliena sermoni fuisse (z littera),
cum tnveniatitr hi Carmine Saliari.
2 C. L L. I. 14 ; P. L. M. E. VII. 40. a, b.
C. L L. I. 197.
4 Jordan, Kritische Beitrage, p. 161, states that Z once stood for s between
vowels, but lost its usefulness in consequence of " Rhotacism."
6 Velius Longus, p. 2238, Keil, G. L., p. 80.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 29
of bs and ps, and the Greek spiritus \- for the sound intermediate
between i and u. Claudius wrote a book discussing the need of these
letters, and, when emperor, ordered that they should be introduced.
This \vas done in state documents, as senate decrees, such as Tacitus
saw (Annales, XI. 14), also in the mandates of magistrates and of
priests. The most common of these letters is the inverted digamma
to indicate the consonant V. There is no certain example of the use
of the antisigma 0. The letter \- for the middle sound between i and
u is found in inscriptions of the time of Claudius to express a Greek
upsilon in the words Aeg\-pti, Bath^-llus, C\-cnus, Gl[-conis, M\-ro,
N\-mphius, P\-lades, Zop\-rus. It also occurs in B\-bliotlieca and
once in G\-bernator. It answers to the i or u before labials, which
occurs in the superlative terminations, as opt[-mus and max\-mus.
This letter may have had the value of the French u or the Ger-
man ii. 1
In the early period, to represent the Greek <, ^, and 8, the Latin
employed P, C, and T just as S and SS had been used for , and V
or more rarely I for Y. About the close of the second century B.C.
the aspiration begins to appear, and for the following fifty years
the usage varied between the aspirated and unaspirated letters, until
finally the aspirated form prevailed. 2 In inscriptions of the imperial
period, however, there are found P, C, and T, instead of the aspirates,
and in the later imperial period F for PH.
Double Consonants.
The introduction of double consonants is commonly assigned to
Ennius (239-169 B.C.). This usage, beginning about the end of the
sixth century of the City (150 B.C.), did not become common until
the middle of the seventh century of the City (100 B.C.). The double
consonant is seen first in the decree of Aemilius Paulus, dating 189
B.C. (See page 359.)
Marius Victorinus (p. 2456) and Isidorus (Orig. I. 26) refer to the
1 Lindsay, The Latin Language, pp. 25 and 79.
2 PH, CH and TH are seen in the dedicatory inscriptions of L. Mummius,
dating 146 B.C. C. L L. I. 546.
80 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
sicilicus D, which was placed over letters to indicate double conso-
3 3
nants, thus SELA, AS E RES. The occurrence of this sign is uncom-
mon, the period of its most frequent appearance being the early days
of the Augustan age.
Double Vowels.
The tragic poet, Attius, 170-94, introduced the double letter to
represent the long vowel. 1 Ritschl shows that this usage appears in
Latin inscriptions from the time of the Gracchi up to the Mithridatic
war (75 B.C.). The first instance is in the word paastores on the
miliarium of Popillius, dating 132 B.C. This doubling was employed
in the vowels A, E, U, but not O. 2 Thus we find/aa/o, Jiaace, luulius.
Reference has already been made to the doubling of the I, not for
the purpose, however, of lengthening the vowel, but to indicate the
consonantal I.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Die Unteritalischen Dialekte. TH. MOMMSEN. Leipzig, 1850.
ijber Aussprache, Vokalismus und Betonung der Lateinischen Sprache. W.
CORSSEN. 2d ed., 2 vols. Leipzig, 1868-70.
The Alphabet. ISAAC TAYLOR. 2 vols. London, 1883.
Die Aussprache des Lateins. E. SEELMAKN. Heilbronn, 1885.
Studien zur Geschichte des Griechischen Alphabets. A. KIRCHHOKF. 4th ed.
GUtersloh, 1887.
The Latin Language. W. M. LINDSAY. Oxford, 1894.
1 Velius Longus, p. 2220.
2 C. I. L. I. p. 600. In a Faliscan inscription we find nootum. Zvetaieff,
Inscr. Ital. Inf. 70.
CHAPTER IT
THE LATIN ALPHABET (MORPHOLOGICAL)
THE early writing of the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans, shows
a uniform style employed for both public and private use. Similar
forms are found on the various materials used, such as clay or wax,
and metal or stone, since there is only one form of writing. This
uniformity is at first interfered with by reason of the difference in
materials. Letters made in soft substances naturally display curved
and easy lines, while stiff set forms are found on the hard surface,
as the cutting of letters on metal or stone demands greater and more
laborious toil. This difference in style is still more marked after
the introduction of outlining in crayon or chalk, and of drawing let-
ters in colors with a brush on such surfaces as walls and board
tablets, finally in the use of ink and pen on papyrus or parchment.
The Greeks appear to have used, for the most part, similar styles of
writing for both public and private documents, and for inscriptions
on monuments, down to the time of the Macedonian supremacy. In
like manner the most ancient remains of Roman writing show a
style uniform even in its rudeness. This style was not changed
until the sixth cent 11 ^ of the City, when there was introduced from
the Greeks t v .ustom of adorning buildings and monuments with
inscriptions, the letters of which were made with regard for beauty
and elegance.
ARCHAIC ALPHABET
This early uniform writing of the Romans may be designated as
the Archaic Alphabet. We know from Dionysius of Halicarnassus
(Antiq. IV. 26 and 58) that the Romans used writing very early in
their history. The treaty of peace made by Tarquinius (Superbus ?)
31
PLATE III ALPHABET OF THE REPUBLIC
A
A
/I\ A A
I
L
L
K
A
A
A A
AA^
A^
/v\
XX
I
&
A'
KJ
M
H
<
(
( c
O
O
O
>
D
D D
r
P
P
P
E
E E II
*
a
a
<x.
a
F
*
F f I'
R
R
R
R
R
Q
6
5
;
5
S
2
H
T
T
r
r
I
I
V
N
'
'
F i^
X
THE LATIN ALPHABET 33
with the Gabii was written on an ox-hide ypap.p.o.<nv ap-xaUois and
stored in the temple of Sancus. 1 A treaty made by Servius Tullius
with the Latins is said to have been cut in bronze (ori/A^v xaA/oJv). 2
Cicero (pro Balbo 23. 53) refers to a treaty of alliance between
Rome and the Latins engraved on a bronze column, and Polybius
III. 22 mentions a commercial treaty made between Carthage and
Rome in the earliest days of the Republic, likewise engraved on
bronze in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
The oldest Latin inscription extant, that on the golden fibula of
Praeneste, 3 dating possibly in the sixth century B.C., shows letters
which are really Greek in form, and which "bear witness to the Greek
parentage of the Latin letters, and to a period when the Latin alpha-
bet was in a transition state, not fully naturalized. Very old forms,
showing Greek influence, are also found in the Dueiios Inscription, 4
which dates perhaps in the early part of the fourth century B.C.
Besides these, there remain to us inscriptions on coins, mirrors, boxes,
and vases. This archaic alphabet is found in the inscriptions given
by Ritschl. P. L. M. E. plates I.-XVII. The marked characteristics
of this alphabet are, first and mainly, the near approach to the par-
ent alphabets, the Greek and the Phoenician ; the lack of uniform-
ity in the various forms of the same letter (see A), also the oblique
lines (as in N) ; together with general irregularity and unevenness.
Such archaic forms as A A A, , t>, II, I 1 , l>, till, f, 9 ft, *, ?> ind i-
cate a period prior to the Second Punic War.
MONUMENTAL ALPHABET OF THE REPUBLIC
The employment of inscriptions on great monuments led to an
improvement in the style of the letters. This can be seen by exam-
ining the monuments of the last three centuries of the Republic.
The earliest of these are the dedicatory inscriptions from the
grove of Pisaurum, and the most archaic of the tituli sepulcrales
from Praeneste.
1 Dionys. Hal. Antiq, Horn. IV. 58. 2 IV. 26.
8 See page 265. 4 See page 16.
LAT. IN8CRIP. 3
34
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
i A/O-A/E
On a cippus found at Pisaurum, fifth century A.TT.C.
P. L. M, E. XLIII. c.
Innone Re(ginae) matrona(e') Pisaure(ri)se(s) dono(m) ded(e)ro(n)t. G. /. L.
I. 173.
Epitaph from a sepulcretum at Praeneste, sixth century A.U.C.
Caltia M(arci) f(ilia). C. /. L. XIV. 3079.
It will be seen that the letters do not show particular elegance ;
their parts do not always join, and the lines of direction are not
straight.
Kpitiipli from Prai'iiu.ste, sixth century A.r.r.
Sta(tios) Cupio(s). C. 7. L. XIV. 3114.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 35
g
In the epitaphs of the Scipios (see pages 232, 236) and in that
of M. Furius, tribunus militaris at Tusculum, we find great advance
made in the evenness and elegance of the letters.
! k I BVNO
PR A I HA IVAA AV
"
Dedicatory inscriptions from Tuscuiuui, sixth century A.U.C.
P. L. M. E. XLIX. B.C.
(a) M. Fourio(s) C. f(ilios} tribunos militare(s) de praidad Maurte dedet.
(6) M. Fourio(s') C. /(i7ios) tribunos [milita]re(s) de praidad For[tunae] dedet.
C.I.L. XIV. 2577, 2578.
Monumental inscriptions of the seventh century of the City show
marked improvement in the forms and details of the letters, the
exactness and beauty of which increase with the growth of the cus-
tom of erecting, and likewise inscribing, large architectural monu-
ments, whether sepulchral, dedicatory or honorary. The fully
developed script ura monumentalis belongs to the days of Augustus
and to the earlv ^
On a small marble pedestal found at Rome, where it was probably brought from
some municipium, now in the Vatican Museum. The date is 710/44
Hubner's Exempla, No. 1.
Divo luiio iussu \ populi Eomani \ statutum est lege \ Eufrena. C. I. L. VI. 872.
PLATE IV ALPHABET OF THE EMPIRE
A\ K\
& I
D) m
D I
IF F f /
ill)
L I I
I IK ft
P f
Q a
P
S /
r
Y I T T
THE LATIN ALPHABET 37
MONUMENTAL ALPHABET PERFECTED
The letters cut in stone and appearing on large and impressive
monuments represent the standard of this fully developed alphabet.
It is the script ura quadrata or lapidaria of Petronius (29. 58). *
This standard scriptura monumentalis was mainly the work of the
professional stonecutter, who made the letters with exactness after
a pattern previously outlined in color or crayon. There is no adorn-
ment, such as extended or added lines, apices, corniia. The letters
are square and exact. Whatever variation is found in this alphabet
is due to the skill and care of the stonecutter, and is shown in the
depth of the cut, gracefulness of form and exactness in detail. It
must be remembered that these forms were not confined to stone, but
were used on other material, such as bronze.
Sepulchral Inscription on the large tomb of Oaecilla Metella
on the Via Appla, Rome.
Hiibner's Exempla, No. 61.
Caeciliae \ Q. tretici f(iliae} \ Metellae Crassi. C. I. L. VI. 1274. Caecilia
was the daughter of Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, consul 685/69, and
wife of the son of M. Crassus. 'Although it is not known when she died,
the inscription may with probability be assigned to the earlier part of the
reign of Augustus.
While this scriptura quadrata is strictly the alphabet of great
monuments during the early Empire, yet other forms more or less
ornamented, showing the influence of the lettering of the acta and
of the more ordinary alphabets, are found in monumental inscriptions
1 Allied expressions are saxa quadrata, lapis quadratus, opus quadratum,
opiftces quadratarii.
88 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
from the days of Augustus. The following will illustrate this ten-
dency to vary the standard forms.
* A TT^v TT*^ H \V J7 If \T*
lAR-DlVrF
SOLI-DONVMDEDIT
On an obelisk which formerly stood In the Circus Maxiinus ; now in tne
Piazza del Popolo, Home. The date is 744/10.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 52.
Imp(erator) Caesar divi /(Hilts') \ Augustus \ pontifex maximus, \ imp(erator)
XII, co(n)s(?<0 XI, trib(nnicia) pot(estate) XIV, \ Aegupto inpotestdtem \
populi Romani reddctd \ S6li ddnum dedit. C. I. L. VI. 701.
TVRCIANO-GAIIO
SlhlVD^RIBVNO'MlL'IIG'VIUI
From an inscription on a marble tablet in the tower of a
gateway of the Propylaea at Athens.
Hubner's JSzempla, No. 185.
L. Aquillio C. f(ilio') Pom(ptlna tribu} Fl6ro \ Turciano Gallo \ x vir(o)
stl(itibus} iud(icandis), tribimo mil(itum) leg(iunis) VIIII \ Hacedoni-
c(ae), quavst(>r(i') imp(eratoris) Caesaris Aug(nsti'), \ pr6quacst(ore)
provinc(iae~) Ctjpri, tr(ibuno) pl(ebi), proco(n)s(ule) Achaiae. | C'. /. L.
III. 551.
This inscription belongs to the age of Augustus.
THE LATIN ALPHABET
39
From an inscription on a pedestal of black marble found at Pompeii, now in the Museum of Naples.
Hiibner's Exempla, No. 135.
tip. Ttirranhts L. f(ilius~) Sp. n(epos) L. pron(epos~) Fab(ia tribu) \ Proculus
Gelllamts \ praef(ecttis) fabr(um) II, praif(ectus) curatorum alJei \ Tiberis,
praif(ectus) pro pr(aetore') i(ure)d(icundo') in urbeLaJinio, \ pater patratus
populi Laurentis, . . . l(oco) d(ato) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum'). C.I.L.X,
797. The date is between 47-54 A. D.
LX^/QORITATE
IMP- CAESAR IS
On a cippus of travertine found at Pompeii, now in the Museum at Naples.
Hiibner's Esxempla, No. 335.
Ex, auctoritate \ imp(eratoris') Caesaris \ Vespasiani Aug(ttsti) \ loca publica a
pricatis \ possessa, T. Snedius Clemens \ tribunus, cansis cognitis et \ men-
suris factis, rei \publicae Pompeianorum \ restituit. C. L L. X. 1018.
This inscription dates ^'tween 69-79.
An inscription on a pedestal found at Saguntum. where it still remains.
Hiibner's Exempla,, No. 434.
40 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
P. Scipioni Co(n)s(uli) \ imp(eratori) ob restitu\tam Saguntum \ ex s(enatus)
c(onsulto) bello Pu\nico secundo. C. I. L. II. 3836.
HUbner assigns this inscription to either the age of Trajan or the close of the
second century.
PHOCAVG-DAOAEAPViENSIS-IM
AtPlWtWUCTIANAkEEPOENINAR
I
VESENNOEMEK1S
FlLI-EWHttVOtWIAVR?
From an inscription on a large marble tablet found at Falerio
in Picenum, now at Koine, in the Museum of the Vatican.
It may be assigned to the middle of the third century A.D.
Hiibner's JKrempla, No. 551.
T. Cornasidio \ T. f(ilio') Fab(ia tribu) Sabino, e(gregiae) m(emoriae) v(iro), \
proc(uratori) Attg(usti) Daciae Apulensis, proc(uratori) \ Alpium Atrac-
tianar(um) et Pocninar(um) \ iur(e) gJadii, subpraff(ecto') classes') pr(ae-
torice') Jtaven(natis), | T. Cornaxidi Vesenni dementis \fili eius equo
publ(ico^) Lcmr(entmm) \ Lavin(atiuni) . . . C. I. L. IX. 5439, vv. 1-5 and
12-14.
From an inscription en a pedestal found at Aquincum,
dating in the year 270 A.D.
Hiibner's Exernpla, No. 598.
Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) M. \ Aurel(io) Claudia \ Germanico \ P(io) F(elici)
invicto | Aug(tiftto), pont(iftci) max(imo'), \ trib(iinicia) ptes(tate) \ III,
co(n~)8(uli), pro \ co(n}s(uli), p(atri) p(atriae'), leg(io} II \ Adi(utrix) VI
p() VI f (ideas') | Constans \ Claudiana, \ numini ma\iestatique\eius \
dicatissima. C. I. L. III. 3521.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 41
DOCUMENTARY FORMS OP THE LETTERS
Reference has already been made to the influence upon the forms
of letters due to the materials used. This is seen most clearly in the
formative period before the alphabet has reached its full develop-
ment, but subsequently another principle supersedes the former.
The character of the subject-matter determines the style of writing,
and letters are made with a certain design and according to what
finally becomes a fixed custom. The effect of this influence may be
seen to some extent in the days of the Republic, as in the writing on
the bronze law plates, but in the time of the Empire the alphabets
as employed for various purposes can be plainly distinguished.
In contrast, then, to the letter system of the great architectural
monuments, the letters of which were carefully outlined and deeply
cut, a more simple style was employed for the more ordinary
inscriptions. This style, differing at first merely in size from that
of the monumental, gradually assumed its individuality, and finally
developed along two general lines, namely, the forms of writing em-
ployed in public documents, scriptura actuaria ; and again, but more
widely, the cursive writing used in ordinary life, as on wax tablets.
In the early days of Rome public announcements were made by
painting letters with ink on the walls or on white board tablets.
Such were the declarations of the priests as to the feriae and pro-
digia, also the publication of the names of the magistrates, and the
historical notices known as Annales Maximi. By the same method
advertisements of various kinds and information as to contracts and
sales were later on placed upon the walls of buildings. This use of
the brush had its influence upon the forms of the letters, and a style
which was an approach to the alphabet of the pen, and which after
became the book-hand, was used for public documents, acta, cut in
bronze. The curving of the oblique lines of the letters A, M, N, and
of the transverse strokes as in A, E, F, H, I, T, the extending of the
tails of L, Q, R, and the diminution in the size of the upper part of
the B and R, mark this writing of the acta.
No exact or set lines can be drawn defining the use of this alpha-
bet, but its letters are found in stone inscriptions also, and this form
42 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
of writing, scriptura actuaria, became the system used in inscriptions
in general after the fourth century A.D.
The following inscriptions will illustrate the alphabet of the acta
as engraved first of all on metal and then on stone.
A portion of the Lex de Imperio Vepaniani engraved on a large bronze tablet
found at Rome, now in the Capitoline Museum. The date is 69 A.D.
Hubner's Eitempla, No. 802.
. foedusve cum qnibus volet facere liceat ita uti licuit divo Aug(usto), \ Ti.
lulio Caesari Aug(usto) Tiberioque Claudia Caesari Aug(usto) Cfermanico]
. . . e.q.s. . . . titique, quaecunque ex usu reipublicae, maicstntf <livinarum\
lntm r ^ari]arum pnblicarum privatarumque rernm ess<> [p.] \ censebit, ei agere
facere ius potestasqite sit . . . e.q.s. (7. /. L. VI. 9oU.
A portion of the Lex Collf.gi Aexeulapi et Hygiae engraved on a large marble tablet found
at Koine, where it is now preserved in the Palace of the Barberini, dating 153 A.D.
Hubner's Exempki, No. 1044.
Lex collegi Aesculapi et Hygiae \ Salvia C. f(ilia) Marcellina ob memoriam
Fl(ami) Apolloni proc(uratoris') Aug(usti), qui fuit a pinacothevis, et
Capitonis Aug(tisti) l(iberti') adiutoris \ eius, mariti stii optimi piissimi,
donum dedit collegia Aescttlapi et Hygiae ... C. I. L. VI. 10234.
A portion of a diploma mttitarium engraved on a bronze tablet forming part
of a diptych found near Mantua, where it is still preserved, 208 A.D.
Iliibner's Esrempla, No. 861.
Imp(erator) Caes(ar) dim M. Antonini Pii Germ(anici} Sarm(atici) \fil(ius'),
divi Commndi frater, divi Antonini Pii \ nep(os), divi Hmlriani pronep(os),
dim Traiani I'arthi\ci abnepos, dim Nervae [adne^pos, L. Septimitis \ Severus
Pius PertinaxAu(j(ustus) Arabic(us)Adiab (emeus) e.q.s. C. I. L. III. 890.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 43
CURSIVE LETTERS IN THE INSCRIPTIONS
Naturally letters made without any regard for elegance or even
moderate adornment or clearness of outline present the same varia-
tions which are found in the rapid and inartistic writing of common
life. Early Roman capitals made rapidly and carelessly are the
predecessors of the cursive letters of the first three centuries of
the Christian era. In the early vulgaris 1 lettering we find such
forms as A, 1 1, I ', C}, K, which, in modified form, are prominent in
the cursive alphabets shown on pages 44 and 46.
Cursive writing 2 is that found on wax or on clay before it is
baked. It appears on the wax tablets of Pompeii and Dacia, on
the wall inscriptions of Pompeii and other cities, on tiles marked
by children, and on vessels for domestic use made of gold, silver,
and clay. As, with the writing of the acta, this cursive style cannot
be set within well-defined limits, for it is found in the laws and
invades the dignified inscriptions of the monuments. Even as early
as the first century of the Christian era, cursive letters are found in
the monumental inscriptions, and in the course of time some of its
forms supplant the more regular types.
UNCIAL LETTERS IN THE INSCRIPTIONS
A form of script used upon papyrus and parchment, consisting ofl
rounded forms with vertical strokes somewhat curved is known as
uncial. From the close of the fourth century these letters appear in
inscriptions cut in stone, mainly in the acta and in carmina of a
dedicatory character.
A few inscriptions, however, have been found in Africa, which
may be assigned to the close of the third century, of which all the
1 See page 52.
2 Cursive letters from wall inscriptions and wax tablets of Pompeii as given
in C. I. L., vol. IV., are shown on Plate V., those from the wax tablets of
Dacia, as given C. I. L., vol. III., on Plates VI. and VII. The former date no
later than 79 A.D., while the latter range from 131-167 A.D.
X
X X X
1- *<"
C2- ^
<r o ^.
<
( i C.
^/ o
44
THE LATIN ALPHABET 45
letters are uncial in character. The following is a portion of one
of these.
On a pedestal found at Thaimigudi, Afiica.
Hubner's Exemphi, No. 1147.
Vocontio. \ P. Fl(avio) Pudenti Pompo\niano c(larissimo) w(iro), erga \ civets
patriamque \ prolixe cultori, exercitiis militaribus \ effecto, multifari\am
loquentes lit\teras amplianti, At \ticam facundiam adlaequanti Romano \
nitori, \ ordo incola fontis \patrono oris uberis \ et fluentis nostr[o~\ alteri
fonti. C. I. L. VIII. 2391.
METHODS OF MAKING INSCKIPTIONS l
To study properly the forms of letters, and appreciate the changes
which they undergo, it is very essential to consider the methods by
which these forms were imparted to the various materials used.
Statements of ancient writers, also terms used in literature and in
the inscriptions, as well as a careful examination of existing remains,
provide us with information as to the art of engraving letters.
The exactness with which letters were inscribed on stone and
bronze bears witness to the existence of a custom of outlining in
crayon or chalk, or of painting in black, red, or white color, as pre-
liminary to the work of the stonecutter or engraver.
There is every reason to believe that the practice of giving exact-
ness to lettering in stone by means of patterns prevailed generally at
1 Prolegomena, Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae Latinae. Aem. Hiibner.
PLATE VI CURSIVE OF DACIA
A^CC^^f/^)*- V J^ ^_/V- >l O TP u
^ } (Y < * > *? )f 1 1, jr. /* )* ^ o
^ ^ IX t <N \\ Ji "^ Yt "> K. )_^^ tf^H ^^ U '\) x ;'^"
j x \ l b ~* PK") 1 t^.i N A\ N H o'^'^iN/^
* X <f > ^ f 5 H ^\ v 7^ "^ ^ T 'N r / f
^ t \ C ^ >v/- K )1 ^nvTv o I A
x_ -> // i vr X \ v A-
A. -\ / ...x^ ^ ^
^ ^ ( ^V v C^" H \ A\. 0' > o t <."N \f f
\~S X ^< 6- V.\ )~ )) \*\'ht:*^^'fc{
A > "Js f > v ^ x'*" 3 j" .( ^ Vi i^ l^ t\ !7\ /-" t
^> ^\ c<r -s. tx ' ) 1 \X T\ 1 1 C \ >\ -^ t
; j ^v t < i> ^ ^ r v/
^ "JX rt ' "> vx 1 I A^ A. c p ^ V^ i T-
4fi
THE LATIN ALPHABET 47
all periods. The effect of cutting after a pattern made with the
brush is seen in the later tendency to imitate painted letters in the
inscriptions.
The custom just referred to originated in the earlier usage existing
among the Romans of painting inscriptions, a practice derived, in all
probability, from the Phoenicians and Greeks, and found also among
other people of Italy, such as the Etruscans and Samnites, who
made sepulchral inscriptions in this manner.
Some of the earliest of the Roman tituli sepulcrales on the
Scipio sarcophagi show letters painted in minium. Reference is
made in the Lex Acilia Itepetundarum 631/123 to the custom of
painting on board tablets. 1 Fasti have been found at Rome painted
in red or black colors on the walls of buildings. In like manner
registers of officers of the year 707-708 A.U.C. were painted in black
upon buildings of Pompeii built of light colored tufa. Amphorae
of various kinds show many instances of this custom. How widely
the practice extended can be appreciated by considering that a num-
ber of painted inscriptions exist to-day, though such a preservation
is remarkable. 2
Letters Cut in Stone.
The next operation in the preparation of inscriptions, after out-
lining or painting of patterns, was the work of the stonecutter (mar-
morarius, lapidarius), which consisted in the cutting (scufypo, scalpo,
insculpo) letters out of stone with the use of tools, .principally the
chisel (scalpruni), and the hammer (malleus'). Other tools of which
we have knowledge from representations in the inscriptions 3 were the
regula, compasses (circinus), used also in the pattern-making, square
(norma), level and plumb-line (libella et perpendicidmri), the scatyellum,
dolabra, and ascia. The form of the cut is that of an inverted
isosceles triangle hence angular and not oblong
nor curved. This shape has been useful in determining the genuine-
1 C. I. L. I. 198. verse 14. in tabula in albo atramento scriptos.
2 Hiibner, Exempla, p. xxviii.
8 C. /. L. VI. 16534.
48 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
ness of inscriptions, for it is an evidence of antiquity ; l and the addi-
tions of modern hands can thus be recognized. The smoothness and
evenness which it displays testify to the perfection attained in this art.
As we infer from the perfect and exact form of the letters that
they were outlined before being cut, so the evenness and regular
order of words lead us to believe that lines of direction were marked
upon the stone, probably by means of a cord covered with minium.
Naturally these have disappeared. In one of the Scipio inscriptions
lines are plainly seen which were marked in the stone (see page 240).
After the letters were cut in the stone they were frequently colored
with minium, litterae rubricatae, a practice which belongs to the more
recent inscriptions, as well as to those of the most ancient period. 2
In addition to these methods, it became common in the days of
great architectural designs and ornamentation to form letters out
of some material such as bronze or lead, and insert them in the stone
by means of rivets set into holes previously prepared, or to fasten
them upon the surface. The architraves of temples, gates, porti-
coes, and public buildings, particularly in the Province of Africa,
were adorned by these letters in relief (litterae incrustatae or caelatae).
Pavements were inlaid with bronze and lead, and bronze plates
were inscribed with letters of silver; on vases of silver letters of
gold appear, while bronze weights were thus marked with silver.
Letters Engraved on Metal.
As stone was the material used for monumental inscriptions (tituli),
so bronze was employed for documents (acta), such as leges, senatus
consulta, edicta, etc.
The cutting of letters in bronze was the work of the aerarius or
caelator. This operation is- referred to by ancient writers under
the word incidere. 3 The difference in material required different
1 Ritschl, Opusc.. IV. 694, note.
2 Pliny, .V. H. XXXIIf. 122 : minium in voluminum quoque scriptura usurpa-
tur clarioresque litteras vel in auro (Mommsen t'n muro, Hiibner in acre') vel in
marmore etiam in sepulcris facit.
Cic. pro Balbo 23, Phil. 1. 10. 26 j Pliny, N. H. XXXIII. 19 ; Pliny the
Younger, Epist. VIII. 6, 13.
THE LATIN ALPHABET
49
methods of treatment, lighter and smaller tools, and work more
minute in detail. Hence we find a style of writing related to
that employed on board and wax tablets.
As can be seen from the bronze plates given in facsimile by
Kitschl (P. L. M. E.~), in the laws of the Eepublic the style of the
letters is that of the early cursive writing with space between lines,
giving evidence of a rapidly moving scalprum. Later documents
(acta), show that great skill and facility were attained by those who
prepared bronze tablets in the time of the Empire (see page 42).
In addition to the documents which were engraved on bronze,
inscriptions appearing on various objects of various materials show
the use of a similar tool (scalprum), and a similar style of lettering.
Such are the thin bronze plates (laminae), placed on the bases of
statues and altars and attached in different ways to votive offerings.
Bronze lamina found in Rome, now in the Kircherian Museum.
Hiibner's Exempla, No. 893.
Neptuno \ ex voto \ Cn. Domitins \ Gelasus. C. I. L. VI. 534.
Bronze vases and figures, likewise ivory and bone tesserae, and, in
a more recent period, consular diptychs, were engraved with a tool
similar to that used in making the acta, and show, in consequence,
letters of the same or similar character.
In addition to the ordinary methods of engraving or scratching
letters upon metal or other materials, at times the lines were made
by a succession of points cut in the surface. Letters of this char-
LAT. INSCRIP. 4
50 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
acter are found to some extent on gold and silver, but frequently on
bronze paterae, /n/W/w, and shields.
A tubella aitstita of bronze found between Niebla and Moguor in Spain, dating 'JT A.H.
Hiibner's Exempla, No. 869.
Celer Erbuti f(ilius) Limicus \ Borea Cantibedoniesi \ muneris tesera(m)
dedit | anno M. Licinio co(n)s(?/?e). C. I. L. II. 4963.
This is regarded as a tessera gladiatoria and is explained by Hiibner thus : Celer,
Erbuti filius, natione Limicns, nmnerarivs Boreae yladiatori, nati<if
Cantibedoniensi, muneris gladiatorii tesseram dedit anno M. Licinio
consule.
Written Inscriptions.
The two forms of inscriptions described above, namely, those on
stone and those on metal, show letters deeply cut with a graving tool
by professional workmen.
Although not the technical term, the word scribo was used in
reference to this engraving on stone and metal, but applied more
exactly and consistently to inscriptions which may be said to have
been " written," inasmuch as they were made without the formal,
artistic work of the lapidarius or aerarius, but as the writing of
ordinary daily life.
These inscriptions show a style of writing of the character of that
looked for on wax tablets or -on papyrus. Of such a nature are the
inscriptions cut with a large stihis (yr<i/>liitini ), in such material as the
lime or clay of house walls, or on earthen vessels used for various
purposes.
The inscriptions parietariae of Pompeii were scratched with a
graphiuvn before the cement had become hardened. 1 Inscriptions
1 C. I. L. IV. See page 386.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 51
in cursive style cut or scratched with a graphmm are found also at
Rome, as, for example, on the walls of the guard-house of the
seventh cohort of the Vigiles. 1
On clay vessels lettering was made either before or after baking.
In the former case, as the material was soft, the lines are curved,
while in the latter they are angular, as cut in hard material with a
sharper stilus. Tiles were also thus marked with cursive lettering
before or after the material had been hardened, and were used for
educational purposes, often containing alphabets and verses, also for
memoranda of various kinds, such as directions to workmen in the
brickfields. 2 Very early examples of these scratched tiles have
been found in Etruria, containing sepulchral inscriptions with
Etruscan words written with Latin letters. 3
It is not upon such surfaces alone that these scratched (scarijyho),
or written letters, are found, but metal which was soft enough for
the purpose was also used as material for what may be termed
" written inscriptions." There exist to-day vessels of silver, such as
drinking goblets, and patellae, inscribed thus in cursive style with
the names of the maker and the weight. Bronze tablets were thus
inscribed with maledictory inscriptions (devotiones), written in a
cursive or semi-cursive style. Lead, as being a softer metal, was
freely used for these devotiones and for sepulchral inscriptions,
but specimens are rare, as the material was easily destroyed. A
very early example of the use of lead for inscriptions is the dedi-
catory lamina given C. I. L. I. 196.
Pl(autios') Specios Menervai donom port(af).
P. L. M. E. II. c.
1 C. 7. L. VI. 3061. 2 C. L L. V. 8110 (176).
s C. I. L. 1. 1347, 1354-1356.
52 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Unscientific Cutting in Stone.
The different methods of making inscriptions described above do
not include the unscientific cutting (sculpo) of large letters with a
scalprum by those ignorant of the art of engraving or careless in
their work.
A peculiar style of lettering, which approaches the cursive, resulted
from this amateur inscribing. It has been termed the script m-a /-//-
garis. 1 Bitschl 2 has shown that traces of this style are found in the
most ancient inscriptions. The imperial period, however, provides
much more numerous illustrations of this rulyaris writing, which may
be regarded as the epigraphic cursive style. Inscriptions with this
lettering were cut without the assistance of outlines, in a careless and
hasty manner.
Hence we should place under this classification inscriptions found
in quarries and on blocks of stone which were inscribed before their
removal to the place for which they were designed.
From an ancient limestone quarry situated between
Birdoswald and Castlesteads, England.
Hiibner's Exempla, No. 1185.
I(unius?) Brutus \ dec(urio} al(ae) Pet(rianae). C. I. L. VII. 872.
The above inscription was made by cutting holes along the out-
lines of the letters, and afterwards rudely joining them.
From an inscription on a block of Carystian marble found at the Emporium
in Koine, now in tin- I.utcran Museum. Date, 187 A.D.
1 HUbner Ex., p. xlvi. 2 P. L. M. E., p. Ill ; Opusc. IV., pp. 511, 687, 725.
THE LATIN ALPHABET
53
L. Aelio | Caesare n(ostro) II et Bal\bino co(n}s(ulibiis) rationis urbicae sub
cur(a') Irenaei \ Aug(iisti) lib(erti) procurator is) caesura Tulli \ Saturnini
i/ (= centurionis) leg(ionis) XXII Prim(igeniae). (Hiibiier's i'x.,No. 1160.)
Inscriptions are also found cut in the natural rock which show an
irregularity due in some measure to the hardness of material and in-
convenience of location. A very early illustration is the sepulchral
inscription from Pescina, dating about the time of Sulla, which is
given below. The letters are monumental, but show in some partic-
ulars a cursive tendency.
Sepulchral inscription cut in the natural rock over the entrance to a vault near Pescina.
N(umerius) Vibidainf! V(ibii} f(ilius) \ Barbo \ G(aio~) Pansa 0(lo) Irtio \ con-
s(ulibtis), pri(die} non(as) \ Febr(uarias). C. I. L. I. 625 = IX. 3771.
The work of the amateur and unskillful stonecutter is seen very
commonly in the votive inscriptions, appearing on public or private
altars of the different gods, and on marble tablets.
VIUCVS HOATOJIVAX
From a votive inscription on a marble tablet, now in the Capitoline Museum,
Rome, probably of the second century A.D.
Hiibner's Ka-emplfi, No. 1155.
Silvano sacrum \ Tycfiicus Glabrionis n(ostri) ser(vus) viliciis hortorum \
\(otum} s(olvit). C. L L. VI. 623.
54 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Again, parts of the fasti mcujistratuum and of the ccdendaria, also
of registers of various kinds which were added from time to
time, show a form of lettering evidently made without the care
and skill of a professional workman.
A portion of the fasti anni luliani engraved on a
marble tablet, dating between 74f>/3 and 757=8
A.D., and running from March 23-31st.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 971.
The Roman year was marked off into sets of eight days denoted by the letters
A-H, litterae nundinales. These appear in the first column.
The Tubilustrium is the fixed festival assigned to March 23d and May 23d.
Q(uandoc) rex c(omitiavit) /(as), March 24th ; also hP = nefastus dies and
C = comitialis dies, are the notae indicating the character of the days. The
occasion of the feriae on March 27th is given as Caesar Alexandream recepit.
C. I. L. P. p. 223.
For complete account of the. Kalendaria see page 366.
In like manner miliaria, upon which names or other inscriptions
were cut without the stone being taken to the domain of a pro-
fessional engraver, particularly when names of later emperors have
been added to the original inscription while the stone was in posi-
tion, show letters carelessly and hurriedly made, often of small size,
and with shallow cut.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 55
1MPDKI
M-AV R-
VALE RIO
MAXENTIO
PIOfELICHNVIC
TOAOPERPETVO
AVC
On the fifth milestone of the Via Appia at Rome, dating between
806 and 312 A.D., now in the Vatican Museum.
Hiibner's Ertmphi-, No. 700.
Imp(eratore) d(omino) n(pstro} \ M. Aur(elio) \ Valeria \ Maxentio \ Pio Felici
invic\to ac perpetuo \ Aug\usto V. C. I. L. X. 6816.
Inscriptions showing similar irregularity were cut on the seats of
the theatres or circi giving names of the bodies of officials or of the
collegia, as well as of individuals who had the privilege of certain
portions. 1
Inscriptions made by soldiers are found in the remains of camp
fortifications.
Inscribed on a eippus militaris, once inserted in the wall of a Roman fortification on
Mt. Taunus (Hoheburg), Germany, now in the Museum of Wiesbaden.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 1181.
Pedat(ura) Treveror\um p(edum} LXXXXVI\sub cw(am) agents, Cres-\
centi:io Respecto '/ ( = centurione} \ leg(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae).
1 0. I. L. VI, 1796 d; also p. 857, 1-82, 97-100.
56 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Tituli sepulcrales of all kinds and from various places form the
great body of these inscriptions, often monumental in size and pre-
tension, but ordinary in form and arrangement.
loco- DOX/XTOAXXX/
a ir \ T /*\ *
PXTO
- H
From a sepulchral inscription on a marble tablet found at Rome,
now in Vatican Museum.
Hiibner's Exempla, No. 1167.
Loco donato man\cipato a Publicia \ Sabastonice et \ ab Arrio Trophi\mo
herede \ eius, in /(route') p(edes) XVI s(e.mis'), \ in ag(ro) p(edes) VIIII.
C. L L. VI. 25165.
Another method of making inscriptions which is different from
any mentioned above, and which was employed in the main upon
the smaller articles classed in C. I. L. under Instrumentum, given
at the close of each volume, is that of impressing inscriptions upon
a soft substance by means of stamps of hard material.
The greater number of these inscriptions stand forth from the
surface in relief, and were produced by stamps upon which letters
were deeply cut. There have also been found inscriptions pressed
into the softer substance, which are distinguished from cut inscrip-
tions by the shape of the impression, which is curved or square
rather than triangular.
These letters in relief appear on various remains. Such are the
lamps made of clay or terra-cotta upon which the names of the
potters are pressed, also vessels of every kind, such as large Eoman
a, it/>/tora<>, upon the handles of which these stamped letters are
found.
Household utensils of metal are also marked in relief with the
names of the maker. So arms, metal ornaments and equipment show
the name of the uci-nriiift imprinted upon them when in the mold.
THE LATIN ALPHABET
On the handle of a bronze patera found at Evaux, France.
Vimpuro Firmi \ lib(ertus~) Suav (...?) | v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens~) m(mto),
(In litterae punctatae,.}
[Ari]si(i) Epap(h}rod(iti}. (In litterae impressae.) Hubner's Exempla,
No. 933.
In addition to these, pigs of silver, bronze, and lead, found in the
mines of England, also the lead water pipes (fistulae plumbeae) and
lead missiles (glandes plumbeae), lead tabellae or tesserae which have
been cast, show these letters in relief (litterae prominentes).
The most interesting of these inscrlptiones impressae are those
made upon tiles from the numerous tile and brick kilns (Jiglinae).
See page 269.
These inscriptions in relief which have been imprinted by means
of stamps are seen also on glass vessels.
Gems cut with a graving tool show inscriptions of a similar
character.
INDIVIDUAL LETTERS
A
The various forms of the letter A may be classified with reference
to the three following types :
1. A, with transverse. 2. A, without transverse. 3. A A, with
pendant. A. This is found' in the earliest remains with the position
of the transverse varying in its relation to the height of the letter.
58 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
It is also the monumental form, but with the position of the trans-
verse fixed midway between the top arid bottom of the letter. Little
ornamentation is attached to this standard letter.
.A -A A A J^. J\. In the imperial period ornamented forms
showing additions (cornud) and extensions of certain lines become prev-
alent. It is noticeable that the extensions are regularly to the left.
A. This form is due at first to the negligence of the graver. It
appears in the smaller letters of the instrumenta of the Republic and
Empire, but belongs to the cursive writing of inscriptions of all peri-
ods. A A A, more rarely A, are of Latin origin, and belong in the
earliest period to the vulgaris, and later to the cursive writing, both
of the Republic and Empire.
B
The rounded form of this letter is the one in ordinary use in all
periods. , the angular shape, is rarely found in early inscriptions,
but occurs in letters cut in lead in time of the Empire, the form
being due to the material. The variation in the forms of this letter
depends upon the relative sizes of the lobes. Inscriptions in vulgaris
lettering on pages 53 and 56 show a form in which the upper lobe
has entirely disappeared. Compare with this the cursive letters, in
which further modifications are seen.
C
< ( f are the archaic forms. In early inscriptions the only
point of difference is the breadth, but the full rounded form belongs
to the best period.
D
t> D are the archaic forms, the first recalling the letter of the
old Chalcidian alphabet. Like C, this letter varies merely in its
breadth, and the form of the best period is full and round, b D D
occur on the metal plates containing leges of the republican period.
E
E E || are the archaic forms of this letter. The monu-
mental form of the best period has three equal parallel horizontals.
A similar shape belongs to the days of the Republic, though it is
THE LATIN ALPHABET 59
very narrow in the leges on the bronze plates, but the letter of the
Augustan age is well proportioned. A diminution in the length of
the central horizontal gives evidence of a period later than the
Augustan age.
II. This form is very general in its occurrence, appearing in the
archaic alphabet and among the cursive forms of the Eepublic and
Empire. It is not a form belonging to the City either in origin or
use, although in the imperial period it is familiar in all regions and
is found in stone inscriptions. Zangemeister suggests that Ir, I: are
transition forms from E to II. Hilbner supposes that II = E is analo-
gous to I ' = F, and that the latter I ' is developed from F through the
medium of V or some one of the numerous cursive forms in which
one transverse is wanting.
6 . This curved form, due to Greek influence, appears on a coin
and on a jar of Praeneste of the republican period, and about the
beginning of the second century A.D. is found in inscriptions which
have cursive letters.
F
/^ F F I ' are the archaic forms of this letter. The monumental
form of the best period has two horizontals equal and parallel.
Narrow shapes are seen in the law plates.
F. This form with the second horizontal shorter than the upper is
rare in monumental inscriptions until the fourth or fifth centuries.
T / l K r I ' are the vulgar is and cursive forms which appear in
inscriptions of the later Empire, particularly those of Gaul and Ger-
many. I 1 has been referred to in the account of II under E, with
which its history is connected.
Like T and P, F often overtops other letters, particularly when it
is initial in the line. This custom dates from the second century
A.D., being found mainly in inscriptions of Italy and the provinces,
and becomes prevalent in Rome after the third century.
G
The earliest form of this letter is G, in which the line of differen-
tiation rises perpendicularly from the right-hand corner of the letter
and terminates in a head scarcely perceptible. This is the general
form up to the second century, although cj is occasionally found.
6. This curved form is found at times in the first century, but
becomes more common in the second and third centuries, particularly
where smaller letters are used or where patterns have been drawn
before the cutting of the inscription. It is very general in its use
in City inscriptions of the third, fourth, and fifth centuries.
Cj Q C, G are the cursive forms which consort with All I ' ^
and later appear with uncials. In the latter part of the second
century they appear on the smaller monuments with monumental
letters, and become common in the fourth and fifth centuries.
H
B. The earliest form of this letter, coinciding in fact with the early
letter in the Phoenician and Greek alphabet, is seen on the Fibula
Praenestina A similar form is seen in the other Italic alphabets.
The main points of variation in the different forms of this letter
are the breadth and the position of the transverse.
The standard monumental form of the early part of the first
century is broad, and the transverse occupies a position at half the
length of the shaft, but in almost the same period the letter is found
narrow and with transverse higher up.
I
I. This, the most ancient form of the letter, in which there is
neither head nor foot, was the prevailing shape even in the early
part of the imperial period ; but during the first century the orna-
mentation of head and foot was added, particularly where painted
patterns were followed. From the time of Sulla a tall I is found
taking the place to some extent of the more ancient El which had
been used to denote the long vowel. Thus in P. L. M. E. we find
CHlLO, MAGISTRl, PRlMVS. It occurs very commonly in the
word DlVVS, also in the genitive case DlVl, again in the dative
case, third declension, CAESAR I, in dative and ablative plural of
the second declension although more rarely, GRATIS, also in
THE LATIN ALPHABET 61
MElS, HlS, and in the accusative plural of the third declension
SAECVLARlS.
The tall letter is also used in certain positions as an additional
form, and as representing merely a custom in writing. Thus it
appears as an initial letter at the beginning of words and lines, from
the Augustan period. The words ITEM and IN have a tall initial
letter of which there appears to be no explanation save that it is a
mere custom, originating in the tendency to ornament an inscription
by the simple modification of certain letters. The form I M P
(= imperator) is common in inscriptions from 10 B.C. 1 At the close
of the second century the tall letter denoting the long vowel dis-
appeared from use, but the graphic tall I seems to have been very
common during the second and third centuries. 2
The form J found at the end of words in the latter part of the
second century is due merely to the caprice of the graver and has
no additional value.
The point over the I is not of ancient origin, but appears about the
fifth or sixth century A.D.
K
K. The ancient form of this letter belongs to the time of the
Republic and Empire as well. In the earlier period the transverse
lines are very short ; after the first century, however, letters are
found with one or both lengthened. In case of one being lengthened,
the preference is in favor of the upper.
Occasionally K overtops its fellows.
L
^ |- L J. k. These are the archaic forms of this letter. The most
ancient form ]/, the same as the Chalcidian prototype, gave way, by
degrees, to the rectangular shape, and disappeared from use about
200 B.C.
1 Ritschl. Opusc. IV., p. 570, reverentiae sensu imperatoris personae atqne
maiestati debitae. Hiibner declares, however, that in the majority of instances
in his Exempla the word imperator with tall initial stands as the first word of
the inscription or line. See Christiansen, De Apicibus et I Longis, p. 37.
2 For the tall letter used as the semivowel, see page 26.
62 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
L. The standard letter of the best period is rectilinear and rec-
tangular, with transverse measuring a little over one half of. the
length of the shaft. The transverse varies in length in later periods,
being very short in painted letters, even approaching the simple
shaft as in I. The letter L is at times taller than other letters.
M
The oldest form of this letter consists of five parts, /w. This is
found on the Fibula Praenestina, also in the Duenos Inscription. It
gives rise to AA' A/0, which in the days of the Republic stands as the
abbreviation for Manius, as distinguished from Marcus with abbre-
viation M. The prevailing form under the Republic, and the stand-
ard letter of the best period is that made with oblique lines reaching
to the base of the letter.
M and M are very rare in the republican period, the former occur-
ring only on coins and small articles, and the latter on coins only
because of lack of space. The former appears in the instrumenta of
the Empire, but as an exception, while it is not seen in the monu-
mental inscriptions until after the second century, and then very
rarely until the close of the fourth century.
M. No instance of the rectilinear form with angle reaching to
the base occurs in inscriptions until the middle of the first century
A.D. It does not become a familiar letter until the close of the
second century, when it is found in Germany, but in the third and
fourth centuries it becomes so common as to equal in frequency of
occurrence the oblique forms, especially in Gaul and Germany.
The oblique form M, however, continued in use as the more ele-
gant letter, particularly in the fourth and fifth centuries, when the
monumental alphabet approached the style of lettering found in the
instrumenta, for the rectilinear form never prevailed in the instru-
menta, being merely a chance occurrence.
The standard type of the best period suffers modification only as
regards its breadth and ornamentation. The earliest shape of this
normal letter is very broad and unornamented, its top being the
simple angles without cornua. It is not obsolete even in the second
THE LATIN ALPHABET 63
and third centuries. The ornamented letter M. appears in inscrip-
tions of the time of Trajan, and becomes common in the period of
Diocletian.
1 1 1 1 belongs to the old cursive writing, and may be classed with
11, I 1 , G\ It does not occur in the imperial period, save in the
scratched inscriptions of Pompeii.
AX- This is a cursive form in the best period, but appears later
on monuments of the lower class, and in inscriptions of Germany,
Spain and Africa.
/vJ. This five-part letter, denoting Manius, belongs rather to the
time of the Republic. It exists in a few examples during the Empire,
and is retained in marking the praenomina of the Consuls.
N
N. The earliest form of this letter is that in which all parts are
oblique. This was maintained during the Republic, but disappeared
entirely under the Empire.
N. The rectilinear form is the normal type of the best period,
being at first unornamented, afterwards having partial ornamentation,
N, and finally, from the second century, becoming fully ornamented,
N. The N varies in breadth just as the M, the quadrate form
appearing in the early part of the best period, while the slender
letter is found in painted inscriptions.
A/ is a cursive letter having a history coordinate with the similar
form of the m, AX.
<>. These are the archaic forms of this letter. In the
early part of the best period the form of the like that of other
round letters of the same time is quadrate, that is with height and
breadth equal. In the earliest period it is noticeable that the is
very often smaller than the other letters. This peculiarity lasted
through the imperial period, especially after the letter C, which
could envelope the in its curve. This is very common in the
abbreviation < S from the Augustan age down to the end of the
third century.
64 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
H P P P. These are the archaic forms, the first being due to the
retrograde direction found in earliest inscriptions and, like the
second, recalling the Greek prototype.
The standard letter of the monumental alphabet is the curved
and open form. The closed letter is a chance occurrence in republi-
can days, appearing on glandes plumbeae and tesserae. It is rare in
the imperial period until the second century ; but from the third
century it is found in inscriptions of the City and provinces. In
Germany, however, it appears as early as the close of the first
century and afterwards with greater frequency than elsewhere.
Sometimes P rises above other letters, particularly at the begin-
ning of the line.
Q
This letter originates in the Greek koppa, hence its earliest form
is 9. Q Q < Q are other archaic forms.
The types of the Republic and Empire vary merely as to the tail,
which is either short and straight or long and curved. The short
and nearly straight projection belongs to the latter part of the
Republic, while in the first century A. D. the tail is lengthened and
curved, the abridged form becoming rare.
S . The oldest form of this letter as found in the Duenos Inscrip-
tion is like the Greek original.
P K. P P are other archaic forms. After the R attained its
normal curved shape, its form depended upon the relative sizes of
the upper and lower parts, as in B, also upon the length and shape
of the tail and the manner of its union with the upper part.
The early letters have a full circular form with the end of the
circle at times withdrawn from the shaft, while the tail originates
at the shaft or close to it. The standard letter of the monumental
alphabet of the Republic and Empire was marked by the fully
rounded circular portion whose circumference terminated at the
THE LATIN ALPHABET 65
middle of the shaft. A diminished circle with circumference end-
ing above the middle of the shaft and with a tail somewhat curved
are later modifications. In this standard letter the tail either
originates at the shaft, or in the circular portion at some distance
from the shaft. The former is the earlier shape.
R. Often the tail begins at the end of an incomplete circle to the
right of the shaft. This is found in the provinces both in the early
period and in some monumental inscriptions of the second and
third centuries.
S
$ S ^ are the archaic forms of this letter of which the angular
shape is found in the days of the Republic, but not of the Empire.
S, the standard letter of the best period, shows the upper and lower
portion equal and fully rounded. Inequality in the sizes of these
two portions gives evidence of an inferior alphabet.
/. Very slender letters approaching the straight line are found
in inscriptions of the lower class, particularly of the provinces.
C. This is found in inscriptions showing Greek influence, as those
of Naples and Sicily. It is a form of the Greek %.. The original
four-stroke Greek ^ appears in Latin as an indication of value to
denote the semuncia.
In rare instances S is taller than other letters when standing at
the beginning of the line, and more rarely still when medial.
T
f T T T are the archaic forms of this letter.
In the early period of the Empire the standard letter was plain,
with transverse at right angles to the shaft, not very short, but unor-
namented.
A form with transverse slightly curved T appears in inscriptions
of the first century, and is very common in the second, third and
fourth centuries. It belongs originally to the documentary writing
and the cursive letters.
Very often this letter rises above others, for reasons of space.
Examples of this are found from the beginning of the seventh century
of the City, and in the imperial period the usage is very common.
LAT. INSCRIP. 5
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
V. This is the early, and at the same time the regular form of this
letter in the Republic and Empire.
At times the apex of the angle is placed a little to the right, and
as a consequence the right side becomes perpendicular and the left
side is lengthened.
The curved form U belonging to the uncial writing is found in
City inscriptions of the last part of the second and the first part of
the third centuries. It afterwards appears frequently in inscriptions
with uncial letters.
X
The early form of this letter is unornamented and exact, with
lines equally divided. In the imperial period the quadrate form is
the more elegant, but the ordinary shape is narrow and graceful.
Many instances occur of a form marked by the broadening of the
transverse X. This is seen not only in the plain letter, but also in
the more recent and more elegant forms.
This letter, as well as the Z which follows, was introduced in the
later days of the Republic, to aid in transliterating Greek words.
Alphabetic forms were then attaining the perfection which marked
the Augustan letters, hence both Y and Z are well proportioned in
their early history.
The regular letter is a plain rectilinear figure, with the two sides
of the angle equal. Even in the best period, however, letters with
curved lines are common.
Z
The letters of the best period show equal angles and equal hori-
zontals.
J \-
These are the two letters of Claudius that appear in inscriptions.
The former, denoting the consonant V, is the more common.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 67
LIGATUKES
The necessity for economizing space in engraving" letters led to the expedient
of joining them in monograms. This custom first appears in the lettering of
coins about 200 B.C., and in inscriptions about 150 B.C., particularly at the end
of the line, where other devices, such as the use of small letters and their
insertion in curved letters, mainly C, e.g. G, , and superposition, as Mi were
also employed.
The use of ligatures did not become very general in Rome or Italy, but
they are common in Gallic inscriptions from the first century A.D., and in those
of Germany after the second century, while they abound hi African inscriptions
of the third century.
The ligatures of the cursive alphabet of the Dacian wax tablets are given in
Plate VII. These present peculiar difficulties, while those of the capital letters,
a few of the most common of which are given below, are more readily inter-
preted. 1
LIGATURES or Two LETTERS
M=am, M=ma, >f = an, >R=ar, A/ =- an, )R au, /ft = ar,
C1=-ch, B =de, N)^=nd, f = ne, At me, M> mp, \ ve.
Tl-th, fe -ib, I li, M~mi, ff,hf-ni, fc -ir, T ti,
A. al, VI ul, Nt nn, ]T nt, J( er, CR-or, e R'=pr,
"ft = tr, 'K = ta, *E te, W ur, R/ ru.
LIGATURES OF THREE LETTERS
A? aur, 3^ = ent, 3l~eri, -"fe-ite, At= mae, ri
In some cases a number of letters are combined, thus :
maxim, -o(ssa) h(ic) s(ita), Inscr. Rhen. 1983.
-o(pto) t(erra) s(it) l(evis) t(ibi), C.I.L. III. 5577.
1 For a fuller list see Cagnat, Cours d 1 Epigraphie, p. 24, and Hubner's
Exempla, p. Lxviii.
PLATE VII
A.
<*
:T
:^r
't
O
On
-V^,
3*
fe
5 i- s
.5.5 o s a S tc .= S o*s c.c P.-O
So>c. 010-. 5d>o-. c'ooooooooo
Ti. E, 'C
a 48 l'll 2
c -a
68
THE LATIN ALPHABET 69
SICILICUS. APEX. MARKS OF PUNCTUATION
SICILICUS 3
This has already been referred to in the treatment of double con-
sonants.
The testimony of the Grammarians, that the sicilicus was used to
denote that the consonant should be regarded as a double letter, is
supported by a few instances of its use found in the inscriptions
of the time of Augustus. C. I. L. V. 1361 ; C. I. L. X. 3743.
APEX
From the period just after Sulla up to the second half of the third
century vowels long by nature were denoted by a sign termed the
apex. They appear most frequently in inscriptions of the first
century A.D., and of the first half of the second.
The earliest form of this sign is > ~7 J /", but in the time of
the Empire the usual form is the acute accent '. .
The apex is found over A, E, 0, V, El = f, but very rarely over I. 1
Its occurrence in the acta is decidedly less frequent than in the
monumental inscriptions.
Other methods of indicating the long vowel were :
(a) The double vowel introduced by Attius (see page 30).
(6) The use of El, the spurious diphthong, to denote long I, a cus-
tom dating from the Gracchan period, 620/134.
(c) The tall I, from the time of Sulla up to latter half of second
century.
In the Augustan age both methods were still in use, as in the
Monumentum Ancyranum a number of words (twenty-two at least)
are found with tall I, and three with El.
PUNCTUATION
From earliest times individual words in inscriptions were separated
by marks of punctuation, which regularly occupied a position mid-
way between the upper and lower limits of the letters. These {joints,
1 Christiansen De Apicibus et I Longis, p. 13, shows that out of 1119 instances
of the use of the apex, 415 were over d, 350 over 6, 169 over e, 147 over , 4
over i, 32 over ae, and 2 over du.
70 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
as a rule, were not placed at the end of a line, and did not indicate
sentences or parts of sentences.
There are various forms of these punctuation marks. The round
form, which may be regarded as the primitive mark, belongs in its
general use to inscriptions in raised letters. Very rarely are round
marks found in inscriptions, as in stone this shape would be most
difficult to make. Stone workers probably made a square with four
blows of the chisel, hence we have , |, in the more ancient
inscriptions. In the more elaborate inscriptions triangular shaped
points are found, ^ } j } 4 > which are made more ornamental by
the curving of the sides, >-.
These triangular points remained in use from the earliest times
down to the most recent periods.
The triangular shape finally passed into the form of an ivy leaf,
termed in an inscription (C. I. L. VIII. 6982) hederae distinguentes,
, } . This form is very common in the latter part of the first
century, but is not found in the time of the Republic (see page 40).
Naturally in cursive writing the form of punctuation would be a
line. Hence in the "scratched" inscriptions of Pompeii we find
examples of this form, and from the close of the second century it
is found in the stone inscriptions. It has the following varieties :
, ', \, r O.
These points of punctuation were regularly placed between the
letters, but in some cases, for lack of space, they are found above, or
in case of the round forms C, D, G, 0, Q, inside of the letter.
Punctuation was not confined to the separation of words, but may
be found between syllables, and in some cases between letters. In
sepulchral inscriptions of the lower class unusual punctuation of
this kind had a place, but it- is rare in great public and private
inscriptions.
In some instances the component parts of compounds were indi-
cated by punctuation, as sub legi, in perato, ad versus.
Rarely are points found at the beginning of lines, but more fre-
quently at the end.
In carmina the metric lines are marked, and when half-verses
are written this also is indicated by punctuation.
THE LATIN ALPHABET 71
At times a long space takes the place of the punctuation mark.
In one of the Scipio "Elogia" the ends of the metric lines are
indicated by the spacing, while in another the punctuation mark is
used, in this case a horizontal line. 1
Like the ivy leaves referred to above, branches of palm are found
as early as the first century marking the more important divisions.
Under the Republic, punctuation marks were rarely omitted.
The leges of the seventh century of the City are an exception in
this respect, either because of Greek influence or the carelessness of
the engraver.
Still more rarely are points omitted in inscriptions of the best
period, from Augustus to Hadrian. In sepulchral inscriptions of
the lower class, however, they are quite often neglected.
In the more ancient inscriptions words were not, as a rule, divided
at the ends of lines, but were written entire. This is particularly
true of the older leges of the Republic, with some rare exceptions,
such as the Lex Rubria. 2 In the acta of the imperial period words
are frequently divided, the division following the usual law of sylla-
bles which generally holds in the inscriptions.
BIBLIOGKAPHY
Latin Alphabet (Morphological)
Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica Enarratio and Indices. FR.
RITSCHL. Berlin, 1862.
Opuscula Philologica. Vol. IV. FR. RITSCHL. Leipzig, 1878.
Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae Latinae Prolegomena. AEM. HUBNER.
Berlin, 1885.
Cours d? Epigraphie Latine. 2d ed. RENE CAGNAT. Paris, 1890.
Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography. E. M. THOMPSON. London, 1893.
1 See pages 232, 236. 2 P. L. M. E. Enarratio, p. 120.
CHAPTER III
NUMERALS
THE characters which served as Latin numerals are as old as the
letters of the alphabet, and in some cases perhaps older. The original
numerals were the vertical I denoting the large unit, the horizontal
or denoting the small unit, while V denoted 5, and X denoted 10.
The earlier system was probably decimal, the small unit being ^ of
the large ; and, although in the later change to the duodecimal sys-
tem the small unit became equal to T ^- of the large, the original
signs , were still used. 1
Upon the introduction of the alphabet two letters were adopted
as numerals, >L (later vL, JL, L), the Chalcidian ch, = 50, and <b, ph
(later CIO) = 1000, since they were not needed in the Latin alpha-
bet. A sign for 100 must have been adopted in like manner, and
its later representative, C, seems to indicate as its origin (tJi), the
remaining aspirate. This appears from a comparison with Etruscan
numerals, which closely resemble the Latin, as I = 1, A = 5, X = 10,
T = 50. As the Etruscan alphabet retained the aspirates, we
would naturally expect some mark of differentiation, if such letters
were used as numerals. Hence -I- inverted, i.e. T = 50, $ becoming
^ = 1000, and or D, the Etruscan tli, becoming = 100. The
similarity existing between the Etruscan and Latin systems thus
supports the theory that orig-inally expressed 100. 1
The remaining Roman numerals were formed by indicating multi-
plication by the doubling of the signs, as = 1000, @) = 10000,
HI = 100000, while the halves of these : D = 500, ^ = 5000, and
ra) = 50000. In the more ancient times the Roman numerals did
not go beyond 100000, so that it was necessary to repeat the sign
1 Mommsen, Hermes, XXII. pp. 598, 599.
72
NUMERALS 73
for 100000 to indicate higher amounts. In the inscription on the
Columna Rostrata (D is repeated some thirty times.
At a later period a sign Q_o, indicating quingenta milia, is found
as a substitute for the repetition of signs denoting 100000.
In the latter part of the Republic a custom became prevalent to
write simple numbers and indicate multiplication by lines above for
thousands, and with others on the sides of the signs for hundred
thousands, so e.g. V took the place of 100 = 5000, D took the place
of Q-3 = 500000, and fXl = 1000000. The earliest use of these lines
is found in the Lex Rubria 1 of Caesar's time. In the early Empire
the two systems are both in use. Thus in the Pompeian auction
tablets of the time of Nero the earlier system is found, while in
another of the same period the latter. In the later period the latter
form prevailed. 2
There appears to have been a tendency at first to assimilate num-
erals to letters. The original numerals I, V, X were identical with
three of the letters, and when 4> was divided the resulting form
became a D, C took the place of the 0, and -i- became L.
M for mille or milia appeared from the second century A.D., but
in the combination M P = milia passuum the use of M was much
older. The M was an abbreviation for the word mille or milia,, and
was never used by the Romans as a numeral. 3
The adoption of the C as 100 must have taken place after the
date of our earliest inscriptions, subsequent to the time when
fhefhaked and pakari were written, for centum at that time would
have been kentum.
Difficulty naturally arose from the employment of the same signs
as letters and numerals. In consequence of this we find a mark of
differentiation used, namely, a line crossing the numeral. This is
seen in [), which dates from the seventh century of the City; cf. also
3 denoting the denarius.
1 C. I. L. I. 204, P. L. M. E. 23. 4, etc.
2 M. G. de Petra, Le Tavole Cerate di Pompei, Roma, 1876; No. 15,
BS VCCCLII ; No. 16, >l XXXIX ; No. 39,JDO<x> XXXVIIII.
sMommsen, Hermes, XXII. p. 601, XV M N (133 A.D., Henzen 6086); H-S- L
M-N (153 A.I>., Orelli, 2417).
74 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
In the Augustan period the line was placed over the numeral,
perhaps coincident with the use of numerals of iteration in titles.
In the time of the Republic the number of iteration with official
titles was given in letters, but from the time of the battle of Actium
numerals were used. 1
To express amounts intervening between these numerals, the signs
were placed side by side until the next denomination was reached.
Two methods might be used : 1) the addition method, when the
higher number preceded, 2) the subtraction method, when the
lower denomination preceded.
The former of these two methods is the older and more usual.
1st method, XVIII = 18; 2d method, XI IX = 18; so III! is more reg-
ular than IV, and Vllll than IX.
For the subtraction method Mommsen (Hermes, XXII. 603) gives
the following rules :
1) Not merely one number, but many in order, could be subtracted,
so that MX is just as correct or incorrect as IX.
2) Only the numerals I, X, 2 C, 3 were, as a rule, used in subtraction,
seldom the sign for 1000, and never V, L, D.
3) The number I is subtracted, as a rule, only before V and X, and
only by exception before L and the higher numbers.
4) The subtract! ve method has the object of saving space.
It is therefore inadmissible unless room is gained, so, not MIX but
VII, not XXXC but LXX. It predominates in cases where an essen-
tial simplification is obtained, and, therefore, particularly in the
numbers 80 and 90, and occurs more in the carelessly made private
inscriptions than in the precise monumental writing.
5) The numeral or numerals to be subtracted were placed before
the last numeral of an addition series, so that X II X = 18 was writ-
ten, not IIXX; and CCCXXC = 380, not XXCCCC.
There are certain numerals which deserve special consideration.
1 In C. I. L. VI. 873, dating "25/29, cos. quinct., cos. design, sext., imp. sept.,
and C. /. L. XII. 3148, dating 729/25; but in C. I. L._X.. 3826^ dating W/M,imp.
VI. cos. Ill and C. I. L. VI. 701, dating ?44/m, imp. XM cos.Mtrib. potest. X\V.
* C. I. L. I 1166. CCCXvi,; 1143. CXvb VIMS; 636, dating MT/ ls7 CCXXC.
C. I. L. I. 198, dating G3i/ 123 , CD1 ; C. I. L. VI. 1243 e, /, Cool, OLX.
NUMERALS 75
2. II. This numeral, with the earlier position of line of differen-
tiation, is regularly seen in I+S denoting sestertius. 1 1 occurs very
frequently, particularly when indicating successive consulships and
denoting duumvir (I I VI R). At the beginning of lines IT is also found.
4. Either IV or 1 1 1 1. The former, the subtractive form, belongs to
writing of the lower class, appearing first on the vessels of San
Cesareo, which date in the seventh century of the City.
III! is the more usual form, varying as follows : I+H, -\\l\-, INI,
frequently denoting quattuorviri, I III, I II I VIR.
5. V. In Pompeian tablets it is found on its side. 1 1 1 1 1 appears
in African inscriptions.
6. VI, also I iTTII.
8. VIII. The subtractive form I IX is a rare occurrence.
9. V 1 1 1 1 is the more common form. I X is rare.
10. X. The transverse cuts the middle of the letter when the
lenarius is denoted, X-
14. X 1 1 1 1 is more common than X I V.
18. XVIII, but XI IX in C. I. L. III. 582.
19. XVIIII.
28. XXVIII, but XX I IX, C. I. L. VI. 9934.
45. XLV, by exception VL.
In some inscriptions />^=20, ^ = 25, >^=30, X&=35, ^=40.
50. -I- is the original form, J, appears down to the Augustan
period, _L is seen in the "Lex Repetundarum " (123 B.C.), and
during the first and second centuries A.D.
60-100. To represent numbers between 50 and 100, L with X re-
peated is the regular form. In some African inscriptions XXXXXX
(C. I. L. VIII. 1108) is found. T**x. and Txxy are worthy of notice.
500. D, originally half of , was subsequently marked by trans-
verse B, as in the "Lex Repetundarum," and in many inscriptions
of the Empire.
1000. is the oldest form. This was not maintained, but appeared
in the more common form oo , which was also modified to oo or ex-.
Combinations of the preceding signs were used to denote higher
numbers, oo oo oo oo C = 4100. oo oo oo CCX X = 3220. ~>O<T DC LX I
= 21661.
76 THE LATIN ALPHABET
By exception, the additional thousands were denoted by the sub-
tractive form, thus oo L, = 4000 (C. T. L. X. 1273).
10000=0, or 4i/, (fa, (cb), "I".
5000= ), or \y, k, 1)).
100000=, or vj^.
50000= p), or ^.
The use of a horizontal and verticals has already been referred to.
X = 10000. FXl = 1,000,000.
In the time of Hadrian the n, regularly denoting 10QOOO, was
strangely used to indicate 1000.
Naturally the variety of the uses for which these horizontal and
vertical lines were employed caused much confusion (Suetonius,
Galba. 5).
FRACTIONS
The Roman system of fractions is based upon a division of the
unit, as, into twelfths, unciae, the former being denoted by I, the lat-
ter by or . The use of the nobler metals led to a division of
the uncia, thus ^, ^, ^, , y 1 ^, -fa, and finally T | of the uncia.
All these fractions have special names, and can be^rranged in the
following table, showing the duodecimal sy stem.
TABLE A
As. Unciae.
As 1 12 I
Deunx }| 11 S
Dextans f 10 S
Dodrans f 9 S zi
Bes . . ,, f 8 S
Septunx ^ 7 S -
Semis \ 6 S
Quincunx fa 6~~ or~ ~
Triens \ 4
Quadrans $ 3 n
Sextans $ 2 ~
Sescunx $ 1 1 orS
Uncia fa 1 oro, ^, <>*>
FRACTIONS
As. Unciae.
Semuncia ....... fa \ fc or S or
Binae sextulae or duella . . -fa i 2JI
Sicilicus ....... fa
Sextula ........ fa |8
Dimldia sextula ..... T ^ T fa -g-
Scriptulum ...... 2 T fa 3
Sili( l ua ........ iA* TTT
The signs for the various fractions are derived from the initial
letters of particular words; thus, S for semis; 2, and later , for
semuncia and sembdla ; 2 for sextula ; T for terruncius, which cor-
responds to the sicilicus. The of the sicilicus and the 3 of the
scriptulum are from the round forms of the Greek sigma. 1 H is
due to the repetition of the 2, the sign of the sextula.
With the introduction of the silver nummus (voC/i/nos), sestertius,
a new system of fractions appears.
The sestertius became the major unit corresponding to the old as ;
the libella became the minor unit corresponding to the uncia, but, as
the system was decimal, the libella = ^ of the sestertius.
The following table shows this fractional system with the signs,
which are adopted from the duodecimal system :
TABLE B
Sestertius = 1
Semis = | of sestertius, S
Libella = fa " " , as corresponding to the uncia.
(Singula) Sembella = fa " " S, like semuncia.
(Sicilicus) Terruncius = fa " " or T
With the sestertius equal to 2^ asses, the copper denominations
may be arranged in a decimal system with the sestertius as major
unit, and with signs adopted from the duodecimal system :
Dupondius ..... | or T 8 5 of sestertius, so S IE-, i-e- 1 + &.
Semis ...... " ^ " " " --
Quadrans ..... fa "
1 The Greek C = s appears on Tarentine coins struck before the time of
Pyrrhus, and in Greece after the time of Alexander. Mommsen, Hermes,
XXII. p. 605.
78
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
In like manner if the denarius be taken as a major unit, with
value of 10 asses, the system stands :
Denarius
Quinarius
Sestertius
Dupondius
As
Semis
Quadrans
denarius, so S
\ " " 2, i.e. ft +
T V
S
T or
The duodecimal fractional system, with the as serving as any
unit, was applied very generally, e.g. to land measure, to computa-
tion of interest, to weight, time, and money. The decimal system
was applied to money, to the denarius and as, then to the fractions
of the sestertius.
The final depreciation of the as brought it down to the value of
Y 1 ^ of a denarius, and, as the sestertius = \ of a denarius, the as = ^ of
a sestertius.
The duodecimal fractional system of the denarius, when equal
to 16 asses, is set forth in the following table : l
TABLE C
Denarius
Quindeciaere . 1* = TZ + 3*s
Quattuordeciaere -|- = $ + ^,
Tredeciaere
tt= i + +
Duodeciaere
Undeciaere
1 = I,
H = f + T? >
Decus[sis] . .
f = A + A*
Nonus[sis]
Octus[sisJ
= + ^ T +
so " S ~ 12- deunx sicilicus
" " S S dextans semuncia
{ dodrans
" " S 12- 2 D j semuncia
I sicilicus
dodrans
bes sicilicus
{ 8e P tunx
[ semuncia
( semis
j semuncia
I sicilicus
semis
" " S ^
" " S zr
S - S
1 From Manuel des Institutions Romaines, Bouche'-Leclercq.
2 This sign merely denotes denomination.
FRACTIONS
79
Septus[sis] . . T V = T 5 2 + ?V s j -=- 3
quincunx
sicilicus
Sexis .... f = y + a 1 ,, 44 41 s
triens semuncia
(juadrans
Quinqnes[sis] . T 5 d = + ,*. + ^j, " " ZE- 2 3
semuncia
, sicilicus
Quattrussis . . | = ^, " " ^~
quadrans
Tressis . . . T \ = ^ + T V> " " '
sextans
sicilicus
Dupondius . . J = 5 J ? + T \, " " S
sescuncia
As . . ,V J T + J T , " " S D
semuncia
sicilicus
The decimal fractional system of the sestertius, when equal to 4
asses, is shown in the following table :
TABLE D
Sestertius
Tressis semis .
Tressis . . .
H-S 1
f octo libellae
| = y 8 o + 5^ + T&> so " S 15- ST j singula
I terruncius
septem libellae
singula
S = 2
Dupondius semis I = A + A,
= T 3 5 + ^ +
terruncius
As semis
AS
Semis
S T {
r tres libellae
Z- ST -! singula
I terruncius
r duae libellae
" - T
singula
^ .
terruncius
In money, the duodecimal system as indicated above was followed
before the as was reduced, that is, as long as the as was considered
the aes grave or libral as.
1 This sign merely denotes denomination.
80
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
The coins were :
As
Semis
Triens
Quadrans
Sextans
Uncia
= 12 unciao,
= 6 "
_ 4 ti
= 3 "
= 2
= 1 uncia
marked
In addition to these were :
Dupondius = 2
Tressis or Tripondius = 3
Decussis = 10
I
S
OOO
ooo
oo
asses, marked II
When silver coinage was introduced, 485/269, the copper as
became a subordinate denomination of the superior metal, and sub-
sequently depreciated in value so as to be entirely distinct from the
old libral as, i.e. the unit of the duodecimal system.
The silver system may be shown by the following table :
r Denarius = 10
Silver -j Quinarius = 5
I Sestertius = 2\
I Dupondius = 2
Copper^ *
asses, later 10 asses 3
u u g .. y
" " 4 " Hf-S
H
I
We might expect that in money calculations of ordinary life
the subordinate denominations would be expressed in terms of
copper coins, but it was customary to follow the silver fractional
system as far as possible.
Thus, in an African inscription of the days of Hadrian, Ephem.
Ep., VII. 426, we find :
[fecit stajtuam argenteam ex H-S ET CCCXXXV tribus libel (lis) sing(ula)
terr(uncio) et aeris quad(rante) cum rei p(ublicae) H-S L prom(isisset), ie.
51335 sestertii, 1 as, 1 semis, 1 quadrans, since -^ (tribus Ubellis) + ., l s (singula)
+ J 6 (terruncio) = ^ + |, but ^ of a sestertius = 1 as, and | = semis. The word
aeris shows that quadrans is from the copper system.
In denoting money the various indications are : for copper money,
aeris gravis, or aeris, or A(sses~) ; for silver, N = nummi, or
rfS N = sestertii nummi, rarely in the order N H-S, but later
FRACTIONS
81
regularly hfS N, with the number placed between. With the
sums denoting denarii, j alone was used.
The duodecimal system served for measures of weight, also for
linear and surface measures when the foot was divided into twelve
parts; e.g. summa ped(iini) CXXVIIII S 13- = 129|J feet; 1 in
agr.pXXVS-- = 25 J feet. 2
In weight, PI denoted a pound, P being the abbreviation for
P(ondo), which was the indication of weight, and hence was regu-
larly used with the subordinate denominations, e.g. P I S 3 = 1^
pounds ; P 13- 3 111=3 unciae, 3 script ttla ; 3 P 13- 9 = 5 unciae,
8 scriptida; 3 P^ w = 5 unciae*
In expressing linear or surface measure, P(edes) or PED(es) is used
where the measure exceeds the foot. PED LXIII S 13- =
pedes sexaginta tres deunx semuncia, or 63 and ^-| + ^V (Wilmanns,
2875). In the building contract of Puteoli, C. I. L. I. 577, I. 14 :
latum p. \\ , altum p. $* ; and I. 15: crassos S\ , altos p. I. It is
exceptional to find the exponent with the simple fraction.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bomische Staatsverwaltnng, vol. II. J. MARQUARDT. Leipzig, 1876.
Griechische und Eomische Metrologie. F. HULTSCH. Berlin, 1882.
Manuel des Institutions liomaines (Appendix). A. BOUCHK-LECLERCQ. Paris,
1886.
Hermes, XXII. 1887. Article, Zahl- und Bruchzeichen. TH. MOMMSEN.
1 C. L L. VI. 2059.
8 C. I. L. XIV. 21.
2 C. 7. L XIV. 665.
4 C. L L. XII. 354.
UNCIA.
SEXTANS. QUADKANS.
TRIENS.
SEMIS,
LAT. JNSCRIP. 6
PART II
CHAPTER IV
THE ROMAN NAME
THE Roman name enters very largely into the composition of
inscriptions of all classes, and forms, therefore, the most important
element in their subject matter, often making up the inscription
itself. A knowledge, accordingly, of its history and chronological
development, its formal arrangement and abbreviations, is essential
to a proper interpretation of the inscriptions, which, moreover, are
themselves the great source of information as to this subject, since
here the Roman name has its fullest use and most complete form.
It must be understood, first of all, that the name among the
Romans was not of fixed or abs ~lute form, but that it varied with
the history of the people, passing through a process of development
and reaching its complete form in the most prosperous period ; then
suffering modification and losing its regularity in the declining days
of the later Empire.
In the earliest times the individual, strictly speaking, was desig-
nated by one name, but as a member of society, and in relation to
the state, his name consisted of the personal element, with the
addition of certain determinatives. 1 The first determinative was
the genitive case of the name of the one in whose possession or
1 In a fragment of uncertain authorship, entitled de Praenominibus, placed
as the tenth book of Valerius Maximus by Julius Paris of the fourth century
A.D., the statement Varro simplicia in Italia nomina fuisse ait is supported by
a reference to the names Romulus and Remus, but controverted by a reference
to Rhea Silvia, Silvius Numitor, Amulius Silvius.
82
THE ROMAN NAME 83
under whose authority the person belonged, as of the father in the
case of a son or daughter, of the husband in the case of a wife, or
of the owner in the case of a slave. Thus Marcus Marci, Caecilia
Crassi. Later this genitive was followed by f(ilius) or f(ilia), uxor
or s(ervus). The second early determinative was the name indicat-
ing the family (gens). This at an early period was marked by the
suffix -ius. The early Roman name thus consisted of, a) the per-
sonal name, &) the family name, c) the name of the one in authority,
the father or husband, and at times the names of the grandfather
and great-grandfather. 1
Q. Fabius Q(uinti) f(ilius).
In the course of time an additional element, the cognomen, brought
the Roman name to its full development, so that free-born men pos-
sessed a triple name, praenomen individual name, nomen = name
of gens, cognomen = name of family (stirps').
L. Cornelius Scipio.
Official usage required that with these three names there should also
be given the names of the father and of the tribe. These were both
placed before the cognomen. 2 With the name of the father there
might also be given those of the grandfather and great-grandfather.
The inscriptions show that the regular order was praenomen,
nomen, cognomen. It was observed by the writers of the best prose
as Cicero and Caesar. 3 Any variation is due to the necessities of
the metre, as in the Scipio Epitaph, where the nomen precedes the
praenomen. or to Greek influence, or to the irregularity of rustic
1 The original order was I., individual name ; II., father's name ; III., family
name; so Mommsen, who refers to the order among the Greeks, Umbrians
and Volscians. The Romans and Samnites transposed the last two.
2 Lex Julia Municipalis (709/45). C. T. L. I. 206, p. 122.
3 In prose of the good period the usage was M. Claudius, not Claudius Mar-
cus, even in Livy ; M. Claudius Marcellus, not M. Marccllns Claudius. With-
out the praenomen, according to older method (so Cicero), Marcellu* Claudius,
according to later method (so Caesar), Claudius MarceMus. G. Lahmeyer in
Philol. XXII. 1865.
84 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
usages, as Alfenos Louci(os) on a cinerary jar from the sepulcretum
near the church of San Cesareo (C. L L. VI. 8220).
PRAENOMEN
The praenomen, the strictly personal name, was conferred by par-
ents upon children on the dies lustricus, which was the ninth day
after birth in the case of boys, and the eighth in the case of girls.
This is the opinion of ancient writers in general, 1 but Q. Scaevola 2
is authority for the statement that the name was not conferred upon
a boy before he assumed the toga virilis, nor upon a girl before her
marriage.
It is probable that the informal conferring of the name in the
family took place on the dies lustricus, but the official recognition of
the same occurred at the time of tKe~ assumption of the toga virilis.
This opposition between theory and practice is set forth in the
inscriptions, where we find names of persons dying in childhood
both with and without praenomina. Frequently the word Pupus
(abbreviated PUP) took the place of the praenomen, thus indicating
an early death.
PVP . PONTIO . T F- V0(7?)
PROCVLO AN . Xm_.
Pwp(o) Pontio, T. (Pontii) f(ilio), Vo[T\(tinia tribu), Proculo, an(norum)
tredecim. (Of the first century A.D.) C. L L. IX. 2789.
The number of inscriptions giving the praenomina exceeds that of
those without, particularly after the second century A.D.
The praenomen was regularly abbreviated when joined with the
nomen and cognomen. This was not a matter of choice, but an
established custom, indicating .Koman citizenship. In consequence
we do not find the praenomen written in full, unless standing alone
or in inscriptions in which Greek influence has been felt, or in those
of the lower class dating mainly after the second century A.D.
iFestus, p. 120; Macrobius, Sat.. I. 10. 30; Plutarch,.?<aes. Horn., p. 102.
2 De Praenominibus, 3, pueris non priuaqnam toyam virilem sumerent,
puellis non antequam nuberent, praenomina imponi moris fuisse Q. Scaevola
auctor est.
THE ROMAN NAME 85
The following are the praenomina in general use, with their abbre-
viations. Kaeso, Manius, Servius, Spurius, are the most uncommon.
A Aulus. D Deciinus. /w (M') Manius. Q Quintus. S Spurius.
C Gaius. K Kaeso. M Marcus. SER Servius. T! Tiberius.
CN Gnaeus. L Lucius. P Publius. SEX Sextus. T Titus.
Aulus. Abbreviations: A, AV, or AVL (rare), O (very rare). Additional form,
Olus. Cf. the slave name Olipor.
Decimus. D, DEC (rare and late). Additional form, Decumus. This prae-
nomen is regularly found with the names of the Claudii (patrician), and
of the lunii and Laelii (plebeian).
Gaius. C with the primitive value, that of the Chalcidian P. 1
Gnaeus. CN, GN (very rare). Additional forms: Gnaivos (early), Naevus,
Naeus, Gneus (rare).
Kaeso. K. This praenomen is not common. It is found with names of the
Acilii, Duilii, Fabii, as shown in the Fasti Consulares, and the earlier in-
scriptions, such as those found at Praeneste.
Lucius. L, LV (rare). Early form, Loucios.
Manius. /w or A/0. The familiar form with an apostrophe M' is not found
in the inscriptions. This praenomen is common with names of the Aemilii
and Sergii.
Marcus. M. This is probably the most common praenomen.
Publius. P, PVP = Puplius (rare), PO appears in one instance for Poblio,
C. I. L. IX. 5699.
Quintus. Q. Additional form, Quinctus.
Servius. SER. This praenomen is found with names of the Cornelii and Sul-
picii ; elsewhere it is rare, and, for the most part, archaic.
Sergius is the family name, having the same origin as Servius. a It is first
found as a praenomen in an inscription of- Salona, Eph. Epigr. II. n. 522,
referring to the Emperor Sergius Galba. S is a rare abbreviation for Ser-
gius, C. L L. XI. 2636.
Sextus. SEX, SX for reasons of space on a denarius of the City, of the sixth
century, SEXT (once, C. I. L. II. 1495), S appears in lists of Praetorian
soldiers and on tombstones of the second and third centuries A.D., and in
Africa.
1 Quintilian, Inst. Orat. I. 7, 28, Terentianus Maunis, De Metr., V. 890 ff.,
Priscian, I. 7, 28, are authorities for the statement that C and CN were abbre-
viations for Gaius and Gnaeus, with values G and GN.
2 "Sergius and Servius are related as ni(n)gere and m'tfes, vixi and vivere
(Corssen, Ausp. I. 44). They are merged in an older Serguius, as nig- and niv-
in ni(n)gtiis.^ (Mommsen, Bomische Forschungen, p. 8.)
86 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Spurius. S (archaic), SP after middle of the first century A.D.
Tiberius. Tl, later TIB.
Titus. T.
The three following, belonging to certain special patrician families,
also be added :
Appius. AP, APP (rare). This praenomen is the same as the Sabine Atta, and
was probably brought to Rome by the Claudii.
Mamercus. MAM, used exclusively with the names of the Aemilii as seen in the
Fasti Consulares of the third, fourth, and seventh centuries.
Numerius. N. Gk. Ne/x<?pios. This is Samnite in its origin. Festus, p. 170,
and the author of de Praenom. 6 inform us that through the marriage of Q.
Fabius Vibulanus with the daughter of Numerics Otacilius of Maleventuin
this name was brought into the Fabian family. Cf. Numasioi on the Fibula
Praenestina.
Of these eighteen praenomina certain only were selected by the
individual patrician families.
Mommsen has arranged these in a table (Rom. Forsch., p. 15).
Aemilii: C, CN, L, MAM, AV(M'), M, Q, Tl.
Claudii: AP, C, D, L (disregarded later), P, Tl, Q. (Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 218).
. Cornelii: A, CN, L, M, P, SER, Tl.
Fabii: C, K, M, N, Q.
Furii: Agrippa, C, L, M, P, SEX, SP.
lulii : C, L, SEX, Vopiscus.
Maulii : A, CN, L, M (disregarded in 370 B.C.), P, T.
Still further restriction in the selection of names is shown in the
exclusive use of Tiberius and Decimus by the Claudii Nerones, and
Gfnaeus, Lucius, Publius, by the Cornelii Scipiones.
After a certain time the Claudii did not use Lucius, nor the Manlii,
Marcus, because, as Cicero and Suetonius inform us, 1 certain men
bearing these names committed crime. Likewise, Marcus was not
used by the gens Antonio, after the downfall of the Triumvir. 2
In addition to the praenomina just discussed, which form the body
of those in general use, there are others worthy of mention, either
l dc, Phil. I. 13, 32. Suetonius, Tiberius, c. 1.
2 Plutarch, Cic. c. 49 ; Dio, LI. 19 ; Tacitus, Ann. III. 17.
THE ROMAN NAME 87
those which fell into disuse in early days, and are known from the
Fasti, or from statements of authors/ or those which are of foreign
origin and of rare occurrence.
Agrippa. AGRIPP is found in the Fasti Cons, with names of the Furii and
Menenii.
Faustus, with names of the Comelii Sullae. (Consuls 31 and 52 A.D.)
Hostus, with names of the Lucretii.
Lar, with names of the Herminii. This is an Etruscan praenomen.
Opiter. OPI or OPET, with names of the Verginii.
Paullus, with names of the Aemilii, Lepidi, and Regilli ; afterwards with those
of the Fabii and Postuuiii.
Postumus. POST, with the names of the Aebutii, Cominii, and Veturii, also
Umbrian.
Proculus. PR, with the names of the Geganii and Verginii.
Vibius. V (archaic), VI and VI B (rare), with the names of the Sestii. The old
form was Veibius. This is common in inscriptions from the district of the
Oscan dialect.
Volero. VOLER, with the names of the Publilii.
Volusus. VO, with the names of the Valerii.
Vopiscus, with the names of the lulii.
The following praenomina are, as a rule, of foreign origin, and
occur only in individual instances :
'Annius AN
Aruns AR Etruscan.
Atta or Attus .... AT (so Attus Clausus is Sabine for Appius Claudius).
Ban," ? Oscan.
Caesar, originally a praenomen. Varro, de Praenom., 3.
Denter-, Denter Romulus, praefectus urbi under Romulus. Tacitus, Ann. VI. 11.
Epidius EP Oscan.
Marius Sabine.
Mesius Oscan.
Min(atius ?) or Minius? MIN Oscan.
Nero NER Umbrian.
Novius NO or NOV . . . Sabine.
Of? OF Sabine.
Ovius ....... OV Oscan.
Paquius or Pacuius . . PAC or PAQ . . Oscan.
1 Varro, nocording to de Praenom. 3, names fourteen of these : Agrippa,
Ancus, Caesar, Faustus, Hostus, Lar, Opiter, Postumus, Proculus, Sertor,
Statius, Tullus, Volero, Vopiscus,
88 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Percfnnius ? or Petro ? . PE Sabine.
Petro PET Sabine.
Pfscennius or Percennius, PESC and PER . Sabine.
Plancus or Plautus ? . . PLA ? .... Sabine.
I'ompo or Popidius . . POP
llrtus R, perhaps Keltic (Htibner).
Salvius SA or SAL . . . Oscan, common as a praenomen
and later as a cognomen.
Sertor SERT .... Sabine or Umbrian.
fftatins ST or STA . . . Oscan.
Ttmu TIR (C. I. L. XIV. 3110).
Trebius TR, later TREB . Oscan, C. I. L. XIV. 3224.
Tullus TVL
' The praenomina, when first used, evidently had a significance
suited to the circumstances of their original application. 1 This
primitive meaning lost its force, so that words originally conveying
some reproach might be given to those of high birth.
Although the common praenomina were employed in naming the
first four sons, nevertheless the following were used, finally with
loss of original meaning :
Primus PR or PRI Secunflus.
Tertius (abbreviated in one instance), TERT. Qunrtus, QVAR or QVART
Quintus. Sextus.
Irregularities.
a) Cognomina as Praenomina.
In certain countries, notably Gallia Cisalpina, cognomina were at
times used as praenomina.
So, Haximus C. 7. L. V. 5902, Bufus C. I. L. V. 7064, Firmus C. I. L. V. 7339.
In the Augustan period this transfer in use, so that cognomina
served as praenomina, is found in the names of members of the
imperial family, and those of the nobility.
1 So, Manius (mane), born in the morning ; Tiberius, Tiberis, the god of the
river ; Titus, tata, used by children as papa ; Appius, atta, applied by children
to old men.
THE ROMAN NAME 89
Cossus . . . Cossus Cornelius Lentulus. Consul, 753/1.
Ufusus . . . Drusus lulius Ti. f(ilius) Aug. n(epos) divi pron(epos)
Caesar
= Drusus, son of Tiberius.
. . . Drusus lulius Germanici f. Ti. n. Aug. pron. Caesar
= Drusus, son of Germanicus.
Sisenna . . . Sisenna Statilius Taurus. Consul 16 A.D.
Taurus . . . Taurus Statilius Corvinus. Consul 45 A.D.
The designation of honor, " imperator." which in republican days
followed a triumph, in the time of Julius Caesar became an actual
title, and finally in the days of Augustus took the place of the prae-
nomen. See page 115.
6) Koniina as Praenomina.
From the middle of the second century A.D. the nomina Aelius,
Aurelius, Flavius, Ulpius were frequently used as praenomina, and
were abbreviated. 1
Praenomina of Women.
In the names of women as found in the inscriptions the praenomen
is of uncommon occurrence and little importance, compared with
the regular appearance and significance of the same element in the
names of men. The praenomen was all-important to a man in his
relation to the state and to society, while in a woman's name its
presence was by no means essential, and its abbreviation did not
imply what a similar abbreviation implied in the praenomina of men.
Nevertheless, from the earliest times, women had praenomina, and
during the republican period, this custom was maintained. This is
shown by the legendary names Acca Larentia, Gaia Caecilia, Quinta
Claudia, Quarta Hostilia, 2 also from the testimony of the inscrip-
tions, such as those of the grove of Pisaurum (Cesula Atilia, C. I. L.
I. 168), which regularly give praenomina of women, also those from
1 In an inscription from Apulia, dating second or third century A.D., Aemilia
is referred to as a praenomen. C. I. L. III. 1228.
2 de Praenomin. 7 " Antiquarum mulierum frrquenti in usu praenomina
fuerunt fiutilia, Carsellia, liodacilla, Murrula, Burra a colore ducta. Ilia
praenomina a viris tracta aunt Gaia, Lucia, Publia, Numeria, ceterum Gaia
usu super omnes celebrata es."
90 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
the tombs of Praeneste, e.g. Gaia H(e)r(enia ?) (C. I. L. XIV. 3149),
and with abbreviation, C. Comeniai, C. Usor(i) ? (C. L L. XIV. 3102).
In the case of two sisters the elder was known as Maio(r), the
younger Mino(r') -Maio Fabricia, Mino Cumia (C. I. L. XIV. 3111,
3133), Mino Ania C. f. (C. I. L. XIV. 3058). In some instances, at
a later period, the oldest sister had the praenomen Maxima.
Other praenomina of importance are Pola (oldest form) for
Paul(l)a, Polla (in country districts,), Pusilla, Pupa, also the num-
eral adjectives which were in use in all periods, Prima, Secunda,
Tertia.
In the imperial period praenomina of women are of little account,
and occur entirely as exceptions.
NOMEN
The second determinative in the early Roman name was the name
which belonged to all members of the same family, and which was
at first identified with a certain locality. Afterwards the women
denoted members of the same gens, men, women, clients, freedmen,
while the cognomen indicated the family of the gens.
The nomina of the ancient Roman families, both the patrician
and, for the most part, the plebeian, ended in -ius, and the closely
related terminations -aius, -eius, -eus, -aeus.
Ex. Aemilius, Cornelius, Furius, Manilas, Vibidaius, Arcaeus, Terraeus,
Cocceius, Pompeius.
In early inscriptions, such as those on the earthen vessels from
San Cesareo, nomina are found ending in -is, in place of -ios, so
Anavis, Clodis, Caecilis, and the Oscan Heirinnis.
In addition to these there are many with different endings, which
were once restricted to certain localities of Italy.
The terminations -arna, -erna, -enna, -ina, -inna, show Etruscan
derivation.
Mastarna, Perperna, Caecina.
-as, -anas, -enas, -inas, show Umbrian derivation.
Maecenas, Sentinas.
THE ROMAN NAME 91
-acus, -avus, show Gallic derivation.
Avidiacus, Amnavus.
-enus shows Sabine and Oscan derivation.
Alfenus, Varenus.
-icus marks nomina from Illyria, Lusitania and Africa.
Abalicus, Boicus, Veronicus, Caturicus.
To these there should be added Latin, Sabine and Umbrian nom-
ina in -anus, mainly derived from names of places.
Acerranus (Acerrae), Aequanus (Aequum), Calpetanus, Norbanus
(Norba).
Also nomina in -inus, partly of Latin origin.
Pomptinus, Crastinus.
On the analogy of early names in -ius are formed the Greek names
of similar ending, as Eumachius, Aristius, Nymphidius ; and Proper-
tins of Umbrian, origin, also like formations from other languages.
After the second century A.D., in the provinces, there appear many
new nomina made from cognomina and other nomina.
Faustinius, Secuudinius.
The nomen Verres, 1 of Koman origin, stands by itself.
Nomina appear in the inscriptions, as a rule, in their complete
form.
Exceptions.
1) Nouns in ios or is drop the final s in early inscriptions :
Cornelio(s), C. I. L. 1. 31, about 250 B.C. ; Corneli(s), C. I. L. I. 36,
about 160 B c. ; Claudi(s), C. L L. 1. 196, of 196 B.C. ; L. Anici(s) V. 1,
C. L L. I. 75.
1 Hhein. Mus., XV. 1860, p. 172 and 207. Ritschl, Opusc. IV. p. 469.
Phil, XIX. 1868, p. 110
92 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
2) Abbreviations of nomina are found at times where the name
may be readily supplied, as in tomb inscriptions, where
many of the same nomen are mentioned. 1 So A EL for
Aelius, CL or CLAVD for Claudius, IVL or I for lulius.
COGNOMEN
The cognomen, although the last addition to the actual Roman
name, is identical in its origin with the praenomen, for it was first
applied as a strictly personal name, and had a meaning as a surname
or nickname appropriate to the individual. It differed, however,
from the praenomen in its early use in several respects, for it was
not an essential part of the name, neither was it given to children,
but to adults ; it was generally an adjective referring to some
peculiarity of body 2 or mind, 3 or derived from the name of the
place of birth.
As to the time of the introduction of the cognomen, at least of
the recognition of its use, we can form an idea from the position it
holds in the name, in that it follows the word indicating the tribe.
The tribal division of the Roman people belongs to the days of Ser-
vius Tullius, hence the inference that the use of the cognomen does
not date back further than the Servian Constitution. It appears in
the oldest Scipio inscriptions of the fifth century of the City, also
on Roman coins from the time of the second Punic war, while in
the laws of the seventh century of the City of a less formal char-
acter (Lex Repetundarum, 631/123) its use is demanded. In im-
portant decrees, however, where conservative influences are likely to
prevail, it does not appear before the time of Sulla. It can be said,
then, that the custom of writing cognomina dates back to the fifth
century of the City, while its regular use may be assigned to the
latter part of the seventh century.
The cognomen, at first a strictly personal name, was soon recog-
1 See Cagnat Cours-., p. 52.
2 Albus, Barbatus, Calvus, Clandus, Longus.
3 Beniynus, Blandus, Catus, Severus, Screnus.
4 Gallus, Ligus, Sabinus, Siculus, Tuscus.
THE ROMAN NAME 93
nized as a family possession, and became an heirloom for succeeding
generations. Two principles appear to have controlled its use : first,
it was regarded as the indication of the family (stirps) of the gens,
so of the gens Cornelii there were the Cethegi, Lentuli, Scipiones,
and, with a subdivision, the Cornelii Scipiones Nasicae; again, it
was considered an indication of nobility, though not absolute, for,
though the patricians and most of the plebeians had cognomina, cer-
tain families of the plebeians, the Antonii, Duilii, Flaminii, Marii,
Memmii, Mummii, Sertorii, were without them. The specially
selected praenomina had once indicated nobility, but later the cog-
nomen served this purpose, so that the number of these names that
were not the property of the nobility in early republican times is
very small. In the later republican period, and in imperial times,
the cognomen was given to all freeborn citizens, and frequently to
freedmen. This change dates from about the middle of the seventh
century of the City.
The cognomen differed from the praenomen in another respect,
namely, in that more than one could be attached to the same name.
In the days of the Republic a second and third cognomen 1 might be
used. Such were
a) the cognomina ex virtute, as Caudinus, Fidenas, Achaicus.
Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus.
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus.
&) Names indicating the parentage of the adopted, formed from
nomina gentilicia by the use of suffix -anus.
P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus (son of L. Aemilius Paullus).
c) Special designations, as nicknames, in many instances retaining
their meaning.
Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer.
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum.
1 Among later grammarians, beginning with those of the fourth century A.D.,
the second cognomen was erroneously regarded as an additional element, and
termed agnomen.
94 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Names of Women.
The early names of women probably consisted of an individual
name, praenomen, followed by the nomen of the father and genitive
case of his praenomen, or by the nomen of the husband and the
genitive case of his praenomen. Later the genitive case was followed
by the word f(ilia) in case of a daughter's name, and uxor in case
of the wife's. Of. Maio(r) Anicia O, f., C. I. L. XIV. 3057. The
changes in this form consisted in the disappearance of the prae-
nomen and the use of the nomen gentile of father or of husband, 1
either alone or accompanied, when more formal, by the genitive of
the praenomen of father or husband. 2 Other inscriptions show the
nomen of the husband in the gen. case added to the nomen of the
wife, 3 accompanied in the imperial period by a cognomen.
Old inscriptions, such as those of Praeneste and San Cesareo,
show isolated instances of cognomina in the names of women. At
the close of the Republic, however, the evidences 4 of the introduction
of this custom are more numerous, and from the middle of the first
century A.D. women's names frequently contained cognomina. En-
tirely exceptional are the instances of triple names of women. 8
Reduplication of Names. 6
The custom of using more than one cognomen, beginning in the
period of the republic, became common in the early days of the
empire, and in the second and third centuries A.D. the number had
i Aemilia ; Tulia, C. I. L. XIV. 1517, 1176.
a Acilia C. f. ; Brasidia L. f., C. I. L. X. 5146, 721.
8 Curtia Rosci (uxor) C. I. L. XIV. 3115; HeMdia C. f. Priscilla Marcelli
(uxor) C. I. L. IX. 3019.
* Caecilia Metella ; Cornelia Gaetulica, C. I. L. VI. 1274, 1392.
* Furia Sabinia Tranquillina, C. I. L. VI. 1095.
6 More than one praenomen, L. Pompeius Vopiscus C. Arruntius Catellius
Celer. (C. I. L. VI. 2059, 43.)
More than one nomen, M. Valerius Antonius Antico, Borghesi Annali 1830,
p. 182. C. Calventius Sittius Magnus, C. L L. IV. 626.
Fourteen nomina in one name, that of a Consul of 169 A.D., C. I. L. XIV.
3609. See page 197, no. 20.
THE ROMAN NAME 95 '
increased in some cases to a wonderful degree. This reduplication
of names was not confined to cognomina; for from the time of Sulla
several nomina might, for various reasons, 1 be adopted by the same
person. At the close of the first century A.D. instances occur of the
use of several praenomina. These, however, take the position of
cognomina, and are regarded as such, being regularly written in full.
This multiplicity of names raises the question as to the manner
of addressing a person so encumbered. In social intercourse chil-
dren, clients, and slaves addressed the master of the house by using
his praenomen, while strangers used the cognomen. In more formal
address the nomen and cognomen were used.
The consul of 71 A.D. had as full name C. Calpetamis Rantius
Quirinalis Valerius P. f. Pomp. Festus, but Tacitus speaks of him as
C. Valerius Festus or Valerius Festus.
Signa.
In consequence of the similarity of names, and their number as
well, certain persons were designated by nicknames (sobriquets),
termed signa (vocabulum, Tac. Ann. I. 41). These signa are found
in the inscriptions, and are, in general, preceded by the words idem,
idemque, sive, qui et = qui et vocatur, or vocatus, or dictus est, also
signo or signum; cf. Gk. 6 KCH or </>ixra Sc.
L. Cornelius Cato qui et Caligatus, C. I. L. VIII. 2848; Aemilius Epic-
tetus sive Hedonius (Wil. 2483).
Additional Elements.
It has already been stated that the complete Roman name did not
consist alone of the tria nomina, but included certain other elements.
I. The first of these in importance is the indication of descent,
which was placed after the nomen and before the cognomen. This
showed the freedom of the person designated, hence is regularly
found in the inscriptions. It consisted, as a rule, of the praenomen
of the father followed by the word /(Urns'), but extended, in case of
nobility, to names of ancestors in order, since in this way aristocracy
of birth could be declared. The common abbreviations are : for
1 See names of adopted persons, page 98.
96 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
fili us or Jil ia, F, later FIL; for nepos, N or NEP; /</-o//f/>o.s, PRON;
abnepos, ABN; adn< j {><>*. A DM.
C. Aetrius, C. f(ilius), C. n(ep_os), L. pron(epos), C. abn(epos), Maturus.
C. I. 1.. IX. 1 -'"-.
Sometimes the cognomen of the father is used in place of the
praenomen.
Q. Coelius Laeti f(ilius). C. I. L. Vin. '.:.'.
At times the name of the mother either takes the place of that of
the father or stands with it.
M. Porcius Aegriliae f(ilius). C. I. L. vill. 3996.
II. Another element was the name indicating the tribus to which
a person belonged.
The tribus, a territorial classification of the citizens of Rome for the
purpose of the census, dates from the time of the Servian reforma-
tion. The number was at first four, but increased until 513/241,
when it reached the limit, thirty-five, which was never passed.
Towards the close of the Republic it lost its early territorial value,
and became merely a personal and hereditary affair, while under the
Empire it lost its administrative and political importance, and be-
came, in the provinces, an evidence of Roman citizenship, while in
the city it was of advantage as a means by which certain privileges,
such as the distribution of corn, could be enjoyed by the citizens.
The word denoting the tribe regularly preceded the cognomen,
sometimes taking its place. In the inscriptions the names of the
tribes are, as a rule, abbreviated. When they are written in full,
they are regularly in the ablative case, rarely in the genitive.
The following are the names of the thirty-five tribes, with their
customary abbreviations J : AEMilia, AN lensis, ARNiensis, CAMilia,
CLAudia, CLVstumina, COLlina, CORnelia, ESQuilina, FABia,
FALerna, GALeria, HORatia, LEMonia, MAEcia, MEXcnia,
OVFentina (or VF), PALatina, PAPiria, POPlilia (or POB), POLlia
1 See Cagnat Cours., p. 61, for other abbreviations, also Indices of C. I. L.,
vols. II., III., V., VII., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIV.
THE ROMAN NAME 97
(Momm. Ephem. Ep. V., p. 14), POMptina, PVPinia, QVIRina,
KOMilia, SABbatina, SCAptia, SERgia, STELlatina, SVCusana,
TERetina, TROmentina, VELina, VOLtinia, VOTuria (or VET). 1
III. In inscriptions of certain classes, particularly of soldiers,
there occur names which have words indicating the country, prov-
ince, city, or town to which the person designated belonged. The
position of such words is regularly after the cognomen, although at
times they are placed between the tribe and cognomen.
L. Cassias L. f. Trom(entina) (tribu) Martialis Aq(uae) Sta(tellae).
C. I. L. III. 2883.
C. Cornelius C. f. Pom(ptina) (tribu) Dert(ona) Verus. C. /. L. III. 4057.
These words assume various forms, and in some instances are made
more definite by the addition of civis, natione, genere, domo, or natus in.
The name of the city is in the ablative case, or, if it is singular
of thj first or second declensions, in the genitive. Ethnic adjectives
are also found either standing alone or accompanied by the word
o/r/s or natione. In combination with the word natione the 'adjective
either agrees with the name of the person or stands in the nomina-
tive Case.
If the word domo occurs, it is either followed by a noun in the
ablative, or, if singular of first or second declension, in the genitive,
or is used with an adjective agreeing with the name of the person.
See Wil., vol. II., p. 409.
M. Valeric M(arci) fil(io) Gal(eria tribu) Aniensi (tribu) Capelliano
Damanitano. c. I. L. II. 4249.
Capellianus = Cognomen. Damanitanus = Adj. from Damania.
M. Liberius Victor cives Nervius. Brambach C. I. Rhen. n. 71.
C. lulio Silvano . . . natione Bithyno. C. L L, X. 3492.
L. Valerius L(ucii) f(ilius) Vol(tinia) (tribu) Domo Philippis.
C. 1. L. III. 2717.
Names of Illegitimate Children.
Illegitimacy of birth is indicated in the inscriptions by the abbre-
viations SP F, standing for S(purii) f(ilius). 2 In some inscriptions 3
1 Hiibner, in Handbuch der Klassischen Altertumswissenschnft, vol. I' 2 ., p. 680.
2 C. Asinius, Spurif(ilius'), spurius, C. I. L. IX. 269U ; V. 3804.
8 C. /. L. X. 3790, V. 2009, 4145.
LAT. INSCRIP. 7
98 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
the SP stands for the prn<-i>n'n Spin-ins, which belonged to a few old
patrician families, but in various ways the inscriptions prove that
SP F was regularly the indication of illegitimacy. In some inscrip-
tions the father's JI^H-HOHICII is given, and thus shown to be different. 1
D. Avianus Sp. f. Rufus, D. Aviano Salvio patri. < : i. /.. x. 2135.
Again, SP F is denned by the expression filio naturali,
C. Mamercio Sp. f. . . . filio naturali. a I. L. X. 1188.
or spurius is used as a designation.
T. Aretio Proculo spurio Modestae libertae filio. C. I. L. V. 2528.
Names of Adopted Persons.
The usage as regards the names assumed by adopted persons
varied with different periods. According to the early system, the
one adopted received the name of the adoptive father, and added
thereto his own nomen, changed to a cognomen, with termination in
-anus. The son of L. Aemilius Paullus, adopted by P. Cornelius
Scipio, became P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. After Sulla's time
one of the original names could be used unchanged. The natural
son of L. Licinius Lucullus became M. Terentius M. f. Varro
Lucullus, Cos. 681/73. So a famous cognomen of the old family
could be joined with the entire name of the new, thus :
Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Cos. 702/52.
From the time of Augustus two nomina are found in one name, as
the result of the use of the nomen of the natural father, so,
P. Sulpicius Quirinius. Cos. 742/12,
and
Sex. Papinius C. f. Allenius. Cos. 36 A.D.,
and finally at the close of the first century the entire name of the
natural father might be added to that of the adoptive father, 2
.C. Marius Marcellus Octavius Publius Cluvius Rufus. Cos. 80 A.D.
C. I. L. III. clipl. XL, p. 854.
1 Momrnsen, 8taattreehtUl.,p. 72 n. Htibner, Mtiller'slfandbuch, vol. I., p. 657.
Mispoulet, Etudes (V Institutions Romaines, p. 253. C. I. L. V., p. 1213, X., p. 1187.
2 See examples under Reduplication of Names, page 94.
THE ROMAN NAME 99
Later on there appears to have been a choice made in the selection
of the praenomen either of the natural or the adoptive father, also
in the retention of any other part of the original name.
Antoninus Pius had originally the name T. Aurelius Fulvus
Boionius Arrius Antoninus, but after his adoption by P. Aeliiis
Hadrianus he received the name T. Aelius Hadrianus Aurelius
Antoninus. 1
Names of Slaves,
The slave did not originally have more than one name, which con-
sisted of the name of his master in combination with the word puer,
so Marcipor = Marci puer, Olipor = Auli puer, Lucipor, Publipor.
In the republican period the slave was known by an individual
name, often of foreign origin, derived from the circumstances of
capture or purchase, followed by the nomen, and afterwards the
praenomen of his master as well, both in the genitive case. This
was followed by the word servus, abbreviated S or SER in case of
male slaves, and s(erva) or ancilla in case of female, so,
Helenus Hosti Q. s. Date 656/98. C. I. L. x. 3789.
Felix Popil(ii) L(ucii) s(ervus). C. I. L. x. 3790.
In the time of the Empire the name of the owner is given in full
in the genitive case, so
Martialis C. Oli(i) Primi (servos). C. I. L. X. 826.
When a slave came under, a new master, either by purchase or
inheritance, it was customary to give to him an additional name,
formed from the coqnomen of his former owner with the termination
^B
-anus, so,
Epitynchanus Caes(aris) n(ostri) ser(vus) Candidian(us). C. I. L. X r 6977.
This is clearly set forth in the following, from a Spanish inscription :
[ 7V]ophhnus, C(olonorum) C(oloniae) P(atriciae) ser(vus), [e]mptu
Gerinanianus. C. I. L. II. 2229.
1 See Mommsen, Hermes, III., p. 70.
100 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
I
Names of Freedmen.
The status of the freedman in early days was similar to that of
the slave, hence his name differs at first but little from the name
of the latter. In the early period the freedman received the nomen
of his patron, but selected his praenomen, which might be his early
servile name,
Cratea Caecilius M- l(ibertus). C. I. L. I. 840.
His former state was indicated by the word servus following the
genitive case of his patron's praenomen :
C. Sextio(s) V(ibi) s(ervos). Ann. dell' hi. LIT. 1880.
Servio(s) Gabinio(s) T(iti) s(ervos). C. I. L. x. 8054. 7.
In the seventh century of the City (150-50 B.C.), however, a freed-
man received his patron's nomen, a Roman praenomen regularly
that of his master, and used his former slave-name as a cognomen,
while he indicated his former status by the word libertus, abbre-
viated L or LIB.
Thus the form, in many examples, is P. Helvidius P. 1. Hermes,
(C. I. L. VI. 975).
In inscriptions of the earlier part of the seventh century the <<;-
nomina are not always found (Wil. II., p. 404). The cognomen of
the patron, in some instances, took the place of the nomen.
When freedmen were liberated by the emperor, the expression
Aug^isti) l(ibertus) or Caes(aris) n(ostri) l(ibertus) took the place of
the praenomen of the patron.
In special instances a patron, when naming a freedman, might,
out of regard for a friend, name him after that friend, so Cicero
named Dionysius, his son's tutor, M. Pomponius Dionysius. Slaves
freed by women took the nomen of their patroness and the prae-
nomen of her father.
M. Livius Aug(ustae) l(ibertus) Menophilus. C. I. L. VI. 8989.
Livius is from the name Li via ; M(arcus) is from name of Livia's father, M.
Livius Drusus.
A. Postumius Postumiae l(ibertus) Heraclida. C. I. L. VI. 9Sfii.
THE ROMAN NAME 101
The fact that a slave has received his freedom from a woman is
indicated in the inscriptions regularly by an inverted C, thus 0. L
stands for G(aiae) l(ibertus) or l(iberta), i.e. mulieris libertus or
liberta. Other methods of indicating this are the word mulieris
written in full or abbreviated MVL, 1 also M inverted W, 2 or placed
on its side ^, 3 or "WV = MV inverted. 4
Q. Atisius l(ibertus) lucundus. O. L L. V. 8500.
The names of those who have been freed by more than one person
testify to the fact as follows :
a) When the nomen is the same, but the praenomina are different,
the freedman receives the common nomen and the one or the other
of the praenomina.
L. Cocceius C. L. M. l(ibertus) Papa. C. L L. X. 3808.
b) When the nomina are different, and the praenomina as well,
the freedman takes the praenomen and nomen of one, or the prae-
nomen of one and the nomen of the other.
M. Varenus et M. Laitidi libertus. C. I. L. x. 1333.
Q. Caecilius Cn. A. Q. Flamini 1. C. L L. XIV. 2090.
Freedrnen of a colonia or a municipium formed a nomen either out
of the word publicus, since they had been servi publici, or from the
name of the colonia or municipium.
Sextus Publicius Bathyllus. C. L L. x. 1889.
M. Publicius coloniae l(ibertus) Philodamus. C. I. L. X. 4984.
Sex Venafranius coloniae l(ibertus) Primogenius. C. I. L. x. 5012.
Cf. also Pollentius from Pola, C. I. L. V. 83, Veronius from Verona, C. I. L.
V. 3470.
The additional names, which belong to certain towns, supplied
names to the liberti in some instances.
Claudia Suavis colonor(um) lib(erta). Henzen ill. 6399.
Claudius was a cognomen of Lugdunum, where the inscription was found.
Ti. Claudius Municipii Celeian(i) lib(ertus) Favor. >''. T. L. ill. 5227.
This inscription was found at the Municipium Claudium Celeia, Noricum.
1 C. /. L. V. 7017. II. 558, 1449. XII. 4364. 3 V. 7107. * V. 358.
102 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
The freedmen of a collegium obtained names from the profession
of the members of the ruUcyinni as the /'//////<// Ci-nloni! in Urixia,
named from the fabri ccntoniirii, C. I. L. \ . 111'!'.
If the slave possessed two cognomina, these were retained after he
had become a freedman ; cf . the names in -anus referred to above.
Ti. lulius Aug. l(ibertus) Fuscus Cornificianus. Wil. 890.
Naturalized Citizens.
Foreigners who were naturalized, on a similar principle to that
observed in the naming of freedmen, received their names from the
one who obtained for them the right of citizenship, or the one
through whose interposition the favor was granted. 1 This will
account for the Cornelii in Sicily, the lulii in Gaul, the Pompeii in
Spain, and the Claudii and Flavii in the provinces in general. Hence,
under the Empire, the names of the Emperors were used thus, not
only for persons so favored, but for towns which were raised to the
rank of cities.
Foreign kings, allies of the Roman Empire, frequently adopted
names of the emperors, so as to show them respect.
Ti. Claudius Cogidubnus. King of Britain. C. /. L. VII. 11.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
De Cognomine et Aynomine Bomano. F. ELLENDT. Konigsberg, 1853.
Quaestiones Onomatologicae Latinae. AEM. HUBNER. Bonn, 1854. Also
Ephem. Ep., I., pp. 25-92.
Bomische Forschunyen. Article, Die Bomischen Eigennamen. TH. MOMMSEN.
Vol. I. Berlin, 1864.
Das Privatleben der Homer. 2d ed. J. MARQUARDT. Leipzig, 1886.
Coitrs d 1 tfpigraphie Latine. 2d ed. RENE CAGNAT. Paris, 1890.
Handbuch der Klassischen Altertumsieissenschaft. Vol. I. 2d ed. Article,
Bomische EpigrapMk. AEM. HUBNER. Munich, 1892.
Indices of Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.
Indices of Imcriptiones Latinae. Vol. III. ORELLI and HENZEN.
Indices of Exempla Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. II. G. WILMANNS.
1 Ex. C. Valerius Caburus obtained citizenship from C. Valerius Flaccus.
Caes. B. G. I. 47.
THE ROMAN NAME 103
INSCRIPTIONS IN ILLUSTRATION OF THE FORM OF THE
ROMAN NAME*
1. d. m. D. luni D. f. | D. n. D. pron. Attiani Agrippini, | vix.
mens. IIII d. XV, | Probus et Agrippina filio.
C. I. L. XIV. 1204. On a sarcophagus found at Rome. The enumeration
of ancestors in an inscription of so young a child indicates high birth.
For form of sepulchral inscription, see page 235.
2. C. Cuspius C. f. Pansa pater d. v. i. d. | IIII quinq., 1 praef. i. d.,
ex. d. d. 2 lege Petron. 3
C. I, L. X. 858. Inscribed on travertine in the porta of the amphitheatre
at Pompeii. l d(wo) v(ir} i(ure) d(icundo~) q(nartum) quinq(uennalis).
2 ex d(ecreto) d(ecurionum). s Petron^iana) . Momuisen conjectures
the date to be between 63-70 A.D.
3. C. Cuspio C. f. f. 1 Pansae | pontifici, II vir. i. d., ] ex. d. d. pec.
pub.
C. I. L. X. 791. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Pompeii in the forum.
1 f(ilio). For date see preceding inscription.
4. Atilia A. 1. | Lais.
C. I. L. XIV. 3068. On the pedestal'of a cone-shaped monument found at
Praeneste.
5. Aciliae Gavinifae Frestanae | c. q., 1 Cl. Acili Cleobolis [ fil., 1VT.
Acili Faustiui cos. 2 nepti, Acili Gla|brionis bis cos. 3 II vir |
q q. pronep., Tib. Claudi Cleobolis [s]en. 4 cos. | nep.
C I. L. IX. 2334. Inscribed on a large pedestal found at Allifae (Allife)
Samnium. l c(larissimae) p(uellae). ~ 210 A.D. 3 186 A.D. *sen(ior~).
* As the following inscriptions are selected for practice in reading, they are
arranged without consideration of chronology or development. Such arrange-
ment and selection should be made as far as is possible by the student.
104 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
The stem is
M'. Acilius Glabrio cos. H (186 A.D.).
Ti. Claudius Cleoboles sen., cos. M'. Acilius Faustinas cos. (210 A.D.).
Cl. Acilius Cleoboles.
Acilia Gavmia Frestana.
Cl. Acilius Cleoboles had two fathers, one natural, one adoptive.
6. IT. Dojmitio T. f. Vol. Decidio [///] viro capital! | [elect] a
Ti. Claudio Caesare | \_Augus~\to Germanico, qui priiu.u[s]
\_quaes~\im per triennium citra [sortejm praeesset aerario
Saturni, | praetori.
C. I. L. VI. 1403. A fragment discovered at Rome preserved in copy.
Domitius is the father of Domitia Decidiana, wife of lulius Agricola,
Tac. Ag'f. 6. In the year 44 A.D. Claudius intrusted the aerarium to the
quaestors. From this the date of the inscription can be approximately
determined. Note the name Decidius due to adoption.
o^-^vi^v^>. .V ^"i*/
7. M. Livius Aug. 1. Menophilus calc. 1 ollam dat | Liviae Chloe. 2
1. suae.
C. I. L. VI. 3939. Found in the Columbaria of Livia at Rome. l cal-
c(iator). ' 2 Chlo(a)e l(ibertae). The name of the libertus is obtain* >d
from that of M. Livius Drusus, father of Livia.
8. d. m., T. Allio T. f. Profuturo, | vixit ann. VIII | mens. V
dieb. V hor. [7], [T 7 ] Allius | Adinetus et | Aufila lusjta
parentes.
C. I. L. VI. 11484. From Rome. For form of sepulchral inscription see
page 237.
9. L. Valeri Laeti | M. Valeri Vetusti | libertus Verna, | M. Valeri
Vetusti Prima Vernae ux. v. s. 1. m. Saluti, | posita 1 k.
Mart., | Cn. Cornelio Gaetulico j C. Calvisio Sabino cos. 2
C. I. L. II. 2093. On a pedestal found near Granada (Iliberris), Spain.
Verna is libertus of the two Valerii, L. Laetius and M. Vetustus. lie
and his wife Prima, a slave of M. Valerius Vetustus, have thus paid their
vow to Salus. l Sc. statua. ' 2 26 A.D.
THE ROMAN NAME
105
10. dis manibus | T. Flavi Capitolini, | Hermeros Aug. lib. a libel-
lis et | "Flavia Irene [ parentes filio dulcissimo, vi. ann.
VIII m. V.
C. L L. VI. 8614. Found at Rome, but now at Florence.
11. Q. Fulvio Q. | Fulvi Attiani f. Q Fulvi Rustici n. Gal. Carisi-
ano | patrono et | pontifici obmerita, ceiituriae l \ Ores., 2 Man-
ens., | Halos., Erques., | Beres., Arvabores., Isines., Isurgut., j
in locum quern ordo m,. m. 3 ] F. A. decrevit posuerunt d. d. |
. I. L. II. 1064. Inscribed in letters of age of Trajan on a pedestal found
near Arva (AlcolSa del Rio), Spain, now in museum at Sevilla. 1 cen-
turia designates some collegium of owners of property; 2 Omf(z's),
Manens(is), Halos . . . , Erques(is), Beres(is}, Arvabores(is), Isine-
s(t's), Isurgut(ana) are the names of the centuriae. s m(unicipum)
m(unicipii) F(lavii) A(i~vensis}.
12. Sex. Afranius Lautus Sp. 1 f. vix. an. X. mens. VIII | dies
IIII, Afrania Prote mater et Herma pater filio j piissimo.
C. I. L. VI. 11206. Inscribed on a marble urn found at Rome, now in
Castle Pawlowsk, near St. Petersburg. 1 Sp. f. here denotes illegitimacy
of birth.
13. Sp. Carvilius Sp. 1. Eros, | Carvilia Sp. f. Basla fecit | sibi et
suis parentibus, Carvaia Sp. 1. Agathemeris.
C. f. L. VI. 7593. From the Vinea Randaninia on the Via Appia, Rome.
Sp(urius) is here a praenomen.
14. Dama Pup. Agrippae, 1 ^ Manlianus Lucreti, 1 | Anteros Stai
Run, 1 | Princeps Mescini l \ niinistri pagi Aug 2 Fel. suburban. 3 |
primi posierunt, Ti. Claudio Nerone iter. j Cn. Calpurnio
Pisone. cos. 4
C. I. L. X. 924. Found at Pompeii, existing only in copy. l Sc. semis.
~Aug(usti). Pupus Agrippa is Agrippa Postumus, five years of age.
z Fel (ids} suburban(i). 4 747/7.
15. L. Manlius L. f. L. n. Acidinus Fulvian., Q. Fulvius Q. f. M.
n. Flaccus, hei fratres germani fuerunt.
C. /. L. I 2 , p. 25. From the Fasti Capitolini, of the year 575/179. The
first of these brothers was adopted into the Manlian gens.
106 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
16. C. Neratio C. fil. | C. n. C. pron. C. abn. Cor. | Proculo Betitic
Pio Maximilliaiio, quui'stor., II vir. quinq., p. c., 1 namini
divi Hadriani, | curator! operum publ. VenusiAe dato ab divo
Hadrian!, 2 curat. kal. 3 Nolanorifhi dato ab imp. Anton ino
Aug. Pio, | Ephapliroditus et | Conventa lib., 1. d. d. d.
O^f . #"
C. I. L. IX. 1160. Found at Mirabella, near AecftfivuTn 1 ? existing now in
copy. l p(atrono) c(oloniae). 2 Read Hadriano. 3 ka!(endarii*). The
father was C. Betitius C. f. Cor. Pietas (IX. 1132), the mother Neratia
Procilla (IX. 1132).
17. L. Nonius Quintili|anus L. f. Sex. n. C. Sosi | cos. triumphal.
pro nep., | augur, salius Palat. 1 | vix. ann. XXIIII.
C. L L. IX. 4855. Inscribed on a small marble cippus found near Boc-
chignani, between Foruin Novum and Cures, in Sabine territory. Note
the irregular order. C. Sosius triumphed 720/34, was consul 722/32.
1 Palat(inus).
18. T. Aretius T. C. L. 1. | Apiolus Iiml vir | idem Augustalis |
sibi et | Aretiae Modes |tae lib. suae et | T. Aretio Proculo
spurio Modestae | lib. fil., | v. f., | h. 1. s. h. n. s.
C. I. L. V. 2523. Found at Montagnana, now in museum at Ateste (Este).
T. Aretius Proculus is spurius filius of Modesta.
19. menti bonae | d. d. | Surus Tettieni s., | Philonic 1 Marciae s., |
Nicomac. Albi. M. s.
gat***
C. I. L. I. 1168. Found near Celanos, in territory of the Marsi. For form
of epitaph see page 236. 1 Philonic(us) .
"20. Sex. Aemilio Paullo patri, | Aemiliae Q. f. Regillae matri, | Sex. ,
Aemil. Paullino fratri, | T. Aemil. Burro fratri, | C. Aemil. V
Vastus | suis.
C. I. L. XII. 537. Engraved on a cippus found at Aquae Sextiae (Aix),
new in the museum of Aix. It belongs, probably, to 2d century A.D.
21. Antoniae M. f. | Tertullae | Valeriae | Asiniae | Sabinianae.
C'. /. L. X. 6704. On a marble altar found at Antium, Latiura.
THE ROMAN NAME 107
22. [Fa/]eriae Mar|[?'e] Hostiliae Crispinae | Moeciae | Corneliae |
C. Brutti Pra esentis pro cos. uxori, 1. d. d. d.
C. I. L. VIII. 110. Engraved on a pedestal found at Capsa (Gafsa),
Africa' Valeria and Bruttius are the parents of Bruttia Crispina, wife
of Commodus. C. Bruttius Praesens was consul in 153 and 180 A.D.
23. Secunda Bullatia | P. f . filia,
Paulla Bullatia P. f. mater.
Mater de sua pecunia sibi et filiae fecit.
C. I. L. VI. 13661. Found at Rome, now in Villa Albani.
24. M. Briti[tw] Spuri f. miles | de I. 1 VII p., 2 o. h. s. s. |
C. I. L. X. 3884. Found at Capua. 1 l(egione). 2 The name of legion
is unknown. xo. *, *~~~- -M. ^ ~ **y>
25. Sextiae | T. fil. | Asiniae Pollae | M. Noni Arri | Muciani, 1 Col-
leg. | iuvenum Brixiaii. | ob merita.
C. I. L. V. 4355. Found at Brixia (Brescia) in the forum, where it still
exists. l Consul 201 A.D. Sc. uxori.
26. L. Catellia | Dioiiysia | sibi et suis.
C. I. L. IX. 2710. Found at Aesernia, Samnium.
-27. a) Curiatia obit a. d. eid(?) Ap.
6) Fouria | a. d. Ill k. De.
C. I. L. VI. 8253. 8265. On cinerary ollae, from the vineyard near the
church of San Cesareo, Rome.
28. d. m. Gaiae luliae | C. luli Celeris | filiae, vixit | annos XVI
dies II, | C. lulius Flaccus | coniugi pientissimae ac de se
bene merenti item- C. lulius Cejler pater filiae pijentissimae
fece runt.
C. I. L. VIII. 3664. From Lambaesis, Africa.
29. d. m. Ostoriae Spujri filiae Quar|tae, Calpurnia | Ostoria pia
ma[tri piissimae bejne merenti fecit.
C. L L. X. 5947. Found at Anagnia, in Marsian territory.
106
108 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
.".<. d. m. s., Fulvia C. f. Boni|fatia | p. 1 v. a. | XLV, | h. s. e.
C. I. L. VIII. 1595. Found at Must is (Hr. Ain. Gaeliaen) in Africa, 'p(te).
.'I. Maxima Nasia Cn. f. Apolme dat.
C. I. L. IX. 5803. On the upper surface of a cylindrical block of tufa, 18
inches in circumference and diameter, 4 inches high, provided with a
cavity which indicates that it served as a receptacle for money. Found
at Cluentum (Civitanuova) in Picenum. Note the dative in e.
.'!-. a) Curtia Kosci 1 ; b) [^/"]uintoriai M. Opi Albi 1 ; c) Geminia
C. f. Cn. Vatroni uxor ; d) Luscia M. uxor.
C. 7. L. XIV. 3115, 6) 3178, c) 3143, d) 3156. Sepulchral inscriptions of
Praeneste. l Sc. uxori.
33. L. Cocceius L. f- C. Postiuni 1. Auctus arcitect.
C. L L. X. 1014. Inscribed on the wall of an ancient temple at Puteoli.
A freedman of L. Cocceius and C. Postumius.
34. a) Fannia L. f. &) La villa M. f .
C. I. L. XI. 3653, 3663. Sepulchral inscriptions from Caere.
.">r>. L. Caesius L. f. | Cam 1 Bassus | domo Pisauri | vet. leg. VII C.
p. f. 2 an. LIII stip. XXXIII h. s. e., t. f. i., h. p., 3 in. f. p.
VI, in a. p. X.
C. I. L. III. 2014. Found at Salonae in Dalmatia. l Cam(ilia') (tribu*).
2 C(laudiae) p(iac.) f(iddis). a h(ic) situs') e(s), t(itulum) f(ieri)
i(ussit), h(eres) p(osuit).
36. d. m. ; | Fabia Sperata, | Sallustis | Acathocles o cae Rodios |
atois epoesan. 1
C. L L. X. 11. Found at Regium Julium (Reggio di Calabria), Bruttium.
1 6 Kal 'P65ios
37. mur. 1 | Columbus Serenianus XXV 2 j nat. Aediis 3 | hie adqui-
escit, Sperata coniux.
C. I. L. XII. 3325. Inscribed on a column found at Nemausus (Nismes),
now in the museum in the same city. l mur(millo}. ' 2 (pugnarum')
XXV. 3 nat(ione) Aedu(u)s. Note the apex. This is an instance of a
slave possessed of two names.
THE ROMAN NAME
109
38. M. Maecio M. f. Oceano; | Numisiae PL 1 1. [Pjrivatae; C.
Maecio Ingenuo j equiti leg. X. Gem.
C. I- L. XII. 4304. Inscribed on a large stone serving as a support for
cinerary urns, found near Narbonne, where it still exists. J m(ulieris').
39. a) Camelia; 6) Opia; c) Roscia.
C. /. L. XIV. 3083, 3197, 3227. Sepulchral inscriptions of Fraeneste.
40. Mercuric Aug. 1 sacrum, L. Cordius C. f. Pap. | Thevestinus |
v. s. 1. a. 2
C. 7. L. VIII. 10644. Found at Theveste in Africa. J Aug(usto~). 2 v(otum)
s(olvit) l(ibens) a(nimo).
41. Tatilius Priscianus | Rufinus | matri | piissimae et unici
exempli.
C. I. L. XII. 2464. On a tablet found at Gre"sy-sur-Aix, Gallia Narbonensis.
The letters are of "the first cerftury A.D. For names ending in -amis, see
page 99.
42. C. Suestidius M. f. | Ani. 1 Frege., 2 : Pola Suestidia sor[or] sep.
C. I. L. XIV. 3453. From Treba Augusta (Trevi nel Lazio), Latium.
1 Ani(ensi tribu}. 2 Perhaps Fregenae in Etruria is referred tp.
43. bono j eventui, leg. I. Ital. M. Maesius Geminus Bononia
p. p. | d. d. 2 M[am] 3 et Rufo. 4
C. I. L. III. 6223. Inscribed on a pedestal of uncertain origin, assigned to
Moesia Inferior. 1 p(rirmts') p(ilus). - d(omim~) d{edit} . 3 31[am(ertino')].
4 182 A.D. Note abl. case of noun denoting the domus.
44. d. m. s., j T. Aelius Aug. lib. Libycus adiut. . tabul. ab men. 1 |
Thisiduensi 2 vix. arm. LXX VIII, h. s. e.
C. L L. VIII. 13188. Found at Carthage. 1 The officer is adiutor tabulan
ab mensa Thisidtiensi. ' 2 Of Thisiduo, a town in Africa.
45. d. m., | M. Naevio Pri|migenio do|mo Naristo 1 ann LXXV;
fili|a Creusa pajrenti pientissimo et Naevia con|iunx posuerjunt
et ceteri sui.
C. I. L. III. 4500. Found near Carnuntum, Pannonia Superior. 1 ex
Naristis, cf. Dio, LXXI. 21.
HO LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
46. M. Holconio M. f. Kufo, N. Curtio Vibio Salasso quinq. 1
C. I. L. IV. 1886. One of the graffiti of Pompeii. ' qninq(ueniialibus).
Ilufus was quinqitennalis in 752/2. Note the second nomen, due prob-
ably to adoption.
47. d. m. s., | L. Rufinius Primus | Italicus | d. 1 Reginerisis | arm.
XXXX, | Fabia Campana | uxor | m. m. f., 2 | h. s. e., &. t. t. 1.
C. I. L. II. 1038. Assigned to Regina (Reyna) Baetica, Spain, existing in
a copy. 1 d(omo). *m(arito) m(onumentum) f(ecif).
48. Festo Serviai l \ Eutactiano, | amicus | merenti.
C. I. L. X. 4134. Found near Capua, now in museum at Naples. 1 Sc.
servo. For slave names in -amis see page 99.
49. L. Valerius M. f. Ouf. Giddo, 1 | L. Calpurnius M. 1. Menophil. |
Valerianus, 2 | Valeria L. 1. Truphera.
C. L L. VI. 28021. Found at Rome on -the Via Appia, near the Porta
Capena, where it still exists. The letters belong to the period of Augustus.
1 Name of patronus. 2 Freedman of father of the patronus, named by
him from some L. Calpurnius.
50. dis manibus sac., | Calamus | Ti. Claudii Caesaris | Augusti Ger-
manici 1 \ Parnphilianus | vilicus ex horreis Lollianis | ex. d. d.,
d. s. d. d.
C. I. L VI. 4226. Found at Rome in the Columbaria of Livia, now in
the Capitoline Museum. 1 Sc. servus.
51. L. Ampudius | L. et 0. 1. Philomusus | modi. 1
C. L L. VI. 11595. From Rome, existing in copy. ] modi(us') 1 or modi-
(arms), regarded as a signum.
52. d. m. | L. Taurini Aure"li | civi | Eleusensi 1 | ann6r. XXIII, |
parentes.
C. I. L. XII. 3361. Inscribed in letters of the second century A.D., on a
cippns found at Neinausus (Nismes), where it still exists. l cm(s)
Eleusensify.
53. Q. Publicio Tergest 1 | 1. Felici, Septu|mia Sp. f. Sexta | Q. Pub-
licius Felijcis 1. Ingenuus | v. f.
G. L L. V. 628. Found at Trieste, existing now in a copy. 1 Tergest (inorum).
THE ROMAN NAME 111
54. C. Petroiiius C. f. | harispex | Crispinia natus. 1
C. I. L. I. 1351. On an urn of travertine, now in the Museum at Florence.
1 This form is found where Etruscan influence prevailed, see p. 97.
55. d. m. | Tertii Pompei | Materni j civis Rei., 1 j lulia Artieill. 2 |
marito optimo | et sibi viva | posuit.
C. I. L. XII. 3360. Found at Nemausus (Nismes), existing in copy.
1 Bei(ensis). ' 2 Articill(a).
56. d. m., | Terentia | Lucidae | iiepos | lucundujla v. a. XXVI | h. s.
e., | C. lulius Mar|tialis coniu.
C. T. L. VIII. 7804. Found at Cirta, later Constantina, in the Province of
Numidia, Africa, where it still exists in the museum.
57. Q. Fabius Q. f. Quirina Fabianus Ilurconen|sis idem Patrici-
en|sis ann. XXXXIII pius | in suis h. s. e., s. t. t. 1.
C. I. L. II. 1200. Found at Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain, where it still exists in
the museum.
>^
58. Sex. Venafrani | col. 1. Primogeni j sibi et suis, | Q. Venafranio
col. 1. | Felici sibi et suis | in fron. p. XII, in agro p. XII. 1
C. I. L. X. 5012. Found at Venafrum, where it still exists.
59. Luciae | Vitelliae | q. 1 et Senecill. ] L. Vitelli Materni | V 2 leg.
X Geminae fil, | [$] empronius Stella, [V l]eg. X Geniinae, | con-
iugi piissimae et castissimae.
C. I. L. V. 950. Found at Aq'uileia, now at Verona. l quae. 2 centurionis.
60. d. m. | Pupi Paterni | fil., 1 | Paternus pater.
C.I. L. XII. 1659. From Lucus August! (Luc-en-Diois), Gallia Narbonensis,
existing in copy. 1 fil(ii).
61. d. m., | Aurelio Fe|lici Aug. lib | qui vixit annis V diebus
XXXIII horis VIIII, M. Aur. | Caricus Aug. lib. filijo dul-
cissimo bene | merenti fecit.
C. I. L. VI. 7778. On a marble cippus from the Vinea Randaninia on the
Via Appia.
112 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
62. Nieomacus Saf. 1 L. s., | Paapia Atiedi L. s., | Dorot. 2 Tettien.
[T 7 .] s., menti bonae j basim don. dant.
C. I. L. IX. 3910. Found near Alba Fucens, near Lake Fucinus, in terri-
tory of Marsi. ' Unknown women, perhaps Saf(ini). 2 Durutheus.
63. Q. Caesius Q. P. 1. Setus, j Bacis | Caesiai. 1
C. I. L. IX. 4251. Found at Arniternum, in the Sabine territory. 1 Bac(ch~)is
Caesiai (liberta ?).
64. d. in. | Aeliae luliae Celsae, | Aelius Feli|cianus et Va'ria
Emerita | filia[e] fecer.
C. L L. XII. 191. Found at Antipolis, Gallia Narbonensis, existing in copy.
65. Valeriae Atticae | signo Amantiae, | L Tertinius Sextus | coniugi
et s. a. d. 1
C. I. L. XII. 2021. Inscribed in letters of the first or second century A.D.
upon a sarcophagus found at Vienna (Vienne)^ where it exists to-day
in the museum, d. m. are also engraved, one on each side of the
inscription. l sub ascia dedicavit, see inscription no. 285, p. 2-2.
66. Nicenis Pupae, | P. Alfi P. 1. Dionysi Duiliae L. 1. Apiclae |
delicium vixit annos I sexs.
C. I. L. X. 5500. From a sepulchral urn of Aquinum preserved only in a
copy.
67. d. m. s., | Stabirjia Monjnica qu i et Gus|ura vix. | annis XXV
me. | V. d. IV.
C. I. L. VIII. 4406. Inscribed on an altar found atSeriana, in the province
of Numidia, where it still exists.
68. Fl. Anthus Maximia|nus in fas. 1 dulcis|simus vix | annis XVI
mens. Ill | dieb. XVIIII.
C. /. L. X. 2420. Inscribed on a marble urn found near Puteoli, existing
in copy. 1 infa(n)s.
THE ROMAN NAME 113
69. Martialis C. 6li Primi, 1 | M.' Salarius Crocus | Primigenius C.
6li. Primi | min. Fortunae Aug., 2 | iussii Q. Postumi Modesti
C. Vibi Secundi | d. v. i. d., 3 | C. Memmi luniani Q. Brutti
Balbi aedil., | \_L. Z>]uvid P. Clodid cos. 4
C. I. L. X. 826. Found at Pompeii, now in Museum at Naples. l Sc.
servus. 2 min(istri) Fortunae Auyustae. 3 d(iio}v(irorum)i(ure)
d(ictmdo). 4 A.D. 56. Note the apex.
70. d. m. | Aeliae Priscianae, | vix. aim. 1 V mens. II d. II, | P. Aelius
Prisons et 1 Manlia Cleopatra | filiae dulcissimae.
C. I. L. VI. 10957. From Rome. 1 aw(os) or ann(is).
71. M. Pinari P. 1. | Marpor.
C. I. L. I. 1076. Found at Rome on the Via Latina. Note Marpor from
Marci puer.
72. d. m. s., T. lulio Mauro sive Ruzerati, 1 | v. a. XVIII, h. s.,
lulius Bassus 7 leg. XXII Prim. 2 liberto optimo.
C. L L. VIII. 2888. Found at Lambaesis, in Numidia. l Ruzeratis is
a signum. 2 Prim(igeniae).
73. d. m., | Pomponis l \ Crescenti, | Rheno, Danuvio | nepotibus | et
Euphrate patri eorum, filio homini | simplicissimo, Pomp. |
Rhenus pater fecit | qui me non merentem | procupaverunt. 2
C. I. L. X. 2872. Found at Naples, existing now only in copy. l Pom-
ponius Crescens, Pomponius Ithenus, Pomponius Danuvius are the
grandsons. 2 For praeoccupaverunt.
74. regem Ti. lul. Sau|romaten ami|cum imp. popujli q. R. prae-
stanjtissimum, C. I. F. S., 1 [e]x d. d.
C. I. L. III. 783. Inscribed on a column upon which a bust formerly stood,
found in the town of Kertsch (Panticapaeum), Moesia Inferior, preserved
to-day at Odessa. l C(olonia} I(ulia) F(elix) S(inope') ; cf. C. I. Gr.
2123 /JaeriX^a jSaariXewv n^yav TO[) 7ra]in-dj fioffiropov Tiptpiov > Ioi^Xto['
Zaupo/^Jdrijc, vlbv j3a<7iX^ws 'Pr;(rKoi;7ro'/3t[5os]. He reigned from 92 to
124 A.D.
LAT. INSCRIP. 8
CHAPTER V
NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS
THE names of the emperors, as they occur in the inscriptions,
deserve special and individual mention, for although in general plan
they are similar to the ordinary Roman name, yet they differ in
certain marked respects, mainly in the use of titles as additional
elements, and in the adoption of some of these titles as fixed parts
of the imperial name.
The following names of emperors taken from inscriptions will
illustrate the various forms which they assume :
Augustus. C. I. L. III. 6070. 749/5.
IMPerator CAESAR DIVI Filius AVGustus COnSul XM TRibunicia
POTestate XVIII PONTIFEX MAXIMVS
Tiberius. C. I. L. III. 2972, A.D. 17.
Tiberius CAESAR DIVI | AVGVSTI Filius . AVGVSTVS | PONTifex MAXimus
IMPerator TRIB|unicia POTESTate XVIII COnSul DESIGnatus TERTium
Claudius. C. L L. III. 6024, A.D. 47-8.
Tiberius CLAVDIVS CAESAR | AVGustus GERMAN ICus PONT| ifex MAXIMVS
TRIBunicia POTESTate - VM | COnSul *V IMPerator XV Pater Patriae
CENSOR.
Domitian. C. I. L. III. Diploma XIII, A.D. 86.
IMP CAESAR DIVI VESPASIANI F DOMITIANVS |
AVGVSTVS GERMANICUS PONTIFEX MA |
XIMVS TRIBVNIC POTESTAT V IMP XT CENSOR |
PERPETVVS COS XlT P P
114
NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS 115
Hadrian. C. I. L. III. 5733, A.D. 132.
IMP CAESAR DIVI | TRAIANI PARTHCI F . |
DIVI . NERVAE NEPOS | TRAIANVS HADRIANVS |
AVG PONtF MAX TRB | POT XVI COS III P . P . PROCOS .
We will now consider each of the elements found in these names.
I. Imperator. IMP
A distinction must carefully be made between the use of this word
as a praenomen and as a title of honor. It regularly appears in
both uses in the same inscription.
The original title imperator of republican days was conferred by
acclamation upon a victorious general. This the Dictator Caesar
assumed continually during the latter part of his life, and it became
virtually a cognomen of his name. 1 In 714/40 Octavius rejected
his former praenomen Gaius and substituted IMPerator. Neverthe-
less the use of the word as an honorary title was still continued,
and hence it appears again in the latter part of the name. Tiberius,
Gaius, and Claudius did not use the word as a praenomen, but Nero
renewed the custom, employing it at times, while his successors used
it regularly. In some instances, especially among later emperors,
-the word imperator (IMP) occurs in company with the ordinary
praenomen.
Imp. T. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus.
In the names of Vitellius the word imperator frequently occurs
among the cognomina.
II. Nomen.
It will be noticed that in the names of the early emperors, with
the exception of Claudius, Nero, and Vitellius, the nomen is omitted.
This custom continues in use until after the time of Hadrian, when
the ordinary form is resumed.
Imp. T. Aelius Caesar Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius.
C. I. L. ill. 3007.
1 Mommsen, Staatsr. II. 767, note 1.
116 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
III. Caesar, C, CAES (Kcuo-ap).
This word was the inherited cognomen of the Julian family, and
indicated its patrician origin. It belonged, by inheritance, to all
the agnati of Caesar, but, at the death of Gaius Caligula, was trans-
ferred l to the Claudian family, and became the distinguishing mark
of the reigning house, being used, not only by the emperor, but by
the sons and grandsons. From the time of Hadrian the name was
restricted to the emperor and his designated successor. It was
placed immediately after the praenomen or women, if the latter were
given, a position, however, which was not steadily maintained, as at
a later period Caesar is found even at the end of the name. 2
IV. The next element is that which indicates descent. If the
father were a deified emperor, his name was marked by the addition
of the adjective divus. The name of Augustus contains the formula
divif(ilius) inasmuch as Caesar was the first to receive apotheosis.
V. Coynomina.
The names of the Flavian emperors, as well as of those succeed-
ing them, show the insertion after the designation of ancestry, or
after the word Caesar, if the former is omitted, of certain personal
names, cognomina, such as Vespasianus, Domitianus, Nerva, Traianus,
Verus, Severus, Pertinax.
VI. Augustus, A, AV, AVG (Se/3aoros).
The last word in the name of the emperor, strictly speaking, is
the honorary title Augustus. It was conferred upon Octavianus by
the Senate, Jan. 16, 727/27.
Being really honorary, and implying that a person was sacred and
deserving of reverence, it was "not legally an heirloom. 3 Neverthe-
less it was adopted by the successors 4 of Augustus after it had been
1 The last descendant of Augustus on the throne was Nero, but he belonged
to the cognati, not to Augustus' own family. Momm. Staatsr. II. 770.
2 Index C. I. Z,., vol. III.
8 Mommsen, Staatsr. II. p. 773, note 3.
* Vitellius at first refused the title. Tac. Hist. II. 90.
NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS H7
decreed by the Senate, and became a name associated strictly with,
the principate, for it was held by no one but the reigning emperor
until the middle of the second century, when it appears as a cognomen
with the united names of Marcus Aurelius and L. Verus, indicating
that both had a share in the imperial power. After this time the
title was conferred upon other members of the imperial family, and a
participation iu the powers of the emperor was thus implied. The
abbreviation AVGG indicated two Augusti, AVGGG, three.
From the latter part of the second century the word Augustus is
preceded by additional honorary surnames, such as Pius Felix, 1 Pius
Felix Invictus, 2 while, from the beginning of the fourth century, it is
strengthened by the use of perpetuus, semper, victor ac triumphator
semper. Thus, also, the title optimus was conferred upon Trajan. 3
The word Augustus really completed the name of the emperor,
nevertheless there were added in certain instances cognomina, such
as cognomina ex virtute, either inherited, as in the case of Gaius,
Claudius, and Nero, who obtained the title Germanicus from Drusus,
or received, because of some victory, as in the use of the same word
Germanicus in the names of Vitellius, Nerva, and Trajan. Other
cognomina of this kind are : Dacicus, Parthicus as belonging to
Trajan, Armeniacus, Medictis, Sarmaticus as belonging to Marcus
Aurelius. These surnames are of great importance in determining
the date of an inscription. 4
TITLES OF EMPERORS
These are given in the order .in which they are generally found.
I. Pontifex Maximus. P M or PONT -MAX (apxtepevs /xe'yto-ros).
This title indicated that the emperor, as the president of the
collegium of pontiffs, was supreme in all matters of religion. It was
assumed by Augustus after the death of Lepidus, and was thereafter
held by the emperor, who was always chief pontiff. It regularly
occupied the first place.
1 From the time of Commodus.
2 From time of Septimius Severus on coins, from Caracalla in inscriptions.
3 C. L L. II. 2054. * See page 123.
118 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
II. Tribunicia Potestate, or Tribuniciae Potestatis, TRIB P, POT,
PT (numeral) (8i//*apxiK?s
This formula, derived from the early tribunus, represented the
supreme civil control, and formed the distinctive title of the princi-
pate. Augustus, in 731/23, laid aside the consulate and added its
character as an annual office to the tribunician power which had
already been conferred upon him for life. Tribunicia Potestate, fol-
lowed by the numeral of iteration, indicated both a perpetual and an
annual magistracy, for it was conferred, without limit, and yet
served to indicate the length of the emperor's reign by measuring it
off in tribunician years. 1
The form is regularly the ablative case followed by a numeral
used adverbially, indicating years of tenure. At times the genitive
case is found, perhaps from Greek influence.
The position of this title, in time of Augustus, is, without excep-
tion, after the consulate, and generally after the title imperator.
From Tiberius the tribunicia potestate assumes the position after
;he PON ..MAX.
III. Imperator, IM, IMP, IMPER (numeral)
This is the acclamatio imperatoria, and must be distinguished from
the praenomen imperator referred to above.
Under the Empire this title was conferred upon the princeps,
either because of a victory won by himself or under his auspices.
The number of the imperial salutation was increased by one on the
occasion of each victory.
Upon the first victory the title was imperator II., not imperator
primum, for the first salutation was given at the time of the
assumption of power. The position, 2 in the time of Augustus and
Tiberius, is generally after the consulate, so COS IMP TR P,
and where the tribunicia potestate stands directly after the consulate,
imperator follows that also, so COS TR P IMP. In the inscrip-
1 This difficult subject of the tribunician year is treated by Mommsen, Staatsr.
II. p. 796, and Stobbe, Philologus, XXXII. (1873), p. 1-91. See also, pp. 123 ff.
2 Mommsen, Staatsr. II., p. 784.
NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS H9
tions of the City relating to Augustus, however, it stands, as a
rule, at the head of the titular list, so IMP COS TR P.
From the time of Claudius, imperator comes after tribunicia potestate
and before the consulate. Caracalla is the last emperor whose monu-
ments regularly give the imperial salutations. They appear after
this time only in the inscriptions of certain emperors, as Gordian,
Gallien, Diocletian.
IV. Consul, COS (numeral)
As a result of the treatment of the consulship by Caesar and
Augustus, it became a matter entirely within the control of the
emperor whether he himself should be consul or permit the office to
go to some other of senatorial rank. Thus an emperor could be
repeatedly elected to the consulship, and this is indicated by the
numeral of iteration placed after the title. The office was held by
the emperor at pleasure, and so might be laid aside, after a month or
two, in favor of consules suffecti. The election of the emperor to the
consulship took place at various times in the year preceding the
year of office. The emperor, as consul elect, was designated by the
title COS DESIGN (vTraros aTT-oSeSay/At'vos) followed by a numeral
one greater than that of his last consulship. The position of this
title, consul or consul designates, was at first before the tribunicia
potestate, where it vied with imperator for first place. In time of
Tiberius it gave way to the tribunicia potestate, and from the time of
Claudius it gave way to imperator, and took generally the fourth place.
V. Censor, CEN, CENS, CES
This title was held only by Claudius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian.
The last named received the title censor perpetuus. 1 Its position
varied, since it stood at times before, and again after the consulate.
VI. Pater Patriae, P P (irar^p Tr
This title had been conferred by acclamation upon Cicero and
Julius Caesar, and was accepted by Augustus at the request of all
the senate, knights, and people (Mon. Ancyr. VI. 35).
i C. I. L. II. 4721.
120 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
A similar honor was conferred upon other emperors some time
after their assumption of power, but was in several instances
declined, 1 as in the case of Tiberius, 2 Nero, Vespasian, and Hadrian.
It must be remembered that this is simply an honorary title, indi-
cating no official power. Pertinax was the first emperor to receive
it upon entrance to office.
Its position in the time of Augustus is either at the beginning or
at the end of the list of titles. From Augustus to Titus it stood, as
a rule, before the consulate, but from Domitian it followed the con-
sulate, and might conclude the list.
VII. Proconsifl, PROCOS or PROC (dvfluVaTos).
Although the proconsulare imperium was as important as the
tribunicia potestas, yet it was not represented by its own title until
the close of the first century. In all probability the word imperator,
which had become a part of the name, supplied its place, and hence
an additional title was not given in the official list. In the time of
Trajan, proconsul is assumed as a title when the emperor is out of
Italy, and it appears with this restriction until the third century.
In the diploma of Trajan (A.D. 116), where it first appears, it is
placed before the consulate. In the time of Hadrian it ends the
titular list, and regularly occupies this position from that time on.
TITLES OF MEMBERS OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY
Among the titles that were borne by members of the imperial
family, the following are of most importance :
Caesar.
After the adoption of M. Annius Verus (Marcus Aurelius) by the
Emperor Hadrian, this title, which had been borne by members of
the families of Julius Caesar and Augustus, and afterwards by the
reigning emperors and their sons and grandsons, came to designate
1 Mommsen, Staatsr. II., p. 779, notes.
2 Tacitus, Ann. I. 72; II. 87.
NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS 121
the heir to the throne, and so was conferred upon the monarch and
his successor as well.
From the time of the Emperor Geta (209-212 A.D.) the word
Caesar was accompanied by nobilissimus, and later, as in the name
of Galerius Maximianus, by perpetuus nobilissimus, and, as in the
name of Constantius, by nobilissimus ac jlorentissimus or beatissimus
ac felix.
Princeps luventutis, PR IV, I WEN (jrpoKpiros T^S VCOTT;TO?).
At the instance of Augustus, this title was conferred by the
knights 1 upon his grandsons Gains Caesar and Lucius Caesar,
whom he had adopted. It indicated the entrance of the young men
to the equestrian order.
Although it was afterward conferred upon other princes of the
reigning house who did not sit in the senate, it belonged, naturally
and originally, to the heir to the throne.
Augusta.
This title was first conferred upon Livia by the will of Augustus,
and probably implied a share in the governing power, though any
purpose of this kind was thwarted by Tiberius. It was next offered
as an honorary title to Antonia, the grandmother of Gains, but was
refused. Agrippina, the last wife of Claudius, accepted it, probably
with the purpose of sharing in political power. 2 After the political
meaning was lost, it became merely the most exalted title for females
of the imperial household. After Domitian it became customary
to confer this name upon the wife of the reigning prince.
Nevertheless, it was conferred as a title of honor upon other rela-
tives of the emperor, as upon the mother, Julia Soaemias, and
grandmother, Julia Maesa, of Elagabalus, and upon Claudia, the
1 Mon. Ancyr. III. 5, equites Romani universi principem iuventiitis ntrumque
eorum (Gains and Lucius) parmis et hastis argenteis donatum appellaverunt.
Cf. Tacitus, Ann. I. 3, 2.
2 Tacitus, Ann. XII. 26.
122 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
daughter of Nero, and upon Marciana, the sister of Trajan. It was
at first conferred by the senate at the suggestion of the emperor, but
afterwards the senate took the initiative.
Tacitus (Ann. I. 14) tells us that an attempt was made to confer
upon Livia the title parens or mater patriae, but the proposition
came to naught through the opposition of Tiberius. Nevertheless,
coins of African and Spanish colonies are in existence, giving to
Augusta the title mater patriae and genetrix orbis. 1
In like manner the wife of Marcus Aurelius, the younger Faustina,
is called mater castrorum. From this time similar titles were not
rarely given to women, so the wife of Severus, the mother of Cara-
calla, Julia Domna, was given the title mater castrorum et senatus et
patriae, so Julia Mammaea is styled mater castrorum et senatus et
patriae et universi generis humani, C. L L. II. 3413.
Erasures and Substitutions.
In many inscriptions it is evident that names of certain persons
have been erased, while in others the names of other persons, or
substitutions of a varied character, have taken the place of what has
been obliterated. The erasures are due to a decree of the senate
abolishing the memory of the emperor or member of the imperial
family. The names of Caligula, Nero, Domitian, Commodus,
Albinus, Geta, Macrinus, Elagabalus, Severus Alexander, Maximus,
etc., are thus erased; also of Valeria Messalina wife of Claudius,
Julia Agrippina mother of Nero, Fulvia Plautilla wife of Cara-
calla, P. Fulvius Plautianus father of Fulvia Plautilla, Julia
Soaemias mother of Elagabalus, and others. 2
i Eckhel. Doct. Num. VI. 164-156 ; VII. 196.
a See page 411.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 123
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS
THE DATING OF IMPERIAL INSCRIPTIONS
While the official method of recording dates in Rome was always
by the names of the eponymous consuls of the year, another method
grew up under the changes brought about by the assumption of
imperial power by Augustus and his successors. Its basis was the
tribnnicia ^>otestas. In inscriptions in which the name and titles of
the emperor occur the indication by a numeral of the annual renewal
of the tribuniciaii power affords a means of determining the date,
and, with the aid of certain other elements of the name, it is often
possible to decide, not only upon the year, but upon the month, or
part of the month, as well.
The principal elements by which the date may be determined are :
(a) the tribunician 'renewal,' (6) the imperial salutations, (c) the
number of the consulate, and (d) the assumption of such titles,
or cognomina, as P(afer) P(atriae), P(ontifex) M(axhmts), CENS(or),
PERTINAX, OPTIMVS, GERMANICVS, SARMATICVS, etc. The
method to be employed, in connection with the table below, may
be illustrated by examples :
(1)
t\ I. L. II. 4721.
IMPERATOR CAESAR | DtVl - VESPASIANI F | DOMITIANVS AVG |
GERMANICVS PONTIFEX | MAXSVMVS TRIBVNICIAE | POTESTATIS
Vim IMP XXI | COS XV CENSOR | PERPETWS | P P, etc.
(a) TRIBVNICIAE POTESTATIS VMT. By reference to the table, p. 130, this
is found to be September 13, 90.
(6) IMP. XXI, received, as the table shows, during 89.
(c) COS. XV, January 1, 90-91.
(d) GERMANICVS in 84; CENSOR PERPETWS in 85..
124
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
By the examination of these dates, we find that the inscription
was set up between January 1 (COS. XV) and September 13 (TR
P VTTTJ), in the year A.D. 90.
(2)
(7. /. L. XIV. 106 : A fragmentary inscription of Lucius Verus.
I, aurel
10 VERO AV
g. armen.
parthi
CO MAX ME
dico
im-p. i
V COS II DES
Hi procos
(a) TR. P. (wanting).
(6) [IMP. I]V supplied from the data given.
(c) COS. IT. DES. [!M]. A.D. 166 (for Verus was COS.
(d) PARTHICO MAX. 165; MEDICO 166.
Hence the inscription dates A.D. 166.
in 167.
AUGUSTUS (B.C. 23-A.D. 14)
C. Octavius ; after his adoption, C. lulius Caesar Octavianus. He is designated
on the monuments, IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVG.
Augur, in 717/37 at the latest.
XV Vir Sacris Faciundis, between 717/37 and 720/34.
Augustus, on January 16, 727/27.
VII Vir Epulonum, before 738/16.
Augustus received the Tribunician Power on June 27, 731/23, and renewed
it each year in the same month and day. Therefore his- Tribunician dates
extend from TRIB. POT., commencing June 27, 731/23, to TRIB. POT. XXXVII,
commencing June 27, A.D. 14.
He was invested with the consulship ten times, and was saluted imperator
eight times, before his accession. The subsequent consular and imperial dates
are as follows :
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 125
731/23 January 1. COS XT
734/20 IMP VUTT
739/15 IMP X
741/13 January 1 Tiberius COS
742/12 IMP-XT P(ater) P(aJriae)
743/11 IMP XII
745/9 IMP Xfff Tiberius IMP
746/8 IMP XTTfl Tiberius IMP If
747/7 January 1 Tiberius COS M
748/6 Tiberius TR P
749/5 January 1. COS XN
752/2 January 1. COS XTTT PONT MAX
A.D. 2 IMP XV
" 6 IMP XVII, (XVIII) Tiberius IMP III, (III!)
" 9 IMP XWTf Tiberius IMP V
"11 IMP XX Tiberius IMP VI
"14 IMP -XXI Tiberius IMP- VI]
" 14 August 19. Death of Augustus.
TIBERIUS (14-37)
Ti. Claudius Nero ; after his adoption : Ti. lulius Caesar ; designated in inscrip-
tions: Tl CAESAR AVG.
He received the Tribunician Power on June 27, 748/6, during the reign of
Augustus, and renewed it always on that month and day ; but whereas his
TRIB POT V fell on June 27, 752/2, he did not receive his TRIB POT VI
until June 27, A.D. 4. In reckoning his Tribunician dates, therefore, one must
remember that TRIB POT V covers the years from June 27, 752/2, to June 27,
A.D. 4 ; and for any higher number, deduct two from the Tribunician date,
which will give the date Anno Domini. Thus, TRIB POT XXX = A.D. 28-29.
A.D. 14 August 19. Princeps.
" 15 March 10. PONT MAX
" 18 January 1. COS FlT
IMP VTTT
" 21 January 1. COS TTTI
" 31 January 1. COS V
" 37 March 16. Death of Tiberius.
126 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
CALIGULA (37-41)
C. lulius Caesar; designated on the monuments: C CAESAR GERMANICVS
(Caligula is a nickname.)
He received the TRIB POT at his accession, March 18, 37, and renewed it on
the same month and day of 38, 39, and 40.
A.D. 37 March 18. IMP . PONT MAX
" 37 July 1. COS Claudius COS
" 38 January. P(ater') P(atriae)
" 39 January 1. COS IT
" 40 January 1. COS TIT
" 41 January 1. COS TTfl
" 41 January 24. Death of Caligula. .
CLAUDIUS I. (41-54)
Ti. Claudius Nero Drusus Germanicus ; designated on the monuments : Tl
CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS
Claudius received the TRIB POT on January 25, 41, and renewed it regularly
on that date ; so that at his death, October 13, 54, lie was in the course of his
TRIB POT XTTTT
He took the name Britannicus after his victories in Britain, but the title
seldom appears on the monuments.
A.D. 41 January 25. IMP PONT . MAX
IMP- IT
" 42 January 1. COS IT
January 5. P(ater) P(atriae)
IMP- TIT
" 43 January 1. COS FlT
IMP IV, V
" 44 IMP-VTIT
" 45 before January 25. COS DESIG HIT 1
IMP VTTTT, X, XT
1 Although Claudius did not enter upon his COS TTTT until 47, he is called
COS DESIG Illl on inscriptions of 45, and already before January 25, of this
year. (Cf. C. I. L. V. 3326, Verona : TRIB POTEST TUT, COS UT, DESIGNATO
Illl ; and see Momms. Staatsr. L, p. 587.)
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 127
A.D. 46 IMP-XTT
" 47 January 1. COS-TTTT
CENSOR (DESIGNATVS), 1 IMP XfflT, XV
" 48 . CENSOR, IMP- XVI
" 49 IMP- XVII, XVIII
" 50 IMP XXI Nero adopted.
" 51 January 1. COS V
IMP XXII, XXlTTT
" 52 IMP.XWU
" 54 October 13. Death of Claudius.
NERO (54-69)
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; after his adoption : Ti. Claudius Drusus Germanicus
Caesar; designated on the monuments, at first: NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR
AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS, and afterwards (65) : IMP NERO . CLAVDIVS
CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS
The tribunician dates of Nero are very difficult to determine, for the inscrip-
tions show seeming contradictions. The whole matter may best be simplified as
follows' 2 : Nero ascended the throne October 13, 54, and his TR P was renewed
on that date each year until 59, when he appears to have adopted a new system.
It is supposed that he shortened his TR P VI, and thereafter counted the years
of his tribunician power from December 10 (the old date under the Republic),
or December 4 (on which the comitia tribunidae potestatis were held). It is
impossible to decide which, for the inscriptions suit both. His TR P VI began,
under the old system, on October 13, 59, coinciding with COS JTT, DES FIJI, I M P VI ;
but on December 10 (or 4) of the same year 59, he took TR P- VII, and renewed
the tribunician dates regularly on that day ; so that at his death, June 9, 68, he
was in the course of his TR P XV
1 Cf. a /. L. IX. 5959 : TR P VM, CENSOR DESIGNAT, and C. I. L. V. 8002 :
TR P VI ' CENSOR
2 This is the theory of Mommsen (Staatsr. II., p. 798, note). The difficulty is
that it conflicts with certain coins (Eckhel VI. 264, Cohen No. 29, 30, Argelati
p. 93), which have TR P VI, COS Mil, and that it makes necessary the
assumption of a TR P XV, of which there is apparently no evidence. Stobbe's
theory (Philologus, XXXII., 1873, pp. 23 sq.), that the tribunician dates of Nero
begin always on Dec. 4, similarly conflicts with C. I. L. III., p. 845, and VI. 2042,
which have TR . P VII, IMP VN, COS Till
128 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
A.D. 64 October 13. IMP PONT MAX
" 55 January 1. COS
" 65 (late in the year) P(ater) P(atriae').
" 57 January 1. COS fl
67 IMP HI, fill, V
" 58 January 1. COS ill"
" 58 IMP- VI
" 60 January 1. COS Till
" 60 IMP.Vll
" 61 IMP- VIII, Vllll
" 65 IMP-XT
" 66 IMP XTT
" 68 (in course of year) COS V
" 68 June 9. Death of Nero.
GALBA (June 9, 68-Jaimary 15, 69)
Ser. Sulpicius Galba; designated on the monuments: SER GALBA IMPERATOR
CAESAR, or IMP SER SVLPICIVS GALBA CAESAR AVG
OTHO (January 15-April 17 (?), 69)
M. Salvius Otho ; designated on the monuments : IMP M OTHO CAESAR AVG
VITELLIUS (January 2-December 20 (?), 69)
A. Vitellius ; designated on the monuments : IMP A VITELLIVS CAESAR, or
A VITELLIVS . IMPERATOR GERMANICVS, or VITELLIVS GERM IMP
A.D. 68 June 9. Galba, IMP CAES AVG P M TR P
" 69 January 1. Galba, COS M
"69 " 2. Vitellius declared IMP by the army in Germany.
" 69 " 15. Death of Galba ; Otho, IMP CAES AVG TR P
"69 " 30. Otho, COS
" 69 March 9. Otho, PONT MAX
" 69 April 17. Death of Otho.
" 69 " 19. Vitellius, IMP CAES GERM COS PERP
" 69 July 1. Vespasian declared I M P by the soldiers at Alexandria.
" 69 December 20. Death of Vitellius.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 129
VESPASIAN (69-79)
T. Flavius Vespasianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP CAESAR VESPASI-
ANVS AVG, or IMP VESPASIANVS CAESAR . AVG
Although not legally emperor until December 20, 69, Vespasian counted the
years of his reign from July 1, 69, when he was proclaimed emperor by the
soldiers. His TR P was renewed each year on this day. On July 1, 71, Titus
was made his associate in the empire, and their tribunician dates run parallel,
Titus being always two years behind his father. Vespasian, at his death, was in
the course of his TR P X, and Titus in the course of his TR P VIII
VESPASIAN.
TITUS.
DOMITIAN.
A.D.
69 Dec. 20
IMP-CAES-AVG-PONT-MAX-P-P
IMP . IT
70 Jan. 1
cos- IT
IMP . V
COS
71 Jan. 1
cos- In
IMP . Vl
ro^
July 1
72 Jan. 1
IMP vm
cos-mi
IMP-CAES-PONT-TR-P
COS TT
73 Jan. 1
Julyl
74 Jan. 1
IMP VIIII,X
CENSOR
COS- V
IMP . xl YTT xin Xllll
IMP Ill, Mil, V
CENSOR
COS- Ml
cos IT
75 Jan. 1
cos- vi
cos- fm
IMP X
76 Jan. 1
cos- vff
COS- V
IMP XVII XVIII
IMP XI
77 Jan. 1
cos- vm
COS- VI
IMP XVI III
COS V
78
IMP XX
IMP xTil
79 Jan. 1
June 23
cos- vim
Death of Vespasian.
COS- VM
IMP xim, xv
LAX. INSCRIP. 9
130 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
TITUS (79-81)
T. Flavius Vespasianus; designated on the monuments: IMP TITVS (or T)
CAESAR VESPASI ANVS AVG , and I M P-TITVS (or T) VESPASI ANVS CAESAR AVG
For the tribunician years of Titus, see above, under Vespasian.
A.D. 79 July 23. Sole Emperor, AVG PONT MAX
" 80 January 1. COS VUI Domitian, COS V7l
IMP XVT, XVlT
" 81 September 13. Death of Titus.
DOMITIAN (81-96)
T. Flavius Domitianus ; designated on the monuments: IMP CAESAR DOMITI-
ANVS AVG ; more rarely IMP DOM ITI ANVS CAESAR AVG
The tribunician dates of Domitian are regular, from the day of his accession,
September 13, 81 (TR - P), to his death on September 18, 96.
A.D,
11
,81
82
September 13.
January 1.
IMP-
COS-
AVG PONT MAX P P
vm
IMP .
Ti . FM
II
83
January
1.
1 IVI 1 *
cos.
ii " III
vTiTJ
IMP-
V
ti
84
January
1.
COS-
X
fiFRKj
IAKIIPV^ . IMP . vTf
M
85
January
1.
vj L_ r\ iv
COS-
IMINIx^VO 1 IY1 I " 11
XI
IMP
Will TV
(After September 5).
1 Ivl r TIM, i/\
CENSOR PERPETVVS IMP XI
i<
86
January
1.
COS-
XII
IMP
xil, xTTi, xTm
u
87
January
1.
COS-
xrn
(i
88
January
1.
COS-
xim
IMP-
XV, XVI
ti
89
IMP-
XVII, XVIII, XVIIII, XX, XXI
ii
90
January
1.
COS-
XV
ii
92
January
1.
COS-
XVI
IMP-
XXM
it
95
January
1.
COS-
xvTf
ii
96
September 18.
Death of Domitian.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 131
NERVA (96-98)
M. Cocceius Nerva ; designated on the monuments : IMP NERVA CAESAR AVG,
or IMP CAESAR NERVA AVG
The dates of the monuments of Nerva's short reign are not always in accord.
His TR P extends from September 18, 96, to September 18, 97, when he
received TR P II. From a few inscriptions it seems that a TR P TIT was
reckoned from December 10 of the same year, 97. The majority of inscriptions
fail to compute this TR P III, and carry his TR P II down to his death,
joining it with COS III! (98). Those in which TR P ill figures unite it with
COS -III (97), or COS -INI (98). For convenience the tribunician dates are
here included in the table.
A.U. 96 September 18. IMP- CAES-AVG- PONT- MAX- TR P- P(ater) . P(atriae)
" 97 January 1. COS UI
IMP .IT
September 18. TR P M
October 27. Trajan, CAES IMP TR P
GERMANICVS " GERMANICVS
(December 10. TR P Ml)
" 98 -January 1. COS ffiT " COS M
January 25. Death of Nerva.
TRAJAN (98-117)
M. Ulpius Traianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP -CAESAR- NERVA -TRA-
IANVS AVGVSTVS
With Trajan the custom of computing the tribunician years from December
10 becomes general. Invested with the tribunician power by Nerva on October
27, 97, he counted his TR P M from December 10, 97, or September 18, 98 1 ;
and his TR P Ml on December 10, 98, after which the tribunician year began
regularly on this day.
A.D. 98 January 25. AVG PONT MAX
P(ater) ?(atriae)
" 100 January 1. COS Til
" 101 January 1. COS J7Tl
IMP ll, Ml, MM
1 The former the date of the comitia tribuniciae potestatis ; the latter the
date from which Nerva counted his tribunician years. Probably the latter.
132
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
102 (late in the year)
103 January 1.
104
105
112 January 1.
114
115
116 (between April and August)
117 August 11 (?)
D AC I CVS
COS- V
(IMP . V)
IMP- VT
COS- VT
OPTIMVS (as cognomen) . IMP VH
IMP vm, vTm
IMP- X, XJ
PARTHICVS
IMP- Xll, Xfil
Death of Trajan.
HADRIAX (117-138)
P. Aelius Hadrianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS
HADRIANVS AVG
Hadrian received the TR P at the death of Trajan. He counted his TR P II
from December 10, 117, and the renewal occurred each year on that day.
In 136 he adopted L. Ceionius Commodus Verus as his successor, under the
name L AELIVS VERVS CAESAR ; but Aelius died in 138.
A.D. 117 August 11 (?). IMP-CAES-AVG-PONT.MAX-TR-P-[P(ater)-P(ariae)]
OPTIMVS, GERMANICVS, DACICVS
" 118 January 1. COS TT
" 119 January 1. COS HI
" 122 (IMP.VD 1
" 128 April 21 (?) P(ater) ?(atriae).
" 135 IMP U
" 136 January 1.
137 January 1.
138 January 1.
February 25.
July 10.
Aelius, COS
CAES TR P PONT
" COS FT
Death of Aelius.
Antoninus, CAES TR P IMP
Death of Hadrian.
1 Found on C. I. L. II. 2014 (Baetica), but certainly a mistake.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 133
T. Aurelius Fnlvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus; after his adoption: T. Aelius
Hadrianus Antoninus Pius ; designated on the monuments: IMP CAESAR
T AELIVS HADRIANVS ANTONINVS . AVG PIVS
He received the TR P on February 25, 138, renewed it (TR P Tl) on
December 10 of the same year, and thereafter regularly on that day. He died
in the course of his TR P XXI 1 1 1.
On February 25, 147, he adopted as his successor M. Annius Verus Catilius
Severus, under the name M AELIVS AVRELIVS VERVS. M. Aurelius received
the TR P, which he renewed regularly on December 10, so that, at the death of
Pius, Aurelius was in the course of his TR P XV.
ANTONINUS Pius.
M. AUKELIUS.
L. VERUS.
A.D. 138 February 25
IMP CAES AVG TR P
- July 10
PONT MAX
" 139 January 1
COS H
(IMP \\ 1 )P(ater)'P(atrtae)
CAES
" 140 January 1
cos- m
COS
" 141
IMP IT 2
" 145 January 1
cos- Im
COS- II
" 147 February 25
PONT TR P
CAES
" 154 January 1
COS
" 161 January 1
COS- Ml
cos -IT
March 7
Death of Antoninus Pius.
MARCUS AURELIUS (161-180). Lucius VERUS (161-169)
For the names of M. Aurelius before his accession, and for his tribunician dates,
see under Antoninus Pius. He is styled on the monuments : IMP CAESAR
M AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVG
Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus reigned jointly. The latter was L. Ceionius
Commodus, son of L. Aelius Caesar (see p. 132), known after 136, when his
father was adopted by Hadrian, as L. Ceionius Aelius Aurelius Commodus, and
1 According to the coins.
2 According to inscriptions.
134
LATTX INSCRIPTIONS
after 147, when he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, as L. Aelius Aurelius Corn-
modus. After he was given a share in the imperium by his brother Marcus
Aurelius, he received the cognomen Verus. He is styled on the monuments:
IMP CAESAR L AVRELIVS VERVS. He received theJR P on March 7, 101 ;
his TR P II began December 10, 161, his TR P III a year from that day,
and so on regularly.
For the names and iribunician dates of Commodus, see below.
M. AlTRELIUS.
L. VERUS.
COMMODUS.
A.D.
161 March 7
IMP - AVG P . M
IMP-AVG-P-M-TR-P
163
IMP . M
ARMENIACVS IMP fl
IfU
1 IVI I II
ARMFKIIAPV 6 ;
165
MtAlVI L_ 1 N 1 H \^ Y o
IMP- m
PARTH MAX i. IMP- III
166
PARTH MAX 1 MEDICVS
MEDICVS IMP JTiT
CAES
IMP-NTT
167 Jan. 1
P(ater) P(atriae) '
COS- ITT
P(ater') - P(atriae) ]
168
IMP V
IMP-V
169 Middle of
Death of Verus
winter
IMP . \7f
172
1 IVI I VI
fiFRMANIirV^ 1
GFRMANirV^
VjL.r\IVIMIll\^YO
IMP . VlT
xaL-rxiviMiii^T^j
176
1 IVI r VII
SARMATICVS IMP VJM
SARMATICVS
176 Nov. 27
IMP-TR - P
177 Jan. 1
COS
IMP- VlTTT
IMP-fT-AVG-P-P
178
IMP- III
179 Jan. 1
COS- IT
IMP-X
180
IMP- UTl
March 17
Death of M. Aurelius
1 A title formally bestowed this year, but found on earlier inscriptions and coins.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 135
COMMODUS (176-192)
L. Aurelius Commodus ; variously designated on the monuments : L AELIVS
AVRELIVS COMMODVS at the beginning of his reign; then L AVRELIVS
COMMODVS until late in 180 ; then, as sole emperor, M . AVRELIVS COMMO-
DVS- ANTON I NVS until 191 ; and lastly again L-AELIVS-AVRELIVS-COMMODVS
His TR P extends from November 27 to December 10, 176 ; and yearly
thereafter. See under Marcus Aurelius.
A.U. 180 March 17. Sole Emperor.
" 181 January 1. COS TlT
" 182 IMP -V
" 183 January 1. COS TTTT
IMP VI . PIVS . PONT MAX
" 184 IMP Vll . BRITANNICVS
" 185 FELIX
" 186 January 1. COS V
IMP . VTTT
" 190 January 1. COS VI
" 192 January 1. COS VTT Pertinax, COS M
December 31. Death of Commodus.
PERTINAX (193)
P. Helvius Pertinax; designated on the monuments: IMP CAES P HELVIVS
PERTINAX AVG
A.D. 193 January 1. IMP CAES AVG PONT . MAX TR . P P . P
March 28. Death of Pertinax.
JULIANUS (193)
(Designated, on coins only: IMP CAES M DIDIVS SEVERVS . IVLIANVS AVG
He reigned from March 28 to June 1, 193).
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS * (193-211). CAKACALLA (198-217). GET A
(209-212)
L. Septimius Severus ; styled on the monuments : IMP CAESAR L SEPTIMIVS
SEVERVS AVG
1 Usurpers like Clodius Albinus and Pescennius Niger are omitted, as being
of no epigraphical importance.
136
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
TR P, June 1 to December 10, 193 ; TR P II, December 10, 193-194, etc.
On June 2, 198, Septimius Bassianus (Caracalla) was made joint emperor, under
the name IMP CAESAR M AVRELIVS 1 (SEVERVS) . ANTONJNVS AVG. His
TR P extends from June 2 to December 10, 198; TR P II, December 10,
198-199, etc.
In 209 (day uncertain) P. Septimius Geta also received the TR P. He is styled
on the monuments : IMP CAESAR P SEPTIMIVS GETA AVG. His TR P ll
extends from December 10, 209-210, and is renewed regularly.
SEVERUS.
CARACALLA.
GKTA.
A.D.
193 June 1
IMP CAES - AVG PONT . MAX
"
PERTINAX P(ater) P(atriae)
IMP -TT
194 Jan. 1
COS- IT
IMP . ITT MTT P(ater) P(aMae)
195
PIVS . (PARTHICVS), ARABICVS
(PARTHICVS) - ADIABENICVS
IMP V, VT, VN
190
IMP . VMl
CAES
197 -
IMP . VTTTT, X
PONTIFEX
198 -
PARTHICVS- MAXIMVS IMP-XJ . (XTT)
IMP-AVG-TR-P
CAES
201
piwc cpi IY PAR
r 1 VO r CLIA- rRn-
THICVS-MAXIMVS
202 Jan. 1
COS- Ml
COS
205 Jan. 1
COS- IT
COS
207
IMP FT
208 Jan. 1
I (VI r II
cos nr
COS-M
IMP-XTT
?(ater}-?(atnae)
.
09
RRITANNITV^ . IMP . XV~ -
AVfi . TR . P
DiAl 1 H 1 1 M 1 \^ V O * llVIr AV
M v \j I r\ * r
PIVS
10
RRITANKIirV^ . MAXIMVS
RRITANMIPV^
BRITANNICVS
211 Feb. 14
D r\ 1 1 MMINIV^VO * IVIMAI1Y1VO
Death of Severus
D r\ 1 I HI* ll\^VO
1 The name is often spelt AVRELLIVS in inscriptions.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 137
CAKACALLA (198-217). GETA (209-212)
For the names and tribunician dates of Caracalla and Geta, see above, under
Septimius Severus.
CARACALLA.
GETA.
A.D. 211 Feb. 14
" 212 Feb. 27
" 213 Jan. 1
214
" 217 April 8
PONT MAX BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS
COS Mil
GERMANICVS (MAXIMVS)
IMP III INVICTVS
IMP TTTT
Death of Caracalla
Death of Geta
MACRINUS (217-218)
M. Opellius Macrjnus; styled on the monuments: IMP CAES M OPELLIVS
SEVERVS MACRINVS P F . AVG
M. Opellius Diadumenianus, his son ; styled on the monuments: M OPELLIVS
ANTONINVS- DIADVMENIANVS- NOBILISSIMVS-CAES TR P, April 11, 217, to
early January, 218 (?) ; TR P IT to June 8, 218.
A.D. 217 April 11. IMP CAES AVG PONT MAX P(ater) ?(atriae)
(Diadumenianus, CAES)
" 218 January 1. COS
(Diadumenianus, (IMP) AVG)
June 8. Death of Macrinus and Diadumenianus.
ELAGABALUS (218-222)
Varius Avitus Bassianus l ; styled on the monuments : IMP CAES M AVRELIVS
ANTONINVS -P.P. (INVICTVS) AVG
TR. P. 218; TR. P- TT.219; TR P Ml, 220 ; TR P Mil, 221 ; TR-P-V.222. 2
1 Elagabalus, a nickname given to him as priest of the Syrian sun-god El
Gabal.
2 The exact date of renewal is uncertain.
138 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
A.D. 218 May 16. IMP . CAES AVG . PONT- MAX COS P(ater) ?(atriae)
" 219 January 1. COS IT
" 220 January 1. COS . Ml
" 221 Severus Alexander, CAES PONTIF
" 222 January 1. COS IJTT Severus Alexander, COS
March 11. Death of Elagabalus.
SEVERUS ALEXANDER (222-235)
Alexianus Bassianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP CAES M AVRELIVS
SEVERVS ALEXANDER P F AVG
His TR P beginning March 11, 222, seems to have been renewed each year
early in January.
A.D. 222 March 11. IMP AVG PONT MAX TR P P(ater) P(atriae)
" 226 January 1. COS IT
" 229 January 1. COS TR
" 235 January, February, or March, Death of Severus Alexander.
MAXIMINUS (235-238)
Styled on the monuments: IMP CAES C IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS P F
(INVICTVS) AVG
The tribunician dates of Maximinus are for convenience included in the table.
His son, as Caesar, appears on the monuments as C IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMVS
NOBILISSIMVS CAESAR
Maximinus being declared an outlaw by the senate in 238, the following
emperors ruled, and fell in rapid succession :
I Gordianus I: IMP-CAES- M-ANTONIVS-GORDIANVS-AFRICANVS-AVG
I.Gordianus II: IMP-CAES- M-ANTONIVS-GORDIANVS-AFRICANVS-AVG
| Balbinus: IMP CAES- D CAELIVS-CALVINVS-BALBINVS-P- F- AVG
IPupieniusi Maximus : IMP- CAES- M-CLODIVS-PVPIENIVS-MAXIMVS-P.F- AVG
i Spelled PVPIENVS on coins.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 139
A.D. 235 Jan., Feb., or March. Maximinus, IMP CAES AVG - P M TR P P- P
Maximus, CAES
" 236 January 1. " COS
January 16 (?) " TR P M
[ GERM- MAX,
" jSARM-MAX,
I DAC MAX
IMP Ml, MM
" TR P TIT
" IMP V, VI Maximus, GERM . MAX,
SARM - MAX,
DAC MAX
" TR P Mil
IMP VTI
Gordianus I., IMP CAES AVG P M TR P - P P
Gordianus II., IMP . CAES AVG TR P PONT
" 237 January 16 (?)
" 238 January 16 (?)
" 238 February.
March.
Death of Gordianus I and II.
Balbinus, IMP CAES AVG P M
TR.P-P.P
Pupienius, IMP CAES AVG P M "
TR-P-P.P
Middle of May. Death of Maximinus and Maximus.
June. Death of Balbinus and Pupienius.
Gordianus III., CAES
AVG
TR-P
GORDIANUS III. (238-244)
Designated on the monuments : IMP CAES M ANTONIVS GORDIANVS P F
(INVICTVS) AVG
He seems to have renewed the TR P early in January ; the date is uncertain.
A.D. 238 Middle of June (?) IMP PONT MAX P(ater) P(a*nae)
" 239 January 1. COS
" 240 IMP IT, Ml
" 241 January 1. COS IT
" 242 IMP VI
" 244 February or March. Death of Gordianus III.
140
LATIN INSCIM1TIOXS
PHILIPPUS (244-249)
The elder Philippus appears on the monuments as IMP CAES M IVLIVS
PHILIPPVS P F . (INVICTVS) AVG. His son is called IMP CAES M IVLIVS
(SEVERVS) PHILIPPVS P F AVG (FILIVS). The elder Philippus received the
TR P in March, 244, and renewed it early in January (?) each year. For his
son there are two methods of counting the TR P : (1) as coinciding with that
of his father, (2) as commencing in 247, when he became joint emperor. Both
methods are employed in the inscriptions.
PHILIP THE ELDER.
PHILIP THE YorxcKit.
A.D.
244 March (?)
245 January 1
246 August (?)
247 January 1
248 January 1
249 Sept. or Oct.
IMP- CAES- AVG PONT- MAX
P(ater) ?(atnae)
PARTHICVS MAXIMVS, PERSI-
CVS MAXIMVS
COS
COS- 17
COS Ill
GERMANICVS. MAXIMVS, CARPI-
CVS- MAXIMVS
Death of Philippus and his son
NOBILISSIMVS CAES
AVG
COS
IMP- CAES. AVG- PONT- MAX
P(ater) ?(atriae)
cos- IT
GERMANICVS CARPICVS
DECIUS (249-251)
IMP CAES C MESSIVS QVINTVS -'TRAIANVS DECIVS P F- (INVICTVS) AVG
f Q- HERENNIVS ETRVSCVS MESSIVS DECIVS- NOBILISSIMVS CAES
His sons \
I C-VALENS-HOSTILIANVS- MESSIVS- QVINTVS- NOBILISSIMVS-CAES
There are two methods of counting the tribunician dates of Decius : (1) from
248, when he was saluted emperor by the troops, (2) from the death of Philippus,
September or October, 249. Both methods are found in inscriptions. The sons
received the TR P in 250. The date of renewal for this reign was January 1.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 141
DECIUS.
HERENNIUS ETRTISCUS.
HOSTILIANUS.
A.D.
249 Oct. (?)
IMP.CAES-AVG.P.M-P-P
250 Jan. 1
COS II
CAES
CAES
251 Jan. 1
cos m
COS
nAnrv^ MAXIMV^
AVfi
Nov.
Death of Decius
Death of Herennius
AVG
Dec.
Death of Hosti-
lianus
TREBONIANUS GALLUS (251-253)
Styled on the monuments : IMP CAES C VIBIVS TREBONIANVS - GALLVS P-
F. AVG
His son is styled : IMP CAES C VIBIVS AF1NIVS - GALLVS VELDVMNIANVS
VOLVSIANVS P F AVG
The tribunician dates of Gallus and Volusianus are uncertain. TR P is
probably November-December, 251 ; TR P Fl is 252 ; and TR P HIT (instead
of TR P Ml) is 253.
GALLUS.
VOLUSIANPS.
A.D. 251 November (?)
IMP- CAES- AVG- P- M P-P
CAES
December (?)
IMP- AVG- P.M. P-P
" 252 January 1
COS II
COS
" 253 January 1
COS . II
September (?)
Death of Gallus
Death of Volusianus
AEMILIANUS (Summer of 253)
IMP CAES M - AEMILIVS - AEMIUANVS - P - F - INVICTVS AVG
142
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
VALERIANUS (253-259). GALLIENUS (253-268)
IMP CAES P LICINIVS VALERIANVS . P F (INVICTVS) . AVG
His son Gallienus, who shared the empire, is styled IMP CAES P LICINIVS
(EGNATIVS) . GALLIENVS P F (INVICTVS) AVG
The tribunician dates are the same for both ; TR P, September to December
10 (?), 253 ; TR P IT, December 10 (?), 253-254 ; TR P JIT, December 10 (?),
254-255, etc.
VALERIANUS.
GALLIENUS.
A.D.
263 Sept. (?)
254 Jan. 1
255 Jan. 1
256
267 Jan. 1
259
IMP- CAES- AVG- PONT- MAX
P-P
COS-Tl
IMP VfT
COS IN"
GERMANICVS MAXIMVS
COS MM
Capture of Valerianus by Sapor
IMP CAES AVG PONT MAX
P P
COS
COS M
GERMANICVS- MAXIMVS,DACICVS
MAXIMVS
IMP-TTT
cos- in
GALLIENUS (253-268). POSTUMUS, Emperor in Gaul (258-267)
For the name and tribunician dates of Gallienus, who died in the middle oi
March, 268, see under Valerianus. Postumus was never recognized as emperor
at Rome, but reigned in Gaul, where he formed a senate and government of 1m
own, and assumed the consulship at pleasure. He is styled on the monuments :
IMP . CAES M CASSIANIVS LATINIVS POSTVMVS P . F (INVICTVS) AVG
We know nothing of the tribunician dates of Postumus, which can be assigned
only to years as follows : TR P = 258, TR P II = 269, TR P flT = 260 ; and
so on until TR P X = 267.
Victorinus, who reigned with Postumus in Gaul (266-267), is called IMP CAES
M PIAVONIVS VICTORINVS P F (INVICTVS) - AVG
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 143
GALLIENUS.
POSTUMUS.
A.D,
268
259
260
261 January 1
362 January 1
264 January 1
265
Sole emperor (at Rome)
COS- III!
IMP -X
COS- V
COS- Vl
COS . Vil
IMP- CAES- AVG.P.M-TR.P
COS-P-P
COS- IT
cos . m
GERMANICVS MAXIMVS
COS FiTI Victorinus, TR P
Victorinus, TR P IT
COS V Victorinus, TR P ITT
CLAUDIUS II (268-270). TETKIC us, Emperor in Gaul (268-273)
Gallienus at Rome was succeeded by Claudius, who is styled on the monu-
ments : IMP CAES M AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS P F . (INVICTVS) AVG
In Gaul, Tetricus and his son succeeded Postumus ; both appear on the
monuments as IMP CAES C PIVS . ESVVIVS TETRICVS P F INVICTVS AVG
The tribunician dates can be classified only by years ; for Claudius, TR P
= 268, TR P . IT = 269, TR P ._llT = 270. (He died before Aug. 20, 270.) For
Tetricus, TR P = 268, TR P M = 269, etc., until TR P VI = 273.
CLAUDIUS.
TETRICUS.
A.D.
268 January
IMP- CAES. AVG- P- M
COS P P
Middle of March
IMP CAES AVG P M P P
269 January 1
COS 1
GERMANICVS MAXIMVS
270
GOTH ICVS M AXI M VS, PARTH ICVS
MAXIMVS
1 Cos II in some inscriptions of Spain and Africa is due to ignorance.
144 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
QUINTILLUS (August, 270)
IMP- CAES- M AVRELIVS-CLAVDIVS-QVINTILLVS- INVICTVS -P- F- AVG, son of
Claudius II., reigned less than a month.
AURELIAN (270-275)
IMP CAES L DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS P F (INVICTVS) . AVG
The chronology of this reign is most uncertain ; inscriptions and coins alike
show the greatest irregularities, especially in the consulates, and are not reliable.
Each inscription must be dated approximately on its own merits, and a table ot
dates is useless. It is supposed that Aurelian became emperor in August, 270.
The tribunician dates are usually roughly assigned as follows : TR P, 270 ;
TR P IT, 271, etc., to TR P V7, 275 ; but this is complicated by the appear-
ance of a TR P VII, which is absolutely inexplicable. According to the Fasti,
Aurelian was COS in 271, COS M in 274, COS Hi in 275. The inscriptions
show the following titles :
GERMANICVS MAXIMVS (270 or 271).
GOTHICVS MAXIMVS (272 ?).
PARTHICVS . MAXIMVS (271 or 272).
ARABICVS . MAXIMVS (271 or 272).
CARPICVS MAXIMVS (271 or 272).
PALMYRENICVS MAXIMVS (272 or 273).
Aurelian died in 275, perhaps in March.
TACITUS (275-276)
IMP CAES M CLAVDIVS TACITVS P F AVG
A.D. 275 September 25. IMP CAES AVG P M TR - P COS DES U P P
" 270 January 1. COS IT
TR P IT GOTHICVS MAXIMVS
April (?) Death of Tacitus.
FLORIANUS (276)
IMP CAES M ANNIVS FLORIANVS - P F INVICTVS AVG
Florianus reigned a few months.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 145
PROBUS (276-282)
IMP CAES M AVRELIVS PROBVS P . F (INVICTVS) AVG
The day on which the TR P was renewed is uncertain ; but it was not Janu-
ary 1. We may approximately call TR P 276, TR P U 277, etc.
A.D. 276 April. IMP CAES AVG P M P P- GOTHICVS
" 277 January 1. COS GERMANICVS (?)
" 278 " " COS . IT
" 279 " " COS Ml
" 281 " " COS MM
" 282 " " COS V
September. Death of Probus.
CARUS AND HIS SONS (282-285)
IMP CAES M AVRELIVS CARVS INVICTVS P F AVG
IMP CAES ..M AVRELIVS CARINVS INVICTVS P F AVG
IMP CAES M AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS P F INVICTVS AVG
CARUS.
CARINUS.
NUMERIANUS.
A.D.
282 Sept. (?)
283 Jan. 1
Dec.
284 Jan. 1
Sept.
285 Jan. or Feb.
IMP-CAES-AVG-P.M
TR.P-P.P
COS -H
PERSICVS- MAX- GER-
MANICVS. MAX
Death of Cams
CAES (?)
COS
AVG TR P
IMP-P. M-P-P
GERM- MAX
COS M
Death of Carinus
CAES (?)
AVG TR P
IMP- P. P
COS
Death of Numerianus
LAT. INSCRJP. 10
146
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN (284-305)
IMP CAES C AVRELIVS VALERIVS DIOCLETIANVS P F - INVICTVS AVG
IMP CAES M AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS P F INVICTVS AVG
FLAVIVS VALERIVS CONSTANTIVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES
GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES
Diocletian received the TR P on September 17, 284, and renewed it regularly
each year (March 1 ? ?) ; at his abdication, May 1, 305, he was in the course of
his TR P XXII. Maximian counted his TR P from 285, so that the renewal
number was always one less than that of Diocletian. 1 The tribunician dates of
the two Caesars are in doubt.
DIOCLETIAN.
MAXIMIAN.
CONSTANTIUS.
(iAI.KRIUS.
A.D.
281 Sept.17
285 Jan. 1
28(5 April 1
287 Jan. 1
288 Jan. 1
289
290 Jan. 1
291 -
292 Jan. 1
Mch. 1
293 Jan. 1
IMP CAES AVG,
etc.
COS -Tl
BRIT- MAX, GERM
MAX
(GERM- MAX- IT?)
COS-lTT
PERS- MAX- GERM
MAX-iUjTll
SARM MAX
cos .TJTT
SARM MAX M
COS V
SARM MAX- lTl(?)
CAES- BRIT-MAX,
GERM -MAX
IMP AVG, etc.
COS
COS -Tf
PERS- MAX- GERM
MAX- Ml, Mil
SARM MAX
COS- Ml
SARM - MAX IT
COS -1111
SARM-MAXTiT(?)
COS
CAES-TR-P(?)
SARM MAX
COS
CAES-TR-P(?)
SARM MAX
1 The TR P of Maximian is counted sometimes from 285, when he became
CAES ; sometimes from 286, when he was made AVG. (See Dessau, No. 617,
note 2.)
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROM AX EMPERORS 147
DIOCLETIAN.
MAMMIAN.
CONSTANTIITS.
GALERIUS.
A.D.
294 -
GERM MAX V
GERM MAX V
GERM MAX
GERM MAX
IMP X
IMP VINI
095
CARP MAX
CARP MAX
CARP MAX
CARP MAX
296 Jan. I
COS- VI
COS- \\
RRIT . MAX
RRIT . MAX
297 Jan. 1
COS- V
LJ 1 \ 1 1 IVIrtA
Dr\l 1 ivt HA
COS IT
MED-MAX-ADIAB
MED-MAX-ADIAB
MED-MAX-ADIAB
MED-MAX-ADIAB
MAX
MAX
MAX
MAX
PERS MAX M
PERS MAX IT
PERS MAX IT
PERS MAX IT
GERM- MAX- VI
GERM-MAX-Vl
299 Jan. 1
COS VTl
COS- VT
SARM MAX iTlT
SARM MAX TTTT
GERM MAX Jl
GERM MAX. M
SARM MAX.Jl
SARM- MAX- Jl
300 Jan. 1
COS ill
cos ."m
301
IMP . XVIII
IMP . XVII
302 Jan. 1
1 IVI \ A V 1 1 1
1 IVI 1 A V I 1
cos- TUT
cos- ml
303 Jan. 1
cos vm
cos vTl
304 Jan. 1
cos vim
cos- vm"
305 Jan. 1
COS- V
COS- V
Mayl
Abdication
Abdication
IMP AVG, etc.
IMP AVG, etc.
148 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
1. [(7. /wZJio Caesari im[_p]., dictat. iteru[m, | ponf]u&ci max[wmo, |
Aug., c]os., patrono mu[?izcipi], d. c.
C. I. L. I. 620 ; IX. 2563. From Bovianum in Samniuui. Caesar was
made dictator iterum in the autumn of 706/48, and entered upon his
third dictatorship on the kalends of Jan. 709/45. These dates form the
limits in the age of the inscription.
2. C. lulio C. f. Caesari | imp., triumviro r. p. c., | patrono, | d. d.
C. I. L. IX. 2142. From the town of S. Agata de' Goti (Saticula) in Sam-
nium. Caesar (Augustus) was made triumvir rei publicae constituendae
by the Lex Titia, Nov. 27, 711/43. He was called imp. Caesar in 714/40.
3. imp. Caesar divi f. Augustus cos. 1 XI, trib. | potestate 2 dedit, |
M. Appuleius Sex. f. leg. | iussu eius fac. curavit.
C. I. L. V. 5027. Found at Tridentum, where it exists to-day in the church
of S. Apollinaris. 1 Determine the date from those of Cos. XI and Cos.
XII given in table, page 125. 2 Tribunida potestate was first counted,
as some (Eckhel) believe, June 27, according to Hirschfeld, June 25,
731/23, according to Mommsen, on the kalends of July, the day on
which he resigned his eleventh consulship, 731/23. The number of
the tribunicia potestate may have been omitted, although this is rare.
4. imp. Caesar divi f. | Augustus | pontifex maximus, | imp. XII,
cos. XI, trib. pot. 1 XIV, | Aegupto in potestatem | popuji Ro-
mani redacta, Soli donum dedit.
C. I. L. VI. 701. At Rome on an obelisk in Piazza del Popolo. A similar
inscription (VI. 702) appears on another obelisk standing in Piazza di
Monte Citorio. These were erected by Augustus in the Campus Martius,
and are described by Pliny, H. N. XXXVI. 71. Determine date from
table, page 125.
5. imp. Caes[ar] divi f. August. | pontif. maximus, cos. XI, | tribu-
nicia potest. XIIII, | ex stipe, quam populus Romanus | k.
lanuariis apsenti ei contulit, 1 lullo Antonio 2 Af ricano Fabio
cos., 3 | Mercurio sacrum.
Bull. Com. 1888, p. 228. On an altar found among the remains of a chapel
on the Esquiline. l Cf. Suet. Aug. 57. Kal. Jan. ittrc^ffm. in Capitolio,
etiam abxenti, ex qua summa pretiosissima deorum simulacra mercatus,
vicatim dedicabat. 2 The son of the Triumvir. 3 744/10.
INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 149
6. imp. Caesari Augusto divi f. | pontufici max., trib. potest. XIIX,
cos. XI, patri patriae, d. d.
C. I. L. II. 2107. On a stone which supports the arch of an Arabian cistern
in Arjona (Urgavo), in Baetica, Spain. This inscription is one of those
in which Augustus was termed pater patriae before the year 752/2, when
the title was formally conferred upon him a senatu popnloqne Romano.
Cf. C. I. L. I. p. 386.
'. imp. Caesari
divi f. Augusto
pontific. niaximo
patri. Patriae, Aug., XV yir s. f ., VII vir. epulon
cos. XIII, imp. XVII, tribunic. potest. XXX *
4
Ti. Caesari
Augusti f .
divi nepot., pont.
cos. [fjter.. 2 imp. ter, augurique 3
tribuniciae pot. VIII [/] -
3
Germanico
lulio [T]i. f.
August! nepot.
divi pron. Caesari 6
T)[ruso lulio Tt] f.
Augusti nepoti
divi pron. Caesari
pontifici 7
1
Neroni lulio
Germanic! [/]
Aug. pronepot.
Caesari
Livia[e]
Drusi f.
uxori Caesaris Aug.
[C.] Caesari
Augusti f.
divi nepot.
pontific., cos.
imperatori 4
8
\_L.~\ Caesari
Augusti f.
divi nepot.
auguri. cos. design. 5
principi inventutis
9
Druso lulio
Germanici f.
Aug. pronepot.
Germanico.
10
Ti Claudio
Drusi Germanici f.
Neroni Germanico
150 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. V. 6416 ; VI. p. XV. These inscriptions of Augustus and his family
were placed beneath their statues, which adorned the triumphal arch at
Ticinum (Pavia). They exist in the MS. of the tenth century, known as
Anonymus Kinsiedlensis of the Abbey of Einsiedeln, and are from a copy
made between 750-850 A.D., by the compiler of the original of the MS.
There appear here inscriptions of Augustus (5), his wife (0), his grandsons,
recently adopted, C. and L. Caesar (7 and 8), of Tiberius (4), adopted
son of Augustus, together with the former's sons (3 and 2) and grand-
sons (1 and 9). Claudius, the brother of Germanicus, is also named
(10). Julia and Agrippa Postutnus do not appear, since at the time
when the arch was completed they were in banishment. l 760-1 (7-8
A.D.). 2 Ti. Nero was adopted by Augustus, June 2(5, 757 (4 A.D.), and
was called Ti. Caesar, and was made the associate of his adoptive father
in the tribunicia potestate at the same time, a title which he had held,
however, for five years. His tribunicia potestate should therefore be
numbered VIIII, and his title of consul should also be numbered iterum,
not ter. 3 The que may be due to error in copying for qu\_indecemviro
./.]. 4 C. Caesar was styled imperator 756 (3 A.D.) at capture of
Artagiri. He probably laid aside his equestrian title princeps inrentutis
when he became consul. 5 L. Caesar died 755 (2 A.D.) as consul desiyna-
tus. 6 Germanicus had not held any office save the quaestorship. He
was adopted by Tiberius 4 A.D. 7 Drusus had not held any office when the
inscription was set up. The date of the completion of the arch is deter-
mined from the tribunicia potestate XXX of Augustus, 7-8 A.D., June
27. Tiberius is here shown by the imperium and tribunicia potestate to
be the successor of Augustus, and the other inscriptions, save that of
Claudius, are of those connected with him regularly or by adoption.
8. lunoni Liviae Augusti sacrum, | L. Passieno Euf o l imperatore |
Africam obtinente, | Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Cor..Rufus | et Maria
C. f. Galla Cn. 2 conservati | vota 1. m. solvont.
Ephem. Ep. V. 640. On a stone set in the wall of a building at El-Lehs, in
the province of Africa. ] Consul 750/4, proconsul of Africa 766 (3 A.D.).
2 Gn(aei) (uxor.).
9. Cereri luliae Augustae divi Augusti, matri | Ti. Caesarig Au-
gusti, | Lutatia C. f. sacerdos Augustae j (imp. perpet.), 1 | uxor |
M. Livi M. | f. Qui. Optati flaminis (i[a]ul. luliae August!
(imp. perpet.), 1 cum V 2 1 liberis s. p. consacravit.
(7. /. L. X. 7501. Found in Insula Gaulus (Gozzo), now Malta, where it
may still be seen. l These words, imp(eratoris) perpet(ui), have been
INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 151
inserted in place of others erased. 2 cum quinque liberis or cum v[iro et]
liberis. Livia is called Ceres, according to Greek custom.
*' ,
10. Ti. Claudius Ti. f. Nero pont, cos. II, [imp J]I, trib. potest. V, | ^*
Nero Claudius Ti. f. Drusus Germ^anicus] augur, c[os], imp.
... | muruni portas turris d. [s. p.] f. c.
C. 7. L. IX. 2443. Found in fragments at Saepinum (Altilia, near Sepino),
in Samnium, where it still exists. In 4 A.D. Tiberius was adopted by
Augustus, and ceased to be called Claudius Nero. Determine the date
from table, page 125.
11. pleps urbana quinque et | triginta tribuum | Druso Caesari Ti.
Aug. f. divi Augusti n. | divi lulii pronepoti | pontifici,
auguri, sodal. Augustal., 1 j cos. iterum, tribunic. potest. iter., 2 1
acre conlato.
C. I. L. VI. 910. One of two marble tablets of same size found at Rome,
near the Tiber, still in existence. a Cf. Tac. Ann. I. 54. 2 Drusus was
consul iterum 21 A.D., received tribunicia potestate in 22 (Tac. Ann. III.
56). This inscription was set up in 23 A.D., just before or just after the
death of Drusus.
12. ossa | Agrippinae M. Agrippae [/] divi Aug. neptis, uxoris |
Germanici Caesaris, | matris C. Caesaris Aug. | Germanici
principis.
(7. /. L. VI. 886. On a large marble urn now in the Palazzo dei Conser-
vator! at Rome. When Caligula, son of Agrippina, became emperor,
37 A.D., he brought the ashes of his mother from the island of Panda-
*eria, and placed them in the mausoleum of Augustus (Suet. Cal. 15).
13. Neroni Caesari | Germanici Caesaris f. | Ti. Caesaris Augusti n. |
divi Augusti pron. | flamini Augustali, | sodali Augustali, |
sodali Titio, fratri Arvali, fetiali, quaestori, | ex s. c.
C. 7. L. VI. 913. Engraved in large letters on a marble tablet found at
Rome, near the amphitheatre of Flavius, now in Capitoline Museum. The
date of the inscription lies between his quaestorship, 27 A.D. (Tac. Ann.
III. 29), and the decree of banishment, 29 A.D. (Tac. Ann. V. 3).
Although Tac. (Ann. III. 29) says t^at he was made pontifex maximus
in 20 A.D., there is no evidence of this in the inscriptions.
152 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
14. C. Caesar Germajnicus Germaiiici | Caesaris f. Ti. Aug. n. | divi
Aug. pron. divi | lull abn. Aug. pat. patr., 1 | cos. II, 2 imp.,
trib. potentate II, 2 pontif. max., j a Baete et Jaiio Augusto |
ad Oceaniuu |
C. I. L. II. 4716. On a milestone found at Cordova (Corduba), Spain, still
in existence. l pat. pair, is in somewhat larger letters, and was probably
a later addition (Hiibner). According to Eckliel, Doct. Num. VI. 22.'!.
Caligula seems to have taken this title in the early months of 38 A.I>.
Dio LIX. 12 relates that he assumed all the honores of former emperors
except this one, which he received somewhat later. 2 Determine these
dates from page 126.
15. [Ti. (7]laudio Drusi f. Caesari Augu[sto | Cr]ermanico pontif.
maximo, tribu[m'c] | potest. 1 Ill, cos. Ill, imp. V, patri
patri[ae, | socii} publici XX libertatis et XXV venal[mra].
C. I. L. VI. 915. Found at Rome, existing only in copy. l See table,
page 12(5. The inscription was set up by the farmers of the two taxes,
vicesima libertatis (5% of the value of a manumitted slave) and quinta
et vicesima venalium mancipiorum.
16. pro salute | Ti. Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanici pout, max., trib.
pot. VTI, 1 cos. im, imp. XV, p. p., censoris / / / / / / / / / /
/ / / / / / / 2 liberorumque / / / / / 2 ex voto suscepto C. lulius
Sex. f. Cor, Postumus, praef. Aegf-pti | Ti.^ Claudi Caesaris
Aug. Germanici, ex auri p. XVI.
C. I. L. VI. 918. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome. l See page
126. 2 Probably the words et Valerias Messalinae Aug. and eoruni have
been erased. According to Tacitus (Ann. XI. 38) the name of Messalina
was erased from public and private monuments.
17. Nero Claudius | divi Claudi f. Germarmanici (?) Cae[s]. | n.
Ti. Caesaris Aug. pro nep. divi AUJ?. abnepos ! Caesar Aug. |
Germanicus pontif. I max., tr. pot. IIII, 1 imp. IIII, cos..| III,
p. p. restituit.
C. I. L. XII. 5471. Inscribed on a milestone of the road leading from
Forum luli to Aquae Sextiae, in Narbonensis. See page 127.
INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 153
18. Nero Claudius Caesar Aug. Germanicus | imp., pont. max., trib.
pot. XI, 1 1 cos. IIII, imp. VIIII, pat. p., | Cn. Domitio Corbu-
lone 2 leg. Aug. pro. pr., T. Aurelio Fulvo 3 leg. Aug., | leg.
Hi Gal. 4
G. I. L. III. Suppl. 6741. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Ziata (Charput),
Armenia Maior, with two others similar to it. 1 See page 127. 2 For the
account of Corbulo's occupation of Armenia, see Tacitus, Ann. XV. 25-26.
8 Aurelius Fulvus, grandfather of Antoninus Pius (Tac!. Hist. I. 79).
4 legione tertia Gallica, or perhaps gen. or nom. forms. The name of
the emperor is injthejianx-case, subject of fecit, to be supplied. Impe-
rator after the cognomina is extraordinary, and probably an error.
19. a) imp. Neroni Claudio divi Claudi f. Germ. | Caesaris n. Ti.
Caesaris Aug. pro n. divi Aug. ab n. Caesari Aug. Germ. p. in.,
tr. pot. XIII, 1 imp. XI, cos. IIII, | L. Titinius L. f. Gal.
Glaucus Lucretianus flam. Romae et Aug., II vir 2 IIII, p. c.,
sepc eq. R., curio, praef. fabr. cos.. 3 tr. mil. leg. XXII Primig.,
praef. pro legato insular. Baliarum, tr. mil. l[e]g. VI Vic-
tricis, ex voto suscepto pro salute imp. Xeronis quod Baliari-
bus voverat anno A. Licinio Nerva cos.,* II viris L. Saufe[i]o |
Vegeto et Q. Aburio Nepote, ub[f] vellejj] poneret, voto com-
pos, posit lovi Iuno[w] | Minervae Felicitati Eomae divo
Augusto.
6) divae Poppaeae Augustae imp. Neronis Caesaris August.,
L. Titinius L. f. Gal. Glaucus Lucretianus | (for the remainder
see a).
C. I. L. XI. 1331. This inscription is on a marble tablet found in the
neighborhood of Luna, now at Rome, in Capitoline Museum. l See page
127. ' 2 duovir quartum, p(atronus) c(oloniae) (Lunensis). 3 praej 'ectus
fabrnm consularis. 4 65 A. D. The colleague of Licinius Nerva, M. Vestinus
Atticus, is not mentioned, because he was killed by command of the empe-
ror during his consulship. Tacitus, Ann. XV. 68, 69. Sueton. Nero 35.
Sergio | Sulpicio | Galbae imp. Caesar.
Ephem. Ep. II. 522. From a portion of a cippus found at Spalato, near
Salonae, in Dalmatia, where it exists in the museum, dating 68-69 A.D.
The diplomata given to veterans of the legio prima Adiittrix show that
the emperor preferred the form Ser. Galba imp. Caesnr Augustus. Note
Sergius for Servius, probably the earliest instance of this spelling.
154 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
21. A. Vitellius L. f. | imperator, | cos. perp.
(7. /. L. VI. 929. The only known inscription relating to Vitellius from
the city of Rome, now existing in a copy. It was originally engraved on
a pedestal which was afterwards hollowed out so as to serve as a sepul-
chral urn. Cf. Suet. Vitellius, 11, ( Vitellius) comitia in decem annos
ordinavit seque perpetuum consulem.
22. imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Aug. | pont. max., tr. pot. Ill, 1 | imp.
IIX, p. p., cos. Ill, des. IIII, | s. c., 2 quod vias urbis | negte-
gentia | superior, tempor. | corruptas injpensa sua restituit.
C. L L. VI. 931. Found at Rome, existing now in copy. l Determine date
from table, page 129. ' 2 s(enatus~) c(onsulto).
23. imp. Caesar Vespasia|nus Aug. ponti[/] max., trib. pot. | VIIII, 1
imp. XIIX, p. p., cos. IIX, design. VIIII ; | imp. 8 T. Caesar
Aug. f. cos. VI, desig. V[II], Domitianus Caesar Aug. f. | cos.
V, desig. VI, 4 vias | a_novo muuierunt | per L. Antonium
Nasonem
proc/ eorum.
C- L L. III. Suppl. 6993. Found at Prusa (Brussa), Bithynia. 1 See page
129. 2 A coin with the head of Vespasian gives the name of the same
procurator (Eckhel, II., p. 404). 8 Note the praenomen imp(erator)
possessed by Titus before having the name Augustus (Mommsen, Wiener
Numism. Zeitschr. III., p. 458 ff., 1871. T. imp. Caes. Aug. f. appears in
another inscription (Arch. Ep. Mitth. V., p. 216) and on some coins. 4 The
date of the sixth consulship of Domitian is uncertain. The coincidence
of three coss. designati is remarkable.
24. senatus populusq. Eomanus | imp. Tito Caesari divi Vespasiani
f. Vespasian[o] Augusto | pontif. max., trib. pot. X, 1 imp.
XVII, [c]os. VIII, 1 p. p. ppincipi suo, | quod praeceptis patr[w]
consiliisq. et auspiciis gentem ludaeorum domuit et urbem
Hierusolymam, omnibus ante | se ducibus regibus gentibus aut
frustra petitam aut | onmino intem[p]tatem, delevit.
C. I. L. VI. 944. From an arch in the Circus Maximus at Rome. It is
preserved in a copy, the original of which was made before the ninth
century, and is given in the Codex Einsiedlensis. J See page 129.
INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS A XI) THEIR FAMILIES 155
25. imperator Caesar | divi Vespasian! f. | Domitianus Aug. | Ger-
manicus, pontifex maxsumus, tribuniciae | potestatis VIIII,
imp. XXI, | cos. XV, censor | perpetuus, p. p., ab area, | imde
JvA ^t $ fy . incip_it_Baetica, | viam Aug. 2 [restitutf] \
C. I. L. II. 4721. A miliarium now at Cordova (Corduba), in Spain. x See
page 130. 2 Augusta via as made by Augustus.
26. Domitiae Cn. f. | Domitiani Caesaris j d. d.
C. I. L. X. 1422. Found at Herculaneum in the theatre, now in museum
at Naples. Domitia'was the daughter of Cn. Domitius Corbulo, and
married Domitian in 70 A.D. The inscription dates between 70 A.D. and
the time of the destruction of the city, 79 A.D.
27. imp. Caesar | Nerva Aug. Germ. | pontif. max., trib. j potest. Ill,
cos. IIII, p. p., | viam a Tripontio ad | Forum Appi ex glaa |
silice sternendam | sua pecunia incohavit ; ] imp. Caes. | Nerva
divi Nerv[ae/] .Trai[a]nus Aug. | Germ. p[o/tf. w]ax., trib.
potest., cos. Ill, p. [j>.], consummavit.
C. I. L. X. 6824. A miliarium of the Via Appia, near Forum Appii,
where it still exists. Determine date from page 131.
28. senatus populusque Eomanus [ imp. Caesari divi Nervae f. Ner-
vae | Traiano Aag. Germ. Dacico pontif. | maximo, trib. pot.
XVII, imp. VI, cos. VI, p. p., | ad declarandum quantae alti-
tudinis | mons et locus tant[/s ope]ribus l sit egestus.
C. I. L. VI. 960. On the pedestal of Trajan's Column in the Forum of
Trajan, in Rome, still in existence. l Another reading is tantis mribus.
Dio, LXVIII. 16. See also Jordan, Topog. L 2, p. 454. Middleton's
Remains of Ancient Home, vol. II. 30 ff .
29. s. p. q. R. | imp. Caesari divi Traiani | Parthici f. divi Nervae
nepoti Traiano Hadriano Aug. pont. | max., tr[i&.] pot. II,
cos. II, | qui primus omnium principum et | solus remittendo
sestertiiun novies | milies centena milia n. debitum fiscis | non ">
praesentes tanturn cives suos sed | et posteros eorum praestitit
hac liberalitate securos.
C. 7. L. VI. 067. From the Forum of Trajan in Rome. The letters were
once formed of bronze set in the stone. Only a small portion exists
156 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
to-day, the remainder being obtained from a copy made before the
ninth century, preserved in the Codex Einsiedlensis.
30. imp. Caes. divi Traiani | Part. f. divi Nervae n. | Traianus
Hadrianus Aug. | pont. max., trib. pot. XX, cos. Ill, p. p., | I.
S. m. r. 1 statuam ex donis aureis | et arg. vetustate corruptis
fieri et consecrari iussit | ex auri p. Ill ~ 2 et arg. p. CCA' I ~
C. I. L. XIV. 2088. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Lanuvium, now
at Rome, in the Capitoline Museum. l lunoni Sospiti matri reginae.
2 ex auri pondo (libris) tribus uncia una.
31. Matidiae | divae Marcianae [yljug. 1 nepti divae | Matidiae
Aug. 2 f . divae | Sabinae Aug. sorori | imp. Ant6nini Aug. Pii |
materterae, 3 bule et civitas | Efesidrum, | c. a. 4 Successo lib. 5
proc.
C. L L. III. Suppl. 7123. Found at Ephesus among the ruins of the temple
of Diana. 1 Sister of Trajan. 2 Mother-in-law of Hadrian. 3 Matidia is
called the aunt of Antoninus, inasmuch as she was the sister of his
adoptive father's wife, Sabina. 4 c(uram) a(gente'). 5 lib(erto) pro-
c(uratore').
32. imp. Caesar divi Hadriani fil. divi Traiani Parthici nep. divi
[Nervae] \ pronepos T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Aug. Pius
pontif. max., trib. potes[. //, cos. II,] 1 \ therm as, in quarum
exstructionem divos pater suus -HS |XXj 2 polli[c#ws erat], \
adiecta pecunia, quanta amplius desiderabatur, item marmori-
bus ad omnem o[iiiatum perfedf].
(7. I. L. XIV. 98. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Ostia, now in the
Vatican Museum. J Mommsen assigns this inscription to 139 A.D., since
there is no room for imp. II, which belongs to Antoninus Pius from 143
A.D., nor p. p., the use of which dates from the middle of 139 A.I>.
2 Sestertium vicies (centena milia). Cf. Minucius Felix, Octavius 4.
33. M. Aurelio Vero | Caesari imp. Cae|saris Titi Aelii Ha|driani
Antoni|ni Aug. Pii p. p. filio, | cos. II, | scaphari qui Komulae |
negotiantur | d. s. p. d. d.
C. I. L. II. 1169. Found at Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain, preserved only in copy.
It was probably set up in company with a similar inscription of Antoninus
Pius, II. 1168, and dates with that in tribunicia potestate VIIII, 146 A.D.
INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 157
34. L. Aelio Aurelio Commodo imperatoris Caesajris T. Aeli
Hadrijani Antonini | Aug. Pii p. p. f., d. d. p. p.
C. I. L. VIII. 00. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at El Djem
(Thysdrus), in Africa. This is the form of the name of Lucius Verus,
afterwards emperor, after his adoption by Antoninus Pius, and before
his brother Marcus Aurelius had conferred upon him the cognomen
Verus and a share in the imperial power.
35. imp_._Ja,es. divi Anjtgnini Pil_fil. divi | Hadrian! nep. di|vi
Traiani Parthi|ci pronep. divi Ner vae abnepoti L^Aurelio
Vero Aug. | Armeniaco pont. maxiino, trib. pot. Ill, pmp. //,
c]os. II, d. d.
C. I. L. X. 17. Found at Locri (Torre di Gerace), Brutium, where it still exists.
36. Concordiae | Augustor. | imp. Caes. M. Aureli Anto|nini Arme-
niac. Medic. Par[thic. maximi p. p. 1 et imp. Caes. L. Aureli
Veri Armeniaci | Medici Parthici maximi p. p., 1 | L. Gargilius
Q. fil. Pap. Augustalis aed. statuam. quam pbjipnorem aed.
super_jgitim_.? ex -H-S IIII mil. j num. pollicitus est, ampli-
[ata~\ pec. 4 anno suo posuit dedicavitq.
C. I. L. VIII. 8:100. Found at Cuicul in Province of Numidia. l Marcus
and Verus appear to have been termed patres patriae in 166 A.D. after
the month of March. - aed(ilitatis)., z legitim(am}. * pec(unia).
37. imp. Caesar M. Aurelius J Antoninus Aug. | Germanicus Sarmat.
et | imp. Caesar L. Aurelius | Commodus Aug. | Germanicus
Sarmatic. hos lapides constitui iusserunt | propter contro-
versias quae inter mercatores et mancipes ortae erant, uti
finem demonstrarent vectigali | foriculari 1 et ansarii | pro-
mercalium secundum | veterem legem semel dum|taxat exi-
gundo.
C. L L. VI. 1016 a. Found at Rome, where it exists to-day in Villa Albani.
A similar inscription, somewhat imperfect, was found near the walls of
the city, back of the Lateran Basilica (Epheni. Ep. IV. 787). Two
others are given in the Einsiedlensis MS., which aro there assigned, the
one to the via Salaria, the other to the via Flaminia, so that it is prob-
able that other stones were placed on other roads about the city. These
stones were set up between 177 A.D. in the year in which Commodus was
158 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
called Augustus, and the year in which Marcus Aurelius died, 180 A.D.
1 fonculari for foriculiari ; nothing is known as to the character of this
tax, but the ansarium-is mentioned in another inscription, VI. 8594,
thus : qxidijuid usnarium (i.e. intended for the use of the purchaser)
invehitur, ansarium non debet. (Dessau.)
38. Faustin[a]e Aug. | imp. Caes. M. Aureli | Antonin[i] Aug. Ger-
niajniei tr. [j>o]t. XXVII, 1 | cos. ![//], p. p., C. Laberiu[s
Qjuartinus cos., VII [in']r epul.
C. I. L. X. 5824. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Ferentinum, a town
of the Hernici, where it exists to-day in the museum.
39. imp. Caes. | M. Aurelius | Commodus 1 | Antoninus | Aug. Pius
Sarm. Germ, maximus | Brittanicus | 2 pont. max., trib. | pot.
VIIII, 3 imp. VI, | cos. IIII, p. p. | pontem Hippi flumi|nis
vetustate cor|ruptum restituit, | sumptum et operafc | submini-
strantibus | Novensibus Delmi|nensibus Riditis, cu|raute et
dedicante | L. lunio Rufino Procu|liano leg. pr. pr.
C. I. L. III. 3202. Found at Trigl in Dalmatia, now in the museum at Spa-
lato. l This word has been partially erased, but is still legible. 2 Com-
modus seems to have been called Britannicus in 184 A.D. (Eckhel VII. 112.)
40. imp. Caes. Lucio Septimio M. fil. Severo Pio Pertinaci Aug.
patri patriae Parthico Arabico et | Parthico Adiabenico ponti-
fic. maximo, tribunic. potest. XI, imp. XI, cos. Ill, procos. et |
imp. Caes. M. Aurelio L. fil. Antonino Aug. Pio Felici tribunic.
potest. VI, cos. procos., (p. p., | optimis fortissimisque principi-
bus), | ob rem publicam restitutam imperiumque populi Romani
propagatum | insignibus virtutibus eorum domi forisque, s. p.
q. K.
C. I. L. VI. 1033. Inscribed on both sides of the famous arch of Severus
hi the Forum Romanum, in large letters, which were originally filled
with bronze. When Caracalla had murdered his brother Geta, he ordered
his name to be erased from all inscriptions, hence the words in angular
brackets have been cut over the erased name P. Septimio L. fil. Ci'tm 1
nobilisx. Caesar i. For date see page 136. It is curious that in a public
inscription the praenomen is written in full ; also that Marcus Aurelius
is not termed divus, and that Parthici maximi does not appear with name
of Severus. (Dessau.)
INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 159
41. imp. Caes. L. Septimio Severe Pio Pertinaci Aug. Arabic. Adia-
benic. Parth. max. fortissimo felicissimo | pontif. max., trib.
potest. XII, imp. XI, cos. Ill, patri patriae, et | imp. Caes. M.
Aurelio Antonino Pio Felici Aug. trib. potest. VII, cos. (Ill,
p. p.,v procos. fortissimo felicissimoque principi) et | luliae
Aug. matri Aug. (11) et castrorum et (senatjus et patriae et)
imp. Caes. M. Aureli Antonini Pii Felicis Aug. (Parthici
maximi Brittannici maximi), | argeiitari et negotiantes boari
huius (loci qui invehent), 1 devoti numini eorum.
C. I. L. VI. 1035. On the Arch of Severus in the Forum Boarium. The
bracketed portions are substitutes for erasures, probably of the follow-
ing: cos. et P. Septimio Getae Qaesari, et luliae Aug. matri Augy. et
castrorum, ft Fulviae Plautillae Aug. imp. Caes. M. Aureli Antonini
Pii Felicis Aug. uxori, filiae P. Fulvii Plautiani. l Substituted for
simply loci.
42. Concordiae | AuggQ/] | dominorum | nn[?i] J | impp. L. Septimi |
Severi et M. Au|reli Antonini (Pi(i) Fel. Aug. Parth. max. |
Brit. max. Ger.) 2 AuggQ/] 1 | et luliae Aug. | L. Licinius Opta-
tia|nus ob honorem | fl. pp. 3 statuas, quas | ex -&S XX m. n.
cum | basib. praeter le|gitim. 4 pollicitus | est, ampliata pec. ex
SS XXXV m. n. | posuit casque J'sportulis decuri | datis et
epul. curi[is, et ludis scae|nicis editis, de|dicavit.
Ephem. Ep. VII. 757. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Timghad (Thamu-
gadi), in Africa. l The third g and third n are erased as referring to .
Geta. 2 Substitution for name of Geta. ' A flamonii perpetui. 4 legitimam
summam, i.e. the amount allowed by law ob honorem flaminii.
43. M. Aurelio Antonino Caesari imperatori destinato * imperatoris
Caes. | L. Septimi Severi Pii Pertinacis Aug. Arabici Adiabe-
nici vindicis et conditoris | Eomanae disciplinae filio divi M.
Antonini Pii Ger. Sarm. nepoti | divi Antonini Pii pronepoti
divi Hadriani abnepoti divi Traiani Paivthici et divi Nervae
adnepoti, decreto decurionum pecunia public., | Q. Anicius
Faustus leg. Augustorum 2 pro praetore patr. col. dedicavit.
Ephem. Ep. VII. 353. Inscribed on a tablet found at Timghad (Thamu-
gadi), in Africa. 1 197 A.D. 2 As Caracalla did not receive the title
Augustus until 198, we would not expect Faustus to be termed legatus
Augustorum in the previous year.
160 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
44. [P. Septimio Getae nobilissimo Caesari Aug.~\ \ imp. Caes. L.
Septimi Sever! | Pii Pertinacis Aug. | Arab. | Adiab. Part. max.
fortissi[mi felicissimi pont. max., | trib. potest. VII, imp. XI,
cos. II, | p. p., procos. f[il] | imp. Caes. M. Aureli Antonini
Aug. | trib. potest. II, procos. \_fratri~\ \ divi M. Antonini Pii
Ger. Sarm. \_nep~\. divi Antonini Pii pr[one/>] | divi Hadriani
&\_bnep.~\ divi Traiajni Part, et divi Nervae a[dnep]. coL Ae t lia
Aurelia Mactaris, d. d. p. p.
Ephzm. Ep. V. 1174. Inscription on a pedestal found at Mactaris in Africa.
The name of Geta and words referring to him have been erased.
45. imp. Caes. | M. Opellius Severus | Macrinus Pius Felix | Aug.
-, pont. max., trib. Pjjj, 1 | p. p., cos., procos. et M. | Opellius
^ Antoninus | Diaduminianus | nobiliss. Caes. | princ._mventut., |
providentissimi | Augg., fecer. | ab Ag. m. p. 2 | LVI.
C. I. L. III. 5708. A miliarium found at S. Lorenzen (Tyrol), on a road
leading from Aguontum (Lienz) into Rhaetia. J See page 137. 2 ab
Aguonto milia pasuum.
46. [/ton] or i im[j). | M.~] Aurel^i 1 Anto|[w]ini Pii Felicis Aug., |
[sajcerd. amp[7.] invicti Solis Elagaba|[Z, j>]ont. max., trib.
pot. | . . . , cos. Ill, 2 p.p., [s.] p. q. F. 3
C. I. L. X. 5827. A marble tablet found at Ferentinum, existing in copy.
1 Aurelii. ' 2 See page 137. 3 Senatus popnlusque Fereniinas.
47. pro salute domini | nostri imperator. | Severi Alexandri 1 Pii
Augusti et | luliae Maesae 1 et | luliae Avitae Mameae 1 sanctissi :
marum Augustarum, | Genio sancto castror. | peregrinorum T.
Fulvius Domitianus | domo Nicomedia, quod | speculator leg.
Ill Parth. | Severianae vovit, has|tatus leg. X Fretensis |
princeps peregrinorum reddgdit.
Bull, deir 1st. 1884, p. 27. Found in the Atrium of Vesta at Rome.
1 These names are partially erased, but are still legible.
48. imp. Caes. | C. lulius | Verus | Maxi[mmws P. F.~] invictus Aug., |
Aquileiensium [ restitutor et conditor, | viam quoque | gemi-
INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 161
nam | a porta usque | ad pontem 1 | per tirones J iuventut.
novae j Italicae suae | dilectus posterior., | longi temporis | labe
eorruptam, | munivit ac restituit.
C. I. L. V. 7989. Inscribed on stone found at Aquileia, Venetia, where it
still exists in Museum of Cassis. l Mommsen considers this the bridge
over the Sontius, distant about fifteen miles from Aquileia, which is
referred to oy authors ; cf . Herodianus, 8. 4.
49. [i??i]p. Caesari | \_M. Ant^omo Gordiano \_Pio~] Felici invicto
Augusto | pontif. max., trib. pot. II, | c6s., procds., p. p. ;
Numisius Quintianus v. p., 1 | ab epistulis Latinis, | devotus
numini | maiestatique eius.
C. I. L. VI. 1088. Found at Kome in the baths of Caracalla, existing now
in copy. l v(ir) p(erfectissimus) .
50. Furiae Sabiniae | Tranquillinae | sanctissimae Aug. | coniugi
domini n. | imp. Caes. M. Antoni Gordiani Pii Felicis invicti
Aug., | decuriales geruli l et h. u., 2 devoti numini maiestatiq. eor.
C. /. L. VI. 1096. On a marble pedestal found at Rome, where a part is
still to be seen in the Vatican. l The carriers of letters and documents
who belonged to the Apparitores of Rome, and formed a decuria.
2 /t(onore) n(si).
51. Victoriae reducis dd. nn. | [imp. Caes. M. lulii Pkilippi 1 ] Pii
Felicis Aug. et \_0taci~\liae Se[verae] Aug. [cow]|iugi d. n.,
milites leg. II | Parth. [Philippianae] p. f. f. | aet., 2 q. m. c. 3
Oclatin[i]o Ad[vento cos., 4 quorum nomijna cum tribus 5 et
patri is inserta sunt, devo|ti numini maiestati|que eorum d. X
k. Aug. Pere grino et Aemiliano, 6 in his | et evok. 7 Augg. nn.,
cura age [w]te Pompon. luliano E. 8 leg. eius.
C. I. L. XIV. 2258. Found at Rome, to which place it was probably brought
from the camp of the legion at Alba, existing in copy. a The name of
Philippus and his wife are wanting, probably because erased. 2 P(iae)
f(idelis) /(elicis) aet(ernae). z q(ui) m(ilitare) c(oeperunt). * 218 A.D.
5 Read tribu(bu}s. 6 consulibns, July 23, 244 A.D. " In his (renturiones)
et evok(atus~) Aiig(ustorum)' m n(ostrorum'). 8 Not understood.
52. imp. Caes. C. Vibio Treboniano Gallo Pio Telici A[M^] pontif.
max., trib. potest. IIII, 1 cos. II, p. p., procos., [ef] \ imp. Caes.
LAX. INSCRIP. 11
162 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. Vibio Afinio Gallo Veldumniano V[olusiano~\ \ Pio Felici
Aug. poiitif. max., trib. potest. IIII, 1 cos. II, p. p., p[roeos], |
tribus Palatina corp. iuniorum iuvenal. hon 2 |
client., devoti numini uiaiestatique eor[wm], | homines num.
DCCCCLXVIII. 3
C. /. L. VI. 1104. Cf. p. 844. Found at Rome. 253 A.D. 2 honor at i to
which clientes is opposed. 3 For this number see Mommsen, Staatsr. III.
265 n. 3.
53. imp. Caes. P. Licinius [ Valerianus Pius Fel. Aug. pon. | max.
Germ, max., trib. pot! VII, 1 cos. IIII, | p. p., procos. et imp.
Caes. P. Licinius Gallienus Germ. Pius Fel. Aug. pont. max.,
trib. | pot. VII, cos. Ill, p. p., procos. et P. Cornelius Saloni-
nus | Valerianus nobiliss. Caes., pont. Secul. 2 vi ignis consumpt.
indulg. | sua restitui curaverunt.
C. I. L. XI. 826. Inscribed on a tablet of granite found near Modena
(Mutina), now in the museum of that place. 1 See page 142. 2 pont (em)
Secul(ae), where the Via Aemilia crossed the river, a place now called
Secchia.
54. Gallieno clementissimo principi, cuius invicta virtus sola pietate
superata est, et Saloninae sanctissimae Aug., | Aurelius Victor
v. e. dicatissimus numini inaiestatique eorum.
C. I. L. VI. 1106. On the Arch of Gallienus, which stands on the Esquiline
near the church of S. Vito, Rome. Cf. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Ch. X.
55. imp. Caes. | L. Doinitio Au|reliano Pio Fe. j invicto Aug. | Ara-
bico max. | Gothico max. | Carpico max., | trib. p. Ill, cos. Ill, |
procos. Ill, princi|pi n., ordo Bare, j numini maiestatiq. eius.
C. I. L. II. 4506. Found at Barcelona (Barcino, Tarraconensis), Spain,
existing in copy. For date see pageJ44.
56. providentissimo | principi, rectori | orbis ac domino, | fundatori
pacis | aeternae | Diocletiano P. F. | invicto Aug. pont. | max.,
Ger. max., Pers. | max., trib. pot. VII, 1 | cos. IIII, patri pat., |
procos., Sept. | [Fa?e]ntio v. p. P p. p. R., | d. n. m. que eius d. 2 d.
C. L L. III. 5810. Found at Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicorum), where it
exists to-day. J See page 146. 2 vir perfectissimus, praeses provincias
JRaetiae, devotus numini maiestatique eius dedit dedicavit.
INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 163
57. dd. nn. Diocletianus et Maximianus iiivicti | seniores Augg., 1
patres impp. et Caess., et dd. nn. Constantius et Maximianus
invicti Augg., et Severus et Maximinus nobilissimi Caesares |
thermas felkes [Zh'ojcletianas, quas [Jfjaxiinianus Aug. re-
[diens] ex Africa sub L(j)/]aesentia maie [stop's] disposuit ac
[/]ieri iussit et Diocletiani Aug. f ratris sui nomini consecra-
vit, coemptis aedificiis pro taiiti operis magnitudiiie omni
cultu | perfectas Romanis suis dedicaverunt.
C. I. L. VI. 1130. Dessau 646. Inscription on a tablet from the baths of
Diocletian in Rome. It was seen in complete form by the author of the
MS. Anonymus Einsiedlensis, while authors of the sixteenth century
described two pieces of the same. Portions of another stone with simi-
lar inscription have since appeared ( C. I. L. VI. p. 845 ; Ephem. Ep. IV. 794 ;
Notizie, 1890, p. 185). l Diocletian and Maximian, after their abdication
on the kalends of May, 305, were termed seniores Augusti before the
news was received of the death of Constantius at Eboracum a. d. VIII
kal. Aug. 306.
1
58. imp. Caes. Fl. Constantino maximo
P. F. Augusto s. p. q. R.,
quod instinctu divinitatis, mentis
magnitudine, cum exercitu suo
tarn de tyranno ] quam de omni eius
factione uno tempore iustis
rem publicam ultus est armis,
arcum triumphis msignem dicavit.
2 3
liberatori urbis ( t ^^) (th?^ fundatori quietis
4 5
sic. X sic. XX (^f ) (/ e cf ) votis X votis XX
C. I. L. VI. 1139. On the celebrated Arch of Constantine, Rome. Some
have held that these words instinctu divinitatis were insertions in place
of an erasure of some other words nutu lovis o. m. ; de Ross, Bull, di
Arch. Crist. 1863, p. 58, refutes this. 1 The tyrant Maxentius was con-
quered in 312 A.D. The arch probably dates 315 A.D., as is indicated by
reference to the ten years of his reign, sic. X sic. XX apparently means
" as he has reigned ten, so may he reign twenty," while votis may refer
to the decennalia or vicennalia.'
CHAPTER VI
OFFICIAL TITLES
CURSUS HONORUM
CORRESPONDING to the titles given with the names of the emperors,
there appear also in the inscriptions, after the names of those who
have taken part in public life, the designations of official positions
which have been held, arranged regularly in an order determined by
their importance and grade. This collection of titles sets forth what
is known as the cursus honorum, which may be denned as the suc-
cession of official stations through which a person must pass in order
to obtain the position of the highest rank.
In the early Roman Republic the principle of official promotion,
whereby eligibility for the various magistracies depended upon the
previous tenure of those of lower grade, and the intervention of a
certain period of time, was held in an informal way until B.C. 180,
when a certus ordo magistratuum was definitely established by the Lex
Villia Annalis. This consisted of the quaestorship, curule aedileship,
praetorship, consulship, with a preliminary military service of ten
years, and an interval of at least two years between the various
magistracies. The time of Sulla and the later days of the Republic
witnessed various modifications in the regulations governing this
cursus honorum. Under the Empire, however, it found its fullest
development and most important application.
Roman society, at the close of the Republic, may be classified in
three divisions : the senatorial order, the equestrian order, the plebs.
This classification and partition of citizens on the basis of rank
already determined under the Republic was employed by Augustus
and his successors in establishing and developing the imperial
government.
164
OFFICIAL TITLES 165
To those of senatorial rank were assigned the old republican
magistracies, while to the members of a select body of -the knights
were given the important praefecturae, such as that of Egypt, and
by degrees other offices of administration which were closely related
to the princeps.
Subordinate officers, both civil and military, also officials of the
various collegia, were selected from the plebs. Thus in the imperial
period there were in existence three careers of official service (cursus
honorum), open respectively to those of senatorial and equestrian
rank and to the commonalty.
The cursus honorum appears in the inscriptions arranged on the
generally applied principle of an ascending or descending series.
In the ascending series, the direct order, the lowest position is men-
tioned first, and the highest last, while in the descending series, the
inverse order, the highest is mentioned first and the lowest last.^ 1
This principle is found applied in various ways, as, for example,
when in the same inscription honores ordinarii are given in descend-
ing order, while others, extra ordinem, appear in ascending order.-
SENATORIAL CURSUS HONORUM
This career was open to senators and all of senatorial rank, namely,
those who possessed the requisite property of one million sesterces,
and were either the sons of senators or had been raised to the sena-
torial rank by the emperor.
Before a candidate was qualified to stand for the quaestorship,
which was the key to the senatorial cursus, two preliminary forms
of service were demanded :
1st. The holding of one of a group of minor offices of annual
tenure, known as
Vigintiviri. XX VIRI
a) Triumvir capitalis, III V CAP, KAPIT. Function, Execution of
capital sentences.
1 Borghesi, (Euvres, IV., p. 103. As to the consulship and the sacerdotium,
see page 168.
2 See inscriptions, p. 170.
166 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
6) Triumvir monetalis, III V- MOM, auro argento aere flando feri-
undo III V A A A F F. Function, Coinage of copper money
struck by the senate.
c) Quattuorvir viarum curandarum, III! V V, VI AR CVR, CVRANDAR.
Function, Supervision of city streets and roads.
d) Decemvir stlitibus iudicandis, XV STL, STLIT IVD, IVDIC. Func-
tion, Member of court having cognizance in civil cases.
'The vigintivirate disappeared during the third century.
2d. The serving at least a year as
Tribunus (xtX*apx0 militum laticlavius, 1 TR, TRIB M, MIL L, LAT,
LATIC, LATICL
This office could be held either before or after the vigintivirate.
After the Flavian emperors, however, it regularly followed the pre-
liminary magistracies. In the time of the Empire the tribunate of
the soldiers had importance mainly as a tirocinium for young nobles,
and as introductory to the quaestorship. The appointment to this
position came from the emperor. Only in rare instances was this
service disregarded, but after the early part of the third century it
was no longer required.
The magistracies which followed were the quaestorship, tribunate
of the plebs or aedileship, praetorship, consulship. The age required
for the quaestorship was twenty -five years; for the praetorship,
thirty years. A period of at least a year must intervene between
the first three of these, and of two years between the last two.
As a patrician was ineligible to the tribunate of the plebs or the
plebeian aedileship, he could pass directly from the quaestorship to
the praetorship. Both the tribunate of the plebs and the aedileship
disappeared during the third century.
The four magistracies were nominally of annual tenure, although
the consulship was no longer, as a rule, held through the year.
Consuls were either ordinarii, entering upon their duties on the first
1 Augustus at times made prospective senators praefecti alaf, as well as tribuni
militum, although later on the former position was held almost exclusively by
those of the equestrian order. Suetonius, Aug. 38. Veil. Pat. XI. 104. C. I. L.
XIV. 2105.
OFFICIAL TITLES 167
of January, and giving their names to the year, 1 or suffecti, from
whose number were selected the groups of two who should hold
office for portions of the year, v
TABLE or SENATORIAL MAGISTRACIES
(in ascending order).
I. Quaestor (Tafias, xvalffrup) Q, QVAE, QVAES, QVAESIT
" pro praetore = provinciae ... - PRO, PR PR
" urbanus - - VRB
" candidatus - - K, CAND, KANDID
" Augusti, Caesaris - - AVG, CAES
" designatus - - DES
II. Aedilis (dyopd VOf j.os) AED, AEDIL, AID
" curulis (/covpotfXijs) - - CVR
" plebis (8rjfjt.oTt.K6s} - PL
" cerealis - - CER
II. Tribunus plebis TR, TRIB PL
candidatus - - K, CAND, KANDID
III. Praetor (ffTpa.TT)y&s, wpairup) PR
" candidatus . - - K, CAND, KANDID
" peregrinus - - PER
" urbanus - VRB
" tutelarius - - TVTEL
" aerarii or ad aerarium . . . . - AER
IV. Consul (o-Tparrxis iWoj) C, COS, CON, CONS
Adlectio.
This was an act of the eniperor by which elevation to a certain
rank might be granted through assignment to the performance of
the functions of one of the senatorial magistracies. The forms com-
monly found are adlectus inter tribunicios and inter praetorios, rarely
inter quaestorios. After the third century adlectus inter consulares
appears.
1 Although for a long time before the close of the second century the names
of consules ordinarii had been commonly substituted for those of the suffecti,
yet in the acta publica populi Bomani the custom prevailed of naming the con-
suls actually holding office. After Caracalla the names of the consules ordinarii
are given. Mommsen, Ephem. Ep. I., p. 136. Ordinarius appears first in an
inscription of the year 155 (C. I. L. VI. 2120), and again in one dating 214.
168 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Priesthoods of the Senatorial Order.
Certain religious offices which were held by those of senatorial
rank are given in inscriptions in connection with the cursus honorum.
The ordinary position of these titles is either at the very beginning
or at the close of the indications of office.
The consulship is regularly placed immediately after the name, so
that if the sacerdotium and consulship are both given, the general
order is : name, consulship, sacerdotium / rarely name, sacerdotium,
consulship.
TABLE OP SENATORIAL PRIESTHOODS. *
Augur (avyovp) AVG
" publicus populi liomani Quiritium . . - PVB P R Q
Fetialis (^naXis) F
Flamen Uialis FL, FLAM DIAL
" Quirinalis " " QVIR
" Augustalis " " AVG
" Claudialis " " CLAVD
Frater Arvalis FR ARV
Lupercus 2 . LVPERC
Pontifex (dpxtepeiis) PONT, PONTIF
'"' Maximus PONT, P M, MAX
Quindeciiuvir sacris faciundis XV VI R S F
Salius SAL
Septemvir epulo or epulonum VII VI R EPVL
Sodalis Augustalis SOD AVG, AVGVST
" Augustalis Claudialis " " CL, CLAVDIAL
" Hadrianalis
" Flavialis
" Titius
Virgo Vestalis V V
Titles of Honor.
Towards the close of the first 3 century, titles of honor were given
to those of senatorial rank. These are found in the inscriptions in
1 Cagnat, Cours d 1 fipigraphie Lat., p. 99. Wil. Index, ii., p. 480. C. I. L.
Indices.
2 Wil. 1193, n. 1.
3 From time of Marcus and Verus, 161-180, Momm. Slnatsr. III. 1, 471.
" Im Laufe des 1. Jahrhunderts wurde vir clarissimus ailmahlich ein officielles
OFFICIAL TITLES 169
abbreviated form immediately after the personal name. They are
as follows :
vir darissimus (av^p Xa/iTr/xSraTos), V C ; clarissimae memoriae vir, C M V;
clarissimus puer, C P ; darissimus invents, C I ; darissima puella, C P, S ;
clarissima femina, C F
In addition to the four magistracies which form the senatorial
cursus honorum the inscriptions also show the official functions which
were .performed by those of senatorial rank. These functions, vary-
ing in importance, were arranged in grades corresponding to the
several magistracies, and hence were exercised, according to their
relative value, by those who had been either quaestors, quaestoricii,
praetors, praetorii, or consuls, consulares.
The following table contains the principal senatorial functions,
and the rank of the different officials by whom they were generally
performed.
Function.
Censitor = legatus August! censibus accipiendis, LEG AVG CENS ACC ;
assigned to consulares or praetorii.
Comes August!, COM AVG ; praetorii (generally), but also consulares, aedilicii,
quaestoricii.
Corrector, CORR ; consulares or praetorii.
Curator (^ri/xeXTjrijs) actorum senatus or ab actis senatus, C, CVR, CVRAT AC-
TORVM SENATVS ; AB ACT SENAT ; quaestoricii.
Curator rei publicae, C, CVR, CVRAT R P (see logistae).
Curator alvei Tiberis et riparum et cloacarum urbis, C, CVR ALV TIB RIPA-
RVM ET CLOAC VRB ; consulares.
Curator operum publicorum, OPER PVB, PVBL ; consulares or praetorii.
Curator aquarum et Miniciae, AQV, AQVAR ET MIN, MIMIC, or
Miniciae, MIN ; consulares.
Curator viarum, CVR VIAR ; praetorii or consulares.
ludex quaestionis ; aedilicii or quaestoricii.
luridicus per Italian! regionis . . ., IVR, IVRID; consulares.
und fest stehendes Pradicat der Manner von senatorischem Stande." "Im
Zeitalter der Antonine war die Anwendung des Titels vir clarissimus offenbar
allgemeiner Gebrauch, wie man aus Gellius sieht : I. 2, 1 ; I. 22, 6 ; XVIII. 10, 1."
Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, I., p. 398.
170 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
luridicus or legatus iuridicus provinciae . . ., per provinciam . . ., LEG IVR,
IVRID : consulares or praetorii.
Legatus (irpr/3eur7)s) August! pro praetore provinciae . . ., LEG AVG PR PR ;
consulares or praetorii, according to province.
Legatus legionis 1 (vpeff^fvr^, r)ycn&v Xtyiuvos), LEG LEG ; praetorii.
Legatus pro praetore provinciae (proconsul um), LEG PR PR PROV, or
legatus proconsulis, LEG PROCOS ; quaestoricii. 2
Logista, or curator liberarum civitatium; praetorii, also quaestoricii.
Praefectus (tirapxos} aerarii militaris, PR, PRAE, PRAEF AER MIL ; praetorii.
Praefectus aerarii Saturni, AER SAT ; praetorii.
Praefectus alimentorum ; praetorii or consulares.
Praefectus frumenti dandi ex senatus consulto, PRAEF F D EX S C ;
praetorii or aedilicii.
Praefectus urbi (urbis), VRB ; consulares.
Proconsul (ffrparriylx viraros), PRO, PROC, PROCO, PROCOS, PROCOSS ; con-
sulares (of Asia and Africa) , praetorii (of other senatorial provinces).
Quaesitor iudex ; see iudex quaestionis.
*to.No.l. L N E R A T I C F
VOL PROCVLO
XVI R STLITI BVS I VDICAN
TRIB MILITVM LEGION
V M GEMIN FELIC ET LEG
VIM AVG QVAEST AEDI L
PLEB CERIAL PRAET LEG
LEG XVI . FLAVIAE FIDEL
ITEM MISSO AB IMP
ANTONINO AVG PIO AD DEDVCEN
dAS VEXiLLATIONES IN SYRIAM OB
bELLVM parTHICVM PRAEF AERARI
MILITARIS
C ' S
MVNICIPES SAEPINAT
L. Neratio C. f(ilio} Volt(inia tribu~) Proculo (decem) vir(o) stlitibus iudi-
can(dis~), trib(uno') militum legion(is) (septimae) Gemin(ae) felic(is) et
leg(ionis) (octavae) Aug(ustae), quaest(ori), aedil(i) pleb(is) cereal(i~),
1 For names of legions, see page 408.
2 Also those of higher rank, but this must not exceed the rank of the pro-
consul.
OFFICIAL TITLES 171
praetor(i), leg(at<>) Jeg(ionis) (sextae decimae) Flaviae fidel(is) item misso
ab imp(eratore) Antonino Aug(usto) Pio ad deducendas cexillatiunes in
Syriam ob bellum Parthicum,j)raef(ecto) aerari(i) militaris, co(n)s(uli)
Municipes Saepinat(es) .
C. I. L. IX. 2457. Found at Saepinum, Italy.
The cursus honorum is in the ascending order. All designations between
praetori and cnnsuli indicate praetorian functions.
Ex. No. 2. L D A S V M I P . F
STEL TVLLIO
TVSCO COS COMITI
AVGVST
AVGVRI SODAL H ADRI A
NALI SODALI ANTONI
N I ANO CVRAT - OPERVM
PVBLICORVM
LEGATO PR - PR PROVINCIAR
GERMANIAE SVPERIOR
ET PANNONIAE SVPERIOR
PRAEFECTO AER SATVRNI
PRAETORI TRIBVN PLEB
LEG PROVING AFRICAE
QVAEST - IMP ANTONINI AVG PI I
TRIB MILIT LEG FlTT FLAVIAE
TRIVMVIRO . A A A F F
P TVLL/VS C A L LI S T I
P OS VI T
L. Dasumio, P. f(ilio) Stel(latina tribu) Tullio Tusco co(n)s(uli), comiti
August (i).
Priestly functions: auguri, sodal(i) Hadrianali, sodal(i) Antoniniano.
Consular functions: curat(ori) operum publicorum, legato pr(o) pr(aetore)
promnciar(uni) Germaniae Superior (is) et Pannoniae Superior (is).
Praetorian functions : praefecto aer(arii) Saturni, praetori, tribnn(o) pleb(is).
Quaestorian functions: leg(ato) provinc(iae) Africae, quaest(ori) imp(era-
toris) Antonini Aug(usti) Pii.
Preliminary service: trib(uno) milit(um) leg(ionis) IIII Flaviae, triumviro
a(uro) a(rgento) a(ere~) f(lando) f(eriundo).
C. L L. XI. 3365. Found at Tarquinium.
17:> LATIN IXSCKH'TIOXS
The cursus honor am is in the descending order. The consulship was held
between the tenure of the praefecture aerarii Saturni and the provincial adminis-
tration, but is placed first in the list of honores.
When the word indicating the nature of two successive functions is the same
for both, it is usual to find it repeated, but here the title legato p(ro) p^ractun- 1
serves for both, being omitted with the second. The word item is used, as a rule,
to denote a succession of functions, while et commonly indicates the tenure of
two functions at the same time. This rule is violated here, since Dasumius
governed these provinces separately.
EQUESTRIAN CURSUS HONORUM
In the reorganization of the equites in the imperial period, the
most important feature, from an administrative point of view, was
the restoration and elevation of the old body of eighteen centuries,
known as the equites eq no publico (EQ.- P, PVBL). 1 Admission to
this corps not only depended upon the original qualifications of free-
birth, and the possession of the requisite property of 400,000 sesterces,
but also upon the presentation by the emperor of the knight's horse,
which was in reality the investiture of a suitably qualified person
with membership in the equestrian troop. It was to this body that
Augustus and his successors looked for officials who were to serve
as superintendents (praefecti) and agents ^j>rocuratores) possessing
authority only as representatives of the emperor.
Consistently with the early theories of the Romans, and in imitation
of the senatorial career, the equestrian civil service was preceded by
a military apprenticeship. After the initial military service the can-
didate for the equestrian honores was eligible for one of the procura-
torships, which in themselves varied in dignity and importance ; then
followed the praefectures, which were the highest offices attainable.
The equestrian cursus honorum may be considered under three
divisions.
I. Preliminary service,
a) military, 6) civil.
II. Procuratores.
III. Praefecti.
1 Eques Komanus = l-n-ire^s /W/uuos, 'iirirtp Sr/yuocr/y n./j.r)6els.
OFFICIAL TITLES 173
I. a) Preliminary military service.
Under Augustus no set form of military service appears to have
been assigned to the knights, and it was not until the time of Clau-
dius that the militiae equestres were in any way clearly defined.
According to Suetonius, 1 Claudius determined upon three forms of
service : 1st, praefectura cohortis; 2d, praefectura alae ; 3d, tribunatus
legionis. The inscriptions, however, testify that these tres militiae
equestres did not become the usual course of preliminary training
until the beginning of the second century, but that omissions, such
as of the praefectura alae and substitutions of one or more tribunates
in the army, _or of the three tribunates 2 in the city, were common. 3
In inscriptions dating from the time of Septirnius Severus the old
order of promotion from praefectura cohortis to praefectura alae rarely
appears, and other military positions form part of the preliminary
career. This now in reality loses its preliminary or introductory
nature, and becomes the main service for which the procuratorship
is the far-distant reward. The centurionate 4 is now the first eques-
trian military office, 5 and the primipilate and the praefectura legionis,
the old praefectura castrorum, are stepping stones to the procurator-
1 Claudius, 25 "equestres militias ita ordinavit ut post cohortem alam, post
alam tribunatum legionis daret." The order given is shown by the inscriptions
to be either incorrect or of short duration, for in the inscriptions the praefectura
alae regularly has the highest rank. Hirschfeld, Somischen Verwaltungsge-
schichte, pp. 247 ff.
2 tribunus cohortis vigilum, tribunus cohortis urbanae, tribunus cohortis
praetoriae.
8 See Hirschfeld's Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 248, note 2.
4 The expression " militiae equestres " used above is first referred to by Pliny
the Younger, and afterward appears in inscriptions of the third century. So
omnibus equestribus militiis perfunctus, functus, or exornatus, or militiis eques-
tribufi perfunctus; again, militia prima, secunda, quarta ; more commonly, a
militiis tribus, or tribus militiis perfunctus, a quattnor militiis, or quattuor
militiarnm. The expression a militiis has aroused much discussion. Momm-
sen, Staatsr. III. 549, n. 2, believes there is an ellipsis of tribus or quattuor.
Hirschfeld (p. 250) explains it as merely an honorary title, given to those who
have not actually performed military service.
5 Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 249.
174 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
ship, while the higher positions filled by procuratores fall to those
who have held the three city tribunates. 1
6) Preliminary civil service.
Notwithstanding the gradually increasing importance of military
affairs and of service in the army from the beginning of the second
century, there was, nevertheless, established at that time a civil
career parallel to the military service as preliminary to the position
of procurator. This was accomplished by the reforms of Hadrian^
who recognized and emphasized legal education and training in state
affairs as equivalent to service in the army. Thus those who had
served as advocati jisci, or sexagenarii a consiliis sacris, 2 or consiliarii
Augustorum, 3 or ab commentaries praefecti praetorio, 4 also in the lower
offices of admjnistration, such as of alimentation, of the roads, of
taxation, were eligible for the procuratorship and praefectures with-
out military service.
II. Procuratores
This title, procurator, was applied to the imperial agents who per-
formed the lesser administrative duties throughout the Empire. It
was originally used in connection with the employees of the empe-
ror's household, who were generally f reedmen, but spread afterwards
to the offices of government closely related to the emperor, which,
becoming of great importance, were finally filled entirely from mem-
bers of the equestrian order. Thus the office of procurator became
the patent of equestrian nobility, and hence was not conferred upon
men of senatorial rank.
Any satisfactory classification of the various offices of the eques-
trian career is difficult, as it was not established upon such strict
lines as the senatorial cursus, and its restrictions were often violated
because of the nearness to the emperor, and his readiness to grant
1 See article by the author, "The Preliminary Military Service of the Eques-
trian Cursus Honorum," in Classical Studies in Honour of Henry Drisler.
New York, 1894.
2 C. I. L. VI. 1704. Mommsen, Staatsr. III., p. 561. Hirschfeld, Verwalt-
ungsgeschichte, p. 255, notes.
9 C. /. L. VI. 1634. C. L L. VI. 1564.
OFFICIAL TITLES 175
special favors in promoting from low positions to those of high
degree. From the time of Hadrian, however, it is possible to deter-
mine the rank of the various procuratorships by means of the salary
attached to each.
Thus there are four classes :
Trecenarii, CCC or AD H-S CCC, 300000 sesterces.
Ducenarii, CC" or AD H-S CC, 200000 "
Centenarii, C or AD H-S C, 100000 "
Sexagenarii, AD H-S LX, 60000 "
The following may be classed as
TRECENARII. 1
Procurator a rationibus or rationalis, P, PRO, PROC A RATIONIB, RAT, or
Procurator rationis privatae, RAT PR IV
Procurator a censibus, A CENS, a cognitionibus, ab epistulis
latinis, AB EPISTVL LATIN, a libellis, - a memoria, a
studiis ; magister summarum rationum, M, MAGIST SVM RAT
All but the first are ducenarii until the third century, at which period the title
magister takes the place of procurator.
DUCENARII.
Praeses or procurator provinciae (of certain provinces), procurator vice prae-
sidis, procurator stationis hereditatium, summarum rationum, ab
epistulis Cfraecis, - - idiologus ad Aegyptum ; and in the later period,
procurator XX hereditatium.
CENTENARII.
Among those of the third class may be mentioned the procuratores alimentorum,
aquarum, - bibliothecarum (in the earlier period), hereditatium
patrimonii privati, Itidi magni, monetae, operum publicorum,
patrimonii, portus, summi choragii (later logista thymelae) ; the
subpraefecti annonae and vigilum, praefectus vehiculorum, consiliarius, magister
XX, procurator ferrariarum, aurariarum, procurator rationis privatae
(regionis privatae) ; procuratores Aegypti as iuridicus Alexandreae, pro-
curator Pelusii, Neaspoleos et Mausolaei ; also the praefectus classis (in
Italy) in the first two centuries.
1 Obtained mainly from Hirschfeld's Verwaltungsgeschichte, pp. 269-265.
176 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
SEXAGENABII.
Among those in the last class may be mentioned the advocatus fisci, subprae-
fectus classis (in Italy), subprocuratores (in the provinces), praefectus vehicu-
lontm (in the provinces), procurator ad Miniciam, adiutor praefecti annonae,
procurator ad annonam Ostiis, adiutores studiorum, also the lower offices of the
ratio privata, such as procurator ad bona damnatorum, and of the XX hrmli-
tatium, the promagister hereditatium at Rome,, and in the second century the
procurator bibliothecarum. ,
III. Praefefcti ("ETrapxoi)-
The history of this title is similar to that of procurator in that
it originated in the imperial household, and then extended to the
important officials of state who discharged certain functions by
the delegation of the emperor. The important praefectures were
the highest official positions of the equestrian career.
These in ascending order are :
Praefectus classis (stationed at Ravenna and Misenum), P, PF, PR, PRAEF
CL, CLASS
Praefectus vigilum, P, PF etc. VIG, VIGIL
Praefectus annonae, P, PF etc. ANN
Praefectus Aegypti, P, PF etc. AEG
Praefectus praetorio, P, PF etc. PR, PRAET
Priestly Functions.
The inscriptions give also the priestly functions exercised by
members of the equestrian order.
Haruspex, HAR
Lupercits, LVPERC
(Sacerdos} Laurens Lavinas, L L; LAVR LAV, LAVIN
Tubicen sacrorum populi Romani Quiritium, TVB SAC P R Q
Titles of Honor.
From the beginning of the third century the title vir egregius
(avrjp /cpaTio-Tos), V E, which had earlier been in general use, became
the official designation ! of honor of the procurator. It differed from
the senatorial clarissimus in that it was given only in exceptional
i Wil. n. 667. Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, pp. 272-273, notes.
OFFICIAL TITLES
177
instances to women and children. Note also egregiae memoriae vir,
E M V. The title vir perfect issim us (avrjp Stao-r^oVaTos), V P, was
also officially recognized about the same time, as the title of the pro-
curatoresoi the highest grade, also of ihe praefecti, from the praefectus
classis to the praefectus annonae. Vir eminentissimus (dvr/p elo^wTaros),
V EM, was limited to the praefectus praetorio. The title splendi-
dus eques Romanus which appears in some inscriptions of Italy
seems to have been given to those equites who, not being magistrates,
could not receive the titles mentioned above. 1
Ex. No. i. M P E T R N I o m f
C. I. L. VI. 1625b. QVIR HONORATO
PRAEF- COM I RAETorum
TRIB MIL LEG I MINERtuae
P.P. PRAEF ALAE AVG P F thrac
PROC MONET PROC XX tiered
PROC - PROV BELG ET DVAR
GERMANIAR - PROC ARATIOn
AVG PRAEF ANNON PRAEF
AEGYPTI PONTIF MINOR <
NEGOTIATORES OLEari
EX BAETICA PATRONo
CVRATORIBVS
CASSIO FAVSTO
CAECILIO HOnorato
M. Petroni[o M. /(tVfo)] Quir(ina tribu~) Honorato.
Preliminary military service: praef(ecto} coJi(ortis) (primae) Eaet[orum],
trib(uno} mil(itum) leg(ionis} I Miner[viae] p(ia<>) f(idelis), praef(ecto)
alae Aug(ustae^) p(iae) f(iddis} [ Thrac (iae)].
Procuratorship : proc(uratori) monet(ae'), proc(uratori~) XX [hered(ita-
tfwm)], proc(nmtori) prov(inciae) Belgi(cae) etduar(wn) Grrrmaniar(um),
proc(uratori) a ration(ibus} Ang(usti).
Praefectures : praef(ecto) annon(ae), praef(ecto) Aegypti.'
Priestly function: pontif(icl} minor[i].
1 Mommsen, Staatsr. III., p. 565. C. I. L. IX. 1006, 2232 ; X. 22, 223.
LAT. INSCRIP. - 12
178 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Elevation of Equites to the Senatorial Rank.
By an act of the emperor (adlectio, see page 167) procuratores of a
certain grade were raised to the senatorial rank, and filled vacancies
in the senate. This change was not made, as a rule, after the
important praefectures had been reached, for these were as high in
rank as the curule magistracies; also adlectio inter praetor ios is more
common in the inscriptions than adlectio inter tribunicios. 1 There is
no evidence of any change to the lower order on the part of those
who had held curule offices. The title equites inlustres was applied to
those who, although of senatorial census, preferred to remain within
the equestrian order.
^. NO.*. T I C L A V D I
C. L L. V. 867. T I F I L PAL
SECVNDINO
L STATIC M A C E D N|~
P P LEG in) F F TRIB COM
PRIM VIG TRIB COM XI
VRBAN TRIB COH Vllll PR
P.P. ITERVM PRAEF . LEG iT TRA
PROC . XX HER PROC PROVN
LVGDVNENS ET AQV I TA N icae
ARATIONIB AVG PRAEF AN/now
L . SAVFEIVS . IVLIANV/s
A M I C P T I M oj
Ti. Claudia Ti.fil(io) Pal(antina) (tribu} Secundino L. Statio Macedon[i~\.
Preliminary military service : p(rimi)p(ilo) leg(ionis) IIII F(laviae) f(elicis),
trib(uno^) coh(ortis) prim(ae) vig(ilum}, trib(uno) coh(ortis) XI urban(ae),
trib(uno) coh(ortis) VIIII pr(aetoriae), p(rimo} p(ilo) iterum, praef(ecto)
leg(ionis) II Tra(ianae) [/(o?'<is)].
Procurator-ships : proc(uratori) XX her(editatiurn), procurator?) pro-
oz/i[c(far?/TO)] Lugdunensis et Aquttan[icae], a rationi(bus) Aug(usti}.
Praefecture : praef(ecto} a?t[non(ae)].
Mommsen states that primipilatus iteratus, after other military service of a
higher grade, gave certain advantages which followed immediately upon the
primipilate.
1 C. I. L. II. 4114. In this inscription two cursus honorum are combined.
OFFICIAL TITLES 179
CUKSUS HOSTORUM AFTER CONSTANTINB
The elaborate systems described above were not maintained after
the beginning of the fourth century. Evidences of disintegration
show themselves in the course of the third century in the abandon-
ment, after Caracalla, of the required military service preliminary
to the quaestorship, in the disappearance of the vigintivirate, and
from the time of Gallien in the final exclusion of members of the
senatorial order from the army. After Constahtine the equestrian
career disappeared entirely, and many of the former restrictions
of the senatorial cursus were disregarded.
The cursus honorum, as it existed after the early part of the fourth
century, was confined to members of the senatorial order known as
the darissimi. To these were allotted the official positions and
functions which, arranged in grades according to their importance,
were assigned on the basis of a threefold classification of those
eligible for office. These three classes, representing grades of pro-
motion, were:
1. Clarissimi, C,
2. Clarissimi et spectabiles, C ET S, SP, Trepf/SXeirrot.
3. Clarissimi et inlustres, C ET I, IN, INL, ec3oot.
The general class of the darissimi consisted of those who were
sons of senators, and so held their rank by birth, and again those
who were admitted to the senate through the operation of adlectio.
The former were expected to begin their senatorial career by serving
as quaestors and then praetors, but, as the quaestorship was often
disregarded, the praetorship became in reality the initial position
admitting to the senate.
The latter, those honored by adlectio, were made senators by the
conferring of the honorary consulship by the emperor sometimes
upon the vote of the senate. This was known as adlectio in consu-
lares, a phrase which, when strictly used, referred to the honorary
consulship, but was applied at this period to elevation to the rank
either of darissimi consulares, darissimi et spectabiles, or darissimi et
inlustres. The word consularis no longer has the signification of
ex-consul, but merely means an active member of the senate, and
180 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
one so entitled might be very far from the attainment of the consul-
ship, indeed might never reach this goal of the senatorial career.
Examples of the two forms of the cursus honorum are here
given.
Ex. 1. C. I. L. VI. 1739. H O N R I
MEMMIO VITRASIO ORFITO V C
NOBILITATE ET ACTIBVS PRAECIPVO
PRAEFECTO VRBI ET ITERVM PRAE
FECTO VRBUPROCONSVLI AFRICAE
ET TERTIO SACRARVM COGNITIONVM
IVDICI COMITI ORDINIS PRIMi - ITERVM
INTRA CONSISTORIVM LEGATO SECVN
DO DIFFICILLIMIS TEMPORIBVS PETI
TV SENATVS ET P R COMITI ORDINIS
SECVNDIJ EXPEDITIONES BELLICAS
GVBERNANTI CONSVLARI - PROVINCIAE
SICILIAEVPONTIF DEAE VESTAE XV
VIRO S F PONTIF - DEI SOLIS^t CONSVLI
PRAETORI Q k
CORPVS PISTORVM MAGNARIORVM
ET CASTRENSARIORVM STATVAM
SVB AERE CONSTITVIT
Memmio Vitrasio Orfito v(iro) c(larissimo) q(uaestori) k(andidato') , praetori,
consuli.
Priestly functions: pontifi(ci) dei solis, quindecemviro s(acn's) /(acfuHdj's),
pontifi(ci) dcae Vestae.
Functions as clarissimus : consnlari proviflciae Siciliae, expeditiones bellicas
gubernanti.
Functions as spectabilis : comiti ordinis secundi, legato secnndo difficillimis
temporibus petitu senatus et p(opuli) 7?(omani), comiti ordinis primi it'-nnn
intra consistorium, proconsuli Africae et tertio sacrarum cognitionnm
iudici.
Functions as inhtstris : praefecto urbi et iterum praefecto urbi.
The consulship was held either before or after the praefecture of the City.
Orfitus was praefectus urbi 353-5 and itemm 35(3-9.
OFFICIAL TITLES 181
Ex. a. <7. 7. Z. VI. 1717.
FABIO-TITIANO.V.C
CORRECTORI FLAM I N I AE
ET PICENI CONSVLARI
SICILIAE -iPROCONSVLI
PROVINCIAE ASIAE
I VO I C I SAC R A R VM COG
N ITIONVM COMITI PRIMI
ORDINIS CONSVLI . ORDI
NARIO PRAEF VRBIS
PEREGRINVS
SERBVS . DOMINO PRESTANTISSIMO
Fabio Titiano v(iro) c(larissimo').
Functions as clarissimns : correctori Flaminiae et Piceni, consulari Siciliae.
Functions as spectabilis : proconsuli provinciae Asiae, iudici sacrarum cogiii-
tionum, comiti primi ordinis.
Functions as inlustris : consult ordinario (337 A.D.), praef(ecto) urbis (339-
341 A.D.).
Note that the general title, V C, is given, even in cases where the
highest rank has been attained. This custom is observed in the
fourth century and in the first part of the fifth.
OFFICIAL POSITIONS OF THE THIRD CLASS
The inscriptions show us that the official positions open to men of
the third class of society were of great number and variety. The
enumeration of these various functions follows in general the same
principle of an ascending or descending series which regulates the
order of designations of the senatorial and equestrian cursus. It is
impossible, however, to obtain a knowledge of the exact grade of the
individual offices or to lay down the line of promotion, since, as
may be seen in the military cursus, there must have been different
starting points and different paths of advancement where apparently
subordinate and intermediate positions are disregarded. These omis-
sions may be due to unusual promotion on account of peculiar fitness
182 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
or through special favor, influences which ;vould have more power
in a cursus of the lowest grade. These inferior positions are classi-
fied in the Indices of the Corpus Inscriptionum, as follows :
I. Apparitores et Officiales Magistratuum et Imperatoris et
Vectigalium.
II. Officia Militaria et Classiaria.
III. Honorati et Principales Coloniarum et Municipiorura.
IV. Principales Collegiorum.
I. The first class includes the apparitores and other aides of
magistrates and public officials ; also subordinate officers of the
imperial administration in Rome and in the provinces.
The most common in the inscriptions are :
Scriba decurialis, 1 SCR, SCRI, SCRIB DEC
Liclor (pa/JSoOxos).
Viator decurialis, VIAT DEC
Praeco decurialis, PRAEC - DEC
Accensus consults -f, ACCENS COS
. Accensus patroni -o, ACCENS PAT
Arcarius, ARK, provinciae, PROV, vigesimae hereditatium, XX HER
Commentariensis, COM, COMM, or a commentariis, A COMMENT
Contrascriptor, 0(7), OSC(7SC).
Dispensator, DIS, DISP, DISPES, annonae, fisci castrensis.
Tabellarius, TABELL, TABELLAR
Tabularius, TAB, TABVL, rationis fisci, vigesimae hereditatium, XX HER
II. Subordinate officers of the army and navy.
A. The principal titles of subordinate officers of the Roman army
are:
Actarius, A, ACT
Aquilifer, AQVIL, AQVILIF
Adiutor officii corniculariorum, ratio-
num, etc., ADI OFF CORN, RAT
1 The word decurialis indicates that these officers were members of decuriae,
the subdivisions of the organized corporations of scribae, etc. The terms
quaestorius, tribunicius, aedilicius might also be added to indicate assignment to
particular officials. The scribae were held in the highest honor, the lictores
were next, then the viatores, and finally the praecones. Mominsen, De Apptri-
toribus Magistratuum Romanorum, Rh. Mus. VI. 1848, pp. 1-64.
OFFICIAL TITLES
183
Armorum cttstos, C A, ARM ; CVS
ARMO
Benejiciarius, B, B F, BF
consularis COS
legati - LEG
procuratoris - PROC
praefecti - PRAEF
Centurio, 0, </, >, Z, CENT
Cornicularius, COR CORN
Curator fisci, F, FIS, FISC C, CVR
Evocatus, EVOC, EVOK
Frumentarius, FR, FRVM
Imaginifer, IM, IMA, I MAG
Immunis, IMM, IMMV
Librarius, LIB
WedJj'cus, MED
Miles, M, MIL
OP, OPT
principis
cohortis
equitum
PR I
COH
EQ
Princeps, PR, PR I, PR INC
Secutor tribuni, S, SE, SEC T, TR
Signifer, SIG, SIGN, SIGNF
Singularis consularis, S, SING COS
praefecti PRAEF
Speculator, SP, SPEC, SPECVL
Strator, STR, STRAT
Tesserarius, T, TES, TESS
Tubicen, TVS
Veteranus, VET
honesta missione, VET H M
missus, - H M M
Vexillarius, VEX VEXILL
Although no complete cursus militaris can be drawn up, yet the
[inscriptions give evidence of an order of promotion of the principals,
which can be seen from the following series l :
I. Secutor tribuni.
'2. Singularis.
3. Benejiciarius tribuni.
4. Tesserarius.
5. Optio.
6. Signifer or Vexillarius (Coh. Vig.).
1. Curator fisci.
8. Cornicularius.
9. Beneficiarius (praef. praet.).
10. Cornicularius praefecti annonae.
11. Evocatus Augusti.
12. Centurio.
B. The principal titles associated with the Roman naval forces are :
Architects, ARCH IT
Armorum custos, ARM CVST
Benejiciarius, B, 6, B F
Centurio, 0, </
Duplarius, or Ditplicarius, or Dupli-
ciarius.
Gubernator, GVBER
Librarius, LIB
.Medicus, MED, MEDIC
MZes, M
Navarchus, N
Optfo, OP, OPT
Praefectus classis, PR, PRAE, PRAEF
CL, CLAS, CLASS
Praepositus classi, PRAEP CL, CLAS
Principalis, PR, PR IN
Signifer, SIG, SIGN
Trierarchus, TR, TRI
classis CL, CLAS
Velarius, VEL
Veteranus, VET, VETt
1 P. Cauer, De Muneribus Militaribus, Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 355.
184 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
III. The magistrates of the coloniae and the municipia form a
third class of subordinate officials.
The internal administration of the coloniae and municipia was
similar to that of the superior goyernment at Rome.
We may arrange the municipes or Roman citizens of the municipia
in three classes or orders : 1) ordo decurionum, 2) ordo Augustalium,
3) plebs (populus, municipes).
The ordo decurionum l was the municipal senate composed of life
members, generally one hundred in number, 2 who were either ex-
magistrates or persons selected from the people through the exercise
of adlectio by magistrates similar to the censor at Rome, termed
// viri or //// viri quinquennales. The persons selected were at
least twenty-five years of age, and possessed a certain amount of
property, generally 100000 sesterces. There were four grades of
senators which were indicated in the list of decuriones (album decuri-
onum) : 1) the quinquennalicii, 2) the // virales or // viralicii, 3) the
aedilicii, 4) the quaestor icii.
The magistrates generally found in the municipalities were the
II viri or //// viri iure dicundo, the aediles, and the quaestores. Their
tenure was annual, and they were elected by the comitia. As in
Rome, these magistracies formed a cursus honorum, which was open
to those of the senatorial order. The // viri or //// viri quinquen-
nales elected every five years with special censorial powers were
considered of the highest rank. In certain places in Italy the highest
magistrates were termed dictator, praetor, magister, or praefectus i(ure)
d(icundo).
The titles duovir or quattuorvir, found respectively in the coloniae
and municipia, implied either that the two magistrates known as
aediles and the two iure dicun'do formed separate organizations, or,
on the other hand, were united in one body of four members.
The form IIII viri hire dicundo is generally found in the Italian
municipia, while // viri iure dicundo is seen in inscriptions of the
coloniae and of the provinces.
1 Also entitled senatus, ordo, decuriones D, DEC, DECC., curia, patres et
conscripti, cotiscripti, ordo splendidissimus or sanctissimus or honestissimus.
2 Cf. the centumviri of Veil and Perusia.
OFFICIAL TITLES 185
The ordo Augustalium, like the equestrian order at Rome, held a
position midway between the decuriones and the plebs. It dates
from the reign of Augustus, and prevailed especially in the western
provinces of the Empire. The Aagustales seem to have had a semi-
official standing, and to have performed certain functions different
from those assigned to other magistrates. The municipal senate
named annually a college of six members, seviri Augustales, to whom
was entrusted the giving of public games and festivals.
MUNICIPAL MAGISTRACIES AND CIVIL FUNCTIONS
Quaestor, Q, QVAE, QVAES
aerarii, AER
arcae publicae, ARK P, PVB
alimentorum, A, AL, ALIM
or pecuniae alimentariae, P A, ALIM
or pecuniae alimentorum publicorum, P. PEC A, ALIM P
sacrae pecuniae alimentariae, SAC P ALIM
rei publicae, REI P
Aedilis, AED, AEDIL
curulis, CVR (Ariminum, Ostia).
habens iuris dictionem quaestoris pro praetore, HAB IVR DIG
Q PRO PRAET (Cirta).
pro quaestore, PRO Q (Grumentum, Saporana).
v(iis) a(edibus) sa(cris) p(ublicis) p(rocurandis), V A S P P
(Pompeii).
iure dicundo, I IVR D, DIG
quaestoriae potestatis (Colonies of Cirta).
quinquennalis, Q Q, QQ
Tribunus plebis, TR, TRIB PL (Teanum, Venusia).
Praetor, PR, PRAET (in certain towns of the Latin Confederation, also in
Gaul, Spain).
iure dicundo, I D, IVR DIG
Censor, CEN, CENS (in certain towns of the Latin Confederation).
Dictator, DIG, D1CT (in certain towns of the Latin Confederation).
Duovir (Duumvir), II . V, D V, H VIR, D - VIR
iure dicundo, I D, IVR DIG
aedilis, AED, AEDIL (Aeclanum).
186
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Duovir aerarii, AER (Vienna).
ab aerario (Lugdunum).
quinquennalis, Q Q
iure dicundo quinquennalis, I D QQ, or at times QQ I D
viis aedibus sacris publicis procurandis, V A S P P (Pompeii).
Triumvir III V, VI R (common in Africa).
aedilicia potestate, AED POT (Ariminum).
praefectus iure dicundo, PR I D (Colonies of Cirta).
locorum publicorum persequendoruin, - LOG PVBL PERSEQ, or
L P P (Vienna).
quinquennalis, Q Q (Tiddis, Mactar, in Africa).
Quattuorvir HIT VI R
aedilis, AED
aedilicia potestate, AED POT, POTEST
aerarii
ad aerarium \- AER (Vienna, Nemausus, Antipolis).
I D QQ, at times
ab aerario
iure dicundo, I, IVR D DIG
viarum curandarum, VIAR CVR (Verona).
quinquennalis, or iure dicundo quinquennalis,
QQ.I -D
Quinquevir, V VI R (in certain parts of Italy).
Octovir, VjiT . VI R
Decemvir, X VI R (Ferentinum, Ostippo, Aquincum).
Undecimvir, XI VI R (Nemausus).
Quinquennales, Q, QQ, Q Q, QVIN, QVINQ; see M vir, TIT vir,
praetor.
perpetuus, - - PER, P P
censoria potestate, C P
vir, aedilis,
Actor, ACT
publicus,
PVB, PVBL
Adlectus aerario, ADL AER, AERA
Advocatus publicus, ADVOC PVB
Agnotheta, AGNOTH (Alexandria,
Ephesus).
Alimentarius, ALIMENT
Arcarius, ARK
Centumvir, C VIR (Cures, Veil, etc.).
Commentariensis, COMM
Curator, CVR
aedium
aerarii,
- AER
annonae, - ANN
kalendarii, KAL
operum publicorum,
OPER PVBL
frumenti comparandi,
FRVMEN COM PAR
Decurio, DEC
OFFICIAL TITLES
187
Dissignator, DISSIGN (Pompeii).
Horrearius, HORR
Legatus, LEG
Librarius, LIB, LIBR
Magister, MAG
Minister (pagi), MIN
Munerarius, MVNER
Patronus, P, PAT, PAIR
coloniae, C, COL
municipii, M, MVN
Praefectus, PRAEF
hire dicundo, I
D
Praefectus aedilicia potestate,
AEDIL POT (Brixia).
propraetore iure dicundo,
- PRO PR - I D
vigilum et arinorum, VIGIL-
ET ARM (Nemausus).
murorum (Tarraco).
Princeps, PRI, PRINC
Suffetes (Africa).
Scribae, S, SCR SCR I
Viatores, VI AT (Narbo, Ostia).
Augustales, AVG, AVGVSTAL
perpetuus, P P, PERP
bisellarius, BIS
Curator Augustalium, C, CVR AVG
Patronus Augustalium, P, PAT, PATR
AVG
Quaestor Augustalium, Q, QVAE AVG
Quinquennales Augustalium, Q, QQ,
QVIN AVG
AUGUSTALES
Triumvir Augustalis,
V1R AVG
Sevir, VI -V, VI R
iunior,
senior,
IVN
SEN
Augustalis, - AVG
Augustalis .perpetuus,
P P
Octovir Augustalis, VTFF VI R . AVG
RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS OF MUNICIPALITIES
Aedilis lustralis, AED LVSTR (Tuscu-
lum).
Aedilis sacris Volcano faciundis, AED
SAC VOLK FAC
Aedilis et praetor sacris Volcano faci-
undis, AED ET PR SAC
VOLK FAC (Ostia).
Aedituus, AEDIT
Augur, AVG
Curator, CVR
Flamen, FL, FLAM
perpetuus, - - P P, PERP
sacrorum publicorum muni-
cipii, SAC PVB
Magister, MAG
Larum Augustorum, etc.,
LAR- AVG
Minister, MIN
Monitor sacrorum, MON SAC (Tus-
culum).
Pontifex, PONT
maximus, MAX (Vibo).
perpetuus, - - PER PET
Rex sacrorum, REX SAC
Sacerdos, SAC, SACER
coloniae, C, COL
Sacerdotes Deorum, Divorum et Diva-
rum
Salii.
Haruspex, HAR
NOTE. For titles of particular cults, see Indices of C. I. L.
188
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
IV. The official positions of the various Collegia whose organiza-
tion was similar to that of a strictly political body, form another
class of subordinate offices.
TITLES OF CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS OFFICES OF THE COLLEGIA
Actor, ACT
Aedilis, AEDIL
Aedituus, AEDIT
Arcarius, ARC, ARK
Biseliarius, BIS
Centurio veteranorum, VET
Curator. CVR
Decurio, D, DEC
Dispensator, DISP
Flamen, FL, FLAM
Haruspex, HAR
Honoratus, HON, HONOR
Immunis, IMM
Magister, MAG
Mater, MAT
Medicus, MED
Mensor, MES
Minister, MIN
Patronus, P, PAT, PATR
Praefectus, P, PR, PRAEF
Praepositus, P P, PRAEP
Princeps, PR I, PR INC
Quaestor, Q, QVAE, QVAES
Quinquennales, Q, QQ, QVINQ
Sacerdos, SAC, SACER
Scriba, S, SCR, SCR I
Tribunus, TRIE
Triumvir, TIT VI R
Viator, VIAT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Romische Staatsverwaltung. '3 vols. J. MARQUARDT. Leipzig, 1876.
(Jntersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der Romischen VerwaltungsgeKchichte. OTTO
HIRSCHFELD. Berlin, 1877.
Les Institutions Politiques des Eomains. 2 vols. J. B. MISPOULET. Paris,
1882-83.
Geschichte und System der Rom. Staatsverfassung. E. HERZOU. Vol. I. 1884,
Vol. II. 1887 and 1891.
Manuel des Institutions Homaines. A. BOUCHE-LECLERCQ. Paris, 1886.
Romische Staatsrecht. 3d ed. 3 vols. Tn. MOMMSEN. Leipzig, 1887.
Le Droit Public Romain. 6th ed. P. WIM.EMS. Paris, 1888.
Darstellunyen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms; 6th ed. 3 vols. L. FRIEDLANDKR.
Leipzig, 1888-90.
Cours d^lZpigraphie Latine. 2d. ed. RENE CAGNAT. Paris, 1890.
Indices of Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, and of the Inscriptiones Latinae
of Orelli and Exempla Inscriptionum of Wilmanns.
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 189
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER
1. L. Caecilio L. f. Rufo q., tr. pi., pr. pro cos. 1
(On another side) dis inanibus sacrum L. Caecili Rufi.
C. L L. I. 639, XIV. 2464. Found at Marino in ancient Latium, existing
to-day in a copy. L. Caecilius Rufus seems to have been the brother of
P.Sulla tribunus plebis, 691/63, praetor, 697/57, frequently mentioned
by Cicero. 1 See note in following inscription.
2. M. Coelio M. f. Vinciano pr. pro cos., 1 tr. pi., q., Opsilia uxor
fecit.
C. /. L. I. 641, XIV. 2602. An inscription on a tomb at Tusculum in
Latium. Coelius was tribunus plebis 701/53, and in 707/47 he was
placed by Caesar in charge of Pontus with two legions (Cic. Ad. Fam.
8, 4, 3). l It is Mommsen's theory that not two separate honorex, the
praetura and the proconsulatus, are referred to here, but merely the
honor pmctoris provincialis, with added appellation of proconsul.
3. L. Munatius L. f. L. n. L. pron. Plancus cos., cens., 1 imp. iter.,
VII vir epulon., triump. ex Raetis, 2 aedem Saturni | fecit de
manibis, 3 agros divisit in Italia | Beneventi, in Gallia colonias
deduxit I Lugdunum et Rauricam. 4
C. L L. X. 6087. On a mausoleum near Formia (Formiae), Italy. 1 He
was consul 712/42 and censor 732/22. 2 Dec. 29, 711/43. Beneventum
was among the towns assigned to the soldiers in 712/42 by the triumviri
rei publicae constituendae. 3 i.e. manubiis, cf. C. L L. VI. 1316. 4 In
710/44 or 7 1 1/43, when as proconsul he was governing Transalpine Gaul.
On the founding of Lugdunum, see Dio. XLVI. 50.
4. L. Memmius C. f. Gal. 1 q., tr. p[/.], frumenti curator ex s. c., 2 |
praefectus leg. XXVI et VII | Lucae ad agros dividundos, 3
pontifex Albanus. | Memmia filia testamento suo fieri iussit.
C. I. L. VI. 1460, XIV. 2264. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Alba,
now in Rome. * The name of a man of senatorial order without cogno-
men, but with the tribus, Galeria tribu ; so on coins L. Memmi Gal.
and L. C. Memies L. f. Gal. (Momm. Rom. Milnz., pp. 575, 597). 2 This
office was held before the year 732/22, for at that time Augustus took
into his own hands the cura annonae. 3 After the battle of Philippi or
Actium. Hermes XVI. 171.
190 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
5. Cn. Baebio Cn. [/.] | Tampilo Valae | Numoniano | q., pr. pro
cos.,
Ill vir. a. a. a. f. f., I viro.
C. I. L. VI. 1360. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found between the Via
Appia and Via Latina, near Koine, now on the Via Appia. The function
of the vigintivirate is here held after the praetorship.
6. Gives Romani qui | Mytileneis negotiantur | M. Titio l L. f. pro
cos., | praef. classis, | cos. desig., patrono, | honoris causa.
C. /. L. III. 455 ; Suppl. 7160. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at
Mytilene, preserved only in copy. l consul suffectus, 723/29.
7. P. Paquius, Scaevae et Flaviae films, Consi et Didiae nepos,
Barbi et Dirutiae pronepos, | Scaeva, quaestor, decemvir stliti-
bus iudicandis ex s. c. post quaesturam, quattuorvir | capitalis
ex s. c. 1 post quaesturam et decemviratum stlitium iudicanda-
rum, tribunus plebis, | aedilis curulis, | iudex quaestionis, 2 |
praetor aerarii, 3 pro consule provinciam Cyprum optinuit, j
viar. cur. extra u. R. ex s. c. in quinq., 4 pro cos. iterum extra
sortem auctoritate Aug. Caesaris ) et s. c. misso 5 ad compo-
nendum statim in reliquum provinciae Cypri, fetialis, | conso-
brinus idemque vir Flaviae Consi filiae, | Scapulae neptis, |
Barbi proneptis, simul cum ea" conditus.
Flavia, Consi et Sinniae filia, | Scapulae et Sinniae neptis, | Barbi
et Dirutiae proneptis, consobrina eademque uxor P. Paquii
Scaevae, filii Scaevae, Consi | nepotis, Barbi pronepotis, | simul
cum e6 condita.
C. I. L. IX. 2845-6. Found at II Vasto d'Aimone (Histonium) on a large
double sarcophagus. l ex s. c. gives the authority for the irregularity in
the holding this office post quaesturam. 2 iudex quaestionis is somewhat
inferior in grade to the praetor, and hence in the cursus honorum stands
regularly between the aedileship and praetorship. 8 Not before 731/23,
when Augustus placed the aerarium Satnrni in the care of two praetors.
4 viar(um*) cur(ator^) extra u(rbeni) R(omam} ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) in
quinq(uennium). Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 669. 5 missus.
8. Q. Vario Q. f. | Gemino | leg. divi Aug. II, 1 | pro cos., pr., tr. pi., |
q., quaesit. iudic., 2 | praef. frum. dand., X vir. stl. iudic., |
curatori aedium sacr. J monumentor. que public. | tuendorum. 8 j
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 191
Is primus omnium Paelign. senator | factus est et eos honores
gessit. | Superaequani publice, patrono.
C. I. L. IX. 3306. Found at Castelvecchio Subrego (Superaequum), where
it is still preserved. Varius Geminus, mentioned frequently by Seneca,
is probably the same person. 1 The names of the two provinces of which
Geminus was legatus are not given. 2 Quaesitori iudici is denoted in other
inscriptions by quaesitor and index quaestionis. See preceding inscrip-
tion and Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 586. Geminus probably held this
office between the tribunate and the praetorship. 8 It is noticeable that
the honores ordinarii are given in a descending order, and the honores
extraordinnrli follow in ascending order. Quaesitores indices were
aedilicii or quaestorii. Praefecti frumenti dandi were praetorii or
aedilicii, while the curatores operum publicorum were praetorii or
c-onsulares. Decemviratus litibus indicandis was undertaken generally
before the quaestorship ; nevertheless, in the time of Augustus, it was
sometimes given to those of senatorial order extra ordinem.
9. P. Cornelio Dolabellae cos. 1 | VII viro epuloni, | sodali Titiensi, [
leg. pro. pr. divi Augusti 2 | et Ti. Caesaris Augusti [ civitates
superioris | provinciae Hillyrici. 3
C. I. L. III. 1741. Found at Ragusa, in Dalmatia, where a fragment still
remains. l consul ord., 10 A.D. 2 14 A.D. and subsequent years. . The
consulatus and the priestly functions may thus assume the first place, out
of their chronological position, and in the order consul, sacerdotium,
rather than in the reverse. The remaining honores may, however, imme-
diately follow the consulatus, and the sacerdotium be placed at the end.
If the honores ordinarii are given together, and in like manner the extra-
ordinarii, or if the important state magistracies appear by themselves,
and then those of a municipality, the priestly offices of the state may
be inserted between the two series of honores. This is true also of
municipal priestly offices. 3 This is the province which was afterwards
called Dalmatia, termed maritima pars Illyrici, by Velleius II. 125.
10. Q. Caerellius Q. f. | Qui., III vir cap., quae. | pro pr., tr. pi.,
legato ' pro pr. ter, pr., praef. | fruin. ex s. c. s., 2 1 leg. Ti.
Caesaris Aug., | procos., | ex testamento.
Q. Caerellio M. f. Qui. patri, tr. milit., | quae., tr. pi., praetori, |
leg. M. Antoni, procos.
192 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. L L. VI. 1364. Inscribed on a marble tablet found in a cemetery on the
Via Ardeatina, Rome. l legatus. 2 This letter is unnecessary. The name
of M. Antonius, although erased from the Fasti Capitolini and elsewhere,
nevertheless was afterwards restored in the same. It was given in the
fasti of 20 A.D., according to Tacitus, Annales, III. 18.
11. P. Plautius | Pulcher | triumphalis l filius | augur, III vir a. a. a.
f. f., q. | Ti. Caesaris Aug. V consulis, 2 | tr. pi., pr. ad aerar.,
7 comes Drusi fill I Germanici, avonculus Drusi I Ti. Claudi
Caesaris Augusti fili | et ab eo censore inter patricios lectus,
curator viarum sternendar. | a vicinis lectus ex auctoritate |
Ti. Claudi Caesaris Augusti Germanici, | procos. provinciae
Siciliae. | Vibia Marsi f ., | Laelia 3 nata, | Pulchri.
C. L L. XIV. 3607. Inscribed on a marble tablet found near Tibur,
existing only in a copy. It refers to the son of M. Plautius Silvanus
consul 752/2. l Silvanus, the father of Pulcher, is termed triumphalis
because of his receiving triumphalia ornamenta. 2 31 A.D. 3 Laelia,
the ablative case of the name of the mother is given in addition to that
of the father, according to the Etruscan custom (Bormann).
12. C. Ummidio C. f. Ter. Durmio | Quadrate cos., XV vir. s. f., |
leg. Ti. Caesaris Aug. prov. Lusit., 1 leg. divi Claudi in Jllyrico,
eiusd. et | Neronis Caesaris Aug. in Syria, 2 procos. | provinc.
Cypri, q. divi Aug. 3 et Ti. Caesaris | Aug., aed. cur., pr. aer., 4
X vir. stlit. iud., curat. | tabular, publicar., praef. frum. dandi
ex s. c.
C. I. L. X. 5182. Found at S. Germane (Casinum, a Sabine town), where
it exists to-day. l 37 A.D. 2 51 A.D. and the years following (Tac. Ann.
XII. 45 ; XIV. 26). 14 A.D. 18 A.D. (C. L L. VI. 1496). ' Here the
consulship and sacerdotium are given first by themselves, then follow
the legationes provinciarum imperatoriarum and the proconsulship, next
the honores urbani ordinarii, and then the honores urbani extraordi-
narii, the various series being in ascending order.
13. a. Cn. Domitio Sex.-f. Volt. | Afro Titio Marcello | Curvio Lucano |
cos., procos. provinciae Africae, 1 | legato eiusdem proviiu-iae
Tul[/t] | fratris sui, 2 septemviro epulonum, i[tem?] praetorio
legato provinciae Afr[t]c[ae] | imp. Caesar Aug., 3 praef. auxili-
orum omnium | adversus Germanos, 4 donato ab imp. Vespasiano
Aug. et T. Caesar Aug. f . 5 coronis | murali vallari aureis 6 hastis
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 193
puris III I vexillis III, adlecto inter patricios, praetori, tr. pi., |
quaest. propraetore provinciae Afric[ae, J tr.'] mil. leg. V Alaud.,
1III vir. viarum curandar., patrono optimo | d. d.
6. [Cn. Domitio Sex: f. Curvio Tullo cos., procos. pro-
vinciae Africae' 1 ], fetiali, praef. a,u[xilior. omnium^ adversus
Germanos 4 qui cum esset candidatus Caesar, pr. desig.,
missus est ab imp. Yespasiano Aug. legatus pro praetore ad |
exercitum qui est in Africa 3 et apsens inter praetorios rela-
tus - , donate ab [im]p. Vespasiano Aug. et Tito Caesare
Aug. f. 5 coronis murali vallari aureis 6 hastis puris III vexillis
III, adlecto inter patricios, tr. pi., quaest. Caesar/ Aug., | []r.
mil. leg. V Alaud., X vir. stlitib. iudicandis, patrono optimo | d. d.
C. I. L. XI. 5210, 5211. Found at Fulginia, in Umbria. These inscrip-
tions refer to two brothers, known from the Letters of Pliny, VIII. 18, 5,
Martial V. 28, 3, and from lateres of the gens Domitia (C. I. L. \V..
p. 266). l They were consules stttfecti in the last years of Vespasian or
Titus, or in early part of reign of Domitian, proconsuls of Africa under
Domitian, before 94 A.D. 2 Lucanus was probably legatus provinciae
Africae in the proconsulship of his brother Tullus in the year following
his own proconsulship. 3 The legatio exercitus Africani was commonly
given to praetorii, but Tullus received it as praetor designatus. * They
were the praefecti of the auxiliarii of the army in Germany, not, how-
ever, before 73 A.D., after they had been placed among the patricii by
Vespasian, in 73 or 74 A.D. (Mom. Staatsr. II., 3 1101, note 4). 5 They
were presented with the dona militaria after the German campaign.
Hence praefecto auxiliorum, etc., and donato, etc., must be read together,
for all the other honores are given in the descending order, save this
portion. 6 Aureis appears in both inscriptions where we would expect
aurea. The dona militaria for soldiers, under-officers, and officers to and
including the grade of centurion, were armillae, torques, andphalerae, and
for the higher officers, coronae, hastae purae, and vexilla. Centurions
of a higher grade had a right to one corona and one hasta pura, the
tribunes and prefects to one corona, one hasta pura, one vexilhtm, or to
two insignia of the same kind. The legatus of the legion of praetorian
rank received three of each kind, while the legatus of consular rank
received four. The mention of the armillae, torques, and phalerae does
not occur after Hadrian. We then find only donis militaribns donatus.
The mention of military insignia does not appear at all in the inscriptions
after the time of Caracalla.
LAT. INSCKIP. 13
194 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
14. C. Plinius L. f. Ouf. Caecilius [Secundus cos., 1 ] augur, 2 l<-ic;it. ]>ro
pr. provinciae Pon[t et Bithyniae] consular! potesta[^.] ii,
provinciam e[x s. c. missus ab] imp. Caesar. Nerva Tr
Aug. German[/co Dacico p. p., 3 ] curator 4 alvei Ti [/;]* i
riparian e[t cloacar. urb.,~\ praef. 5 aerari Satu[r]ni, prari.'
aerari mil[#., pr., 6 trib. pl.?~\ quaestor imp., 7 sevir equitum
\_Romanorum~], trib. inilit. 8 leg. [///] Gallica[e, X vir .s///]tib.
iudicand., ther[wa* ex H~S] adiectis in ornatum H-S
CCC . . . . [et eo arap]lius in tutela[m] H-S CC, t. f. i., 9 [item
in alimenta] libertor. suorum homin. CrfS I XVIII I LXVI
[)CLXVI 10 rei [p. legavit, quorum mjcreinent. postea ad epu-
lum[p/]eb. urban, voluit pertin[ere] .... [item vir~\s
dedit in aliment, pueror. et puellaf. pleb. urban. H-Sfi*, 11 item
bybliothecam u et~\ in tutelam bybliothecae H~S C.
C. I. L. V. 5262. Inscribed on four fragments of a large stone brought
originally from Comum to Mediolanum, where it was found. Only one
of these now remains, the portion of the inscription on the others exist-
ing only in copies. The inscription refers to the baths established by the
will of Pliny at Comum, where he was born. Pliny, named P. Caecilius
Secundus, became C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus after adoption through
his uncle's will (Mommsen, Herm. III., p. 60). l consul sitffectus, 100
A.D. (Mornm., I.e., p. 91). 2 According to Epist. 3, 8, this was shortly
after 103 or 104 A.D. 8 The mission to Bithynia dates 111. 4 105, and
years following (Momm., Z.c., p. 47). 6 In Epist. ad Traian. 3, Pliny
refers in the praefectura aerarii, which he held in 98-101. He held the
l>r<n'f(;ctura aerarii militaris 94 or 95. 6 Pliny appears to have been
ir in '.'!, tribunus plebis 92. 7 In Epist. 1, 16, 2, Pliny says that he
has been quaestor imperatoris. He was quaestor Domitiani, as it appears,
in 89-90. 8 Pliny says in Epist. 1, 10, 3 ; 3, 11, 5, that he had been
tribunus militum in Syria. 9 t (estamento) f(ieri) i(ussit). 10 decies
octies centena et sexaginta 'sex milia cum sexcentis sexaginta sex (the
number 1866666) ; Mommsen, Herm. Ill, p. 102, suggests that the sign of
bessis (2/3) has disappeared. n This numeral is supplied from Kjiist. 7,
18, 2. 12 Pliny had dedicated a library for his fellow-townsmen in 97, or
a little earlier {Epist. 1, 8, 2). For the life of Pliny, see Momm. Hermes,
III., p. 59.
15. L. Min[i'ciws L.Jil. Gal. 2Va]talis cos., 1 procos. | provinc. [Africae,
sodalis Augus^taMs, leg. Aug. pr. pr. divi Traiajni Par [*//>''' '
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 195
imp. Traiani .Ha]driani Aug. 2 provinc. Pan|nonia[e . . . . ,
curator a]lvei Tiberis et riparum et | cloacar[rm urbis, leg. divi
Trajiani Parthici leg. Ill Aug., 3 leg. di|vi Traia[?it Parthici
leg doni'js donatus expeditidne Dacic[a] | prima
a[6 eodem imperatore~] corona vallari murali aurea | has[^V?
puris III vexillis III, Z]eg. pr. pr. provinc. Africae, pr., | trib.
pi., q.~pf>oy , 7777 w]r. viarum curandarum,
et L. Municius L. f. [Natalis Quadro^nius Verus f., 4 augur,
trib. plebis | desig., q. Aug. et [eodem tempore leg. p~]v. pr. patris
provinc. Africae, tr. | mil. leg. I adiut. p. f., l[eg XI Cl. p. /,
leg. XIIII Jifajrt. Vic., Ill vir monetalis a. a. a. f. f., | balineum
c[wwpor]icibus solo suo et | dn[ctus aquae] fecerunt.
C. I. L. II. 4509 ; Suppl. 6145. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at
Barcelona (Barcino, Tarraconensis), Spain. * consul svffectus, 106 A.D.
2 117 A.D. 3 104 or 105 A.D. *Jilius, cf. C. 7. L. XIV. 3599.
16. P. Manilio P. f. | Gal. Vopisco | Vicinillian[o] | L. Elufrio Severo
Iul[/o] | Quadrate Basso cos., 1 | pontif., flamin., 2 praet., 3 |
quaestori divi Traiani | Parthici, trib. mil. leg. | IIII Scythic.,
Ill vir a. a. a. | f. f., salio Collino, curat. | fani Here. Viet., |
N. Prosius Platanu[s] | cum Manilia Eutych[a] | uxore et
Vibia Vicinill[a] | et Manilis | Vopisciano et Attico libe[m] |
suis.
C. 7. L. XIV. 4242. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Tivoli
(Tibur) in 1887. 1 consul ordinarius, 114 A.D. 2 Dialis, Martialis, or
Quirinalis is omitted. 3 Vopiscus as a patrician passed directly from the
quaestorship to the praetorship.
17. L. Burbuleio L. f. Quir. | Optato Ligariano | cos., 1 sodal. Aug.,
leg. imperat. | Antonini Aug. Pii pro pr. prov. | Syriae in quo
honor, decessit, leg. | eiusdem et divi Hadriani pro pr. prov. |
Cappad., cur. oper. locor. q. publ., praef. | aerar. Saturn., pro-
cos. Sicil., logiste | Syriae, legat. leg. XVI Fl. Firm., cur. rei p. |
Narbon. item Anconitanor item Tarricin., curat7viar. Clodiae
Cassiae | Ciminae, pr., aed. pi., q. Ponti et Bithyn., | trib. laticl.
196 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
leg. IX Hispau., Ill vir kapit., | patr. col., | Rasinia Pietas
nutr. 2 filiar. eius | s. p. p., 1. d. d. d."
C. I. L. X. 6006. Inscribed on a pedestal found in the ruins of Minturnae,
now at Naples. It is this inscription which formed the basis of Borghesi's
work on the cursus honorum, Oeuv. IV., p. 104-178. l Before 138, in
which year as consularis he was in charge of Cappadocia, probably
about 130, or the years immediately following. 2 nutr(ix). 8 sua
p(ecunia) p(osuit), l(oco~) d(ato) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum).
18. L. Novio Crispino | Martial! Saturnine | cos. desig., leg. Aug. pr.
pr. | provinciae Africae, 1 procos. Galliae Narbonensis, leg.
^ Aug. leg. I Italicae, | leg. Aug. iuridico Astyriae et Gallaeciae,
praetori, trib. pleb., quaestori pro praet. | provinciae Mace-
doniae, trib. mil. leg. VIIII Hisp., IIII viro viarum j curan-
darum, seviro eq. Romanorum, | veterani (leg. Ill) 2 | Aug., |
qui militare coeperunt Glabrione j et Torquato, 3 item Asiatico
II et Aquilino cos. 4
C. I. L. VIII. 2747. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Lambaesis, in Africa.
1 It is known that this legatus governed Numidia in 147 and 148 ( C. I. L.
VIII. 2542, 2652). 2 leg. Ill has been engraved over an erasure. 3 124
A.D. * 125 A.D. Since milites veterani commonly received dimissio after
twenty-five years of service, Wilmanns places the date of the inscription
as 150 A.D. The cursus honorum is given in inverse or descending order.
The functions between cos. design, and praetori were assigned to Cris-
pinus as being of praetorian rank.
19. L. Aemilio L. f. Cam. Karo 1 co[s.], | leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinciae
Cappadociae, | leg. Aug. pr. pr. censitori provinciae Lugdu-
nensis, | leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinciae Arabiae, | curatori viae
Flaminiae, leg. leg. XXX U. V., 2 | praet., trib. pleb., quaest.
Aug., | trib. militum leg. VIII Aug., | trib. militum leg. VIIII
Hispanae, X viro stlitib. iudic., | sodali Flaviali, XV viro s. f., |
('. lulius Erucianus Crispus praef. | alae primae Ulpiae Daco-
rum | amico optimo.
C. I. L. VI. 1333. Inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Rome, now
in the Capitoline Museum. l He appears to have lived under Antoninus
Pius (Borghesi, Oeuv. IV., p. 159). 2 legatus legionis tricesimae Ulpiae
Victricis.
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 197
20. Q. Pompeio Q. f. Quir. Senecioni | Roscio Murenae Coelio Sex.
TjilioJFroiitiiio Silio Deciano C. lulio Eurycli Herculaneo L. j
Vibullio Pio^Augustano Alpino | Bellicio Sollerti lulio Apro |
Ducenio Proculo Rutiliano | Rufino Silio Valenti Valerio |
Nigro Cl. Fusco Saxae [.c-lmjyntiano l \ Sosio Frisco pontifici,
sodali Hadrianali, sodali Antoniiiiani (sic) \ Veriani (sic),
salio Collino, quaestori | candidate Augg., legato pr. pr. Asiae, |
praetori, consuli, 2 pro consuli Asijae sortito, praefecto alimen-
tor., XX viro monetali, seviro, praef. | feriarum Latinarum;
q. q., patrono | municipii, salio, curator! fan! H. V. 3 | s. p. q. T. 4
C. I. L. XIV. 3609. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Tivoli (Tibur).
1 Uryntiano is the reading of Borghesi, but the Pamphylian inscription
in Bull, de Corr. Hellen. 14 (1890), p. 643, gives authority for Amyntiano.
The name in other inscriptions appears as Q. Pompeius Q.f. Senecio So-
sius Prisctts, or Q. Sositis Priscus. The portion of his name, Q. Pompeius
Roscius . . . to . . . Vibullius Pius he received from his father ; Senecio
and Sosius from his maternal grandfather ; Sex. lulius Frontinus
from his great-grandfather ; Augustanus Alpinus Bellicius Sailers from
Bellicius Sollers, consul in time of Trajan. 2 consul ordinarius, 169 A.D.
3 H(erculis) V(ictoris). * senatus popul usque Tiburs. The arrangement
of the cursus honorum is as follows : first, the priestly functions, then
quaestor candidates, followed by legatus pro praetore, a quaestorian
function, then praetor, consul, proconsul Asiae, a consular function,
hence in ascending series. The functions performed in Italy follow
in inverse order, and finally the municipal honores and the municipal
priesthoods are given.
21. [.Herjcul^'] | Victor! | P. Plotius Romanus l cos., sod. Aug. Cl., |
leg. Aug. pr. pr. prov. Arab, item Gal., | praef. aer. Sat, leg.
Aug. cens. ace. Hisp. cit., 2 | iur. 3 per Aem. Lig., cur. viae Labic., 4
cur. Verc., 5 pr. urb., trib. pi., q. kand., VI vir eq. R. tur. II, |
trib. mi-1. legg. I Min. et II Adiut., IIII v. v. cur. ? | aedem
cum omni cultu coiisecravit.
C. I. L. VI. 332. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, outside of
the Porta Portuensis. l Plotius Romanus was consul suffectus in an un-
known year, not however before the time of M. Aurelius, who instituted
the office of iuridicus 3 . 2 leg(atus) Aug(usti) cens(ilnts) acc(ipiendis)
Hisp(aniae) Cit(erioris'). * Labic(anae} . 5 Verc^ellensiuiri) .
198 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
22. C. Caerellio Fufidio | Annio Ravo C. fil. Ouf. | Pollittiano sodali
Marciano Aureliano | Comniodiano Helviano | Severiano, III
vir. monet. | a. a. a. f. f., trib. laticlavio | leg. Ill Cyr., VI vir.
equit. Rom. | turmae primae, quaestor. | candid. | imp. Caesaris
M. Aurelli | Antonini Pii Felicis Aug., 1 | trib. pi. candid., pr.
hastar., 2 c. v., 3 | Fufidii Amycus et Chrestina nutritores.
C. I. L. VI. 1365. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Rome,
now in Florence. l Between 212-217 A.D. ^pr(aetori) hastar(io).
Cf. Mommsen, Staatsr. II., 8 p. 225. 8 c(larissimo) v(iro).
23. L. lul. Apronio Maenio Pio Salamalliano l \ trib. latic. leg. X
Gem., adjlecto inter qq., 2 prae|posito actis senat., | aed. curuli,
praeto|ri, leg. Aug. vice quin[g]ue fascium prov. | Belgi[cae,
fe]g. leg. | I Aduitric., leg. Au[#] | pr. pr. provinc. Ga[7a]|tiae
item I | pr. pr. c. v. . . .
Ephem. Ep. VII. 395. Inscribed on a pedestal found in the fornm at Lam-
baesis, Africa, where it still exists. 1 He is said to have lived in the
middle of the third century. The tribunatus militum and the legatio
legionis show that he did not live after the time of Gallien. 2 Note this
instance of adlectio inter quaestorios. Mommsen, Staatsr. II., 3 p. 941,
note 5, and p. 901.
24. M. Tineio Ovinio | L. f. Arn. Casto Pulchro | c. v., pont. maiori, 1 1
q. urb., pr. k., cos., | s. p. q. T. 2 | filio patroni, | nepoti patro-
norum.
C. I. L. XIV. 3614. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Tivoli (Tibur).
1 If the pontifices were not termed maiores until after the establishment of
the pontificate of deus Sol, this inscription does not date before Aurelian,
270-275, who is believed to- have instituted the pontifices dei Solis
(Dessau). 2 s^enatus) p(opulus~)q(ue~) T(iburs).
25. C. Gaelic Censori|no v. c., praet. candi|dato, cons., cur. viae |
Latinae, cur. reg. VII, | cur. splendidae Carthagin., comiti d.
n. j Constantini maximi Aug. | et exactori auri et argen|ti
provinciarum III, cons. 1 pro|vinc. Sicil., cons. Camp., aucta | in
melius civitate sua et refor|mata ordo populusque Atellanus.
L. d. s. c.
199
C. I. L. X. 3732. Found at Grumo, near ancient Atella, between Naples
and Capua. l cons(ulari) . The three provinces are Sicilia, Sardinia,
Corsica.
26. Mavortii. Q. Flavio Maesio Egnatio | Lolliano c. v., q. k.,
praetori urjbano, auguri publico populi | Komani Quiritium,
cons, albei | Tiberis et cloacarum, cons. ope|rum publicum, 1
cons, aquarum, cons. Campaniae, comiti Flaviali, | comiti
Orientis, comiti primi ordinis et | proconsuli provinciae
Africae, | regio portae triumphalis patrono dignissinio.
C. I. L. X. 1695. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Puteoli, now in Museum at
Naples. Lollianus was praefectus urbi in 342 A.D., and consul ordinarius
in 355 A.D. ! By an error for publicorum.
27. nobilitatis culmini, | litterarum et eloquentiae lumini, | auctori-
tatis exemplo, | provisionum ac dispositionuui magistro, |
humanitatis auctori, | moderationis patrono, devotionis anti-
stiti, | Petronio | Probo v. c. proconsuli Africae, 1 | praefecto
praetorio | per Illyricum Italiam et Africam, consuli ordi-
nario, 2 ob insignia erga se remediorum genera | Veneti adque
28.
Histri peculiares eius,
Dedicata VI idus Aug.,
II Augg. cons. 3
patrono praestantissimo. (On the side)
dd. mi. Valente VI et ] Valentiniano
C. /. L. VI. 1751. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Rome,
now in the Capitoline Museum. !358 A.D. 2 371 A.D. 3 Aug. 8th, 378.
Rufius Praetextatus | Postumianus v. c., films magnifici viri
Mariniani praefecti praetorio | et consulis ordinarii, 1 1 quaestor
candidatus, | praetor urbanus, tribunus | et notarius praetori-
anus, praefectus urbi secundo, | consul ordinarius, 2 quos |
tantos ac tales honores primo aetatis suae flore | promeruit.
C. 7. L. VI. 1761. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Rome, now in
Museum at Florence. 1 423 A.D. 2 448 A.D.
200 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER
PRAEFECTI PRAETOKIO
1. Vasiens. Vdc. 1 patrdno, | Sex. Afranio Sex. f. | Volt. Burro , trib.
mil., proc. Augu|stae, 2 proc. Ti. Caesar., proc. divi Claudi, |
praef. pra[e]tori, 3 ornajm[ewf]is consular.
' '. I. L. XII. 5842. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Vaison (Vasio), in
Xarbonensis. l Vasienses Vocontii. 2 Livia. 3 Burrus was praefectus
praetorio from 51-62 A.D. Tac. Ann. XII. 42.
%
2. M. Bassaeo M. f. St[e.] | Rufo pr. pr. [*i]peratoruin M. Aureli
Antonini et \_L.~] Aureli Veri et L. Aureli Commodi Augg.,
[cjonsularibus ornamentis honorato [e]t ob victoriam Ger-
manicam et Sarmatic. [yl]ntonini et Commodi Augg. corona |
[wjurali vallari aurea hastis puris IIII j [fo]tidemque vexillis
obsidionalibus [aft iisdem~\ donato, praef. Aegypti, praef.
. . . . , l proc. a rationibus, proc. Belg[7me] et rfwjarum Ger-
maniarum, proc. regni [JVo|ri]ci, proc. Asturiae et Calleciae,
trib. | [co/i] . . pr., trib. coh. X urb., trib. coh. V vigul., pp.
bis. 2 [Huic se]atus auctoribus impp. Antonino et \ [Com-
mjodo Augg. statuam auratam in foro | [divi Traia~\m et
aliam civil i amictu in templo | {divi Pii'], tertiam loricatam in
tern [plo Martis Ultoris? j?o]nendas [censuit~\.
C. I. L. VI. 1599. Found at Rome, existing now in a copy of the sixteenth
century. l Supply either an n(onae), or my(ilum). 2 p(rimo)p(ilo) his.
Dio Cassius LXXI. 5. The order of the honores is descending. The
highest offices of the equestrian career are given from pr(aefecto)
pr(aetorio') to praef(ecto) [fljtn(onae) or t?igr(i7m)], those of the grade
of procurator from proc(uratori) a rationibus to proc(uratori) Asturiae
et Gallaeciae, and those indicating preparatory military service from
trib(uno) [coh(ortis) . . .] to p(rimo}p(ilo) bis . . .
3. L. lulio Ve[M]io Gr[ato] luliano pra[e/.] pr., praef. | ann., a
rationib., praef. chassis ^>]raet. Misenat., pra[e/.] | classis
praet. Raven[wo<., proc.~\ Aug. et praep. vexil[^a]|tion. tempore
belli \_Britannici, pr~\6c,. Aug. provinciae Lusit[aniae] et
Vett[owi'ae, proc. ^.]ug. et praeposit[o] | vexillationis per . . .
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER 201
, prdc. Aug. et praef. classis Po[wto'c]a[e, proc. Augg.
e]t pra[ep.] vexillationis per Achaiarn et Macedoniam | et in
Hispanias adversus Castabocas et | Mauros rebelles, praeposito
vexillatio|nibus tempore belli Germanici et Sarmat., | praef.
alae Tampianae, praef. alae Her|culanae, trib. cohort, primae
Ulpiae Pan noniorum, praef. cohort, tertiae August, j Thracum,
donis militaribus donato ab impe|[rato]ribus Antonino et Vero
ob victoriam [belli Par/w]ci, item ab Antonino et | [Commodo
ob v/c]tor. belli Germ[a]nic. [...'.,
'Notizie degli Scavi, 1887, p. 536. On a pedestal found at Rome in the bed
of the Tiber. lulianus was praefectus praetorio of Commodus, and was
slain by him; Dio Cassius LXXII. 14 ; Vita Comm. 7, 4. 11, 3. A state-
ment in Vita Marci, chap. 21, shows that the Moors ravaged Spain in
the time of M. Aurelius.
4. L. Petronio L. f. | Sab. Tauro Volu|siano v. cos. | ordinario, 1 praef.
praet. | em. v., 2 praef. vigul. | p. v., 3 trib. | coh. primae praet.
protect | Augg. nil., 4 item trib. coh. IIII praet., trib. coh. XI
urb., trib. coh. Ill vig., leg. X | et XIIII Gem. prov. Pannoniae
superiori. | itim (sic) leg. Daciae, 5 praeposito equitum sin|gu-
larior. Augg. nn., p. p. 6 leg. XXX Ul[piae, centurioni deputato,
eq. pub., ex V dec., Laur. Lavin. ordo Arretinorum patrono |
optimo.
C. L L. XI. 1836. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Arezzo (Arretium),
where it still exists. l v(iro) co(n)s(ulari) ordinario, 261 A.D. 2 em(in-
entissimo*)v(iro). 3 p^erfeetissimo*) v(iro). * protection) Aug(ustorum)
n(ostrorum}, the earliest mention of protectores ; cf. Momm. Ephem.
Ep. V. p. 126. 5 leg(ionis) Daciae. 6 p(rimo') p(ilo).
PRAEFECTI AEGYPTI, ANNONAE, VIGILUJI
5. M. Magio M. f. Maximo | praef. Aegypti, Tarraconenses.
C. I. L. IX. 1125. Found at Le Grotte di Mirabella (Aeclanum), still in
existence. Maximus was prapfectus Aegypti under Augustus (Philo. adv.
Flaccum 10. Pliny N. H. 36, 9, 69).
'i. Claudio Ti. fil. Pal. Secundino L. Statio Macedon[t] | p. p.
leg. IIII F. f., 1 trib. coh. | prim, vig., trib. .coh. XT | urban.,
trib. coh. VIIII pr., | p. p. iterum, 2 praef. leg. II Tra. [/.J, |
202 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
proc. XX her., proc. provin[c.] | Lugdunens. et Aquitan[/coe], |
a rationib. Aug., 3 praef. an[?tow.], L. Saufeius Iulianu[s] |
amico optim[o].
C. I. L. V. 867. Found at Aquileja (Aquileia), where it still remains.
1 p(rimo) p(ilo) leg(ionis) quartae F(laviae) f(elicis). *p(rimo( p(ilo)
iterum. The return to this position or grade evidently looked to obtain-
ing some special advantage which fell to the primipilarii. 8 An inscrip-
tion on a lead pipe (<7. /. L. XIV. 2008), referring to this man, shows
that Secundinus was a rationibus for Antoninus Pius.
6. C. Iimio C. f. Quir. | Flaviano | praefecto annonae, proc. a
rationibus, proc. | provinciarum Lugdunesis | et Aquitanicae,
proc. hereditat., | proc. Hispaniae citerioris | per Asturicam et
Callaeciam, | proc. Alpium maritimarum, | promagistro XX
hereditatium, | tr. mil. leg. VII Gem., pontif. minori, | merca-
tores frumentari | et oleari Afr_ari.
C. L L. VI. 1620. Inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Rome,
where a fragment still exists.
7. Cn. Marcio On. fi[T]io Kustio \_Rufino praef. cojhortium vigilum,
p[r]aeposito an[wonae imp. L. Septimi] | Severi Pii Pertinac.
e{_] M. Aurelii Anton [mi Augg., praef.'} \ classiuni praetori-
a[rw]m Misenatium [et Ravennat., trib. co]]hortium primae
prae[to]riae, XI urban., [VI vigil., prim. \ pil. legi^onuna. Ill
Cyrenaicae, III Gall[icoe, et Salinato^ri&e P. fil. Augustinae
ei[ws].
C. L L. IX. 1582. Found at Benevento (Beneventum), where it still exists.
Rufinus was praefectus vigilum from 205-207 A.D.
PROCURATORES
8. C. Baebio P. f. Cla. | Attico | II vir. i. [d], primopil. leg. | V
Macedonic., praef. civitatium Moesiae et | Treballia[e, pm]ef.
[cijvitat. in Alpib. maritumis, t[r.] mil. coh. | VIII pr.,
primopil. iter., procurator. | Ti. Claudi Caesaris Aug. Ger-
manici | in Norico, | civitas | Saevatum et Laiancoruin. 2
C. L L. V. 1838. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found at Zuglium (lulium
Carnicum), still in existence. 2 People of Noricum.
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER
203
9. P. Besio P. f, Quir. Betuiniano | C. Mario Memmid Sabino |
praef. coh. I Raetorum, trib. leg. X G. p. f., | praef. alae
Dardanorirm, procurator! imp. Caesaris Nervae Traiani Aug.
Germ. Dacici | monetae, proc. provinc. Baeticae, proc. XX
hered., proc. pro leg. provinc. Mauretaniae Tingitanae, donis
donato ab imp. Traiano Aug. bello Dacico corona murali
vallari hastis pur. vexillo argent., | exacti exercitus.
C. I. L. VIII. 9990. Found at Tanger (Tingi), Mauretania, and taken to
Oxford, where it remains in the museum.
10. d. m. s. | P. Vibi P. f. Marian! e. m. v., 1 proc. et praesidi prov.
Sardiniae, p. p. bis, trib. cohh. X pr. XI urb. IIII vig., praef.
leg. | II Ital., p. p. leg. Ill Gall., J/^frument., | oriundo ex Ital.
lul. Dertona, | patri dulcissimo, | et Reginiae Maxime matri |
karissimae, Vibia Maria Maxima c. f. fil. et her.
C.I. L. VI. 1636. Inscribed on a large sarcophagus found near the fifth
milestone of the Via Cassia, near Rome, where it still exists. ] egregiae
memoriae viro.
11. T. Cornasidio T. f. Fab. Sabino e. m. v., | proc. Aug. Daciae
Apulensis, proc. | Alpium Atractianar. et Poeninar. iur. glad.,
subpraef. class, pr. Raven., | praef. alae veter. Gallor., trib.
leg. II Aug., praef. coh I Mont., p. c., auguri, Laur. Lavin.,
aed., II vir., q., q. q. p. p., 1 | collegia fabrum centon. dendro-
phor. | in honorem | T. Cornasidi | Vesenni Clementis fili eius,
Lavin. patron! plebis et coljlegior., qui ab
statuae in | patris sui nomen
equo publ., Laur.
ipsis oblatum | sibi honorem
memo riamque transmisit.
C. I. L. IX. 5439. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Fallerone (Falerio,
in Picenum), now at Home in the Vatican Museum. l aed(ili'), duovir(p\
q(uaestori\ q(uin*)q(uennali) p(er~)p(etuo) are municipal honores.
12. M. Aquilio M. f. | Fabia Felici a census equit. Roman., 1 | praef.
cl. pr. Ravennat., proc. patrim. bis, 2 proc. hered. | patrim.
privat., 3 proc. oper. pub., 4 praep. vexillat., p. p. leg. XI CL, |
V fr., 5 patron, col., ob mer. eius | Antiat. publ.
204 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
('. I.-L. X. 6657. Found at Nettuno (Antiuin), now at Rome in the
Capitoline Museum. 1 For a censibus equit(um) Roman(orum), as
Mommsen, Staatsr. III., p. 490, note 2, who identifies this officer of
the bureau for examining the demands of candidates for the equestrian
order with the officer of the bureau of petitions (a libellis) ; or for
(proc) a(d) census equU^um) Roman(orum), a special officer only
mentioned here, so, Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 18, note 4.
2 proc(uratori) patrim(onii) bis, i.e. of two provinces. 3 proc(uratori)
hered(itatium) patrini(o>iii) privat(i), was thS officer to whom fell the
charge of inheritances coming to the emperor on account of ius patronatus.
The duties of this officer afterwards devolved upon the procurator ratiunis
privatae. * This function, mention of which does not occur elsewhere,
was held by Felix in 193 A.D. 5 c(enturioni) fr(iiinentarioruiri).
13. Tib. Antistio Faus|ti fil. Qtiirina Marci|ano domo Circina, |
praef. coh. II His[p]anae, 1 trib. leg. XV [^lpoZ]linaris | piae
fideli[s, j>r]aefecto a[lae Sulpic[ta]e c. R., secun|duni man-
data impp. do|minor. nn. Augg. 1 inte|gerrim. abstinentis-
simoque procur., tres provinc. Galliae prinio umquam eq.
R. a censibus accipi|endis 2 ad aram Caesa]rum statuam
equestrem ponendam censu|erunt.
Musee de Lyon, I., p. 162. Found at Lyons (Lugdunum). ! Probably
Severus and Caracalla. 2 The meaning is that Marcianus was the first
censitor of the equestrian rank to be honored by the tres Galliae with an
equestrian statue.
14. M. Bassaeo M. f. Pal. | Axio | patr. col., cur. r. p., 1 IT vir.
munif., 2 proc. 3 Aug. viae Ost., et Camp., | trib. mil. leg. XIII
Gem., proc. reg. Calajbric., omnibus honorib. Capuae finic., |
patr. col. Lupiensium, patr. municipi | Hudentinor., universus
ordo municip. | ob rem publ. bene ae fideliter gestain. | Hie
primus et solus victores Campanijae pretis et aestim. paria
gladiat. edidit. L. d. d. d.
C. /. L. X. 1795. Found at Naples, but probably belonging in origin to Pu-
teoli. 1 patr(ono) col (oniae), cur (atari) r(ei publicae} . 2 munific.o. 3 The
charge of the more important roads was given to men of senatorial order
i.e. curatores viae, while those of less consequence were given in charge
of equites known here as procurators, in C. I. L. VI. 1010 as curatores.
Hirschfeld, Verw., p. 112, note 4. Momm. Staatsr. II., 8 p. 1077, note 4.
INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER 205
15. P. Magnio Q. f. Quir. Rufo | Magoniano tr. mil. IIII, 1 proc.
Aug. XX her. 2 per Hisp. Baet. [ et Lusitan., item proc.
Aug. j per Baetic. ad | Fal. veget., 3 item proc. Aug. prov.
Baet. ad ducen., 4 Acili. Plec. 5 amico optimo | et bene de
provincia | semper merito d. d.
C. I. L. II. 2029. Inscribed on a pedestal found in Andalusia near El Cerro
de Leon (Anticaria), Spain, where it still exists. l tr(ibuno) mil(itum)
quater. 2 vicesimae (partis') her(editatium). 3 procurator Augusti ad
Falernas vegetandas, an officer looking to the propagation of Italian
vines in Spain (Mommsen). l adducen(a) (milia sestertium) . *Acili(a)
Plec(nsa).
16. C. Sextio C. f. Papir[t'a] | Martiali trib. mil. legionis ![///] |
Scythicae, proc. Aug. ab actis urbis, 1 p[roc.] | Aug. inter
mancip. XL Galliarum et ne|gotiantis, 2 proc. Macedoniae, qui
ob memoriam T. Sexti Alexandri | fratris sui, inlatis H-SL
mil. 3 rei pub. col. suae Mactaritanae, epulaticium ex | usuris
curialibus die natali fratris sui | quodannis dari iussit, ob
quam liberalitate (sic) \ eius statuam universae curiae d. d. 4
pec. sua posuer.
C. I. L. VIII, Suppl. 11813. Found at Mactaris in Africa. l procurator)
Aug(usti) ab actis refers to an officer of equestrian rank in charge of the
acta publica (diurna urbis acta, Tac. Ann. XIII. 31) ; liberti Augustorum
ab actis (C. I. L. VI. 8674), and adiutor ab actis (VI. 8695) were his
subordinates. - inter manciples) giiadragesimae Galliarum et nego-
tiantis. The procurator referred to was the arbitrator between the man-
cipes and negotiatores. 3 inlatis (sestertium) L mil(ibiis). * d(ecreto)
d(ecurionitm).
17. P. Cominio P. f. | Cl. Clementi praef. classium praet. | Misenens.
et Eavenn., | praeposito a cens., 1 proc. Aug. XX her., 2 proc.
Aug. projvinc. Lusitan., proc. Aug. | prov. Daciae Apolensis
(sic), | subpraef. ann., proc. Aug. | ad famil. glad. Transpa., |
proc. Aug. XX her. per Hisp. | citer., 2 omnib. equestrib. milit.
funct., pontif., pa|tron. coloniar. Cone. | Aquil. 3 Parmens.
Venafr., 4 ordo Cone.
C. I. L. V. 8659. Found at Concordia, Italy, where it still exists. Another
inscription in mutilated form has recently been found referring to the
same Cominius Clemens, from which it appears that he performed his
206 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
military service under Marcus Aurelius (Notizie degli Scavi, 1890, p. 173).
1 Momm., Staatsr. III. 490, note 2. 2 proc(uratur) Aug(usti) vicesimae
her(editatium~) at Rome, but a similar function in the province is indi-
cated by procurator) Aug(usti) vicesimae her(editatium) per IIisp(an-
iam) citer(iorem). s Conc(ordiensis) Aquil(eiensis). 4 Venafr(anae).
18. Q. Petronio Q. f. | Meliori | proc. annon., adiutori curatoris |
alvei Tiberis et cloacarum, | curator! rei publ. Saenesium, |
praetori Etrur. XV populorum bis, trib. mil. leg. Ill Gallicae,
sc[r.] | q. VI primo principi, 1 praet. Laur. Lavin., 2 IIII viro
qq. Faesulis, 3 pontif. Faesulis et Florentine, | corpus mesor. 4
frum. Ost. 5 L. d. d. d. p. 6 (0 the *</) Ded. III. non. Feb. |
L. Eggio Marullo Cn. Papirio [ Aeliano cos., 7 | locus adsign.
per C. Nasenn. 8 | Marcellum cur. pp. oper. pub.
C. L L. XIV. 172. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Ostia, having
been built into the theatre when it was restored in the fourth or fifth
century A. i>. l sc[r(t&ne)] q(uaestorio sex) primo principi. 2 praet(ori)
Laur(entium') Lavin(atium). 3 IIII viro q(uin)q(uennali) Faesulis.
4 me(n)sor(wm). & frum (entar tor um) Ost(iensium'). 6 l(ocus) d(atus
d(ecreto) d(ecurionwn) p(ublice~). ~ Febr. 3d, 184 A.U. 8 Nasenn(ium).
19. Aegippi. | L. Mussi<5 Aemiliano | Laurenti Lavinatium, | IIII
milit., 1 v. e., praef. vehicul. trium prov. Gall. Lugdunens,
| Narbonens. et Aquitanic. ad S^SLX, proc. Alex. Pelusi |
p. . . . 2 | ad -&SC, proc. portus utriusq. | ad [SSCO\, \ viro
innocentissimo, | codicarii navicularii et | quiuq. corp. navi-
gantes, ob insignem eius erga se | benivolentiam ac singu|larem
abstinentiam. (On the Me) Dedic. XV Kal. lun. | dd. nn.
[Phttippis] | Augg. cos., 3 1 curant. nun. Herraogen[e], | Ann. I.
Paulino Coz. 4 . . .
C. L L. XIV. 170. Found at Rome, whither it was brought from Ostia,
existing now in copy only. J () quattunr milit(iis), i.e. functus qnattuor
militiis equestribm. 2 Pelusi p[hari] according to some ; others Pelusi-
p[hylac.~], i.e. Pelusip[liylac(iae)~\, like potamophylaciae (C. I. L. II.
1970), Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 263, n. 8. 8 247 or 248 A.D.
4 curant(ibus) nun(dinas) Hermogen[e~\ Au[g.] n. I. Paulino Coz[ino~\
is suggested by Mommsen, but the names have probably been wrongly
copied. The first word, Aegippi, i.e. of Aegippius, is separated from the
rest, and forms one line of the inscription.
INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 207
20. M. Aurelio Basileo viro ducenario, proc. | rationis castrensis, |
or do decurionum ob | tanto amore quam (sic) erga | patriam
nostram praes|tare consuevit.
C. I. L. X. 5336. Found near Interamna, where it still exists within the
walls of an ancient town. This is the only instance known of a man of
equestrian order being procurator castrensis, since elsewhere the pro-
curatores castrenses are libertini.
INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS
APPARITORES AND AIDES OF MAGISTRATES
1. [_M.~\ lunius M. 1. Menander scr. libr. aed. cur. princeps | et q. 1 |
v. 2 lunia M. 1. Calliste, j lunia O. 3 1. Sophie, vixit ann. VIII.
Notizie degli Scavi, 1886, p. 420. Found at Rome on the Via Salaria.
1 scr(iba~) libr(arius) aed(ilium) cur(ulium) princeps et (scriba) q(uaes-
torius). 2 viva. 3 G(aiae), i.e. mulieris.
2. P. Aelio P. f. Pal. | Agathocliano pontif. praetori Laurenti]um
Lavinatium, scrib. tribuni|cio maior., scrib. q. sexsprimo, |
scrib. aedil. curulium, de curial. pullario maiori, 1 praef. fabr.
Ill, accens. velat., 2 Foroclodienses ex deer. | decur., patrono,
ob meri|ta eius et quod primus ad thermas publicas | marmora
et eolumnas | [de]derit, cuius ob dedicati | [onem~\ sportulas
dec[icrionibus~\ virit[zm divisif]. (On the side) Ded. VII id.
Aug. | Cn. Claudio Severe II Ti. Cl. Pompeiano II cos. 3
Notizie degli Scavi, 1889, p. 9. Found near Bracciano, where Forum Clodii
was situated. J Mommsen, Staatsr. I., 3 p. 366, n. 6. 2 accens(o) velat(o).
3 173 A.D.
3. Sex. Caecilio | Epagatho | scrib. libr. tribunicio, 1 apparitori
Caesarum, | scrib. libr. q. Ill decur., 2 | viat. Ill vir. et IIII
vir., 3 | scrib. libr. aed. cur., patri optimo, | Sex. Caecilius Sex.
f. | Quir. Birronianus et | M. Caecilius Sex. f. Quir. Statianus.
C. f. L. VI. 1808. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Rome, where
it still exists. l scrib(ae~) libr(ario') tribunicio. 2 scrib(ae) libr(ario)
q(uaestorio) trium decur (iarum}. 3 viatori triumvirum (sc. capitalium)
et quattuorvirum (sc. viarum curandaruvn).
208 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
4. [i.] Marius L. lib. Doryphorus anulos aureos consecutus a divo
Commodo, 1 scrib. aedilic. et | tribunic., scrib. libr. aedil. curul.,
praeco cos., | [pra]ec. quaestorius, 2 sacerdotal, viator auguruiu, j
[lict]or curiat., Laurens Lavinas, fecit sibi et | . . . ae Ascle-
piodote coniugi, item libertis | libertabusque posterisque eorum.
C. I. L. VI. 1847. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, existing
only in a copy. l This refers to the ius aureorum anulorum, conferring
ingenuitas, introduced by Commodus. Momuisen, Slaatsr. II., 8 p. 893.
2 Mommsen, Staatsr. I., 3 p. 303, note 4.
5. P. Aemilio P. f. Nicomedi patri | incomparabili, | deciiriali
decuriae lictor. | cos. trium .decuriar. X primo, 1 | item decur.
lictor. 2 popularis denuntiat. 3 X primo, item praecon. aedilium
curul. Xprimo, Aemilii Nicomedes et Nicomedes | et Theofila
fili et | heredes fecerunt.
C. /. L. VI. 1869. Found at Rome, now in the Capitoline Museum.
1 deciiriali decuriae lictor(iae) co(n)s(w?am) trium decuriar (urn),
decemprimo. ' 2 decur (iae) lictor(iae). 8 dennntiat(orum').
6. Euhodi. 1 | M. Aurel. Sabiniano Augg. lib., patrono | civitatis
Anagninor. | itemq. collegi caplato|rum, decuriali decuriae |
lictoriae popularis demmtiatorum itemq. gerulor., sed et
decemviralis, 2 | s. p. q. A. 3 erga amorem patriae | et civium,
quod thermas longa incuria | neglectas sua pecunia restituerit,
| statuam ex leg. 4 suis ponend. censuer. ; ob cuius dedic. dedit
decur. XV, sexv. | 3II, pop. XI, 5 et epul. suffic.
C. I. L. X. 5917. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found in the forum of
Anagnia, the chief town oj: the Hernici, Italy. 1 This is the additional
cognomen. ' 2 Sabinianus was a member of one of the decuriae which
attended the decemviri stlitibus iudicandis. s s(enatus~) p(opulns)
q(ue) A(nagninus). *leg(atis'). 8 decur (ionibus) denarios quinos, sex-
v(iris) denarios binos, pop(ulo) denarios singulos.
7. Tutic. 1 Hylas hie positus, | qui fuit margaritar. ; hie habuit dec.
viat. 2 consullarem, et colleg. den[d]r. | Koman. qq. pp. 3 fuit;
INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 9Q9
qui reliquit collegio s. s. 4 rfS decem mil. n., uti ex usuris
eius omnibus annis parentet ei hoc loco, aut si non factum
fuerit ante terminal., 5 inferet | aerario p. R. decem m. n.
C. I. L. VI. 1925. Found at Rome, existing only in a copy. l Tutic(ius ?).
2 dec(uriam) viat(oriam). s colleg(ii) dendr(ophororum) Boman(orum)
q(uiri)q(uennalis) p(er)p(etuus). 4 s(upra)s(cripto). 5 For terminalia
see Marquardt, Staatsv. III., 3 p. 202.
8. in honorem domus August, w. qq. 1 scholam vetustate corruptam
s. p. ret. 1. s. s. 2 : L. Venuleius Agatho, M. Aurel. Auggg. 3 lib.
December, M. Aurel. Spendon, C. Gemellius Privatus. | Dedic.
V idus Maias Fulvio Pio, Pontio Pontiano cos., 4 curat. C.
Gemellio Private.
C. I. L. VI. 816. Found at Rome, preserved in a copy. 1 v(iatores) q(uae-
storii). ' 2 This is the form given in the copy, probably representing s. p.
ref. q. i. s. s., i.e. s(ua) p(ecunia) ref(ecerunt) q.(ui) i(nfra) s(cripti)
s(unt), on the stone. 3 Perhaps, Maximus and Balbinus with Gordian
Caesar. 4 238 A.D.
9. M. Falcidio | M. fil. Pal. Hypatiano | adlecto in | ordinem dec.
Puteolanor., | ordo | decuriae luliae praec. cos., 1 ob merita
M. Falcidi Cupiti praeconis et | apparitor. Aug., patris eius.
C. I. L. VI. 1944. Found at Rome, now in museum at Naples. 1 For
decuria lulia praeconum consulari cf. Momm. Staatsr. I., 3 p. 344, note 5.
10. Anniae Agrippinae uxori | C. luli Apollini decur. Komae |
trib. item aedil., 1 | accens. velatd, 1 | cur mun. glad. 2 | tridui,
hered. | 1. d. d. d.
Ephem. Ep. VIII. 370. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Puteoli
near the amphitheatre. 1 decur(ialis) Bomae trib(unorum) item aedil-
(ium). 2 cur(atoris) mun(eris) glad(iatorii) .
MlNISTRl OF THE DOMUS AuGUSTAE, FREEDMEN AND SLAVES
11. M. Aur. Aug. liber. | Marcioni proximo rationum, proc.
morum, proc. | prov. Britanniae, | proc. summi chorag.,
prov. Fryg., | Senecianus collib. ex tabular, h. c. 1
LAT. INSCRIP. 14
mar-
proc.
210 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. III. 348. Found at Kaimaz (Tricomia) Phrygia. l h(onoris)
c(awsa).
12. d. m. | Aciliae Lamyrae coniugi | carissimae, Apollonius | Aug.
n. verna arcarius pro|vinciae Asiae, hoc monumentum | cum
sarcophago fecit et sibi et su|is. Quorum curam agunt col-
legia | lib. 1 et servorum domini n. Aug. i. s. 2 : | magnum, 3 et
Minervium tabulari|orum, et Faustinianum commen|taresium,
et decurionum, et ta|bellariorum. | H. m. h. n. s.
C. I. L. III. 6077. Found at Ephesus. l lib(ertorum). 2 i(nfra) s(cripta~).
" Collegia in eo nominata sunt non servorum Ephesi consistentinm, sed
domus Augustas universae" (Momrasen). 8 magnum (sc. collegium
familiae imperatoriae) .
I3i P. Aelio Aug. lib. | Liberali | procurator! annonae [ Ostiensis,
procurator! | pugillationis et ad naves | vagas, 1 tribunicio
collegi | magni, 2 decuriali decuriae | viatoriae consul., decu-
riali | gerulorum, praeposito mensae nummul. f. f. Ost., 3
ornato orna|mentis decurionatus col. Ost., | patrono | Lauren-
tium vici Augustanor.
C. I. L. XIV. 2045. Inscribed on a pedestal found in the Laurentine
district among ruins of the vicus Augustanus. l What this refers to is
unknown. Henzen suggests that it may pertain to a sea postal service
(Bull. delV 1st. 1875, p. 10), but cf. Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 1030, note 3.
2 See preceding inscription. 8 Mensae nummulariae f(isci} f(rnmen-
tarii) Ost( ie nsis) .
14. dis manibus | M. Ulpio Aug. lib. | Gresiano an XXXXV, | tabu-
lario XX here|ditatium item tabu|lario provinciae Lugu dunen-
sis et Aquitani|cae, item tabulario pro vinciae Lusitaniae, | h.
s. e., s. t. [t.~\ 1. Ulpia Pia [ coniugi f. c.
C. I. L. II. 3235. Found at Villanueva de los Infantes, near old Mentesa
Oretanorum (Pliny, H. N. 3, 3, 25), Spain.
15. Ti. Claudius Aug. lib. Bucolas praegustator, triclinarc. (sic), \
proc. a munerib., 1 proc. aquar., 2 proc. castrensis, cum Q.
Claudio | Flaviano filio et Sulpicia Cantabra matre d. [d].
INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 211
C. I. L. XI. 3612. Inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Caere, now
preserved at Civita Vecchia. See Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, I., 6 p. 192.
1 Hirschfeld, Verw. I., p. 167, note 1 ; Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 951, note 4.
2 An inscription on a lead pipe shows that Bucolas held this office
under Domitian. imp. Domitiani Caesaris Aug. Ger. sub cura Bucolae
proc. (Notizie, 1890, p. 186.)
16. d. m. Servato Caesaris n. ser. contrascribtori rationis | suinmi
choragi, vixit ami. XXXIIII | mensibus VIII diebus XII,
amico | bene merenti, fecerunt Fortunatus Pompeianus, Op-
tatus Aug. lib. adiutores proc. rationis ornamentorum, et
Irenaeus | Caesaris verna adiutor tabulariorum, et Isidorus
Primitivi Aug. disp. vicar. 1 | rationis eiusdem, 2 et Helius |
vicarius eius, 3 domino bene merenti.
C. I. L. VI. 8950. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, preserved
in the Villa Albani. l disp(ensatoris) vicar(ius). 2 i.e. rationis orna-
mentorum. 3 Servati.
17. d. m. | Onesati Caes. ( n. ser., paedago|go puerorum, | fecit
Annia | Stratonice | coniugi b. m. || d. m. T. F. Hermes Aug.
lib. | a superlecti le p. Caes. n., 1 | f . Fortunata | lib. pat. b. m.
C. I. L. VI. 8973. Found at Verona, whither it was brought from Rome.
1 p(uerorum) Cae(saris) n(ostri).
SLAVES AND FREEDMEN OF PUBLICANI
18. Pudens soc. | pub. XL ser. | ) ser. 1 finib. | Cotti vovit, | arcar.
Lugud. | s. 1. m.
C. I. L. V. 7213. Inscribed on an altar found at Avigliana, between Susa
and Turin, now in the museum at Turin. : soc(iorum, pub(lici)
(quadragesimae) ser(vus) contrascr(iptor).
19. d. m. | Inachus | public. XX | lib., 1 Inacho | parenti | piissimo.
C. I. L. VI. 8453. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in
Vatican Museum. l public(i) (vicesimae) lib(ertatis') (sen?ws).
212 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
INSCRIPTIONS OF SUBORDINATE MILITARY OFFICERS
(Including Centurions)
20. L. Pompeio L. f . | Pom. Reburro Fabro | Gigurro l Calubrigen., |
probato in coh. VII pr., | beneficiario tribuni, | tesserario in
V, 2 | optioni in V, | signifero in '/, | fisci curatori, | corn, trib., |
evoc. Aug., | L. Flavins Flaccinus | h. ex t.
C. I. L. II. 2610. Found at San Esteban de la Rua (Compostella) Tarra-
conensis, Spain, existing in copy. l A tribe of the Asturians (Pliny
N. H. Ill, 3, 28). The town Calubriga is unknown. ' 2 centuria. Note
that benejiciarius tribuni is placed before the series of functions.
21. C. Arrio C. f. Corn. | Clementi militi coh. IX pr., equiti coh.
eiusdem, donis donato at imp. Traiano torquibus armillis
phaleris j ob bellum Dacicum, singular! | pr[a] ef ectorum pr.,
tesserario, op|tioni, fisci curatori, cornicul. | tribuni, evocato
Aug., V 1 coh. I vigil., V | statorum, 7 coh. XIIII urb., 7 coh.
VII pr., trecenario, donis donato ab imp. | Hadriano hasta
pura corona aurea, j 7 leg. Ill Aug., primipilari, II viro
quin|quennali, patrono municipi, | curatori rei publicae, |
decur. et Aug. V[/wV.], municipes Matil. 2
Dessau, 2081. Found at Matilica in Umbria. l centurioni. * decur (ioni) et
Auy(ustali) se[w(o)], municipes Matil (icenses).
22. C. Oppio C. f. Vel. | Basso p. c., | pr. Auximo, 1 Y leg. IIII Fl.
fel., evoc. Aug. | ab actis fori, B pr. pr., signif., option., tesse. |
coh. II pr., mil. coh. XIIII | et XIII urbanarum, | coll. cent.
Auxim. | patr. ob merita eius. | L. d. d. d. (On the Hide) Posita
VI k. lul. | L. Aelio Caesare II, | P. Coelio Balbino cos. 2
C. I. L. IX. 5839. Found at Osirao (Auximuin) Picenum, where it exists
to-day. l p(atrono) c(oZom'ae), pr(aetori) Auximo. 2 137 A.D.
23. C.J)ppio C. f. Vel. | Basso p. p., 1 p. c., | pr. i. d. Aux., 2 V leg.
IIII Fl. fel. et leg. II Tr. for., [ evoc. Aug. ab act. 3 fori, B
pr. pr., 4 mil. coh. II pr. | et coh. XIII et XIIII urb., | omnibus
officiis | in caliga functo, 5 j centuriones leg. II | Traianae
INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 213
fortis, | optimo et dignissimo. | In cuius ded. cenam col. ded. 6 1
L. d. d. d.
C. I. L. IX. 5840. Found at Osimo (Auximum), where it still exists.
1 primipilari. ' 2 p(atrono) c(oloniae), pr(aetori) i(\ire) d(icundo}
Aux(imi). s Cf. Mom in. Ephem. Ep. V., p. 149. 4 b(eneficiario)
pr (aefector urn) pr(aetorio). 5 The positions of signifer, optio, and tessera-
rius, enumerated in the preceding inscription, are referred to. 6 In cuius
dedication?) cenam col(onis) ded(it). The second centurionate and the
primipilate were held after the setting up of the preceding inscription.
24. C. Luccius C. fil. Stell. Sabinus j Beneventi decurio, | vivus
sibi et Ofilliae | Paratae uxori et Luccio | Verecundo fratri
posterisq. | suis fecit, militavit in coh. | I urb. ad latus tribu-
nor., fuit | secutor, optio valetudi., 1 optio | carcaris, singularis,
benefic. | tribuni, a quaestionib. 2 factus per | Annium Verum
praef. urbis, 3 et | tesserarius, optio, signif., fisci curator, optio
ab act., cornicul. | trib., benef. Valeri Asiatici praet. 4 (sic) \
urb., missus ab imp. Hadriano Aug. | Serviano III et Vibio
Varo cos., 5 [ded~\ X [Ar]a[Z.], Mai. Erucio Claro IT cos. 6 In. f.
p. XX in agr. p. XX.
C. I. L. IX. 1617. Found at Beneventum, where it still exists. l valetu-
di(nari). ' 2 a qnaestionib(us') (praefecti urbis). 8 Annius Verus,
grandfather of Marcus, the emperor, was cos. II in 121 A.D. ; cos. Ill,
126 A. D. Cf. Vita Marci, c. 1. * Rather praef. 5 134 A.D. 6 146 A.D.
25. L. Tros[*]us L. f. Pup. | Maximus Tergeste, V coh. XI urb., |
militavit 7 coh. II vig., | evoc. Aug. a quaestion. | pr. pr., 1
speculator Aug. | in coh. X pr., vix. an. LV, | mil. an. XXXIII,
t. f. i. ] In fr. p. XII. | in ag. p. XIII.
C. L L. VI. 2755. Inscribed on a cippus found at Rome, from a copy of
the sixteenth century. l a quaestion(ibus) pr(aefecti) pr(aetorio}.
26. C. Virrius lucundus | vexil. coh. II vig | O 1 Viserti Latini,
aim. VI men. VII dies XVIIII, in eis tesserar., optio,
milit.
vexil-
larius, | vix. ann. XXVII, | aram cum base sua t. p. i. | Arbi-
tratu Luciliae Lacaenae | et C. Virri lucundi f.
C. I. L. XI. 1438. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Pisa, now in the Anti-
norian Museum at Florence. 1 centuria.
214 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
27. d. m. | M. Aur. Augustiano | 7 coh. V vig., vix. an. XXXIIII,
provitus aim. XVII, excepjtor presidi l prnvim-ies ; M. s.- ;uni.
IIII, lectus in prae ( toria, eques sive tabu|larius aim. V, factus
7 I in Syria, vixit aim. VIII, | Claudia Pacata coniux | piissimo
et Ulpius Mar|cellus nepos b. m. fece|runt.
C. I. L. VI. 2977. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, existing in
copy only. J praesidi(s). 2 M(oesiae) S(uperioris).
28. P. Tutilius P. f. 0[w/] veteranus, sigu[i/er], aquilifer leg.
V . . . , curator vete[ra?i.], | accepit ab impe[m] praemia
dupl[ici'a], natus est A. Hirtio \_A. f. C.~\ \ Vibio Pansa cos., 1
de[cess^] C. Fufio Gemino L. Ru[6eKi'o] Gemino cos., 2 sibi
[et] P. Atecingi f. \_et] Demincae [/., ef] Andoblationi P. f.
[ef] Gnatae P. f., | t. f. i.
C. L L. V. 5832. Found at Milan, now at Brera. J 711/43. 2 29 A.D.
Note the Gallic names.
29. M. Vettio M. f. Ani. | Valenti j mil. coh. VIII pr., benef. praef.
pr., | donis donate 1 bello Britan. | torquibus armillis phaleris,
evoc. Aug., corona aurea donat., | 7 coh. VI vig., f stat., 2 7
coh. XVI urb., V cho. | II pr., exercitatori equit. speculatorum,
princip. | praetori 3 leg. XIII Gem., ex tree. 4 leg. VI | Viftr.,
donis donato ob res prosper. | gest. contra Astures torq. phaler.
arm., | trib. coh. V vig., trib. coh. XII urb., trib. coh. Ill
pr., [trib.~] leg. XIIII Gem. Mart. Victr., j proc. imp. Caes.
Aug."' prov. Lusitan., patron, coloniae, speculator. X h. c., 6 |
L. Luccio Telesino C. Suetonio Paullino cos. 7
C. I. L. XI. 395. Found at Ariminum, existing now in copy. 1 a Claudia.
2 centurioni stat(orum). s princeps praetorii, most honored among
centurions after the primipilus ; cf. Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 231. 4 Mommsen
thinks p. p. = primo pilo has disappeared here and that this man was not
ex trecennrio legionis sextae ]'!</ ri<-is, but from a trecenarius, i.e. a cen-
turio praetorianus, became centnrio leyionarius, Eplicm. Ep. IV., p. 243.
6 Nero is referred to. 6 speculator (es) (decem), h(onoris) c(ausa).
- 66 A.D.
INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 215
30 | militavit L annis, IV in leg. Ill A[wgr.] librar.,
tesser., optio, signifer, factus ex suffragio leg. [^.]u[^. pr. pr.
y] | militavit V leg. II Ital., [V] leg. VII . . . , | y leg. I
Min., y leg. X Gem., 7 leg. II . . . . , y leg. Ill Aug., y
leg. II[J] Gall., y leg. XXX U[Z]p., | y leg. VI Vic., y leg.
Ill Cyr., y leg. XV Apol., | y leg. II Par., y leg. I Adiu-
tricis, | consecutus ob virtutein in | expeditioneni Parthicam |
coronam muralem vallarem | torques et phaleras, agit in diem
operis perfecti | annos LXXX, sibi et Claudiae Marciae Capi-
tolinae | koniugi karissimae, quae agit | in diem operis per-
fecti | annos LXV, et M. Petronio Fortunato filio | militavit
ann. VI y leg. X[X]II Primig., y leg. II Aug., vixit ann.
XXXV, [ cui Fortuiiatus et Marcia parentes j karissimo meino-
riam fecerunt.
C. I. L. VIII. 217. Ephem. Ep. V. 1043. Inscribed on a mausoleum
discovered at Henchir Gasrin, ancient Cillium, Africa.
31. M. Apicio T. f. Cam. Tironi p. p. leg. XXII Primig. p. f., \
a com-
praef. leg. XILt Gem., 1 | y leg. XV Apollin., evoc.
ment. oust., optioni evoc., salar. curat. ab indicib., 3 | patron,
mun. Raven., 4 | pontif.
C. /. L. XI. 19. Inscribed on a large marble cippus found at Ravenna,
where it still exists in part, in the Museum Classense. 1 It is curious
that the function praefectitra legionis should be placed among those of
the centurionate. 2 Tiro was at first among the praetorian soldiers, then
afterwards became evocatus. 3 For these various functions performed by
Tiro as evocatus see Mommsen, Ephem. Ep. V. 148. 4 Raven(natium).
THE NAVY
32. Antho Caesaris trierarcho Liviano, | C. lulius laso f. c.
C. L L. XII. 257. Found at Frejus (Forum lulii), existing in copy. It
will be remembered that under the Julian and Claudian emperors, a fleet
was stationed at Forum lulii.
33. C. lulio C. f. | Fal. Magno | navarc. princ. | clas. pr. Misen., 1 |
adlec. in ord. decur. et inter IIvirale[s] | decret. decur. p.
p. 2 | munic. revere[wes]. | Cuius dedi[ca^'one] | decurion[i&ws] [
H-S XX [ra. n. dedif]. (On the *w) Dedic. pr. idus
216 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Saturnine et \_Gallo cos. 3 ], | curant. Q. Sevili[o] , |
Ti. 01. PhileO II viris].
C. I. L. X. 8215. Found at Castel Volturno (Volturnum) in the founda-
tions of the Curia, now in the Museum Campanum. l navarc(o)
princi(pi) clas(sis') pr(aetoriae) Misen(ensis'). 2 p(ostulatione) p(opuli)
(Momnisen). 3 This is suggested by Mominsen, who assigns the inscrip-
tion to 198.
34. T. Suillio Albano | qui et Timotheus | Menisci f., natione |
Nicaens., arm. custod. | lib. Virtut., mil. a. XXV, | vixit ami.
X | , Anto[n]ius Quadratus | et Aemil. Quadratus |
[a]nn. cus[.] ex IIII Minerv. | heredes, et Suillia | Eugenia
lib. ben. mer. | fecerunt.
C. I. L. X. 3406. Found at Puteoli, existing in part in the museum at
Naples.
35. d. m. | C. Publius Mari|nus mil. clas. pr. | Mis., sec. tr., 1 | n.
Syr., 2 stip. IIII, | v. ami. XX, paren tes b. m. f.
C. L L. X. 3494. Found at Naples, where it still e'xists in the museum.
1 sec(utor~) tr(ierarchi). 2 natione Syr(us~).
36. Ti. Claudio Aug. lib. Eroti, | trierarcho liburnae Ni|li, exacto
classis Aug. | Alexandriiiae, L. Iuli|us C. f. Fab. Saturninus
et M. | Antonius Heracla trier., heredes eius fecerunt.
Ephem. Ep. V. 989. Found at Cherchel (Caesarea), in Mauretania.
INSCRIPTIONS OF MUNICIPALITIES
Italy
Ostia.
37. L. Liciriio L. fil. Pal | Herodi | equit. Kom., decuriali | decuriae
viatoriae equestris cos., 1 decurioni, | quinquennali duumviro, |
sacerdoti geni col., flam. | Rom. et Aug., curat. oper. publ., |
quaestori aer., 2 aedili, flam. | divi Severi, sodali Arulensi, |
praet. prim. sac. Volk. faciu., | ordo Augustal. | optimo civi,
ob merita.
C. /. L. XIV. 373. Inscribed on a large pedestal found at Ostia, now at
Rome in Villa Abani. l eo()s( ularis). 2 aer(aru). 3 praet (on')
pri'm(o) sac(ris) Volk(nno) faciu(ndis).
INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 217
Praeneste.
38. P. Acilio P. f . Men. | Paullo | m Hi vir. Aug. q. col., | aed. II
vir., flamini divi Aug., | cur annonae, cur. muneris public!, |
cur. kal., | cultores lovis Arcani | regio macelli patrono
dignissimo. L. d. d. d. (On the, side) Dedicata V idus |
Maias | Arriauo et Papo | cos. | curante Ti. Cl | Vitale
mm vir. Aug.
C. L L. XIV. 2972. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Praeneste,
now in Vatican Museum, Rome. The date is 243 A.D.
Nomentum.
39. Gn. Munatius M. f. Pal | Aurelius Bassus [ proc. Aug., | praef.
fabr., praef. coh. Ill | Sagittariorum, praef. coh. iterum II |
Asturum, censitor civium Romanorum coloniae Victri|censis
quae est in Britannia | Camaloduni, curator, viae Nomentanae,
patronus eiusdem niunicipi, flamen perpetus (sic) \ duum virali
potestate, | aedilijs, dictator IIII.
C. L L. XIV. 3955. Inscribed on a large marble cippus found at La
Mentana (Nomentum), now in Vatican Museum.
Vibo.
40. Q. Laronius Q. f. [augur~], \ L. Libertius C. f. pont. max | IIII
v. i. d. q. c. p. 1 ex s. c. Con. 2 H-S ....
C. I. L. X. 49. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Montelione (Vibo), Italy,
existing in a copy. a q(uinquennales) c(ensoria) p(otestate). 2 Con(stat).
Aeclanum.
41. d. m., Ti. Cl. Maximo | II vir, aed. quaes. | pecuniae alim. vixit
ann. XXVII m. V | , Ti. Cl. November | et Cl. Hermio ne filio
bene merenti fee. | et sibi.
C. I. L. IX. 1415. Assigned by Mommsen to Aeclanum, existing in copy.
Beneventum.
42. I. 0. M., | C. Ennius C. f. Firmus | permissu decurion. | c. B. 1 1
Benevento, aedilis, | II vir i. d., quaestor, curator operis
thermarum datus ab | imp. Caesare Hadriano Aug.
C. /. L. IX. 1419. Found at Aequum Tuticum, still in existence. 1 c(olo-
wiae) B(eneventi).
218 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Histonium.
43. M. Baebio M. f. Q. n. Am. Suetrio | Marcello equo publico, | aed., q.,
II II vir i. d., II II vir quinq. II, | patrono munic., flarnini
divi | Vespasian!., | M. Baebius Suetrius Marcellus | et Suelria
Rufa patri optumo. | Huic decuriones funus publicum | sta-
tuam equestrem clipeum | argenteum locum sepulturae | decre-
verunt et urban! statuam pedestre (sic).
C. I. L. IX. 2855. Found at II Vasto d'Aimone (Histonium) among the
Frentani, where it still exists.
Alba Fucens.
44. d. in. s., | L. Marculeio Saturnine | veterano August! cho. VII |
pr., 1 IIII viro i. d., quaestor! re! p|ublice, curator! pecuniaje
alument[a]r, curator! annone plebis, curator! oper urn publicor,
curator! apu|t lovem Statorem qq colejgi fabrum tignuariorum
L. M. | Arculeius Faustu[s] lunior | IIII vir iure die. curator*
annjone patri optimo et sib! fecit.
C. I. L. IX. 3923. Found at modern Scurcula near Alba Fucens, among
the Aequi, only existing in part. l veterano Augusti c(o)ho(rtis
septimae) pr(aet oriae) . The date is 149 A.D.(?)
Spain
45. p. H. c. | L. Domitio | M. fil. Serg. | Dentoniano, iudic. dec. V,
equo | publico per Traian, | II vir. munic. Gonsabur[ejn., |
flam[z']n. perpet., 1 tribun. milit. | cohort. Astur. Callaeciae j et
Mauretan. Tingit., 2 flam. p. H. c. 3
C. I. L. II. 4211. Found at Tarragona (Tarraco), existing only in a copy.
1 Sc. Consaburae. 2 Hiibner believes that by an error this stands for
cohort(is) Astur(um} et Callaec(orum) Mauretaniae Tingitanae, because
we can hardly believe that the cohors Asturum encamped in the neigh-
boring Gallaecia. 3 p(rovinciae) H(ispnnine) c(iterioris) .
46. M. Valerio M. f. M. n. | Q. pron. Gal. Pullino ! -H- vir., leg. per-
petuo | munic. Pontif. 1 , | praef. fabr., flam., | pontif. Aug.,
mu|nicipes et incolae.
INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 219
C. I. L. II. 2132. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Porcuna (Obulco),
where it still exists. l leg(ato) perpetuo munic(ipii) Pontif(iciensis') ,
i.e. Obulconis.
47. L. Porcio L. f. | Gal. Himero | II vir, praef. pro. | II vir, flamini |
divorum bis. | Ob. merita pleps aere conlato huius tituli
honore | contentus impesam | remisit.
C. L L. II. 34. Found at Alcager do Sal (Salacia), Lusitania, existing in a
copy.
Africa
48. Ponti. 1 C. Helvio C. f. Am. Honora|to aedil., II vir, II vir qq.,
II[i] 2 et 3 curat. aliment dis[n'&], ob insignes liberalitajtes
in rem pub. et cives | amorem viro bono j col. lul. Curubis d.
d. p. p.
C. I. L. VIII. 980. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Kurba
(Curubis), where it still exists. 1 Pontius is the additional cognomen of
Honoratus. 2 Mommsen considers this // vir, so that Honoratus held
three honores : the ordinary // viratus, quinquennalitas, II viratus cum
curatione alimentorum coniunctus. 3 et indicates that both positions
were held at the same time.
49. Marti Victori | Aug. sac. | M. Ulpius M. | f. Pap. Andro|nicus
q., aed., II vir., flam., | II vir qq., pe|cunia sua posu[#].
C. I. L. VIII. 8439. Inscribed on an altar found at Setif (Sitifis), where it
is still preserved in the public gardens.
50. C. Fulcinio M. f. Quir. | Optato, flam. Aug., 1 II vir. | qq., pontif.,
II vir., augur., j aed., qu[ae]stori, qui inrupt[>]ne Baqua|tium
co(7]oniam tui|tus est [tes]timonio | decreti ordinis et populi,
Cartennitani | et incolae primo ipsi, | nee ante ulli, | aere
conlato.
C. I. L. VIII. 9663. Found at Tenes (Cartenna), now in the Algerian
Museum. l flam(ini) Aug(iistali).
220 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
INSCRIPTIONS OF COLLEGIA 1
51. Cn. Sentio Cn. fil. | Cn. n. Te*r. Felici | , dec. deer, aedilicid adl.,
d. d. d. adl. 1 , | q. a. Ostiens., II vir., q. iuvenuin 2 1 - hie primus
omnium, quo ann6 dec. adl. est, et | q. a. fact, est et in proxim.
annum II vir designat. est | quinq. curatdrum navium
marinar., 3 gratis adlect. | inter navicular. maris Hadriatici et
ad quadrigam. f'ori vinari, patrdnd decuriae scriba"r. cerarinr.
et libraridr. et lictdr. et viatdr., item praeconum et | argentaridr.
et negotiatdr. vinarior. ab urbe , item mensor. frumentaridr.
Cereris Aug., item corpor. scapharior. et lenuncularidr. traiect.
Luculli et | dendrdphonim et tdgatdr. a foro et de sacoma'r. 4 |
et libertdr. et servdr. publicdr. et olearidr. 5 et iuven. | cisianor. 6
et veteranor. Aug., item beneficiaridr. prdc. Aug. et piscator.
prdpolar., ciiratdri lusiis iuvenalis. | Cn. Sentius Lucilius |
Gamala Clodianus f. j patri indulgentissimd.
C. I. L. XIV. 409. 'Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Ostia, now in the
museum at Florence. l d(ecurionum) d(ecreto} d(e.curioui) adl(ecto).
2 i.e. the collegium iuvenum. 3 corpus curatorum navium marina nun.
4 sacomar(is?). 5 The mercatores olearii. b Perhaps the same as the
cltictrii.
52. d. m., | T. Sillio T. lib. | Frisco | mag. colleg. | fabr. II et q. IT, |
mag. et q. sodal. | fullonum, | Claudiae Filib. l .| uxori eius
matri | sodalic fullon. ; 2 | T. Sillius Karus et | Ti. Claudius
Phijlippus mag. et | q. colleg. fabr. ] fili parentib. piissimis.
C. I. L. IX. 5450. Found at Fallerone (Falerio) Picenum, where it may
be seen in the museum. l Filib. an unknown cognomen. 2 matri
sodaZ(icu) fullonum.
53. dis manibus. | L. Calpurnius Chius sevir Aug. ] et quinquennalis |
idem quinq. corporis mensor. frumentarior. Ostiens, et curat.
bis | idem codicar. curat. Ostis et III honor. 1 | idem quinquen-
nal. collegi. Silvani | Aug. maioris quod est Hilarionis, | functus
1 Zur Geschichte und Organisation des Romischen Vcreinswesens. W.
Liebenam, Leipzig, 181)0.
INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 221
sacomari 2 idem magistro ad Marte. | Ficanum Aug. idem in
collegio dendrofor. | fecit sibi et | Corneliae Ampliatae coniugi
suae | carissimae cum qua vixit annis XXXI., | Calpurniae L.
" lib. Pthengidi libertae (sic) Carissimae, | L. Calpurnio Forti
vern. lib., L. Calpurnio Felici lib., L. Calpurnio Adaucto vern.
lib., | Calpurniae L. f. Chiae vern., Calpurniae L. f. | Ampli-
atae vern., L. Calpurnio L. f. Felici vern., L. Calpurnio L. f.
Pal. Chio Felicissimo, | libertis libertab. posterisq. eorum b. m.
(7. /. L. XIV. 309. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Ostia, now
preserved in Rome. l codicnr(iorum) curat(or} Ostiset III honor (atus).
2 According to Mommsen, ftinctus sacomari is for functionis sacomariae.
The Calpurnif and Calpurniae, sons and daughters of Lucius, and like-
wise vernae, Henzen believes to have been children of liberti born
before the manumission of their parents, but Mommsen more correctly
considers them children of liberti born in the house of their patron.
54. Ti. Claudio Aug. 1. Felici | Scapulano d. Ill, q. Ill, quinquen-
nali, inmuni triplicario, benernerenti ex consensu, decuriae
univers, | honoris causa, zothecam publice dederunt. | Atimetus
1. sua pecimia adornavit.
C. I. L. VI. 10302. Inscribed on a marble tablet found on Via Salaria,
Rome, existing in copy only.
J&/T,
c^> ^> ~
46^- v
a
AMPHORA AND STAMPED HANDLES.
From Monte Testaccio. ^ee page 274.
222
PART III
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OP INSCRIPTIONS
IN the preceding portion of this work we considered Eoman names
and official titles, elements which are found in inscriptions of all
kinds. To study the additional elements which are found in indi-
vidual inscriptions, it will be useful to arrange epigraphic material
in various classes, and then to examine the special form peculiar to
each class.
By " Latin Inscriptions," if we use the term in a general sense,
we mean the remains of the Latin language of a non-literary char-
acter preserved for us in the more enduring substances.
There are two great classes :
I. Inscriptions proper (e-mypa^aL, cTrtypa/zyxaTa, tituli, Aufschriften).
These have no existence apart from the objects upon which they are
found, but form a necessary part of these objects, denoting their
particular purpose.
II. Inscriptions which are strictly documents (acta, instrumenta,
tabulae, Urkunderi). These were written with some particular indi-
vidual purpose, and hence have an existence mainly or entirely
separate from the objects upon which they appear. Each of these
classes may be subdivided as follows :
223
224 LA TIN INSCRIPTIONS
I. TITULI
1. Dedicatory and Votive Inscriptions (Tituli SacriY
2. Sepulchral Inscriptions (Tituli Sepulcrales).
3. Honorary Inscriptions (Tituli Honorarii).
4. Inscriptions on Public Works (Tituli Operum Publicorum) .
6. Inscriptions on Movable Objects (Instrumentum).
II. INSTRUMENTA
1. Laws (Leges et Plebi Scita).
2. Decrees of the Senate (Senatus ConsuUa).
3. Imperial Documents (Instntmenta Imperatorum).
4. Decrees of Magistrates (Decreta Magistratuum).
6. Sacred and Public Documents (Acta Sacra et Pullica).
6. Private Documents (Acta Privata).
7. Wall Inscriptions (Inscriptiones Parietariae) .
8. Consular Diptychs (Diptycha Consulai'ia).
CHAPTER VII
TITULI
DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS
DEDICATORY inscriptions (tituli sacri) appear on the various objects
consecrated to the gods, such as vases, altars, thin metal plates
(laminae) attached to altars and on votive tablets.
Dedicatory bowl of Etruscan origin, now in a museum at Paris. Date 350-250 B.C.
C. I. L. I. 44. P. L. M. E. XI. G.
LAT. INSCR1P. 15 225
226
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
The earliest known are painted in white upon earthen cups or
bowls of a dark color, and give the name of a divinity in the genitive
case as indicating the owner of the vessel.
Inscribed on & patera found at Volci, Etrnria, now in Gregorian Museum, Koine.
Date 350-250 B.C.
Inscribed on & patera found at Horta, Etruria, now in Gregorian Museum, Rome.
Date 350-250 B.C.
The natural form of dedication, the dative case of the name of
the divinity, is found on the votive altars of the grove of Pisaurum.
(See page 54.)
The bronze lamina shown below is also an illustration of this
form of dedicatory inscription.
lunonei Loiicina(e).
C. I. L X. 64S4. P. /,. M. E. II. D.
DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS
227
With these names of divinities there appears in some instances the
name of the dedicator together with a simple verbal phrase, e.g.
donu(ni) dot, dede(t), dono(ni) ded(e)ro(ri)t, donum portat. Even in
the early period we find also the word sacrum (S, SA, SAC) with
the dative case, or, more rarely, with the genitive ; likewise the
words libens and merito, indicating the spirit of the dedicator and
the worthiness of the one honored. In inscriptions on offerings
taken from spoils of war, the name of the dedicator may appear
without the name of the divinity.
M. Fulvius M(arci} f(ilius) \ Ser(vii) n(epos) co(n)s(ul} Aetolid cepii.
In general, however, tituli sacri of all periods contain the name of
the divinity, the name of the dedicator, and a verbal phrase. These
may be termed major elements. Subordinate expressions varying
with the individual inscriptions may be termed minor elements.
v
I. Name of divinity.
This appears regularly in the dative case, rarely in the genitive,
and is accompanied at times by deo, deae, or deabus, or is modified
by some adjective or appositional phrase, such as epithets and titles
belonging to the names of divinities, as, for example :
luppiter Optimus Maximus I M
luppiter Optimus Maximus Fulminator
Fulginator I M FVLM FVL
Tuno Eegina I R, RE, REG
luno Seispita Mater Regina I S M R
Hercules Victor HERC VIC
Fortuna Primigenia F-P
Genius huius loci G H L
Genius Populi Bomani G P
Genius Domini Nostri G D
Numen Augusti N AVG
Sol Invictus Mithras S I M
II. The name of the dedicator, in simple form, i.e. the tria nomina,
or with possible additions described in Chap. IV. Indications of
rank, official station, profession, or calling may accompany the name.
After this major element, minor elements may be found indicating :
1. Participation in the act of dedication, e.g. :
cum coniuge et filiis, cum suis omnibus, cum liberis suis.
228
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
2. The object dedicated, e.g. :
warn, signum, statuam, templum.
3. The motive or incentive to which the offering is due, e.g. :
ex imperio, ex itissu EX IV, ex visu or viso, ex senatus consulto EX S C, de
senatus sententia D S S, decreto decurionum D D, ex testamento EX T, TEST,
pro salute (illius) PRO S, pro se et suis, pro salute sua P S S, in honorem
(illius), in memoriam, in honorem domus divinae IN H D D, oft honorem
OB H, HON, ob merces recte conservatas, sublato hoste perniciosissimo p(opuli)
R(omani}.
Dedicatory inscription on a marble tablet from the temple of Jupiter Dolichenus
on the Aventine. Circ. 244 A.D.
Hubner's Ezempla, No. 505.
I(ovi) o(ptimo~) m(aximo) a(eterno') D(olicheno) et \ Soli digno pres(tanti')
pro sal(ute) M. Aur(elii) And\ronici et Tarquitie \ Marcelle coiugis et \
filiorum eius ararn \ posuit ex voto per \ C. Fab(ium) Germanum sacer-
d(otem). C. I. L. VI. 412, vv. 3-5.
4. The cost of the offering or the means of providing for the
same, e.g. :
de pecunia sua D S P, de suo D S, de praeda, ex sestertium (tot) milibus
nummum EX H-S N, ex auri pondo P, aere publico.
5. The location of the monument, e.g. :
inforo novo, in suo.
6. The permission or the assistance of others, e.g. :
per (ilium) , per patrem, permissu (illius) .
III. Verb or verbal phrase.
The verb appears in the perfect or present tense, singular or
plural, first or third person, e.g. :
DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 229
dedit, dederunt D, DED, dedit dedicavit D D, dono dedit dedicavit D D D,
donum or dono dedit D D, dono dedit libens merito D D L M, fecit F, FEC,
faciendum curavit F, FAC C, CVR, sacrum dat S D, posuit P, sacramt SAC,
ex voto posuit EX V P, votum bene merenti posuit V B M P, donum dedit
votum laetus libens merito D D V L L M, votum solvit libens merito
V S L M, votum solvit libens animo V S L A.
Certain minor elements may follow the verbal phrase :
1. Date of dedication.
This is ordinarily indicated by the names of the consuls of the
year, with the addition in some instances of the months and days,
or by the name of the emperor with the number of his tribunicia
potestate and that of his imperial salutation, or, as in some provinces,
with the year of his reign, e.g. anno I imp. Domitiani Aug. (C. L L.
III. 35). The names of other magistrates or officials, combined with
the titles of their position, in the provinces, municipia, or collegia,
also serve to indicate the date. Certain prominent events are used
as dating points, e.g. ab urbe condita A V C, anno provindae, post
Interamnam conditam.
2. Certain formulae indicating location, e.g. :
locus datus decreto decurionum L D D D
loco dato publice decurionum decreto L D PVB -D-D
3. Ablative absolute indicating the person assisting, e.g. :
curante (illo), curam agente (illo) C A
x
The general arrangement of dedicatory inscriptions may be indi-
cated thus 1 :
illi deo sacrum
ille cum illo
signum
voto suscepto
de suo
posuit
curante illo
1 From Cagnat, Cours d' iSpigraphie Latine, p. 224.
230
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS
The customs of the Romans relating to the disposition of their
dead have been the means of preserving for us a very large number
of inscriptions. Their early rock-hewn tombs, their sarcophagi and
stately mausolea, their catacombs with columbaria, or recesses for
cinerary urns, and their burial grounds, are marked by inscriptions
which appear either on the walls of buildings, on the receptacles
themselves, on separate slabs of stone, or on the cippi indicating
the place of burial. These inscriptions vary in form and matter
according to their period, or according to the caprice of the builder
of the tomb, or even in accordance with legal restrictions.
The earliest sepulchral inscriptions represented by the epitaphs
from Praeneste given below, contain only the name of the deceased,
regularly in the nominative case, though somewhat later the gen-
itive is likewise found.
M. FabricUs) K(aesonis} fCilios)
M. Calti
ttiot
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 231
L. Anici(s) - V(ibi) f(ilios)
Epitaphs from Praeneste dating between 250-150 B.C.
C. L L. XIV. 8181, 3183, 8071, 3052.
If the tomb was intended for more than one person, the names of
all were often given. In this case the living were denoted by V or
VI V = vivus or viva, vivit, vivunt, placed alongside of the name.
The names of the dead were marked by 0, 1 --, or O standing for
obiit or obittts, or by Q Q = quondam, placed generally at the
beginning of the inscription or before the name, or, by exception,
after the name or before the statement of age or after it. 2
Epitaph inscribed on a pedestal found at Praeneste 200-100 B.C.
C. I. L. XIV. 3188.
L. Oppi(s) L. f(ilins) Flacus filius
In the progress of time additions were made to this simple form,
which were in general the indications of calling or profession, the
1 This is the theta nigrum of the poets (Persius, 4. 13; Martial, VII. 37),
standing for Oavwv. It is found in the earlier inscriptions of the city and Italy,
but is rare after the Augustan period. It is not to be confounded with -G-.
2 R. Mowat, Bulletin tipigr., 1884, p. 133 ; Hubner's Exempla, p. Ixxiii.
See also C. I. L. XII., p. 964, col. 1.
232
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
-l "
I
O
u
-.
<^ <z\ t -,
2^*- _>_/,
'-' i i ^-^
W Mifel
./*
:-vj
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 233
date of death, the age of the person, and set formulae, such as ossa
hie sita sunt, heic cubat, usually written in full until after the repub-
lican period, also brief references to the dead as bonus, pudica, and
finally the measures of the sepulchre and formulae referring to the
protection of the same.
\V
Inscriptions on cinerary urns found in the vineyard of San Cesareo, Home, 150-50 B.C.
Lutatia \ a. d. IV. k(alendas} O(ctobris') \ nan f C. I. L. VI. 8297.
Livin | a. d. VI. n(onas) 0(ctobris~) C. I. L. VI. 8290.
Lucilla T.f. | a. d. IV. k(alendas) Mar(tias) C. I. L. VI. 8291.
At about the close of the fifth century A.U.C. (250 B.C.), contem-
poraneous with the introduction of the custom of building tombs
with some architectural design, and adding ornamentation, poetical
elogia were inscribed after the usual titulus, mainly upon the tombs
of distinguished families. The early epitaphs l of the Scipio family
1 See pages 294, 296.
234 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
contain poetic epigrams in saturnian verse, and one l of a later date
is accompanied by an epigram in hexameters and pentameters.
This custom grew in favor, especially with the middle classes, where
Greek influence was felt.
SVAVEffiEfCEf-SirysT
Mf/VWS-
Epitaph found at Preturo, near Amiternuin.
C. I. L. I. 1297= IX. 4468. P. L. M. E. XLIX. o.
Protogenes Cloul(i) l suavei 2 heicei s situst mimus,
Plouruma que fecit populo soueis 1 gaudia nuges.
Ritschl states that these are the oldest dactylic verses in the inscriptions,
belonging to about the time of Ennius. 1 Protogenes was the slave of this man.
2 suavei(s) suavis ? 3 So Buecheler duplici videtnr locativi casus nota signa-
tum, but Ritschl reads heic ei ; see Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 567. 4 soueis
monosyllable.
Towards the close of the Republic reference is made occasionally
to the cultus of the dei manes, and the tomb is regarded as the (locus)
deum maanium (C. I. L. I. 1410), or the dei manes are represented
as having received the dead, while in the Augustan age the titidi
sepulcrales assume the form of titidi sacri, becoming, in reality, dedi-
1 See page 99. Other verse is found, such as iambic senarii, Eph. IV., p. 297;
iambic dimeter, C. /. L. VI. 6821; elegiac, C. I. L. I. 1011 = VI. 9499; hendeca-
syllabics, C. I. L. VI. 9752, X. 1948. See Hiibner, Ex. Scr., p. 396, also Antholo-
gia Latina, Pars Posterior, Carmina Epigraphica, F. Buecheler, Leipzig, 1895.
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 235
cations to the dei manes, while certain characteristics of honorary
inscriptions, such as the full indication of official position, also
appear.
S'-AE W
5"ID T 1HQC- 5 A'X S VM CLVO 1H 1 -
Epitaph of L. Cornelius Scipio, believed to be the son of Hispallus, Consul 578/170.
C. I. L. I. 34 = VI. 1289. P. L. M. E. XLI.
L. Cornelius Cn. f. Cn. n. Scipio,
Magna sapientia multasque virtutes
Aetate quom parva posidet hoc saxsum.
Quoiei vita defecit, non honos, honore,
Is hie situs, quei nunquam victus est virtutei,
Aniws gnatus (viginti) is [div]eis m[an~]datus,
Ne quairatis honore quei minus sit
Elements entering into the composition of tituli sepulcrales.
I. Dis Manibus (#eots Sat'^ocnv, KaTa^^oi/tbis).
Inscriptions dating from the Augustan age regularly begin with
these words, at first written in full, then later on abbreviated D M.
Other forms are dis manibus sacrum D M S or d. m. sacrum,
d. m. et memoriae or et genio, et quieti aeternae, somno aeternali, .etc.
In rare instance D M is found at the close of the inscription (O. /.
L. X. 684). Sometimes a dedication to some other divinity, e.g.
Venus, Jiino, or Luna, is substituted for that to the dei manes. This
occurs particularly in inscriptions from Spain.
236
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 237
II. Name of the dead.
After the dedication to the del manes there followed the name of
the dead, with or without official titles or statements as to profession
or calling. The name appears either in the nominative case as the
subject of some verbal phrase, as hie adquiescit or iacet, situs est, in
the genitive, depending upon dis manibus, or in the dative when
the inscription is really honorary in character.
Minor elements associated with the name of the dead.
1. The age of the person is expressed by a variety of formulae: dnnorum
AN. ANN, vixit annis (tot) V A, AN, ANN. The accusative annos is also found,
but is not as common as the ablative. At times the months (mensibus or menses
M, MENS) are also given, and in the early period, particularly in case of infants,
the days (diebus, dies D, Dl, DIEB), and even the hours (Jioris H, HOR, 0).
A relative clause often expresses the age, qui or quae vixit annis (tot)
Q V A, also vixit annis plus minus VIX ANN P M, which is rare before the
middle of the third century A.U., but common in the later period.
Other formulae are annos agens (tot), defnnctus annorum (tot) D, DE, DP,
D, DEF AN, ANN, obitus annorum (tot) 0, -9- AN, ANN.
In inscriptions relating to married persons the length of married life is ex-
pressed in various ways, qui or quae vixit annis (tot), or facere, ferre, laborare
cum (illo) in place of vivere cum (illo). In epitaphs of soldiers the years of
service are usually given, so annorum (tot), stipendiorum (tot) ST, STIP, aerum
(tot) AER or militavit annis (tot) M, MIL AN, ANN. These indications of years
in tituli sepulcrales are found particularly in inscriptions of men of lower rank
who have held no official position and upon whose tomb no honorary titles can
be recorded.
2. In the tomb inscription of a gladiator together with his years of service
there is also given the peculiar class to which he belonged, as essedarius ESSE,
murmillo M, MVR, contra retiarius 7R, also the number of victories, denoted by
the symbol (according to some = coronae). In the case of aurigae the epitaph
contains the factio, e.g. factio veneta ; the country, e.g. natione Maurus ; the age,
number of victories, e.g. primum vic.it, date of victory, horses with which the
contest was won, character of contest, e.g. inter singularum vicit (toties), inter
binarum (toties), secundas tulit (toties), and finally the money earned. 1
1 For complete information as to charioteers see Friedlander, Sittengeschichte,
II., 6 p. 526 ; Wil. II., p. 181 ; Ephem. Ep. IV. 2417, and Bullett. Comunale,
1878, p. 164.
238 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
3. Circumstances of death.
a latronibus occisus, peregre defunctus, mors per cnlpam curantium, tegula
prolapsa peremptus, a tauro deceptus. 1
4. Formulae referring to the repose of the dead.
hie situs H S, hie situs est H S E, hie sepnltus est H S E, hie iacet H I,
hie adquiescit H ADQ, ossa hie sita srtnt H S S, ossa hie sunt H S.
6. Salutations addressed to the dead by passers-by, placed either at the
beginning or close of the inscription.
Ave or have, salve, with the name of the dead in the vocative case, as have
Vitalis, Lolli ave. Sit tibi terra levis S T T L, ossa tua bene quiescant
O T B Q, sit vobis terra levis S V T L, ossa volo bene quiescant V
B Q, hie ossa volo bene quiescant H V B Q, opto sit tibi terra levis
O . S T . T . L.
6. Salutations represented as addressed by the dead to the living, either at
the beginning or close of the inscription.
Ave, salve, vale viator, tu qui legis vale et cum voles venito, bene valeat is qui
hoc titulum perlegit meum.
III. The place of burial.
1. Circumstances bearing upon the selection of a place.
locus datus decurionum decreto L D D D, loco dato senatus consulto
L D S C, empto loco, locus adsignatus a patrono, locus emptus est 3 . . .
argenti, locum precario petierunt ab (illo).
2. Measures of the tomb.
infronte or in frontem pedes (tot) I, IN F, FR, FRONT P, RED, in via, in
agro or in agrum pedes (tot) I, IN A, AG, AGR, retro RET or in retro pedes
(tot) IN R. These are sometimes rendered more explicit by the addition of
longus L, LONG, and latus L, LAT, e.g. in fronte longum pedes (tot), latum pedes
(tot) ; also locus L or locus monumenti L M, e.g. I: M in fronte pedes (tot),
area quae ante sepulcrum est huic monumento cedit in fronte pedes (tot).
3. Protection of tomb from desecration and alienation.
huic monumento dolus malus abesto H M D M A, ni violato, hoc monu-
mentum heredem non sequetur or sequitur H M H N S, hoc monumentum
heredem exterum non sequetur H M H E N S, hoc monumentum sive
sepulcrum est heredem non sequetur H-M-S-S-E-H-N-S, hoc monu-
mentum sine dolo malo H M S D M, dolus malus abesto et ins civile
D M A ET I C, hoc monumentum ad heredem non pertinet H M A H N P,
rogo te viator monumento huic nil malefeceris.
1 See Index C. I. L. under Mortes Singulares.
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 239
IV. The dedication of the monument.
This portion of the inscription partakes of the nature of tituli
honorarii which appear on public monuments and buildings. It
may consist simply of the designation of the person dedicating the
tomb, and an indication of the one remembered, or it may form an
elaborate elogium containing references to the deeds of the dead,
and setting forth details as to the toinb and the occasion of its
dedication.
This dedicatory form often takes the place of the ordinary titulus
sepulcralis.
Minor Elements :
1. The persons who dedicate the tomb or monument.
These are designated either by their names or by terms which, frequently
modified by adjectives, make clear the relationship or 'bond of union existing
between the dedicator and the one remembered : amicus, heres, libertus, pater
infelicissimus, coniux carissima, heres ex iussu eius solus, patronus, parentes
non hoc merentes a vobis, nutrix filiarum eius, collegium, saddles.
2. Terms denoting the object dedicated.
domus aeterna, locus sepulttirae, monumentum, sepulcrum, sarcophagus,
tumulus, titulus,. aedes.
3. Verbal phrase.
adornavit, aedificavit, constituit, donavit, ponendum curavit P C, sub ascia
dedicavit S A, ASC D, DED (Gaul), posuit.
4. Phrases explaining the -circumstances or the reasons for building the
monument.
ex auctoritate (illius), ex beneficio, secundum decretum ipsorum (collegii),
nomine meo et uxoris, ex praecepto matris, ex testamento.
arbitratu (illius), curam agente (illo), (illo) curantf, (illis) curantibus.
honoris causa, memoriae causa, ob merita eius, ob memoriam custodiendam
adque propagandam, pro mentis eorum.
5. The person for whom, or in remembrance of whom, the tomb has been
built is denoted either by his name or by a term indicating the relationship or
the basis of the union existing between him and the one providing the tomb.
amico bene merenti A B M, coniugi (C), carissimae (o) filiae (o), fratri
bene merenti B M, libertae carissimae et bene merenti, libertabus, patrono
indulgentissimo, marito amantissimo, mihi et uxori utrisque nobis vivis
240
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
cb
n
^ r <*
~>;
*-*
;^< t
;LCi<^
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 241
posteritatique nostrae, sibi et suis S ET S, sibi et suis libertis libertabus
poster isqite S ET S L L P Q, municipibus suis incolisque, nutrici et
mammillae bene mcrenti, servo fidelissimo.
Words denoting relationship are at times modified by such phrases as
(marito) cum quo my.it annis (tot) sine ulla animi laesione, (uxori) cum qua
concorditer egit per annos (tot).
There are also in existence sepulchral inscriptions which are, in
reality, documents l (instrumenta). Of this character are the funeral
orations, e.g. Laudatio Murdiae 2 of the first century A.D., which,
having formed a part of the obsequies, have been inscribed upon the
tomb ; also legal documents, such as the will of Dasumius 3 (108 A.D.)
and the donatio * of Flavius Syntrophus.
Columbaria
One form of tomb used in Eome was that known as columbarium. 6
These were burial-rooms, built partly above ground, in the walls of
which were arranged small recesses or niches having the appearance
of pigeon-holes {columbarium = dove-cot). These niches were used
to hold vases (ollae) containing the ashes of the dead. Columbaria
frequently served as the tombs of men of the lower classes, as of
freedmen and slaves, and wore, for the most part, built by collegia
or societates, whose members thus secured by cooperation a final
resting-place for themselves and family. Upon the completion of
such a building the ollae were portioned out to the various members
of the collegium. 6 A difference in number of the ollae assigned
implied a difference in the amount contributed. 7 Each member
indicated his own place by inscribing his name upon a marble tablet
which was fastened above or below the recess, or. by writing his
name with a graphium on the wall of the building. The tablets,
1 See Acta ad sepulcra spectantia, C. I. L. VI., p. 1356 ff.
2 C. I. L. VI. 10230, and page 293.
8 C. L L. VI. 10229, Wil. 314.
* C. L L. VI. 10239, Wil. 312.
5 Wil. I., pp. 118-119.
6 Cf . partes viriles, Wil. n. 336, or sortes, Wil. 333, 335.
7 Wil. 335, 344.
LAT. INSCRIP. 16
242 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
termed tessellae, were either removed when the titulus sepulcralis was
insrribed, or took the place of the same. 1
The general arrangement of sepulchral inscriptions may be shown
thus 2 :
D. M. 8.
ille or illim or illi
(qui) vixit annis tot
ille
patri carissimo fecit
h. s. e.
If the tomb was made by a living person for several others, the
arrangement was as follows :
D. M. D. M.
illi coniugi suae ille fecit
vixit annis tot itti coniuyi suae
et illi filio suo or vixit annis tot
vixit annis tot et illi filio suo
et illi filiae suae vixit annis tot
vixit annis tot et illi filiae suae
ille fecit vixit annis tot
If the maker of the tomb expected to be one of its occupants, the
form was :
D. M.
. ( vivus
^lle< [
( mvo
sibi fecit
et illi coniugi suae
vixit annis tot
et illi filio suo
vixit annis tot
et illi filiae suae
vixit annis tot
et suis libertis libertabusque
posterisque eorum
iWil.n. 380-385.
2 Cagnat, Cours <T tfpigraphie, pp. 254-256.
HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 243
HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS
TlTULI HONORARII
The custom of raising statues in honor of distinguished men and
adding thereto honorary inscriptions appeared in Rome towards the
close of the third century B.C. This custom was of Greek origin, and
some inscriptions are found in the Greek form, i.e. with the name (in
the accusative case) of the person honored and with the verb omitted.
The Romans at first merely transferred the inscriptions of their
imagines maiorum to their tombs, adding these to the simple and
customary tituli sepulcrales. The elogia of the Scipio inscriptions
referred to above are of this character, although they are poetical in
form. Memorial and honorary inscriptions (elogia), consisting of
the name (in the nominative case) of the person honored, followed
by official titles of curule offices and brief historical statements, may
be regarded as the primitive form of tituli ho.norarii. What was
thus done by private persons was soon imitated publicly in the
setting up, with, however, no sepulchral connection, either during
the lifetime of the individual honored or after his death, of honorary
inscriptions such as the Columna Rostrata in honor of C. Duilius,
and the elogia of the triumphal arch of Fabius.
Of a similar character are the brief inscriptions found on the
pedestals of statues and those of a memorial and honorary nature
which appear on marble tablets and beneath busts.
We learn from ancient writers that Augustus adorned his forum
with statues of famous men,' particularly of distinguished generals,
and added inscriptions denoting their achievements. Only a few
fragments of these elogia have been preserved, but as copies were
set up also at Arretium which still exist, we can learn from them the
character of the originals. It is possible that similar elogia found at
other places, e.g. at Pompeii, referring to Aeneas and Romulus, may
have been copied from the city inscriptions placed by Augustus. 1
1 In C. I. L. elogia appear in vol. I. 2 pp. 185-202, classed by themselves as
somewhat of a literary character, taken from public and private records, and
therefore not strictly tituli sepulcrales or tituli honorarii. They have the names
of those honored in the nom. case a.nd refer to men of the days of the Republic.
244
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
MET'LEClGl
/VEM'C ASTREIS-EX EOCICxTM
fcNANDOD'CEPET'ENQVEEODEM-RyO
EMNAVEBOSMARlD'CONSOLTklMOS-
/lASESQyE-NAVALESflUMOS'ORNAVErP.
/VMOyE-ElS-NAVEB^S-CLASEISfOENICAS-OM'
(VM AS-COPIAS-GA RTAC1 NIENSlS-PR AISENT,
'CVM-SOCIELS'SErT
RIRESMOSQVE-NAVEIS-
/GAPTOM-NVM El ' CDOXDDC
'OM-CAPTOMTRA-EDA-NVMEI
QVE'NAVALED'PRAEDAD'POrLOy
" NVOS
Columna Roslratn,
Inscribed on a fragment of Parian marble found in the Forum where the Kostra stood,
now preserved on the Capitol in the Palazzo dei Conservator!.
Habner's Exempla, No. 91.
[Secest~\ano[sque~\ .......... . [op-]
[sidione^d exemet lecione[sque Cartaciniensis omnis]
[ma~]ximosque macistr[a~\tos l[uci palam post dies']
\n~\nvem, castreis exfociont, l\lacel[amqne opidom vi]
[p]uenandod cepet. enque eodem mac[istratud bene~\
[r}fm navebos marid consol primos c[eset copiasque"]
\c~]lasesque navalcs primos omavet pa[ravetque'],
cumque eis navebos close ix I'eirits omn[is item ma-]
[x]wnas capias Cartaciniensis praescnte[d Hannibaled']
dictatored oZ[or]om in altod marid pucn[andod vic.i-t]
[vi]que nam[is cepe~\t cum socieis septer[esmom imam quin-~\
[queresm]ofque trircsmosqne navels X[XX, merset XIII]
[awrr]wi cnptom : numei 000 DCC
[arcen]tom captom praeda numei C ..........
HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 245
[ome] captom aes (repeated more than twenty-one times)
........... * ...... [/>-]
[mos qu]oque navaled praedad poplom \donavetpri-]
[mosque] Cartacini[_?ns~\is [_ince~\nuos d[uxit in~]
[triumpod] ..... eis . . . capt . . . C. I. L. VI. 1300.
Though this inscription refers to C. Duilius, consul 494/2GO, who won the
battle of Mylae, it was probably inscribed with imitation of archaic forms in
the imperial period, perhaps in the time of Claudius (Kitsch!, Opusc. IV., p.
204). Wolfnin believes it to have been taken from a more ancient inscription
in the time of Augustus. 1
From the period of Sulla honorary inscriptions regularly assume
the dedicatory form having the name of the person honored in the
dative case. Such inscriptions form the tituli Tionorarii of the later
Republic and of the imperial period.
Inscriptions on statues erected in honor of those still living were
at first of simple form, consisting of the name of the person honored
followed by the title of the office held at the time of dedication.
Inscribed on a pedestal found at Saguntum.
Hubner's Eseempla, No. 214.
C. Caesari Augusti f(ilio) \ pontif(ici), co(n)s(7z) design(ato), \ principi
inventutis. Date 748/6 - 753/1. C. I. L. II. 3828.
From the time of Augustus, however, inscriptions more elaborate
and resembling in their contents elogia, but of a dedicatory form,
were set up in honor of celebrated men, particularly triumphatores,
both at Rome, as in the new fora of Augustus and Trajan, and also
in the provincial cities. This custom spread throughout the Roman
world and continued until the fourth or fifth century.
1 Bavar. Class. Phil. Hist. 1890, p. 295. Quintilian, Inst. I. 7, 12, and
Pliny, JV. H. XXXIV. 20, both refer to this inscription. For the facts of
history see Polyb. I. 23, 7 ; I. 24, 2 ; Zonar. VIII. 11; Eutrop. 11.20; Oros.
IV. 7, iO.
246 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Tititli honorarii of the form just described regularly consist of the
following principal elements :
I. The names (in the dative case) of the person honored.
The names of emperors are regularly accompanied by the usual
titles, while that of others may appear in simple form or, on the
other hand, be accompanied by the cursus honorum and the desig-
nations of the various functions arranged as described above. In
some cases the name is in the genitive preceded by honori or in
honorem.
II. The name of the person, or, as in many instances, of the com-
munity or collegium raising the statue and setting up the inscription.
This element regularly follows the first, although it may be separated
from it by certain idiomatic phrases.
III. Various phrases or formulae accounting for the conferring of
the honor, or bearing upon the circumstances of the raising of the
statue or monument.
1. Adjective or appositional phrases indicating the worth or dignity of the
person honored : amantissimo patriae, abstinentissimo iustissimo disertixsimo
(praesidi prov.), praestantissimo (patrono), optima ac dignissimo (patrono).
2. Phrases indicating the reasons for conferring the honor : ob amorem et
instantiam erga patriam civesque, ob merita eitts, ob eximiam beniynamque ergo,
omnes cives suos adfectionem, pro singularibus erga civitatem nostram meritis,
propter eximiam pietatem et affectionem fraternam, ad aeternitatnn meritorum
eius, ad perennem ipsius gloriam, ad referendum gratiam, ad perenne testi-
monium, ob honorem eius, honoris causa l H C.
3. Phrases describing the dedicator : dicatissimus numini maiestatique eorum
(imperatorum), devotus numini maiestatique eius (eorum), memor liberalitatis
et honorijicentiae eius.
4. Phrases bearing upon the circumstances of the raising of the statue, regu-
larly placed at the end of the inscription : petitu populi Romani, publice P,
publice decurionum decreto P D D, ex senatus consulto EX S C, decreto
decurionum D D, DEC DEC, DECR DEC, accedente auctoritate proconsulum,
permissu proconsulis P P.
aere conlato A, AER C, COLL, pecunia publica P, PEC P, PVB, pecunia sua
P S, de pecunia sua D S P, de suo D S.
locus datus decurionum decreto L D D D or LOG DAT -D-D.
1 This formula occurs at the close of earlier inscriptions.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 247
locus datus senatus consulto L D S C.
decurionum decreto pecunia publica D D P P.
cum agente (illo) C A, CVR AG, curante ac perftciente (illo).
If the person honored has himself met the expenses of the raising of the
statue, the fact is indicated at the close of the inscription : honore usus sumptus
remisit loco dato decreto decurionum H-V-S-R-L-D-D-D, honore accepto
impensam remisit H A I R, honore contentus sua pecunia posuit H C S P P,
honore usus impensam remisit H V I R.
IV. The fourth element is a verbal phrase, expressed or under-
stood. Such are
statuam censuit ponendam, conlocavit, erigi conlocarique iusserunt, statuen-
dum curavi, statuam conlocandam decrevit, ponendam or poni censuit, posuit
idemque dedicavit, fecit FEC, faciundum curavit F C.
The order of the elements may be indicated thus 1 ;
illi illi illi illi
ille ob merita ille ille
ob merita ille ob merita ob merita
statuam posuit statuam posuit locus datus decreto decurionum
The first shows the omission of the verb, the second and third the
position of the verbal phrase, and the fourth the general position of
the formulae of honor.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
TITCLI OPERUM PUBLICORUM
In the last century of the republic it became customary in Rome
to place inscriptions upon public buildings and temples, also upon
other structures, such as bridges, arches, and aqueducts. These
were primarily intended to simply indicate the person or the com-
munity under whose direction the work had been accomplished.
The early and simple form, belonging particularly to buildings
erected by private persons, consisted of the name of the one erect-
ing the building and a verb, e.g. fecit, or verbal phrase. Of this
character is the inscription on the Pantheon.
M AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIVM FECIT C.I.L. VI. 896.
1 Cagnat, Cours d' Epigraphie Latine, p. 229.
248 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
As the custom grew in prevalence, the inscriptions were made
much more extensive, and under the Empire they were given with
great fulness, containing many particulars connected with the rais-
ing of the structure so adorned, so that they virtually fulfilled the
purpose of records and served as inscriptions in honor of those
named, becoming in character, and finally in form, tituli honorarii.
LSTATIVS-CMF CHlLQ
UPE" OF PAMSA
1 T 1 VS\ ; E M E L t
t "T*- A."*"*"* T- * S />*
. -AVER N
xEMENTl
PORTICVM
ymw i i **-"4 T -r-
'PAGi-DF >FACI
/RAR : PR(
<7. /. i. I. 1379 = IX. 8188. P. L. M. E.
The various elements which enter into these inscriptions may be
classified as follows :
I. The names and titles, in the nominative case, of the person or
community building the structure or restoring the same.
II. The designation of the structure, or description of the work
accomplished, in the accusative case :
portas, balncas, templum, Aqunm Marciam, arcitm, nquaeductum, horologium,
porticum ad bnUne.um cum piscina et sir/no Cupidinis, thermas cum porticibus
duplicibus, aquam per publicum ducendam, tabularium faciundum, etc.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 249
If the inscription indicates the restoration or rebuilding of the
structure, phrases describing its former condition are found :
thermas Herculis vi terrae notris eversas, porticus publicas reinstate cor-
ruptas, basilicam equestrem exercitatoriam iampridem a solo coeptam.
III. A verb or verbal phrase expressing the idea of constructing or
of rebuilding and restoring, or again of dedication or of supervision :
aedificare, perjicere, dare, de suo dare D S D, facere faciundum curare et
probare, adornare or ornare, a solo facere A S F, sternere, ponere, reficere,
restituere, reparare, rejiciundum coerare, ad pristinam faciem reducere.
IV. Various phrases expressing : place, -
loco privato, accepto loco a re publica, loco dato publice decreto decurionum
L D PVB D D ;
time, see page 229 ; measure, (murum) pedes C C ; expense or means
of providing for the same,
de pecunia sua factum dedit D P S F D, pecunia publica P P, sumptu
proprio, parvo sumptu, amplius ex sestertium (tot) m(ilibus) n(ummum) de sua
pecunia ;
reasons for building the structure,
ob honorem aedilitatis, ob honorem flaminis, quod eos e lege in ludis aut in
monumentis consumere opnrtuit, ex pagi decreto, de decurionum sententia
D D S, de senatus sententia D S S, de vici sententia faciundum curarunt
idemque probarunt D-V-S-F-C-I-Q-P, senatus consulto S C ;
supervision of those in authority,
curantibus aedilibus, citrante ordine splendidissimo, curante et dedicante
(illo), sub cura, per (ilium).
The architect's name is given in rare instances.
When the structure is dedicated to some divinity, as with temples,
the inscription is strictly dedicatory, and is introduced by the name
of the divinity in the dative case. See tituli sacri.
These tituli opertim publicorum also serve the purpose of honorary
inscriptions, and assume the form of such, being introduced by the
name of the person honored in the dative case, or by phrases
250
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
expressing the idea of honorary dedication, thus explaining the
motive for the construction of the building. <'.</. in linm-"in ilnum*
iliri/Kie IN H D D, pro xcdute imperatoris CueMi.rix PRO SAL
IMP CAES, Jim iiiinji/ijiri'ii/ni snwiili iliiiniiiorn in noxt rnrii in ^iin/nx-
><ir/nitduortim DD NN- AVGG, aureo *<i<-rn/u ilnniiiiorinii. //o.s-//-o-
ram trium ODD NNN.
IM P'CAES-FLGOMSlAHTIMOiAXI M O
OVODWSTINCTVDIVINITATISMENTIS
MAGNITVDIN EC VMEXERCITXBVO
REMPVBLICAMVLTV,
Inscription on the Arch of Constantine, Koine. Date, 315 A.D.
Hubner's ff;rti]il<t, No. 702. See page 163.
The various forms of tituli operum publicorum may be represented
thus :
ille
curiam faciundam
in honorem ilHtis l
ille
pro salute Imp. Caes. 1
m illud
de sua pecunia aedificium vetustate corruptum
coeravit refecit
dedicante illo
aedificium illud 1
refecium (est)
per ilium
cura illius
ille
ob honorem ilium
sita pecnnia fecit
idemque dedicavit
When the passive form is used the verb sum is understood, and
agency is denoted by per with the accusative.
1 From Cagnat, Cours ftfpigraphie, p. 237.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS
251
MILESTONES AND BOUNDARY STONES
Miliaria et Cippi Terminates
Of the inscriptions appearing on public works, those found on the
cylindrical or cubical milestones (miliaria) of the Roman viae, and
on the boundary stones (cippi terminates) of the agrimensores deserve
special mention, inasmuch as they contain names of places, records
of distances, measurements, and boundary lines, which are valuable
in the study of the geography and topography of both Rome and of
her provinces, in addition to the ordinary information of other tituli
operum publicorum.
Miliaria
Miliaria of republican days, which are rare, compared with the
great number belonging to the imperial period, regularly contain
inscriptions which are of simple form, consisting of the name of the
founder of the road and a number indicating distance.
pponli I f\/o
* i L L ' J V
Colwmna Miliaria of P. Popilius Laenas, found near Hadria, on the Po. Date, 622/132.
P. Popillius C. f. \ cos. | sLXXXI
C. I. L. I. 550 = V. 8007. This is a stone column four feet high and two
feet broad,, narrowing toward the base for insertion in the ground. Mommsen
considers it the oldest form of stone miliaria. The numerals indicate the milia
passuum from Ariminum.
252 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
The other and more famous mflitirfum Popilianum erected by the
same man, P. Popilius Laenas, consul ()22/132, is more than a mere
milestone, and serves the purpose of an
NOVCERfAM^MBfLfA-JU 'CAPVAM-XXCtlH
AAVRANVAAaXXnir-COSENT!AAAcCXX!!f
.VALFiMTtA.' 1XKW- AD-FRETVM-Ar
STATVAM'CGXXXIi- REG!VM<CXXXVt !
SVMA-AF-CArVAREGIVMrMEILIACo:
TEIPEA^TRAITOR*IN vX
S JCfUA-FVGITEIVpS-ITALICORVM
CONQVAEISIVE 1-REDfDEiavE
H OM! NE S-BCCCG X V M - f DEMC
P RIMVS-F E CE I V TOE- AC ROp oPLh
ARATOR!BVSCDER^aT-^AASTORB
FORVM-AE D isQVE-rorL i CASH U_GFEC
M;/!rin,n of T. l-opilius L;u-ii;i.s. buti-, ii'Ji:/i;ji'.
Fzam /ccci a6 Segio ad Capunm, et \ in ea via ponteis omneis, miliarios \
tabflartosque pnspivci. Hince' sunt \ Nouceriam mpilia \I/I, Capnam
XXCIIII I Muranum U/XIIII. Coitentiam CXXIII, | Valentiam CvbXXX /, arf
fretnm ad \ statnam CCXXXI /, Iteyiiim CCXXXVII | s?<m a/ Capua lieginm
meiHa CCCXXI /. J?< eiclem praetor in \ Sicilia fitr/iteiros Italicorum \ con-
quae.isivei, redidrique \ homines DCCCCXVII. Eidemqne. \ primus fecei, itt de
agro poplico \ araturibus cederent paastores. \ Forum aedisque poplicas Jicir
feed.
C. I. L. I. 551 = X. 6950. Found near Polla, in Lucania, where Forum
Popilii was situated.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 253
Inscriptions on milestones vary greatly in form, but admit of the
following classification :
I. The first class is marked by the nominative case of names and
titles : in time of the Republic, of magistrates, and in the imperial
period, of the emperors.
a. These, like ordinary tituli operum publicorum, may be followed
by a verb indicating the making or restoring of the road (fecit, poni
iussit, muniendam ctiravit, miUaria restituif), accompanied at times
by an object (viam or iter), modified by some phrase referring to
the previous condition of the road or the obstacles met in building.
Numerals denoting distances follow with or without M P (milia
passuum).
b. The names and titles in the nominative case may be followed
simply by the numeral, with or without M P, or also by the name
of a legatus in the nominative case and a verb (e.g. fecit).
II. The second class is marked by the dative case of the name of
the emperor or magistrate, and resembles honorary inscriptions.
This may be followed simply by the numeral, or also by the
designation, in the nominative case, of the official or official body
making the road or supervising the same, together with a verb ; or
the nominative case and the verb may be replaced by per and the
accusative of the name, or by the ablative absolute.
III. The third class shows the name of the emperor in the abla-
tive case, serving thus to indicate the date. Such inscriptions are
common in Africa but rare elsewhere. The name in the ablative
case may be followed simply by the numeral, with or without M P.
or again by the name, in the nominative case, of the official making
the road or supervising the same, with a verb, or this may be replaced
by the name of the official in the ablative case.
The numerals that accompany any of the above-mentioned classes
appear as a rule at the close of the inscription with or without
M P. Inscriptions of certain roads of Italy and Sardinia show
numbers at the beginning, while in others of Italy the numerals
occur both at beginning and end, the former indicating the distance
from a neighboring city, the latter denoting the distance from
Rome. There may also appear a phrase indicating the starting
254 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
point, i.e. the preposition a with the ablative of the name of the
place, and to this may be added the designation of the limit of
distance in the accusative case preceded by ad.
Miliarium found between Haute- Valette and
Greolieres, near Andon, Maritime Alps.
Date 213-217.
[Imp(erator) Caes(ar) M. Aurel(ius) Antoninus Aug(ustus) P(ius) F(elix),
Parthic(us) m(aximus) Brittanic(us) m(aximus), trib(unicia)~\ po[t(es-
tate) . . . c]o(n)s(0 ////, \_p(ater) p(atriae^, proc(onsul) pont(es) viam-
q(ue) vetustate colla]bs(os) rest(ituit), cura(nte) ac d[edica]nte lulio
Honorato, p(rocuratore) Aug(usti) ex primipil(o). M(ilia) p(assuum~)
decem et octo.
C. I. L. XII. 5432. This inscription is restored from another miliarium of
the same road, No. 5430.
Boundary Stones
Boundary stones inscribed on'the same general plan as the miliaria
were used by the Romans to establish the dividing line between the
ager publicus and ager privatus, to define the boundary between
different communities, and to mark the course of the Tiber and the
line of the Pomerium. Very old specimens of these cippi terminates
1 For an account of Roman roads, see Bergier, Histoire des Grands Chemins
de VEmpire Romain, II., p. 757 ; F. Berger, fiber die Heerstrasssn des Horn.
Heiches ; II Die Meilensteine, Berlin, 1883.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 255
remain to-day, the earliest of which, dating before the second Punic
war, give the names of certain officials (quaesitores) and a portion
of a decree setting apart certain lands as sacred. Others, indicating
the portioning out of the public lands (ager publicus) by Gaius
Gracchus, contain the names of the tresviri in the nominative case
followed by such expressions as terminos restituendos ex s(enatus)
c(onsulto), terminos finisque ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) statui iussit inter
(illos) et (illos). In the imperial period the names of the emperors
appear in the genitive case with iussu or ex auctoritate, followed by
the names of the officials in the nominative case, and some phrase,
as inter illos et illos terminavit. The passive form also occurs, juries
positi inter (illos) et (illos) iussu, etc.
Although inscriptions relating to aqueducts appear regularly on
the structures themselves, others are found on the boundary stones
which separated the public land assigned for the aqueduct from
private property. 1 Such cippi, separated from each other by inter-
vals of 240 feet, were set up, where the space to be left unoccupied
was set off from private property, by Augustus, Tiberius, and
Claudius.
(fippi of a similar kind also denned the pratum of a legion as dis-
tinguished from the domain of municipalities. Terminus Augustalis
dividit pratum leg. IIII et agrum Iuliobrig(ensem).
Termini inter Privatum et Publicum
These cippi indicate the transfer of private land to the public
domain, and mark the boundary for the same. They contain the
names of consuls, emperors, or curatores locorum publicorum, and the
phrases redemptum a privato publicavit or ex privato in publicum
restituerunt.
1 The decree of the senate 743/11 is given by Frontinus, Aquaed. c. 127.
Circa fontes et fornices et muros utraque ex parte vacuos quinos denos pedes
patcre ; et circa rivos qui sub terra essent et specus intra urbem et extra urbi
continentia aedificia utraque ex parte quinos pedes vacuos relinqui; ita ut neque
monumentum in his locis neque aedificum post hoc tempus ponere neque con-
serere arbor es liceret.
256 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Termini Pomerii 1
The ideal boundary of the city, known as the Pomerium, was
enlarged by the emperors Claudius and Vespasian. Inscriptions on
the cippi that indicated this imaginary line gave the name of the
emperor and his titles in the nominative case, followed by auctis
j--l>ii1t' liomani finibus pomerium ampliavit terminavitque. Under
Hadrian the Pomerium was marked anew, and its limits were deter-
mined by the college of augurs. The inscription on one of these
cippi shows collegium augurum auctore imperatore Caesare
Hadriano terminos pomerii restituendos curavit.
Termini Riparum Tiberis*
These cippi determine the breadth and the direction of the banks
of the river. Inscriptions of the republican period contain the
names of consuls or censors in the nominative case, followed by
ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) terminaverunt. In the imperial period the
name of the emperor, accompanied by titles, becomes the subject of
the verb. These inscriptions are accompanied by phrases expressing
the distance to the next stone : r(ecto) r(igore~) prox(imus) cipp(us)
p(edes) XX, or r(ecto) r(igore) ex proximo cipp(o) ped(es) XLS.
At times the name of the emperor depends upon ex auctoritate,
a phrase which first appears under Claudius, and is followed by the
name of the curator alvei et riparum Tiberis in the nominative case,
subject of the verb ierminavit or restituit.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS OF GENERAL USE
INSTRUMENTCM
Under the title instrumenfum, or instrumentum domesticum, the
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum presents generally at the close of
each volume the inscriptions which appear on movable objects of a
1 D. Detlefsen, Das Pomerium Roms und die Grenzen Italiens, Hermes,
XXI. 497. O. Richter, Topographic von Rom (Miiller's Handbuch, vol. III.
773-775).
2 Nntizif, degli Scavi, 1890,32; Bull. Com. XV. (1887), 306; XX. (1892), 71.
Dio Cass. LV1I. 14. 7. Tac. Ann. I. 76.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 257
great variety and shape, belonging alike to public and private life.
The most important of these may be classified as follows : I. Arti-
cles made of Metal 1) Weights and Measures, 2) Tesserae,
3) Armor and Missiles, 4) Lead Water Pipes, 5) Vessels and
Articles of Bronze, Silver, and Gold, 6) Stamps. II. Products of
Mines and Quarries. III. Tiles and Bricks. IV. Vessels of Clay.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Pondera et Mensurae.
By far the largest number of weights and measures are simply
marked with numbers and letters indicating their size and equiva-
lents. Others are supplied with brief inscriptions, which refer to
the authority giving them validity, e.g. ex auctoritate lunii Eustici
praefecti urbi. Others contain the date, standard of value, and the
name of the place where the weights were tested. Thus the temple
of Castor is shown by inscriptions to have been an office for the
verification of weights and measures ; cf. exactum ad Castoris.
Weights were made of stone, lead, or bronze, and the inscriptions
are either in relief, or cut into the surface, or inserted in the material
with letters of gold or silver. 1
TESSERAE
The term tesserae, confined, when strictly used, to cubes of ivory
or bone, is generally applicable to all such small articles of whatever
shape or material which served among the Romans as tokens or
vouchers. Among the various kinds of tesserae the following are
of the greatest importance and interest.
Tesserae Frumentariae.
These were tokens distributed among the poorer people of Rome,
by the surrender or exhibition of which they obtained corn. Very
few of these remain, unless we may class with them the tesserae
nummariae coins or counters of lead, of which fifty are in existence,
1 Iscrizioni Ponderarie, in Annali delV 1st., 1881, p. 185 ff., and Bull.
Com., 1884, p. 61 ff.
LAT. INSCRlrt 17
258 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
according to Benndorf. 1 The types of the latter represent some
attribute of Annona, e.g. the modius, or ears of corn. On some of
these tesserae there are found inscriptions indicating the time and
place of distribution.
Tesserae Theatrales.
Circular tesserae of ivory, bone, or lead, used as tickets of admis-
sion to the theatres, amphitheatres, or circus, have been preserved
for us in considerable numbers. They contain inscriptions consist-
ing of Greek names of divinities or poets, and two numbers, seldom
exceeding XV, one in Latin and one in Greek, corresponding to
each other, indicating the seat assigned in the cavea. There are
also seen on these tesserae heads of divinities, representations of
buildings, or other devices applicable to the character of the spec-
tacle, e.g. the head of Apollo for ludi musici, of Castor for ludi
equestres. 2 If two different numbers are given, the one denotes the
cuneus, the other the gradus. Exact information of this character
is given on tesserae, inscribed in Latin, which are, however, very
rare.
CVN VI . IN-X VIM
Cun(eo) sexto in(feriorf), (gradu) decimo; (loco) octavo. Bull. Com.
1830, p. 265. Other tesserae theatrales, made of metal and similar
to coin, contain on one face representations of the emperor, or some
prominent member of the imperial family, and on the other a
number rarely exceeding XVI. Sections of the cavea were named
after members of the emperor's family, and ornamented with their
busts or statues. The number on the tessera evidently indicated
a seat in one of these sections. 3
1 Beitrdge zur Kenntniss der Attischen Theatres, Wien, 1875. Garrucci, 1
Piombi Antichi, Rome, 1847. Eckhel, Doct. Num. VI. 268; VII. 203, 448.
Marquardt, Staatsverwalt, II. 125.
2 Henzen, Annali delV 1st., 1838, p. 275. Marquardt, Staatsverwalt, III., p.
6:5 ff. Wieseler, Commentatio de Tessereis Eburneis Osseixque Theatralibus,
Gottingen, 1866. Blanchet, Revue Archeologique (3d series), XIII., p. 225 ff.
8 Fr. Lenonnant, La Monnaie dans V Antiquite, p. 62. For the use of
chntorniates, sometimes classed with these tesserae, see Ch. Robert, Etude
sur les Medallions Contorniates, Brussels, 1882.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS
259
Tesserae Hospitales.
Among the Eomans, as among the Greeks, much importance was
attached to the tie which hospitality established between an enter-
tainer and his guest. This relationship was emphasized and formally
recognized by the interchange of tokens which certified to the exist-
ence of such a tie. We find references in Plautus to such Jtesserae 1
of hospitium privatum, but no known specimens are in existence
to-day. A similar relationship, however, was often established
between two communities, hospitium piiblicum, or between a com-
munity and a private person, as when a distinguished man became
the patron of a city. Such compacts were recorded on tablets of
bronze (tabulae patronatus 2 ) arranged so as to be placed in public or
in the atrium of a house. These, when in small form, were equiv-
alent to tesserae hospitales, e.g. the tessera Fundana 3 in the shape of
a fish could be carried from place to place.
Tessera Gladiatoria found at Modena (Mutina).
Date 735/19. C. I. L. I. 743.
Lepidus Mumme\ia(n)i s(ervus} sp(ectamt~) m(ense) Iun(io) \ C. Sentio
Tesserae Gladiatoriae.
The most interesting of the tesserae which have remained to us
are those known as tesserae gladiatoriae (termed tesserae consulares,
C- I. L. I., p. 195). These are oblong blocks of ivory or bone, pro-
1 Plautus, Poenulus, 5, 1, 25, deum hospitalem ac tesseram mecumfero ; 5, 2.
87, HA. Si ita est, tesseram Conferre si vis hospitalem, eccam attuli. AG. Age-
dum, huce ostende. Est par probe, nam habeo domi.
2 See page 379. C. L L. I. 632.
260 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
vided with a handle or hole for suspension or carrying, and inscribed
upon the four long faces. The brief inscription found thereon gives,
first, the name of a person, generally of a slave or a freedman, in the
nominative case; second, the name of his patron or trainer in the
genitive case; third, the abbreviation SP or SPE, or the word
SPECTAVIT, and the date in days of the mouth; fourth, the
names of the consuls of the year.
The uncertainty as to the exact use of these tesserae has made a
satisfactory explanation of the abbreviation SP or SPE very diffi-
cult. It has generally been regarded as standing for spectatus, i.e.
tested in public and approved because of victory, an explanation
consistent with the inscription on the Tessera of Aries,
ANCHIAL SIRTI L S
SPECTA T NVM
MENSE FEBR
M-TVL-C-ANT-COS C. I. L. XII. 5695.
as well as with the well-known line of Horace, Epistulae, I. 1. 2,
spectatum satis et donatum rude. Other tesserae, however, have been
discovered which contain the word spectavit, with which the ordinary
explanation of S P or S P E = spectatus is inconsistent. 1
Mommsen 2 has interpreted SPECTAT NVM of the Tessera of
Aries as spectator) numerator), claiming that the gladiator, having
graduated from the arena to the cavea, has the privilege of viewing
contests as an authorized critic, even though he himself must still
participate in them.
Again, SP has been explained as sp(ectavit) (populus'), and the
date as denoting when the people first beheld the gladiator who
is now no longer a tiro. 3 Some have regarded spectavit as equivalent
to spectatus est; 4 he has made his spectatio, and hence is spectatus,
1 Hubner, Ephem. Ep. III., pp. 161-163. Henzen, Ephem. Ep. III., p. 204.
2 Mommsen, IJermes, XXI. 1886, p. 266. C. I. L. VI. 631.
3 P. J. Meier, De Giadiatitra Romana, 1881, p. 53.
4 A. Elter, Rhein. Mm. XLI. 1886, p. 517. P. J. Meier, Rhein. Mus. XLII.
1886, p, 122. F. Haug, Berliner. Philol. Wochenschrift, 1888, p. 763. See also
for a summary of the discussion, Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, vol. II., 6 p. 524.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 261
i.e. an approved gladiator. It has also been said that from spectavit
gladiatorem in the first sense and with emphasis on the second word
arose the expression gladiator spectavit with the second meaning.
Tesserae Conviviales.
A few counters have been found which probably served as tickets
of admission to important dinners and banquets. They are virtually
tickets to meals such as were given by the emperor' to the people,
or by a collegium to its members, who were thus identified. They
contain numbers which probably indicated the place reserved for the
holder. We learn from the inscriptions 1 that at banquets tesserae
were scrambled for, which served as vouchers for gifts of money
and clothing. These were probably the same as sortes conviviales or
sparsiones.
ARMOR AND MISSILES
Scattered and rare specimens of Roman arms contain inscriptions
which indicate the owner, and the legion and cohort to which he
belonged. It is possible that from the time of Augustus it was
required that the pieces of armor should thus be marked. Htibner,
in support of this theory, cites the shield buckle found at the mouth
of the Tyne, England, 2 which is ornamented with various designs
and inscribed in litterae punctatae thus ;
LEG VIII AVG and . IVL MAGNI IVNI DVBITATI
Leg(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae~) ; c(enturiae') lul(ii) Magni ; lunii Dubitati
also the sword of Tiberius found at Mainz, now in the British
Museum. 3
Perhaps there should also be classed with these inscriptions those
found on some leaden bullae, the purpose of which it is difficult to
determine. They may have been a kind of tesserae carried upon the
person after enrollment, and serving as a countersign. . They have
been found in considerable numbers in Great Britain. 4
1 Orelli-Henzen, 3394, 5320; Henzen, Annali delV 1st. XX. (1848), p. 273 ff.
2 Arch. Epigr. Miltheilungcn arts (Esterreich, 1878, p. 105 ff. C. I. L.
VII. 495. 3 Brambach, Inscr. Ehen. 1108.
* C. L L. VII., p. 230 ; Ephem. Ep. III., pp. 144 and 318, IV., p. 209.
262 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Lead Bullets (Glandes Plumbeae).
These lead sling-shots used by slingers (funditores) in the Roman
army are oval in form with points at both ends. They have been
found in large numbers, many of which are, however, undoubtedly
spurious, inasmuch as it is known that they were extensively manu-
factured in more recent times for the purpose of deceiving scholars. 1
The Romans, imitating the Greeks in their use, imitated them also
in placing upon them brief inscriptions.
Found near CorropoH, now In the museum at
Ascoli (Asculum), Italy. It was used in the
Marsic or Social war (90-88 B.C.).
Kali. T. Laf(renius) pr(aetor}. C. I. L. IX. 6086. 1.
The inscriptions of the greatest number of these glandes are in
raised letters, evidently made in the clay mould which was marked
when wet by a grapliium or other sharp instrument.
Zangemeister, who has treated of these missiles very completely
in Ephem. Ep., vol. VI., classifies the inscriptions found. upon them
as follows :
Names indicating the people or state making war, e.g. Itali.
" " the official ordering their manufacture, e.g. L. Piso L.f. cos.
" " the legion, e.g. Leg. XL
" " the funditores, e.g. Firmani.
" " the maker, e.g. C. Fabricius fecit.
Exclamatory expressions addressed to the enemy, e.g. em tibi malum malo ;
esureis et me celas ; pertinacia vos radicitus toilet.
1 Zangemeister, C. L L. IX., p. 35 sq.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 263
Lead sling-shot, found In Spain, used in the war waged by Julius Caesar
against the son of Pompey.
On. Mag(nus) imp(erator). C. I. L. II. 4965.
This refers to Gfnaeus Pompeius Magnifilius, who is designated on
coins Cn. Magnus imp.
Lead Water Pipes 1 (Fistulae Plumbeae Aquariae).
Information obtained from inscriptions found on lead water pipes
has been most useful in determining the location and ownership of
buildings, and in bringing to light many details bearing upon the
water service in Eome. The method of making these inscriptions
was to cut raised letters on wooden stamps and to press these into
the sand or clay of the mould, which in this case was a flat surface
upon which the lead plates out of which the pipes were made were
cast. The inscription thus produced would be in raised letters.
These inscriptions range in date from the time of Augustus to the
close of the third century. The earliest show merely the names of
the emperors, while those of the second century regularly contain
the name of the emperor, the name of a procurator, or of other
officials such as tribuni aquarum, the name of the officinator (either
in the nominative or in the genitive with ex officina), under whose
general direction the pipe was made, or the name of the slave, who
has made the pipe, in the nominative case followed by fecit. Water
pipes of the municipal towns give the name of the municipality
and the name of the public slave (plumbarius or fistulator) who had
looked after the manufacture of the pipe. In particular cases the
names of the owners of the houses to which the water was conducted
are given, and in others the capacity of the pipe is indicated.
1 Lanciani, Silloge Epigrafica Aquaria. L. Kenier, Rev. Arch. (2d series),
vol. XXL, p. 328 sq.
264 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Vessels and Articles of Bronze, Silver, and Gold.
This class includes inscriptions on bronze vases of different sizes
and kinds, on cups and bowls, on mirrors, on strigils, on articles of
jewelry such as fibulae and rings. The inscriptions which have
been either engraved, scratched, or stamped upon the surface vary
somewhat with the character of the article, but the elements most
commonly found are the names of the owner or maker, sentences of
dedication to a divinity, or of presentation to some individual, or,
again, exclamatory phrases expressing a wish.
Inscriptions on metal utensils of ordinary use are very well
illustrated by that on the bronze patera shown on page 57. Of other
articles containing inscriptions the following are of special interest :
1. The toilet cases and mirrors of Praeneste, which are orna-
mented with drawings illustrative of Greek myths, to which are
attached the names of divinities or heroes. Only two or three of
these contain the name of the maker or owner. The most famous is
the Cista Ficoroniana, which contains the well-known inscription:
DINDIA MACOtNIA FIIEAI . DEDIT
NOVIOS PLAVTIOS MED ROMAI FECID
C. I. L. XIV. 4112.
2. The four silver goblets 1 found at the Aquae Apollinares, the
warm springs of Vicarello. These contain an itinerary from Gades
to Rome, and were probably used by travelers visiting the springs.
Of a similar character, but more brief, is the itinerarium inscribed
on a bronze vase 2 which was found in England, where it is still
preserved in Alnwick Castle.
Jewelry.
Some of the articles of jewelry which have been preserved contain
brief inscriptions giving either the name of the owner, the weight,
or phrases addressed to the owner. Cagnat refers to a bracelet of
gold containing the inscription Corelia Ny(m)p(K)e ; aitrti(m),
1 C. /. L. XL, p. 496 sq.
2 0. /. L. VII. 1291 ; Htibner's Exempla, No. 011.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS
265
p(ondo) XX. 1 , also to a fibula of silver with the words utere felix?
and to & fibula of gold with the words constants vivas.
The gold fibula from Praeneste contains probably the oldest Latin
inscription extant, written in retrograde order.
Fibula Prnenestina.
Manios med fhefhaked Numasioi. C. L L. XIV. 4123.
The retrograde order, the fh for /, the form fhefhaked for fecit,
and the dative Numasioi for Numerio indicate that this is a very
early inscription. 3
Eings, as well as the gems which they held, were often inscribed
with names in the genitive or nominative case, or with initials of
the owner's name, or, in very rare instances, the name of the maker.
Some contain exclamatory phrases of a benevolent or erotic nature.
Thus in a ring found at Este (Ateste), the inscription on the
stone, existing now in a copy, was
Q C L
SEPTVMIAE
P R I SC A E
FIDES
{Two hands joined)
C. I. L. V. 8125, 9.
again on carnelian found at Aix (Aquae Sextiae) :
BONAM AMOTE
VITAM AMAME
SERVA FIDEM
C. I. L. XII. 5693, 8.
1 Set- p. 331.
2 C. L L. III. 6016, 6.
8 See Lindsay. Latin Language, p. 188.
266 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
also on the gold :
A M T E C. I. L. XII. 6692, 6.
and in letters of the second century on a gold ring in the British
Museum :
M A T R
V I A * C *
C * A E
Matr(onis) ma(libus} C. C(ornelius) Ae(lianus). C. I. L. VII. 1299.
Stamps (Signacula).
Seals or stamps with which stamped inscriptions were produced
were made chiefly of bronze. They appear in various shapes, as of
a fish, a heart, a circle, or a square, and contain letters in relief
arranged in retrograde order. The inscription consists of the name,
in the genitive or nominative case, of the owner of the article
stamped, followed in some cases by the name of the slave engaged
in the work, in the genitive or nominative case. It is difficult to
determine the exact use of these signacula, for none have been
found that match the impressions on the stamped articles. Without
doubt, they were employed for a variety of purposes. Mommsen, 1
quoting Pliny, N. H. XXXIII. 1, 26, nunc cibi quoque ac potus anulo
vindicantur a rapina, has agreed, from the evidence of the stamped
bread and its corresponding stamp found at Pompeii, that certain of
these signacula were used to mark articles of consumption. The
following were found at Pompeii :
POT ITI
POPP SABINI
Potiti, Popp(aei) Sabini (servi). C. I. L. X. 8058, 71.
SERVANDVS
QLP ET CLP
Servandus, Q. L . . . P . . . et C. L . . . P . . . (serous).
C. I. L. X. 8059, 366.
1 C. I. L. X. p. 915.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS
267
cELERIS Q GRANI
VER I S ER
Inscription impressed on bread found at Herculaneum.
C. L L. X. 8058, 18.
Oculists' Stamps,
A very curious and interesting class of signacula are those made
of stone, which were employed by oculists for stamping the medica-
ments, salve, etc., for treatment of the eyes. They are small rec-
tangular tablets containing inscriptions on the four sides cut into the
material, usually in two lines, rarely in one, giving the name, in the
genitive case, of the physician who made or sold the preparation,
the name of the remedy itself, the designation of the disease, in the
accusative case preceded by the preposition ad, and, finally, the
method of applying the remedy. 1
nffFm
Oculist's Stamp from Keims.
Httbner's Exempla, p. 435.
D- Galli(i) Sesti [s~\frag\is ad aspritudi(nes)
D. Galli(t) Sest(i~) sfra\gis ad impetum lippitudinis
D. Galli(i') Sest(i) pe \nicil (lum~) le(ne) ad lipp(itudinem)
D. Galli(i) Sest(i) \ dignu(iri) ad asp(ritudines)
1 Eecueil des Cachets (f OcuUstes Romains. 6m Espfirandieu, in Rev. Arch.
vol. XXI. 1893, p. 296 et sq. Cachets d" 1 OcuUstes Romains, He'ron de Villefosse
et The"denat, Paris, 1882. Die Stempel der Rom. Augenarste, C. S. Grotefend,
Gottingen, 1867.
268 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
PRODUCTS OF QUARRIES AND MINES
1. Inscriptiones Marmorum Massis Incisae.
Inscriptions of considerable value have been found on blocks of
marble which have been discovered in the quarries, 1 and at the
Emporium in Rome, where they have been landed, but not used.
Such inscriptions were made for business purposes, so that no mis-
take or fraud might take place in the transportation or setting up of
the stone. 2 These inscriptions contain the following elements :
1. Numerals indicating the number of the block taken from the
quarry, e.g. loco CXLVI, or the number shipped to Rome, e.g. N LXV,
reckoned from the beginning of the year.
2. The name of the quarry or the section of the quarry from
which the stone was taken, ojjfticina) Pa(piri~) n. LXXXVI; locus
n. II.
3. The names of the consuls indicating the year in which the
stone was quarried.
4. The names of officials, e.g. procuratores montium, acting as
superintendents, and others ; also names of slaves having the charge
of quarries.
5. The names, in the genitive case, of the emperors, placed either
at the beginning or end of the inscription, indicating the imperial
ownership of the quarries.
2. Massae Argenti, Aeris, Plumbi.
Of a similar character to those just mentioned are the inscriptions
stamped or cast upon pigs of silver, bronze, and lead. Some contain
the name of the emperor in the genitive or ablative case, also the
place from which they were obtained, e.g. Britan(nicis inetallis) ;
Britannicum, and more exactly the name of the people, e.g. de
Ceangi(s) ; met(allorum) Lut(udensium ?).
The expression ex argento, which appears on some pigs of lead,
1 C. I. L. III., p. 71. C. I. L. VIII. 14561-14600 ; Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 34,
and V., p. 47.
2 Bruzza, Iscrizioni dei Marmi Grezzi, Annali deir 1st., 1870, vol. XLII.,
p. 106.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 269
refers to the refining of the silver out of the lead. 1 Metal ingots
containing inscriptions have been found in England, 2 Spain, 3 Italy, 4
Sardinia. 4
BRICKS AND TILES 5 (Lateres et Tegulae)
An abundant source of historical, geographical, and archeological
knowledge has been found in the stamps (sigilla) which appear on
bricks and tiles discovered in Rome, Italy, and the provinces, which
were the product of the brick-kilns and potteries (figlinae) belong-
ing to the emperor or members of his family, or to municipalities, or,
finally, to private persons.
I. Stamped bricks, which can safely be assigned to the republican
period, have not been found in Rome, but they have been discovered
in Italy, at Veleia, dating before the middle of the first century B.C.
These are given in C. I. L. I. 777 ff. They are dated, i.e. they con-
tain the names of consuls, and show as well the name of the potter
(Jgulus).
II. Lateres of the imperial period, found at Rome, are of great
number and importance. They are fully described by H. Dressel in
C. I. L. XV.
Stamps on bricks of the first three centuries of the Empire appear
in several forms, being either rectangular, semicircular, round, or
crescent shape, but with the greatest frequency in a form between
the full circle and the crescent, made by cutting a very small circle
out of a larger one.
Of these the rectangular stamps, with inscription in one line, and
in large letters, may belong to the last century of the Republic, or,
1 Pliny, y. H., XXXIV. 151 and 158, Plumbum nigrum saepe cum argento
nasci mixtisqtte venis conflari atque ex plumbo nigro argentinn fieri.
2 C. I. L. VII. 1201-1217. 3 C. /. L. II. 6247, 1-8.
4 C. I. L. IX. 6091 ; X. 8073, 8339. Albert Way, Archeological Journal,
XVI., 1859, p. 23; XXIII., 1866, p. 63. Hiibner's Exempla, No. 1204-1212,
and p. XL. Ehein. Mus. XI. 1857, p. 347 ff.
5 C. I. L. XV. Descemet, Inscriptiones Doliares Latines in Bibliothe'que des
coles Frangaises d'Athenes et de Rome, XV., Paris, 1880. Marini, Le Iscrizi-
oni Antiche, Doliari, Rome, 1884. Dressel, Untersuchungen iiber die chronologic
der Ziegelstempel der Gens Domitia, Berlin, 1886.
270
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
at least, to the first century A.D. Those of two lines belong to the
middle or latter part of the first century, while those of several lines
may be assigned to the age of Trajan and Hadrian.
Semicircular or crescent shape stamps date, speaking in general
terms, between the age of Claudius and the close of the first century.
Perfectly round stamps of one line belong to the same period as
the crescent shaped, while those of two lines date in the latter part
of the second and third centuries. The form midway between the
circle and crescent appears to have come into iise a little after the
middle of the first century, and prevailed through the second and
third. The modification in this form may be assigned to certain
periods :
60-100 (120)
100-180
O
175-217
Stamps of this prevailing form have inscriptions frequently in
two verses, arranged in concentric circles.
Stamp on a brick found at Rome. Bate 123 A.D.
Hubnor's Kj-eiiijiht, No. 1214.
d(oliare) Dionys(i) DomU(iae") P. f(iliae) Lucil(lae), Paet(o)
et Apr(oniano) co(n)s(ulibus).
If the little circle is large enough, it determines the beginning and
end of the outer and inner verses ; but if it is small, the inner verse
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS
271
is in a continuous circle, and the first letter of the second verse is
above the last of the first. The words proceed regularly from left
to right with few exceptions. In bricks of a later period no partic-
ular order is observed, and we may find both verses retrograde, or
one retrograde and the other direct (fiovvTpo<t>r)86v).
The letters are generally raised (prominentes), though those
pressed into the surface (cavae) sometimes occur. The shape of the
letters is such as would be made by a marking stamp with rectangu-
lar shaped furrow, and not wedge shaped as in cut inscriptions.
The marking stamps, signacula, in the opinion of Dressel were
made of hard wood. To establish this theory he refers to the
marks on the bricks, evidently made by the cracks in the wooden
stamp. 1
Stamp on a brick from Lyons. Bulletin piyraphique, vol. II., p. 88.
Ex praedis domini no \ stri Augusti.
The middle circle generally contained some figure, either a repre-
sentation of some divinity or his insignia, or of a bird or other
animal, or of a palm branch, or of leaves, stars, etc., probably merely
1 C. L. Visconti, Bull. Arch. Com. 1879, pp. 197 ft. and 217 ff., endeavors to
show that the stamps were of bronze or lead, and that some of those preserved
were used for this purpose.
272 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S
ornamental. At times the names of the owners of the estates or
kilns were thus portrayed, as, for example, a wolf is represented
on the bricks from the kiln of M. Rutilius Lupus, a corona on those
of C. Julius Stephanus.
The inscriptions of the first century were brief, consisting fre-
quently of only the name of the owner of the estate or pottery, or
the name of the superintendent or potter, and rarely the name of
the kiln or pottery (figlina). After the beginning of the second
century such formulae as opus doliare (illius) and names of the
estates or of the Jiglinae, also names of the consuls, are more com-
monly given.
One or more of the following elements may appear in these in-
scriptions :
1. The name of the owner of the estate whence the clay was obtained, or
where the pottery was situated, or of the pottery itself.
Asini Pollionis (first century) ; Ex praedis L. Mummi Rufi (after first
centuiy).
2. The name of the superintendent (officinator) .
C. Cosconi (first century) ; Opus doliare L. Sruttidi Augustalis or L.
Bruttidius Augustalis fecit.
The name of the owner and that of the officinator or figulus (servus domini)
may appear together thus : Fdicis Domiti Afri(servi) or Tegula C. Cosconi
Jifj(uli) Asini Pollionis (first century).
Ex praedis Q. Servili Pudentis, sub cura Hedy(nis~) servi, 133 A.D.
Opus doliare Aristi Thalli, ex praedis Plaetori Nepotis, 123 A.D.
Opus doliare Statiae 1'rimillae, ex jiglinis Dnmitiae Lucillae.
3. The name of the pottery, or brick kiln, or estate, as in the following:
Amoeni duorum Domitiorum Lucani et Tulli, ex Jiglinis Caninianis (first
century).
Exfiglinis Caepionianis Plotiae -Isauricae, fornace Peculiaris servi (after first
century).
4. The names of the consuls, an element which does not appear on bricks
from the City or Latium before 110 A.D., nor after 104 A.D.
5. Exclamatory expressions such as valeat qui fecit, particularly on bricks
from the potteries of the gens Domitia.
Inscriptions of the first three centuries A.D. differ, in general, very slightly,
although the name of the Jiglinae rarely appears in those of earlier date, and
mention of the negotiator is not given until the close of the second century.
INSCRIPTIONS OX MOVABLE OBJECTS 273
The following abbreviations are common in these inscriptions :
Opus doliare = 0, OP D, DO, DOL, DOLI, DOLIAR.
Opus fiylinum (rare) FG, FGL.
Ex or de Praedis = EX or DE P, PR, PRAE or PRE, PRO, PRAED.
Ex or de Minis = EX or DE F, Fl, FIG, FIGVL, FGL, FIGL, FIGLIN, FIGLINI.
Exofficina = EX OF, OFIC.
III. There should also be mentioned here the bricks marked by
legionary soldiers made to be used in building their quarters. These
contain the name of the cohort, legion, or army.
EXERC PANN INF
Exerc(itus) Pann(oniae) Inferioris.
Vessels of Clay 1 (Dolia, Amphorae, Lucernae).
A large portion of the section in C. I. L. entitled Instrumentum is
assigned to inscriptions which appear on vessels made of clay, the
product of Roman potteries. These vary from the large, sometimes
huge, dolia and medium sized amphorae to the small patellae and
pelves of household use. With these are to be classed also the lamps
(lucemae), which are made of like material and by similar methods.
The inscriptions which appear on these vessels consist mainly of
names denoting the maker, merchant, or owner, in the nominative
or genitive case. In some cases the verb fecit, FEC, FE, F, is found.
The words manu, MAN, MA," M, officina, OF, OFF, ovjiglina, FIGVL,
FIG, may precede or follow the name in the genitive case of the
maker or merchant. These trademarks were made by pressing a
stamp upon the clay of the vessel or upon that of the mould, pro-
ducing letters below the surface (cavae) or in relief (prominentes).
The location of the inscription on the vessel was either the neck or
handle, sometimes the bowl or inner flanges of wide-open vases, but
most frequently, and regularly so in the lucernae, upon the base.
1 Schuermans, Sigles Figulins, Brussels, 1867 ; Froehner, Inscriptiones Terrae
Coctae Vasorum intra Alpes, Tissam, Tamesin repertae, Gottingen, 1858.
LAT. INSCRIP. 18
074 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
The inscriptions which appear in relief involved with ornamenta-
tion were most commonly made in the mould. They show a variety
of statements appropriate to the device of the ornamentation, some-
times of a dedicatory character, or, again, giving expression to good
wishes.
Other methods of marking these clay vessels were employed,
particularly in inscribing the dolia and amphorae of Pompeii and
Herculaneum. Letters were cut in the clay before or after baking
by means of a graphium, or painted in black, red, or white color, or
marked by crayon. These inscriptions give the name of the maker
or merchant in the nominative or genitive case, also the contents
and measure of the amphorae. On the wine jars there were found
the name of the wine, the names of the consuls of the year in which
the wine was made, also the name of the maker or merchant. 1
Exclamatory expressions are also found ; vivas, valeas, semper gaude,
reple me, bibe vivas multis annis.
.//z.
Archaic inscription made with a ttttu* on a blnek colored vase found at Anlea.
Ego (= Ego) K(aeso) Anaios (= Annaeus). C. I. L. X. 8336.
Compare with this the inscription found on the Esquiline, Eco C.
Antonios, Ann. dell' 1st., 1880, p. 301.
1 H. Dressel, Ricerche sul Monte Testaccio, in Annali dell' 1st., 1878, p. 118-
192 ; C. L L. IV., p. 171 ; Ephem. Ep. I., p. 160.
DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 275
DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS
TITULI SACBI
1. a) Aecetiai l pocolom. c) Salutes pocolom.
6) Fortunai pocolo. d) Volcani pocolom.
a) C. I. L. I. 43. On a patera of black color found at Volci, Etruria,
now in British Museun^
6) C. I. L. IX. 258. On a vase of dark color, now in private house at Rome.
c) C. I. L. I. 49. On a black patera, now in Gregorian Museum at Rome.
d) C. I. L. I. 50. On a black patera found at Tarquinii, now in Museum at
Berlin.
1 Perhaps Aequitia or Aequitas. These inscriptions are assigned to the fifth
century A.U.C. (350-250 B.C.).
2. a) Cesula l Atilia | dorm - dat Diane. 3
6) Matre | Matuta 4 | dono dedro 5 matrona. | M' Curia | Pola
Livia | deda. 6
c) Fide. d) Salute.
C. I. L 1. a) 1G8, 6) 177, c) 170, d) 179. Inscribed on cippi, found in
a sacred grove at Pisaurum, in Picenum, dating about 500/254-550/204.
1 CaesulJa. 2 Note omission of final m. 3 Dianae. 4 a dative. 5 ded(e)-
ro(nf). 6 Some explain as dedant (like (ir)6rTaTi = <rTa<ri) a primitive
3d plural perf.
Tituli Sacri, Sixth and Seventh Centuries A.U.C. (250-50 B.C.).
3. Apoline L. Carnius C. f.
C. I. L. X. 7265. Found in Sicily, now in public museum at Panormus.
4. Devas Corniscas l sacrum.
C. /. L. I. 814 = VI. 96. Inscribed on a stone found "trans Tiberim,"
probably near the site of a sanctuary of the corniscae divae, who were
said to be in tutela lunonis. l Possibly a dative plural standing for
Deivais Corniscais.
5. Orcevia Numeri 1 j nationu 2 cratia | Fortuna, 3 Diovo fileia 3 | pri-
mo cenia, 3 donom dedi.
*~
C. I. L. XIV. 2863. On a bronze lamina found at Praeneste. l Sc. uxor.
2 nationu = natini(s). 3 Datives. Nationis gratia, in the opinion of
Mommsen, signifies propter feturam pecorum.
276 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
6. Sa. 1 Burtio V. f. | lue 2 dono | ded. 3 mereto.
Mitt, des Rom. fnst., 1890, p. 297. Found at Avezzano, near Lake Fucinus.
1 Sa(lvios) Burtio^. 2 lue = lovi. 8 ded(et).
7. L. Gemenio L. f. Pel. 1 | Hercole dono | dat lubs. merto | pro sed.
sueq. ; 2 1 ede. 3 leigibus | ara Salutus.
C. L L. XIV. 2892. On a cone-shaped blcdk of tufa, found near Praeneste.
1 Pel. . . may be a cognomen. 2 pro sedsue(s)q(ue). 8 e(s)eZe(m). For
the syncope in the Praenestine dialect, see Lindsay, Latin Language,^. 177.
8. P. Corn[eZios] | L. f. coso[Z] proba[w'f] Mar[te sacrow].
C. I. L. I. 41 = VI. 475. On an altar found in the Quirinal gardens at
Rome (1626). Consul, 518/236.
9. Hercolei sacrom, | M. Minuci C. f. | dictator vovit.
C. I. L. I. 1503 = VI. 284. Inscribed on an altar found near Rome, now in
the Capitoline Museum. On the right side of the stone there is inscribed
l> I XXVI, which Ritschl interprets legiones I et XXVI. Wilmanns thinks
it indicates the number of the gift in the temple as recorded in the
register. Minucius was dictator 537/217 (Livy XXII. 25).
10. a) M. Claudius M. f. consol | Hinnad J cepit.
6) Martei | \_M.~] Claudius | [M. f. c]onsol ded[&].
C. I. L. a) I. 530 = VI. 1281 ; 6) I. 531 = VI. 474.
a) On a stone found at Rome, near the baths of Trajan.
6) On a marble tablet found at Rome, near Porta Capena, now in
museum at Naples. M. Claudius Marcellus, who captured Henna,
was consul 543/211. 1 Ex Hinna.
11. Pietatis | sacrum.
C. L L. XI. 2779. On a round marble altar found at Veii. Note the geni-
tive ; ara Neptuno represents the more common form.
12. L. Mummi * L. f . cos.
Duct. 2 1 auspicio imperioque | eius Achaia capt., 3
Corinto | delete Romam redieit | triumphans. 4
Ob hasce | res bene gestas quod 5 | [is] in bello voverat, |
Hanc aedem et signu Herculis Victoris
imperator dedicat.
DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 277
C. I. L. I. 541 = VI. 331. Inscribed on a tablet of travertine found on Mons
Caelius, Rome, now in Vatican Museum. L. Mummius was consul in
608/146, and triumphed in 609/145. 1 Mummi(s). 2 Duct(u~), cf. ductu
imperio auspicio suo, Plaut. Amphit. 196. s capt(a). 4 A very early use
of the aspirate, cf. Corinto. The inscription is in Saturnian metre.
5 quod, although short, may, as accented, take the place of the long
syllable. Ritschl supplies is, so quod is. Livy (XL. 52, XLI. 28) tells
us that- similar tablets were placed in temples by triumphatores.
13. [J^]orte For[wnai] | donuni dant j conlegiu lani piscinenses, 1
magistreis | coiraverunt | A. Cassi C. 1. | T. Cornell Oor. I. 2
C. I. L. VI. 167. Inscribed on a small pedestal found near Rome, in the
grove of the fratres Arvales. l Lanii, from the neighborhood of the
piscina publica. 2 Corneliae libertus.
14. Q. Caecilius Cn. A. Q. Flamini leibertus lunone Seispitei matri
reginae.
C. L L. I. 110. Inscribed on an epistylium found near Lanuvium. Cf.
Fest., p. 343, a. 14. Sispitem lunonem quam vulgo sospitem appellant
antiqui usurpabant,
15. sei deo sei deivae sac. | C. Sextius C. f. Calvinus pr., | de senati
sententia | restituit.
C. I. L. I. 632. Inscribed on an altar found on the Palatine hill. This
may be C. Sextius Calvinus, opponent of Glaucia, praetor 654/100, but
with more probability his- son, of the time of Sulla. The altar may have
belonged to the temple at the foot of the Palatine, near the temple of
Vesta, built in honor of the voice of the god heard by Aius Locutius,
who announced the coming of the Gauls (Livy, V. 50).
16. Felix Publicus | Asinianus pontific. 1 | Bonae Deae Agresti
Felic. 2 votum solvit iunicem alba. | libens animo ob lumini-
bus restitutis, derelictus a medicis, post | menses decem
bineficio (?) dominaes 3 medicinis senatus, per | earn restituta
omnia ministerio Canniae Fortunatae.
278 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. /. L. VI. 68. Inscribed on a marble tablet found on the Via Ostiensis,
now in Vatican Museum. l pontific(alis) or pontific(um) . 2 Felic(i).
8 gen. sing.
17. P. Seivilio L. Antonio cos. 1 | a. d. IIII k. Sext. | locavit Q.
Pedius q. 2 urb. | rnurum lunoni Lucinae I+S Q) (J)
(J) (J) ! eidemque probavit.
C. /. L. VI. 358. Inscribed on a tablet of travertine found on the Esquiline,
now in Villa Albani, Rome. J 713/41. 2 q(naestor). The inscription
belonged to the temple of luno Lucina, on the Esquiline.
18. Laribus publicis sacrum | imp. Caesar Augustus | pontifex max-
imus tribunic. potestat. XVIIII 1 \ ex stipe quam populus ei |
contulit k. lanuar. apsenti, | C. Calvisio Sabino L. Passieno
Eufo cos. 2
C. I. L. VI. 456. Inscribed on a marble tablet cut from a pedestal found
on the Palatine, now in Museum of Naples. l duodevicesimum. 2 750/4,
19. Saliiti perpetuae Augustae Genio municipi anno post
libertatique publicae Interamnam conditam
populi Romani ^CCIIII ad Cn. Domitium
Ahenobarbum !!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! cos *
Providentiae Ti. Caesaris Augusti nati ad aeternitatem
Romani nominis, sublato hoste perniciosissimo 2 p. R.,
Faustus Titius Liberalis VI vir Aug. iter.
p. s. f. c. 3
C. I. L. XI. 4170. Found at Terni (Interamna), in Umbria. l Cn.
Domitius Ahenobarbus was consul with M. Furius Camillus Scriboni-
anus, 32 A.D. As Scribonianus was declared an enemy in 42 A.I>., after
he began a revolt in Dalmatia, his name is erased. 2 Sejanus, who
was killed 31 A.D. 8 p(ecunia) s(ua) f(aciundum) c(uravit).
20. Carpus Aug. lib. Pallantianus | sanctis draconibus | d. d.
C. /. L. VI. 143. On a marble altar, now in the Kircherian Museum,
Rome. Cf. Tac. Ann. XI. 11. The fact that serpents were said to
have guarded the cradle of Nero may account for this inscription by a
freedman of Caesar and a former slave of Pallas.
DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 279
21. Libertati ab imp. Nerva Ca[es]ar[e] Aug., anno ab urbe condita
DCCCXXXXIIX 1 XIII [fc] Oc[.], 2 restitupoe] s. p. q. E.
C. I. L. VI. 472. Found at Borne on the Capitoline, existing in a copy
made before the ninth century. l The year 848 of the Catonian era
corresponds to the year 96 A. D. 2 Sept. 18th, the day on which Nerva
became emperor after the murder of Domitian. Pliny, Ep. 9. 13. 4,
speaks of libertas reddita. Tac. Agric. 3.
22. Bassa Vitelli | [p]ro Q. Vitellio Q. f . filio suo | [ Jwjnoni Lucinae
v. s. 1. m.
C. I. L. VI. 359. On a pedestal found in Rome near temple of luno Lucina,
existing now in copy. Cf . Tac. Ann. II. 48.
23. Q. Coelius L. f. pr., aed. pi. Cer., 1 | pro. pr. ex s. c., q. 2 | ex voto
suseepto | pro incolumitate | Ti. Caesaris divi Aug. f. August! ]
pontific. maxim. | Concordiae d. d. auri p. XXV.
C. 7. L. VI. 91. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found in the temple
of Concord, now in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. 1 Cer(ealis).
2 q(uaestor~).
24. pro salute | dominorum, | Genio horreorum, Saturninus et Suc-
cessus | horreari | donum dederunt | Caesare Vespasiano VI |"
Tito Caesare imp. IIII | cos.
C. I. L. VI. 235. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, now in the
Vatican Museum. Determine date from table, p. 129.
25. C[ere]ri sacrum | [Z). /wjnius luvenalis [trib.~\ coh. [/] Del-
matarum, | II [wV] quinq., flamen | divi Vespasiani [ vovit
dedicav[&g]ue | sua pec.
C. 7. L. X. 5382. Found above Aquino, near a place called Roccasecca
on the river Melfi, existing in a copy of the eighteenth century. In
the second century the cohors I Dalmatarum was stationed in Britain.
For bearing of this inscription in history of the satirist Juvenal, see
J. Durr, Das Leben Juvenals, p. 21.
26. d. i. in. | in honor, domus divin. 1 | Eppius Arimijnensis filius.
280 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. III. 4799. Inscribed on a small altar found at Toltschach (Viru-
num), Noricum, where it still exists. J This formula, often abbreviated
i. h. d. d., is not found before the middle of the second century, but
becomes very common after the time of Conimodus (Wilmanns).
27. I. 0. S. p. d. 1 | et lunoni sanctae | Herae Castorib. et Apollini
conservato|ribus, Thrysus | pro salute patroni sui et sua suo-
rumque | iussu numinis eorum | aram d., | salvis candidatis \
huius loci per C. Fabium Germanum.
(On the left side.} Ded. VI idus [0]ct Percgrino et I Aemiliano ]
, cos. 2
!/ -V
C. I. L. VI. 413. Inscribed on a marble altar found at Rome, now in
Museum of Vatican, belonging to the temple of Jupiter Dolichenus on
Aventine. J I(ovi) O(ptimo') S(oli)p(raestantissimo) d(igno). 2 244 A.D.
28. dis magnis, j Ulpius Egnatius Faventinus | v. c. 1 augur p. y. b. p.
E. Q. 2 pater et hieroceryx d. S. i. M. 3 | archibucolus del
Liberi, | hierofanta Hecatae, sa|cerdos Isidis percepto j tauro-
bolio criobolioq., j idibus Augustis d. d. n. n. j Valente Aug.
V. et Valentiuia|no Aug. conss. 4 feliciter
Vota Faventinus bis deni suscipit orbis
Ut mactet repetens aurata fronte bicornes.
C. 7. L. VI. 504. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Rome, ex-
isting only in copy. x v(ir) c(Zamsim). 2 pub (lieu s) p(opuli) B(omani')
Q(uiritium). 3 d(ei) S(olis) i(nvicti) M(ithrae). 4 376 A.D.
DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS IN VERSE
Satumiton, Metre
29. M. P. Vertuleieis C. f. 1
Quod re sua d[?/]eidens asper | afleicta
Parens timens | heic vovit, voto hoc | solut[o
De]cuma facta | poloucta 2 leibereis lube|tes 3
Donu danunt Hercolei inaxsume mereto.
Semol te | orant, se [Vjoti crebro | condemnes.
DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 281
C. I. L. I. 1175, X. 5708. Found at Sora in Italy, now in the gardens of
tW church of S. Restituta. l M(arcus) et P(uUius) Vertuleii G(ai)
f(ilii). 2 poloucta, cf. Cato, de It. B. 132 ; Plaut. Stick. 233 ; Varr. L. L.
VL 54. 3 lube(n)tes. Ritschl places this in the early part of the
seventh century A.U.C. (150-50 B.C.) The letters are archaic, and the
Saturnian measure is indicated on the stone by intervals.
Iambic Senarii
30. Templum hoc sacratum her[oi'6ws, gut] quod ger[tm]
August! nomen felix [illis] remaneat,
Stirpis suae laetetur u[ regno~] parens.
Nam quom te, Caesar, tem[|ws] exposcet deum
Caeloque repetes sed[em, qua] mundum reges,
Sint hei, tua quei sorte ter[rae] huic imperent
Regantque nos felicibu[s] voteis sueis
(Written beneath) L. Aurelius L. f. Pal. Eufu[s] primopilaris
XVI militans st ..... imp. Caesaris .....
C. L L. X. 3757. Inscribed on a stone found at Acerrae. Nissen. has
suggested that Claudius, Nero, and Britannicus were referred to in line 1,
but Mommsen assigns the inscription to the time of Augustus, and con-
siders C. and L. Caesar as the heroes to whom the shrine was dedicated.
Hexameter
31. Numini aquae ( Alexandrianae [ ]
Hanc aram Nymphis extruxi, | nomine Laetus,
2 Cum gererem fasces patriae rumore secundo ;
Plus tameii est mihi gratus honos, quod fascibus annus
Is nostri datus est, quo sanc|to nomine dives
Lambaesem largo perfu|dit flumine Nympha.
C. I. L. VIII. 2662. Inscribed in the Nymphaeum at Lambaesis, Africa.
iFrom Severus Alexander, the emperor who introduced water into
Lambaesis in 226 A.D. Cf. the Aqua Alexandriana at Rome, thus named
for a similar reason, Lampridius c. 25; cf. also C. I. L. VIII. 2658. The
word was partially erased after his death in 235 A. D. 2 As duumvir at
Lambaesis. For similar ending cf. Verg. Aen. VIII. 90.
282 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS
TITULI SEPULCRALES
1. a) C. Turpleio C. f. c) C. Fouri M. f. 1
B) Q. Fourio A. f. d) Cn. Fourio
C. I. L. XIV. 2750, 2700-2707. Four inscriptions on cinerary urns from
the tomb of the Furii and Turpleii at Tusculum. They belong to the
fifth century of the City, and show the names in the nom. case. l C.
M(arci) f(ilios).
2. a) L. Anicio /) Anicia P. f.
6) Maio l Anicia C. f. g) Mino Cumia L. f.
c) L. Cupi L. f. A. n. h) Atlia A. 1. | Lais
d) Maria Fabricia i) Tert. Coriaria
e} Titoleiai M. f. jf) P. Gessius P. f. | Vala
C. L L. XIV. 3046-3310. These inscriptions are selected from those found
in the sepulcretum at Praeneste, and date in the sixth and seventh
centuries of the City. The cognomina are rare, but appear alike with
names of men and women. Note also the praenomina with names of
women. The gen. case is seen in e, but the others show the earlier form
of the nom. case. a Maio(s') = Maior.
3. a) L. Aeli, 1 | a. d. Ill idus | Octob.
6) Baebia Q. I., 2 a. d. | IX k. Octobris.
c) L. Caecilius, | a. d. VI k. Quictilis.
d) Aemiliai, a. d. Ill non. Fe. 2
e) P. Claudi M. 1. Philocratis, | a. d. Ill k. Novbri. 4
C. L L. VI. 8211-8397. Inscribed on sepulchral urns found in the vineyard
of San Cesareo, near the Porta Capena, Rome. They date in the early
part of the. seventh century of the City (150-100 B.C.). l L. Aeli(s)\
a(nte) d(iem tertium) idus Octob(ris). *l(iberta). 8 Fe(bruarias) .
4. M. Aebutius M. 1. | Macedo pater, | M. Aebutius M. 1. Callistratus
f., | v. 1 M. Aebutius M. 1. Eros, | v. lulia L. 1. Berenice f., j
lulia L. 1. Hesuchium, | Pomponia L. 1. Selene, | Clodia Q. 2 1.
Antiocis.
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 283
C. I. L. VI. 10588. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, now in
the Capitoline Museum. l v(ivi) or v(ivus). 2 (r(aiae), i.e. mulieris
l(iberta).
e
5. M. Aurelius M. 1. | Niceporus patronu. (sic), \ Aurelia M. 1.
Trupher., | M. Aurelius M. 1. Apollonius, | M. Aurelius M. 1. |
[^47]exsander M. Aureli
C. L L. VI. 13163. A sepulchral inscription engraved in archaic letters, on
travertine, found at Rome, now in the Vatican. For so-called theta
nigrum, see page 231.
6. P. Buxurius P. f. | Truentines. 1 quie. 2 | coinomu 3 Tracalo, | arte
tecta, 4 salve.
C. I. L. IX. 5279. Inscribed on a stone found near Monte Prandone, in east-
ern Picenum, now in the curia at Ripatransone. l Truentine(n}s(is).
2 quie(scit). 3 coi(= quoi, cui) nom[e]n, or quie[st~\ cocnomen Tracalo.
4 tecta = re'/cTTjs for T^KTWV.
7. M, Drusi M. 1. Philodami, | sibei et sueis, veivont.
C. I. L. IX. 752. Inscribed on a stone found at Larino (Larinum), in Apulia.
8. P. Critonius P. f. Polio. | Mater mea mini | monumentum coera-
vit, quae me desiderat | vehementer, me | heice situni in- |
mature. Vale, salve.
C. L L. VI. 16606. Inscribed on travertine in archaic letters of the seventh
century, found at Rome.
9. Ultuma | suorum | Cupiennia | L. f . Tertulla | fuueit J quius j lieic |
relliquiae | suprema 2 manent.
C. I. L. VI. 16614. Found at Rome, now existing in a copy. 1 fuueit
probably = fait. 2 suprema (inunera).
10. Sex. Caesius Sex. lib. Cinnamus | IlIIlI vir Augustalis | h. s. e. |
et tibi et tu. 1
C. I. L. V. 552. Found at Trieste, where it exists to-day in the museum.
1 et tibi (bene sit') are the words of the passer-by ; et tu (vale) represents
the reply of the dead.
284 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
11. Q. Fabius Q. f. Quirina | Fabianus Ilurconen|sis idem Patrici-
en|sis aim. XXXXIII plus | in suis h. s. e., s. t. t. 1.
C. I. L. II. 1200. Found at Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain, where it exists to-day
in the museum.
12. ave | Herennia Crocine
cara sueis. Vixi ego
cara sueis inclusa hoc tumulo. | Crocine
et ante aliae vixere puellae. | lam satis
est. Lector discedens dicat, Crocine sit tibi terra | levis.
Valete superi.
C. L L. II. 1821. Found at Cadiz.
13. M. Aemilius Artema | fecit . M. Licinio Successo fratri | bene
merenti et | Caeciliae Modestae coniugi | suae et sibi et suis
libertis | libertabusq. posterisq. eorum, | excepto Hermete lib.
quern veto propter delicta sua aditurn ambitum ne | ullum
accessum habeat in hoc monuniento.
C. I. L. VI. 11027. Found at Home, existing now in copy.
14. P. Lucius Hilarus | 1 Graecus sibi | et Pompeiae L. f . | v. a Ter-
tullae et | P. Lucio Graeci 1. | v. 2 Philadelpho et | Luciae
Graeci L. 1. | l Lepidae.
C. I. L. XII. 4957. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Narbonne
(Narbo), existing in a copy. 1 The so-called theta nigrum is here placed
before the cognomen. 2 v(ivU~).
vivit
15. P. Voltilius Kufio et Mamia Ter[^]lla.
C. I. L. XII. 6255. Found at Narbonne (Narbo).
16. L. Cartorius P. f. Fab. | hie sepultus est, | hie locus patet | in
frdnt. p. XX et a media fos. | in[T]ro vers. p. XXV. | Hunc
locum monimentumque | diis manibus do legoque.
C. L L. V. 2915. Found at Padua (Patavium), existing in copy.
17. C. Sentio Sat. cos. 1 | k. Sextilib. | dei manes | receperunt |
Abulliam N. 1. Nigellam.
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 285
C. I. L. II. 2255. Inscribed on a small cippus found at Cordova (Corduba),
Spain, where it still exists. l He was consul without colleague in 735/19.
18. d. m. s., | P. Aelio P. f. | Crescentiano | notario legati in officio
luvena lis praef . praetori | def uncto, vixit | annis viginti duo |
et militavit an. IHI, Aelia Processa mater filio innocent!.
C. I. L. VIII. 2755. Found at Lambaesis, Africa. Flavius luvenalis was
praefectus praetorio under lulianus and Severus. Cf . Vita Severi, c. 6 ;
Vita Getae, 24 ; Hirschfeld, Horn. Verwalt., p. 230.
19. v. f. 1 [ C. Novellius C. f. | Ouf. Expectatus | dis deabus manibus
nomine meo et Atiliae C. f. Crae ..... | uxori pientiss[m].
(On the left) have. (On the right) vale.
C. I. L. V. 6053. Found at Milan (Mediolanum) , preserved in a copy.
l v(ivus~) f(ecit).
20. d. m. | et memoriae | L. lul. Accepti qui | vixit ann. XV m. X |
dies duos [ M. lul. Euplus et lulia Accepta parentes ] fil.
unico J^arrssim. et sibi vivi | posuerunt.
C. I. L. XII. 1964. Inscribed on a cippus found at Vienne (Vienna,
Gallia Narbonensis), existing in a copy.
21. d. m. | et quieti aeternae | Titiae Seiae defunctae | ann. XXII
mens. V dier. XXV, | P. Seius Asclepiodotus pater | filiae
incomparabili.
C. I. L. XII. 2013. Inscribed on a sarcophagus found at Vienne (Vienna,
Gallia Narbonensis), existing now in copy, d and m are on the sides.
22. d. m. | Titiae Catiae defunct. | annorum VIII m. V d. VIII. |
Catia Bubate fil. pissimae | et sibi vivae posuit, | hoc sax. sub
ascia 1 ded. 2 est.
C. I. L. XII. 2012. Found at. Vienne, existing in a copy. l sub ascia dedl-
cavit (S A D) is generally understood to indicate a new tomb still in
charge of the workmen. The object of the phsase or representation of
the ascia was to indicate that the right of reopening the tomb without
recourse to authority was retained. This is the opinion of Facciolati.
See Forcellini, s. v. and A. de Barthe"lemy, Recherches sur le formule
" sub ascia." 2 ded(icatum}. d. and m. are on the sides.
286 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
23. d. m., | Tertinio | Maximian|o Verilla | coniugi | posuit | s. a. d.
C. I. L. XII. 1715. Inscribed on a cippus found at Eyzahut (Canton de
Dieulefit), France, where it still exists.
24. have^ Naevi, | salvos sis quisquis | es, | Cn. Naevio [ Diadiimeno |
venaliciario | grae[^]ario.
C. I. L. XII. 3349. Inscribed on a cippvf found at Nismes (Nemausus),
where it still exists.
d. m. ; | Iiilius Eumenes | vixit ann. XXII | lulia Agrippina |
patron. 1 alumno | et corporate | utriculariorum, | quot tu nobis |
debuisti facere, | et mater in|felicissimae posuerunt.
C. I. L. XII. 729. Inscribed on a cippus found at Trinquetaille, now in
museum at Aries, France. 1 Join patron(a) and et mater infelicissimae
posuerunt quo(d) tu nobis debuisti facere.
26. Sex. Nerianus | Romulus | fecit sibi et | C<5rdiae Helpidi | con-
iugi karissimae et | libertis libertabiisque | posterisque eorum
utriusque sexus | ex origine nostra. Si quis | eum titul. adul-
teravit alienigenum corp. aut ossa aut cineres | in hoc monum.
inferre volens adhum. non haber. 1 et dare debeat a. p. R. 2 H~S L
m. n., 3 | huic mon. dol. mal. abesto.
C. L L. VI. 22915. Inscribed on a marble tablet in the church, S. Paolo
fuori le Mura, at Rome. *Read aditum non haber(et). 2 a(erarto)
p(opuli) E(omani). 3 m(ilia) n(ummum).
27. have, Manila | Anthusa. | Bene sit tibi qui legis | et tibi qui
praeteris | mihi qui hoc loco monument, feci et meis.
C. L L. X. 6616. Found at V^lletri (Velitrae), now in museum at Naples.
28. vivit | Q. Caelius Sp. f. vivi 1 | architectus navalis, ] vivit | uxor
Camidia M. 1. | Aprhodisia. Hospes, resiste et nisi m|olestust
perlege, noli ) s*tomacare, suadeo | caldum bibas, moriu|n[d]ust,
vale.
C. I. L. X. 5371. Found on the Liris between Interamna and Minturnae,
existing in copy. 1 Probably a corrupt reading.
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 287
29. d. m. s., | chaere 1 An]nonia Paula con|iunx rarissime 2 | quae
exemplo esses [ feminarum, nisi XXXIII annorum j erepta
gravem | fletum viro | reliquisses, | h. s. e.
C. I. L. VIII. 8854. Found at Tiklat (Tupusuctu) Mauretania, Africa,
existing in copy. l x a ^P - ' 2 rarissima.
30. d. m., | M. Munatius | Victor v. a. XXX, h. s. e., o. e. b. q. 1
C. I. L. VIII. 5682. Found between Celma (Calama) and Constantine
(Cirta) Numidia, existing in copy. 1 o(ssa) e(i) b(ene) q(uiescant}.
31. d. m. s., | lulia Curvia | vixit annis LXX o. s. 1 1. b. n. 2 q., | fecit
films eius.
C. I. L. VIII. 9128. Found at Sur Roslan (Auzia), Mauretania. 1 o(s)s(a).
32. d. m. s., Q. lulius Lujcanus Medijconis fil., | ut hanc in patriam j
plenus laetitia | pervenirem an nos LXXX certan|do vici, iam
quietus | ego hie Medico | semper.
C. I. L. VIII. 79. Found at Hr. Nebhana, Africa, existing in a copy.
33. d. m. | L. Vibi Cresjcentis vet. | coh. IIII pr., | hie s. e. s. 1. 1. L, |
Cara Salvidie. 1 | tatae 2 b. m. ^
-*'
C. I. L. XIV. 3632. Found at Tivoli (Tibur), inscribed on the wall of the
curia, where it now exists. 1 Salvidie(na). 2 tatae is a child's name for
father.
34. d. m. Ulpiae | Epictesis, | Ti. Claudius Abascantus | coniugi
benemerenti | fecit. (o the right side) Locus adsignatus ab | Ti.
Cl. Hilaro patrono | in f ronte p. V s. 1 in agro p. II s. 2 acceptus
k. Aprilibus | C. Bellicio Torquato | Ti. Cl. Attico Herode cos. 3
C. I. L. VI. 29335. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, now in
the Lateran Museum. * P(edes) quinque s(emissem). 2 p(edes) duo
s(emissem). 3 143 A.D.
35. a. M. Statilius Mercurijus fecit sibi et Liciniae | Vitali coniugi
Karissimae et Statilio Geniali | et Statiliae Primitivae | liber-
tis meis et | libertis libertabusque meis | posterisque eorum |
288 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
introitum, exitura omnem|que rem possidere quod mihi | con-
cessum est a T. Flavio Rufino | in parte dimidia intrantibus |
parte sinisteriore in fronte | pedes XXXIII in agro ped. XXX.
b. Luphrosyno et Hercliano ser. C. n. 1 concessum ] eis ab Flavio
Rufino | in monumento | luniano quod est | iuris mei intran|-
tibus parte dexte|ra in triclinio | in quo pariete sunt ollae
ossuaria numero XIIII | et in triclia sarjcophaga n. Ill | quot
cessi eco 2 | ambas partes et | Statilio Mercurio | et nominibus
s. s. 8
C. I. L. XIV. 1636. Found at Ostia, existing now in copy. A custom
existed at Ostia of placing on tombs tablets which were divided into
parts, according to the sharing of the rights of the tomb. The above is
a tabula bipartita, containing on the right an inscription of Statilius
Mercurius, and on the left that of two slaves of Caesar. 1 C(aesaris)
n(ostri). 2 The words are those of Flavins Rufinus. 8 nominibus s(upra)
s(criptis~). Note also the giving of introitus and exitus, as often in sepul-
chral inscriptions ; thus the formula reads, ille illi locum ilium donavit
cut itum ambitum dedit.
36. per deos superos inferosque te rogo ne | ossuaria velis violare, |
M. Calpurnius M. 1. Sulla, [ Calpurnia M. 1. Fausta liberta.
C. I. L. XIV. 2535. Found on the estate of a monastery at Grottaferrata,
in the old ager Tusculanus, now in the Capitoline Museum.
37. d. [m.], | Clodia Domitia | fecit sibi et Terentio Regino coiugi
suo | et Clodiae Reginae | filiae suae et liberjtis libertabusque |
posterisque eorum h. m. e. h. n. s.
C. 7. L. XIV. 848. Found at Ostia.
38. d. m., | C. Voltilius Cypaerus et Flavia | Primilla feceruut C.
Voltilio | Atimeto f. sua dulcissimo et pientissi|mo bene merenti
vixit ann. XVII m. V | d. XX, quisquis huic sepulchre nocere |
conatus fuerit manes eius eum exagitent.
C. I. L. VI. 29471. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in
the Lateran Museum.
39. Longina Diliges (sic) \ fee. sibi et | L. Longinio Fortunato | patrono
b. m. et Cassiae | Nice matri et filiae et Cassis Augustali patri
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 289
et | filio et Florali filio et lib. libertab. post, eor. 1 | i. h. m. i. a.
s. c. f., | in f. p. x, in a. p. x.
C. I. L. XIV. 1270. Found at Ostia, now in Lateran Museum, Rome.
1 post(eris) or(um). ' 2 i(n) h(oc') m(onumenium} i(tum) a(ditum)
s(acrorum) c(ausa) f(ecere~).
40. Ti. Magio Caeciniano [ trierarcho et Alsiae Postumae uxori |
n. f., n. s., n. c. 1
C. I. L. V. 1813. Inscribed on a cinerary box found at Gemona, Italy, now
existing in copy. * n(ora) f(ui), n(on) s(?<m), n(on) c(wro). Cagnat
refers to the Greek phrase, OVK rnj-yv, lyttAfUjr, OVK ecro^toi, ov /u.Aet juot.
41. d. m., | P. Aelio Aug. lib. | Erasino dulcissinio et pientissimo, |
Aerailia Helene coniunx et P. P. Aelii Aug. lib. Musicus et
Helenus fili | fecerunt et sibi et suis libertis liberjtabusque
posterisque eoruni, | ita ne liceat hunc mimimentum vendere
vel donare, quod si faetuin fuerit | utrisque ark. pontincum
I+SXXX m. n. poenae nomine inferet, h. m. d. m. a.
C. I. L. VI. 10(')82. Inscribed on a tablet found on the Janiculum, Rom* ,
now in the museum at Oxford.
42. d. m., L. Aurelio | Rufo | ami. XXVI Eraer. 1 sepulto hie sito,
Aurelia Prisca til. piissimo p.
C. L L. II. 371. Found at Condeixa a Nova (Conimbriga, Lusitania),
Spain, existing now in copy. ] Emfr(itae~}. Either Rufus was buried
at Emerita and his mother brought his remains to Conimbriga, or his
burial place was at Emerita -while his tomb was at Conimbriga.
43. d. m., M. I ul. Serano ] in itinere urb. 1 defuncto et sepulto,
Coelia | Komula | mater filio | piissimo | et Collegium | salu- \ >/
tare f . c.
C. I. L. II. 379. Found at Condeixa a Nova (Conimbriga, Lusitania),
Spain, existing now in copy. l urb(ano}.
44. d. m., j Acutia Tyche j luliae Arclie f., i vix. &. XXIIX, | et in
eo mon itu act. amb. inllat. mort: mort. I inferre coron. I
i '
sacrif. sacrif. fac. j ei a. q. e. r. p. p. V. I. 1 , til. pientissimae.
In f. p. VII, in a. p. VI.
LAT. INSCRIP. 19
290
LATIN iNscmrnoxs
V
C. I. L. VI. 10562. Found at Home, now in Vatican Museum. l et in
eo mi>ii(iniii'iitii} itnan) tirt(inn) <nnl>(itnm} in1at(ionem) mort(ui
S\ habcn-} mrl(innn} infirrc cnr<>n(iii-c} xacrifi lean-) x<irrif( i<-ia) fac(ere)
ei a(d) q(nem') <>(a) (<') p(ertinet') p(crtincbit) r(crfi') l(ii-t<to). The
comment of Mommsen is, l'\/rnntl<' hue tit xoleiit itn in compendium
redactae snnt, ut parum cohaerninl.
45. M. Lollius Arphocras | v. f. s. et Paelinae uxori v. | et lib. liber-
tab, post. q. eorum | in. s. s. e. h. n. s. neque ulli liquebit
locationis causa in annis centum quan doq. transvendere
quod si qui adversus it fecerint eorum bona pertinere |
debebunt ad rein publicam Brundisinorum.
C. I. L. IX. 136. Found at Brindisi (Brundisium), now at Villanova only
in a fragment.
46. Q. lulio Servando | IITnl vir Aug. | c. I. P. C. N. M., 1 Licinia
Pallas | marito optimo | inlatis arcae
statuae H-S n. GO. 1. d. d. IITTTI vir.
1 1 III! vir ob tuitionem
C. I. L. XII. 4397. Inscribed in letters of, the second century on a pedestal
found at Xarbo (Narbonne), Gallia Narbonensis, where it still exists.
1 C(oloniae) I(uliae) P(aternae?) C(laudiae) N(arbonis) M(artii).
47. C. Catio C. f. Men. Balbo i Opetreiiae C. f. Paullae. | Hds de-
. curiones fiinere publico de foro e tribunal! | efferendos et hie
; humandos cens. Fiificiae A. 1. Violae C. Catius C. f. Men.
Gallus parentibus et uxdrii.
C. L L. IX. 1783. Found at Benevento (Beneventum), existing now in copy.
48. Crescens agit. | factionis ven., natione Maurus, | annorum
XXII. 1 Quadriga primiim | vicit L. Vipstan!6 | Messalla cos.
a
natale divi Kervae miss. 1 XXIIII | equis his : Circio, Ac-
cep|tore, Delicate, Cotyno. Ex Messala in Glabrionem cos. in
natale divi Claudi miss, ost. 2 | ^( 1 LX X X VI vicil X XXXVII. |
Inter sing. 3 vie. XIX, binar | XXIII, ^grjn. V, i)r;uMiiiss. 4 I, |
occup. VIII, eripuit XXXVIII, [ secund. tulit CXXX, tert.
CXI. Quaest.' ret. H-S pTV[ LVHI I COCXXXXVl .' ;
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 291
C. I. L. VI. 10050. Inscribed on a marble cippus, discovered in 1878 during
the building of a sewer on the Via Pace in Home. J miss(u'). ' 2 miss(its)
ost(io). ^ inter sing(ularum) vie (if). t praemiss(u) sc. alms aurigae ;
Friedlander reads praemiss(it). 5 Quaest(um) ret(ulit). 1,558,346
sesterces. See Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, II., 6 p. 517, and Momm.
Ephem. Ep. IV. 247. Nov. 8, 115 A.D. May 10, 124 A.D.
49. L. Afilano L. f. | An. Provincial! equo p. ornat., luperco
desig., | huic ordo statu|am decrevit. | L. Afilanus Verecun|dus , ^
h. u. s. r., 1 j 1. d. d. d.
C. I. L. XIV. 3442. Inscribed on a cippus found at Praeneste, where it
still exists. 1 h(onore) u(sus) s(umptum} r(emisit).
50. a) d. (Figure of an asda) m., | Venulcia | Pelagia I hie adq., fil. matr.
piiss.
6) M. Naevius M. f. Gal. Restitutus | mil. con. X pr. h. aq. 1 qui
reliq. testam. coll. fabr. naval. Pis. 2 stationi | vetustiss. et
piiss. I+S II II | n., 3 ex cuius reditu pajrental. et rosar. quot- |
ann. at sepulehrum suum celebrent. Quot | si factum ab eis
non | esset, tune ea ipsa coujdicione fabr. tig. Pis. 4 1 accept, pro
poena a | fabr. nav. H-S II1I n. 5 ipsi celebrare debebunt.
C. L L. XI. 1436. Found at Pisa, existing now in copy. 1 /i(/c) a(d)q(ui-
escit). 2 coU(egio) fabr(itm) naval(ium) Pis(anorum). 3 (milia")
n(ummum). * fabri tig(nhrii) Pis(ani). 5 accept (is) (mili-
bus) n(ummum~).
51. d. m. et memoriae | aeternae Hylatis, | dymachaero sive assi-
dario * p. VII. 2 ru I., 3 Ermais coniux coiiiugi karissimo | p. c.
et S. as. d (Fiyureo/anascio).
Boissieu, Inscr. de Lyon, p. 469. Found at Lyons, existing now in copy.
1 Hylas was a dimachaerus and essedarius ; cf. Friedlander, Sittengesch.
II., 6 p. 533. 2 p(ugnarum) VII. 3 Not understood.
52. d. m., Muscloso a. f. r. 1 | nat. Tuscus | vie. pal. 2 DCLXXXII |
a. 3 Ill p. 4 V. v. 5 II | r. 6 DCLXXII, Apuleia Verejcunda con-
iunx m. c. p. 7
C. I. L. VI. 10063. Found at Rome, where it still exists. 1 a(gitatorf)
f(actionis~) r(iissatae). 2 vic(it) pal(mas). z a(lbafactione). *p(rasina').
6 r(ussata). 1 m(arito) c(arissimo) p(osuit).
V\ IX S Y ^
2\)-2 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
53. M. Aur. Mollicius Tatianus | natione verna qui vixit ann. | XX
mens. VIII diebus VII qui vie. palmus n. 1 CXXV, sic in
rusjseo LXXXVIIII in prasino XXIII L | in veneto n. V in
albo n. VII praemia XXXX n. 2 II.
C. I. L. VI. 10049. Found on the Via Praenestina, Home, now existing in
copy. ! M(wmero). 2 praemia (sestertium) XXXX (milium) n(umero).
COLUMBARIA
54. a) d. m., | Blastus Aug. lib. tabul|arius fecit aediclas | tres
intrautibus dextjeriore parte a parie|te iunctas duas .et terti|a
in qua titulus fixus est 1 s[f]bi et | suis 1. libertabusq. posterisq. |
eorum.
6) L. Cornelius L. 1. Regillus | ollam legavit | M. Valerio M. 1.
Frontoni.
c) Q. Mudasenus I. 1. Eros | emit de L. Aufidio | Apollonio
iuris | monument!.
d) Quintiae | Crispinae | ollae continuae II.
e) L. Vettiri Zophrus(?) 2 | L. Pinarius Rufus | dedit ol. I quae
fuit | L. Viriasi Lali.
C. 7. L. VI. 4889, 4930, 4983, 5013, 5045. Inscriptions from columbaria of
the Vigna Codini, between the Via Appia and Via Latina. l This
inscription is in tertia, in qua titulus fixus est ; in the other two places
the name Blastus was painted on the wall. 2 Zophrns has been sub-
stituted after an erasure. Read L. Veturi(us) Zopyrus.
5j5. Iiilia Erdtis femina optima hie sitast
Nullum doldrem ad inferos mecuni tuli,
Viro et patrdno placui et decessi prior.
C. lulius Blastus C. lulius
C. lulius Celadus divi Aug. 1.
Messius.
C. I. L. VI. 5254. From the columbaria in the Vigna Codini, between
Via Appia and Via Latiya. The inscription belongs to the days of
Tiberius. Note the iambic senarii.
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 293
56. Musicd Ti. Caesaris August! | Scurrand disp. ad fiscum Gallicum |
provinciae Lugdunensis, | ex vicaris eius qui cum eo Romae
cum decessit fuerunt bene merito, |
Venustus negot. 1 Agathopus medic. Facilis pediseq.
Decimianus sump. 2 Epaphra ab argent. Anthus ab arg.
Dicaeus a manu Primio ab veste Hedylus cubicu.
Mutatus a inarm Communis a cubic. Firmus cocus
Creticus a manu Pothus pediseq. Secunda 3
Tiasus cocus
C. I. L. VI. 5197. From the columbaria in the Vigna Codini, now in the
Lateran Museum. It belongs to the time of Tiberius. 1 negotiator),
2 sump(tuarius). 3 Probably a contubernalis.
LAUDATIO MURDIAE
57 Murdiae L. f. matris. | sed propriis viribus adlevent cetera, quo
firmiora | probabilioraque sint. 1 Omnes filios aeque fecit here-
des, partitione filiae data. Amor | m'aternus caritate liberum,
aequalitate partium constat. Viro certam pecuniam legavit,
ut ius dotis honore iudici augeretur. | Mihi, revocata memoria
patris eaque in cdnsilium et fide sua ad hibita, aestumatione
facta 2 certas res testamento praelegavit, neque ea mente, quo
me f ratribus meis quom eorum aliqua contumelia praeferret :
sed, memor liberalitatis patris mei, | reddenda mihi statuit,
quae iudicio viri sui ex patrimonio | med cepisset, ut ea usu
suo custodita proprietati meae resti|tuerentur. | Constitit ergo
in hdc sibi ipsa, ut a parentibus dignis viris data | matrimonia
opsequio probitate retineret, nupta meriteis gra|tior fieret, fide
carior haberetur, iudicio ornatior relinquere tur, post decessum
consensii civium laudaretur, quoin discriptio | partium habeat
gratum fidumque animuin in viros, aequalita tern in liberos,
iustitiam in veritate. | Quibus de causeis, quoin omnium bona-
rum feminarum simplex simi|lisque esse laudatio soleat, quod
naturalia bona propria custo|dia servata varietates verborum
non desiderent, satisque sit | eadem omnes bona fama digna
fecisse, et quia adquirere | novas laudes mulieri sit arduom,
294 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
quoin ininoribus varieta tibus vita iactetur, necessario com-
munia esse colenda, 3 ne quod | amissum ex iiistis praecepteis
cetera turpet. | E<5 maiorem laudem omnium carissima niilii
mater meruit, quod | modestia probitate pudicitia opsequio
lanificio diligintia fide par similisque cetereis probeis feminis
fuit, neque xilli cessit vir|txitis laboris sapientiae periculorum
praecipuam aiit certe. 4 ......
C. I. L. VI. 10230. Inscribed in letters of the best period on a large marble
slab found at Rome, where it still exists in the Palace of the Kondinini.
Mommsen places this inscription in the Augustan age, not later, because
of the orthography of quorn, meriteis, arduom, not earlier, because of
the use of apices, which not only mark the long vowels, but, placed
between the letters, serve as punctuation marks. 1 Mommsen's comment
is " Haec quo pertineant, parum perspicitur, nisi quod, cum tempore prae-
senti scriptor utatur, agi videtur non de matris, sed de suo facto aliquo ;
puta liberlis maternis qniddam eum erogasse, quod ipsorum contributio-
nibus ut augcatur desideret." - Rather eaqne adhibita et fide facta.
Mommsen understands thus, cum in consilium adhibuisset memoriam
patris etfidem suam. 3 Supply intellegitur . 4 Mommsen suggests virtutis
laboris sapientiae periculorum (id est periculorum, quibus virtutem labo-
rem sapientiam comprobarit) praecipuam aut certe nulli secundam memo-
riam sibi parans.
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS IN VERSE
Elogia of the Scipio Family
58. a) \_L. Corneli~\o On. f. Scipio
6) Cornelius Lucius Scipio Barbatus,
Gnaivod patre | prognatus, fortis vir sapiensque,
Quoius forma virtutei parisuma fuit,
Consol, censor, aidilis quei fuit apud vos,
Taurasia Cisauna Samnio J cepit,
Subigit omne Loucanam opsidesque abdoucit.
C. I. L. I. 29, 30 = VI. 1284-5. See page 232. Inscribed on a sarcophagus
of peperino found at Rome in 1780, outside of the Porta Capena, on the
Via Appia, now in the Vatican Museum. The name of the dead (a) is
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 295
painted in red coloring (minium) on the lid, while the carmen (6) is cut
on the main part of the sarcophagus. L. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio was
consul 456/298, censor 464/290. Ritschl, Opusc. IV, p. 222, has shown
that the carmen (b) is more recent than (a), and the inscription of the
son, No. 60. The date is not later than 234 B.C. Another inscription
which preceded this carmen has been almost entirely erased, only (7]eso[r
remaining. The metre is Saturnian, with verses marked by transverse
lines cut in the stone. l Samnio, ablative, according to Lachmann,
Mommsen and Wilmanns, but see other ablative in d; or accusative,
according to Ritschl, but note other endings in MS. Loucanam, sc.
terrain. See Cic. Tusc. I. 7, 13 ; Pro Arch. 9, 22 ; De Legg. II. 2, 27.
Liv.. XXX VIII. 56 ; XL. 38. Pliny, N. H. XXXIII. 7, 122.
59. \_L.~] Cornelio L. f. Scipio [a]idiles, cosol, 1 cesor. 2
C. I. L. I. 31 = VI. 1286. Inscription painted in red on a fragment of a
sarcophagus of peperino, found at Rome in 1781, now in the Vatican
Museum. 1 495/259. 2 496/258.
60. Hone oino ploirume cosentiont R[omai] *
Duonoro optumo fuise viro, 2
Luciom Scipione. Filios 3 Barbati,
Consol, censor, aidilis hie fuet &\_pud vos.]
Hec cepit Corsica Aleriaque urbe, 4
Dedet Tempestatebus aide mereto 5
C. I. L. I. 32 = VI. 1287. See page 236. Inscribed on a slab of peperino,
broken on the right side, found at Rome in 1614, now in the Barberini
Palace. L. Cornelius L. Barbati f. consul 495/259, censor 496/258, took
Corsica, destroyed Aleria, and triumphed over the Sardinians, Corsicans,
Phoenicians (Zonar. VIII; 11; Flor. I. 18, 16). 1 Romae (Sirmond),
Romai (Ritschl) ; Romani (Grotefend), Romane (Mommsen). 2 Ritschl.
metri gratia, supplies viroro(m) after viro. 3 Wolfflin reads filiom for
filios. * Ritschl adds pugnandod. Wolfflin (Revue de PhiloJ. 1890)
considers no addition necessary. 5 Grotefend adds lubenter, Ritschl
reads meretod votam, Wolfflin objects to any addition. Ovid, Fasti, VI.
193, relates that a temple of the Tempestates was dedicated by a Scipio.
61. Quei apice iusigne 1 Dial[/s./Z]aminis gesistei, |
Mors perfe[cT] tua ut essent omnia brevia,
Honos fama virtu sque | gloria atque ingenium,
Quibus sei in longa licu[i]set tibe utier vita, |
296 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S
Facile facteis superases gloriam | maiorum.
Qua re lubens te in gremiu, | Scipio, recip[?']t
Terra, Publi, [ prognatum Public, Corneli.
C. I. L. I. 33 = VI. 1288. See page 240. Inscribed on the front of a
sarcophagus of peperino found in 1780, now in the Vatican Museum.
P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio, flamen Dialis, who died when a young man,
has not been identified with certainty. He is believed by some to have
been the son of Africauus Maior, adoptive fathei of Africanus Minor,
who is referred to in Cic. Cato Maior, 2, 53 ; De Off. I. 33, 121 ; Unit.
19, 77. Veil. I. 10. 1 insigne is neuter. 2 Join tua omnia. 3 Cf . the
Greek yaia /c6\7rou ^5eoro, Cic. De Legy. II. 63. Mommsen places the
close of his life between 550/204 and 590/154. The double consonants
in essent and terra, point to the latter part of sixth century A.U.C.,
although note gesistei, superases, licuiset.
62. L. Corneli. L. f. P.[n] | Scipio, quaist., 1 | tr. mil., annos |
gnatus XXXIII mortuos. Pater | regem Antioco subegit.
C. I. L. I. 33 = VI. 1296. Inscribed on a slab originally forming part of a
sarcophagus of tufa, now in the Vatican Museum. 1 587/167 (Livy,
XLV. 44).
68. Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio Hispanus | pr., aid. cur., q., tr. mil. II,
X vir si. iudik. | X vir sacr. fac.
Virtutes generis mieis rnoribus accumulavi,
Progeniem l genui, facta patris petiei.
Maiorum optenui laudem, ut sibei me esse creatum,
Laetentur; stirpem nobilitavit honor.
C. /. L. I. 38 = VI. 1295. Inscribed on three tablets of peperino found at
Rome in 1782. The first of these is now lost; the o.thers are in the
Vatican Museum. Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus, son of Cn. Cornelius
Scipio Hispallus, cos. 578/176, was sent in 605/139 to receive the arms
from the Carthaginians (Appian. Lib. 80), became praetor in 615/139
(Val. Max. I. 3. 3, where he is styled Hispallus). l On the stone after
progeniem there is a line which Mommsen joined with the preceding
letter and read progenie mi = progeniem mihi. Ritschl gives the above
reading, Opttsc. IV., p. 539.
64. L. Cornelius Cn. f. Cn. n. Scipio
Magna sapientia | multasque virtutes
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 297
Aetate,quom parva | posidet hoc saxsum.
Quoiei vita defecit, non | honos honore. 1
Is hie situs quei nunquam victus est virtutei.
Annos gnatus XX is | d[i?;]eis 2 m[aw]datus
Ne quairatis honore 3 | quei minus sit mand[a]u[s].
C. I. L. I. 34, VI. 1289. See page 235. Inscribed on a tablet of peperino
from a sarcophagus found at Rome, now in the Vatican Museum.
Visconti, Mommsen, and Ritschl have conjectured that this Scipio was
the grandson of Calvus, consul, 532/222 (Livy, XXI. 32), son of II is-
pallus, who died in the consulship 578/17(5 (Livy, XLI. 20), and the
younger brother of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus (No. 63). * honore,
accusative according to Lachmann, Ritschl, Buecheler ; dative according
to others. 2 Mommsen reads loceis = sepulcro, Ritschl, Diteist, Lach-
mann leto est. 3 Visconti interprets honorem quern non acceperit ;
Ritschl, cur minus honore sit mandatus. Lachmann (Lucr., p. 245)
expresses it thus, honore quei minus sit macttis, on the ground that
the stone cutter has repeated mandatus instead of inscribing mactatus.
Iambic Senarii
65. Hospes, quod deico, paullum est, asta ac pellege.
Heic est sepulcrum hau pulcrum pulcrai feminae.
Nomen parentes nominarunt Claudiam.
Suorn mareitum corde deilexit souo.
Gnatos duos creavit. Horunc alterum
In terra linquit, alium l sub terra locat.
Sermone lepido, turn autem incessu commodo.
Domum servavit. Lanam fecit. Dixi. Abei.
C. /. L. I. 1007 = VI. 15346. Found at Rome, existing in copy. This
carmen belongs probably to the Gracchan period. 1 The writer has
avoided altrum. Buecheler's (Anthologia Latina, Car. Ep. 52) comment
is par hide exemplum hand facile inveneris apud antiquos, nam differunt
talia ex alio terrain status excipit alter (Lucret. V. 832, IV. 686).
Choliambus
66. luenis 1 Sereni triste cernitis marmor,
Pater supremis quod sacravit et frater
298 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S
Pietate mira perditum dolens fratrem,
Quein flevit omnis planctibus novis turba,
Quod iuterisset l forma, flos, pudor simplex.
Dole meator, quisquis hoc legis carmen,
2 Et ut ineretur anima, lacrimam accomoda.
C. I. L. X. 1275. Found at Nola, preserved in copy. Above the verse is
the inscription, M. St . . . o M. f. Pal(atina) P . . . co Fisio Sere.no
Ilutilio Caesiano II viro auyuri, vixit ann. XXXI mensib. XI diebus
XVIII. written below, ipsins pater miser rimus. The inscription dates
no earlier than the time of Hadrian. 1 Others read invents and interis-
sent. 2 The last line is iambic trimeter. Buecheler suggests that lacrimam
adsperge would make a choliainbus.
Iambic Dimeter
67. Genitor Ixmonem dedicat
Alteque Pompeiae locat.
Levamen hoc doloribus
Lacrimisque pausam credidit.
At nunc videndo iugiter
Et fletum et gemitus integral.
C. I. L. VIII. 251. Suppl. 11405. Inscribed on a stone found at Sbitla
(Sufetula) Africa. Note the acrostic Gallae.
Hexameter
68. Vidi pyramidas sine te dulcissime frater,
Et tibi quod potui, 1 lacrimas hie maesta profudi
Et nostri memorem luctus hanc sculpo querelam. 2
Sic nomen Decimi Gentiani pyramide alta
Pontificis comitisque tuis, Traiane, triumphis
Lustra[<7Me] 3 sex intra censoris consulis exst[e]. 3
C. I. L. III. 21 ; Suppl. 6625. Inscribed on a pyramid at Gize, Egypt,
existing in a copy. l Catullus 68, 149. Ovid, Fasti, V. 472. 2 Horace,
Carm. III. 11, 50. 3 These are conjectures of Buecheler. The second
triumph of Trajan occurred in 106 A.C.
HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 299
Elegiac Verse
69. Viva Philematium sum Aurelia nominitata, |
Casta, pudens, volgei | nescia, feida viro |
Vir conleibertus fuit | eidem, quo careo | eheu ! |
Kee fuit ee vero plus j superaque parens. |
Septem me naatam | annorum grem-io | ipse recepit;
Quadraginta annos nata neeis potior. |
Ille meo officio | adsiduo florebat ad omnis.
C. I. L. VI. 9490. Inscribed on a tablet of travertine found on the old Via
Nomentana, Rome, now in the British Museum.
HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS
ELOUIA
1. a) L. Aem[?7]ius L. f. Paullus | co[s. //], cens., augur | tr[i]-
umphavit ter.
6) P. Cornelius Paulli f. Scipio | Africanus cos. II, cens., | augur
triumphavit II.
c) [Q] Fabius Q. f. Maxsumus | aed. cur.
d) Q. Fabius Q. f. Maxsumus aed. cur. rest.
C. I. L. I. 2 xxiv., xxv., xxvi.; d, vol. VI. 1303. Inscribed on blocks of
travertine found in the Forum Romanum in 1546, but destroyed in the
latter part of the sixteenth century, hence existing only in a copy.
These inscriptions adorned the Arch of Fabius built by Q. Fabius Maxi-
inus Allobrogicus, consul 633/121, and restored by Q. Fabius Maximus,
curule aedile about 698/56. This restitution is referred to by Cicero in
Oratio in Vatinium 11. 28 : Nihil Maximus fecit alienum aut sua virtute
aut illis clarissimis Panllis, Maximis, Africanis, quorum gloriam huius
virtute renovatum won modo speramus, verum etiam iam videmus.
Paullus, cos. 572/182 and 586/178, was the father of Q. Fabius Maxi-
mus Aemilianus, cos. 609/135, and ancestor of Maximus, who restored
the arch. From his being saluted imperator three times, three triumphs
are wrongly assigned to him instead of two, as here and in Velleius I. 9.
Scipio Africanus Minor, cos. 607/147 and 620/134, was the son of
Paullus, and brother of Fabius Maximus Aemilianus.
2. - Ap. Claudius | q. urb., 1 | cos 2 cum P. | Servilio Pr[isco].
300 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. I. 2 XXXI. Found at Rome, existing in copy. 1 Cf. Momm.
Staatsr. II. 8 533. 2 259/495.
3. a) [P. Claudius Ap. f. P. n. Pulcher \ colono^s adscripsit Gales,
cos. 1 cum | [L. Porcio, III vir] coloniam deduxit Graviscam. 2
6) \_C. Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Pulcher'} q., Ill vir a. a. a. f. f., aed.
cur., index q. veneficis, 3 pr. | repetundis, curator vis sternendis,
cos. 4 cuin M. Perperna.
C. I. L. I. 2 XXXII., XXXIII. Inscribed on a stone formerly used as a door-
step of the Church of S. Martino ai Monti, Rome. Fragments of this
stone, which are now in the Capitoline Museum, were found near the
church in 1879. * 570/184. 2 Cf. Livy, XL. 29. 8 Cf. Momm. Staatsr.
II.3 573. * 662/92.
4. M. Valerius M. f. M'. [n.~\ \ Messalla, pontife[of], | tr. mil. II, q.,
pr. urb., co[s.], | V vir a. d. a. i., interr[e#] | III, censor.
C. I. L. I. 2 XL. Inscribed on travertine, found behind the Basilica of
Constantine, now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori. It refers to M.
Valerius Messalla, consul 693/61, quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis
iudicandis 695/59 (Cic. De Prov. Cons. 17, 41 ; Ad. Att. 2, 7, 4) ;
interrex 699/65, 701/53, 702/52 ; censor 699/55-700/54. On the same
stone appears M. n. | . . . inus, referring probably to his son,
M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, consul 723/31.
5. C. Octavius C. f. C. n. C. pr[on.] | pater Augusti, | tr. mil. bis., q.,
aed. pi. cum C. Toranio, | iudex quaestionum, | pr., pro cos.,
imperator appellatiis ex provincia Macedonia.
C. I. L. I. 2 XXIX. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, existing
in a copy. The following remnant of another inscription given with the
above may perhaps be assigned to C. lulius Caesar, father of the Dicta-
tor, Caesar | ....:.. i | ic. q. pr. | cos.
in Asia. C. Octavius, father of Augustus, was praetor in 693/61 ; then
obtained Macedonia as his province. On his return from his province
he died (Suet. Aug. 4). This and the two following inscriptions Momm-
sen believes to have belonged to a sacrarium of the domus Augustae,
where the imagines of the imperial and allied families were exhibited.
6. C. lulius L. f. Caesar | Strabo, | aed. cur., tr. mil. bis, X vir
agr. dand. adtr. iud., pontif.
HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 301
C. I. L. I. 2 XXVII. Found at Rome, where it is said by writers of the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries to have been inscribed on a wall near
the Forum Augusti, existing in copy. Strabo was curule aedile in
(564/90. He is often mentioned by Cicero. Cf. Teuffel-Schwabe-Warr,
Hist, of Roman Literature, 153, 3.
7. M. Livius M. f. C. n. Drusus pontifex, tr. mil., X vir stlit. iudic.,
tr. pi., X vir a. d. a. lege sua et eodem anno V vir a. d. a. lege
Saufe[f]a, in magistratu occisus est.
C. I. L. I. 2 XXX. Found at Rome, existing in a copy of the sixteenth
century. This refers to the famous tribune of the plebs of 663/91, in
regard to whose laws see Liv. Ep. 71 ; Appian, B. C, I. 35 ; De Viris
Illustribus, c. 66.
ELOGIA OF THE FORUM OF AUGUSTUS
8. M'. Valerius | Volusi f. j Maximus, | dictator, 1 augur. Primus 2
quam ullum magistratum gereret, | dictator dictus est. Tri-
umphavit de Sabinis et Medullinis. Plebem de Sacro monte
deduxit, gratiam cum patribus reconciliavit ; fae nore gravi
populum senatus, hoc eius rei auctore, Kberavit. Sellae |
curulis locus ipsi posterisque ad Murciae spectandi caussa
datus est. Priuceps in senatum semel j lectus est.
C. I. L. I. 2 V. = XI. 1826. Inscribed on a small marble base, in the upper part
of which a bust was probably inserted; found at Arezzo (Arretium), where
it exists in the public museum. 1 260/494 (Liv. II. 30). 2 For^>riMS.
9. Appius Claudius | C. f. Caecus, | censor, cos. bis, diet., interrex
III, pr. II, aed. cur. II; q., tr. mil. III. Comjplura oppida de
Samnitibus cepit ; | Sabmorum. et Tuscdrum exerci|tum fudit ;
pacem fieri cum [P]yrrho rege prohibuit. In censura viam |
Appiam stravit et aquam in | urbem adduxit ; aedem Bellonae
fecit.
' . 7. L. I. 2 X = XI. 1827. Inscribed on a small marble base found at
Arezzo (Arretium), now in the museum at Florence. Fragments con-
taining a few letters of the original of the above inscription were found
in the Forum Augusti at Rome in 1889. They are a oppi, m et
Tns , ri cu , 1 aq , ae fe . Cf. Lanciani, Bull.
Coinun. 1889, p. 77. Appius Claudius was censor in 442/312 and consul
417/307 and 458/296. Cf. Livy, X. 22 ; Cic. Brut. 14, 55.
302 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
10. C. Marius C. f. | cos. VII, pr., tr. pi., q., augur, 1 tr. mil. 2 1 Extra
sortem bellum cum lugurtha 8 | rege Nuinid. 4 cos. gessit. Euiu
cepit | et triumphans in secundo consiilatu | ante curnuu suum
duel iussit. | Tertium consul 5 apsens 6 creatus est. j IIII cos.
Teutonorum exercitum | delevit. V cos. Cimbros fugavit, 7
ex | ieis 8 et Teutonis iterum triumphavit. | Rem p. 9 turbatam
seditionibus tr. pi. | et praetor., quei 10 armati Capitolium |
occupaverunt, VI cos. vindicavit. | Post LXX annum patria
per arma civilia expulsus armis restitutus | VII cos. factus
est. De manubiis | Ciuibris et Teuton, aedem Honori | et
Virtuti victor fecit. Veste | triumphali calceis patriciis [in
senatum venif] . . .
C. /. L. I., 2 p. 195, and XL 1881. This inscription, found at Arezzo
(Arretium), exists in a copy made in the fourteenth century. Part of
the original inscription which once stood in the forum Augusti at Rome
exists on small fragments of marble, one of which was found in the
fifteenth century and is now at Naples (VI. 1315), the others were dis-
covered in 1876 in the Villa Aldobrandini (Ephem. Ep. IV. 1817). The
portions of the inscription which appear on the fragments found at Rome
are indicated by the lines. The readings of the copy from Arretium
differ from those given above, as follows : 1 aug., 2 tr. militnm., 8 luyurta,
4 Numidiae, 5 cos., 6 absens, 7 fudit, 8 zis, 9 pub., 10 qui. C. Marius was
consul seven times, 647/107; 650/104-654/100; 668/86, praetor 639/115
(Cic. De Off. 3, 20, 19), tribunus plebis 635/119 (Plutarch, Mar. 4),
tribunus militum a populo (Sail. Jug. 63), augur (Cic. Ad Brut. 1, 5, 3).
For the ve.stis triumphalis cf. Liv. Ep. 67, Marius triumphali vests in
senatum venit, quod nemo ante eum fecerat ; Plut. Mar. 12.
OTHER ELOGIA OF EARLY ROMANS
11. Pert. Erresius, 1 | rex Aequeicolus. | Is preimus | ius fetiale
paravit; inde p. R. | discipleinam excepit.
C. I. L. I., 2 p. 202. Inscribed in letters of the first century on a little
column of peperino found on the Palatine, now in the Baths of
Diocletian. This is an inscription of the imperial period affecting
archaic forms. x Mommsen believes that Fertor Resius was intended.
He is mentioned as the inventor of the ius fetiale in De Viris Illustribus
5, and in De Praenominibus, 1.
HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 303
12. Lavinia Latini | filia
Silvius Aeneas, Aeneae et Lavijniae films.
C. I. L. I., 2 p. 189 - XIV. 2067, 2068. Inscribed on two pedestals, dating
probably in the second century A.D., found at Pratica, ancient Lavinium.
13. Rdmulus Martis | [/]ilius. Urbem Rdmam [condfjdit et
regnavit annds duodequadraginta. Isque | primus dux duce
hostium | Acrone rege Caeninensium interfecto spolia
opi[ma] l | lovi Feretrio consecra[wY,] receptusque in de-
oru[m] | numerum Quirinu[s] appellatu[s esf].
C. I. L. I., 2 p. 189 = X. 800. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Pompeii,
now in the public museum at Naples. J Livy, IV. 19. Propert. V. 10.
Festus under opima, p. 186. Val. Max. III. 2, 3.
14. Quintus Hortensius.
C. I. L. I.,' 2 p. 202 = VI. 1309. Inscribed on a small pedestal now in the
Villa Albani. This inscription belongs to the first century A.D., or
perhaps dates somewhat earlier. The praenomen written in full points
to a Greek workman.
15. M. Cicero, an. LXIIII.
C. L L. I. , 2 p. 202 = VI. 1325. Inscribed under a marble bust which is
preserved at Madrid, Spain. See Bernoulli, Bom. Ikonographie, L,
p. 135. This inscription dates about the time of Cicero, who was born
Jan. 3, 648/106, and died Dec. 7, 711/43.
ELOGIA OF THE FORUM OF TRAJAN
16. M. Claudio [T 7 /.] f. Q[m>.] j Frontoni cos., 1 leg. Aug. pr. pr.
prdvinciarum Daciarum et j super, simul leg. Aug. pr. pr.
prdvincia. Daciar. leg. Augg. pr. pr. Moesiae super. | Daciae
Apulesis, 2 simul leg. Augg. pr. pr. pro|vinciae Moesiae super., 3
comiti divi Veri Aug., ddnatd donis militarib. bello Ar meni-
acd et Parthicd ab imperatore Antdnind Aug. et a divo Vero
Aug. corona j mural i item vallari item classica item | aurea
item hastis puris IIII item v[e]xillis j IIII, 4 curatdri operum
304 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
locdrumq. public<5r., missd ad iuventiitem per Italiam
dam, 5 leg. Augg. pr. pr. exercitus legidnarii | et auxilidr.'
Orientem in Armeniam et Osrhoenam et Anthemusiani 7 ducto-|
rum, leg. Augg. legioni primae Minervijae in exspeditionem
Parthicam deducen|dae, leg. divi Antonini Aug. leg. XI ('!.,
prae|tdri, aedili curuli ab actis senatus, quae(stdri urbano, X
viro stlitibus iudicandis. j Huic senatus auctor[e] imperatore
M. Au|reli6 Antdnino Aug. Armeniaco Medico Parthico
maximo, quod post aliquot sejcunda proelia adversum Ger-
manos et lazyges ad postremum pro r. p. fortiter | pugnans
ceciderit, 8 armatam statuam [poni~] \ in foro divi Traiani
pecunia publica cen[suif].
C. I. L. VI. 1377. Found at Home in the Forum of Trajan, existing only
in copy. Claudius Fronto, according to Lucian, was mentioned in some
history of the Parthian war of L. Verus. Another inscription found in
Dacia, referring to him, is given in C. I. L. III. 1457. l He was consul
suffectus in 166, or somewhat earlier. 2 There appears to be some con-
fusion and discrepancy here. Mommsen lias suggested as the reading on
the stone, leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinciarum Daciarum trium, prov. Daciae
Maluensis, prov. Daciae Porolissensis, prov. Daciae Apulesis. For this
triple division of the province of Dacia see Marquardt, Staatsv. I., 2
p. 309. 3 He appears to have been legatus of Dacia and Moesia Superior
in 169 and 170. 4 The number of the dona militaria indicates that
Fronto was consularis when he received them. s See Momm. Staatsr.
II., 3 p. 850, note 3. 6 This legatio was assigned extra ordinem. See
Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 853. 7 Anthemusia is a district of Mesopotamia.
8 Borghesi declares that Fronto did not die before 170, but was killed in
battle while he was in charge of the provinces of Dacia and Moesia.
17. \_Cl.~\ Claudiani v. c. 1 | [C7a]udio Claudiano v. c. tri[6?<]no et
notario inter ceteras | -[de]centes artes praegloriosissimo |
[/>o]etarum, licet ad memoriain sem|piternam carmina ab
eodem | scripta sufficiant, adtamen | testimonii gratia ob
iudicii sui | [/]idem dd. nn. Arcadius et Honorius 2 | [/]eli-
cissimi ac doctissimi | imperatores, senatu petente, | statuam
in foro divi Traiani erigi collocarique iusserunt.
/SipyiXtbio vdov j xai /xoCaav 'Qp.r)pov \ KAauSiavov '
. HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 305
C. I. L. VI. 1710. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in the
museum of Naples. l t?(m) c(larissimi). 2 395-408. In elogia and
honorary inscriptions of the later period there frequently appears above
the inscriptions, or in some prominent position on the pedestal, the name
oj_ihe person to whom the inscription refers. This may be simply a
cognomen, or more rarely the fuller form of the name as here, and may
be in the genitive or dative case, so here the first words are separate
from the remainder of the inscription. The cognomen, if thus placed
aside, is repeated in some cases or omitted in the. repetition of the name
which follows.
TlTULI HONORARII
18. Italicei | L. Cornelium Sc[/p]i[one]m | honoris caussa.
C. /. L. X. 7459. Found near Castel Tusa in the ruins of old Halaesa,
existing in a copy. Mommsen believes this is L. Cornelius Scipio, after-
wards termed Asiagenus, who was praetor in Sicily in 561/193. Livy,
XXXIV. 54, 55 ; Cic. De Orat. II. 09, 280. This is then the oldest
honorary inscription attached to a statue. It is in the Greek form. See
page 243.
19. L. Manlius L. f. | Acidinus ] triu. vir 2 Aquileiae coloniae |
deducundae.
(7. /. L. I. 538 = V. 873. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Padua, whither
it had been carried from Aquileia, existing in two parts, of which the
upper is now in the museum at Cattajo, near Padua, the lower at
Vicenza. l The name appears in the Fasti, L. Manlius L. f. Acidinus
Fulvianus (cos. 575/179). 2 In the year 573/181, together with P. Cor-
nelius Scipio Nasica and G. Flaminius (Livy, XL. 34, cf. XXXIX. 55).
The inscription probably dates not long after the founding of the colony,
judging from the form of the name and the nom. case of the name of the
one honored.
20. C. lulius Caesar pontif.
C. I. L. V. 4305. Inscribed on the epistylium of a column found at Brescia
(Brixia), where it still exists, though broken into five pieces. As there
is no trace of the abbreviation Max., Mommsen believes that Augustus
is here referred to, and that the inscription, dating 710/44, was made
immediately after his adoption by the dictator, for he was appointed
pontifex in 706/48, after the battle of Pharsalia.
LAT. INSCRIP. 20
306 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
21. L. Cornelio L. f. | Sullae Felici | dictator!,
C. L L. I. 584 = VI. 1297. Inscribed on a pedestal of travertine found at
Rome on the Quirinal Hill, now in the museum at Naples. Coins and
various writers inform us that an equestrian statue was erected in front
of the rostra to Sulla the dictator in 674/80 or 675/79. Appian, B. C.
1.97; Cic. Phil. IX. 6. 13; Veil. II. 61; Suet. Caes. 75. ^vicus lad
Fund(anii'). Another inscription (Henzen, 7272) refers to this lacus,
M. Claudius Priscus redemptor a laco Fundani.
22. Cn. Pompeio Cn. f. | Magno | imper. iter.
C. I. L. XI. 2104. Inscribed on a pedestal of travertine found at Chiusi
(Clusium), where it exists to-day in the museum.
23. M. Acilio M. f. Canino | q. urb. | negotiatores ex area | Saturni.
C. I. L. XIV. 153. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Ostia, now in
the Vatican Museum. Mommsen has set the date as earlier than 726/28,
in which year the euro, aerarii Saturni was taken away from the
quaestors.
24. P. Silio leg. pro | pr. patrono, | colonel.
C. I. L. II. 3414. Found at Carthagena, Spain, where it is still preserved
in the public buildings. The reference is to P. Silius Nerva, consul
734/20. Cf. Velleius, II. 90. The brevity of the inscription, leg. pro pr.,
standing for leg. Aug. pro pr., the form of the letters, and the mention
of the coloni, point to a date near that of his consulship.
t 25. L. Poplilio C. f. | Flacco | poplice statuta.
C. I. L. X. 5845. Found at Ferentmo (Ferentinum) , where it still exists.
26. C. Annio L. f. | Quir. Flavo, | Iuliobrigens._| ex gente Canta|brorum |
provincia Hispa|nia Citerior. | ob causas utilitajtesque publicas
fideliter et con|stanter defensas.
C. I. L. II. 4192. Found at Tarragona (Tarraco), Spain, existing only in
copy.
27. Aurelio Sym|phoro Aug. lib., | oficiali veteri a memo|ria et a
diplomatibus, | exornato ornament. | decurionalibus, | ordo
splendidissim. | civi | ob amorem et | instantiam erga | patriam I
civesque.
C. L L. X. 1727. Found at Pozzuoli (Puteoli), where it is preserved in the
public museum.
HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 307
28. L. Gabon! 1 Arunculeio | Pacilio 2 Fab. Severe c. v, | iurid. reg.
Transpad., pro cos. desig. prov. | Cypri, | avunculo karissimo,
suffragiis eius ad fisci | advocationes promotus | L. Valerius |
Marcellinus | 1. d., nepos, d. d.
C. I. L. V. 4332. Found at Brescia (Brixia), existing now in copy. Of.
also V. 4333, an inscription of the father of Arunculeius. 1 The nom.
case is Gabo. Wilmanns reads P. Acilio.
29. C. Vallio Maximiano | proc. provincial. | Macedoniae Lusijtaniae
Mauretan. | Tingitanae, fortis|simo duci, | res p. Italicens. ob |
merita et quot | provinciam Baetic. | caesis hostibus | paci
pristinae | restituerit. | (On the right side) Dedicata anno | Licini
victoris et | Fabi Aeliani II viror. | pr. kal. lanuar.
C. I. L. II. 1120. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Sevilla (Ilispalis),
Spain, where it is preserved in the museum. Hiibner believes Maximi-
anus to have been procurator of Marcus and Verus, and refers to the
words of Capitolinus in Vita Marci, c. 21, cum Mauri Hispanias prope
omnes vastarent res per legatos bene gestae sunt. Wilmanns, because of
the form kal, which dates from the time of Commodus, also because of
e. v., which occurs in another inscription of the same man (II. 2015),
and dates after the time of the Antonines, places the inscription in the
reign of Severus and Caracalla.
30. honori l M. Gavi M. f. | Pob. Squilliani | eq. pub., IIII vir. L d., |
Illlvir. a. p., v. b., 2 curatori. 3 Vicetinor., | apparitores et
-/ limocincti | tribunalis eius.
C. I. L. V. 3401. Inscribed on a large bronze tablet found at Verona,
where it still exists in the museum. l This form belongs to the third
century. 2 quattuorvir a(edilicia) p(otestate~), w(i'ro) b(pno}. s curatoris.
31. Asterii. 1 1 L. Turcio Aproniano v. c., | filio L. Turci Aproniani v.
c. | praefecti urbi, 2 nepoti L. Turci Secundi c. v. consulis, |
quaestori, praetori, quindecem viro sacris faciundis, correc tori
Tusciae et Umbriae, omni | virtute praestanti, statuam | ex
aere ordo Spoletinorum | ad memoriani perpetui nominis | con-
locavit, | curantibus Flavio Spe v. p. et Codonio Tauro iun. |
Post Amanti et Albini cons. 3
308 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. VI. 1768. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Home, where
it still exists. * For this form of inscription, which dates from the third
century, and is common after time of Diocletian, see page 305, note.
2 praefectus urbi in 339 A.D. 3 The year 346 is referred to.
32. singularis integritatis | et bonitatis exsimiae l \ M. Aur. Consio
Quarto | luniori c. v. corrector! | Flaminie et Piceni, 2 | pontifici
maiori, | promagistro iterum, 3 | duodecim viro ; | Anconitani et
Fanestres clientes | patrono.
C. I. L. VI. 1700. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Rome, now in the
Capitoline Museum. 1 From the latter part of the third century lauda-
tory words were often placed before the name of the one honored.
2 Correctores Flaminiae et Piceni as viri clarissimi ;ire found from 313
to about 350 ; afterwards they are termed consulares. The inscription,
therefore, belongs to the former period. 8 promagister pontijicum;
from the time of Aurelian they are termed pontiftces maiores or Vestae.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS
1. Q. Vibuleius L. f. | L. Statins Sal. f. | duo vir. | balneas reficiund. |
aquam per publicum ducendam d. d. s. coeravere.
C. L L. XIV. 3013. P. L. J^T^LIII. B. Found at Praeneste, in the ruins
of the baths.
2. Q. Lutatius Q. f. Q.[w]. Catulus cos. | substructionem et tabula-
rium | de s. s. faciundum coeravit [ei'Jdemque | pro,[&ay&].
C. L L. VI. 1314. Found in the fifteenth century, in the building known
as the Tabularium, on the Capitoline Hill. It is now lost. Lanciani
(Bull. Arch. Mun. III., p. 165) suggests that the substructio was the
great platform of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which temple
Lutatius Catulus, cos. 676/78, dedicated. Tac. Hist. III. 72. See
Jordan, AnnaU delV 1st. LIII. 1881, p. 60 ff., and Middleton's Remains
of Ancient Rome, Vol. I., pp. '366 and 372.
3. T. Aienus V. f. Med. 1 [L] Billucidius L. 1. Billo, | Q. Caesienus
Q. f. Post. 2 C. Opsius C. f., mag. [p]agi de v. s. f. c. i. q. p. 3
C. I. L. IX. 3521. Inscribed in archaic letters on blocks of stone, which
probably formed the arch of an aqueduct near Barisciano (Furfo), Italy,
still in existence. l Unknown cognomen. 2 Post(umus~). ' 2 mag(istri)
pagi de v(ici~) s(ententia) f(aciundum) c(urarun) i(dem)q(ue) pr(o-
barunt).
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 309
4. L. Betilienus L. f. Vaarus | liaec quae infera scripta j sont de
senatu sententia | facienda coiravit semitas in oppido omnis,
porticum qua j in arcem eitur, campum ubei ludunt, horologium.
macelum, basilicam calecandam, seedes, | [Z]ocum balinearium ,
lacum ad [p]ortani, aquam in opidum adou l (sic) \ arduom
pedes CCCXd/ fornicesq. | fecit, fistulas soledas fecit, ob hasce
res censorem fecere bis | senatus filio stipendia mereta | ese
iousit populusque statuam j donavit Censorino. 2
C. I. L. X. 5807. Found at Alatri (Aletrium), Italy, where it exists to-day.
The inscription dates before the passage of the Lex Julia de Civitate of
664/90, since, if citizenship had been received, the local senate could
not have granted immunity from military service to their fellow-citizen.
The doubling of the vowels gives another date, see p. 30. : Kitschl sug-
gests ad que (= et ad arduum in arcem} for this word which is net
understood. 2 This word is due to his having held the censorship twice.
5. a) A. Hirtius A. f . M. Lollius C. f . Ces. f undamenta murosque jf/
solo faciunda coeravere eidemque probavere in terrain funda-
mentum est pedes altum XXXIII in terram ad idem exemplum
quod supra terra[m silici\.
6) M. Lollius C. f. A. Hirtius A. f. Ces. funda. ] faciunda coera-
verunt eidemque probavere.
c) A. Hirtius A. f. M. Lollius C. f. Ces. fundamenta | fornices
faciunda coeravere eidemque J_probayere. ~Y
O. I. L. X. a) 5838, 6) 5839, c) 5840. These inscriptions are in various
parts of the old citadel of Ferentinum (Ferentino), where they may be
seen to-day. The first inscription is repeated on another wall of the
building.
6. M. Saufeius M. f. Kutilus | C. Saufeius C. f. Flacus | q. 1 | culinam
f. d. s. s. c. 2 eisdem|q. locum emerunt de j L. Tondeio L. f.
publicum ; est longu p. CXJ^VIIIS latum af . muro ad | L.
Tondei vorsu p. XVI.
C. I. L. XIV. 3002. Found at Praeneste, where it still exists. 1 q. is in
the margin between lines 1 and 2. 2 q(uaestores) culinam f(aciundam)
d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia) c(uraverunt).
310 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
7. Ansia Tarvi f. | Rufa ex d. d. circ. | _lucum maeer. | et murum et
iauu. 1 | d. s. p. f. c.
C. I. L. X. 292. Found at Diano (Tegianum) Lucania, Italy, existing in a
copy. l ianu(am) or ianu(as).
8. s. c ^balneum Clodianum | emptum cum suis aedificis | ex pecunia
Augustal. H-S \D <J/> | Q. Minuti Ikari, | C. Anfilli Suavis, | C.
Aiscidi Lepotis (sic), \ N. Herenni Optati, | M. Caedi Chilonis, |
M. Ovini Fausti.
C. I. L. X. 4792. Found in the bell-tower of a building at Tiano (Teanum
Sidicinum), where it still exists. The total of sixty thousand sesterces
points to an individual payment of ten thousand sesterces.
9. M. Herennius M. f. Gallus | Q. Veserius Q. f. duo vir. quinq. |
d. d. s. f. c. eidemq. prob. 1 | Arcitectus Hospes Appiai ser.
C. I. L. X. 4587. Found in an old gateway at Cajazzo (Caiatia), Italy,
where it still exists. l Z>(e) d(ecurionum) s(ententia) f(aciunduni)
c(urarunC) eidemq(ue) prob(arunt).
10. C. Aemilius C. f. Serg. Homullinus | dec. col. Murs. ob hono-
rem | flaminatus tabernas L cum portfcibus duplicib. in quib. |
mercatus ageretur pecunia | sua fecit.
C. I. L. III. 3288. Found at Eszeg (Mursa), Pannonia, existing now in
copy.
11. a) M. Agrippa L. f. cos. tertium fecit.
6) imp. Caes. L. Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Aug. Arabicus
Adiabenicus Parthicus Maximus pontif. max., trib. potest. X,
imp. XI, cos. Ill, p. p., procos. et imp. Caes. M. Aurelius
Antoninus Pius Felix Aug. trib. potestat. V cos., procos. Pan-
theum vetustate corruptum cum omni cultu restituerunt,
C. /. L. VI. 896. The first of these, dating 727/27, was originally inlaid
in bronze in the frieze of the entablature of the Pantheon at Rome.
The inscription can still be seen, as the sunken matrices remain. The
second, in smaller characters, is inscribed on the architrave of the
portico and dates 202 A.D.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 3H
12. M. Holconius Rufus d. v. i. d. tert. | C. Egnatius Postumus d. v.
i. d. iter l \ ex d. d. ius luminum 2 | opstruendorum H-S GO oo oo | 7
redemerunt parietemque | privatim col. Ven. Cor. 3 | usque at
tegulas | faciundum coerarunt.
C. I. L. X. 787. Inscribed on a block of tufa found at Pompeii, now in the
museum at Naples. 1 Before 751/3. 2 Schoen has shown in Bull. Com.
1860, p. 11, that these lumina were the spaces between ten pillars by
which the portions of the temple of Venus was separated from the forum.
These spaces are now filled in, so that a continuous wall thus takes the
place of the row of pillars. 3 col(oniae) Ven(eriae) Cor(neliae).
13. Ti. Claudius Drusi f. Caesar | Aug. Germanicus pontif. max.,
trib. potest. VI, cos. design. HIT, imp. XII, 1 p. p., fossis
ductis a Tiberi operis portu[s] 2 caussa emissisque in mare
urbem | inundajionis periculo liberavit.
C. I. L. XIV. 85. Inscribed on a large marble tablet, in letters formerly
filled with bronze, found at Porto (Portus Romanus),Ostia, where it still
exists. l For date see page 126. 2 See C. L L. XIV., pp. 5, 6. Suet.
Claud. 20. Plin. N. H. XVI. 40, 76. Quintilian, II. 21.
14. imp. Caesares M. Aurelius Antoninus et | L. Aurelius Commodus
Aug. Germanici | Sarmatici * fortissimi amphitheatrum | vetus-
tate corruptum a solo restituerunt per coh._yi Cornmag. |_a
lulio Pompilio Pisone Laevillo leg. | Aug. pr. pr. curante Aelio
Sereno praef.
C. I. L. VIII. 2488. Found' at El Outhaiia, in the Province of Numidia,
Africa, where it still exists. Inscriptions describing the building or renew-
ing of structures by legions, or cohorts, are very common. l 17J-180, see
page 135.
15. pro sal. imp. Caesaris L. [ P. Septimi Severi Pertina|cis Aug.
Pii cos. II, p. p. et M. Aur. | Antonini Caesa., 1 Tib. Cl. Claudi-
anus leg. Aug. pr. pr. praesidium vetustate | coll. mutato
loco manu I milit. restitui iussit.
C. I. L. III. 3387. Found at F,rd, near Buda, Pannonia Inferior, now in
library of the University at Pesth. 1 195-197, for Severus was styled Pius
from 195, and Caracalla became Augustus in 198.
312 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
16. forum populo Komano suo [dono dederunf] \ domini et principes
nostri [imppp. Caesss.] | Valentinianus et Valens et \_Gratianus
Auggg]; \ curante Flavio Eupraxi[o] 1 v. c., [praef. urbi].
C. I. L. VI. 1177. Found at Rome, existing only in a copy in the Ms.
Einsiedlensis. l Eupraxius was praefectus urbi in 374 (Cod. Theod. XI.
29, 5; XL 30, 36; XL 36, 21).
17. dd. nn. Arcadius et Honorius [invicti et] \ perpetui
theatrum Pompei, [collapso] exteriore ambitu, niagna etiam.
[ex parts'] interior[e] r[wew]te, convulsum, \_ruderibus] sub-
ductis et excitatis invice[? fabrids \ novis, restituernnf].
C. L L. VI. 1191. Found at Rome, existing in a copy in Ms. Einsiedlensis.
This inscription was set up between the year 395, in which Theodosius
the elder died, and 402, in which Theodosius the younger was styled
Augustus.
18. salvis ddd. nnn. Valentiniano Valente et Gratiano | victoriosis-
simis semper Aug., dispositione lull | v. c. com., 1 magistri
M equitum et peditum, fabrijcatus est burmis ex fundamento
IM* inano devo|tissimorum equitum VIIII Dalm., 2 s. c. Vahali
trib., in consulatum d. n. Gratiani perpetui Aug. iterum | et
Probi v. c. 3
C. I. L. III. 88. Found at Umm-el-Djemal, in the Province of Arabia.
l v(iro) c(larissimi) , com(itis). 2 equitum nono Dalm(atarum) s(w6)
c(wra). 3 371.
AQUEDUCTS
f
19. a) imp. Caesar divi luli f. Augustus | pontifex maximus, cos. , ^ h
XII, | tribunic. potestat. XIX, 1 imp. XIIII | rivos^ aquarum
omnium refecit.
6) imp. Caes. M. Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug. Parth.
max. | Brit, maximus 2 pontifex maximus | aquam Marciam
^ variis kasibus impeditam, purgato fonte, excisis et perforatis |
montibus, restituta forma, adquisito etiam fonte novo Antoni-
niano, | in sacram urbem suam perducendam curavit.
c) imp. Titus Caesar divi f. Vespasianus Aug. pontif. max., |
tribuniciae potestat. IX, imp. XV, cens., cos. VII desig. IIX, 3
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 313
p. p. | rivom aquae Marciae vetustate dilapsum refecit | et
aquam quae in lisii esse desierat reduxit.
C. I. L. VI. 1244-6. Inscribed on the arch of the Marcian aqueduct, over
the Via Tiburtina. This arch, after the building of the walls of Aurelian,
became a part of the Porta Tiburtina, now the Porta S. Lorenzo. 1 See
table,p. 124. 2 212 or 213, since Geta, who died in 212, is not mentioned,
and the cognomen Germanicus is missing, which was assigned to Cara-
calla in 213. 3 See table, p. 129.
20. a) Ti. Claudius Drusi f. Caisar Augustus Germanicus pontif.
maxim., [ tribunicia potestate XII. 1 cos. V, imperator XXVII, 2
pater patriae, | aquas Claudiam 3 ex fontibus, qui vocabuntur
Caeruleus et Curtius a milliario XXXXV, | item Anienem
Novam 3 a milliario LXII sua impensa in urbem perducendas
curavit.
6) imp. Caesar Vespasianus August, pontif. max., trib. pot. II,
imp. VI, cos. Ill, desig. IIII, 4 p. p., | aquas Curtiam et Caeru-
leam perductas a divoClaudio et postea intermissas dilapsasque |
per annos novem sua impensa urbi restituit.
c) imp. T. Caesar divi f. Vespasianus Augustus pontifex maxi-
mus, tribunic. | potestate X, 4 imperator XVII, pater patriae,
censor, cos. VIII | aqiias Curtiam et Caeruleam perductas a
divo Claudio et postea | a divo Vespasiano patre suo urbi resti-
tutas, cum a capite aquarum a solo vetustate dilapsae essent,
nova forma reducendas sua impensa curavit.
C. L L. VI. 1256-58. Inscribed on the double arch of the Aqua Claudia,
above the Via Praenestina and Via Labicana. This arch, after the build-
ing of the Aurelian walls, was used as the Porta Praenestina, now known as
Porta Maggiore. 1 See page 126. 2 Claudius had the highest number of
imperial salutations, with the exception of Constantius, son of Constan-
tine. 3 See Frontinus, De Aquae, c. 13 ; Jordan, Topog. I., p. 473 ; Middle-
ton's Remains of Ancient Rome, II. chap. X. 4 See page 129.
21. Aquam Titulensem quam ante annos | plurimos Lambaesitana
civitas in terverso ductu vi torrentis amiserat, perforate
monte institute etiam a | solo novo ductu, Severinus Apro-
nianus vp, ppN, 1 | pat. col. restituit cur. Aelio Kufo v. e. fl.
pp., cur. r. p. 2
314 LATIN^ INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. VIII. 2661. Found at Lambaesis, in the Province of Numidia,
where it still exists in the Praetorium. l p(raeses) p(romnciae) N(umi-
diae), 2 fl(amine) p(er)p(etuo).
\
22. M. M. Lartieni Sabini pater | et filius quinquennales aquam | in
fajium. sua inpensa perduxerunt, Salienjtes quadrifaria suo
loco restitueruut canales ve|tustate corruptos et dissupatos
restituerunt, fistu|las omnes et sigilla ahenea posuerunt, tecta
refe[c]ejrunt, omnia sua inpensa fecerunt.
C. I. L. IX. 4130. Found at Fiamignano, near Aequiculum, in the country
of the Aequi, where it still exists in the monastery of the Capuchin
monks. ^
23. Annia L. f. Victorina [06] memoriam M. Fulvi Mojderati
mariti et M. Fulvi | Victorini f. aquam sua omni inpensa per-
duxsit fac|tis pontibus et fistulis et | lacus cum suis orna men-
tis dato epulo | dedicavit.
C. I. L. II. 3240. Found at S. Esteban del Puerto (Hugo), Spain, where
it still exists. Mommsen considers lacus an error of the stone-cutter for
lacubus or lacu.
ROADS AND BRIDGES
24. L. V | cur. viar. | e lege Visellia 1 de conl. sent. 2 |
Cn. Corneli, Q. Marci, L. Hostili, | C. Antoni, C. Fundani, C.
Popili, | JVt. Valeri, C. Anti, Q. Caecili; [ opus constat n.
1 A 0J.XXII.'
C. I. L. VI. 1299 = I. 593. P. L. M. E. LXXI A. Found on the Caelian Hill,
Rome, now in the museum of Toulouse. Ritschl suggests L. Volcatius
or L. Volceius. l For this Lex Visellia see Mommsen, Staatsr. II. 8 669.
2 de conl(egii) (tribunorum plebis) sent(entia). The curator viarum
was chosen from a collegium of the tribunes of the plebs. The inscrip-
tion dates 683/71, since three of the names here given appear in the
index of the Lex Antonia de Termessibus of that year.
25. a) L. Fabricius C. f. cur. viar. | faciundum coeravit.
&) Eidemque probaveit.
c) M. Lollius M. f. Q. Lepi[dws M' . /.] cos. ex. s. c. probaverunt. 1
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 315
C. I. L. VI. 1305. P. L. M. E. LXXXVII. These inscriptions are en-
graved on the old Pons Fabricius, known in middle ages as Pons ludaeus,
and to-day as Ponte del Quattro Capi, which crosses from the Island to
the left bank of the Tiber. It was built by L. Fabricius in 692/62 B.C.
and consists of two semicircular arches with a smaller archway over the
central pier for high water. It is built of peperino and tufa with facings
of large blocks of travertine.
Inscription a appears across two arches on each side. Inscription 6 is
engraved over the middle arch on both sides. Inscription c is illegible
now, but was engraved under a on one of the arches on each side. It is
given in a copy by Ligorio. 1 The bridge was rebuilt in 733/21.
For curatores viarum see Mommsen, Staatsr, II., 3 p. 669. For Pons Fabricius
see Middleton's Bemains of Ancient Home, II., p. 367.
26. honoris | imp. Caesaris divi f. ] Augusti pont. maxim., | patr.
patriae 1 et municip. | Magistri Augustales C. Egnatius M. 1.
Glyco, | C. Egnatius C. 1. Musicus, | C. lulius Caesar. 1. Iso-
chrysus, | Q. Floronius Q. 1. Princeps | viam Augustam ab via |
Annia extra portam ad Cereris silice sternendam | curarunt
pecunia sua | pro ludis.
C. L L. XI. 3083. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Civita Castellana
(Falerii), existing now in copy. l After February 5th, 752/2, for on
that date he was styled pater patriae.
27. ex auctoritate | imp. Caesaris Traiani Hadri|an. Aug. pontes |
viae novae Rusi(cadensis r. p. Cir|tensium sua pecu nia fecit
Sex. lulio | Maiore leg. 'Aug. leg. Ill Aug. pr. pr.
C. L L. VIII. 10296. Found among the ruins of a bridge between Philippe-
ville and Constantine, Africa.
28. imp. Caes. T. Aelio | Hadriano Antonino Aug. Pio p. p. IIII
et M. Aurelio Caesare II | cos. 1 per Prastina Messalinum 2
leg. | Aug. pr. pr., vexil. | leg. VI Ferr. 3 via | fecit.
C. I. L. VIII. 10230. Cut in the natural rock on the road over Mons
Aurasius at Tiganimin, Africa. 1 145. 2 For C. Prastina Messalinus see
VIII. 2535 (144 A.D.), 2536 (145 A.D.). a vexil (latio) leg(ionis) VI
Ferr(atae).
316 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S
MILESTONES
29. a) M. Aemilius M. f. M. n. | Lepidus cos. 1 | CCJ_ XIIX. 2
(On the side) XV.
6) \_M.~] Aemilius M. f. M. n. | Lepid. 1 cos. | CCXXCVI.
(On the side) XXI.
c) M. Aemi[7is M. f. M. n.~\ \ Lepid. [cos.] | CC . . . .
C. I. L. I. 535-530. Three milestones of the Via Aemilia were found near
Bologna (Bononia), where they are still preserved in the museum of the
University. These cippi (a and 6) once stood on the Via Aemilia
separated from each other by a distance of 18 miles. The numerals cut
on the sides at a later period indicate distances on another road where
these stones were afterwards set up. 1 507/187. Mommsen doubts
whether these miliaria are of the age indicated, since the letter P is
closed ; Aemilius is for the earlier Aemilio, cos is for consol, and finally
a cognomen is added ; the form of the cippi does not conform to that
of other miliaria of the sixth century of the City. See Miliarium
Popilianum, p. 251. 2 The number of miles from Rome ; later the miles
were counted from Ariminum.
30. S. Postumius S. f. S. n. | Albums cos. 1 [C]/X[//] Genua
C[remonam] ///XXVII.
C. /. L. I. 540 = V. 8045. Inscribed on a milestone of the Via Postumia,
now at Verona. Borghesi has shown that this refers to the consul of
600/148. Postumius made a road from Genua to Cremona M P CXXII
and from thence, i.e. from Cremona M P XXVI! to the place where
the cippus once stood.
31. T. Quinctius T. f. | Flamininus | cos. 1 | Pisas XXXII. 2
C. I. L. I. 559. Inscribed on a milestone found at Pietrafitta near Florence.
1 631/123. 2 The number is not legible and is known only from a copy.
The miles are counted to the end of the road, not, as is customary, from
the beginning, as in Italy from Rome.
32. L. Caecili Q. f. | Metel. cos. 1 CXIX | Koma.
C. L L. IX. 5953. Inscribed on a milestone of the Via Salaria found at
S. Omero, near Asculum, where it still exists. The stone appears to
be out of its original position, or the road running to the shore of the
Adriatic once ended at Castrum Novum or Hadria and not at Castrum
Truentinum. l 637/117.
INSCRIPTIONS OX PUBLIC WORKS
33. C. Calvisius C. f. | Sabinus cos. imp. .LXXVIII. 1
C, I. L. X. 6895. Inscribed on a miliarium of the Via Latina, found near
Aquino (Aquinuin), existing DOW in copy. J Miles from Rome.
34. XXXVIII. | imp. Nerva j Caesar Augustus | pontifex maximus, |
tribunicia | potestate, cos III, 1 pater patriae | faciendum
curavit.
(7. /. L. IX. 5963. Inscribed on a miliarium of the Via Tiburtina or
Valeria, found near Arsoli, where it still exists. l 97 A.D.
35. Ti. Claudius. Drusi f. Caesar Aug. Germa|nicus pontifex
maxumus, tribunicia potestajte VI, cos. IV/'imp. XI, p. p.,
censor viam Claudiam Augustam quam Drusus | pater Alpi-
bus bello patejfactis derex[e]rat munit. ab | Altino usque ad
flumen | Danuvium m. p. CCC_L
C. L L. V. 8002. Inscribed on a miliarium found six or seven miles from
Feltre (Feltria), where it still exists. 1 (J47 A.D.
36. a) X. | imp. Caesar | divi Nervae | filius Nerva | Traianus Aug.
Germanicus Dacicus | pontif. max., | trib. pot. XIIII, 1 imp.
VI, cos. V, p. p. XVIIII silice sua pecunia | stravit. | LIII.
6) ddd. nnn. FFF. 111. 2 | Theodosio Arcadio et Honorio PPI
FFF. 3 | semper A A A. ggg. 4 | bono reip. natis.
c) Constantino. 5
C. L L. X. 6839, 6840, 6841. ' Inscribed on a miliarium found at Terra
cina, existing now in copy. 1 110. 2 Fl(avii). 3 P(ii) F(elices)
* A(u}g(usti). 5 In inverted letters.
37. imp. Caesar | divi Traiani Parthici f. divi | Nervae nepos (
Traianus Hadrianus | Aug. pont. max., trib j pot. VII, cos III 1 |
viam Appiam per
amislsam adiectis
millia passus XV ^CCL longa | vetustate
rfS Xl| XLVII ad | rfS DLXIXC quae
possessores agro|rum contulerunt, fecit.
C. I. L. IX. 6075. Inscribed on two cippi found on the "Via Appia at
n Passo di Mirabella, near Beneventum, still in existence. : 123.
318 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
MILESTONES OF THE PROVINCES
38. M'. Aquillius M' f. | cos. | CXXXI 1 | [Mdvtjos [vAA[i]os
MaVlOU VTTttTOS 'P<t)/JML(i)V \ pXtt. 1
C, I. L. III. 7183. Inscribed on a milestone on the road leading from
Ephesus to Pergamos, found not far from Pergamos. Similar stones
have been found on other roads in Asia. (C. /. L. III. 479, 6177, 7184,
7205.) l The number of miles from Kphesus to the location of the stone.
Strabo XIV., p. 646, states that M'. Aquilius, the consul 625/129, ruled
Asia after it was brought under the Romans by the will of Attalus.
39. M' Sergi M' [/] | procos. | XXI.
C. I. L. II. 4956. Inscribed on a miliarium found near Barcelona (Barcino),
Spain, existing in copy. It is not known when Sergius was proconsul in
Spain, but the form Sergi for Sergius points to an early date. The road
to which this milestone belonged is unknown, as well as the place from
which the distance is reckoned.
40. imp. Caesar divi f. | Augustus cos. XIII, trib. | potest. XXI,
pontif. max. a Baete et lano August | ad Oceanum | _LXIIII.
C. 7. L. II. 4701. Inscribed on a column which once stood on the road
leading from the Guadalquivir (Baetis) to Cadiz (Gades), and which
was found at Cordova, where it is still preserved. The inscription was
set up in 752/2, before February 5, at which time Augustus accepted
the title of pater patriae.
41. imp. Caes. | M. Aurel. Anto|nino Aug. pont | max., tr. pot. XVI, |
cos. Ill et | imp. Caes. | L. Aurel. Vero Aug. | tr. pot. II, cos.
II ! ; | a col. Agripp | m. p. XXX. 2
Brambach, Inscrip. Rhen. 1931. Inscribed on a miliarium of a road from
Cologne (Colonia Agrippinensis) to Remagen, not far from the last-
named town. l 162 A.D. 2 a Col(onia) Agripp (inensium) m(ilia) p(as-
SWMWI) XXX.
12. imp. Caes. P. [.HeJvU'jo Pertinace | Aug. p. p., trib. p., | cos II, 1
L. Nae vio Quadra|tiano leg. A|ug. pr. pr. 2 ; [a] Lajmbaese j m.
P- L///
C. I. L. VIII. 10242. Inscribed on a square cippus found at Sba Meghata,
on the road between Lambaesis and Biskra, Africa. l 193 A. u. 2 Other
stones have curante or curam agente.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 319
43. ex auctoritate | imp. Caes. T. Aeli Ha[driani Antonini | Aug.
Pii l p. p. via a Mile|vitanis munita ex indulgentia eius de | -,
vectigali rotarL | II.
C. I. L. VIII. 10327. Inscribed on a column found near Mila (Milev),
Africa, still in existence. l 138-161 A.D.
44. imp. Caes. | M. Aurelio Anto|nino Invicto Pio | Felici Aug. 1 p.
m., | trib. p., cos., p. p. v | procos.^r. p. m. D. 2
C. /. L. VIII. 10381. Inscribed on a column found at Henschir el Moghrab,
near 'Ain Zana (Diana), Numidia, Africa. J Caracalla or Elagabalus.
2 r(es) p(ublica) m(unicipii) D(ianensium).
BOUNDARY STONES
45. C. S[e]mpronius Ti. f. Grac. | Ap. Claudius C. f. Pole., | P.
Licinius P. f. Cras. | III vir. a. i. a. 1
C. L' L. I. 552, X. 3861. A cippus found at Formia (Formiae), above
Capua, now in Museum of Naples. This boundary stone was set up
after the death of Ti. Gracchus, 621/133, who had appointed himself,
his brother C. Gracchus, and Ap. Claudius, his father-in-law, as trium-
viri agris dividendis. P. Licinius Crassus takes the place of T. Gracchus.
1 tres jn'r(i) a(gris} i(udicandis) a(dsignandis) or adtribuendis. On the
top there appear the lines and angles of the kardo and decumanus, i.e.
kardo undecimus, decumanus primus I ^ ]. The date is 622/132-
623/131. X_y
46. M. Folvius M. f. [^]ac. | C. Sempronius Ti. f. Grac. | C.
Paperius C. f. Garb. | III vire a. i. a.
C. I. L. I. 554 ; IX. 1024. A small round column found in the country of
the Hirpini, between Aeclanum and Compsa, near Rocca San Felice.
M. Fulvius Flaccus, consul 629/125, and C. Paperius Carbo, consul
634/110, were substitutes in place of P. Licinius Crassus and Ap. Clau-
dius at their death, in 624/130, to which year this inscription may
belong. It is possible to assign it to the year 625/129, when jurisdiction
as regards the land was taken away from these triumviri, and they
ceased to be termed ab agris iudicandis. An inscription found on the
top has not as yet been explained.
320 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
47. M. Terentius M. f. | Varro Lucullus | pro pr. tenninos | restitu-
endos | ex s. c. coeravit | qua P. Licinius, Ap. Claudius, | C.
Graccus III vir. | a. d. a. i. 1 statuerunt,
C. I. L. I. 583. Found between Pesaro (Pisaurum) and Fano (Fanuin),
Umbria. Borghesi VII., p. 350-51, places this inscription between the
praetorship of M. Terentius Varro Lucullus in the year 078/76 and his
consulship in the year 681/73, when he was in Gallia Cisalpina as pr<>-
praetore. Mcmrasen assigns it to the year 672/82 or 673/81, when, as
an adherent of Sulla, Varro was in charge of the army in Gallia Cisalpina.
1 a(gris) d(andis) a(dsignandis} i(udicandis) .
48. a) \_L. Caeicili^ns Q. f. pro cos. | terminos finisque ex senati
consulto statui | iousit inter Atestinos et Patavinos.
6) L. Caeicilius Q. f. prjo cos. | . . terminos | finisque ex senati |
consulto statui | iusit inter Atestinos | Patavinosque.
C. L L. I. 547, a, ft, V. 2491. Found on Mt. Venda, one of the Euganean
hills, in the Atestinian district, dating 013/141 ? or 638/116?
49. a) ...... | senati [c]o[wstt]lto sta[w] | iusit.
6) L. Caicilius ' Q. f. | pro cos. | terminos | finisque ex senati con-
solto statui iusit inter [ Patavinos | et Atestinos.
C. I. L. I. 548, a, b ; V. 2492. Inscribed on two columns found on the
Euganean hills, near Padua, now in the museum at Padua. The larger
had been hollowed out to receive the smaller. J Perhaps L. Caecilius
Metellus, who was consul 612/142 (Moinmsen).
TERMINI OF THE POMERIUM
50. Ti Claudius | Drusi f. Caisar | Aug. Germanicus | pont. max.,
trib. pot. VIIII, 1 imp XVI, cos IIII, censor, p. p., | auctis
populi Komani | finibus pomerium amplia^it terminal/it q.
(On the top) Pomerium. (On the side) VIII.
Notizie deyli Scnvi, 1885, p. 475. One of the four known examples of the
cippi set up by Claudius in marking out the pomerium. (See C. I. L.
VI. 1231.) This was found in its original location near Monte Testaccio,
Rome. 1 Jan. 25th, 49-50. See Tac. Ann. XII. 23. For the numbers
on these cippi see Huelsen, Hermes, XXII., p. 621. See also I> tlefsen,
Hermes, XXI. (1886), p. 497. O. Richter, Topographic von Rom, in
Miiller's Handbttch, Vol. III., pp. 773-775.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 321
51. [imp. Caesar \ Vespasianus Aug. pont. ?7i]ax., trib. pot. VI, 1 im[p
XIII 2 '], p. p., censor, cos VI desig. V[// ef] T. Caesar Aug.
f. | Vespasianus imp. VI, pont., trib. pot. IV, censor, | cos.
IV design. V, auctis p. R. finibus, pomerium ampliaverunt
terminaveruntq. (On the tide) XL VII. (On another side) p. CCCXX
. . . VII.
C. I. L. VI. 1232. Inscribed on a tall cippus of travertine found between
Monte Testaccio and the Porta San Paolo. l July, 74-75 ; but the num-
ber of the consulship shows that the inscription was set up in 75. 2 See
p. 129. See Pliny N. H. III. 5, 66.
52. collegium | augurum auctore j imp. Caesare divi | Traiani Parthici
f. | divi Nervae nepote Traiano Hadriarip | Aug. pont. max.,
trib. | pot. V, cos. Ill, 1 procos. | terminos pomerii | restituendos
CUravit. (On, the right side) V. (On the left aide) p. CCCCLXXX.
C. I. L. VI. 1233. Inscribed on two cippi of travertine found at Rome, one
of which is still in existence. l 121 A. D.
TERMINI BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROPERTY
53. C. Clodius Licinus | Cn. Sentius Saturninus | cos. 1 | terminarunt
loc. | publicum ab privato.
C. I. L. VI. 1263. Inscribed on a tablet of travertine cut from a cippus
found at Rome, existing on a copy. l Consules suffecti in 4 A.D.
54. [imp. <7]aesar Augustu[s] | a privato in publicum | restituit | in
partem dexteram recta- regione ad proxim. cippum | ped.
CLXXXII et in partem sinistram recta regione ad proxim.
cippum | ped. CLXXVIII.
C. I. L. VI. 1262. Inscribed on a block of travertine found at Rome,
existing in copy.
TERMINI OF THE BANKS OF THE TIBER
55. a) P. Serveilius C. f. | Isauricus | M. Valerius M. f. | M'. n.
Messall. | cens. 1 ex. s. c. terrain.
6) M. Valerius M. f. M'. n. Messall. | P. Serveilius C. f. |
Isauricus cens. j ex. s. c. terrain, j
LAT. INSCRIP. 21
322 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. VI. 1234. Inscribed on a number of cippi found on the banks of
the Tiber, Home, some of which exist to-day. l 699/55-7 00 /."it.
Borghesi (fL'm-rt'n, IV. 21) has referred to the fact that the bank of tin-
Tiber was finally determined after the flood in 700/54. Cf. Dio Cassius,
XXXIX. 01.
56. C. Marcius L. f. Censorinus | C. Asinius C. f. Gallus | cos. ex s.
c. terrain, r. r. 1 prox. cipp. p. XX. Curatores riparura qui
priini terrainaver. | ex s. c. restituerunt.
C. I. L. VI. 1235 f. Inscribed on a cipptts found on the right bank of the
Tiber, existing now in copy. Censorinus and Gallus were consuls in
B.C. 8. 1 r(ccto) r(igore), cf. Bull. Com. 1890, p. 326, and Ulp. IH<j.
XLIII. 15. I. 5, ripa ita recte definietur id quod flumen continet
naturalem rigorem cursus sui tenens.
57. imp. Caesar divi f. | Augustus | pontifex maximus, | tribunic.
potest XVII | ex. s. c. terminavit; | . r. prox. cipp. ped.
CLXVIS.
C. I. L. VI. 1236 i. Inscribed on a c.ippus found at Rome, existing in a
copy. A number of cippi with similar inscriptions, but different num-
bers, have been found, some of which exist to-day. The numbers denote
the distances between the stones. See C. I. L. VI. 1236 a-i, and Notizie
degli Scavi, 1890, p. 82.
58. L. Caninius Gallus, 1 | L. Volusenus Catulus f., | C. Caedicius
Agrippa, | M. Acilius Memmius Glabrio, | Q. Fabius Balbus |
curatores riparum et alvei Tiberis ex. s. c. | reficiundam cura-
ver. ideraque probaverunt.
Bull. Com. 1889, p. 165. Inscribed on a large block of travertine, found
near the bridge Cestio-Graziano, Rome. These are the five curatores of
the senatorial order of the collegium established by Tiberius in 15 A.D.
1 Perhaps the consul of 2 B.C.
59. ex. auctoritate imp. Caesaris divii | Nervae fili Nervae | Traiani
Aug. Germanic, pontificis maximi. trib. | potest. V, cos. II II,
p. p. | Ti. lulius Ferox curat. | alvei et riparum Tiberis et |
cloacarum urbis terminav. | ripani. r. r. proximo cippo | p.
CLXXXIIIIS.
INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 323
C. I. L. VI. 1239 a. Inscribed on a cippus of travertine found on the bank
of the Tiber, now in the Vatican Museum. A number of stones with
similar inscriptions have been found, C. I, L. VI. 1239 a-h.
BOUNDARY STONES OF AQUEDUCTS
60. Virg. 1 | Ti. Caesar. Aug. | pontif. maxim., | trib. pot. XXXVIII, |
cos. V, imp. VHP | IIII. | p. CCXL. 3
C. I. L. VI. 1253 b. Inscribed on a cippus of Alban stone found at Rome,
now in the Vatican Museum. l Virg(o Aqua). 2 3(5-37 A.D. 3 This is
the fourth stone from the place of the distribution of the water, and
between the several stones the intervals are 240 feet in length.
61. lul. Tep. Mar. 1 | imp. Caesar | divi f. | Augustus | ex s. c. | XXX. |
p. CCXL.
C. L L. VI. 1249 c. Inscribed on a cippus of travertine found at Rome,
existing now in copy only. l Iul(ia) Tep(ula) Mar(cia).
62. imp. Caes[ar] divi f. | Augustus | ex s. c. | ooCd^II p. CCXXJ,.
C. L L. VI. 1251 a. Inscribed on a large cippus of travertine, now at
Tivoli (Tibur).
63. iussu imp. Caesaris | Augusti circa eum | rivom qui aquae |
ducendae causa | factus est octonos | ped. ager dextra
straq. vacuus | relictus est.
sini-
C. I. L. X. 4843. Inscribed on several cippi which were found near the
aqueduct of Venafrum, traces of which still remain, extending over a
distance of 14 miles from Venafrum to the source of the Volturnus.
These inscriptions exist in copies.
64. iussu imp. Caesaris qua aratrum ductum | est.
C. L L. X. 3825. An inscription on several large cippi found at Capua, one
of which is to be seen in the museum at Naples. These boundary stones
mark the pomerium of a colony, cf. Lex Coloniae Genetivae, c. 73 : ne quis
intra fines oppidi colon(iae)ve, qua aratro circumductum erit, hominem
mortuom inferto. Cf. Cic. Phil. II. 40, 102.
324 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
65. ex auctoritate | imp. Caesaris | Vespasian! Aug. | loca publica
a privatis | possessa T. Suedins Clemens | tribunus, rausis
cognitis et | mensuris factis, rei | publicae Ponipeianoruin |
restituit.
C. I. L. X. 1018. Inscribed on a cippus found at Pompeii, now in the
museum at Naples. T. Suedius Clemens in Tac. Hist. I. 87 and II. 12 is
called a primipilaris and in an Egyptian inscription of 79 A.D. is spoken
of as praefectus castrorum,
66. fin[/]s inter Neditas et Corinienses derectus, mensuris actis iussu
| Meceni Gemini l leg. per A. Resium | Maximum legionis
XI principem posteriorem co[r.] 2 I et per D. A[e]butium |
Liberalern eiusdem leg. astatum | posteriorem chor. I.
C. L L. III. 2883. Found at Karin (Corinium) in Dalmatia, existing in a
copy. l Mommsen reads here M. Duceni Gemini, believing that he is the
legatus referred to. Tacitus refers to him as of consular rank in 62 A.D.
(Ann. XV. 18), and as prefect of the city in 69 A.D. (Hist. I. 14).
2 c0[r(ts)].
67. termini positi inter | Igilgilitanos in | quorum finibus kas|tellum
Victoriae | positum est, et Zimiz. 1 ut sciant Zimizes | non plus
in usum se haber. ex aucto|ritate M. Vetti La|tronis proc.
Aug. qua in circuitu. a muro kast. p. | B 2 ; pr. 3 LXXXIX
Tor|quato et Libone cos. 4
C. L L. VIII. 8369. Inscribed on a large stone found at Djidjelli (Igilgili),
in Africa, where it still exists. 1 Zimiz (es). 2 p(assus quingentos).
3 (anno) pr(ovinciae). 4 128 A.D.
68. ter. August. 1 dividit | prat. 2 leg. | IIII et agr|um Iulio|brig.
C. L L. II. 2916. Inscribed on several cippi found near Retortillo, in the
northern part of Spain. l ter (minus) August(alis~) . 2 prat(um). Ac-
cording to Hubner this is legio quarto, Macedonica, known from the
coins of the colony Caesaraugustana, which was quartered in Spain from
the time of Augustus until the time of Claudius, who withdrew it to
Germany. This gives some knowledge of the date.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 325
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
1. tt) vl/ &) *\ <0" upper face.)
C-CAESAVG-P-P (On outer edge.)
C. I. L. II. a) 4962, 1 ; b) 4962, 4.
a) A weight of black marble, with bronze handle, weighing 16253 grammes ;
therefore the libra = 325.06 gr., since the mark denotes quinquaginta
librae. Another weight, entirely of bronze, found at the same place, is
marked X and weighs 325.4 gr., hence the libra = 325.4. These results
do not differ much from the normal estimate of the libra = 325.8 gr.
6) Bronze s(em)u(ncia) with inserted letters, found at Cordova. The
weight is 12.88 gr., so that the libra is 319.12 gr., hence very light.
2. L-HATILIVS
X
FELIX MAG NA? 1
DSD
C. I. L. X. 8067, 11. A ten-pound weight of 3249.6 gr. found at Pompeii,
now in the museum at Naples. 1 Mommsen reads magnar(ins),
AtryaXe'/xTropos, disregarding the point. Dressel reads mag(ister') mar
, . ., not explaining the latter.
3. PHILOXENVS-L-
AED-L-FAM-D-D 1 -
C. 7. L. X. 8067, 12. A weight of travertine equal to 9.6 kilog., now in the
museum at Naples. l l(ibertus) aed(ituus) L(aribusJ fain(iliaribus)
d(onnm} d(edit).
4. HI Q
Q G R Al
C. I. L. X. 8067, 9. A weight of marble = 9400 gr., found at Pompeii.
Diph(ili) Q. Grant.
5. Ill
CATAPLVS- L. ET
L I M E N F L 1
E T F D D
C. I. L. X. 8068, 3. A stone weight of 1000 gr., now at the Cdgliari
Museum, Sardinia. l Limen f(ilius) l(ibertis) et f(amiliae).
326 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
6. TI-CLAVD.CAES-/V ^
L V I T E LL I I I COS <
EXACT AD ARTIC 1 J,
. I V S A E D 2 ^
_j
C. /. L. XIV. 4124, 1. A marble weight found at La Serpentara (Fidenae).
1 Artic(uleiana) (por>dera). Articuleius was one of the aediles in 47
A.I>. It was the duty of the aediles to examine weights and measures
(Dig. I. 48, 10 ; 32, 31). After Trajan this function fell to the prefect
of the city. 2 aed(ilium). 3 L. Fl(avius) Ana(tellon) was the owner.
The date is 47 A.D.
7. TI.CLAVD.CAES-7V-L-VIT.TTT
L
IVSSV AED EXACT - AD ARTIC I C 1
C. I. L. XIV. 4124, 2. A weight of white marble found at Praeneste.
1 Perhaps f(n) C(apitolio}.
8. TI-CLAVDCAES //// V I T E L .
I I I COS EX ACTA AD ARTIC
CVRA-AEDIL
C. I. L. X. 8067, 2. On the shaft of a statera found at Herculaneum, dating
47 A.D.
9. a)EME ETHABEBIS
6)/VR-CAVE MALVM
C. I. L. X. 8067, 5, 6. On lead weights found at Pompeii.
GLADIATORIAL TESSERAE
1. MENOPIL-ABI-L-S
(Figure of a thunderbolt.)
SPECTAVIT
C - \Aj M hE R
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLP: OBJECTS
327
Ephem. Ep. III. p. 203. Found near Terracina, in ancient Latiuin.
Date 661/93. Menop(h')il(us') Abi L(uci) s(ervus). C. Val(erio) M.
Her(ennio) (consulibus).
2. PILOTIMVS
H S T I L I
SP PR N SEX
P LEN CN ORE
C.I. L. I. 720. , Found at Rome. Date 683/71. Hostili(i) (serous). The
consuls are P. Lentulus and Cn. Orestes.
3. PAMPHILVS
SE R V I LI - M S
S P E 1 K F E B
C CAES M - LEP .
C. I. L. I. 736. Found at Rome. Date 708/46. 1 Servili(i) M(arci)
s(ervus) spe(ctavit).
4. M A X I M V S
V A L E R I
S P I D I A N
T-CAES-AVG-F-m-AELIAN-rT
C. I. L. I. 774. Found at Rome. Date 74 A.D.
LEAD SLING SHOTS
1. \f P I S I F) (COS
C. I. L. I. 642. From Castro Giovanni (Henna) in Sicily, dating 621/133,
in which year L. Calpurnius Piso waged war in Sicily and stormed
the towns of the Mamertines. Valerius Maximus, II. 7-9, states that
Piso employed funditores in this war,
328 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
2. a) FIR 1 b) F E R l\ /POMP 2 c)FVGITIVI 3
/ \ PERISTIS
d) T A M E N e) LEG- XI
EVOM ES
M N E M
C. I. L. IX. 608(5. a) vi, 6) ix, c) xn, d) xxvui, e) xxi. Inscriptions
on lead bullets found near Ascoli (Asculum) and Corropoli, or in
the Castellano river near Ascoli. In the year 664/90 the Romans
fought against the people of Picenum who had instigated a revolt among
the Italians. The Roman leader, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, meeting at first
with defeat, finally besieged and after a desperate battle captured the
city of Asculum. The above inscriptions are from some of the lead
sling shots which were used in this, the Social war, and which have been
obtained from the neighborhood of the battle. 1 Many glandes with
this inscription have been found. It is variously explained as Fir(riio
missa) or Firmani (funditores) . 2 The reference is to Pompeius Strabo
the besieger of the town. 3 The term fngitivi was probably applied by
the Romans to the rebels. It has been suggested that the term was
applied by the socii to the libertini who for the first time took part
in war.
3. a) k ANTONI CAKVIIX /C CAMSARVS
PIIRISTI ) \ VICTORIA
6) L. XII '\ /PR Pllr
SCAEVA/ V
C. I. L. I. 085, 700 ; Ephem. Ep. VI., p. 59. Inscriptions on lead bullets
found at Perugia in Italy. In the year 713/41 L. Antonius, the consul,
with Fulvia, his brother's wife, betook himself to Perusia, where he
was besieged by Agrippa and Salvidienus Rufus, and finally by Caesar
himself. In March 714/40 he surrendered. Appian, V. 86, informs us
that glandes phnnbeae were used in this war, and his testimony is
supported by the finding of the above missiles. l l(egio} XII. Scaeva,
Pr(imus) pil(ns), perhaps M". Caesius Scaeva, honored by Caesar in the
Civil War, 706/48. Caesar, B. C. III. 53 ; cf. Valer. Maximus, III. 2, 23.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS
329
CO
CD O
> O
< CC
(J Q_
UJ
^ 1 a
CO DC -1
ONINI AVGG "E GETAE CAESAR
DQ
CO
h-
Q
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H
L_
I'-
LL
O
X
LU
00
CO
CD
CD
LU
H
LU
CD
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Q_
LU
.IB EX OFF EPICTETI LIB
*
"
s
2
c
1
s
05
+3
O
"cS
1
CO
CD
.&
c3
z
o
DC
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co
LU
O
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DC
O
O
O
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CO
^
o
CM
1
O
a
o
99
c3
2
2
H
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CO
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CO
2
PH
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DQ
1
a
CD
a
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CC
LU
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HI
h- z .
UJ - ^
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CC ^ '
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h-
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CO
ft
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h-
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co
PQ
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9
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UJ
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S
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g
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Q_ DQ
UJ
CO
z
H
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CO
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CO
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UJ
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CC
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1
LU
^
g>
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h-
LU
DC
HH
Q_
LlJ
CO
h-
CC
<c
a
Ci
Cl
UJ
Q_
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CO
I
^^
^^
en
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i i
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CC
CC
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LU
o
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CO
D_
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H- 1
Z
CC
LU
CC
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Q_
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s
330 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
3. a) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM XVI . COS 1
6) IVLI/E MAMI/E MATRIS AVG N
c) FAVIA GLYCERA FEC 2
d) AYR IRENE . FEC 2
e) CORNELIAE PRAETEXTATAE C F 3
/) PLVTIOR NICEFORI NICEFORIAN ET FILIORV 3
Lanciani, Comentarii di Frontino, Silloge Epigrafica Aquaria, Nos. 106,
324, 563, 131, 402, 505. Inscriptions on lead pipes found in various
parts of Rome. 1 93-4 A.D. 2 These women probably owned a plumber's
officina, and hired slave labor. 3 These are the names of the owners of
private houses who have water rights.
4. C A/REL AARlN - T . Q I MERCfiOR . L 1 F
C. I. L. XII. 5701, 26. Inscribed on a lead pipe found at De"cines in the
De"p. de ITsere, France, now at Lyons. J L(ugdunf).
5. COL AVG NEM 1 TIBERINVS L F F S F
C. L L. XII. 5701, 58. Inscribed on a lead pipe found at Balaruc-les-Bains,
now at Montpellier in the museum. l Col(oniae) Aug(ustae) Nem(au-
sensium) L. F . . . F . . . s(ervus~) f(ecit~).
6. a) REI PVB - SALON
6) REIPVBLICAE MVNICIPIVM . CANVSINO
SVB-CVRA. L- EGGI MARVLLI
c) FELIX PVBL TERG F
Wilmanns, 2818. Inscribed on lead pipes found at (a) Salona, (6) Canosa
(Canusium), (o) Trieste (Tergeste).
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 331
ARTICLES OF BRONZE, SILVER, AND GOLD
1. CER F (On handle, in ra ised letters.)
BRICONIS (Scratched with a stilus.)
C. I. L. XII. 5608, 4. On a bronze patera found at Forest St. Julien,
France. l Cer(ialis) f(ecti).
2. V R R
AMOR
E T V
C. I. L. XII. 5698, 18. On a bronze fibula found at Geneva, where it
is preserved in the museum.
3. CORIIKIA NYPII AVRV . hAIV'O'c) XX
C. L L. X. 8071, 1. Inscribed in litterae punctatae on the inside of a gold
bracelet, in form of a serpent with three coils, found at Pompeii, now in
the museum at Naples. Corelia Ny(m)p(h)e auru(m} p(ondo) ....
XX. The bracelet weighs 170.85 gr. and XX Attic didrachma = 174.6
gr. J This word is unintelligible.
4. M MASCAl . P Vri 1
C. I. L. X. 8071, 12. Inscribed on a silver patera weighing 549.85 grams,
found at Pompeii, now in the museum at Naples. l p(ondo) V semunciam
(scriptuhim) I or 1655 gr., so that three paterae were weighed at the
same time.
5. CORNELIAS CHEliDONI
C. I. L. X. 8071, 38. Stamped on both handles of a bronze urn found at
Pompeii, now at Naples in the museum.
6 - IHOVIAIOOiN IdID ' d
SORS MERCVRI
C. I. L. III. 6017, 9. Inscribed on the handle of a large bronze vase found
on the bed of the river Laibach. A similar motto occurs on a vase
found at Herculaneum. Bergk (Bull. delV Inst. 1859, p. 229) comment-
ing on the phrase /cX^pos 'Ep/uoO states that among the Greeks it implied
the best lot, so here means good luck to the purchaser.
332 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
7. T I . R B I L I S I l
C AILI HANNON
C. I. L. III. 6017, 12. Inscribed on the handle of a large bronze vase, in
letters of the best period, found near Teplitz, in Bohemia. The names
probably indicate the maker and the owner. l Si(ta) . . .
SlGNACL'LA OF BRONZE
1. SEXcsAEBVTI
P Y T H I A E
C. I. L. XII. 5690, 5. Inscription of a bronze stamp found at St. Martin
de Castillon, France. The letters are raised and run from right to left,
as is common with these signacula. A palm branch is engraved on the
handle.
N,
2. EVMOLPIsj
PCS CALPVRNI
A T I L I A N I &
C. I. L. XII. 5690, 43. Inscription of a bronze stamp found at Ge"menos,
France, now at Marseilles. A palm branch is engraved on the other side.
3. PAREGORVS
COELI AVIT/E 1
C. I. L. XII. 5690, 101. Inscription of a bronze stamp found at Toulouse,
where it is preserved in the museum. l Coeli(ae) Avitae.
4. M A R C I A N I
A V G N &
C. I. L. X. 8059, 256. A bronze stamp found at Sassari, Sardinia, now in
possession of Mr. Olcott, Columbia College, New York. The inscription
given in C. I. L. is a copy and shows 8 as the last letter, but with com-
ment postremum xiyiinm corona videtur esse. The original shows a
wreath and not a letter.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 333
OCULISTS' STAMPS
1. M IVL SATYRI DIASMYRJNES POST IMPET LIPPITi
M IVL SATYRI PENI CIL 2 LENE EX OVO
M IVL SATYRI DIA LEPIDOS AD ASPR 3
M IVL SATYRI DIALI BANV 4 AD SVPPVRAT 5
Revue Archeologique, 3 Ser., 21, 1893, p. 306. Found in England, now in
British Museum. 1 lippit(udinis). 2 penicil(lum) . 3 aspr(itudinem}.
4 dialibanu (m) . 5 suppurat (tones) .
2. L CAEMI PATERNI - AVTHEJMER 1 LEN . EX O 2 ACR EX AQ 8
L CAEMI PATERNI STAC TON AD C SC . ET CL*
L CAEMI PATERNI CRO COD 5 AD ASPRITVDIN
L CAEMI PATERNI CHE
LID" AD GENAR CICA 7
Revue Archeologique, 3 Ser., 22, 1893, p. 30. Found at Lyons, France, exist-
ing in a copy. 1 authemer(um). 2 o(w). 3 acr(e) ex aq(ua). 4 ad
g(enas) sc(abras~) et cl(aritatem). 5 crocod(es~). 6 chelid(onium). ~ ad
genar(um} cicatrices').
3. ALBVCI CHELID AD CALIG GEN 1 SCABR
ALBVCI . DIAPOBALS 2 AD OMN CALIG DELAC 8
ALBVCI MELIN DELAC EX EM PVL*
ALBVCI TRIT 5 | AD CLARITVD
Revue Archeologique, 3 Ser., 22, 1893, p. 145. Found at Naix (Meuse), now
in museum at Bcsan^on. l (et) yen(as). 2 dia(o~)pobals(amum). 3 de-
lac(rimatorium). * ex em(endato~) pul(rere). 5 trit(icum').
INSCRIPTIONS ON BLOCKS OF MARBLE
1. tt) C C I I I C) N D C C X X I <0 one side)
C R NH C /t S 2 C (On other side)
&) N CDXCII 1 d) P-V T E L A N I C > 3
C. I. L. VIII. a) 14598, 6) 14599, c) 14596, d} 14593. On blocks of marble
found near quarries at Hr. Schemtu (Simitthus), Africa. The numerals
indicate the number of the block among those ready at the port to be
shipped to Home in a certain year. l n(umero}. 2 Corinthi(i) Caes(aria)
(servi). 3 C'a[es(/im)] (servi) or cae(swra).
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
L'. EX.M.N'.CAESARIS-N.R.D.A-.SVB.CVR.C-CERIALS-PR'
SVBSEQ 4 .SERGIO-LONG0.7.LEG.XXII.PRIMIG-PROB
CRESCENTE- LIB 5 N Vllll
(On, one nl dt) N Vllll
(On another side painted in minium) CXXX N Vllll
Bruzza, Iscrizioni dei Marmi Grezzi (Annali dell' 1st. 1870), 1. On a block
of Carystian marble found at the Emporium, Rome. l ex m(etallo)
n(ovo). 2 n(ostri) r(ationis) d(ominicae) A(ugustae). * procurator is).
4 subseq(uente). 5 prob(ante) Crescente lib(erto).
3. IMP VESPASIANO VI (On the other face) EX RAT' L/ET SER
TITO C/S- Nil COS 1 N 3 LXXXV
Bruzza, Iscrizioni (Annali, 1870), 147. On a block of Chian marble found
at the Emporium, Rome. 1 75 A.D. 2 ex ra(tione). 3 n(umero).
4. a) C XVI COS 1 6) M
XV RAW III COS 2
XII %
CXVICOS 3 ^
c xxxxv
c) cZARO II T SEVER COS 4 d) LARG T MISSAL COS 7
LOCO CCXXX LOCO XXXVII REPR*
B TERT 5 . OFF ASIAT
OFF PELA 6
C. /. L. III. ) 7000, 6) 7011^ c) 7025, d) 7027. On blocks of Phrygian
marble found at Itschki Karahissar (l)ocimum), Phrygia. l C(aesare)
XVI cos = 92 A ix, i.e. Domitian. 2 [rjrafao III co(n)s(ule) = 100
A.D. 3 C(aesare) XVI cos = 92, i.e. Domitian. Blocks marked with
two consulates are common in Phrygia. 4 (Srxto) (Erucio) [Cl~\aro II
et Sever(o) co(n)s(ulibns). 5 b(racchnim) tcrt(ium). 6 Pela(gii).
7 Larg(o) et Messal(a). 8 repr(obatum) ?
INSCRIPTIOXS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 335
5. AVGVRN-COS 1 (On. one side) LXXXR
L- LXXX -R- (On another vide) N LXV
C/t- N
Bruzza, Iscrizioni (Annali, 1870), 6. On a block of Carystian marble found
at the Emporium, Rome. l 132. 2 r(a)t(ionis). As Z(oco) indicates
the portion of a quarry, this block numbered 80 in the quarry, but 65 at
the port.
6. L-AELIO
CAESARE N II ~E BAL
BINO COS 1 RATIONIS
VRBICAE SVB CVR IRENAEI
AVG LIB PROC CAESVRA TVLLI
SATVRNINI V LEG XXII PRIM
(On the lower part of shaft.)
(On the middle part.) (On the upper part.)
LOCVS 2 N II CIA 3 OFF PA 4 N LXXXVI
LOG XVI B 3
Bruzza, Iscrizioni (Annali, 1870), 258. On a column of Synnadic marble
found near the Tiber. l 137 A.D. 2 Locus, as well as bracchium, indi-
cates the section of the quarry ; in this case the section is numbered.
3 CIA and B thus far defy explanation. * Pa(piri).
7. N CCCV OF 1 GENII MONTIS
IMP COMMODO AVG TTTT T VICTORINO [/]! COS
CAESVRA MAXIMI PROC
C. L L. VIII. 14588. On a large block of marble found at Hr. Schemtu
(Simitthus), Africa. 1 of(flcina). Date, 183 A.D.
PIGS OF LEAD
1. M P 1 - ROSCIEIS M - F MAIC 2
G. I. L. II. 3439. More than thirty pigs of lead, with similar inscriptions,
have been found in mines near Cartagena, Spain. 1 M(anius) (e)
2 Maic(ia) (tribu).
:',:;; I.ATIX INSCKIITIOXS
2. BRITANNIC/ AVG Fl ' V-ET-P 2
C. I. L. VII. 1202. Found near Blagdon, Somerset, Kngland, now in
British Museum. 1 f(ilii). * Probably V(eranio) et P(ompeio). Date,
49 A.D.
3. NEROI^S A/G EX K I A/ INI COS 1 BRT 2 (0**tp
eXK IVL P M . GS 3 10,
EX ARGENT 1
CAPASCAS 4 V (On another xi<l,-.i
XXX
C. I. L. VII. 1203. Found near Stockbridge, England; now in British
Museum. Date, 59 A.D. l ex k(alendis~) Ian(uariis) IIII co(n)s(//.s)-
2 Britannicwm. 3 ex k(alendis) Iul(iis~) p(ontificis) m(aximi) co(n)-
4 Unintelligible.
4. IN/P.VESP-VTT.T.IN/P.V. COS ! (^ ^y-y,,, ,
DE CEA- to,, //,, ,v/,/,..)
C. /. L. VII. 1205. Found near Lichfield, England, now in British Museum
Date, 70 A.D. l c.o(n}s(ulibus). -de Cea(ngis).
5. IMP CAES HADRIANI AVG MET - LVT 1
C. I. L. VII. 1208. Found near Matlock, Derbyshire, England, now in
British Museum. Date 117-138. l met(allorum) Lut(udensium ?).
PIGS OF SILVEB
1. E X F F L
H N R I N I
C. I. L. VII. 1196. Found in Tower of London together with coins of
Arcadius and Honorius, now in British Museum, ex of(ficina) Fl(un'i/i.
2. EX OF PA
T R I C I
C. L L. VII. 1198. Found near Coleraine, Ireland, now in British Museum.
337
INSCRIPTIONS ON TILES AND BRICKS
1. a) COS CN OC C SC 1 | C /W 2
b} L NAEV 3 . | C03 L COTT L . MAN
c) M COCCIO L GELLIO COS 4 L I/IAEVI - L . F
d) M . CRASSO | CN . LNV . COS 5 | L . N/tVI . FELIC
C. L L. I. a) 777, b) 784, c) 795, d) 797. Stamped inscriptions on bricks
found at Veleia, Italy, now in the museum at Parma. l co(n^)s(ulibus)
On. Oc(tavio) C. Sc(ribonio), 678/76. 2 C. Mu . . . ., the name of the
figulus who alone made stamps with letters sunk beneath the surface
while the others made inscriptions in relief. 8 L. Naevius figulus of
686/68-710/44. 4 718/36. 5 740/14.
BRICKS FOUND IN ROME
1. ^ OP DOL EX PR AIACIA AR\L EPAGft 1
MAXIM ET AVIT COS 2
C. L L. XV. 9. Impressed on bricks found on the Esquilinr . ia Latina,
and elsewhere in and about Rome. l expr(aedis) Aiacia(nis) Arul(eni)
Epagath(i). 2 144.
2. ^ M R L 1 Q AQVILIO NIGRO M REBVLO
APRONIANO COS 2
BRV 3
C. I. L. XV. 25. Impressed on bricks found in walls between the Pantheon
and Baths of Agrippa. l M. R(utili) L(upp -117. 3 Bru(tiana\
3. O a) OP DOL EX PR C FVL PLAVT PR PR
C V 1 COS II FIG BVCCONIA
EH 6) L-NVMER
IVSTVS FEC
C. I. L. XV. 47. Impressed on bricks found in tearing down the church of
S. Peter and Marcellinus, near the Lateran. l ex pr(aedis) C. Ful(vi)
Plaut(iani} pr(aefecti') pr(aetorio) c(Jarissimi} v(iri). The date is
between 203 and 205. b is on the same brick as a, but in a differently
shaped stamp.
LAT. INSCRIP. - 22
338 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
4. EX PRAEDI ANNI LIBO OPV
I I SALA 1 EX OF ANNI DECEMB 2
SERVIANO III ET VARO
C. I. L. XV. 512. Impressed on bricks found in the Gardens of Sallust
and elsewhere in Home, also at Ostia. l opu(s) Sala(rese). '* ex
of(ficina) Anni Decemb^is). The date is 134.
5. ^ EX OFIC OP . DOL EX PR CAES "N
Q OPPI PROCVLI 1
C. L L. XV. 364. Impressed on bricks found in many places in and about
Rome, e.g. on the Esquiline, Via Appia. l op(us) dol(iare) ex pr(aedls)
Caes(aris) n(ostri), (ex officina) Q Oppi ProculL
6. ^ OP DOL EX- PRAED AVG N FIG
OCEANAS MAIORES
C. I. L. XV. 371. Impressed on bricks found on the Esquiline, on the Via
Ardeatina, Via Appia, etc. This dates in the time of Severus.
7. O EX PRAEDIS HEREDVM - CC VV PASSENI
AE PETRONIAE NEC VAL . CATVLLO
C F
C. I. L. XV. 419. Impressed on bricks found, among other places in Rome
on the banks and in the bed of the Tiber, in the cemetery of S. Peter
and Marcellinus, also in the Stadium of Domitian, near the temple of
Juppiter Stator. ex praedis heredum (duorum) c(larissimorum) v(ir-
orum) Passeniae Petroniae c(larissimae) f(eminae'), negotiator e) Val-
(erio) Catiillo. This dates in the time of Commodus.
8. EXFIGDOMITIAE
DOMITIANI SVLPICIANV 1
C. L L, XV. 550. Impressed in litterae cavae on bricks found in the
Forurn Romanum near Basilica lulia, near the Baths of Diocletian,
and elsewhere in and about Rome. 1 Sulpicianu(m) (opus). The date
is about 123 A.D.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 339
9. ^ DE FIG PEDANIES QVINTILL/E CONDV 1
C LABERIVS ZOSIMV
C. I. L. XV. 643. Impressed on bricks found on the Palatine, and on the
banks and iii the bed of the Tiber. This dates in the early part of the
reign of Hadrian. 1 conductor or (quas~) condu(xit).
10. ^ TEG - TVN DOL 1 EVTVCHVS SE .
IVLIAE PROCVL/E 2
C. I. L. XV. 647. Impressed on bricks found on the Palatine and Esquiline,
also in and about the Tiber. l teg(ula) Titn(neiana) dol(iaris).
2 se(ryws) luliae Proculae (fecit).
11. ^ VALER NICE 1 EX PR PL AVG 2 OP . D
P/TIN ET APRON
SOO
C. I. L. XV. 692. Impressed on bricks found in extensive ruins perhap/ o
the baths of Agrippa or of the temple of Minerva, in the Gardens of
Sallust, and elsewhere in Rome. The date is 123. 1 Valer(iae)
Nice(nis). 2 Pl(otinae) Aug(ustae) or Aug(usti).
12. ^ OPVS DOL EX - PR AVRELI CAES T FAVS
TINAE AVG VLPI ANE
CETIANI
C. I. L. XV. 719. Impressed on a brick now in museum at Paris. The
date is about 1GO.
13. ^ DOL ANTEROTIS SEVERI 1
CAESARIS N
C. I L. XV. 811. Impressed on bricks from the Pantheon. J Severi(ani).
14. ^ EX FIG Q ASINI MARCELLI
D OP - F C NVISFORTVNA. 1
Q ART p/t ET PRON'A
COS
340 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. XV. 847. Impressed on bricks found on the Falatine, in the
Gardens of Sallust, on the Esquiline and elsewhere in Rome. l C.
Nun(nidius) Fortuna(tus). The date is 123.
15. OP DOL EX P DOM LVC EX
FIG QVARTIONIS
C. I. L. XV. 1063. Impressed on a brick found on the Via Tiburtina. The
date is about 140.
16. & VAL QVI FEC 1
CN DON/f - AAANDI
C. I. L. XV. 1097. Impressed on bricks found on the Palatine. The date
is about 75-108. 1 val(eat) quifec(if).
17. a) LEG II ADI P F
6) LEG II ADI P F ANT 1
C. I. L. III. 3750. Impressed on bricks found in many places in Pannonia
Inferior, principally at Buda and S6tny. l Ant(oniniana).
18. a) LEG X G P F
6) LEG XIII GUM IV
c) LEG XIII GE R/FI 1
C. 7. L. III. a) 4659, 6) and c) 4660. Impressed on bricks found in
Pannonia Superior. J The officer in charge of the manufacture of bricks.
19. a) LEG XXII P . P F 1
IVL PRIMVS F 2
Brambach, Inscr. lihen. 1491. Impressed on bricks found in the neighbor-
hood of Mainz. *p(nmigenia) p(ia) f(idelis). 2 /(ecrt). That Julius
Primus was figulus for this legion is shown by the frequent occurrence
of his name on the bricks stamped XXII.
20. VEXIL 1 LEGIONVM
I VIII XI Xllll XXI
Bull. Epigraph., Vol. IV. 1884, p. 66. Impressed on bricks found at
Mirebeau. l vexiKlationes).
INSCRIPTIONS OX MOVABLE OBJECTS
341
21. a) COM I M_P P 1
6) COM - VII BR AN 2
C. I. L. III. 3756, 3757. Impressed on bricks found at Buda in Pannonia
Inferior. l P(annoniorum?). '* Br(eucorum) An(toniniana).
Dolia.
1.
(Caduceus)
VESSELS OF CLAY
D F 1 C CLVENTI *
A M P L I A T I >
(Orescent, palm branch,
~- } wreath)
CORINTHVS S F 2
( Crescent, palm branch,
wreath)
C. I. L. X. 8047, 7. Impressed on dolia found at Pompeii. 1 de f(iglinis) ?
2 s(ervus) f(ecit).
2. PHILEROS
M-FVLVI-SER
C. L L. X. 8047, 15. Impressed on a dolium found at Pompeii.
3. S E R . A L L 1
/EGtT
C. /. L. XII. 5684, 1. Impressed on a dolium found at Nismes. 1 Unknown
Amphorae.
4.
M-S/ENAhi SA" 1
C. I. L. XII. 5683, 267.. Stamped on an amphora, found at Ste-Colombe,
now at Lyons. ] Sat(urnini).
5. SAXOFERREO
C. L L. XII. 5683, 212. Stamped on an amphora in the museum at Aries.
342 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
6. M-T'CCI-L-F-^O 1
G A. E N V S 2
C. I. L. XII. 5683, 296. Stamped on an amphora found at Uzes (Ucetia),
France, perhaps brought from Italy. 1 Tro(mentina). * Galeon[i]s.
7. C POMPONIO C ANICIO COS
EX FVNDO BADIANO
BISF- ID AVQ BIMVM
(7. /. L. IV. 2551. Painted in white coloring on the fragment of an amphora
found at Pompeii, where it is still preserved. It is unknown to what
year the consuls should be assigned. An Anicius Cerialis was consul in
65 A.D., and his colleague is not known, hence some assign the amphora
to this date. The third line seems to indicate that the wine, already two
years old, was placed in the amphora on the Ides of August. Cf. Hor.
Car. III. 8, 9. BISF is inexplicable. Schoene suggests DIFF (usum).
8. F A V S
TI-CLAVDIO MM
COS
L V I T E L L I Ml
C. I. L. IV. 2553. Painted in red on an amphora found in Pompeii, where
it still remains. We know from Pliny, N. H. XIV. 62, that the Faus(ti-
anum) mnum was the best kind of Falernian wine. The date is 47 A.D.
9. SWR
XXI
VESPASIANO Ml
ET FILIO C^S
C. I. L. IV. 2555. Painted on the neck of an amphora found at Pompeii,
existing in copy. Since Vespasian was consul III in 71, with Cocceius
Nerva as colleague, and Domitianus and Pedius Cascus were the suffecti
of the same year, Mommsen suggests that II should stand in place of
III. But in Pliny, N. H. II. 67, we find imperatoribus Vespasianis
patre tertiumfilio II or iterum (Paris Ms. eins} consulibus. Henzen has
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 343
suggested that Pliny and the writer of the inscription carelessly named
as colleagues those who, though consuls of the same year, did not hold
office at the same time. In the quotation from Pliny, // or iterum must
be rejected.
10. L I Q V A M E N
P T I M V M
C. L L. IV. 2592. Painted in black coloring on a small pitcher found at
Pompeii, now in museum at Naples.
11. PRESTA Ml - SINCERV- SIC TEAMET QVECVSTO-
DIT ORTVVENVS
C. I. L. IV. 2776. Inscribed with a graphium in the clay before baking on
the bowl of a vase found at Pompeii, now at Naples. Presta mi sin-
cerw(m) ; sic te amet qu(a)e custodit (h)ort,u(m~} Venus. Cf. Varro, De
It. B. I. 1, 6. Item adveneror Minei~oam et Venerem quorum uniuspro-
curatio oliveti alterius hortornm.
12. G E N I P
P V L I F E
L I C I T E R
C. I. L. XII. 5687, 44. Stamped on the flange of a red earthen vase found
at Vienne, France. Similar expressions are found on other vases, e.g.
mihi et meis feliciter (46), Sequanis feliciter (50).
On one side. (Marsyas stands playing on a double flute. Apollo, sitting, holds the
lyre and plectrum. Gods and goddesse* are gathered about.)
13. PALLADOS EN STVDIO DIDI
CISTI MARSYAS CAN'V 1 DV
MQVE TIBI TITVL.VM QVAE
RIS MALA POENA REMAS 2
On the other fide. (Hercules ; Bacchus and Ariadne sitting on a couch ; two satyrs,
Silenus, a Bacchanet ; on the right leg of Hercules is inscribed the following :)
APOLLINAR 3
CERA
344 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. XII. 5(587, 9. Stamped on a large flask which was probably found
in the south of Gaul, now in the museum of S. Germain. l Cantu(m).
' 2 rema(n)s(it). 3 Apollinar(is), the name of the artist.
14. (ononeeide) OSPITA REPLE LAGONA CERVESA
(On the other Me) COPO CNODITV ABES EST REPLENDA
Mowat, Inscriptions de Paris, p. 69. Painted on a vase found at Paris.
(H)ospita, reple lagona(m} cerves(i)a! Copo, conditu(m) (h)abes, est
replenda.
Paterae.
15. a) SEX | ANN I, SEX ANN, ANNVS etc.
6) CN ATEI, CNA~EI, GN /, ATEI, ATE etc.
c) ATTICVS L ANNI, OF ATICI, "A~TI etc.
d) FELIX F, FELICIS NAN, FELICIS M, FELIX FEC etc.
Wilmanns, 2833. Stamped inscriptions found on paterae and other clay
vessels, particularly throughout Spain and Italy.
16. a) ALBINVS, ALBINI, ALBINI MA, ALBINVS FE etc.
6) OF - CALVI
c) GERMANVS, GERMAN F
d) IVCVNDVS, OF IVCVND
e) PRISCVS, PRISCI MAN
Wilmanns, 2833. Stamped inscriptions found in general in Britain, Gaul,
Germany, and Illyria.
Pelves.
17. APOLLONI-ET
(Palm branch) ISMARI-CN CN ( Palm branch)
DOMITIORVM
C. L L. X. 8048, 7. Stamped on a shallow bowl found at Pompeii.
18. CN-DOMITIVS
sECVNDVS- FEC
C. 1. L. X. 8048, 18. Stamped on the flange of a bowl found at Pompeii.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 345
Lamps.
19. a) C OPPI RES 6) C COR VRS c) L CAE SAE
d) FORTIS
(7. /. L. a) II. 4969, 41 ; 6) IX. 6081, 22 ; c) 6081, 13 ; d) 6081, 33.
Stamped inscriptions on lamps found generally in Italy and Spain.
They frequently exhibit the tria nomina.
20. a) FORTIS 6) STROBILI c) ATIMETI
d) COMVNIS e) CRESCE
s
C. L L. XII. 5682. a) 50 ; 6) 110 ; c) 9 ; d) VII. 1330, 10 ; e) III. 12012, 6.
Stamped inscriptions on lamps found generally in Britain, Gaul, and
Illyricum.
21. B
C I V I S
S E R 1
C. L L. II. 4969, 2. Stamped inscription on a lamp found in Sevilla
(Hispalis), Spain ; also found in Italy. l ser(vatos).
22. A N N V M
N V M . FA/
ST V M F E L
I C E M M I H
H V C 1
C. L L. II. 4969, 3. Stamped on lamps found frequently in Italy and
Spain. l mih(i) hu(ri)c.
23. EX
Fl 1 VIC
T R I S
C. I. L. II. 4969, 54. Stamped in a circle on a lamp found at Tarragona
(Tarraco), in Spain. l ofi(cina).
346 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Vascula Galena.
24. a) fr CANofcEloS \i F . FECIT
b) C - GABINIO/ /. T N CALIINO
c) RIITVS GABINIO C S CAHIBVS I'lIC - Til 1
d) RIITVS GABINIO C - s CAIEBVS FECIT . E
e) L GABINIVS L F FIICIT
/) SIIRVIO QABINIO . T S IMICIT
C. I. L. X. 8054. These inscriptions are stamped with bas reliefs on the
inside of the bowls or paterae found at Calvi (Cales in Campania), now
in various museums at Home, Paris, and St. Petersburg. The form of
the letters points to a period prior to the second Punic war. 1 Perhaps
fec(i) te(stam).
THE DUENOS INSCRIPTION
love Sat. deivos qoi ined mitat, nei ted endo cosmis virco sied,
asted, noisi Ope Toitesiai pakari vois. Duenos med feced en manom,
einom dze noine med mano stated.
An earthen vase found in 1880 at Rome on ffie Quirinal, now at Rome in the
possession of H. Uressel. The purpose of the bowl and its inscription has been
variously explained by scholars, but without satisfactory and conclusive results.
See page 16.
H. Dressel in Ann. delV 1st. 1880, p. 158. H. Jordan, Bull. delV 1st. 1881,
p. 81 ; Hermes, XVI. 1881, p. 225; Vindiciae Sermonis Latini Antiquissimi,
Konigsberg, 1882. Fr. Buecheler, Bhein. Mus. XXXVI. 1881, p. 235. H. Ost-
hoff, Bhein. Mris. XXXVI. 1881, p. 481. M. Brfial, Comptes-rendus des
Seances de V Academic deft Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres, Paris, 1882, IV series,
vol. X. p. 23 ; Revue Archeol VII. 1882, p. 82. C. Pauli, Altitalische Studien,
I. Hannover, 1883. E. Baehrens, Neue lahrb. 129, 1885, p. 833.
Comparetti, V Iscrizione de Vaso Dressel, Museo Italiano I. Firenze, 1885.
The various interpretations are as follows :
qoi med mitat qui me mittat Dressel, Buecheler, Osthoff, Jordan.
mittat = optative, Dressel ; future, Buecheler ; potential = quisquis mittat,
Jordan.
INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 347
love Sat. deivos = lovi Sat(itrno') dels, Dressel, Buecheler ; = lovei, Jordan ;
= Iove(m} Sat(urnom) deos, Osthoff; loveis at deivos = luppiter aut deus!
Hrial.
net ted endo cosmis virco sied = ne te intus comes virgo sit, Dressel, Bue-
clieler ; ne in te comis virgo sit, Jordan ; netted endo cosmis vir cosied = nitat,
i.e. nitatur (curef) intus comis vir consit, Osthoff ; nei ted endo cosmisu irco,
sied, i.e. ne te endo, commissi ergo, sit, Br&il.
asted noisi ope toitesiai pakari vois, i.e. adstet, nisi Opi Tntesiae pacari vis,
Dressel, Buecheler, Osthoff ; ast nisi, etc. = Jordan ; ast ted nois, io peto, ites
iai pakari vois = ast te nobis, eo penso, XITCUS Us, pacari velis, Bre'al.
Duenos med feced = Duenus me fecit, Dressel, Buecheler, Jordan, Bre'al ; en
manom, i.e. proper mortmim, Dressel, Buecheler ; ad manium sacrum, Jordan ;
in bonum, Bre'al.
einom dze noine med mano statod = et die nono me mortuo sistito, Dressel,
Buecheler ; igitur die noni me mano sistito, Jordan ; cinom duenoi ne med malo
statod nunc Dueno ne me malo sistito, Bre'al.
Conway, in the American Journal of Philology, X. 1889, p. 445, regards the
inscription as an exsecratio, and interprets thus :
Io. Vei. Sat. deivos qoi med mitat nei ted endo cosmis virco sied. Asted noisi
Ope Toitesiai pacari vois. Duenos med feced en Manom, einom Duenoi ne med
malo statod.
May the gods Jove, Vejove, Saturn (grant) that Proserpine, to whom they
suffer this vase to be dispatched, show thee no favour. Unless thou, indeed, art
willing to make thy peace with Ops Toitesia. Duenos made me (as a curse)
against Manus, and let not evil fall to Duenos from ine.
CHAPTER VIII
DOCUMENTS
INSTKUMENTA
EPIGRAPHIC material may be divided, as has been shown above,
into two great classes. The first class, tituli, has been treated in
what has just preceded. It now remains to consider the second
class, instrumenta.
These are documents which have been placed for publication and
preservation on stone and metal, and which have an importance in
themselves and in the information which they convey, apart from
the objects upon which they appear. They are, however, of such
a character, as to place them in the field of Roman literature and
law, rather than in the domain of epigraphy.
Since, however, such documents have been preserved for us in
inscriptions, as well as in the works of ancient writers, it belongs to
the student of epigraphy to consider what documents have thus
come down to us, their formal presentation as well as the principles
which appear to have controlled their individual form and arrange-
ment.
LAWS AND PLEBISCITES
(Leges et. Plebi Scita)
The word lex, originally a special term denoting the. enactments
of the comitia centuriata, after the equalization of the legislative
authority of the comitia tributa with that of the patrician comitia,
and the recognition of plebi scita as leges through the passage of the
Lex Hortensia, 467/287, became a generic term applicable alike to
the enactments of both bodies. Hence we find in the Lex Latina
Tabulae Bantinae, 7 (dating between 621/133-636/118), and the Lex
Agraria, 2 (643/111), the phrase ex hace lege plebeive scito.
348
LAWS AND PLEBISCITES 349
Leges and plebi scita are arranged in three divisions. I. Index or
Praescriptio ; II. Rogatio, the body of the law; III. Sanctio, the
conclusion.
I. The index or praescriptio sets forth in stereotyped form the
name of the proposer (rogator) of the law, the office of the same, the
place, the day of the month, and, finally, the name of the body
(centuria, tribus) entitled to vote first, and the name of the man
casting the first vote.
As no complete praescriptio has been preserved for us in the
inscriptions, we obtain our knowledge of its form fyom that of the
Lex Quinctia de Aquaedactibus l given by lulius Frontinus in c. 129.
T. Quinctius Crispin us consul [d(e) s(enatus~) s(ententia)'] populum
iure rogavit jjopultisque iure scivit in foro pro rostris aedis divi lulii
pr(idie) [k.~\ lulias. Tribus Sergio, principium fait, pro tribu Sex.
L.f. Virro [primus scivit].
When the law, a plebi scitum, was proposed by a plebeian magis-
trate, i.e. tribunits plebis, the expression in the praescriptio was
plebem rogare.
The first line of the praescriptio was written in larger letters than
the body of the law. 2
II. Rogatio. The text of the law was divided into sections or
chapters which were indicated either by spaces, after which, in some
cases, the first word or a part of the first word of the paragraph
extended into the margin {Lex Cornelia de XX Quaestoribus 3 ) or by
numbers adjoining the spaces as in Lex Rtibria. 4 The titles of the
sections were in some instances introduced by the letter B, = rubrica,
as in the municipal law known as Lex Malacitana (see p. 351).
III. Sanctio. This is in reality the conclusion of the law, and
contains provisions against its infraction, and states the penalties
for those who transgress. The sanctio might also contain a declara-
1 Bruns, Fontes Juris Romani Antiqui,* 1893. p. 115.
2 See liitschl, P. L. M. E., for representations of bronze law plates.
8 C. I. L. I. 202. Ritschl, P. L. M. E. tab. 29.
* C. I. L. I. 205 ; XI. 1146 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 32.
350 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
tion annulling any previous act against which this particular statute
was directed. 1 The lex was then termed perfecta, but if such a
declaration were lacking it was termed imperfecta. Non-interference
with previous enactments was denoted by the formula EX H L
N R = ex h(ac) l(ege) n(ihilui)i) r(ogatur). See Lex Rubria, 2
XXI. 24.
The principal laws and plebiscites which have come down to us
in inscriptional form are :
Lex Acilia Repetundarum, 631/123 or 632/122. This was engraved on a
bronze plate and provided for the institution of a court where charges of extor-
tion brought by the socii against Roman magistrates might be considered.
C. /. L. I. 98 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 23-25.
Lex Agraria, 643/111. This is engraved on the reverse of the bronze
tablet on which the Lex Acilia is preserved. It is the last of the three laws
passed after the death of C Gracchus annulling his agrarian laws. (7. /. L. I.
200 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 2(5-28.
Lex Cornelia de XX Qttaestoribus, 673/81. This law, engraved on a bronze
tablet, was the eighth of the laws of Sulla and referred to the introduction of
additional quaestors. C. I. L. I. 202 ; P. L. M. E. tab. 29.
Lex Antonia de Termessibus, 683/71. A plebi scitum on a bronze tablet by
which the autonomy of Terrnessus was confirmed. C. I. L. I. 204 ; P. L. M. E.
tab. 31.
Lex Rubria de Civitate Gall^ae Cisalpinae, 705/49. A bronze tablet found
among the ruins of Veleia, near Piacenza. By means of this law. jurisdiction
of municipal magistrates in Gallia Cisalpina was established. C. I. L. I. 205 =
XI. 1146; P. L. M. E. tab. 32.
Lex lulia Municipalis, 709/45. This law, commonly termed Tabula Hera-
cleeiisis from the place of its discovery, Heraclea, is engraved upon a bronze
tablet, on the opposite side of which is a Greek psephisma. It treats of the dis-
tribution of corn, duties of aediles in Rome, and rules of municipal goveniment.
C. I. L. I. 206 ; P. L. N. E. tab. 33 and 34.
In the imperial period legislation was in the hands of the senate
and emperor, so that the leges assumed the form of senatus consulta
and constitutiones of the emperors.
1 Dig. XL VIII. 19, 41 Sanctio legum quae novissime poe.nam irrogat us qui
praeceptis legis non obtemperaverint. Cicero, Ad Att. III. 23.
2 Brans, Fontes luris Romani, p. 101.
LAWS AND PLEBISCITES
351
The Lex de Imperio Vespasiani (67 A.D.), a specimen of the leges de imperio
which conferred the various powers of the principate upon the emperor on his
accession to the throne, sets forth the decree of the senate as a senatus consultum
and yet assumes in some respects the character of a lex. 1
The term lex was also applied to the constitutions given by those
in authority to civitates, based upon traditional principles once
applied to the government of coloniae and municipia. They are
similar to the leges which were given to the people of Campania
when they became Roman citizens, by L. Furius, praetor 436/318
(Livy, IX. 20, 5).
The following are of this character :
Lex Coloniae Genetivae luliae sive Ursonensis, 710/44. A colony of Roman
citizens, known as Colonia Genetiva Julia, was established by M. Antonius,
under the direction of Julius Caesar, at Urso (now Osuna) in Spain. The lex
given by Antonius to this colony originally consisted of no less than eight
tabulae, of which only four remain, and those in a fragmentary state. C. L L.
II. 5439 ; Ephem. Ep. II. 105, 221.
Lex Municipalis Salpensana, 81-84 A.D. A portion of a lex municipalis
given by the emperor Doinitian to the municipium Salpensa, inscribed on a
bronze tablet found near Malaga, Spain. C. I. L. II. 1963.
Lex Municipalis Malacitana, 81-84 A.D. A similar law given by Domitian
to the municipium Malaca, inscribed also on bronze and found in the same
place. C. I. L. II. 1964.
Lex Metalli Vipascensis. Given by one of the Flavian emperors as a con-
stitution for a mining settlement in Portugal. Ephem. Ep. III. 165.
X lAJI
A portion of the Lev Malacitana.
R(ubrica) LII. De comitiis habendis. \ Ex II viris qui mine sunt, item ex is,
qui | deinceps in eo municipio II viri erunt, \ uter maior natu erit
comitia II mr(is), item aedilibus, item quaestoribus rogandis subrogandis
A(ac) l(ege) habeto.
1 This is termed Senatus Consultum de Imperio Vespasiani in Bruns, Fontes
luris Bomani. See Momm. Staatsr. 2 3 , 876-9, as to whether it is a lex or
senatus consultum. C. I. L. VI. 930.
iJ52 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
DECREES OF THE SENATE
(Senatus ConsuUa)
These decrees of the senate of the Roman people, written down
under the direction of the presiding officer in presence of witnesses,
have been preserved for us in literature and in small numbers in a
monumental form. They are arranged as follows :
I. Introductory portion, consisting of the name of the relator with
the phrase senatum consuluit, the date, i.e. day and month (not later,
however, than 707/47), and place of assembly, names of witnesses
with phrase scribundo adfuerunt.
[Q]. Marcius L. /., S(p.~) Postumius L. f. cos. senatum consoluerunt
n(onis) Octob. apud aedem Duelonai. Sc(ribundo) arf(uerunt) M.
Claudi(s) M. /., L. Valeri(s) P. f., Q. Minuci(s), C. f. (Senatus
Consultum de. Bacchanalibus, 568/186 ; C. I. L. I. 196).
II. The statement of the relatio, i.e. the question proposed, intro-
duced by the formula quod (ille) consid verba fecit or quod verba facta
sunt de ilia re. This formula verba fecit may be followed by an
infinitive clause expressing the purpose of the relatio. The formulaic
ending of this statement, quid de ea re fieri placeret, Q D E R F P,
occurs first in decrees of the Augustan period.
III. The sententia of the senate, introduced by the formula de ea
r<> it<i censuerunt, D E R I C. At the close of the consultum the
word censuerunt (censuere) is repeated either in full or represented
by the letter C. The same word occurs after each section when the
vote was taken upon each article.
The senatus considta which had reference to Greek people were
translated into that language, 1 and these are the oldest documents of
this kind which have been preserved to our time.
The earliest senatus consultum written in Latin which has been preserved is
a fragment of the Latin version of the S. C de Asclepiade Clazomenio Sociisque,
676/78, of which the Greek translation has also been preserved. It refers to
1 For list of these documents see Bulletin de Correspondance Hdleniqne,
lS87 f p- 225 ; and for the formulae, the vol. of 1885, p. 455. Paul Viereck,
Graecus quo S. P. Q. E. usque ad Tiberii Caesaris aetatem in scriptis
* M*i sunt examinatur. Gottingen, 1888.
IMPERIAL DOCUMENTS 353
three Greek captains who, on account of their services to the state, are declared
amici populi Eomani. C. I. L. I. 203.
Other senatus consulta date from the latter part of the first century H.C.
Two fragments of these documents, referring to the ludi saeculares, are pre-
served on marble tablets. They date May 23, 737/17. S.CC. de Ludis
Saecularibus. Ephem. Ep. VIII. 225. See also C. I. L. VI. 877.
8. CC. de Aedificiis non Diruendis. Two decrees inscribed on the same tablet
which refer to the destruction and rebuilding of houses in Rome, the first dating
between 44-46 A.D., the second in the year 56. C. I. L. X. 1401.
8.C. de Nundinis Saltus Beguensis, 138 A.D. Inscribed on two stones found
at Henschir Begar, Africa, containing a permit for a market in the district
Saltus Beguensis. C. I. L. VIII. 270, and Sup. 11451.
S.C. de Cyzicenis, 138-160 A.D. Inscribed on a stone tablet found in the
ruins of Cyzicus, now in the British Museum. C. I. L. III., Sup. 7060.
S.C. de Sumptibus Ludorum Gladiatorum Minuendis, 176-7 A.D. Inscribed
on a bronze tablet found in 1888 near Italica, a city of Hispania Baetica.
C. L L. II., Sup. 6278 ; Momm. Ephem. Ep. VII. 388.
*The two documents familiarly known as S.C. de Bacchanalibus
and S.C. de Tiburtibus are letters of magistrates written in the form
of senatus consulta. See page 359.
IMPERIAL DOCUMENTS
(Instrumenta Imperatorum)
Many state documents of imperial authorship, embodying the
enactments of the Roman emperors when acting with legislative
authority, form most valuable and interesting epigraphic remains.
These documents assume several forms :
Orationes. These were addresses before the senate made in per-
son or by messenger, which formed the means whereby the emperor
presented a bill or proposition to the senate as the legislative
body, so that in the form of a senatus consultum it might become a
law. Subsequently the oratio itself was recognized as a law when
the empty formality of reference to the senate was appreciated.
A certain form of oratio is seen in the speech of the Emperor Clau-
dius in the senate, bearing upon the admission of Gallic citizens to
the honores. This was engraved upon a bronze tablet, 1 a portion of
1 Boisseau, Inscriptions de Lyon, p. 136 ; Bulletin iSpigraphique, vol. 2, 1882 ;
Dessau, p. 52.
LAT. INSCRIP. 23
354 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
which was discovered at Lyons, where it is still preserved. An
abstract is given by Tacitus in Ainnilcs, XI. L'.'i-LT).
A small portion of an oral in of Vespasian appears in the sepul-
chral inscription of Ti. Plautius, upon whom the emperor proposes
to confer triumphal honors. C. I. L. XIV. 3608.
Constitutiones.
1. Edicta. These were general directions of legislative force
made on the analogy of the republican magisterial edicts. They
were introduced by names and titles of the emperors, followed by
dixit.
Edictum Augusti de Aquaeductu Venafrano, giving water privileges to the
colonia established by Augustus at Venafrum. This is inscribed on a marble
tablet found at Venafrum, where it is still preserved. C. I. L. X. 4842.
Edictum Claudii de Civitate Anaunorum, 46 A.D. Inscribed on a bronze
tablet found near Tridentum. C. I. L. V. 5050.
Edictum Diocletiani et Collegarum de Pretiis Rerum Venalium (301 A.D.) is
written in Latin and Greek, and gives the prices of all kinds of merchandise
throughout the Roman Empire. C. I. L. III., p. 801 ; Ephem. Ep. V., p. 87 ft' ;
Hermes XXV. 1890, p. 17.
2. Decreta. Decisions of the emperor in his judicial capacity.
Decretum of Comrnodus relating to the colonists of the Sctltus Burunitanus
in Africa. C. I. L. VIII. 10570, Sup. 14464 ; Ephem. Ep. V. 470.
Decretum M. Aurelii et Commodi (176-180) propter controversies quae inter
mercatores ortae erant. Copies of this decree were probably placed at each one
of the gates of Rome. The one found before the Porta Salaria has come down
to us entire. C. L L. VI. 1016 ; Ephem. Ep. IV. 787.
3.. Rescripta. Provisional decisions on consultation with magis-
trates or private persons. These take the form of epistulae, intro-
duced by (ille) salutem dicit, and closing with vcdete.
Epistula Vespasiani ad Vanacinos (72 A.D.). Inscribed on a bronze plate
found in Corsica. It refers to a boundary dispute. C. I. L. X. 80.38.
Epistula Vespasiani ad Saborenses (78 A.D.). Inscribed on a bronze plate
found in the town Cafiete, between Malaga and Sevilla, Spain. C. I. L. II.
1423.
Epistula Domitiani ad Falerienses (82 A.D). Addressed to the inhabitants
of Falerii and referring to their difficulties with the Firmani. C. I. L. IX. 5420.
MILITARY DIPLOMAS 355
Epistula Severi et Caracallae ad Tyranos (201 A.D.). A marble tablet found
on the bank of the river Dniester, in Bessarabia, containing directions to the
officials Ileraclitus and Tertullus, and relating to the confirmation of privileges
granted to the Tyrani, a people of Illyria. G. I. L. III. 781, and p. 1009.
4. Instruments Conferring Rights of Citizenship and Marriage
upon Veteran Soldiers (Privilegia Militum Veteranorum de Civitate
et Conubio).
Among the constitutiones of the emperor should also be classed the
documents familiarly known as diplomata militaria. These were
formal documents issued upon completion of the term of service,
conferring upon foreign soldiers the privileges of citizenship, and
upon Roman citizens legal marriage even with foreign women.
These constitutiones were engraved upon bronze tablets and set up at
first on the Capitol, but after the time of Domitian on the Palatine.
The names of the soldiers to whom the constitutio applied were
written underneath. These bronze tablets l have perished, but special
certified copies of many of them which were made for the individual
soldiers have been preserved; they differed from the original in
that they contained only the name of the soldier for whom the copy
had been made.
These copies were engraved on two tablets of bronze of oblong
shape, about 4| inches by 6 inches, bound together into diptychs by
bronze threads passing through two holes set in the edge. 2 Two other
1 Some fragments remain, because those who made the copies of constitutiones
of the years 243 and 248 used the original tablets of earlier constitutiones which,
though cut in pieces, still show traces of the earlier writing.
Those diptychs which are extant are given in C. I. L. III. p. 844 seq. ;
Ephem. Ep. II. p. 452-466 ; IV. p. 181-187, 495-515 ; V. p. 92-100, 610-617,
652, and C. I. L. III. Sup. See also Arneth, Zwolf Romische Militardiplome,
Vienna, 1843, and Leo Renier, Recueil de Diplomes Militaires, Paris, 1876.
The fac-simile on p. 358 is from Cagnat's Cours d'lZpigraphie, p. 269, origi-
nally from Renier' s work just mentioned.
2 Paulus, Sent. V. 25, 6. Amplissimus ordo decrevit, eas tabulas, quae publici
vel privati contractus scripturam continent, adhibitis testibus ita siynari, ut in
summa marginis ad medium partem perforatae triplici lino constnngantur, atque
impositae supra linum cerae signa imprimantur, ut exteriori scripturae fidem
interior servet ; aliter tabulae prolatae nihil momenti habent.
356 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
holes were used for fastening and sealing the diptych. Through
these holes bronze threads of triple thickness were drawn, and
fastened on the outside by the seals of seven Roman citizens whose
names were engraved alongside of the seals. While the seals them-
selves have perished, parts of the thread are still seen in the holes
of some diptychs. This was the legal method of fastening these
documents.
The text of the constitutio was written both on the inside and
outside of the diptych. On the outside of the second tablet the lines
run in the direction of the shorter side, on the inside of both tablets,
in the direction of the longer side. The outside of the first tablet
held the names of the witnesses, the groove for the threads and seals
dividing each name into two parts. Probably in the earliest diptychs
only one copy of the constitutio was given, and that on the inside.
One of these diptychs (Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae, 1994) is stL' in
existence. The object of the repetition of the constitutio outside w. s
the avoidance of the opening of the diptych. This custom seems to
have resulted in the gradual neglect of the inner copy which in real-
ity wag the important part of the document, for some diptychs are
found in which the inside inscription is scarcely legible. The largest
number of these documents which remain to us are assigned to vet-
erans from the alae and the auxiliary cohorts, a much smaller num-
ber belong to the classiarii, and still fewer relate to Roman citizens
discharged from the praetorian and urban cohorts. No diplomata of
this kind seem to have been given to the legionary soldiers if we
except those of the two legions, Prima Adiutrix and Secunda Adiutrix,
who were enrolled from the classici.
The formal arrangement of .the constitutio was as follows:
1. The name and titles of the emperor.
2. The class of soldiers and the special body to whom the privilegium was
granted, also the department of service and the name of the commander-in-chief,
i.e. the governor of the province.
3. The number of the years of service.
The phrase item dimissis honesta missione emeritis stipendiis occurs in certain
diplomata, thus extending the privilegium so as to include those who have been
previously discharged honesta missione. After Trajan honesta missio is always
MILITARY DIPLOMAS
SSr
^?5:
2^825361 gBS25z &
rr-H^f-Cj^/ZoQ^Z^fi 4.' X^ CSa
^>< Zuitf^srcyr^rt: :JLU
iILs8522gS
5Sd5?ig?2SzoSS
^rw^^oi^P^C lu >^S ^
feo ^^p^^S^^o^S
2*. ^dtggZo^^^^^
>vJ. in^ <^T'^lUJ
sag^f^sf ^ 2 -,
vj^^ai^ j^i: p^5
s4,lo|i3 J|f
^G%' <
><- g2^K;
>ec- ^^385^
^^s ^^^zS^o2^
-^|S2|g2
g5^ o23z-^3
^JtL yt-d^rwu LIH
Fac-simile of military diploma of the year 98. See p. 355.
358 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
given before the bestowal of these privilegia, and hence the form becomes
militibus qui militaverunt quinis et vicenis pluribusve stipendiis emeritis dimissis
honesta missione.
4. The formula quorum nomina subscripta sunt followed by the formal exten-
sion of these privileges to their descendants, ipsis, liberix, posterisque eormn, ;i
formula appearing before 145 A.D., and tlien not until 178. l
When the privilegia were conferred upon soldiers of the praetorian or urban
cohorts, the formula following the name of the emperor was nomina militum
qui in praetorio meu militaverunt . . . subieci.
5. The privileges conferred civitas and conubium i.e. a legal Roman mar-
riage upon those already mai'ried, or upon those who may marry. Civitatem
dedit et conubinm cum uxoribus quas tune habuissent cum est civitas Us
data aut, si qui caelibes essent, cum us quas postea duxissent, dumtaxat sinyuli
sinyulas.
The formula reads somewhat differently in the constitutiones of soldiers of
the praetorian or urban cohorts, quibus, fortiter et pie militia functis, ius tri'mn
conubi dumtaxat cum siuyulis et primis uxoribus, ut etiam si peregrin' iuris
feminas matrimonio suo iunxerint proinde liberus tollant ac si ex duobus ct 'Ims
Itomanis natos. The right of citizenship is not referred to, because the un MI
soldiers had already obtained IMS civitatis before entering service. These cohorts
were recruited mainly from the inhabitants of Italy.
6. The date day, month, year.
7. The name, in the dative case, of the soldier, together with the designation
of his country. This name may be preceded by that of his cohort and that of his
commander, cohort(is) Lusitanorum cui praeest C. Cisso C. f. Ste. Honoratns ;
also by a phrase indicating the rank of the soldier, expedite, introduced thus by
ex when the soldier has received honesta missio.
8. The formula, dexcnptum et recognitum ex tabula aenea qitae fixa est
Eomae in muro post templum divi Auyusti ad Minervam or in Capitolio post
aedem Fidei populi Kumani in muro.
DECREES OF MAGISTRATES
Decreta Magistratuum
The instrumenta of magistrates, like the constitutiones . of the
emperors, assume the form of edicta, decreta, and rescripta.
Edicta were voluntary statements of the rules which the magis-
trate intended to follow in the interpretation of the law.
Rescripta were replies to special requests.
1 Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 510 ff.
DECREES OF MAGISTRATES
359
Decreta were the decisions of the magistrate in any particular
case within his jurisdiction.
The oldest document of this kind known is the decretum of L.
Aemilius Paulus, the victor at Pydna, as proconsul of Hispania
Ulterior. It is cut in a bronze plate which was found in Spain,
at Alcala de los Gazules, near Cadiz, in ancient Baetica, and is now
^NT
ES5 B N rACR-VM-OPPfD VMp>
1 V5/T- p VM'P op ZAtf tfFNA
ROMANTV5'VE I LET ACT
VJCXVE
Decretum of L. Aemilius Paulus, 565/189.
preserved in the Louvre, Paris. It belongs to the early life of
Paulus, when he was praetor in Spain. The object of the decree is
the setting free of the Lascutani of southern Spain from the control
of their neighbors of Hasta.. 1
With these instrumenta should also be classed the following :
Epistula Consulum ad Teuranos de Bacchanalibus, familiarly known as
Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus, dating 508/180. This letter, engraved on
a bronze plate according to directions found on line 20, contains the substance
of a senatus consultum directed against the Bacchanales in Italy. It was sent
by the consuls to the Teurani, a people of the Brutii. C. I. L. I. 196 ; X. 104.
The epistnla of L. Cornelius the praetor, commonly known as the Senatus
Consultum de Tiburtibus, was engraved upon a bronze tablet found at Tibur,
but now lost. It dates 595/159. It was addressed to the people of Tibur, and
referred to some suspicion under which they had fallen. C. I.-L. I. 201, XIV.
3584.
i Livy, XXXV. 24 ; XXXVI. 2 ; XXXVII. 2, and 46.
360 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
A number of these documents belong to the imperial period. Decretum
Proconsulis Sardiniae, 69 A.D. This was the sententia of L. Helvius Agrippa,
engraved on a bronze plate referring to a boundary dispute between two people
of Sardinia. C. I. L. X. 7852. Epistula Praefectorttm Praetorio, 168 A.I>.
This epistula was addressed to the magistrates of Saepinum and Bovianum by
the praefecti praetorio Bassaeus Rufus and Macrinus Vindex, for the purpose
of preventing the ill treatment of the conductores gregum oviaricorum of the
emperor. It is inscribed on a stone which is still to be found at Saepinum,
near the gate leading to Bovianum, through which runs the sheep-path to-day.
C. I. L. IX. 2438.
We may add to these, the sententia of C. Avidius Nigrinus, the legatus
Augusti propraetore of Trajan inscribed on a marble tablet, C. /. L. III. 567 ;
and the rescript of Claudius Quartinus inscribed on bronze, dating 119 A.D.,
addressed to the duoviri of Pompaelo, Spain, C. L L. II. 2959.
1VDICEAKCAE-FERR.AR
VIDVC-SAQRDCT
AD vi D^VI\M;I WRBMWIT
From an in.-nii i]>tion giving the letters of Claudius Paulinus, propraetore of Lusitania, and
Aedinius I ulianus. jiraefectwt praetorio, on a large marble pedestal found at Vieux
In Aremoricae, now in the Castle Thorigny.
Hubner's Mcempla, p. 208.
- adsedit etiam in provincia Lug\dunense M. Valeria Flnro trib(uno~)
mil(itum) leg(ionis) III Aug(ustae) \ iudire arcae ferrar(iarum) | tres
prov(inci'ie) (!all(iae) \ pr ..... sua volunt(nte) posuerunt ......
Sollemnem istum oriundwn \ ex cicitate Viduc(asfsium) sacerdot(em~) , quern
propter sectym yravitatem(que) Sollemnis iste metis proposito eorum |
restitit. is certus honoris mei erga | se ad videndum me in urbem venit.
Creuly in Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de France, 1876, p. 27 ff.
PUBLIC AND SACRED DOCUMENTS 361
A number of formal letters, such as the above, and official state-
ments of various authorities have been preserved in the inscriptions.
The libellus of L. Septimius Adrastus with its accompanying exemplaria
litterarum of the rationales of Severus relating to the erection of a building by
Adrastus, inscribed on a marble cippus, dating 193 A.D., C. I. L. VI. 1585;
and the interlocutiones of the praefecti vigilum bearing upon the refusal of the
collegium of fullones to pay either ground rent or more probably for water
rights, inscribed on an altar of Hercules and dating 244 A.D., (7. /. L. VI. 266.
PUBLIC AND SACRED DOCUMENTS
1
Acta Publica et Sacra
It will be convenient and consistent as well to describe under this
title all documents associated in a general way with public interests
and related also, in however slight degree, to religion and religious
worship.
FASTI 1
The most important of these inscriptions are the fasti. This
word, in its earliest sense restricted to the days upon which legal
business could be transacted, was later applied to the lists of these
days and finally denoted calendars and chronological records in
general. These fasti are represented in the inscriptions by two
great classes of records.
Annual records and chronicles of events intended for the eyes of
people in general, containing the names of the chief magistrates of
the year, mainly the eponymous magistrates, and brief statements
of the principal occurrences and events, are represented by the Fasti
Consulares and Acta Triumphorum.
The lists of days for legal business which became Jcalendaria,
containing an enumeration of the days and months and festivals of
the year as well as brief notices of a religious and historical char-
acter, are represented to-day by the Fasti Anni luliani.
1 This subject is treated fully in C. I. L. vol. I. and in the editio altera of the
same volume published in 1893.
362 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Fasti Consulares and Ada Triumphorum
The first of these give the names of consuls, dictators with their
magistri equitum, the tribuni militares with consular power, and the
censors with the lustrum which they completed. These data are
arranged in chronological order accompanied by their dates ^accord-
ing to the Catonian era) at intervals of ten years.
The Acta Triumphorum give the names of the triumphatores with
a statement of the people over whom they have triumphed and the
date of triumph, and at times some brief description of the victory.
These Fasti and Acta are arranged in C. I. L. I. 2 in two sub-
divisions. I) Fragmenta Quae Dicuntur Capitolina, II) Cetera Quae
Supersunt Fragmenta.
I. As early as the latter part of the fifteenth century i few frag-
ments of these fasti were known to Italian scholars. In he year
1546, however, many fragments were discovered which were collected
and arranged by Delphinius and other scholars under the direction
of Cardinal Farnese, who transferred them from his own gardens
to the Capitoline and placed them in the Palace of the Conservator!,
where they remain to-day. This disposition of the fragments ac-
counts for the name Fasti Capitolini, by which they have ever since
been known. Other fragments were discovered in 1816-1818 while
excavations were being made in the Forum under the direction of
Carlo Fea, of the Kircherian Museum. Again, in the extensive and
systematic investigations which were carried on between 1872-78
ten fragments were discovered, and finally in 1888 another frag-
ment of the fasti triumphales which referred to the years 567-569
was taken from the bed of the Tiber.
These fasti of the magistrates and triumphatores were engraved on
solid blocks of marble over a foot and a half in thickness, which had
evidently formed part of the walls of some prominent building, in
all probability of the Regia of the pontifex maximus.
The date of the engraving of these fasti is set by Borghesi J
between 718/36 and 724/30. Hirschfeld 2 believes that they were
inscribed in 742/12, when Augustus assumed the office of pontifex
i (Euv. IX. 1. p. 6. See C. I. L. I. 2 , p. 10. 2 Hermes, IX., p. 93.
FASTI CONSULARES 363
maximus. It is probable that the tabulae of the fasti consulares were
engraved in 718/36, when Doinitius Calvinus dedicated the new
Regia, and that separate supplementa were added up to about the
year 766 = A.D. 13. Although the fasti were disregarded in the City
after this period, they were still maintained in the municipalities.
The acta triumphalia, however, were set up in 742/12, when Augustus
became pontifex maximus.
The following is a portion of the fasti consulares running from
524/230-532/222.
M.AIMILIVS-L.F.Q-N BARBVLA M-IVNIVS-D-F-D-N PERA
CENS Q-FABIVS-Q.F.Q.N. MAXIM VERRVCOS.M.SEMPRONIVS.C.F-M.N.TVDITAN-L.F-XL
L-POSTVMIVS-A-F.A.N ALBINVS-H CN-FVLVIVS-CN F.CN-N-CENTVMALVS
SP.CARVILIVS.SP.F.C.N.MAXIMVS-M Q-FABIVS-Q-F-Q-N-MAXIM-VERRVCOS-IT
P-VALERIVS-L-F-M-N FLACCVS M-ATlLIVS-M-F-M-N REGVLVS
M-VALERIVS-W-F-M-N MESSALLA L-APVSTIVS.L-F C-N FVLLO
BELLVM-GALLICVM-CISALPlNVM
L.AIMILIVS.Q.F-CN-N PAPVS C-ATILIVS-M-F-M-N REGVLVS
CENS.C.CLAVDIVS-AP.F-C.N.CENTHO M.IVNIVS-D-F-D.N.PERA.L.F.XXXXII
T.MANLIVS-T.F.T.N.TORQVATVS.IT Q-FVLVIVS-M-F-Q-N FLACVS-M
L.CAECIUVS.L.F.C.N.METELLVS DICT COMIT . H4B . CAVSSA
N-FABIVS-M-F-M-N BVTEO MAG-EQ
DXXX-C-FLAMINIVS-C.F.L NEPOS P-FVRIVS.SP-F.M-N PERILVS
CN.CORNELIVS-L.F.L.N.SCIPIO.CALV M-CLAVDIVS-M-F-M-N-MARCELLVS
524. M. Aimilius L. f(ilius) Q. n(epos) Barbula, M. lunius D. f(ilius) D.
n(epos) Pera Cens(ores') Q. Fabius Q. f(ilius) Q. n(epos) Maxim(us~)
Verrucos(us), M. Sempronius C.f(ilius) M. n(epos) Tuditan(us) l(ustrum)
f(ecerunt) XLI.
525. L. Postumius A. f(ilius) A. n(epos) Albinus 77, Cn. Fulvius Cn. f(ilius)
Cn. n(epos) Centumalus.
526. Sp. Carvilius Sp. f(ilius) C. n(epos) Maximus 77, Q. Fabius Q. f(ilius)
Q. n(epos) Maxim(us) Verrucos(us^) II.
527. P. Valerius L. f(ilius) M. n(epos) Flaccus, M. Atilius M. f(ilius) M.
n(epos) Segulus.
628. M. Valerius M\ f(ilius) M. n(epos) Messalla, L. Apustius L. f(ilius) C.
n(epos) Fullo.
364 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Bellum Gallicum Cisalpinum.
529. L. Aimilius Q. f(ilius) Cn. n(epos) Papws, C. Atilius M. f(ilius} M.
n(epos) Regulus. Censor(es) C. Claudius Ap. f(ilius) C. n(epos) Centho,
M. lunius D. f(ilins) D. n(epos) Pera l(ustrum) f(ecerunt) XXXXII.
5:)0. T. Manlius T. f(ilius) T. n(epos) Torqnatus II, Q. Fulvius M. f(ilius)
Q. n(epos) ^ Flaccus II. L. Caecilius L. f(ilius) C. n(epos) Mctellus,
dict(ator}, N. Fabius M. f(ilius~) M. n(epos) Bute.o, mag(ister) eq(uitum),
comit(iorum) hab(endorum) caussa.
531. (Anno) XXX. C. Flamini[us C. f(ilius) L. n~\epos, P. Furius Sp. f(ilins)
M. n(epos~) Perilus.
532. Cn. Cornel[ius L. f(ilius) L. n(epos) Sc]ipio Calv(us), M. Claudius M.
M. n(epos) Marcellus.
The following are portions of the Acta Triumphorum c ' the years
494, 495, and 632.
494/260. C. Duilius M. f(ilius) M. n(epos) co(n~)s(ul) primus navalem
(triumphum) de (SiCMi(i) et classe Poenica egit, an(no) CDXCIII k(alendis)
interkalar(ibus).
495/259. L. Cornelius L. f(ilius} Cn. n(e,pos) Scipin co(n)s(wZ), de Pueneis
et Sardinia) Corsica, an(no) CDXClV V id(us) Mart(ias).
632/122. L. Aurelius L. f. L. n. Orestes cos., ex Sardinia), pro an(no)
DC[XXXI] VI idus Dec(embres).
II. The second class of the fasti consulares and acta triumphontm
includes the fragments of the fasti, which various priestly colleges
and Italian municipalities framed for their own use, as a means of
recording and dating public events. These are named from their
origin or from circumstances associated with their discovery or
preservation, e.g. Fasti Amiternini.
FASTI ANNI IULIANI 365
BEUVM'ACTIESCLASS
CVMMANtONIO
IMKAESARDlVIf fi"l
A portion of the Fasti Conaulares of Amiternuiu.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 952.
723/31. Bellum Actie(ii}s(e) class(iarium) cum M. Antonio, Imp. Caesar divif.
HI M. Valerius Messal(la) Corvin(us), suf. M. Titus L. f. Cn. Pompeius
Q-f-
Fasti Anni luliani
These calendars, which are essentially religious documents, repre-
sent the early lists of days and festivals which were kept at first
exclusively by the priests, but were afterward (450/304) published
through the efforts of Cn. Flavius, who placed a copy of the calendar
in the Forum. From this time the custom prevailed of exposing in a
public place the list of days and festivals, which was determined
by the priests.
The municipalities and collegia adopted a similar custom, and set
up in cities, temples, and even private houses, copies of the calen-
dars, the originals of which were made by the pontifices at Eome.
There are in existence to-day thirty of these calendars, engraved
or painted on stone, and in a more or less fragmentary state, with
the exception of the Kalendariiim Maffeianum, which is almost com-
plete. They are all of about the same age, arranged according to
the Julian year, which brings the date later than 709/45. They
were all made, however, in 'the time of the Julian and Claudian
emperors, since the oldest belongs to the middle of the reign of
Augustus, while the latest dates in 804 A.U.C., 51 A.D.
The Koman calendars as they appear in these fasti consist of a
series of columns of which the first indicates the eight days of the
week by the litterae nundinales ABCDEFGH, which are repeated
for the successive weeks. Certain days of the Roman year have
names which belong to themselves alone, while the remaining days
are named from these and specialized by the addition of a numeral.
The days tlws named recur every month or year. Those recurring
every month are the Kalends, (K) ; Nones, (NON) ; Ides, (EID).
366
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
LOEDi C
LOED-CERINt
R.OMACOND
FER-COROf ATIS OM
VEMER1
r
-< ^^^
CirC~^I-OEI>F VES-MNDOMOP
^Hi ^S^ BEDIC
April 14, Loedi C(ereri)
" 15, Ford(icidia). Loedi C(ererf)
" 16,
" 17,
" 18,
" 19, Cer(ialia~). Loedi Cer(eri) in
c(i'rco)
" 20,
" 21, Parilia. Roma cond(ita)
" 22, Feriae coronatis om(nibus~)
" 23, Fern (aha). Yen ~i
" 24,
" 25, Rob(igalia)
" -26,
" 27,
" 28, Loedi Flor(ae). Fer(iae) q(uod)
jLOED-F
indomo P(alatina)\dedic(atum)
" 29, Loed(i) F(lorae)
" 30, " "
Fasti Caeretani.
April.
Hubner's Eaeemjilti. No. 976.
Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Caere, now in the Palazzo dei Conser-
vator! at Rome. The date is about 34 A.D.
The names of the days which recur yearly are the following :
Jan. 9 Agonalia
" 11 Carmentalia
" 15 Carmentalia
Feb. 15 Lupercalia
" 17 Quirinalia
" 21 Feralia
" 23 Terminalia
" 24 Regifugium
" 27 Equirria
Mar. 14 Equirria
" 17 Liberalia Agonalia
Mar. 19 Quinquatrus
" 23 Tubilustrium
Apr. 15 Fordicidia
" 19 Cerialia
Apr. 21 Parilia
" 23 Vinalia
" 25 Robigalia
May 9 Lemuria
" 11 Lemuria
" 13 Lemuria
" 21 Agonalia
May 23 Tubilustrium
June 9 Vestalia
" 11 Matralia
Quinct. 5 Poplifugium
" 19 Lucaria
" 21 Lucaria
" 23 Neptunalia
" 25 Furrinalia
Sext. 17 Portunalia
" 19 Vinalia
" 21 Consualia
FASTI ANNI IULIANI 367
Sext. 23 Volcanalia Oct. 13 Fontinalia Dec. 17 Saturnalia
" 25 Opiconsiva " 19 Armilustrium " 19 Opalia
" 27 Volturnalia Dec. 11 Agonalia In(ualia?) " 21 Divalia
Oct. 11 Meditrinalia " 15 Consualia " 23 Larentalia
In addition to the litterae nundinales and the names of certain days
the calendars contain letters indicating the ius et natura of the days.
These are as follows : F = fastus, which marked the days on
which the praetor might say the words do, dico, addico, and legal
business might be transacted. F P. This is of uncertain mean-
ing, perhaps equal to f(astus) p(rincipio~), i.e. fastus in the first part
of the day.
Q R C F = q(uandoc) r(ex) c(omitiavif), f(as~), i.e. the day was
fastus after the rex sacriftculus, had presided in the comitia calata
called twice a year 'for the making of wills. These letters are
attached to March 24th and May 24th.
Q S T D F = q(uandoc) s(tercus') d(elatum) f(as), i.e. the day
is fastus after the rubbish has been carried from the temple of Vesta.
These letters are attached to June 15th.
N = n(efastus~). The courts are closed, hence no legal business
may be transacted.
NP in many fasti, but hF in Fasti Pighiani. This also signifies
nefastus, but these days are nefasti (Mores) because of some festival,
and not nefasti (tristes~) as the preceding, connected with religious
observances. Mommsen explains hP as originating in an N of four
strokes made, as A/V for Manios, for the sake of differentiation. Some
explain NF as equal to n(efastu's) f(eriatus) or n(e)f(astus).
EN = endotercisus or intercisus. 1 The day on which the victim
for sacrifice was slain in the morning, and the exta offered in the
evening, the intervening time was fastus.
C = c(omitialis dies'). 2
1 Varro L.L. 6, 31. Intercisi dies sunt, per quos mane et vesperi est we/as,
medio tempore inter hostiam caesam et exta porrecta fas, a quo, quod fas turn
intercedit aut eo est intercisum nefas, intercisum.
2 Macrob. Sat. 1, 16, 14. Comitiales sunt quibus cum populo agi licet, et
fastis quidem lege agi potest, cum populo non potest, comitialibus utrumque
potest.
368 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
E K'AVGVSTA E s?u AD-FOIWAVHOUTOJUVM
F ii" N ^^^oj^m^^Kl^^^lL
(TJ in C CITIMOREM.VIC1T
H r * C
ANO KJ AE SAlvrl-iNCOut-Qinn Krxit-JAC8.iriciv^
5 MM P tVBllCVM,
A portion of the fasti Vallense*.
August.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 973.
Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in the museum at Naples.
The date is prior to 14 A.D.
Aug. 1. k(alendae~) Augustae. Spei ad forum holitorium. \ Natal(is~) T.Claudii
Germanici.
" 2. Feriae quod hoc die imp(erator) Caesar Hispaniam citeriorem vicit.
" 5. Nonae. Saluti in colle Qtiirinale sacrificium publicum.
C. I. Z,. I., 2 p. 240.
Menologia Rustica,
Another form of calendar is that which is represented to-day by
the Menologium Rusticum Colotianum l and Menologium Rusticum
Vallense. 1 They were prepared for the guidance of farmers, and
therefore state facts of value to that particular class. The former
of these was discovered in Rome, and is still preserved in the
museum at Naples. The calendar is engraved on the sides of a
cubical marble altar in twelve columns, each containing the list of
days for the month. At the head of each column is a sign of the
zodiac, underneath which is the name of the month, the number of
days, the day of the nones, the hours of the day and night, the
name of the sign through which the sun, the god of the month,
passed, the agricultural labors appropriate to the month, and the
principal festivals. See pp. 369, 370.
iC. /. Z. I. ,2 p. 282.
MENOLOGIUM RUSTICUM
369
LAT. INSCRIP. 24
370
LATIN INSCRIPTION'S
SACRED DOCUMENTS 371
SACRED DOCUMENTS
The documents relating to the consecration of temples and con-
nected with objects of religious worship, such as altars and conse-
crated treasures, form another class of acta.
I. The first to be mentioned are the leges templorum, referring to
the consecration of temples and altars, of which the following are
examples.
1. The lex fani of the temple of Juppiter Liber at Furfo, a Sabine town,
dating 090/68. C. I. L. I. 003 = IX. 3513. The introductory form is,
L. Aienus L.f., Q. Baebatius Sex.f.aedem dedicarunt lovis Libert Furfone a.d.
Ill idus Quinctileis, L. Pisone A. Gabinio cos.
Introductory portion of one of the Leges Arae Narbonensis dating 11 A.D.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 1099.
2. The laws dedicating an altar at Narbo to the divinity of Augustus, prob-
ably inscribed in the time of the Antonines, when the altar was rebuilt. C. I. L.
XII. 4333. The first sentence of the lex on the front of the altar is given above.
The lex on the side is introduced as follows :
[Plep]s Narbonesis a [ram] j numinis Angusti de[di~\cavit legibus
Us q(uae~) i(nfra) s(criptae) s(ttnt}:
Numen Caesaris Aug(usti) p(atris) p(atriae~), quando tibi hodie hanc aram
dabo dedicaboque, his legibus hisque regionibus dabo dedicaboqite, quas hie
hodie palam dixero, uti infimum solitm huiusque arae titulorumque est.
3. A law dedicating an altar of Jupiter at Salona in Dalmatia, dating 137
A.D. C. I. L. III. 1933.
C. Domitius Valens II vir i(ure) d(icundo'), prae\eunte C. lulio Severo pon-
tif(_ice},~\ legem dixit in ea verba qnae infra scripta sunt.
372 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
ENSA-OMNI'EXOPLNATV
Portion of a lex templi inscribed on a marble tablet found at Caere, dating 114 A.D.
Hubner's Exetnpla, No. 1074.
Vesbinus Aug(usti) l(ibertus} phetrium Augustalibus \ municipi Caeritum loco
accepto a re p(ublica) \ sua inpensa omni exornatum donum dedit. \ De-
scriptum recognitum factum in pronao aedis Martis \ ex commentario quern
iussit proferri Cuperius Hostilianus per T. Itustium Lysiponum \ scribam,
in quo scriptum erat id quod infra scriptum est : \ L. Publilio Celso II C.
Clodio Crispino co(n)s(M^'6?ts) idibus Aprilib(us), \ M. Pontio Celso
dictatore, C. Suetonio Claudiano aedile iuri dicundo, praef(ecto) aerari.
Commentarium cottidianum municipi \ Caeritum, inde pagina XXVII
kapite VI: \ M. Pontius Celsus dictator et C. Suetonius Claudianus
decuriones in templo Divor(um) corrogaverunt . . .
Act(um} idib(us~) lunis Q. Ninnio Hasta P. Manilla Vopisco co(n)s(ulibus).\
Dedicatum K(alendis) Aug(ustis) isdem co(n)s(ulibus). C. L L. XI. 3614.
II. Enumeration of offerings or ornaments belonging to a sanctuary
or attached to the statues of divinities.
1. An inscription on marble from the temple of Diana Nemorensis, giving
the res traditae fanis, e.g. signa n(umero) XVII; caput Solis I; imagines
argenteas IIII, etc. C. L L. XIV. 2215.
2. A list of ornaments on a statue of Isis, in Spain, e.g. in digito minima
anuli duo gemmis adamant (ibus). C. L L. II. 3386.
3. Two marble tablets containing an inventory of the res sacrae of the
people of Cirta.
Synopsis lovis Victor argenteus in Kapitolio habens in capite coronam
argenteam. C. L L. VIII. 6981-82.
4. A list of offerings dedicated to the god Aesculapius, found at Riez, in
Gallia Narbonensis. C. I. L. XII. 364.
III. With these inscriptions belonging to sacred objects, we
should also class the sortes l or lots supposed to be given by divini-
1 C. L L. L, p. 268 ff., and also XI. 1129 a-c.
SACRED DOCUMENTS 373
ties, and serving as oracular responses in the practice of divination.
These were little tablets of wood or bronze, upon which some
proverb or wish was written, regarded as an omen when the tablet
was properly drawn. Seventeen of these lamellae, made of bronze,
oblong in shape, provided with a handle for carrying, were discov-
ered at Padua, not far from Fans Aponus, a seat of divination.
q 1 LAETVS LVBENS PETITO - QVOD
DABITVR . GAVDEBIS SEMPER
C. I. L. I. 1448.
IV. Monumentum Ancyranum. 1
This famous inscription, engraved upon the walls of a temple, but
not in a religious sense associated with the sacred building, is, with
difficulty, classed with any other inscription. Some 2 regard it as
an epitaph, but Mommsen 3 likens it to the inscription on the tomb
of Antiochus of Commagene on the Nimrud Dagh, in Mesopotamia.
The Monumentum Ancyranum, as termed by Suetonius, an index
rerum a se gestarum, is most valuable in giving information as to the
history of the early Empire. It was originally cut on bronze tab-
lets, so as to be placed in front of the mausoleum of Augustus in
Rome, quern incidi vellet (Augustus) in aeneis tabulis quae ante
Mausoleum statuerentur* and was reproduced in Latin on the inner
wall of the vestibule, and in Greek on the outer wall of the temple
of Augustus and Roma at Ancyra in Galatia, Asia Minor. This
copy is still in great part in existence, so that the substance of the
whole may be, with few exceptions, fully determined. Selections
from the praescriptio and capita I and XIX are given below.
1 C. /. L. III., p. 769 ff. ; Momrasen, Res Gestae DM Augusti, 1883.
2 Bormann, Bemerkungen zum Schriftlichen Nachlasse des Kaisers Augustus,
p. 15 ff. Philologus, 1885, p. 157 ff. ; p. 170 ff. Bullettino Comunale, 1889,
p. 1 ff. ; p. 57 ff.
3 Historische Zeitschrift, 1887, p. 385.
* Suet. Aug. 101 ; Dio Cass. LVI. 33.
374 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
From the Monumentuin Ancyranum.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 1090.
PRAESCRIPTIO : Iterum gestarum dim Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio
populi Rom(ani) \ subiecit et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populum-
que Ro\_ma~\nnm fecit, incisarnm \ in duabus aheneis pilis, quae su[n]t
Bomae positae, exemplar subiectum.
CAPUT I: Annos undeviginti natus exercitum privato consilio et privata im-
pensa \ comparavi, per quern . . .
CAPUT XIX : Curiam et continens ei Chalcidicum, templumque Apollinis in \
Palatio cum porticibus .... fed.
V. Documents of the Collegia of Priests.
The documents belonging to the various sacerdotal colleges are
represented in the inscriptions by fragments which, with one excep-
tion, namely, the acta of the Arval brotherhood, are of comparatively
small account. 1
Acta Collegii Fratrum Arvalium.
The corporation or brotherhood of the fratres arvales is believed
to have been an ancient institution dating from the time of the
kings, which, becoming obsolete, was revived by Augustus. It was
a company of priests, twelve in number, whose original purpose
appears to have been to offer sacrifices and prayers for the fertility
of the fields. They presided at the festival of Dea Dia in May, for
which function alone they were regarded as priests.
1 See Fasti, Acta, Tituli Sacerdotum Publicorum Populi Bomani, C. I. L. VI.,
p. 439.
MILITARY DOCUMENTS 375
The members of the brotherhood were chosen by cooptation and
held position for life. Their place of worship was in luco Deae Diae
ora Campana apud lapidem V. (C. I. L. VI. p. 575.)
The acta of this priestly college have been preserved for us in a
large number of inscriptions which have been discovered in the
Vigna Ceccarelli, near the fifth milestone from Rome, on the Via
Portuensis.
There are in existence to-day acta dating from the time of
Augustus to the reign of Gordian, 241 A.D. These contain various
details, e.g. the names of those attending, the date, place, method
of procedure, etc., of various ceremonies associated with events in
the lives of the reigning emperor and members of his family. They
are of great value in the determination of dates.
A number of these inscriptions were published at Rome in 1795
by Gaetano Marini in Atti e Monumenti de' FratelU Arvali. The
modern work 1 on this subject is Acta Fratrum Arvalium Quae
Sitpersunt, W. Henzen, Berlin, 1874.
In the account of the ceremonies as found in the acta of the year
218 A.D. of the reign of Elagabalus, there occurs the famous chant, 2
which has tested the ingenuity of many scholars.
VI. Commentarium of the Secular Games.
Among these instrumenta sacra there should also be mentioned
the recently discovered acta of the Secular Games (commentarium
ludorum saeculariuvri), dating 737/17, and containing the famous
reference to the poem of Horace, the Carmen Saeculare. s
DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE ARMY 4
The most important documents associated in their origin with
the Roman army are the lists of soldiers (latercula militum) which
1 See also C. I. L. VI. 2028-2119 ; Bullet. Comunale, 1889, p. 116 ff.; Ephem.
Ep. II., p. 211 ff. ; VIII. , p. 316.
2 C. I. L. VI. 2104, 1. 32. C. I. L. I. 28.
3 Monumenti. Antichi of the Accad. Lincei, L, 1891, p. 3 ff. R. Lanciani,
Pagan and Christian Rome, p. 73.
4 Latercula of soldiers stationed at Rome are given in C. I. L. VI. See also
Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 315 ff. Kellerman, Vigilum Bomanorum Latercula Duo
376
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
appear often as additions to other inscriptions either dedicatory
or honorary in their character. The names of the soldiers, accom-
panied by the name of the tribus and native town, and in some
cases by indications of rank, are arranged in sections according to
centuries, with the name of the centurion in the genitive case, head-
ing each section. Probably with the intention of making a docu-
ment regular and orderly in appearance, the final letters of the
nomen and cognomen, as well as of the indications of origin, are
separated from these words.
V MAXIMINI
TORQVATO ET
SEX BAEBIV S
TESS C VASENV S
T ENNIV S
M SEX PATVLCIVS
T CALINIV S
"^C ARMINIV S
C VALERIV S
ATTICO COS
SECVNDV S TICIN
PROCVLV S VRVIN
SEDATV S IADE R
IVLIANV S PVTEO L
MARCELLV S FANO FOR T
PROBV S VOLATE R
SECVNDV S VERO N
C(enturia) Maximini
Torquato et Attico co(n)s(ulibus) (143 A.D.)
Sex. Baebius Secundus Ticino
Tess(enm'ws), C. Vasenus Proculus Urvino
T. Ennius Sedatus lader
M(edicus) 0(rdinarius) Sex. Patulcius lulianus Puteol(is}
T. Calinius Marcelhts Fano Fort(una)
Tub(iceri) C. Arminius Probus Volater(ris)
C. Valerius Secundus Veron(a)
The above is a portion of a register of praetorian soldiers. It was inscribed
on a large marble tablet found at Rome, now in the Vatican. C. I. L. VI.
2379 b.
Coelimontana, Rome, 1835. Lists of legionary soldiers have been found else-
where, notably at Lambaesis, in Africa (C. L Z. VIII., pp. 296-301) ; in Pan-
nonia, Noricum, and Dacia, C. L L. III.
DOCUMENTS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES 377
At the camp discovered at Lambaesis, in Africa, there have been
found a number of interesting inscriptions connected with the
army : l
1. Register of centurions of the legion III Augusta, dating 162 A.D. Ephem.
Ep. V. 1276.
2. Address of Hadrian at the time of his visit in June or July, 128 A.D.
This is extant in a fragmentary state. C. I. L. VIII. 2532.
3. Regulations of the collegia of under officers established in the camp of
the legion III Augusta, dating in the time of Septimius Severus. C. /. L.
VIII. 2552-2557.
DOCUMENTS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES
I. Decrees of the Decuriones.
The decrees of the municipal senate are closely related in their
character to the senatus consulta of the general government at Rome,
and hence are similar in form, giving the date, place of assembly,
and the usual formulae, scribundo adfuere with names of wit-
nesses, and q(uid) d(e) e(a) r(e)f(ieri) p(laceret), d(e) e(a) r(e) i(ta)
c(ensuere).
A number of these documents have been preserved in the inscrip-
tions, of which the following are examples :
1. The most ancient is the Lex Parieti Faciendo of Puteoli, dating 649/105,
which, however, in its present form, is a restoration of the second century A.D.
C. I. L. X. 1781. See page 378. .
2. Cenotaphia Pisana of 3 A.D. inscribed on a marble tablet. These are
decrees of the Senate of Pisa relating to the honores given to Lucius and Gaius
Caesar, the grandsons of Augustus. C. I. L. XI. 1420.
3. The decree of the Senate of Gabii on a marble tablet dating 140 A.D.
This refers to memorial honores given to Domitia, wife of Domitian. C. L L.
XIV. 2795.
4. The Decretum Tergestinum. This decree refers to L. Fabius Severus,
quaestor urbanus, who has rendered service to the decuriones and people of
Tergeste. The date is 138-161. C. L L. V. 532.
1 Cagnat, ISArmee Romaine d'Afrique. Mommsen, Bulletin des Antiquites
Africaines, 1884, p. 282.
378
LATIN ENSCRIPTIONS
OMKb^'s v z^Sscbas
!g<gpfagz^3fe2Si^
'% axSR ^g^ijgs
?5sS3i5aslg|5 u __
SsSllsSl&SS
at5c!>^B2S^frt;2CS : 9fet>cit:i
uj qi ^ ,< <, -< . ' __:.- : : -: -^ ^ u. ^-<. -
Ifi iillip liii 111^^^
|i|i||||5iilii^|g||ii
I^||g||s^i8|l^8g|g^|-'
DOCUMENTS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES 379
II. Registers of Deeuriones.
There are also in existence two examples of the lists of municipal
senators.
1. A bronze tablet from Canusium (Canosa), dating 223 A.D. C. I. L. IX.
338. L, Mario Maximo II, L. Eoscio Aeliano cos // viri
quinqiienn(ales) nomina decurionum in aere incidenda curaverunt.
The names are classified as of patroni c. c. v. v., patroni e. e. q. q. H.B., quin-
quennalicii, allecti inter quinq., II viralicii, aedilicii, quaestoricii, pedani, prae-
textati.
2. The album ordinis Thamugadensis, dating in the last years of Constantine
or in the time of Julian. C. I. L. VIII. 2403.
The names are classified as of v. v. c. c , sacerdotales, curator, duo viri, ponti-
fices, augures, ediles, quaestores, duomralicii.
III. Tabulae Patroiiatus.
Mention has already been made of the customs associated with
hospitium and the gift of tokens in portable form, tesserae hospitales,
denoting such relation.
Similar to this custom was that which led communities to present
to distinguished persons whom they made their patroni, bronze
tabulae patronatus et hospitii, which could be placed in the atrium of
the house or in some public position.
These inscriptions assume either the character of decrees or have
a form peculiar to themselves.
One class of the less formal of these documents, 1 in which senatus populusque
or a similar phrase forms the subject of the verb, may be illustrated by the decree
of the Pagus Gurzensium in Africa; by which L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, grand-
father of Nero, is made patron.
P. Sulpicio Quirinio Q. Valgio co(ri)s(ulibus). Senatus populusque civita-
tium stipendiariorum pago Gurzenses hospitium fecerunt quom L. Domitio
Cn. f. L. n. Ahenobarbo proco(n}s(ule) eumque . . . patronum co(o}ptaverunt,
isque eos . . . in Jidem clientelam suam reccpit. Faciundum coeraverunt ille,
ille, ille. C. I. L. VIII. 68-69.
In another class 2 the name of the person honored is the subject of the phrase
hospitium fecit.
1 Of this character are the tabulae patronatus found at Rome, C. /. L. VI.
1685-1687 ; at Brixia, V. 4919, 4922 ; in Sardinia, X. 7846.
2 C. L L. VIII. 8837 : II. 1343.
380 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. Pomponiu[s . . . .] | hospitium tesseram[que hospitalem quom} \
senatu populoque Cur[_ubitano .... fecit eidemque] \ eius studio beni-
ficieis [. . . . devincti publice] preivatimque C. Pompon[ium . . . posteros-
que] eius patronum sibei po[sterisq(ue) sueis cooptaverumt decretumque ?] \
quom hospitale tessera [. '. . attulerunt legati ?]] Himilconis f(ilius)
Zentuc(. . . .) [ ] | suffetes Muthunilim Hi[ ] | Milcatonis
f(ilius) Baric(. . . .) H[ ] | Ammicaris f(ilius) Zecenor. Ammi-
caris f(ilius) Lilva(. . . .), Mi[ ] | act(a) d(te) K(alendas)
Mai(as~) C. Caesar[e ] co(n)s(ulibus').
Inscribed on a bronze tablet, dating 693/61 or 706/48 or 708/46. C. I. L.
VIII. 10525.
DOCUMENTS OF THE COLLEGIA 1
The instrumenta of the collegia recall the documents of the munici-
palities which they resemble in character and form. The most im-
portant of these acta are the following :
I. Registers of Members.
1. A register (album') of the ordo corporatorum lenuncularior(um)
tabulariorum auxiliariorum Ostiensium is inscribed on marble
tablets which date 152-192 A.D. C, I. L. XIV. 250, 251. The
names are arranged in classes as in the album of the decuriones,
e.g. patroni, quinquennales, plebs.
2. A register of a collegium of Herculaneum. C. L L. X. 1403.
3. A register of the dendrophori dating 251 A.I>. C. I. L. X. 3699.
4. A roll of &familia of gladiators of C. Salvius Capito lanista, arranged
in categories according to the classes of gladiators, e.g. equites,
Thraeces, murmillones, retiarii, sagittarii. C. 7. L. IX. 465-466.
II. Decrees.
1. Lex Collegii Aesculapi et Hygiae, of the year 153. C. L L. VI. 10234.
2. Decretum of the dendrophori of Puteoli, of 196 A.D. C. I. L. X. 1786.
1 W. Liebenam, Decrete der Collegien, Leipzig, 1890.
DOCUMENTS OF THE COLLEGIA
381
IPACEIEI * VTEiaWl-COMLEGr65EiVEMAGSTf
f S VfV 7M0 VEt CO/Af AG El-LOC VS 1/^-TE ATRI-O
CS5ETTAA^QyA I SEl-Si!LVOOS FEdSSE NT
! L- AVEVSTIV5 bbSTR ATO-G ANTO Nl VS NV L
DIOPANT
PHILlrxICA/
Ql-LlV^
NTIQCVS
AMD^/V-AAVNN fVS-N-l
II lO-Cff CA LDO
N.F AHFMOBARB COS
y
Zea; Pagana of Herculaneum. 660/94.
Kitschl's P. L. M. E. Tab. LXV.
Pagus FTerculaneus scivit a. [d]. X T ermina\lia~\, \ conlegium, seive magistrei
lovei Compagei [sunt], utei in porticum paganam reficiendam \ pequniam
consumerent ex lege pagana, \ arbitratu On. Laetori On. f. magistrei \
pag[ei~], uteiqne ei conlegio, seive magistri \ sunt lovei Compagei, locus in
teatro \ esset tarn quasei sei Zw[d]os fecissent. C. L L. I. 571 = X. 3772.
This is a decree of the magistri pagi directing the officers of the
collegium of libertini, named from Juppiter Compagus, the god of
brotherhood, to spend money in public improvements rather than
on games.
382 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
PRIVATE DOCUMENTS
Epigraphic remains of this character are comparatively rare be-
cause of the absence of the necessity of preservation and publication
which naturally belonged to documents of a public character. Hence
whatever has been preserved to us of any importance has been asso-
ciated with other inscriptions such as titnli lioiiomrii or titnfi .svy>///-
crales. The acta ad sepnlcrales sjiectantia mentioned above and given
in C. I. L. vol. VI. are examples of such inscriptions.
Wax Tablets.
There still remain to us, however, very interesting inscriptions of
a private nature on the wax tablets of Dacia and Pompeii.
As early as 1786 and also in more recent years there have been dis-
covered in the mining regions of Dacia, at modern Verespatak, wax
tablets which extend in date over a period of forty years, 131-107
A.D. These are preserved to-day in the Museum of Pesth. 1
Other wax tablets have also been found at Pompeii in the house
of L. Caecilius lucundus, the banker. 2
These wax tablets, similar in form to the bronze tablets mentioned
above, with the exception that most of the former are triptychs, i.e.
of three tablets, while the latter are diptychs, are made of wood
with inner sides covered with black wax and sunk below the surface.
The rim or border of each tablet is pierced with holes for binding
purposes. Across the middle of the second page of the second
tablet, i.e. the fourth of the triptych, a groove is cut parallel to the
shorter edge. At the ends of the groove holes are pierced, through
which triple strings were drawn which were fastened in the groove.
The third tablet was not fastened, in order that an abstract of the
deed, which in Dacian tablets appeared on the fifth and a part of
the fourth page, but in the Pompeian triptychs only on the fifth,
1 C. I. L. III., p. 921, Instrumenta Dacica in Tabulis Ceratls Conscripta.
2 G. de Petra, Le Tavole Cerate Pompei in Atti dell' Academia dei Lincei,
vol. III. 1870. Mummsen, Hermes, XII. 1377, p. 88. Overbeck, Pompeii, 4th
ed. by Mau, 1884, pp. 489 ff. Notizie degli Scam, 1887, pp. 415-420.
PRIVATE DOCUMENTS
383
Inner face of the first tabula of a Dacian triptych. The second tabula is shown on pages
384, 385; the third has disappeared.
Maximus Batonis pnellam nomine \ Passiam, sive ea quo alio nomine est,
an\norum, cirriter p(lus) m(inus') sex, empta sportellaria, 1 \ emit manci-
pioque accepit \ de Dasio Verzonis Pirusta ex Kaviereti[o~] \ 3t ducentis
quinque \ lam pnellam sanam esse a furtis hoxisque \ solntam, fiigitium
erronem non esse, \ praestari. Qunt si qnis e[a~]m puellam \ partemve quam
ex eo l quis evicerit, \ quominus Maximum Batonis quo\ve ea res pertinebit,
habere possi\dereque recte liceat, turn qnanti \ ca puella empta est, [tan~\tam
pecuni[a]m. C. I. L. III. p. 937.
This is a cautio de puella empta, dating
museum at Pesth.
March 17, 139 A.D., now in the
1 Mommsen believes that the words empta sportellaria imply that the girl was,
sportulae causa, given with her mother without additional charge, sportula
having the meaning of gratuity.
384 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
might be seen without disturbing the seals. The Dacian tablets
have wax surfaces on all but the first and sixth pages, which were
not used. In the Pompeian tablets the first, fourth, and sixth pages
Inner face of second tabula of the Dacian triptych shown on p. 388.
Et alterum tantum dari, fide rogavit \ Maximus Batonis, fide promisit Dasius \
Verzonis, Pirusta ex Kavicreti[o~\. \ Proque. ea puella, quae. s(upra) s(cripta)
est, } ducen\tos quinqn'e acccpisse e.t habere \ se dixit Dasius Verzonis a
Maximo Batonis. \ Actnm Karto XVI k. Apriles, \ Tito Aelio Caesare
Antonino Pio II et Bruttio \ Praesente II cos.
are plain wooden surfaces, so that the names of the witnesses which
are written in both cases on the fourth page are cut in the wooden
surface of the Pompeian triptychs.
These tablets are inscribed in cursive letters and contain business
documents of various kinds.
PRIVATE DOCUMENTS
385
Devotiones.
We may also class with these private documents the devotiones
or deftxiones which contain phrases of ill wishing directed against
Outer face of the second tabula of Jhe Pacian triptych shown on ]>p. 3si. ::-4.
Maximi Ve\neti princi\pis |, Masuri Messi \ dec(urionis) \ Anneses An\dunoc-
netis, | Plant Verzo\nls Sclaietis |, Liccai Epicadi \ Marciniesi], Epicadi
Plaren\tis qui et Mico \ Dasi Vevzonis \ ipsius vendi\toris.
The abstract of the deed in the above is the same as the deed on the first
tabula except that it is not completed, running only to ea res ; et is inserted in
line 9, earn takes the place of iam, and a is omitted in line 10, noxaque appears
for noxisque, fugitivam f or fugitium, earn for em.
personal enemies or those guilty of some offence. They consist of
formulaic expressions consigning the one disliked to some sinister
deity to whom the deftxio is addressed. Most of these devotiones
LAT. INSCRIP. 25
386 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
are written in a rude cursive style on tablets of lead or bronze which
were placed in sanctuaries or tombs. -
A few of them are in monumental form, as e.g. one l found in Spain addressed
to Dea Ataecina, Dea Ataecina Tttribriy(ensis), Proserpina, per tuam maies-
tatem te rogo oro obsecro, uti vindices quot mihi furti factum est.
Deflxio inscribed on a lead tablet found at Bath, England. The words, with
few exceptions, are in retrograde order.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 947.
Q(ui) mihi ma(n)teliu(r>i) in[v]olavit, |
sic liquat (c) com aqua | ella m[u]ta, ni q(ui) earn [sa~\lv\avit
Anniu(s) vel exs \nper e(i) us [V^erianus, Se\verimis, A(u)gustalis,
Com\itianus, Catusminianus, \ Germanilla, lovina
See also Zangemeister, Hermes, XV., p. 688.
WALL INSCRIPTIONS
Inscriptiones Parietariae
It is. difficult to classify either as tituli or instrumenta the inscrip-
tions which appear upon walls of buildings such as those of Pompeii
and, in less number, those of Rome ; for in reality they partake of
the nature of both, so diverse is their character and purpose.
The inscriptions which are painted or scratched with a yraphiam
upon the clay walls of the houses of Pompeii are edited by C.
Zangemeister in C. I. L. vol. IV. and Epliem. Ep. I. 49, 177 ff.
1 C. /. L. II. 462.
WALL INSCRIPTIONS 387
The earliest of these Pompeian inscriptions belonging to the pre-
Augustan period are those painted in red on the tufa walls of the
houses, and consist mainly of recommendations for election of
candidates for municipal offices.
N BARCHA - II V V BO VFITA V BEIS . VENVS POMP SACRA
N(umerium) Barcha(m) II v(irum) v(irum) b(pnuin) o(ro) v(os) f(aciatis),
ita v\_o~\bns Venus Fomp(eiana) sacra [sancta propitia sit]. C. I. L. IV. 26.
Some of these are advertisements of various kinds, e.g. for a vase that has
been stolen (No. 64), and again others give lists of officers, as the magistri vici
et compiti (No. 60, 707/47).
The painted inscriptions of a later date (Nos. 84-1176) contain information
of a similar character to those just mentioned.
A large number of these wall inscriptions are announcements .of gladiatorial
games (Nos. 1176-1204). They are introduced at times by some formula as pro
salute domus Augustae, giving the alleged cause for the holding of the contests.
This statement is followed by the name of the man to whom the/aroi7ia gladia-
toria belongs, the number of pairs matched, the place, time, other events, and
additional attractions, as sparsiones, vela, etc.
Ln[creti~]i Valentis flaminis Neronis Aug(usti) f(ilii) perpetui, D. Lucreti(i)
Valentin filial), [fam(ilia) glad(iatoria) pugn(abit) Pompeis~\ V k(alendas)
April(e.s) ; venatio et vela erunt, p. colonia ... C. I. L. IV. 1185.
The inscriptions scratched with a graphiurn on the walls of the
houses are mainly of a private character.
XII k(alendas~) Maias tun(icam) pal(liwn\ nonis Mais fas (ciani), VIII idus
Ma(ia~)s tunicas duas (lavandas dcdi or accepi). C. I. L. IV. 1393.
Others illustrated by the following contain verses from well-known poets.
C. L L. IV. 1895-6.
388
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
1. Quid pote tan durum saxso aut quid mollius undo,
Dura tamen molli saxsa cacantur aqua. Ovid. A. A. I. 475.
The Ms. reading is quid magis est saxo durum, quid mollius unda ?
2. Ubi perna cocta est si convivae npponitur
Non gustat pernam lingit ollam aut caccabum. Plautus, Persa I. 3, 25.
7. Z;. IV. 1891-98-94.
Littera Theorianis semper dictura salutem
Nomine mine dextri tempus in omne manet
Surda sit oranti tua ianua laxaferenti
Audiat exclitsi verba receptus [am]a[w*]. Ovid. A. A. I. 8, 77.
Janitor ad dantis vigilet, si pulsat inanis
Surdus in olductam somniet usq[ue] seram. Propert. V. 5, 47.
CONSULAR DiPTTCHS 1
(Diptycha Consularia)
In the later empire it became the custom for consuls when entering
upon their official duties to present to senators and other prominent
persons, carved ivory tablets. These contained representations of
the spectacles which marked their entrance to office, together with
the names and portraits of the consuls. They were in all probability
a sort of invitation to the initiatory festivals. The oldest of these
diptychs dates 406 A.D. and the latest 541.
i C. 7. L. V. 6836, 8120 ; XII. 133. W. Meyer, Zwei Antikf. Elfenbein-
tafeln, Abhandlung der K. Bayer, Akad. I., cl., vol. XV., Munich, 1879.
He"ron de Villefosse, Feuille de Diptyque Consulaire Conservee au Louvre in
Gazette Archeologique, 1884.
DOCUMENTS 389
DOCUMENTS
Lex Antonia de Termessibus
de Termesi(bus) Pisid(is) mai(oribus).
C. Antouius M. f., Cn. Corne[lttw] |
C. Fundanius C. f. tr(ibunei) pl(ebei), de s(enatus) s(ententia)
plebem [ premius scivit. j
I. Quei Thermeses maiores Peisidae fuerunt, queique | eorum legibus
Thermesiura maiorum Pisidarum | ante k. April., quae fuerunt
L. Gellio Cn. Lentulo cos., 1 [ Thermeses maiores Pisidae factei
sunt, queique | ab ieis prognati sunt erunt, iei omnes | postereique
eorum Thermeses maiores Peisidae leiberei amicei socieique
populi Komani sunto, j eique legibus sueis ita utunto, itaque
ieis omnibus sueis legibus Thermensis maioribus | Pisideis
utei liceto, quod advorsus hanc legem | 11011 fiat. | .
Quei agrei quae loca aedificia publica preivatave Thermensiun
maiorum Pisidarum intra fineis eorum sunt fueruntve L.
Marcio Sex. lulio cos., 2 | quaeque insulae eorum sunt fueruntve
| ieis consolibus, quei supra scriptei sunt, quodque | earum
rerum ieis consulibus iei habuerunt [ possederunt us[e fruct-
eique~\ sunt, quae de ieis rebus \ locata non s[unt, utei antea
habeant possideant; #]uaeque | de ieis rebu[s agreis loceis
aedificieis locata su]nt ac ne | locentur [sctncitum est sanctione,
g]uae facta | est e[of] \\_ege rogata L. Gellio Cn. Lentulo cos.,
e]a omnia Ther[meses maiores Pisidae habean^t possideant ;
ieisque [rebiis loceis agreis aedificieis utantur /rjuantur | ita,
utei ant[e Mitndatis bellum, quod ^>]reimum | fuit, 3 habueru[w
possederunt useifrucf] eique sunt.
Quae Thermensorum m[aior]m Pisidarum publica | preivatave
praeter [Zocato] loca agros aedificia sunt | fueruntve ante bellum
Mitridatis, quod preimum j factum est, quodque earum rerum
iei antea | habuerunt possederunt usei fructeive sunt, | quod
eius ipsei sua voluntate ab se non abalienarunt, | ea omnia
Termensium maiorum Pisidarum, utei sunt | fuerunt, ita sunto,
itemque ieis ea omnia | habere possidere uutei frueique liceto. |
390 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
Quos Thermenses maiores Pisidae leiberos servosve | bello Mitri-
datis ameiserunt, magistratus pr[oi;e] | magistratu, quoia de ea
re iuris dictio erit qu[oque] \ de ea re in ious aditum erit, ita de
ea re ious deicunto iudicia recuperationes danto, utei iei eos
recuperare possint.
Nei quis magistratus prove magistratu legatus ne[/ue] | quis alius
meilites in oppiduin Thermesum maiorum | Pisidarurn agrumve
Thermensium maiorum | Pisidarum hiemaiidi caussa introdu-
cito, neive facito, quo quis eo meilites introducat quove ibei |
meilites hiement, nisei senatus nominatim, utei Thermesum
maiorum Pisidarum in hibernacula meilites deducantur, de-
creverit: neive, quis magistratus | prove magistratu legatus
neive quis alius facito | neive inperato, quo quid magis iei
dent praebeant | ab ieisve auferatur, nisei quod eos ex lege
Porcia | dare praebere oportet oportebit. |
Quae leges quodque ious quaeque consuetudo L. Marcio | Sex.
lulio cos. inter civeis Romanes et Termenses | maiores Pisidas
fuit, eaedem leges eidemque ious | eademque consuetudo inter
ceives Romanes et Termenses maiores Pisidas esto; quodquo
quibusque | in rebus loceis agreis aedificieis oppideis iouris |
Termensium maiorum Pisidarum ieis consulibus, quei supra
scriptei sunt, fuit, quod eius praeter [locata] loca agris aedi-
ficia ipsei sua voluntate ab se non abalienarunt, idem in eisdem
rebus loceis agreis | aedificieis oppideis Termensium maiorum
Pisidarum | ious esto; et quo minus ea quae in hoc capite
scripta | sunt ita sint fiant, eius hac lege nihilum rogatur. |
Quam legem portorieis terrestribus maritumeisque Termenses
maiores Phisidae capiundeis intra suos | fineis deixserint, ea
lex ieis portorieis capiundeis | esto, dum nei quid portori ab
ieis capiatur, quei publica | populi Romani vectigalia redempta
habebunt. Quos | per eorum fineis publicanei ex eo vectigali
transportabunt [eorum fructuum portorium Termenses ne
capiunto].
C. I. L. I. 204, P. L. M. E. tab. XXXI. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found
at Koine in the sixteenth century, now at Naples. This is a part of the
law of C. Antonius (cos. 691/63), tribune of the plebs, and his colleagues,
DOCUMENTS 391
establishing the autonomy of Tefmessus Maior, a town of Pisidia. It
dates in 683/71, at least not long after 682/72. * 682/72. 2 663/91.
3 It began in 660/88. The portion printed in Italics is known from a
copy of the sixteenth century, as it has disappeared from the plate.
Senatus Consultum de Nundinis Saltus Beguensis
SC. de nuridinis saltus l Beguensis in t(erritorio) Casensi, descrip-
tum et recognitum ex libro sententiarum in senatu die [to] rum
k(apite) VI T. luni Nigri, C. Pomponi Camererini co(n)s(ulum),
in quo scripta erant A[/n'ca]ni 2 iura 3 et id quod i(nfra)
s(criptum) est.
In comitio in curia. 4 . . .
[-Scrjibundo adfuerunt Q. Sa[7]onius Q. f. Ouf. [Zojngus, . . .
04] ni Quar[*]inus, C. Oppius C. f. Vel. Severus, C. For (?) . .
C. f. . . . [Sex. rw]ciu[s], M. f. Quir. Clarus, P. Cassius L. f.
Aem. Dexter q(uaestor), P. Nonius M. f. Ou[/]. Macrinus
q(uaestor). 5 In senatu fuerunt C.
SC. per discessionem factum.
Quod P. Cassius Secundus, P. Delphius Peregrinus Aleius
Alennius Maximus Curtius Valerianus Proculus M. Nonius
Mucianus coss. verba fecerunt de desiderio amicorum Lucili
Africani c(larissimi) v(iri), qui petunt: ut ei permittatur in
provincia Afric(a), regione Beguensi, territorio Musulamiorum, 6
ad Casas, nundinas II II nonas Novemb. et XII k. Dec., ex eo
omnibus mensibus IIII non. et XII k. sui cuiusq(ue) mensis
instituere habere, quid fieri placeret,
de ea re ita censuerunt : permittendum Lucilio Africano, c. v., in
provincia Afric(a), regione Beguensi, territorio Musulamiorum,
ad Casas, nundinas IIII non. Novemb. et XII k. Decembr. et
ex eo omnibus mensibus IIII non. et XII k. sui cuiusq(ue)
mensis instituere et habere, eoque vicinis advenisq(ue) nun-
dinandi dumtaxat causa coire convenire sine iniuria et incom-
niodo cuiusquam liceat.
Actuin idibus Octobr. P. Cassio Secundo, M. Nonio Muciano.
Fodem exemplo de eadem re duae tabellae signatae sunt.
Signatores: T. Fl(avi) Comini scrib(ae), C. Iul(i) Fortunati
392 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
scrib(ae), M. Caesi Helvi Euhelpisti, Q. Metili Onesimi, C. Iul(i)
Periblepti, L. Verati Philerotis, T. Fla(vi) Crescentis.
C. I. L. VIII. 11451. Inscribed on two tablets of stone found at Hr. el-
Begar, Africa, dating 138 A.D. On nundinae, see Pliny Ep. V. 4. Suet.
Claud. 12. C. I. L. III. 4121. Imp. Constantinus nundinas die solis
perpeti anno constitute. 1 Frontinus, Grom. 53. In Africa saltus now
minores habent privati, quam res publica territoria, immo longe maiores.
2 i.e. of Lucilius Africanus mentioned below. 3 i.e. possessiones et lati-
fundia, in which he had asked that it might be granted him to hold min-
dinae. * In the curia lulia built where the curia Hostilia had been,
i.e. in the comitium. 5 See Ephem. Ep. II. p. 283. 6 Tac. Ann. II. 62.
EPISTULA OF VESPASIAN TO THE SABORENSES
Imp. Cae. Vespasianus Aug. pontifex maximus tribuniciae potes-
tatis VIIII, imp. XIIX, consul VIII, p(ater) p(atriae), salutem
dicit I III viris et decurionibus Saborensium.
Cum multis difficultatibus infirmitatem vestram premi indicetis,
permitto vobis oppidum sub nomine meo, ut voltis, in planum
extruere. Vectigalia, quae ab divo Aug. accepisse dicitis,
custodio; si qua nova adicere voltis de his proco(n)s(ulem)
adire debebitis ; ego enim iiullo respondente constituere nil
possum. Decretum vestrum accepi VIII. ka. August. ; legatos
dimisi IIII. ka. easdem. Valete.
Ilviri C. Cornelius Severus et M. Septimius Severus publica
pecunia in acre inciderunt.
C. I. L. II. 1423. Inscribed on a bronze plate found in the town of Canete,
between Malaga and Sevilla, existing in copy. The date is 78 A.D.
MILITARY DIPLOMAS
1. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug. pont. max., tr. pot. II, imperator
VI, p. p., cos. Ill, 1 desig. IIII, veteranis, qui militaverunt in
classe Ravennate sub Sex. Lucilio Basso, 2 qui sena et vicena
stipendia aut plura meruerunt et sunt deducti in Pannoniam,
quorum nomina subscripta sunt, ipsis liberis posterisque eoruin
civitatem dedit et conubium cum uxoribus, quas tune liabu-
issent, euin est civitas is data, aut si qui caelibes essent cum
DOCUMENTS 393
iis, quas postea duxissent dumtaxat singuli singulas. Non.
April., Caesare Aug. f. Domitiano, Cn. Pedio Casco cos. 3 Platori
Veneti f., centurioni, Maezeio.
Descriptum et recognition ex tabula aenea, quae est fixa Romae
in Capitolio ad aram gentis luliae, de foras podio sinisteriore,
tab. I pag. II, loca XXXXIIII. T. lull Eufi Salonit. eq. R.
P. Vibi Maximi Epitaur. eq. R. T. Faui Celeris ladestin. dec.
C. Marci Proculi ladestin. dec. P. Caetenni dementis Salon.
P. Luri Moderati Risinitan. Q. Poblici Crescentis ladestin.
C. I. L. III., p. 850. Inscribed on a bronze diptych found at Salona, in
Dalmatia, now in Berlin. l See page 129. 2 Tacitus, Hist. II. 100.
3 April 5, 71.
2. Imp. Caesar Vespasiamis Augustus, pontifex maximus, tribu-
nicia potestat. VIII, imp. XVIII, p. p., censor,, cos. VII,
design. VHP
Nomina speculatorum qui in praetorio meo militaverunt, item
militum qui in cohortibus novem praetoriis et quattuor urbanis
subieci, quibus fortiter et pie militia functis ius tribuo conubi
dumtaxat cum singulis et primis uxoribus, ut etiamsi pere-
grini iuris feminas matrimonio suo iunxerint, proinde liberos
tollant, ac si ex duobus civibus Romanis natos. A. d. IIII.
non. Decembr., Galeone Tettieno Petroniano, M. Fulvio Gillone
cos.
Coh. VI pr., L. Ennio L. f. Tro. Feroci, Aquis Statellis.
Descriptum et recognitum x tabula aenea, quae fixa est Romae
in Capitolio in basi lovis Africi.
C. L L. III., p. 853. Inscribed on a bronze tablet once forming part of a
diptych, found near Kustendje (Tomos) , now at Vienna. l See page 129.
LOTS
(Sortes)
1. Conrigi vix tandem quod curvom l est factum [c]rede. 2
2. Credis quod deicunt : non | sunt ita ; credere stultu. 3
3. De incerto certa ne fiant, 4 | si sapis caveas.
394 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
4. Est equos perpulcer, sed tu | vehi non potes istoc.
5. Formidat omnes, quod | metuit, id sequi satiust.
6. Qur petis pos tempus consilium ? quod rogas 5 non est.
C. I. L. I. 1438, 1439, 1440, 1442, 1444, 1454. Maxims or proverbial expres-
sions inscribed on bronze lamellae found at Barbarano, between Vicetia
and Padua (Patavium), but afterwards lost. They were probably used
at Fans Aponus, a seat of divination near Patavium. They date in the
seventh century of the city. The inscriptions of seventeen of these sortes
have come down to us. See Suetonius, Tiberius, 14. See also Stoll,
De Sortibus Praenestinis, Philologus, XI. 1856, p. 304. Kitsch!, Die
Lateinischen Sortes, Op. IV., p. 395. 1 Another reading is crw.
2 Inscription has rede. 3 Inscription has ne fore stultu. Kitsch!, non
scin te ita re fore stultu(m'). Mommsen, non sunt ita, credere stultu(m).
* Mommsen, cerium fiat. 5 Mommsen prefers roges.
FROM THE ACTA OF THE FRATRES AfiVALES
1. Isdem cos. 1 Ill idus Octobr. 2 L. Salvius Otho Titianus 8 mag.
. collegi fratrum Arvalium nomine immolavit in Capitolio ob
imperium Neronis Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanici lovi
b(ovem) | marem, lunoni vaccam, Minervae vacc(am), Felicitati
publicae vacc(am), Genio ipsius taurum, divo Aug(usto)
b(ovem) marem, divae Aug(ustae) vaccam, divo Claudio
b(ovem) marem. In collegio adfuerunt: | L. Salvius Otho
Titianus mag., C. Piso, C. Vipstanus Apronianus, M. Valerius
Messalla Corvinus, | A. Vitellius, 4 Sulpicius Camerinus, P.
Memmius Regains, T. Sextius Africanus. |
C. I. L. VI. 2041. Inscribed on a marble tablet found in the Vigna
Ceccarelli, where was located the grove of the Fratres Arvales. 1 A.
Paconius Sabinus, A. Petronius Lurco consules snffecti in 58 A.D. 2 The
day Nero received the imperium. * The brother of the Emperor Otho.
4 The emperor of 69 A.D.
2. Isdem co(n)sulibus * pr(idie) idus Mart(ias) | vota numcupata pro
s[af]ute et reditu \_Vitelli~\ Germanici imp(eratoris), 2 praeeunte
L. Maecio | Postumo, 3 mag(isterio) [ Vitelli~\ Germanici imp(era-
toris), promag(istro) Maecio Postunio, coll(egi) fra(trum) |
DOCUMENTS 395
Arval(imn) nomine : Iov(i) b(ovem) m(arem), lun(oni) vac-
c(am), Min(ervae) vacc(ain), divo Aug(usto) \_b(ovem) m(orcm)],
| divae Aug(ustae) vacc(am), divo Claudio b(ovem) ui(arem).
In colleg(io) adf (uerunt) L. Maecius Posturnus. j
C. I. L. VI. 2051. Inscribed on a marble tablet found in the Vigna Cecca-
relli. l Galba and Vinius, the consuls, were slain Jan. 15, 69. Otho and
his brother Titianus succeeded them. 2 On the 14th of March, on which
day Tacitus (Hist. I. 90) declares that Otho departed from the city.
These vota were made for the safe return of Otho and not Vitellius, but
when Otho was defeated, since the acta of this day had not yet been
written down, the name of Vitellius was substituted for that of Otho, and
was afterwards erased. For the name Germanicus given to Vitellius, see
Tac. Hist. I. 62 ; II. 64. 3 He seems to have been put in the place of
Otho Titianus, who accompanied his brother to the war, cf. Tacitus,
Hist. II. 33.
TABULAE PATRONATUS
1. M. Crasso Frugi L. Calpumio Pisone | cos. 1 | III non. Febr., |
civitas Themetra ex Africa hospitium | fecit cum C. Silio C. f.
Fab. Aviola [ew]m liberos posterosque eius sibi liberis |
posterisque suis patronuni cooptave|runt. | C. Silius C. f. Fab.
Aviola civitatem Theme|trensem liberos posterosque eorum |
sibi liberis posterisque suis in fidem | clientelamque suam
recepit | egerunt. | Banno Himilis f . sufes, | Azdrubal Baisillecis
f. | Iddibal Bosiharis f. | leg.
C. I. L. V. 4919. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found at Brescia, now lost.
!A.D. 27.
2. Nerone Claudio Caesare | Aug. Germanico L. Antistio Vetere |
cos. 1 | k. Augustis Q. lulius Q. f. Qui. Secundus 2 legatus pro
praetore hospitium fecit cum | decurionibus et colonis colonia j
lulia Aug. legionis VII Tupusuctu sibi | liberis posterisque suis
eosque pa|trocinio suo tuendos recepit, | agentibus legatis Q.
Caecilio Q. f. Palatina Firmano | M. Pomponio M. f. Quir.
Vindice.
C. I. L. VIII. 8837. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found near Constantine
(Cirta), Africa, now in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris. I A.D. 55.
2 Secundus was perhaps the legatus of the Province of Baetica.
396 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
PRIVATE DOCUMENTS
1'llKCHASE OF A HOUSE
Andueia Batonis emit m.a,nci[_pioque] accepit domus partem
dimidiam, interantibus partem [deafjtram, que est Alb(urno)
maiori vico Pirustar[wm w] t[er] adQ/mes Platorem Accep]-
tianum et Ingenuin Callisti } trecentis de Veturi[o Valente].
Earn domus partem dimidiam, q(ua) d(e) a(gitur), cum su[/
s]aepibus saepimentis, finibus, aditibus, claustris, fienestris,
ita uti clao fixsa et optima maximaque est, h(abere) r(ecte)
l(iceat) ; [e]t si quis earn domum partemve quam quis [e]x
[ea] evicerit q(uo) m(inus) Andueia Batonis e(ive), a(d)
q(uem) e(a) r(es) p(ertinebit), h(abere) p(ossidere) u(suque)
c(apere) r(ecte) l(iceat) ; qu[o]d ita licitum u[o]n erit, t(antam)
p(ecuniam) r(ecte) d(ari), fide r(ogavit) Andueia Batonis, fide
promisit, Veturius Valens. Proque ea do[mu partem d.',/i]idiam
pretium X CCC Vetur[ws Fjales a[6 .4]n[dw]ei[a .Ba]tonis
accepiss[e ef] ab[ere se dixit]. Convenitq(ue) int[e]r eos, \_nti~\
Veturius ~V&[lens pro ea] domo tributa usque ad recensum
dep[e]n[c?af|.
Act(um) Alb(urno) maiori prid. nonas Maias Qui[?*,]tillo et
Frisco cos.
L. Vasidius V[i]ctor sig(navit). T. Fl. Felicis. M. Lucani
Melioris. Platoris Carpi. T. Aureli Prisci. Batonis Annaei.
Veturi Valentis venditoris.
C. I. L. III. 944. Bruns, Fontes luris Homani, 6 p. 291. Inscribed on the
inner face of a wax tablet found at Verespatak, in Dacia. Square
brackets indicate supplements from outside copy.
EXECRATIONS
Devotiones
1. Quomodo mortuos qui istic | sepultus est nee loqui | nee sermonare
potest, seic | Rhodine apud M. Licinium Faustum mortua sit
nee | loqui sermonare possit. | Ita uti mortuos nee ad deos | nee
ad homines acceptus est, | seic Rhodine aput M. Licinium |
accepta sit et tantuni valeat, | quantum ille mortuos, quei J istic
WALL INSCRIPTIONS 397
sepultus est. Dite Pater, Rhodine | tibei commendo uti semper
| odio sit M. Licinio Fausto, | item M. Hedium Arnphionem, |
item C. Popillium Appollonium, | item Vennonia Hermiona, |
item Sergia Glycinna.
C. I. L. I. 818. Inscribed on a lead lamina found in a tomb near Rome,
now in the Kircherian Museum, Rome.
2. Dii i(n)feri, vobis com(m)e(n)do, si quic(q)ua(m) sactitates
(= sanctitatis) h[a]betes (= habetis), ac tadro ( trade)
Ticene (= Tychenem, Tychen) | Carisi, quodqu[o]d agat,
quod i(n)cida(n)t | omnia in adversa. Dii i(n)feri, vobis |
com(m)e(n)do il(l)ius mem(b)ra, colore(m), figura(m), caput,
capilla ( = capillos), umbra(m), cereb|ru(m), fru(n)te(m),
supe[rc?7]ia, os, nasu(in), | me(n)tu(m), bucas, la[6ra, vejrba,
(h)alitu(in), colQu^ii), 1 iocur, umeros, cor, pvdmones, i(n)tes-
tinas (= intestina), ve(n)tre(m), brac(h)ia, digitos, maims,
u(m)b(i)licu(m), visica ( = vesicam), femena ( = femina),
genua, crura, talos, planta(s), tigidos ( = digitos). Dii i(n)feri,
si illa(m) videro tabesce(n)te(m), vobis sacrificiu(m) lubens ob
an(n)uversariu(m) facere 2 dibus parentibus il(l)iu[s] voveo(?)
peculiu(m) (?) ta[6e]scas!
C. I. L. X. 8249. Inscribed on a lead plate folded up and pierced with a
nail, found in a tomb near the amphitheatre of Minturnae. l This is
Zangemeister's suggestion for the letters on the plate which seem to read
vitucolu. Bormann suggests visu colu. 2 Schneider reads sacrw(m)
t7(7)wd v(otum) venio [o]6 'anuversariu(m} facere, making venio facere
= faciam.
WALL INSCRIPTIONS OF POMPEII
Painted Inscriptions
1. M. Marium | aed. faci. 1 oro vos.
2. Q. Caecil. q. v. benific. 2 o. v.
3. A. Vettium Firmum | aed. o. v. f., dign. est, | Caprasia cum
Nymphio rog. | una et vicini o. f .
4. Sabinum aed. | Procule fac et ille \ te faciet.
398 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
5. pro salute | ...... Caesaris Augu[sta'] 8 li[6]e[ro]rumqu[e |
eius et ob~\ dedicationem arae [/am. gladiat.~\ Cn. [^4//]ei
Nigidi Mai flami[ws] . . . Caesaris Augusti pugn. Pompeis
sine ulia dilatione 1III non lul., venatio vela erunt.
6. A. Suetti Certi | aedilis familia gladiatoria pugnab. Pompeis j pr.
k. lunias, venatio et vela erunt. 4
7. Otiosis locus hie non est, discede morator.
C. I. L. IV. 61, 29, 171, 635, 1180, 1189, 813. 1 aed(ftem) faci(atis).
2 q(uaestorem') v(irum) benific(um) 0(7-0) v(os). 3 Either imp. Caesaris
Augusti or imp. Ti. Caesaris Augusti. 4 Suettius probably gave gladia-
torial exhibitions under the direction of Nero between 54-59 A.D.
Engraved with a Stilus
8. Nucerinis f infelicia. 1
9. Ill idus Aprilis | tunica 2 5 I [ III;
10. Amianthus, Epaphra, Tertius ludant 3 ; cum Hedysto lucundus
Nolanus petat; nu[m]ere[w]t Citus et Acus, Amianth[ws].
C. I. L. IV. 1329, 1392, 1936. J Tac. Ann. XIV. 17. 2 tunica (lauta) denario
uno. 3 The reference is to a game of ball (trigon). Of. Seneca, Ep. "><>, 1,
si vero pilicrepus supervenit et numerare coepit pilas, actum est. Cf.
Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 822.
CONSULAR DIPTYCHS
1. Fl. Felicis 1 v. c., com. ac mag. utrq. mil., patr. et cos. ord.
2. Fl. Astyrius 2 v. c. et inl. com., ex mag. utriusq. mil., cons. ord.
3. Nar. Manl. Boethius 3 v. c..et inl. ex p. p., p. u. sec., 4 cons. ord. et
patric.
Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 1298, 1300, 1301 = C. I. L. V. 8120. 1.
Inscribed on ivory diptychs on which are also drawn the figures of consuls.
1 Felix, consul ordinarius in 428 A.D. 2 Consul of 449 A.D. mentioned by
Sidonius Ep. VIII. 6, 5. 8 Consul ordinarius of 487. * ex p(raefect<>)
p(raetorio), p(raefectuis) u(rbi) sec(undo).
CHAPTER IX
RESTORATION AND DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
Restoration of Defective Inscriptions.
An account of the science of Latin Epigraphy would be incom-
plete if no attention were paid to the renewal of inscriptions which
remain to us in imperfect form, for it is a fact readily understood
that epigraphic material consists, in a very large degree, of frag-
ments which would be of little service and value were it not possible
for scholars to make restorations more or less satisfactory, and which
in many cases have been shown, by subsequent discoveries, to be
correct.
It would be manifestly impossible to suggest a method of treat-
ment which would be useful in every case, since this depends almost
absolutely upon the character of the individual inscription itself.
Nevertheless, certain general principles may be stated which will be
of assistance in this most important and most interesting side of
epigraphic study. It is a cardinal principle that nothing associated
in any way with a fragmentary- inscription is so insignificant as to be
unworthy of consideration in the task of supplying portions that are
lost. It is, therefore, imperative that the most exact copy attainable
should be within reach of the student. 1 This has resulted in the use
of the so-called "paper squeezes," which are made by moistening
sheets of stout white paper and pressing them into the indentations
of an inscription by means of a brush with short stiff bristles.
Reproductions of inscriptions of this form have been found very
satisfactory in their exactness. In the case of small articles, wax
impressions are more convenient.
1 See Uber Mechauische Copieen von Inschriften. E. Hiibner. Berlin, 1880.
399
400 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
The study of an inscription must involve both an internal and
external consideration of all that is associated with the same. It
must include an examination of the method of engraving, the forms
of the letters and words, and of the character of the subject matter,
but it must also be turned to the circumstances of the discovery, the
location, and the association with other inscriptions.
The form of an incomplete letter, supplemented by a knowledge
of what the normal letter in its complete shape would be, often
determines the word which has disappeared. A knowledge of the
numerous ligatures is very useful, particularly in the inscriptions
found in -Africa. In supplementing defective words, much attention
should be given to the subject of abbreviations, for it must be
remembered that certain words are regularly given in abbreviated
form, but others very rarely.
The most common injuries exhibited by stones are such as destroy
the beginning or end of the lines. It is, therefore, necessary to
determine the original length of the line, so as to calculate the num-
ber of letters required to make it complete. This knowledge may
be obtained from the general outline of the inscription, and from
a comparison of the lengths of the remaining lines. We may say,
in a general way, that a number of the lines in an inscription are of
the same length. The first and last lines are regularly shorter than
the others, because of the character of their subject matter, but they
are proportionate in length to the other lines, and their middle
points correspond with the middle points of the others. By knowl-
edge thus obtained, the determination of the number of letters to
be supplied may be accomplished with a fair degree of exact-
ness.
The next important step is the consideration of the class of
inscriptions to which the one in question belongs. This is necessary
in order that a knowledge of the formulae likely to occur may be
obtained, and comparison with other inscriptions made possible.
Other important data are, the natural succession of honores in the
various cursus honorum, the imperial names and titles, and the
customary order of the same, the history of the legions, their
enrollment, location, and length of service.
RESTORATION OF INSCRIPTIONS 401
The following example, originally given by Renier ' as illustrating
the scientific restoration of a defective inscription is also used in
like manner by Cagnat 2 .who regards it as a perfect model of its
kind.
R-EQV IT-ROM IVT-XVIR
LITIB IVDIC.QVAES R - PROVINCIAE
RETAE-ET-CYRENAR MP-VESPASIANI
AESARIS AVG LEG X FRETEN D N I S MIL!
B IMP VESPASIANO CAESAR T CAESARE AVG F
ELLO IVDA1CO CORONA . MVRALI . VALLARI AVREA HASTlS PVRIS
EXILLIS DVOBVS TR . PL . PR . LEG - PROVING PONTI ET BITHYNIAE
AECINIA A F LARGA VXOR ET
RCIA A F - PRISCILLA . FILIA .
It is evident that the inscription is honorary in character and that it has been
set up perhaps at his tomb by the wife and daughter of the person whose name
has disappeared. The honores are given in the ascending order.
Before the quaestorship which appears in the second line we would look for
the military service and the vigintivirate. The latter may be readily supplied
thus, XVI R sJLITIB IVDIC ; the former is shown by IVT which is part of the
name Ad IVT rix. There were two legions thus named, Prima Adiutrix and
Secunda Adiutrix. Although it is uncertain which legion is here indicated,
Renier has shown from the inscription itself that the person referred to was
made a quaestor under Vespasian and since he was tribunus militum about two
years before this time, and the legion // Adiutrix was formed under Vespasian, it
is probable that the first legion is the one named. Following the usual form we
may supply then, trib. mil. leg. I Ad\V~[. The honorary title which was often
given to those who had not yet attained the quaestorship readily suggests itself
for the first part of this line, so that we read: seviR EQVIT ROM. The
quaestorship was either of the city, which would give simply QVAEST., or
provincial, which would give QVAEST. pr. pr. = quaestori pro praetore. In the
former case the following function would naturally be leg(ato} pr. pr(aetore),
but for this there is evidently no room ; hence the line may be completed thus :
QVAEST pr. pR. After the quaestorship a person might become legatus of a
proconsul in a senatorial province of the praetorian grade, or hold the next
1 Explication et Restitution d'une Inscription Decouverte a Nettuno. L.
Renier in Mem. de V Acad. des Inscr., 1867, p. 269. ' 2 Cours d" 1 Epigraphie
Latine, p. 337.
LAT. INSCRIP. 26
402 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
magistracy, the tribunate of the plebs or the aedileship. In this case, however,
the function following the quaestorship is evidently that of legatus of a legion,
so that we may supply legatus iMP VESPASIANI cAESARIS AVG LEG X .
FRETENsis. The words donis militaribus would naturally be preceded by
donato, hence read donato DONIS M\L\taribus. The next line refers to the two
emperors who conducted the Jewish war, and we may read aB IMP VESPASI-
ANO CAESARe Aug et T - CAESARE AVG F 6ELLO IVDAICO.
At the beginning of the seventh line the number of the vexilla has dis-
appeared, but according to the rules 1 controlling military decorations two
vexilla would be assigned to a man of quaestorian grade. Inasmuch as the
legati of praetorian grade alone have the right to three vexilla, three hastae
purae, and three coronae, it is evident that duab(us) is needed here. The
cursus honorum is now complete with the remaining functions tribunus plebis,
praetor, legatus provinciae Po iti et Bithyniae.
The first word of the next line is the nomen of the wife who has thus honored
her husband. The remnant aecinia would suggest CAECINIA, but GVAECINIA is
possible. The nomen Graecinia, taken from Graecinus, is hardly admissible for
the wife of a senator in the time of Vespasian. Still further, the father, a
Graecinius or Caecina, is named A(ulus), as A -filla shows, but we do not know
of a Graecinius with the praenomen A(ulus), and it must be remembered that in
a family of rank the range of praenomina and cognomina was limited to a
certain number. We do not know of a cognomen Largus with a Graecinius,
hence we naturally select CAECINIA. We know also of two consuls, A. Caecina
(13 A.D.) and A. Caecina Largus (42 A.D.), which fact confirms the selection.
The nomen of the daughter may be either PoRCIA, J/rtRCIA, or ZaRCIA.
Aulus, however, is not found with Porcius, and is rare with Marcius, but is
common with Larcius. We find still further in this family, if not a Priscillus,
at least a Priscus, so that the name of the daughter is Z/RCIA PRISCILLA, anil
of her father, A. Larcius.
Renier has pointed out that the legatus of the legion X Fretensis at the time
of the capture of Jerusalem is spoken of in Josephus (Bel. lud., VI. 4) as A.
Larcius Lepidus. From this we can conclude that the inscription is in honor
of this man, and the first line "must contain his name. Between the nomen and
cognomen we would expect the indication of descent and the tribus. The first
of these is uncertain, since we do not know the praenomen of the father,
although we may conjecture that it is the same as that of the son. The inscrip-
tion was found at Nettuno, hence we would expect Quirina, a tribus which
actually appears in an inscription 2 of an A. Larcius Priscus, legatus of Numidia,
found recently at the same place and referring probably to the father of the
person honored in the inscription before us.
1 See page 193 note.
2 Ephem. Ep. V. 696. R. Cagnat, Bulletin pigr. 1884, p. 12.
RESTORATION OF INSCRIPTIONS 403
The completed inscription is as follows :
a I a r c i o a f i I q u i r i n a I e p i d o
seviR EQVIT ROM trib. mil leg. adIVT XVIR
sJLITIB . IVDIC - QUAES* pr pR PROVINCIAE
cRETAE ET CYRENARwm leg iMP-VESPASIANI
cAESARIS AVG . LEG . X FRETENs donato DONIS . Ml Lltartf&u*
aB IMP VESPASIANO CAESARe augusto et T CAESARE - AVG F
6ELLO IVDAICO CORONA MVRALI VALLARI AVREA HASTIS PVRIS
dwa&oEXILLIS.DVOBVS-TR-PL-PR LEG PROVING PONTI ET . BITHYNIAE
c A E C I N I A A F- LARGA VXOR ET
ZaRCIA - A F . PRISCILLA FILIA . FECERVNT
SPECIMENS OF IMPERFECT INSCRIPTIONS
MEMORIAE
lANI-F TORQVATI-NOVELLI.P.F
A I A N I ATTICl X VI Rl STLIT I VD
I C I N E P MIL LEG T TRIB . VEXILLAR
NERVAE - PRONEP VATTVOR T V XX XXl Q AED
0-HADRIANO AD- HAST CVR LOG PVBLIC
ONINO-AVG.PIO D CENS ACCIP ET . DiLECT ET
MAXIMO- TRIBVN S-PROVINCIAE-NARBON
AT IT COS IT P P VS- HONORIS- FINE
VS POPVLVSQVE AGENS XXXXII.l'
VlNVS VETERES 0- IVLlI . DECESSIT
1. C. I. L. XIV. 2100. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Civita Lavinia
(Lanuvium), existing now in copy. The date may be obtained from the
table, p. 133. The inscription began thus : imp. Caesari.
2. C. I. L. XIV. 3602. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Tivoli (Tibur),
existing in a copy. Torquatus was tribune of the vexillarii of four legions.
In line nine read in cuius honoris. Borghesi assigns this inscription to
Novellius Torquatus of about the time of Tiberius, and refers to Pliny Nat.
Hist. XIV. 22, 144, who testifies to his being praetor and proconsul.
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
PATER PATRIAE
IMP CAESAR DIVI F
AVGVSTVS PONT
IMVS COS
GNATVS XT
TRIBVNI
VI I I
IVS
DECVRIONA
HONOR AEDILI
X HS II M DCXXXXII N"
ISSET ADI ECTA AM
SE PECVNIA FECIT IDEMQ
VIT DD ET AMPLIVS
VL POPVLO DEDIT
1. C.I. L. XII. 5488. Inscribed on a miliarium of the Via Aurelia, between Aix
and Aries, existing in a copy. The restitution has been verified from simi-
lar stones of the same locality. The date is 751/3.
2. C. 7. L. VIII. 14296. On a marble pedestal found at Hr. Schuegi, Africa.
In second line supply ob honorem; in line eight ep]wZ[jra], others suggest
sport]ul[as. The first line may be cum pater e]ius or [cwm
pater eius . . . .] atus.
ANO - FIL SVO
VIXIT ANN - XVII
BVS DIEB XXIII ET
POSTERISQV
IN FRONTE PED . VIII
IIA PRIMA DONAVIT P
HADRIANI AN
AUG-PII-P.P.
CORPUS PISTO
COLONIAE
PORTUS VTRIV
I M . M
VRELI ANTONIN
AVGVSTORVM
LEG XXlT PRIMIG
IVSSVS
CVM AEDIF
1. . L L. XIV. 1509 a. Found at Ostia. In line 6 IIA is all that remains of
the nomen of Prima.
2. C. L L. XIV. 101. Found at Civitavecchia, now existing in a copy. C. I. L.
gives in the first line M. Aelio Aurelio, in the second Caesari, in third the
beginning of the name of his father. The corpus pistorum Ostiensium et
Portuensium is referred to.
DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS
405
3. C. I. L. XI. 596. Found at Forli (Forum Livi), where it still exists. The
second line begins probably with pro salute or ob reditum. The third line
may have contained formerly the name of Geta. Supply visu before iussus.
Mommsen thinks it probable that Caracalla and Geta returning to Italy
after the death of their father visited the camp of the twenty-second legion
at Moguntiacum.
D M
P V I C
AE QV
ANN IS
M-X.D.XIII
AVG E N D
FILIAE IN
CEN
SEX IVLIO SE
VOL VERINO
MINI AEDIll M
NERARIO PAT
TRIVM DECVR
NVM CVM FIL
VIVS SINI FECIT
D
POM
ADI
VIX -ANN
111 ."POM
VS MES
R - AMA
T I SS I M
PATRI
1. C. I. L. VIII. 4458. Inscribed on a cippus found at Ksar Scheddi, Africa.
2. C.I.L. XII. 522. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Aix, existing in a
copy.
3. C. I. L. VIII. 4459. Inscribed on a cippus found at Ksar Scheddi, Africa.
Dating of Inscriptions.
The determination of the date or period of inscriptions demands
in many cases the consideration and study of inscriptions from
every point of view.
Constant reference has therefore been made in what precedes to
the various indications of date which the occurrence of certain
usages belonging to well-defined periods provides.
The various suggestions leading to the determination of date may
be classified as obtained either from an external or formal consider-
ation of an inscription or from an internal or material view of the
same.
The first of these implies : 1) A study of the object upon which
the inscription appears, its size, ornamentation, circumstances of
discovery, such as the depth beneath the surface and proximity to
other inscriptions. Such data may be useful in identifying in its
406 . LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
date the inscription in question with others which admit of assign-
ment to certain periods ; 2) a consideration of the inscription itself,
the nature of the engraving, the morphology of the letters, the
orthography and the grammatical formation and interrelation of the
words.
The second class of suggestions leading to the determination of
date is concerned with the subject matter of the inscriptions.
We have already seen on page 123 how inscriptions of the. im-
perial period may be dated from the titles and salutations of the
emperor. If an inscription contains the names of consuls, it is
possible in most cases to assign a date by reference to the Fasti
Consulares. It is necessary to be cautious in thus depending on
consular names, since those who acted as substitutes, consules suffecti,
as well as those who received the consularia ornamenta, are fre-
quently named as consuls. It must be remembered also that the
title cos., followed by a numeral of iteration, accompanied the
name of the emperor even when he was not actually holding office.
Augustus was consul for the second time in 748/6, and was con-
tinually designated thus until 18 A.D., when he became consul for
the third time. Any inscription containing simply the name of
Augustus with cos. // may be assigned to any year between 748/6
and 18 A.D.
Names of distinguished personages and officials are often of much
importance in this respect. Such are the names of the high officers
at Home and in the provinces, also of associates and friends of the
emperor. The date of the official career of prominent men may
often be learned from historical sources, and the period of inscrip-
tions may thus be determined.
A very important source of chronological information is found in
the history of the various legions, which may be compiled from
historical writings and from a comparison with dated inscriptions,
and particularly from the military diplomas which contain certain
exact dates.
The following tables will be of use in determining the date of
inscriptions.
DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS 407
TABLE OF ARCHAISMS
ai AND ae ; ae is found replacing ai in some words in S. C. de Bacchanalibus
(186 B.C.), alongside of the earlier spelling. It is the established form for
the Lex Bantina (133-118), the Lex Bepetundarum of 123-122 B.C. The
transition form, aei, appears about the close of the second century B.C.
The archaic spelling was restored in the reign of Claudius.
oi FOR oe AND u ; about 200 B.C. u begins to replace oi and oe. u is found in
the Scipio epitaph of the beginning of the second century B.C. and in the
Mummius inscription of 146 B.C. oi and oe continue to be used, especially
in official inscriptions, even to the Ciceronian period.
ou AND u; u replaces ou about 100 B.C. It appears for ou in Lucius in the
Scipio epitaph, dating not later than 200 B.C. Both are seen in Lex Bantina
(133-118 B.C.), Lex fiepetundarum (123-122 B.C.), but ou is disregarded
entirely in Lex Cornelia (81 B.C.).
ei AND I ; ei represents in the inscriptions either original ei, as in defco, or
stands for the long i. The first is found in the early inscriptions, and
appears in the S. C. de Bacch. (186 B.C.). The spurious diphthong ei is
found in audeire in Lex Bepetundarum of 123-122 B.C., and in ameicitiam
of Lex Agraria of 111 B.C.
ASPIRATION OF CONSONANTS ; see page 29.
FINAL s AND m ; the letters s and in are frequently omitted in early inscriptions,
but this omission ceases about 130 B.C.
FINAL d; this final letter of the ablative case is written in the 8. C. de Bacch.
(186 B.C.), but is not found in the decree of Aemilius Paulus of 189 B.C.
It may be said to have disappeared from use a little after 200 B.C.
xs FOR SIMPLE x ; this spelling does not occur before its appearance in the S. C.
de Bacch. (186 B.C.). It then is found particularly in inscriptions of 130-
120 B.C., and again in the Augustan period, and later.
DOUBLE CONSONANTS ; see page 29.
DOUBLE VOWELS ; see page 30.
-os AND -om ; these forms were reduced to -us and -um except after u and v in
the nominative and accusative cases of o-stems about 234 B.C.
-es, -eis, -Is ; these endings mark the nominative case plural of o-stems of the
close of the second century B.C., and of the beginning of the first.
-us, GENITIVE ; the -us ending of consonant stems is found in early inscriptions,
as in the S. C. de Bacch. (186 B.C.), also in the Lex Agraria (111 B.C.)
and the Epistula ad Tiburtes (100 B.C.), but ceases about 100 B.C.
NOTE. See chapters I. and II., also Index of C. I.L. vol. I.; Ritschl's Opus-
cula Philologica, vol. IV., p. 765, and P. L. M. E. p. 123 ff. ; Lindsay's The
Latin Language; Schneider's Dialecti Latinae Priscae et Faliscae Selecta
Exempla, Index.
408 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
TABLE OF LEGIONS
II. Augusta. Formed by Augustus, 27 B.C. Quartered in Egypt, in
Moesia (5 A.D.), on the Rhine (9), with Gennanicus (15-16), Britain
(43).
III. Augusta P(ia) V(index). Formed by Augustus, 27 B.C. Service in
Africa, surnamed Liberatrix by Galba, in Numidia, surnamed Pia
Vindex by Septimus Severus, against the Parthians (216 A.D.), dis-
banded by Gordian III, re-formed by Valerian, in wars against
Formus (373) and Gildon (398).
III. Cyrenaica. Formed by Lepidus in Africa. Service in Egypt (66),
with Vespasian in 69, in the East with Trajan.
III. Gallica. Formed by L. Munatius Plancus in Gaul. Service with M.
Antonius against the Parthians, in Moesia (5 A.D.), with Corbulo in
Armenia, in Moesia (68), in Syria under Vespasian and Domitian,
with Trajan in the East, with Hadrian in Judea and Phoenicia.
IV. Macedonica. Formed probably by Brutus in Macedonia. Quartered in
Spain in time of Augustus, in Mauretania under Caligula, in Germany
(Moguntiacum) in 43, favored Vitellius (68), disbanded by Vespasian.
IV. Scythica. Formed by M. Crassus in 29 B.C. Quartered in Syria (27
B.C.), in Moesia (5 A.D.), in Germania Inferior (47), with Corbulo
in the East (58), surrendered to Vologeses (62), in Syria (63),
with Trajan in Judea (114).
V. Alauda. Formed by Julius Caesar. Quartered in Spain (27-24 B.C.),
in Germany, in Pannonia (6-9 A.D.), in Britain with Claudius, in
Moesia in time of Vespasian, destroyed by Sarmates (84) or disbanded
by Vespasian.
V. Macedonica. Formed by Brutus in Macedonia. Service in Syria up
to 5 A.D., then in Moesia, with Corbulo in the East (62), in Judea
with Titus, defeated Sarmates (84), in Dacia, in Moesia.
VI. Victrix P(ia~) F(elix~). In Spain after the reign of Augustus, on the
Rhine (70 A.D.), in Germania Inferior up to time of Hadrian, in
Britain (120). Trajan gave the name Pia Felix.
VII. Claudia P(?a) F(idelis). Quartered in Macedonia, about 10 A.D. sent
to Ualmatia, to Pannonia by Nero, recalled to Italy (68), sent to
Moesia by Galba, to Germany under Mucianus, in Moesia (71).
Claudius gave the name Claudia Pia Fidelis.
VIII. Augusta. Formed by Augustus. Quartered in Pannonia, in Moesia in
time of Claudius (47), called to Italy (68), in Moesia in time of Galba,
in Germany under Mucianus.
IX. Hispana. On the Danube in time of Augustus, sent to Africa (20 A.D.),
to Spain (24), to Britain (43), destroyed by the Britons (120).
TABLE OF LEGIONS
409
X. Gemina P(i'a) F(idelis'). Formed by Augustus in 27 B.C. under name
X Augusta. Quartered in Spain, lost its name in 19 B.C., named
Gemina after 5 A.D., sent to Germany in 58, to Spain in time of
Galba, in Germany in time of Vespasian until reign of Trajan, in
Dacia with Trajan, in Pannonia.
XI. Claudia P(ia~) F(idelis^). In Pannonia in time of Augustus, then in
Dalmatia, called to Italy (68), in Germania Superior (70), in Moesia
in time of Trajan.
XII. Fulminata. Formed by Augustus. Quartered in Egypt, sent to Syria
(18 A.D.), with Corbulo (62), in Armenia, surrendered to Vologeses,
in Syria, in Cappadocia.
XIII. Gemina P(ia) F(idelis). Formed by Augustus in 27 B.C. Service in
Pannonia, with Germanicus in Germany, in Pannonia, called to Italy
(68 A.D.), at Bedriacum and Cremona, sent to Pannonia by Vespasian,
in Dacia. Nero probably gave the name Pia Fidelis.
XIV. Gemina Martia Victrix. Formed by Augustus in 27 B.C. Service in
Germany with Tiberius and with Germanicus, in Britain (43 A.D.),
summoned by Nero (68), opposed Vitellius, after Bedriacum returned
to Britain (69), sent to Pannonia (92). Nero gave the name Martia
Victrix.
XV. Apollinaris. Formed by Augustus. Service in Pannonia (6-9 A.D.),
with Corbulo in the East (63), in Judea with Vespasian and Titus,
in Egypt and Pannonia, with Trajan in the East.
XVI. Gallica. Sent to the Danube by Augustus, in Germany after disaster
of Varus, disbanded by Vespasian.
XVII. Gallica. Destroyed with Varus at Teutoburg Forest (9 A.D.).
XVIII. Gallica. The same as the above.
XIX. Gallica. The same as the above.
XX. Valeria Victrix. Form'ed in 27 B.C. by Augustus, quelled insurrection
in Pannonia (6 A.D.), and received name Valeria Victrix, with Ger-
manicus, in Britain (43), fought under Agricola.
VI. Ferrata. Formed by Augustus in Syria (5 A. D.). Service with Corbulo
in Armenia (58 and 62), in Syria in time of Vespasian, with Trajan
against the Parthians, after Hadrian in Judea.
X. Fretensis. Formed by Augustus in Syria (5 A.D.), with Corbulo in
Armenia (62), in Egypt in time of Nero (65), in Judea with Vespasian
and Hadrian.
I. Germanica. Formed hastily in 9 A.D. after destruction of Varus, sent
into Germany, disbanded by Vespasian (71).
XXI. Bapax. Formed in 9 A.D. Service in Germany, fought for Vitellius at
Bedriacum, in Illyria, in Germany against Civilis, in Moesia in 101.
XXII. Deiotariana. Formed 9 A.D. Quartered in Egypt, supported Ves-
410 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
pasian (69), in Judaea with Titus, annihilated in an ambuscade by
the Parthians (162).
XXII. Primigenia P(ia) F(idelis). Formed in 43 A.D., sent to Moguntiacum,
in Italy (69), favored Vitellius against Galba, sent to lllyria, to Pan-
nonia, returned to Germany (91 ). Hadrian gave the name Pia Fidelis.
I. Italica. Formed by Nero in Italy, sent into Gaul, after Cremona sent
to lllyria, then to Moesia.
XV. Primigenia. Formed probably in time of Claudius. Service in Pan-
nonia, called to Italy by Nero (68), sent to Pannonia by Galba, dis-
banded by Vespasian because of revolting to Civilis.
I. Adiutrix. Formed by Nero for the fleet (68), enrolled as legion by
Galba, sides with Otho, after Bedriacum sent to Spain by Vitellius,
in Germany, in Moesia, 86-91, and in time of Trajan, in Paimonia.
VII. Gemina F(elix). Formed by Galba in Spain under name Galbiana or
Hispana (68 A.D.), in Pannonia. Vespasian gave the name Gemina
F(elix) , in Spain.
II. Adiutrix P(t'a) F(idelis). Enrolled under Vespasian from the fleet at
Ravenna, on the Rhine with Mucianus, on the Danube (85), in
Pannonia after 107. Vespasian gave the name Pia Fidelis.
IV. Flavia F(elix). Formed by Vespasian (71 A.D.), sent to Dalmatia,
to Pannonia, in Moesia, in Dacia under Domitian and Trajan.
Hadrian gave the name Felix.
XVI. Flavia P(ia} F(idelis). Formed by Vespasian (71 A.D.). Service in
Cappadocia, against the Parthians. Trajan gave the name Pia
Fidelis.
I. Minervia P(ia) F(idelis). Formed by Domitian (85 A.D.). Service
in Lower Germany (91), in Moesia, in Germany (107), Trajan gave
the name Pia Fidelis.
XXX. Ulpia Victrix. Formed in 101 by Trajan. Service in Germany, in
Mesopotamia, under Constantius II.
II. Traiana Fortis. Form,ed in 105 A.D. by Trajan. Stationed at Alexan-
dria, in Parthia (114), sent to Alexandria by Hadrian, where it
received the name Fortis (137).
II. Italica. Formed by M. Aurelius before 170 A.D. In Noricum in time
of Alex. Severus.
III. Italica. Formed by M. Aurelius before 170 A.D. In Rhaetia in time
of Alex. Severus.
I. Parthica. Formed by Septimius Severus. Quartered in Mesopotamia,
in Arabia, and at Palmyra.
II. Parthica P(ia} F(idelis'). Formed by Septimius Severus. Quartered
at Alba in Italy. Elagabalus gave name Pia Fidelis.
III. Parthica. Formed by Septimius Severus. Quartered in Mesopotamia.
TABLE OF IMPERIAL RELATIONSHIPS
411
THE MEMBERS OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY
The following list includes all the members of the Imperial Family,
from Augustus to Constantine, whose names appear in inscriptions.
Those that were honored after death with the title Divvs, DIVA are
marked with *. Those whose memory was execrated, and whose
names are erased from the monuments, are designated by f. For
names of the Emperors themselves see Chronological Table, p. 123.
*AVGVSTVS
1. OOTAVIA, sister of Aug. ; wife (1)
of M. Antonius, (2) of C. Mar-
cellus.
2. ANTONIA (MINOR), daughter of
M. Antonius and Octavia ; wife
of Drusus (16).
3. MARCELLA (MAIOR), daughter of
C. Marcellus and Octavia.
4. MARCELLA (MINOR), daughter of
C. Marcellus and Octavia.
5. SCRIBONIA, first wife of Aug.
6. IVLIA, daughter of Aug. and Scri-
bonia; wife (1) of M. Marcellus,
(2) of M. Agrippa, (3) of Ti-
berius (15).
7. M. VIPSANIVS AGRIPPA, second
husband of Julia ; son-in-law
of Aug.
8. *LIVIA DRVSILLA (also called
IVLIA AVGVSTA), wife (1) of
Ti. Claudius Nero, (2) of Aug.
9. M. LIVIVS DRVSVS CLAVDIANVS,
father of Livia.
10. ALFIDIA, mother of Livia.
11. C. CAESAR, son of M. Agrippa
and Julia ; grandson of Aug.
12. L. CAESAR, son of M. Agrippa
and Julia ; grandson of Aug.
13. AGRIPPINA L, daughter of M.
Agrippa and Julia ; wife of
Germanicus (18).
14. M. AGRIPPA (POSTVMVS) (also
called PVPVS AGRIPPA and
AGRIPPA IVLIVS), son of M.
Agrippa and lulia.
15. TIBERIVS, son_of_Ti._Claudius
Nero and Livia ; adopted son of
Aug. ; husband" (1) of Vipsania
Agrippina, (2) of Julia (6).
16. NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS, son of
Ti. Claudius Nero and Livia ;
husband of Antonia Minor (2).
17. DRVSVS IVLIVS, son of Tiberius
and Vipsania Agrippina ; hus-
band of Livia, the sister of Ger-
manicus and Claudius.
18. GERMANICVS CAESAR, son of Dru-
sus (16) and Antonia Minor (2);
husband of Agrippina (13).
19. *CLAVDIVS, son of Drusus (16)
and Antonia Minor (2).
20. C. CAESAR, infant son of Germa-
nicus (18) and Agrippina (13).
21. Ti. CAESAR, infant son of Ger-
manicus (18) and Agrippina
(13).
22. CAESAR, infant son of Germa-
nicus (18) and Agrippina (13).
23. NERO CAESAR, son of Germanicus
(18) and Agrippina (13).
24. IVNIA, daughter of Q. Caecilius
Metellus Creticus Silanus ;
bride of .Nero Caesar.
412
LATIX INSCRIPTIONS
25. DRVSVS CAESAR, son of Gennani- 44.
ciis (18) and Agrippina (13).
26. tCALIGVLA, son of Germanicus
(18) and Agrippina (13). 45.
27. t AGRIPPINA II., daughter of Ger-
inanicus (18) and Agrippina 46.
(13) ; fourth wife of Claudius.
28. *!VLIA DRVSILLA, daughter of
Germanicus ( 1 8) and Agrippina 47.
(13).
29. IVLIA LIVILLA, daughter of Ger- 48.
manicus (18) and Agrippina 49.
(13).
30. MEDVLLINA, bride of Claudius.
31. DRVSVS, infant son of Claudin-
and Plautia Urgulanilla. 51.
32. AXTOXIA, daughter of Claudius
and Aelia Petina. -V2.
33. t VALERIA MESSALINA, third wife 53.
of Claudius. -34.
34. OCTAVIA, daughter of Claudius
andMessalina; first wife of Xero. 55.
35. Ti. CLAVDIVS CAESAR BRITANNI-
cvs, son of Claudius and Mes-
salina. "><>.
36. tNERO,son of Cn. Domitius Ahen-
obarbus and Agrippina II. (27). 57.
37. *POPPAEA SABIXA, second wife of r>8.
Nero.
38. C.v. DOMITIVS AHENOBARBVS, hus- 59.
band of Agrippina II. (27) ; j
father of Nero. 60.
39. *VESPASIANVS
40. FLAVIA DOMITILLA, wife of Ves- 61.
pasian. r.
41. *TITVS, son of Vespasian and
Dninitilla. 63.
42. tDOMITIANVS, son of Vespasian
and Dnmitilla.
43. *FLAVIA DOMITILLA II., daughter 04.
of Vespasian and Domitilla ;
wife of Flavius Sabinus.
FLAVIA DOMITILLA III., daughter
of Flavius Sabinus and Domi-
tilla II. ; grandchild nf Vesp.
*IvLi.v AV<;VSTA, daughter <>f
Titus.
DOMITIA LOXUINA, daughter of
Cn. Domitiue Corbulo ; wife of
Doraitian.
CN. DOMITIVS COIMIVI.O, father of
Domitia Longiua.
*NKKVA
SEKGIA PLAVTILLA, daughter of
Sergius Laenas ; mother of
Nerva.
*TRAIANVS
*M. VLPIVS TRAIANVS, father of
Trajan.
*PLOTINA, wife of Trajan.
*.MXIIDIA (MAIOR), daughter of
Marciana ; niece of Trajan.
*ViniA SAIUXA, daughter of L.
Vibius and Matidia Maior;
wife of Hadrian.
MATIDIA (MINOR), daughter of
L. Vibius and Matidia Maior.
HABRIANVS
DOMITIA PAVLINA, sister of Ha-
drian.
L. AELIVS CAESAR, adopted son
of Hadrian.
CEIONIA PLAVTIA, daughter of
Aelius Caesar.
*ANTOMNVS PIVS
ARRIA FAIULLA, mother of An-
toninus Pius.
*AXNIA GALERIA FAVSTINA (MA-
IOR), sister of L. Aelius Caesar ;
wife of Antoninus Pius.
M. AVRELIVS Fvi.vvs ANTOXINVS,
infant son of Antoninus Pius
and Faustina.
TABLE OF IMPERIAL RELATIONSHIPS
413
65. M. GALERIVS AVRELIVS ANTONI- | 84.
NVS, infant son of Antoninus
Pius and Faustina.
66. AVRELIA FADILLA, daughter of 85.
Antoninus Pius and Faustina.
67. *ANXIA FAVSTiNA(MiNOR),daugh-
terof Antoninus Pius and Fau-
stina ; wife of M. Aurelius.
68. *M. AVKELIVS 87.
69. ANNIVS VERVS, father of M.
Aurelius.
70. DOMITIA LTCILLA, mother of 88.
M. Aurelius.
71. T. AVRELIVS ANTOXIXVS, infant 89.
son of M. Aurelius and Faus- 90.
* tina Minor.
72.' T. AELIVS AVRELIVS, infant son 91.
of M. Aurelius and Faustina 92.
Minor.
73. DOMITIA FAVSTINA. daughter j 93.
of M. Aurelius and Faustina ,
Minor. 94.
74. M. ANNIVS VERVS, son of M. j
Aurelius and Faustina Minor.
75. VIBIA AVRELIA SABINA, daugh- 95.
ter of M. Aurelius and Fau- j
stina Minor. 96.
76. *L. VERVS, son of Aelius Caesar
(59); adopted son of Antoni- 97.
nus Pius.
77. ANNIA LVCILLA, daughter of M.
Aurelius and Faustina Minor ;
wife of L. Verus.
78. *tCOMMODVS, son of M. Aure-
lius and Faustina Minor. 99.
79. BRVTTIA CRISPINA, wife of Com- 100.
modus.
80. *PERTINAX 101.
81. tCLODIVS ALBINVS
82. *SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS 102.
83. PACCIA MARCIANA, first wife of 103.
Septimius Severus.
*!VLIA DOMNA, second wife of
Septimius Severus ; aunt of
Julia Soaemias (93) .
*CARACALLA, son of Sep-
timius Severus and Julia
Domna.
tGETA, son of Septimius Sev-
erus and Julia Domna.
tFvLviA PLAVTILLA, daughter of
C. Fulvius Plautianus ; wife
of Caracalla.
tC. FVLVIVS PLAVTIANVS, father
of Fulvia Plautilla.
tMACRINVS
tDIADVMENIANVS, son of
Macrinus.
tELAGABALVS
SEX. VARIVS MARCERLVS, father
of Elagabalus.
tlvnA SOAEMIAS BASSIANA,
mother of Elagabalus.
*t!vLiA MAESA, mother of Julia
Soaemias ; sister of Julia
Domna (84).
IVLIA CORNELIA PAVLA, wife
of Elagabalus.
tSEVERVS ALEXANDER,
cousin of Elagabalus.
tlvLiA AVITA MAMMAEA, sister
of Julia Soaemias ; mother of
Severus Alexander.
GNEIA SEIA HERENNIA SALLVS-
TIA BARBIA ORBIANA, wife of
Severus Alexander.
tMAXIMINVS
*CAECILIA PAVLINA, wife of
Maximinus.
tMAXIMVS, son of Maximinus
and Paulina.
*GORDIANVS I.
*GORDIANVS II., son of Gor-
dian I.
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
104. *tGORDIANVS III., grandson of I 129.
Gordian I.; nephew of Gor- 130.
ilian II.
105. FVRIA SABINIA TRANQVILLINA, 131.
wife of .Gordian III.
106. tPHILIITVS I. 132.
107. tMARCIAOTACILIA SEVERA,Wife 133.
of Philip I. 134.
108. tPHILIPPVS II., son of Philip
I. and Otacilia Severa. 135.
109. tTRAIANVS DECIVS
110. HERENNIA CVPRESSENIA ETRV- 136.
SCILLA, wife of Trajan Decius.
111. fHERENNivs ETRVSCVS, son of
Trajan Decius and Herennia 137.
Etruscilla.
112. tHosriLiANvs, son of Trajan 138.
Decius and Herennia Etru-
scilla.
113. GALLVS 139.
114. AFINIAGEMINABAEBIANA.Wife 140.
of Callus.
115. VOLVSIANVS, son of Gallus. 141.
116. *VALERIANVS I.
117. *tGALLIENVS,sonofValerianI. 142.
118. tVALERiANvs II., son of Vale-
rian I.
119. CORNELIA SALONIKA, wife of 143.
Gallien.
120. tSALONiNvs, son of Gallien and
Salonina. 144.
121. t*VALERiANvs III., son of Gal-
lien and Salonina.
122. *CLAVDIVS II. 145.
123. QVINTILLVS, brother of Clau-
dius II.
124. *tAVRELIANVS 146.
125. VLPIA SEVERINA, wife of Aure-
lian.
126. tPROBVS 147,
127. tCARVS
128. tCARINVS, son of Cams.
, son of Carus.
MAGNIA VRBICA, wife of Cari-
nus.
*NIGRINIANVS, son of Ciirinus
and Magnia Vrbica.
t DIOCLETIAN VS
*tMAXIMIANVS I.
*CONSTANTIVS (CHLORVS),
adopted by Maxim ian.
FLAVIA IVLIA HELENA, wife of
Constantius Chlorus.
*tGALERIVS VALERIVS
MAXIMIANVS, adopted by
Diocletian.
tFLAvivs VALERIVS SEVERVS,
adopted by Maxiinian.
tGxLERivs VALERIVS MA"XI-
MINVS (DAZA), adopted by
Diocletian.
tMAXENTivs, son of Maximian I.
VALERIA MAXIMILLA, wife of
Maxentius.
*VALERIVS ROMVLVS, son of
Maxentius and Maximilla.
tVALERIVS LlCINIANVS LlCINIVS
I., brother-in-law of Constan-
tine the Great.
(FLAVIA CONSTANTIA, sister of
Constantine the Great ; wife
of Licinius I.)
VALERIVS LICINIANVS LICINIVS
II, son of Licinius I and Con-
stantia.
*CONSTANTINVS I. (MAG-
NVS), son of Constantius
(134) and Helena (135).
tFLAvivs IVLIVS CRISPVS, son of
Constantine the Great and his
first wife Minervina.
FLAVIA MAXIMA FAVSTA, sec-
ond wife of Constantine the
Great.
ABBREVIATIONS
415
148. FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTAN-
TINVS (IVNIOR), SOU Of CON-
stantine the Great and Fausta.
149. tFLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANS, SOU
of Constantine the Great and
Fausta.
150. FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANTIVS II.,
son of Constantine the Great
and Fausta.
151. FLAVIVS DELMATIVS, nephew of
Constantine the Great.
Abbreviations (Notae, later Sigla).
It has already been seen from what has preceded that initial let-
ters and various other abbreviations of words enter very largely into
the language of the inscriptions, and that consequently a familiarity
with the most common of these forms is essential to facility in
reading. The student is referred to the very complete table given
pn p. 417 ft"., which has been obtained from the Cours d j fipigraphie
Latine of Professor Rene Cagnat.
Certain general principles 1 will be found of advantage in the
interpretation of abbreviations.
1. Words written in abbreviated form consist either of the initial
letter (si^g^ijla) or of a continuous group of letters more or less
restricted in number. In the latter case the final letter of the
abbreviation is the first consonant of a syllable, but this is not an
exact rule. T= Titus; T I B = Tiberius ; CLAVD, CLAV, CLA =
Claudia; QVIR, QVI, Q = Quirina.
2. If a word is composed of several members, the above rule
applies either to the word treated as a whole or to each of the com-
ponent parts regarded as individual words. Thus signifer may be
abbreviated synthetically SIG or SIGN, or analytically SIGF for
signum and fer, so BENEFIC, BENEF, B, or again B- F = bene-
ficiarius, DVMTAX or D T = dum taxat, Q Q V = quoquoversus,
P . Q = populusque.
This in theory is the system of abbreviations up to the end of
the third century A.D.
When a disregard of these principles first made itself felt in the
formation of abbreviations cannot be exactly determined, but it is
probable that ignorance or a misunderstanding of the second rule,
R. Mowat, Sigles et Autres Abreviations in Bulletin JZpigraphique, IV., p. 127.
416 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
combined with a lack of knowledge of the component parts of words
as determining the abbreviated forms, led to the violation of the
principle of continuity of the letters, so that we find PD = jjedes,
MN = minus, PBL = publicus, LG = legio, VT = vixit, MM = me-
moriae, DPS = deposit us, etc.
3. Again, we tind in the inscriptions a peculiar form of abbrevia-
tion 1 occasioned by the repetition of the terminating consonant.
This probably arose from the collocation of several praenomina, as
in the designations of the patrons of liberti. This system appeared
in Rome about the beginning of the Christian era, and was limited
in the first century to the initial letters of praenomina. COSS for
consules appears for the first time in two Christian inscriptions of
the year 107 and 111.
a) This form indicates two, three or four individuals, the exact
number being defined by the number of repeated letters. AVGG =
duo Augusti, CCC = Gaii tres, DDDD NNNN = domini nostri quat-
tuor,V\ VI R AVGG = seviri Augustales duo, FLL P P =
Jlamines perpetuo duo.
6) The doubling of the last letter, however, may denote simply
the plural number. PROCC = procurators, PONTIFF = pontifices,
CAESS = Caesares, HERR = heredes.
In some instances other letters have been doubled, and the follow-
ing forms are the result :
N NOBB = nobilissimi duo, AAVVRR = Aurelii, EEQQRR = eguites
Bomani.
It is necessary to mention here also certain special signs which
are used to mark abbreviations and to distinguish them from other
letters in the inscriptions. 2 -
1) A line of differentiation is placed over the letter or group of
letters 3 ; e.g. AVG = Augustus, D N = dominus noster, N =natione,
QQ = quinquennalis, V C = vir clarissimus, COS = -consul.
Sometimes the line crosses the letter; e.g. &=beneficiarius, & = dicit,
or dies, or domo, M = menses, O = obiit or obitus, N = nummum.
1 C. Jullian, Den Lettres Rqdoublees in Bulletin fipigraphique, IV., p. 170.
2 E. Htibner, Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae, p. Ixxii.
* This custom becomes prevalent from the beginning of the second century.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
417
2) The bar may be replaced by an apex or circumflex, a custom
common from the third century on; e.g. D M = diis manibus, FF
= felix fidelis, T M = lovi Optimo Maximo, A E D = aedilis,
COM PR = cohors praetoria.
8) Some letters serving as abbreviations are reversed ; e.g. =
Gaia, standing for mulier, S = puella, = caput(?), or conductor, or
contra, or corona(?).
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
A
ABN, ABNEP abuepos
ABVIN abvineis
A absolve, absolvito
A BYB a bibliotheca, bibliothecis
A accipiet
A'C absolvo condemno
A actum, actarius
AC actarius
A aedilis
A'C acre collato
A aeternus, aeterna
A'C armorum custos
A Africa, Afer
A CAD a caducis
A ala
ACC accipiet, accepit, acceperunt, acci-
A anniculus ?
piendus etc.
A annona
A CENS a censibus
A annas, anno, annum, annas, annis
A COGNIT a cognitionibus
A Antoninus
A COM, COMM, COMMENT a commentariis
A Aprilis
A COM'COS a commentariis consularis
A ara
A COMMENT' a commentariis custodiarum
A armatura
CVST
A as, assibus
A CORIN (procurator) a Corinthiis
A augur ?
A C'PR a cominentariis praefecti
A Augustus, Augusta
ACT actarius, actor, actus, actum
A Anlus
ACT'AMB actu ambitu
A Aurelius, Aurelia
ACT'LEG actarius legionis
A auro
ACT'PVB, PVBL actor publicns
A' A Aponus? Augustus?
A CVBIC a cubiculo
A'A Aquae Aponi
AD Adiutrix (legio)
A'A Auli duo
AD adlectus
A'A'A'F'F acre argento auro naudo feriundo
A'D ante diem
AAAGGG August! (tres)
A'D'A agris dandis adsignandis
A'A'C agri accepti Cirtensium
A'D'A'I agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis
AAGG Augusti (duo) ,
AD AVGVST ad Augusti templum comproba-
AAVVGG Augusti (duo)
TEM'C'P tumpondus 1
A B a balneis
AD B ad balneas
AT. amicus bonus
AD B'DAMNATORVM ad bona damnatorum
A BA a balneis
ADF adflnis
AB AEG ab aegris
AD FAL'VE- (procurator) ad Falernas (vites)
A BAL a balneis
GET* vegetandas
A BIB abibliotheca
ADI adiutor, Adiutrix (leglo)
AB EPIST ab epistulis
ADI A BEN Adiabenicus
A'B'F'9'S'S amico bene (merenti) fecit sepul-
ADI'P'F adiutrix pia fldelis (legio)
crum supra scriptum
ADIVT'PRAEF, adiutor praefecti, procurato-
AB INST, INSTRVM ab instruments
PROC, TABVL ris, tabulariorum
A'B'M amico bene merenti, amicis bene
merentibus
Orel't, 784. * C. I. L. II. 2029.
LAT. INSCRIP. 27
418
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
ADI 4 VTP' Adiutrix sextuin pia sextum fldelis
VI-F (logio)
ADL adlectus
A UL'AER, AERA adlectus aerario
A D LEG adlectus
ADLEC-IN-DEC, adlectus in decurias, in quin-
IN'V-D, DEC que decurias
ADN, ADNEP adnepos
ADOP adoptivus
AD'P-F Adiutrix pia fldelis (legio)
ADQ adquiescit
AD Q8 ad quaestiones
A'D'S ager divisus Sigensibus
ADSOR 1 adsessor
ADVOC'PVB, PVBL advocatus publicus
A'E acturn esse
AE Aelius
AEC, AECVR, Aecorna, Aecurna (dea)
AEQVOR
AED aedes
AED aedilis
AED aedituus
AED'CER aedilis cerialis
A ED 'COL aedilis coloniae
AED'CVR aedilis curulis
AEDD aediles (duo)
AEDD'QQ aediles quinquennales
AED-EQ aedilitas equestris
AED-ET-PR-SAC- aedilis et praetor sacris Vol-
VOLK-FAC cano faciundis
AED-HAB-IVR- aedilis habens jnrisdictionem
DIC'Q-PRO' quaestoris pro praetore
PRAET
AEDIO aedicula
AED- I'D nedilis jure dicundo
AEDIF aediflcavit
AEDIT aedituus
AED-IVR-DIC aedilis jure dicundo
AED-LVSTR aedilis lustralis
AED'P aedilicia potestate
AED-PL aedilis plebi
AED-PL-CEK aedilis plebis cerialis
AED'PRO'Q aedilis pro quaestore
A E I ) -Q'P aedilis quaestoriciae potestatis
A F.I) -V-A-S-P- aedilem viis aedibus ?' sacris?
P-V'B'D-R- publicis ? procurandis ? virum
P'O'V'F bonuin dignum republica ora-
iiius ut faciatis
AED-POT aedilicia potestate
A EG Aegyptus
AKI, Aclius, Aelia
A KM Aciiiilia (tribus et regio)
AEMI, AEMIL, AEMILI Aemilia (tribus)
AE-PI-F'FI aeterna pia felix fldelis
A EH acra
AER aerarluin
(7. /. /.. VIII. 27T7.
AKU aereus
AER aerum (= stipendiorum)
AER-COLL aere collato
AKIi'MIL aerarium militare
AER-8, SAT aerarium Saturni
AEST aestiinutiis
AET aeternus, aeterna
AEV 2 evocatus
AF, AFR Africa
A FRVM a friunento
A FRVM'CVB a fruinento cubiculariorum
AG ager
AG Agonalia
AGIT agitator
AGO, AGON Agonalia
AGONOTH agonotheta
AGR agraria
AGR-DAND- agris dandis adtribuendis iudi-
ADTR'IVD candis
A'G'T augustus
AG-V'P'P agens vices praefectoruin praeturio
A'G'IV'C'P arborum genera quattuor cetera
privata
A-H'N'P ad heredem non pertinet
A I A agris iudicandis adsignandis
AID aidilis
AID-CVR aedilis curulis
AID-PL aedilis plebis
AID-SEN-COP aedilis senator cooptatus
A'lN'C area in circuitu ?
A'L actarius legati
A'L (et si qui) alii liberti (erunt)
A'L'F anirno libens fecit
A'L Augusti, Augustae libertus, liberta
A-L-XXXHI area lata (pedes) xxxm
ALAMANN Alaiiiannicus
ALB-VET album veteranorum
A-L'F animo libente fecit
A LIB a libris
ALIM alimenta
ALIMENT alimentarius
ALLECT'ARK allector arcae
ALLEC'IN V allectus in quinque decurias
DECVR
ALP Alpini (cohors)
A'L'P animo libente posuit
ALT altns
ALV-TIB-ET-RIP- (curator) alvei Tiberis ,-t ri-
ET'CLOAC-VKi: ]i:iniin ct cloacarum urbis
AM'B'M amico bene nicrenti
A'M'C auiicis memoriae cau>a
A MIL amilitiis
AMP amphora
AN annus, anno, annum, annorum,
annis, annos
AN Aniensis (tribus)
s C. I. L. VIII. 411)7.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
419
AN Annius
AN'D ante diem
ANI, ANIE, ANIEN, Aniensis (tribus)
ANIENS, ANIES
ANN Aniensis (tribus)
ANN annoua
ANNI Aniensis (tribus)
ANN'FR annona frumentaria
ANN'V'R annona urbis Romae
AN'P anno provinciae
ANT Antonius
ANTE8IGN antesignanus
AN'XV'PR annorum quindecirn progressus
H'O'C'S hostem occidit civetn servavit
A'O amico optimo
A'O'F'C amico optimo faciundum curavit
A'P aedilicia potestate
A'P animo pio ?
A'P anno provinciae
AP ApoUinaris (legio)
AP Apollo
A P (tribunus militum) a populo
AP Appius
AP Aprilis
AJP area publica
A'P argent! pondo
A'P'C ager publicus Cirtensium
A'PL'M'IVG agri plus minus iugera
APOL, APOLLIN ApoUinaris (legio)
A POP (tribunus militum) a populo
APP appellationes
APP Appius
A'P'R aerarium populi Rornani
APR Aprilis
A'P'R'O anno post Romam conditam
A'PV argento publico
AQ aqua, aquarius
A Q a quaestionibus
AQ'CO aquarius cohortis
A Q'P, PR a quaestionibus praefecti
AQ'STA Aquae Statiellae
AQV aquilifer
AQV, AQV A aquarius
A Q'E'R'P' (ei) ad quern ea res pertinet, perti-
PR'L nebit recte licet
AQVIL aquilifer
AQVIT Aquitani (cohors)
A R a rationibus
AR arletes
AR Arnensis (tribus)
AR artifex
AE Aruns .
ARAB Arabicus
A RAT, A RATION a rationibus
ARE, ARBITR arbitratu
ARC area, arcarius
ARC archimimuB
ARC architectus
ARCHIG archigallus
ARCHIG archigybernes
ARCHIT architectus
ARC'MVST archimista
ARG argentarius
ARG argenteus
ARG argentum
ARG'P argenti pondo
ARG'PVB argento publico
ARGT'V' argenti p(ondo) V pecunia sua
P'S'P posuit
ARK area, arcarius
ARM armamentarium
ARM armatura
ARM 1 armatus or armiger (Mars)
ARM Armenia
ARM armilustriurn
ARMATV armatura
ARM armorum (= armorum custos)
ARM'CVST'armorum custos
ARMEN, ARMENIAC Armeniacus
ARMO armorum (custos)
ARN, ARNE, ARNEN, Arnensis (tribus)
ARNEN8
ARNI, ARNIEN, ARNN Arniensis (tribus)
ARV Arvalis
A'SA ' ala Sabiniana
AS a sacris
AS a senatu
AS a solo
A8C ascia
A8C , Asclepiades
A 8'F, F'C a solo fecit, fecerunt, faciendum
curavit, curaverunt
ASP aspritudines
AST (h)astatus (prior, posterior)
AST Astures (ala)
A 8VB8CR a subscriptionibus
ATR, ATRI atriensis, atriarius
AT Atta or Attus
A'V aediles vici
A'V argenti unciae
A'V ave or ave vale
AV Augustus, Augusta
AV Aulus
AV Aurelius
AVCT auctoritate
A'V'F'O'D' aediles vici Furfensis opus de vici
V'S'C scitu curarunt 2
AVG augur
AVG augustalis
AVG Augustus, Augusta
AVGG August! (duo)
1 Brambacb, 906.
1 Wilmanns (Ea-empla, p. 712) thinks this is
corrupted from the earlier M(nglstri) v(ici)
/(aciundum) c(urarunt) d(e) v(ici) so(itu).
420
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
AVQGG August! (tres)
AVGG NN August! nostri (duo)
AVG'L August! libertus
AVG'MAX' augur maximus augurum (Cirtn
AVG and Cuicul)
AVG'N Augustus noster
AVG'P'AN Augustn Pannoniorum Antonini-
ana (ala)
AVG'P'F Augusta pia fldelis (legio)
AVG'P-F'CO Augusta pia fldelis Uoinraoda
AVG'PP augustalis pcrpetuus
AVG'PVB' augur publicus populi romani Qui-
P'R'Q ritium
AVGVS Augustus (mensis)
AVGVST augustalis, augustalitas
AVGVST Augustalis (sodalis") Claudialis
CLAVDIAL
AVGVSTPERP augustalis perpetuus
A'V'L agens vices legati
AVN 1 avunculus
A'V'P agens vices praesidis
AVR aurariae
AYR Aurelius
AVR Auriana (ala)
AVRR Aurelii (duo)
AVTHEM authemerum
AYG* Aegyptus
B
B Badius
B beneflciarius
B Belinus
B* beteranus = veteranus
B bixit = vixit
B bonus, a
B bos
B brachium (secundum, tertium)
etc. 4
B beneflciarius
BAD badius
BA'L balneator
B'A'S ; B'A VG'S Bacaci Augusto sacrum
BASIL, BA8SIL basilica
BB beneflciarii
B'B bonis bene
B'B'ET'MAL'B bonis bene et mails bene
BB-FF beneflciarii
B'B'M'B bonis bene, malls bene
B'B'M'M bonis bene, mails male
BB'MM bene merenti
BB-VV boni viri
BB'WQQ boni viri quinquennales
&& beneflciarii
B'COS, CONS beneflciarius consularis
Ephem. Ep. III. 158.
' C. I. L. X. 749.
* C. I. L. III. 85.
4 See page 884.
r. I > Bona dea
B'D'M bene de (se) merenti f
B'D'S'M bene de se merenti
BE beneflciarius
BE'DE'S'M bene de se merenti
BEL Belgae (cohors)
BE'ME benemerenti
B'E'M'M'FECl bene merenti memoriam fecit
BENE'D'S'M bene de se merenti
BENEF beneflcium
BENEM benemerenti
BENIF beniflciarius = beneficiarius
BE'ME'DE bene merenti de (se)
BE'ME'DE'S bene merenti de se
BE'ME'FEC bene merenti fecit
BENEFIC, BENIF beneflciarius
BEN'M benemerenti
BEN-MER bene merenti
BEN'M'M'Fbene merenti memoriam fecit
BE'TR benettciarius tribuni
B'F, BF beneficiarius, beneflciatus
B'F Bona Fortuna
B'F bonum factum ?
B'F bos fetnina
BF, & beneflciarius
B'F'A'IVNCT boves feminae auro jnnctae
BF'COS benettciarius consularis
BF'LEG'LEG beneficiarius legati legionis
BF'SEXM beneflciarius (tribuni) semestris
BIB bibes
BIP bipedalis
BIS bisellarius
BIS F bis fusum (vinum)
BIS'VI'AVG bisellarius sevlr Augustalis
BIX'PRI bixellarius (= vexillarius) princi-
palis
B'K'M beteranus classis Misenensis
B'M bene merenti
B'M bona mens
B'M bonae memoriae, or bene memo-
rius
B'M bos mas
B'M'D bene merenti de (se)
B'M'D'S bene merenti de se
B'M'D'S'F bene merenti de se fecerunt
B'M'F bene merenti fecit
B'M'F bonae memoriae femina
B'M'F'C bene merenti faciundum curavit
or curavertint
B'M'F'D'S bene merenti fecerunt de suo
B'M'FEC beno merenti fecit
B'M-FF bene merenti fecerunt
B'M'M'P bene merenti memoriam posuit
B'M'P bene merenti posuit
B'M'P bonae memoriae puella
B'M'P'C bene merenti ponenduin curavit
C. I. L. III. 1956.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
421
B'M'R bonae memoriae religiosa
B'M'S bonae memoriae sacrum
B'M'V bonae memoriae vir
BN bene
B'N'M bene merenti
B'N'M bonae memoriae
B'OPIF bona opifera
B'P bonus puer (deus)
B'PR beneficiarius praefecti
B'PR'PR beneficiarius praefectorum prae-
torio
B'Q' bene quiescat or quiescant
BR B.euci (eohors), Britones (cohors)
BR Britannia
BRAC Bracaraugustani (cohors)
BRITO Britones (numerus)
BRIT Bruttium
BRITT Britones (numerus)
B'R'N bono rei publicae natus
B'R'P'N bono rei publicae natus
B'S bonus suis ?
B'S, SEC brachiutn secundum
B'SPR beneficiarius subpraefecti
B'TR beneflciarius tribunl
B-V bene vale
BV, BVC, BVCC BVCIN buccinator
BVL buleuta
BV'SIG bucranium signavit
B-VIX bene vixit
BV 8V buccinator supra (numerum)
B'V'V balnea, vina, Venus
O cacus, capsarius
C Caesar
C Gaius
C Kalendae
C candidatus
C castrum, castra
C cedit
C, C 1 centurio
C censuere
C cicatrices
C cineres
C clrciter
C circus, circenses (ludi)
C citra
C civis, civitas
C claritas
C classiarius
C Claudius, Claudia (tribus)
(QVN) C- (VINSIN)* (cum) co (vbd)
C codicillarius
C cohors
C colonia, colonus
See page 183.
* C. I. L. IX. 2892.
C comitialis (dies)
C communis (hora)
C compos (voti)
C coudemno, condemnato
C condidit
C congius
C coniux (m. or f.)
C consule, consulibus
C con stan s (legio)
C crocodes
C cuneus
C curator, curavit or curaverunt,
curante or curantibus
C curia
caput ?
jj- centurio
0, 7, 5 Gaia = femina
3 conductor
7 contra (legem, retiarius, etc.)
0, 7 contrascriptor
7 conventus
3 coronarum in inscriptions of gladi-
ators
CA candidatus
CA carcerarius
CA carissimo
C'A curam agens or curam egit
C'A custos armorum
C'A'A'A colonia Aelia Augusta Aeclanum
C'A'AQ colonia Aurelia Aquensium
C'A'D'A'I colonis agrorum dandorum adsi-
gnandorum jus
CAEL, CAELT Caelestis (dea)
CAES Caesar
CAES caesura
CAESARIBB Caesaribus (duobus)
CAES'N Caesar noster
C'AGENT curam agente
CAL Calabria
CAL caligo
CALAB Calabria
CALC calciator
CAM Camilla (tribus)
CAM'D campidoctor
CAMIL Camilia (tribus)
CAMP Campania
CAMP campestris (cohors)
CAMPED 3 campidoctor
CAN canabae, canabenses
CAN Canatheni (cohors)
C'A'N colonia Augusta Nemausus
CAND, CANDID candidatus
CANN Canninefates (ala)
CAP, CAPIT capitalis
C'AQ civis Aquensis
CAR carcerarius
<7. 7. L. V. 8773.
422
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
CAR Carmen talia
( \l; Carpicus
CAK'M Carpicus maximus
OAKU carcerarius
CAS castra, castris (oriundus)
CATER Caterenses = Cattherenses (nume-
rus)
CATTHR Cattharenses (numerus)
C'B colonia Beneventana
C'B compos boti ?
C'B coniux bona
C'BEL civis Bellovacus
C'B'F coniugi bonae fecit
C'B'M conjugl bene merentl
C'B'M'F conjugi bene merenti fecit
C'B'M'P coniugi bene merenti posuit
CC Caesares (duo)
CC Gail duo
C'C censuerunt cuncti
C'C certa constans (legio)
C C cives C...
C'O collegium centonariorum
C'C colonia Claudia
C'C colon! coloniae
C'C constans Commoda
C'C (agens) cm-am careens
J), , 3 Gaiae (= feminae) duae
CCA Caesaribus (duobus)
C'C'A colonia Caesaraugusta
C'C'A'A'A coloni coloniae Augusta Alexan-
drianae Abellinatium
C'C'C coire convocari cogi
C'C'C colouia Copia Claudia
C'C'C tres Gaii
C'C'C cum consilio collocutus
OOO Gaiae (= feminae) tres
C'C'C' A VG' colonia Claudia Copia Augusta
LVG Lugudunum
C'C'C'D cum consilio collocutus dixit
C'C'C'IVL coloni coloniae Claritatis luliae
C'CENT collegium centonariorum
C'C'I'K coloni coloniae luliae Karthaginis
C'C'I'V'C' coloni coloniae luliae 'Veneriae
8'N Cirtae Siccae nostrae
C'C'N coloni Castri Novani
CC'NN Caesares nostri
C'C'R - curator civium Romanornm
C'C'R'CON' curator civium Homanorum con-
HE ventus Ue[lvetici]
CC'88 consulibus
CC'VV, C'C'V'V clarissimi viri
OO EX8ERC centuriones (duo) exercitatores
C'D compos dat
C'D consulto decurionum
C'D-D creatus decreto decurionnm
C'E curam egit
C'E'B'Q cincres eius bene quiescant
CEL cells
CEN
CEN
CEN8
CEN8
CEN8
censor
ccnturio
censitor
censor, cen sores
censuit, censuerunt
CENS'ACC (legatus Augusti) censlbus acci-
piendis
CENT centenarius
CENT centonarii
CENT centurio
CENTO centonarii
C'E'Q cineres ei quiescant or curam fegit,
Quintus
CER Cerealia
CE8 censor, censores
C'P clarissima femina
C'P clarissirnus fllius
C'F coniux fecit
C'F'C censores faciundum curarunt
C'F'C'C collegium ftibrum centonariorum
Comensium
C'F'C coniux faciendum curavit
C'F'F carissimae flliae fecit
C'F'N conductor ferrariarum Noricarum
7 FR centurio frumentarioruin
C'G civis gratissimus ?
C'G'P'F cohortes germanicae piae fldelcs
CH c(o)hors
CHELID cbelidonium
CHO, CHOR c(o)hors
C'l clarissimus iuvenis
C'l colonia lulia
C'l'A'A colonia lulia Augusta Apollinaris
C'I'C colonia lulia Carcase
CIC, CICA cicatrices
CICATRI'V cicatrices veteres
C'l'F'S colonia lulia Felix Sinope
C'l'K colonia lulia Karthago
C'l'P'C'N'M colonia lulia Paterna Claudia
Narbo Martius
C'I'P'A colonia lulia Paterna Arelate
CIRT Cirtenses (cohors)
fJ'I'S colonia lulia secundanorum
CIV civis, civitas, clvitate (oriundun)
CIV'AQV civis Aquensis
CIVI'8 VMA civitate Sumalocenna
CIVIT civitas
C'lVL'N colonia lulia Numidica (Simitthus)
C'K coniux karlssima
C'K'F coniugi karissimae fecit
C'L Gaii libertus, liberta
C'L cives Latini
CL clarissimus, claritas
CL classis
CL Claudius. Claudia, Claudialis
CL Clusturnina (tribus)
C'L colonia Lambaesitana
C'L conliberti ?
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
423
O'L mulieris Hbertus, liber^a
I/O mulieris liberta
CLA Claudia (tribus)
CLA'BRI classis Britannica
CL-ALIS Claudialis ?
CLA claritas
CLAK clarissimus, clarissima
CLAR'ET clarissima et inlustris feznina
INL-FEM
CLARI claritas
CLAS'BKIT classis Britannica
CLAS'PR classis praetoria
CLASS classicus
CLAV, CLAVD Claudia (tribus)
CLAVD Claudialis (flamen)
CL'BR, CL-BRIT classis Britannica
CL'G'P'F classis Germanica pia Udells
CL'PR classis praetoria
CL'PR'M, MIS classis praetoria Misenensis
CL'PR'RAV, classis praetoria Ravennas
RAVEN
CL'V clarissimus vir
CLV, CLVS, CLVST Clustumina (tribus)
C'M % civitas Mattiacorum
C'M collegium or corpus mensorum
C'M'F clarissimae memoriae femina
C'M'P; C'M'V clarissimae memoriae puer, vir
C'N Caesar noster
CN Gnaeus
C'C civitas or colonia Nemausensium
CN consulatus
CNAT natus
CNS consulatus
CNTA cognata ?
CO codicillarins
CO cohors
CO coniux
C'O coniugi optimo
CO Coventina (dea)
CO'CA coniugi carissimo
COD codicillarius
COD'TR codicillarius tribuni
COER coeravit = curavit
COGN'SACR cognitiones sacrae
COH cohors
COHERR coheredes
COHH cohortes
COH'I'C'E cohors I civium Romanorum
COH'EQ'oo cohors equitata miliaria
COHTF'PED cohors I Flavia peditata
COH'I'FL' coh. I Flavia miliaria equitata
oo EQ'SAG sagittariorum
COH'I'P'C cohors I pia constans
COH' .. PR cohors praetoria
COH- .. VIG cohors vigilum
COH-I-VLP cohors I Ulpia... Antoniniana
.. ANT
COH'VRB cohors urbana
COINQ coinquendi
COIR coirarunt = ourarunt
COL collegium, collega
COL Collina (tribus)
COL colonia, coloni, colonicus ?
COL columbarium
COL'BEN colonia Beneventum
COL'CENT collegium centonariorum
COL'COL coloni coloniae
COL'CONC' colonia Concordia Ulpia (Hadrume-
VLP turn)
COL'FAB collegium fabrum
COL'F'I'A- colonia Faventia lulia Augusta
P-BARC Pia (Barcino)
COL-FL'AVG colonia Flavia Augusta
COL'HORR coloniae horrearius
COL'IVL-G colonia lulia Gemina
COLTV'T colonia lulia Victrix Triumphalis
COL'KAL collocatum Kalendis...
COLL collapsum
COLL collegium
COLL coloniae
COLLIB collibertus
COL-LIB coloniae libertus
COLL'AER collegium aerariorum
COLL'CENT collegium centonariorum
COLL'DENDR collegium dendrophorum
COLL'FAB, FABR collegium fabrum
COLL'FAB- collegium fabrum et centonario-
ET'CENT rum
COLLIN Collina (tribus)
COL'L, LIB coloniae libertus, liberta
COLL'S'S' collegium suprascriptum
COLON'G- colonia Gallieniana (?) Augusta Fe-
A-F-MED lix Mediolanum
COL'SARN'MIL colonia Sarniensis Milev
COL'SEP colonia Septimia
COL'SER ooloniae servus
COL'VAL colonia Valentia
COL' YEN colonia Veneria
COL'VEN-COR colonia Veneria Cornelia
COL'VLP colonia Ulpia
COM Commageni (cohors)
COM comes
COM commanipularis
COM commentariensis
COM commune
C'O'M cum omnibus meis
COM'AVG comes August!
COM'L commentariorum loco
COMM, COM- commentaria, commentariensis
MEN
COMMIL commilito
COM-S'B-M commilitoni suo bene merenti
COM'S'C comes sacri consistorii
COMTAR commutare
CON coniux
CON constat
424
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
CON consul
CON contubernalis
CON'B'M coniugi bene merentl
CON'CELL contubernalis cellarius
COND conductor
CON'FER' conductor ferrariarum Norlci,
N'P'D Pannoniae, Daciae?
COND'P'P conductor public! portorii
COND'P'P'ILL- conductor public! portorii 111-
YEIC-ET R'T yrici et ripae Thraciae
CONDVO conductor
COND'IIII' conductor quatuor publicorum Af-
P'A FR ricae
CON'FER' conductor ferrariarum Noricarum
N'P'D partis * dimidiae
CONG coniugt
CON'KAR coniugi carissimo
CONL conlatus
CONL conlegium
CON'M'F coniugi merentl or memoriam
fecit
CONNS8 consulibus
CON'R'F'C coniugi rarissimo faciundum cura-
vit
CONS consensu
CONS conservus
CONS consistens
CONS C'onsualia
CONS consul, consulibus, consularis, con-
sulatus
CONS'MEM'V consularis memoriae vir
CONS'ORD consul ordinarius
CONS'P consularis provinciae
CONS'P'S consularis provinciae Siciliae
CONSS consules
CONS'S'S consulibus supra scriptis
CONT contarii (ala)
CONVEC convectio
CONV convenerunt
COOPT cooptatus
CO'P coniugi pientissimae
COR cohors
COR Cornelia (tribus)
COR cornicen, cornicularius
COR corpus, corporati
COR curavlt
COR corona
CO'RA'FE coniugi rarissimo fecit
COR'ANAL corona analempsiaca
COR'AVR corona aurea
COR'CLASS corona classica
COR'FAB coi-pus fabrutn
COR'MVR corona muralis
CORN, COR NIC cornicen, cornicularius
CORP'CVST corporis custos
CORPOR corporati, corporis
CORPOR'C corporatus Caesariensis
CORP'N'RHO corpus nantarum Rhodanicorum
COR'PR cornicularius praefectl
CORR corrector
COR'S PR cornicularius subpraefecti
COR'T, TRIB cornicularius tribuni
COR'VALL corona vallaris
COS consul, consules, consularis
COS'A'A'S' consules alter ambove si els vide-
E'V retur
COS'AD LEG consistentes ad legionem
COS'AMPL consul amplissiinus
COSE consensu
COSOB'CVH-EGl consobrinus curam egit
COS'ORD consul ordinarius
COSS consules
CO'TR codicillarius tribuni
COVET Coventina (dea)
CO'VI'CE'P cohors sexta, centuria prima
C'P'C cacus praefecti cohortium
C'P Castor (et) Pollux
C'P castra praetoria
C'P censoria potestate
C'P clarissiuius puer
C'P, C'l clarissima puella
C'P comprobatum pondns
C'P coniugi pientissimae or posuit
C'P cui praeest
C'P'C cacus praefecti cohortium
C'P'EST cui praeest
C'P'F Claudia pia fidelis (legio)
C'P'L civitas Pictonum Limonum
C'P'M classis praetoria Misenensis
C'P'M'P coniugi pientissimae inemoriam
posuit
C'P'P conductor public! portorii
C'P'Q'K clarissirnus puer quaestor candi-
datus
C'Q cum quo or cum qua (vixit)
C'Q'V cum quo or qua vixit
C'Q'V'A cum quo or qua vixit annis
C'R civis Romanus; cives Roman!;
civitas Romana
CREM cremavit
CRET'ET C Creta et Cyrenae
7 RET contraretiarius
CRIOB criobolium
C'R'M cives Roman! Mogontiaci
C'R'P curator rei publicae
CRY, CRVST Clustumina (tribus)
CRVST, CRVSTVL crustulum
CS Caesar
C'S carissiuius sibi
C'S carus or cara suis
C'S coniugi sanctissimae
C'S coniugi suae
C'S (de) conscriptorum (?) sententia
CS consularis
C'S cum suis
O'S contrascriptor
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
425
C'S'B'M coniugi suae ? benemerenti
C'S genas scissas (on an oculist's
stamp)
OSC or 7SC, SCR contra scriptor
C'S'P'N'C consularis sexfascalis provinciae
Nuinidiae Constantinae
C'S'N civitas saltus Nucerini
C'S'O cum suis omnibus
C'T civitas Tolosa
CT 1 catabolensis
G'T, TR codicillarius tribuni
C'TR, TRE civitas Treverorum
O TEA contra
C'V civitas Ulpia
C'V clarissimus vir
C'V colonia Viennensis, colon! Vien-
nenses
CV cura, curator
CVB, CVBIC, CVBICV cubicularius
C'V'I'B colonia Victrix lulia Baeterrae
CVI-PR cui praeest
CVLT cultores
C V'MT cum ? uxore? memoriam posuit
CVN cuneus
CVNC 2 concubina
CVNS s consul
CVR cura, curavit, curanta or curanti-
bus, curator
CVR curia
CVR curulis
C'V'K'A coloni veteres ? Reienses Apolli-
nares
CVR A curavit
CVR'AER curator aerarii
CVR'AG- curam agente
CVR'ALV'TIB curator alvei Tiberis
CVR'ANN curator annonae
CVR AT curator
CVR'COL curator coloniae
CVR'F'P curator frumenti public!?
CVR'IVV curator iuventutis
CVR'KAL curator kalendarii
CVR'MIN curator Miniciae
CVIl'P'P curator pecuniae publicae
CVR'R-P curator rei publicae
CVRR curatores
CVR'SCO curator scolae
CVR'VIAT curator viarura
CVR' )f PL curator denariis flandis
CVS'BASIL custos basilicae
CVST custos
CVBT'TABVL custos tabularii
C'V'T'P colonia Ulpia Traiana Poetovio
CYMBAL cymbalistria
1 C. 1. L. VIII. 2408.
* Orelli, 2463.
s C. 1. L. XII. 2384 (year 491).
CYR, CYREX Cyrenaica (legio, cohors)
CYR, CYRIN Quirina (tribus)
Dalmatia ?
dat, do mi m
decurio
deus, dea
decem
December (mensls)
Decimus..
decessit
decitnamis
decretum
decurio, decuriones, decurla
dedit, dederunt, datum
defunctus
denarius
designatus
Diana
dies, die, diebus
dignus
dispensator
divus
dixit
doctor
dominus, domina
domo
donavit, donaverunt, donat, do-
nant, donatus
duumvir
duplarius, duplicarius
dux
defunctus, dicit, dies, domo
Daci (cohors)
defunctus annorum
discens aquiliferum
Dacicus
DAC'APVL Dacia Apulensis
DAC'MALV Dacia Malvensis
DAC'POROL Dacia Porolissensis
D'ACC de acceptore
DA'M Dacicus inaximus
DAMAS Damasceni (cohors)
D'AQ discens aquiliferum
D'AR discens armaturam
D'A'R'ARCAK discens a rationibus arcarii
DAT'COLL'S'S datum collegio supra scripto
D'B'M de (se) bene rnerentl ?
D'B'S d(iis ?) b(onis) sacrum
D'C decreto conscriptorum or deeuri-
onuin consulto
D'C decurio civitatis, or coloniae
DC decessit
DC decurio
D'C decurionum consensu or decreto
conscriptorum
D
D
D
[)
DA
D'A
D'A
426
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
D'C'D de conscriptorum decreto
D'COL de collegia
D'C'R'MOG decurio civiuin Romanorum Mo-
gontiaci
D'C'8 de conscriiitorum sententia
D'C'8 de consilii sententiu
D'C'S de collegil sententia
D'C'S'C de conscriptorum sententia cura-
verunt
DC8M dulcissimae
D'COLL'S de collegii sententia
D'C'S'T decurio civitatis saltus Taunensis
D'D damnas dainnates
D'D dare debebit, dare debeto
D-D dea Dia
D'D dea Diana
D'D decreto decurionum
D'D dedit dedicavit or donum (dono)
dedit, or dedicavit (dedicatus,
dedicante)
DD 1 defensor?
DD devoti
D'D dextra decimanum
D'D dii deae
D'D domini duo
D'D domus divina
D'D'D datum decreto decurionum
D'D'D deo donum dedit
D'D'D dedit dedicavit ?
D'D'D domini tres
D'D'D dono dedit dedicavit; or dedit
dedicavit
D'D'D'ADL, decreto decurionum decurio ad-
ADLECT lectus
D'D'D'D datum de decreto decurionum ?
D'D'D'D donum dat dicat dedicat
D'D'D'D' donum dat dicat dedicat libens
L'M inerito
D'D'D'E'S dare damnas dnmnates esto sunto
D'D'D'L donum dat dedicat libens ?
D'D'D'N datus decreto decurionum Nemau-
sensium
DDDNNN domini nostri tres
DDD ' NNN' domini nostri Flavii (tres)
FFFLLL
D'D'E dare damnas esto
D'DEL'S de delectorum sententia
D'D'H'C decreto decurionum hie consacra-
vit
D'D'I dis (U-ftbiis imrnortalibus?
D'D'L donum de,1it. libens ?
D'D'L'D' dono dedit or dedit dedicavit
D'D loco dnto decreto decurionum
D'D'L'M donum dedit libens merito
D'D'M'C'F decreto decurionum munlcipli
Celelant facta
C. I. L. X. 701T. '
DD-MM Dlis Manlbus
D-D'N-N, DD'NN domini nostri (duo)
DD'NN-NOBB- domini nostri (duo) nobilissimt
CAESS < acsares
D'D'O dis deabus omnibus
D'D'O donum dato o ? . .
D'D'P decurionum decreto publice
D'D'PEC' decreto decurionum pecunia pub-
PVB lica
D'D'P'P decreto decurionum pecunia pub-
lica
D'D'P'P'P decreto decurionum pecunia pub-
Hca posuerunt
D-D-Q dedicavit que
D'D'S de deeurionum sententia
D'D'S'F'C de decurionum sententia faciun-
dum curavit, curaverunt
DDS dedit or dederunt de suo
D'D'S'P dedit de sua pecunia ?
D'D'8'8 deus dominus sanctissimus Sa-
turnus
D'D'V'L dono dedit votum laetus libens
L'M merito
D'D'V'S'L' dono dato votum solvit libens
L'M laetus merito
DE dea
DE decetn
DE December (mensls)
D'E decurio
DE devotus
DEC December
DEC decemiugis
DEC decesslt
DEC Decimus
DEC decretum
DEC decurio, decuriones, decurionatus ;
decuria, decurialis
DECC decuriones (duo)
DEC'C'A decurio coloniae Agrippinensis
DEC'COS' decuria consularis et praetoria
ET'PR
DEC-DEC
DEC-DEC,
DECR
DEC'N-M'M decurio numeri militum M..
DE CONL'SENT de conlegii sententia
DEC'POP'Q decuriones populus que
DECR decretum, decrevit
DECR'DEC decreto decurionum
DE C'8 de consilii sententia
DKCV decurio
DEC'VIAT decuria vlatorum
DED dedit or dedicavit, dedicatus
DED deductus
I > Kite dedicatus
DE-D'D'L Deanae ? donum dat libens
DED'XX'P- deducta vigesima populi Roman!
K-D dedit
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
DBF defunctus
DEF'ANN defunctus annorum (tot)
D'E'F'V'L decuriones et familia villae Lucul-
lanae ?
DEIOT Deiotariana (legio)
DEL delator
DELIC deliciaris
DELM Dalinatae (eohors)
DEND, DENDR dendrophori
DENDROPHORR dendrophori
DEP depositus
DE PAG'SEN de pagi sententia
DE PAG'SEN' de pagi sententia faciundum
FAC'COER coerarunt
DE PEQ'POB de pequnia poblica
DE PVB de publico
D'EQ discens equitem
D'E'R de ea re
D'E'R'I'C de ea re ita censuere
D'E'R'Q'D'R'A de ea re qua de re agetur
DES designatus
DESCR descriptum
DE-SEN-SENT de senatus sententia
DESIG, DESIGN designatus
DE S'P de sua pecunia
DE S'S, DE S-SEN, DE SEN' de senatus sen-
SENT, DE SEN A -SEN tentia
DEST destinatus
DE SVA PEQ, DE de sua pecunia
8VA PECVN
DESVLT desultores
DEV'N'M' devotus numini maiestatique eius
Q-EIVS
DE V'S, DE VI -S, DE VIC'S de vici scito
DE V DEC de quinque decuriis
D'F dare facere
D'F decima facta
D'F de flglinis
D'F defunctus
D'F duplarius frumentarius ?
D'F dulcissimae filiae
D'F'P dare facere praestare
D'F'P'EFFE- (hunc) decuriones funere pub-
RVNDVM lico efferundum censuerunt
CENS
DI dimachaerus
DIA diatheses
DIABSOR diabsoricum
DIACHO diacholes
DIAGLA . diaglaucen
DIALEP dialepidos
DIAPSOR'OPO diapsoricum opobalsamatum
DIAZMYR diaziriyrnes
DIG dictator
DIC'N'M'Q 1 dicatus numini maiestatique eius
EIVS
DICT dictator
DIE S die solis
DIFF diffusor
DIG dignus
D'I'I'M deus invictus, invictus ? Mithras
D'I'M deus invictus Mithras
DIM dimidia
DTM dis inferis Manibus
DI'MA Di(is) Manibus or D(iis) i(nferis)
Manibus
DI'N dierum numerus
D'INV-M deus invictus Mithras
DIS dispensator
DIS dispunctor
DIS'I'MA Diis inferis Manibus
DIS'M, MA, MAN, MANI Diis Manibus
DIS'MAN'MEM Diis Manibus memoriae
DISP dispensator
DISP dispunctor (particularly in
Mauritania)
DISPEN, DISPES dispensator
DISP'P'S dispensator provinciae Sardiniae
DISP'RAT'COP- dispensator rationis copiarum
EXPED'FEL' expeditionum felicium Ger-
GERM manicarum
DISP'REIP dispunctor.rei publicae
DISSIGN dissignator
D'L dedit libens
D'L'M dedit lubens merito
D'L deus Liber
D'L die Lunae
D'M dea magna or deum mater
D'M deus Mithras
D'M decurio municipii
D'M , devotee memoriae ?
D'M Diis Manibus
D'M . divino tnandatu
D'M dolus mains
D'M'A'E' dolus malus abesto et ius civile or
I'C iurisconsultus
D'M'E devotus maiestati eius
D'M'ET M Diis Manibus et memoriae
D'M'I dea magna Idaea
D'M'I Dis Manibus inferis
D'M'ID dea magna Idaea or (mater) deum
magna Idaea
D'M'IN Dis Manibus inferis
D'M'S deo Mithrae sacrum
D'M'S diis Manibus sacrum
D'M'V'F diis Manibus vivus fecit
D'N Dea Nehallenia
D'N dominus noster
D'N'M'E devotus numini maiestatique eius
D'N'M'Q devotus numini maiestatique
D'N'M'Q'E devotus numini maiestatique eius
D'N'P'E devotus numini pietatique ? eius
D'O dari oportet
DO domino
DO donum, donatus ?
DO'AF domo Africa
428
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
DOC'EQ'AC P 1 doctor equitum ac peditum
DOL doliaris
DOL Dolichenus
D'O'M * deo optiino maximo ?
DO.M-NOSTK douiinus noster
DON donavit
DON'POS donum posuit
D'P de proprio
D'P deus patrius
D'P diis Parentibus
D'P donum posuit
D'PAG'S de pagi scitu or sententla
D'P-D de proprio dedit
D'P'D-M Dili patri, Diis Manibus
D'P'E devotus pietati eius
D'P'P dii Penates public!
D'P'P de pecunia publica
D'P'S de pagi scitu or sententia
D'P'S de pecunia sua, or de parcimonio
BUO, or de peculio suo, or de
proprio suo
D'P'S'D de pecunia sua dedit
D'P'S'D'D de pecunia sua dono dedit or dedit
dedicavit
D'P'S'D'L' de pecunia sua dedit; loco dato
D'P publice
D'P'S'F de pecunia sua fecit
D'P'S'F'D de pecunia sua factum (factam)
dedit
D'P'S'P de pecunia sua posuit
D'Q'F" Decimi quondam ? fllia ?
D'Q decurio quaestor
D'Q'A de qua agatur
D'Q'L'S'TT'L die qui legis : sit tibi terra levis
D'R'P digriuin republica
D'R'S deae Romae sacrum
D'S de suo
D'S deus sanctus, dea sancta
D'S deus Saturnus
D'S deus Silvanus
D'S discens signiferum
D'S (Silvano) domestieo sacrum
D'SANCT'SATVR dominus sanctus Saturnus
D'S'B'M de se bene meritus
D'S'D de sententia decurionum
D'^'D de suo dedit (dat)
D'S'D'D de suo donum dedit or dedicavit
D'S'EX'V'P de suo ex voto posuerunt
D'S'F de suo fecit
D'S'F'C de suo faciendum curavit
D'S'I'IMP deus Sol invictus imperator
D'S'I'M deus sol invictus Mithras
D'S'L'L'M de suo laetus libens merito
C. I. L. IX. 952.
C. I. L. XII. 1069. Not a Christian inscrip-
tion.
Orelli, 1470.
D'S'L'M de suo libens merito
D'S'M de se meritus
D'S'M Diis sacrum Manibug
D'S'P de sua pecunia or de suo posuit
D'S'P'C de suo ponenduin curavit
D'S'P'D de sua pecunia dedit
D'S'P'D'D de sua pecunia dono dedit
D'S'P^'EX' de sua pecunia ex decreto decuri-
D'D onum
D'S'P'F de sua pecunia fecit
D'S'P'F'C de sua pecunia faciendum curavit
D'S'P'L'D' de suo posuit loco dato decreto
D'D decurionum
D'S'P'P de sua pecunia posuit
D'S'P'R de sua pecunia restituit
D'S'P'R'C de sua pecunia reflciendum curavit
D'S'R de suo restituit
D'S'S de senatus sententia
D'S'S desuosibi?
D'S'S'C'F de suo sibi coniugi filius ?
D'S'S'F'C de senatus sententia faciendum
curavit
D'S'V decreto senatus Vocontiorum
D'S'V'L de suo vivus libens
D'T duintaxat
D'T de thesauro
D'T'S dii te servent
D - V duovir, duumvir
D'V'V'A'S' duumvir viis aedibus sacris pub-
P'P licis procurandis? (from Pom-
peii)
DVC ducenarius
DVC'DVC duce ducenario ?
D'V'I'D duum vir hire dicundo
D'V'L'M dedit? or Dianae ? votum ? Hbens
merito
DVM'T, TAX dum taxat
DVPL duplarius, duplicarius
DVPLI, DVPLIC duplicarius
D'V'S de vici scitu
D'V'S'F'C' de vici scitu faciundum curarunt
I'Q'P idemque probarunt
D'X'PRIM' duplarius decem primus p...
P'P p....
D'XX'P'R deducta vigesima popull Rotnani
E
E
E
E
E
E'A'CA
E'A'E
E'C
BCD
ED
eius
(h)eres ,
est
evocatus
exsculpslt
exactum ad Castorls
eques alae eiusdem
eius causa?
ecdicus
(a)ediculam
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
429
EE'QQ equites
E'E'Q'Q'E'E equites Eomani
EE'VV egregiiviri
EE'VV, EE'MM'VV eminentissimi viri
EG'M'V egregiae memoriae vir
E'H'L'IVS' ex hac lege ius potestasque esto
POT
E'H'L'N'E eius hace lege nihilum rogato
E'l eius index
EID eidus
EIQ eique
EIS'Q'I'S'S eis quae infra scriptae sunt
E'L'P e lege Papiria, Petronia
EM emeritus
E'M ex monitu
EM'B emeritus beneficiarius
E'M'D'S'P'F e monitu de sua pecunia fecit 1
E'M'V egregiae memoriae vir
EM'V eminentissimus vir
EN endotercisus (dies)
E'O'B'Q ei ossa bene quiescant
EP Eppius
EPIP epiphorae
EQ eques, equestris, equitata
EQ Equirria
EQ'CATAF equites cataphractarii
EQ'C'E equitata civium Itomanorum (co-
hors)
E'Q'D'D eademque dedicavit
EQ'EX'N eques ex numero
EQ'G equitum gradus 2
EQ'P equo publico
EQ'P'EXOR equo publico exornatus
EQ'PVB, PVBL equo publico
EQQ equites
EQ'E eques Romanus
EQ'E'E'M' eques Romanus egregiae memoriae
V vir
EQ'R'E'P, eques Eomanus equo publico
EQ'PVBL
EQ'E'F equitis Roman! films
EQ'S (SING) D'N eques singularis dominl nostrl
E'E ea res
EE (h)eres
E E'P e re publica
EX TP ex imperio posuit
E R'P'V e re publica videri
E'E' A ea res agitur
E'E'C (cum) ea res consuletur
E E'P e re publica
EE'TF.STAME (h)eredes testamento
E S'C'E'C e senatus consulto reflciendum
curavit
E'S'F'S'F'L ei sine fraude sua facere liceto
i Orelli, 2467.
* From the theatre at Orange (C. I. L. XII.
1241).
ESQ, ESQVIL Esqullina (tribus)
E'S'K exemplum sacri rescript! ?
ESS, ESSE essedarius
ESSE'LIB essedarius liberatus
E'T ex testamento
E'T'F ex testamento fecit
E' V egregius vir, more rarely eminen-
tissimus vir
EV evocatus
E'V'L'M'P ex voto libens merito posuit
EVOC, EVOK evocatus
EVOC'AVG evocatus August!
E'V'S ex voto suscepto
EX exceptor
EX AC exactor, exactus
EX A'C ex aere conlato
EX'A(AD) CAS, CAST exactum ad Castoris
EX A'P ex argento publico
EXAE exarchus
EX A RG ex argento
EX AVC, AVCT ex auctoritate
EXC exceptor
EXC'PE, T exceptor praefecti, tribuni
EX C'C ex co.nscriptorum consulto
EX CC ex ducenario
EX CCC ex trecenario
EX COM'DOM ex comite domesticorum
EX CONS ex consensu or consulto
EX D. ex devotione
EX D'D ex decreto decurionum
EX D'D' ex decreto decurionum ex pecunia
EX P'P publica
EX D'D'P' ex decreto decurionum pecunia
P publica
EX DEC'C' ex decreto centum virorum pe-
PEC'SEV cunia Severiana
EX DEC'DECRET ex decurionum decreto
EX D'OKD ex decreto ordinis
EX D'P'A ex decreto provinciae Africae
EXElt'PAN'INF exercitus Pannoniae Inferioris
EX EEC exercitator
EXEEC exercitus
EX F'B ex fide bona
EX FIG, FIGL ex figlinis
EX'G(GEE) INF exercitus Germaniae Inferioris
EX H'L'EX' ex hac lege, exve decreto decuri-
VE'D'D onurn
EX H'L'N'E ex hace lege nihilum rogato
EX IMP'IPS ex imperio ipsius
EX IV, IVS ex iussu
EX IVS'IPSA ex iussu ipsarum
EX IVSS'E ex iussu eius
EX IV'V'S' ex iussu votum solvit libens merito
L'M
EX N ex nomine
EXO exodiarius
EX O ex ovo
EX OF, OFF ex officina
430
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
EX PAGI'D ex pagi decreto
EX P'D ex pagi decreto
EX PEQ'PVB ex pecunia public
EXPL exempluin
EX P'L ex pecunia legata
EXPLIC explicarius
EX P'D ex parte dirnidia?
EX PL'BAT exploratores Batavi
EX P'P ex pecunia publica
EX P'P'F'C ex pecunia piiblica faciundum
curavit
EX PR ex praediis
EX PR exceptor praefecti
EX PR'C'C' ex praediis coloniae copiae Clau-
C'C diae curatum ?
EXPVRG expurgatio
EX R ex ratione
EX R'P ex response posuit
EX R'VRB ex ratione urbica
EX S'C ex senatus consulto
EXSERC' exercens artem cretariarn
ART'CRET
EX S'P'F'C ex sua pecunia faciendum curavit
EX8 TEST'F exs testamento fecit
EX S'VOTO ex suscepto veto or exs voto
EXT, EXCTR exceptor tribuni
EXT exterus
EX T ex testamento
EX T'F'I'C ex testamento fieri itissit, faciun-
dum curavit
EX T'P ex testamento posuit
EX TR ex tributario
EX T'T'F' ex testamento titulum fieri iussit ;
I'H'F'C heres faciundum curavit
EX V ex voto
EX VIK ex vicario
EX V'L'M ex voto libens merito
EX V'L'S' ex voto libenter suscepto solvit
S'M merito
EX VO (VOT) L-POS ex voto libens posuit
EX VP ex voto posuit
EX V'P'L' ex voto posuit libens laetus merito
L-M
EX V'S'L'A ex voto solvit libens animo
EX V DEC ex quinque decuriis
fabri
faciunt, fecit, fecerunt, factus, fa-
ciendum
Falerna (tribus)
fanum ?
fastus (dies)
feliciter
ferloe
fida
fldelis (legio)
F figlinae
F filius, fllla
F fines
F fiscus
F fiunt
F flamen
F Flavius, Flavia (legio) Flaviensis
F Fortuna
F Fretcnsis (legio)
F functus
F fund us
E liliii. femina
FAB Fabia (tribus)
FAB fabrica
FAB fabri, fabrum (praefectus)
FAB'COS, PU (praefectus) fabrum cousularis,
(PRAET) praetorius
FABR'CENT fabri centonarii
FABR-TIG, TIGN fabri tignarii
FAC faciebat
FAC'COER-EIDEMQ- faciundum coerarunt ei-
PROB demque jirobarunt
FAC'CVR ; FACIV' faciundum curavit, cura-
CVR runt
FAC'LOCAR-EIDEMQ- faciundum locarunt
PROB eidemque probarnnt
FACT factio
FAL Falerna (tribus)
FAL, FAL A Falernae (vites)
FALC Falcidia (lex)
FALE, FALL Falerna (tribus)
FAM familia
F AM "GLAD familia gladiatoria
F'A'PERP flamen August! pcrpetuus
FARMAC'PVBLIC farmacopola publicus
FAS fascia
FAV8 Faustianiim (vinnin)
F'B'F filio bono fecerunt
F'B'M filio, filiae bene inerenti
F'C faciendum curavit or curaverunt
FC fecit or fecerunt
F'C fisci curator
F'C frumenti curator?
F'C'A Forum Clnudii Augnstl
FCC faciundum curaverunt ?
F'C'EIDQ'PRO, faciundum curarunt eidemque
PROB probarunt
F'C'I'P faciendum curavit idem probavit
F'C'I'Q'P faciundum curarunt idemque pro-
barunt
F'COIE faciendum coiravit or coiraverunt
F'C'P fulgur conditum publice
FCT fecit
F'l) fecit dedicavlt
Ih filio dulcissimo or filiae dulcissimae
FD fundus ?
F'D'EX' (praefectus) frumenti dandi ex
S'C senatus consulto
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
431
F'D'F filiac dulcissimae fecerunt
FD-IVB fide iubere
F'D'N feliciter domino nostro ?
F-D-Q fecit dedicavitque
F'D'S fecerunt de suo
F'D'S'S'C faciunduin de senatus sententia
curaverunt
FE Februarius (mensis)
FE fecit
FE feliciter
FEE Februarius
FE'B'B feliciter bonis bene
FEBR Februarius (mensis)
FEC fecit, fecerunt
FECR fecerunt
FEL felix (legio)
FELIC felicitas
FEE Feralia
FER LAT feriae Latinae
FERR ferrariae
FERR Ferrate (legio)
FERT Fertor
F-ET'D fecit et dedicavit
F-ET-F filii et flliae
F'EX 9'C" feriae ex senatus consulto quod eo
Q-E-D die, etc.
FF fecerunt or fecit ?
F-F fecit feliciter
F'F felix fidelis
F-F fieri fecit ?
FF filii
F-F filius or (filia) fecit or filii fecerunt
F'F fiscus frumentarius
F'F Flavia felix firma fidelis (legio)
F'F (viam) Flaviam fecit
F'F-B-M filii fecerunt bene merenti
FF DD fundi ?
FFLL Flavii
FF'PP flamen perpetuus
F-F-P-P-P fidelis frater ? pro pietate - po-
suit (??)
FI filius
F'l fieri iussit
FID fidelis (legio)
FID fidicen
FIG, FIGL figulinae, figlinae
FIL-K-F filius karissimus fecit or filio ka-
rissimo fecit
FIL'PAT filius patroni ?
FIR-IVL- (colonia) finna lulia Secundano-
8ECVND rum
FISC'STAT- fiscus stationis hereditatium
HEREDITATI .
F-IVS fieri iussit
F'K filio karissimo
F-K-F filio karissimo fecit
FL flamen, flaminica, flamonium
FL, FLA Flavins, Flavia
FLAM flamen, flaminicn, flamonium
FLAM'AVG flaminica Augustae
FLAM-CLAVD flamen Claudialis
FLAM-DIALIS Flamen Dialis
FLAM-MART flamen Martialis
FLAM-PERP flamen perpetuus
FLAM'P, PR flamen provinciae
FLAM-QVIR flamen Quirinalis
FLAM-ROM' flamen Romae et August!
ET AVG
FL-F Flavia felix, firma, fidelis
FL'FEL Flavia felix (tegio)
FLL flamines
F'LOC faciundum locarunt
FL'P flamen perpetuus
F-LIB-ET PEC fiscus Hbertatis et peculiorum
F'L'P funus, locum publice
FL'PP flamen perpetuus or flamonium
perpetuum
FL'SACR'PVB flamen sacrorum publicorum
F'L'S'P- funus locum statuam orsepultu-
D'D rae publice decuriones decre-
verunt
F'M filio merenti or filio mater
F'M-F filio mater fecit
F'M-P filius matri posuit
FO Forturia
FORD Fordicidia
FORT Fortenses
FORT'HOER Fortuna horreorum
F P ? (See p. 367.)
F'P filio piissimo or fllio posuit or
posuerunt
F'P filii posuerunt
F'P filius pientissimus
F - P flamen perpetuus
F'P Fortuna Praenestina or Primige-
nia
F'P frumentum publicuin
F'P funus publicum
F-P'A-D'X- frumentum publicum accipit d...
TCXL K-C X, t... CXL, k... O
F'P'C filius poneadum curavit
F'P-D'D Fortunae Primigeniae donum dant
F'P'D'M-P filius patri dulcissimo matri piissi-
mae or filius parentiuus de (se)
merentibus posuit
F'P-F fili pii or patri feoerunt
F'P-F filius patri fecit
F-P-M'F filii pientissimi or patri merenti
fecerunt
F'P'P fecit pro pietate
F'P'P filia patri piissimo or fllio piissimo
posuit
F'P-P fratri pio or frater plus posuit
F'P'P'M filii posuerunt patri merenti
F-P'PR Fortuna Primigenia Praenestina
F'P'VET fundus possessoris veteris
432
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
F'N fuerunt or fiunt numero
F'Q faciundum curavit
F'Q-E-E-V tideque ei esse videbitur
FB frater
FB Fretensis (legio)
FB fruinentarius
FBA frater
FRANC Francicus
KR-ARV frater A rvalis
FKAT'O'P fratri Optimo posuit
FRET Fretensis (legio)
FR-IV fronte dextra
FR'KA fratres karissimi
FRONT Frontoniana (ala)
FB'S fronte sinistra
FRT fronte or fratri
FRV fruinentarius, frumentum
FBV'EMV (ad) frumentum emundum
FBVM fruinentarius, frumentum
FEVMENT fruuientarius
FBVMM frumentarii
F-S filii sui, filio suo
F-8 fecit sibi
F'S femina sanctissima?
F'S Fortunae sacrum
F'S'A Flavia singularium Autoniniana
(ala 1 )
F'S'ET'S fecit sibi et suis
F-S-ET'S'L- fecit sibi et suis libertis libertatus
L'P'Q'E posterisque eoruni
F'S'S flunt supra script! (ae, a)
F'V'L familia villae Lucullanae
FVL'CON'P fulgur conditum publice
FVLM'FVL Fulminator Fulgurator
FVLM, Fulminata certa constans (legio)
FVLMI-C-Ci
F'V'P liliiU' vivtis posuit
F'M'P-P fllil inatri piae posuerunt
G
G Galus
G Galeria (tribus)
G Galli (cohors)
G Gallica (legio)
G Gallienus, Galliena
G garum
G Getnina (legio)
G gener
G Genius
G gens (in Africa)
G centuria *
GA Galeria (tribus)
GAL Galatia
GAL Galeria (tribus)
1 Kphtm. KI>. V. p. 82, n. 61.
C. I. L. XIV. 2278.
<;\1. Gallia, Galllca (legio)
GALER (ialrm ttrilms)
GALL Gallk-a (lcfri>
GAR-CAST garum castuin
G'C'D Genius collegii dendrophororum
G'C-N Genius <i:iii ni)>tn
G'D Genius domus?
G'D'A'S Genio D. . . . Augusto sacrum
G'D'N Genius Dcciini nostri
G'D'N Genius domini nostri
G'D'S Germanicus Dacicus Sarmaticus
GE Geinina (legio, cohors)
GE genitura 8
GEM Gemina (legio)
GEM-P-F Geinina pia fidelis
GEM'SEV Gemina Severiana
GEN-ET'HON Genius et Honor
GEN genttrix
GEN gentilis
GENAK'CICA genarum cicatrices
GER, GERM, Germania, Germanicus
GERMA
GER, GERM' Germania Inferior or Superior
INF or SVP
GERM-SVP Germania Superior
G'F garum factum
G'F Gemina felix (legio)
G'H'L Genius huius loci
GIL gilvus
G'L Genius loci
GL gladiatores
GLAD gladiarius, gladiator, gladiatorius
GLA'PRIM" gladiatores priini Campaniae
CAMP
G'M gens M
G'M Genius municipii
G'M'S Genius municipii Satafensis
G'M'V gemina Martia victrix (legio)
GN Gnaeus
GN gnatus
GOR Gordianus
GOT, GOTHIC Gothicus
G'P'AVG Genius patriae Augustus
G'P'A'S Genio pagi A. ..sacrum
G'P-F Gemina pia fldelis (legio)
G'P'R Genius populi Romani
G-P'R'F Genio populi Romani fellciter
G-Q-N Genius Quinti nostri
G-R Gallica rapax (legio)
G-R Germani Raeti
GRAMM grammaticus
GRAN granatum or granianum (vinum) 5
GRAT gratuitus
GREG'VRB gregis urban!
G'8 Gerinauia Superior
C. I. L. V. 5020. Orelli, 441.
C. I. L. IV. 2566.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
433
G'T-N Genius Titi nostri
GTBER, GYBERN gybernator
H
H habens, habet
H hie, haee
H hastatus
H haustum
H Hercules
H heres
H hie
H Hispana (legio), Hispani (cohors)
H homo, homines
H horrearius
H hora
H Horatia (tribus)
H'A Herculaneus Aujustalis
HAB habens
H'A'B'Q hie a... bene quiescat
HABT habeant
HAD Adiutrix (legio)
H'ADQ hie adquiescit
HADE Hadrianus
H'A'H'N'S haec ara heredem non sequetur
H'A'l'R honore accepto impensam remisit
H'AQ hie adquiescit
HAR haruspex
HARM 1 armorum (custos)
HARN Arnensis (tribus)
HAR'PRIM' haruspex primus de sexaginta
DE'LX
H'P hastatus prior
H'A'S'A'H' habet aedes Salutis Augustae hoc
L'L'Q'D' loco leges quas Dianae Romae in
R'IN'A Aventino
H'A'S'F'C heres a se faciundum curavit
HAS hastatus
HAS'P, PR, PRI ; hastatus prior, posterior
PO, POST
HAST hastatus
HAST'POST, POSTER hastatus posterior
HAST-P, PR, PRI hastatus prior
H'B homo bonus
H'B'C hie bene cubet
H'B'F hoinini bono fecit
H'B'M'F heres bene merenti fecit
H'B'Q hie bene quiescat
H'O hie conditus or hie cubat
H'C Higpania Citerior
H'C honoris causa
H'C honore contentus
H'C horrearius cohortis
H'C'D'D honoris causa dedit dedicavit
H'C'D'N'S honoris causa Dianae Nemorensi
sacrum ?
C. I. L. X. 3395.
LAT. INSCRIP. 28
H'C'E hie conditus est or crematus ? est
H'C'E'C'E' hie conditus est; cineres ei bene
B'Q quiescant
H'C'I'R honore contentus impensam remi-
sit
H'C'P heres curavit ponendum ?
H'C'S'P'P honore contentus sua pecunia po-
stiit
HD Hadrianus
H'D'S heredes de suo
H'D'S'P heres de suo posuit
HE herus ?
H'E hie est
H'E'B'P hie est bene positus f
H'E'B'Q hie est ; bene quiescat
HE'ES heic est
H'E'F heres ejtis fecit or heredes ejus fe-
cerunt
HEL Helvetia
HELIOP Heliopolitanus
HELV helvetia
HEM, HEMAES, HEMES Hemeseni (cohors)
H'E'N'H heredem exterurn non habebit
H'E'N'S heredem exterum non sequetur
H'E'P hie est positus
H'E'P-C heres ejus ponendum curavit
HER heres, hereditates
HER Herius
HER'BEN'MER heres bene merenti
IIERC'SAX, SAX AN Hercules Saxanus
HERC'V Hercules Victor
HERED, HEREDIT hereditates
HERED'NON'SEQ heredes non sequetur
IIER'FIDVC heres fid uciarius
HER'PON'C heredes ponendum curaverunt
HER'POS heres posuit
HERR heredes
HERVC Herucina (Venus)
H'E'S hie est situs, sita or sepultus,
sepulta
HE'S'EST' heic? situs est; ossa bene quie-
OS'B'Q scant
H'E'T heredes ex testamento
H'E'T'F heres ex testamento fecit
H'E'T'F'C heres ex testamento faciendum
curavit
H'E'V'O hie est ; volo ? ossa
H'EX T, TT heredes ex testamento
H'F heres fecit or heredes fecerunt
H'F honestissima femina
H'F honore funetus
H'F'C heres faciendum curavit, heredes
faciendum curaverunt
II H heredes
H'H'F homini honestissimo fecerunt ?
H'H'M'NON'S heredem hoc monumentum non
sequetur
H'H'P'R homines hostes populi Romani ?
434
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
H'H'Q heres heredesque
H'l Hercules invictus
HI Hispanl (cohors)
HIEROF hierofanta
H'l'E'S hie intus est situs ?
H'INNOC homo innocens
HIS Hispania, Hispanus, Hispani
HI'SP hie sepultus
HISP Hispania, Uispanus, Hispani
HIST Histria
H'L haec lex
H'L hie locus
H'L'A'N hunc locum alienari nolo ?
H'L'D'M'A huic loco dolus malus abesto
H'L'ET'M' hie locus et monumentum heredem
H'N'S non sequentur
H'L'H'N'S hie locus heredem non sequetur
H'L'I'R'Q hac lege ius ratumque (esto)
H'L'O (uti) hac lege oportebit
H'L'R (ante) hanc jegem rogatam
H'L'S'E hoc loco sepultus est
H'L'S'H'N' hie locus sepulturae heredem non
8 sequetur
H'L'T'C'S hunc locum tessellavit cum suis
H'M hoc monumentuin
H'M homo mereus
H'M (dimissis) honesta missione
H'M honeste missus
H'M'A'H'N' hoc monumentum ad heredem non
P pertinet
H'M'A'M'R hoc monumentum apud meos re-
manebit ?
H'M'C'P (nihil ultra crudelius) hoc inonu-
mento cernere potes ?
H'M'D'M'A huic monumento dolus malus
abesto
H'M'D'M'A' huic monumento dolus malus abe-
B'M'M'C sto ; bene merenti memoriae
causa
H'M'E'H'N' hoc monumentum exterum here-
S dem non sequetur
H'M'E'N'S hoc monumentum (h)eredem or
exterum (heredem) non seque-
tur
H'M'ET L' hoc monumentum et locus here-
H'N'S dem non sequentur
H'M'ET L' hoc monumentuin et locus sepul-
S'H'N'S turae heredem non sequentur
H'M'F honestae memoriae femina
H'M'F'C'ET hoc monumentum faciundum cu-
S'A'D ravit et sub ascia dedicavit
H'M'H'E'N' hoc monumentum heredem exte-
S rum non sequetur
H'M'HER' hoc monumentum heredem flducl-
FIDVCI- arium non sequetur
All'N'S
H'M'H'H' hoc monumentum heredes heredis
(non fequetur)
H'M'H'M' hoc monumentum heredem meum
N'S non sequetur
H'M'H'N'C hoc monuuifntum heredi HUM
cedit
H'M'H'N'S hoc monumentuin licicdcm non
sequetur
H'M'H'N'S' hoc monumentuin heredem non
N ' H ' H sequetur nee heredes hen < 1 i s
H'M'H'N'S' hoc monumentum heredeiu tion
NEQ'LIB' sequetur neque libertos [fins
EROS neque post]eros
H'M'H'N'S' hoc monumentum heredem non
N'L'S sequetur nee locus sepulturae
H'M'H'S hoc monumentum heredes M-qm--
tur
H'M'I'A huie monumento itus actus
H'M'L'S'AB huic monumento, loco sepulturae,
abesto (dolus malus)?
H'M'M honesta missione missus
H'M'M honor magisterii Mercurialium
H'M'N'S heredem monumentum non seque-
tur
H'M'S'D'M hoc monumentum sine dolo malo
H'M'S'L'H' hoc monumentum sive locus here-
N'S dem non sequetur
H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
F'C est faciendum curaverunt
H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'H'N'S est heredes non sequetur
H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'M'N'S est heredem meum non sequetur.
H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'N'S est heredem non sequetur.
H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
N'N'S est n ? non sequetur
H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
N'S est non sequetur
H'M'S'S'H' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'EX'N'S hoc heredem exterum non se-
quetur
H'M'S'S'H' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
M'N'S heredem? meum non sequetur
H'M'S'S'H' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
N'S heredem non sequetur
H'M'S'S' hoc monumentum sive sepulcri
VSTRIN ustrinum
H'M'S'V'L' hoc monumentum sive locus non
N'S'Q sequetur
H'M'S'V'S' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
E'H'N'S est heredem non sequetur
H'M'V honestae memoriae vir
H'N'S heredem non sequetur
H'N'C Hispania Nova Citerior
H'N'S'N' heredem non sequetur nee libertos
L'8 BUOS
HO horrearius
H'O'B'Q hie ossa bene quiescant
HOC MON' hoc monumentum sive hoc se-
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
435
SI'HO'SE' pulcrum heredem non sequetur
HR-NO'SEQ
H'O'E'B hie ossa ei bene
HON honor
HON honoratus
HON'F honoribus functus
HON'M honesta matrona
HOPL hoplornachus
IIOK bora
HOR Horatia (tribus)
HOR horrea
HOROL horologium
HOKIJ horrearius
H'O'S hie ossa sita
H'O'T'B'Q hie ossa tibi bene quiescant
H'O'V'B'Q hie ossa volo or vobis bene quies-
cant
H'P heres posuit
H'P hie positus or heredes posuerunt
H'P homo probus ?
H'P'C heres ponenduin curavit
H'P'D Herculi? Primigenio? dedit?
H'PR hastatus prior
H'P'R hostes populi Romani
H'Q hie quiescat
H'Q'B hie quiescat bene
HRD heredes
H'R'I'R honore recepto impensam remisit
H'S hie situs, sita; sepultus, sepulta
H'S'A hie situs a
H'S'B'P'E hie situs bene positus ? est
H'S'B'Q hie situs bene quiescat
H'S'D'M'A huic sepulcro dolus malus abesto
H'S'E hie situs, sita est or hie sepultus,
sepulta est
H'S'E'B'Q hie situs est ; bene quiescat
H'S'E'H'EX hie situs est; heres ex testamento
T'F'C faciundum curavit
H'S'E'H'F hie situs est ; heres fecit
H'S'E'H'P hie situs est ; heredes posuerunt
H'S'E'O'T' hie situs est ; ossa tua bene quies-
B'Q cant
H'S'E'O'V' hie situs est ; ossa volo bene qui-
B'Q escant
H'S'E'S'TT'L bic situs est; sit tibi terra levis
H'S E'T'F' hie situs est ; titulum fieri iussit ;
I'H'F'C heres faciundum curavit
H-S'E-T'F'I'hic situs est; titulum fieri iussit;
H'P heres posuit
H'S'EX 8 heres secundus ex semisse ?
H'S'H hie situs, heredes ?
H'S'H'A' hoc sepulcrum heredibus abalie-
N'L nare non licet
H'S'H'E hie s.itus, heredes eius
H'S'H'N'S hoc sepulcrum heredem non se-
quitur
H'S'L'P hoc sepulcrum libens posuit ?
H'S'N'S heredem seeundum non sequetur
H'S'O'B hie situs ; ossa bene
H'B'O'T hie situs ; ossa tibi
H'SP hie sepultus f
H'SP'E hie sepultus est
H'S'Q hie situs ; quiescat
H'B'S hie siti or sepulti sunt
H'S'S'H'T'B' hie situs sepultus ; hie tibi bene
Q'H'E'S quiescat; heredes? eius? s...
H'S'S'S'V'T'L hie siti sunt. Volo terra levis
H'S'T hie situs; tibi
U'S'T'F'I hie situs ; testamento fieri iussit
H'T hictu
H T'B hie tu bene
H'T'B'C hie tu bene cubes ?
H'T'B'Q hie tu bene quiescas ; or tumula-
tus bene quiescas
H'T'F'C heredes testamento fieri curave-
runt
H'T'H'N'S hie tumulus? heredem non seque-
tur
H'T'O'B'Q hie tibi ossa bene quiescant
H'T'V'P heres testamento vivus posuit
H'V Hercules victor
H'V honore usus
H'V'F heres vivus fecit
H'V'I'R honore usus impensam remisit
H'V'O'B'Q hie volo ossa bene quiescant
H'V'S'R honore usus sumptum remisit
H'V'S'R'L' honore usus sumptus remisit;
P'D'D' loco dato decreto decurionum
H'V-V'S Herculi victori votuni solvit
I
I
I
I
I
I' A
I
lanuarius (mensis')
invlctus (Mithras)
itur
lulius, lulia
iunior
in agro
IA, IAN lanuariae
I'A'P in agro pedes
I-C in Capitolio
I'C'A ius civile (or iuris consultus)
abesto
ID'IAN Idus lanuariae
I'D invictus deus
I'D lupiter Dolichenus
I'D iure dicundo
IDB Idibus
I'D'D'D lovi Dolicheno dono dedit
ID E id est
I'D'P iure dicundo praeesse
I'D'Q'C'P iure dicundo quinquennalis cen-
soriae potestatis
I'D'Q'Q iure dicundo quinquennalis
IDQ'P iideuique probaverunt
ID'QVOT'D'F idem quotannis divisio fiat
436
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
I'E iudex esto
I'E'V'Q'I' in ea verba quae Infra scripta sunt
8-8
I'F In fronte
I'F'P In fronte pedes
I -HER invictus Hercules
I'H'M'I'A' In hoc tnonumentum itum aditiim
S'C'F sacrorurn causa facere
IIMMPP'CC- (duobus) imperatoribus Caesari-
AAEE8S bus
I'L'H ius liberorum habens
ILL illustris
IM imaginifer
IM imperator
I'M invictus Mithras
IMA imaginifer
IMAG imaginifer
IM'C imaginifer cohortis
IMM immolaverunt
IMM iniiniitiis
IMMAG 1 imaginifer
IMMV immunis
IMP imperator, Imperatum ?, imperium
IMP impetus
IMP'D'N imperator dominus noster
IMPE imperator
IMPER imperator
IMPET'LIPPIT impetus lippitudinis
IMP'N imperator noster
IM'PP immunis perpetuus
IMPP imperatores (duo)
IMPP'CC imperatores Caesares (duo)
IMPP'DD'NN imperatores (duo) domini nostri
IMP'P'Q'R imperium populusque Romanus
IMP'S impensa sua
IN (pater) infelicissimus
IN A, IN AG, IN AGR in agro
IN CAL in caliga
IN C'D'C'D in cujus dedicatione cenam dedit?
INC'FR'PVBL incisus frumento publico
INCOMP incomparabilis
IND indictio
IN E'V'Q' in ea verba quae infra scripta sunt
i'9'S
IN F, FR in fronte
INF'S'8 infra subscript! or scrlpti sunt'
ING ingenua _
IN H'D'D in honorem domus dlvinae
IN HO in honorem
INK'S in capita singula
INL imustris
INPP imperatoribus (duobus)
INP'S inpensa sua
IN QVINQ in quinquennium
IN R in retro
IN T in tergo
<?. I. L. III. 1588.
INS . Instante, instantia
IN SING'H in singulos homines
IN'8'8 Infra script! or scripta sunt
IN8TA instante, instantia
IN8T'TAB instrumentum tabularlorum
IN 8VO CONST, E in suo constitult, erexit
INTER Interrex
INT intulit
INV, INVI invictus
IN V'R'P'VE in urbe Roma proj.ius ve uibl
V'R'P'M Romae passus inille
I'O'C lupiter optlmus Capltolinus
I'O'D lupiter optimus Dollchenus
I'O'D'E lupiter optimus Dolichenus E . . .
I'O'M lupiter optimus maximus
I'O'M'A'D lupiter optimus inaxlmus Au-
gustus Dolichenus
I'O'M'B lupiter optimus maximus Baltnar-
codes
I'O'M'C lupiter optimus maxlmus conser-
vator
I'O'M'C'O' lupiter opttmus maximus cete-
D'l rique oinnes dii immortales
I'O'M'CVL lupiter optimus mnximus culml-
nalis
I'O'M'D lupiter optimus maximus depulsor
I'O'M'D lupiter optimus maximus Doli-
chenus
I'O'M'F lupiter optimus maximus fulmi-
nator
I'O'M'F'F lupiter optimus maximus fulmi-
nator fulgurator
I'O'M'H lupiter oi>titnus maximus Heli-
opolitanus
I'O'M'H'A lupiter optimus maximus Heli-
opolitanus Augustus
I'O'M'I'R' lupiter optimus maximus luno
M'T'M regina, Minerva, Terra mater
I'O'M'S lupiter optimus maximus, Suessn-
lanus
lOVR'DIC lure dicundo
I'O'S'INVI lupiter optimus Sol invictus...
...R'N rupe natus
I'O'S'P'D lupiter optimus Sol praestantissi-
MM]- dlgnus
I'P iter prohlbltum
I'P'AVG lanus pater Augustus
I'P'QVE ius potestasque (esto)
I'Q'S'8'S ii qui supra script! sunt
I'Q'P Idemque probavit
I'R luno Hegina
I'S Infra scriptus
I'8'E (h)ic situs est
I'S'M'R luno sospes magna regina
I'S'P impensis suis posuit
ISPEC (i)speculator
C.I.L. VIII. 2883.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
437
ISTAN instante, instantia
I9TR (i)strator
j.g.y.p j n guo v j v j posuerunt
IT item
IT iterum
ITAL Italica (legio)
I'T'M'F'C idem testamento monumentum fa-
ciendum curavit
IT'V'S'M Ha votum solvam meritis ?
IVD iudicans, iudicandus, iudex
IVD'DEC; IVD- iudex decuriae, iudex de
DE VDEC quinque decuriis
rV'E'E'R' ita utei eis e re publica fldeve sua
P'F'S'V'E videbitur esse
IVG iugera
IVL lulius, lulia
IVL'TEP-MAR lulia Tepula Marcia
IVN iunior
IVN'REG luno retina
IVR iuridicus
IVR-DIC iure dicundo ; juris dictio
IVRID iuridicus
IVS'SA iussione sacra
IW iuvenes (collegium iuvenum)
K
K Kaeso
K kalendae *
K kalendarium
K calumnia
K candidatus
K cap ut
K castellum, castellani, castrum, cas-
tra
K coniux
K cardo
K carissimus, carissiina
K casa
K corpus ?
X castra
K \ I. kalendae
KANAL canaliclarius
KAND, KANDID candidatus
KAR carissimus, carissima
KARC carcerarius
KARM Carmentalia
KAS, KAST castra
KAST'PER castra peregrina
K'K calumniae causa
KK castra
K'L caput legis
KLM s dementis
1 C. I. L. VIII. 2957.
* Wilmanns remarks (Evempla, p. 723) that
this abbreviation is very common before 180 A.D.
and rare after. We find then generally KAL.
3 C. I. L. XIV. 8038.
K'O
K-Q
KR8
KRSMAE
K'S
KVR
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L'A
LA-B
LAC
cannophori Ostienses
Kalendae quinctiles
carissimus, carissima
carissimae
carus suis
Cyrenaica (legio)
la turn
legio
leuga
lex
liberatus
libertus, liberta
librarius
ligatuin 4
lippitudo
locus, loculus
longum
Lucius
luna
libens animo
laudabih's bonus ?
lacus
L'A'D libens animo dedit
L'A'D'D libens animo donum dat, dede-
runt, dedicat
LANI8 lanista
LAP lapis
LAPID lapidarius
LAR Larentinalia
L'AR'E librarius arcarii evocatus ?
LAR'ET IMAG Lares et imagines
LAR'MIL Lares militares
LAT laticlavius
LAT'FVER Latinae fuere
LARG largus
L'A'SOL libens animo solvit
LATIC, LATICL laticlavius
LAV'LAV Laurens Lavinas
LAVR'LAV Laurens Lavinas
L'B libertus bonus
L'B'S libens solvit
L'C laticlavius
L'C librarius capsarius ?
L'C liber condicione ?
L'C librarius cohortis ?
L'C locus concessus
LC Lucius
L'C'D'D locus concessus decreto decurio-
num
L'O'IX liberatus coronarum novem
L'D (votum) libens dat
L'D libero damno
L'D locum dedit, loco dato, locus da-
tus, locum donavit
C. I. L, V. &414.
438
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
L'D'A REP locus datus a re publics
L'D'D libens donum dedit
L'D'D'C locus datus decreto collegll
L'D'D'C'F'C locus datus decreto collegil fabrum
centonariorum
L'D'D'C'V locus datus decreto centumvlrum
L'D'D'CRE'C locus datus decreto centumvl-
rum
L'D'D'D locus datus decreto decurionum
L'D'D'D'D'D loco date decreto decurionum,
dono dederunt
L'D'D'D'P locus datus decreto decurionum
publice
L'D-DEC'N-R loco dato decreto nautarum Rho-
danicorum
L-D'D-p- loco dato decreto pagi Condatium
COND
L'D'D-PA locus datus decreto paganorum
L'D'D'S-V locus datus decreto senatus Vo-
contiorum
L'D'D'V locus datus decreto utriclarlorum
vicanorum
L'D-EX D'D locus datus ex decreto decurionum
L'D'EX D'PAG locus datus ex decreto pagi
L'D'G legio decima Gemina
L'D'P locus datus publice
L'D'P'C locus datus permissu collegii
L'D'P-D'D locus datus publice decreto decu-
rionum
L'D-P-p- locus datus pecunia publica, de-
D'D creto decurionum
L'D'PVB' locus datus publice decreto decu-
D'D rionum
L'D'S'C locus datus senatus consnlto
LE lene
LE'A'L lene ad lippitudinem
LEG legatus
LEG legavit
LEG legio
LEG'AVG legatus August!
LEG'AVG'CENS' legatus August! censibus ac-
ACC cipiendis
LEG'AVGG' legatus Augustorum duorum pro
PR-PR praetore
LEG'AVG'P-P legatus August! pro praetore
LEG'AVG' legatus August! pro pratore
PR-PR, PRAE
LEG'COR lege Cornelia
LEG'IVR legatus iuridicus
LEG'LEG legatus legionis
LEG'PL'VE' leges plebelve scitum senatusve
80'8'VE'C consultum
LEG'PROCOS legatus proconsulis
LEG'PRO'Q legatus pro qunestore
LEG'S'C legatus senatus consulto
LEMO, LEMON Lemonia (tribus)
LEM Lemonia (tribus)
LEM Lemuria
L'ET F'D'D libertis, or Laribus et familiae do-
num dederunt
L'ET L liberti et libertae
LEV leucoma
L'F Latinae fuerunt
L'F laudabilis femina
L'F liberti fecerunt
L'F librarius fisci J
L'F'D'D Laribus familiaribus donum dede-
runt
L'F'D'D ludos fecerunt decurionum decreto
LG legio
L-R-N'S locus heredem non sequitur
LI libertus ?
LIB libellus
LIB liber
LIB liberatus
LIB liber, liberalitas
LIB libertus, liberta
LIB librae
LIB librarius
LIB liburna
LIB Libya
LIB-AGON Liberalia Agonalla
LIB' AN libens animo
LIBB liberti
LIB-COS librarius consularis ?
LIBEL libella
LIBER libertas (dea)
LIBER libertus
LIB-LIBERTABVSQ- libertis libertabusque
SVIS'P'E suisposterisqueeorum
LIB'LIB'Q-P(POST)' libertis libertabusque po-
EOR sterisque eorum
LIBR libertns
LIBR, LIBRA librarius
LIBR'COMM ST' librarius commentarioruin
HER'T'K stationis hereditathmi t;i-
bularii? kastrensls?
LIBTI8 libertatis
LIC licet
LI'E-P-OP-N liberti eius patronooptimonostro
L-I-F-PIIH- locus in fronte pedes IIII; retro
R-P-IIII pedes IIII
LIG Liguria
LI'M'V'S'L libens merito votum solvit laetus
L'IN'CIR ludl in circo
L'IN'LA locus in latitudinem
LINT lintiarius
LIP, LIPP lippitudo
LIQV liquamen
L'L Laurens Lavinas
I.I. legatus legionis
L'L libens laetus
L'L liberti libertae
L'L librarius legati or legionis
L'L Lucii (duo)
L'LIB locus libertorum ?
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
439
L'LIBERT'POSTE- libertis libertabusque po-
RI8 Q'EOR sterisque eorum
L'L'L'L'L'M l laeti libentes ? merito
L'L'P'E libertis libertabus posterisque eo-
rum
L'L'L'P'O' libertis libertabusque... posteris-
M'S que omnibus monumentum sta-
tuit?
L'L'M laetus libens merito
L'L'P'E libertis libertabus posterisque eo-
rum
L'L'P'D laetus libens p... dedit
L'L'P'Q'E libertis libertabus posterisque eo-
rutn
L'L'P'S libertis libertabus posterisque suis
L'L'Q libertis libertabusque
L'L'T librarius (tribuni) laticlavii
L'L'V'S laetus libens votum solvit
L'M libens merito
L'M libertus ineus
L'M locus monumenti
L'M'A'P locus monumenti ante? pedes
(XX)
L'M ludus magnus
L'M'I) libens merito dedit
L'M'F libens merito fecit
L'MIL Lares militares
L'M'P libens merito posuit
L'M'S libens merito solvit
L'N Lucius noster
LO locus
LOG locator
LOC'ACCEP' loco accepto decreto decurionum
D'D
LOC'ACCEP'DED loco accepto dedit
LOC'D locus datus
LOC'DAT'D'D locus datus decreto decurionum
LOC'EMPT locus emptus
LOC'EMP locus emptus
LOO'H'S'P loco hoc sibi permisso. senatus
S'C'P'S consulto pecunia sua *
LOC'LIB locus libertorum ?
LOC'MONVM locus monumenti
LOC'P'P locorum publicorum persequendo-
rum
LOC'PVB loco publico
LOC'PVBL' locorum publicorum persequendo-
PERSEQ rum
LOC'SEP locus sepulturae
LON longus
L'P lexPetronia?
L'P locus pedum, or latus (longus)
pedes
L'P Liber pater
L'P libertus patrono
L'P libens or libertus posuit
i Brambach, 1815. * Orelli, 1460 = 4712.
L'P'D'A'P lege Papiria de acre publico ?
L'P'D'D'D locus publice datus decreto decu-
rionum
L'P'I libens poni iussit (?)
L'P'IT legio prima Italica
L'P'M legio prima Minervia
L'P'P locorum publicorum persequendo-
rum
L'P'P'P loco publico pecunia publica
L'P'Q locus pedum quadratorum
L'Q locus quadratus
L'P'8 libertis posterisque suis ?
L'R'P legas rogo praeteriens
L'S libentes solverunt
L'S locus sepulturae
L'S'D locum sibi dante ?
L'S'D' locus sepulturae datus decurionum
D'D decreto
L'SE'H locus sepulturae heredem non se-
N'S quetur
L'S'M locus sepulturae monumentique ?
L'S 'PR librarius subpraefecti
LT laticlavius
L'T, L'TR librarius tribuni
LV Lucius
LVB'MER lubens merito
LVC Lycia
LVD'F ludos fecit
LVD'MAT ludus matutinus
LVN'VET Lunense vetus
LVP, LVPERO Lupercalia, Lupercus
L'V'S libens votum solvit
LVSTR'MON'SAC lustratio montis sacri
LYC Lycaonia
L'V luna quinta
M
M Macedonica (legio)
M magister
M maiestas
M maiora
M * manipularis
M Manes
M manu
M Marcus
M marmora
M Martia (legio)
M mas (bos)
M maritus
M Mars
M mater
M Matres or Matronae
M Mauretania (Caesariensis, Siti-
fensis)
M inaximus
* C. I. L. X. 3595.
440
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
M memoria
M mi'iisis, menses, mensibus
M Mrmirius
M merens, meritus
M metalla
M (votuin solvit buna) mente?
M miles, militavit
M mille, milia
M Minervia (legio)
M Minerva
M minus
M missus (ex legione)
M modius
M moneta
M monutnentum
M mortuus
M muliebris
M munieipiuin
M murmillo
M menses
M/ Manius
A mortuus ?
MA maim
M'A Mercurius Augustus
M'A militavit annas
M'A munieipiuin Atria
M'A'A munieipiuin Aurelium Apulum
MAC, MA ('1C I) Macedonia; Macedonica (legio)
MACH machinarii
M' AD M' magister ad Martem Praenestinum
PKAEN
MAE, MA EC Maeeia (tribus)
MA'ET PA mater et pater
MAG magister, magistri, magisterium,
magistratus
MAG'AVG magister Augustalis
MA< ;('!) magister c... dedit
MAG-COL magister collegii
MAG'EQ magister cquitum
MAG'FIG magister figulorum
MAGG magistri, magistratus
MAG'FAB magister fabrum
MAGN magnarius
MAG'PAG magistri pagi Augusti felicis su-
AVG'F'S- burbani pro iudis ex decreto
PRO LVD' dccuriunum 1
K\ !)!) '
MAG'P, PERP, PP magister perpetuus
MAG'l'K nmgister ]>rimus
.MAIi'l'U magister privatae
M Aii'l'UIVAT magister ]>rivatae Aegypti et
AEG'ET LIB Libyae
MAG'I'KOVE magistriittis prove magistratu
MAG'P'R populi Komani
\I A;'(><i magister (]iilnquennalis
M Aii QV IN magister qnlnquuuulis
i C. I. L. X. 853.
M'A'G'S tnemor animo grato solvit
MAG-VIC magister vici
MAG'IIII F magister ((iiartum factus
MAI Mains (mciisis)
MAI, MA 1C Mae.ria (tribus)
MAIES'D majestas divina
MAM Mamercus
MAN manipularis
MANC mancipium
MAN-ET CIN Manibus et cineribus f
MANI Manibus
MANIP, MANIPL, MANP* manipularis
MAR Marcia (acma)
MAR margaritarius
MAR marinus
MAR maritus
MARG margaritarius
MARM marmoreus
MART Martins (mensis), Martia (legio)
MART-VIC, VICT Martia victrix (legio)
MANB 3 manibus (see page 273)
MANIPLR manipularis
MAR mars us
MAT mater
MAT Matres or Matronae
MAT'B mater bona
MATER'D- Mater deuin magna Idaea Dindy-
M-I-D *"taena?
MAT'F-F-CAR mater fecit filio carissimo
MATR Matres or Matronae
MAV Mavortius
MAV Mauri (cohors)
MAVR-CAE8 Mauretania Caesarieusis or Sitl-
or SITIF or fensis or Tingitana
TINGIT
MAVRET Mauretania
MAX maximus
M'B munieipiuin Bergomatium
M'B'M'F maritus bene merenti fecit
M-B-D-D-D magistrae Bonae Deae donum de-
derunt?
M'C mater castrorum
M'O Mauretania Caesariensis
M'C memoriae causa
M.CA Mauretania Caesariensis
M'C'D'S momentum condiderunt? de suo
M'C'F memoriae causa fecit
MCP munieipiuin
M'C'P'M miles classis praetoriao Misenatis
M'CL'PR miles classis praetoriae
M'C'P'S'I Mithras Cautus Pater Sol invictus *
M'C'T'R'N memoriaecausatituluinrenovavit ':
M'D Manibus Diis?
M'D mater deum
M'D mater dulcissima
C. I. L. X. 8535. C. I. L. VII. 1336, 585
* Boissieu, IHRC. de Lyon, p. 24.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
441
M'D municipium Dianensium
M'D'A'N metalla domini August! nostri
M'D'M Mater deum inagna
M'D'M'A monumento dolus malus abesto
M'D'M 'I Mater deum inagna Idaea
ME, MEC Maecia (tribus)
M'E merita eius
ME Mesogites (vinutn)
MED Medicus
MED medicus
MED Meditrinalia
MED'LVD'MAT medicus ludi matutina
MED'Ol'D medicus ordinarius
MED'TVC 1 Medixtuticus
MEM memoria
MEM 'COL (ad) memoriam colendam
M EN Menenia (tribus)
MEN mensis
MEN mensor
MENEN Menenia (tribus)
MENS'AGKAR, mensor agrarius, agrorum
AGROR
MENSS menses
M'EQ miliaria equitata (cohors)
MER Mercurius
ME It ineridianus (gladiator)
MER merita, merens, meritus
MERC Mercurialis
MERC'CAN Mercurius Canetonensis
MERK mercatus
MER'S Mercurio sacrum
MES mensis
MES mensor
MES Mesogites (vinum)
MESOP Mesopotamia
MET metalla
METR, METROP metropolis
M'F magister fani
M'F mater fecit
M'F monumentum fecit or memoriam
fecit
M'F miles factus
M'F munere functus
M'F (omnibus honoribus) municipali-
bus functus
M'F'A municipium Flavium Arvense
M'FE'SV memoriam fecit suis
M'F'F'M mater fecit fllio merenti or memo-
riam fecit, etc.
M'F'L'A magister fani Lamm Augustorum
M'F'V municipium Fabrateria vetus
M'H'F'C memoriam or monumentum heres
faciendum curavit
M'H (HON)' M (MISS) missus honesta missione
M'H'N'S monumentuin heredem non se-
quetur
1 Orelli, 3804.
M'l magna Idaea (Mater)
MI Maecia (tribus)
MI Mithras
MIL miles, militavit, militia
MIL milia, miliaria
MILL milia
MILT militavit
MILTS militis
MIL'P milia passuum
MIL-PETIT militiae petitor
MIN Minatius or Minius
MIN Minervia (legio)
MIN Minicia
MIN minister, ministri
MIN minor
MINER Minerva (legio)
MINER-MEM Minerva mernor 2
MINIS minister
MIS missio, missicius, missus
MISS'HON'M missus honesta missione
M'K mater castrorum
M'L miles legionis
ML miles
M'L municipium Lambiriditanum
W, \M, W, $'L mulierislibertus, liberta
M'M magister Mercurialis
M'M malis male
MM Marci duo
M'M Mater inagna
MM memoriae
M'M municipes municipii
M'M'F marito monumentum fecit
M'M'F memoriam fecit
M'M'F'A municipes municipii Flavii Ar-
vensis
M'M'I Mater magna Idaea
M'M'P'OR magister militiae per Orientem
M'M'P'F marito merenti pia fecit
MMR memoria
M'M'V municeps municipii Vicetiae
M'N Mars Nabelcus
M'N metalla nova
M'N milia nummum
MN minus
M'N municipium Novarla
M'O matri optimae
MO Montani (cohors), Montanae (deae)
MO monumentum
MOL mulier
MOLIN molinarius
MON monetalis
MON monumentum
MONEM monumentum
MON'H'M' monumentuin heredem meum non
N'S sequetur
MONIM monumentum
2 Orelli, 1427.
442
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
MON'SAC monitor sacrornm
MONT'P'C Montanorum pia constans(cohors)
MONT monuinentum
M N" municipium Novensium
M'P magister pagl
M'P inaior pars
M'P mater posuit
M'P memoriam posuit
M'P inille passus, milia passuum
M'P municipium Placentia
M'P (PO)' monuinentum positum Diis Mani-
D'M bus
M'P'F Minervia pia fidelis (legio)
M'P'P matri piissimae posuit or maritus
pius posuit
M'P'V'L Marci, Publii, Vibii libertus
M E merens
M'S Moesia superior
M'S Mars suus
MS mensis
M'S merito solvit
M'SEP'APVL municipium Septimium Apuluni
M'S'P maritus sua pecunia
M'S'S Mithrae Soli sacrum
M'S'S'E'H' monumentum sive sepulcrum est
N'S heredem non sequetur
M'T municipium Thibilitanum
M'T'F memoriae titulum fecit
M'TEIVMPH municipium Tritimphale
M'V municipium Verulanum
MV Murtites (vinum)
M'V'F monumentum vivus fecit, or uxori
fecit, or maritus uxori fecit
M'VIC municipium Vicetia
MVL mulier
MV'L municipium Lamasba
MVL'LIB mulieris libertus or liberta
MVL'XX multis fvotis) vicennalibus
MVN municipium
MVNER munerarius
MVN'NAP municipium Napoca
M VN'SEPT municipium Septimium Apulum
APVL
M'V'P'P maritus uxori piissimae posuit
MVR murmlllo
MVR'SCAEV murmillo scaeva
M'V'S memor voti solvit
M'VX'P maritus uxori posuit
N
natalis
natione
naturalis ?
natus
navarchus, nauta
nefastus (tristis)
Nemesis ?
nepos
I N Neronianas
N niger
N nomine
N Nonae
N Noricum
N noster
N noviis. noviciuB
N noxia (hora)
N numeral
N Numerius
N numero, numerus
N Numidia
N n 1 1 iiii-ii
X. N <>/ M nuinini
N \ymphae
NA naturalis (pater)
NA natione, natus
N'A nauta Araricus
NAOFYL nauphylax
N'ARARIC nautae Ararici
NARB Narbonensis
N'A'S numini August! sacrum
NAT natione
N'ATR nautae A tr...
NAV navicularius, nauta
NAVF nauphylax
N'AVG numen August!
NAVIC navicularius
NAV'LIG nautae Ligerenses
N'BRIT nnmerus Britonum
N'C Numidia Constantina
N'C'INFER... necul? inferre (liceat ?)
N'D nuinen deorum
N'D'A'N'M nullum dolorem accepit nisi morte
NE 1 nemini
NE Neronianus
NEG negotiator
NEG'FRV negotiator frumentarius
NEGOT negotiator
NEG'PAENVL negotiator paenularius
NEG'STIP'ARG negotiator stipis argentarii
NEP nepos
NER Neronianus
N'E'S'D numini eius semper devotus
N'EXPLOR'BREM numerus exploratorum
or BREMEN Bremeuiensium
N 7 nefastus (hilaris)
N'F'F'N'S'N'C non fui, fui, non sum, non euro
N'F'N'S'N'C non fui, non sum, non euro
N'l natione Itala
N'LIC non licet
N'M numerus milltum
N'M'Q numini maiestatique
N'M'Q'E'D numini maiestatique eius dicatissi-
mus
N'M Noricum mediterraneum
i Ephem. Ej>. IV. 286.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
443
N'M'V nobilis memoriae vir
N N nostri (duo)
N'N numerus noster
NNOBB'CAESS nobilissimi Caesares (duo)
NNXOOOBBB' nobilissimi Caesares (tres)
CAESSS
NO nobilissimus
NO Novius
NOB'CAES nobilissimus Caesar
NOB'FEM nobilissima femina
NOB ! November
NOBB'CAESS nobilissimi Caesares
NOMI nomine
NON Nonae
NONAGEN nonagenarius
NOKICO Noricorum (ala)
NOT notarius
NOV November
NOV Novius
N'P natione Pannonius? Ponticus?
NP nefastus (hilaris)
N P Neptunus
N P nobilissimus puer
N'P J (si fa to meliore fllias) non pepe-
rissent
N'R natione Raetus ?
N'R, RHOD nauta Rhodanicus
NRIS nostris
N'S nomine suo
N'S'S'I'M numen sanctum Solis invicti Mi-
thrae
N'STAT numerus statorum
N'T'M numerus ? tegularum minorum 8
N'V nobilissimus vir
NVB numinibus
NVM numerarius, numerus, numero
NVM minimum
NVM'AVG numen August!
NV.M'BAT'SEN numerus Batavorum seniornm
NVM'DAL' numerus Dalmatarum Diviten-
DIVIT sium
NVMM, NVMMVL nummularius, nummularia
N'VRSARIEN numerus Ursariensium
NYMP nymphaeum
O
O Olus
offlcina
O hoplomachus
O optio
O, P horae
O _ ovum
O, O, O, 9, obiit, obitus
O'B optio balnearii
1 Boissieu, Inge, de Lyon, p. 597.
* C. I. L. V. 2956.
* Brambach, Inge. Rhen. 112.
O'B ossa bene
OB obiit or obitus
OB obiit or obitus
O'B'C ossa bene cubent?
OB H, HON ob honorem
OB M'E ob nierita eius, memoriam eins
O'B'Q ossa bene quiescant
O'B'Q'T ossa bene quiescant tibi
OBR obrysum
O'C opus constat
O'C'S ob cives servatos
OCT octogenarius
OCT, OCTO, OCTOB October
O'D opus doliare
O-D'D'F-D- opus doliare de figlinis Domitiae
L'F Lucillae ; flglinae
O'D'S'M optime de se merito
O'E'B ossa ei bene
O'E'B'Q ossa ei bene quiescent
OF Oufentina (tribus)
OF offlcina
OF'AVR offlcina Aureliana
OFE, OFEN, OFENT, Oufentina (tribus)
OFENTIN .
OFF Oufentina (tribus)
OFF officina, officinator
OFF offlcium
OFF'CORN officium corniculariorum
OFFENT Oufentina (tribus)
OFFI, OFFIC offlcina
OFF-PA, PAPI offlcina Papiri
OFF'PRAETER, offlcium praeteritorum, rati-
RAT onum
OFF'S'R offlcina summae rei or summarum
rationum
OFI, OFIC offlcina
O'H ossa hie ?
O'H'F omnibus honoribus functas
O'H'Q'B ossa hie quiescant bene
O'H'S ossa hie sita
O'H'S'S ossa hie sita sunt
OIA omnia 4
OL oUa
OLL'D or D'S'D ollas dedit or de suo dedit
OL'PO'V olei pondo V
O'L'S'T opto levis sit terra
O'L'T opto levem terrain
O'M ob memoriam
O'M optime meritus
O'M optimus maximus
O'M'C'P'F' oppidtim municipium colonia pree
V'C'C'T fectura forum vicus conciliabu
lum castellum territorium
O'M'D'S optime meritus de se
O'M'V ordo municipii V ...
O'N'F omnium nomine faciundum
* Orelli, 60tt.
444
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
O'O'D ornatus ornamentis decurionalibus
P
OP optimus
P
pagina
OP optio
P
pagus
OP'A, ARK optio arcaril
P
Pannonii (cohors)
OP'B optio balnearli
P
Papiria, Pollia (tribus)
OP'C, CA optio careens
P
parentes
OP'CO optio cohortis
P
pars
OPAL Opalia
P
passus
OP'C, CA optio carceris
P
pater
O-P'C ollam Publius dedit ?
P
patria
OP'CO, COII optio cohortis
P
patrimonium
OP'D, OP-DO, OP-DOL opus doliare
P
patronus, patrona
OPER'PVB opera publica
P
pausaril?
OP'EQ optio equitum
P
peregrina ? l
OPETR, OPI Opiter
P
Parthica (legio)
OPIC Opiconsiva
P
pecunia
OPL hoplomachus
P
pedatura?, pedes
OPO opobalsamatum
P
per
OP-PEC-S'F opus pecunia sua fecit
P
periit
OP-PR, PRI optio principis
P
piusor pie, piissimus pientissimus
O'P'Q ordo populusque
P
(lex) Plautia ? Papiria? Pompeia?
OPSON opso'nator
P
pondo
OPT optimus, optima
P
populus
OPT optio
P
posuit or posuerunt
OPT'B optio balnearii
P
posteri
OPT'C optio carceris
P
praefectus
OPT'COH optio cohortis
P
praeses
OPT'PR optio principis
P
praetor
OP'VAL optio valetudinarii
P
praetoria (cohors)
ORA, ORAT Horatia (tribus)
P
Primigenia (legio)
ORD ordinarius
P
primus, prima
ORD'N ordo noster
P
princeps
O'REST orbis restitutor
P
pro
ORN ornatus, ornamenta
P
probum
ORN'DEC ornamenta decurionalia
P
proconsul
OR'P hora prima
P
procurator
O'S ossa sita
P
provincia
OS'B-C ossa bene cubent ?
P
Proxumae (deae)
OS'B'Q ossa bene quiescant
P
publicus, publica
OS-TIB-B-Q'S ossa tibi bene quiescant
P
Publius
OS'T'B'Q ossa tibi or tua bene quiescant
P
pugnarum
OS-.T-B-N-Q ossa tibi bene quiescant
q
puella
O'S'T'T'L opto sit tibi terra levis
PA
pagani
O-T-B ossa tibi bene
PA
Palatina, Papiria (tribus)
O'T'B'C ossa tibi bene cubent ?
PA
pater
O'T'B'Q ossa tibi bene quiescant
PA
patronus
O-TIB ossa tibi
P-A
pondo argenti
O'T'Q ossa tibi quiescant
P-A
provincia Africa
OV Ovins
P-A
publicum argentum
O'V oro vos
PAG
Pacuius
O'V ornatus vir
PA-ET MA
pater et mater
O'V'B'C ossa volo bene cubent
PA-FECE
parentes fecerunt
O'V'B'Q ossa volo bene quiescant
PAG
pagus, pagani
OVF Oufentina (tribus)
PAG
pagina
O'V'F oro vos faciatis
P-AG
piisimus Augustus
O'V'F'D'R' oro vos faciatis, dignum re publica,
PAL
Palatina
P'O'V'F oro vos faciatis .
OVFENT, OVFF Oufentina (tribus)
1 Brambach, 168.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
445
PAL palatium
PAL pallium
PAL Palmyreni (numerus)
PALAT, Palatinus (Salius), Palatlna (tri-
PALATIN bus)
PAN'INF Pannonia inferior
PANN Pannonia, Pannonii (cohors)
PANNO Pannonii (cohors)
PAP Papiria
PAPHLAG Paphlagonia
PAQ Paquius
PAR parentes
. PAR Parilia
PAPER, PAPI, PAPIR Papiria (tribus)
P'AREL pausarius Arelatensis
PARENT Parentalia
PAR'M Parthicus maximus
PART, PARTH Parthicus, Parthica (legio)
PASS l passiva (venatio)
PAT pater
PAT patricius
PAT patronus
PAT'COL patronus coloniae
PAT'ET CVR patronus et curator
PAT'F'P'P pater filiae piisimae posuit
PAT'MVN patronus municipii
PATR patronus, patronatus
PATR'C patronus centuriae
PATR 'COL patronus coloniae
PATR'COL' patronus coloniae rei publicae
R'P'R Riciniensis
PATRIM patrimonium
PATR'MVN patronus municipii
PATRN patronus
P'A'V provincia Africa vetus
PAVIMEN pavimentarius
P'B'F (fllii) patri bono fecerunt ?
PEL publicus
P'B'M parentes bene merenti
P'B'M patrono bene merenti
P'B'P, P'B'PR principalis beneflciarius praefecti
P'BR'S plumbum Britannicum signatum
or publican! Britanniae sanctae ?
P'C patres conscript!
P'C patronus civitatis, coloniae, col-
legii, corporis
PO pecunia
P'C pia constans (legio cohors)
P'C pietatis causa
P'C ponendum curavit
P'C post consulatuin
P'C potestate censoria
P'C'ET S'A (AS, ponendum cnravit et sub
ASC)'D ascia dedicavit
1 C. I. L. X. 3704, where it is wrongly ex-
plained as Pass(erum). The word is found in
full in Notizie Degli Scam, 1888, p. 237.
P'C'N patronus collegii (corporis) nostri
P'C'O publicum coloniae Ostiensis
P'COL patronus coloniae
P'CONt) pagus Condatium
PCS post consulatum
P'D posuit dedicavitque
P'DAT'D'D publice datum decurionum decreto
P'D'D posuit dedicavitque
P'D'D publice decreto decurionum
P'D'D 'E populo dare damnas esto
P'D'D'P'P posuerunt decreto decurionum pe-
cunia publica
P'D'NON'F (misellas in) perpetuum dolorem
non funerassent 2
PE Percennius or Pescennius
PEC pecunia, pecuniosus
PEC pequarius
PED pedatura, pedes
PED pedites, peditata (cohors)
PEDIS, PEDISEQ, PEDISQ* pedisequus
PED'SING pedes singularis
PEL pellis
PEQ pacunia
P'EQ'R'M patronus eques Romanus muni-
cipii
PER Percennius
PER peregrinus (praetor)
PER permissu
PERP perpetuus
P'E'S'C publice e senatus consulto
PET Petriana (ala)
P'ET H patronus et heres
PERS Persicus
PESC Pescennius
PET Petro
P'F pater fecit or parentes fecerunt
P'F pater fllio
P'F pia femina ?
P-F pia fldelis
P'F pius felix
PF praefectus
P'F (in kalendas Februarias quae) prox-
imae fuerunt
P'F'C'R pia fldelis civium Eomanorum
(cohors)
P'FE'FILIE parent! (or parentibus) fecerunt
filiae
P'FEL pius felix
P'F'F parentibus flli fecerunt?
P-F'F pia felix fldelis (legio)
P'F'F'AET pia felix fidelis aeterna (legio)
P'F'K'F pater fllio karissimo fecit
P'F'P, P'FI'P parentibus fllii posuerunt?
P-F'V pius felix victor
PG Primigenia
P'G'D Petra genetrix domini
2 C. I. L. V. 2956.
C. I. L. X. 6638.
446
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
P'G'N provincia Oallla Narbonensis
P'G'S provincia Germania Superior
PHAL phal.-I-ar
P'H'C provincia Hispania Citerior
P'H'O'ADQ placere huic ordini atque e re pu-
E'R'P'V blica videri
PI plus
P'l poni iussit
PIC Picenum
P'I'D, PBTD praefectus iuri dicundo
PI-F'F pia felix fidelis
PIL'PR, POST pilus prior, posterior
P'l'S pius in MIII>
P'K praetor candidatus
P'L patrono libertus or patronus 11-
berto
PL placuit
PL Plancus
PL Plautus ?
1'L plebs, plebis (aedllis, tribunus)
PL plumbum
P'L provincia Lugdunensis
PLA Plancus
PLA Plautus
PLAT'DEXT'E'Ni platea dextra eunti Nldam
PLB plumbarius
PL'C plebs collegii
PL'CER plebis Cerialis (aedilis)
P'L'L posuit laetus libens
P'L'L 2 pro ludis lumiuibus
PL'M plus minus
P'L'M posuit libens merito
PL'MIN plus minus
P'L'P patrono lil>erti posuerunt
P'L'P praefecti lege Petronia ?
P'L'S'F patronus liberto suo fecit ?
PLS'MINS plus minus
PL'SC plebi scitum
PL'VE'SC plebive scita
P'M patronus municipii
P'M patronus municipii
P'M plus minus
P'M pontifex maior
P'M pontifex maximus
P'M (et) post mortem (nihil)
P'M pro incritis
P'M'C provincia Mauretania Caesafiensis
P'MIS parcnti'S miserriinl
P'M'F patri merenti fecit
P'M'V patronus municipii Verulani
P'N (conservator!) patrimonii nostri
P'N praeses noster or Numidiae
P'N provincia Numhlia
P'N'C provincia Xumidia Constantina
PO Poblilia (trilms)
Brambnch, 1311 et 1S12.
* C. 1. L. X. 856 ; cf. 855 et 857.
Pobliu = Publiu8
post obitum
PO
P'O
PO
P praetorio
!'() princops optimus
POB Poblilia (tribus)
P'O'C primi ordlnls comes
POL polio
POL Pollia (tribus)
P'O'M patrono optime merito
POM, POM KN. I'nMKNT, Pomptina (tribusj
POMI, POMP
POMP Pompeius
POMT Pomptina (tribus)
PON'CENS ponendum censuerunt
PON'CVR ponendum curavit
PONDER ponderarius
PONT Pomptina (tribus)
PONT, PONT IF pontifex
PONTIFF pontiflces
PONT'MAX pontifex maximus
PONT'M'M pontifex munieipum municipii
POP Pompo or Poimlius
POP Poblilia (tribus)
POP Popinia (tribus)
POPIN populus
POPLIF Poplifugiiiin
FOR, POROL Porolissensis(Dacia)
POR'PVBLIC portorium publicum
POS Postumus
PORT portlcus
PORT Portunalia
POS posuit
POS'AED'CAS post aedem Castoris
POS 'CONS post consulatum
POS'D'S posuerunt de suo
POSE poseit= posuit
POS'P'P posita (statua) pecunia publica
POST Postumus
POST CONS, CON, COL, CNS post consulatum
POST H'L'ROO post nance legem rogatam
POSV >osuit
P'P >ater patriae
P'P >aterpatrum (Cult of Mithras)
P'P >ater jxiMiit
P'P pater piissimus
P'P parentes pientissimi
P'P patronus pientissimus
P'P patronus perpetuus
P'P pecunia posuit
P'P pecunia publica
P P Penates puMici :-
P'P prndens pondo
P'P permissu pro<'onsulis s
P'P perpetuus
P'P pius-er pia posuit
' Very uncertain, occurs in Africa alone.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
447
piissimo, piissimae, posuit or po-
suerunt
populo postulante
populus Parmensis
portoriuui publicum
praepositus
praeses provinciae
primus pilus or primipilaris
pro parte
pro pietate
propria pecunia
proprlo
(aere) proprio posuerunt
provincia Paunonia
publican! provinciae
publice positus
p. p
p .p
P .p
p.p
p .p
p.p
p. p
p.p
p.p
p. p
PP
p. p
p .p
p. p
p.p
P'P'A'A'V'V'G'G perpetui Augusti (duo)
P'P'ANN praepositus annonae
P'P'AVGG perpetuis Augustis (duobus)
P'P'BRT publicani provinciae Britanniae
LON Londinienses
P'P'C pientissimo ponendum curavit
P'P'D'D pecunia publica decreto decurio-
num
P'P'F patri piissimo fecerunt
p.p.p Primigenia pia fldelis (legio)
P'P'F'C pecunia publica faciundum curavit
P'P'F'D'D pecunia publica fecerunt dedi-
carunt
P'P'FL' praeses provinciae Flaviae Vien-
VIEN nensis
P'PI 1 primipilus
P'P'INFER provincia Pannonia inferior
P'P'K praepositus kastris
P'P'L Publiorum duoruin libertus
P'P'M'S praeses provinciae Mauretaniae
Sitifensis
P'P'N NVM praeses provinciae Numidiae
P'P'O posuit patrono optimo
PPO praefectus praetorio
P'P'P pater pins posuit or parentes pii
posuerunt
P'P'P patri piissimo posuit or posuerunt
P'P'P proconsul pater patriae
P'P'P pro pietate posuit
P'P'P propria pecunia posuit or posue-
runt
p.p.p.Q primipilaris patronus coloniae
P'P'P-F (filii) pii patri pio or patri pro
pietate fuerunt
PPP-FFF- Pii Felices Augusti (tres)
AAA'GGG
P'P'R praeses provinciae Raetiae
P'P'R (forma) publica populi Roman!
P'PR'BR publicani provinciae Britanniae
P'PR'LON publicani provinciae Londinienses
i C. 1. L. XII. 2210.
P'P'R'Q Penates populi Roman! Quiritum
PP'RROM pontifices Roman!
P'P'S posuit pecunia sua
P'P'S pro parte sua ?
P'P'S provincia Pannonia superior
P'P'STAT praepositus stationis
P'P'S pro pecunia sua
PP'VV perfectissimi viri
P'P ^ ^ pro parte tertia
P'Q pedes quadrat!
PQ pequarius
P'Q (petitio) persecutio que (esto)
P'Q populusque
P'QVOQVE VERS pedes quoque versus
P'Q'Q'V pedes quoquoversus
P'Q'R populusque Romanus
P'Q'S posterisque suis
PK parentes
P'R populus Romanus
P'R post redituin ? or pro reditu ?
PR praedium ?
PR praefectus
PR praetor, praetorium, praetorius
PR praepositus ?
PR pridie
PR Primigenia (legio)
PR Primus (praenomen)
PR primus, prior
PR princeps, principalis
PR privata (ratio)
PR pro
PR probante
PR Proculus
PR procurator
PR promotus
PR pronepos
PR provincia
PR provinciae (anno provinciae, in
Mauretania)
P'R provincia Raetia
P'R publice restituit
PRAE, PRAEF praefectus
PRAEF'AEDIL prafeectus aedilicia potestate
POT
PRAEF'AER praefectus aerarii
PRAEF'AER'SAT praefectus aerarii Saturn!
PRAEF'OOH praefectus cohort!
PRAEF'C'A'V 2 praefectus centuriae accenso-
rum velatorum
PRAEFEC praefectus
PRAEF'EQ praefectus equitum
PRAEFF praefecti
PRAEFF'PR' praefecti praetorio
PRAEF'F'D praefectus frumenti dandi
PRAEF'I'D, praefectus iure dicundo
IVR-DIC
* C. I. L. VI. 9219.
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
PRAEF-MIN praefectus Miniciae
PRAEF'NVM praefectus numeri
PKAEF'P' praefectus pueroruni pedisequo-
PEDI8IC rum
PRAEF'PRAET praefectus praetorlo
PRAEFTIR praefectus tironum
PRAEF'TVR praefectus tunnarum ?
PRAEF'VEX, VEX1L praefectus vexillationl
PRAE'N'H' praepositus nutnero Herculis An-
ANT tontniano
PRAEP praepositus
PRAEPO l praeposttus
PRAEP'P- praepositus public! frumenti or
FRVM pecuniae fruraeutariae
PR-AER praefectus aerarii
PRAES praesentes
PRAET praetor, praetorius
PRAETT praetoriae (cohortes)
PR'BR'LON provinciae BritanniaeLondinienses
P'R'C'ANN post Roinatn conditam anno
PR'CER'I'D, praetor cerialis lure dicundo
IVR-DIC
PR'C'R praetoria civium Romanorum
(cohors)
PREC precario
PREF praefectus
P-R'F J praefectus
PR-GER'SVP provincia Germania Superior
PR'G'N princeps gentis Numidarum
PR'H'O'C'S progressus hostem occidit civem
servavit
PRI pridie
PRI Primus (praenomen)
PRI princeps
PRI primus, prima
PR'I'D praefectus or praetor iure dicundo
PRID pridie
PRIM primarius
PRIM-IN-C (Fortunae) Primigeniae in colle
PRIM, PRIMIO Primigenia (legio)
PRIMOP primipilus
PRIMO'V primo (dative) unquam
PRIN princeps
PRINC princeps, principalis
PRIN'COL princeps coloniae
PRINC'PEREG princeps peregrinorum
PRINC-PRAET princeps praetorii
PR-IN PED principals in pedatura
PR'IV princeps iuventutis
PR'IVV praetor iuventutis
PR-IVVEN princeps iuventutis
PR'K praetor candidatns
PR'K'TVT praetor candidatus tutelaris
PR-LV'LV' pro ludis luminibus
lEphem. Ep. VII. 862.
* C. J. L. VII. 46C.
C. I. L. VIII. 9045.
PR'L'V'P'F praetor ludos Victoriae primus
fecit
P'R'N patrimonium ? regni Norici
PRO proconsul
PRO procurator
PRO proflcisceretur
PRO pronepos
PRO protector
PRO provincia
PROB probavit, probaverunt, probante,
probatus
PROC proconsul
PROG procurator
PROG'AD B procurator ad bona
PROC'AVG procurator August!
PROC'AVG" procurator August! quadragesi-
XXXX mae (Galliarum)
PROCC procuratores
PROC'CA- procurator capiendorum vectiga-
PIEND'VEC Hum
PROC'K procurator kastrensis
PROC'M'N procurator mannorum novorum
PROC'VECT procurator vectigalis (Illyricii
PROC'IIII procurator quattuor publicoriun
P-AFR Africae
PROCO proconsul
PROCONS8 proconsulatus
PRO-COS, PROCOS pro consule, proconsule
PROCOSS proconsul, proconsulatus
PRO'D provincia Dacia
PRO DOM protector domesticus
PRO LVD'LVM pro ludis luminibus
PRO'M processum meritus
PROM promotus
PRO MAG promagister
PRON, PRONEP pronepos
PROP'P'C propria pecunia curavit
PRO PR pro praetore
PRO PR - pro praetore ex senatus consulto
EX S-C
PRO Q pro quaestore
PROR proreta
PRO 8 pro salute
PRO S'D'N pro salute domini nostri
PROT protector
PROV provincia
PROV provocator
PROX proximus (ratlonum, tabulario-
rum)
PROX'CIPP proximus cippus
PR'M praepositus militum
PRM-FEL' Primant Felices lustiniani (nu-
IV8T merus)
PROV provincia
PRP propriis
PR'PER praetor i>erejrrinus
PR'P'F Primigenia pia fidelis (legio)
PR-POS, POST princeps posterior
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
449
PR'PR praefectus praetorio
PR 'PR praeses provinciae
PR'PR pro praetore
PR'PRAET princeps praetorii
PR-POST, PR princeps posterior, prior
PR'P'V praetoria pia vindex (cohors)
P'R'Q populus Romanus Quiritiura
PR'REL 1 praepositus reliquationis
P'R'S procurator rationum summarum ?
PR'S profecturus sit
PR'SAC praetor sacrorum
PR'SAC'VOLK' praetor sacris Volcano faci-
FAC endis
PR'SEN'CONS praetor senatum consuluit
PR'S'P'S pro salute posuit
PK STA praepositus stationis
PR'YIG praefectus vigilum
PR'VRB praefectus urbi or praetor ur-
banus
PR'II VIR praetor duo vir
PR 'XX LIB procurator vigesimae libertatis
P'S Pannonia Superior
P'S Parthica Severiana (legio II)
P'S pater sacrorum
P'S pecunia sua
P'S pius, pia suis ?
PS posuerunt
P'S praeses Samnil
P'S proprio sumptu
P'S pro salute
P'S proxumis suis
P'S'D'D pro salute domus divinae
P'S'D'N pro salute douiini nostri
P'S'F pecunia sua fecit
P'S'F'C pecunia sua faciunduin curavit
P'S 'I pro salute imperil
P'S'P pecunia sua posuit
P'S'P'D pecunia sua posuit dedicavit
P'S'P'L'L pecunia sua posuerunt laeti liben-
tes
P'S'P'L'L pro salute posuit laetus libens ?
P'S'R pecunia sua restituit
P'S'R procurator summarum rationum
P'S'S 1 Pannonia Secunda Savia
P'S'S pro salute sua
P'S'S'P pro salute sua posuit or posne-
runt
P'S'S'S pro salute sua suorumque ?
P'ST posuit
PST CONSLTO post consulatum
P'S'V parentibus suis vivis
PT pater
P'T posuit testamento ?
P'T'M posuit titulum memoriae
PTR patronus
1 Ephem. Ep. III. p. 811.
2 Ephem. Ep. II. 884.
LAT. INSCRIP. 29
P'V perfectissimus v!r
P'V pia vindex (legio)
P'V portus uterque
P'V praefectus urbi
P'V provincia utraque
PV publice
VI pupilla
P'V'A pius vixit annos or minis
PVB publicus, publica, publice
PVB Publilia (tribus)
PVBCO publico
PVB'FAC publice factuin
PVBL publicus, publica, publice
PVBL publicanus
PVBL'COL publicum coloniae
PVBLI, PVBLIL Publilia (tribus)
PVBL'MVN publicum municipii
P'VB'P'R'Q publicus populi Roman! Quiritium
PVG pngnarum
PVP Pupinia (tribus)
PVP pupillus
PVP Pupus
PVPI, PVPIN Pupinia (tribus)
P'V 'PHILIP pia vindex Philippiana (legio)
PV'PO publice positus
PV'PV'L duorum puporum libertus, liberta
PVR purpureus
P'V'S posuit volo soluto
Q
Q quaestiones
Q quaestor, qunestoricius
Q quando
Q que
Q qui, quae, quod
Q Quinquatria
Q quinquennalis
Q Quintus
Q Quirina (tribus)
Q, <$ quondam
Q'A quaestor aerarii
Q'A quot annis
Q'AER'P quaestor aerarii public!
Q'AL, ALIM quaestor alimentorum
Q'A'V qui annos or annis vixit...
QB S quaestor beneflciarius ??
Q'B'F'F quod bonum faustum felix (sit)
Q'C'A quorum curam agebat
Q'C'C'R'M quaestor curator civiuin Romano-
NEG'MOG' rum Mogontiaci, negotiator Mo-
C'T * gontiacensis, civis Taunensis
Q-CONT qui continet
Q'C'P quinquennalis censoria potestate
Q'C'R quei cives Roman! (erunt)
Q'C'V quaestor coloniae Viennae
3 Bratnbach, 24.
* Brambach, 756.
450
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
' > I > quaestor designates
Q'D quondam
Q'D'A quo, qua or qulbus de agitur
Q'D'E'R'F-P- quid de ea re fieri placeret, de
D'E'R'TC ea re ita ccnsuerunt
Q-D'R qua de re
Q'D'R'A qua de re agitur
Q'E qui, quae, quod est
Q'E'C'F (votuin libens aniino posult) quo-
ius eum compotem fecit
Q'E'D quod eo die
Q'F qui, quae, quod fuit or qui faciunt
or quod factuin or quo facto
Q-F'P'D'E' quid fieri placeret, de ea re ita cen-
R'l'C suerunt
Q'F'IVG quod facit iugerum
Q'H'CTR quo honore contentus impensam
remisit
Q-HH'S-9 qui heredes script! sunt
Q'H'N'S quod heredem non sequetur
QTD'P qui iure dicundo praeerit
Q-INF'S'S qui(quae) infra script! (scripta) sunt
QIQE l quinque
QIR Quirina (tribus)
Q'l'S'S qui (quae) infra scripti (scripta)
sunt
Q'K quaestor kandidatus
Q-I/S-V-T-L (dicite) qui legitis sit vobis terra
levis
Q-M qui militavit
Q'M quo minus
Q'M'C qui militare coeperunt
Q-MIL qut militavit
Q'N'9'S'S quorum nomina supra scripta sunt
Q'P quaestoria potestate
Q'P quadrati pedes
Q'P' A quaestor pecuniae alimentariae
Q'P'A'P quaestor pecuniae alimentorum
pnblicorum
Q'P'F qui primi fuerunt
Q'P'P quaestor pecuniae publicae
Q'PR'PR quaestor pro praetore
Q'Q quaestores
Q'Q quicquid
Q-Q quinquennalis
Q-Q Quinti duo
Q-Q'C'F' quinquennalis corporis fabrum'na-
NAV valium
Q'Q'C'P quinquennalis censoria potestate
Q'Q'P quoquoversns pedes
Q'Q'PER, Q' quinquennalis perpetuus or quin-
Q'P'P quennales perpetui
Q-P'P'C'M quinquennalis perpetuus corporis
mensorurn
Q-Q-9-S-8 quam qui supra scripti snnt
QQ'TT quaestores
Bolssieu, In*c. de Lyon, p. 698, ucv.
Q'Q'V quoquoversus
Q'Q'V'L'P quoquoversus locus pedum...
Q.Q.y.p quoquoversus pedes...
Q-Q-V T -p-Q quoquoversus pedes quadratos...
Q'R'C'F quando rex comititivit f-.i<. /
quando rex comitio fugit (see
page 867)
QR Quirina (tribus)
Q'R'P quaestor rei publicae
Q'R'P'A quae$turam rei publicae agens ?
Q-R-8-H-F- ?
HTT'V
QS quiescent ?
Q'8 qui, quae, quod supra
Q'8AO'P' quaestor sacrae pecuniae alimenta-
ALIM -riae
Q'S'F'E quod supra factuin est
Q.g.p.p.g q uj gagfjg pu^licis praesto sunt
Q'S'S'S qui (quae) supra scripti (scripta t
sunt
Q'ST'D'F quando stercus delatura fas (see
page 367)
QT quot
Q'V quoquoversus
QV quinque
QV Quintus
QV Quirina (tribus)
Q-V qui vLxit
Q'V qui vocatur
Q'V'A qui vixit annis or annos
QVAD quadrans
QVADR quadrigae
QVAE, QVAES quaestor
QVAE9IT-IVD quaesitor iudex
QVAE8-RET quaestum rettulit
QVAEST'SAC quaestor sacrae pecuniae ali-
P'ALIM nientariae
QVAI8T quaestor (archaic)
QVANTI E' quanti ea res erit tantam pecuniam
R-E-T-P
QVAR Quartus (praenomen)
Q'VF'S'I'O quod verba facta sunt in online
QVI Quinctilis
QVI 8 Quintana? (ara)
QVI Quirina (tribus)
QVIB'EX' quibus ex senatus consulto coire
8'C'C'P permissum (est)
QVri'D'P qui iure dicundo praeest
QVIN Quinquatria
QVIN quinquennalis
QVINCT Qulnctilis
QVINQ quinquennalis
QVINQ quinqules
1 Oruter, 886, 3, explains: Qui retro xeripti
heredf* ffceniii/ tin<- /itn/n/n. Tiiulo uxi.
It is probable that the abbreviations have not
been correctly copied. s Rrainb. 1446.
QVIE Quirina (tribus)
QVIR Quirinalia
QVIR Quirinalis (flamen)
QVIRI, QVIRIN Quirina (tribus)
Q'VIX qui, quae vixit
(JVC) F quo facto
QVOT quotannis
Q'V'P quoquoversus pedes
Q'V'P'Q quoquoversus pedes quadratos
Q'VR, VRB quaestor urbanus
QVR Quirina (tribus)
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
RAP
RAS
RAT
Raetia, Raeti (cohors)
Rapax (legio)
ratio
recessus
restitult
retiarius
retro
Retus (praenomen)
revocatus
Romanus
rubrica, rubrum
Rufus
ratio, Romanus (eques), rubrica
Rapax (legio)
rarissimo
rationalis
RAT-CASTR ratio castrensis
RAT'PRIV ratio privata
RAT'S'R rationalis sacrarum remuneratio-
nuin ? 2
R'C reficiendum curaverunt
R'D'A ratio dominica Augusta
RE Regina
REC reciperator, reciperatorius
RECT'PROV rector provinciae
RED'IN C redactus in colonicum ?
RED'AB AER redemptor ab aerario
REF, REFE, refecit, refecerunt, refectus
REFEC
REFIC'COER reficienda coerarunt (archaic)
REFIC'D' reficiendas de conscriptorum seo-
C'S'C tentia curaverunt f
REG Regina
REG regio
REIP, REIPVB rei publicae
RE'P rei publicae
REP reparari
REPLET repletio
RES restituit
RES P'C' res publica coloniae Lambaesitanae
L-F fecit
1 C. I. L. VIII. 4037. * Orelli, 1090.
REST, RESTIT restituit, restituerunt
RET retiarius
RET rettulit
REVOC revocatus
RHOD Rhodanici (nautae)
R'lN C redactus in colonicum ?
R'L recte licet, licebit
R'M'F reverentissimae memoriae femina ?
R'N regnum Noricum
ROB Robigalia
ROM Romanus
ROM, ROMIL, ROMVL Romilia (tribus)
ROS rosalia
R'P ratio privata
R'P res publica, rei publicae, re publica
R'P'B res publica Bovillensium
R'P'C rei publicae constituendae
R'P'O res publica Carsiolorum
R'P'C'A rei publicae caussa abesse
R'P'C'L res publica coloniae Lambaesitanae
R'P'D rei publicae dedit
R'P'M'D res publica mumcipii Dianensium
R'P'X res publica nostra
R'P'P res publica Philippensium
R'P'P'D'D res publica Phuensium decreto
decurionum
R'P'R res publica Reatinorum
R'P'R res publica Ricinensis
R'P'R res publica restituit
R'P'RS'RTA 3 re publica Romanis restituta
R'P'S'S res publica suprascripta
RR rarissimae
R'R'PROX' recto rigore proximo cippo
CIP'P pedes... f
R'T ripa Thraciae
R T, TIB ripa Tiberis
RV'I rudis prima
RVSS Russata (factio)
S sacerdos
S Servius
S servus
S sestertium
S Severiana (legio or cohors)
S Severus
S sextarius
S Sextus
S si
S Sicilia
S sacerdos, sacrum
S saeculum
S saltus
S salve or salutem
S Saturnus
* C. I. L. VIII. 10S93.
452
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
scriba, scripsit, scrlptus
8 se, sibi
8 secundae
8 secutor
8 semis
S sententia
8 sepultura
8 slgnavit, signator
8 singuli
8 Silvanus
S singuli, singularis
8 situs or sepultus
8 sol?
S solvit
S soror ?
8 Spurins
S stipendia
8 studiosus l
8 sunt
8 suus, sui
8 suppurationes
8 quinarius
S servus, Sextus, 2 scriba? 8
8A sacerdos
S'A (procurator) saltuum Apulorum ?
8A salve or salutem
8A Salvius
S'A Salus Augusta?
S'A Severiana Alexandriana (legio co-
hors)
S'A Silvanus Augustus
S'A somnus aeternalis
SAB, SABATI, SABATIN Sabatina (tribus)
SAC sacer, sacrum, sacerdos, sacerdo-
talis, sacravit ^
SACC sacerdotes
S'AC'D sub ascia dedicavit
SACER sacerdos
SACERD'CER sacerdos Cereris
S'M'D'XV sacerdos inatris Deum quindecim-
V viralis
SAC'P sacerdos publicus
SAC'P'A'A sacerdos provinciae Africae anm...
SAC'PHRYG- sacerdos Phrygius maximus
MAX
SACR sacrum
SACR'FAC sacris faciundls
SAC'SVP sacerdos superior ?
SAC'VRB sacerdos urbis
S'A'D,D'D sub ascia dedicavit
1 C. 1. L. III. 4876.
*The explanation "Secutor" suggested by
Hubner (Exempt, script, epigr: p. Ixxlli), for
n 2441 and 2547 of the VI volume of the
Corpus appears to Cagnat very doubtful. We
can in these two cases interpret as, Sextus.
* Bull, fipigr. 1886, p. 94.
S'A'F Saturnus Augustus Frugifer
SAG sagittarii (cohors)
SAL Salius
SAL Salvius
SAL salve or salutem
S'AL Severiana Alexandriana (legio or
cohors)
SALA salararius
SALARI'SOC salarius sociorum
SAM SHI n j i is
SAR Sarmaticus
SAR Sardinia
S'ARK servus arcarius
8ARM, 8ARMAT Sarmaticus
S'A'S Saturno or Silvano Augusto sa-
crum
SA'SAT sacerdos Batumi
S'AS'D sub ascia dedicavit
SAT-AVG Saturnus Augustus
SATVR Saturnus
SB'P'Q'S sibi posterisque suis
SB'D sub die
SC * sacerdotium
S'C sacra cognoscens
SC scaenicus
S'C senatum consuluerunt
S'C senatus consulto
SC (plebi) scitum
S'C singularis consularis
S'C scribendum (curaverunt)
S'C sub cura
S'C'F'C senatus consulto faciendum cnra-
vit
SCA scabillarii
SC'ADF scribendo adfuerunt
SOAP, SCAPT Scaptia (tribus)
SCAPTIN8 Scaptiensis (of the tribus Scaptia)
SCAT Scaptia (tribus)
S'C'C senatus consulto curavit, curave-
runt
S'C'D'D socii cultores domus divinae
S'C'D'D' s... creatus decreto decurionum
SC'D'M sciens dolo malo
S'C'D'T senatus consulto de thesauro
S'C'E servo conserva eius ?
SCEN scaenicus
S'C'F'C senatus consulto faciundum cu-
raverunt
SC'HR secundus heres
S'C'P sacerdos Cererum publica
S'C'P'R senatus consultum populi Roman!
S'C'Q'ANN su! cuiusque anni
SCR scriba, scripsit
SCR'ADF scribendo adfuerunt
S'C'R'C senatus consulto restituendum cu-
raverunt
C. L L. VI. 786.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
453
8CEI scriba, scripsit
SCRIB'ADF scribundo adfuerunt
SCRIB'LIBR'Q scriba librarius quaestorius
SCRIB'Q'VI PR scriba quaestorius sexprimus
SCRIB'R'P scriba rei publicae
S'CRI'VLL sine critnine ullo
8CRP scripuli
8CR-CER scriptus cerarii
8CRVT scrutarius
80S sacerdos
SCVR scurra
8CVT Scutata (cohors)
SCYT, SCYTH Scythica (legio)
S'D sancta dea
S'D Serapis? deus
S'D Silvanus deus
S'D sinistra decumanum
S'D Sol deus
8'D'L'S'D sacerdos del Liberi, sacerdos deae
8'D'M sacrum Diis Manibus
S'D'M sine dolo malo
S'D'N (pro) salute domini nostri
S'DO'M sine dolo malo
S'D'8 Saturno deo or domino sacrum
S'D'S Silvano domestico sacrum
S'D'S'D Silvano deo sancto domestico?
SE secutor
SE secunda
8E sestertius
8'E situs est
SEE Sebasteni (ala)
8EBAC sebaciaria
SEC secnndae
SEC secutor
SEC'H secundus heres
SEC'TR secutor tribuni, trierarchi
SEI V'E sei videatur eis
8EIVG seiuge
SEM semel
SEM, SEMEN, SEMENS semestris
SEN senatus
SEN senior
SEN-SEN senatus sententia
SEP September
SEP Septimius
SEP sepultura
SEPT September
SEPT Septimius
SEQ Sequana (dea)
8EQ secutor
8ER Sergia (tribus)
SER Servius
SER servus, serva
SER'AEQ'MONET servus aequator monetae
SERG Sergia (tribus)
SERT Sertor
SER'7SC servus contrascriptor
SER'VIL servus vilicus
SER'VLIBER'V servus vovit, liber solvit
S-E'S'F sibi et suis fecit
SESO., SE8QVIPL sesquiplicarius
SE'TR secutor tribuni
-S'ETS sibi et suis
S 'ET 8 -L'L'P'Q'E, sibi et suis libertis, liberta-
or LIB'LIB'POST' bus posterisque eorum
Q'EOR
SEV-AVG sevir Augustalis
SEX sexmestris (tribunus)
SEX sextilis
SEX Sextus
SEXM sexmestris (tribunus)
SEXTIL Sextilis (mensis)
S'F sacris faciundis
S'F'8 sine fraude sua
S'H secundus heres ?
S'H , so minora
S'H signum Herculis ?
S'H sita hie ?
S'H summa honoraria
S'H'F'C secundus heres faciendum curavit
S'l stlitibus iudicandis
S'I'D Sol invictus deus
SI'E situs est
8IF sifonarius
8IG signifer
SIGF signifer
SIGN signator, signavit
SIGN signum, signifer
8IGNF signifer
SIL'SILV Silvano silvestri
S'I'M Sol invictus Mithras
SING singularis, singuli
SING'COS singularis consularis
8INGVL singularis
S'I'N'M Sol invictus n . . . Mithras
S'lV sanctissimus iuvenis ?
SL'IVDIK stlitibus iudicandis
S'L'L'M solvit laetus libens merito
S'L'M solvit libens merito
S'L'P sibi libertis posterisque
S'L'R (votum) susceptum libens reddidit
S'L'R'I'C'Q' siremps lex res ius caussaque omni-
O'O'R'E bus oinuium rerum esto
8'L'V'S'P suo loco vivus sua pecunia ?
8'M sanctae memoriae
S'M secundum mancipium
S'M Sol Mithras
S'M solvit merito
S'M submedicus
8'M'D sacrum matri Deum
S'M'V sacra rnoneta Urbis
8'N sestertii nummi
S'N'P si non paret
8OC socius, socii
SOC'S sociorum servus
SOD sodalis
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
SOD-AVG, AVQVST sodalis Augustalls
SOL solvit
SOL'L'M solvit libens merito
g.Q.p.p gun t omn | s pedaturae pedes . . .
8P semper
8'P servus publicus or serva publica
SP spectavit
8P Spurius
8'P stolata puella ?
8'P sua pecunia or suo peculio or
sumptu proprio or sumptu pu-
blico
8'P sub praefectus
SPAER sphaerista
S'P'B slngulares pedites Britannic! ?
S'P'C'P'S sua pecunia posuerunt
S'P'D'D sua pecunia dono dedit
S'P'D'D'D sua pecunia dono dedit dedicavit
8PE spectavit
SPEC, SPECVL' speculator, speculariarius
8PECLAK
SPECTAT NVM 1 spectator numerator
SI'-F spectabilis femina
SP'F Spurii fllius
S ' P F sua pecunia fecit
S'P'F'C sua pecunia faciendum curavit
S'P'FE soror pia fecit ?
S'P'F'E'S' sua pecunia fecit et sibi vivus
VP posuit?
SPHAER sphaerista
S'P'L senatus poptilusque Lavininus
SPL splendidus, splendidissimus
SPL'EQ'R splendidus eques Romanus
S'PL'R sacra publica Romana
S'P'M'A senatus populusque municipii An-
tinatium
SPP spectabiles
S'P'P sua pecunia posuit
S'P'P'C sua pecunia ponendum curavit
S'P'P'L'D' sua pecunia posuit, loco dato de-
D'D creto decurionum
g.p.p.g sacris publicis praesto sunt
S'P'P'S'F solo publico (or private ?) pecunia
sua fecit
S'P'Q senatus populusque
S'P'Q'A senatus populusque Albensis
S'P'Q'C senatus popohuqne Corsiolanus
S'P'Q'L senatus populusque Lavininus
S'P'Q'R senatus populusque Kotnanus
S'P'Q'S sibi postfrisque suis
S'P'Q'T senatus populusque Tiburs
S'PR sine pretio
8'P'R sua pecunia restituerunt
8PR subpraefectus
S'P'S'F sibi posterisque suis fecit
S'P'9'P sibi posterlsque suis posuit
1 C. I. L. XII. 6695. (See page 260.)
S'Q'H'A'P' si quis hanc arcam post excessnm
E'S'S'A' suprascriptonini ii|irrin- voln-
V'D'F erit, dabit flsco
S'QVE'ME'F suisque merentibus fecit
SR Sergia (tribus)
S'R, RAT suinmae rationes
SR'D'S'F'C soror de suo faciendum curavit
S'RES'LEX'IVS" siremps res, lex, ius caussa-
CAVSSAQVE' que omnibus omnium re-
O'O'R'ESTO rum esto
S'R'P'F- sumptibus rei publicae fecit et
ET D dedicavit
88 sanctissimae :
8'8 (Silvano) sancto sacrum
S'8 script! or scripta sunt
S'8 semper scriptus
8'8 senatus sententia
88 sestertius
S'S siti aunt
SS solverunt (ambo)
S'S subscriptus
S'S sumptu suo
S'S supra scriptus. scripta
S'S susceptum solvit
SS sestertii, sextarii
SS'DD'NN salvis dominis nostris (duobus)
S'S'F sibi suisque fecit
8 'SI supra script!
S'8'L'L'M (votum) susceptum solvit libens
laetus merito
8'S'P'Q'EOR sibi suis posterisque eorum
S'S'Q'P'P sibi suisque posterisque jiosuerunt
S'S'S sicut sujira script!, scripta
S'8'8 summa supra scripta
S'S'S ' supra script!, scripta sunt
S'T secutor tribuni
ST Btatera
ST Statlus
8T Stellatina (tribus)
8T stipendia
- STA stamen
8TA Statlus
STAT static, stetionarius
STAT statua
STAT'HER statio hereditatium
STAT'Q' statio quadragesimae civitatis Me-
C'M diomatricorum
STE, STEL, 8TELL, Stellatina (tribus)
STELLA, 8TELLAT
STI, STIP stipendia
ST'F stolata femina
ST'HER statio hereditatium
STIP stipendia
STL Stellatina (tribns)
S'T'L sit terra levis
STL, STLIT IVDIC stlitibus iudicandis
8'TR secutor tribuni
STR strator
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
455
STRIG striganus ?
T
STP stipendiorum
T
STRA strator
T
ST-T-L sit tibi terra levis
T
S-T-T-L'D sit tibi terra levis die
Ti
STVP stupidus
T'A
S'V senatus Vocontiorum
TAB
S'V se vivo
TAB
spectavit victor
TAB
8VB subheres
TABEL, T.
SVB Suburana (tribus)
TABVL
SVB A (ASC)'D sub ascia dedicavit
TAMP
SVB CVR sub curator
TAVR
SVBHE subheredes
T'BAT
SVBPR, SVBPRAE, SVB- subpraefectus
T-B-C
PRAEF
T-B'Q
SVBPROC subprocurator
T-C
SVBSEQ subsequens
T-D-V8
SVBVIL subvilicus
TEC
SVBVNG subunctor
TEGVL
SVC Suburana (tribus)
TEM
S'C, CV sub cura
TER
S'VE C senatusve consulto
TER
S-V-F sibi vivus fait
TER
SVF sufes
TERET, Tl
SVF suffectus
TERM-CV1
SVF suffragia
TERR
S'V'L'A solvit votum libens animo
TERR
SVLP Sulpicia (ala)
TES
S'V'L'M solvit votum libens merito
TESM
SVL'M Sulevae montanae
TESS, TES
SVM sunnna
TEST-LEG
SVM Summanus
T-F
SVMP sumptuarius
T'F-C
SVM'SVM sumtna summarum
SVPP suppositicii (gladiatores)
T-F-I
S'V'Q sine ulla querela
T-F'I-S
SVS'VOT suscepto voto
T-F-R
S'V'T'L sit vobis terra levis
THER
SX Sextus
T-H-E-S
SYR Syriacus, Syriaca (classis)
THR
TI
T
TIB
TI'F
T tabula, tabularius
TIGN
T Tampiana (ala)
TIR
T te
TIT
T templum ?
TIT-DE-C-
T tergum
8-8
T terra
TIT-P
T territorium
T-K
T tesserarius
T-L
T testamentum
T-L-H-F-C
T tiro
T titulus
T-M
T Titus
T trans vecturarius
1 The I soi
T tribunus
in the form
Tripolitana
Tromentina (tribus)
tumulus
turma
prima
taurus auratus
tabularius
taberna
tabula, tabularius, tabulatio
.BELL tabellarius
tabularius, tabularium
Tampiana (ala)
taurobolium
Transrhenanus Batavus
tubicen ?
tu bene quiescas
titulum curavlt
Telluri deae votum solvit?
tector
tegularius
templum
Teretina (tribus)
terminus, terminalia
tertius, tertia
RETIN Teretina (tribus)
terminandum curaverunt
territorium
terruncius
tessera, tesserarius
testamentum
testamentum fecit
testamento or titulum faciendum
curavit
testamento or titulum fieri iussit
testamento fieri iussit sibi
testamento fieri rogavit
thermarius
tumulo hoc (?) est sepultus
Thracia, Threx
Tiberius
Tiberius
titulum fecit
tignarius
Tirrus
titulus
titulum dedicaverunt cum supra
scriptis
titulum posuit
tabularium castrense
testamento legavit
testamento legavit; heres faciun-
dum curavit
Threx inurinillo
1 The I sometimes appears on the monuments
456
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
T'M'P tituluin memoriae posult
T'M'Q'F'E-REV tene me quia fugi et revoca
T'N'C'II'F'C 1 testamento non cavit ; heres
foclundum curavlt ???
T'O'B'Q tibi ossa bene quiescant
TOG togatus ^ = advocatus)
TON tonsor
TOP topiarius
TORQ torques, torquata (ala or cohors)
TORQ'ARMIL' (donatus) torqulbus, aruiillis,
PHAL phaleris
TOT Totates? (Mars)
T'P tanta pecunia
T'P tertiae partis ?
T'P testamento or titulum posuit
T'P tribunicia potestate
T'P'I testamento or titulum poni iussit
T'P'M tituluin posuit memoriae
T'PO'L'L'M tituluin posuit libens laetus rnerito
T'Q'D totiusque domus
TR Traianus, Traiana (legio)
TR Transpadana
TR Trebius
TR Threx
TR tribunus
TR trierarcha
TR trieris
TR triumphator
TR Tromentina (tribus)
TRA Traianus, Traiana
TR'A trierarcha August!
TRAI Traianus, Traiana
TRAM tramare
TRA, TRAN, TRANSPAD Transpadana
TR'AVGG tricliniarcha Augustorum
TRE trecenarius
TRE Treveri (ala)
TREE Trebius
TREC trecenarius
TR'ET NAV transvectuarius et navlcularius
TUEV Treveri (ala)
TR'FOR Traiana fortis (legio)
TRI trierarcha
TRIE tribunus
TRIB-ET NOT tribunus et notarius
TRIB'LAT, LATIC, tribunus laticlavius
LATICL
TRIE-MIL tribunus militum
TRIB'MIL'A tribunus militum a popnlo
P, A POP
TRIB-P tribunicia potestate
TRIB'P tribunus plebis
TRIB'POT, PT tribunieia potestate
TRIB'SVC tribus Succusana
TRIPL Tripolitana
TRIVMF, TRIVMP triumphator, triumphatrix
1 Brambach, 1156.
TR'LAT
TR'M
TR'M
TK'MIL
trlbunus laticlavius
tribunus militum
n-iiici inodius
ti-ibiiniis militum
TR'MIL'A P tribunus in i lit HIM a populo
TR'MIL'L, LEG tribunus militum legionls
TRO (legio) Troana (Trajana)
TRO, TROM, TROMENT, Tromentina (tribus)
TROMENTIN
T'R'P'D'8- te rogo praeteriens dicas sit tibi
T-T'L terra levis
TR'PL tribunus plebis
TR'POT tribunicia potestate
T'8 tataesuo*
T'S'F'I testamento suo fieri iussit
T'S'T'L terra sit tibi levis
T'T tibi terram
T'T'L'S tibi terra levis sit
T'V titulo usus
T'V ture vino
TVB tubicen
TVB, TVBIL tubilustrium
TVB'SAC' tubicen sacrorum populi Roman!
P'R-Q Quiritium
T'V'F titulum ? vivus fecit
T'V'F ture vino fecerunt
TVL Tullus
TVM tumulus
TVN, TVNG Tungri (cohors)
TVR
TVT'AVG
TVTEL
T'T
T'T-L'S
T'T'L'V
turma
Tutela Augusta
tutelarius
Teretina tribus
terra tibi levis sit
terra tibi levis volo ?
V
vale
Valentia (dea)
Valerius
vene = bene
veteranus
Venus
verna
veteranus
via
Vibius
vicit
Victoria
victrix (legio)
villa
vir
Virtus (dea)
urbs
vivus, viva, vivit, vbdt
* C. I. L. X. 1949.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
457
v
v
V
V
V
VA
VA
V-A
Voltinia (tribus)
votum, vovit
utere
uti
uxor
vale
vices agens
vlxit annos or minis
VAL Valerius, Valeria (legio)
VAL valetudinarius, valetudinarium
V'A'L vices agens legati
VAL'BTZ Valeria Byzacena (provincia)
VAL- VICT Valeria victrix (legio)
V'A'S'L'M votuin animo solvit libens merito
V'A'S'P'P viis aedibus sacris publicis procu-
randis ?
VB Ubii (cohors)
V'B vir bonus
V'B'D'R-P vir bonus dignus re publica
V'B'M'P voto bene merenti posuit
V'B'O'V'F virum bonum oro vos faciatis
V'B'S vir bonus sanctus
V'C vir clarissimus
VC unctor 1
V'OA'V'P vir clarissiraus agens vices prae-
sidis
V'C-CONS- vir clarissimus consularis provin-
P'N ciae Numidiae
V'C-D'D vir clarissimus dedit dedicavit
VC'ET INL vir clarissimus t-t inlustris
V'C'L'M voti compos libens merito
V'C'P'P vir clarissimus pater patrum
V'C'Q'K vir clarissimus quaestor candidatus
V'C'R voluntarii cives Eotnani
. V'D vir devotus
V'D'D Veneri ? donum dat
V'D'P'R-L-P unde de piano recte legi possit
V'D-P-T' vir devotissimus protector lateris
L-D dominici*
V'D'S vovit ? de BUO
VE Velina (tribus)
VE veteranus
VE S vetus?
V'E vir egregius
V'E'A-V-P vir egregius agens vices praesidis
VEC vectigal, vectura
VECT, VECTIG vectigal
V'E'D'F* vir egregius decurio factus
V'E'EQ-R vir egregius eques Romanus
VEHIC vehicula
VEL velarius
VEL veles
VEL, VELIX, VELL Velina (tribus)
i Orelli, 8471.
1 Bullett. Comunale, 1873, p. 51.
C. I. L. IX. 2585.
C. 1. L. VI. 2010.
VEN venatio, venator
VEN Veneta (factio)
VEN Venetia
V'E'PP vir egregius primipilaris
VER (Frisii) Verlutionenses (cuneus)
VER verna
VERB vertex
VESTIG vestigator
VET Voturia (tribus)
VET, VETER veteranus
VEX, VEXI, VEXIL, vexillarius, vexillatio
VEXILL
V'F verba fecit or fecerunt
V'F Viennae fecit
V'F vivus, viva fecit
VFEN Oufentina (tribus)
V'F'ET L'E vivi fecerunt et locum emerunt *
V'F-I vivae fieri iussit ?
V'F'S verba facta sunt
V-F'S > vivus fecit sibi
VF'S-ET S vivus fecit sibi et suis
V'F'T vivus fecit titulum
V'H vir honestissimus
V-H-A vixlt honeste ? annis
VI Vibius
VI vineae ?
V'l vir inlustris
VI vixit
VIAT viator, viatorium
VIAT'TR viator tribuni
VIAT-TR'PL viator tribuni plebls
VI'AV Victoria Augusta
VIB Vibius
VIC vicit
VIC victimarius
VIC victoria
VIC vicus, vicani
VIC victoriatus
VIC victor, victrix (legio)
VIC-AVG Victoria Augusta
VICE'S'C vice sacra cognoscens
VICIM vicimagister
VIC'LOP vicus Lopodunensis
VIC'N victoriati minimi
VIC'POR Vicani Portuenses
VIC'S vici scito
VICT victimarius
VICT Victorienses (collegium) ?
VICT, VICTR victrix (legio)
VIG vigiles
VIK vicani
VIL vilicus
VIL'BR vilicus Brundisinorum
VILC (vigesimae libertatis) vilicus
VILL vir illustris
VILLA villatici
VIL'PVB villa publica
VIL'R'S vilicus ripae snperiorls
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
VIN Vinalia
VIND, VINDKL Vindelicl (cohors)
VINL vir inlustris
VINL'COM vir inlustris comes
VIN'VKB-ET OST vinarii urbani et Ostienses
V'l'l'-AIf vixit phi minus, or annis
VIRB Virbialis
VT8 verba infra scripta
VI'S vici scitu
VL (sine fraude) vel laesione ?
VL verna libertus ?
VL veteranus legionis
VL vir laudubilis
VL'A'S votum libens animo solvit
VL'LIB'M voto laetus libens merito
VL'L'M'S votum libens laetus merito solvit
VL'M votum libens merito
V'L'M'S votum libens merito solvit
VLOC'F vivus locum fecit
VL'P votum libeus posuit
VLP Ulpius, Ulpia (legio)
VL'P'M votum libens posuit merito
VL'R votum libens reddidit
VL'S votum libens solvit or libentes
solverunt
VL'S'M voto libens solvit merito
VM'F vene ( = bene) merenti fecerunt
VM'L'P votum merito libens posuit
VM'L'3 votum merito libens solvit
VN vene = bene
VNC, VNCT unctor
VO vir optimus ?
VO Vopiscus
VOC Vocontii (ala)
VOL Volcanus
VOL Voltinia (tribus)
VOL voluntarii (cohors)
VOLC Volcanalia
VOL'C'R voluutarii cives Roman! (cohors)
VOLT, VOLTI, VOLTIN Voltinia (tribus)
VL, VLT Voltinia (tribus)
VOLVNT voluntarii (cohors)
VO'P viro optimo posuit (coniux)
VO'P'L'S votum pater ? libens solvit
VOR Vordenses (ala)
VO'S'L'M votum o... solvit libens merito
VOX Voturia (tribus)
VOT'FEL'SVCC ? votum feliciter suscepecunt
LIBEN libentes
VOT'X, XX vota decennalia, vicennalia
VOT'D votum dedit
VOT-FEC, votum fecit, solvit libens merito
SOL-L-M
VOT'M'F votum merito fecerunt
VOT... M'S'L votum... merito solvit libens
VOT-RED'L votum reddit libens
VOT'8'L'A votum solvit libens animo
VOT'SOL-L-L votum solvit laetus libens
V-P
\ !'
V'l'
V-l'
V P-A
V'P'D
V'P'F
vir porfco.tissimus
vivus posuit
votum posuit
uxori picnti>siin:u- ':
vixit pins annis
vir prrfrctissimiis opens vices
praesidis
vir perfectissimus dux
uxor piissima fcrit. / uxori piNsi-
mae fecit
VP'L'M votum posuit libens merito
V'P'M votum posuit merito
y.p.p.p.jj yj,. perfectissimus prases provin-
ci:n- Hispaniae
y.p.p.p. yj,. perfectissimus praeses provin-
MAVR' ciae Mauretauiae Sitifensis
8ITIF
fir perfectissimus praeses provin-
ciae Numidiae
rir perfectissimus praeses provin-
ciae Raetiae
VQ viator quaestorius
V-Q'F valeat qui fecit
VQVE (sine) ulla querella
VQ'R'F'E'V uti quod recte factutn esse volet
VQ'R'F'E- uti quod recte factum esse volet
VS'D'M sine dolo malo
VR vir religiosus
V-R votum reddidit
VR urbs Roma
VR urbicus
VRB urban us, urbana (cohors)
VRBS urbis
VRL vir religiosus
VR'L'M votum reddidit libens merito
VS vici scitu
VS votum solvit, voto soluto
VS vir spectabilis
VS Urbs sacra
VS'A'L votum solvit animo libens
V'S'C vice sacra cognoscens
VS'D'N'F' votum solverunt Dianae Nemo-
R-I-M rensi...
VSE \nni sextarius ?
VS'F vivus or viva sibi fecit, vivi sibi
fecerunt
VS'F votum solvit feliciter
VS'I vice sacra iudicans
VS'L votum solvit libens
VS'L'A votum solvit libens animo
VS'L'A'D votum solvit libens animo dat?
VS'L-A-F votum solvit libens animo felicitci-
V'S'L'A'P'C votum solvit libens animo p... c...
VS'L'A'S votum solvit libens animo suo ?
VS'L'H votum solvit libens II...
VS'L'L votum solvit libens laetus
VS'L'L'B' votum solvit laetus libens bene
MER merito
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
459
V'S'L'L'M votum solvit laetus libens merito
V'S'I/P votum solvit libens posuit
V'S'M votum solvit merito
V'S'M'L votum solvit merito libens
V'S'M'L'M'S votum solvit merito libens, Mer-
curio sacrum ?
V'SP vir spectabilis
V'S'P vivus sibi posuit
y.g.p.g.g votum susceptum pecunia sua sol-
vit
V'SS'L'A votum solverunt libentes animo
V'S'S'LV'M votum susceptum solvit lubens
merito
VST ustrina
VTEI IN II' utei in hac lege scriptum est
L'SC'EST
VT'F utere felix
VT'S'L'M votum solvit libens merito
V'V Valeria or Ulpia victrix (legio)
V'V Venus victrix
VV viri
VV vivi or vivunt
V'V vivus vivae
V'V vir venerabilis ?
V'V virgo Vestalis
V'V uti voverant
V:V'C'C viri clarissimi
V'V'E'E viri egregii
V'V'F vivus vivae fecit
VVLTIN Voltiuia (tribus)
V'V'P vivus posuit or vivus vivo posuit
V'V'M Virgo Vestalis Maxima
V'V'P'P viri perfectissimi
VV'S'FECER vlvi sibi fecerunt
Y'V'S'L'M ut voverat solvit libens merito
V'V'S'S'F fivis supra scriptis fecit
V'V'V vale, vale, vale !
VX vixit, uxor
VX'DVL uxor dulcissima
VXT vixit
Z * centurio
Z zeta = diaeta
Z'T'L mulieris (et) Titi libertus ?
G. I. L. VIII. 9910.
rS sestertius
sestertius
4 dupondius
/_ as
'II duumvir
IIS, H-S sestertius
II SIL duobus Silanis (consulibus)
II V, II VIR duumvir, duumviratus
II VIR AB AER duumvir ab aerario
II VIR'C'P' duumvir censoria potestate quin-
Q quennalis
II'VIR'I'D duumvir iure dicundo
II VIR Q, Q'Q, QVINQ duumvir quinquennalis
III tertium
III trieris
III O'L trium mulierum libertus, liberta
III PR, PROV tres provinciae (Galliae)
III VIR triumvir
III VIR'A' triumvir agris dandis adsignandis
B'A
III VIR CAP, triumvir capitalis
KA, KAP,
CAPIT, KA-
PIT
III VIR MON = triumvir monetalis = auro ar-
A'A'A'F'F . gento aere flando feriundo
IIII quadrieris
IIII quattuorvir
IIII P'AFR quattuor publica Africae
IIII VIR quattuorvir, quattuorviratus
IIII VIR'I'D quattuor vir iure dicundo
IIII VIR'PR qnattuor vir praefectus
IIII'VIR Q, Q'Q, quattuorvir quinquennalis
QVINQ
IIII VIR'V' quattuorvir viarum curandarum
CVR
V penterls
V quinarius
V VIR'A 'D' quinquevir agris dandis adsignan-
A dis
VI hexeris
Inul sevir
ITTfTI VIR sevir, seviratus
Iiml VIR AVG sevir Augustalis
VI VIR EQ'R sevir equitum Romanorum
VII VIR EPVL septemvir epulonum
X denarius
X decemvir
XVIR'A'D' decemvir agris dandis adsignandis
A' I judicandis
XVIR SACR'FAC decemvir sacris faciundis
X V(VIR)'S (8L, decemvir stlitibus judican-
STL, STLIT)' dis
I(IVD,IVDIC,
IVDIK)
XI PR undecim primus
XV quindecimvir
XV VIR'S'F quindecimvir sacris faciundis
460
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
XVIIII decennovlum (The Pomptine
Marshes)
XX LIB vigesima libertatis
XX HER, HEliE, HKKED, vigesima heredita-
HEREDIT tium
XX P'R'M vigesima populi Roman! minus
XXXX, XL G quadragesima Galliarum
C centenarius
C centesima
C centumviri
C V centumviri
centesima
), Z, 2, \ centurio, centurta
sextarius
conventus
ducenarius
duarum mulierum libertus
trecenarius
quadrinjrenarius
quingentaria (ala or cohors)
miliaria (ala or cohors)
INDEX
A, forms of, 5T.
Abbreviations, 415; table of, 417.
Aeta, 37, 41, 42, 43, 48, 49, 69, 71 ; Fratrum
Arvttlium, 374; examples of, 394.
Adlectio, 167, 173, 179.
Adopted persons, names of, 98.
Aedileship, 166.
Aedilis, 167, 184, 185.
Aemilius Paulus, decree of, 29, 359.
Agnomen, erroneous use of the term, 93 note.
Alphabet, Phoenician, 17, 19 ; Greek, 17 ; Etrus-
can, 21; Umbrian, 23; Oscan, 23; Volscian,
24; Faliscan, 24; Latin: historical 17, mor-
phological 31, archaic 31, 33, monumental of
Pvepublic 33. perfected 37, peculiarities of 24,
modifications of 25.
Alphabets, Greek, classification of, 20 ; Italic,
classification of, 21.
Amphorae, inscribed, 47, 56, 222.
Annale* Jfaximi, 41.
Apex, 69.
Apparitores, 182 ; inscriptions of, 207.
Aqueducts, inscriptions of, 312.
Archaisms, table of, 407.
Armor and missiles, inscribed, 261.
Army and navy, subordinate officers of, 182;
inscriptions of, 212.
Attius, double vowels introduced by, 30, 69.
A n gut; 168.
Augusta as imperial title, 121.
August ales, 184, 185, 187.
Augustus as imperial title, 116.
B, forms of, 58.
Soustrophedon writing, 24.
Bricks and tiles, inscribed, 269 ; examples of, 337.
Bronze, use of, for Inscriptions, 48.
C, forms of, 58; history of, 25.
Cadmus, tradition concerning, 17.
Caesar, as imperial title, 116, 120.
Carmen Saliorum, 28.
Cecrops, tradition concerning, 17.
Censor, as Imperial title, 119 as municipal
magistracy, 185.
Centenarii, 175.
Centurio, 173.
Chalcidian alphabets, 20.
Cippi militares, inscribed, 55 ; terminates,
inscribed, 254 ; examples of, 3W.
Claudius, letters added by, 28, 66.
Cognomina, origin and history, 92 ; use of, 93 ;
position of, 83 ; used as praenomina, 88 ;
honorary, 93 ; of adoption, 93 ; as nicknames,
93; of women, 94; of emperors, 116.
Coins, tables of denominations, 80.
Collegia, civil and religious officers of, 188;
inscriptions of, 220, 380.
Coloniae and Municipia, magistrates of, 184;
religious officials, 187 ; inscriptions of, 377.
Columbaria, 241.
Columna Rostrata, 73, 243.
Constitutiones, 354.
Consul, as imperial title, 119 ; ordinarius,
166; Mtffectus, 167.
Consularis, meaning of the term, 179.
Comua, 58, 62.
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum : plan, 6 ;
false inscriptions, 8 ; valid inscriptions classi-
fied, 9 ; indices and tabulae, 9 ; inscriptions
admitted, 10; methods of presentation, 12.
Cosa, coins of, 28.
Cursushonorvm, history and classification, 164 ;
senatorial, 165, 191 n., 192 n.; equestrian, 172 ;
after Constantino, 179 ; of third class, 181.
Cypriote origin of certain Greek letters (sup-
posed), 20.
D, forms of, 58.
Dacia. wax tablets from, 382.
Date of inscription, how obtained, 123, 405.
Decemvir Mitibns iudicand,is, 166.
Decreta imperatoriim, 354 ; magistratuum,
358.
Decurio, 1S4.
Descent, indicated in the name, 95.
461
4fi-2
INDEX
Derotioiitx, 51, 885; examples of, 396.
IHrtator, 184, 185.
[>!jil<nititt<t iiii/itni'iii, 855; examples of, 392.
Diptychs, inscribi'd, 4'J, 3S ; examples of, 398.
Division of words. 71.
Documents. :>4^: imperial, 353; public and
sacred, 361, 371 ; of priestly collfgiit, 874; of
the army, 875; of municipalities, 377; of
<-i>llriiiii. :MI; private, 382; examples of, 390.
hiinii itiilitar-i-a, 193 n.
Double consonants, 29 ; vowels, 26, 30.
f>ucen<irii, 175.
Duenos inscription, 16, 25, 27, 28, 38, 62, 64;
text of, 346.
Duumvir quinquennalis, 184 ; iure dicundo,
184.
E, forms of, 58.
K<1 ;<(, 854.
Emperors, names, 114; titles, 117; chronologi-
cal list, 123 ; inscriptions of, 148.
Ennius, his use of V for Greek Y, 28 ; double con-
sonants introduced by, 29.
Eque* t,quo publioo, 172.
Equestrian order, inscriptions of, 200.
Equiles, preliminary civil service of, 174; in-
lustrex, 178; raised to senatorial rank, 178.
F, forms of, 59.
False inscriptions, determination of, 10, 47 ; their
place in the Corpus, 8.
FatM, 47, 54,361 ; connulares, 362; nnni
luliani, 365.
Fetialen, 168.
Fibula Praenestina, 21, 25, 27, 33, 60, 62, 86,
265.
Fistulae plumbeae, inscribed, 57, 263 ; ex-
amples of, 329.
Flamen, 168.
Formello Vase, 18, 22, 23. "
Fractions, 76.
Fratres Ar vales, 168, 874.
Freedmen, names of, 100, 101, 102.
Functions, senatorial, list of, 169.
G, forms of, 59 ; history of, 25.
Gladiators, sepulchral inscriptions of, 237.
Glandex plumbeae, inscribed, 57, 64, 262 ; ex-
amples, 827.
Glass vessels, inscribed, 57.
Graffiti (see Inscripliones Parietariae).
H, forms of, 60.
Ifederae dinlinguentes, 70.
I, forms of, 60 ; history of, 26.
Illegitimate children, names of, 97.
Imperator, aspraenomen, 89, 115 ; as title, 118.
Imperial family, titles of, 120; Inscriptions of,
148.
J/iKci-i/itiiiinf. I'n riilnritif,, 50, 70; example*
of, 3t<i;, :;;IT.
Inscriptions, methods of making, 4.'i ; on silver,
51, 264; on lead, 51 ; written, 50; stamped in
relief, 56; painted, 47, 4s; rui-Mv.-, 4:'., :";
uncial, 43; illustrating form of KOIIUIH name,
103; classification and description of
dedicatory 225, examples 275; sepulchral 2- - !o,
examples 282; honorary, 248 ; on public build-
nj.'-s and structures 247, examples 308 ; on
mile and boundary stones 251, examples 816;
on movable objects 256, examples 325 ; from
quarries and mines, 268 ; on pigs of metal,
268; on bricks and tiles, 269; on vc-
clay, 273; of aqueducts, 812; of roads and
bridges, 314; restoration of, 399; dating of,
405.
fntttrumenta, 348; imperatorum, 853.
Inntrumentum domeslicum, 9, 56, 62, 256.
J, origin of the form, 26.
Jewelry, inscribed, 264.
K, forms of, 61 ; history of, 27.
Kalendaria, 54.
L, forms of, 61.
Laminae, inscribed, 49.
Lamps, inscribed, 56.
Lauilfitio Mntilidf, 293.
Leges, 48, 71 ; order of arrangement, 348; list
of, in inscriptions, 350.
Legions, table of, 408.
Letters, documentary form of, 41 ; form influ-
enced by material, 81, 41 ; form influenced by
subject matter, 41 ; individual forms discussed,
57; instruments used in making, 47: cut in
stone, 47 ; cut in metal, 48 ; in clay, 51 ;
stamped in relief. 56, 57; painted, 47; made
with points, 49.
Lev Acilia Repetundarum, 47, 75. 92 ; An-
ttmia de Termessikus, 889; Rubria, 71,
73.
Ligatures, 67.
Litterae incrustatae or caelatae, 48 ; rubri-
cating, 48.
Long vowels, methods of indicating, 69.
Lupercua, 168.
M, forms of, 62.
Mayister, 184.
Magistracies, senatorial, table of, 167 ; of
coloniae and munic-ipia, 184, 185.
Maniu*, abbreviation for, 62, 63.
Measures, of surface, bl ; of value, 77 ; of weight,
81.
INDEX
463
Menologia rwttica, 368.
Mesha (Moabite) stone, 19.
Metal, pigs of, inscribed, 268.
Methods of presentation of inscriptions in the
(<>//;*, 12.
Mi/itirid, 64; inscriptions of, 251; examples,
316.
Militiae tquextrex, 173 (with note).
Mines, inscriptions from, 268.
M<< amentum Ancyranum, 69,873.
Municipen, classes of, 184.
Municipia, magistrates of, 184; religious offi-
cials of, 187 ; inscriptions of, 216.
N, forms of, 63.
Name, the Roman, 82 ; its history, 82 ; con-
stituents of, 83; reduplication of, 94; addi-
tional elements of, 95.
Names, of women, 94 ; of illegitimate children,
97 ; of adopted persons, 98 ; of slaves, 99 ; of
freedmen, 100 ; of naturalized citizens, 102 ; of
emperors, 114; substitutions and erasures of,
122.
Nationality or birthplace, expressed in inscrip-
tions, 97.
Naturalized citizens, names of, 102.
Naval officers, inscriptions of, 215.
Nicknames, 95; as cogrtomina, 93.
Xonten, history and terminations of, 90; as
praenomen, 89 ; formed from cognomen, 91 ;
of Greek origin, 91 ; how given in inscriptions,
91 ; of emperors, 115.
Non-Phoenician letters in Greek, 20.
Numerals, 72 ; Mommsen's rules governing
them, 74.
O, forms of, 63.
Official titles, 164.
Oldest Latin inscription (see Fibula Prae-
ffe#tii>ft).
Order of letters, how known, 17.
Ordo decurionum, 184 ; Augustalium, 185.
P, forms of, 64.
Palamedes, tradition concerning, 17.
Pater Patriae, as imperial title, 119.
Pisaurian Dedications, 33, 89, 226.
Plebeian officials, inscriptions of, 207.
Pltbx, in municipia, 184.
Pond/ex, 168; Maximus, 168; as imperial
title, 117.
Praefec.il, of senatorial rank, 170 ; of equestrian
rank, 172, 176; praetorio, inscriptions of,
200; Aegypri, Annonae, Vigilum, in-
scriptions of, 201.
Praefectua cohort-it, 173 ; alae, 173 ; cas-
trorum, 173 ; legionig, 173 ; iure dicundo,
184.
Praeneste, archaic inscriptions of, 33, 90, 94.
230, 264.
Praenomen, when conferred, 84.
I'menomina, list of, 85; rare and foreign, 87;
of special families, 86; of women, 89.
Praetor, 166, 167, 1S4, 185.
Priesthoods, of senatorial order, 168; of eques-
trian order, 176.
Primipilux, 173.
Princeps luvenlulix, 121.
Proconsul, as imperial title, 120.
Procuratorex, 172, 174 ; classes of, 175 ; Inscrip-
tions of, 202.
Punctuation, 69.
Pupus as praenomen, its significance, 84.
Q, forms of, 64.
Quaextor, 166, 167, 184, 185.
Quae*itor*iudex, 191 n.
Quarries, inscriptions from, 268.
Quattuorvir via rum- curandarum, 166;
quinquennalis, 184; iure dicundo, 184.
Quindeeimvir sacris faciundis, 168.
R, forms of, 64.
Kewripta, 354.
S, forms of, 65.
Sdlius, 168.
San Cesareo, archaic inscriptions from, 84, 94.
Scipio family, epitaphs of, 26, 35, 48, 71. 233,
294 if.
Scriptura quadrata or lapidaria, 37 ;
monumenhtlis, 37; actuaria, 41, 42;
vulgarly 43, 52, 58, 59.
Secular games, commentarium of, 375.
Semitic sibilants in the Greek alphabet, 19.
Senate, decrees of the, 352.
Senatorial order, inscriptions of, 189.
Senatufi Conxultum de Sacchanalibus, 26, 27 ;
de Nundinix Saltux Beguensis, 391.
Septem-fir Epulonum, 168.
Seviri Auguntalex, 185, 187.
Sexagenarii, 176.
Siemens, 30. 69.
Signa, 95.
Simonides, tradition concerning, 17.
Sodalift Auguxtalix, etc., 168.
Sortex, 372 ; examples of, 393.
Spuriun, indicating illegitimacy of birth, 98.
Stamps or seals, 266 ; oculists', 267.
T, forms of, 65.
Tabulae patronatus, 879 ; examples of, 395.
Texnerae, 49, 57, 64, 257 ; frumentariae,
257 : theatralex, 258 ; hospitales, 259 ;
gladiatoriae, 259, examples of, 312C ; con-
vicialex, 261.
464
INDEX
Tiles, inscribed, 51, 67.
Titles, official, 164 ; of honor : senatorial, 168 ;
equestrian, 176.
Til nl i Sepulcrales, 47, 56, 282 ; sacH, 225,275.
Treeenarii, 175.
Tribunicia Polentas, 118, 128, 148 n.
Tribunus legionis, 178 ; militum laticla-
vius, 166; plebis, 166, 167, 185.
Ti' ibm, 96.
Triumvir capitalist 165; ntonetaliit, 166.
V, forms of, 66 ; history of, 27.
Valid inscriptions, determination of, 10.
Vases, inscribed, 59, 278.
Verres as nomen, 91.
Verrlus Flaccus, his attempt to Introduce a new
letter, 28.
VigintivM, 165.
Virgo Vestalis, 168.
Wax tablets, 41, 67, 75, 882.
Weights and measures, Inscribed, 257 ; ex-
amples of, 825.
Writing, early use of, by the Romans, 81.
X, forms of, 66 ; history of, 27.
Y, forms of, 66; history of, 27.
Z, forms of, 66 ; history of, 28.
TABLE OF INSCRIPTIONS
a i. L. i.
29
30
31
34
38
41
43
49
50
110
168
170
177
179
204
258
530
535
536
538
540
541
547
548
552
554
559
indicates the number of the inscription in C. I. L. ;
the second indicates
the page
in this book on which it is given.]
PAGE
C. I. L. I.
PAGE
C. I. L. II. PAGE
C. I. L. III.
PAGE
294
777
337
1064
105
2972
114
294
784
337
1120
807
3202
158
295
795
837
1169
156
3288
310
295
,797
837
1200 111,
284
3387
311
296
814
275
1423
392
3750
340
297
818
896
1821
284
3756
341
296
1007
297
2029
205
3757
341
276
1076
113
2093
104
4500
109
275
1168
106
2132
218
4659
340
275
1175
280
2167
149
4660
340
275
1351
111
2255
284
4799
279
277
1438
393
2610
212
5708
160
275
1439
893
2916
324
5733
115
275
1440
393
3235
210
5810
162
275
1442
894
3240
814
6017
331
275
1444
394
3414
306
6024
114
390
1454
394
3439
335
6070
114
275
276
1503
276
4192
4211
806
218
6077
6228
210
109
816
C. I. L. I.
4506
162
6625 (Suppl.)
298
816
V
801
4509
195
6741 (Suppl.)
153
805
X
301
4701
318
6993 (Suppl.)
154
816
XXIV
299
4716
152
7009
334
277
XXV
299
4721
155
7011
834
820
XXVI
299
4956
818
7025
884
820
XXVII
800
49621
325
7027
334
319
XXIX
800
4962*
325
7123 (Suppl.)
156
819
XXX
301
4969 2
845
7160 (Suppl.)
190
316
XXXI
299
4969
345
7183
318
820
XXXII
300
4960
845
12012 6
845
806
Q1 A
XXXIII
~Y"T
800
4969 M
345
p. 850
393
OQQ
Olft
148
XL,
p. 25
300
105
C. /. L. III.
Diploma XIII.
OffO
114
277
p. 189
803
21
298
189
p. 195
802
88
312
C. I. L. IV.
189
p. 202
302
348
210
26
887
827
455
190
29
897
828
C. I. L. II.
783
113
61
897
828
34
219
944
896
171
897
827
371
289
1741
191
597
89T
827
379
289
2014
108
818
398
827
1038
110
2883
324
1180
398
LAT. INSCRIP. -30
465
466
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
<'. /. L. IV.
PAliK
C. .'. i. vi.
PAOl
a 1. 1.. \i.
1185
887
858
278
1297
1189
898
859
279
1299
1*29
898
418
280
1308
1W2
898
456
278
1305
1898
887
472
279
1309
1886
110
475
276
1814
isill
888
504
280
1825
1893
888
701
148
1333
1894
883
816
209
1360
1895
887
886
151
1364
1896
887
896
810
1365
1936
898
910
151
1877
2551
842
913
151
1403
2553
342
915
152
1460
2355
842
918
152
1599
2592
848
929
154
1620
2770
843
931
154
16256
'. /. L. V.
944
960
154
155
1636
1700
552
283
967
155
1710
. 628
110
1016
157
1717
867
178, 202
10:33
158
1739
878
805
1035
159
1751
950
111
1088
161
1761
1813
289
1096
161
1768
1838
202
1104
161
1808
2491
320
1106
162
1847
2492
820
1180
163
1869
2523
106
1139
163
1925
2915
284
1177
312
1944
3401
807
1191
812
2041
4305
805
1232
821
2051
4332
307
1988
821
2755
4355
107
1234
821
2977
4919
895
1235/
322
3939
5027
148
1236 i
322
4226
5262
194
1239 a
322
4889
5832
214
1244
312
4930
6053
285
1245
812
4983
6416
149
1246
812
5013
7218
211
1249 c
823
5045
7989
160
1251 rt
823
5197
8002
817
12536
323
5254
9046
816
1956
813
7593
8190"
398
1257
313
7778
8659
205
1258
19AO
818
001
8211
OOKO
a i. L. vi.
1 ,\tt
1263
OL\i
821
OOo
8265
63
277
1281
276
8458
91
279
1284
294
8614
96
275
1285
294
8950
148
278
1286
295
8973
167
277
1287
295
9499
235
279
1288
296
10049
284
276
1289
297
10050
881
277
1295
296
10063
882
197 1296
296
10230
AOK
0. I. L. VI.
I'AOE
306
L080S
991
814
10069
'2-9
299
LOBBS
._,,.,
814
10682
988
308
10901
118
808
11027
303
1 1206
105
196
11484
104
190
11595
116
191
13163
288
198
13661
UN
803
15346
297
104
16606
288
189
16614
. 288
200
22915
286
202
28021
110
177
29335
287
203
'29471
288
808
304
181
C.I. L. VII.
180
1196
336
199
1198
336
199
1203
386
307
1205
886
207
1208
886
208
1212
336
208
1330
345
209
209
C. L L. VIII.
394
50
157
894
79
287
218
110
107
214
817
215
104
251
_".'-
110
980
81 J
292
1695
Ills
292
2488
311
292
2661
:;i:;
292
2662
281
292
2747
1941
293
2755
28i
292
2888
110
105
3664
Ki7
111
4406
119
282
4458
405
107
4459
405
li)7
5682
'2-7
211
7804
111
105
8300
ir>7
211
8369
824
211
8439
219
299
8887
890
292
8854
2-7
291
9128
--7
291
9668
'219
293
9990
208
TABLE OF INSCRIPTIONS
407
a i. L. vni.
PAGE
C. I. L. X.
PAGE
C. I. L. X.
PAGE
C. I. L. XII.
PAGE
10230
315
49
217
8047'
341
3361
110
10242
318
292
310
8047 '
341
4364
109
10296
315
787
311
8048'
344
4397
290
10327
319
791
103
8048 >
844
4957
284
103S1
319
809
803
8054
846
5255
284
10644
109
826
118
8067
326
5471
152
11451
392
858
103
8067 6
326
5488
403
11813
205
924
105
8067
326
56S2
345
13 188
109
1018
324
8067
825
56S2>
345
14296
403
1275
298
8067 'i
325
5682 o
345
14588
335
1422
155
8067"
325
5683 '
341
1614
108
8068 s
825
5683 272
341
C. I. L. IX.
1695
199
8071*
831
5683
341
19
215
1727
306
8071 "
831
56841
341
186
290
1795
204
807 IM
831
5687
343
T62
283
2426
112
8215
215
5687"
343
1024
819
2872
113
8249
397
5698*
331
1125
201
3406
216
5698 18
381
1160
106
3494
216
5701
330
1415
217
3732
198
C. I. L. XI.
5701
330
1419
217
3757
281
395
214
5842
200
1582
202
3825
323
596
405
1617
213
3861
819
826
162
1783
. 290
3884
107
1331
153
r. i. L. xiv.
2142
148
4134
110
1436
291
85
311
2=384
103
4587
310
1438
213
98
156
2443
151
4792
810
1826
801
101
405
2457
170
4843
323
1827
801
153
306
2563
148
5012
111
1831
802
170
206
2710
107
5182
192
1836
201
172
206
2845
190
5336
207
2104
806
309
220
2846
190
5371
286
2779
276
878
216
2855
218
5382
279
3083
315
409
220
2923
218
5500
112
3365
171
848
288
3306
191
5708
280
3612
211
1204
103
3521
308
5807
309
3653
108
1270
288
3910
112
5824
158
3663
108
1509 a
405
4130
314
5827'
160
4170
278
1636
287
4251
119
5838
309
5210
192
1976
329
4855
|08
5839
309
5211
193
1981
329
5279
283
5840
309
1982
829
5439
203
5845
306
C. I. L. XII.
1996
329
5450
220
5917
208
191
112
2045
210
5803
108
5947
107
257
215
2067
303
5830
21-2
6006
195
522
405
2068
303
5840
21-2
6087
189
587
106
2088
156
5953
316
6616
286
729
286
2100
404
5963
317
6657
203
1659
110
2258
161
6075
817
6704
106
1715
286
2264
189
60S1"
345
6824
155
1964
285
2464
189
6081"
345
6839
317
2012
285
2535
288
6081
345
6840
817
2013
285
2602
189
6086
328
6841
317
2021
112
2700
282
C. I. L. X.
6895
7265
817
275
2464
3325
109
108
2750
2863
282
275
11
10s
7459
305
3349
286
2892
276
17
157
7501
150
3360
110
2972
817
468
LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. XIV. PAGE C. I. L. XIV.
PAGE
C. I. L. XIV. PAGE C. /. L. XV.
PAO K
3002 809 8227
109
41242 826 512
88)
8018 808 8442
290
4242 195 650
88*
norv
3046 282 3458
8068 108 3602
109
404
648
C. I. L. XV. 647
889;
S9,
8088 109 8607
192
9 887 692
885;
8115 108 8609
197
25 887 719
88{
8148 108 8614
198
47 887 811
8M
8156 108 8682
287
864 888 847
889
8178 108 8955
217
871 888 1063
840
8197 109 41241
826
419 888 1097
840
FROM
OTHER SOURCES
PAGE
I'AI.K
Annali, 1870; Bruzza, 1
834
Ephem, Ep., V. 1174
160
" " 6
336
" VI. p. 59
828
" 147
884
" VII. 858
169
" " 258
885
" VII. 895
198
Boissieu, Inscr. de Lyon, p. 469
291
" VII. 757
159
Brambach, Inscr. Rhen. 1491
840
" VIII. 370
209
" " " 1981
818
Lanciani, Comm. di Fronlino, 106,
134,
Bull. Com., 1888, p. 228
148
824, 402, 505, 568
880
1889, p. 165
822
Mittheilungen, 1890, p. 297
276
Bull, del M., 1884, p. 27
160
Mowat, Inscr. de Paris, p. 69
844
Bull. Epigraph. IV. (1884), p. 66
840
Musee de Lyon, I. p. 162
204
Dessau, Inscr. Lat., 1298, 1299, 1801
398
Notizie degli Scam, 1885, p. 475
320
" " 2081
212
" " " 1886, p. 420
207
Ephem. Ep., II. 522
158
" " " 1887, p. 536
200
" III. p. 208
326
" " " 1889, p. 9
207
" V..640
150
Wilmanns, Exempla, 2811, 2812
828
" " V. 989
216
" " 2818
880
" V. 1048
215
2888
844
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