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GEFT OF
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I
INTRODUCTORY MANUAL
OF THE
HINDI LANGUAGE
WITH EXTRACTS FROM
THE PREMSAGAR
TOGETHER WITH TECHNICAL VOCABULARIES
FOR
Theologians and Missionaries
Lawyers, Judges, Magistrates, and Police Officers
The Medical Profession and Dispensers, and
Interpreters
BY
F. P. LUIGI JOSA
CANON OF ST. GEORGE'S, GUIANA
AUTHOR OF "the APOSTLE OF THE INDIANS," ** ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI," ETC.
LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Ltd.
DRYDEN HOUSE, 43, GERRARD STREET
1907
^*
rONDON :
rRI>TED BT GILBERT AND SIVINGTOJf LIMITJiD,
ST. JOHW'S HOTTSF, CLTJKKEKWEI.L, K.O.
• • ■ i>
p V
) 133
To
The Eight Keverend
JOHN FRANCIS WELSH, D.D.
LORD BISHOP OF TRINIDAD
IN APPRECIATION OF
MUCH KINDNESS
TO THE
AUTHOR AND HIS CHILDREN
THIS
LITTLE MANUAL
IS
DEDICATED.
Christ Church,
GUIAXA,
1907.
M191400
PEEFACE.
According to the most enliglitened philologists^ Hindi
is the language spoken by more than eighty-six
millions in Hindustan proper. The Hindus of the
North- West Provinces emigrate in large numbers to
South America (British Guiana), to the West Indies
(Trinidad especially), and also to Natal and several
other parts of the world. These speak mostly Hindi,
and but very few of them Urdu or Hindustani.
Although Hindustani has a very large element
^f Hindi, yet this is so mixed with Persian and
Arabic that the common people do not under-
stand it. Therefore, a knowledge of Hindi is ab-
solutely necessary to be able to converse with these
people, either in India or in the countries in which
: they settle.
Hindi is derived from Sanscrit, as Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese, and French are derived from Latin.
PREFACE.
Sanscrit,* althougli a dead language, and unspoken,
is preserved as the sacred language of India, just as
Latin is of the Western Church. It is nearly allied
to many of the European languages, ancient and
modern, and may be called the elder sister of Latin
and Greek.
It is almost impossible to learn a language without
mastering the characters in which it is written. The
various attempts to transliterate this language in
Roman characters are hardly satisfactory. The time
may come, however, when the East Indians may adopt
a Western alphabet, which would save them the
necessity of learning at least two widely different
scripts, viz. the Devanagari character for Hindi,
and the Arabic character for Urdu. In this little
popular manual an attempt is made to teach the
language in such a way that, if the learner will
endeavour to master what at first sight appear difficult
characters, he will in a week or two be able to read
easy sentences, and, in a short time, with daily
practice, to read any book in the language.
* This word signi^es the polished language : from ^PT {=za-vv=:
cow) and "Wlf {= /actus = {ormed)j "carefully constructed," or
"symmetrically formed," as opposed to HT^rf Prakrit, "the
natural" or "common " language spoken by the people.
PREFACE.
This is a manual for beginners. When tlie student
has mastered all that it contains, he may proceed to
more elaborate works.
The extracts from the " Premsagar '^ may seem
rather too advanced for an elementary book ; but the
reason for the choice is that, in some places, the
Premsagar is the appointed text-book for Government
examinations.
A main feature of this Manual is the Vocabularies,
which may prove useful to all students of the language,
and especially to interpreters, theologians, the legal
and medical professions, merchants, and others.
F. P. L. J.
CONTENTS.
GRAMMAR.
PA.GSS
Alphabet 1 — 12
Articles 13
Nouns 13—18
Adjectives ........ 19 — 20
Pronouns 20-26
Verbs 26—37
Adverbs 37—39
Prepositions, &c 40 — 42
Interjections, &c. 42—43
Numerals, &;c. 43 — 47
Formation of Sentences 50—52
Of Time— Da3\s Months, Eray . . . .47 — 50
EXTRACTS
From the Premsagar, with Translation and Notes 55—71
TECHNICAL VOCABULARIES.
I. Ecclesiastical 75
II. Legal 89
III. Medical 109
INTEODUCTOEY
MANUAL OF HINDI.
LESSON I.
The Alphabet.
§ 1. The Hindi cliaracters, borrowed from the San-
scrit, are called Nagari or Devanagari. These words
mean '^city^^ and "god + city/^ that is, (writing) of the
gods, or Brahmans. The word Nagari seems to imply
that the art of writing was first practised in cities.
§ 2. The Vowels. — These are twelve in nnmber, of
which the 7th and 8th (ri, ri) are very seldom used.
They have tjsco forms, initial and non-initial.
Initial : ^^^^^^^^^$^^Y.
Non-Initial: T f ^ ^ ^ "^ > 1*
a ail w u rl rl e al o an,
^ = a, pronounced as u in furiy e.g. ^ "a servant. ^^
The learner will at once bo somewhat puzzled
because in the word ^ {das) he does not notice
the letter ^. The reason is that there is no
B
: : •: : : ;hlini)I grammar.
shortened or non-initial form of this vowel, but
a is inherent in every consonant not otherwise
vocalized. Some pundits indeed aver that the
shortened form is shown in the perpendicular
stroke T which, in full or in part, is to be seen
in every letter.
^TT
as
a in master, e.g. iTTH nam, name.
^ f
i in tiny „ fxnn pita, father.
t ^
i in caprice, „ ^^ nadi, river.
"5
u in pull „ "^ kuchh, some.
u in rule, „ ^ hun, am.
'^ e
ri in hrlnJc, „ ^ ritu, season.
^ t
the preceding, only longer.*
TT ^
a in ache, e.g. ;?oR eh, one.
i in rnile, „ "^ maint I.
^t "^
in go, „ ^j^ Zo^, people.
^•>^
ow in Tioic;, „ ^"^T aur, and.
Note that the short i, f, is placed before the letter
after which it is pronounced. The long and short u,
^ ^, the long and the short n, ^, are placed under-
neath the letters with which they are pronounced ;
while e and ai are placed above the letters after
which they are pronounced. The last four vowels are
classed as diphthongs.
♦ This letter is seldom or never used. Probably it is kept in
the alphabet for the purpose of completeness, there being a long
and a short form for every vowel.
Gutturals
^
h
Palatals
^
ch
Linguals
z
t
Dentals
K
t
Labials
^
V
Semivowels
^
y
^ 9
X? gk
T u
^ J
m jh
^ u
T d
^ (Jh
m n
^ d
V dh
TT n
^ h
H hh
^ m
^ I
^ V or
w
^ sh
TI s
? h
THE ALPHABET. 3
§ 3. The Consonants. — These are thirty-three in
number, and are most methodically arranged as
follows : —
^ lih
^ chh
Z th
T^ th
^ ph
T r
Sibilants and Aspirate ^ s
These consonants are to be pronounced as follows: —
^ like the English h in king, e.g. oR^ hal, to-morrow.
^ jf J J h-h in inlc-horrij e.g. ^TiT hhet, a field.
Note that every aspirated letter, for which we have
to use two English letters, represents only one
sound, and we have simply to intensify the non-
aspirated letter. The word ink-horn is as near an
illustration as we can give, but there must be no
hiatus between the k and the h — indeed, we might
rather divide the word thus, in-khom. The best
way to learn the coirrect sounds is to hear them
from a Hindu.
T{ as ^ in go, e.g. aiTT Gangd, the Ganges.
Ty „ g-h in log house, „ Tjnf ghds, grass.
■3?*,, n in wrangling, „ ^^ daiigd, wrangling.
* See next page.
4 HINDI GRAMMAR.
^ as ch in church, e.g. ^T^y^TT chalnd, to move.
H „ ch'h in watch-him, „ ^^TTT chhdpnd, to print.
W „ ; in jest, „ m jd, go.
'^ ^^ i + ^j ii ^J jhutdj a liar.
>f*„ n in inch, ,, cir^fT hanchan, gold.
T „ < in tit'for-tat, „ T^ /a/fw, a pony.
7 ,, t+h, „ ZT{ (hag, a robber.
In pronouncing the f in the last two letters, turn up
the tip of the tongue, and strike it towards the
roof of the mouth.
^ as d, e.g. TT^nn ddlndf to cast down.
3" „ d-k-h, „ ZVpn dhdras, boldness.
In pronouncing these two letters, turn the tip of
the tongue, and strike it towards the upper
teeth.
When these letters have a dot underneath, thus,
^ 7, and are used as medials or finals, they=/*
and rh ; r is pronounced like the r in the French
eternel, and the aspirated letter like rh in Ehine.
Be careful in pronouncing these two letters, as
the pronunciation affects the meaning of the
words. E.g. TTfi ghard means "water-pot,^' but
I18T garhd, ''a ditch '^; Tfp^J parnd means "to
fall,'' but H^in parhnd, "to read.''
Care must also be taken to properly distinguish
between these Lingual letters and the Dentals.
■* lliere are no words heginning with these letters.
TT as ^ in tip,
e-g
V „ t + h
^ „ d in do,
V „ d+h,
'^ }j n in nay
XI „ JO in poundy
Tfi „ ph in hop-house f
^ „ 6 in hoy,
H „ 111 in Hoh-Jiouse,
THE ALPHABET. O
5tJi something like our n in gun. It has a cerebral
sound; e.g. m^XM Brahman, a Brahman,
e.g. Jfhf (7^^, a song.
yj\ thd, was.
^^ c?ei;, a god.
v)wr dhohhd, deceit.
,, "^TTrrT 7?t77i^Z, various.
in^ pdp, sin.
Hi^ pAaZ, fruit.
^TrT ?;5i, word.
>Tc5T bhald, good.
?T ^, m in mother, „ ir^ mahd, great.
If ,, y in ?/ow, „ ^tt yug, an age.
, (also as j in Jtt^.)
T*must be well rolled as r in rascal, e.g. nWT r^i«, king.
^ as Z in law, e.g. ^»fT lend, to take.
^ sometimes as v and sometimes as w ; practice only
can determine which^ and the two are frequently
interchangeable. It is also often used for the
letter ^, e.g. "^w^rw^ ■= vamvdsl or hanhdsl, a
hermit.''
* When this letter is combined with another it undergoes a
change of form and position ; when immediately preceding another
consonant it is written as a small curve above it, thus, * ; e.g. '^T^
artli^ " interpretation." When, however, it follows another consonant
it is written as a short oblique stroke beneath it, thus, ^ ; e.g.
UH Prahhu, " Lord."
b HINDI GRAMMAR.
:^ as ss in session (or s in sure), e.g. tt^ pasu, an animal.
ir f, sh in shut, e.g. ^V^ <fos7i, fault.
The coolies almost invariably sound it like a kh ;
thus, ^ is pronounced dokhf and not dosh.
^ as s in sister, e.g. ^^ sach, true.
^ „ h in heart, „ "^V^ hath, a hand.
LESSON II.
Signs or Symbols, &c.
§ 4. In this lesson we shall give a recapitulation
with transliteration of all the words used in the first
lesson, in the order in which they occur ; and at once
the learner will have a number of words, all of which
will prove useful.
^ das, ten. "t hun, am. vr: aur, and.
•TT^f nam, name. '^ ritu, season. W^ kal, yesterday.
fun pita, father. ^^ elc, one. WK Ichet, field.
•T^^ nadi, river. "If main, I. ifnTC^an^/a, Ganges.
^^ hnchh, some, ^m log, people, ^rm ghds, grass.
"^^ do'jigd, wrangling. The middle character of this
word is a compound of two letters, placed one
underneath the other, viz. T u and n g. (We
shall deal with compound characters farther on,
in Lesson III.)
SIGNS OR SYMBOLS. /
'8Iq5«TT chalndf to move. «fnTr 7ia>ii, various.
W^^ chhdpnd, to print. "qx^ j>i/:>, sin.
iTT jf7, go. Hi^y 2^^^^> fruit.
«K3rT jhutdy liar. «|^ ^a6, wlien.
Cs
oirw«T kanchaiij gold. >T^ hhaldy good.
ZTtaftu, pony. TfT mahdj great.
3T ^/iflt^, an assassin. yr 2/^^5^> ^^ ^g®-
TT^nn ddlndj to cast down. THTT ^'^ja, a king.
q? j9er, a tree. ;^T 7e?i«, to bring.
'S^m dhandhan, search. "^TTTT^ vanvdsi, hermit.
^^ifT barhnd, to increase, xj^ pasu, an animal.
TJ^ gun, a quality. ^"^ dosh, fault.
JT^ ^^^, a song. ^^ sack, true.
'^rr thdj was. fT^ Aa^A^ hand.
1^^ c^ev, a deity. W% a?-^/t, interpretation.
>ft?rr dhohhd, deceit. HH, Y)rahhu, ruler, lord.
§ 5. Above there have appeared three words, viz.
T, %, 'fJTT, over each of which is a dot *. This is called
anuswdr, and indicates the nasal twang so common in
French. Thus the above words are pronounced as
hurij main, and Gangd.
There is also another sign or mark, consisting
generally of two diamond-shaped dots :, or sometimes
two small rings, thus 8. This is called visarga, and
occurs after a vowel, which it aspirates almost imper-
ceptibly — so slightly that it is frequently dropped.
8 HINDI GEAMMAR.
E.g. ^:'^z=duhhh, "pain/^ but it is equally correct to
drop the visarga and write •^'^ cluhh.
§ 6. ®, called sun or shunya. This is (1) a mark of
repetition, denoting that the word or sentence should
be repeated ; (2) a sign of abbreviation ; (3) in
Arithmetic it represents the cipher.
^, called virdma (= ''rest'O, is placed under a con-
sonant to indicate the absence of the inherent vowel ^ a.
§ 7. I, called chhewd, is the half-pause, equal to our
comma or even semicolon.
n, the double chhewd, has the power of a full stop.
?, the figure 2, when placed immediately after a
word, signifies that it is to be repeated; thus, ^"^^ =
do do J *Hwo each," or "in twos.'^
. When a dot appears under any letter except those
above noticed (^, 7s), it generally denotes that the word
is of Persian or Arabic origin, and that the letter so
marked stands for a sound foreign to Hindi ; thus
»! is used for z, &c.
T" jna is sometimes treated as a separate letter ; it
is, however, a compound of »r and H, but pronounced
as gya. Thus, '^'m^gydn, '^knowledge." It is also
written U.
"tf lish is sometimes treated as a separate letter ;
but it is really a compound of ^ and ^, and is pro-
nounced as Icsh in the English word hodkf^hclf. Thus,
■^»rr= Ishamd, "forgiveness.'' It is also written TJ.
CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS. V
LESSON III.
How to add Vowels to Consonants.
§ 8. From the examples given in the following
section it will be seen how vowels are added to con-
sonants to form syllables, and the student is recom-
mended to write these out several times over for
practice.
The correct way of forming the letters (taking e.g.
the it) is to write the perpendicular stroke first, thus I,
then the body or centre of the letter, *i, and lastly the
horizontal stroke, n ; but the commoner way is to write
the horizontal stroke first, the body of the letter next,
and finally the perpendicular.
§ 9. Vowels are added to consonants thus : —
oFcFTfw^^f^^€'5h>^^^:
ka hd ki kl ku ku ke kai ko kau kan kah
^ ^ f^ ^^ 73 ^ ^ # ^> ^1 ^ W*
kha khd khi kin khu khu kite khai kho khau khan khoh
and the student is recommended to go through the
whole alphabet in the same manner, treating all the
other letters in the same way.
^ 10. Peonunciation. — In Hindi every letter of a
word must be sounded, and when there are double
letters they must both be sounded distinctly.
The short a or inherent vowel is not always sounded,
even where the letter is not marked with virdma.
10
HINDI GEAMMAE.
It is not sounded (1) between two consonants which
are combined, e.g. ^;^ = dangd (not danagd) ; (2) not
generally at the end of a word, e.g. ^^^=:das {not dasa);
nor (3) at the end of some syllables, e.g. '^fTT = clialnd
(not chcdand).
But it is sounded at the end of a word when the
last letter is a compound, e.g. '^^=sattiua; and also
after a final it, e.g. fjni=priya, " beloved. '^ It is also
pronounced in certain monosyllables, as «T na, ''no,''
"5? chhaj "six,'' ^ lea, the letter /fa, ^ Ma, the letter hha,
IT ga, the letter ^a, &c.
Compound Characters.
^ 10a. When two or more consonants come together
without an intervening vowel they are joined in a
manner very methodical and easily recognisable. Most
commonly only two consonants are found in com-
bination, but sometimes three, and rarely four or
five. Note that usually in these compounds a portion
of one (or more) of the component letters is lost,
frequently the vertical or the horizontal stroke, or both,
leaving only the centre or body of the letter, which is
combined with the other member of the compound.
Thus, if we desire to compound the two letters JT and tt,
we retain the whole of the JT, but of the •? we use only
the central portion, viz. #• , which we place below the
distinguishing portion of the other letter, and we have
Jf, pronounced gn. Take again if »T; here we add the
central part ^ of the first to the whole of the second.
COMPOUND CHARACTERS. 11
and thus we have ^ ; or they may be placed one under
the other, ^. One more example : if we wish to com-
pound the letters ^ and "ai, we retain the whole of the
second letter and prefix the distinguishing portion or
centre -c of the first letter, thus, ^, as in the common
word ^^gfT achcJihd, "good, well."
We will now give an example of ^/iree-letter com-
pounds. To combine ^ TT T we take a portion of each
letter, * p •, and place the three within the usual per-
pendicular and horizontal strokes, thus, ^z=str, as in
the word ^^ strl, "a woman.''
§11. The following examples should be read care-
fully after the learner has mastered the simple letters.
Two-letter Co'm]^ounds :
hk M hy kr hi hv Ichy gn gy (jV gl gv gm gh
glin ghy ghr nJc nhh ng chch cJichh cJiy jg jjh jv
ISTtIRT^ ^ ^^ ^TP^Tcf ^ W W
jr jm nj ncJih ty thy dhy nt nth nd ndh nn
ny it tn tm ty tr tv thy dg dd ddh dhh dy dr
dhy nt nth nd ndh tin nm ny nv nh pt 2?n py
pr pi hd hdh hhy mp mph mh mhh mm mv ml
12 HINDI GKAMMAll.
mil II Iv vy vv sch sv si/ slit shth shn shy sk
skh st spli sy sv hn hn hm Id,
Note again that the letter T when in compounds is
subject to the following rules : (1) It is written over
a letter or group of letters in the form of *" when it is
to be sounded first, as f<& mt/r/c^, "absurd^'; (2) when
it follows another letter or group of letters it is
represented by an oblique stroke under the letter after
which it is pronounced, as ^^ Chandra^ ''the moon^^ ;
(3) when t is combined with ^ or ^ they are written
;5 ru and ^ ru.
Note also that IT is doubled thus, ^.
Note further that TJ is doubled by adding an oblique
stroke across the centre of the letter, thus, ^.
Three-letter Compounds, Compounds of three letters
are very few, but when they occur they are formed on
the same principle, thus, ^^ is a combination of •!, 7T,T ;
e.g. *T^ "a mantra,^^ a holy text or charm; 15^ of TT,
7T, ^, e.g. TJ^ sattwa, ''being.''
Four- and even Five-letter Compounds are to be met
with, but they are merely grammatical conceits, and
the reader of Hindi is not likely to meet with them.
We will give an example showing a compound of four
letters, which is really a Sanscrit word, viz., ^T lS
kdr&hnja, " blackness,'' and another showing a com-
pound of five, viz., oTTTF^ Mrtsnyam, "wholeness."
NOUNS.— GENDER. 13
LESSON IV.
Nouns, Gender, <&c.
§ 12. The Aeticles '^ the'' and '^a'' (definite and in-
definite) have nothing corresponding to them in Hindi.
But definiteness is expressed by using the demonstrative
pronouns f^^ yih, "this,'' or «r^ wuh, * that"; thus,
''the man'^ = f[T^ i?^ yih mard ; ''the thing" = ^ W^
ivuh vastu, Indefiniteness is expressed by ^oU elc "one,"
o|ft| Icoi, "someone" ; as ^oir i^t ^^^ mard, 'a [or one]
man " ; «F^ ^ hoi stn, " some woman" ; 5^oF *n«J^ eh
mdnus, or o^t^ '^T^^ hoi mdnus, ' a certain man."
§ 13. Nouns. — There are three kinds of nouns :
1, Proper ; 2, Common ; 3, Abstract ; as ^»JJ?ltT Hanu-
mdn, the monkey-god; irf mard, "a man"; ^'^ZT^
mlfhdSf " sweetness."
§ 14. Gendee. — There are only two genders in Hindi,
masculine and feminine ; but practice alone will enable
the student to know with certainty to which gender
a word belongs.
Of living creatures the gender is according to nature,
that is, words denoting males are masculine, as ^ZJ
hetdy "a son" ; and those denoting females are femi-
nine, as ^zi befzj "a daughter."
Masculines, — (1) Nouns ending in'srr (t) d, and those
ending in any consonant but it, are generally mascu-
line ; e.g. ^rfT hhdnd/'food/^ X(j-q pdp, " sin," if^ ja/,
"water."
14 HINDI GRAMMAR.
(2) Abstract nouns witli the following endings are
all masculine :
wr^ dw, as MSN charhc'iWj ascent.
FT twa 3, Hj^rci manuhhyativa, manhood.
xTrf j)an J, ^TT^n haurdpan, madness.
1IT pa „ Wdim hurhdpd, old age.
^ 2/^^ j^ '^ sdtya, truth.
(3) Purely Sanscrit words retain their Sanscrit
gender ; but, as in Sanscrit there is a neuter, the rule
to follow in Hindi is that Sanscrit masculines and
neuters are masculine in Hindi.
Feminines, — (1) Nouns ending in the following
letters are feminine :
I (^) i) as xi^^ pothl, a book.
TT ta ,, mtf hdtj a word ; tTlT rat, night.
^ i „ U eh 1^1 prahds, bi'ightness.
(2) Abstract nouns having the following termina-
tions are feminine :
l!rr| dl, as ^i\^ lardl, fighting.
TTT td „ fJTTrTT mitratd, friendship.
f^ ti „ TjrflR saTcti, power.
"'TfT vat „ "^VAZ sukhdwat, dryness.
"53 hat „ P*l«fc«!Ii^i chikndhaf, greasiness.
§ 15. Number. — There are two numbers, singular
and plural. The nominative singular remains without
alteration as a basis or root throughout the declension,
and in many masculine nouns there is no difference
NOUNS. — CASE. 15
between the nominative singular and nominative plural
(but see § 19) ; there is, however, a difference in the
oblique cases ; as li^ nom. sing., and i^f is also nom.
plural ; but in the oblique cases plural it becomes t^.
Feminines, however, add in the plural the syllable
^ 0) '^Vf to the nominative singular, thus, T.W , TJ^ ;
but if the singular ends in | (Y) I ov "^ it they add ^
'dn. Thus, 7ctZ% pi. xVrNlt "loaves'^ ; iSt^, pi. «ll^^3il
'^tears.'^ Or, for the sake of euphony, nouns ending
in ^ [Y) shorten the i and insert it before the addition,
thus, T^f?^ rotiydn.
Plurals are also formed by adding ^Vt ''people,^^
as >TT^ ^Vt "brethren ^^; or im "flock,'' as HTnnxrj
''the starry host''; or IR "folk/' as f^rSff^PT "little
folk."
§ 16. Case. — There are eight cases, called the
Nominative, Objective (or Accusative), Instrumental,
Dative, Ablative, Possessive (or Genitive), Locative,
and Vocative. These are expressed by certain particles
called postpositiojis, which are equal to the Latin and
Greek terminations. The only case that has no post-
position is the nominative — and sometimes the accusa-
tive — singular and plural. The Vocative particle is
prepositive. The postpositions are the same for the
singular and plural. Thus : —
Nominative has no distinguishing sign.
Objective (or Accusative) takes oR> to.
Instrumental (or Agent) „ ^ by.
16 HINDI GRAMMAR.
Dative takes o|?V to.
Ablative „ ^ from.
Possessive (Genitive) „ WT, ^, ^^ of.
Locative ,, Sin, tj^ on, if ^ up to.
Vocative „ ^ 0.
§ 17. The Possessive or Genitive has three termina-
tions, and their use is determined as follows.
(1) The terminations are governed by the word
which follows, not by that which precedes them.
(2) When the governing noun is masculine, in the
nominative singular, oFT Tict is used ; e.g. "a man^s
house,^^ i.e. "the house of a man'' = ^ aTT ttt mard^^
gliar {'^ is nominative).
"i he is used before all other cases of the masculine
singular or plural, thus, ^ in the house of the man,^^
or '^in the man's house,'' =^1^ «F ^S mard ke gliar men
(irt in the locative).
oF^ lil precedes all feminines, singular or plural,
thus, »?f oF^ ^"^^ mard ki ghort, "the man's mare" ;
^^flfil' oR^ folTfTT^ larkon ki kitdheHf " children's books."
LESSON V.
Declension.
§ 18. There is but one scheme for declining nouns,
the postpositions being the same for all. One example
will show at a glance this general scheme of declension.
NOUNS. — CASE.
17
^(^ jal, "water." The singular is ^T^, and for the
plural we add ^ (in the oblique cases).
It will bo noticed that »TqJ remains unchanged
throughout the singular, and the oblique cases in the
plural all end in ^, with the exception of the Vocative,
which drops the anuswdr \
Singular.
Norn.
'I^
water.
Ace.
'^^ ^>
water.
Inst.
^r^ ^
by water.
Dat.
ITc^ ^>
to water.
Abl.
^T^ i
from water.
Gen.
^t
of water.
Loc.
^^ ^, ^T,
TT^
in, on, up to water.
Voc.
i^T^
water.
Plural
Nom.
^T^y
waters.
Ace.
IT^t ^>
waters.
Instr.
^(^f ^
by waters.
Dat.
i^f -sRi
to waters.
Abl.
"s^^ i
from waters.
Gen.
iT^ '^, W;
, ^^
of waters.
Loc.
»r^^ ^, tpc.
TT^
in, on, up to waters
Voc.
^^
waters.
§ 19. From this general scheme there are some
modifications, and the following four classes are here
specified.
18 HINDI GRAMMAR.
(1) Masculine nouns ending in long a (^T, t) change
this letter into e in the oblique cases of the singular
and the nom. of the plural (sometimes, however, the
accusative singular remains unchanged) ; and in the
remaining cases of the plural the final vowel of the
nom. sing, is dropped altogether before the termination
on. E.g., nom. sing, (and ace. sometimes) , ^JoRT larhd ;
oblique cases sing, and the nom. pi., ^?c|r larl:e ; the
remaining cases of the pi., ^pfiY larlcon. Eemember
that the Voc. rejects the aniiswdr (*)•
(2) Feminine nouns are declined like *r^, but add
en to the nominative plural when they end in con-
sonants or T dj or in diphthongs. E.g. xjKrdtf ''night,^'
nom. pi. tT?f rdten-, JTHTT rndtd, ^'mother,^' nom. pi.
^Tl{Vi mdtd,en ; TTT^ft gdp, '^cow,^' nom. pi. im^ gd,en,
(3) Feminines ending in | 0) I, or "Si ( ) u, however,
form the nominative plural by adding ^ (t) dn. E.g.
jfjiT huddhi, *^ understanding/' nom. pi. jfiT'Tt huddhi-
ydn ; ^^ dnsu, * tear,'' nom. pi. ^lf|>S(l dnsu^dn,
§ 20. (4) There are various Exceptions to the general
rules. Euphony is a tyrant for the sake of which the
Hindu sacrifices much : e.g. V^t dliu,dn, ''smoke,"
has in the plural, Vi* dhu,en ; \ff hhaiin, " eyebrow,"
pi. >fi"^ hhauwen. The ? is inserted solely for the sake
of euphony. The letter ^ also serves the same pur-
pose, thus, W(^^ mdll, ''gardener," obL pi. ^Tlf^ifY
mdliyon. For the sake of euphony also words ending
in long f (^) * or ^ ( ) w shorten these vowels, as
shown above, in mdliyon, dnsu^dn.
ADJECTIVES. 19
LESSON VI.
Adjectives.
[Note. — Henceforth we shall not transliterate the NagarT characters.]
§ 21. (1) Adjectives generally precede their sub-
stantives. Thus, we say "qf^"^ fl j% *' a holy man.''
(2) Those which end in any letter except WT or ^
are uninflected, as in English.
(3) But if they end in 'STT (t), or sometimes short a,
these vowels are changed into ^ when agreeing with
masculine nouns in the oblique cases of the sing, and
in all the cases of the plural. Thus, "^P.^ xjjw tr " on
a bigh mountain " ; ^Rj ^^ '' good children.''
When tbese adjectives agree with a feminine noun
the a (or a) is changed to f ffl throughout. Thus,
iftT't ^-^-^t '' a fair girl " ; ^^"^ Tw't '' a long string."
(4) [Read again Lesson IV., § 17.]
All nouns and pronouns in the Gen. case may be
considered as adjectival, and are treated as adjectives,
the Gen. affix being inflected in accordance with the
rules given above and in § 17.
(5) Adjectives may be formed by adding the word
HT or HZ:T *' full," to nouns. Thus, f^fTHT '' all day " ;
^^^>TT " a sound body."
§ 22. Comparison op Adjectives.
(1) The Gomparative is formed by means of the
ablative ; i.e., that with which the comparison is made
20 HINDI GRAMMAR.
is put in the ablative case. If we wish to state that
"this house is higher than that house/' we must say,
"this house hy (i.e. standing by it for the sake of com-
parison) that house is high/' ^r^ xj^ "5^ ttt; ^ ^^ f I
(2) Comparison may also be made by using the
word ^^ "more''; thus, tt^ ^IC ^1"^ ^^ f '"this house
is more high.''
The Superlative. — (1) This also is formed by the
same use of the ablative with the addition of the word
wsf. If we wish to express "this is the highest house,"
we must say, "this house by (when compared with) all
houses is high," thus, 1T^ ij^ ^R Xf^Y ^ "^^ ^ ; or we
may omit the word ^tf.
(2) A kind of superlative may be made by repetition
of the adjective — the first being put in the ablative ;
thus, ^Tai i ^^T *t| "the best man" ; ^^ i JT^ ^"^
"the worst woman."
(3) Sometimes the adjective is simply repeated, as,
"^r^J ^^[T ''excellent."
LESSON VII.
Pronouns.
§ 23. Of Pronouns there are six kinds, viz. : —
1. Personal. 2. Demonstrative. 3. Possessive.
4. Relative. 5. Interrogative.
PRONOUNS.
1. Personal Pronouns are inflected tlius :
First Ferson.
Sing. Nora.
^
I.
Ace.
n^y 5«fil^
me.
Instr.
^^^
by me.
Dat.
2*R, 5)^^
to me.
Abl.
gsfri
from me.
Gen.
^n, ^T, ^c^
of me, mine.
Loc.
^m.^
on me.
Plur. Nom.
-^
we.
Ace.
^H, ^^>, ^t-^R^
us.
Instr.
^ ^, ?»ft ^
by us.
Dat.
1^, ^lT"5fi>, ^IT?^
to us.
Abl.
1^ ^, ^Y H
from us.
Gen.
^mCl, ^HK, ^ifK't
of us, ours.
Loc.
Second Person.
on us.
Sing. Nom.
IT
thou.
Ace.
3«fc, 5«K^>
thee.
Instr.
\^
by thee.
Dat.
3^, g*BL^
to thee.
Abl.
3*Bl9
from thee.
Gen.
CRT, HT, cTK^
of tbee.
Loc.
5^^
on thee.
Voc.
thou.
21
22 HINDI GRAMMAR.
Plur. Nom. WR you.
Ace. 3*%, J'TcF^, Jpe^li ^"^ you.
Instr. HJT «T, J'R^T^ *T by you.
Dat. 5^, J'' "51?^; 3^Y«r\ to you.
Abl. TT5? ^, TTJ^ ^ from vou.
Gen. 3*^^, 3*f TT, 3?^i^^ of you.
Loc. WH »T, 5»5t ^ on you.
For the Third Person the Demonstratives are used.
It will be noticed from the above that these pro-
nouns are inflected. The postpositions are the same
as with nouns ; but the genitive, instead of taking
■3FT, "^Sf, ^^, ends in tT, X, Ti^ in both numbers and in
both pronouns.
A plural of these pronouns is frequently formed by
adding the word ^n ; thus, "^^Vr '^we/' JJI^y^
*^you" ; and in the oblique cases ^^l is inflected, thus,
^11^'^n! W> "to us."
§24. 2. 2)e?no?is<»'(i^ive Pronouns (used also as Third
Personal) :
(a) Sing. Nom.
'^, f^^ (i(?)
this, he.
Ace.
^, Tn^, ^, ^^>
this, him.
Instr.
^ ^
by this.
Dat.
^J, «r^, ^, ^ ^
to this.
Abl.
1^ $
from this.
Gen.
^ «FT, ^, ^'t
of this.
Loc.
^^ ^
on this.
PRONOUNS.
r
i
Plur. Norn.
^
thesej they.
Ace.
r^t, ^
'^J ^^ ^
these, them.
Instr.
!^^ ^, ^^ ^
by these.
Dat.
^, ^
^, ^^*T ^>
to these.
Abl.
^ i, ?.^"f i
from these.
Gen.
^^ ^T, ■
^, -SR^ ^^ W{
of these.
Loo.
^^ ?, ^"t ^
on these.
(b) Sing. Norn.
3^. ^^
that, he.
Ace.
^^•sh,
that, him.
Instr.
^H ^
by that.
Dat.
T^ "5R>,
"5H
to that.
Abl.
^T? ^
from that.
Gen.
"3^ "5FT,
9,^^
of that.
Loc.
^^ S
on that.
Plur. Nom.
^
those, they.
Ace.
"5R ^>,
^^> "^^ ^«
those, them,
Instr.
^^ ^
by those.
Dat.
g^ sh,
"^^ "57^ "srr
to those.
Abl.
"^ ^
from those.
Gen.
"3^ "SRT,
^, ^^
of those.
Loc.
^^^
on those.
23
^* 25. 3. Possessives. (a) The Gen. sing, and j^^ur. of
the Personal and Demonstrative pronouns are used as
Possessives, as follows.
24 HINDI GRAMMAR.
Singular. Plural.
»fTT mine, "i^HRl ours.
IRJ thine, 3»fKT yours.
^ "3|iT of this, his, ^ aFT of these, theirs.
3^ oFT of that, his, "3^ oft of those, theirs.
(h) The other possessive is '^rr^, which can be used
instead of any of the above, but more frequently when
it is desired to express respect. It undergoes no
inflection — simply the postpositions are added, thus,
W^ «F^, ^m "q", &c. A plural is formed by adding c5Vt,
thus, ^Tq^'^T, &c.
§ 26. wm is also used as a reflexive pronoun, in
the singular only :
Norn.
^m
self.
Ace.
^m ^>, WR ^
self.
Instr.
^m ^
by self.
Dat.
^m ^"t, ysTi^ oA
to self.
Abl.
^^ i
from self,
Gen.
^'RT, -^, -"Hi
of self.
Loc.
^m ^, ^ixj^ S
on self.
§ 27. There is a plural met with in the genitive
and locative cases only, thus : ^JT^ftT w\ ^rrn '^T^:^ ^
^^^ '^ "We (people) also formerly were enemies among
ourselves.'' ^^ ^^ ^mTf ^ ^fz ^ "Having taken
this, divide it among yourselves.''
§ 28. 4. The Belative is »ft, and its Correlative is ^.
These are declined on the same principle as '^J.
PRONOUNS.
25
Singular.
Nom. "jft who.
Gen. f^ «FT whose.
&c.
Nom. '^jfr that same.
Gen. fire oFT of that same.
&c.
Plural.
Wt who.
fiPT «irr, f»Pft WT whose.
&c.
^ those same.
frT^ ^T, flT^ ^T of those
same, &c.
§ 29. 5. Interrogatives. For animate things, «F^tT ;
and '^TT for inanimate things.
«5tiT is declined like iT^.
Singular.
Nom. "Sfit^ who ?
Gen. foTO oBT whose ?
&c.
Plural,
ciJ^ who ?
f^U^, f^F^ ^FT whose ?
Note that this inter-
rogative serves for
both the singular
and plural.
TH is declined thus :
Nom. ^RT what ?
Ace. wn what ?
Instr. oFTf ^ by what ?
Dat. oFT^ oR> to what ?
Abl. oFT^ i from what ?
Gen. "SFli ^T, ^, -wi of what ?
Loc. oF7"f ^ on what ?
(a) Note that in Hindi very frequently in asking
a question the sentence begins with the word ^T,
which is simply equal to our note of interrogation (?)
at the end of a question. Thus, ^T f^'^ S^^RT HT^ f
" Is this your brother ? "
26 HINDI GRAMMAK.
ib) ^T may also be used as a note of exclamation.
E.g. ^T ^^ ^>t: "What a thief!'-' fVj^ ^T ifTrf t
'^What an affair this is ! ''
(c) mj repeated is used distributively ; as ^ ^T ^TT
5?TT| "^ ''What (in particular) has each one of these
brought ? "
Note ^= " several/' but ^ = "how many ? "
§ 30. 6. Indefinite Pronouns. These are two in
number :
(1) Norn. oF^I someone.
Ace. iw^'i oF^ „
The other cases are declined as usual. There is no
plural.
c^ when repeated has the sense of "a few/' thus,
i|f^ ^F^ oF^W *^ ''some say/'
(2) ^ "some/' is used in any case, singular or
plural, and may be said to be indeclinable.
LESSON VIII.
The Verb.
§ 31. Verbs are Transitive, Intransitive, and Passive.
Each verb has three principal parts, and from these
all the tenses are formed.
THE VERB.
27
The infinitive of every verb ends in ffT, tbe form
whicli is found in the dictionary.
By removing the termination *TT we get the root of
the verb, which form is the same as the 2nd pers. sing,
of the imperative. Note that the root is generally
also a noun.
Add TTT to the root, and we have the present parti-
ciple. Drop the TT (or, if preferred, add T to the root),
and we have the past participle.
Thus, the word ''^^'f^J is the infinitive, which
signifies ' to go'' ; ^^ is the root ; ^^ITT the present
participle, and ^^T the past participle.
From these parts all the tenses are formed.
§ 32. The following diagrams will be helpful to the
student.
Retrospective Conditional.
^V^^ — Present.
Imperfect.
Prospective Conditional
Imperative. [or Aorist.
Future.
Past.
Perfect.
'Pluperfect.
The application of this scheme is shown as follows.
ilooT
28
HINDI GRAMMAR.
E.g.
Togo
go
going
gone.
^ '^ITT I would go.
^ — "^ ^f^m i'lrt) ?^ I am going.
^ ^^IfT ^, ^^ I was going.
^A^ ^^ I may go.
s^— ^[^ go thou.
N"§f ^^TT I shall go.
•tf '^^T 1 went.
^— ^ '^^T (^) ^ I have gone.
\*f ^^T ^T, ^^ I had gone.
§ 33. The Noun of Agency is formed by changing
the infinitive "Jfr into •? and adding Wl^ or ^TT or ^TT ;
thus, ^c^^T^T or ^cJ^^TT or '^^^TTT " walker.''
§ 34. In the above diagram it will be seen that, in
forming certain tenses, use is made of two words, 1^
and "m W). These are from two auxiliary tenses,
which should be learnt by heart. They are conjugated
thus :
Present,
Sing. "^ ^ I am. Plur. fi? ^ we are.
7T ^ thou art. HIT ^ you are.
Ti^ or ^ f he is. "^ ^ they are.
•^ and ^ are also used in place of ^ in the plural.
THE VERB. 29
Im'perfect.
Sing. If xjT (^^) I was. Plur. ^ "^ i^^f) we were.
fJ^^T J, thou wast. IS^ "^ jy yo^ were.
^ "^ „ he was. ^ ^ „ they were.
■ Note that in the second auxiliary ^T must change
like an adjective (§ 21 (3), cf. § 17), and must agree with
its nominative in gender as well as in number. This
applies also to all past participles.
LESSON IX.
The Verb {continued).
§ 35. The Hindi verb is extremely regular ; and we
shall now give a Paradigm of an Intransitive Verb,
as an example how all such are to be conjugated.
1. Tenses derived from the Root.
(a) Prospective Conditional, or Aorist.
"% ^^ I go, or may go. "^^ ^$ we go, &c.
H ^^ thou goest, &c. g^ ^^ you go, &c.
2^ 'g^ he goes, &c. ^ ^ they go, &c.
(h) Future. This is formed by adding to the termi-
nations of the Aorist, in the sing. JTT (of course, iT^ if
it bo feminine), and J\ or ifi in the plural.
^ ^^TT, -Tft ^ I shall "5^ ^^^^ -1^* ) we shall
?r^^m, -»f> \ or will JH ^r^»T, -Tt(i\ or will
p "^m, -n\) go, &c. ^ ^ij, -ni ) go, &c.
30 HINDI GRAMMAK.
There is a kind of respectful future — used to
superiors : ^foS^PTT or ^q ^%qnT '^Will your honour
be pleased to go/'
(c) Imperative. With the exception of the 2nd
pers. sing. (iT "^ or ^^y "go thou'O^ this tense is con-
jugated like the Prospective Conditional.
There is also a kind of respectful imperative : ^%^
or ^f^s^ft "Your honour be pleased to go.**'
§ 36. 2. Tenses derived from the Present Participle.
(a) Retrospective Conditional. — "I would go/' &c.
H^'^ITT, 'lit JH ^sr^lT, -id
(b) Present. This is conjugated exactly like the
above with the addition of the auxiliary j ; thus, ^
^^WT (-TTt) ? "I go, or am going.''
(c) Imperfect. This is also declined as above, but
with the addition of the auxiliary ^T ; thus, "h ^f^lTT
xrr or ^Conr^ ^% "1 was going."
§ 37. 3. Tenses derived from the Past Participle.
(a) Past "I went," &c.
1| -^T or ^^^ ^ ^ or ^^T
{h) Perfect. This is conjugated like the Past, with
the addition of the auxiliary ^ ; thus, '^ ^^T (-^) 1? "I
have gone."
THE VERB.
31
(c) Pluperfect. This is also conjugated as above,
but with the addition of the auxiliary ^T ; thus, '^
^^T ^T or 's^'t ^"t ''I had gone/'
§ 38. For all practical purposes the above tenses
are sufficient to enable the student to understand and
to make himself understood ; but there are other tenses
which are of great use. Two of these are formed from
the present participle, and two others from the past
participle.
Present Participle
Past Participle
"'<
This diagram may be here exemplified as follows.
32
E.g.
'^HT
HINDI GRAMMAK.
^^-^l
^t
ot
%^
^?rr
^>^
il^Tjj
%?r?
02- ^
^^ ^
V^T
'^^
<^\
^*^t
&c.
^r
^^gbrr
c^(
§ 39. It will be noticed that these four additional
tenses are formed by the help of another verb; the
verb is ^^ttfT, and the tenses used are the prospective
conditional or aorist and the future, ^"^tn is the most
extensively used verb in the language, and is con-
jugated just like ^[^•IT. It has, however, several
euphonic variations, and its past part, is irregular.
Infinitive ^tfT '^to be.'' Root ^'^; Present Parti-
ciple ^nn ; Past Participle is not ^^ but ^T.
THE VERB. 33
As the conditional and future of this verb are
frequently used we shall give them m extenso. Note
the euphonic variations ; but the forms most generally
heard are the shortest and simplest.
Conditional. — "I may be/^ &c.
^ ^> or ^>^ ^ l^t or ^, ftiT, ^>^
K f^ or ^li?, ^^ ^m ^ 1^ or ^^"^
'^^ }y ,} >, ^ f? or ^>?, ^, ^>if
Future. — "I shall be,^' &c.
Sing. "^ fT\j or ^t^TTT, l^tm or -jft
IT ^*^ or ^"^^nr, ^^t'TiT, ii^m or -n^
Plur. ^if ^"tit or i^n, in^n, t^^fn
WH 15>JT or ^I^Vt
^ fTn or ^t^iT, ^Vm, -^X^Ji
The irregular past participle is used quite regularly
in the conjugation ; thus,
Vast. — ''1 was, or became/' &c.
Sing. % ?^T Plur. JH ?^
As irregular past participles have been mentioned,,
this is the proper place to state that there are siix
^4 HINDI GRAMMAR.
other verbs which form the past participle somewhat
irregularly, and these are, for the most part, the
commonest verbs in the language. They are : —
Past Participle.
^T^T to do. f^P^, Wi done.
^T to give. f^T, ?[^ given.
^^T to take. %^T, ^^ taken.
ifPTT to go. JRT, Jit gone.
^TtRT to determine. Jmr, 3t|, determined.
^T";TT to die. (sometimes) ^^T, ^1 dead.
LESSON X.
The Verb (continued).
§ 40. .Transitive Verbs are conjugated just like in-
transitive verbs, except in the tenses derived from
the past participle (§ 32) ; in these, instead of the
nominative the instrumental case is always employed.
Thus, we do not use If, TT, 5^, ■^, gi?, and ^, but
"W ^, TT^, "^H "ki ^'T ^, JH ^, 7^ ^, that is, '"by me/'
''bythee,'^ "by hinV'by us,'' ''by you,'' "by them."
In this way, "I have beaten the horse" becomes "the
horse has been beaten by me."
THE VERB. 35
E.g. ^'l have beaten the mule/' &c.
*f ^ *ipsx oF> jm:T I ^ ^ fHTT ^> inn t
•1^, T jf )f 3"^ •? j> ft
Note, however, that in such constructions, where
ojTt is used with the object, the verb is not made to
agree with either the subject or object, but remains in
the form of the 3rd pers. sing. masc. E.g. "5?t tt ift?^
oR^ ^TT^ % ''he has beaten the mare.'^
But, when the object is not defined by oFt, the
transitive verb, in these tenses formed with the past
participle, must agree in gender and number with its
object, not with the subject. Thus, T^ •! ^ ^^ ^^
''he saw two dogs'' ; H tf ir^fT ^"^i^ffxrt ^^^* "thou sawest
three foxes" ; again, »?t ^T "^Tt^^ TTT^ % ' the man has
beaten the mare"; wi "T "'T^'T ^^ TTT ^ "the woman
had beaten her sons.^'
§ 41. Passive Verbs. — In consequence of the peculiar
use of the instrumental case in the past tenses of
transitive verbs, there is no great need of the Passive
Voice. It is, however, formed by using, along with
the past participle of a verb, the tenses of the verb
•rnfTT "to go,'^ whose past participle, as noted above,
is irregular — viz. inTT. Thus, to convert ^'^ffT "to see "
into the passive "to be seen/' we say ^i^j 9fi«TT. Both
the participle and WT^ must agree with the subject.
* For the meaniDs^ of the dot under l^ see § 7.
3G HINDI GRAMMAR.
Prospective Conditional,
"Sf ^(Wt Wr^ I should be seen.
ff ^^ *n^ thou shouldst be seen.
5? ^W[ in^ he should be seen.
7^ ^ WTJ? we should be seen.
g«T ^^ ^rra^ you should be seen.
^ ^ »n$ they should be seen.
There is no necessity for any further examples, as
the conjugation is merely that of ifT'Tr.
I 42. ^^IRT ''to be able/' and ^in ''to have done,"
are two useful verbs, which, used with the root only
of any other verb, form a sort of compound verb.
Both are conjugated in the ordinary way, being pre-
ceded by the root of the verb they govern. Thus,
to be able to speak ^"^ wwm
,j 3, read xre" ^oir*rr
), ;, write f^^ ^«F5n
y> ,, give $ ^ir^RT
I have finished eating *f ^ ^cirr ^
thou hast finished walking H trt »n ^ofTT ^
(lit,, feet goiDg).
§ 43. There are many other verb combinations,
formed by adding certain verbs to the root of others ;
but for these the student who desires to make a
thorough study of the language is referred to a fuller
Grammar. We must, however, say a word as to
Catisal and Nominal Verbs.
ADVERBS. 37
(1) Causals. Any verb may be made causal or
doubly causal by the addition of ^T (t) or Wl to the
root. Many of these verbs must be translated in
English by a different word. Thus, ^'RT ^'to hear/'
^T^T ^^to telP' (=to cause to hear), g^T^T^T ^^to cause
to tell '^ ; ^^T "to read/' i^'dMT '* to teach'' (= to cause
to read), tr^f^T^T "to cause to instruct."
(2) Nominal Verbs. Any number of verbs may be
formed by using a substantive or adjective together
with (chiefly) the verb ^T^ ''to do" ; thus,
>ftiTrf «FT«n (to do a meal=) to feed.
^ftoli „ (to do a sorrow =) to be grieved.
^nr ,, to marry.
mx ^T^T to be beaten.
^TVT^ ^T to be bound.
LESSON XI.
Adverbs, Prepositions, &c.
§ 44. Most adjectives may be used adverbially ;
e.g. Tl^ Qjf^T W^J "^Kl i ''this lad speaks well."
The following quintuple series of adverbs derived from
pronouns, and called by Dr. Gilchiist a " philological
harp," is given here with some slight variations. Note
that the last three of the series are also adjectives.
38
HINDI GRAMMAR.
ft
1
> Place.
Manner.
Likeness.
Quantity.
Number or
Quantity.
©
1
"3
El
©
©
II
who, which
1^
It
©
fi
©
ex
s "Hill
n
Iff
51
il
If
li II ll II
I
el
©
n
^ ^ © a
^< ^ % %
fl
K- °3 S^ fc-2 l»'-2
ADVERBS. 39
. § 45. By adding "^^ to any of the foregoing they
are rendered more emphatic ; thus, ^H^= '^just now.''
Those, however, whicli end in ?t change this ending
into '^ ; thus, TTirt ^^here,^' becomes ^ir^* ''right here''
as the Americans would say — "just here."
Certain of the above adverbs are used together
idiomatically ; thus, »T?t TT^t "here and there," W^ WH
"somehow or other." By inserting the sign of the
genitive oFT between two adverbs, they are intensified ;
thus, inrt Wl rT?t "in the same place."
By adding the sign of the ablative ^ we obtain
certain modifications ; thus, ^R ^ "henceforth, from
now," ^>it: i ''from this direction." rfcF and TT^^
may similarly be used ^vith these adverbs; as, for
instance, ^?t w^ "thus f ;r," w^ W^^ "till then."
§ 46. Some Adverbs of Time are very peculiar;
thus, '^TST "to-day," is quite regular, but oFqJ may mean
"yesterday" or "to-morrow," and the sense only of
the conversation or sentence can determine the exact
meaning.
^3TT5f ^ f^^ = "to-day"; ^11{ ^"^ TTW "to-night";
^T»r oj?^ "now-a-days." From TTTT "night," "^V^ TTW
"midnight," TTW HT "all night long," TTrT f?f^ "night
and day," ^f^ TTTT or TR^ "late at night" or "in the
dead of night."
^nff may mean "tvo days ago" or "two days hence."
in:^ „ "three days ago" ,, "three days hence."
i|T^ „ "four days ago" „ "four days hence."
40
HINDI GKAMMAR.
§ 47. The following alphabetical list of indeclinables,
including Prkpositions, &c., may prove useful.
About, f^^^ behind, n^
above, ^nn:, (in addition below, tf'h^, F^
to) ^fvgF
according to, ^^lf!C
across, Ttnx:
after, ^^TifT, ^T^, U^
afterward, ^WRffT
again, f^
against, f^^, fw^r:^
almost, cnr H^
along, ^
along with, WT^^ ^HT
also, ^, "^K
although, ^ITn:f^
always. "^^
among, ^^'«r
and, ^sftr
around, wm t^W
as far as, XR^
as well as, ^T 'RT
at, riW, *f
at once, ^flfcT^*, ^Jefc^icft
because, ^ifoF
before, "^m, "^rf^
beneath, ir^
between, ^1"^, ^^^*r
beyond, ^n, ^T, ^
but, ^oF^, tit^
by, H, ^, in:
by means of, ITTTT
by reason of, ^^
close to, f^iT, 5^1 HT
concerning, f^if
constantly, ff^
down, *rt^, w^
equal to, W\r^
even, H^
except, ftnrr, ^g(y?w
exceedingly, ftf^iUrt, ^w
for, ^ofr?r
from, ^, ^^R
how, WRT
however, ^f^su^r
how often, ^ ^
how many, ftdifH
howsoever, ^^^ ?^
PKEPOSITIONS, &C.
41
if, ift, ^TTTT
immediately, WTnT
in, ^, H^hR
in addition to, "^fveip
inasmuch, fsR^ %T| f«F
in consequence, mx
in front, ^T ^
in the middle of, »Tifl, ^^^
in order that, wif^
inside, H^TH:
instead, ?r^^
lest, ^T ^ ^"V f%
like, m
likewise, H^
little (a), f^
many, ^^
more, ^t:
moreover, ^"^
much, ^IT
near, f^iT, tt^^^of
never, oFH^ ^^^*
nevertheless, w^f"^
no, ir^, ^T, ^, 'TrT
nothing, ^"S^ ^TT^
now, ^^
now and then, ifW W^
of course, ^ftT^TT {=what
else ?)
on, -qn, ^mn
on account of, ^^'T, TTW
once, ^oF Wt
on the contrary, ^f^
opposite, ^rrf"^, ^^ ^^^
or, HT, ^"53^
or else, ^^niTT
otherwise, rf"^' ift
out, frfT, ^T^
outside, ^rr^TT
over, m, "3itrc
over and above, "35^^: ^ W
over against, mM^
peradventure 1 ^
perhaps J
quickly, JT'tf, »T^^
rather, ^f^, ^^
repeatedly, ^Tt ^Tt
respecting, f^:^^
since, ii^ f5F, isft
so, vide § 44.
sometime or other, WH^ "Jf
sometimes. 5jsr TW, >l^ f it*
42
HINDI GRAMMAR.
still, ^^^, ^T^ ^STl
through, tTT, ^, >T^
to, THif
to and fro, T*l^ "T>n:
towards, fg^T
then, "fft, TT^
thence, ^^ ^
therefore, 5R^, fim ^
till, inF
till now, W^ W«F, ITT ^T^
together, TiffK
together with, iT^, ^T^^
^T^
to wit, XTTtT
under, 7f^, Tf^
up, ^iTT
up to, TToF
up, up ! '^ ITS
with, wr?iT
within, Wiwi, ^^^ S
without, Tf?'iT
where, vide § 44.
whereas, ^f«5?
whereat, fTT^xn;, f iT?T "q^
wherefore, WNit
wherever, iT?t . . . W^t
why, mj
yet, ^f^FT^, xn:?5
^TXT ^TH
§48.
Ah!
Alas!
Bravo ! ifTf »T^
Lo ! ^>
Fie ! ^ ^^
Hurrah J m^ 'W^
O ! (when pleased)
Interjections.
Father ! (astonished).
Pah ! Ti -q
Shame ! fvcF
Shut up ! Hush ! ^
1 say ! (in calling atten-
tion) ^, ^
O ! when displeased) ^n, Well done ! ^TWT^
^ in the marc, T^ in Get away ! 7,x, ^x i\
the fern. How fine ! ?iTT
HINDI GRAMMAR. 43
§ 49. Salutations.
How do you do ? 5JT ^'ffT Wf ^sfRW "?T ?
t^ ^> ?
All East Indians salute Europeans with ??^"nT,
"peace. ^^ When an East Indian salutes a Brahman,
he says •fJH^TT, ''niy reverence^' ; a boy to his tutor
says ^n^^^^ '^')t your service,^^ '^your slave. ^^ When
East Indians meet one another they invoke the names
of their deities : TTf T.m ^^Ram ! Ram!^^ an appellation
of three incarnations of Vishnu, the most popular c.f
their deities ; xm n^T 'l?!*^^^ another name for Shiva,
the third person of the Hindu Triad ; HT Tf^ ^^UTOi?.
§ 50. It may be noticed also that every Hindu book
is dedicated to some deity, as e.g. ^^^^iTW^T^ •T'?:,
*' Salutation to the n.ost illustrious (or holy) Ganesha ! ''
^^ HT^^TT "^m '' Holy Bhagavat be revered ! ''
LESSON XII.
Numerals, &c.
§ 51. The numerals, as far ns the cardinal numbers
are concerned, are not so regular as in European
languages, where, when we have learned the first ten
or twenty the remainder are easily made up. In
Hindi we must learn the first hundred. The figures,
however, are used in the same way as ours. They
are :~^ ^^iM^Sfc<io.
44 HINDI GRAMMAR.
The numerals 1 to 100 are as follows : —
1 ^ ^^ 26 ^i Ifl^
2 P. ii 27 ^9 ?nT%
3 ^ TT^ 28 ^t '^j^rt^
4 « ^t 29 :^e TRf\^
5 M ^H 30 ^0 TT^
6 % ?5, ^:, or even ^ 31 ^<^ ^WfT^, ^^ft!^
7 5 ^mr 32 ^:^ ^W^
8 b ^7 33 ^^ Ifw^, ^Tfbff
9 <i ^1- 34 ^g ^H ^^^
10 c^o ^ 35 ^M %=N?
11 <\^ ^K?, ^'■iHTj^ 36 ^^ 15^^^
12 <^? ^fTT^ 37 ^.9 tw'Ni
13 <)^ WT^ 38 ^fc "mw^^, '^it f lu
14 <»g ^^ 39 ^<> 77?rrc5^, "sr^t^W
15 <^M 1^5^ 40 io ^T^^
16 <\^ ^^ 41 g^ ^mcJ'hT
17 s* ?r^ 42 «? ^^T^'hr, ^t^J^
18 «^b ^r3TT? 43 d^ Ifin^'hT, Tnn^'Nr
19 ^^ ITH^, ^W^ 44 ^a ^tt^fT^^
20 ?o w^ 45 gM TnTTc^^
21 ^<\ ^^H ^^ifNf 46 d^ f^PHcy'Nr, ^t^^
22 ^^ ^^ 47 i9 IfwT^^
23 s^^ 7r$^ 48 «b ^TWT^'t^r, tott-
24 ?i ^"^^^ c>j^
25 ^M ^^'N 49 «<i
NUMERALS
s.
^0
51
MO
^f^^^m
76
77
5i
'a^^x, f^:r9Ti
M*l
^m\^^
ss
^iA^-^l
h2,
53
M5^
78
79
St
^Tf^T
»<^
s^
^•fl^l
54
Md
'^^'T
80
bo
^Wt
55
MM
xr^q^,
q^^^
81
b"^
^^jwi
56
M^
^SFHT
82
b^
-^^jwt, ^wmi
57
M^
^rn^rf
83
fc^
fHTfWi
58
Mb
wn^^
84
bi
^^Tmi
59
M<i
-^^^z
85
bM
tprm^
60
ie
■^JZ
86
bi
f^Rnr% -kmwf
61
^*»
^Wl^
87
b9
^nrra^
62
^^
^J^Z
88
bb
^zmi
63
%^
flRMZ,
^
89
bo^
rRHC^
64
^^
'^t^Z, ^0^Z
90
^0
65
%7
"S
91
92
<i<^
t)D
^^m«
<J.?
«<M^
67
¥
-^IMZ
93
^^
frrn^^
68
^
"^ZPfZ, Wf^
94
<i«
^^TTf^
69
%^
^h^^t:
95
<IM
q'^T^^
70
so
tt^t:
96
^^
f^^rsR, ^RT^^
71
S<\
^oR^^t
97
^S
^WT^^
72
73
S^
98
<^b
S^
99
<i<i
nnTT^^
74
5d
'^It^
100
<^co
^^
75
*M
q^^
45
46 HINDI GRAxMMAR.
Above a hundred the numbers proceed regularly, as
101 <^o^ ITSF ^ i^flji
202 ^0?. ^ rft ^>
1905 <^<i.oM ^^ ^w ^It ^ft" iTt'^
The word for a 1000, as seen above, is TC^^ ; there
is also another word for it, ^^K. 100,000 ^T^ ;
1,000,000 fVrjiT; 10,000,000 wdf.
§ 52. The Ordinals, from the 7th and upwards, are
regularly formed from the cardinals by adding to
them ^ (if or '^^) . All are declined like adjectives.
First T?^T or i^f^T Sixth ^^T or "SFT^
Second cf^^T Seventh ^TTiT^
Third wt^TJ Tenth ^^Rt
Fourth ^"^IT Twenty-first ^IR'^^^
Fifth T^t'^t Hundredth ^l^t
§ 53. Fractions. — The Hindu's idea of fractions and
dealing with them is quite difierent from the Euro-
pean's. The fractions are : —
i tjTOT or ^^tI
or ^1"^
U ^^
J flTfTt
U i?
i ^VT
2i ^^i\
1 ^^
Minus i ifm
Pius h mJ
These must be learnt by heart. The mode of using
them is simple and useful ; as, for instance, (in most
colonies where East Indians reside they have English
FRACTIONS. 47
coinage, and) for 3d. they would say "qrwr f^W^* " a
quarter of a shilling '' ; a 6d. is half a shilling, there-
fore, ^^VT f^'^'i. "«fi"*T placed before a number takes
away a quarter from that number, thus, tfr^T ^t = 2 — i
= 1|, ^^ ?fi'=100-i = 75. On the contrary, m^
used with any number adds one-half to it, thus, Tll^
W'^^ = 3i, mi wl^ ^1- = 850. Again, j^ f^^'^*= 14
shilling = Is. 6d. ; ^^t| f^W^'=2i shillings = 2s. 6d. ;
and ^^r| ^1^, i.e. 1000 x 2i = 2500.
§ 54. Collective Numbers commonly used are FrfT
''a couple/' but " sl pair '' is iftfT ; cfrt^^ *' a score " ;
iR^T "an aggregate of four;'' A iWPJT of cowries
(shells used as money, the lowest possible coin) = four
cowries. ^«FTr 'a hundred."
LESSON XIII.
Seasons, &c.
§ 55. The Hindus have many elaborate ways of
reckoning years and months and seasons ; they are so
cumbersome that the European style of reckoning is
being slowly adopted, as, for instance, in the follow-
ing time-table, taken from the f^jr^hjofr f='*Teacher
of the Young '■*) published in Calcutta, and not by a
missionary society, but by a native.
48 HLSDI GRAMMAR.
^T7 T?^ ^ 5^flF Tift t I
' ^'H't^ Tfft S Trail fe^ 'srh: tttt f \
ijTir f^^ ^1t xjif ^ ^M ^OT t I
^t ^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ t II
An Explanation op Time.
Sixty minutes are one hour.
Twenty-four hours are one day and night.
Seven days and nights are one week.
Four weeks are one month.
Two months are one season.
Six seasons are one year.
Hundred years are a century.
§ 66. Names of the Days op the Week.
Sunday ^If^K
Monday Tft^TR
Tuesday ^fTo^C^TT)
Wednesday 5V(TrT)
Thursday ^^wfir, ff^S
Friday ^^(^t)
Saturday ?f^^T
The TfT placed in parentheses is seldom used.
SEASONS, &C.
49
The coolies, however, generally call Thursday f^q;^
or f^J^. Many use the Urdu name for this day, and
call it ^JHTTlf («y\;<iA*.>) .
ii 57. Names op thk Month.
As grammarians and others enumerate the months
differently, we shall adopt the European method, and
begin with : —
January — February
February — March
March — April
April — May
May — June
June — July
July — August
August — September
September — October
October — November
November — December
December — January
xfimTf or m^^
^m or ^^im
^rfff^ or ^rrf|«ir
§ 58. Eras.
The great Prince Vikramaditya, who reigned over
TJjjain, was the founder of an era still in use. It
commenced in the year 56~57 before Christ. It is
called the TR^rT.
The Christian era is also commonly used ; as, ^fHT
<^<io^ ^TT^^ or ^"^Tt^the year 1906 of Jesus.
E
50 HINDI GRAMMAR.
The Muhammadans begin their era from the 16th
July, 622 A.D., the date of Muhammad's flight from
Mecca to Madina.
LESSON XIV.
The Formation of Sentences.
§ 59. The formation of sentences is somewhat
different from the English normal order; but those
who know Latin and Greek will find very little diflBi-
culty in forming Hindi sentences.
A sentence is constructed as follows : —
L The nominative or subject.
2. The accusative, object, or thing asserted.
3. Then last of all the verb.
Thus, TO ^mr ^m^ t \
My father fortunate is,
i.e. My father is fortunate.
This sentence also shows that the rule is that the
adjective precedes the substantive, and that it must
agree with its nominative or subject.
§ 60. A sentence may be more complicated, as e.g.
^PT^ CRT ^ ^I'T iR^ WT^TO' wi nt^ ?mn |, '' The
forest's tiger all other animals^ flesh eats,'' i.e. "The
tiger of the forest eats the flesh of all other animals."
Note that in Hindi, as in English, the nominative
and accusative are in form nearly always the same.
THE FORMATION OF SENTENCES. 51
SO whether the word is the object or subject can only
be decided by the context or by inference.
§61. It may be necessary occasionally to use the
postposition "SFt to distinguish the object from the
subject. This postposition is also used after the
object for the purpose of definiteness ; thus, " Bring
water/' is V[\W\ ^TT^ ; but ^' Bring the water '' (that I
am accustomed to drink — or the particular water) is
§ 62. When a transitive verb in any tense formed
from the past participle (see § 32) is used_, then the
subject is put in the Instrumental or Agent case (§ 16);
and the verb agrees, not with the subject, but with
the object in gender and number ; e.g. iT^ ^ ^oF ifhT^
f5y^=^'By a man a book was written/' i.e., ^'^ A man
wrote a book.''
63. When, however, the object of the sentence is
of a very definite nature, and therefore the particle ^
has to be added, then the verb must be in the form
of the 3rd pers. sing. masc. (see § 40).
§ 64. The verbs ^cRrfT '^to be able," and ^oRfH "to
complete or finish," are used in conjunction with the
root of other verbs — the root being always placed first.
The former [sahnd) gives the force of potentiality, and
the latter (chuhna) of completeness, when compounder'
with other verbs. E.g.
^ f^^t ^"te ^^ToFlfT t He can speak Hindi.
^T "^ %^ ^^ ift Have you finished writing ?
52 HINDI GRAMMAR.
§ 65, One of the peculiarities of Hindi is the
number of verbs which can be joined together and
form compound verbs. The principal or governing
verb remains in the root form, and the auxiliary verb
is fully conjugated in the usual way. Eemember that
in these cases the auxiliary verb loses its own mean-
ing for the time being, and simply intensifies the
meaning of the root verb. Thus,
^^^jfTT to speak ^"^ ^^ to speak right out.
flYfHJ to break TT^ $»TT to break in pieces.
JTTTffT to strike JTH: Tr^«TT to kill,
to eat ^T WPfTT to eat up.
§ 66. Verbs may be made causal by adding ^T to
the root. Thus, ^^^ ^' to go '^ ; add "^i to the root,
and we have ^^T^T "to cause to go '^ = ''propel.^'
The '^double causaP' is made by the addition of ^T
to the root ; as iT^tTT " to burn,^' ^l^Jl'^IHr " to cause
another to cause to burn/^
[There are many important rules which the student
will have to learn later, from more elaborate grammars,
or manuals such as Pincott's.]
EXTRACTS
FEOM THE
PEE MS AG AE
EXTRACTS FKOM PEEMSAGAR. 55
LESSON XV.
Text and Translations from the Premsagar.
§ 67. Note on the Premsagar.
The Premsagar is the tenth section of the Bhagavat
Puran, and the most celebrated of the eighteen
Puranas. The title signifies '^The Ocean of Love/'
and the amorous sports of the god Krishna are here
related.
The Puranas are divided into two great classes^ the
Mahd or great Puranas, and the U2)a or subordinate
Puranas, which also number eighteen. These books
were probably compiled in the tenth century, and the
compilers had older material to work upon.
§ 68. In this lesson we propose giving extracts
from the first chapter of the Premsagar. There will
be found first the text, then a literal or word-for-
word translation, and lastly a free translation ; a few
not^es have also been appended at the end of each
extract.*
* The text I have used is that printed in Bombay by Pandit
Si'idar Shivlalji at the Gyansagar Printing Press, After com-
pleting the^^e translations I came across a most excellent literal
translation of the Premsagar by the well-known scholar Frederic
Pincott, of the existence of which I was not aware.
56 HINDI MANUAL.
§ 69. -ftFW"^ ^ojr f^^ ^'^ff TTin fm ^^ w^^ ^mzsh
JR irft^ ^^ '^iT ^^ nmr H^ I f5IT:«F 5cJ3»f ift cFf^jn
T^irr ^ ^ I T^^ ^^7^ ^t^ m TT^fToF^ ^^rf foFlTT I
TT«TT inn^ToF mT «jr^ ^W "^ f^ iT^ wft^ '^f^^ ^TT^RT 'TTt
^HR ^? ^rsFT «nR ^ym^ in? ^T ^i '^ J "^^ ^^ ^^^w
^^ ^^ ^ f9F-'5Erf ^TT^ wxi"^ 'nws^ 5«^ ^^ ^^ ^^ r^
t \ ^^ f^fw TxfVr ^^ ?RT ^q ifr ^^ t^t ^ ^> vg^
^i^oF 7T^ TT^ f^^T ^ "jf ^^ "^rf^ fo|« oF%j7r^ 2«R^
w^^m Tf^zj %TTT I 2^ »i^mm^ jf oFTT ^^ » wr*r >rT »nT ^'t
certain day(s) ha\dng passed the Raja again
^cF^TTHT ^^TTofi^ TR Wtr: ^^ff '^ff
once hunting went, and going going [= as he went along]
a great thirst befell. Of the head in the [golden] crown
the Black Age was residing. He his own opportunity
having found, the king without knowledge made. TheEaja,
of thirst in consequence, there comes (that) where
EXTRACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 57
Samik Rishi sat, eyes shut, of Hari [=Mahadev]
iflT^ ^m^ lf^ ^t t^ "§ i ^
[on] meditation intent penance doing was engaged. Him
on seeing, Parikshit in his mind [to himself] to say began,
f cF - TT^ ^^^ rf"q^ ipfTR 5^
(that) " This [man], own of penance from pride, me
having seen, eyes closed keeps/' Such wickedness intent,
^^ 5^T ^s\^ *ft ^ tj|T '^r €^
a dead snake which there had fallen, the same
>?gi^^ ^ZJTf ^fq^ n^
with a bow having raised the Rishi's on the neck
having thrown, own house came. Crown having taken off,
toEaja knowledge returned; then, reflecting, began to say,
(that) " In gold Black Age's abode is ; this my head on
was. Therefore to me such a wicked ace befell as
a dead snake taking Rishi's on the neck threw ; so I
^^ ^nrW fw -grf^jn^ 5«R^ ^q^T T^7T
now understand that Black Age upon me his revenge
5B HI^'DI MANUAL.
has taken. This from great sin I how shall be delivered?
Kather, wealth, caste, wives and kingdom, all to-day
my why not gone ? ITot I know which in birth this
wickedness shall depart, which I a Brahman
have persecuted.'^
§ 71. A Free Translation of the above.
After certain days, the Eaja went once again to
hunt ; and as he proceeded a great thirst came upon
him. The '^ Black Age/'^^^ in fact, was residing in
the [golden] crown on his head ; he having found his
opportunity, deprived the king of understanding. The
Raja, in consequence of thirst, came to where Samik
Rishi sat, with his eyes shut, intent on meditating on
Mahadev,^^^ and engaged in doing penance. When
Parikshit saw him, he began to say within himself,
^^This man from pride of his penance, having seen me,
is keeping his eyes shut.^^ Intent on such a wicked
thought, he raised with his bow a dead snake which
had fallen there, and flung it on the saint's neck, and
went to his house. At the moment that the Raja
took off his crown, understanding returned to him ;
then, having reflected, he began to say, ^'^The Black
EXTRACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 59
Age has his dwelling in gold. It was on my head,
and therefore I committed such a deed as taking a
dead snake and throwing it on the neck of a Rishi.
I am now aware that Black Age has revenged himself
on me. How shall I atone for this great sin ? Why
have I not this day rather lost wealth, caste, wives,
kingdom, and all things ? I know not in what birtm^
this evil deed shall be removed — that I have perse-
cuted a Brahman/^
§ 72. (1) The Blach Age. The Hindus reckon
four great ages, corresponding to the Golden, Silver,
Brasen, and Iron ages of the Classics. The Black Age
is the present; and the worst of all ages.
(2) ^T^R HIT = to sit in the peculiar mode adopted
"by Hindu ascetics ; wm^ is the seat. We would say
"squatting."''
(3) Mahadev, an epithet of Shiv, the third person
— the destroyer — in the Hindu Trimurti, or Trinity.
(4) This refers to the doctrine of transmigration
of souls by a series of birth.
LESSON XYI.
§ 73. In this lesson it is proposed to give the
translation of a word or phrase here and there, leaving
out the simpler words or phrases, which should be
known. A few notes are added.
60 HINDI MANUAL.
wealth, caste, family illusion forsaking,"
free from attachment penance to practise [proper name]
banks went [and] sat alas ! alas 1
doing [= crying] grieving grieving [= grieved much]
without weeping did not remain [= ceased not weeping].
news sages [proper name]
Shringi's [name of a person] curse for the purpose of dying
[3 words] on the banks of the Ganges came [and] sat
lT?r ^^ ^ftll? HT^m ^T^innT tlTT^ »fK^ f^igif?!^ ^Ti?i^
[The following are the names of sages.]
^T^^nr '^Tf^(^) "^jm^ ^^ ^^ ^T^ ^1-T ^T^»T i^w^
et cetera
in groups [lit. rows (upon) rows] [Each on] his own
W^f^'^Tx: ^1t ^^ '^SF ^fff^ \|^
several kinds Dharma [ = religious
observances] began to cause to hear [ = taught].
EXTRACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 61
meanwhile faith book arm -pit naked
[disguise] [a name : the last syllable, however, is " also."]
arrived [the last syllable ^^ is emphatic :
flTlR iff! ^ ^ ^ni^^^ ^
the moment of seeing] sage one and all rose up
and stood folded in a
supplicating [posture] mansion of com-
passion ! [an epithet of God] compassion
time remembered [proper name]
[proper name] [proper name] grandson
^^ g^ ^ ^f g-fi't^ i\-m^^^ -^z -^ ift -^rfsnT ^i^*
nevertheless becoming
the reason of this doubt
[proper name]
62 HINDI MANUAL.
knowledge inferior indeed
respect did hope the saviour of the saved
since birth took a fakir forest-dweller
WT^ % ^t Xi^J TO ^r't ^>t ^ 31R "^xr |WT ^>
became virtues rise became since
best virtuous acts will declare
being liberated the ocean of existence
wilt get across
having prostrated enquired Dharma [= religion]
explain destiny's noose shall I escape
boundless sea of existence
cross
§ 74. A Free Translation of the above.
Having said this much, forsaking theillusionof wealth,
relations, and sovereign power, being free from [worldly]
attachment, [the Raja] went and sat on the banks of
EXTllACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 63
the Ganges, and himself practised penance^^^ Whoso-
ever heard this began to cry alas ! alas ! and, grieving
exceedingly, ceased not from shedding tears. And
when the sages heard the news that King Parikshit,
in consequence of the curse of the Eishi Sringi, went
and sat on the banks of the Ganges for the purpose
of dying, then Vyasa, Vasishta, Bhardwaja, Kalyayana,
Parashara, Narad, Vishwamitra, Vamdev, Jamadagni,
and over and above these 88,000 sages came and spread
their mats and sat in rows, (and) each one intent on
his sacred books [shastras], began to explain several
kinds of religious observances to the king. Mean-
while, seeing the Eaja's faith, Sri Shukadevji also,
carrying a book under his arm and being naked,
arrived. At the moment of seeing him, as many of
the sages as were present one and all stood up, and
the Raja Parikshit also, with folded hands, and in a
supplicating posture, stood up and began to say : '^
Mansion of compassion ! you have shown me great
mercy, having remembered me at this time.^^ Having
said this much, the sage Shukadev also sat down.
The Raja said to the sages: ^^ Great kings ! Shuka-
devji is the son of Vyasji, and the grandson of Para-
sharji, on seeing whom you who are great sages rose
up, which is not becoming ; tell me the reason of this,
that the doubt in my mind may disappear.'^ Then the
sage Parashar spake : ''0 Raja, as many as there are
of us are very great Rishis, but in understanding we
are inferior to Shukadevji; therefore we all paid respect
to him, some on this hope that he is the saviour of
64 HINDI MANUAL.
the saved, for since his birth he has become a fakir
and lived in the desert [forest], and, king, your
several great virtues have been enhanced since the
arrival of Shukadevji. All these shall declare to all
of us his most virtuous acts, by means of which you,
having been liberated from life and death, will cross
the ocean of existence." When the Raja Parikshit
heard this word, having prostrated himself before Sri
Shukadevji, he asked : '' Maharaj ! cause me to under-
stand religious duties ; tell me in what manner can I
be delivered from the fetters of Fate ? What shall I
do in seven days ? My unrighteousness is boundless ;
how shall I cross the sea of existence ? "
§ 75. (1) This first sentence illustrates what is
grammatically termed the Conjunctive Participle,
which is of frequent use. It expresses an action
preparatory to that indicated by the finite verb of
the sentence, and often obviates the use of conjunc-
tions — hence its name. Thus, here, the Raja '^having
said . . . having forsaken . . . having become . . .
having gone, sat"; otherwise, ''the Raja said . . .
and forsook . . . and became . . . and went and sat."
This Conjunctive Participle has several forms ; here it
is the same as the root, but it is also found with the
terminations -A;e, -kar, -Icarke,
(2) irPT = Union, or endeavour of the soul to be
reunited with Deity, from whom it sprung, and be
freed from transmigration.
EXTRACTS FEOM PREMSAGAE. 65.
(3) ^f^ = et cetera. Here it signifies, -^we liav€
given the above names ; the 88_,000 that follow them
were of the same importance as those we have named ^';
= '^from this as a beginning onwards/^
(4) f^Jt^=clad by the regions of space, i.e. naked;
any Hindu ascetic who goes about naked.
(5) ^oF here = "although.'^ The sentence is:
'' You very great sages as you are, nevertheless you
arose.'^
(6) "3^1^^ = a dejected one; applied to a set of
fakirs who live on the alms of the people and spend
their lives in religious contemplation.
LESSON XVII.
§ 76. In the two extracts following, we shall give
examples of the repetition of words, and the context
will show the force of each repetition. These repeti-
tions are used for various purposes, sometimes simply
to emphasize, at other times to convey the idea of
continuity, or thoroughness, or intensity, or variety ;
instances of all these will be found in the extracts
following, the first of which is from chapter iii.
§ 77. It will also be noted in these extracts that
F
66 HINDI MANUAL.
the Hindi language makes use of ellipsis in a very
marked way ; inflections, words, portions of sentences
are frequently dispensed with, and these omissions
can be determined by the context only.
§ 78. ly^ ^9T m ^R ^^jT ^Ft ^ ^T»R^ ^n vfws ^^
seized, seized
[i.e. seized right and left] [no matter in what
position they found them, whether] eating (or) drinking,
standing (or) sitting, sleeping (or) waking, going [forward]
or turning [backward], as many as they found so many
^ ^>?T ^^> ^^li^ ^m ^ "^1 ^^j 5^ 5?T
not they spared gathering burnt drowned
dashed them down tortured killed
^i ^? >Ttfw HtflT^ HlTR^ irq ^nt ^^T
small (and) great various kinds frightful disguises
lane searched right through
iij^^'t ^:?f nm T^ ^1^ igfi? ^ irt ^ 1^
family of Yadu distress finding taking this life
(only)
EXTEACTS FROM PREMSAGAR. 67
§ 79. A Free Translation of the ahove.
Having obtained this order, they bowed and went.
Having come to the city, they seized and bound [in
whatever position they found] them, [whether] eating
or drinking, standing or sitting, sleeping or waking,
going [home] or returning — as many as they found
tbey spared them not ; and having gathered them
together in one place, they killed them all, by burning
them, or drowning them, [some] they dashed on the
ground and tortured them. In this manner, [the
demons — mentioned in the preceding paragraph] great
and small, with frightful disguises of various kinds,
searched right through cities, villages, lanes, houses,
and destroyed them ; and the family of Yadu being
greatly distressed, forsook their country, and fled
barely with their life.
LESSON XVIIL
§ 80. The following lesson is taken from the fourth
chapter; it is somewhat difficult, and many words will
have to be translated.
There will be found in this extract several remark-
able coincidences, and one might be tempted to think
— as some have actually declared — that the writers of
the Holy Scriptures borrowed from such a source as
68 HINDI MANUAL.
this to obtain material for their account of the birth
of Christ. It is therefore necessary to remind the
student that the Premsagar was written not earlier
than the tenth century, and possibly the compiler may
have seen the apochryphal Grospel of S. Thomas, or
even the Gospel of S. Luke, and borrowed therefrom.
§ 81. ^^"^51^^^^ Tt^ fsF ^ i:T»n f^m ^Hn ^"t^w^^
Shri Krishna
Chandra arose
joy forest, grove, green
ponds various kinds
Ti^ •SF^J'^ "^^^y ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ 'rt^ ^^ ^ 'iJT^yT'^rn:
frisk rejoicings
sacrifices offer the whole ten regions the lords
clouds turn about (in joy)
thrones sky celestial attendants,
musicians, dancers, kettle-drum, drum, pipes kept on
playing eulogized quarter or corner [proper name]
EXTEACTS FROM PREMSAGAE. 69
et cetera female dancers
eighth midnight
cloud-coloured moon-faced
lotus-eyed yellow silk covered necklace,
begemmed ornaments decked, four-armed
conch-shell, disk, club, lotus appeared
primeval man
fortune
'SmR ^^ f^^ ^^ *RT -^TM'Sfil f^if T f^'JlT H
death end [or completion]
§ 82. A Free Translation of the above,
Sri Shukadev-Ji thus spake : king ! At the time
when Sri Krishna Chandra was about to be born, at that
time^ in the lives of one and all such joy up-rose that
not even the name of sorrow remained. Through joy
the forests and groves being green became productive ;
the rivers, rivulets and ponds filled. From that time
70 HINDI MANUAL.
the various kinds of birds began to frisk about, and
there were rejoicings in every city, village and home.
Brahmans offered their sacrifices; the lords of the
whole of the ten regions were filled with delight ;
clouds danced for joy over the district of Braj. The
deities, each seated on his throne, rained flowers from
the sky ; the celestial attendants, the musicians and
dancers kept on playing on [their various instruments]
kettle-drums, drums and pipes, and eulogized ; and,
in one quarter, Urvasi, together with all the female
dancers, were dancing, when — at that time, in the
dark half of the month Bhadon, on the 8th day, on a
Wednesday, in the Rohini Nakshatra of the Zodiac,
at midnight — Sri Krishna Chandra was born ; and he
being of the hue of a cloud, with a face shaped like
the moon, lotus- eyed, clad in yellow, wearing a crown
and the Vaijanti necklace, and decked with begemmed
ornaraents, shaped with four arms, holding the conch-
shell, disk, club, and lotus — he appeared to Vasudev
and Devaki. On seeing him, being astonished, they
both of them thought in their minds that they recog-
nized in him the Primeval Man ; then, joining their
hands, making their due reverence, said : "It is our
great fortune that you have appeared to us, and have
completed our birth and death /^(^)
§ 83. (1) This ^f?, which generally follows the verb
with which it is used, here belongs to all the inflected
infinitives in the succeeding clauses.
(2) ^15^1 = a "nullah" or ravine.
EXTEACTS FROM PEEMSAGAR. 71
(3) ^^Y f^W are ten regions presided over by
ten guardians. f?^*qi^Jj is the designation applied to
the guardian deities of the different quarters of the
world. Of these there are two divisions, the astro-
nomical and the mythological.
(4) The Braj district, i.e. the Arcadia of India,
about 168 miles in circumference, containing Mathura,
the birth-place of Krishna.
(5) The fifth month = Aug.-Sept. ; see § 57.
(6) ttf'l^^, the fourth Nakshatra, comprising
Aldebaran and four other stars in Taurus.
(7) The Hindus divide the Zodiac into twenty-
seven Nakshatras, each of which has a name of its own.
(8) Vishnu's necklace was composed of five gems
from the five elements : (1) sapphire, from the earth ;
(2) pearl, from the water; (3) ruby, from fire; (4)
topaz, from the air ; (5) diamond, from space.
(9) That is, there would be no more transmigra-
tions, but they would be reabsorbed in the Great Spirit
whence they sprang.
72
Friend, stay !
m^o I ^^ II (§ 35, c.)
Say on.
^^® I ^R HH f^^JTTH ^ ^^V^) IR ^ ^^ ^ 'm^ if HIT
rest
assistance
Aha ! sweetmeat indeed : then
'^T^T ^J^TIT t II
time
doorkeeper
. (1) "When you shall have thoroughly rested/'
(2) ^'In which there will be no need to rush and
tear about/'
[See Pincott's annotated edition of Sakuntald in Hindi, an excellent
text-book for the thorough student. ]
TECHNICAL
YOCABULAEIES
The following vocabularies contain many technical
terms which will prove useful for Interpreters ; and
the first of the series especially for Theologians,
Missionaries, Catechists, &c. ; the second for Judges,
Magistrates, Police OflScers, Commercial Men, and
others; and the third for the Medical Profession,
Dispensers, Nurses, &c.
The first vocabulary will contain many Sanscrit
words, the only ones by which to express theological
terms. In the second and third there will be found
many Urdu words, showing the influence of the Mu-
hammadan conquest over India. English words are
already incorporated in Hindi, and will continue to be
so. Such terms as aliasj alihij summons^ should be
used as they are and then paraphrased in translation.
The following abbreviations are used : o|r. = ^r^n,
k. = harnd ; ^. = ^tfr, d, = dend ; ^. = ^RT, L = lend; ^.
= ^t!TT , /j . = hond.
75
VOCABULAEY I.
For Interpreters, Theologians, Missionaries,
Catechists, &c.
Ablution, ^Ttf m. sndn.
Abstinence, inm m. sanyam.
Acolyte, q^K^ m. 'pujdri.
Adoration, Jin m. puja.
Adult, IT^TU m. tarun.
Almighty, OT^fTT^fT sarvasdmarM.
Alms, >T^^ m. hhihk, ^HT m. dan.
Alpha, fiT^ ^^UKt ^^^TT ^ xrf^T ^^T. t
yundnl halaikrd'kdpahild achchhar
hai aiir uskd arth ^'pahild" hai.
Altar, ^^t( ^'Sjl f. 2)ci.f^i^ci mez, n?|cf<»^ f.
yajna-vedl.
Angel, ^K m. c£w^.
„ of death, JW ^w m. yam-dut.
Annunciation, Feast of, v^ ^JK\ f^km ^FT ^m^R
^ "m«n dhanya kumdrl Miry dm hi
samdchdr pdnd.
Apostle, Jftw m. prerit.
76 HINDI MANUAL.
Archbishop, it^t T^RRi m. mahd usMph.
Ark, (^ cjj^) f^F^^ f. {nnh hi) Mshti.
Articles of religion, v§ ^^^^ f^^ dharm samhandhi
nirnaya.
Ascension, ^ftlt^^'iir m. swarg-drohan.
Ash Wednesday, >T^W5V^T m. hhasam hudhivdr.
Atheist, fTlfWch ra. ndstik.
Authority, ^fVoRK m. adhihdr.
Baptism, adult, ^fTRRT TT^TFJ or ^HTT^T W TTW haptismd
tarun or saydnd Tee ivdste.
„ infant, ^fHWT ^^ or ^T^cF "^ "srr^ haptismd
bachchd or hdlah lie waste.
Baptistery, ^PhWi oF ttt haptismd he ghat.
Begotten, ^tTif m. janit.
Benediction, ^m^^T^ m. dslrhddj w^^n^ m. halydn.
Bishop, ^^RTfi m. ushufy fof^m m. hishap.
Blessing. See Benediction.
Burial-ground, jftlFIT^ m. gorsthdn, TCK^ m. pret-
griha.
Burial Service, ^cjfr ^"^ f^^ ^^ ^T fM^I mritahon ho
mitti dene hd vidhi.
Calendar, iRCl" f . yantrl or iR?^ jantH.
Candlestick, ^^qonsf m. dlpvriksh.
Canon, ^'Htt f. rltiy IFT'R m. hdnun.
Carnal, wm hdm, "wm^ hdmi,
„ mind, 5in:^ft«ii ""STHT^T sdrJrih swcthhdv.
VOCABULAEY I.
77
cfiTf^^^T m. hatakhismd, f^^T m.
sikshd, 'Sf'^T^^^J^ jawdb-saiudl.
oFirf^^^ m. hatekhistj ^^"^^fT^T m.
imclihneivdld.
^T fh^T m. hard girjd.
flU ^"t% 5R Jcatholik,
WTT^ m. hdran.
^if^ cRTi:?!T ^f^i hdran.
f^HI f. hriydy f^^fSF^ m. hriydkarm.
fQ^T^ m. piydla, "SFTttT m. hat or d.
m\H^ clidnsal,
"iftTT fl^T m. chhofd girjd.
See Clergyman.
Wl^ m. Z>«?>, ^winr m. adhydya.
JRTIT m. puny a, Tqx^ m. ^^Z^*'*
|^[^^ m. Jsz^^, W^fVm»T m. Khrishfi'
yun.
W& V^ &i5^ dliarm.
e •• •
t^ JTO*^ oF »T^ «FT f^»T isi M'asih h
janma hi din.
Idflfi^irMMT f. elMlsiydj ^T^T m. ^iV^^,
^F^^^ m. halisdj W^^ f.
mandali.
Churching of women, f^f^Y eFT V^TT^ striyon kd
dhanyavdd.
Churchyard. See Burial-ground.
Catechism,
Catechist,
Cathedral,
Catholic,
Cause,
„ first.
Ceremonies,
Chalice Cup,
Chancel,
Chapel,
Chaplain.
Chapter,
Charity,
Christian,
Christianity,
Christmas,
^ Chui'ch,
Ice
78
HINDI MANUAL.
Circumcision. Wim m. khatna.
Clergyman, i^T^ m. pddn, Tf\^ m. prlsht, Ti^M
m. sawak.
Collect, ur^T m. prdrthand.
Collection, fn^ m. hhUchj T3FJT m. elcatthd, ^^
m. arpan.
Commination Service, lT#»f f%VT«T tarjan vidhdn.
Communion, Holy, '^f^^ ^HlfhTTT ^ST^'s^^ pavUra salia-
hhdgitd samhandhl.
Communion of saints, TrfWl' '^ ^^ifmrr pavltron lu
sahabhdgitd.
Conception, ii^nwH m. garhhdgaman, t|^TVT»T m.
garhliddhdn.
Confirmation, '^iff't^lR^ m. drirhikarcuK
Congregation, HlJiciJ^ f. mandali.
Conscience, f^R«F m. vivekj "^ m. jl.
Consecration, ^^TT: m. samhdr.
Conversion, "qfT^S^T m. parivartan.
Convert, ^5^^ m. naiimurld (usually of con-
verts to Islam).
Corporate, ^Jcrff^rf m. ehchit.
Covenant, tf[^^ m. niyam.
Create, ^? "V. srisht h.
Creature, ^Tt f. syishti, ^rw m. vasiu,
,, rational, i^Tt m. haSar,
Creed, fV^fni m. viswds.
VOCABULARY J.
79
Cross, IfS IcrUs.
Curate, '^K^'^ m. j)dl(i\i,. See Clergyman.
Damnation, «fT«li^^ m. naralcdand.
Day of Judgment, f^^^TT f^*! m. vicJidr din.
Deacon,
T^^ff m. dihan.
Death,
wtlt f. 7na^d, ^ f. inrityu.
Dedication,
^imft m. utsarga.
Deist,
^Tf^flfi m. dstik.
Destiny,
HTTir, m. bhagya, ^^l^, f. hapal.
Devil,
>J7T m. bhutj ^^TFTT m. diishtdtmd.
Disciple,
'^T m. chela.
Divine,
^T^^ Isioariya,
Divorce,
-mm^^ m. tyagiKitra.
Doctrine,
4m^ m. upades.
Easter,
3«T^WR m. punandtlidn.
„ Day,
g^^f^n*! oFT f^«T punamtthdn Jed din.
Elect,
mrV^^, manonUj "^l^tm chunliond.
Ember Days,
J^^X cF f<(^H awibar lie din.
Epiphany,
'Iff'TRifjRT epiphaniyd.
Epistle,
filZ^ f. cliitthly iT^ f. pcitrl.
Eternal,
Eternity,
Evangelist,
^^J?T^T^ m. susamachan.
Evensong,
^VEil'^T^ flfTT T^ sandhydkdl led, git.
Everlasting.
See Eternal.
life
, ^H'rt wt^'T ananta jman.
80
HINDI MANUAL.
Examination, ^^^T^ f- puchhpuchhdr.
Exhortation, ^^^ ni. upades.
Faculty, ^f^ f . sahti.
Faith, f^'^^nf m. vis was, ^i[T f. sraddhd.
Faithful, >|^ dfiarmJ.
Fast, '^^J^ m. upas J "^im m. upvds.
Feast, "qlf m. jj*ar6, ri«(^K ni. tewlidr.
Font, 5?^ m. hund.
Forgiveness, "^rn f. Iishamd.
Freewill, " ^^T f. sivechchltd.
Friday, Good, :g>T^^^T suhhsiiJcnvdr,
Futurity, ^jToFT^T m. ant-hdl.
Ghost, ^Tc»rr m. dtmd.
„ Holy, "^rf^TTriTT m. Pavitrdtmd,
Glory, »rf^T m. mahimd.
God, ^^ m. Isioarj M<*<Hi< m. Parmeswar
Godhead, ^HKi^ m. Iswaratiua.
Gospel, 'fn^y^HT^ITt mangal-samdchdr.
Grace, ^iH f. dayd.
Hades, mffl^ m. PdtdL
Heathen, HiT^^^ hhutparast, ^^^if* devpujak
Heaven, ^T^ m. sivarg.
Heavenly, ^^twnc^ in, swargudsL
Hebrew, J^ IbrJ.
Hell, •TT«li m. naval'.
High Priest, IWRT ^nHF pradhdn yajah.
VOCABULARY L
81
Holiness, ^f^^Fi m. imvitratwcu
Holy, ^^^^^ pavitra.
Homily, "^^^ n^. upadeL
Hymn, xftlT f. gJt,
Hymn-book, ii^ff oF^ f^SKm f. g'd hi hltdh.
Idol, ^W m. hhUty ^^ m. dev, ufiTOT f.
pratimcl, ^ncir f, murat.
Idolatry, f^^''''^^ m. muratpujd.
Image, ^TiT f. murat.
Immaculate, f«T^T^^ nirdoshi.
Immortality, ^riTjfif^^-;^ anant-jlivaiij ^^HXJ^lamartd,
Imposition of hands, ^T^ ^^•TT hath rahhnd.
Incarnation, ^si^Trn: m, awatdr.
Incense, ^T^ m. lubdn.
Incompreliensible, ^f'^nT achintya.
Infidel, ^f^^nr^ m. ahisivdsl.
Infidelity, ^fw^T^ m. abiswds.
Inspiration, I^T^TTBT^ £. Iswarvdm,
Intercession, ^Tixi^rSr m. madhyasthahva, '^^m\Ti m,
upahdr.
Intercessor, nvom m. madhyastha, ^qofrTT«li m.
upaMrak,
Invisible, Wip^ adrisya,
Jesus, |TffT Isdj ^^ Yasu,
Judge, ^"RToi? m. nydyalc.
Just (person), i^t$ m. nyd^i, >FTFRT m.
dharmdtmd,
G
82 HINDI MANUAL.
Justification, vffoRT^ m. dharml-haran.
Justify, v»ff 7^«TT dliarmi thaharnd.
Law, f%V^ m. vidM.
„ ceremonial, W^TT ^^fw f. h:lyd nUi.
„ judicial, TXn Tj^fiT f. raj nlti.
„ moral, i{\fi( f. g^«^i.
Lawgiver, '^!(X^'^ ra. nydyah.
Lesson, mz m. j^^/Zi.
Life everlasting, ^fTiT »t^TT m. anant jlwan.
„ this, fir^ cfTT^r m. yi/i hdl.
„ this and the next, f^^ ^"^oF ^ xtt^'^oF ylh I oh o
2Kirloli.
Lifegiver, mvf ^^ m. prdn-dewd.
Light, ^9f|(^T m. ujdld.
Litany, %frf«rTT or ;jmyTT:5^ f^mti litaniyd or
sddhdran vinti.
Lord, mj^ m. Prahliu.
Lord's Supper, U^ W^ Prahhu bhoj. See Communion.
Love, xcfin m. 2^2/^**^ 5ff m. prem.
Lovingkindness, T?^fif f. priti.
Manhood, '^''J^ ^« 'mamishyativa.
Martyr, ^^^ ^' shahld, WT^i m. sdkshi.
Mass, mw wzrt^s. See Communion.
Matins, HmriiFT^J Wf ITT^^T f. prdtah'kdl B
pirdHhnd.
Matrimony, fw^ m. vivdha.
VOCABULAKY I.
83
Mercy,
Merit,
Messiah,
Miracle,
Minister,
Ministration,
Ministry,
Mosque,
Mystery,
Nativity,
Nature,
„ divine,
„ human,
Oblation,
Offering,
„ to the
Omega,
Omnipotent,
Omnipresent,
Omniscient,
Orders,
y, Holy,
^m f. hripd,
^^ m. puny a.
^^^^'^ masih.
^T^^T oR*^ dscharya Icarmma.
W^'dR m. sewah.
"^m f. sc'wd.
^^rf m. sewan.
?wf»T^ f. masjid,
>T^ m. hhed.
ar»rf^ri m. janma-din.
^HT^ m. suhhdwa.
t'^fCT ^HT^ Iswariya suhhdwa.
HTJBl ^HT^ mdnushya suhhdwa.
^^^T m. charhdwd.
'^FZ^f{ m. ufsarga,
dead, f<WI? m. find a (a cake offered
to the manes by Hindus) .
^"k ^r^^T ^-^ "fqiB^T"' t yih yu-
ndnl hahahrd hd pichhld achchhar
hai aur uslcd arth^pichhlu" ha I.
^?n*?^ sarvasdmarthl,
?Ef%^T| sarvasthd^i.
^?T*I^ sarvagydni.
Wm^ m. sthdpan.
T|f^ ^T^R imv'dra sthd^av.
84
HINDI MANUAL.
Ordinance, T^fiT f. rlti.
Ordination, Wnm W^ sthdpan-'karan.
Orthodox, Ti^T sachchd, ^m^^ sfipdtM.
Pantheist, ifi^^«T^ tatiuagydni, RrTOT*!^ Brahma-
gydnl.
^Slff m. drlshtdrd.
"^^Jl^ m. vaihunihj ^^oftoR swarglok,
"Vl^^ f. thdli.
^ifif f. sdntij Tl^yTTpT f . saldmat,
imrfVfT m. prdyascliit,
ffrcif f. tauref.
V^^'^siWi pentekoshtd.
"ftnr siddha.
5^ ra. punish.
irr^tn f . prdrthnd,
TTT^^T oR^ forrTT^ f. prdrthnd hi hitdb.
f%fv m. vidhi,
l\\^M m. prdlahdha.
Priest. ySee Clergyman.
„ Hindu, 5»nfT ni. pujdri,
„ Jewish, sjifi^H m. kdhin,
„ Musalman, ^^t*? m. imam.
„ Parsi, ?^HT m. dastur.
Primitive, ^ift^ inni acZi samay.
„ Church, ^if^ Tnm ^^ ^^^ftnri ^?c?i samay kl
ekklisiyd.
Parable,
Paradise,
Paten,
Peace,
Penance,
Pentateuch,
Pentecost,
Perfect,
Person,
Prayer,
Prayer Book,
Precept,
Predestination,
VOCABULARY I.
85
Preacher,
^^^Rir m. upadesah.
Prophecy,
>nf%«r^«T m. hhdvivachan.
Prophet,
U^ihl m. pravaUa.
Psalm,
Tc\jf f. gU.
Pulpit,
"^v^m w\ ^^ f. upadesak M vedl,
■fiffTJI^H m. singhdsan.
Purification,
5jftf f. suddhi.
Redemption,
gi5^ f. muhU, -fT^n: m. chJmtkdr.
Regeneration,
WU iT«R m. nayd janma.
Religion,
V^ m. dharmm.
Remission,
jft^ff f. mochan.
Repentance,
Resurrection,
jTf^r^T^ m. jntnarutthdn.
Righteousness,
JT^JT^ f . bhaldij ht^it^ m. ydthdrthya,
Rogation,
fsf^ f. hmti.
„ Days,
f^^irt W f^*r hinti he din.
Sabbath,
Sacrament,
^^TrT m. sahhdt, ^R^^T sanichar.
par sad.
Sacrifice,
'rf^nr m. haliddrij "^ m. horn.
Sacrilege,
«F^RR'^W I. kajan-cliori.
Saint,
"tTw^ pavitra, Tfn^ di. sddhu.
Salvation,
jf^ f. muhti.
Sanctification,
^iw^l{J m. pavitratd.
Sanctify,
Satan,
l^nn«T m. shaitdn.
86
HINDI MANUAL.
Satisfaction,
Saviour,
Scripture, Holy,
Season,
Sect,
Seraphim,
Sermon,
Service,
Sin,
„ actual,
„ original
Sinner,
Son of God,
Soul,
Spirit,
„ Holy,
„ Supreme,
Spiritual,
Substance,
Suffrage,
Sunday,
Supererogation,
Supplication,
Temple,
Temptation,
UTTf^gW m. lordyascliit.
gf^TWT m. muhtiddttd,
^^^ W^ ^' l^c^vitra sastra.
W{'^ m. samaya.
Vi^ m. panth.
?TTTTI?^ sardfim,
■gni^ m. upades,
fVfv m. vidhi.
TTT^ ni. pdp,
^^ f^^PT pdp nUchay.
tJT^ '^^^^ pdp janaml.
tr^^^ m. pdpi.
^T «FT g^ Iswar hd putra.
»frfr m. jdn.
W[WT m. dtmd.
itN'^ wrWT pavitra dtmd,
"*TT^TWT paramdtmd.
W^ jdnl.
in^ m. tatwa.
^^ m. vdhya.
^WTTT m. Itwdr.
works of, ^TlT^ ^T^f ^ ^V«F fcar^a-
hya hmina se adhik,
fw^lti f. vinti,
»rf^^ m. mandir.
iR^T m. pankshd.
VOCABULAEY I.
87
Testament, fFfXR m. niyam.
„ New, ^^T frf^ nay (I niyam.
J, Old, jnTfr f^^^ imrdnd niyam.
Thanksgiving, >rirsrT^ m. dhanyabdd.
Tradition, "^T^^T^ f. paraynpardyi.
Transfiguration, ^qinfT^ HT^ rupdntari hhdwa.
Transubstantiation, "J^T^ifT^ f. dravydntarl.
Trinity, f^r^TT m. tritwd.
J, in Unity, %^oirr^ m. traiehativa.
Truth, ^rait f. sachchdyi.
Unchangeable, "^Z^ atal.
^HR say am.
^nmf^T^cli m. antydbhisheJc.
l!«F^ m. eliattwa.
„ Trinity in, ^lETsiri^ m. traiehativa.
Venerable, ^m?^ ni. pujyattva.
^»rr m. pujd.
^^ sack.
W^% f. sachchdyij ^mm f . saiyatd,
■q^ m. pad.
^THTOOr m. jdgaran.
^sttt:^ f. humdrl.
Visitation of the Sick, ^AfTnrf ^ xpc "^ UT^^ ^IR^ ^FT
f^f^ rogiyon he ghar men prdrthnd
harne hd vidhi.
Water, i|^ m. jal.
Uncreate,
Unction,
Unity,
Veneration,
Verily,
Verity,
Verse,
Vigil,
Virgin,
88 HIJS'DI MANUAL.
Water^ Baptismal, irrf^f 1(^ m. sdnti jaL
y, of Immortality, gvT f. sudhd,
"Whitsuntide, il'iTflF^rr pentehoshtd.
Word, ^iT f. hdtf ^^^ m. vachan.
„ Incarnate, ^'M^ ^^^ H^T vachan sarir hJiayd.
„ of God. See Scripture.
Works, good, ^oF^^ m. sukarmma,
„ of supererogation. See Supererogation.
Worship, ^(TT m. sewd, ^WT m. jpujd.
Worshipper, ^JT5R m. seivah, ^IHF m. pujah.
„ of God, ^T8R ^T3F Isivar-sewah,
„ of Kali, ^^ m. Sdkta,
,, of Siva, ^ m. Saiva.
,, of Vishnu, ^^R^ m. Vaisnava.
89
VOCABULARY 11.
For InterppvEtees, Judges, Magistrates, the Legal
Profession, Police Officers, Civil Servants,
AND Commercial Men.
Abduction,
T^^ ^ HJTT ^ iTRT randi M hliagd
le jdnd.
Abetter,
^T^mx^ m. madadgdrl.
Abortion,
ViZ fm:^! :pet gimd.
Abscond,
HFT TfT^T bhdg jdnd.
Absentee,
f^^ ^^^T^T videS rahnewdld.
Accessory,
Wi'^i m. sdtM, ^ ^tTT^ ham-gundh.
Accomplice,
?TTT^ m. sangij ^T^eF m. sarJh.
Accountant,
f^T^^ ni. Msahl, ^^Rf m. lehliak,
VtZ^\'^ m. pntwdri.
Accusation,
f^ f. dosh.
Accuse,
^i^ ^TTtTT dosh lagdnd.
„ falsely.
n^#iff QJIT^n tuhmat lagdnd.
Acknowledgment, oF^^ f. hahaj, t:^^ f. rastd, n^w f .
mannat
Acquit,
f^K^^ «ir. nirdoshl h.j Hd^d^ "Sfi. miiktl
h., ^^^ "Sfi. siirlch'ru Jc.
Acquittal,
f^{Xj^^ f. nirdosM, W9fiw\ f. muhti,
^^9t\ surhh-rUft.
90 HINDI MANUAL.
Act, ofTR m. Mm.
Action, ■5n%^ in. ndlish.
Actionable, •TT%^ air oFlfw^ ndlish Tie hdhil.
Actuary, oFTfc^ m. lidrindd.
Adjourn, ^TToFTR oF. mdhfiph h., ^IfX. "SR. antar h.
Adjustment, TO^ m. faisla.
Administer (an oath), ^^JT ^. kasam d., ^^H^. halafd,
„ justice, ^T'y oR. insdf A*., ^T^ oR. nydya h.
Administrator, "^nr^ m. vdsl.
Adultery, ^H'^K m. vijahhichdr, f'STTT^TT m.
chhindld.
Advance, ^^^ m. peshagu
„ for purchase of produce, ^T^*!^ dddnl,
„ for work, wnf\ sdyi.
Advice, *Pin: m. mantarj "^^^ upadeL
„ of a bill, f^^ ^^wr^TTT chitti samdchdr.
Agent, yiT^HT m. gumdslitd, c^ch*)^ m. luakU.
Agreement, ^^^ f. dalll.
Alcohol, ^T^^?^ alkuhal, <j^^ kuhaL
Alias, ) These Latin words should be used and para-
Alibi, 3 phrased ; they will soon be well understood.
Allotment, ^T^K m. hatwdra, f^m m. hissa,
A mensa et toro, WTT^ tydgnd, [The Urdu phrase is
taldq bd ndn o nafqd,^
Appeal, wq^ ajnl.
Applicant, HH^t m. mustadl.
VOCABULARY II.
91
Arbitration, 4^Frw f. panchdyat.
Arbitration, private, ^"q^ oR^ 4^T^TT dpas hlpanGhdyat.
Arbitrator, 4'^ m. paricli, "Wlf^T^ m. sdlis.
Argument, ^^^ iii* dalll.
Arrest, W»^ m. handj ^T»r^^ «F. ^dnahand Jc.
Arson, ^^TO^Tf m. anganddha.
Article, ^R?T f . hdioat, iTTRT n^m, tr^^T^ paddrth.
Assault, ^'^T m. hamld.
„ criminal, ?nT "^^3 riidr pltli.
„ petty, "sf^^T "^?T^T chhofd hamld.
Assessment, IPTT^^^ jamdhandl.
Assets, am m. jamw.
Assizes, oF^tI" f. hachahn, ^T^K f. 'addlat.
Attestation, ^"^T^Tf f. shahddat.
Attorney, ^oU^ m. tvalclL
„ at law, ^T^TT eFT ^oR^ addlat led ivaML
„ power of, ^'^lf'Kt{T^ imtk}itdr-nd7na, w^^ sanad.
Auction sale, "^^TH m. mldm.
Audit, ^rt^'TT jdnchnd, 5^T"ftl^ qJ. muhdsiba I.
Auditor, *T^Tf^^ m. muhdsiba .
Authentic, ^WT sachchd, TRiftlT^ pramdnih.
Authority, 1«in^ f. huhumat, fTT^fTT^ f. sarddrl.
Average, W^^ cRT q5^ 2>Fc/i A;a lekhd.
Award, ^ 4^TmT^ f. panchdnaU, "qw^T m.faiivd.
Bail, ^"jysF f . bandhaJcj iPif'T f. jamni.
Bail-bond, »RT^?nT •HH jamdnat-ndm.
92
HINDI MANUAL.
Bailiff.
^ninf't^ m. chax^rdsif ?rarT^ m. sajdwal.
Balance Caccounts), ^JW^ f. hdl
Bankj
„ -bill.
Banker,
Bankrupt,
Bankruptcy,
Bench,
Bequest,
Bill,
Bona fide.
'Cl.
Bond (deed).
Bonded goods,
^FcF f . hanh, "aft^l" f . kotM.
??S^ f . Jiundt.
JT^TiPT ni. mahdjan.
^^ifcjSm m. dewdliyd,
^^T^T m. deivdld, tfT^TT^ f. ndddrl.
W^Vi f. kachahrlj ^T^IT f. 'addled.
ff^ m. Mbctj 5a"ff clingy m. sanhalpa.
"^T^ f. Imndl, ^y^ m. lehha.
Use the Latin words ; in Urdii it is
haqiqat men.
TflWoF m. tamassuk.
*n^ ^^ m«/ ^harid,
„ warehouse, ?c|i?7t o|?^^ hukumat hotM,
Breach of contract, ^^ ^TeF"^^ 'rt7m<^ suhm,
„ peace, TOT^ fasdd, ^m dangd.
,. trust, fH^IHff Miydnat.
Bribe, jJ^ ht"^ f . ^^wm/i hharl, ft^nriT f . rishwat.
Broker, ^flRT ni. arhatiyd.
Brokerage, ^TOIT f. arhat.
Buggary. See Sodomj'.
Burglar, ^^VlT m. sendh-chor.
Burglary, 5^ m. scndh, w^^x^ f. sendh-chori.
Business, W[^ «RT*T m. kdni kdj.
Capital, ^^ f. punjJ,
VOCABULAKY II.
93
Cargo, JV^ "sfX W^T^ mdl bar-jahdj.
Case, S^TR^T m. mu dmalu,
,j tlie merits of, H^^T hhald-hurd.
Cent., per, SoF^T saihrd.
Certificate, "q^ m. ijatray ^R^ m. sanad,
„ birth, ^TH'^'ar janampatra.
„ death, JRim^ maranpatra.
Cheat, TTHTT m. thagnd.
Cheque, J^l" f. hundi.
Civil. See Court.
Claim, ^"RT m. ddyd, ^^T m. dawd.
Claimant, ^T^^ m. hddl, ^^^T^ m. dawdddr.
Clerical error, oFifrT'sr wt x^ir^ hdtih hi ghalatl.
Client, ^T"WW^ m. dsdmi, ^'fft^ m. mumh.
Clue, TTrTT m. patd, ^THJ m. surdgh.
Collect, to, ^cfiTt oF. ehathdn h, ^m ^. jama h.
Collector, ?]T^? m. hatorUj "^T^tT^TTT m. ugdhne-
hdrd.
Collusion, ^^'HT f- sdjish, iftjT^N^ jogsanjog.
Commissary, cfnftTT m. karord.
Commission, "^ftt f. arJiat,
Commit in custody, ^mdiTTT ^ ^. haiudldt men d., iT^
oF. hand Ic,
„ for trial, ^^ ^qf "SF. daura supard K
Company, oF«T»T^ Icampanlj imv^ «R^^ jamd^at
Icoild.
94
HINDI MANUAL.
Compensation,
Complainant,
Complaint,
Compromise,
«r^T m. badld.
«TT%^^ m. ndlislu.
•TTf^^ f. ndlish.
JRWT^^ m. musdlaha.
Conclusion of sale, ^i! rf^i'? khatam nildm.
Conditional, ^W^ shartl.
Confession, ^^n: m. ikrdr, oR^T m. halid.
Consent, t^ rajd.
,, free, T^'?^^ rajdmandi.
Consignment, f^ Wt ^ff^ ojrt h?TT itt^ mdl jo arJiatl
ko hhejd jdwe.
Conspiracy, ^f^?[^ f. handhli.
Constable, ''TTT^TT m. thdnaddr.
Contempt of Court, jrwwl f. gustakM,
Contract, ^15^ f. cJmhU.
Contractor, 3^^Tt m. tliilzeddr.
Copartner, ^ic:l«(i m. mnh.
Coroner, <SI|ilH^R dhundhneMr.
Cost, ^ m. moh
„ of suit, ^r^Tc57T WT ^^^ 'addlat hd kharch.
Counsel, ^<*lc4 ivaldl.
Counterclaim, "^zi ^T^^ dltl ddiv'i.
Convict, 3^^R gundhgdr, T?«^ handhu,d.
„ to, T«TT15 ^ftfW oF. gundh sdbit Ic.
Court, civil, ^WT^^ f. deivdm.
criminal, ift»f^lTft f. favjdd
ri,
VOCABULARY II.
95
Credit (in account) 5»TTT m. mujrd.
Creditor, ^^<^«T^I55T rmdenewdld, \R^ dhani.
Cross-examine, W^\<^ "^F. sawdl h.
„ -examination, B"^!^ ^ ^TT^ sawdl dar sawdl.
Custody. See Gaol.
Custom (duty), 'T^^ ui. mahsul.
Customary, tFf^ f. rastl.
Custom House, xf^f^ (i.e. permit) XR iHtrmit-ghar,
"^W^ m. chahutra.
Date, TTK^ f. tdrihh.
Day-book, T^jpfW m. roj-ndma.
Death, iftw f. maut, ^tM m. maran.
„ accidental, ^ ^f%W«F^ marg ittifahJ.
„ sentence of, J^r^ "^ ^T^ maran ke vdkya.
Debit, ^^ m. kharcli.
Debt, 5^ m. Harch.
Debtor, ^•T^R m. denddr.
Decision, %^T m. faisld.
„ final, ^TT "Ri^T j)urd faisld.
Decree, '^W^ m. huhm. ^"35^ dehrL
Defalcation, ftvm S ^ hisdb men f ark.
Defamation, ^^T*!^ f. hadndml.
Defame, ^^^T^l "SF. hadndm k.
Default, ^TTT m. khatd.
Defaulter, 3»f^TT m. gunalikdr
Defect, ^ETflii m. cliuk, ^^ m. kusur.
HINDI MANUAL.
Defence,
iTTPT m. jaw ah.
Defendant,
"WMTWi m. dsdml.
Defender,
^RT^^^T^JT m. jawdh-deneivdld.
Deficit,
ZtZl m. totd.
Demand,
^^RT m. dawd.
Demurrage,
f^WRT f . 'khisdrdj tw^ f- galiarl.
Deponent,
^{^V^ m. gaivdh, ^ff^ m. shdhid.
Deposition,
»I^TrrW^^ f. jahdn-handi, TT^^iT f.
shahddat.
Discharge,
"^^ f. chhuttl, ^3^t:t m. chhuthdrd*
„ froDi
liability, »f^T^i^ir^ ^ '37«TT jawdb-dihi
se chhutnd.
„ from
obligation, ^TXfi^^^ sdphl-ndm.
Disclaim,
W\ W. tyag h, ^y^K cF. inkdr Jc.
Discount,
ikw\ WT? offT ^fqxrr ^. mitti hat ltd
rupiyd d.
Dividend,
H^tl hak^ardj "s^iz hdnt.
Document,
c|i?y»f m. I'dghaj, tr"^ m. sanad.
Donor,
^^TTc^T m. deneivdld.
Draft,
7^'i f. hundl.
Drawer of a cheque, J^'t fcJ^^T^T^T hundi Ukhnewdld.
Drunkenness, J^rT^T^rtj^ m. matwdldpan^
Due, ^T dend.
Duplicate, Z^ HflticJ dusrl nalcal.
Duty, ^f^ ii^« mahsfd.
Earnest money, ^ f. sd^i.
VOCABULARY II.
97
Effects,
Embargo,
Embezzlement,
Endorse,
Entry,
Error,
JITqJ m. mdl.
Ice chahie Jcl sarlcdrl manhd/i,
"ff^^loJ «irT TftjT^ m. tahivil lid tord/O,
^^^ f. cJion.
J^TT xjt: f^J^TT picsltt par likhnd,
^if^^ m. ddhhil.
"^qJTT^ f. ghaltlf >T^ m. hhul, '^ojr m.
chuh.
Errors excepted, ^^ '^Toff "sf^oir hhtll chuh chhorlie.
Estate, itTqJ m. mdl.
Estimate, ^T^^»^^ f. ddnahandij H'^^fiJ m. talc-
damd.
Evidence, TTTf'^ f. gawdhl.
„ to give, TT^T^^ ^. gaicdhi dend.
Examine accounts, ff^TR f»?^T«TT hisdh mildnd.
Exchange, ^^^^ "^^^^ f. adll-hadU,
„ rate of, ?^^ ^T >7T^ hundl hd hhd^o.
Exchequer, H?PTT m. hhanddr.
Execution (capital punishment), XR*^^ TC«n gar dan
marnd, ilitTC^ f. pJidnsl.
„ (performance) ^JT^ m. 'amal.
Executor, ^^^ m. ivasl.
Ex parte (use the Latin) ; ^oF H^-y^ ek tarafl,
„ statement, ^^ TTT^yt "^^m m. eZ; ^ara/^ hay an.
Expenses (in a law-suit), ^^T m. k/mrclid.
98
HINDI MANUAL.
Export, TTTrTT^ f. rawdngl.
Fail. See Bankrupt ; "Sfm '^. ham hond.
Failure. See Bankruptcy.
Falsification, WWt^ni f. sdkhtagl.
Fees, ^^^ m. kharcJi, ^^ToF^ f. sahMkl.
File (of legal papers), rf^ f. nathl.
Finances, ^T»T^^^ f. dmclam, q^T^TT^ f. x>aidd'
ivdrl.
Fine, ^H!? m. ddadj »T^^T*T m. jarlmdna.
Firm, ^"t^THTT m. sauddgrd, "di^zi f. hofJu.
Flaw, ^^W m. 'a/h, ^^ m. doJch.
Forger, »i-*rcj5f«T^ m. jal-sdj.
Forgery, »T^^^T^ f . jal-sdjJ.
Fraud, ^^ m. daghd. W^ i^i- cliJidl.
Fraudulent, ^TTT^T^T daghdhdz.
Gallows, ifiNl^ oRTT phdnsl hlf, ifitTf^ "^^ ^oF?^
phdnsl hi lahrl.
Gambler, IRTT^ m. juwdrl.
Gambling-house, "Jf^^T^TT ni. ju^e-hhdnd.
Gaol,
„ delivery.
Gross receii)fcs,
Guarantee,
Guarantor,
Guard,
^^ m. jel, "^T^^^ffT m. handl-hJulnd .
^^^^T^t f. handk/ialdsi.
cjiW^ ^T^»T^ f. hachchl dmdanl.
fiT»*?T m. jimmd.
Tllf^^ m. sdlisj f^'^^Wl^ m. jimmahdr.
•q'^X.l m. paJiard, ^ofr^TT m. chauhJ-
ddr.
VOCABULARY II. 99
Guilt, 5*^11^ m. gundhf ^"^ m. dohh.
Guilty, 5«n^nK m. cjunclhgdry "g^ m. jurm.
,, to plead, "^ cF^^ oF. jurm hahfil k.
„ to plead not, g^ ^^ J^feFT ^. jurm se munhir
hond.
Handcuffs, ^T'^IoF^^ £. hdth-karJ.
Harbouring, ^JT^HfT Wl^ ^. badmadsh jagah d.
Harbour Master, l^T^q^T: m. skdh-bandar.
Hire, HTTT m. bhdrd.
Homicide, *?r?iH«f^ m. mardum-kush.
„ (the act) JTT^JTJ^^ f. mardum-kuslil .
House-breaker, ^^'^ m. sendh-chor.
Illegal, oiri^^ kfqmthJ, r[T3"^^ nd-durust.
Imprisonment, ^F^ m. band.
„ with hard labour, 7:^^^ f. duhkli-
bandi.
Incendiary, WUl ^nR^Y^T dg lagdneivdld.
Information, ^^ m. khabar.
In propria persona, ^T^T^^ ^m dp-hl dp.
Inquest, ^HdHI^ m. dhundh-mdL
Insolvency. See Bankruptcy.
Insolvent. See Bankrupt.
Instalment, f^^^ f. biharl.
Insurance, f^T m. bimd.
„ agent, f^T^TT^T m. bimdwdla.
„ policy, f^T^ f^l^ f. bimd^i chitflu.
100 HINDI MANUAL.
Interdict, ^*fr m. mand.
Interest, i|^ m. sud, ^^ sudt,
„ compound, ^^ oFT ^ sud M sudj ;|^ t^T ^^
sud dar sud.
Interpreter, J^TlfR^T m. duhhdshiyd, TTT»nn«T m.
tai'jumdn.
Invest, TSi^ oF. saraph h., ^n"^ oF. jama 1c.
Investment, ^xfi ni. saraphj im^ f. jama'.
Invoice, ^^oF m. hijah.
Jail. See Gaol.
Jailer, ^K^IT m. ddrogd, ftpTT'^^T'T m. nigdh-
hdn.
Joint stock ffW^R^ *?T^ m. hissaddrl mdl.
Judge, "^^^ m. hdhim, ^TRcF m. nydyah.
„ Puisne (the words Judge and Puisne Judge are
in common use).
Judicial proceedings, ^^cUtt:^ ^T^ f. ru-ha-hdrt
addlat.
Jurisdiction, ^cIWTr f. liaTcumat.
Jury, »lfT f. jUrl, iJ^T^if panchdyat.
„ -man, 4^nriT^ m. panchdyatL
Justice, Chief (the English words are frequently used),
^TT ^ifoF^ hard hdhim,
„ of the Peace, ^^^ m. kdzi.
Kidnap, ^ HJT«!T le bhagnd.
Larceny, ^^^ f- chori.
VOCABULARY Ii. 101 i
Law,
^T^W m. addlat.
„ -suit.
joF^ m. muhaddamd.
Lawyer,
^oF^ m. waML
Lease,
xc^ m. 'pattd.
Leave,
"5^^ f. clihuttJ.
„ without.
f^Tf^^ hin-chlmttl.
Ledger,
^TWT ^f^ f. hhdtd-bahi.
Legacy,
ffW m. hiba, ^^^^IT f. waslijat.
Legal,
'T^Tf^cF muiudphihj 5"^^ durust.
Legality,
*T^T1T m. jawdj.
Legislator,
^^cFTT m. sarhdr.
Letters patent.
xr^TT^ m. loarwdUj ilH< f. sanad.
Liabilities,
g«R^^ m. nuksdn.
Libel,
fiT^ m. gila, J^ifR m. huhtdn.
Licence,
TjtTR m. pariudUj ^'ff^ f. sanad,
f^^ f. c/iiY^/iJ.
„ to sel].
^^^ ^T fj^T 6ec^7ie A;a ^Ai'A;«.
Life insurance.
/S'ee Insurance.
Life sentence.
if'^Tif^T^ 'm iR^T jlwan-hdl ha
phaisld.
Liquidate,
^T W. ft<^f^ h.
Liquidation,
^T m. a<^c.
Litigation,
RoF^T m. mukaddamd.
Loan,
^VK m. udhdr.
Loss,
g«i?m^ m. nuhsdn.
„ Profit and.
if^ goF^T^T ja6ar nuhsdn.
102
HINDI MANUAL.
Mace, ^^^ f. chohdastl.
,y -bearer, ^"^TT m. chohddr.
Magistrate, ^Tf«R?? m. hdhim,
i, Clerk to, ^^^^F m. lekhak.
Malpractice, ^^ifir«F^ f. bad-tdrJcL
Manslaughter, T^J'^^'^ f. mardum-'kushi.
Margin, foF^TK m. hindr.
Market, '«||MK m. hdjdr.
„ -price, f^ m. nirhh, H"n5ft m. hhd,o.
Measure, Trt^ m. taul, jtr m. map, mhm m.
jmmdn, oFj^T m. Jcattd,
„ fair, ?rWT ift^ sachchd taul,
„ false, ^flRTT wt^ jhuthd taul.
Minimum, "Sfm ^ "dfm ham se ham.
Mortgage, fht^^ f. girwi,
„ conditional, ^"rr^ fht^^ sharti rjirwi.
„ deed of, fjR^^ ^THT m. girwl-ndma.
Mortgagee, ^^^T m. rinddr, JHff^ m. mur-
takin.
Mortgagor, Tlf^ m. rdhin, fjTR^^R m. girwlddr.
Municipal, ^TfT^ f. shah an.
Murder, "^WT f. hatyd, '^ m. khmi.
Murderer, ^TT^ f. hatydri, ^r«=ft m. khunt.
Negotiate, J^m^J ^. mudmal h,, ^TirfVir W.
hat-chit 1c.
Negotiation, J^fH?^ m. mudmal, Wliff^iT f. bat-chit.
VOCABULARY II.
103
Net,
,j proceeds,
,j produce,
Non compos,
fcf"? m. nit J f«TTT m. nira.
m^T ^^T3(^ pahkd paiddish.
^^^ f»T«frra^ pakM nihdsl.
^^TT khabt.
Non est inventus, ^cft^ ru-j^fosh.
Non suit, ^Tft»f m. khdrij.
^ri^ m. sakkdh, T«F^ m. wakil.
^^ir. m. dabir,
^^T^W^ m. saudd'pattar.
^ZJ f^^ khotd chitthl.
o
IT'R^go!? m. tamassuk,
^T^^T^W f. ydd-ddsht.
cj^HT f. kasam.
^ m. jurrtij J^T? m. gundh.
TrTI^JlIi m. gundh-gdr.
^■RifTT^R m. daftar-khdna.
^T^K m. sarddr, V^TT m. dhareddr.
"^Wi^lX m, chmtkiddr,
„ Customs, x|T;fjTT^T^T m. parmitwdld,
„ of a village, ^T^^TT m. Jidlddr,
Order, JcFIT m. hukm.
Ordinance, *''T^«T m. kdniin, T^X m. dastur.
Overcharge, HTtfT bharnd, fwm^ ziydda, K^^i oF.
talabl k.
Overdraw, ^^";T »rH^ H ^T J?|^^ oF. apne jama
se aur hundt k.
Notary,
„ Public,
Note (a bill),
„ fraudulent,
„ promissory,
„ (memo).
Oath,
Offence,
Offender,
Office,
Officer,
„ Police,
104
HINDI MANUAL.
Overseer, mf^ m. sdJiib (frequently used),
fn'i(^«fR m. nigah-ban.
W^T^^ f. hardhari.
-^irt f. harhtJ.
^n?rT^ f. kamtl.
W^ m. Icshamd, 5^?^ m. mudf.
f^%^ m. nirhandh.
^^ m. sharlh.
^TWIT m. shardlmt,
deed of, ^TTWinTm m. shardJcat-ndma.
^!T^^ m. ddml ; (in a law- suit)
^^^ m. pharih.
ftt^ f . girwt.
W^^'t m. bandhahL
at sight, ^T^"^ darsam.
^^y^G, xn«^-fT^T m. pdnewdld.
Payer, ^^T^T m. denewdld.
Percentage, toRTT m. 5aiA:r<7.
Perjury, v^^ ■g^^ f. j/if^/^^ kasam.
to commit, v^^'t ^R ^rt j^g/Zt^ Aro^am M«««.
Petition, f^^TTT^ f. bintz.
Pickpocket, ^ m. chor, ^^^kj m. Jeb-lmtrd.
Piecework, t^oft ra. fJiiJcd,
Plaint, ^^^^ f. cZa'i^;?-, in^T ni. ndld.
Plaintiff, ^^\ f. 7?iwdfcfa'f, T!T%^^ m. ?w//s/iJ.
Par,
„ above,
y, below.
Pardon,
„ free.
Partner,
Partnership,
})
Party,
Pawn (pledge).
Pawnbroker,
Payable,
VOCABULARY IT.
105
Plea, ^TTf f. hat, "grTTT m. uzr.
Plead, ^mcjj^ off. saivdll k., i{^m o|r. jawdb h.
Porterage, f^T^^^ f. majduri ,
Postpone, T|^^ ^. inchhe d.
Practice, ^Hi; m. dastur.
Principal (capital), JiT^ f. puriji, ^^ f. asL
Property,
Proviso,
Provost,
Purchase,
Purchaser,
Quash,
Quota,
Rape,
Rate,
Ratify,
Readjustment,
Rebut,
Receipt,
Record,
Records,
Recorder,
Record-keeper,
Reimburse,
Remission,
m^ m. mdL
^TiT f. sJiarat.
WtT^T^ m. kohudlj ^ifsinT m. hakim,
^^T m. sauddj jft^^ m. mol ; (verb)
jft^ ^. mol I.
^T^^TT m. kharldddr.
i^^ItfT dahdndj mf^ oR. hdtil k.
f^WT m. liissd.
f»nTR»T«rT: f. jind-ha-jahar,
^T. m. dar, h^ m. moL
3^qF ofT. tJiik k.
•rm ^''^V^^ m. nayd hand-o-hast.
Tj^ «rr. radd k.
X^"^ f. rasid.
^^ f. hahl.
"^Ty^TTW f. kdgha^ult.
^TWrt m. daftaVj tt^^^ m.
^iRjTK^ m. daftdri.
^T m. chliut.
106
HINDI MANUAL.
Remittance^ ^^^ f. hundi.
Remuneration, H^ ^^ m. hhar hadln.
Repeal, T^ m. radd, }(im m. tydg, TTT^^ m.
tardid.
Reprieve, ^[^c^r ^. muhalat d.
Revenue, Jn^nirn:^ f. mdlgujdri.
„ Collector, H^«1ci5<»TT m. tahsilddr.
Reverse, "5r^TT m. ultd.
Riot, Y'WR f. dhumdlidm, ^ITT m. dangd.
Robber, ^K m. chor, ^oFTT m.dahait, 3»T m. thag.
Robbery, ^^^ f. chorl, 1TW\ m. ddhd, 3»TT$ f.
Sale, f^^^ £. hilcri.
Sample, •TfTT m. namund.
Scales and weights, oFt^r m. hdntd, irTJ\ m. tardju,
'^(ZWn m. hathhard.
Schedule, ^TfiR m. daftar, f^Rft^TT f. phirist
Seal, ^g^nr m. chhdp, w^ m. muhar.
Sentence, ^i^»T'R/aisZa-na?ria, Tm^m.faisld,
Session, ^3cF m. haithak.
Sessions, ^H: m. daura.
„ Petty, '^Zl ^T m. chhotd daura.
Settlement, ^^"^^fW m. hand-o-hast.
Share, f^WT m. hissd.
Shareholder, ffWr^ m. hissdddr.
Sign, I ?^^?nR m. dast-khattj f^«n^ m. ehinha,
J, J f^lff m g m. Ukhdwat,
Signature,
VOCABULARY II.
107
Smuggle,
Smuggler,
Sodomy,
Solicitor,
Solvent,
'T^^c? TTT^T mahsfil mdrnd.
^cj)^ *?TT m. chaukl-mdr,
^5551^1^^ f. Iau7i(ld-hdzi,
TJ^iTTT m. mu/c/itdr.
TT^^R mdlddr.
Splitting of claims, IToTO^H ^^T tahslm dawd.
^T m. chor.
^^ m. mttZ, ^1T^ f. punjly m:^ m.
mdya, ^JTR m. sarmdya.
A'^f oFT Jrrc? m. ;panclion lid mdl,
"ffoS^ffnT m. talah-ndma.
^^^^ f. hhud-hushl.
^'^(^^ f. dawi.
"w{^ saman/' K^^ m. iaZa6.
^^^^Tt m. charhanddr,
^T^^T"^^ ^T^IT f. hddshahl ^addlat.
Tfilf^r^ f./<:^2!^7, ^^T hachdj "^Tif^harhU.
"g'^T^T^T m. uchakkdpand ; (verb)
■gr^^T m. ucJiahhd.
Task, Taskwork, T^FT m. //i«it5.
Tax, ''^^ ^« 'mahsiil.
Tenant, foRTT^TT: m. Idrdyaddr.
Title, "JfTTH m. ndnij ^^rSF m. /mAA:, T|^ vn.pad,.
Trade, ^t^TO^ f. sauddgarl, ^jif^tT m. 7ewa-
cZenci, offTT^Tt m. Itdr-hdr.
Stealing,
Stock, capital,
„ common,
Sub-poena,
Suicide,
Suit-at-law,
Summons,
Supercargo,
Supreme Court,
Surplus,
Swindle,
Swindler,
108
HINDI MANUAL.
Transaction,
J^TT^T m. mil amid.
Trial,
IHT^Ih m. tajwljj m^^l f. parihslid.
Tribunal,
^^t{'^ f. masnad, ^^^'^^ ^T^JIT mas-
nad-i- adcllat.
Trust,
^ff^ir m. tttbdr.
Trustee,
^HMrT^R m. dmdnat-ddr.
Undersigned,
^^^w't m. dastkhaU.
Underwriter,
f^TT^TT^T m. himdwdld.
Usage,
T:^iT f. rit, '^rf m. chalan.
Usufruct,
^iftf^TW f. ludsildt.
Usurer,
^^T. m. sUdkhoTj "^ifi m. vydjL
Usury,
^W^l" f. sudhhorl.
Valuation,
l^wft^ m. takhmhi.
Valuator,
W^^T^hr^lT: m. takhminddr.
Value,
oF^iTW f. hhnat, ?ft^ m. mol.
Vendor,
^^•T^T^T m. bechnewdld.
Vendue,
ft^^ f. hihri.
Verdict,
ififT^T m. fahvd.
Voucher,
^^^ f. sanad.
Wager,
i\l f. hor.
Wages,
IT^W m. talah.
Warrant,
?"«FR«TT'T m. huJcm-ndma,
Wholesale,
Vi^ik'^'i f. thok-bikrl.
Witness,
'NI^^ f. gawdhl.
Writ,
Tyt^T«T m. parwdnaj ^^o|i m. dastak.
109
VOCABULAEY III.
For Interpreters, the Medical Profession,
Dispensers, and Nurses.
Abdomen,
Abscess,
Ache,
Ague,
viZ m. pet.
^ToJlft^ m. hdl-tor.
^^ m. dard.
H^^ f. jurl, ZW^ li^ f. tliandl tap.
Aloes (tbe drug), 5^W^ in. musahhar.
Ani procidentia, oFT'?!'^ f^cir^»TT Mnach nikalnd.
Aniseed, ^T^ f. saiinf.
Ankle, TjT m. gciftd, ToFtTT m. taknd.
Antimony (black), ^T m. surmd.
Anus,
Apoplexy,
Aqua fortis,
Aqua vitse,
Arm,
Arm-pit,
Arsenic,
Artery,
r[T^ f. gdndy J!!^ m. mdrg.
^oRTTT m. sahtd, ^VT"^ m. ardhdng.
nTTT^ m, tez'dh.
^% T^'R m. gidi giddh.
^t^ f. hdnh ; from the shoulder to
elbow, >pT m. hhuj ; from elbow
to wrist, '^i^ m. pahunchd.
"W^n^ f. haldirl.
^f^TTT^ m. haritdl.
TTi m. rag.
110
HINDI MANUAL
Asafoetida, f^ m. hingu.
Asthma, ^oF m. sdnh, ^?n m. damd.
Back, jftz m. pith.
Balsam, ^^T«T m. balsdn.
Barrenness, ^flRL m. bdnjh, ^JWfr{ m. hdjhpan.
Beard, ^T^^ f. ddrJn,
Belly. See Abdomen.
Bile, ftTiT m. pit, fTiRn m. safrd.
Bleed, ^"^ ^. lohu I.
Bleeding of the nose, •T^»^^ W^^ nakslr phuhid.
Blind,
^^T m. andhd.
Blister,
iRt^TT m. phold.
Blood,
^iiw m. lohu.
Bloodshot eyes.
^T^ ^t^ m. Id I dnkh.
Blood-vessel,
TJ\ m. rag.
Bloody flux.
^y^ cFT ^T m. lohu hd vega.
^farmr.
m. atisdr ; ^)^ ^^ lohu
baithnd
= to pass blood.
Boil,
trVtT m. phord.
Bone,
^ f . haddi.
Brain,
HUT ra. hhejd, iT^ m. gad.
„ fever,
iX^m m. sarsdm.
Breast,
Wirt f. chlidtl.
Breath,
^t?l m. sdns, 7^^ m. dam.
Bubby,
M^"^ f. (dug) chunchJ, Wirt f.
chhdti.
Bubo,
^V3r\ f. hdghl, ^^ f. bdiv.
VOCABULARY III.
Ill
Burn, 5T^ jale.
Buttock, ^TTT m. chutar.
Calf (of the leg), fq^Pf^S^ f. ;pindaU.
Camomile, ^'f^ m. hdhuna.
Camphor, ofr^ m. hapur.
Cancer, «TT^ m. iidshar, ^(Z m. chatj «P^-
?TW m. handar-hhatt
Canker, JTrrTTTT ra. mangarmdrj "f^TT m.
vihdr.
Carbonate of potash, «rjt ofTT f^^^ m. jhdr hd nimah.
„ soda, ^fs^oUT f. sarjjihd, ^wt ff^^ f. sajjl
mittl.
Carbuncle, J^nCT m. muhdsd.
Cassia, inr m. tej.
Castor-oil, T^^ ^FT W^y m. rendi hd tel.
Cataract, 'ftfinnf^ m. motiydvind.
Catarrh, ^IT^'t 7^ f. sardi thand.
Catechu, oRT^ m. kdtJi.
Cheek, iTT^ m. gdl.
Chest, "^Iti f. chhdti.
Chicken-pox, jftfTPTT m. motiyd ; also ^^iT^^ sUali.^
Chin, Jl"^ f . thuddi.
Chloride of soda, W^^T, m. samhhar.
Cholera, ^^t'^ m. sitaras.
* Sitala is the goddess who presides over small-pox.
112
HINDI MANUAL.
Cinnamon,
^TT^^^I" f. ddrchinl.
Cold,
'^Tj^ zm f . sardt thand.
Colic,
Collar-bone,
iH(^^ f. hansli.
Colocynth,
'^Jf^T^'^ f. indrdyan.
Consumption,
"2^^ f. chha,l, fw^ m. sllla.
Convulsion,
^'(tf m. mar or, f^^^ m. chihonJc,
^Tt f. hd,i.
Costiveness,
^^T m. handhd, "SF^if m. havaj.
Cough,
^itw\ f. Mohhi, ^(\w\ f. Ichdnsl.
„ whooping-
?fT m. dahhd, ^M^T m. thadhra.
Cow-pox,
iftz"^ f. gotij jft'iiiT ^"hr^TT f. gothan
sltald.
Cramp,
^cR^^lt f- aharhd/i.
Croup,
w\W[ m. sihd, ^^^ m. dumgaz.
Crown (of the head), ^q^^ f. khoprl.
Cut,
xT^TT m. chlrd.
Deafness,
'^r^X^ f. bahird,i.
Diabetes,
i^wn^j m. madliuprimyd.
Diaphoretic,
^^^^ iA<^t*>^^\^\paslna nihahmmla.
Diarrhoea,
^^ m. (^?as^, ^TTfiu^ f. sangraliam.
Disease,
^^K^ f. bhndrl.
Dropsy,
sT^"?^ m. jaUandhar,
Dysentery,
^frtfilT m. atisdr.
Dyspepsia. See Indigestion.
Ear,
"SRT^ m. Ay? 71.
VOCABULAEY III.
113
Ear-ache,
«irr?r «irT ^t m. lain hcl dard.
„ -wax.
oFTff ^ m. Mn-maiL
Elbow,
5^^^ f. Icuhm.
Elephantiasis,
T\\^ T^^-m m. god fUpd.
Entrails,
^i^^fs^K ni. antrlydn.
Epilepsy,
fijiff f. mirgl.
Epsom Salts,
Tlt^r: ^"Vj^ m. sdnchar non.
Eructation,
TSFK f. dahdr.
Eruption,
'^Wt fjnKToJ m. plmnsl nihdl.
Eye,
^?t^ m. dnich.
„ -brow.
H^T m. hhaun.
„ -lash.
Tmjft f. papnl.
„ -lid.
mft^'t f . papotl.
„ pupil of.
Y1Tq5^ f. putli.
Face,
4^ m. munh, f^^T m. rJdhrd.
Fainting,
jt^WT m. durhaltd, ^it^^i. he-Uoshl,
Fever,
K^ m. ^rtp, ^^n: m. buhhdr.
„ remittent (every second day) f^r^? W^ m. diroj tap.
„ intermittent (every third day) fiRT^ 7T^ m. siroj tap.
„ brain-,
?R^rm m. sarsdm.
Finger,
•^>T^^ f. ?«i(7/L
Fits,
TJTT^ f. ^arJ, m^ f. ghdsh.
Flatulency. See
i Eructation.
Flooding,
^ftrt^ls^ m . istlhdj.
Fluor albus.
MH(^^ f. panaill.
Foetus,
^^ m. tec/i^Z, ipfrr m. janhi.
114
HINDI MANUAL.
Forehead,
Ginger,
Gonorrlioea,
Gout,
Gravel,
Gum,
„ Arabic,
Hair,
Hand,
Head,
„ -ache.
Heart-burn,
Hectic,
Heel,
Hemp,
Henbane,
Hernia,
Hiccough,
Hip,
Hydrocele,
Hydrophobia,
Hypochondriac,
Hysterics,
IndigestioD,
Inflammation,
, ■ of the
xi^T^^ f. peshdm.
^oF m. adraJc.
TTT^ m. 'prameJia,
^TW ttn m. Mt rog.
V^fXi f. patharl.
JT^TT m. masurd,
^^ oF^ jff^ f. hdhul Icl gond.
"m^ m. hdl.
^T^ m. hath.
^T m. savj fvtX m. sir,
^T oFT ^^ m. sar Jed dard,
^RqJ fcjTT m. gramal pit,
TSyxy m. Jcshaya, ifr m. jwar.
Wf\ f . erl.
7Tt»rr m. gdnjd.
HtT m. hhdng.
^sniJ Tfi^ f. and soth.
f^^^gfr^ f. hichald.
oF^T m. hUldj W^Z m. cltutar,
^nS5 ^^ f. and soth,
^oF m. had ah.
Tit^1% m. saudd/U
^m^ ^TT m. a5e& bhiit.
^^■?R^ f. had-hajmi.
^*^f^ f. sozishy »T^rT m. jalan.
lungs, "R^TT oFT ^^ phephra hi dard.
-
VOCABULARY III. 115
Injection (to
give
an), fq^oFTT:^ ^. j^ichkan, k
Insanity,
g^ m. junurij ^^f^l m. saucld.
Intestines.
See Entrails.
Itch,
^m f. khdj, ^iT^^ f. hJmjh.
Jalap,
»ft^T^ m. joldb.
Jaundice,
"^J^XUl m. pdndu'rog,'^'^^ m. Jcanval,
Jaw,
cF^ m. halldj "ST^T m. jahrd.
;, -bone.
»R|?|^ f. jahm-haddl.
„ -tooth.
^T^ m. ddrh.
Joint,
iTt3 m. gdnth.
Knee,
TT^tTT m. ghutnd.
„ -cap.
^xjrf't f. chapnl.
-Knuckle,
itiZ m. gdnth J f^rft^ f. girih, op^ m,
hand.
Laudanum,
^TjiliT oFT "^i^T m. aphvm kd gliold.
Leg,
Zm m. tdng, ftj^^^ f. pindaU.
Leech,
ift^oii f . jonaky »TToF f. jonk.
Leprosy,
ojf^ m. ^'or/i.
Limb,
^oh^r m. tukrd.
Linseed,
-5i^^^ f. alst.
„ -oil.
^T^^^ oFT ff^ m. aZs^ fc^ tel.
Lint,
^^ m. sa?i.
Liver,
oF^^T m. kalejd, f»fJTT m. jif/ar.
„ complaint.
^^^ or fimT ^T ^^ ... ka dard.
Lock-jaw,
^nT oF^ c^awi klra^ iT"^^ '^'r^jahrt hand.
Loins,
ofJrc m. kamar.
116
HINDI MANUAL.
Lumbago,
oFi^ ^ m. hamar-dard.
Lunatic,
^^T hdwaldj f^^TT^ diwdna.
Lungs,
Manna,
"^W^ m. phejyhre.
j < H »f ^1 H nuranjahin .
Measles,
JUff ^T^T m. garml'ddnay ^i^n^z\
pangdtl.
Miscamage,
iT^xniT f. garhhpdt.
Moustache,
^ m.jnuchh.
Mouth,
gf m. munh.
Muscle,
^TT m. pathd.
Mustard,
nt f. rd/.
Myrrh,
JT? m. muj\
Nail,
•T^ m. nalilij •T'reR' m. ndMun.
Nape (of the
neck), jfeFT m. manhd.
Navel,
'^'^] f. ndbi.
Neck,
TR^if m. gar dan.
Nerve,
TTi m. rag, ^ m. pai.
Nightmare,
oiTTW^ m. kdvus, nm m. mumd.
Nitre,
^[ikT m. sora.
Node,
Tf\Z m. ghdnfh, T?r^T m. plmld.
Nostril,
Tf^^ m. nathnd.
Nux Vomica,
^'q^T m. hucJdd.
Oil,
^ m. feZ.
Ointment,
^ m. Zep, iftf'i m. marham.
Ophthalmia,
^^ ^T ^^ m. dnhh hd dard.
Opium,
^■qjiTfT f. aphyun.
VOCABULARY III.
117
Otitis, wm W\ ^^^ f. Jcdn hi pir.
Pain, ^f m. dardi ■q'^ f. pir.
Palate, ITTl^ m. tdlu.
Palm (of the hand), f^f^^ f. hathaU.
Palpitation, VTcF m. dharalc.
Palsy, ^^TTtt m. shUdng, ^yiT m. adhang.
Piles, blind, ^l^^ ^^TT^^T hddl hawdslr.
„ bloody, ^rf^ ^m^^ hhum hawdslr.
Pimple, "55^^ f. 2:>hunsiy t^T m. ddtid.
Pore, ^T'TaR'il m. Idmhupj HHlH m. masdm.
Potash, ^T^ m. khdr, -msft f^^i f. sajji mittl.
Poultice, ^*^^ f. loprl.
Pox, chicken-, jftfTfTT ^^TT^^ motiyd sitaU.^
„ cow-, Tftrf^T m. sUald.^
,, small-, ^^oF mm f. chachak mdtd.*
„ venereal, '^XKt f. gharml.^
Prickly heat, TjifiT'i" f . ghamaiirl.
Red-lead, ^??nc m. sandier.
Rheumatism, ^TTT ^T^ f. bdt bd^i.
Rib, "^^TITT:^ f. panjari.
Ringworm of the body, ^T^ m. ddd.
„ „ head, tt^T^T m. ganaj.
Rose-water, ^T^ m. guldh.
* Sitala, the goddess of small-pox, who is also named Mdtd^
" mother."
118
HINDI MANUAL.
Sal Ammoniac,
Salt,
Salts,
Sarsaparilla,
Scrofula,
Sea-sickness,
Senna leaves.
Shingles,
Shoulder,
„ -blade,
Side,
Sinew,
Skeleton,
Skin.
Skull,
Small-pox. See
Sole of the foot.
Sore,
„ -throat.
Spasm,
Spasmodic,
Spine,
Spit,
„ blood.
Spleen,
•rt^T^T m. naushddar,
f»TT«F m. nimak,
Tlt'^ m. sdnchar, fft^T m. non.
wr^^T m. sdlsd.
^^<*ii(?T m. Jmnthmdld, "5§TT m. ghur-
ghurd.
'^^^ f. ghumm.
^*Tr W^ m. saiid makhl.
^"SF ^T^ m. Icachh dad,
oFT'^T m. hdndlid.
4?fT m. pankhd,
MM^^ m. pdnjar.
VZT m. pathd.
ZTiX^ f. thathan,
'^JTTT m. chamrd,
?frtf^ f. hhoprh
Pox.
W^^T m. talu^d.
"m^ m. ghd^o.
T^ oFT ^ m. ^oZ A:rt Jarc^.
»?^^ m. mar or J $7 m. aintha.
^'^ cy«F^ maror lakah,
j^"^ m. r^r^.
TciRT tliuknd.
cj"^? ^ ^. ?o/iM thuk dend,
fq^ f. pila/t, fwwt f . ^t7Zf .
VOCABULARY III. 119
Sponge, ^5''5[C^'JT m. samundar-phen, ^^tfi»T
m. isfanj.
Sprain, IT^ m. maror, ift^ m. moch.
Squill, ^T^^ nr^TiT jangali piydj.
Straining (at stool), oiff^ m. honth.
Stye, ^^iT*T^TT^ f- anjanhdri.
Sugar, ^^^ f. chmi,
,, of lead, iT^ ifJi m. murd-sang.
Sulphate of copper, jfifxr m. tutiya.
„ iron, oTO^ m. hasts.
Sulphur, n^"^ m. gandhah.
Sweat, xj^^T m. pasind.
Syncope, 'J,^'^ ^' 'i^urchhd.
Syringe, fq'^cfrn:^ f . inchhdrl.
Tamarind, Kf{T^ ff^ m. tamar-i'Mndj ^^^ f.
imll.
Temple (of the head), oFrf^3^ f. Jcanpati.
Testis, ^5?^ m. and.
Thigh, iTt"^ m. jdngh, n«T m. ran.
Throat, Tt\^J m. gala.
Thumb, ^Jttt m. anguthd.
Toe, vn wi ^^^ f. ]pair M_ungU.
„ great, ^HTT m. anguthd.
Tongue, w\^ m. jlbh.
Tooth, ^nT m. danf.
„ -ache, ^^ "ql^T f. dant-pird.
120
HINDI MANUAL.
Trunk (body), 55^ m. loth.
„ (main blood-vessel), ^^ xj\ f. shah-rag.
Tumour, ir^jt m. phord.
Turmeric root, ^^^ f. haldl.
Turpentine, n^^Tl^T m. ganda-Uroj.
„ oil of, IRT^ w^ m. tar pan teL
Tympanum, ^^ ^t th;^? m. Idn hd 'pardd.
Ulcer, •TT^ m. ndsur.
Vein, »f^ f. nas.
Venereal, tt^^ f. gharmJ,
Verdigris, ^m m. jangdr, f^^ f. pitrdji.
Vinegar, f«T^ m. siralz.
Vitriol, id^j '^fhrr nlld thothd.
Vomiting, T^^T^ f. uhhd,l.
Waist, ?FHT m. kamar.
Wart, ^m m. masd.
Wax (bee's), *f^ m. mom.
Wen, J|<^J|r< m. gala-gand.
White-lead, ;ff^ m. saphedn.
Whitlow, T'I<JJ«I?I m. ungal-bard.
Womb, VIZ m, pet, T^R m. bachd-ddn.
Worms, "^^fT m. ke7ichwd, f%TT m. kird.
Wormwood, ^TH^TtT m. ndgddn.
Wound, TJT^ m. ghdyO,
Wrist, '^i^ m. pahunchd.
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