Inventorium sepulchrale: an account of some antiquities dug up at Gilton, Kingston, Sibertswold, Barfriston, Beakesbourne, Chartham, and Crundale, in the county of Kent, from A.D. 1757 to A.D. 1773

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INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE:

AN

ACCOUiXT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES

DUG UP AT

GILTON, KINGSTON, SIBERTSWOLD, BARFRISTON, BEAKESBOURNE,
CHARTHAM, AND CRUNDALE, IN THE COUNTY OF KENT,

FROM A.D. 1757 TO A.D. 1773,

Cftc Efb. Brgan ^nxi^mu

OF HEPPIKGTON.

EDITED.
FROM THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT IN THE POSSESSION OF JOSEPH MAYER, ESQ.

W3,it\) TSatcs anl EntrnBuctioit,

PY

CHARLES ROACH SMITH,

AUTHOR OF " COLLECTANEA ANTIQCA", ETl.

PRINTED FOR THE SUBSCRIBERS ONLY.

lONDON : M.DCCC.LVI.

LONDON:
T. RICHARDS, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET.

THE GETTY RESEAHCH

TO

JOSEPH MAYER, Esq,

F.S.A., RR.A.S., F.H.S.N.A , ETC.,
THIS VOLUME,

DESCRIPTIVE OF A LARGE AND IMPORTANT COLLECTION

NATIO^^AL ANTIQUITIES,

PEESEBVED BY HIS LIBERALITY AND PATRIOTIC FEELING
FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES,

AFTER BEING REJECTED BY THE GOVERNMEIST,

IS INSORIDED

WITH SINCEKE ESTEE3I AND FRIENDLY REGARD,

BY

THE EDITOR.

PREFACE.

THE Rev. Bryan Faussett wrote the first part of his Journal of Excavations, or
Inventorium Sejmlchrale, as he terms it, in the year 1757 ; and terminated it in the
year 1773, a little more than two years before his death, which happened early in
1776. Upwards of three-quarters of a century have passed away since he finished
the Excavations and the Journal ; and nearly a century has elapsed from the period
when he commenced them.

Last year, the manuscripts and the antiquities of which they are the history,
passed into the hands of Mr. Joseph Mayer of Liverpool, by purchase from the
executors of the Kev. Dr. Godfrey Faussett, the grandson of Bryan Faussett. Mr.
Mayer lost no time in arranging and throwing open to the public his important
acquisitions ; and he at once resolved on printing and illustrating the manuscripts
with as little delay as possible. He felt that such a course was due both to himself
and to the memory of Bryan Faussett : due to himself, because he wished to shew
that it was with no restrictive or selfish feeling he had purchased antiquities, which
the public voice and the opinion of our most eminent antiquaries had declared to
be of national importance ; and due to the memory of the long-departed discoverer,
because his Journal proves him to have been a pains-taking and a truth-loving
investigator, and a conscientious steward of the treasures he had brought to light.
No one who rer.ds his plain, clear, narrative of facts, daily recorded with cautious
attention to the most minute circumstances, can doubt but that, had his life been
spared, he would himself have published the result of his successful and praiseworthy

b

U PBEFACE.

labours. In default of this provision for his own fame, the manuscript account of
his discoveries is a fortunate legacy for us, who, by Mr. Mayer's liberality, inherit
its advantages : at the same time it enables us to give Mr. Faussett credit and
honour, and to place his name and deeds properly before the world. But the vicissi-
tudes to which even valuable writings are exposed, after the death of the author,
are exemplified in the present instance, and shew that the ready services of the
printing-press, the vates sacer of the man who has earned a reputation, cannot be
dispensed with, without injury to the memory of the departed.

As the researches of the Rev. Bryan Faussett are now for the first time laid
before the antiquarian world, I have considered it one of my duties as editor, to
attempt to gratify that proper and laudable curiosity which always prompts the
reader to wish to know something of the author whose work is before him. His
great-grandson, Mr. Thomas Godfrey Faussett, has supplied some particulars,
which will be found in the Appendix, No. 1, and will be read with interest. To
these I have added (Nos. 2 to 7) from Nichols's Illustrations of the Literary History
of the Eighteenth Century, a few letters, six of Avhich shew Mr. Faussett to have
been an intimate friend and correspondent of the well-known Dr. Ducarel, and
afford some few details of biographical interest. No. 4 is pleasingly indicative of a
kind and sensitive heart, such as the family traditions have assigned him. That he
was a worthy and estimable man cannot be doubted ; and of this, perhaps, the best
evidence appears in Dr. Beauvoir's letter to Archbishop Wake (No. 8). When an
unscrupulous enemy can bring no charge against a man more serious than that
alluded to, we may decide that his character stands free from deserved reproach.

The letters of Douglas, selected from a considerable number in the possession
of Mr. Mayer, are introduced as bearing on the history of Mr. Faussett's antiquities
after his death. It does not appear who the individual was that wished to purchase
them, through Douglas. In one of the unprinted letters it is said that the negotiator
was not Sir Ashton Lever, with whom Douglas was acquainted, and who, about
the time he first made the proposal, projected a visit to Heppington in company

PREFACE. Ill

with him. What would have been the ultimate destiny of the collection had Mr.
H. G. Faussett parted with it, it is impossible to say ; but it is probable that,
in the course of a short time, it would have been subjected to the common fate of
such gatherings, as described by Douglas in his letter, No. 11.

It was never before very clear to what extent the author of the Nenia Brifannica
was enabled to make use of the materials in the collection at Heiipington. He
selected, it seems, what he considered more immediately necessary for his work ; and
either he himself made the drawings, or he was supplied with them by Mr. H. G.
Faussett ; but the manuscripts were not accessible to him. It is not improbable
that Mr. H. G. Faussett had some notion of publishing them (see Appendix, No. 14) ;
particularly as there are, among the papers in Mr. Mayer's possession, outline
sketches of most of the antiquities, grouped, apparently, with a view of arranging
them for engraving. The last letter of Douglas (No. 1.5) shows that he, at least,
had not abandoned the idea of relieving the collection, in some way, from its
obscurity at Heppington.

A lapse of neai'ly half a century now occurs. In this long space of time I
have noticed no printed mention of the collection ; and I believe its very existence
was little known beyond the family circle and immediate friends. Indeed, I was
given to understand by the late Rev. Dr. Faussett when I first examined it, that he
suspected I was the first person who, for a period of nearly forty years, had inspected
it critically, or with a purely antiquarian object. My acquaintance witli it com-
menced suddenly, and in a very informal manner.

Some twelve years ago, or upwards, I had commenced a walk from Canterbury
along the Roman road, called Stone Sti'eet, to Lymne, my first visit to that district.
My path lay by Heppington, which I knew only as the residence of the Rev. Dr.
Faussett, the inheritor of a valuable collection of local antiquities, excavated by
his ancestor, Bryan Faussett. I had not premeditated making a call : I had no
introduction ; and, moreover, had understood that the antiquities were not very

IV PEEFACE.

accessible. With these reflections I had passed the turning that led to the house ;
but, unwilling to be in the immediate neighbourhood without ascertaining some-
thing satisfactory respecting the collection, I retraced my steps, called at the house,
and introduced myself and the object of my visit to the owner. I was received
with every civility ; and, as circumstances were not, at that moment, convenient
for an inspection of the treasure- chamber, it was agreed upon, that, in the year
following, I should pay Heppington a special visit, to see and examine what I was
anxious to look upon. The engagement was faithfully kept on both sides ; and
then, and on all subsequent visits, I received from Dr. Faussett and the family a
courteous and friendly reception. It was at my request, and under a regulation
suggested by me, that the British Archaeological Association, at its first public
meeting, was received at Heppington and permitted access to antiquarian riches,
which many of the neighbouring friends of the owner had probably never before
seen ; and it is also probable, had never before heard of. It is not, however, to be
at all inferred, that Dr. Faussett was insensible to the peculiar importance of the
Saxon antiquities. On the contrary, he was justly proud of his collection, and
prized it highly ; though his professional duties afforded him little opportunity of
developing the antiquarian taste which he inherited from his father and grandfather
(see Appendix, No. 1, p. 206); and when, at last, he foresaw that family considera-
tions would render the sale of the collection desirable. Dr. Faussett, in saving it
from public auction (the common grave of antiquarian gatherings), could have evinced
in no better way his regard for the labours and the memory of his grandfather.

This visit was productive of something more than the rational but fleeting
pleasure that usually attends such superficial and cursory examinations of anti-
quities : it served to bring several students of archseology into connection with
a mass of materials of a peculiar class hitherto but little known or studied ;
and as attention was then being seriously directed to Anglo-Saxon antiquities,
particularly from the researches in this neighbourhood by Lord Albert Conyngham
(now Lord Londesborough), numerous objects for comparison were timely afforded,
to those capable of appreciating their affinity, by this agreeable excursion to

PREFACE. V

Heppington. A vote of thanks was publicly accorded to Dr. Faussett [Appendix,
No. 16} for his reception of the visitors, and for offering to aid in publishing his
grandfather's manuscripts, should the Association feel disposed to undertake
the task.

I conclude from our private correspondence, not very long anterior to his death,
that Dr. Faussett had considered it was his duty to make some arrangement for
the disposal of the collection, consistent with the preservation of its integrity,
and the interests of his family ; and to these ends our correspondence tended.
After his decease, I was consulted on the same subject by his acting executor ; and
this brings us to the crisis in the fate of the collection, which ended in the
removing of it from Heppington to Liverpool.

Although I could not be ignorant of the indifference with which our national
antiquities have been and are regarded by the Government, I thought it possible
that what could not be looked for from good taste, or from patriotism, might be
conceded to dictation or to interest ; and I advised that the collection should be offered
to the Nation, through the Trustees of the British Museum. This was done ; and an
extremely moderate sum was asked. To any private individual the price proposed
would have been moderate ; so much so, that no less than three persons were Avilling
to purchase in the event of the Trustees declining, — a contingency not calculated on.
The Trustees, however, did refuse the offer. The leading metropolitan antiquarian
societies now came forward, to back the recommendation of the officers of the
department of antiquities in the British Museum : Mr. Wylie offered to present to
the Nation, free of any cost, the valuable Saxon antiquities discovered by him at
Fairford, in Gloucestershire, provided the Faussett collection were secured in the
British Museum ; and Dr. Faussett's executors extended the time afforded for the
consideration and decision of the Trustees over several months. But it was said,
" the Trustees were not to be persuaded"; " the Trustees were not to be compelled";
and " the Trustees were not to be dictated to"; and the Nation, consequently, was
not to possess a most extraordinary collection of the rarest monuments, which is

yy PREFACE.

in every point of view truly valuable, and which, as purely national remains of
historical importance may be considered priceless. Mr. Wylie's antiquities were,
as a matter of course, also lost to the Nation. The particulars of this exposure of
the lamentable construction of the Board of Trustees are sufficiently public ; but
the responsibility must rest with the Government; and be reckoned among the
numerous inconsistencies and deficiencies which it has manifested, and for which it
will have to answer to all who desire to see our country respected and honoured.
AVhen our Government shall be composed of statesmen instead of placemen ; of
men who look to the credit, the prosperity, and the glory of the country, more than
to the maintenance of themselves in power, and their connexions in places and in
pensions ; then, and then only, may it be expected that our national antiquities will
be cared for and protected ; and that, at the same time, the ancient national
literature will be appreciated and its students encouraged.

It is fortunate for the country at large, that the Faussett collection did not share
the fate of other antiquities rejected by the Trustees of the British Museum, and
become lost to us, either by transportation to a foreign country, or by dispersion by
public auction. And it is still more fortunate that it has passed into the hands of a
gentleman who appreciates its historical and national importance. To him the
Nation is deeply indebted for his liberality and patriotic feeling; first, for doing
what the Government failed to do ; and, secondly, for ordering the manuscripts to be
printed, and illustrated in such a manner, that the antiquarian world may enjoy the
fruits of his liberality. Had the Government been induced to accept the offer made
by Dr. Faussett's executors, the manuscripts would probably have remained a sealed
book to the public ; and thus the praise awarded to a private individual, for the
prompt and full performance of a spontaneous act of great public utility, conveys at
the same time a further censure to the Government.

In preparing the manuscripts for the press, I have judged it best to print them
precisely as they stood ; preserving the general arrangement and even the orthography
as much as possible. As the great value of the Inventorium Sepulchrale depends

PREFACE. vii

wholly upon the numerous facts Avhich it contains, it is right those facts should be
set before the reader just as they have descended to us. It may be considered by
some, that there is frequently an unnecessary attention to details of no interest, and
of no archaeological weight ; and that portions might have been abridged. Had Mr.
Faussett himself published his researches, it is probable, he would have condensed
some parts of his minute descriptions. But I felt, that in order to preserve the
complete impress of their authenticity and fidelity, it would have been wrong either
to have omitted any portion of the text, or to have deprived the work of any of its
original features. While, however, I have expunged nothing from the text, I
have used my own judgment with respect to the notes and references. AVherever
I found that they were based on mistaken views ; that what was meant to illus-
trate had an opposite tendency ; or that no light was thrown upon the subject
matter by annotations, I considered it a duty to omit them. In order to give every
prominence to the Anglo-Saxon antiquities, which constitute the bulk of the volume
and the chief value of the work, I have transposed the Crundale division, which
relates mainly to Roman remains, from its chronological precedence, and placed it last.

The arrangement of the Index I hope will be found of use to the antiquary.
By giving it in divisions, a tolerably correct view may be obtained of the general
contents of the graves, and of the relative proportion of the various objects found in
them. But it must be understood that, in some respects, this cannot be very correct.
Many of the remains in iron have totally perished ; and it is only when the measure
is stated, that we sometimes know what the spears and some other weapons really
were. It must be understood, also, that when Mr. Faussett uses the word jnla, he
means darts ; and not the heavy long spears which the word properly implies.
Under the term Jiastcc, he includes all spears of the larger kinds. The archaeologist
will, however, be able to judge for himself; and for exact purposes he will never use
the Index without comparing it with the text and the notes at the foot of the pages.
When women's and children's graves are indexed, it must be considered, that only
those are signified which were palpably to be recognised as such ; and that the
remaining larger number are not to be considered wholly as those of men.

VIU PEEFACE.

The plates have also an Index ; so that, with trifling trouble, the figures in each
plate can be collated with the descriptive text. At the same time, in the text,
where woodcuts are not used, reference is made to the plates. This plan, after due
consideration, was adopted as being the least open to objection and difficulty.

Charles Roach Smith.

5, Liverpool Street, City.

December 29tli, 1855.

INTRODUCTION.

THE real value of antiquities should be determined by the extent to which they
are capable of being applied towards illustrating history. The farther they are
removed from the probability of throwing some faint light on the state of man
in past ages, the more they become depreciated for all useful purposes ; but in
proportion as they serve to supply greater evidence on the manners or on the arts
of the ancients, so must they rise in the estimation of all whose education has
directed them to engage in a comprehensive examination of the past. It is no
longer necessary to make an apology for the study of antiquities when undertaken
in such a spirit ; defence or excuse is to be made by those who deny its utility,
or who undervalue it ; for every man is now expected to be educated ; and he who
is ignorant of his antecedents, whatever may be his worldly condition, cannot be
called properly educated. The English archaeologist can select no worthier course
of study than that which directs him to the history of those from Avhom he inherits
not only his material existence and the language he speaks, but also many of the
civil and political institutions under which he lives in freedom, and surrounded with
advantages and privileges unknown to many nations and countries. Nothing that
relates to the knowledge of the human race, can, indeed, be unworthy the considera-
tion of man ; and the antiquities of all parts of the globe claim, more or less, to be
understood and brought to bear upon historical evidence in every possible way.
But those of our own land appeal first to our regard and challenge our sympathy,
because they once belonged to those from whom we spring ; and because they teach
us something, at least, of the habits, customs, and arts of our forefathers. The
colossal wonders and hieroglyphic literature of Egypt ; the monuments of Nineveh
and Babylon ; the architecture and sculpture of Greece and Eome, and all the
various artistic productions of classical antiquity, are not to be the less appreciated,

c

X INTRODUCTION.

because we look to our uative country first, and contemplate the remains of those
who bequeathed to us our island home, and with it, laws and institutions which
have founded or regulated our manners and our national character.

It need never be apprehended, that where, as in this country, refinement of
taste and a sound system of education prevail, classical antiquities will ever be
neglected, or be in danger of being superseded ; it would be as unreasonable to
dread such a result as to fear a decadence of esteem for the noble literature of
Greece and Rome. Yet not only does the Government begin with gathering the
monuments, ancient and modern, of all foreign countries, but it ends there also.
Our national antiquities are not even made subservient and placed in the lowest
grade ; they are altogether unrecognized and ignored ; and that, too, with an
English metropolitan museum, surrounded by an English population, and paid for,
with no stinted liberality, by English money. When those Avho are not ashamed
of their parentage ; whose patriotism is not ostentatious but deep ; who do not
reverence their country less because they know it more : — when those persons
expostulate, and protest against this repudiation of National Antiquities, they are
answered by some dogma about " fine art", and by unphilosophical axioms of mere
dilettanteism. The same spirit, applied to literature, would exclude Beowulf and
Bede, because they are not the Iliad and Tacitus. But in spite of an unfostering
and undiscerning Government, England has produced scholars worthy of her ancient
literature and students devoted to her antiquities.

If there be an epoch in the early history of our country which, above all,
excites the curiosity and rouses the interest, it will probably be acknowledged by
all historical inquirers to be that period which intervenes between the withdrawal
of the lights supplied by the Roman wa-iters and the evidence afforded by the Saxon
historians. The great events (for great they must have been, though we cannot
pictui'e, but in the imagination, even the outlines of their forms), accompanying the
relaxation of the grasp of imperial Rome, wdiich, for centuries, held Britain in
subjugation, would have furnished stirring themes to a Tacitus and a Marcellinus ;
or even to the most feeble pen of the lowest writers whose names are written on the
roll of fame ; had not inexorable fate decreed otherwise, and deprived those times of
a chronicler. For that epoch of transitions, the steady torch of history burns no
longer ; and the glimmerings which, here and there, supply its place, are like the
flashes of lightning to the benighted and road-lost wanderer, which reveal more
sensibly the gloom around him, without directing his footsteps.

INTRODUCTION. xi

When the light of history dawns again upon the mysterious drama, it is fitful
and uncertain ; but when the curtain, or shroud rather, is raised, we see upon the
stage a mighty change. A new people has occupied the land ; and the inauguration
of new governments, soon to merge into one great and lasting kingdom, has com-
menced. These new possessors of Eoman Britain were not, in earlier days, unknown
to history. They had, long before, explored the coasts of Gaul and Britain : — 2)er
tractum Belgicce et Armoricce pacandum mare accejnsset, (Carausius) quod Franci et
Saxones infestahant, says Eutropius, lib. ix, cap. xxi; and Ammianus Marcellinus
describes, more circumstantially, their growing power in the reign of Valentinian
and Valens, which caused greater apprehension to the declining empire than the
hostile incursions of any other enemy : prce cceteris hostibus Saxones timentur. They
are represented to us as pirates by sea and invaders by land ; yielding up their
young warriors, when conquered, to serve as auxiharies in the Roman armies ; and
we find a long line of maritime district, both in Gaul and in Britain, actually taking
its appellation from their descents and invasions as enemies, or, as some suppose,
from their visits as friends or as traffickers ; and once, at least, we find a body of
them located in Britain, and siding with the provincial against the imperial army.
These were the people whom we now recognize seated in security upon the shores of
Britain : in one view, we see them, as warlike adventurers, breaking in upon the
Roman provinces in all directions ; in another, as conquerors, with laws of their own
and all the elements of civilization. But of the precise time when the great advent
commenced, how continued, and when completed, the traditions, which under the
name of history have descended to us, leave us in doubt.

The date assigned by this history to the first coming of the Saxons, after the
final departure of the Romans, is the middle of the fifth century. They landed on
the Isle of Thanet ; and, shortly after, established themselves in Kent and became
a kingdom. Within thirty years, anotlior body of Saxons settled upon the south
coast of Britain, taking possession of the tract now called Sussex, or the South
Saxons. At the beginning of the sixth century, a third detachment from the same
Germanic family landed further westward, and founded the kingdom of the West
Saxons, in which was included the Isle of Wight. From the same source which
supplies the brief notices of these events we learn, that towards the middle of the
sixth century were formed the states of the East and Middle Saxons in the districts
which, in consequence, took the names of Essex and Middlesex. We also gather
that the Angles who settled in the east and north-east of Britain, and in the interior

Xll INTKODUCTION.

parts, probably made their first descents towards the middle of the sixth century ;
so that the kingdoms known as those of the East Angles (Norfolk, Suffolk, and
Cambridgeshire), the Midland Angles, the Northumbrians (from the Humber north-
wards), and Mercia (on the borders of Wales), appear not to have been definitely
settled until at least a century after the landing of the Saxons in Kent, in a.d. 449.
Vague and unsatisfactory as are most of the details of Saxon history, the gradual
subjugation of Britain by successive immigrations of Teutonic tribes, may, at least,
be accepted as the most reconcileable with reason ; and there seems nothing very
repugnant to the more rigid rules of criticism to regard these tribes under their
historic designation of Jutes, Saxons, and Angles ; and, further, to believe that at
least a century was required to transform Britain, after the Romans, into a heptarchy
of Teutonic kingdoms.

Testing our Saxon antiquities Avith reference to the usually received clironology
of the advent and settlement in Britain of the Teutonic tribes, it will be no unim-
portant result should they be in accordance with accepted historical facts. They
will be invested with novel and higher interest, if they should be found to carry in
their form and character certain peculiarities which suggest earlier and later dates,
and a diversity of parentage : for instance, if in the remains of the Kentish Saxons,
such as are described in this volvime, and in those of the Isle of Wight, we may
recognize, from close resemblance to each other, the weapons, the ornaments, and
the domestic implements of the Jutes : if in the cemeteries of Cambridgeshire,
Suffolk, and Norfolk, we may, in like manner, identify the funeral usages of the
Angles ; and in remains found in the midland and western districts, see still different
peculiarities, but which point to a kindred origin. It is not improbable that discoveries
may enable us to resuscitate, as it were, our remote predecessors ; to restore to those of
the various Saxon kingdoms the very objects which accompanied them when living ;
to the men their weapons ; to the women their peculiar jewellery, and those more
humble and homely objects, which we may look upon as emblems of their domestic
virtues. It is not a slight analogy in some instances only that will establish this
theory ; it must spring from the remains themselves, and be palpable and convincing,
or it must be rejected.

Bearing in mind this chronological order of the settlement of the Saxons in
Britain, and the modifications which a century, or even a half-century, would make
in fashion and customs ; considering also, that though called by the general term
Saxons, and belonging to one and the same family, the settlers in Britain were of

INTRODUCTION.

XIU

cliiFercnt nations or tribes whose habits and usages would be generally alike ; but at
the same time varying in some points, in the same manner as, at the present day, a
Yorkshireman differs from a native of Hampshire, or a Kentish peasant from a
Lancashire labourer : — bearing these facts in mind, it is not surprising that we
notice also in the remains from various districts general features of identity, com-
bined with certain dissimilitudes, so marked, as to warrant our classifying such
remains as characteristic of distinct peoples and of distinct localities. If the
materials which are already here collected shall not be considered too scanty for
the foundation of a theory (and it must be owned we are but scantily supplied with
authenticated facts from many parts of England), they certainly do afford indications
which coincide, as I have hinted, with historical testimony. Thus, in Kent, one of
the most conspicuous features in the Saxon sepulchral remains is the richly orna-
mented circular fibuliB. These are sparingly found beyond the district occupied
by the earliest Saxon settlers. When they do occur, here and there, they are
exceptions ; but throughout the county of Kent, it would be a rare occurrence to
discover a Saxon funereal deposit without an example of this elegant and peculiar
ornament. In Suffolk, in Norfolk, in Cambridgeshire, in Northamptonshire, in

Large flbuk, from Suffolk.
Length, G implies.

Small fibula, from Suffolk.
Length, 4 inches.

Large fibula, Cambritlgeshire.
Length, 5^ inches.

Leicestershire, and further north, these circular fibulae do but casually appear ; but
others of a totally distinct character abound. I was struck, many years since, with
this remarkable fact, in examining the museums in Suffolk, after having inspected

XIV

INTEODUCTION.

those of Kent. In Berkshire, Oxfordshire, and Gloucestershire, are found saucer-shaped
fibulae unlike either of these two classes, and forming a third variety. In Suffolk, in

Cambridgeshire, in Leicestershire, and in
other parts, have been repeatedly found
metal implements or ornaments, which I
have designated by the modern name of
chatellcdne, to give some notion of their
form and use, in the absence of engrav-
ings. These remarkable objects in no
instance, as far as I am aware, have been

2J inches diameter. If inch diameter.

Fibula* (incuse) from Gloucestershire.

found in Kent ; but others of a very different fashion, and of

more elegant workmanship, from the Kentish graves, will, for

the first time, be exhibited in this volume. In a grave on

Barham Downs, some of the earliest Saxon coins (sceats) have

been found. On the site of a Saxon cemetery at Southampton,

similar coins have been picked up ; but I am aware of no such

discovery in any other Saxon burial place. No work of art

is more significant of civilization than coins ; and although

the sceais would shock the connoisseur who sees only through

the medium of what is called " high art", yet historical

inquirers see in them the establishment of a monetary system

founded upon the Roman ; and do not reject this evidence

because the dies were rudely executed. The contents of the

Chessell Down cemetery, in the Isle of Wight, have some

very striking points of resemblance to those of the Saxon graves in Kent ; while,

on the contrary, they have only a general resemblance to the remains found in

Cambridgeshire, in Suffolk, and in the northern and midland counties.

In the urns and earthen vessels which usually accompany Saxon interments,
we shall find a still more decided line of demarcation between the Kentish graves
and those in other counties. The jjottcry of the ancients is of usual occurrence in
sepulchral deposits, and so varying in relation to epochs and manufacture, that,
next to coins, it is often the best guide of tlie practised archaeologist. In the
various specimens engraved in this volume, there will be noticed such a striking
uniformity in shape and in ornamentation, as to leave no doubt of their having been
manufactured by one and the same people, and probably during a period of time of

Entire length, seven inches.

Girdle-hangers,

Little Wilbraliam, Cambridgeshire.

INTROCrCTlON.

XV

no very extended range. If we refer to the many engraved examples of the urns
found near Derby, at Nottuigham, in Bedfordshh-e, in Norfolk, in Cambridge-
shire, and in Yorkshire, we cannot fail to perceive a
strong general resemblance between all of them ; and,
at the same time, so great a discordance with those of
Kent, that no one would imagine any connection between
them. Of the mortuary urns of Sussex and Hampshire,
I have only seen a few examples, which incline to the
majority rather than to those of Kent. There is an
individuality in the vessels from Kent which indicates
an influence of a separate and distinct kind. And here
we enter upon a subject which has already excited

Kintjstdn, Dear Derby.

Cestersover, Warwickshire.

IMarston Hill, Northamptonshire.

Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire.

attention, and which will admit of further discussion. The pottery of the cemeteries
in tlie various counties above-mentioned consists chiefly of urns containing burnt
human bones, vestiges of the ancient pagan practice of burning the body after death.
In some of the cemeteries where these urns are found, as in those at Derby, Newark,
and Norfolk, no skeletons Avith weapons have been noticed ; but in that of Little
Wilbraham, in Cambridgeshire, skeletons with Aveapons, and urns with burnt bones,
have been discovered in juxtaposition. In other Saxon burial places, as, for
instance, that at Chessell, in the Isle of "Wight, only a very few of such urns, or
even a solitary example, have been noticed. It is one of the chief points of interest
in the Journal of the Rev. Bryan Faussett, tliat it gives us so many facts for
comparison ; and in relation to the practices of cremation and the burial of the
body, as they would appear to have co-existed, the evidence it afl"ords is very
important. It appears, then, that the Kentish cemeteries investigated by Faussett
do not present a single instance of an original deposit containing an urn with burnt
bones in or about the graves. He, indeed, found a few instances of broken urns

XVI INTRODUCTION.

with bones ; but these, he emphatically asserts, were the tUhrls of interments of an
anterior date. He states that the sherds were placed carefully one within the
other ; and his remarks on Dr. Mortimer's discoveries of bone-urns are to the same
purpose. In other cemeteries in the county of Kent, which have been excavated in
more recent times, I am not aware of any urns analogous to those of Derby, Newark,
Little Wilbraham, and other places north of the Thames, having been discovered :
at the same time we must recollect how few have been properly examined.

The question that now naturally arises is, are these mortuary urns really
Saxon ■? If they are, why are they not found in Kent, where the Saxons are sup-
posed to have established themselves long anterior to the settlement of the Angles in
the east and midland parts of Britain ■? When, some few years since, I pronounced
this class of urns to be Saxon, I did not do so without taking into consideration
the important fact of their always containing the evidences of cremation, and
the endurance of old customs and practices with one race, which Avith a kindred
people in the same country might have become obsolete : many circumstances
coincided to shew their distinct character from the Roman urns, and, at the same
time, to suggest their appropriation to a period closely following the late Romano-
British epoch. But a question may arise, as to whether these urns do not belong
to the population which immediately intervened between the departure of the
Romans and the coming of the Saxons, grounding the question upon historical
data for the successive settlements of Teutonic races in Britain, and the lapse of
considerable time between the conquest of Kent and that of the interior parts of the
country. Under this view of the case, it is just a question if, after all, these urns
might not be assigned to the latest Romano- British population. In the museum of
Mr. Mayer, there is a cinerary urn (originally, I suspect, from Norfolk), which we
should at once have called Saxon, did it not bear upon it, incised with a pointed
instrument, a Roman funereal inscription. There appears no doubt of the antiquity
of the inscription, which is written in the simplest and most common Roman formula ;
and it might be cited in favour of the hypothesis suggested above, were it advanced
arbitrarily or after matured consideration.

The learned author of the Saxons in England, in a paper on burial and crema-
tion, recently read before the Archaeological Institute, has contributed among much
important information, which must receive the best attention of the archaeologist,
some facts which bear especially on the practice of cremation among the Saxons.
They are supplied, too, from the author's own researches in the very quarter from

INTRODUCTION. XVU

Avhence authenticated facts were needed and called for ; namely, from districts in
Germany, the cradle of our Saxon forefathers. Referring to the mortuary urns now
usually considered as Saxon, Mr. Kemble states as follows : " Urns of precisely
similar form, and with exactly the same peculiarities, have been discovered in
Jutland and parts of Friesland, on the borders of the Elbe, in Westphalia, in
Thuringia, in parts of Saxony, in the duchies of Bremen and Verden, the county of
Hoya, and other districts on the Weser : in short, in many parts of Germany east of
the Ehine, west of the upper Elbe and Saale, and north of the Main. They have,
therefore, been found in countries which were occupied by the forefathers of the
Anglo-Saxons. In all these localities we find a great preponderance of cremation ;
in a few, both modes practised, but in a great majority of instances cremation only."
The remarkable fact that skeletons are so raie in those parts, Mr. Kemble explains
by the prevalence of cremation originally among all the Teutonic races, and by the
abandonment of the rite as Christianity gained ground. On the present occasion, T
can do little more than direct attention to this elaborate and interesting paper, and
]-ecord the author's conclusions, which are, that " contemporaneous or not, on the
same spot or not, the urn-burials are Pagan ; the burials without cremation, in
England, are Christian. If there be any equivocation in the matter, it lies the other
way : a few half-converted Christians may for a while have clung to the rite of
burning ; but I do not believe any Pagan Saxons to have buried without it."

The Franks, who stand in relation to France as the Saxons to England, and who,
in the later days of the Eoman empire, we often find in history associated with the
Saxons, have been equally identified in their graves in Germany and in France ; but,
it may be remarked, not until within a very recent period.
The relics of their sepulchral usages bear close affinity to
those of the Saxons, particularly some of the weapons ;
Avhile, at the same time, in the ornaments and other objects
there are characteristics which serve to distinguish the
Prankish from the Saxon. The pottery, perhaps, affords
the most striking points of dissemblance, as the annexed
type from a cemetery near Dieppe will exemplify. One
or two analogies will be given further on ; but little more

-, . Height 4 inches : slate colour

on trie present occasion can be done, than to refer to the Fmukish um.

best illustrated works, mentioned at the close of this Introduction ; whicli, it must
be borne in mind, is specifically addressed to the Kentish Saxon antiquities.

d

XVIU INTRODUCTION.

Before the time of Douglas, it does not appear that anybody had at all under-
stood, or even suspected, the existence of our Saxon sepulchral antiquities. To be
convinced of this, it will only be necessary to turn to the chief antiquarian publica-
tions of the last century. It was, unfortunately, too much the fashion to regard the
remains of ancient art merely as rarities, to be collected as the costly or uncommon
productions of nature were sought for ; and thus nearly all the old museums were
filled with what were termed " wonders of art and nature". These indiscriminate
gatherings were often higlily prized and valued ; but it was their rarity which
constituted their chief charms, not their adaptation to historical uses. The owners,
it is true, were often men of learning and sense ; and frequently endeavoured to turn
their antiquities to scientific account ; but wanting the knowledge to discriminate
between objects of very different epochs and peoples, they formed, from the absence
of this peculiar knowledge, most erroneous opinions and theories.

The Rev. Bryan Faussett could not well avoid detecting the unsound deductions
of Dr. Mortimer, who considered the remains found in the graves upon Chartham
Down as those of Romans under Julius Caesar, He had Avorked too carefully and
reasoned too acutely to be seduced into any wild conclusions. He had amended his
earlier opinions, as fresh evidence appeared ; and he approached very closely to a
correct comprehension of the character and epoch of the remains he discovered. But,
although he evidently had imbibed an early taste for antiquarian researches, yet he
never had opportunities of investigating much beyond certain districts in Kent,
which afforded him materials of one class of antiquities only. Had he been previ-
ously acquainted Avith the characteristics of Roman and Romano-British remains, he
would probably have at once surmised that the weapons, the implements, and the
ornaments, unaccompanied by indications of contemporary cremation, must have
belonged to a time subsequent to that to which he referred them. The coins of
Justinian (Gilton, No. 41), and those of the Merovingian period (Sibertswold, No.
172), might have guided him further and to sounder conclusions, had he thought of
exercising upon them the patient inquiry he bestowed so freely on matters of less
consequence. The importance of coins, the inscriptions or characters u^ion which
are the best chronological indicators, was felt and appreciated by Douglas, who
followed Faussett in the same field of research. They Avere to him a key to unlock
the difficulty ; and he applied it judiciously and Avith success.

Douglas explored a considerable number of barrows upon Chatham DoAvn, a
group in Green Avich Park, and a few at Ash and at St. Margaret's on the Cliff, near

INTEODTJCTION. XIX

Dover. He also had the advantage of seeing the collection made by Bryan Faussctt,
and of obtaining particulars relating to the discovery of portions of it. Moreover,
he extended his investigations to other parts of England, and even to the Continent.
No one could see more clearly than Douglas the mistakes made by his predecessors
and contemporaries ; and though his work, the Nenia Britannica, is not free from
errors, it is, in the main, written in a sound logical spirit, and with a clear percep-
tion of the points of dissemblance between the different classes of antiquities on
which he treats. He has correctly appropriated the Saxon remains to their right
owners ; but his opinions on the magical uses of many of the objects that were
placed in the graves, and on the general Christian character of the sepultures, are
open, at least, to question.

The more recent researches made in the county of Kent are mostly referred
to in the notes appended to the Inventorium ; and, to aid the student, a list of them
will be given at the close of this Introduction. The chief localities are Bourne
Park, Kingston Down, Breach Downs, AVingham, Sittingbourne, Stowting, and
Osengal. Casual discoveries have also been made at AVodensborough, Coombe,
Gilton, Copstreet near Goldstone (opposite Richborough, to the west), Minster,
Mersham, Hythe, Ashford, and other places.

It is not requisite, on the present occasion, to give the details which these
discoveries have furnished, especially as the more important are recorded in accessible
publications. But it is necessary to remark that they are of much archaeological
value in affording facts for comparison, the great ground-work for all sound theories.
They are all, more or less, confirmatory of the opinions which may be formed from
the numerous facts now before us. The practices and usages observed in the
sepultures are so identical ; the remains themselves so similar, that their common
parentage and close approximation in point of date, are obvious. We may daily
look for additional evidence ; and hope that it may be given by the hand and pen of
careful discriminators ; for the spade and pick-axe in undiscerning hands confound
the fragile relics of the grave, and annihilate what time may have spared, it may
have been, for some more tender hand and practised eye to restore in the alembic
of science. In the words of Douglas, " confusion lies under the stroke ; and little
correct information can be selected by the antiquary when the ignorant labourer
is made the voucher for the veracity of past ages."

It is to be feared that most of the antiquities, obtained from the casual dis-
coveries alluded to above, are either utterly lost, or scattered about in inaccessible

XX INTKODUCTIO?r.

places, separated, probably, from the evidence that once served to identify and
authenticate them : there is no doubt that some of them, after serving as " nine-days'
wonders", have been destroyed. The collection of Douglas has passed— not wholly,
unfortunately — into the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford. Mr. Rolfe has inherited
part of that which belonged to his grandfather, Boys, the historian of Sandwich :
this is preserved at Sandwich, with, the remains found at Osengal, and elsewhere
in the neighbourhood. The Saxon antiquities from Breach Downs, Bourne Park,
and Wingham, have found a safe asylum in the museum of Lord Londesborough.
We proceed now to the Faussett collection.

PEKSONAL ORNAMENTS.

PLATES I TO XII.

Fibulce. — Among the decorations of the person, forming so large a division
of this collection, those which from their pre-eminence in workmanship and in
material we place first, are the circular fibula; or brooches : plates i, ii, iii.

When we contemplate these beautiful productions of the goldsmith's art, we
cannot but seriously review our early opinions on the social condition of the Saxons
who settled in Britain, particularly in that part of it which comprised the ancient
Cantium. The general impression they produce is that of surprise and astonishment ;
for the popular notions of the condition of the early Anglo-Saxons, as regards their
refinement, are very vague and undefined. The common training of our schools
teaches but little of our Saxon forefathers ; and that little is not calculated to give
a very exalted idea of them under any aspect, except that of bold, daring, and rude
warriors and adventurers; pirates upon the sea, and fierce exterminators upon
the land. Picturing the first Saxon settlers from common sources of instruction,
they appear as barbarians, with sword, spear, and fire, slaughtering the conquered and
destroying the villas and cities. With such a condition, the elegancies of civilized
life are rather irreconcilable. Therefore such works of art, so ingeniously and
tastefully constructed and bespeaking skill of a high order, and an intimate ac-
quaintance with several arts and manipulatory processes, involving knowledge and
appliances not at all compatible with a state of barbarism, naturally excite surprise
in the wide class alluded to. At the same time, the eye familiar with the more
delicate goldsmith's work of the ancients is struck with the tasteful designs of these
fibulse. the harmonious blendings of the colours, and the good workmanship : neither

INTKODUCTION. XXI

does the modern goldsmith disdain to acknowledge their beauty, and to admit their
rivalship with the best prodnctions of the jeweller of the present day. Mr. Fairholt's
coloured engravings afford means of estimating their character and rich effect, which
no written description could give : they, indeed, almost render it superfluous.

Tlie Kingston fibula (pi. 1, and pp. 77-78) is in every respect unique, whether
Ave regard the material, the elaborate manipulation bestowed upon it, chaste yet
complicated design, or good preservation. It stands at the head of a class, by no
means extensive, characterized by being formed of separate plates of metal enclosed
by a band round the edges. The shell of this extraordinary brooch is entirely
of gold. The upper surface is divided into no less than seven compartments,
subdivided into cells of various forms. Those of the first and fifth are semicircles,
with a peculiar graduated figure somewhat resembling the steps or base of a cross,
which also occurs in all tlie compartments, and in four circles, placed crosswise, with
triangles. The cells within this step-like figure, and the triangular, are filled with
turquoises ; the remaining cells of the various compartments with garnets laid upon
goldfoil ; except the sixth, which forms an umbo, and bosses in the circles, which
are composed apparently of mother-of-pearl. The second and fourth compartments
contain vermicular gold chain-work, neatly milled and attached to the ground of the
plate. The reverse of the fibula is also richly decorated. The vertical hinge of the
acus is ornamented with a cross set with stones, and with filigree work round its
base. The clasp which receives the point of the acus is formed to represent a
serpent's head, the eyes and nostrils of which, and the bending of the neck, are
marked in filigree. This precious jewel was secured by a loop, which admitted of
its being sewn upon the dress. To this class belong fig. 4 of pi. ii ; and the
following, which constitute probably the greater part as yet known. 1. Found, in
1843, upon the property of the Marchioness of Conyngham, at Minster, in Kent. A
coloured engraving of it was presented, by Mr. Fairholt, to the volume of Transactions
of the British Archasological Association at Gloucester, 1846. The shell of this
fibula is of gold ; the face or upper plate divided into four compartments by
concentric circles, which are subdivided into cells of various forms. The cells in
one of the bands are filled with a triple range of ornaments formed of gold twisted
wire ; these are relieved at equal distances by circles of garnets, containing each
a quatre-foil with a white substance, and with garnets, enclosing within cells of
a graduated form, a similar white, opaque substance. Beneath the three laminte of
garnets is laid goldfoil, granulated with intersecting lines to heighten the brilliancy

XXU INTRODUCTION.

of the setting. Four triangular pieces of turquoise extend, crosswise, from the
central into the second compartment. These are the only blue stones in this fibula.
The outer edge, like that of the Kingston fibula, is decorated with a chain or
rope pattern ; and the hinge of the acus is also set with garnet. 2. Discovered
at Sittingbourne ; and figured in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. 1, pi. xxxvi ; in the
Archceological Alhum, pi. ii ; and in the Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxix.
Although the pattern is difi"erent from that of the foregoing, yet there are pecu-
liarities which suggest the same origin ; as, for instance, the arrangement of the
turquoises. 3. Found near Abingdon, Berks ; now in the British Museum : figured
in Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. iii. 4. Found near Abingdon ; preserved in the
Ashmoleau Museum, Oxford : figured in the Arclucological Journal, vol. iv, p. 253.
These two last specimens very closely resemble each other, and are equal in dimension,
which approaches within a quarter of an inch to that of the Kingston fibula. The
upper surfaces are composed of three circular compartments, with a boss in the
centre. The compartment next to this boss has three rows of small garnets ; beyond
this is a cross, which divides the second and largest compartment, and in each
quarter is a boss, which, in the British Museum specimen is surrounded with a band
of garnets. This fibula has also a smaller cross, extending only to the centre of the
innermost compartment. The remaining spaces of the middle and widest band are
filled with an interlaced pattern of gold cord. All the bosses are composed of the
same white substance, attached to the plate by pins. These two fibulae have none of
the blue stones which vary the monotonous red colour of the garnets. 5. Found in
Derbyshire ; figured in Mr. Bateman's Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire. It is
rather more than two inches in diameter ; and diff'ers from the preceding in being
less decorated with stones and more so with corded wire patterns. 6. An inch and
three-quarters in diameter ; found near Woodbridge, in Suffolk : figured in Mr.
Fairholt's Costume in England, p. 465. It more resembles the preceding one than
those from Kent and Oxfordshire.

Turning to the Continent to seek for analogous works among the Frankish remains,
we find but few examples of fibulas at all resembling our finer Saxon ; and they are
usually (so far as I have had opportunities of judging) of very inferior workman-
ship: a similar influence is discernible; but the designs are less chaste, and the
ornaments are clumsily arranged, and without the taste and skill so prevalent in ours.
There is one in the Museum of Bonn ; one in the possession of Lord Londesborough,
Miscellanea Graphica, pi. xxix, fig. 4 ; and one figured by M. Simon in the Mhnoires

INTRODUCTION. xxiii

de lAcadcmie Roijale de Mets, annie 1843-1844. The latter, about two inches in
diameter, has two compartments, enclosing in the centre a circular hollow ; the inner
has four cells, one triangular, the others oval : in the intervals are S-shaped pieces of
gold twisted wire ; in the outer division are four triangular cells with stones, and
between them groups of cells arranged in the form of birds. Another, of very rude
work, found at Coulie (Sarthe), is figured in the Bidletin Monumental^ tome v, p. 522.
In Houben's Denhnaeler von Castra Vetera (on the Rhine), tab. xxii, are two examples,
which approach, in some respects, more to our Saxon fibuhie, especially in the arrange-
ment of the cells : both of them have bird-shaped designs. To these may be added
figs. 2 and 3, pi. xxix. Miscellanea Graphica, in one of which all the cells are set
with garnets ; in the other, the garnets alternate with gold filigree, and the outer
border is composed of cells shaped like birds' heads : both of these are of neat
workmanship. Still more resembling our Kentish type is the beautiful broocli from
Oberflacht in Suabia, engraved in the Archwologia, vol. xxxvi, pi. xiv, which must
be assigned to the Alemanni.

A question arises, more interesting than, with our pi'esent amount of information
on the subject, easy to answer satisfactorily. Were our English examples of these
beautiful ornaments manufactured in this country by the Saxons; or were they
imported I If imported, from whence 1 Apparently not from Gaul or Germany ;
unless it can be shewn that such works are as common in those countries as in this.
If it be suggested that they may have been introduced from Italy ; are similar orna-
ments discovered in that country, or preserved in its Museums \ The circulation of
this volume, it may be expected, will elicit information on this question ; but, at
present, there seems a prima facie case in favour of the home parentage of these
fibulae, as well of other Anglo-Saxon ornaments. It is not difficult to imagine a
Roman influence pervading the entire series ; but not so easy to trace the immediate
connexion between the Roman and Saxon. The Roman writers give incidental
notices of jewelled and of gold fibulae. Spartian, speaking of the simplicity of
Hadrian's dress, mentions fibulfe without stones (sine geinmis), from which it may be
inferred that fibulae with precious stones were used commonly by the nobility even
in that comparatively early time ; unless the historian intended to reflect satirically on
the growing taste for such ornaments in his own time — that of the reign of Diocle-
tian. Trebellius PoUio speaks of the jewelled fibulas worn by Gallienus, as Vopiscus
does of Carinus, to shew the effeminate taste of those princes. The former of these
historians gives a letter of Claudius (Gothicus) to Regillianus in Illyria, asking him

XXIV INTRODUCTION.

to send him two cloaks (saga); but those with fibulas. From this we may infer that
there were some peculiar recommendations in these provincial articles. In the
inscription upon the stone discovered at Vieux [Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, p. 95),
among other things sent as presents from Britain into Gaul, is specified a golden fibula
set Avith precious stones (fibula atirea cum gemmis), which may also indicate a peculiar
provincial manufacture. The Roman enamelled fibulte with which we are acquainted,
evidently of a common class, in some points of view have a connexion as regards
mode of fabrication with the Saxon ; but coloured pastes are commonly used, and not
stones : they are more frequently convex or bow-shaped, and of various forms, rather
than flat. There is, however, a rather large convex example in the Chester Museum,
in which the concentric bands, inlaid with red, white, and green pastes, are arranged
not unlike the stones in the Saxon brooches; and in general aspect there is a greater
resemblance than usually appears between the two classes. There is a woodcut of it
in the Proceedings of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, vol. i, p. 28.

The Anglo-Saxon circular fibulie of the second class are formed of a slightly
hollowed disc, often of bronze, less frequently of silver, upon which is laid a disc of
gold, with cells arranged in stars and circles with bosses, one in the centre and three
in the field of the disc. Figs. 1 and 6 of plate ii ; and fig. 1, plate xi, of Remains of
Pagan Saxondom, are good examples of this class. The last of these, from Wingham,
near Ash, in Kent, is in the museum of Lord Londesborough. It differs from those
in the Faussett collection in the circumstance that the star has four points, with
a boss in each quarter. The interstices of the fields of the above are filled with
minute scrolls of corded wire. A very elegant variety from a barrow on Chartham
Down, excavated by Dr. Mortimer, is figured in the Nenia Britannica, pi. v, fig. I ;
and one, of silver gilt, found at Upchurch, is etched in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii,
pi. XXXVI, fig. 1.

The third class, by far the most numerous, comprises fibulse of one piece of
metal only, with cells and chased work. Plates i and ii afford many examples of
this kind, most of which are of considerable elegance. To this class belong most
of the circular Saxon brooches ; as, for instance, some found at Stowting and at
Osengal ; a single example from the cemetery at Little AYilbraham, and a few from
the Isle of Wight. Many of them are in bronze gilt. It must not be considered
that these three classes exhaust the Saxon circular fibulae. A few may probably be
met with differing in details from all of those cited above ; as, for example, the small
silver-gilt one set with garnets, from Osengal; see Collectanea Ant., \o\. iii, pi. v, fig. 9.

INTRODUCTIOK.

XXV

Figure 5, in pliite iii, is of very rare occurrence in Kent, if it be not the only
example recorded as found in that county. There are doubts if it be strictly a
fibula. An ornament with a somewhat similar interlaced pattern was found at
Embleton, in Northumberland ; and one from a tumulus near Lincoln is engraved in
Remains of Pagan 8axondom, pi. xv, fig. 4. See also note to page 24. Figure 8, of
pi. Ill, is a Roman enamelled fibula ; and fig. 2, of the same plate, is apparently a
centre boss that has dropped from a lost fibula. I have observed that the circular
fibulas predominate in Kent. Exceptions may be found in the Nenia Britannica ;
and a remarkable one occurs in the Faussett Collection, pi. viii, fig. 3 (Gilton, No.
48), which is analogous to fig. 1, pi. v, of the Antiquities of Richhorouc/h, Reculve)\ and
Lymne. If these are compared with the larger examples, usually in gilt bronze, (see
p. xiii, ante; Saxon Ohseqnies; Fuirford Graves; and Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, pi.
xLiii), the latter will be found to be of ruder designs, thus indicating probably a
later date.

The two fibulae in plate x, figures 15 and 16, are Roman : both appear to have
had bosses in the centre, formed of some
perishable substance. To illustrate fig. 15,
a wood-cut is here introduced, which repre-
sents a very perfect example in bronze gilt,
hoed up near Ixworth, in a locality where
Roman coins and other Roman remains have
been fovind. It is in the possession of Mr.
Warren of that town.

Pendent Ornajuents. — Under this head
are numerous minor objects of great variety

and beauty, which, like the fibulfe, could be but imperfectly understood without
coloured engravings. The gold drops, set with garnets (pi. iv), and figs. 10, 12, 21,
23, find their counterparts in the collections of Lord Londesborough and Mr. Rolfe,
from Kentish tumuli : figs. 11 and 13, of the same plate, are much more rare; as are
the beautiful drops in variegated glass, figs. 8 and 9 ; and these are surpassed by the
mosaic or minute tessellated work of fig. 7, which is of great rarity. It may be
compared with the circular stud found by the Abbe Cocliet with Frankish remains in
the valley of the Eaulne, and etched in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, pi. xxxv ; it
has no garnets like the Kentish ornament, but the variegated patterns in three
concentric circles are so minute as not to be well distinguished without the aid of a

Actual size.

XXVI INTRODUCTION.

magnifying glass. The mode in which the gold drops, set with giarnets, were
arranged as necklaces, is shewn by a perfect set, from a barrow in Derbyshire,
figured in Mr. Bateman's Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derhijshire, p. 37; and by a
less complete set, from a tumulus near Devizes, engraved in the Remains of Pagan
Saxondom, pi. i. Where single examples of these and other pendants occur in
graves, it may be conjectured that the relatives of the defunct sometimes satisfied
their notions of duty to the deceased by interring a portion only of their ornaments.
By far the most interesting class of pendent ornaments are the coins mounted with
loops for suspension on the person ; because, as they generally admit of appropriation
to a specific period of time, they are of the first importance to the antiquary, as
affording reliable evidence from which may be inferentially deduced a closer
approximation to the date of the graves in which they are found than by any other
available testimony. They will be further noticed in this point of view under the
head of Coins.

Beads and Rings. — The great variety of beads in this collection will be well
understood by the coloured illustrations in plates v, vi, and vii, and by the numerous
wood-cuts. They are composed of amber, of transparent and opaque glass, and of
variegated clays, and, less frequently, of crystal and amethystine quartz ; the clay
beads are often in couplets ; the small white glass frequently in triplets, or more.
Most of these beads, especially those in coloured clays, are extremely abundant
throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. Mr. Masson, the traveller, on my shewing
him some taken from Saxon graves, assured me that they resembled in every respect
those which he had taken from topes, or burial-mounds of Northern India. It is
probable, therefore, that they were imported from the East. The pendants of
amethystine quartz (pi. vii, figs. 2, 4, 7, and 9) were probably manufactured nearer
home. Douglas calls them " native amethyst"; but Mr. Akerman, who has engraved
a necklace composed of eighteen, from a tumulus on Breach Downs, observes : " an
experienced mineralogist informs us that they are more likely to be the product
of Transylvania, although amethystine quartz of the same character is found at
Oberstein in Germany. They are drilled with a precision indicating a perfect
acquaintance with the lapidary art." — Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 10. This
remark applies also to the crystal beads, of which, specimens of large size, cut into
numerous facets, may be found figured in Fairford Graves and Saxon Obsequies. Of
the various kinds of beads from the Kentish graves, by far the rarest are the silver,
pi. XI, figs. 4 and 6 ; the most common, perhaps, the amber, wliich may be noticed

INTRODUCTION. XXVU

in most Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. Amber, Pliny tells us, was mucli used by the
Romans for personal decorations ; and Tacitus speaks of its being collected for them
by the Germans on the Baltic, who were surprised at the price given for a substance
for which they had hitherto found no use. — De Mor. Germ. c. xlv. The beads
mounted on rings (pi. vii) are numerous. These rings seem adapted for the ears :
they were usually found with beads near the necks of the skeletons ; so if they
Avere not ear-rings, they were suspended from the neck with beads. I cannot find
reference to beads thus mounted in the accounts printed of the Fairford and Little
Wilbraham cemeteries. Many of the finger-rings are of a similar simple construc-
tion (see plate xi) : fig. 15 is an example of another class ; but the spiral finger-rings,
such as were found by Douglas at Chatham (Ncnia Britannica, pi. xv, fig. 3) ; by
Mr. Hillier, in the Isle of Wight, and by others in various localities, do not appear
to be represented in this collection. Figs. 8 and 11, pi. xi, are probably of Roman
manufacture.

Crystal Ball.- — The crystal ball, figured in page 42, demands especial notice.
In a note on the same page, reference is made to a similar ball, from a tumulus at
Chatham, mounted in silver bands and attached to a silver ring, which was linked
to one of a larger size. These rings are constructed like fig. 14, pi. xvi, to extend,
if needed, to fit the wrist, as armillae, which, in fact, they seem to be. Mr. Hillier
discovered two of these balls, mounted precisely like that from Chatham, in the
cemetery upon Chessell Down, in the Isle of Wight. A silver spoon, with the bowl
perforated (or colander it may, perhaps, be more properly called), was with one of
the mounted crystal balls in the latter cemetery. This also resembles the spoon
found in the cemetery at Chatham, in a grave adjoining that which contained the
crystal ball. Douglas enters into a lengthy argument to prove that these objects
were for magical purposes ; but as nearly all the remains in the Anglo-Saxon ceme-
teries are well understood or explainable, and can be referred to common usages,
I do not see why the exception should be made to things which are not quite so
fully understood, and why they should be explained by reference to practices of
an uncommon kind. A crystal ball, without mounting, was found at Chartham.
Instances occur of similar balls in Roman sepulchral interments. One, in agate,
perforated, was found with beads, armilla?, etc., in one of the Roman burial-places
near London.

Chatelaines, or Girdle-hangers. — It will be noticed by the reader, that in the
graves of females there is frequent mention of small iron chains, or links of small

XXVIU

INTUODUCTION.

chains, decomposed, or oxidized into a mass. These links, or the remains of them,
were generally noticed extending in two lines from the hips to the knees of the
skeletons. At their lower extremities were usually found objects such as are
represented by figures 1 to 7 in plate xii. The bronze and silver appendages to
the iron chains are all that remain distinct and perfect. They were evidently worn
fastened to the girdle, to which also keys were sometimes attached. These little

girdle appendants are either sets of tooth, ear,
and nail-picks, as fig. 1, or assemblages of im-
plements, for the most j^art, purely decorative,
and precisely of the same character as those we
often see worn by ladies at the present day.
Several of the latter were found in a tumulus
on Chartham Down, opened by Dr. Mortimer
(see p. 166), two of which are here represented
for comparison with those found by Mr. Faussett.
Groups, somewhat analogous, from Wingham, are
in the collection of Lord Londesborough ; another,
a further variety, may be noticed in plate x,
fig. 7 ; but I can refer to no other examples.
As before observed, we have numerous girdle-
hangers, of a very different fashion, discovered
in other counties (see p. xiv, ante), as well as
in Germany (sec Collectanea Antiqiia, vol. ii, for
varieties from both countries). To these may be added another variety from
l^ondinieres, near Dieppe, figured in La Normandie Souterraine, pi. xvii, fig. 8.

Buckles and Girdle Ornaments. — The buckles are one of the most striking
features of this collection. They are numerically more abundant, and several are
of a richer description, than are usually met with in other Anglo-Saxon burial-
places. Figs. 8 and 12, pi. viii, and fig. 3, pi. ix, richly decorated with gold filigree
and stones, are a type to which all the triangular belong : the others, in plates ix
and X, and interspersed throughout the text, are usually of inferior work and class.
The large varieties may be all assigned to the girdles of men. Figs. 2, 4, 5, and 8,
found together in one grave at Gilton (No. 23), shew the manner in which the
girdles of the higher orders of Anglo-Saxons were ornamented and the care bestowed
upon this part of the costume. By the kindness of Mr. Rolfe, we are enabled to

From CUartliam Down. Actual size.

INTRODUCTION.

XXIX

give further illustrations, from the same locality, of some decorated buckles, which
were discovered in the last century, and engraved in Boys's Materials for a Ilistorij
of Sandwich. They have recently been transferred by Mr. Boys (grandson of the
historian) to the collection of Mr. Rolfe. It is presumed that fig. 1 of the appended
cut was riveted upon the opposite side of the girdle, so that Avlien it Avas fastened,

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fiuiu Giltoii. lij the collection of \V, 11, llolfe, V.^q. Aclu.u ^ize.

fig. 1 and fig. 2 became united in front of the body. Fig. 1 was fabricated in this
manner : upon an oblong plate of silver gilt was laid a smaller plate of gold, covered
Avith delicately worked figures in gold wire, twisted or notched ; upon tlie edges of
this plate, and extending to the borders of the larger one, was soldered a frame of
silver set with garnets upon reticulated goldfoil ; it was then riveted to the girdle at
both ends. The buckle attachment is constructed in the same manner, \vith silver
bosses gilded.

The other buckle (fig. 3) is of speculum metal, the quadrangular part being

Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

GiUon. Actual size.

Cliessell, Isle of Wight. Actual size.

thickly gilt and set with a garnet. The beautiful jewelled buckle, figured in the
A7-c]ueologia,\o\. xxx, pi. xi, and in Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxix, aftbrds an
additional example, and, at the same time, evidence of the generally superior cha-
racter of the remains from Gilton. Figs. 6 and 7 of plate viii were probably riveted

XXX

INTRODUCTION.

to girdles; and so were figs. 13 and 14, apparently as shewn in the cut on the pre-
ceding page (fig. 4), Avhich is an arrangement suggested to Mr. Hillier by the
recurrence of these fastenings near the buckles discovered at Chessell.

The Frankish girdle-buckles present many features analogous to the Anglo-
Saxon, especially in the mode in which the buckle itself is constructed ; but usually
the material and Avorkmanship are inferior: see pi. iii of i\\e Publications of the
Historical Society of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg for 1S52; La Normandie
Souterraine; Memoires of the Historical and Archeeological Society of Geneva, torn, ix,
etc.: fig. 5, pi. XII oi La Normandie Souterraine, from the valley of the Eaulne, may be
compared with the last of the above cuts ; and the forms of figs. 1, 8, and 10, pi. viii,
of our volume, are closely reflected in pi. in, vol. viii, of the Puhlications of the
Luxembourg Society. Some of the Frankish buckles with plates are of immense
size, elaborately damascened, or covered with designs, often of very rude work. At
the same time, there are examples of a richer and better kind, set with stones and
pastes; as, for instance, one from Cologne, Collectanea Antiqiia, vol. ii, pi. xxxv, and
two discovered by M. Moutie in the Department of the Seine and Oise, which Avill
be found represented in vol. iv of the last-mentioned work.

The girdles were sometimes, as shewn
above, and also in the collection from
Osengal, terminated by metal points. In
one of the Gilton graves (No. 94), Mr.
Faussett found a group of objects, among
which was one, as he remarks, " some-
what like the prongs of a fork." It is
reproduced, from p. 31 , in the annexed cut.
This is part of a girdle appendage, as will
be evident by the representation, on the opposite page, of another found in London,
which is shewn, as well as that from Gilton, out of its casing (fig. 2), and also complete
(fig. 1). There can be, I think, but little doubt as to the use of the supposed fork;
but restoring it as here proposed, may call in question its implied early origin,
especially as I am not aware of any other example having been found in a Saxon
or in a Roman grave ; and although the perfect specimen here engraved is stated
to have been dug up with unquestionable Roman remains, its ornamentation savours
more of Norman style than Roman. If, however, some better authenticated dis-
covery should confirm its claim to an earlier date than that hitherto ascribed to

From GiltoD. Actual size.

INTRODUCTION.

XXXI

similar specimens in the London collection, it will merely be another proof of
the long continuance of a particular fashion.

Bracelets. — Armillae are among the usual accompaniments
of the Roman sepulchral urn or coiRn ; but they are not
commonly found among the objects consigned to the Saxon
graves ; and but few, comparatively, have been discovered in
the extensive cemeteries excavated in Kent. On this account
those in the Faussctt collection are particularly deserving
attention. Fig. 12, pi. xii ; figs. 9, 10, pi. xvi ; No. 121 and
142, Kingston ; and No. 16, Chartham, may be considered of
Eoman fabric, as is the key strung to the first of these, and
the key accompanying the last mentioned. In a tumulus
upon Chatham Lines, which contained two skeletons, Douglas
found four armilla?, one of which was of glass, the others in
bronze ; and in an adjoining tumulus, one in ivory : in another
grave he also found a fragment of an ivory armilla. All
these six examples were Roman. Figs. 14 and 15, pi. xvi,
whether they are strictly bracelets, or large rings worn attached
to the girdle, are of Saxon workmanship.

Ornamental Pins. — The Kentish Saxon graves have also supplied some remark-
able ornamented and jewelled pins, the smaller varieties of which, as in pi. xii, were
probably used for fastening the dress. In Lord Londesborough's collection, from
Breach Downs, are two united by a chain, precisely as some modern cravat-pins are
coupled; Archwological Album, pi. i, fig. 13. The same plate, and pi. xl oi Reinains
of Paff an Saxondo?n, supTply examples of hair-pins from Breach Downs andWingham.
The latter of these, in Lord Londesborough's collection, has a kind of fan-shaped
head set with garnets. The Canterbury Museum contains a very elegantly worked
hair-pin, of large size, found in a grave at Gilton ; apparently it is of Roman work-
manship ; Collectanea Anttqua, vol. ii, pi. xxxvii, fig. 5. It may be remarked, that
pins, such as these, do not appear to have been discovered in Saxon graves in other
parts of England.

Found in London.
Actual size.

TOILETTE APPARATUS.

PLATE XIII.

Combs. — These useful and familiar objects do not much differ from tliosc in

XWU INTKODUCTION.

use at the present clay ; and, at the same time, they are very similar to the Roinan
combs. Figs. 2 and 3 are identical with some found in Roman burial-places at
London, at York, and elsewhere. The comb is one of the articles most usually
found in mortuary urns in this country, and Mr. Kemble states it is found as
frequently in those of the North of Germany : they are, however, generally of a coarser
description than most of those from the Kentish graves ; and the same may be said
of the combs found in Frankish graves: see La Normanclie Souterraine ; Das Gennan-
ische Todtenlager bei Selsen, etc. The Abbe Cochet mentions a comb in the treasury
of the cathedral of Sens, which is said to have belonged to Saint Lupus, who was
bishop of that cathedral in the seventh century. It is inscribed " pecten sancti
Lupi", in the style of the thirteenth century, an indication of the antiquity of the
tradition which ascribed the comb to this bishop. In the Collections of the Society
of Antiquaries of London, is a drawing of a large squarish-shaped comb, with two
rows of teeth, which, an inscription states, was sent by pope Gregory to queen Bertha.
It is ornamented with three groups of animals in circular compartments, on each side,
and appears to be at least as old as the eleventh or twelfth century. The tradition
of its having belonged to Bertha seems connected with the statement of Bede, that
pope Gregory sent presents to king Ethelbert of Kent. One of the Epistles of
Alcuin is interesting in relation to this object of inquiry, as it gives us, in a jocose
strain, a notion of a comb of the eighth century. The epistle is cited in full by
Mr. Wright in his Biographia Britannica Literaria (Anglo-Saxon Period), p. 357.
It was written by Alcuin, when he was with Charlemagne in Saxony, to his friend
Riculf, archbishop of Mentz, in acknowledgement of a present of a comb : —

" De vestra valde gavideo prospcrltate, et de munere caritatis vestrae multum gavisiis sum,
tot agens gratias, quot dciites in dono numeravi. Nimirum animal, duo habens capita et denies
Ix. non elephantine magnitudinis, sed eburnese pulchritudinis. Non ego hujus bestiae territus
horrore, sed delectatus aspectu. Nee me frendentibus ilia morderet dcntibus timui, sed blanda
adulatione capitis mei placare capillos adrisi. Nee ferocitatem in dentibus intellexi, sed caritatem
in mittente dilcxi, quam semper fideliter in illo probavi."

This ivory comb, with sixty teeth and two heads, may not be inaptly illustrated
by the fragment of one with animals' heads found in the Saxon cemetery at Little
Wilbraham, and figured in Saxon Obsequies, pi. xxiii. As many of the combs of the
ancients were of wood, it is very probable that those in bone and ivory which we
find in sepulchral deposits, constitute but a small portion of what were actually
buried, which being of a more perishable material have utterly disappeared.

INTRODUCTION. XXXIU

Mirror. — The metal speculum (fig. 12), from the Gil ton cemetery, is one of the
most remarkable objects in this collection ; for while mirrors are not at all peculiar
to Anglo-Saxon funereal interments, they not unfrequently formed part of the Roman
sepulchral furniture: see note, p. 31. Pliny says, that these mixed metal mirrors,
stanno et cere mistis, were manufactured at Brundusium : lib. xxxiii, cap. ix. Douglas,
in the Nenia Britannica, has engraved a metal speculum from Ash (Gilton, near
Ash), and also a circular one, the latter of which is probably that in the Faussett
collection. Because some ancient writers speak of mirrors being used for purposes
of magic and divination, Douglas infers that these particular mirrors had been
applied to such practices. The conclusion is forced and unsatisfactory, for the
ordinary uses of such objects are to be considered, not their application to eccentric
purposes, under what must have been extraordinary circumstances.

Boxes. — These small bronze boxes Douglas also considered as amulets. But
they receive a much more simple and natural explanation in being looked upon
as receptacles for sewing materials and other small implements in daily request for
the female attire ; they are, in fact, work-boxes, and the chains shew they were
suspended upon the person, probably from the girdle. The remains of square
wooden boxes, some with locks, will also be noticed, as at p. 67 and p. 133. As
their contents shew, they were for objects of greater magnitude, such as combs and
ornaments, and may be considered as dressing-cases.

Shears and Tweezers. — The shears, found in women's graves (figs. 20,26, pl.xv), are
of a form which, as appears from the numerous medieval examples found in London,
has been preserved, without intermission, down to the present day. The type may
be recognized in the larger implement used for shearing sheep. The tweezers, fig.
13, pi. XII, and p. 19, I direct especial attention to, because they are objects more
usually associated with the mortuary urn than with burial of the body, and we find
a corresponding paucity of both in the Kentish Saxon cemeteries. A single perfect
specimen was taken from a grave at Gilton, in which, it will be noticed, were the
sherds of a cinerary urn, an anterior deposit, to which it belonged. The ring, as
supposed, of another, was in grave No. 80, of the same locality, which grave also
contained the fragments of a mortuary urn. In grave No. 45, at Sibertswold,
tweezers were with the skeleton, apparently, of a male : this seems the extent of
the discoveries of this implement by Mr. Faussett. One was found by Douglas in
the grave of a man, and five in graves of women. At Fairford, one was found upon
a male skeleton ; at Chessell, about four. At Little Wilbraham, there were at least

/

XXXIV INTRODUCTION.

sixteen, most of which, Mr. Neville states, were in or about cinerary urns. Mr.
Kemble remarks, that combs, shears, and tweezers, are among the objects which are
found most frequently Avith urns in the German interments.

WEAPONS.

PLATES XIV AND XV.

Swords. — The blades of the swords are almost all of equal length, two feet
seven inches ; one was two feet six inches ; this is about the length of those found
at Osengal, in the Isle of AVight, at Little Wilbraham, and in other places ; occa-
sionally, however, they are an inch or two longer : the width, near the handle, is
about two inches and a half: they are double-edged, pointed, and taper slightly
towards the point. The handles of Saxon swords are almost uniformly without
pommels, the termination being merely a slight transverse projection from the iron
strig, for the purpose of securing the wood which completed the handle. The better
preserved examples recently discovered by Mr. Hillier [History and Antiquities of the

Isle of Wight, pi. i), Avill clearly shew this arrangement, as

xJ^^^^^^^v well as Avhat is the usual type of the Saxon sword. The

/j: "^ points of some are concealed by the rounded bronze end of

cJW^^'y'y'llStA^ tli6 sheath rusted to the blade : see Fairford Graves, pi. iii,

and Saxon Obsequies, pi. xxxiv. The Kentish graves have,
however, produced a very few with pommels, pi. xiv,
fig. 6 ; another, also of a globular form ; and one shewn
in the annexed cut. The brass pommel, figured at
page 132, belonged, as it is stated, to a short sword
or dagger, which has since perished.

On comparing the number of swords with that of the graves, it will be noticed
that these weapons are comparatively of rare occurrence. Much rarer are those
with ornamented hilts, which it is here necessary to refer to. In Mr. Rolfe's collec-
tion is one, the handle of which is richly silvered and gilt, with transverse fittings at
the pommel and hilt ; another, from Coombe, near Sandwich, is in the possession of
Mr. Boreham of Haverhill ; and the pommel of a third, with runes incised upon it,
is also in the collection of Mr. Rolfe: engravings of these Avill be found in the
Archa^ologia, vol. xxx ; in Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii ; in The Celt, the Roman, and the
Saxon, and in the Remains of Pagan Saxondom. These three are from the east of

INTEODUCTIOK. XXXV

Kent. A fourth example occurs among the swords found in the Isle of Wight,
referred to above ; and these comprise all that I am acquainted with.

From the comparatively rare occurrence of this formidable weapon (and its
rarity will be more obvious in comparison with the number of graves), we can but
suspect it denotes a superior condition in life of those with whose remains it was
buried. Three of the rich belt-buckles in pi. viii (figs. 3, 8, and 11) were found
Avith swords, which are, moreover, usually accompanied with one or more spears,
the remains of a shield, and other objects. Mr. Akerman has supposed that they
belonged to horsemen ; and when we consider their length and weight, it certainly
does appear, as Mr. Kemble has observed, that it would have been physically
impossible that any but horsemen could have wielded them. There is an extremely
interesting representation upon a sepulchral monument at Mayence of one of the
Roman auxiliary horsemen armed with a sword, the very counterpart of the Anglo-
Saxon weapon. It hangs by the side of the rider (fastened high upon the breast),
who is spearing a prostrate foe ; and behind the horse stands a foot soldier, with a
couple of long spears, like that used by the horseman. The cavalry soldier, an
inscription tells us, belonged to an ala, or wing, of the Norici, whose country
composed the regions of modern Austria, Styria, portions of Bavaria and Tyrol,
and the territory of Salzburg. This monument may be assigned to the middle of
the third century. It would not be difficult to cite other examples to shew the
general use of the long iron sword, or sjxdha, by the Eoman auxiliaries, and even
by the Romans themselves, and especially towards the decline of the empire. But
the nearest contemporary illustrations which have been preserved, and which apply
in a very remarkable manner to the early Anglo-Saxon swords, are passages in the
poem of Beowulf. I have observed above, that some of the swords from Gilton and
its neighbourhood are ornamented in the handles and sheaths ; of these we are
reminded in the following lines : —

^a he hi of-dyde when he did off' from himself

isern-byrnan, his iron coat of mail,

helm of hafelan, the helmet from his head,

sealde his hyrsted sweord, gave his ornamented sword,

irena cyst. the costliest of steels. Beowulf, line 1346.

And, on another occasion, it is said : —

and J^a hilt somod and the hilt also,

since fage ; with treasure variegated.

Beowulf, line o:

OOi

XXXVl INTRODUCTION.

More striking still is the allusion to nmes upon the hilt, such as are inscribed upon
the fragment alluded to above; and also the interlaced, snake-like patterns, so
common on Saxon works of art : —

hylt sceawode, he gazed upon the hilt,

ealde Mfe, the old legacy,

on Sa^m w^s or writen on which was written the origin

fyrn-gewinnes ; of the ancient contest.

Swd WEES on ^ccm scemium So was on the surface

sciran goldes, of the bright gold

purh riin-stafas, in i"nic letters,

rihte gemearcod, rightly marked,

geseted and gesaed set and said,

hwam >a;t sweord geworht, for whom that sword,

irena cyst, the choicest of irons,

aerest WEcre, was first made

wreo>en-hilt and wyrm-fah. ■ with twisted hilt and serpentine.

Beowulf, line 3373.

The comparative rarity of the sword is partly explained by the circumstance of
its being a much more costly and valuable weapon, and therefore more likely to be
preserved from interment and treasured as a heir -loom to be bequeathed, as we find
they often were, to children or to friends.

The sheaths of the swords were formed of laths covered with leather, sometimes
tipt and edged with metal, and occasionally ornamented at the upper extremity.

Daffffers and Knives. — Knife-shaped swords is a term Avhich will be better
understood as applied to the short single-edged weapons very slightly curved ; see
pi. XV ; they are not so often found in England as in Germany and in France, where
some have been discovered of much more formidable proportions than those before
us. In the second volume of the Collectanea Antiqua, I have placed examples of this
weapon found in England and on the continent in juxta-position, to shew the close
connection between them. Some are of such length that they must come under the
denomination of swords. In better preserved specimens, the upper part of the blade
has usually two narrow longitudinal grooves, intended, apparently, for strips of brass
for the purpose of ornament. The poem of Beowulf bears frequent mention of the
war knife, or sea.v, as a subsidiary Aveapon in a close contest. When the mother of
the fiend Grendal and Beowulf are grappling together, the former is represented as
drawing her seax : —

INTRODUCTION. XXXvii

of soct pk ])Oue sele-gyst, she beset then the hall-guest,

and hyre seaxe geteah, and drew her seax,

brad, briin-ecg. broad, brown-edged.

Beoivulf, line 3089.

In the fight with the dragon, after Beowulf's sword snapt asunder, he drew his seax,

which was girded upon his coat of mail : —

WDel-seaxe gebrsed, drew his deadly seax,

biter anb beadu-scearp, bitter and battle-sharp,

pffit he on byrnan wfeg. that he on his byrnie bore.

Beoumlf, line 5400.

These sword-knives are probably the cultri validly commonly called scramasaxi, whicli
Gregory of Tours mentions, Hist. Franc, lib. iv, cap. 46 ; and lib. viii, cap. 29 ; the
connection, indeed, seems certain by the allusion to their being incised or grooved.

The smaller knives, found in almost every grave, it need scarcely be observed,
were for domestic and ordinary purposes : knives were Avorn upon the person until a
comparatively recent period.

Spears and Javelins. — While the swords, as has been observed, are comparatively
rare, spears and javelins are extremely numerous, and of a variety of shaj^es and
sizes; but all bear a peculiar feature, which may be termed characteristic. This
peculiarity is a longitudinal slit in the socket whicli received the wooden staff', and
which after being fixed was closed with iron rings, string braided, and rivets. So con-
stantly do we find these weapons in the Saxon graves, that it would appear no man
above the condition of a serf was buried without one. Some of them are of large
size ; but the greater number come under the term of javelin or dart. In these may be
recognised \)aB framea of the Germans of the time of Tacitus. This historian states
{De Mor. Germ. cap. vi) that at that comparatively early period swords were rare,
and that the majority did not use lances ; but that spears with a narrow, short, and
sharp head, called frameas, were the common and almost universal weapon ; and
were used either in a distant or a close fight ; even the cavalry were satisfied if armed
with a shield and a framea. In the process of time, as iron became more abundant,
swords and long spears were more generally used ; but the framea, or its representa-
tive, seems to have continued one of the favourite national arras.

Darts andArroivs. — Some of the arrotvs mentioned by Mr. Faussett are probably
darts, or small spears, which when found in the graves of youths, may indicate tlic
martial training of sons of free men. But arrow-heads seem to be authenticated
only in a very few instances. As the arrow was unquestionably a Saxon Aveapon, its

XXXVUl INTKODUCTION.

rarity in the Kentish graves may, partly at least, be ascribed to decomposition. In
the cemetery at Chessell, Mr. Hillier discovered a quantity of arrow-heads. They are
both barbed and triangular, the latter form approaching somewhat to a bolt-shape.

Shields. — The iron bosses and studs of the shields, and portions of the iron
fastenings of the handle, are all that remain. We are enabled, however, from the
position in which the bosses were found, and from slight indications of the frames,
to ascertain that their shape must have been circular, and the diameter about
eighteen inches. The frame -work unquestionably was wood, covered probably
sometimes with leather. Some shields discovered at Sporle in Norfolk, Mr. Goddard
Johnson informs me, appeared to have been bound with strips of narrow wood,
radiating from the umbo towards the rim ; but unfortunately no drawings were
made at the time. In the poem of Beowulf, wooden shields are so frequently men-
tioned under the term Unci., or linden wood, the German epic name for the shield,
that, coupled with the total absence of the frame-work in the graves, there can be
no doubt of the material generally employed ; and this is confirmed by the exception
of the iron shield made for Beowulf when he encountered the fire- dragon :

heht him ]'a gewyrcean then commanded to be made for him

wigendra hleo, the refuge of warriors,

eall irennc, all of iron,

eorla dryhteu, the lord of earls,

wig-bord Mra?tHc ; a wondrous war-board :

wisse he gearwe he knew well enough

paet him holt-wudu that him forest-wood

helpan ne meahte might not \\e\-p,

lind wi'^ lige. linden wood opposed to fire.

Beowulf, line 4668.

The circular shape is also common to the Prankish shield. In no instance, I
believe, have any examples been found of the large oblong shields used by the
Germans.

Our acquaintance with the weapons of the Teutonic races is almost entirely
owing to the prevalent custom of interring them with the dead ; and to the absence
of this custom among the Romans must be assigned the cause of the comparative
scarcity of their weapons, at least those in iron. The rapid decomposition of iron,
when exposed to the air, is well known ; only under very extraordinary circumstances
have any ancient weapons or implements in this metal, been discovered other than in
a state of oxidation. Even when buried to the depth of three or four feet, the air

INTRODUCTION. Xxxix

and moisture have invariably tended, more or less, to convert the iron into a
carbonate ; and sometimes so effectually as to destroy or obscure the shape of the
more substantial articles, and to reduce the more fragile to dust. It is, therefore
not surprising, that the graves, which to a certain extent do protect metals from
destruction, should be almost the only source from whence we procure the weapons
recognised as Teutonic ; and that when weapons are found under other circumstances,
if they are not of types such as the graves afford, it is often difficult to say to what
period and to what people they belonged ; because the graves yield important
collateral evidence, which limit our inquiries, and make us speak Avith some cer-
tainty, which cannot be done when this connecting evidence is wanting.

It will therefore be seen, when we extend our inquiries beyond the bounds of
the ascertained range of date of these graves, that difficulties arise. The weapons
in the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, we know, are such as were used by the Saxons from the
fifth century, and probably earlier, down to the seventh, and possibly later ; but if
we seek extant specimens, of the arms used by the Germans in the time of Tacitus,
where can we find them 1 Even when weapons are described by contemporaneous
writers, it is not to be therefore inferred for certain, that such weapons were always
deposited with the dead. The purport of these remarks is not to assert that the
archaeologist can derive no aid from ancient Avriters to assist his researches ; but
to shew that, as regards the subject of our immediate inquiry, the materials of which
are so scanty, great caution must be exercised in the use of historical evidence ; and
that it must be weighed not only with dates, but also with the different countries
and peoples, and their customs at different jieriods.

IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS.

PLATES XV AND XVI.

The furniture of Roman sepulchres sometimes consisted not merely of urns
and paterae, and such objects as Avere most usually interred with the corpse or the
cinerary urn ; but also of a variety of domestic implements and utensils. In the
tumuli at Bartlow, among other things, were a strigil and a chair ; in interments in
Bedfordshire and in Essex, cooking apparatus formed part of the deposit ; and in a
sepulchre in France, were what appeared to be the entire stock in trade of a painter.
The same motives which caused the surviving relatives of the Romans to furnish the
last home of the departed with objects which had been in some way associated with
them when living, influenced the Saxons in discharging their duty to the dead.

xl

INTRODUCTION.

They were customs which speak strongly of the affections : emanating from the
best impulses of human nature, they were the longest to endure, and the most
difficult to eradicate ; and though in their grosser form these usages have long
become obsolete, the lingering vestiges of some of them are not so thoroughly
extinguished as not to be traced down even to our own times.

Bronee Basins. — These utensils were probably used for meats when placed upon
the table. They are not calculated for resisting a strong lire, on account of the
soldering used for the handles ; and two, moreover, are enamelled. Mr. Rolfe
possesses two, from Gilton. One has a rim at the bottom with open work : the
other resembles fig. 1, pi. xv ; and, like it, has been repaired. Upon the plates of
metal used for the reparations are figures of a minstrel, dancing, and playing upon a

harp or viol, fishes, and other animals. It is figured
in tlie Archceohgia, vol. xxx, p. 133. Bronze basins have
been found in Saxon graves in other counties ; but
mostly quite plain, and in very thin metal.

Buckets. — AVe have given this homely name to
another class of household vessels, because it most
resembles in shape that well-known utensil. As the
basins are assigned to the table, these vessels were pro-
bably, as Mr. Wright suggests [Archceological Album,
p. 208), for carrying the ale, mead, or wine, into the hall,
to be served out in cups. A very perfect specimen,

Kioin Gilton.

From Caiiibriilgesliiie.

From Envenneu, NormauJj.

IKTRODUCTION.

xli

from Gilton, is engraved in Boys's Materials for a History of Sandwich; but we have
only a fragment in this collection, which was, naturally enough, mistaken for a portion
of a shield. In more recent times, the hoops with pointed ornaments were mistaken
for regal crowns, until explained by the levelling test of comparison. The fragment
from Gilton is placed, on the preceding page, above two more complete buckets to
explain it fully ; and, at the same time, to afford examples of these vessels. The
remarkably close analogy in the ornament below the handle of the bucket from
Envermeu and that of Gilton should be noticed.

Keys, Locks, and Padlocks. — Remains of locks of boxes often occur in the Kentish
graves. They appear to be of a very simple construction ; and the padlocks (figs. 8,
9, 10, pi. x) are much like those of the present day. Two of the keys are shewn in
pi. XV, figs. 21 and 27 ; and others are interspersed in wood-cuts throughout the
volume. From the large size of some of these keys, their claim to this appropriation
has been questioned ; and if they are, in some instances, large enough for door -keys,
the interment of such objects may excite surprise. There is, however, every reason
to believe they were keys ; and the fact of their being so frequently buried with
their guardians, from whose girdles they had previously been suspended, is quite in
keeping with the ancient prevailing feeling in regard to other domestic objects.
Keys may be particularly considered as insignia of the Saxon
women, as they were, to a comparatively late period, of the
English housewife. In one of the laws of Canute, that relating
to stolen property, it is ordained, that " if any man bring a
stolen thing home to his cot, and he be detected (by the
owner) ; it is just that he (the owner) have what he went
after. And unless it has been brought under his wife's key-
lockers, let her be clear ; for it is her duty to keep the keys of
them ; namely, her hord-ern, and her chest, and her ' tege.' "
Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, ed. Thorpe, p. 180. Mr.
Rolfe possesses a set of three bronze keys from Osengal, strung
together upon a ring which is attached to an ornamental girdle-
ring. Usually the Saxon keys are in iron.

Bells. — The two iron bells, from the graves of women in
the Kingston cemetery (pi. x, figs. 17 and 21), should not be
passed over Avithout notice. Such bells in bronze, as well as
in iron, are not unfrequently met with among Roman remains ; and they have been

9

Keys fi-om Osengal.
Two-thirds of the actual size.

xlii

INTEODTJCTIOIir.

discovered in Roman cemeteries. Donglas, who has engraved fig. 21 in the Nenia
Britannica (by mistake " from Ash"), considers it, together Avith the glass and other
vessels, buried with the dead for the expulsion of evil spirits ; but because bells,
as is well known, were used in exorcisms, it does not follow that their presence in
these graves, among the attire of females, should have been owing to the exercise of
this superstitious custom.

Scissors. — The scissors (pi. xv, fig. 29), from a man's grave at Sibertswold, are
called " pincers" by Mr. Faussett ; but they more resemble the clipping implements
used at the present day for cutting thin plates of metal, as well as the large shears
used for clipping hedges. The only instance I know of similar scissors is that of
one found with Saxon remains in Berkshire ; now, I believe, in Mr. Mayer's collec-
tion. One, from a tumulus at Driffield, with a handle like that of the common
modern scissors, is engraved in Remains of Pag mi Saxondom, pi. ix, fig. 9.

Spindle-ivhirls. — It has been suggested by Mr. Akerman, I think, with good reason,
that some of the circular, flattish, and perforated bone and clay objects, frequently

found in the graves of Avomen, may have been the whirls
of spindles. Several which may come under this appel-
lation are noticed in this volume, as at pp. 59, 69, 87,
131. There are others of a semiglobular form, as in
the annexed cut, which may be attributed to the same
purpose.
An object in iron, shewn in fig. 25, pi. xv, may here be mentioned. A very
similar implement, from Osengal,
I had suggested, might have be-
longed to a bag or purse hung
from the girdle. IMr. Akerman
who discovered another, at Harn-
ham, near Salisbury, considers
it to be a briquet, or steel for
striking a light. Like that in the Faussett collection, it has no buckle ; but the
correctness of my appropriation seems to be confirmed by the recent discovery of a
precisely similar object, with other portions of the pouch or purse : see Mr. Hillier's
History and Antiquities of the Isle of Wight, p. 33.

Dice. — The dice found in a grave at Gilton (p. 7) are curiously suggestive, if in
such objects we may discern any allusion to the life or habits of the owner, who

In clay. Actual size.

From Osengal.

INTRODUCTION. ' xliii

carried to the grave nothing but a gambler's emblems. At all events, they are a
remarkable illustration of the gambling propensities of the ancient Germans, who,
as Tacitus states, played games of hazard or dice as a serious business, and when
everything else was lost, would stake even their persons and liberties on the last
throw. De Jlorb. Germ. lib. .\xiv.

SCALES AND WEIGHTS.

PLATE XVII.

In a note to p. 22, I have stated my opinion concerning these interesting objects,
which have, I believe, been found in Kent only. Exclusive of the two sets in the
Faussett collection and in that of Mr. Rolfe, I have referred, in the said note, to six
other weights, which I detected among Mr. Faussett's coins after their dispersion
by auction. From their appearance, there can be little doubt of their having been
procured from Saxon tumuli : probably they were given to Mr. Faussett ; or they
may have been bought by him of country people under circumstances which did not
induce him to pay particular attention to them. The weights and marks of these
coins are as follows ;

MARKS. GRAINS.

1. Large brass of Trajan ;* ... weighing 400

2. — — Hadrian :...._ 370

3. — — Domitian • • - - - - — 345

4. — — Maximinus : . . . . — 300

5. — — Hadrian — 290

6. Second brass of M. Aurelius ----- — 220

The weights of these pieces rather tend to confirm the opinion I had formed when
I penned the note referred to. Mr. John Evans has directed his attention to this
very interesting subject ; and has favoured me with the result of his considerations.
He writes : — " I have been carefully over the list of Anglo-Saxon weights in the
Faussett Collection, and have tabulated the results ; and I have done the same with
the Osengal weights described and engraved in your Collectanea Anticpia. The
conclusion I come to is, that though each set of weights is in itself a complete series
of multiples or aliquot parts of a certain unit, yet the two have not the slightest
apparent connection with each other. In the Faussett Collection, I make the unit

Xliv INTRODUCTION.

to be 30i grains Troy ; and the weights are respectively I, 1, H, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
7?, 10, 18, and 30 times that amount : whereas in the Rolfe Collection the unit is
48-^ grains, the weights being 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 times that amount ; and this unit
appears to have been again subdivided into sixteenths, the weights being 4, 5, 6, 9,
and 11 sixteenths, by means of which any weight from 1 to 15 sixteenths may be
weighed. I cannot understand from whence these units of 30^ and 48-^ grains are
derived, unless, possibly, they are the weights of 2 and 3 sceattas respectively, which
would give 15b grains and 16i grains as the weight of a sceatta. The average of
the 36 engraved in the first plate of Ruding being IGj grains. — I am afraid we must
Avait for more facts before coming to a conclusion."

GLASS.

PLATES XYIII AND XIX.

The vessels of glass which are found in the Saxon graves are among the most
remarkable and interesting manufactures of our forefathers ; because the processes
requisite are of a peculiarly delicate kind and presume an acquaintance with several
arts of the higher order. The perfection which glass making had attained among
the Romans is well known. To this people the Saxons and Franks must have been
indebted for this elegant art ; though there is no reason to suppose they themselves
did not soon acquire the knowledge necessary to conduct it. There is a great
affinity in the forms and material of glass vessels of the Saxon period found in
England, in Germany, and in France ; but we yet want opportunities for pro-
nouncing decidedly as to positive identity between some of the varieties from these
different countries. It is probable that glass-making was carried on contempora-
neously in all these countries. Bede states, that in the seventh century workers in
glass were brought over from France into England, because the art was unknown
here ; but his remarks may apply specially to window glass, for which the artificers
were required. Before the question can be decided, further comparison must be
made with the Frankish glass vessels actually found in France. As far as my own
experience enables me to judge, a greater number, and more varieties, are disco-
vered in England than in France.

Anglo-Saxon glass vessels are distinguished from the Roman by peculiarities
easily to be understood by comparing the figures in our plates with the Roman
examples preserved in museums and engraved in archseological works. One promi-

UST^EODUCTION.

xlv

]jegn nytte beheold,
se ]ie on hancla baer
hrodeii ealo-wseo'e.

nent characteristic of the Saxon glass is the thread or band wound round the
exterior of many of the cups, and sometimes disposed spirally or in wavy lines.
This characteristic may probably explain the term " twisted", applied to such vessels
in the early Saxon poetry, as in the following passage from a description of a feast in
the beer-hall : —

The thane observed his office,

he that in his hand bare

the twisted ale-cup. Beowulf, line 983.

Another characteristic is the rounded or tapering bottom, which prevents the vessel
from standing upright without support, like the Roman futile. When filled, the
more globular could only be conveniently held in the hollow of the hand ; and in
this position we see such drinking-cups in festive scenes depicted in early illumina-
tions. They are veritable tumblers; and required to be emptied before they could
be replaced, inverted, upon the table ; a necessity by no means disagreeable to a
people addicted to hard drinking. The cemeteries of East Kent have contributed
to the collections of Lord Londesborough and Mr. Rolfe some curious types, differing
in form from any in the Faussett collection, but ornamented, as most of the latter are,
with bands and threads upon the exterior. Some of these may be found engraved
in The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon; and in Remains of Pagan Saxondom.

Fig. 2, pi. XVIII, is a fragment of a very remarkable class of vessels, the known
examples of which I have given in Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii. To my observations
on them I may add, that the fragments of one found near Winchester are now in
the possession of Mr. Joseph Clarke, F.S.A. The subjoined cut, from the paper
read by Mr. Wright before the members of the Cheshire and Lancashire Historic
Society, will afford an excellent comparison of the Gilton specimen with more
perfect examples from England, from France, and from Germany : at the same time
it will shew the close resemblance between them all : that from Gilton, however,

Reculver,
Keut.

li.r.l.
Oluucestershire.

TliO \".ille.v of
the Eaulne, France.

xlvi

INTRODUCTION.

has a scroll-pattern running round the upper part, which is
wanting in the others. Each of these vessels has two rows of
hollow protuberances, or claws, and numerous threads of glass
wound round the surface : the colours are light amber or yellow,
green, and olive. To them I am able to add, by the kindness
of Mr. Tluirston, a further example, discovered with a skeleton
and weapons at Ashford, in Kent. It is of a pale, or rather, an
olive-green colour, which assumes a deeper shade of green at the
lower extremity. This appears to be the most capacious yet
discovered. In the neighbourhood of Sandwich, numerous Saxon
glass vessels have been found in past times. At Wodensborough,
in particular, it is said, so many were dug up, that for years they
were used in a farm-house for their original purpose, beer
drinking.

rr^r:^

Height, fli inches.
Width, at top, 35 inches,
bottom, 1| in.

P O T T E R Y.

PLATE XX.

The attention of the reader is directed to the remarks made in the preceding
pages of this Introduction on the subject of cinerary urns, or urns which contained
the remains of human bones gathered from the debris of the funeral pile, after the
bodies had been consumed by fire. As before remarked, the sherds only of such
urns seem to have been discovered by Mr. Faussett in very few graves, the result,
apparently, of anterior interments. None of the wide-mouthed urns, represented in
this plate and throughout the volume, seem to have been applied to the purposes of
cremation. The inference is, that in the districts in Kent to which these cemeteries
belonged, burning the body had ceased, at least, as a general practice, before the
interments laid open by Mr. Faussett commenced.

In our plate are grouped the chief of the earthen vessels found by Mr. Faussett.
Three further examples from Gilton, in the collection of Mr. Ilolfe, are introduced in
the next page, together with their ornamental scrolls of tlie actual dimensions. In all
these vessels, particularly in those which are bottle-shaped, there is such a remarkable
general similitude in form and in the character of the ornaments, and such a dissi-
militude to those procured from other parts of England, that whoever will take the

INTRODUCTION.

xlvii

imins to make the comparison, must be convinced that this Kentish funereal pot-
tery possesses peculiarities which claim for it a local parentage, contemporaneous
■with the deposits of which it forms a part. It is characterized by a general type,
which is as strikingly Kentish, or more so, as other types of Saxon vases from

'^^^%^^

1. Heit^lit, 7 inches.

2. Height, 1(1 iiichts.

ll'.igiil t>\ inches.

other districts are indicative of their particular local parentages. Further examples
from Chatham and from Stowting may be cited. They all bear, in form, a close
resemblance to the Roman ; but their manufacture is much inferior, and the
ornamental patterns are void of grace and elegance. Fig. 3, in the above cut, is
barrel-shaped, like one of Roman manufacture dug up in a Roman burial-j)lace
adjoining Canterbury : it is furnished with a cover.

COINS.

PLATE XI.

The coins taken from the Anglo-Saxon graves ai'e of great importance and
require particular consideration. As from other evidences and their deductions,
these cemeteries could not possibly be referred to a period anterior to the fifth

xlviii IXTPtODUCTION.

century, the earlier Roman coins cannot be admitted as affording any testimony on
the question of the date of any of the interments. They are only curious in shewing
the continuance of old customs. With the exception of the coin of Nero, fastened
to the iron-work of a horse's bridle, they cannot be regarded as ornaments, or
objects hoarded as rarities, for the Roman money in the time of the early Saxons
must have abounded, and, doubtless, passed for all purposes of traffic. Had the
coins ceased with those of Constantine, they must have been dismissed altogether
from consideration as bearing on the question of the date of the interments ; but
when we find in a grave a coin of Justinian (fig. 2), who reigned from a.d. 527 to
A.D. 565, we immediately arrive at the conclusion that the interment could not
possibly have taken place prior to the reign of that emperor ; and we may infer that
the adjoining graves, at least, were not earlier. Thus far, our ground, retrospectively,
is sure ; but not so in the other direction. AVe cannot be certain even that this coin
was deposited at any period during the long reign of Justinian. The evidence
supplied by the two gold Merovingian pieces (figs. 1 and 3 and p. 131) is about equal
to that afforded by the coin of Justinian. They are probably of the middle of the sixth
century, before which period we cannot consider them to have been buried ; but we
can by no means so limit them perspectively. Unfortunately these coins range over a
rather extended period of time ; and as they bear merely the names of towns and of
moneyers, it is seldom their precise date can be determined. The coin of Justinian,
it may be observed, though bearing the name of that prince, is one of those
numerous imitations struck by the Frankish kings. This fact may weigh somewhat
against the probability of the coin being deposited in the Anglo-Saxon grave during
the first half of the sixth century. Contemporaneous with the Merovingian gold
are the earliest Anglo-Saxon silver coins, commonly called sceattas, some of which
Avere found by Mr. J. P. Bartlett in one of the tumuli upon Breach Downs, near
Kingston, in Kent : see Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, pi. vi. Although, unfortunately,
these early Saxon coins, like the Merovingian, bear no inscriptions to guide us to
the precise period when they were struck, they serve to cumulate testimony which
throws the date of some of these graves in a descending direction.

In this inquiry may be introduced further evidence, which, if not invested in
every point of view with such authenticating circumstances as attend the foregoing,
is legitimate and important. A few years since, some looped gold coins, a looped
Roman intaglio, and a Saxon or Frankish circular ornament set with garnets, were
dug up in the burial-ground attached to the ancient church of St. ]\Iartin, just

INTEODUCTlOIf. xlix

without the gates of Canterbury, on the Sandwich road. This church, mentioned
in charters of Ethelbert, a.d. 605 {^Cod. Dip. jEvi Saxon, ii and iii), Bede informs
us, was a Roman building, and in it Bertha, the wife of Etlielbert, used to worship,
she being a Christian : in it also Augustine and his companions met to pray and
baptize. The ornaments were of too costly a description to have belonged to any
other than a lady of distinction, with whom they had probably been interred.
Some of the coins are Merovingian ; one is of Justin, who died a.d. 527 ; and one is
of Eupardus, bishop of Autun, who appears, from the ecclesiastical writers, to have
been ordained about the middle of the sixth century, or, as one writer states, some-
what later : see Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i, pi. xxii and lv ; and Numismatic Chronicle,
vol. vii, p. 187. Gold coins of Mauricius (a.d. 582 to a.d. 602), and of Heraclius
(a.d. 610 to a.d. 641), mounted in gold crosses set with garnets, have been found
in Norfolk ; and a similar decorated cross, but without a coin, has very recently
been dug up, together with the upper plate of a gold circular Saxon fibula, in
Suffolk. I am rather inclined to think these crosses (of which Ave have no examples
from the Kentish graves, nor from any other Anglo-Saxon cemeteries) are of some-
what later date than the Saxon ornaments in the Faussett collection.

Equally connected with this inquiry, but not apparently advancing it by any
positively decisive evidence, is the discovery of Merovingian and other gold coins
with Anglo-Saxon ornaments recorded by Mr. Akerman in the Numismatic Chronicle,
vol. vi, p. 171.

localities: ethnological classification of antiquities.

We derive but little, if any, information bearing upon our researches in the
names or in the records of the locaUties in which the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries are
situated. They only shew that certain districts were more or less populated, and
that the inhabitants were more or less wealthy. The Gilton and Kingston ceme-
teries bear indisputable evidence of the superior condition in life of many of the
now nameless denizens of the graves ; and we may infer that in these districts were
located some of the most powerful of the earliest settlers. As we often find the
cemeteries are contiguous to or surrounded by Roman or Romano-British burial
places, we seem to discern, in this contiguity of the dead, the result of an amicable
relationship. In many places, where opportunity has been afforded of watching the
exhumation of Roman burial-places, it has not been unfrequently noticed, when

h

1 IXTRODTJCTION.

the Roman interments have been exhausted, that Saxon graves follow in close
proximity. This fact has been, perhaps, more strikingly observed in the vicinity of
towns, as at Strood and Colchester. The Roman cemetery at Crundale affords a
remarkable instance ; and in this point of view its chief interest consists. Unfor-
tunately a vast number of both Roman and Saxon burial-places have been dug up
ignorantly, or ransacked with no antiquarian object, and many opportunities for
extending our knowledge on this important inquiry have been irrevocably lost.
Still, no doubt, much is yet left for the patient and careful explorer : and we may hope
that the publication of the great mass of facts contained in this volume will influence
the discoverers of Saxon cemeteries to follow the example of Bryan Faussett in
noting particulars, and that of Mr. Mayer in making those particulars public
propei'ty.

A classification of Anglo-Saxon antiquities, obtained from various parts of the
kingdom, is of the first importance. My friend Mr. Wright has attempted to aid in
this classification by a map which he has contributed to our volume. In explanation
of the principles on which this map is dra\\ai up, I here give some notes which he
has communicated to me : —

" My principal object in the accompanying map was to shew the position of the
Saxon cemeteries hitherto discovered in our island, with regard not only to one
another, but to the great roads and principal towns which were in existence at the
period to which the cemeteries are ascribed. I think it would be hardly safe yet to
venture on drawing any conclusions from the comparisons Avhich this map leads us
to ; but it is, perhaps, right to state the authority, or grounds, upon which the
map itself is made.

" I need not tell you of the almost imperishable character of the Roman roads,
which not only remained as the public roads of this island during the Anglo-Saxon
and Norman periods, but were the foundation of most of the principal high-roads
of modern times. I had, therefore, no more to do in this respect than to take
the principal known roads of the Roman period. Four of these gi'eat roads are
especially spoken of by our medieval chroniclers ; but as the oldest writer in whom
the description and names of them occur, Henry of Huntingdon, belongs to the
middle of the twelfth century, it leaves room for some discussion as to their real
Anglo-Saxon names. The words of Henry of Huntingdon are as follows : — ' Tantse
autem gratiee inhabitantibus fuit Brittannia, quod quatuor in ea calles a fine in
finem construerent regia sublimates authoritate, ne aliquis in eis inimicum invadere

mXRODUCTION. li

auderet. Primus est ab oriente in occidentem, et vocatur Ichenild; secundus est ab
austro in aquilonem, et Yocatuv Emi7i(/estrate ; tertius est ex transverse a Dorobernia
in Cestriam, scilicet ab Euro-Austro in Zephyrum-Septentrionalem, et vocatur Wat-
lingesfrate; quartus, major caeteris, incipit in Catenes et desinet in Totenes, scilicet
a principio Cornugallise in finem Scottise ; et hie callis vadit ex transverse a Zephiro-
Australi in Eurum-Septentrionalem, et vocatur Fossa, tenditque per Lincolniam. Hi
sunt quatuor principales calles Angliae, multum quidem spatiosi, sed nee minus
speciosi, sanciti edictis regum, scriptisque verendis legum.'

" Of these four roads, one only, the Wcetlinga- strait, is mentioned in purely
Anglo-Saxon writings, and on the name of that there can be no doubt, or of its
mythic character. The name of another is equally mythic, which is written in the
printed text Erningestrete, and has been corrupted in more modern times into
Erniing-street : from a consideration of the various reading in the manuscripts of
Henry of Huntingdon, Ermingestretc, of the similarity of that form with Watlingestrete
(in Henry's orthography), and of its analogy with Wcetlinga-strcet, I am inclined to
think that the real Anglo-Saxon name of this road was Eormeninga-strwt — that it
was the road of the Eormenings as that was of the AVatlings — and I have ventured
to adopt this name in the map. The name of a third of these, the Ichenilde-sinet,
or Ikenild-strcet, though somewhat doubtful in its form, represents, I have no doubt,
the old Anglo-Saxon name of the road. I cannot say the same thing of the name
of the fourth road, for the word Fosse, unless we can suppose it to be a corruption of
some older name which is unknown, is undoubtedly Anglo-Norman, and as such
I have rejected it.

" With regard to the names of towns, I have inserted such only as are known,
or believed by strong presumption, to have existed as towns under the Anglo-Saxons,
before their conversion to Christianity. As in Gaul, and in the other provinces of
the Roman empire, there can be no doubt that many, if not most, of the principal
towns, especially when fortified, outlived the invasions of the barbarians, and
wherever we find a town, which had been Roman, still existing as a town in the
early Christian period of the Anglo-Saxons (or, indeed, at any time of the Saxon
period), we are justified in assuming that it had so existed continuously through the
period of Anglo-Saxon paganism. I have acted upon this assumption in inserting in
the map the chief Roman towns in England which are mentioned as Saxon towns
by the early Anglo-Saxon historians, and will only add that a large number of these
are mentioned by those historians as having been towns of the Saxons before their

lii INTRODUCTIOISf.

conversion. Other primitive Anglo-Saxon towns, of which we have no evidence of
a Roman origin, are given on the authority of the same historians, such as Sandwic
in Kent, Wihtgara-hyrig in the Isle of Wight, Posentes-byrig in Shropshire ; and
I have added one or two others, on a strong presumption of their early existence,
although we have no direct mention of them. Thus, I am inclined strongly to
the belief, that the two border towns of Shrewsbury and Hereford were founded by
the remains of the population of the ruined Roman towns of Uriconium and Magna,
and that they were very early towns of the Mercians. A few other towns, such, for
instance, as Glaestinga-byrig and Maerle-beorg (Glastonbury and Marlsbury) are
mentioned in the earliest Christian period as being then places of so much import-
ance, that that importance must have been bequeathed to them from the previous
age. I will only remark further on this part of the subject, that I have ventured
to follow the ecclesiastical tradition, which appears to be as old, at all events, as the
thirteenth century, in identifying Maserfeld, mentioned by Bede {Eccl. Hist. lib. iii,
c. 9), as the place where Oswald king of the Northumbrians was slain in battle
against the pagan Mercians, with Oswaldes-treo, or, as the name has been in modern
times corrupted, Oswestry, in Shropshire. At all events, Oswestry appears to have
been a very early Mercian town, and probably arose from the ruins of a Roman
town in the immediate neighbourhood at what is now called Old Oswestry.

" I have thought it especially important, with regard to the cemeteries, to
mark, as nearly as we can ascertain them, the limits of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
of the pagan period. The Anglo-Saxon historians have left us a very straight-
forward account of the great ethnological divisions of their race, and as far as Ave
have yet gone in this line of research, the variations in the articles found in the
Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in different parts of the island correspond with it ; but the
exact geographical limits are not so easily fixed, and, in fact, they no doubt varied
at different periods. The limits of the Kentish Jutes are clearly defined, and the
same may be said of the South Saxons and of the East Saxons, and, to some degree,
of the Northumbrian Angles. It would not, however, be so easy to fix the exact
boundary line inland of the East Angles, or of the Middle Angles of Lincolnshire ;
and the boundary of the Mercians was continually varying. It must be understood
that I am speaking of the Mercians of the age previous to their conversion, of the
history of which we are absolutely ignorant. We learn from the Saxon Chronicle,
that in the year 571 the West Saxons, under Cuthwulf, took from the Britons the
towns of Bedcan-ford (Bedford), Lygean-byrg (Lenbury), iEgeles-byrg (Aylesbury),

sxEI

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o^

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Bfi>rnii\T-ttTC

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MAP OF

Si\XO:S^ E>GLAXD

previous to A. D. 600 .

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haw cnstf/f th^i as An/iio-Sajnm, towns,
and thf AiwloStLXfn (ermf^nrs ,

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P-^ R A -H^ 1 1 \P^S!3^'

INTRODUCTION. lui

Baenesing-tun (Benson), and Egones-ham (Eyneshara) ; that in 577, under Cuthwine
and Ceawlin, they defeated' the Britons at Deorham, and obtained possession of
Bath, Cirencester, and Gloucester ; and that in 584, they defeated the Britons at
Fethan-lea (Frethorne, on the Severn), and took ' many towns'; and we know that
they subsequently extended their conquests to the Wye. It is not till 628 that we
find the Mercians invading the frontiers of the West Saxons, and fighting a battle
with them at Cirencester. I think, therefore, that in treating of the pagan period,
we may consider the kingdom of Wessex as including the modern counties of
Bedford, Buckingham, Oxford, and Gloucester, and, perhaps, also part of Worcester-
shire and Herefordshire, and that the jiopulation of those districts are really Saxon,
and not Angle. This is a consideration whichT must not be lost sight of, in our
classification of the early Anglo-Saxon remains ; and it is upon it that I have given
the limit between the West Saxons and the Mercians in the map. The Mercians
appear to have pushed forward from Lincolnshire in a western and south-western
direction, and so to have reached the border of Wales at a very early period, after
which they began to extend their conquests towards the south.

" I have entered in the map all the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in this island
which have been either fully or partially explored, or which, as far as I have as yet
ascertained, have been indicated by accidental discoveries. I have no doubt that
this list, numerous as it may appear, is very imperfect, and I shall be glad to obtain
any information which may render it more complete. The importance of such
information will be sufficiently shewn by the valuable work which you are now
giving to the world."

It is only necessary to add to these remarks the following table of references
to explain the localities indicated by the numbers in the map.

KENT. 1 1. Between Folkestone and Dover.

1. Cliartham Down. 12. Folkestone.

2. Kingston Down. 13. Barham.

3. Gilton, in the parish of Ash. 14. Bourne Park.

4. Coomhe, in the parish of Wodnesborough. 15. Sittingbourne.

5. Sibertswold. 16. Chatham Lines.

6. Barfriston Down. 17. Rochester.

7. Wingham. 18. Strood.

8. Minster, in Thanet. 19. Northfleet.

9. Osengell, in Thanet. 20. Greenwich.
10. St. Margaret's near Dover. 21. Reculver.

liv

INTRODUCTION.

EAST SAXOXS.

22. Colchester.

EAST ANGLES.

23. Linton Heath, Cambridgeshire.

24. Great Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire.

25. Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire.

26. Stow Heath, Suffolk.

27. Staunton, Suffolk.

28. Aldborough, Suffolk.

29. Tostock, near Ixworth, Suffolk.

30. Eye, Suffolk.

31. Near Bungay, Suffolk.

32. Near Swaffham, Norfolk.

33. Walsingham, Norfolk.

34. Markeshall, near Norwich.

WEST SAXONS.

35. Harnam, near Salisbury.

36. Roundway Down, near Devizes, Wilts.

37. Fairford, Gloucestershire.

38. , Gloucestershire.

39. Near Abingdon, Berkshire.

40. Long Wittenham, Berkshire.

41. Blewbury, Berkshire.

42. Cuddesden, Oxfordshire.

43. Souldern, Oxfordshire.

44. Mentmore, Buckinghamshire.

45. Dinton, Buckinghamshire.

46. Sandby, Bedfordshire.

47. Shefford, Bedfordshire.

ISLE OF WIGHT.

48. Chessell Down.

49. Aneton Down.

MEECIA AND THE MIDDLE ANGLES.

50. Caenby, I^ncolnshire.

51. Castle Bythan, Lincolnshire.

52. Near Newark, Lincolnshire.

53. Searby, near Caistor, Lincolnshire.

54. Syston Park, Lincolnshire.

55. Near Cottgrave, Nottinghamshire.

56. Kingston, near Derby.

57. Winster, in the Peak.

58. Middleton Moor, Peak.

59. Haddon Field.

60. Brassington, Peak.

61. Standlow, near Dovedale

62. Cowlow, near Buxton.

63. Ingarsby, Leicestershire.

64. Great Wigston, Leicestershire.

65. Queenborough Field, Leicestershire.

66. Rothley Temple, Leicestershire.

67. Billesdon Coplow, Leicestershire.

68. Husband's Bosworth, Leicestershire.

69. Parish of St. Nicholas, Warwick.

70. Near Warwick.

71. Cestersover, near Rugby, Warwickshire.

72. Churchover, Warwickshire.

73. Marston Hill, Northamptonshire.

74. Badby, Northamptonshire.

75. Hunsbury Hill, Northamptonshire.

76. Barrow Furlong, Northamptonshire.

77. Welford, Northamptonshire.

THE ANGLES NORTH OF THE HUMBER.

78. South Cave, Yorkshire.

79. Great Driffield, Yorkshire.

80. Near Rudstone, Yorkshire.

81. Castle Eden, Durham.

To enable the student to comprehend more fully the subject of this volume
with its collateral inquiries, a list of publications, almost indispensable to the study
of Saxon antiquities, is appended. The list may be taken as indicating the chief
publications bearing on this branch of our national archaeology. Comparison with
these works will prove how much we are indebted for the accession of a great
mass of facts to the enthusiasm of Bryan Faussett and the generosity of Joseph
Mayer.

C. ROACH SMITH.

INTRODUCTION. Iv

LIST OF BOOKS

RELATING ESPECIALLY TO THE ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN THE ANGLO-SAXON

CEMETERIES, AND IN THE SIMILAR INTERMENTS

ON THE CONTINENT.

Nenia Britannica : or, a Sepulchral History of Great Britain ; from the earliest period
to its general conversion to Christianity. By the Rev. James Douglas, F.A.S. London, 1793.

Arch^ologia: or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity, published by the Society of
Antiquaries of London. London, 1770-1856. For index to the papers on Anglo-Saxon
Antiquities, see the Archaeological Index, pp. 200 to 204.

Collectanea Antiqua; Etchings and Notices of Ancient Remains, illustrative of the
Habits, Customs, and History of Past Ages. By Charles Roach Smith, F.S.A. London,
4 volumes, from 1843 to 1856.

The Arch^ological Album : or. Museum of National Antiquities. Edited by Thomas
Wright, M.A., F.S.A. ; illustrated by F. W. Fairholt, F.S.A. London, 1845.

The History and Antiquities of Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire ; compiled by Thomas
Wing ; together with a Short Description of Souldern, Oxfordshire, and of Sepulchral Remains
found there, by Sir Henry E. L. Dryden, Bart. Deddington and London, 1845.

A Brief Account of the Parish of Stouting, in the county of Kent, and of the Anti-
quities lately discovered there. By the Rev. Frederick Wrench, Rector of Stouting. London,
1845.

An ARCHiEOLOGiCAL Index to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano-British, and
Anglo-Saxon Periods. By John Yonge Akerman, F.S.A. London, 1847.

Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire, and the Sepulchral Usages of its Inhabitants
from the most Remote Ages to the Reformation. By Thomas Bateman. London, 1848.

The Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, in Kent. By Charles
Roach Smith, F.S.A. London, 1850.

The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon : a History of the Early Inhabitants of Britain,
down to the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. By Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A.,
F.S.A., M.R.S.L. London, 1852.

Saxon Obsequies, illustrated by Ornaments and Weapons discovered by the Hon. R. C.
Neville, in a Cemetery near Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire, during the autumn of 1851 ;
with coloured lithographic plates. London, 1852.

Fairford Graves. A Record of Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Burial-place in Glouces-
tershire. By William Michael Wylie, B.A. Oxford, 1852.

Miscellanea Graphica : a Collection of Ancient, Medieval, and Renaissance Remains
in the possession of Lord Londesborough. London, 1854-6.

Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from tumuli in England. By John Yonge
Akerman, F.S.A., and Sec. S.A. London, 1855.

Ivi INTEODUCTION.

On Anglo-Saxon Antiquities, with a particular reference to the Faussett Collection.
By Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A. (Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and
Cheshire, vol. vii ; printed separately.) London, 1855.

British Antiquities : their present treatment and their real claims, pp. 47. By A.
Henry Ehind, F.S.A.Lond. and Scot. Edinburgh, 1855.

Burial and Cremation. By J. M. Kemble. (The Archaeological Journal, No. 48.)

London, 1855.

On Mortuary Urns, found at Stade-on-the-Elbe and other parts of North Germany,
now in the Museum of the Historical Society of Hanover. By John Mitchell Kemble.
(Archfeologia, vol. xxxvi.) London, 1856.

The History and Antiquities of the Isle of AVight. By George Hillier. (Printed
for the Subscribers.) London, 1856.

Sechster Jahresbericht an die Mitglieder der Sinsheimer Gesellschaet, von R.
Wilhelmi. Sinsheim, 1838.

Description des Tombeaux de Bel-Air pres Cheseaux sur Lausanne, par Frederic
Troyon. Publiee sous les auspices de la Society des Antiquaires de Zurich. Lausanne, 1841.

Das Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen in der Provinz Rheinhessen, dargestellt
und erliiutert von den Gebriidern W. und L. Lindenschmit. Mainz, 1848.

Die Graber der Liven. Ein Beitrag zur Nordischen Alterthumskunde und Geschichte
von Johann Karl Bahr. Dresden, 1850.

Recherches Historiques sur les Peuples de la Race Teutonique qui envahirent les
Gaules au v^ siecle, et sur le caractere des Armes, des Boucles et des Ornaments recueillis dans
leurs Tombeaux, particulierement en Picardie, par M. le Docteur RigoUot. (Memoires de la
Societe des Antiquaires de Picardie, tom. x. 1850.

Notice sur les Tombes Gallo-Frankes du Grand Duch^ de Luxembourg, par M. A.
Namur. (Extrait des publications de la Societe Archeologique de Luxembourg. 1853.)

Afbildninger era det Kongelige Museum for Nordiske Oldsager i Kjobenhavn.
Ordnede og forklarede af J. J. A. Worsaae. Copenhagen, 1854.

La Normandie Souterraine, ou Notices sur les Cimetieres Remains et des Cimetieres
Francs explores en Normandie, par M. I'Abbe Cochet. Seconde edition. Paris and London,
1855.

Notice sur d'Anciens Cimetieres trouv^s soit en Savoie, soit dans le Canton de Geneve,
par M. H. J. Gosse. (Memoires et Documents publies par la Soci^t^ d'Histoire et d'Arch^o-
logie de Geneve, tom. 9, 1855.)

ERRATA.
I'age 0, lines 2 and 0 from bottom, for " pi. 15", read, " pi. 16".
„ 10, line 1 from bottom, dele (pi. 8, fig. 8).

„ 20, line 8, for " three-quarters of an inch", read " three inches and a quai'tei"".
„ 117, Xote 2, for " Anglo-Saxons", read " Anglo-Saxon graves".
„ 10(i, the reference to the second note is wanting.
„ 228, PI. Tin, figs. 2, etc., for " Gilton, No. 2i", read " Gilton, No. 23".
„ 22'J, PI. x^'I, for " 1, 2", read " 1, 2, 3"; for " fig. 3", read " fig. 4, Gilton, No. 19";
in " 4, 5, 5a", dele 4.

tup: SAND-riT at gilton, in 185-1.

INYENTOEIUM SErULCHRALE,

AN ACCOUNT OP SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED GILTON-TOWN,
IN THE PARISH OP ASH, NEXT SANDWICH, IN KENT,

IN THE YEARS 17tiO, 17C2, 17G3, BY ME Br. FaUSSETT.

T a place commonly called Gilton Town, in the parish of Ash, next
Sandwich, in the county of Kent, on the right hand of the high road
leading from Canterbury to Sandwich, and about a quarter of a mile
short of Ash-Street, is a large and deep sand-pit, in which from time to time
for a great many years past, whenever sand has been dug Avithin three or four
feet of the surface, or whenever the surface has rushed down after frost or rain,
as it usually does, many antiquities of different sorts have been discovered and
picked up, either by the servants of the farmer who used the land, who have often
been employed in carrying^ out the sand to manure the farm, or by the inhabitants
of the village of Ash, or perhaps, more particularly, by the servants of a miller, who
has two large windmills on the west side of and close to this sand-pit.

Happening to be at Ash in the end of the year 1759, on the purpose of copying
the monumental inscriptions in that church among others, and inquiring, as I always
do on such occasions, whether there were any antiquities or other remarkables in
the neighbourhood, I was informed of this famous sand-pit, and of the particulars
above mentioned.

INVENTOBIUM SEPULCHRALE.

I immediately visited the place ; and after having looked about it and examined
it for some little time, one of the miller's servants came into the pit to me and
shewed me something sticking out, about three or four inches out of the sand, at
about three feet from the surface of the eastern and deepest part of the pit. It
appeared to me to be nothing more than some piece of stick or some root ; but he
assured me it was the head of a spear ; and said he was certain there was a grave
there from the colour of the sand, which, in a small line of about eighteen inches in
length, parallel to the surface, and about two inches in thickness, appeared in.
that place of a much darker tinge than the rest of the sand. He told me also, that,
if I pleased, he Avould get a ladder and a spade and see what Avas in it.

It was now pretty late in the day, which made me object to his proposal,
imagining he would not have time to go through with his work. However, on his
assuring me that he had been used to the work, and that by the help of another
niiUer, his fellow-servant, he should soon rifle it (for that was his expression), my
curiosity prompted me, though at a considerable distance from home, to set them
about the business and to wait the event.

The miller and his companion immediately produced two ladders and as many
spades ; and with these began to delve in a very rough manner into the sand rock in
an horizontal manner, as if they had designed to have made an oven. The head of
the spear (for such indeed it proved) they, at the first or second stroke of their
spades, contrived to break all to pieces. Indeed it was very brittle. At the next
stroke or two, part of a skull and a few vertebrae of the neck (all much decayed)
were indiscriminately with the soil cast down into the pit, without the least care or
search after anything. That concern, they said, they left to me and my servant at
the bottom, who were nearly blinded with the sand falling on us, and in no small
danger of being knocked on the head, if not absolutely buried, by the too zealous
impetuosity of my honest labourers.

I found, in short, that this method of proceeding would not do ; but that if the
grave did chance to contain anything curious, it must, most likely, be lost and
overlooked. I therefore desired them to desist, and advised them rather to open
the ground above, till they should get down to the skeleton, and then carefully to
examine the bottom of the grave. This advice, having been used to proceed oven-
fashion, if I may so call it, they did not at first at all rehsh ; but after a little
persuasion and a little brandy (without which nothing, in such cases as the present,
can be done effectually), they very cheerfully approved and very contentedly followed,
so that in a very short time they got to the skeleton, I mean to what remained of it.
And though I then went into the grave myself, and very carefully examined every
handful of the above mentioned discoloured sand (namely, where the body had lain

GILTON-TOWN. 3

and rotted), I found nothing but some soft spongy remains of decayed bones. It
was now too near night to think of doing anything more at that time, and too late
in the season, considering my distance from home, to attempt anything further that
year. But I promised myself the pleasure of returning to the work, and making a
further and more diligent search, as early as the weather and length of days of the
ensuing spring would give me leave.

These millers not only told me of many things which had been continually
found here, but showed me a broken iron buckle, two bi'oken spear -heads, several
other broken pieces of iron, of which nothing could be made out, and seven small
beads of baked earth of different colours ; these last I purchased of them ; as also, of
their master, Mr. Kingsford, the blade of a sword, about two feet and a half long,
about two inches broad, quite straight and very heavy ; five spear-heads of different
sizes, and none of them whole ; two umbos of shields, both also much broken ; (these
were aU of iron) ; and eleven small earthen beads like the former ; and these were
the only things out of the whole purchase that I got safe home : all the rest were so
blistered with rust and so very brittle, that notwithstanding my greatest care, both in
the packing and carriage of them, they were broken all to pieces in the conveyance.

This sand-pit is situated on an eminence, Avhich commands a very beautiful
prospect of the adjacent country from the south-east to the north-west. The sand
is of a reddish colour, rather coarse, and so hard and compact as to keep its rocky
form in digging, and not to run in and crumble, as sand generally does.

The surface of the ground has been so entirely levelled by the plough, that not
the least trace or appearance of a single tumulus is anywhere to be seen. The mills
stand, as I observed before, at the west, or rather north-Avest, side of the pit, and
upon rather higher ground than the surface near the other sides of it. And, I
imagine, that on that spot the most valuable antiquities might be discovered, as the
highest part of the field was reckoned the most honourable. But the miller has
put up a fence, beyond which he Avill on no account sviffer any sand to be dug or
removed ; and, indeed, he is much in the right, for otherwise his mills would soon
be in the bottom of the pit, the sand being even now (notwithstanding his precaution )
continually crumbling and running down after very wet or frosty weather.

I think I need not say that during the Avinter my thoughts were, every now and
then, at Gilton-Town ; and that I often wished that inactive season at an end. At
length the much wished for spring arrived, and the warmth of the weather had so
raised the thermometer of my impatience by the beginning of April, that I was
determined to pay it a visit as soon as possible. Accordingly, on the 10th of that
month, having previously obtained leave of — Cosmaker, Esq. (^^ho was both lord
of the manor and landlord of the farm to which the sand-pit belonged), I set out for

4 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Ash, -which I made my head-quarters in this, as well as in all other my digging
expeditions at Gilton-Town ; and got thither soon enough to provide labourers, and
everything else that was necessary for the business of the next day. And I here
give an exact account of my success at this time, \dz., on the

11th and 12th of April, 1760.

1. The first grave we opened was about two feet and a half deep ; it pointed
due east and west, with the feet to the east. The skeleton was nearly decayed. On
the left side of the skull lay the head of a spear (pi. 14, fig. 3) ; by its size, I guess it
to have been an hasta, it being full eighteen inches long, i. e. from the point to the

end of the socket. The point reached but a very little, perhaps two
inches, beyond the skull, so that I think it could not, staff" and all,
exceed the length of six feet. Besides this, there was a small iron
heckle;* the blade of a knife, about four inches long (pi. 15, fig. 3) ;
and some other small bits of iron, so rusted and broken that nothing
Full size. could be made of them.

2. Grave east and west, as the former, about three feet deep. No signs of any
bones but those of the thighs, and they were almost gone ; here we met with
nothing ; but in digging out the sand, and about half way down, we found the
sherds of a pretty largish urn of coarse black earth, broken, I suppose, by those who
dug the grave for the person here deposited ; a shrewd sign, surely, that this spot has
been a burying place, perhaps even before the custom of burning the dead ceased.'

3. Grave, as before, about three feet deep ; bones almost gone. About the
place of the neck we found five small beads of baked earth, one yellow, two blue,
and two red. Here we also found a very common copper coin of Constantine the
Great. It is of the third module. The head is laureate, and has this legend,
IMP. coNSTANTiNvs p.F. AVG. The reverse has the sun, standing, Avith his attributes
as usual, with the following legend, soli, invicto. cojiiti. ; in the area are the
two letters t.f. ; at the bottom, p.l.n. A woman's grave, one would think.

4. Grave from west to east as before, but not more than two feet deep. It
contained the bones of a child, which were scarce distinguishable. I traced its ashes,
I mean the tinged sand, and could not find that they reached above three feet in
length. On the right side near the place of the skull, for that was quite gone, was
the small head of a dart or arrow (see fig. 1, in group on p. 10) :^ it was of iron ; but

* The italics throughout the volume denote the - [As some of the objects in iron discovered at

objects selected for wood-cuts. Gilton have entirely perished from oxidation, and

' [As he proceeded with his excavations, Mr. Faus- as others are much decomposed, in this instance the

sett became convinced that this notion, formed at so drawings which accompany Mr. Faussett's account

early a period of his researches, was correct. — Ed.] have been copied and introduced in p. 10. — Ed.]

Full size.

(ilLTON-TOWN. 5

appeared to have been verj^ thin, its whole length, strig and all (for it had not a
socket), Avas scarce three inches. About the place of the neck we found seven small
amber beads, not round, but they seem as if cut irregularly Avith a knife.

5. Grave as before, near four feet deep, the bones pretty sound ; here we found
the hemispherical umbo of a shield (pi. 15, fig. 14); it was of
iron, and hollow ; at the centre of the convexity was a sort of
stud, about one inch broad, fixed on to it by a strig or foot,
about half an inch long ; three iron rivets with flat round heads
near two inches broad, with part of the wood of the shield
adhering to them. By the length of these studs or rivets, the
shield appeared to have been exactly half an inch thick. On
the right side of the skull was the head of an hasta or spear,
much like that described at No. 1 ; and on the left side of the
skull, the head of a pilum or dart (fig. 3 in group, p. 10); this was not more than
nine inches long, socket and all. The socket, both of this and of the head of the
hasta, were full of the rotten Avood of their staves. A self-opinionated carpenter,
who looked on, did not hesitate a moment, but very assuredly pronounced that

it was " quartered ash"; this is not at all unlikely ; but I
think it impossible for him to be sure.' We found, besides
a large iron hucJcle, a round hollow iron cylinder, about
one inch and a half diameter, and about five inches long.
I take this to have been a handle- to hold the shield by. It
appeared to have been bound round Avith some string, not
unlike our packthread, I suppose for the more commodiously
grasping it ; the string Avas by the rust of the iron converted
lull size. into a hard iron-like substance. There Avas also a blade of a

knife, exactly like that at No. 1 ; it had rotten wood adhering to its strig ; but, as
my wise friend the carpenter had noAv unfortunately left me, I Avill not of myself
presume to determine Avhat wood the haft Avas made of. We also found scA'cral
small pieces of rusty iron ; but all of them so swoln and broken that I could not
pretend to give any guess what they might have been. They had something of tlie
appearance of long nails, with very broad heads.

' [The carpenter was probably correct. Portions
of wood remaining in the sockets of Anglo-Saxon
spear-heads have been ascertained, by the aid of
the microscope, to be ash. The Saxon asc, ash, is
constantly used in the old Anglo-Saxon poetry for
spear. In Beowulf, 1. 664, the javehns or spears
{gdras) are described as having shafts of ash-wood :

gai-as stodon
see-manna searo
samod a'tga>dere,
aesc-holt ufan graeg.
—Ed.]

- See'Montiaucon' s An/iquife Ej-j)liqiice, translated
by Humphries, vol. iv, pi. G, fig. 14; pi. 8, fig. G.

Their javelins stood,
the weapons of the sea-men,
collected together,
ash-wood grey above.

b INVENTORIDM SEPULCHRALE.

6. Grave, as before, about three feet deep ; the bones quite gone ; an umbo of
a shield, much like that described in No. 5, but that it is much more conical ; it
has a round stud in its centre like that ; three iron broad-headed rivets or studs, as
before ; tlic liead of an hasta, much like that described at No. 1 ; this lay on the
right side of the place of the skull ; and the blade of a knife, like those already
mentioned, near the right hip.

7. Grave, as before, about three feet deep ; bones almost gone ; on the left side
of the head, the head of a pilum, like that described at No. 5 ; a small iron buckle,
much like that described at No. 1, except that the angles of this are rather more
rounded off; and several nail-like pieces of iron, and the blade of a knife, as
before.

8. Grave, as before, about three feet deep. It was very visible that this person
was buried in a large and very thick chest or coffin, which had either been excavated
by fire, or perhaps been burnt to a certain degree, in order to make it the more
durable. It was in some places, particularly at the head and feet, near three inches
thick ; perhaps more ; for at both these places I took up several large handfuls of
black crumbly dust, mixed with large wood-coals, and on each side there were very
manifest indications of the coffin, much rotten wood and black dust, mixed Avith
wood-coals, reaching the whole length of, nay, much beyond the skeleton. The
bones were greatly decayed. Among the small remains of the skull, I found a long,
slender, brass pin, with a large round head (pi. 10, fig. 20) ; this I shall not at all
hesitate to call an acus discriminalis,^ or pin for the hair. About the place of the
neck, I found nine small beads of baked earth, as before : one of them was somewhat
larger than the rest, and among them several loose teeth, which were very firm :
I suppose they had fallen out of the lower jaw, but that was quite gone. Here were
also many pieces of iron ; but all of them so rusted and swollen, and withal so very
rotten, that it was impossible to give any guess either at their form or use, nor could
they be handled without their falling to pieces. At the feet and beyond the coffin,
was a round brass trivet, about twelve inches diameter (pi. 15, fig. 2), on which
stood a flat brass pan or kettle, eighteen inches wide and about four inches deep ; it
has two handles ; it is much broken and decayed, and has been patched and mended
in several places." (PL 15, fig. 1.) A woman's grave.

9. Grave, as before, and about three feet deep ; coffin scarce discernible ; bones

' See Montfaucon's Antiquite Expliquie, trans- graven in ^>T^«ofoyM, vol. xxx, p. 133. This basin

lated by Humphries, vol. iii, fol. 32, pi. 10, fig. 17. is mended with pieces of metal stamped with a

Supplem. fol. 263, pi. 86, fig. 2. figure of a minstrel dancing and playing on a viol,

" [Compare with the bronze basin found at Gilton, and grotesque forms of animals. — Ed.]
in the collection of Mr. Rolfe, of Sandwich, en-

GILTON-TOWN. 7

nearly gone ; nothing but the blade of a smaller knife than those heretofore
mentioned, but of the same shape, and some pieces of rusty iron, which seemed to
have been nails' with large heads.

10. Grave as before, and about four feet deep ; coffin very visible ; bones nearly
gone ; an hemispherical umbo, as at No. 5. Four broad-headed brass studs, one inch
diameter, covered with very thin plates of silver ; these were in the bottom rim of
the umbo, which had by them been fixed to the shield ; three other broad-headed
iron studs, as before ; an iron cylinder or handle, as at No. 5, and some other pieces
of iron. At the right side of the head was the head of an hasta, like those already
mentioned, but somewhat larger. The blades of two knives, one of them of the size
and shape already described (fig. 5 in group, p. 10), the other of the shape described
by fig. 2, p. 10, and eight inches long in the blade ; a small brass buckle ;
a larger, very clumsy buckle, of a whitish metal (pi. 9, fig. 5). The blade
of a sword, quite straight, two feet seven inches long, exclusive of the strig,
to which the hilt, which, from some of it adhering to it, appears to have
been of wood, was fixed ; it is two inches and a quarter broad next the hilt, ^'"" "'''''•
and near two inches broad within a little of the point (pi. 14, fig. 7) ; it lay on the
right side. The iron sharp-pointed end or ferrule of the hasta, with which it used
to be occasionally stuck in the ground (fig. 6 in group, p. 10) ; it was about two
inches long and about three-quarters of an inch diameter ; had it not rotten wood in
it, it was so deformed with rust that I could not have guessed at its use. It lay at
the feet of the grave, and at the same side Avith the head, and, as near as could be,
at the distance of six feet from the point of it.'^

11. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. Bones nearly
gone, nothing but two small dice, made of either ivory or bone ;
they lay near the neck. ''■"" "'^''•

12. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. Bones almost gone ; the head
of an hasta and the head of a pilum both on the right side of the head ; from the
sockets of each, which I carefully compared, I judge that the staff" of the hasta was
near an inch diameter, and that the staff" of the pilum was about three quarters of
an inch diameter, i.e., at that end ; but that they were both of them smaller at the
other end, as I found on examining the ferrules or spikes belonging to them, which
happened both of them here to be perfect enough for such an examination ; for I
found the ferrule of the hasta, as in No. 10, was three-quarters of an inch wide, and

' Concerning the nails of chests, or coffins of ^ See Montfaucon's^«Y;yM«Ve'^a;jaZz'yMee, translated

wood, see Stowe's Survey of London, fol. 178, edit. by Humphries, vol. iii, pi. 1, fig. 5; pi. 59, fig. 8; vol. iv,

1633. [See also a paper on the same subject in pi. 4, fig. 6 ; pi. 9, fig. 20. [The engravings referred

Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, p. 19. — Ed.] to cannot be depended on for fidelity in details Ed. J

8

INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

the ferrule of the pihim was not more than half an inch wide, — I mean in the clear.
They were both of the same shape as that which is described at No. 10. From them
also it appeared that the length of the hasta was six feet or rather more, and that the
length of the pilum Avas but about four feet and a half. I am fully convinced that
they were both of them deposited on the outside of the coffin : I mean between the
coffin and the side of the grave ; the heads of both of them had some very coarse
cloth very visibly adhering to them, or, more properly speaking, turned into their
own iron, by the rust perhaps. They were both wrapt in the same cloth, for they
lay close together. Here was also the blade of a large knife, or rather of a dagger ;
it was ten inches long, exclusive of the strig, and two-edged (fig. 8, p. 15). Here I
found also a pretty large brass^ buckle, with a long shank, neatly wrought ; it
appears to have been gilded, and on its tongue are neatly set three garnets, and some
greenish stone (pi. 8, fig. 12). Here were also the blades of two small knives, and
some nail-like pieces of iron.

13. Grave as before, but not more than two feet deep. Bones of a child, as
they seemed, and almost gone. Nothing.

14. Grave pointing more to the north, about three feet deep : the bones were
nearly decayed. Nothing.

15. Grave from west to east as before, and near four feet deep.
The bones were nearly decayed. At the place of the neck, eighteen
small beads of baked earth ; they were, as those before, of different
colours. One larger bead of blue glass striped with white. A sort
of iron instrument, about six inches long : it had an iron ringle, of
about three-quarters of an inch diameter, through one end of it.-
A blade of a knife of the usual shape and size. A woman's grave.

16. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. No appear-
ance of any coffin. Bones pretty sound. Two small iron bucldes,
like that described at No. 1. The blade of a knife, some small bits
of iron, and many sherds of a large urn of black coarse earth,
disturbed and broken no doubt in digging the grave for the person
here interred, as at No. 2. These sherds were all carefully collected
and put one within another, the largest sherds bottommost, and in
the undermost, which appeared to be near one-half of the urn.

' There is the very same sort of buckle as this to
be seen in the 63rd plate of Humphreys's Supple-
ment to Montfaucon, and is there marked No. 1 . It is,
ver)' remarkably, there called a woman's head-dress ;
but I imasine it must bo owins to some mistake.

[It is one of the large Frankish girdle-buckles, de-
scribed as of iron plated with silver. — Ed.]

- That this was a key, see Sibertswold, Nos. 8, 18,
and 180; Kingston, No. 54; Barfriston, No. 52;
Beakesbourne, No. 32.

GILTON-TOWN. 9

there were about two handfuls of pieces of burnt bones. They were found carefully
placed at the south-west corner of the grave, nearly a foot behind the head of the
person here buried. The urn appeared to have had a mouth not above three or four
inches wide, but a pretty capacious belly ; it seemed capable of containing above a
gallon. It had, before it was baked, been impressed by the tip of a finger or some
such thing, in two rows, one row above another all round ; the uppermost row was
close to the neck, and the undermost row was about the middle of the belly ; the
bottom was not above three inches diameter.^

17. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. A coffin very visible, but it
did not appear to have been burnt. The bones were almost gone. Nothing but
some sherds of a small urn, of coarse reddish earth, which had been broken, it is
most likely, at the interment of the person whose bones we now found.

18. Grave as before, and about two and a half feet deep. A coffin, which did
not appear to have passed the fire. The bones were pretty entire, though the skull
was quite decayed. — Nothing but a knife, as before.

19. Grave as before, but full four feet deep. The coffin appeared to have been
remarkably thick, and had visibly passed the fire. The bones were almost gone.
Among the remains of the skull was an acus discriminalis of brass, nearly Like that
described at No. 8 ; and near it I found six amber beads, and one large one of green
glass, striped with yellow : the amber beads were irregularly shaped, like those at
No. 4. A little lower I found a round- silver fibula subnectens, i.e., with its tongue
at the under side of the plate. It is beautifully set with seven garnets (pi. 3, fig. 1):
it is also neatly wrought and gilded in the intervals between the garnets. Here Avas
also, near the hips, a lump of rusty iron near as big as one's fist, which seemed to
consist merely of a great number of small iron links, as of a chain, intermixed with
here and there some straight pieces of the same metal (pi. 12, fig. 5 h) ; but they
were so rusted together and so very brittle, that they fell in pieces Avith the least
endeavour to separate them.^ The blade of a smaller knife than any before, but of
much the same shape. At the feet a beautifully corded urn of green glass, which
would have held, as I guess, about half a pint, but it was unfortunately broken in

' [It is not unusual to find in these burial-places other remains beyond those of the regular deposit

the remains of Romano-British interments ; and it are met with, in such cases we may conclude that

is evident from the care bestowed to replace them, earlier graves, of which there are no external indi-

that the Anglo-Saxons respected the graves of the cations, had been dug into. — Ed.]

Romans and Britons as well as those of their own - Montfaucon informs us, that " women wore

nation. In the cemetery at Ozingell was found a these fibulas on their breast". See his Antiqtdte

large British sepulchral urn ; and Saxon graves are Exjdiquee, translated by Humphreys, vol. v, Ibl. 30.

not unfrcqucntly found close to Roman burial-places. ^ [Other examples of these objects in a more

When in Saxon graves a skull is noticed between the perfect state will be observed in future parts of this

legs or by the side of a skeleton; or when bones and volume. — Ed.]

10

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

pieces by the stroke of a spade. This was on the outside of the cofRn, as were also,
and a little beyond it, a brass pan or kettle and a brass trivet, exactly like those
described at No. 8, but smaller. Here were also found, as often before, several nail-
like bits of iron. A woman's grave, no doubt.

20. Grave as before, about two feet deep. Coffin scarce visible. The bones
of a child, scarce perceptible. Five yellow small beads of baked earth, and four
irregular-shaped ones. Blade of a small knife.

21. Grave as before, about two and a half feet deep. Head of a pilum on the
right side of the skull, which, together with the rest of the bones, was almost gone.
The conical umbo of a shield, as before. Two broad-headed iron studs, as before.
Blade of a knife, and several nail-like pieces of iron. The coffin very visible, and
appeared to have passed the fire.

Weapons referreLl to in the preceding pages.

GiLTON Town, in Ash. June 16th, 17th, 18th, 1760.

22. Grave as before, viz., east and west. The feet to the east, and about two
and a half feet deep. No appearance of a coffin. The bones almost gone. The
head of an hasta, on the right side of the head. The hemispherical umbo of a
shield, as before, to which were affixed four broad, flat-headed, brass studs, plated
with silver, as at No. 10 : four other broad-headed iron studs, as before. A hollow
iron cylinder for the handle, as at Nos. 5 and 10 ; and a piece of iron about five
inches long and about half an inch broad. It had a hole in each end, through
which, when found, it was riveted to two opposite silver-headed studs, just men-
tioned, quite through the rim of the umbo, shield, and all, in order, without doubt,
to fasten on the umbo more strongly (pi. 15, fig. 14 b). I had met with one or two
of these before ; but as I never found one adhering to its studs till now, I could
not guess at their use, especially as I never saw one in so perfect a state as this. It
was from hence also manifest, as at No. 5, that the shield was about half an inch
thick. A large iron buckle (pi. 8, fig. 8j and the blade of a knife.

GILTON-TOWN.

11

23. Grave as before, and near four feet deep. The bones all gone, except
those of the thighs and part of one arm : a great deal of rotten and burnt wood :
the remains of a large and thick coffin : the heads of two hastte, as at No. 1, and
plainly on the outside of the coffin, their points reaching at least four inches beyond
any of the rotten wood, at the head of it. I am pretty sure they were placed or
laid on the lid of it, as they were found on the middle of it, i. e., between the two
sides of it ; yet with at least four inches of their points, as I said before, reaching
beyond the head of it. They had both been wrapped in some coarse cloth, having
the same appearance as those at No. 12, before mentioned. The round or hemi-
spherical iron umbo of a shield, as before ; to which were fixed four brass rivets,
with flat heads, about an inch broad, thinly plated with silver : four broader-headed
iron studs, as before : an hollow iron cylinder for the handle, as before : a cross
piece of iron, as described at No. 22. A sword-
blade, exactly like that at No. 10, as also its pommel,
being nearly spherical, and of brass,' and the con-
cavity filled with lead ; it has been gilded with gold,
and has four small heads, in relievo, impressed upon
it ; it is two inches diameter, and two inches per-
pendicular height, if I may so term it ; it weighs
5oz. 13dwt. 15gr. A very beautiful brass buckle,
gilt, on the tongue of which is set a fine garnet, and
on its shank is a triangular piece of gold, neatly
corded, or rather, vermiculated ; at each of the

Full size.

corners is a gilt, round-headed stud, about the size

of a vetch (pi. 8, fig. 8) : a shank, like the last mentioned, but without a buckle,
mth its gold vermiculated plate and studs at the corners, like that (pi. 9, fig. 3) :
an oblong square piece of gilded brass, in which also, as in a frame, is set a golden
plate, neatly corded and vermiculated, like the former two, with three little holes at
each end, by which it has been fixed to something (pi. 8, fig. 2) : a piece of gilded
brass, which seems to have been fixed to the end of a strap, in order to pass it the
more easily through the buckle (pi. 8, fig. 4) : and two other small pieces of gilt
brass, which may perhaps have belonged to some part of the hilt of the sword ; but
I know not what to make of them (pi. 8, fig. 5).' Here were also two blades of

' [This pommel is not of brass, but of iron : two, in pi. 8, fig. 5, is, apparently, an ornament attached

very similar, were found in graves Nos. 56 and 89, to the belt; the other is a fragment of a metal

and are noted under the latter. — Ed.] termination to a belt, resembling fig. 5, pi. 8. —

'' [The object here referred to, and engraven En.]

12 INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHEALE.

knives, one of tliem a little smaller than the other ; and several nail-like pieces of
iron as heretofore. At the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was an urn of coarse
black earth, which would have held about a quart, but fell to pieces in removing,
it having, I suppose, received a blow from one of the labourers ; it had nothing in
it but sand.

24. Grave as before, about two and a half feet deep : remains of a thick burnt
coffin : bones quite decayed : the head of a pilum, as before : a conical iron umbo,
as before : two broad-headed iron studs : blade of a larger knife : blade of a smaller :
a small brass buckle, as at No. 10 : a large iron buckle, as at No. 5: several nail-
like and other pieces of iron : and many sherds of a large urn of coarse black earth,
disturbed before : these were not so carefully placed as those mentioned at No. 16 ;
but were found dispersed and at all depths.

25. Grave nearly pointing north and south. Feet to the north : no remains of
a coffin : bones almost gone : head of a smaller pilum, on the left side : blade of a
knife : some small bits of iron.

26. Grave nearly parallel to No. 25, about three feet deep : no remains of a
coffin : bones nearly gone : blades of two knives ; and a small iron buckle, as at
No. 1.

27. Grave east and west, as before, and about three feet deep. Much black
dust of a coffin: eighteen small glass and earthen beads of divers
colours : five or six slender rings, which had a kind of sliding knot,
in order to their fitting a larger or a smaller finger, and seemed to be
of silver ; they were so very rotten, that they fell to pieces with bare
handling : a small golden ornament, or perhaps amulet, for the neck,

Full size. ^^.jjj^ ^ 2pQp q£ ^l-jg gjjj^-jg metal to hang it by (pi. 4, fig. 23) : a very

beautiful round fibula subnectens of silver, set with three garnets and a blue stone ;
the last is in the centre of it, and fixed in an ivory hemisphere ; it is one inch and a
half diameter (pi. 3, fig. 7) : the intervals between the stones are figured and gilded.
All these lay near the place of the neck. The blade of a small knife : many small
iron links, each about three quarters of an inch long : four brass pins or instruments,
each about one inch and a half long ; they had all of them small holes, and two of
them had little ringles in their heads (pi. 12, fig. 6): they were so rusted to the
links that they could not be easily separated. I make no doubt but that
the links composed a chain, and that these pins, or instruments, were hung to it ;
see No. 19.

At the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was an urn of green glass, beautifully
corded with a double spiral line from top to bottom ; it held about a pint, or rather
less ; its inside was beautifully coated witli what the antiquarians call electrum and

GILTON-TOWN.

13

armatura.' I had the ill luck to break it after I had gotten it fairly out of the

ground. Here were also several nail-like pieces of iron.

28. Grave, as the last, and about two and a half feet deep ; much black dust

and some coals, the remains of part of a very thick coffin : I say part of it, because

half, or at least one side, of it had, at some time or other, rushed down of itself, or

been dug down into the pit. It was the right-hand or southern side of it which

remained ; and on the outside of it (I mean between it and the sand rock) was a

larger and longer head of an hasta than I have ever met with before, and also

different in its shape. I have, therefore, described it as nearly as I am able (pi. 14,

fig. 14): it had, like others mentioned before, been

wrapt up in some coarse cloth. Here was also part of

a scutum, or square (or perhaps angular) shield ; its

shape may, in some measure, be guessed at from one

side of this remnant of it here described.- It seems to

have consisted of a square or angular board, of some

light but, without doubt, tough wood, not quite half an

inch thick, a little concave, in the manner of an half

cylinder, inwards, viz., from top to bottom, and to have

been covered all over on the outside with a very thin

plate of brass, on the outside of which were fixed, here "..einiif original size.

and there, several ornaments of the same metal, like that here
described, which is the only loose one I met with, and that
other which still remains fixed to the piece of the scutum
itself. No doubt but it was originally furnished with an
umbo ; but that, and all the rest of it, had fallen or been dug
down, and been carried away with the sand ; for though I

very carefully examined what sand lay at that time underneath, I found nothing.

The piece here described owed its preservation (next to its not having fallen down

One half original size.

' [These terms are inapplicable : the variegated
colours which ancient glass often assumes arise
from its partial decomposition ; and this is much
influenced by the character of the glass and by the
nature of the soil in which it has been deposited.
—Ed.]

[This, as well as the other object figured above,
belonged to a pail used for domestic purposes ; and
not to a shield. Examples are given in the Collec-
tanea Antiqua, vol. ii, p. 161, and pi. xlv : the latter,
a fragment found near Dieppe, is very similar to

that shown in the upper cut. A pail from Gilton
is figured in Boys's Materials for a History of
Sandwich, at page 868, and in Douglas's Nenia
Britannica, pi. 12, fig. 11 : it is now in Mr. Rolfe's
collection. Another example is given, the full size,
in Mr. Akerman's Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi.
xxvii. Some of the brass ornaments, forming bands
round these pails, are triangular, and have been
mistaken for coronets for the head ; but from the
examples now engraven and explained, they cannot
fail to be recognised and understood. — Ed.]

14 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

with the rest of it) to a large knot in the wood, which is still very sound. This
hasta (as I found from tlie situation of the iron spike, which I found in the hottom
of the grave,) must, I think, have been nearly, if not quite, seven feet long. The
spike was large, in proportion to the head ; and the sockets of both were wider by
about a quarter of an inch diameter than any others that I have yet met Avith.

29. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep. Bones almost gone : no signs
of a coffin : nothing but the blade of a knife.

30. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep : no signs of a coffin : the head
of a pilum at the right side : a small ii-on buckle, as before, and the blades of two
knives : sherds of a large black urn.

31. Grave as the last, about two feet deep, and about three feet long ; doubtless
of a child : seven amber beads, irregularly shaped, as before ; and a common copper
coin of Diocletian ; it is of the second or middle size, and has a hole in it. It is
likely it was hung about the child's neck, being found among the beads. The
reverse has on it pax. avgg.

32. Grave as the last, about two and a half feet deep, and about three and
a half long ; certainly another child's grave : plain signs of a coffin : bones quite gone :
five amber beads, and four of baked earth, and all yellow : the blade of a small
knife : two small rings, as at No. 27 ; they seemed to be silver, but came in pieces
in handling : some bits of iron, like nails ; and at the feet, beyond the coffin, a very
small urn of black earth, Avhich was so rotten as not to bear removing.

33. Grave as the last, about two feet deep, and about four feet long. No sign of a
coffin : bones quite gone : nothing but the sherds of a broken urn of coarse red earth ;
I imagine it would have held about a pint : doubtless this also was a child's grave.

34. Grave as the last, and about three and a half feet deep :
much black dust of a coffin : bones almost gone : head of a pilum,
on the left side ; a conical umbo, as before : three broad headed iron
studs : a brass huckle : the blades of two knives ; and several iron
nails.

35. Grave, with the feet pointing much more to the north, and
Full size. about three feet deep : no signs of a coffin : bones decayed : the

head of a pilum, on the right side : an iron buckle, as at No. 5 ; and the blade of a
knife, not unlike our modern pruning knives, and eight inches long in the blade
(pi. 15, fig. 6) ; and the broken remains of the ferrule of the pilum.

36. Grave parallel to the last, and about three feet deep : no sign of a coffin :
the head of a pilum, on the left side.

37. Grave parallel to the last, and about two and a half feet deep : no sign of
any coffin : bones almost gone : nothing but the blade of a knife.

GILTON-TOWN. 15

38. Grave east and west as before, about three feet deep : plain signs of a
coffin : the heads of an hasta and of a pilum, both on the right side ; and on the
outside of the coffin, an hemispherical umbo, as before : three broad-headed iron
studs : iron cylinder for the handle : a cross piece of iron, as at No. 22, etc. : a
round brass buckle (pi. 9, fig. 9) : two blades of knives, a larger and a smaller ; and
some iron nails with broad heads ; and something like the broken remains of the
ferrule of the hasta.

39. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : black remains of a coffin : the
bones gone : the head of an hasta on the right side of the coffin : an
hemispherical umbo, with four brass studs, plated with silver, as before ;
three broad-headed iron studs : an hollow iron cylinder for the handle ;
and a piece of iron, with a rivet at each end, which, for the future,
I shall presume to call the cross piece for fastening the umbo : a
hucMe of whitish metal, its tongue lost : the blades of two knives, viz.,
a larger and a smaller : several iron nails, and many other bits of iron ;
pieces, I suppose of the ferrule of the hasta.

40. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Black remains of a coffin :
bones nearly gone : head of an hasta, on the right side of the coffin : an hemi-
spherical umbo : four broad-headed iron studs : cylinder for the handle : two brass
buckles, with open fork-like shanks (pi. 9, fig. 10) : two bits of doubled brass, with
a rivet through them, as if they had been fixed to some leather, perhaps to the end
of some straps : the blade of a large knife, or perhaps of a short sword or dagger ;
it was about nine inches long, exclusive of the strig, and like that described at
No. 12: the blades of two smaller knives: a pretty fair copper coin of Antoninus
Pius, with the head laureated, and this legend, antoninvs. avg. pivs. p.p.; on the
reverse. Mars marching, with a trophy on his left slioulder, and a spear in his right
hand; and this legend, tr. pot. cos. in. s.c. : it is of the middle brass, and very
common. At the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was an urn of black earth, with
a very narrow neck, and capable of holding about a quart ; it was so very soft and
rotten that, though it had not received a stroke from a spade, it could not have
been taken out whole.

-tl. Grave as the last, and near four feet deep. Much black dust and wood
coal : the remains of a very thick coffin ; the bones were much more entire than
any I have yet found at this place ; and by the teeth (which were the only whole set
I have yet met with), they seemed to have been the bones of a middle aged person.
Near the neck were thirty-five small beads of glass and baked earth, of several
colours : also three larger striped earthen beads, and an amethyst drop of an ear-
ring, as it seems. Near these, but rather more toward the feet, were five or six

16 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

slender rings, like those heretofore described at No. 27. They had, like those, each
of them a kind of sliding knot, in order to their fitting either a larger or a smaller
finger. They seemed to be of silver, but were so rotten as to break and, as it
were, crumble with the least touch. With these were found a small silver fibula
subnectens, set with four garnets, round an hemisphere of ivory, as it seems : it is
figured and gilded in the intervals, like those before described (pi. 2, fig. 17) ; and a
square silver ornament, also gilded ; it has in it a bird, in open work (pi. 8, fig. 7) :
I imagine it has been part of a clasp ; at one corner of it is a small silver rivet.
From the hips, downward, were a great many small iron links, many of them
concatenated ; some of these were found lying more singly, the rest of them were
rusted into a lump, as at No. 27, and among them, as at that number, were six or
seven, if not more, brass pins or instruments, exactly like those there described.
There was also the blade of a small knife, and a small brass buckle, as in No. 10.
At the feet, but not in the coffin, was a beautiful, small, roundish urn of green glass,
which held about half a pint : it was, according to custom, broken to pieces by the
workmen. In it, or very near it, was a small gold coin of the emperor Justinian
(pi. 11, fig. 2). On one side is his head, very uncouthly done : he has a cross on
his breast, and this legend, ivstinianvs. n.; on the reverse is a winged Victory, and
this very unintelligible legend (at least -to me), viz., tivntitavm. cono. : I can, for
my own part, make nothing else out of it, but that it was struck at Constantinople ;
it is very fiiir and weighs just twenty-two grains.' Certainly a woman's grave.

42. Grave as the last, and full four feet deep : much black remains of a burnt
coffin : bones nearly gone. Among the teeth were twenty-six small glass and
earthen beads of difi'erent colours, and one large one adorned and striped with red ;
they appeared to have been strung upon a small wire. Near the place of the right
breast, and about six inches below the beads, I found a most beautifid round fibula
subnectens ; the face of it is pure gold, very curiously wrought, and set with a great
number of small garnets in zigzag order ; it has also four round sockets and six
square ones, out of which the stones, or whatever else was set in them, are lost ; in
the centre is set a round garnet, which has a hole in it, in which, I imagine, a smaller
stone was set ; (pi. 2, fig. 4) : the under part of it is copper. There was also the

' [This coin is perforated and had been used as these dates. But as it happens that this piece of

an ornament. The presence of coins in graves such money, although bearing the effigies of Justinian, is

as these is always important; and especially so when a barbarous imitation, and had been, apparently

they are, as in this instance, of a late date. Justinian for some time, worn as a personal ornament, it

reigned from a.d. 527 to a.b. 565 ; the coin must may be considered that the interment may have

therefore decide that the interment could not pos- been made at some considerable time subsequent to

sibly have been made previous to the former of the reign of this prince. — Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN. 17

blade of a knife : many small iron links of a chain, as in the last number : an iron
instrument, exactly like that described at No. 15 (cut, p. 8), and about six inches
long ; and another iron instrument not unlike a small key, about three inches long ;
and several nail-like pieces of iron as often before. Certainly a woman's grave.

43. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : no signs of a coffin : bones
nearly gone : nothing but the blade of a knife. About half vs'ay down we found
the sherds of a largish urn of black, coarse earth, which had been disturbed and
broken, as I imagine, when this person was interred.

44. Grave as the last, and three and a half feet deep : no signs of a coffin :
bones nearly gone : five small earthen beads. Surely a woman's grave.

45. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : no signs of a coffin : bones
nearly gone : the head of a pilura, on the left side : blade of a knife : some pieces of
a small green glass urn before disturbed.

46. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : no signs of a coffin : the
bones nearly gone : two iron arrow-heads, as they seemed, on the left side (fig. 7,
page 10) : the blades of two knives.

47. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : black remains of a coffin :
the bones pretty entire : nineteen small glass and earthen beads, of all colours ; some
of them were striped, or of two colours ; three pretty large amber beads : two blades
of knives, a larger and a smaller. At the feet, but beyond the coffin, was an iron
instrument, very much resembling a pair of modern shears, about eight or nine
inches long, but it was so swollen and disguised with rust, that though I really
think and believe it was a pair of shears, I cannot pretend to be positive ; ^ it came
to pieces in getting out, as indeed most of the iron does : several nail-like pieces of
iron. Certainly a woman's grave.

48. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : much black dust, the remains
of a thick burnt coffin : bones almost gone : a large and long head of an hasta,
exactly like that described at No. 28 ; it lay on the right side of the coffin, and out
of it : an hemispherical umbo and ten brass studs, with flat, round, heads, about
half an inch broad : an hollow iron cylinder, as before : a cross piece of iron to
fasten the umbo, as before : a very large silver buckle, gilded, and curiously chased,
and worked, and figured all over its front (pi. 8, fig. 3) ; it is of the sort of the
fibula; subnectentes, having its tongue underneath : the blades of two knives : a
small piece of a silver ornament, gilded (pi. 8, fig. 6) : the blade of a broad sword,
of the same size and figure as at Nos. 10 and 23 ; its hilt was of wood, part of which

' They certainly were sucli : I have since found several more, at different places.

D

18 IXVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Still adhered to the strig, which was clenched through it ; the strig, from the
beginning of the blade to the clenching, was six and a half inches long ; the scab-
bard was also, as I imagine, of wood, or, at least, was lined with it, for the blade
had a o-reat deal of rotten wood adhering to it. I am certain that this sword was
buried in the coffin Avith its master ; it was much more perfect than either of those
before mentioned; but being very rotten, it broke with its own weight in taking out.
Here were also several nail-like pieces of iron.

49. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : bones nearly gone : no
remains of a coffin : sixteen small glass and earthen beads of different colours ; and
a small knife. Doubtless a woman's grave.

GiLTON-TowN, IN Ash. September 28th, 29th, 30th, 1762.

50. Grave from west to east, feet to the cast, and about three feet deep. Much
black dust, etc., the remains of a burnt coffin: the bones were almost gone: the
head of an hasta, on the right side, on the outside of the coffin ; it had been wrapj)ed
up in some coarse cloth, as appeared from the marks of it on the rust ; an hemi-
spherical iron umbo : three large broad-headed iron studs : an hollow iron cylinder,
which served for an handle to the shield : two cross pieces of iron, with their rivets,
two inches long in the clear, as before at No. 22, etc. : a large iron buckle, as at
No. 5 : the blades of two knives, a larger and a smaller. At the feet, but on the
outside of the coffin, stood a large broken urn of coarse black earth, nearly full of
burnt bones, ashes, etc., which seemed to have been mortared, as it were, together
into a lump, which had been broken into smaller pieces, and the smaller broken
pieces of the urn were carefully placed on the contents of the larger sherds (for the
urn was broken into many pieces ; but the larger pieces were so placed together
as to hold the burnt bones). On searching these venerable remains, I found a
copper coin' of Augustus ; it was a very common one, of middle size ; on one side
is his head, radiated, and the following legend, divvs. avgvstvs. pater. : reverse, a
winged thunderbolt and s.c. : another coin, viz., of Tiberius ; this is also a very
common one, and likewise copper, and of the middle size ; on one side is his head,
laureated, with the following legend, ti. c-esar. avgvst. f. imperat. v.; reverse,
two Victories standing on an altar, or temple, and this legend, rom. et. avg. ; and

' Stowe tells us, that " there was a piece of money about the year loTG, were discovered in Lolesworth
in every one of the ossuaries, or bone urns, which, Field (now called Spittle Fields). Fol. 177, b.

GILTON-TOWN.

19

Original size.

a broken pair of volsellce, or nippers} I make no doubt, but that this urn, with its
contents, was dejjosited very early in the
upper empire ; and that it was disturbed
and broken wlien the grave was dug for
the reception of tlie person here buried.
And I look upon it as an incontestible
proof that this spot has been a Roman
burying-place, even from those people's first coming amongst us ; or, at least, from
their first settling at Rutupia?, or Richborough, which is but three miles off,- and
within the limits of this very parish of Ash. In short, it is my confirmed opinion,
that this place was the burying-place for the soldiers, and otliers, of that famous
garrison, even from their first settling there till the time of their abandoning this
isle. That they were buried here before cremation ceased is plain, from tlie many
ossuaries, or bone urns, already mentioned (see Nos. 2, 16, 17, 24, 30, 43). And
that they buried here, even to the very dregs of the empire, is also plain, not only
from the coin of Constantine the Great, mentioned at No. 3 ; but even so late as the
time of Justinian (wliicli was many years after they had, in general, left this isle), is
evident from his gold coin, described at No. 41.

51. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coflin : the
bones nearly gone: the head of a pilum, on the left side: the blade of a knife: an
iron ringle, about two inches and a half diameter ; and round it a brass ringle, of
about one inch diameter.

52. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Much remains of a burnt
coffin : bones nearly gone : sixteen small beads of baked earth, of different colours,
viz., seven red, four blue, three yellow, and two green ; and one larger bead, red
and white. An iron instrument, about six inches long, exactly like that described at
No. 15 ; it had, like that, a ringle in one end. Another iron instr-ument, of this shape ;

[The t\yeezers, either alone or accompanied by
ear-picks and such instruments, are found in the
Saxon as well as in the Roman cemeteries ; they
were worn appended to the girdle. — Ed.]

' [The burial place of Rutupia; was in the im-
mediate vicinity of that station, and not, as Mr.
Faussett imagined, at Gilton, three miles distant.

The Roman burial-place at Gilton, which he very
correctly discerns indications of in the Saxon graves,
must have belonged to the people of a rims on the
site of Ash, or thereabouts. The whole of that
neighbourhood, including Sandwich, is ])roved by
sepulchral rcinains, continually discovered, to have
been well populated in the time of the Romans. — Ed.]

20

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

it was about six inches long and one inch broad, and had been fixed to some
wood by two rivets ; it liad a small iron ringle on each end, as I have endeavoured
to describe them. It was rusted into a lump with some other bits of iron, and
several such links as liave been before described, so that I could not easily make
out its shape. It was at the feet, and in the coffin ; and near it (in the coffin also),
I found a small urn of greenish glass, in the shape of a bell, which I had the good
fortune to get out unhurt (pi. 18, fig. 5) ; it is three inches and three-quarters
diameter at the mouth, and three-quarters of an inch high. Doubtless a woman's
grave.

53. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. The bones nearly gone : no
signs of a coffin : the head of a pilum, on the left side : the blades of two knives.

54. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones

almost gone : head of a pUum, on the right side : two iron links,
each about three inches long, rusted together : the blades of
two knives, a larger and a smaller; the smaller was like that
at No. 35, but smaller : a small iron buckle, with a brass shank
and a brass tongue.

55. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a
coffin : bones nearly gone : head of a pUum, on the right side : a small iron buckle,
as before : blade of a knife ; and some fragments of a small black urn, which had
been disturbed before.

56. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep.
Much black remains of a coffin : bones pretty perfect :
the head of a large and long hasta, on the right side, and
on the outside of the coffin : an hemispherical umbo ; in
the rim of which were four brass studs, with heads near
an inch broad, and plated with silver, as before : four
broad-headed iron studs : an hollow cylinder for the
handle : two cross pieces of iron, as before : the blade of
a sword, like those described at No. 10, etc., to which
adhered its chape^ which is of silver, and gilded ; the pommel was of iron, and

Full size.

' [If we compare this object with fig. 4, pi. xi,
vol. XXX, of the Archaologia, which represents a
very perfect Saxon sword-handle from Gilton, in
the museum of Mr. Rolfe, we shall see that Mr.
Faussett is mistaken in considering it a chape ; for
that refeiTed to retains its original place at the outer
extremity of the handle. It may have belonged to

the dagger, which it appears was placed with the
sword. These globular pommels will presently be
discussed. One has already been referred to and
illustrated under the head of grave No. 23 ; a
third was among the contents of No. 66 ; and a
fourth appears in No. 89, under which head see
Note.— Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN. 21

also adhered to the strig, to which it was riveted ; it was full of lead, but was
so swollen with the rust, that I could not make out its true shape ; but it seemed
to have been nearly round (the lead which I knocked out of it was quite so), and
I imagine it to have been about two inches diameter. The blade also of a short
sword, or dagger, about twelve inches long, and nearly like that at No. 12. These
lay both of them at the left side, and in the coffin. A large iron buckle, like that
at No. 50 : two small brass buckles : the blades of two knives, and several nails.

57. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No remains of a coffin:
bones all gone, except those of the thighs, of which but little was left : the head of
a pilum, on the right side : the blade of a knife, and some bits of iron.

58. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the
bones nearly gone : the heads of two pila ; one on each side : a small iron buckle,
as before ; and the blade of a knife.

59. Grave as the last, but not two feet deep. Some black remains of a
very short coffin : bones entirely gone : seven small beads of baked earth, of four
different colours, and two amber ones : the blade of a small knife. A child's grave
Avithout doubt.

60. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep. Remains of a short, but very
thick, burnt coffin : seven small beads, as in the last ; and three amber ones : an
iron ringle, as at No. 51, about two inches diameter, and about the thickness of a
goose quill : the blade of a small knife, which seemed to have had an ivory or bone
handle ; a substance resembling them adhering to the strig of it. At the feet, but
beyond the coffin, was a shallow plate, or patera, of blackish earth, too soft and
rotten to be removed without falling to pieces. The grave of another child.

61. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Remains of a coffin: the
bones, and even the skull, pretty entire, of a young person, as appeared by the
sound and even teeth. The head of a pilum, on the right side : an hemispherical
umbo : three broad-headed iron studs : an hollow iron cylinder, and two cross pieces
of iron, as before : a large iron buckle, as at No. 5, etc. : blades of two knives, and
many nail-like pieces of iron ; and the ferrula, or spike of the pilum, broken.

62. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. Plain marks of a
short coffin : the bones almost gone : eleven small glass and earthen beads ; and
four amber ones ; a small, round, silver fibula subnectens (pi. 2, fig. 3), set with
three garnets round about, and a round piece of ivory in the centre, and wrought
and gilded in the intervals : the blade of a small knife : a small brass buckle, as in
No. 54 ; and several iron nails. Certainly a child's grave.

63. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a
coffin : bones nearly gone : nothing but the blade of a knife.

22

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

64. Grave as before, and about tbree feet deep. Bones gone : the blades of
two knives : a small iron buckle.

65. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Plain marks of a coffin :
bones almost gone : the head of a pilum ; and the head of an arrow, or smaller dart,
as at No. 46, botli on the left side. The blade of a large knife, or perhaps of a
short sword or dagger, as at No. 12, etc. : the blades of two knives, of the usual
size : several iron nails ; and some fragments of a Avhite glass urn, disturbed before.

66. Grave as the last, and about three and a half feet deep. Plain marks of a
coffin : bones .almost decayed : the head of an hasta, at the right side, and out of
the coffin ; marks of coai'se cloth upon it, as on others before mentioned : an
hemispherical umbo, and three broad-headed iron studs : an hollow cylinder, and
cross-pieces of iron, as before : the blade of a sword, of the same size as at No. 10,
etc. ; the hilt was of wood, as might be seen by some of it which adhered to the
strig ; the pommel was of iron, filled with lead, as at No. 56 :' a pair of small scales
(pi. 17, figs. 1, 2, 3), not unlike those now used by the goldsmiths : eighteen copper
weights- (pi. 17, figs. 4 to 20) : a square piece of touchstone (pi. 17, fig. 21) ; and a

' [This is the third example adduced of the cir-
cular iron pommel. — Ed.]

" [Seventeen only are described. These weights
are among the most interesting objects discovered by
the Rev. B. Faussett. Others, very similar to these,
together with a pair of small scales, were procured by
Mr. Rolfe from the cemetery at Ozingell : they are
figured in pi. iv, vol. iii, of the Collectanea Antiqua ;
and in pp. 12 to 1 o I have stated reasons for believing
they were chiefly used for weighing the numerous
varieties of foreign coins, both gold and silver, which
must necessarily have been current in Britain in the
early Anglo-Saxon times. In some instances, but
certainly not generally, these weights found at Gilton
and Ozingell, may have been formed of coins rubbed
down to adjust them to a certain standard ; but in most
cases, they appear to be coins that had been worn
by long circulation. Among some of the lots sold
at the sale of the Rev. Bryan Faussett's cabinet,
I discovered five large and one middle brass imperial
Roman coins (since added to Mr. Mayer's collec-
tion), which, from the small holes drilled or punched
on both sides, were obviously used by the Kentish
Saxons as weights. Of those, one is of Domitian,
one of Trajan, two of Hadrian, one of Maximinus,
and one (the middle brass coin) of M. Aurelius.
The last is a Greek civic coin (Chalcedon). Among

the Gilton weights is one (fig. 16) formed out of a
Celtic coin, similar to several in Mr. Rolfe's cabinet,
found at Quex, in Thanet.

The earliest Saxon coins, are those well known
to the numismatist by the term sceattas. Five of
these, a few years since, were found by the side of
a skeleton in a tumulus on Breach Downs. Three
of them weigh, each, 17 grains; one, 18 grains; and
one, 19 grains. On referring to the list of weights
from the Gilton cemetery, it may be seen that No. 20,
weighing 19 grains, might have been used for such
coins ; and that weight No. 4, the highest of the
series, might represent forty eight of these pieces.
In the time of Arcadius and Honorius we find the
smaller silver coins weighing 29 grains, 17 grains,
and some even 12 grains. A large number of this
period, found in the West of England, a few years
since, gave this result ; many of these had been
dipt, apparently to reduce them to a certain weight.
In the cemetery at Ozingell, one silver coin was
found which weighed only three grains. At the same
time there must have been in circulation the various
early Roman denarii and quinarii, the weights of
which varied exceedingly, especially towards the
decline of the Roman empire, as well as the forged
and debased silver coins, which abounded in the
provinces. The gold coins were hardly less nu-

GILTON-TOWN.

23

ilZ.

ihvt.

U^-

. 1

18

19

. 1

3

3

13

0

1

12

22

d

9

9

coin of Fl. Jul. Constantius ; it is of the third size, and has on one side his head,
and this legend, fl. ivl. constantivs. n.c. ; on the other, two soldiers standing,
with two military ensigns erected between them, and this legend, gloria, exercitvs :
it is a very common one (pi. 17, fig. 19). Here were also the blades of two knives,
a larger and a smaller ; the larger was like a modern pruning knife, as at No. 35 ;
and several long nails, and the bloated ferrule of the hasta.

The weights are as follows (see plate 17) :

4. Has no mark; and has never been a coin: it weighs

5. Has no mark; and has never been a coin: weighs

6. Coin of Trajan in first brass ; has been ground

7. Coin of M. Aurelius in first brass ; has been ground dowr

to its Aveight ......

8. Coin of the younger Faustina, of second brass, and ground

9. I think this has never been a coin ; if it has, it is much

ground down . . . . . . . . 8 18

10. Has the marks, as described; it has been a coin, but I

cannot tell of whom .....

11. It never was a coin .....

12. Has the marks as above described .

13. Second brass coin of Constantius Chlorus ; has been ground

14. Has not been a coin .....

15. Has not been a coin .....

16. Seems to have been made on purpose for a weight

17. Has not been a coin .....

18. Is a common coin of the lower empire

19. Coin of Flav. Jul. Constantius

20. Has the marks above described

67. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Black remains of a coffin :
bones almost gone : nineteen small glass and earthen beads, and one large striped
one ; these were near the place of the neck : and a little lower, a round brass fibula

7 12

,

6 0

.

5 4

ground

5 5

.

3 15

.

2 14

.

1 221

1 21

1 7

.

1 6

.

19

nierous and various ; and in addition to the Roman,
there were the coinages of the barbaric kings in
France, Germany, and Italy, and also that of the
Merovingian princes. With a currency so intricate
and fluctuating, it can easily be comprehended that
u variety of weights would bo needed, and that

money-changers would regulate them to meet their
peculiar exigencies. The weapons of war and the
insignia of commerce in the same grave, suggest the
notion that the occupant had laid by the implements
of his early vocation, and followed a more peaceful
and humanising profession. — Ed.]

24 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

subnectens, of a different sort from any yet described (pi. 3, fig. 8) ; it has a round
hole in the middle, and seems to have been encrusted, or enamelled with red ; some
remains of it still remain visible in the six sockets on the circumference.^ Here was
also the blade of a small knife, and some long nails. A woman's grave.

68. Grave with the feet more to the north. No signs of a coffin : bones almost
gone : the blade of a large knife, viz. about ten inches long, but of the usual shape.

69. Grave from west to east, as before, and about three feet deep. Remains of
a strong coffin : nineteen small glass and earthen beads about the place of the neck;
and a little lower, a round brass fibula subnectens (pi. 3, fig. 5). The face of it is
thinly plated, or highly gilt, with gold, and wrought in vermicular or scroll-like
figures : in the centre is a plain round knob or hemisphere.- Here were also the
blades of two knives, and several long nails. A woman's grave.

70. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. Plain marks of a
coffin.' About the place of the neck were eighteen small glass and earthen beads, of
divers colours (some of them Avere of two colours) ; one large, wheel-like ; one striped
with blue and white : a little lower was a small, round fibula subnectens, of brass
(pi. 10, fig. 16) ; in its centre there has been set some stone, or other ornament.''
Here were also some fragments of a green glass urn, before disturbed : the blades of
a knife: and several long nails. A woman's grave.

71. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Much remains of a coffin :
the bones almost gone : the head of a hasta on the right side, and the head of a pilum
on the left ; both on the outside of the coffin : an hemispherical umbo : four iron
studs with broad heads : a hollow cylinder, and a cross piece as usual : the blades of
two knives : several bits of rusty iron : and several long nails.

GiLTON-TowN, IN Ash. August 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1763.

72. Grave, with the feet to the east, about three feet deep. Remains of a coffin :
bones almost gone : a head of a pilum on the right side : the blade of a knife : a
small iron buckle : and some nails.

73. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the

' [This is of Roman manufacture; it resembles resembles the circular fibuhe found by the Hon. R.

one found at Ixworth ; Coll. Ant. vol. iii, pi. xxxvi, C. Neville in a woman's grave in the Saxon cemeterj-

fig. 5. — Ed.] near Little Wilbrahani. See Saxon Obsequies illiis-

- [This ornament is of a kind of unusual occur- trated hij Ornaments and Weapons, plate 2. — Ed.]
rencc in the Kentish Saxons' graves. It somewhat ^ [A Roman fibula of well known t)'pe. — Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN. 25

bones quite gone : head of a pilum on the right side : two blades of knives : a small
iron buckle ; and some small pieces of rusty iron.

74. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep. Plain marks of a short coffin :
bones entirely gone. Nothing.

75. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the
blades of two knives : an iron ringle, of about three inches diameter, as at Nos. 51
and 60.

76. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Black remains of a coffin :
bones pretty perfect. Near the neck were several slender rings, as at No. 27, etc.,
which all brake in pieces with the least touch : also twelve glass and earthen beads ;
and one large and long one, striped with red and yellow ; and also one white and
transparent. Near these was a round silver fibula subnectens, set with three garnets
round about, and with something in the centre, Avhich is lost ; the intervals are
wrought and gilded (pi. 3, fig. 3} : two blades of knives : an iron instrument, exactly
like that described at No. 15, etc. Many small links, as heretofore ; these were
rusted together, and had among them, as at No. 27, etc., several small brass pins ;
also a piece of an iron instrument (pi. 12, fig. 5 a).^ Here were also several long-
iron nails.

77. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the
bones pretty perfect, of a very old person, as appeared from the few teeth which
remained being worn down very low : the head of a pilum, on the left side : an
hemispherical umbo : three studs of iron with broad heads : an hollow cylinder for
the handle of the shield : a large iron buckle, as before ; tlie blades of two knives ;
and the ferrule of the pilum, pretty entire, but rotten.

78. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the
bones pretty perfect. Nothing.

79. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : the bones pretty perfect.
No signs of a coffin. An iron ringle, about three inches diameter, as before : the
blade of a large knife, or dagger, as before ; and the blades of two knives, of the
usual size and shape.

80. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Bones almost gone ; no

' [See also, under the head of Kingston, Nos. 50 vary m form from those referred to; and possess, like

and 142, similar objects. They appertained to the some of the other remains from this district, a local

costume of females, being suspended in the same character. Analogous ornaments, though of a much

manner as the analogous ornaments from Saxon and later date, found in Livonia, are represented in Pro-

Frankish graves, figured in the Collectanea Antiqua, fessor Biihr's Graber der Liven, Dresden, 1850. The

vol. ii, plates lv and lvi, which may be compared sepulchral antiquities therein described, are now in

with the modern chatelaine. It will, however, be the British Museum. — Ed.]
observed, that the examples from the Kentish graves

26 INVENTORIXJM SEPULCHRALE.

appearance of a coiRn. The head of an arrow, or small pilum, as at No. 46, etc. ;
this was on the right side, and near the hips, which is unusual. The blades of two
knives : several long iron nails ; so that though there were no traces of a coffin,
there certainly was one. Many sherds of a large black wrought urn ; it had three
borders, one in the middle of the belly, one near the mouth, and another near the
bottom, all drawn in this manner, viz., ^T<^T<^^T<y^r\i/ ; the dots seemed to have
been impressed by the end of a finger. In the sherds was, as at No. 50, a lump of
burnt bones, etc. : doubtless the remains and contents of an ossuary, or bone-urn, which
was disturbed and broken when this grave was dug for the person whose remains it
contained ; and another undeniable proof of the antiquity of this burial ground ; see
No. 50. Among the burnt bones was nothing but a brass broken ringle, of about
three-quarters of an inch diameter, which perhaps belonged to a pair of volsellae, or
nippers, Avhich are very frequently met with in such urns.

81. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Much black dust of a coffin .
bones nearly gone : fifteen small glass and earthen beads : two double ones, which
were blue and white, and something larger : four large amber beads : four or five
slender rings, as before ; I think of silver, but they would not bear handHng ; they
had each a sliding knot, as before ; they were all near the neck : a little lower was
a round fibula subnectens (pi. 3, fig. 6) ; it is set round about with three garnets,
and it has an empty socket in its centre ; the intervals are gilded and wrought.
Here was also the blade of a small knife : several small iron links, as of a chain,
rusted together, with brass pins, or instruments, intermixed as before : some long
iron nails : and underneath this skeleton, at the depth of about half a foot, was
another, as follows. A woman's grave.

82. Black remains of a coffin : bones nearly gone : the head
of an hasta, on the right side : an hemispherical umbo ; on its rim
are four broad-headed brass studs, or rivets, about half an inch
broad, plated also with silver. N.B. — This umbo had a very deep
and large bruise in it, made, no doubt, before it was deposited ;
for the least stroke would now have broken it in pieces. Here
was also an hollow cylinder for the handle of the shield : a brass
buckle : the blade of a knife : several long iron nails : and several

Full size. °

bits of iron ; I think the broken ferrule, or spike of the hasta.^
83. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Much black dust and many

' [We may consider these to have been the remains child, were found in one grave, side by side. At Wil-

of the husband, or of a relative of the woman, buried braham, among about 180 graves, Mr. Neville found

in the same grave, No. 81. At OzingeU, three skele- three that contained two skeletons each; and one with

tons, apparently those of a husband and wife, and their the extraordinary number of five skeletons. — Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN.

27

coals of a burnt coffin : the bones pretty perfect, and the teeth uncommonly sound
and regular, as of a young person/ The heads of two pila, on the right side : a
conical umbo ; in its rim four iron studs : three other broad-headed iron studs : two
crooked pieces of iron, each about six inches long, held together by an iron chain, whose
links, about half an inch long each, were of the shape here described (see cut). To

one of these irons was riveted a copper coin of Nero ; it is of the first size, and gilded.
For the form of one of these crooked pieces of iron (for the other was much more
broken), see the figure above. The coin has the head of Nero, laureated, on one side,
with this legend, imp. nero. clavdivs. caesar. avg. germ. On the reverse, is Rome
sitting upon an heap of armour ; in her right hand she holds a victoriola, and in her
left a spear ; with this legend, roma. s.c. There can, I think, be no doubt but that
this was the bit of a bridle, and a great curiosity. It is great pity it was not made
of brass, that it might have been taken out and preserved entire. For the nature
of sand, I experimentally find, is such, that it entirely consumes, blisters, and rots
everything made of iron, which, if by chance gotten out whole (which on account of
its brittleness is seldom done), falls to pieces, and moulders away in a very short
time.^ Here were also the blades of two knives; and also, at the feet, on the

' [Usually, the teeth of the skeletons in Saxon
graves, which I have examined, were in excellent
preservation ; decayed teeth were not common, even
when the skulls appeared to denote advanced age.
—Ed.]

- [The above cut represents the coin attached to
the iron, and the chain, as shewn in, apparently, a
very faithful drawing appended to the manuscript ;
of these interesting fragments, the coin alone has
survived. Roman brass coins were often worn by the
Saxon women, and gold coins arc not unfrequcntly

found among the ornaments of those of the higher
class, examples of which occur in this collection.
The warrior, whose remains occupied this grave,
had decorated his horse's headgear with one of the
large brass coins of Nero. In the deposit with the
body of horse-furniture may be noticed an expiring
vestige of an ancient custom of the Germans in
burying the war-horse with his master, as related
by Tacitus, De Mor. Germ. c. xxvii. Only a few
instances of this custom have been met with in the
Anglo-Saxon burial-places. — Ed.]

28

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

outside of the coffin, a very curious urn of green glass, which, though very much
broken by a stroke from a spade, I thought worth while to preserve on account of
its extraordinary shape (pi. 18, fig. 2). Before it was broken, it was near ten inches
high, and about four inches diameter ; it has a very small bottom, not more than
three quarters of an inch diameter, from whence it is very curiously corded with
raised spiral lines, all the way up to the mouth ; it has six handles, which are all
of them hollow from the inside of the urn, very like some old fashioned syllabub
glasses which I have seen.^ These handles are placed three above and three below ;
I imagine it will hold above a quart. It had nothing in it but sand.

84. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the
bones nearly decayed : the head of a pilum, on the left side : the blade of a knife ;
and some bits of iron.

85. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones
nearly gone. Nothing.

86. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. No remains of a coffin : bones
gone. The blade of a knife : a small iron buckle, as before ; and an iron ringle, of
about three inches diameter ; with another smaller, of brass, hanging to it, as at
No. 51.

87. Grave as before, and about three and a half
feet deep. Much black dust and coals of a coffin :
fifteen small and large glass and earthen beads, all
about the place of the neck (for the bones were de-
cayed) ; and a little lower, a round copper fibula
subnectens, gilded ; in the centre of it, which is
large, something, now lost, has been set (pi. 10, fig.
15):^ several small iron links, as at No. 19, etc. ; these
plainly reached from about the waist, about two feet
downward ; and at the end of them, and fixed to the

^ [It is only a few years since these rare and
curious glass vessels were noticed and appropriated
to the Anglo-Saxon period. A fine example in the
Canterbury Museum, found at Reculver, had been
drawn for my Antiquities of Richhornugh, Recuher,
andLymne; but it was postponed from want of further
evidence : the present example was then unknown
to me. Shortly after, however, I was able to associate
it with another, found by Mr. Wylie in Gloucester-
shire; and at the same time to compare it with an
example from the cemetery at Selzen in the province

of Rhein-Hesse : see Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii,
p. 220, and pi. li. The Reculver vessel has since
been engraved in Col. Ant., vol. ii, pi. ii ; and by
Mr. Akerman, in his Remains of Pagan Saxondom,
plate II. Recently, Mr. Thurston has communi-
cated to me a fine specimen found at Ashford. —
Ed.]

- [This also appears to be of Roman manufac-
ture. The antiquary cannot fail to notice the Roman
character and influence which prevail at this ceme-
tery.— Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN.

29

two lowest of them, were eight, or more, small pins or instruments of brass, exactly
described at No. 27 ; they most of them came to pieces in handling. Here was also
the blade of a knife : some long nails : four iron clasps (see cut, preceding page),
with two rivets in each ; and some other pieces of shapeless iron. A woman's grave.

88. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a
coiRn : bones almost gone. The head of a pilum, on the right side : a small brass
buckle, with a long shank (pi. 10, tig. 4); it has been gilded: two small brass
things (pi. 8, fig. 13); they have each of them a small ridge underneath, in which
is a hole for a rivet to pass through ; they are about one inch long ; I imagine they
have been the tongues of two iron buckles,^ some rusty iron still adhering to one of
them : the blades of two knives : the iron ferrule or spike of the pilum, as at No. 10,
etc. : several long nails ; so that there certainly was a coffin, though no signs of it
appeared.

89. Grave as the last, and about three feet and a half deep. Plain signs of a
coffin : bones pretty perfect, and seemingly of an elderly person. I judge of tliis
from the teeth, which were much worn down. The head of an hasta at the right
side, but on the outside of the coffin. (The head of this hasta was of that large sort
described at No. 28.) On the upper part of the left arm was a very fine large
armilla- of brass (pi. 16, fig. 9); it is about four inches diameter, and very firm, elastic,
and perfect : the bone of the arm lay near it, but was eaten insunder by the rust
of it. I esteem it as a great curiosity. Here was
also an hemispherical umbo ; in its rim were four
broad-headed brass studs, plated with silver : three
other broad-headed iron studs : an hollow iron
cylinder for the handle of the shield, and two cross-
pieces of iron, as at No. 22, etc. : a wrought brass
buckle (pi. 8, fig. 11), it has the figures of two
four-footed creatures upon it : the blade of a
sword, exactly like that at No. 10, etc.; it was all
covered Avith the rotten wood of the scabbard, as
was that at No. 48 : a very beautiful pommel ;^ it is

' [For similar examples, see fig. 7, pi. xxxvi,
vol. ii, Collectanea Antiqua (found at Strood) ; and
NeniaBritannica, pi. 15, fig. 9 (from Chatham Lines).
They are not tongues of buckles ; but were used
attached to the girdle, or to some part of the dress,
as buttons or fastenings. Mr. Mayer possesses an
ornamented example, in silver, found at Colchester.
—Ed.]

* [Armillae are but seldom found in Saxon graves ;
and when they do occur, they are usually among
remains which indicate the graves of females ; but
in this case, the sword and other objects denote a
male ; examples of armillae will be noticed under
the Kingston Down division ; they all bear a Roman
character, and probably are Roman. — Ed.]

^ [This is the second ornamented iron sword-

30

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

eight square and neatly inlaid with gold and silver ; it has two heads in relievo on
opposite sides, each head is surrounded with a kind of scroll ; it is hollow, and has
no lead in it, as those before described had ; it seems to be made of steel, yet is not
hurt by lying in the ground, so that I take it to be of that sort of white hard metal,
of which some buckles heretofore described are made, see No. 10, fig. 5, etc. : the
blades of two knives : several pieces of rusty iron : and several long nails.

90. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a coffin :
bones almost gone : a 7'ound brass buckle : the blade of a knife.

91. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep.
No signs of a coffin : bones nearly gone : two brass tongues of
buckles, as at No. 88 : the blades of two knives : many sherds
of a middle-sized urn of black earth, before disturbed and
broken.

92. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep. Remains
of a short coffin : bones gone : four small earthen beads and
three amber ones : a blade of a small knife : the grave of a child.

93. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Remains of a burnt coffin :
the bones nearly gone : the head of a pilum on the left side : a large round brass
buckle : a small iron buckle : the blades of two
knives.

94. Grave as the last, and about three feet and a
half deep. Remains of a strong burnt coffin : the
bones nearly gone : thirteen small glass and earthen
beads, and one large one ; these were about the place
of the neck: the blades of two knives: many small iron
links, as before, at the feet : and in the coffin were two
iron hinges (figs. 1, 2), as of a small box : an iron instru-
ment, exactly like that which is described at No. 15,

Original &ize.

Original size.

pommel ; and two more are mentioned, which have
become decomposed, so that it is not possible to
speak with certainty about them. But the orna-
mented ones of graves No. 23 (see p. 11 ante), and No.
89, are before us and challenge our candid opinion.
This is adverse to their antiquity. Had they been
ancient, they must have been Roman ; and it would
have excited no surprise to find a Roman sword in
a Saxon grave ; but, after a very close and careful
examination, I have no doubt whatever of their being
of the period termed Renaissance, which commenced

in the latter part of the fifteenth century. With
this conviction, I felt some hesitation as to what
course I should take ; but I decided that, \mder all
circumstances, it would hardly be right to suppress
anything in a work which has been promised to the
public in a full and complete state. Had I myself
found such pommels in Saxon graves, I should im-
mediately have suspected the honesty of my work-
men ; I should have thrown them aside and said
nothing about them ; but these specimens come
before us with such apparently authenticating de-

GILTON-TOWiSr.

31

etc. : another iron instrument about six inches long, with a ringle at one end, and a hook
at the other : a mirror' or speculum ; it is of a mixed metal, flat and circular ; it is very

Two-tbirds the original size.

highly polished on one side ; it is near five inches diameter and somewhat convex
on the polished side ; it is much injured by rust, but not so much but that one may
plainly see one's face in it (pi. 13, fig. 12). I
suppose it formerly had a handle to it, some-
what in the manner described by pricked
lines on the opposite page r but it was found
broken as I have there represented it ; the
pieces, however, lay near it, so that I make
no doubt but that it was broken by the la-
bourer's spade, the edges being quite fresh
as if just broken : there was also, close to
the broken pieces, a bit of swoln disfigured

Orif?iDiil riizf.

tails, and stand so prominently in a narrative which
is not my own, that I felt I could not do otherwise
than present both the text and the illustrations as
I find them. Nothing is more easy than to em-
barrass the path of science. In the present case,
I can only believe, either that Mr. Faussett's work-
men, or some friends in what they may have called
a joke, placed these pommels in the graves. A
knife-handle, to be noticed in a future part of this
volume, is in the same predicament as the pommels.
These are trifling exceptions in so large a collection,
and can in no way be allowed to cast any suspicion
upon its general truthfulness, or upon the integrity
of the ardent collector. — Ed.]

' The mirror is not unfrequently found among
the contents of the graves of Roman women.
Examples very much resembling this have been
discovered at London (see Archaoloyia. vol. xxvi,

p. 467) ; at Colchester (see a specimen now in
the British Museum) ; and at other places in this
country and throughout the continent : those which
have been chemically examined are found to be of
a mixed metal, composed of copper and tin, much
the same as the modem compound called speculum
metal. The presence of such an object in a Saxon
grave is remarkable, and particularly interesting in
connection with the other Roman instruments and
ornaments which we have noticed in the Gilton
cemetery ; for they indicate not only a close chrono-
logical relationship between the Saxon settlers and
the Roman inhabitants of this part of Kent ; but
also a striking correspondence between the habits
and customs of the two peoples. This affinity is
less perceptible in the midland counties. — Ed.]

- This proved, on cleaning, to be the handle, as
shewn in pi. 1.3.

32

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

iron, which might perhaps have been the handle. I esteem it as a very great curiosity.
Here was also a small flat rinff{^g. 3); I think it is silver ; it is curiously wrought on
one side, which is roundish ; the other side is quite flat ; I fancy it has been a buckle.
Here was also a small piece of brass, and another piece (figs. 2, 4) ; I imagine they also
served for a sort of buckle, viz., by drawing the linen, or whatever else it might be,
through the hole, and then running some pin or tongue through it along the groove.
Here was also a small brass instrument, somewhat like the prongs of a fork (fig. 1); I
guess that all these last-mentioned articles were included in a small box, to which
the hinges above mentioned and described belonged. Here were also several pieces
of iron, so deformed that nothing could be made out of them, and also, in different
places, several long nails, as before. This certainly was a woman's grave.

95. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Bones pretty perfect : plain
marks of a cofl[in : an head of a pilum on the right side : the blade of a small knife :
several nails.

96. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : the bones were almost gone :
no signs of a coffin ; nothing.

97. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep : no signs of a coffin :
bones almost gone : the head of a pilum on the right side : an iron ringle, as before :
the blade of a knife : and the ferrule or spike of the pilum ; this lay at about three
and a half feet from the point.

98. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones
nearly gone : the head of a pilum on the right side : a small iron buckle : and two
brass things, like surgeon's instruments.

99. Grave with the feet pointing more to the north, two anfl a half feet deep.
No signs of a coffin : bones, nearly gone, of two persons, as

I think : one large striped earthen bead : the blade of a
knife.

100. Grave parallel to the last and close to it ; about
two and a half feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones
more perfect : the blade of a knife and a small iron buckle.

101. Grave from west to east as before, and about
three feet deep. Remains of a coffin : bones nearly gone :
the head of a pilum on the left side : the blades of two
knives : an iron ringle as before : several nails : at the
feet, on the outside of the coffin, was a large whitish urn,
with a nan-ow neck ; it luckily came out whole ; it holds,
I think, about three quarts. It had nothing in it but
sand.

Eight inches hi[,'li and seven
inches diameter.

GILTON-TOWN.

33

102. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the
bones nearly gone : the head of a pilum, on the left side : the blade of a knife : a
small iron buckle ; some bits of iron.

103. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the
bones pretty entire. Nothing.

104. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Remains of a coffin : bones
nearly gone : the head of a pilum, on the right side : the blade of a knife : several
nails.

105. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a
coffin : the bones nearly gone : the head of a pilum, on the left side : the blades of
two knives ; and a small iron buckle.

106. Grave as the last, and two and a half feet deep. Remains of a coffin : the
bones almost gone : the blades of two knives ; and several long broad-headed nails.

[The remains described in the preceding pages
were collected from one hundred and six graves,
excavated in eleven days, in the years 1760, 1762,
and 1763. To form a more complete notion of the
antiquarian fertility of Gilton, we must bear in mind
that, long previous to the period when Mr. Faussett
made his researches, Saxon antiquities had been
brought to light, from time to time. He speaks of
" a great many years past"; and this indefinite term
may be considered as extending to centuries.

In 1792, Mr. Boys inserted in his Collections for
an History of Sandwich, in Kent, engravings of
Saxon remains obtained from Gilton subsequent to
the excavations made by Mr. Faussett. His account
of them is as follows : "A sand-pit at Ash, adjoin-
ing to the high road from thence to Canterburj', has
furnished the cabinets of antiquaries with many
curious sepulchral remains, that were deposited with
the dead in wooden coffins. The graves are dis-
tinct, and are about four feet below the present
surface of the ground. They are discoverable by
an alteration in the colour and texture of the soil
where the bodies lie ; and they are commonly, though
I believe not uniformly, in an east and west direc-
tion. Parts of the harder bones and wooden cists
are sometimes found ; but in general all the animal
and vegetable substances have perished. In many
of the graves We meet with nothing worth notice.

In some we find the warriors' furniture, iron swords,
spear-heads, and umbones of shields ; and in others,
fibulae, buckles, clasps, belt-ornaments, amulets,
pendants, etc., many of them of the precious metals,
or of copper strongly gilt, set with ivory, and with
garnets and coloured glass upon chequered foils of
solid gold ; beads of baked earth, amber and ame-
thyst, and glass bugles, the ornaments of female
dress. Perhaps some of the following articles may
seem to denote the occupation, or perhaps only the
caprice, of the persons in whose graves they were
found : a wooden pail with brass hoops ; a large
pan of mixed metal found upon a similar one in-
verted ; the iron head of an axe ; part of a beam
and brass balances of a small pair of scales, with
one leaden and seven brass weights, two of them
being coins of Faustina, the mother and daughter,
with their reverses ground away, having a single
dot before the mouth of the one, and six dots, three
and three, upon the temple of the other, probably
to denote the weight; a stone celt, lying with a
common flat flint stone ; a crystal ball ; thick
copper rings ; and many articles of unknown use."
—(pp. 868-9.)

The objects engraved in Douglas's Nenia Britan-
nica (plates 7 and 12) are chiefly some of those
figured by Boys of Sandwich, who, Douglas ob-
serves, " very much contributed to my barrow re-

34

INVENTORltJM SEPULCHRALE.

searches in that neighbourhood, and with the liberal
spirit of a sensible antiquary, collected assiduously
many rare relics from Ash, which would otherwise
have been carried to the silversmith's furnace, and
others of less value dispersed." — (p. 26.) Several
relics from the sand-pit, Douglas states, fell into
the hands of Mr. Edward Jacob of Feversham;
these subsequently passed into his own cabinet ; and
most of them are now in the Ashmolean Museum
at Oxford.

Some of the Gilton antiquities engraved by
Boys have descended to his grandson, Mr. W. H.
Rolfe of Sandwich, and are preserved in his valuable
museum of local antiquities ; a few are in the Can-
terbury Museum, with a very elegant bronze gilt
hair-pin, dug up at Gilton a few years since (see
Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, pi. xxxvii). For some
other remarkable antiquities from this spot, which
are in the collection of Mr. Rolfe, consult the
Archaologia, vol. xxx. — Ed.]

KINGSTON, FROM THE SITE UF THE TUMULI, 1S55.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

KINGSTON DOWN, IN THE PARISH OF KINGSTON, IN THE

COUNTY OF KENT, in the ^ears 1767, 1771, 1772 and 1773.

INGSTON DOWN (being a part of what is commonly called Barham
Down) in the parish of Kingston, near Canterbury, is about a furlong
north-east from Kingston church and about midway between it and
Ileden, the seat of Thomas Payler, Esq., in the said parish of Kingston,
on the left hand of the road leading from Kingston to Ileden. Near the top of
the hill, on the hanging side of it, which fronts to the north-west (an aspect very
frequently, if not ahvays, made choice of for such purposes), are a number of " tumuli
sepulchrales", or hemispherical mounds of earth, of various heights and diameters,
which stand pretty close and contiguous to each other.

And, in the bottom, between the village of Kingston and these tumuU, there is
what, in this part of Kent, is commonly called an Aylebourne, Naylebourne, or
rivulet ; which, though it is not now-a-days a constant, but only an occasional
stream, yet certainly was, in former ages, by no means unworthy the name of a river.
And such indeed it is at this day, at the small distance of but a mile lower, viz., to
the north-west, where it still retains the name of the Lesser Stour, and where
it is seldom or never dry, but continues its course through Bishopsbourne bridge,
Patricksbourne, and Beakesbourne, till at last it joins the Greater Stour. Up to
which last mentioned place (viz., Beakesbourne), Philipot' tells us, " there was in

' Vilbre Cantianum, fol. 62.

36 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

the time of Edward III, and long after, a small navigation out of the Greater Stour",
and that " it was a member to Hastings in Sussex, and enjoyed the like liberty with
the Cinque Ports"; and Lambard^ says it " formerly sent seven ships into the service
of the navy royal".

And, as a proof of this Aylebourne having been much deeper and broader than
it ever now is, I myself saw the shells of muscles turned plentifully out of the
ground in digging a hole for a post, at the distance of at least ten rods from its
present channel, and at the perpendicular height of at least three feet above its
usual level.

When I was curate of, and resident at, Kingston, or its neighbourhood (viz.,
from the end of the year 1750 to the beginning of the year 1756), I had often a
longing mind to open some of these tumuli or barrows ; having firmly persuaded
myself that this might possibly, and indeed probably, be the very spot where Julius
Caesar in his second expedition into Britain, after a march in the night of twelve
miles, from his camp by the sea-side, found the Britons drawn up and ready to
receive him by the side of a river— where he fought and beat them, and drove them
back to a place which was excellently fortified by art and nature (Bel. Gal. lib. v) —
which place I also strongly imagined might be a wood, in the adjoining parish of
Bishopsbourne, called Burstead-wood, and not more than a mile distant from this
rivulet or aylebourne. And, indeed, this Avood is so particularly strongly fortified,
by nature at least, that the Britons could not have retired, I think, to any place
more fit for the purpose of defending themselves. And what made me still more
fond of my opinion with regard to this Avood was, that in the year 1749, as some
workmen were digging chalk in it, they found two or three human skeletons, and,
among other things, the head of a spear, or some other weapon ; but as I did not
see it (it being before I came home into Kent), I can only depend upon the report
of others who did. Here were also found at the same time, viz., about the year
1751, thirteen small earthen beads of different colours, and a patera of clear, white,
glass. The skeletons lay with their feet to the north: see also No. 157 of this
inventory.^

It is observable, too, that the distance between Walmer (quasi Vallum ad Mare),
where I imagine Caesar's camp was, and this rivulet or aylebourne, corresponds very
nearly with Caesar's march, it being much about twelve miles.

Accordingly, about the year 1755, I made appHcation to Thomas Barrett, Esq.

' Perambulation of Kent, p. 121. was open and not wooded; and this would be an

■ [The interments referred to would seem to have argument against the existence of the wood at a

been Saxon ; and therefore we may conclude that period long anterior, as supposed by Mr. Faussett.

at the period when they were made the ground — Ed.]

KI^'GSTON DOWN. 37

(the then lord of the manor and owner of the land), for leave to satisfy my curiosity.
But he thought proper to refuse me ; although he had himself, about ten years
before, caused a few of these tumuli to be opened ; but, as he acknowledged, in so
cursory and incurious a manner, that he had discovered but little. He believed, he
said, that they were either Saxon or Danish ; but he knew not why. He found, he
told me, some iron weapons and two glass urns, the latter of which he showed me ;
and added, that " he made no doubt but that some battle had been fought there".
I asked him whether he intended to open any more of them, and offered him my
assistance, if he did. His answer was, that " he would have no more of them dis-
turbed"; with which I was obliged, for the present, to acquiesce.

But Mr. Barrett dying within a few years, and his only daughter (who, on his
death, became possessed of this part of the estate), being not long afterwards married
to my very worthy and learned friend the Rev. Mr. W. D. Byrch, he, very obligingly,
gave me full leave to open as many of them as I Avould.

It may easily be imagined it was not long before I went about the long wished
for work. In the course of which, however, it will be seen, from my following
inventory, how much I was deceived, and how wrong I was in my conjectures (how-
ever warm, and with whatsoever reason entertained) of this being the spot where
" Julius Caesar in his second expedition into Britain, after his march in the night of
twelve miles, from his camp by the sea-shore, found the Britons drawn up in order
to receive him, by the side of a river, where he fought and beat them, and drove
them to a place fortified by art and nature."

For I think this spot will from thence appear to have been no other than a
common burying place of Romans, no doubt (and that too from a very eaiiy period) ;
but not of these alone, but also, if not chiefly, of Romans Britonized, and Britons
Romanized (if I may be allowed the use of these expressions), till long after the
Romans, properly so called, had entirely quitted this isle.

That these tumuli were not cast up in consequence of any battle fought upon
this spot, is abundantly evident from the following particulars: viz., from their
containing the remains not only of men (some of them with their weapons and many
more without), but also of women and children. The graves of all which are
regularly and neatly cut out of the firm chalk. Their bodies, for the most part,
included in strong wooden chests or coffins, which have most of them been burnt
to a certain degree, in order to make them last the longer. These graves, also, were
dug and the bodies deposited, all of them (some few only excepted), with their feet
pointing to the east.^ In some of these graves, also, were heaps of bones, lying

' [As far as my experience goes, the orientation of skeletons in Saxon graves is by no means general. — Ed.]

38 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Avitliout order, above the skeleton which lay in the bottom of the trench ; and which,
consequently, must have been interred at some distance of time after the person,
whose remains were thus disturbed, was first deposited. As to the spears and other
M'eapons found here, we may very rationally imagine that their owners either were
soldiers at the time of their death, or that they were such as, having served out their
time, and having been regularly discharged, had, as was usual, kept their weapons
in their respective habitations and places of abode, as trophies or monuments of
their past services : and that after their decease, they were buried (as was also
customary) along with them. And that they did retain their arms after they were
discharged we may gather from the following lines of Ovid : —

Miles, ut emeritis non est satis iitilis annis,
Ponit ad antiques, quae tulit arma, lares.

Tristia, lib. iv, El. viii.

In short, my opinion of this matter is, that this spot was a burying-place, not only,
at first, for the Eoman soldiers, who may be supposed to have kept garrison in some
of the many intrenchments and look-outs in this neighbourhood ; but that, after-
Avards, it served as such for the inhabitants of some one, or more, of the adjacent
villages ; which, we may very reasonably presume, were latterly inhabited by what
I have presumed before to call " Romans Britonized", and " Britons Romanized";
i. e., by people of both nations, who, having mixed and intermarried with each other,
had naturally learned, and in some measure adopted, each other's customs. The
ossuaries or bone-urns here found (as at No. 4 of the following inventory) will
sufficiently prove that this place was used as such in the time of the higher empire
(«'. e., before the custom of burning the dead ceased among the Romans), and the
coins of Gallienus, and Probus (as at Nos. 21 and 25) ; Carausius and Allectus (as
at No. 102); and of Constantino the Great (as at No. 24), will be ample evidence
of its having continued to be used as such in the time of the lower empire.

How much longer it was put to that use it is impossible for me to determine
from anything yet found there ; but my conjecture is, that it served for that purpose
(I mean a burying-place for some neighbouring village, or perhaps villages), long
after the Romans (^. e., those properly so called), had entirely evacuated and quitted
this isle, in the reign of Valcntinian III, viz., in the year of Christ 426 or 427. In
short, I think it not improbable but it might have continued to be a burying-ground
after the arrival of the Saxons in this isle ; nay, perhaps, even to the time when
" Archbishop Cuthbert (who came to the see of Canterbury a.d. 741) obtained a
dispensation from the then Pope for the making of cccmitories, or church-yards,
within towns or cities ; whereas, here, in England, untill his time, within the walls
thereof, none were buried." See Weever's Fun. Hon., edit. 1631, fol. 8 : Sammes's

KINGSTON DOWN. 39

Britannia, fol. 214. But, indeed, nothing which I have discovered here seems to
have belonged to that people.-'

The crosses mentioned and described at No. 138, plainly show that the owner
of them was a Christian ; ~ and as her grave pointed with its feet to the east, why
may Ave not reasonably conjecture, at least, that all those whose graves pointed the
same way were Christians also \

Indeed, the patera, mentioned at No. 178, and the small urns mentioned in
many places in the following inventory, do seem to savour too much of paganism.
But then, let it only be supposed (which is by no means unlikely to have been the
case), that though they were converts to Christianity, yet that their religion had still
a mixture of paganism in it ; and then this objection will disappear.

With regard to the feet being placed towards the east, I have not yet, as I can
remember, met with any book which mentions it as having been a custom particu-
larly adopted either by the Romans or Britons. Kirchmannus, in his very learned
and judicious treatise of the funerals of the Romans, fairly owns,' that " concerning
the position of the bodies of the dead, whether the Romans placed them to the
rising or the setting sun in their tombs, he had nothing to affirm with any certainty."
Meursius, indeed, says* that " they buried them so that their faces might look
towards the east": but it does not appear whether he is speaking of the Greeks or
Romans. Aringhus tells us,^ that " the Christians borrowed their funeral rites from
the Jews". And I am certain I have somewhere read (though I cannot recollect
the author), that the Jews buried their dead Avith their faces looking towards
Jerusalem. It is certain, however, that almost all the graves which I have hitherto
opened, at Ash, Chartham Down, here at Kingston, and at Bishopsbourne,'' pointed
with their feet to the east. It is also to be observed that all these few which have

' [This declaration will show that although Mr. blem, the cross ; but we have no right to assume that

Faussett's reasonings, sound as far as they went, they were worn as badges of the new faith. — Ed.]

guided hira clear of some errors, they did not enable ' " De positura vero cadaverum ad ortum ne, Solis,

him to reach the truth, and to understand that these an vero ad occasum, ilia in monumentis Romani

graves were neither more nor less than those of collocarint, nihil certi habco affirmarc." — De Fun.

Saxons. In fact, it required a more varied field of Rom. lib. 2, p. 326, edit. Lugd. 1672 ; 12mo.

research than that in which Mr. Faussett laboured, ■* " Sepeliabant vero ita ut ore orientem versus

to furnish those materials for comparison, which spectarent." — De Fun. Rom., edit. Hagae-Comitis,

have only within the last few years enabled us to 1604 ; 8vo.

pronounce with confidence on the Roman and Saxon ^ " Christianos olim, ab ipsismet Judteis fune-

remains, and to distinguish the peculiar character- ralium ritus erga defunctorum corpora, mutuatos

istics of each class. — Ed.] fuisse." — Roma Suhterranea, edit. Arnheimiae, 1672,

[This is a very illogical assertion. These cross- 12mo., p. 174.

shaped ornaments can only be looked upon as " As also, since, at Sibertswold, and Barfriston.

personal decorations, which show the influence of At Crundale, all the graves which I opened pointed

Christianity in the artistic application of its chief em- with their feet to the west.

40 IKVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

materially deviated from this direction, were always, and without a single exception,
found at the extreme verge, or utmost limits, of the burying-ground.

I now proceed to give a true inventory of the several and very curious anti-
quities here discovered, in which (according to my usual method) I shall mention
everything, just as I found it ; describing and representing by a figure or draught
(after a very uncouth manner indeed, but as well as I shall be able), whatever shall
stand in need of any explanation. I shall also, as heretofore, number every grave,
according to the order in which I opened it.

Kingston Down, 14th August, 1767.

1. In the first which I opened, which was about three feet deep from the natural
surface of the ground (i e., exclusive of the agger or tumulus, which was about three
feet more), I came to the skeleton of a full grown person, lying due east and west, its
feet being to the east. The bones in general were very entire. The skull came out
whole, with all its teeth very firm, regular, and Avhite, and very strongly fixed in their
sockets. I found nothing at all with it : but a little before the workmen got down to
it, they found several sherds of an urn of reddish earth, which, I guess, would have
held about a pint and a half It certainly had been disturbed and broken when the
grave was dug for the person here deposited : this place having, as I make no doubt,
been a more ancient burial-ground. I mean, that it was used as such long before the
custom among the Romans of burning the dead ceased ; as also were those at Ash and
on Chartham Down. This urn, however, was not an ossuary or bone-urn ; but it
was of that sort which were used for depositing some kind of liquor, such as wine,
milk, etc., it having a very narrow mouth and long neck. This grave had not been
dug with more than ordinary care, till the diggers of it came to the bottom, where
was a neat and much narrower trench about one foot deep, which seemed to have
been made exactly to fit the body of the person buried. Over and around the sides
of which was a kind of arch, formed of large flints closely ranged ; in the same
manner as I had before observed when I dug on Chartham Down. Here were no
signs of any coffin or chest.

2. In the next Avhich I opened, at about the same depth from the surface (but
under a larger tumulus than the former), I found a skeleton lying in nearly the
same direction as the last, except that the feet pointed rather more northward.
These bones were not near so sound as those before mentioned. It was very plain
that this person had been included in a wooden chest or coffin (like those at Ash
and Chartham Down) ; but it did not seem to have passed the fire. I traced the
wood very visibly all about it, especially at the head and feet, where it could not,

KINGSTON DOWN.

41

I think, have been less than three inches thick ; for there I coukl take up laro'e
handfuls of it, and some large lumps, on which the grain was still very discernible.
With this skeleton I found the largest hemispherical iron umbo I ever yet met with
(pi. 15, fig. 19), it being, from one extremity of the rim to the other, full seven
inches diameter ; whereas they do not in general much exceed six inches. In its
rim were, as usual, four broad flat-headed iron studs (fig. 1 in the group below) or
rivets, by which it was fastened to the shield ; their strigs were about half an inch
long, which shows the exact thickness of the shield : three other broader convex iron
studs (fig. 2 in the group below), each near two inches broad, witli strigs also about
half an inch long. The iron head of an hasta or spear (pi. 14, fig. 3), from the
point to the end of the socket was full twenty-one inches ; it lay on the outside of
the chest or cofiin, and, as I think, on the lid of it ; for the point reached beyond
the head of the coffin at least four inches. It had been wrapped up in some coarse
cloth, like many I met with at Ash.

3. In the third, and at about the same depth, I found a skeleton, lying due
east and west, the bones of which were almost entirely decayed and gone. Here
were very plain signs of a coffin. On the left side, on the outside of the coffin, was
the head of a pilum or dart (pi. 14, fig. 4). Here I found also a broken piece of
stick, one inch and a half long, which, on examination, I found to be headed or
armed with a little iron spike half an inch long (fig. 3 in tlie group below) ; the
length of the whole is two inches. Its strig, which is very slender, runs through
the whole, and has, from its rust, preserved the
stick from crumbling, it being, as it were, impreg-
nated with its rust. It is inserted or fixed into
the stick at a knot (which still is protuberant), in
order perhaps, to hinder the stick from splitting so
readily as it otherwise would have done. It has a
kind of shoulder, to hinder it from driving when
the stroke was given. The knot is very rudely
cut ; the stock is about the size of the largest end
of the strig of a tobacco-pipe ; and seems by the
knot to have been blackthorn. Whether or not
it was designed for an arrow, is more than I dare
affirm ; though it seems to have been made for
some such use. Here also was a small brass huckle
(fig. 4 in the group) ; a piece of horn (as it seems),
like a peg of a modern violin, seven-eighths of an
inch broad (fig. 5) ; the little points at the top and

G

Actual size.

42

IXVEXTOPJUM SEPULCHRALE.

sides are small bits of brass wire : the iron blade of a knife (pi. 15, fig. 11). Here
were also several fragments of a small urn of black earth, which, I believe, was now
broken by the carelessness of the workmen.

Kingston Down, 21st August, 1767.

4. The tumulus about two and a half feet high ; the grave about three feet
deep : plain signs of a coffin : skeleton lying due east and west : the head of a
pilum, dart, or javelin, on the right side, pretty much like that described at No. 3 :
some nail-like bits of iron. At the feet, and on the outside of the coffin, was a
wrought um of coarse black earth, broken when found, and the sherds placed one
within another. I judge it would have held near a gallon. It certainly had been
an ossuary or bone urn, as many scattered bits of burnt bones were found.

5. Tumulus and grave much about the same as the last. The coffin appeared
to have been much burnt, like those at Ash (without doubt to make it more
durable). (See Browne, Urn-Burial, 4to. p. 13.) Here we found only two conca-
tenated links of a chain, about an inch long each : the blade of a knife, as at No. 3 ;
and some iron nails: (concerning these sort of nails, see Stowe's Survey of London,
fol. 178.)

6. Tumulus and gi"ave much as the last : the bones very perfect, and the
teeth firm and even : thick coffin (as might be collected from the quantity of
dust), and much burnt : two beautiful urns, one of greenish the other of whitish

glass (pi. 18, figs. 6 and 7) ; the former holds
about half a pint, and is quite plain ; the latter
holds about three gills, and is very curiously
corded from the centre of its bottom up to its
lip or mouth. The former stood on the right
side of the skull ; the latter near the right hip.
Here was also a very curious ball of native crystal,
about one and a half inch diameter;^ (there is just
such another among Sir W. Fagg's antiquities) ;

' [Mr. Faussett here jrives several references to
the discovery of crystal balls with sepulchral re-
mains ; but without observations. Douglas found
one in the grave of a Saxon female on Chatham
Lines, " enclosed in a lap of silver, pendent to two
silver rings." — Nenia Britannka, pi. 4, fig. 8. He
cites several instances of the discovery of such

balls ; and enters into a long dissertation with a
view to prove that they had been used for magical
purposes. In some of the glass vessels, which had
been obviously intended for the common purposes
of domestic life, he also saw relics that had been
appropriated to magical ceremonies. In describing
them he remarks : " They are always fashioned

KINGSTON DOWN. 43

as also two slender knotted rings of silver wire ; they have each of them a blue
glass head strung upon it. The knots, I imagine, were made for the conveniency
(though it be an awkward one) of putting them into and taking them out of
the ears ; for they were undoubtedly used as ear-rings (pi. 7, fig. 10) ; they were
found close under the lower jaw, as were also six small loose beads of different
colours (like those also found at Ash), and one of blue glass, like those which
were strung upon the rings just mentioned : a small amethyst, of a pyriform
shape, about three quarters of an inch long, and about three-eighths of an inch
diameter ; it is perforated longitudinally, and is exactly like the drop of a
modern ear-ring. Close by the side of the skull was a silver pin, two inches
long ; its head is flatted on two opposite sides ; no doubt but it was used as
an aciis discriminalis, or pin for the hair. Here were also several nail-like
and other pieces of iron. We may reasonably conclude that the person here

Full size,

deposited was a woman,

7. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones pretty entire : the coffin
very much burnt. Near the head were six small beads of baked earth of different
colours, as at No. 6 ; and one other bead of blue glass : three slender rings of silver
wire (pi. 11, fig. 23) ; they had each of them a kind of sliding knot, in order to their
fitting a larger or a smaller finger, like those found at Ash, and described at No. 27
of my inventory of antiquities there discovered. Another silver ring of the same
sort, with a yellow bead strung upon it (pi. 7, fig. 6). Another silver ring A\'ith a
bit of ivory (pi. 11, fig. 16). About the knees were six small silver instruments,
each about two and a quarter inches long, all strung by a small hole at one of their
ends, by a slender silver ringle or piece of wire, which last Avas also strung to a
double chain consisting of four twisted silver links, each about one inch long (pi. 12,
fig. 1). The instruments were, an ear-picker, two tooth-pickers, and three other
bodkin-like things, whose use I cannot guess at, especially as they were broken in
taking out of the ground. At the other end these four twisted links were strung
upon one single link, twisted in the same manner but rather longer than themselves;
and upon one of the four smaller links, there still adheres by its rust, a silver pin,

without a base to stand on ; and, like the Roman Douglas in other implements, such as iron shears

lachrynuttorics, or tear-bottles, they seem to be ajj- and a mirror, also sees the evidence of their appli-

propriated only to funereal rites. As they generally cation to divinition as well as to the usual ends for

occur with instruments of magic, it is very probable which such things wore made. The crystal ball

that they contained the oyj/a j?!(7y8ca." — (p. 14.) In from Chatham Lines was mounted in silver, cy\-

the same misconception of the cause of the presence dently for suspension upon the person as an orna-

of such objects in these graves, and from want of ment ; and it is in this light we must regard the

consideration of the habits and customs of the example before us, and others found both in Roman

Saxons in relation to their funeral ceremonies, and Saxon cemeteries. — Ed.]

u

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

which, however, is broken ; but appears to have been very like the common pins
now in use, and about three-quarters of an inch long. Here were a great many
other broken links, much of the same sort, and several nail-like bits of iron. Surely

a woman s grave.

8. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very perfect and entire : the
coffin much burnt : two silver rings, as before ; each having a sliding knot, as before ;
on one of them is strung a large whitish bead, striped and spotted with blue (fig. 1
in group below) : seven small beads of baked earth, as before ; these were all found
near the neck. Here was also, but lower down, a piece of lead or some such heavy
metal, in the shape of a botton-mould ; it is flat on one side and convex on the other,
and has a large round hole in its centre (fig. 2 in the group below) ; it is an inch
diameter, and three-eighths of an inch thick in the middle. Here was also a kind
of iron instrument (pi. 15, fig. 24) ; it is two and a half inches long, and half an
inch broad at the rounded end ; its strig is one and a half inch long ; it has been
fixed into a wooden handle, some of the wood adhering to it Avhcn found. Here

Avere also five iron nails, full three inches long. A

woman's grave, no doubt.

9. Tumulus and grave much as before. Bones
very sound : teeth very firm and even : the coffin burnt,
but not so much as some others. A beautiful urn of
green glass, capable of holding about half a pint or
rather more (as fig. 6. pi. 18) ; it stood on the right
side of the skull, and was in the coffin ; it is finely
coated with armatura or electrum, both inside and
outside, but especially on the inside. Here were also
the blade of a knife, five iron nails, and several other
bits of iron.

10. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Coffin
burnt : bones almost perfect. Nothing but some nail-
like bits of iron.

11. Tumulus and grave pretty much as the last.
Bones almost gone : coffin much burnt : old teeth : a

' [This curious assemblage of implements of the
toilette was doubtless worn attached to the girdle.
It was a fashion which, like many others of early
date, may be traced in the middle ages, and has
descended to our own times, the modern chatelaine
being its latest representative. The keys which we

notice in the graves of the Saxon women were worn
upon the person ; and not many years since it was
customary with our good housewives to carry by
their side these guardians of their domestic stores
and treasures. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 45

bent piece of brass, which seemed to have been the shank of some small buckle
by which it was fastened to a strap, some remains of leather still adherin"- to the
inside (fig. 3 in the group) : the blade of a knife, and other bits of iron.

12. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Burnt coffin: bones pretty entire:
two small brass hooks or hasps (figs. 4 and 5 in the group) : a blade of a knife, as
befoi'e ; and several nail-like and other bits of iron.

13. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone: coffin much
burnt: a small brass hasp, as it seems : a small brass instrument : two others ;' (pi.
12, fig. 7) ; and the blade of a knife ; also some nail-like bits of iron.

Kingston Down, 28th August, 1767.

14. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone : no signs of a
coffin : nothing.

15. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty entire, of a young
person ; the teeth not all cut. On the right side of the neck (or rather on the right
shoulder) was a very beautiful, round, silver fibula subnectens, very curiously inlaid
with ivory and set with garnets ; and curiously wrought and gilded in the intervals
(pi. 2, fig. 2) ; it measures full two inches diameter. Underneath the fibula were
no less than nine slender silver rings, as before ; some of them very small, and none
of them large enough for a grown-up person ; each of them had a sliding knot, as
before : with these were also five yellow beads. Lower down was found a small
piece of gilded brass, like the segment of a circle ; it has a deep channel all the
length of its back ; I imagine it to be part of a bracelet. This skeleton could not
exceed five feet in length. The grave was, however, full seven feet long ; having
been first dug for a full grown person ; as appeared from an heap of bones which
were placed in an heap at the feet of the child or young person who was buried
afterwards ; which former person had, 1 think, been buried in a very thick burnt
coffin, the whole bottom of the grave being soiled with it, from end to end, and a
great deal of black dust, etc., being found in it. Here were several iron nails, some
longer, some shorter.

16. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty entire: old teeth, and
some missing, whose sockets were grown up. An hemispherical iron umbo, as at
No. 2, but rather less ; in its rim were four broad-headed iron rivets, as usual : three
other broader-headed iron studs : the head of an hasta or spear (pi. 14, fig. 18).
This lay on the right side and out of the coffin. A trian(jular piece of iron (fig. 1

' [These are similar to the implements found in grave No. 7. — Ed.]

46

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

in group below) ; I think it is the side, or half, of the chape of a sword. It has
been elegantly inlaid with silver net- work or filigree ; it has on it two sockets, in
one of which is still an ivory hemisphere, and, in the centre of it, a small garnet ;
the whole much resembling a bird's eye. The other socket has lost what it was once
furnished with, but it doubtless had in it such another ivory hemisphere and garnet
as the other. It appears to have been wrapped up in, or touched, some linen or
other cloth ; some of its threads being rusted to it and their figure preserved by it.
I imagine the scabbard which it belonged to was of ivory, as many pieces of it were
found, all of them with transverse and crossed strokes, diamond-wise, and with
circles within circles. Two of the pieces joined together appear as on the other side
(fig. 2} : there was also a piece of brass and a bit of ivory linked to it, marked also

with circles within circles, which piece of ivory I take to have been the upper part of
the scabbard (fig. 3), at least to have belonged to it, or the belt. The brass thing
seems to have fitted on to the top of the scabbard. Here was also a brass hand, if
I may so call it (fig. 4), which I also suppose belonged to the scabbard. On the
breast lay an heap of bones ; without doubt those of some person buried before, and
disturbed when this corpse was deposited. There was a great deal of broken iron
here, which, I suppose, was the remains of the blade of the sword ; it had that
appearance. Here was also a small piece of bent brass, which I take to be part of a
pair of nippers. But this grave was so entirely filled up, even to the surface of the
natural earth, with flints, that the labourers were much troubled to get down to the
skeleton ; so it is no wonder that everything was thus broken and destroyed by
their tools. The agger or tumulus was of common earth and chalk, like the rest of
the soU, which is no more stony here than in other places of this down. This
person was included in a remarkably thick, burnt, coffin.

KINGSTON DOWN. 47

17. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; but not stony like that. Bones
very perfect. The coffin did not appear to have been burnt : some bits of iron.

18. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect : burnt coffin:
the head of a pilum, as before, on the left side : two small plates of brass riveted
together ; and two small single plates, the latter of which I take to have been
part of the shank of a small buckle. The blade of a knife, as before ; and some
iron nails.

19. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect : no appearance
of a coffin. The head of a pilum, on the left side : the blade of a knife, and a small
iron buckle.

20. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones perfect: teeth much
worn and some lost : the coffin appeared unburnt. Two pieces of ivory ; they are
round and a little thicker than a swan's quill ; and when properly joined at the
place where they plainly appear to have come asunder (viz., in the grain), they make
about a third part of a circle of about three inches diameter. I think they are part
of a bracelet.' The blade of a knife, and some nail-like and other bits of iron.

2 1 . Tumulus much as the last ; but the grave pointed with its feet rather more
to the north. Bones pretty entire : coffin unburnt. A small and common copper
coin of Gallienus. On one side is his head, radiated, with this legend, gallienvs avg.
On the other side, provid. avg. ; a woman, standing, holds a globe in one hand and a
spear in the other ; it is very fair. Here was also a blade of a knife and some nails.

22. Tumulus much as the last ; the grave also pointing, like that, rather more
to the north. Bones pretty entire ; and a very thick unburnt coffin : a small brass
buckle : blade of a knife, and some nails.

23. Tumulus much as the last ; the grave side by side to the last ; bones pretty
sound ; no signs of a coffin. Some sherds of a large urn of coarse black earth,
disturbed and broken when this person was buried. By the size, I should imagine
it to have been an ossuary or bone-urn ; it seemed to have been capable of holding
above a gallon ; but no bits of burnt bones were found.

Kingston Down, 5th September, 1767.

24. Tumulus about the usual size ; grave three feet deep, with its feet pointing
to the east. Bones pretty sound ; teeth firm and regular ; burnt coffin : two fair
coins. One of them has, on one side, the head of Constantino the Great, laureated.

[Mr. Faussett's conjecture was most probably right ; a bracelet very similar was found in grave
No. 142.— Ed.]

48

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHEALE.

and this legend, fl. val. constantinvs. nob. c. ; reverse, genio popvli romani ;
exergue, p.l.n ; a genius, standing, holds in one hand a patera, and, in the other, a
cornucopiee. This is of the second brass. The other, of the third size, also has on
one side the same emperor's head, laureated, and this legend, Ix\ip. c. constantinvs.
p.p. AVG. On the other side is this legend, s.p.q.r. optimo. puincipi ; three military
ensigns erected. They are very common coins. Here was also the blade of a knife
and some nails.

25. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very perfect ; teeth sound
and evenj burnt coffin. A very common copper coin of Probus, of the third size.
On one side is his head, radiated, and this legend, probus. p.p. avg. On the reverse
is a woman, standing, who holds a military ensign in each hand, with this legend,
FIDES MiLiTVM ; in the exergue is a thunderbolt between the letters r. e.^ Here
was a piece of a pair of brass nippers : the blade of a knife : some nails ; and other
pieces of iron.

26. Tumulus rather higher ; grave as the last. The bones much decayed ; the
coffin very thick and much burnt. Among the teeth, which were shattered out of
their sockets and very much worn, were six glass and earthen beads, of divers

colours, as before. Here were also
several iron links of a chain, each
about one and a quarter inch long
(fig. 1): an iron nail two inches long,
with an head above an incli broad ;
and several other nail-like pieces of
iron. At the feet and on the outside
of the coffin were the remains of a
thick wooden box, about a foot long,
and about eight inches broad; its depth could not be guessed at. I imagine it
to have been not much unlike our modern tea-chests ; like those, it had a small
moveable iron handle on its lid (fig. 2) ; it had also a pair of iron joints or hinges (fig. 3);
and an iron hasp (fig. 4). I was in great expectation and hopes of finding something
curious amongst its dust,~ but found nothing. Certainly this was a woman's grave.
27. ]\Iiddle sized tumulus ; grave as the last ; bones pretty entire ; no signs of

Half actual size.

a coffin.

Nothing.

' [The graves in whicli these coins were de-
posited were probably those of females. Small
brass Roman coins are not unfrequently found in the
graves both of Saxon and Frankish females, perfor-
ated, for suspension on the person. See Collectanea

Antiqtia, vol. ii, pi. xxxv, and pi. xxxix. — Ed.]
^ [The homely and familiar character of many
objects from these graves cannot fail to be noticed.
The graves now being described were evidently
those of the humbler and poorer classes. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 49

28. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones pretty entire ; no signs of a
coffin. Blade of a knife.

29. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones pretty entire ; very old teeth ;
the coffin much burnt. An instrument exactly like that described at No. 8, but
somewhat larger ; and the blade of a knife.

Kingston Down, September 7th, 1767.

30. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave about three feet deep, with its feet to the
oast. Bones pretty entire ; even and white teeth ; burnt coffin. Several bits of iron
and four nails.

31. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect ; no signs of a
coffin. Blade of a knife.

32. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Sound bones, and remarkably large
old teeth; unburnt coffin. Two knives; a larger (pi. 15, fig. 10); and a smaller^
as before : several nails and bits of iron.

33. Tumulus and grave mucli as the last. Sound bones ; young and even
teeth, and not all cut ; the coffin unburnt. Five small beads of baked earth of
difi"erent colours ; these were near the neck : the blade of a knife : four nails. The
grave of a girl or young woman.

34. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; teeth much
worn ; no coffin. The blades of two knives of the common size : some sherds of u
small black urn, broken when found.

35. Tumulus and grave much as the last. It contained two skeletons. One
of them was at the depth of about five feet; the other was at the depth of three
feet ; the bones of both very sound ; the teeth of both much worn ; the coffins of
both apjjeared to have passed the fire ; the upper one seemed the most burnt. "With
the upper one was the head of a pilum, as before ; it lay on the right side : the
blade of a knife, and an iron buckle (as at No. 5, Gilton-Town ; see p. 5). With
the undermost was found the blade of a knife, as before : an iron ringle : several
nails ; and several pieces of a small urn of greenish glass, broken before.

36. Tumulus of a smaller size ; grave with the feet pointing more to the north,
and not above two feet deep. Bones almost decayed ; owing to their not having
been deposited so deep in the chalk as most in general which I have found have
been. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

37. Under the same tumulus, and in a parallel shallow grave, scarce two feet
deep, a skeleton almost decayed. No appearance of a coffin. The blade of a knife,
as before ; and an iron buckle, as at No. 35.

H

50 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

38. Tumulus of a middle size ; giave pointing to the east, as before, and about
three feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; no signs of a coffin. Blade of a knife, as before.

39. Tumulus and grave much as the last; bones very sound; no signs of a
coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

40. Large tumulus ; grave as the last ; burnt coffin. The blade of a knife :
a small brass buckle (as fig. 3, pi. 10) : five large nails.

41. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave as the last, in which were tAvo skeletons;
one of them about two feet under the surface, the bones of which were sound ; the
teeth much worn ; the coffin burnt. There were five small beads of baked earth
near the neck ; there were also five large nails. The other skeleton was at the
depth of three feet ; the bones Avere sound ; the teeth worn ; and the coffin burnt.
The blades of two knives, as before ; some nails, and other bits of iron.

KiNGSTOK Down, September 11th, 1767.

42. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones vei*}' sound ; no signs of a
coffin. Nothing.

43. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; sound bones of a very young person ;
teeth not all cut ; no signs of a coffin. Nothing.

44. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones of an old person ; no appear-
ance of a coffin. The head of a pilum, on the right side : an iron buckle, as at
No. 35 : the blade of a knife.

45. A very small tumulus ; grave as the last ; bones very sound ; burnt coffin.
The blade of a knife, and some iron links and ringles rusted into a mass which came
to pieces in handling : four iron nails.

46. A very small tumulus ; grave as the last ; but at least four and a half feet
deep. The bones very sound ; the skull small but firm ; the teeth remarkably
even, strongly fixed, and white. The coffin appeared to have been thick and much
burnt. Near the skull, and within the coffin, was a beautiful urn of greenish glass,
corded to the bottom of its neck, and round at the bottom ; so that it could not have
stood upright without some support^ (pi. 18, fig. 6) ; it is finely coated with the
armatura or electrum, both within and without ; I imagine it will hold about half a

^ [Varieties of these peculiar goblets will be found fore they could be replaced upon the table, they

in plates 18 and 19. They agree very closely with were well suited to the habits of our Saxon fore-

those depicted as held in the palm of the hand in fathers; of whom, love of strong drink was a charac-

festive scenes in early illuminated manuscripts. teristic. To these footless goblets we may probably

From the fact that they required to be emptied be- trace the origin of our modern tumbler. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

ai

AclUiil size.

pint. By the neck of the skeleton there were two amethysts, like drops of modern
ear-rings ; they are perforated longitudinally, and exactly like that which I have
described at No. 6. Here were also, with them, two slender silver rings, like those
described at No. 7 ; and seven earthen beads, of different colours : a large irregular
cut amber one ; and also a piece of a very thin, bracteated, silver
ornament for the neck (or perhaps amulet), having a small loop of
the same metal to hang it by.^ I do not doubt but it was whole
when found ; but it was so very rotten that it came to pieces with the
least touch : these all lay on the left side of the neck. Here were
also several iron links of a small and slender chain, all rusted into
a lump : the blade of a knife ; and several nail-like and other bits
of iron. Doubtless a woman's grave.

47. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave as the last ; except that it was but three
feet deep ; bones of an old person ; burnt coffin. Blade of a knife : four or five nails.

48. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; sound bones; burnt coffin. Nothino-.

49. Tumulus and grave much as the last; sound bones; the skull much
deformed ; no appearance of a coffin. Blade of a knife.

50. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; burnt coffin ; sound bones. By the
neck were five beads of baked earth, of divers colours, as
before. Here was also a piece of touchstone. It had some
stripes or strokes of gold very visible upon it when found.
See just such another, No. 76, of my inventory of antiqui-
ties discovered by me at Gilton-Town in Ash. A fragment
or piece of some brass instrument (pi. 12, fig. 2); and a
great many iron links of a small chain. These links lay
in two straightish lines, from about the hips to about the

knees ; but were so rotten as not to hang together. The
brass instrument was at the bottom or end of them, next the feet ; but I could not
tell whether it was connected with them or not ; but I think it probable that it was
fastened to that end of the chain, in order to hang some such little instruments to,
as are described at No. 7.- Here were also several nails, and other bits of iron.
Doubtless a woman's grave.

51. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect ; coffin burnt.
The blades of two knives : some nails.

^ [This cut has been prepared from Mr. Faus- ° [See note in p. 41; and the example with

sett's drawing, the object itself having disappeared. chains attached, found in Germany, figured in the
— Ed.] Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii, pi. lvi, fig. 4. — Ed.]

52 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

52. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; old teeth ;
blade of a knife : no appearance of a coffin.

53. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones pretty perfect ; the teeth
sound and regular ; but not all cut : the coffin much burnt. Near the neck were
five small beads, which, with the least pressure, fell into dust ; and three slender
silver rings, with sliding knots as before : and, a little lower down (viz., towards the
right breast), was a very beautiful comb (pi. 13, fig. 3). made either of ivory or bone :
I think of the former. It is about seven inches long, and is very prettily cut and
wrought.' I, unluckily, broke it all to pieces in getting it out ; for being much of
the colour of the bones, I took it for such ; and so, was not so careful of it as I
should have been, if I had, in the least, suspected what it was ; but perceiving my
mistake, I carefully collected as many of the fragments as I could find ; and there
happening to be but few pieces of it missing, I have glued them together in such a
manner, as that the true shape and figure for the comb is luckily preserved. I
count it a very great curiosity. Here were also many slender, twisted, iron links
of a chain, as before ; several little brass instruments as at No. 13 ; and several nails.
Certainly a woman's grave.

54. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty entire ; burnt coffin :
the blades of two knives ; one of them of different shape from those already found
here (pi. 15, fig. 6) ; as also, an iron instrument with a ringle at one end of it; it is
six and a half inches long (see No. 15, Giiton-Town, p. 8.) Here also were some
nails and other bits of iron.

Kingston Down, 16th July, 1771.

55. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave about three feet deep ; its feet pointing to
the east ; bones almost gone. The coffin appeared not to have passed the fire : the
blades of two knives, as before : some nails.

56. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones much decayed ; no signs of a
coffin ; the blade of a knife. At the feet, a small urn of coarse black earth, which,
having received a blow, fell to pieces in removing.

1 [This and another comb found at Kingston re- Not many were found in the cemetery at Wilbraham,
semble some examples in my collection of London where they are recorded, by Mr. Neville, as being
Antiquities, which were found with Roman remains. with burnt bones in urns. A comb was in one of
Combs are among the rarest of the objects of an- the Saxon urns found at Newark, Col. Ant. vol. ii,
tiquity which have come down to us. It will be p. 232 ; and one was found in a similar situation in
observed that comparatively only a few of the Saxon the Saxon burial-place on Marston Hill, in North-
graves opened by Mr. Faussett contained combs. amptonshire. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 53

57. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; very sound hones, of a middle aged
person, as appeared hy the teeth : no appearance of a coffin. Notliing.

58. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very sound ; teeth remarkably
white and regular, as of a young person ; no signs of a coffin : one bead near the
neck. This skull had a frontal suture. I shall, for the future, take notice of every
skull which I shall find which shall be found to have the frontal suture : from which
it will appear how rarely such suture is to be met with.

59. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were nearly gone ; the
coffin appeared to have been burnt. Here were four amethyst drops of ear-rings
(or perhaps beads, as there were so many of them), of a piriform

shape, as at No. 6 ; five beads of baked earth, as before ; four
slender rings, each having a sliding knot like those before men-
tioned and described ; and a small silver ornament ; or perhaps, it
may be called an amulet. It has five protuberances or hemispheres
upon the face of it, which appear to have been made by a punch,
or some such instrument ; and has a loop to put a string through.
It was extremely thin, and very brittle. It was a little damaged
in taking out ; but by pasteiiig it on a bit of card when I got home, I brought its
broken pieces into contact, and it appears as drawn on the opposite page (see the cut
above). These wei-e all found near the neck. Here was also the blade of a knife, as
before ; and many small and slender links of twisted iron, which appeared to be the
remains of a small chain : each link was about the size of a crow's quill, about two
inches long, and twisted at each end. This chain lay together in a lump, and was
rusted together, like others before mentioned. It had either been wrapt in or had
lain upon some coarse cloth ; the threads of which, being impregnated with, and
preserved, as it were, by the iron, still adhered to it. At the feet was a small urn of
black coarse earth, much like that described at No. 56 : it was broken in getting out
by the stroke of a spade. There were, also, several nails and other bits of iron.
This, certainly, was a woman's grave.

60. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone ; no
appearance of a coffin : one large round earthen bead near the neck. Most likely
a woman's grave.

61. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Tlie bones almost gone. There was
no appearance of a coffin ; nor was anything found here but the blade of a knife.

62. Tumulus much as the last. The grave was about the usual depth ; but
pointed with its feet to the north east ; or, indeed, nearly to the north. The bones
were nearly gone : no appearance of a coffin.

63. Tumulus and grave as the last ; the grave pointing nearly to the north.

54 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Bones of a young person, pretty entire : the teeth were not all cut : no appearance
of a cofRn. A small iron buckle and the blade of a small knife : this last lay near
the feet.

64. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones very nearly decayed ; no
appearance of a coffin : only the blade of a knife and some bits of iron.

65. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones Avere very perfect ; the
skull remarkably large ; and had the frontal suture. Nothing but the blade of a
knife : no appearance of a coffin.

66. A small tumulus ; grave as the last. The bones of a young person, very
perfect. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

67. A small tumulus ; grave as the last. The bones were very perfect ; no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

68. A small tumulus ; grave much as the last : small bones almost decayed : no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

69. A small tumulus ; very shallow, and very short grave. Bones, almost decayed,
of a small child with a remarkably large skull. Near the neck was one yellow bead
of baked earth : here was, also, the blade of a small knife. No appearance of a coffin.

70. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing
to the east. The bones were very sound : the blade of a knife. No appearance of a
coffin.

71. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone. The coffin
appeared to have passed the fire. A small blue bead on a slender silver ring, as at
No. 6 : the ring had a sliding knot as before ; a large blue bead striped with white
(pi. 5, fig. 9) : a small red bead : the blades of three knives (all of them of the usual
sort and size), rusted together ; and some nails.

72. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone. The skull was
remarkably thick, and much deformed. Near it was found an iron pin, about two
inches long ; and a slender silver ring with a sliding knot, as before. Near the left
hip were the blades of two knives, of the usual form and size, rusted together. On
the right side and a little above the hip, was the blade of a larger and a longer
knife ; but of the usual form ; it was about six inches long ; there were also several
little brass pins, and plates with rivets in them, which seemed to have been ornaments
to the handle of the last mentioned knife. Here were also two iron links like those
described at No. 5. Here Avas no appearance of a coffin.

73. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; the teeth much
worn ; no appearance of a coffin. The blade of a knife and some bits of iron ; I
think the fragments of a buckle.

74. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone ; no appearance

KINGSTON DOWN.

55

of a coffin; a small brass hucMe^cnd. shank; (fig. 1); two small broad-headed hrass
studs with rotten wood adhering to their
stems, (figs. 2 and 3) ; one of which has
a piece broken off; the other is seven-
eighths of an inch long, and has a small
piece of brass riveted to the end of it.

75. Tumulus and grave much as
the last : the bones pretty perfect. No ^' ' "' ""

appearance of a coffin ; a large iron buckle much like that described at No. 35.
The blade of a knife.

76. Tumulus and grave much as the last : the bones were much decayed ; the
coffin appeared not to have passed the fire. The head of a pilum on the left side ;
the blade of a knife much like that described at No. 54. It was very like our
modern pruning knives. The blade of a short sword or dagger (as fig. 8 in group
on p. 10); it was about ten inches long, and one inch and a half broad, near the
hilt. Its silver pommel is neatly set with oblong squares of some white shell, as it

seems ; or it may be ivory. It is nearly spherical, and is about
the size of a middling walnut; it is about an inch high, and
an inch in diameter. The strig was unluckily broken in pieces
in getting it out ; otherwise that would have discovered the length
of the hilt.* Here was also a small brass buckle (pi. 10, fig. 6).
At the feet, and on the outside of the coffin, was a copper or brass
Act.ais.ze. V^^^ Or baslu (pi. 16, fig. 5). It is eight and a half inches wide;

and three and a quarter inches deep. It has been much pieced
and mended. It had on it four flat, round, pieces of the same metal (pi. 16, fig. 5 a),
one of them was on the bottom, on the outside ; and the other three were placed, at
equal distances, on the outside of its belly. This utensil was certainly not designed
to be put on the fire ; for if it had ever been put to that use, these pieces, just men-
tioned, being only soldered on, would immediately have been melted off: there was
also a misshapen lump of rusty iron, which from its situation, namely near the left
foot, I took to be the ferrule or spike of the pilum ; and some nails.

77. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones much decayed ; no appearance of
a coffin. The blade of a knife, and some fragments, as they seemed, of an iron buckle.

78. Tumulus as the last ; the grave pointing the same way, but very wide
and at least four feet deep. The bones were very sound ; old teeth ; no appearance
of a coffin.

Nothing.

1 [This pommel is a new and interesting addition The material with which the cells are filled appears
to our knowledge of the details of Saxon weapons, to be a calcareous paste. — Ed.]

56 INVEKTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Kingston Down, 19th July, 1771.

79. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave about three feet deep, with its feet
pointing to the east. The bones were greatly decayed : no appearance of a coffin.
Nothing.

80. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones greatly decayed: no appear-
ance of a coffin. Nothing.

81. Tumuhis and grave much as the last. Bones much decayed: no appearance
of a coffin. Tlie blade of a knife and some bits of iron.

82. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound : no appearance
of a coffin. Nothing.

83. Large tumulus ; grave as the last ; but full four feet deep. Bones pretty
sound : the blade of a knife : coffin much burnt. At the feet, and on the outside of
the coffin, were the remains of what I took to be an iron trivet ; it seemed to have
been round, and about six inches in diameter ; but it was broken in pieces. It had
been wrapt up in some coarse cloth, as appeared from the marks or impression of it
on the rust : here were also several nails.

84. Large tumulus ; and deep grave pointing to the east. The bones of a very
old jierson, pretty sound ; the coffin much burnt ; the blades of two knives ; an iron
ringle of one inch diameter, with an iron link about one inch and a half long
lianging to it : several nails.

85. Middle sized tumuhis ; grave very deep and broad. Bones very sound : no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

86. INIiddle- sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep, and pointing with its
feet to the east. The bones were almost decayed : no appearance of a coffin.
Nothing.

87. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin did not appear to have
passed the fire : bones almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife and some
nails.

88. Small tumulus ; grave not above two feet deep ; but pointing to the east.
The bones of a very young person almost decayed : no appearance of a coffin.
Nothing.

89. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep, pointing to the east.
Bones almost decayed ; coffin not burnt ; the blade of a knife ; two small brass pins
clenched with rotten wood sticking to them. At the feet, on the outside of the
coffin, was a small black urn, much like that described at No. 56 : it was broken in
getting it out.

KINGSTON DOWN.

57

90. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone : unburnt cofHn :
the blade of a knife : several nails, and other bits of iron.

91. Small tumulus and short shallow grave, with its feet pointing to the east.
The bones of a child, pretty perfect : no appearance of a coffin : blade of a knife.

92. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of another child almost
decayed : no appearance of a coffin. A slender silver ring, with a sliding knot, as
before ; and a round piece of agate (as I take it to be), convex on one side, and
flat on the other. It has a small hole through its edge ;

I suppose, in order to hang it to the neck ; near which

it was found (pi. 11, fig. 10). It is scarce an inch

diameter, and about a quarter of an inch thick in the

middle. Here were also two small brass buckles, with

thin brass shanks ; also a round flaUish jnecc of haked

earth, of a blueish colour : it is convex on one side, and

flat on the other ; and has a large round hole in its

centre : it is one and a half inch in diameter, and rather

more than half an inch thick. I imagine it to have been ;4^^„„i ^„^,

a little discus, or quoit, or some other plaything for the

child. It has since occurred to me that this, and the many other things like this,

which I have found (and mentioned in their several places), may, probably, have

been formerly used and played with, as children among us play with button-molds,

viz., by passing a piece of wood through their centre, and spinning them with their

finger and thumb.

93. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of another child pretty
perfect : no appearance of a coffin. A small brass buckle, like that described in the
last No. ; and the blade of a knife ; also some nail-like bits of iron ; so that, I
imagine, there was a coffin, though nothing of it remained.

9-1. Tumulus and grave much as tlie last. The bones of another child pretty
perfect : no appearance of a coffin. The iron head of an arrow ; or, perhaps, of a
small pilum, a kind of martial plaything for this child. Here was also a doubled
piece of brass, with some rotten wood in it ; and the blade of a knife.

95. Tumulus of the middle size ; grave about three feet deep ; its feet to the
east : coffin much burnt : bones greatly decayed : nothing but some nails.

96. Tumulus and gi-ave much as the last ; coffin much burnt : the bones almost
gone. Near the neck were six slender silver rings, with sliding knots, as before :
seven beads of baked earth, of diff'erent colours, as before : as also an amethyst
drop of an ear-ring, as at No. 6, and a beautiful golden amulet, or ornament for
the neck (pi. 4, fig. 11). The face of it is elegantly corded with a sort of double

I

58 I>rVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

cross, one of which is Avhat the heralds term furchce ; the other is a plain one.
In the centre is a blue stone : I take it to be an hyacinth. It is full one and
a quarter inch broad ; and has a loop of the same metal to pass a string through : it
weighs 02dwt. 18gr. Near the hips was a brass box, very like our common dredging
boxes (pi. 13, fig. 11). It is two and a quarter inches high ; two inches diameter;
and, both top and sides, very full of small holes.' It was, doubtless, designed to hold
perfumes. When found, it was full of some rotten dark-coloured substance, which,
together Avith the bottom (which was also full of holes), fell out, on its removal from
its place : it had no smell : I count it a great curiosity. Here was, also, a brass
shank of a small buckle. A woman's grave.

97. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones greatly decayed; the coffin did
not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some nails.

98. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect ; the skull
much deformed ; the cofiin was much burnt. A large iron buckle, like that at
No. 35 : the blades of two knives, of the usual size and form ; and one large one
(pi. 15, fig. 4), nine inches long, and one inch broad. Here were, also, some nails
and other bits of iron.

99. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed : no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

100. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very sound ; the
teeth were very sound, white, and regular. Here was nothing, but the blade of a
knife. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire : some nails.

101. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed: no
appearance of a coffin. The blade of a knife and an iron buckle, as before.

Kingston Down, 23rd July, 17T1.

102. The tumulus was of a middling size ; the grave about three feet deep, and
pointing to the east. The bones were much decayed : the coffin did not appear to
have been burnt. A copper coin of the Emperor Carausius. On one side is his head,
radiated, and this legend, imp. c. caravsivs. p.p. avg. On the reverse is a female
figure, standing : in her right hand she holds an olive branch ; and in her left a
short spear ; and this legend, pax. avg. : in the area are the letters s.p. ; and in the
exergue, c. Also, a copper coin of AUectus ; on one side of which is his head, radiated,
and this legend, imp. c. allectvs. p.p. avg. On the reverse is a female figure,
standing, and holding a globe in her right hand, and a cornucopia in her left ; and

' [These are not holes, but raised dots made by appears to have been intended for pins, needles, and
punching the inner side of the metal. The box itself such small implements used for female attire. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

59

this legend, pkovidentia avg : in the area are the letters s.p ; and in the exergue,
the letter c. They are both of the small or third brass.

103. The tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were pretty perfect ;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. By the skull were two large blue
drops for ear-rings : whether they are of any precious stone, or only glass, I know not ;
but they are of a most beautiful dark blue (pi. 7, figs. 2 and 4). With them were
two amethyst drops or beads, as at No. 6, etc. ; three small earthen beads, and a little
round blue stone, about the size of a small pea ; and the silver socket in which it
was set, it having been placed, as I imagine, in the centre of a silver amulet, or
ornament for the neck, several fragments of such an one being found near it : it
seems to be made of the same material as the large blue drops. Here were also
several nails. Certainly a woman's grave.

There was some stiff hard clay in the bottom of this grave ; it must have been
brought hither from some distance. For instances of the like kind (viz., of foreign
or adventitious earth, found in tumuli), see Philosophical Transactions, abridged by
Martyn, vol. ix, pp. 446-7.

104. Tumulus and grave much as the last. No appearance of a coffin : the
bones were very much decayed. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

105. Tumulus much smaller than the last ; the grave pointing to the east; but
not above two feet deep. Here were the bones of a child,

almost decayed : the skeleton appeared to be not above
three feet in length. It had a coffin, which did not appear
to have passed the fire. Near the left hip was a small,
and almost spherical urn of Mack earth (fig. 1); it was
broken in getting out. In it was an iron ringlc (fig. 2),
of about one inch diameter, which had two wheel-like,
flatfish, large earthen beads, and a gravel stone or jjebble
of the same size and shape as the beads, fastened to it by
little iron axles : no doubt but it was a toy,' or plaything of
the child's. The same blow which destroyed the urn broke
the iron work of the little oddity ; but by putting the pieces
together, the figure of it appeared just as I have represented
it.- Here was also just such an arrow-head as is repre-
sented at No. 94 : ^ the blade of a knife, and several nails.

' See Browne's Urn Burial, p. 9 : see also Philo-
sophical Transactions, vol. xlix, part 2, p. 503, for
an account of toys found in the sepulchres of
children.

• [The cuts above are prepared from Mr. Faus-
sett's drawings. The size of the urn is not men-
tioned.— Ed.]

" Sec Introduction. — Ed.]

60

INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

106. Under the same tumulus with the last, and in a parallel grave. The bones
were pretty perfect ; burnt coffin ; teeth much worn ; a large knife blade, or short
sword, nine inches long, and one and a half inch broad.' Here was, also, a small
black urn at the feet ; broken in taking out ; so much, that I could not at all guess
at its shape : several nails.

107. A small tumulus ; and a very shallow grave, pointing with its feet to the
east : bones nearly decayed : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

108. A small tumulus ; and a very shallow grave, pointing with its feet to the
east. The bones Avere very sound : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the
blade of a knife.

109. Tumulus of the middle size : grave about three feet deep, its feet pointing
to the east. Bones of a very old person, very perfect : no appearance of a coffin.

Nothing but the blade of a knife.

110. Tumulus and grave much as the last.

The bones were greatly decayed :
the coffin appeared not to have passed the fire. Near the neck were six small beads ;
a small silver amulet or ornament for the neck (pi. 4, fig. 20). Here was also an iron
ringle, about an inch diameter ; and several nails, and other bits of iron. A woman's

grave.

not to have passed the fire.

ill. A large tumulus ; the grave full four feet deep, and wide in proportion ;
its feet pointing to the east. The bones were greatly decayed : the coffin appeared

Here Avas the head of an hasta or spear, on the left
side ; also the head of an arroto, as it seemed
(fig. 1) ; it has some wood adhering to its strig.
At the feet, on the right side, was a small brass
ferrule, with some wood and an iron spike in it
(fig. 2). If it had been found on the same side
Avith the head of the spear, I should, perhaps, have
imagined it to have belonged to it ; but that it is
much too small for the ferrule of a spear, or
indeed, of a pilum ;- but as it lay on the opposite
side, I think I shall not be much mistaken if I
suppose it to be the bottom of a Avalking-stick.
Some nails and other bits of iron.

Actual size.

112. A middle-sized tumulus ; the grave about three feet deep, its feet pointing

' It appears to have perished. The drawing re-
presents it somewhat like fig. 8, pi. 15. — Ed.]
* [Mr. Faussett probably intended to write ja-

ctduni or spicuhim ; the pilum was one of the
most formidable spears of the Roman infantry. —
En.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

61

to the east. The bones of a young person, very sound ; the coffin did not appear
to haA'e passed the fire. Nothing.

113. The tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a young person,
much decayed ; the cofiin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of an
arrow, as at No. 94: a small iron buckle, as at No. 19: the blade of a knife: a
small piece of doubled brass for the end of a strap, as at No. 94 ; it has two rivets
in it : and a small and slender piece of flatted hrass wire, bent, as if it were to pass
the strap under (fig. 3 in the group p. 60) : here were also several nails.

114. Small tumulus and small shallow grave ; feet to the east; the bones of a
child, almost decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

115. A middle-sized tumulus, and grave about three feet deep ; the coffin was
much burnt ; the bones of a very old person, almost decayed. Nothing.

116. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a young person, very
sound ; the teeth were remarkably even and white ; the coffin did not appear to
have passed the fire. On the right side was the head of a pilum. Here were also
the blade of a knife, and two triangular, thin, plates of hrass, with a triangular hole in
the middle (fig. 1) ; they have also a rivet-hole at each angle. Perhaps they were
ornaments to a belt, or some such thing, being found one by each hip. Here were
also several nails, and other bits of iron.

117. Tumulus and grave much as the last; sound bones of a very young
person, the grinders being not all cut ; the skull had the frontal suture ; no appear-
ance of a coffin. Here was a small iron staple, one and a half inch long (fig. 2) : the
blades of two knives, and some bits of iron.

118. Tumulus and grave much as the last. ± 2
Very sound bones of an old person ; the coffin
did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing
but the blade of a knife and some nails.

119. Tumulus and grave much as the
last. The bones of a middle-aged person very
sound ; the teeth very regular and white ; the
coflan was much burnt. Here were many frag-
ments of a very thin urn of greenish glass ; not
broken now ; but, as I imagine, in digging the
grave for the person last interred. Near the
head was a brass pin about an inch long, with
its head flatted on two sides parallel to its
length (fig. 3). Here was also the blade of a
knife and some nails.

62

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

120. A very large tumulus, and a very wide and deep grave, with its feet
pointing to the east. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin was much
burnt. Here was nothing but one large blue and white bead (fig. 4 in the group
p. 61) ; the blade of a knife, and some nails.

121. A very large tumulus, and a very wide and deep grave, with its feet
pointing to the east. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin was much burnt.
Near the neck were no less than eight amethyst drops of ear-rings (or perhaps beads,
as at No. 6): five beads of diflFerent colours: one other small green glass bead,
strung upon a small brass ring (pi. 7, fig. 14) ; two small jij/eces of brass vnre bent into
the shape of an S (fig. 6 in the group p. 61). These were, all of them, near the neck.

On the right side were several very small brass
ringies mixed with rusty iron. On the left arm
was a brass armilla or bracelet (fig. 1) ; I say on
it, because the bones of the arm were in it when
found. Here were also a great many twisted
iron links, much like those described at No. 13,
which plainly appeared to have been fastened to
the chain, though the links which composed it
Avere so rotten that they would not hold each
other together. Here were also the blades of
two knives. At the feet, and on the outside of
the coffin, were the remains of a small four-square
box, about six inches long and four inches broad,
It seemed to have been made of box, and was adorned or

strengthened with brass gilded corner pieces (see cut on p. 28), little staples, etc.

We found nothing in it or near it, except one end and a few teeth of an ivory comb

(fig. 2) ; it had been mended with a small thin piece of brass. Here were also

several nails. Certainly a woman's grave.

122. A middle-sized tumulus ; the grave was about three feet deep, with its
feet pointing to the east. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin did not appear
to have passed the fire. Nothing.

123. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very sound; the
teeth were very white, sound, and regular ; the coffin had been much burnt. Near
the neck were two small beads. Here were also the blades of two knives ; and a
greater number of such small iron links (often mentioned before), than I have
hitherto met with in one grave. Here were also several pieces of iron and wood rusted
together, of which nothing could be made out : a piece of a round iron buckle, of
about one inch diameter, and several nails. This I take to have been a woman's grave.

as near as I could guess.

KINGSTON DOWN.

63

124. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here was a conical umbo of a
shield (pi. 15, fig. 15): the head of an hasta or spear, as at No. 16: two pieces of
iron, which were riveted to the inside of the shield in order to strengthen it (as pi. 15,
fig. 14, b); they are about five inches in length and half of an inch in breadth, and
have a rivet at each end ; the rivet is about half an inch long. Here Avere also
three broad-headed iron studs, as before : the blade of a knife : a large iron buckle,
as at No. 35 ; and some nails.

125. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed;
the cofiin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side Avas the head of
an hasta or spear ; it lay on the outside of the coffin and reached beyond it at the
head. Here Avere the blades of two knives : some nails : and several bits of iron.

126. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ;
the coffin appeared not to have passed the fire. Nothing.

Kingston Down, 26th July, 1771.

127. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three
feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. The
bones were much decayed ; very old teeth. The
head of a pilum on the left side : a conical umbo
of a shield, as at No. 124: three broad-headed
iron studs : a fine brass buckle and shank, -^ a smaller
brass buckle (pi. 9, fig. 15) : the blade of a knife :
the iron spike, ferrule, or bottom of the pilum ;
which, by the situation in the grave, shewed that
the pilum was much about four feet long. The
coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here
Avei'e also some nails and other bits of iron.

128. Tumulus and grave much as the last.

■ [Buckles of this form, from the Kentish barrows, are by no
means numerous ; neither are they common in other parts of
England. In the extensive cemetery at Little Wilbraham, where
nearly two hundred skeletons were found, only one example
was discovered. In the Frankish graves they are very common ;
the material being usually copper and iron elaborately dama-
scened. See Normandie Souterraine, by the Abbe Cochet ; and
Tomheaux de Bel-Air, by M. Frederic Troyon. — Ed.]

64

INVEXTOEirM SEPULCHRAT.K.

The bones of a young person very perfect. The coffin did not appear to have
passed the fire. Nothing.

129. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave, full five feet deep, pointing with the feet
towards the east. The bones were very perfect : burnt coffin : a very long head of a
spear, much like that described at No. 2 ; it lay on the right side, and on the outside of
the coffin. An hemispherical umbo exactly like that described at No. 2 ; but some-
what less ; in its rim were, as usual, four broad and flat-headed iron studs or rivets,
by which it Avas riveted to the shield ; also three other broader-headed studs, as

at No. 2. A narrow thin brass ferrule
about one inch and five-eighths dia-
meter ; it has three small brass pins
sticking in it at equal distances, Avhere-
by it was fastened to some round staff"
or other piece of Mood covered with
leather, some of which still adhered to
the pins. It was found near the left
knee ; so could not have belonged to
the staff of the hasta, which lay on the
right side, and in a position parallel to
Here was also, an iron luckle with a brass tongue (fig. 2} ;
a small brass hucJde and shanlc (fig. 3), and several nails.

130. Under the same tumulus ; but the grave not more than three feet deep,
and parallel to the last. The bones were much decayed: burnt coffin. Some frag-
ments of a small urn of greenish glass were found before we came to a skeleton ; it
had been disturbed and broken, I suppose, when the grave was dug for the reception
of the person last buried. There was a conical iron umbo of a shield, as at No. 124 ;
it had four broad-headed studs or rivets in its rim, as before described. There were
also two broader-headed iron studs as before ; the head of a pilum on the right side ;
the blade of a knife ; and some nails.

131. A middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep, its feet pointing to
the east ; the bones of an old person, veiy sound and perfect : the coffin had passed
the fire. Here was a small iron buckle with a brass tongue, which last has a garnet
set in it (pi. 10, fig. 12); and the blade of a knife, and some naUs. — 3[em. That
the legs of this person lay cross each other after the manner of a Knight Templar ;
but I suppose this position of them was entirely accidental, and without any meaning
or design ; however, I thought proper to take notice of it.

132. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much
decayed; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of an hasta

Actual size.

the sides of the grave.

KINGSTON DOWN.

65

on the right side, and out of the coffin : the blade of a knife : a small iron staple, as
at No. 117 ; and several nails.

133. Tumulus much as the last. The grave about four feet deep, with its feet
pointing to the east. In it were two skeletons. The bones of the uppermost, which
lay at about three feet depth, were pretty sound and seemed to have been those of a
middle-aged person ; the teeth were very sound and regular ; the skull was remark-
ably thick and strong ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire.

The bones of the undermost appeared to be those of a young person ; the skull
was not near so thick as the other, and there were but twelve teeth cut in the under
jaw ; but the bones in general were much firmer and sounder than those which lay
above it. This latter skeleton lay about a foot lower than the other. There was no
appearance of a coffin with it. There was nothing at aU found in this double and
deep grave ; but only a small staple, as in Xo. 132, and some nails.

134. Tumulus much as the last; grave about three feet deep, with its feet
pointing to the east. The bones of an elderly person, pretty sound ; burnt coffin.
A small u'on buckle, as at Xo. 19 : a brass

buckle and shank (fig. 1) ; the shank has three
round-headed studs on it ; ' some linen or
other cloth still adheres to the inside of it,
with which I imagine the belt, to which the
shank of the buckle was riveted, was lined :
the blade of a knife, and some nails.

135. Tumulus and grave much as the
last. The bones were much decayed ; bui-nt
coffin. Xothing but the blade of a knife and

^ Actual size.

some nails.

136. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Very sound bones of an elderly
person ; burnt coffin. At the right side was the head of a pilum, as before ; exactly
four feet from the point of it was the ferrule and spike, as at Xo. 127. Here was
also the blade of a knife : a thin square piece of brass, with a square hole in the
middle, and a small rivet at each corner (fig. 2), with rotten Avood adhering to
them : a small brass buckle and shank (fig. 3) : the blade of a knife, and some nails.

137. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very much decayed; the
coffin was much burnt, and appeared to have been very thick. The head of a pilum.
on the left side : six small and slender brass staples, adhering to a piece of rotten

' [That in Xo. 127 had been also ornamented with studs, like this smaller example ; but they have
perished. — Ed.]

66

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Oue-tbuJ ui" tiiu ucluiil size.

wood (fig. 4 in the group p. 65) ; they are all of them clenched at their points. An

ttrn of coarse red earth ;^ it contains about a pint ; it was found
a little before we came to the skeleton ; so, I imagine, it either
was placed on the lid of the coffin (which, however, I never
observed before), or was disturbed when the grave of this
person was dug, and afterwards flung in upon him. Here
were also the blades of two knives, and some nails and other
bits of iron.

138. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones
were much decayed ; the coffin apj^ears to have passed the
fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife and some nails.

139. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones of an
old person, much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have

passed the fire. Four beads of baked earth, of different colours : the blade of a
knife ; and some nails. Doubtless a woman's grave.

140. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty sound bones of an old
person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side, but on
the outside of the coffin, was the head of an hasta or spear, as at No. 2 : an hemi-
spherical umbo of a shield, as at No. 2 : three broad- headed iron studs : two cross
irons, as at No. 1 24 : the blade of a knife : a small iron buckle, with a brass tongue,
as at No. 129 ; and some nails.

141. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones, almost decayed, of a young
person ; there were only eight teeth cut in the lower jaw ; the coffin was much
burnt ; the skull had a frontal suture. Here were also the blades of two knives,
and some nails.

142. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ;
the coffin was very much burnt, and seemed to have been very thick and strong.
Near the neck were found twelve amethyst drops of ear-rings (or perhaps they were
only beads), as at No. 6, etc. : no less than eighty-six beads, great and small : a
golden ornament for the neck (pi. 4, fig. 6) ; in it is set a fine garnet : another
ornament for the neck, in shape exactly like the last mentioned ; it is of silver, and
in it is set a purplish stone, or perhaps a piece of glass (pi. 11, fig. 19) : two small

' [The archaeologist who is famiiiar with Ro-
man pottery, will observe in this example of Saxon
manufacture, and in the varieties given in plate 20,
peculiarities which distinguish them from the Ro-
man prototypes, of which they are degraded copies.
They want the graceful form of the Roman, the

ornamentation is less tasteful, and the material is
very inferior. These leading characteristics of the
Saxon pottery are accompanied by the influence of
local fashion, as comparison with specimens from
different parts of the country will readdy shew. —
Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

67

silver crosses (pi. 4, fig. 21) ; when they were found, they consisted each of a front
and back, which were set in a little thin frame of the same metal ; the fronts were
wrought and gilded, as I have endeavoured to express them ; the back was plain ;
the space between the front and back was fi.lled up with some cement which, on its
growing dry, fell into powder ; the frames of both were so rotten that they parted
from the crosses as soon as taken out of the ground. Surely these crosses are a
sufficient proof that the person here deposited was a Christian ! ' With these were
two slender silver rings, with sliding knots, like those before mentioned and described :
a small gilded silver pin, with a flatted head and an hole in it ; it is about three-
quarters of an inch long (tig. 1) : a small gilt silver ring, on which were strung, by
an hole at one end, a silver ear-picker and another instrument of silver, a little
broken (pi. 12, fig. 3). These little instruments are each of them one inch and
three-quarters long, and are gilded. A largish green bead on a small silver ringle
(pi. 10, fig. 19) ; this bead has a remarkably strong smell. At the feet, and on the
outside of the coffin, were the remains
of a wooden box ; it appeared to have
been, at least, about fourteen inches
square ; its depth could not be guessed
at ; it had two hrass hinges (fig. 2), in
each of which were six brass rivets,
each about three-quarters of an inch Actual size.

long, at the place where it was clenched, which shews the exact thickness of the
box; it had twelve brass clasps, or corner pieces, like those described at No. 121 : an

iron handle for the lid, much
like that described at No. 26, but
somewhat larger ; and an iron
hasp, as at No. 26.^ This box
contained the following and very
odd and curious particulars, viz.,
a very fine and large ivory comb
(pi. 13, fig. 2): a brass armilla, or

' [See note 2 on page 39. Similar cruciform or-
naments have been found with Saxon sepulchral
remains in other parts of England ; but more fre-
quently in Kent. In such cases, as well as in the
instance before us, they have been accompanied and
surrounded by such evidence of pagan practices,
that we can regard them only as ornaments. — Ei).]

^ [It will be noticed that many of the graves of
females contained indications of coffers or boxes, in
which some of the more precious or fragile objects
had been inclosed. This is another instance of the
accordance between the funeral ceremonies of the
Saxons and Romans. — Ed.]

68

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

bracelet (pi. 16, fig. 12); a flat and broad bead of baked earth; an ivory armilla,
or bracelet (see p. 67): the hone of some animal (not unlike what we call the cramp

bone of a sheep) strung upon a brass rincjle ; a slender silver
ring with a sliding knot, as before ; a fish's shell, called by
the naturalists concha Veneris, or the porcelain shell.^ This
one article would, I think, afford matter for a very learned
and curious dissertation, if, as I have been informed, they are
to be found only in the East Indies ; for, we have great reason
to suppose, that the Romans had but little acquaintance with
that part of the globe. But I have not yet had an oppor-
tunity of fully satisfying myself whether they are only to be
found there, or whether they may not also be met with in
other parts of the world. I make no doubt, however, but
that it was looked upon by the lady here deposited (for a
Actual size. female it certainly was, and a very curious one too, if we may

judge from the many curiosities interred with her) ; I make
no doubt, I say, but that this shell was looked upon by her as a very great curiosity.
Here were also a small brass buckle, much like that I have described at No. 129 : a
piece of some blue stone : a piece of resinous substance ; it is of a very dark green
colour, not much iinlike black resin ; it has of itself no smell ; but on breaking off'
a little bit of it, not bigger than the head of a middling pin, and laying it on an hot
poker, it immediately melted, smoked very much, and sent forth a very strong and
rather suff"ocating, but by no means an unpleasant, smell. In this box were also
the blades of three knives : one other blade of a very slender knife, in a very thin
brass sheath, which appears to have been covered with wood ; at the end next the
strig was a broadish brass ferrule. This article was broken in getting out ; however,

• [This is one of the large Indian cowries classed
by Linnaeus under the generic name of Cypraa.
They were brought from the East by the Romans
and, together with other kinds of Indian shells, are
not unfrequently found with Roman remains. The
more beautiful kinds of sea-shells have, doubtless
from remote antiquity, been often used as personal
ornaments and as amulets, and hoarded as objects
of curiosity. In Africa, the small cowries are at the
present day used as a medium of traffic. Douglas,

who has engraved this very shell, classes it with the
Ithyphallica of the ancients, and refers to the use
of shells by the Romans, and by the lower class in
the neighbourhood of Naples, at the present day,
as amulets and charms. These customs are well
known ; but they do not seem to explain the pre-
sence of the Indian shell in the Saxon grave, which
may, probabl}', be more simply and naturally ac-
counted for by viewing it as an ornament either
personal or domestic. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 69

the pieces put together made up the figure. The strig was broken off and lost.
A pair of iron shears (pi. lo, fig. 20); they are six inches and a half long ; a piece
of silver like an hasp or catch ; it is seven-eighths of an inch long ; a piece of fossil
substance, called by naturalists a screw ; a piece of a brass instrument, very like one
described at Xo. 50 (pi. 12, fig. 4) ; it was in the midst of a
mass composed of small iron links of a chain, as often
before ; an hook, about eight inches long, with a loose
ringle at one end (as fig. 3 in the upper cut on p. 31);
another iron instrument, of about the same length, and
exactly like that described at No. 54 ; another iron instru-
ment (see lower cut on p. 19), five inches and three-quarters
long ; and an ivory lead. Here were also many other bits
of iron and several long nails. Certainly a woman's grave.

143. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones

of an elderly person, as might be known from the much worn teeth ; the skull was
much deformed ; the coffin had passed the fire. Xothing but some nails.

144. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were remarkably sound ;
the jaws were full of very sound, regular, and white teeth ; the coffin did not appear
to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails and small pieces of iron.

145. A very large tumulus; the grave near five feet deep. A great many
bones, lying in all directions, all the way down. The skeleton of a very old person,
very sound and perfect ; the coffin had been much burnt, and very thick. A small
brass buckle and shank, much like that represented at No. 92 : the blade of a knife ;
and some nails.

146. Tumulus of a middle size, and the grave about three feet deep, with its
feet pointing to the east. The bones were greatly decayed ; the coffin had passed
the fire. On the left side of the head Avere two beautiful urns of green glass (pi. 18,
fig. 4) ; they seem capable of containing about three-quarters of a pint each ; their
bottoms are almost conical, so that they cannot stand ; they are coated both within
and without with armatura or electrum, as the antiquaries term it. On the left side
of the head also, but on the outside of the coffin, was the head of a pilum. Here
was also the blade of a knife : four large ii-on corner-pieces, or clasps, which, I
suppose, served to strengthen the corners of the coffin ; they had each of them two
large and strong nails, which seemed not to have been driven home, ha-ving been too
large for the holes ; there was rotten wood adhering to them. Here were also some
other nails and some bits of iron.

147. A very small tumulus, and shallow and short grave. Here were the bones
of a child, almost decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

70 INVENTORirM SEPULCHRALE.

148. A very small tumulus, and a very shallow and short grave ; not the least
remains of any bones. •Nothing.

149. Tumulus of middle size ; the grave was about three feet in depth. This
skeleton lay (which is very extraordinary) with its feet to the west and its head to
the east ; ' perhaps owing to some mistake, owing to the darkness of the night when
it was interred, or some other such cause. The bones appear to have been those of
a young person ; the teeth were complete in their number, and were very even,
white, and sound ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. We took notice
that the left arm lay across the ribs, which circumstance I do not remember to have
observed before. The right arm lay down by the side. Nothing but the blade of a
knife, and some nails.

150. Tumulus of middle size ; grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing
to the east. The bones of an elderly person, pretty sound. The skull was very
much deformed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but
some nails, and some small bits of iron.

151. Tumulus and grave much as the last; sound bones of an elderly person;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but an iron buckle ; some
cloth stuck to the under part.

152. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Here were two skeletons ; the
former of which lay very shallow ; the bones were those of a very old person, and
pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. The other skeleton lay at about the depth
of three feet ; the bones appeared to be those of a young person, and were very
sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing found with either.

153. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones Avere very sound ; no appear-
ance of a coffin. Nothing but the blades of two knives.

154. Tumidus and grave much as the last. The bones were very sound ; the
coffin had been burnt. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some nails.

155. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of an elderly person,
pretty sound ; the coffin had been burnt. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and
some nails.

Kingston Down, 29th July, 1771.

156. Tumulus of a middle size. The grave about three feet deep, with its feet
pointing to the east; the bones were much decayed; the coffin was much burnt.

' The skeletons found at Crundale, all of them, lay in the same position, or nearly so : see my account
of my digging there.

KINGSTON DOWN. 71

Near the head was a brass pin, as before, and also a small round fiat piece of silver
(pi. 11, fig. 24); it has an hemispherical globule for the neck, but the loop is lost.
Here were also several iron links of a chain, as heretofore ; the blade of a knife :
several nails ; and many bits of iron. A woman's grave.

157. Tumulus much as the last. The grave was about two and a half feet deep,
and pointed due north and south ;^ the feet were towards the north; bones of an
elderly person, and pretty sound ; the skull was much deformed. The coffin did not
appear to have passed the fire ; the right arm lay across the body ; the left arm lay
straight down by the side. Here was nothing but a small brass buckle and its
shank, as before ; the blade of a knife and some nails.

158. Very small tumulus. The grave was very shallow and very short, its feet
pointed to the east ; the bones of a child, nearly gone : the coffin did not appear to
have passed the fire. Nothing.

159. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave was about three feet deep ; its
feet pointed to the east ; the bones of an elderly person, pretty perfect ; the coffin did
not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife and some nails.

160. Under the same tumulus, and in a grave parallel to the last, were the
bones of an elderly person, pretty perfect ; the coffin did not appear to have passed
the fire. Nothing but the blade of a small knife and some nails.

161. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave about three feet deep, with its feet
pointing to the east ; the bones were nearly gone ; the coffin was very much burnt.
Near the neck was a beautiful fibula subnectens of silver (pi. 3, fig. 9) : it is neatly
set with seven garnets, and some ivory : the intervals are curiously wrought and
gilded : with it were three thin bracteated silver ornaments, or amulets for the neck
(pi. 11, fig. 22); three slender silver rings with sliding knobs, as before; five
amethyst drops for the ear-rings, or perhaps beads ; ten beads ; a short piece of
double brass, which seems to have served for an eye to some small strap, or some
such thing : it has two rivets in its end ; a brass pin with a flatted head, and having
an hole through it. These all lay near the neck. Here were also the blade of a
knife and some nails. A woman's grave.

162. Tumulus and grave much as the last : very perfect bones of an old person :
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here was a small brass buckle and
shank, as before ; the blade of a knife, several bits of iron, about the size of a goose-
quill, which seemed to have had some small wire thinly twisted about them ; and
at the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was the head of a pilum, a circumstance I
have never met with before ; it lay parallel to the grave, with its point to the east end

' The skeletons discovered in Bursted 'Wood pointed the same way. (See p. 06 ante.)

72

INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHEALE.

of it ; it had been wrapped up in some coarse cloth, like some others before mentioned.

Here were also several nails.

163. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very sound ; the
coflin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side, on
the outside of the coffin, were the heads of an hasta, as at No. 2, and
of a pilum, of the usual shape and size ; the ferrule or spike of the
former, and two small brass ferrules, which I imagine belonged to
the staff of the latter. Here were also the conical umbo of a shield,
as at No. 124 ; several small iron rivets, as at No. 74. I imagine they
belong to the shield ; their shanks were about half an inch long, and
had rotten wood adhering to them. A handsome brass, or rather
white metal buckle and shank (pi. 9, fig. 1) ; an iron buckle ; the
blade of a knife and several nails.

164. Tumidus and grave much as the last. The bones were

Actual size.

almost gone ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here
was the head of a pilum, on the right side : the conical umbo of a shield, as before ;
three broad-headed iron studs, as before ; a small brass ferrule with a rivet through
it ; two small brass studs ; three little brass plates. I imagine all these belonged to
the staff of the pilum, and that they were used as ornaments for it. (I have thought
so with regard to some others, before mentioned). Here were also the blade of a
knife and some nails.

165. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ;
no appearance of a coffin. The head of a pilum, on the right side : the blade of a knife.

166. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ;
the coffin was much burnt. The head of a pilum on the right side ; a small iron
buckle, as before. The blade of a knife, and several small brass staples, as at
No. 113, etc., and some nails.

167. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The conical umbo of a shield, as
before ; three broad-headed iron studs, as before ; the head of a pilum, on tlie left side ;
the blade of a knife ; a small iron hiicMe, on the iron shank of

which are set two small brass globules, as they seem, in

silver sockets ; several nails, and some other bits of iron.

Before the Avorkmen had got quite through the tumulus,

— or, in other words, quite down to the natural surface of

the ground, — they found the small figure of a man, cut Actual sizr.

out in a piece of chalk ; it was about four inches long ;

the hands and feet were broken off ; if it ever had any. It was a very rough piece

KINGSTON DOWN.

73

of sculpture, certainly ; but, I imagine it to be coeval with the tumulus ; for, though
a shepherd or any other person should have found no better employment for his
idle time in a much later age ; how came it to be deposited so deep as at least two
feet in the centre of the tumulus 1 Be it as it may, I thought proper to mention it ;
and have also taken the pains to represent its likeness on the opposite page.

168. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a very young person,
almost decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The blade of a
knife ; some small iron links of a chain, as before ; and several nails.

169. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much
decayed ; the skull was very much deformed ; the coffin did not appear to have
passed the fire. Near the neck were five beads ; and behind the skull appeared the
remains of a small wooden box, with which lay an iron handle, as at No. 26 ; and an
iron hasp, as at No. 26. Here were also the blades of two knives, and several nails.
I think the grave of a woman. Here was also an iron instrument, as at No 142.

170. A very small tumulus, and a veiy short and shallow grave. The bones of
a child, almost decayed ; the marks of the coffin, which did not appear to have passed
the fire, were very visible ; it seemed to have been a very thick one. Nothing but
the blade of a small knife and some nails.

171. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave about three feet deep, with its
feet pointing to the east. The bones were pretty sound : close by the skull was a
brass pin, with its head flattened on two sides longitudinally ; it has a hole in its
head, and is exactly like that described at No. 72. Here was also a broadish silver
ring, in shape not much unlike our modern wedding rings.^ The blade of a knife : a
small iron buckle ; and some nails. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire.

172. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; no appearance
of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife and a small iron buckle.

173. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty perfect bones of an old
person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the

right side of the skull was a remarkably narrow, though longish

head of a pilum. Here were also two small brass buckles; one has

some leather still remaining under the ri'S'et, on the under side ;

the other has some cloth sticking to the upper side of it. Here

was also a great deal of rotten leather, as also several segments

of an iron circle, of about three inches diameter. I think they were the remains of

an armilla or bracelet. Here were also several small and thin brass plates, Avith

Actual size.

' [Mr. II illicr, very recently, found a similar ring tlie Saxon cemetery upon ChesscU Down, in the
upon a finger bone of (lie skeleton of a female in Isle ol ■^^'ight. — Ed.]

74

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

little rivets through them, as at No. 164. I imagine they served as ornaments to the
staff of the pilum. The blade of a knife and several nails.

174. A very small tumulus and a very short grave ; but nearly three feet across ;
its feet 25ointing to the east. The bones of a child almost gone. The marks of
a cofhn were discernible ; but it did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing.

175. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave about three feet deep, with the
feet pointing to the east. The bones were very sound ; the coffin did not appear to
have passed the fire. One broad-headed stud, as before ; the blade of a knife and
some nails.

176. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Before we came to the skeleton, we
met with several bones in different directions ; a hemispherical umbo ; several strong
pieces of iron, as at No. 146 ; and the blades of two knives. The skeleton in the
bottom of the grave was very sound ; the coffin appeared to have been burnt. On
the right side was the head of an hasta, as before. Here were also the blade of
a knife ; two iron buckles, as before ; and some nails.

177. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Very sound bones of a young
person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the neck was one
amethyst drop of an ear-ring, or bead ; a round button-like ivory or boxen ornament
for the neck (pi. 11, fig. 9): it has a small ringle in its edge to hang it by. Here
was also a bracelet or armilla of brass wire (pi. 16, fig. 12). The blade of a knife ;
several bits of iron, whose form could not be discovered, and some nails.

178. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of a small spear or

arrow, as at No. 94 : a patera of fine coralline
earth; it is six inches wide, and (foot and
all) about two inches deep ; it is impressed
in the centre of its inside with the letters
"of. caii."; viz., ofiicina Caii ; it was found
near the head.^ Here were also two brass
studs, Avith wi'ought or figured heads (pi. 10,

figs. 11 and 14): the blade of a knife : five small narrow brass plates, as at No. 164 ;

and some nails and bits of iron.

' [The remark made in note 1, on p. 31, may be
referred to. The great beauty of form and colour,
as well as the excellence of the material of the Ro-
man red lustrous pottery, must have caused it to be
used and prized for centuries after its manufacture
had ceased. It is not an uncommon incident to find

a specimen at the present day, here and there, in
cottages and country houses in Kent. The name
of the maker of the dish before us, Caius, occurs in
three forms in the list of Roman potters' stamps
discovered in London. See Collectanea Antigua,
vol. i, p. lol. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. tO

179. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a young person,
much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side
of the grave was the iron head of a small spear, or pikim, as before. Here was also
a small brass buckle, with a shank somewhat resembling a fish (pi. 10, fig. 2) ; and
some nails.

180. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a young person; the
coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side was the head of an
arrow, or small pilum, as before : the blade of a knife : a small iron buckle, as
before ; and some nails.

181. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a middle-aged person,
pretty sound ; the teeth were very sound and regular. The head of a pikim, on the
right side : a small iron buckle, as before : the blade of a knife ; and some nails and
other bits of iron. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire.

182. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were nearly decayed;
the coffin did not appear to liave passed the fire. The blade of a knife : an iron
buckle, as at No. 35 ; two iron links, concatenated, as at No. 5 ; and some nails.

183. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ;
the coffin was much burnt, and, from the quantity of black dust, appeared to have
been very thick. Behind the head, and on the outside of the coffin, was an urn of
bluish coloured earth ; it has a narrowish neck, and is, I fancy, capable of containing
full two quarts (pi. 20, fig. 2). Near the skull was a large brass pin, perhaps an
acus discrirainalis, or crinalis (pi. 12, fig. 17); it has a small

ringle in its head: with it, or near it, were two small beads.
Here Avas an iron ringle, and many small pieces of iron, like the
links of a chain, rusted into a mass : the blade of a knife, and
some nails. A woman's grave.

184. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones
were almost decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed
the fire. The blade of a knife, and some nails ; and at the feet, on
the outside of the coffin, was an urn of black earth; it is capable of
containing about two quarts ; it was much broken in getting out.

185. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones Heigiu seven incues;

IT 11 rt^iii 1 -iv^ 1 diiimeter sis inches.

were very much decayed ; the coffin had been burnt. IN ear the

head were four small brass clasps, or corner-pieces of a box, as at No. 121 : two

small hollow conical brass pins, gilt with gold. I find, by Montfaucon,' that they

' Antiquite Expliquee, translated by Humphreys, of a discovery, made at Rome, of a sepulchral inter-
vol. V, p. 51. [This reference points to an account ment which contained an urn of alabaster, in which

76 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

are the pointed ends of an ivory bodkin, with which the women used to part their
hair. Here were also the blades of two knives, and some nails. A woman's grave.

186. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost decayed ;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the neck was one large bead,
and two smaller. Here were also the blades of two knives, and some nails. A
woman's grave.

Kingston Down, August 5th, 1771.

187. The tumulus was of the middle size ; the grave was about three feet deep ;
the feet of it pointed to the east ; no appearance of a coffin ; the bones were almost
decayed. Here was nothing but the blade of a knife.

188. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost decayed ;
the coffin had been burnt. Nothing.

189. A small tumulus, the grave shallow and short. The bones of a very young
person, scarce perceptible ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

190. A middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Very sound bones
of a middle-aged person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here
was a small brass buckle and shank, much like that described at No. 92 ; the blade
of a knife, and some nails.

191. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

192. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

193. Under the same tumulus, and in a grave parallel to the last, were the
confused and disturbed bones of at least two skeletons, and of one which had not
been mov^ed. Here was no appearance of any coffin. Nothing but a small brass
buckle and shank, as at No. 92, and the blades of two knives.

194. A very small tumulus, and a shallow and short grave, but pointing to the
east. The bones of a child, very much decayed ; it had a coffin, but it did not
appear to have passed the fire. Nothing.

195. A middle-sized tumulus, the grave about three feet deep. Sound bones

were enclosed, among ashes, " twenty little balls or Roman remains found in London, and now in my
globes of rock crystal; a gold ring, with a stone, possession, is a bone pin, two inches and three-
one of those needles or bodkins, called acics (lis- quarters in length, neatly tipped with gold. The
criminales, made of ivory and pointed with gold crystal balls found at Kome, are also worthy of
at both ends ; an ivory comb, and some small note in relation with those found in the Saxon
fragments of gold among the ashes." Among the graves. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 77

of a middle-aged person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The
head of a pilum, on the left side ; and the blade of a knife, and some nails.

196. A very small tumulus, the grave more than two feet deep. The bones of
a child, nearly decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

197. A middle-sized tumulus; the grave was about three feet deep. The bones
of an elderly person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of
a pilum, on the right side ; a small iron buckle, as before ; and some nails, and
other bits of iron.

198. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost decayed ; no appear-
ance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

199. Small tumulus ; a short and shallow grave. The bones of a child, scarce
distinguishable ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

200. A middle-sized tumulus, the grave about three feet deep, and pointing
with its feet to the east. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin did not appear
to have passed the fire. The head of an hasta, as at No. 16 ; this lay on the right
side, on the outside of the coffin : an hemispherical umbo of a shield : three broad-
headed iron studs : one small brass buckle, and a small iron buckle, both as before :
the blades of two knives ; and some nails.

201. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones of a young person, very
much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing.

202. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very much decayed ; blade
of a knife : some nails. The coffin had not passed the fire.

203. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The blade of a knife and some nails.

204. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were pretty perfect ; the
coffin had been burnt. Nothing but the blade of a knife and some nails.

205. This tumulus exceeded the middle size. The grave far exceeded any
which I have before opened, both in depth, length, and width ; it being full six feet
deep, and ten feet long, and eight feet broad. The coffin, which seemed to have
been much burnt, and very thick, appeared to have been equal to the dimensions of
the grave ; and had been strongly bound and secured at its corners with large clasps
and riveted pieces of iron. The bones were much decayed ; the skeleton did not
appear to have borne any proportion to the dimensions either of the grave or coffin.
The skull was remarkably small, and seemed to have had what we call a very low or
short forehead. Near the neck, or rather more towards the right shoulder, was a
most surprisingly beautiful and large fibula subnectens (pi. 1, fig. 1): it is entirely of
gold ; and is most elegantly and richly set with garnets and some pale blue stones,
the name of which I am at present a stranger to ; it is three and a half inches in

78

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

diameter, a quarter of an inch in thickness, and weighs 6oz. 5dwt. 18gr. The acus
on the under side is quite entire, and is also beautifully ornamented with garnets.^
I flatter myself it is altogether one of the most curious and, for its size, costly pieces
of antiquity ever discovered in England ; with it was found a golden amulet, or
ornament for tlie neck (pi. 1, fig. 2): it is one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and
weighs 2dwt. 7gr. Here were also two very neat silver fibulas, of an ingenious con-
trivance, and different from any I have yet seen described. Montfaucon has some a
little like them. These were found near the bone of the left thigh (pi. 1, fig. 3) ; here
Avas also just such an iron instrument as that described before, at No. 142. It
plainly appeared to have been riveted to some wood ; it was found at the feet, and
certainly belonged to a box ; but its particular use I cannot guess at. Along with
it were found two small, hinges (as in No. 26): an iron chain like those mentioned
before ; it consisted of about twenty links, each about two inches long, and about
the size of a crow quill ; each link was twisted a little way at each end, for forming
the eyes, exactly like that described before, at No. 59. Here was a wrought urn of
coarse red earth (pi. 20, fig. 6) ; two brass kettles, or pans ; one of them is in shape
pretty much like that described at No. 76 ; but is much larger than that, being
thirteen inches wide, and four and a half inches deep ; it has two handles also on the
outside, and appears to have been gilded in the inside. The other was much smaller,
and was found in the great one. This, which has three little handles, appears also
to have been gilded on the inside, and has three flat coin-like pieces of copper
soldered on its outside, like that described at No. 76. So that, it is plain, it was not

intended for any use over a fire, which would
immediately liave melted them off' ; under tlie
large pan was a small brass trivet, about four
inches diameter. All these things, I think,
were in the coffin ; and beyond the coffin, and
at the foot of it, were the bones of a child ;
Half the Mt.mi size. thcy wcrc Aery fresh, white, and sound ; and

' [The splendour of this extraordinary gold fibula
can only be appreciated by examination of the object
itself, or by reference to the coloured engraving,
plate 1, which shews views of the front, back, and
side. The stones are garnet and turquois ; the
white substance being apparently a kind of mother-
of pearl. The semicircular chain-work is very neatly
milled and enchased on the ground of the fibula ; and
the efiect of the garnets is heightened by layers of
goldfoil. The setting; of the acus on the reverse, it

will be perceived, is aiTanged in a manner diff'erent
from the usual mode ; there is another example of
this arrangement of the acus in the fine fibula from
grave 299 (pi. 2, fig. 1). The catch which receives
the point of the acus seems intended to represent
a snake's head; it is ornamented with neat filigree
work, such as is also arranged round the base of
the hinge. The safety of this valuable jewel was
provided for by a loop by which it could be securely
fixed to the dress. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 79

lay altogether in a heap. These, doubtless, had been buried previous to the inter-
ment of the mother, (for so I think I may venture to call the person here deposited),
and were at that time taken up and placed at her feet in the manner we found them.
What should make them so much sounder than those of the mother, I do not
pretend to give any guess. Here was also a beautiful green glass urn, finely coated
both inside and outside with armatura or electrum, (pi. 19, fig. 1). Certainly the
grave of a woman.'

206. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave about three feet deep ; the
coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were very much decayed. Nothing but some
nails. Feet to the east.

207. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very inuch
decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails
and the blade of a knife.

208. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were mucli decayed ;
the coffin was much burnt. The head of an hasta, on the right side and out of the
coffin : an hemispherical umbo of a shield : three studs of iron, with broad heads ; a
piece of iron to strengthen the shield, such as I have before called cross pieces ; such
an one is already described at No. 124. The blade of a sword: it is two-edged;
two and a half feet long ; near two inches broad next the strig, and about an inch
broad near the point. Here were also the blades of two knives : two small brass
rivets, as before ; some nails and other pieces of iron.

209. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty sound bones of a middle-
aged person; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but some nails.

210. A small tumulus, and short though deepish grave ; feet to the east ;
pretty sound bones of a child ; the coffin had passed the fire. The skull had the
frontal suture. Nothing but some nails.

211. Middle-sized tumulus. The grave about three feet deep ; the bones were
much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the skull
were, a large blue and white bead on twisted wire ; a blue bead on a slender silver
ring ; and another small bead. Here was also the blade of a knife and some nails.
A woman's grave. Here was also a small hollow conical brass pin, gilded, and
exactly like that described at No. 185, viz. : the point of an ivory bodkin.

212. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails.

' [This is one of the richest graves of the variety of the objects deposited in the grave, afford

hundreds opened b}- Mr. Faussett. From the costly interesting materials for the archa;ologist, especially

character of its contents it must have belonged to a when carefully compared with those of graves such

person of distinction. The arrangement and the as Nos. 142 and 299. — Ed.]

80 INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

213. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The blade of a knife : the head of
an arrow, or small pilum, as before ; and some nails.

214. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Tlie bones were very much
decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails
and other bits of iron.

Kingston Down, August 12th, 1771.

215. Tumulus of the middle size; the grave was about three feet deep; there
certainly was no coffin, the grave being so very narrow that there could not be
room, I think, for anything more than the corpse, which must also have been that
of a very slender person. This grave was much about the usual breadth all the
way down, till within one foot of the bottom, wheu it was contracted in the manner
I mention, and seemed to have been contrived so as exactly to fit the body. The
bones were very sound, and were found lying as close as possible to the sides of the
trench. Nothing. Feet to the east.

216. Tumulus as the last; the grave about three feet deep; feet to the east.
Bones pretty entire ; no appearance of a coffin. The blades of two knives, a larger
and a smaller : an oval plate of iron, through which the strig of the greater knife
was riveted when found.

217. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Strong bones of a middle-aged
person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Both the arms lay across
the ribs. The blades of two knives, and some nails.

218. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty sound bones of an elderly
person ; no appearance of a coffin. A small iron buckle, as before ; a small urn of
black earth, at the feet, broken by the stroke of a spade : three small and thin plates
of brass, as before ; and many small bits of iron.

219. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty sound bones of a young
person; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck were twelve small beads.
Here were also two or three iron links rusted together : a small thin piece of doubled
brass, like that described at No. 94 ; its use I imagine to have been to fix to the
end of some strap.

220. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of an old person, much
decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

221. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of an old person, much
decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but a small
iron buckle, and some nails.

KINGSTON DOWN. 81

222. Tumulus and grave much as the hxst. The bones were much decayed ;
the coffin was much burnt. Near the head was a brass pin, about two inches long ;
it has an eight-square head, and was no doubt an acus crinalis, or discrimi-
nalis, that is, a pin for the hair. Here was also a small brass cylinder ; in it
were two brass needles, gilt ; and a small piece of linen cloth, which had
served to keep the head or lid of it the tighter on, was found fresh, white,
and strong. Another large brass cylinder ; this had two small brass chains, one
end of each of which was fixed to the cylinder itself, tlie other to its lid. Here
was also a small iron bell (pi. 10, fig. 17) ; on the loop-hole at the head of it were
three or four small brass links, of the same sort of chain as those which wei'e
fixed to the larger cylinder. Here were also many small links of a chain,
chiefly rusted together, as often before. At the feet were the remains of a
wooden box, which seemed to have been about one foot square ; with it were
found two iron hinges, as at No. 205 ; and a brass key, hanging to a brass Actual
ringle,^ about two inches and a half in diameter (pi. 12, fig. 12) : also, about

the bottom of the grave, several nails. Certainly a woman's grave. I think it not
improper to mention, that this grave had a remarkably fetid smell, as had all the
articles taken out of it. A like fetid smell is said to have been perceived by some
persons who were employed by Heneage Finch, late Earl of Winchelsea, to dig a
trench across the famous prcetentura, or bank, in Chilham, called Julaber's Grave.
We observed on this day, but never before, that some of the others which we opened
had an unusual smell, but none of them anything like so strong a one as this. It
thundered and lightened very much all the while we were digging, but at a distance ;
but about four o'clock, there came on so violent a storm of it, attended Avith exces-
sive heavy rain, that we were obliged to decamp as fast as we could. Whether or
not the ill smell might be occasioned by the vapours rising the more plentifully in
such a disposition of the atmosphere, I leave to others to determine : certain it is,
however, that we never perceived anything of this sort till this day.

223. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much
decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the neck were five
beads, and a slender silver ring with a sliding knot, as before. Here was also, but
lower down, exactly such an iron instrument as is before described at No. 142. Here
were also the blade of a knife, several nails, and other bits of iron.

224. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones were very much
decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The brass wrought
handle of a knife ; - and several nails.

' [Both key and avmilla arc of Roman fabric. — Ed.] - [This is the knife-handle referred to in a note

M

82

INVENTOPaUM SEPULCHRALE.

225. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones pretty sound ; no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

226. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones of a middle-aged
person, pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

227. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones were greatly decayed ;
the coffin appeared to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails.

228. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones were greatly decayed ;
the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. One large bead and some nails.

229. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones were very much
decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

Kingston Down, 7th August, 1772.

230. A small tumulus and a very shallow grave. Bones almost gone ; no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

231. A small tumulus; grave about two and a half feet deep. Bones almost
gone ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire ; but seemed to have been a
very thick one. Nothing but two or three nails.

232. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones almost gone ; very thick
burnt coffin. A small brass pin with an octagonal head, found near the skull.

233. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Burnt coffin : the head of a pilum,
on the left side.

234. Tumulus scarcely discernible : very shallow and small grave. The bones
of a child, nearly gone ; no appearance of a coffin. A small brass ring. This skull
had a frontal suture.

235. A small tumulus ; grave two and a half feet deep. Bones almost gone.
A golden ornament for the neck (pi. 4, fig. 10);^ six amethyst beads, as before;

to p. 31. It is palpably not ancient; and, if taken
from this grave, must have been introduced there
by accident, or fraudulently. Douglas, while ex-
cavating in Kent, detected a trick of a " friend and
antiquary", who had placed a modern bead in a
grave among a cluster of ancient ones. In order

that there may be no doubt respecting this knife-
handle, a cut of it, half the actual size, is here
exhibited. — Ed.]

' [These pendent ornaments, or bullce, are among
the most prominent and curious of the Kentish
Saxon jewellery. See the varieties in plate 4; two
fine examples from Wingham and Breach Downs,
discovered by Lord Albert Conj-ngham (now Lord
Londesborough), Archceological Album, pi. 4, figs.
4 and 5 ; and one from Chartham Downs, Nenia
Britatinica, pi. xxx, fig. 1 ; also Collectanea Antiqua,
vol. iii, pi. V, figs. 4 and 18. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

83

sixteen small glass and earthenware beads : a pair of shears, as at No. 142 ; the blade
of a knife, as before ; burnt coffin, and some nails.

236. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones almost gone ; burnt coffin ;
the blade of a knife, and some nails.

237. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Burnt coffin, and very thick.
Nothing.

238. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones pretty perfect, of an old
person ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

239. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones almost gone ; burnt coffin ;
the blade of a knife.

240. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones of a young person, pretty
perfect. The skull had the frontal suture ; no appearance of a coffin. The blade of
a small knife.

241. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones almost gone
A bracteated silver ornament for the neck (fig. 1).' Two
other ornaments for the neck (fig. 2) ; they consist of a '
red stone spotted with white, and were fixed in slender
frames of silver, which were so rotten that they fell to
pieces in taking out of the grave ; two large silver
beads of an odd form (pi. 11, fig. 4); three earthen
beads, one of which adhered firmly to the pointed end
of one of the silver ones ; and, what is rather remarkable,

burnt coffin.

Actual size.

the double thread on Avhich these beads were strung
was not only very distinguishable in the ends of the two silver ones, but was as
white as if it had been just new, and strong enough to bear being pretty strongly
pulled. A blue bead on a twisted wire ; see No. 297, and Chartham, No. 41.

242. We this day spent much time and pains (no less than five men for eight
hours having been employed upon it), in endeavouring to overturn a very large
mound, or tumulus, at the cast corner of this burial-ground, next Barham Down,
and close to the road leading from Kingston to Ileden, on the left hand. It was
about eighteen paces diameter, and about six feet in perpendicular height above the
surface of the natural soil. When we had got about half way through it, we found
(as indeed I before suspected from some sinkings on its top) that it had been opened
before. For we met with nearly a whole tobacco-pipe, of that sort Avhich were used
Avhen first tobacco was used in England, viz., with a large and short strig, and a
very small and narrow bowl. This lay nearly at the bottom of the highest part of the

' [This cut is prepared from Mr. Favissett's drawing, the bulla having perished. — Ed.]

84 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

tumulus. AVe may, therefore, from this circumstance conchide that this mound was
opened not long after the reign of king James the First, or perhaps in it. Tliat part
of it which we this day turned over, before we came to the pipe, was very round and
even, and did not appear to have been disturbed since it was first thrown up ; and
we found nothing but, here and there, an oyster shell and a boar's tusk, as also the
shin-bone of an ox. These, I imagine, happened to be on the surface of the natural
earth, when it was scooped off in order to the raising of this great mound or tumulus,
Avhichever it was designed for. It is impossible for me to determine to which of
these uses it was put ; but as we found no human bones or pieces of urns in that
half of it which we entirely dug down, and very carefully turned over and examined ;
and as it stands on a great eminence on the utmost verge and corner of the burying-
ground, and is not of so round and regular a shape as tumuli generally are, I am
rather inclined to think it was intended as a sort of rampart or place of guard,
rather than a tumulus or monument for the dead.

Kingston Down, 2nd October, 1772.

Though it was now pretty late in the season, and the days were pretty much
shortened, yet (as I knew I could not have much to do), this being a very fine day,
I embraced the opportunity it gave me of finishing all that remained to be done here.

We began this day's business with sinking several trenches in different parts of
another broad flat mound, much like that described in the last number, and about
ten yards westwax'd of it. This, like that, was situated on the utmost verge of, or
rather beyond, the burial-ground, and both of them parallel to the high-road from
Canterbury to Dover, on the summit of the hill, and nearly opposite to Ileden
before mentioned. And after having spent some time on it to no purpose, we at last
gave it up, concluding that this also was flung up rather as a place of guard, or a
look-out, than as a monument for the dead.

243. The tumulus was very small and low, and seemed to have been opened
before ; the grave was very shallow, and pointed with its feet to the east. The
bones, which Avere small, were very much decayed. There was no appearance of a
coffin.

244. Tumulus and grave much as the
last. The bones were almost gone ; plain
marks of a burnt coffin. Here we found a
thin brass plate {^g. 1); the blade of a knife,
as before ; a ferrule and spike, like those
heretofore found at the bottoms of hastse

KINGSTON DOWN. 85

and pila ; an iron buckle and shank, which last is set with six small silver studs
(pi. 9, fig. 4) ; a smaller iron buckle ; and a nail-like piece of iron, with some lead
fixed, like a head, to one end of it.

245. Tumulus and grave, much as the last ; the bones were almost gone. Here
wei'e only the blade of a round-pointed knife (pi. 15, fig. 12); and a small brass
bucJcle and shank (fig. 2, p. 84).

246. The tumulus much as the last ; but the grave was near three feet deep ;
the bones were almost gone. Here were a pair of iron shears, as at No. 142 ; two
amethysts, as before ; and the blade of a small knife, as before. Plain appearance
of a burnt coffin.

247. Tumulus much as the last ; grave about three feet deep ; it contained two
skeletons, one on the other. The bones of both were pretty sound. No appearance
of any coffin. Nothing.

248. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave very short, as of a small
child. The bones were almost gone. Two small yellow earthen beads. No appear-
ance of a coffin.

249. A very small tumvilus, and a very shallow grave. The bones were almost
gone. No appearance of a coffin. A small brass buckle and shank, as before ; and
the blade of a knife.

250. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones Avere almost gone ; the
coffin had passed the fire. A brass or copper ring (pi. 11, fig. 13), and two small
earthen beads.

251. Tumulus about the middle size. The grave about two feet deep. The
bones almost gone ; burnt coffin : the blade of a knife, as before ; and some nail-like
bits of iron.

252. Tumulus scarcely discernible ; the grave long and shallow ; the bones
pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin : the blade of a knife, as before.

253. Tumulus scarcely discernible ; grave not above eighteen inches deep ; bones
almost gone ; burnt coffin. A golden ornament for the neck, weighing twenty-two
grains (pi. 4, fig. 12) ; five amethyst beads, as before ; three small earthen beads, viz.,
blue, red, and white ; one long blue glass bead ; a pair of shears, as before. At the
feet was an empty black urn, which was broken by the workmen. It seemed to have
been capable of holding about a pint.

254. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones of a child, almost gone ;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

255. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones of a child, almost gone ;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife, five inches in length
(pi. 15, fig. 6).

86 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

256. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones pretty perfect ; no appear-
ance of a coffin. Nothing.

257. This tumulus was nearly twenty feet diameter at its basis ; and at least six
feet high. It stood in a line mth the two large mounds (parallel to the road from
Canterbury to Dover, before mentioned); and was the smallest and eastmost of the
three. It Avas situated, also, on the east (or rather, south-east) side of, and close to
the road leading from the village of Kingston to Ileden ; and, where no vestiges of any
other tumuli are now to be discovered ; all that side of the said road being ploughed
ground. Nothing but the said road, which passes between them, separates the
middlemost of these mounds from that which I am now endeavouring to describe.
I took gi'eat notice of it every time I have dug here ; but having been told that Mr.
Barrett had dug into it at the time he opened some other of the tumuli (see p. 37);
and a great hollow still remaining in the top of it, (a plain proof of its having been, or
at least, endeavoured to have been opened at some time or other), I had hitherto been
discouraged from attacking it in form. Indeed, some of my people, last year, having
not much else to do at the time, did by my order open a trench on the south side
near the basis of it, where they found some human bones. But these not lying in
any regular oixler, I then fully (and rightly too, as it now appears), concluded that
they had been disturbed before. However, looking on this day's work as the last I
should have at this place, and being determined to leave as little behind me as
possible, I had the whole mound or tumulus thoroughly examined ; but my search
served only to convince me of what I had before suspected, namely, that it had, at
some time or other, been opened before.

258. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave was very shallow. The
bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin : a small iron buckle, as before ;
and the blade of a knife.

259. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave was about two feet deep.
The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had been very much burnt. Two small beads,
one of them of blue glass, the other of red baked earth, and the blade of a knife.

260. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave was about two feet and
a half deep. The bones were pretty sound ; and appeared, by the teeth, which were
much ground down, to have been those of an old person. The coffin appeared to
have passed the tire. Two earthen beads on a knotted ring ; and three or four
small bits of iron, all near the neck.

261. The tumulus of the middle-size. I liad disregarded it before, it having
the appearance of having been opened before. I was right ; for we found nothing
but a confused heap of predisturbed bones, when we came to the bottom of the
grave, which, exclusive of the tumulus, was full six feet deep.

KINGSTON DOWN.

87

262. The tumulus Avas scarcely discernible ; the grave
was about two feet and a half deep. There were the bones of
a child, almost gone ; the coffin ajjpeared to have been much
burnt and very thick; a broad brass ring (pi. 11, fig. 14);
two small earthen disci or quoits,^ as I take them to be
(figs. 1 and 2) ; some iron links of a small chain, which were
rusted to one of the quoits : the blade of a knife, as before ;
a piece of brass tvith a ringle through it (fig. 3) ; several small
bits of iron, of which nothing could be made out.

263. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave
was about three feet deep ; and pointed Avith its feet very near
the north. The bones of an old person, almost gone. The
coffin had passed the fire. Some nail-like pieces of iron, and
some sherds of a large black urn.

Kingston Down, 9th August, 1773.

Having last year opened every remaining visible tumulus, though never so

small, I then imagined I could have nothing further to do here. For though I have

often thought there might be many other graves in every burying place

I 1 where I have yet dug, which might either have never had any tumulus

\^j thrown up over them ; or, whose tumuli might have been entirely taken
away by those who in aftertimes raised others in their neighbourhood ;
yet, as I then knew of no method of discovering them, without entirely
f\ trenching the whole of the ground between the several tumuli down to the

firm chalk, which would be a very expensive as well as tedious piece of
work, I did not, till this summer, attempt a search after them. But having
lately invented an instrument for the purpose of discovering such latent
graves without opening the ground ; and which has fully answered my
expectation wherever I have yet tried it — namely, at Beakesbourne and
Sibertswold, this summer — I, on this day, in my return from Sibertswold,
spent what few hours I had to spare in a further search here ; Avhere, as

1 [These appear to be spindle-whirls to keep the in No. 299 of the Kingston cemetery : they are
thread of the distaff in tension. Such objects have likewise ol'tcn met with among Roman remains. —
been found in other Saxon graves, as for instance Ed.]

Blade three inches loDg.

88 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

will appear from the number of graves discovered merely by its assistance, it also fully

answered my purpose. See a draught of this instrument, which I call a probe ;

page 87. Total length, four feet ; from the top to the spur, two feet two inches ;

from the spur to the point, including the spur, one foot ten inches ; spur three inches

and a quarter long.

264. No appearance of a tumulus. The grave was one foot and a half deep.

The bones were pretty perfect; no ap-
pearance of a coffin. The Made of a
knife, somewhat like our modern pen-
knives, near the left hip.

265. No appearance of a tumulus.

The grave A\'as two and a half feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin

had passed the fire. Near the neck was one large amber bead ; near the left hip

was the blade of a knife, of the usual shape and size.

266. No appearance of a tumulus ; very shallow grave ; the bones almost gone ;
no signs of a coffin. Nothing.

267. No tumulus ; the grave was full three feet deep ; the bones Avere almost
gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck were two amethysts ; here were
also the blade of a knife, and several bits of iron.

268. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; the bones of a child, almost gone. Near
the neck were four small earthen beads of difterent colours. No coffin.

269. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; no appearance of a coffin ; the bones of
a child, almost gone. About the middle of the grave was found a brass armilla,
having two sliding knots (similar to pi. 16, fig. 14). It is much too large for a
child ; and was very much bent and bruised when found.

270. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; the bones were pretty perfect ; no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

Kingston Down, 13th August, 1773.

271. No appearance of a tumulus; the grave was very shallow; the bones
were very perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

272. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; the bones were very perfect ;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

273. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep, and for the first foot was filled
with flints ; for about one foot more, some scattered bones lying in all directions ;
among them was the broken head of a pilum. At the bottom lay a skeleton, the

KINGSTON DOWN. 89

bones of which were pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the
blade of a knife,

274. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; no appearance of a coffin ; bones
almost gone. Nothing.

275. No tumulus ; the grave was full three feet deep ; the bones were very per-
fect ; the coffin had passed the fire, and appeared to have been very thick. Nothing.

276. No tumulus ; the grave was so shallow as to be but just under the surface
of the ground ; the bones were pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

277. No tumulus; the grave was about two feet and a half deep; the bones
were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

278. No tumulus ; the grave was at least four feet deep ; the bones were pretty
perfect ; the coffin had the appearance of having been very thick, and of having
passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

279. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; bones of a child almost gone. Nothing.

280. No tumulus ; the grave was about three feet deep, and contained the
bones of a grown pei'son and a child, both almost gone.

28 1 . No tumulus ; grave about three feet deep ; the bones were pretty perfect ;
the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

282. No tumulus ; the grave was full three feet deep. Within about six inches
of the skeleton, about the middle of the grave, was the skull of some animal about
the size of an half-grown rabbit, but of a ravenous and fierce nature, as may be
guessed from its teeth, four of which, namely, two above and two below, which are
placed in the fore part of the mouth, are very long, hooked, and sharp, not unlike
those of a cat ; they are still very sound (as is also the skull itself), and very white.
The sockets of the eyes are remarkably small, like those of a polecat or ferret. The
distance between the eyes and the hind part of the skull is remarkably great. No
other of this animal's bones were found, except some of the vertebrse of the back.
I take it to have been of the polecat kind. At the same depth, and just by, were
near a quarter of a pint of bones of some other very small animals, seemingly of
birds, moles, or mice. They lay all in a lump together ; no skulls were to be found.
Might not this larger animal have carried them in ] or might he not have voided
them with his excrements?^ At the bottom of this grave lay the skeleton of a

' [Mr. Batcman, in the course of researches in however, the bones of rats are sometimes found in

upwards of three hundred baiTows, chiefly in Derby- enormous quantities ; indicating, apparently, hun-

shire, has found about a dozen skulls of polecats. dreds, and in some cases, thousands of rats. Mr.

The presence of the bones of rats and mice in con- Bateman considers them the remains of countless

tiguity with such skulls may be explained as Mr. generations of these animals, which have lodged and

Faussett suggests. In the Derbyshire barrows, hybernated in the mounds for a long period. — Ed.]

90

INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHEALE.

grown .person, the bones of which were very perfect. No appearance of a cofRn.
Nothing.

283. No tumulus ; grave about three feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; the coffin
had passed the fire, and seemed to be very thick. Nothing.

284. No tumulus ; grave about two feet and half deep ; bones very perfect ;
the coffin had passed the fire. On the left side of the skull lay the head of a
small pilum.' Here also were a small brass buckle : the blade of a knife ; and a
small brass rivet.

One-tliird of the actual size.

285. No tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep ; the bones were almost
gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Here were a small brass buckle, as before : a
small brass ringle ; and the blade of a knife.

286. No tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep ; the bones were pretty
sound ; the coffin had passed the fire. Here were a small iron buckle, and the blade
of a knife.

287. No tumulus ; the grave about three feet deep ; bones almost gone ; the
coffin had passed the fire. On the left side of the skull was the head of a pilum.
Here were also the blade of a knife and a small iron buckle.

288. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; no ap-
pearance of a coffin. Nothing.

289. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; no ap-
pearance of a coffin. Nothing.

290. No tumulus ; grave about three feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; no ap-
pearance of a coffin. Nothing.

291. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones of a child, almost gone ;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

292. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones of a child, pretty perfect ;
no appearance of a cofiin. Nothing.

' [The cut here introduced is from the originals dated, but not, as is usuallj* the case, identified by
in the Faussett Collection at Liverpool, named and sketches inserted in the manuscript. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 91

293. No tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep ; bones almost gone ;
the coflfin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

294. No tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep ; bones almost gone ; no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

Kingston Doavn, 30th September, 1773.

295. No tumulus. Just below the turf was a small black urn of coarse earth
(similar to pi. 20, fig. 9). It was broken in pieces by the spade ; and just below it,
before we came to the chalk, Avere the bones of a child, nearly decayed. No
appearance of a coffin. This grave was not above a foot deep.

296. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire.
Nothing. Grave, two feet and a half deep.

297. No tumulus ; the bones of a child, pretty perfect ; no appearance of a
coffin. Near the neck were a small ivory pendant, or ornament, with a hole in its
centre, through which some brass wire is passed, and serves for a loop to hang it by
(pi. 11, fig. 12); five small earthen and glass beads; one yellow one, strung on a
small silver ring, as before ; and two small silver rings, with sliding knots, as before.
Near the left hip was the blade of a knife ; and, lower down, an iron instrument,
with a small slender ringle at one end of it. See an instrument something like this,
but much larger, in No. 29 of Beakesbourne. Grave, about two feet and a half
deep. A woman's grave.

298. No tumulus. A sherd or two of a very thick and pretty large black urn,
of very coarse earth, was found a little under the surface. The bones were pretty
perfect ; the coffin had not passed the fire. Near the neck were twelve small beads ;
a small silver hidla-lilne pendant (fig. 1); and a bi'ass knotted

ring, with a small green bead strung on it, as before ; also a
small brass spangle (if I may call it so) strung in like manner
on another small brass knotted ring (fig. 2) ; and near the left
hip, the blade of a knife and many links of an iron chain, as
before, rusted together into a lump. Grave two feet deep. A
woman's grave.

299. In the same grave with the last mentioned, and on the right side, lay a
skeleton, whose bones were pretty perfect. The coffin appeared to have been pretty
thick, but did not seem to have passed the fire. Near the neck were two amethysts
and four small beads ; and a beautiful fibula subnectens of silver, faced with a plate
of thin gold, beautifully wrought, and set with garnets and ivory (pi. 2, fig. 1). It
acus, which is of silver (a thing very unusual), is not fixed to it, as they usually are,

s

92 IlSrVEKTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

to move up and down, like a hinge, but horizontally, much like that on my glorious
and, I was going to say, inestimable, golden fibula, described at No. 205.^ Near the
left hip was a very pretty armilla, or bracelet, of brass ; not made ring-like, with
sliding knots, like some before described, but being of one entire round and orna-
mented with six snakes' heads (pi. 16, fig. 10); with it were a pair of iron shears, as
before ; an iron instrument, as at No. 297 ; the blade of a knife ; a brass circle, or
rather ferrule, with leather adhering to its inside, and four small rivets placed
opposite to each other through its sides, as in No. 129, but smaller ; and many links
of a small iron chain, as before. Between the thighs were the rotten remains of a
small, flatfish, round wooden box, about three inches diameter ; and among them
were found two Roman copper coins, namely, of Claudius Caesar and Carausius.
The former is of the second or middle module, and has, on the obverse side, the head
of Claudius, laureated, with this legend : ti. clavdiys caesar. avg. p.m. tr. p. imp. ;
on the reverse, Pallas, or Minerva, marching, with a helmet on her head ; an uplifted
spear, in the act of throwing it, in her right hand, and a shield in her left ; the
legend, s.c. ; it is a very common medal. It is very much worn, and has a hole in it,
by which, it is probable, it was hung about the neck. The other coin has the head
of Carausius on the obverse side, with this legend : imp. caravsiys. p.p. avg. On
the reverse is a female figure, standing, with a laurel branch in her right hand, and
a spear in her left, with this legend : pax. avg. This medal is of the third size, and
is also very common. It is also very much worn ; indeed the legends of neither of
them could have been read, but that I have seen great numbers of both of them, and
so could not but know them at first sight, and have copied them from fairer medals
in my own collection. With them was a piece of a small copper armilla, or bracelet,
gilt with gold, exactly like that described at No. 15 ; a small piece of wood (oak, it
seems), fiat at the bottom and convex at top, very like a button-mould, but that it is
not pierced ; and an irregular piece of yellowish earth, with a hole in it, as if it had
been used as a bead ; I imagine it to have been used as a perfume ; it has a very
sweet smell. At the feet, were the remains of a wooden box, whose dimensions
seemed to have been about ten inches long by about six inches broad. Among
them was another beautiful fibula subnectens. It is of silver and is set Avith garnets
and ivory, with gilding and wrought work between the settings (pi. 3, fig. 9). Here
Avere also a conch, or shell of the concha Veneris^ as at No. 142 ; and the shell of a
limpet ; two earthen disci, or quoits, as I have called them before (see No. 262) ; a
roundish pebble, which seems to have been picked up on the sea-beach ; a piece
of ivory, or box, in the shape of a button-mould, but it has no foramen ; two

' [See also the fine fibula found at Sittingbourne ; Collectanea Antiqiia, vol. i. pi. xxxti, fig. 3. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 93

ivory sticks (if I may call them so), sharp at both ends ; perhaps their use was, as

acus discriminales to part the hair \^ a very pretty ivory comb (pi. 13, fig. 4) ; a
square flat piece of ivory, having a hole at each comer ; an odd
kind of a brass instrument, which I take to have been a kind
of whistle^ (pi. 10, fig. 9) ; a bluish opaque stone, or glass, in
a silver frame, which has a loop to it of the same metal (as
fig. 1, p. 91) ; a small bell, as at No. 222 ; a small brass ovalish
ringle, which I take to have been used as a buckle, by running
a small tongue over it in its grooves; a small iron instru-
ment, as at No. 54 ; another sort of iron instrument (pi. 15,
fig. 25).' Here were also the iron handle (fig. 1 in the group Actual s.ze.

below) ; and the hrass hasp and staple of the box (fig. 2 in the group). This skeleton
lay on the right side of the last mentioned. A woman's grave.

300. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin.
Here were a brass buckle, with a long open-worked shank (pi. 9, fig. 7), and the
blade of a knife. Grave two feet deep.

301. No tumulus ; bones almost
gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near

Very

the neck was one large bead.

sliallow grave.

A woman's grave.

getting

Fig. l,3i inches; fig. 8, IJ inch; fig. .5, 5 inches in length.

302. No tumulus. In
down, were found two iron clasps, or
corner-pieces, of a box or coffer, they

' [It is more probable that these may be spindles,
as Mr. Akerman suggests. — Ed.]

- [Probabl)' it belongs to the lock of the box.— Ed.]
^ [Another, very similar, occurs at Sibertswold,
No. 178 ; and these may be compared with the ex-
ample found at Ozingell, Collectanea Antiqua, vol.
iii, p. 16. Mr. Akerman has found an example at
Harnham Hill, near Salisbury, which, probably with
good reason, he considers a steel for striking a light,
Archaolngia, vol. xxxv, pi. 11, fig. 3. I had con-
sidered the Ozingell specimen a purse clasp, or an
appendage to the girdle for the purse and other

objects of personal use; but I immediately saw that
it might with equal reason be looked upon as a steel.
But fig. 11, pi. X, of the Jahreslie/ie clcs Wirten-
berr/ischen AltertliumsVcreins, 1846, from the graves
of the Alemanni at Oberflacht, in Suabia, is con-
sidered by Captain von Diirrich and Dr. Wolfgang
Menzel as an object on which a purse probably
hung. As it is in bronze it could not possibly have
been a steel ; and it bears, with its buckle in the
centre, so close a resemblance to the Ozingell relic,
that it is difficult to think that they were not in-
tended for the same purpose. — Ed.]

94 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

had a rivet in each end (fig. 3) ; also three links of an iron chain (pi. 15, fig. 23).
At the bottom, were the bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin.
Near the right shoulder was a very long ivory comb, with a double set of teeth
(pi. 13, fig. 1); lower down was the blade of a small knife. Very shallow and short
grave.

303. No tumulus ; bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing
but the blade of a knife and the sherds of a large, coarse, black urn, capable, as
I guessed, of containing fully three quarts. It was at the feet, and was destroyed by
a stroke of the workman's spade.

304. No tumulus ; bones, almost gone, of a child or very young person ; no
appearance of a coffin. Near the neck was a small yellow bead. The grave was
very shallow and very short.

305. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin.
Near the neck were two small beads, and a larger blue striped bead, strung on a
silver knotted ring, as before. Lower down were a small pair of shears and the
blade of a knife. Grave about two feet deep. A woman's grave.

306. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin ;
grave about two feet deep. Nothing.

307. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; the bones were pretty perfect. Nothing
but the blade of a knife.

308. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin.
Nothing. The grave about two feet deep.

Bead from the Kinf^ton tumuli ; actual size.

KINGSTON DOWN.

95

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP IN THE PARISH OF

BISHOP'S-BOURNE, IN THE COUNTY ^OF KENT,

IN THE YEAR 1771.

Ox the right hand side of the military Roman road which leads from the top of
Bridge Hill, in a straight line from north-west to south-east over Barham Down
towards Dover, and between the said military Roman road and the hedge which
parts Mr. Beckingham's paddock from the Down land (the distance between the said
military road and hedge not exceeding thirty feet), and just at the corner of another
road, which, crossing the said military Roman road at right angles, leads down to
the adjacent village and church of Bishop's-Bourne, stand nine very fair, though
small, tumuli sepulchrales of the ancients, in a line parallel to the said military
road.' I had often cast a wishful look at them, and from time to time had promised

' [The site of these researches of Mr. Faussett is
Bourne Park, now the seat of Mr. Bell, and formerly
that of Lord Albert Conyngham. It is well known
to the numerous attendants at the first congress of
the British Archaeological Association at Canferburj-,
on which occasion, and jireviously, Lord Albert
Conyngham directed several of the barrows to be
excavated. The following report, by Mr. Wright,
taken from the first volume of the Archteological
Journal, pp. 253-6, is here introduced, as affording
some interesting additional information.

" The hills running to the soutli of Bourne Park
are covered with low harrows, which from their shape
and contents, and a comparison with those found in
other parts of Kent, appear to be the graves of the
earlier Saxon settlers in this district. The barrows
within the park, on the top of the hill in front of
the house, were opened on Wednesday the 24th of
June, in presence of Lord Albert Conyngham, Sir
Henry Dryden, Mr. Eoach Smith, and myself. Se-
veral of them had been previously opened by his
lordship, but the only article found in them was one
boss of a shield ; it would appear as though the na-
ture of the soil (chalk) had here entirely destroyed
the deposit.

" We first opened a large barrow, which appeared
to have been rifled at some former period. Here,

as in all Saxon barrows, the deposit is not in the
mound itself, but in a rectangular grave dug into
the chalk. At the top of the grave were found two
portions of bones of the leg, and at the bottom a
fragment of a skull (in the place where the head
must originally have been placed), some teeth (which
were at the foot of the grave), some other fragments
of bones, a small piece of the blade of a sword, and
an iron hook exactly resembling those on the lower
rim of the bracket described below. At each of the
four upper corners of the grave, was a small exca-
vation in the chalk, which was filled with the skulls
and bones of mice, with the remains of seed, etc.,
which had served them for food, mixed with a quan-
tity of fine mould, apparently the remains of some
decomposed substance. From the condition of the
bones and seed, they would appear to be much more
modern than the original deposit ; but it is a re-
markable circumstance that the same articles are
found in so many of the baiTows here and on the
Breach Downs. The grave itself was of large di-
mensions, being about fourteen feet long, between
six and seven broad, and somewliat more than three
in depth, independent of the superincumbent mound.
"The next barrow opened was a smaller one,
adjacent to the former, of which the elevation was
so small as to be scarcely distinguishable from the

96

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRA.LE.

myself the future pleasure of examining their contents. But, on account of the
smallness of their size and number, and their proximity to so public a road (by

surrounding ground. The grave was filled, like No.
1, with the chalk which had been dug out of the
original excavation. The body, which was perhaps
that of a female, and the various articles which it
had once contained, were entirely decomposed. A
small mass of dark-coloured earth a little above the
shoulder, apparently decomposed wood, seemed to
be the remains of a small box. The bones were
distinctly traced by the colour of the earth, a small
fragment of the skull being all that remained entire ;
and from the quantity of black mould which occu-
pied the place of the body, resembling that which
in other places was found to have resulted from the
decomposition of wood, we may be led to sup-
pose that the body was placed in a wooden chest.
Another large quantity of similar black mould lay
together in an elongated form on the left side of the
body towards the foot of the grave. In the corner
to the right of tlie feet were found some fragments
of small hoops imbedded in wood.

" This small barrow lay on the east side of the
one first opened. The last barrow opened was a
large one to the west of the first barrow. In this
last barrow we again found the small holes at the
corners of the grave, but they were turned towards
the sides instead of being turned towards the ends ;
and they also contained bones of mice. This grave
was nearly as long as the first, about a foot deeper,
and rather broader in proportion to its length. The
floor was very smoothly cut in the chalk, and was
surrounded by a narrow gutter, which was not ob-
served in the others. It was not filled with the
chalky soil of the spot, but with fine mould brought
from a distance, and this was probably the cause of
the better preservation of the articles contained in
it. The second figure, which is a plan of this grave,
will show the position in which these articles were
found. At the foot of the grave, in the right-hand
corner, had stood a bucket, of which the hoops (in
perfect preservation) occupied their position one
above another, as if the wood had been there to
support them. This bucket appeared to have been
about a foot high ; the lower hoop was a foot in
diametei', and the upper hoop exactly ten inches.
A somewhat similar bucket is represented in one of
the plates of Douglas's Nenia. The hooked feet
appear to have been intended to support the wood.

and prevent its slipping in the bucket. From the
similar hook found in the grave No. 1, and the frag-
ments of hoops in the smaller grave, I am inclined
to think that similar buckets were originally placed
in both. A little higher up in the grave, in the po-
sition generally occupied by the right leg of the
person buried, was found a considerable heap of
fragments of iron, among which were a boss of a
shield of the usual Saxon form, a horse's bit (which
appears to be an article of very imusual occurrence),
a buckle, and other things which appear to have
belonged to the shield, a number of nails with large
ornamental heads, with smaller nails, the latter
mostly of brass. From the position of the boss, it
appeared that the shield had been placed with the
convex (or outer) surface downwards. Not far from
these articles, at the side of the gi'ave, was found
a fragment of iron, consisting of a larger ring, with
two smaller ones attached to it, which was either
part of the horse's bridle, or of a belt. On the left-
hand side of the grave was found a small piece of
iron which resembled the point of some weapon.
At the head of the grave, on the right-hand side,
we found an elegantly shaped bowl, about a foot in
diameter, and two inches and half deep, of very thin
copper, which had been thickly gilt, and with handles
of iron. It had been placed on its edge, leaning
against the wall of the grave, and was much broken
by the weight of the superincumbent earth. The
only other articles found in this grave were two
small round discs resembling counters, about seven-
eighths of an inch in diameter, fiat on one side, and
convex on the other, the use of which it is impos-
sible to conjecture, unless they were employed in
some game. One was made of bone, the other had
been cut out of a piece of Samian ware. The most
singular circumstance connected with this grave was,
that there were not the slightest traces of any body
having been deposited in it; in fact, the appear-
ances were decisive to the contrary ; the only ways
in which we could explain this were, either that the
body had been burnt, and the ashes deposited in an
urn concealed somewhere in the circuit of the grave
(which is not probable), or that the person to whom
the grave was dedicated had been a chief killed in
battle in some distant expedition, and that his friends .
had not been able to obtain his body. This view

BISHOPSBOURNE. 97

means of which last circumstance I knew myself liable to be pestered with a
numerous set of troublesome spectators), I did not set about opening them till the
16th of July, 1771 ; on the morning of which day, arriving at this spot in my way
to Kingston Down (see p. 52) rather earlier than usual, and being provided with
plenty of labourers for that day's intended work, I thought that a good opportunity
to put my intentions with regard to these so publicly situated tumuli into execution.
So setting ourselves immediately to the business, we finished our work in little more
than two hours ; during which time, it being so early in the day, we had very little
or no interruption, either from the curiosity or impertinence of passengers, or other
idle spectators, the teazingness and plague of whose ill-timed attendance in business
of this sort, is not to be conceived but by those who, like myself, have had the
disagreeable experience of it.

Though I cannot boast either of the number or value of the pieces of antiquity
here discovered ; yet, as the few we did find plainly appeared to be the remains of
the same age and people with those heretofore mentioned and described in my
Inventorium Sepulchrale, as I (perhaps vainly) call it, I shall make no scruple of
giving, after my usual manner in these cases, a true account of the contents of each
tumulus, in the order in which I opened them.

1. Middle-sized tumulus. It contained, at the depth of about two feet under

of the case seems to be supported by the fact, that but with a different style of ornament, and a glass

although so many valuable articles were found in cup of the type figs. 1 and 2, pi. 19. They are

the grave, there were no traces of the long sword figured in the Archceological Album, p. 8, and are

and the knife generally found with the bodies of now in the collection of Lord Londesborough.
male adults in the Saxon barrows. This cemetery, like that at Gilton, is close to

"The three graves lay very nearly north and Roman burial places. About twenty j'ears since, in

south, the heads towards the south, as was the case digging the high-road above Bourne Park (called,

with many of those opened in the last century by from the neighbouring village, Bridge Hill), a quan-

Douglas, and described in his Nenia, the variations tity of Romano-British sepulchral urns were found,

being only such as might be expected from the rude some of which are now in the collection of Mr.

means possessed by the early Saxon mvaders for Rolfe. More recently, while excavations were being

ascertaining the exact points of the compass. It made in the low ground for a sheet of water, Mr.

may be added, that among the earth with which the Bell discovered several Roman interments, among

smaller grave was filled, two small fragments of which were urns of earthenware, red paterae, and

broken Roman pottery were found, which had pro- glass vessels. They appear to have accompanied

bably been thrown in with the rubbish. It may be the remains of bodies which had been burnt,

observed, that the different articles found in this, as although from the unfavourable nature of the soil

in other early Saxon barrows, are of good workman- most of the urns were broken to pieces. One large

ship, and by no means evince a low state of civi- urn, Mr. Bell reports, contained ashes, and was sur-

lisation." rounded by several smaller vessels. Contiguous to

Two more of these barrows were excavated during these interments were found several skeletons which,

the Congress at Canterbury. In one of them were from large and long iron nails lying about them,

found an earthenware urn, in shape like those found had been doubtless buried in thick wooden coffins,

on Kingston Down, in graves Nos. 137 and 205, See Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, p. 19. — Ed.]

98 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

the natural surfoce, the skeleton of an elderly person (as appeared by the much-worn
teeth), lying with the feet due east. Near its right shoulder was a small urn, of
very coarse and black earth, which was broken in pieces by a stroke from one of the
workmen's tools. The remains of a thick and burnt coffin were very visible. The
bones were very much decayed.

2. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The remains of an unburnt coffin
were very discernible : the bones almost gone ; but the few remaining teeth shewed
they had belonged to an old person. Near or under the skull was found a very
slender piece of brass wire, about two inches long, which, from the place where it
lay, I imagine was used as an acus crinalis, or pin for the hair ; indeed, it ?iad neither
head nor point ; but they might probably have both of them been broken off in
getting it out of the ground, as the whole of it afterwards very easily fell in pieces
with common handling. I imagine this to have been a woman's grave.

3. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of any coffin. These
bones, also, though almost gone, seem to have been those of an old person. At the
feet were found some sherds of a larger, and near the right hip, others of a smaller,
urn ; both of them of very coarse black earth ; whether these vessels suffered from
the negligence of my workmen, or were broken before, I cannot pretend to say. The
sherds were so rotten when taken out that they would scarce bear handling.

4. This tumulus was rather less than the three before mentioned, and the grave
was not more than a foot deeper than the natural surface ; it contained the skeleton
of a very young person, whose teeth were not all of them cut. Nothing was found
with it ; neither was there any appearanc of a coffin.

5. This tumulus was of about the middle size. Many loose bones appeared in
different directions as soon as we had taken the turf from its crest ; and continued to
be found in much the same manner all the way down to the last interred skeleton,
which was found undisturbed at the depth of about two feet and a half below the
natural surface, laying, like those found under the four already mentioned tumuli,
with its feet pointing to the east ; with the skeleton was found nothing but the iron
blade of a small knife, exactly like many already described. If one may judge from
the number of skulls (or rather parts of them) found here, this tumulus must have
contained the remains of at least six different persons, all of them, it is likely, of the
same family ; among them were found several small pieces of broken rusty iron, and
many oyster shells. The entire skeleton appeared very plainly to have been deposited
in a very thick unburnt coffin.

6. Middle-sized tumulus, and very shallow grave. Bones of a young person
pretty sound. Nothing was found with theai ; nor was there any appearance of a
coffin. The skull, which was pretty perfect, had a very 2)laiu frontal suture.

BISHOPSBOURNE. 99

7. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave was about two feet and a half deeper than
the natural surface. In it we found the remains of two old persons, lying the one on
the other. Nothing was found with them except the blade of a knife, as before ; no
appearance of any coffin.

8. This tumulus was the largest of them ; it was about twenty feet diameter at
the base, though not above four feet in perpendicular height above the natural
surface ; the grave was about three feet deep. The bones of the skeleton, which lay
at the bottom of it, were very much decayed ; yet those of a squirrel, or other small
animal (which were found near the right side of the neck or head), were surprisingly
strong and firm ; and the shell of a remarkably large common brown snail, which lay
near the little bones, seemed to be as well preserved as if it had not lain there a
month. There were no visible remains of a coffin.

9. This tumulus was of the middle size, and plainly appeared to have been
already dug into ; and, on inquiry, I was informed that about the year 1765 some
labourers employed in widening the road leading down to Bishopsbourne, before
mentioned (on the south-east corner of which it stands), dug away a great part of it,
and found some human bones and some pieces of rusty old iron.

Besides the tumuli just mentioned, there are also a great many others to be seen
at the distance of about five hundred yards to the north-west of this spot, viz. ; in
the front of the house of Stephen Beckingham, Esq., called Bourne-Place, in the
parish ; where, to the number of at least one hundred, they occupy the Hanging hill,
in that part of the paddock which lies between the rivulet Avhich runs in the bottom,
and the before mentioned hedge, which parts the paddock from the Down land ; and
by, and parallel to which hedge, the military Roman road, before described, runs on
towards Dover. Many of them, especially near the road, have large trees growing
on them ; but the greatest part of them have been so levelled when this spot was
turned into pleasure ground, or on some other occasion, that they are not very visible
but to a discerning eye. However, so great is their number, that on digging any-
where on this hill to the depth of two or three feet, human bones have been continually
cast up ; so that, when I mention " one hundred", I am certain I am much under the
mark. The best way to discover the otherwise almost invisible ones is by placing
one's head close to the ground and looking against the sun, when it is near the
horizon ; but, wherever any graves are suspected to be, which either on account
of their tumulus having been absolutely taken off", or which, perhaps, never had any
(which I have cause to believe is sometimes the case, particularly with regard to
children's graves) ; under such circumstances, and in a chalky soil like this, recourse
must be had to the probe, described at page 87 of this volume, an instrument of my
own invention, and to which I am obliged for its sure and never failing guidance to

100

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

many graves which were absolutely invisible. In short, too much cannot be said in
favour of its usefulness on such occasions, if managed by a person who understands
the use and management of it ; indeed, in any other but a chalky soil, I confess it to
be of very little if of any service.

Urn and glass cup from a barrow on Breach Down. See note, p. V9.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 1S5I.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

SIBERTSWOLD (alias SHEPHERDS WELL) DOWN, IN THE PARISH

OF SIBERTSWOLD, NEAR SANDWICH IN KENT,

IN THE YEARS 1772 AND 1773, BY ME Br. FaUSSETT.

''§?' N the left hand of the road leading from the village of Sibertswold,
commonly called Shepherd's Well, to Sandwich, or Deal, and about
half a mile distant from the said village, is a pretty numerous parcel
of tumuli ; much like those at Kingston, of which I have given an
account in the third ^•olume of my Inventoiium Sepulchrale. They are situated near
the top of the hill, and between the road above mentioned and another road which
leads from Barbara Down over Snow Down. There are three tumuli, or barrows,
which stand close together on very high ground, in a line close to and parallel with
the road ; and on the left hand of it, going towards Waldershare. The middlemost
of them is very large and high, and is visible at a great distance ; the place where
they stand is, from them, called " Three Barrow Down"; they are commonly called
" Rubury Butts",^ perhaps corruptly for " Romes berig Butts", or the butts at the

' |_It is not unusual to find the term '' Butts"
applied to ancient burial mounds. The part of the
down at Ozingell on which the tumuli are situated
was called " the Butts". The term with us has
reference only to marks for shooting at ; the French
lutte, from which it is probably derived, signifies

also a hillock or mound. A very prominent hill
near Houdan (Seine ct Oisc), the site of a Frankish
cemetery, is called Butte dcs Gargans; another near
it is called Butte cles Ceixueils. The word "Rubury",
it need hardly be stated, does not warrant the ety-
mological interpretation here suggested. — Ed.]

102 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Roman burying-place ; by Rubury Butts and through a lane called Long Lane, and
so to Waldershare ; from which last mentioned place these tumuli are distant about
a mile and a half. These two roads, namely, that from Sibertswold towards Sandwich
and Deal, and that from the end of Long Lane, just by, towards AValdershare, form
the legs of an isosceles triangle, which contains this burial ground, intersecting each
other at the utmost or south-east corner of it. The tumuli, though they stand pretty
much together, do nevertheless extend themselves close up to each of these roads.

I had often taken notice of them (as well as of some others just by, in the
adjoining parish of Barfriston, of which I intend, after I have fairly done with these,
to give an account) ; and from the Saxon name of the adjacent village of Sibertswold,
I had been induced to believe that some skirmish might have happened on this spot
between the Saxons and the Danes, or, perhaps, the native Britons ; andt hat these
tumuli which I am now going to give an account of, and those in Barfriston, might
cover the dead of each party which fell in the action ; and, indeed, at the time of my
beginning to dig here, I was fully persuaded in my own mind that this really had
been the case.

What made me so sanguine in favour of this conjecture was a paragraph in a
letter which I had some time before received from Awnsham Churchill, Esq., of Bath,
the worthy lord of the soil ; where, after having very genteelly given me leave to open
these tumuli, he says : " I sincerely wish you success in your undertaking ; but I
must tell y«u that, many years ago my wife's grandfather opened one of those
hillocks, and found nothing besides a spur, much larger than what are now in use.
I think it is either inlaid or gilt with gold. I have it locked up at Shepherds Well."

This spur, of which I make no doubt but that it was Danish, was what confirmed
me in this opinion ; but, upon trial, I was soon convinced of my mistake. For
though I this summer opened no less than one hundred and sixty-eight of these
tumuli, and the whole of those in Barfriston adjoining, to the number of forty-eight
more ; yet, not a single spur or anything else occurred that seemed to have the least
connection with either Danes or Saxons. But everything we met with was much of
the same kind with what I found at Ash and at Kingston ; and of which I have given
distinct accounts in the second and third volumes of this my Inventorimu Sepulchrale ;
and I make no scruple of declaring myself to be confident that the persons here
buried were neither more nor less than the peaceable inhabitants of the nigh village
or villages ; which inhabitants I take to have been Romans Britonised, or Britons
Romanised ; that is, as I have said before, people of both these nations who, having in
process of time intermarried with each other, had become as it were one people ; and
had naturally learned and adopted each other's customs and ceremonies. But that
this spot was also used as a burial-place by the Romans, even long before this union

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 103

or coalition (if I may not improperly use those words) had so thoroughly taken place,
is abundantly evident from the ossuaries, or bone urns, mentioned at their proper
places in the following inventory. But as I think I have already said enough of this
in several parts of the former little volumes, I shall refer the reader to them, and
without further delay proceed to the giving a true and exact inventory of what I
found here. In doing which, I shall make use of my former method of numbering
every grave, and giving an account of its contents in the same order in which it was
opened, and they came to hand.

SiBERTSWOLD DoWN, JuLY 13tH, 1772.

1. The tumulus was of about the middle size ; the grave was about two feet and
a half deep, reckoning from the natural surface of the ground ; the feet of it pointed
to the east, or very near it. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin, which had
passed the fire, like those already described, shewed its shape so plainly in the chalk,
that its form evidently appeared to have come nearer to that of those now-a-days in
use, than any I had met with before. We found nothing here but the iron blade of
a knife, as heretofore (pi. 15, fig. 6).

2. Tumulus and grave, much as the last ; no appearance of a coffin. The feet
pointed to the east. The bones were almost gone. Here we found a pair of iron
shears (as pi. 15, fig. 26) and the blade of a knife, as before. A woman's grave, as
I think.

3. Tumulus rather small ; grave very shallow ; no appearance of a coffin ; bones
almost gone ; feet to the east. Nothing.

4. Large tumulus ; grave full five feet deep. The coffin appeared to have been
very thick, and much burnt. The bones were almost gone ; feet to the cast. One
earthen bead ; this lay near the skull ; but rather beyond it, that is, move westward.
A woman's grave.

5. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had been
very thick and strong ; but it did not appear to have passed the fire. Pretty sound
bones of a middle-aged person, as appeared by the teeth. The feet pointed to the
east. Here we found a small iron buckle and shank, and the blade of a knife, as
before.

6. Large tumulus, namely, full four feet high ; the grave about five feet deep.
Here were several skeletons (at least four), lying on one another ; all of them very
much decayed, and some of the bones intermixed ; none of them, except the under-
most, appeared to have had any coffin, and that had visibly passed the fire. Nothing.
These skeletons all pointed to the east.

104 INVENTOBIUM SEPULCHRALE.

7. The tumulus Avas of the middle size ; the grave about three feet deep. The
coffiu had passed the fire. The bones were almost gone : the feet pointed to the
east. At the feet was a small urn of greenish glass (pi. 19, fig. 2) ; it stood with its
mouth upwards, and was full of very black, light, dust ; it is finely coated with an
armatura, or electrum, both within and without.

8. The tumulus much as the last ; the grave about two feet and a half deep.
The bones of an old person, almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing
but the blade of a knife, as before, and some nail-like pieces of iron. Feet to the east.

9. The tumulus was much like the last ; the grave about two feet and a half
deep, and not five feet long. The bones pretty sound ; the coffin had passed the
fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife. Feet to the east.

10. Under the last mentioned tumulus. The grave was about three feet deep,
and was parted from the last only by a thin wall of the rock chalk, in its natural
position, about six inches thick. This grave was on the southern or right side of
the last mentioned. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin, which appeared to
have been very thick, had passed the fire. Near the neck were twelve small beads,
of different colours ; they were most of them made of baked earth, and some of them
glass, like those found and described by me heretofore. One small flattish green
bead, on a slender silver ring ; doubtless an ear-ring (pi. 7, fig. 5), several of which
I have also found and described at their proper places. The blade of a knife, as
before ; and several small pieces of iron, of the use of which no judgment could be
formed. At the feet, but a little beyond them, there was much dust of rotten wood,
which did not appear to have passed the fire, as the coffin had certainly done. This
certainly was the remains of a small area, or box, such as I have before often found.
Among the dust was a piece of iron, which, I imagine, served as a kind of hasp for
the box. An iron instrument, like several heretofore found at other places, but
always, and without exception, with the remains of such like boxes, and never but
in women's graves (see No. 52, Gilton ; and No. 142, Kingston) ; a small nail or
two, and some very small bits of iron. A woman's grave.

11. The tumulus was of the middle size; the grave about three feet deep.
The bones were almost gone ; but the teeth appear to have been those of a young,
or at most, a middle-aged person ; as many as were found in their sockets seemed to
have been strong, white, and regular. Near the neck, were seventeen small beads, as
before, and one rather larger, of baked earth, striped with yellow, on a slender
knotted ring, as before (pi. 7, fig. 1). Here were also the blades of three knives,
much like those before, except that one of them was much smaller. The coffin
appeared to have been very thick, and to have been mucli burnt. The grave pointed
with its feet to the east. A woman's grave.

SIBERTSWOLU DOWN. 105

12. The tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire.
Very sound bones of a middle-aged person ; the teeth very sound and regular.
Nothing.

13. The tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone.
The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. This skeleton lay with its feet
pointing to the north, or very near it ; close to the upper part of the skull was a
brass pin with a flatted head ; doubtless its use was to fasten up the hair, so may be
properly called an acus crinalis, or discriminalis, many of which I have found before,
and described in their proper places (pi. 12, fig. 22). Here were also three small
beads, as before, and the blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

14. Small tumulus ; the grave was very shallow, and being pai'allel to the last
mentioned, pointed as it did, namely, very nearly north and south ; its feet being
to the northward. Here was no appearance of a coffin. Here we found two small
beads of baked earth ; a small iron buckle and shank, much like that described at
No. 5 ; and the blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

1.5. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance of a
coffin ; one twisted link of an iron chain, one inch and a half long, and the blades of
two knives, as before.

16. Pretty large tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The bones were almost
gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck, one earthen bead, and another
small green one ; the latter strung on a slender silver ring, like that described at No.
10. I imagine they were both of them used as ear-rings, though the ring of one of
them might have been broken and lost in getting out ; they being always so brittle
that we seldom can avoid breaking them. Here was also the blade of a knife.

17. Under the same tumulus, and at about the same depth, was another skeleton ;
it lay parallel to and on the right side of the other. The bones were almost gone ;
there was no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck were seventeen beads, as before ;
and one large wheel-like one of a palish green glass, striped with yellow (pi. 5, fig. 6) ;
also the blade of a knife. Both these last were women's graves.

18. Pretty large tumulus ; the grave was full five feet deep. The bones were
remarkably firm ; and the teeth were very white, sound and even, as of a young
person. The coffin seemed to have been very thick and much burnt. Near the skull
was a large brass acus crinalis, or pin for the hair (pi. 12, fig. 19) ; the top of it,
which is a little wrought on one of its flat sides, seems to have been intended to
represent two small animals, like monkeys,^ sitting upright on their posteriors, taking

1 [Mr. Fairholt, as the engraving referred to will shew, has seen this hair-pin with an eye somewhat
less imaginative. — Ed.]

P

106 IKVElSfTOKrUM SEPULCHRALE.

hold of each other's fore paws and kissing each other : it is two inches and a half
long. Near the neck were fourteen amethyst beads, much like those found by me
heretofore, and described at their proper places, except that these are somewhat
larger and of a finer colour (pi. 7, figs. 2 and 4} ; one large and one small bead ; a
piece of thin silver ornament or pendant for the neck (as pi. 4, figs. 20 and 24) ; an
iron instrument nine inches long exclusive of the ringle, exactly like several others
which I found at Kingston and Ash, and never but in women's graves (pi. 12, fig. 9} ;
a pair of iron shears, as at No. 2 ; and the blades of two knives. A w'oman's grave.

19. Large tumulus ; grave full five feet deep. Bones, pretty perfect, of a very
old person. The cofiin appeared to have been very thick ; but it did not seem to
have passed the fire. Nothing.

20. Large tumulus ; grave full six feet deep. The bones were almost gone ;
the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and five or six
strong nails.

21. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone;
the coffin had passed the fire. A small iron buckle and shank, as before ; and the
blade of a knife.

22. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The bones were
almost gone ; the cofiin had passed the fire. Nothing was found here except a small
brass buckle, and the blade of a knife.

23. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave about three feet deep. No appearance of
a coffin ; bones almost gone. Nothing but a small iron buckle and shank, and the
blade of a knife, both as before.

24. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin, though
very thick, was certainly that of a child, it not being above three feet and a half long ;
it appeared to have been much burnt. Here were found a brass pin with a fiatted

head (pi. 12, fig. 22): it is an inch and a half long; a kind of double
cylinder, if I may so call it, of brass. I can no otherwise explain what I
mean than by giving its figure ; I take it to have been a kind of
whistle,' or some such toy, for the child to play with ; at the feet Avere
found a pair of brass hinges as of a small box ; a piece of iron
which seemed to have been a hasp to the box ; and an iron link
much like that described at No. 15 ; as also the blade of a small knife.
The grave of a child.

' [Several of these have already been mentioned, of boxes, it is most probable they were locks, of a
and some are figured in plate 10, figs. 8, 9, and 10. simple construction, not unlike some in use at the
Having been in every instance found with the debris present day. — En. J

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 107

25. Small tumulus ; the grave was that of a child, very short, and scarcely
a foot and a half deep. The bones were scarcely perceptible ; no appearance of
a coffin. Nothing. A child's grave.

SiBERTSWOLD DoWN, JuLY 17tH, 1772.

26. The tumulus was of the middle size ; the grave was two feet and a half
deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin did not seem to have passed the fire.
Near the neck were twelve small beads, as before ; and the blade of a knife.
A woman's grave.

27. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone ; the
coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck were three small beads ; about the middle
of the grave, and near the right hip, was a round, thin, brass plate, two inches and
three-eighths diameter ; it had eleven small holes near its edges, by Avhich it appears
to have been fastened to something, perhaps to the garment of the deceased, for if
it had been riveted either to wood, ivory, or the like, the rivets would, one would
think, some of them out of so many, have still hung in the holes ; but no such rivets
were found. Here was also found a small fragment of a very thin, blue glass phial
or urn, not broken now, but, as I suppose, when this person was deposited ; it
having, as I guess, been pre-interred (if I may be allowed the expression) with some
person whose remains were disturbed at that time. A woman's grave.

28. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ;
the bones were almost gone. The head of a i^ilum or dart, on the right side of the
skull (pi. 14, fig. 19) ; a small brass buckle and shank ; and the blade of a knife.
The buckle much like that at No. 5.

29. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Tlie bones were almost gone ; the
coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck was a small silver bulla or ornament for it
(as pi. 4, fig. 1-5) ; two Avhite spiral glass beads ; thirty-one other small beads, as
before ; a confused lump of iron, as if composed of the links of a small iron chain,
etc., to which adhered another small spiral white glass bead, like those described at
No. 4 ; several other iron twisted links, each about three inches long, and like that
which I have described at No. 15 ; as also a kind of iron hook, which seemed to have
belonged to one end of the chain (as pi. 12, figs. 4 and 7) ; these were also all rusted
together into a mass, to which some fine cloth adhered ; all these links lay near the
middle of the grave, as did also the blade of a knife. At the feet was an urn of
black earth, capable of containing about a pint ; it had nothing in it, and was broken
in getting out. A woman's grave.

108

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

30. Middle-sized tumvilus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. The bones
were almost gone ; the coffin, which appeared to have been not above four feet and
a half long, had passed the fire. Near the neck was a slender silver ring Avith sliding
knots, with a small loop of doubled brass hanging to it (pi. 11, fig. 18) ; this, I make
no doubt, was an ear-ring, the brass loop having, I suppose, contained a thin piece
of ivory like that which I found at Kingston, and which I have described among
other antiquities discovered there at No. 7 of that inventory. Another slender silver
ring with sliding knots ; one pretty large bead of white glass ; one fiat green bead ;

and one, pretty large, tvith red, tvhite,
and yellovj waves ; near the right hip
was the blade of a knife. A woman's
grave.

31. Middle-sized tumulus; grave
about three feet deep. Bones al-
most gone ; the coffin had passed
the fire. A pin an inch and a half
long ; it has a small round head

(pi. 12, fig. 16): this lay under the
skull, so may be supposed to have
been used about the hair, or head-
dress of the deceased. Near the
neck Avere two large earthen beads, both of them striped with yellow ; one large white
glass bead ; one small red bead ; and a long silver one, with some of the threads on
which it was strung still issuing out of the end of it (pi. 11, fig. 6) : it is an inch and
a quarter long, and about half an inch diameter in the broadest part.' Near the
middle was the blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

32. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; no appearance
of a coffin. Near the neck were two blue spiral beads, like those described at No.
29 ; nine small beads. Near the middle, the blade of a knife ; and, at the feet, a
black urn, capable of containing about a quart ; it was broken in digging. A

Beads from Graves Nos. 30 and 31. Actual size.

W'Oman s grave.

33. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were pretty perfect; the
coffin had passed the fire. Near the left shoulder we found a small urn of reddish coarse
earth (fig. 1, p. 109), capable of containing about half a pint ; it was broken in taking
out. Here was also the blade of a knife, and three or four nail-like pieces of iron.

' [Two very similar beads in silver were t'ouiid in the Kingston eemetery, in grave No. 241. They
are of very uncommon occurrence. — Ed.]

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

109

34. Very small tumulus, and a very shallow grave. No appearance of a coffin ;
the bones of a child, almost gone ; five small beads, and the blade of a very small
knife. N.B.— This skeleton lay with its feet to the west.

35. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed
the fire ; the bones were very sound. Here were two brass buckles ; the one pretty
large, the other smaller, as at No. 28.

36. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the
bones were scarcely perceptible. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

37. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had been very thick, and
had passed the fire ; the blade of a
knife ; the bones almost gone. At the
feet, and beyond the coffin, Avere two
urns ; the larger of which (pi. 20,
fig. 7), was of coarse black earth, and
capable of holding about a pint ; the
smaller was of a coarsish red earth, and
holds about half a pint' (fig. 2). Here
was also a piece of an iron link, and
some other bits of iron.

38. Tumulus and grave much as
the last. The coffin had passed the
fire. The bones were almost gone ; a
pretty large iron buckle and shank, and the blade of a knife.

39. Pretty large tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; bones of a very old person, as might be collected from the teeth,
which were not only few in number but very much ground down ; nay, some of the
sockets, particularly of the under jaw, were nearly grown together again. Near the
skull was a large brass pin, with a small ringle at the head of it (pi. 12, fig. 21) ;
there can be no doubt but that it was an acus crinalis. A woman's grave.

40. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were ahnost gone ; the
coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

41. A very small tumulus, and a very shallow grave and short. The coffin had
passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and small. A child's grave.

42. A very small tumulus, and a very shallow and short grave. This coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones were scarcely perceptible. Nothing but a small thin brass

From graves Nos. 33 and 37

' [The figures, of the smaller vessel from this cut above, are prepared from Mr. Faussett's draw-
grave and of that from_No. 33, represented in the ings.— Ed.]

110 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

plate, with a small hole at each corner and two others in the middle ; it lay among
much black dust, either of the coffin or some box. A child's grave.

43. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife and a small
iron buckle and shank, as before.

44. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had
passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some nail-like and other
pieces of iron.

45. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. Bones pretty sound ; no
appearance of a coffin. A pair of brass nippers (volsellse) with a ringle at the end
(pi. 12, fig. 13); the blade of a knife, much larger and longer than any I have
hitherto found here, this being twenty inches long.^

46. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had been very thick, and
had passed the fire ; the bones of a young person, perfectly sound ; teeth very strong,
white, and even. The skull had a plain frontal suture. Nothing.

47. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; sound
bones of a young person, whose teeth were not all fairly out. Nothing but a small
mass of some small bits of iron rusted together ; on it appeared the threads of some
coarse cloth.

48. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; sound
bones of an old person ; the head of a piluni, as at No. 28, on the right side ; blade of
a knife.

49. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; bones
almost gone. Nothing but six small beads, and one larger and striped with white.
A woman's grave.

50. Very small tumulus, and very short and shallow grave. No appearance of
a coffin ; bones almost gone. A child's grave. Nothing.

51. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about three feet deep. Very thick coffin,
which had passed the fire ; bones almost gone ; the blade of a knife ; a small iron
buckle and shank, as before ; and several nail and other bits of iron, of which
no judgment could be formed.

52. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the
bones were almost gone ; three small and slender silver rings, mth sliding knots, as
before ; and one small bead at the feet ; one small brass hinge, as of a box. A child's
grave, as I guess ; or, perhaps, that of a very young woman. The coffin was about
four feet long ; and the grave about five feet long.

' [It is not now to be identified, having probably perished from decomposition. — Ed.]

SIBEETSWOLD DOWN. Ill

53. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the
bones were almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

54. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin, which had been very
thick, had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. A mass, consisting of many
links of a small iron chain rusted together ; it had some

coarse linen clotli adhering to it ; and a hrass ringle, which
is one inch and five-eighths diameter, rusted together in
among the links. Near the neck were ten small beads,
as before. At the feet was an urn of black eartli, capable
of containing about a pint ; it was broken in getting it
out, having been stamj^ed upon by the labourer Avho sunk
the grave ; among its fragments was found a small piece
of an ivory comb. A woman's grave.

55. A small tumulus ; grave very short, and two feet

deep ; no appearance of a coffin ; bones of a child, pretty perfect. Nothing but the
blade of a small knife.

56. Large tumulus ; grave four feet and a half deep. The coffin had been
very thick, and had passed the fire. Near the neck were five amethyst beads, as
at No. 18; and one large, and two small beads. Near the left hip were the blades
of two knives ; at the feet Avere the remains of a wooden box, among which were four
iron clasps, or corner-pieces ; and an iron hasp belonging to it. A woman's grave.

57. Middle-sized tumulus; grave four feet deep; the coffin had passed the fire;
the bones were almost gone. Blade of a knife, and several pieces of iron, like the
broken links of a chain, rusted together, as before. At the feet were the remains of
a wooden box ; among which was an iron hasp, as at No. 56. A woman's grave.

58. Large tumulus ; grave four feet and a half deep ; the coffin, which had
been very thick, liad passed the fire ; the bones of a very tall person, almost gone.
On the right side of the skull was the very broad head of an hasta, seventeen inches
long, exclusive of a large portion of the socket (which was mucli broken in opening
the grave, so could not be well ascertained), and near three inches broad (ph 14,
fig. 12) ; I think the whole must have been about two feet two inches long. Here
was also the blade of a knife, ten inches and a half long, and one inch and three-
quarters broad (pi. 15, fig. 6) ; two thin plates of brass; two small brass ringles,
each fixed to the end of an iron link ; a large iron buckle and shank, as at No. 38 ;
and the blade of a broad straight sword, with a brass chape' rusted on to the point

' [Bronze chapes of the scabbards of Saxon swords some instances they merely cover the point; in others
are occasionally found rusted upon the points ; in they extend a considerable way up the edges. — Ed.]

112 INVEXTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

of it ; it seemed to have been wrapped up in, or lain upon, some linen cloth, which still
adhered to it. It was so broken, that the exact length and breadth of it could not be
guessed at ; nay, so very rotten was it, that great part of it was really converted into
dust ; but it seemed to have been of about the same dimensions with others found by
me at Ash and Kingston, and described in this Inventory at their proper places.

59. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep ; the coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull Avas the head of a
pilum, or perhaps an hasta of a smaller sort (pi. li, fig. 1). Here was also the blade
of a knife, and some nail-like bits of iron.

60. Large tumulus ; grave four feet deep, and, though dug like the rest out of
the firm chalk, it was not in any part filled with chalk, but with mould. Here was
no appearance of a coffin ; the bones were almost gone. Near the head was a brass
pin without a head ; it is about two inches long. Near the neck were four small
beads ; two slender silver rings, with sliding knots, as before. About the middle of
the grave was a brass box, rather more than two inches in height (pi. 13, fig. 8) ; it
has a straight arm, or handle, fixed on one side of it, which is furnished with a
hinge, or joint, in the middle of it. This box is much of the same shape as a
common dredging-box, but smaller ; it has two small chains fixed at opposite sides
of it, which are each of them furnished with a small pin, the use of which appears
to have been to fasten on the lid, namely, by being passed through little loops fixed
both to the box and to its lid. Its top, sides, and bottom are punched from within
with little protuberances, not so big as a pin's head, in the manner in which I have
endeavoured to represent them. At first sight, they appeared as if they had been
punched quite through, as if to let out some perfume, but they are not. This box
contained some small silken strings, of two sizes ; some raw silk, as it seems ; some
wool, and some short hair; as also some beads, as they seem (for they appear to
have been perforated), of a vegetable substance, as I think, black, and shaped like
the seeds of the plant which we caU Marvel of Peru. Towards the feet were found
a great number of small iron links of a chain, as before, rusted together into a lump.
Here was also the blade of a knife ; a small iron spoon (pi. 12, fig. 10); it is about
three inches long, and seems to have had a piece broken off' from its handle. Here
were also several small pieces of iron, rusted together, Avhich had some very fine
linen cloth adhering to them. A woman's grave.

61. Small tumulus ; grave not above two feet deep ; no appearance of a coffin ;
bones of a young person, very perfect and sound. The frontal suture appeared very
plain. Nothing.

62. Small tumulus ; grave three feet deep ; no appearance of a coffin ; bones
almost gone. Nothing but a small brass buckle and shank.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

113

63. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep; the coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones were pretty perfect. Here was the blade of a knife ; a
flat-headed iron stud, and a small iron hook ; perhaps it was only the broken link
of a chain.

64. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; the coffin had passed the fire ; the
bones of an old person, very strong and firm. On the right side of the skull was the
head of an hasta, or of a pilum, as at No. 58 ; it is sixteen inches long and two
inches broad.

65. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; the coffin had passed the fire ; the
bones were almost gone. A small brass buckle, as before, and two small plates of
brass, riveted together.

66. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; the coffin had passed the fire ; bones
of an old person, pretty entire. Nothing.

67. Middle-sized tumulus ; very shallow grave ; no appeai'ance of a coffin.
One bead ; a brass ring ; and the blade of a knife.

68. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave four feet deep ; the coffin had passed the fire ;

bones almost gone.

Nothing.

69. Large tumulus ; grave very large, and five feet deep ; the coffin appeared
to have been very thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone.
Near the head, or rather, the right shoulder, were the remains of two small wooden
bowls, or drinking cups,^ as
they seemed. One of these
was two inches and a half
diameter at the rim or lip,
which, was bound with a
narrow brass edging. This
vessel appeared, by some of
the pieces, to have been
wider at the belly and nar-
rower again towards its foot.
The other seemed to have

been of about the same shape and dimensions ; but had not only a brass edging
round its mouth, like the former, but it had also several little narrow fillets of brass
which held the edging fast on, and reached about an inch and a quarter, both

' [That the ancients made some of their drinlung- uri, and made them into cups, which they bound with

cups of wood ma3' be gathered from a passage in silver : — " hn-c, studiose conquisita ab kibris argento

Virgil, Ecloy. iii, 36. The Germans, Caesar tells circumcludunt, atque in amplissimis ejiulis, pro

us, highly esteemed the horns of the beasts called poculis utuntur." Bell. Gall. lib. vi, cap. 28.]

Q

114 INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

without and within, down tlic sides, and were riveted together through the side
of the vessel with three small rivets each : there were, also, many little brass staples,
each about five-eighths of an inch long ; these seem to have been riveted into the
sides of it in order to mend some cracks or other deficiencies, being placed in no
regular order. I think they were drinking cups, and might have contained about a
pint each. Below the feet of the grave was exactly such an iron instrument as
is described at No. 10 (see the lower cut on p. 19) ; the iron handle and clasp of a
box, as before ; and some rotten wood, which had not passed the fire, as of a box.

70. Small tumulus ; the grave was about two feet deep, and about three feet
long. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire ; a small brass buckle and
shank, as before ; and the blade of a small knife. A child's grave.

71. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin did not appear
to have passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Near the neck were one
amethyst and three small earthen beads. A woman's grave.

72. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance of
a coffin ; bones pretty perfect. Nothing but the blades of two knives.

73. A very small tumulus ; and a very shallow and short grave. Bones of a
child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a small
knife.

74. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin appeared to
have been very thick, and much burnt ; the bones were almost gone. On the right
side of the skull was the head of an hasta, as before ; and about the middle of the
grave Avas a small iron buckle and shank, as before ; and the blade of a knife
(pi. 15, fig. 7) ; at the right side of the feet the ferrule or spike of the hasta.

75. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the
bones were almost gone. On the right side of the skull was the head of a pilum, as
before ; and about the middle was an iron buckle and shank, as before.

76. Very small tumulus ; and very shallow and short grave as of a very young
child. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were entirely gone. Nothing but one
small bead, yellow, of baked earth, as before.

SiBERTSWOLD DoWN, JuLY 20tH, 1772.

77. Very small tumulus ; the grave about a foot and a half deep. No
appearance of a coffin ; the bones almost gone. Nothing.

78. Tumulus and grave much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; bones
almost gone. Nothing.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

115

79. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; bones almost gone ; a small iron buckle and shank, and the blade of a knife.

80. Large tumulus ; grave full four feet deep. The coffin appeared to have
been very thick, and had passed the fire ; the bones almost gone. Nothing but the
blade of a knife.

81. Very large tunudus ; the grave was full six feet deep. The coffin did not
appear to have passed tlie fire, but seemed to have been very thick and strong ; the
bones almost gone. On tlic right side of the head was tlie head of an hasta, as at No.
58, but not so long ; a little lower down, was the conical umbo of a shield (pi. 15,
fig. 13) ; a cross iron, as I have ventured to call it in a former part of this Inventorium
Sepiilchrale (similar to pi. 15, fig. 14, /;) ; two broad-headed iron studs; a piece of
thin doubled brass, which I imagine to have been at the end of a strap, in order to
pass it the more easily through the buckle ; or perhaps it might have served only for
ornament ; a small brass buckle and shank ; the blade of a knife, as before ; a small
iron buckle and shank, as before ; and some nail-like pieces of iron.

82. A very small tumulus ; grave scarce a foot deep. No appearance of a
coffin ; bones almost gone. On the left side of the skull were the heads of two
hastcB, each of them about eighteen inches long, and pretty narrow ; here were also
the conical umbo of a shield, as at No. 81 ; the cross piece as at No. 81 ; a small
iron buckle ; and the blade of a knife. I think this grave contained two corpses.

83. A very small tumulus ; short and shallow grave
of a child. A small earthen discus or quoit (as I have
ventured to call such things heretofore) ; I think it is a
child's toy ; a small green bead on a slender silver ring,
with sliding knots, as before ; and four other smaller
earthen beads ; bones almost gone.

84. Under the same tumulus, and in another, close adjoining, very shallow
grave. No appearance of a coffin ; bones, scarcely distinguishable, of a young
child. Nothing.

85. Middle-sized ttmiulus ; grave near three feet deep, and
very long and wide. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were

almost gone.

Nothing.

86. Small tumulus ; grave not above a foot and a half deep.
No appearance of a coffin ; the bones of a middle-aged, or rather
young person, very perfect ; and the teeth sound, regular, and
white. Near the neck were ttvo thin silver ornaments, or pendants
for it (cut, and pi. 4, fig. 22) ; one silver ring with a small yellow
bead strung on it, as before ; two silver rings, with sliding knots, as

116

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

before ; two amethysts and forty-five small beads ; about the knees was an iron
instrument (pi. 15, fig. 24). A woman's grave.

87. Under the same tumulus ; grave about the same depth, and on the left
side of the other. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were almost gone. On
the right side of the skuU was the head of a pilum, as at No. 28 ; here were
also the hemispherical umbo of a shield, like that in No. 81 ; a cross piece of the
shield, as before ; and one broad-headed iron stud, as at No. 81 ; it was two inches
and a half broad, and its strig was about half an inch long, which, as it appeared
to have been riveted, shews the thickness of the shield ; it had rotten wood adhering
to it. Between these two graves, which were parallel to each other and about
two feet apart, there was a transverse fosse cut in the intervening chalk, which
had a communication with them both, but nothing was found in the fosse.

88. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull was the head of a
pUum ; about the middle of the grave was the blade of a knife ; and an iron buckle,
as before ; and at the feet the spike or ferrule of the pilum, as at No. 74.

89. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed
the fire ; the bones were pretty perfect. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

90. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed
the fire. Nothing but a small brass buckle, as before ; and the blade of a knife.

91. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet and a half deep. The coffin

had passed the fire ; bones of a middle-aged
person, pretty perfect. On the left side of
the skull was the head of an hasta ; and
just by it a thin ohlongish brass 'plo,t&i with
small holes round its edges ; here were also
a small iron buckle ; the blade of a knife ;

Actual size. . ^• ^

and an iron link.

92. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed
the fire ; pretty entire bones of an elderly person. On the right side of the skull
was the head of a smaller hasta, or perhaps of a larger sized pilum, as at No. 59 ;
here were also the blade of a knife, and some smaU bits of iron, perhaps the remains
of nails.

93. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Pretty perfect
bones of a child ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck was a
small silver ornament, or perhaps it may be called a bulla ; a large bead
with an iron ringle through it ; and several links, as of a small chain,
rusted into a mass.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 117

94. Small tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed
the fire ; the bones of a child, almost gone. Near the neck were two brass
gilded ornaments, or pendants, for it (pi. 11, fig. 7) ; they are both of them exactly
alike : one of them has a part of a thread or string, by which it hung, still in
its eye or loop, as represented in the figure ; it seems to have been made or
composed of four strands of thread ; it is very perfect ; with them were twenty-one
small beads ; here were also several small link-like pieces of iron, some of them
rusted together, and some lying more widely ; and the blade of a knife.

95. Pretty large tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin
appeared to have been very thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were
pretty sound. Here were the blade of a knife, of about the usual make, but rather
longer, namely, nine inches besides the strig; and the blade of another knife,
as before : these were near the middle of the grave ; as were also a large silver gilt
(as it seems) brass buckle ; and a square piece of silver gilt (pi. 8, figs. 1 and 10) ;
they are each of them ornamented with engraved lines, just alike, on their fronts,
and have each of them four loops underneath ; by these they were without doubt
fixed to the belt, and I suppose they met together, when the belt was buckled. The
tongue of the buckle cannot be raised up in order either to admit or to dismiss the
end of the belt, but the bow of the buckle must be let down ; a good contrivance,
certainly, to hinder the belt or girdle from coming unbuckled of itself.^

96. Very small tumulus ; and a very shallow and short grave. The coffin had
passed the fire ; bones of a child, almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

97. Large tumulus ; grave four feet deep and seven feet long. The coffin
appeared to have been very thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were
almost gone. Here were the conical umbo of a shield, as before, but larger; a cross
iron, as before ; the head of an hasta, as at No. 58 ; it lay on the right side ; an iron
broad-headed stud, as before ; and several nail-like pieces of iron.

98. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull, or rather
lower down, was the iron head of a barbed arrow or small dart- (pi. 14, fig. 4), in
length about eleven inches. On the right side was the blade of a sword, much like

' [Plates 8 and 9 give various examples of this ^ [Examples of the barbed jaculum or dart are

peculiarity of the Saxon buckles, which is also to very uncommon. The scarcity of these slender

be noticed in those of the Franks and Alemanni. weapons, as well as of arrows, in the Anglo-Saxons

The tongues of some of these buckles are worn by is, no doubt, partly owing to the thinness of the

the friction of the extremities of the girdle which material being less able to resist the decomposition

passed over the tongues, compressing them down to which objects in iron are so liable. — Ed.]
upon the bow of the buckle. — Ed.

118 IKVENTOmUM SEPULCHRALE.

those found at Ash and Kingston (pi. 14, figs. 6 and 7) ; here Avere also a small
brass ferrule (I imagme it belonged to the arrow or dart), and the blade of a knife.

99. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull was the head of a
pilum, as before; here Avere also a conical umbo of a shield, as before; and the
blade of a knife.

100. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Near the neck were eight small
beads ; towards the middle of the grave was the blade of a knife ; and, lower down,
was an iron instrument with a ringle at one end of it, as at No. 18; another iron
instrument, as at No. 10 (see the lower cut on p. 19); several iron links, as of
a small chain, rusted together into a mass, as before, and having some cloth
adhering to them ; and four iron clasps or corner pieces of a small box. A woman's
grave.

101. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin did
not appear to have passed the fire, but seemed to have been very thick ; the bones
were almost gone. Near the neck was a beautiful fibula subnectens of silver, gilt
and filigreed with gold, and set with garnets, etc. (plate 2, fig. 6) ; seventeen
amethysts; one large bead; twenty-four small beads; a small ivory pin (pi. 12,
fig. 19). Here was also, but much lower down, the blade of a knife ; and an instru-
ment of brass, exactly like the iron one described in the last number and at No. 18,
except that the ringle belonging to this is lost, and tliat this is not so long as the
former. I am fully convinced that this instrument was used solely by the women ;
for though I have at different places met with several of them, I never found them
but in women's graves. And as all of them which have hitherto come into my
hands have been of iron, and consequently, on account of their very great imper-
fections caused by the rust, which totally disguises and spoils everything made of
this metal, by no means fit to be preserved in a cabinet, I think myself very lucky in
having at last found one of them which is made of a much neater and more durable
substance. A woman's grave.

102. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave about three feet deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones of an old person, almost gone. On the left side of
the skull was the head of a pilum, as before ; and at the feet was the spike or
ferrule belonging to it, as before ; here were also the conical umbo of a shield,
as before ; and the blade of a sword, as at No. 98 : it lay on the right side.

103. Under the same tumulus, in a parallel grave three feet deep, and, almost
close to, but on the right hand of, the man. The coffin had passed the fire ; the
bones of an old person, pretty perfect. Close to the skull was a flat-headed brass

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

119

pin, one incli and three-quarters long. Near the neck, were thirty-nine very small

beads. There was also an iron instrument,
nine inches long (pi. 15, fig. 27); it is eight
inches long, exclusive of the ringle. Another
iron instrument, very like our common Jew's
harp, or Jew's trump, as it is called. I really
believe it to have been used as they are.' It
was three inches and a half long, and about
one inch diameter in the ring part of it ; but
it was so very rotten that it would scarce bear handling, and was entirely crumbled
to pieces in bringing it home, though great care was taken of it. Half of one side
of it, and above half of its tongue, were broken off and lost in getting it out of the
ground. I look upon it as a very great curiosity, and most heartily lament (as I
have continual occasion to do, with regard to other curiosities made of iron) that it
was not made of brass, or some other more durable metal. There was also the
blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

104. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a
coffin ; the bones were remarkably perfect. There was nothing but a small iron
buckle, as before, and the blade of a knife.

105. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance

of a coffin

the bones were almost gone.

On the right side of the skull was the

head of a pilum ; there were also an hemispherical umbo of a shield, as before ;
two broad-headed studs, as before ; and the blade of a knife.

106. Small tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of an hasta on the riglit side.

107. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones almost gone. No
appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

108. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum, on the left
side ; a conical umbo of a shield, as before ; two iron studs, with heads one inch
and a half broad ; the blade of a knife ; and a small brass ferrule, as at No. 98.

109. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum on the right side of the
skull ; the hemispherical umbo of a shield ; a small brass buckle and shank, as
before ; a narrow and thin piece of brass, in which are five rivets ; it is two inches

' This was probably a buckle, such as figures 6 and 10 in plate 9. The above cut is prepared froni
Mr. Faussett's sketch. — Ed ]

120 INVENTOEltIM SEPULCHEALE.

long ; the rivets had rotten wood, as it seemed, adhering to them ; there was also
the blade of a knife.

110. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire;
the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum on the left side of the skull ; a
small brass buckle ; a small iron buckle ; an iron link with a ringle in it ; and the
blade of a knife.

111. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the
bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum on the left side of the skull ; the
conical umbo and cross piece, and one broad-headed stud of a shield, all as before ;
a small brass buckle and shank ; and the blade of a knife.

112. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the
bones were pretty perfect. The head of an hasta, as before ; the conical umbo, two
cross pieces, and two broad-headed studs of a shield, all as before ; and the blade of
a knife.

113. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire;
the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum on the left side of the skull ; the
spike or ferrule of the pilum ; and the blade of a knife.

114. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ;
the bones of a child, almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a small knife.

115. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of an hasta, two feet long, on the
right side of the skull (pi. 14, fig. 12) ; the hemispherical umbo, and the cross piece
of a shield; a pair of iron pincers (pi. 15, fig. 29); and the blade of a knife.

116. Under the same tumulus; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed
the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

SiBERTSWOLD DoWN, JuLY 24tH, 1772.

117. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum, on the left side of the
skull ; the hemispherical umbo, one cross iron, and one broad-headed stud of
a shield ; the blade of a sword, as at No. 98 ; two small iron buckles ; and the
blade of a knife. At the feet was a narrow-necked urn of coarse earth, capable of
holding about two quarts (pi. 20, fig. 5).

118. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire;
the bones were pretty perfect. On the right side of the skull was the head of an
hasta, as before ; here were also the hemispherical umbo, the cross iron, and two
broad-headed studs of a shield ; and the blade of a knife.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 121

119. A very large tumulus ; it stood almost close to the roadside leading from
Long Lane (before mentioned) towards Waldershare. We could find no regular
sides to the grave, but it appeared to have been only an irregular hole. Within
about two feet of the natural surface of the ground, we found many of, if not all, the
bones of an ox. Not satisfied with this, and finding the chalk still loose, we dug
down about three feet deeper, when we came to the rock chalk in its natural
situation, but found nothing more. About this time, some of the workmen were
fruitlessly employed in opening, at three diff'erent places, a longish tumulus-like
bank, which stood close, and parallel, to the same roadside. In all three places they
found nothing but a very hard and dry red clay, to the depth of about four feet, when
they came to the hard natural chalk. How this clay could come to be thus buried
in the firm chalk, and that too in a tumulus form ; from whence (for there is no such
clay, as I was informed, anywhere in this neighbourhood), and to what purpose it
could have been brought hither, is no easy matter to guess.^ It was plain, however,
that an hole had purposely been dug in the chalk for its reception ; and the agger
or bank which was thrown over it, and had the appearance of a tumulus, consisted
of the loose chalk which was taken out of the pit or hole in which the clay was
thus interred. I take this bank, however, to have been, not a tumulus, but perhaps
a kind of agger, praetentura, or breastwork for the defence of the living, instead of
a depository for the dead. It is, I think, worthy of remark, that this bank occupies
much about the same situation, with respect to the tumuli in this burial-ground,
that two such-like banks do at Kingston, Avith regard to the tumuli there, namely,
on the north-east side of them, on the extreme verge of them towards that quarter,
and close by the side of a high road. I had almost forgot to mention, that in
digging through the agger, or loose chalk, a few oyster-shells, and some bones of
animals, were found among the rubbish ; and this too was the case in digging down
the larger of those at Kingston, before mentioned.

120. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; bones almost gone. The blade of a knife.

121. Large tumulus; grave four feet deep. No appearance of a coffin; the
bones pretty perfect. A small brass buckle and shank with an iron tongue ; and
the blade of a knife.

1 22. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance
of a coffin ; bones, pretty perfect, of a middle-aged person. The head of an hasta
on the right side of the skull ; and tlie blade of a knife.

^ [For other instances of the like kind (viz., of foreign and adventitious clay, earth, stones, etc., being
found in tumuli), see Philos. Trans., abridged byMartyn, vol. i.x, pp. 446-8; and Morant's Essex, i, p. 196.]

R

122

IKVENTOmUM SEPULCHRALE.

Length, four inches.

123. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance of

a coffin ; the bones of an old person, pretty
perfect. The head of an hasta on the left
side of the skull ; the blade of a knife, of a
different shape from any I have ever found
before ; a small iron buckle ; and the spike
of the hasta.

124. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet deep. Tlie coffin appeared to
have been thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Near the
neck Avere two small beads ; and a silver pendant or ornament for the neck (similar
to pi. 4, fig. 24). An anchor-like iron instrument, exactly like that described at No.
103; this was found about the knees; as were also several links of a small chain,
rusted together, as before ; and several broken pieces of iron : all these had cloth
adhering to them ; and the blades of two knives. Here was also part of an
ivory comb ; this lay at the feet. A woman's grave.

125. Small tumulus ; grave a foot and a half deep. No appearance of a coffin ;
bones of a young person, very perfect ; the teeth were very white, sound, and even,
and not all quite cut ; the skull had the frontal suture. Near the neck were twenty-
five small beads, and one large one ; here was also a brass finger ring (similar to
pi. 11, fig. 13). No appearance of a coffin.

126. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed
the fire ; the bones of an old person, pretty perfect. The head of an hasta, on the
left side of the skull ; here were also the hemispherical umbo of a shield, the stud
in its centre thinly plated with silver ; the cross iron ; and two broad-headed iron
studs, as before.

127. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ;
bones of an elderly person, pretty perfect. The head of an hasta, on the right side
of the skull ; the blade of a knife ; and some nail-like pieces of iron.

128. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones Avere almost gone. The head of an arrow, or very small
pilum, five inches and a half long ; it lay on the right side : the blade of a knife ;
and some bits of iron.

129. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of
a coffin ; the bones were almost gone. Near the neck were three very small
hiilla-like ornaments or pendants of silver ; here were also the blades of
iwo knives ; and some small links of a chain, as before. A woman's grave.

130. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 123

131. Small tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed
the fire ; the bones almost gone. Near the neck was a small bead ; and about the
middle of the grave, which was not four feet long, was a brass buckle with a
long open-worked shank (pi. 9, fig. 12). A child's grave.

132. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones were those of an elderly person, and pretty perfect. On
the right side of the skull was the head of an hasta ; here was also an hemispherical
umbo, with its stud in its centre thinly plated with silver, as at No. 126 ; the cross
iron of the shield ; two broad-headed iron studs ; and the blade of a knife.

133. Small tumulus; grave two feet deep. No appearance of a coffin; the
bones were almost gone. Near the neck was one small yellow bead ; near the left
hip was one large bead, which seems to have been made out of a common pebble,
and inlaid with a sort of vermicular or string-like trail (pi. 5, fig. 7); a large
irregular shaped piece of amber, perforated with a hole quite through it : I think it
is too large for a bead ; one larger and one smaller bead. Here Avere also a pair of
iron shears, as before ; and many iron links of a small chain, rusted together, as
before, and having some linen cloth adhering to them. A woman's grave.

134. Under the same tumulus; the grave very shallow. No appearance of
a coffin ; the bones of a child, pretty perfect. Nothing.

135. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ;
bones pretty perfect. Nothing.

136. Under the same tumulus; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a
coffin ; bones almost gone. Nothing. N.B. — These two last mentioned graves,
both of them pointed with their feet so as to describe two sides of a rectangled
triangle, that is, their heads were nearly together ; but the feet of one of them
pointed to the east, and the feet of the other pointed to the north ; and between the
two graves was a small nan'ow trench which had a kind of communication with
them both, but had nothing in it. This trench may not improperly be called the
hypotenuse of this very odd sepulchral triangle.

137. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones of a middle-aged person, pretty perfect.

1 38. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin appeared to have been
very thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were

almost gone. Near the skull was a brass pin with a C^MOZ 'j^rc'^^i

flatted head, an inch and six-eighths long ; it is doubt- ^^m^i ai^.^

less an acus crinalis ; near the neck were one large

bead and three small ones ; and a brass armilla or bracelet (pi. 16, fig. 14) ; near the

feet were the iron handle of a box, and some small pieces of iron. A woman's grave.

124 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

139. Small tumulus ; grave two feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones
almost gone. Nothing.

140. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull was the head of a
pilum ; on the right side, about the middle of the grave, was the blade of a sword,
as at No. 98. Here were also the blades of two knives, and some pieces of iron.

141. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of a coffin; the
bones were almost gone. Nothing.

142. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the
bones were almost gone. A large brass buckle and shank (pi. 9, fig. 2), and a
small ditto.

143. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the
fire ; the bones were almost gone. A brass buckle and shank (pi. 9, fig. 11) ; and
the blade of a knife.

144. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; bones
pretty perfect. A brass buckle with an ivory shank (pi. 10, fig. 1); and the blade
of a knife.

145. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; pretty
perfect bones of an old person. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

146. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the
bones of a young person, pretty perfect. A small brass buckle, and the blade
of a knife.

147. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; bones
of a young person, pretty perfect. Nothing.

148. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep, and very short. No appear-
ance of a coffin ; bones scarce discernible. Nothing.

149. Very small tumulus ; grave very shallow, and short. No appearance of a
coffin ; bones of a child, pretty perfect. Nothing.

150. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about two feet deep. No appearance of a
coffin ; the bones were almost gone. About the middle of the grave was a brass
buckle and open-worked shank (pi. 9. fig. 8) ; and at the right side of the feet was
the head of a pilum, with its point downwards.

151. Under the same tumulus, at the depth of two feet, and on the left side of
the man. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones almost gone. Near the neck were
five amethysts, as before ; two large irregular- shaped amber beads ; twelve small
earthen beads ; a small wheel-like brass thing (see fig. 1, p. 125), which seems to have
been a bead ; it may not be improperly called, I think, the skeleton of a bead :
some of the thread on which it was strung still remains in one end of the small tube

SIBEETSWOLD DOWN. 125

which passes through its centre ; it appears now like the wheel of a wheelbarrow.^ I
suppose its vacuities were filled up with some sort of
cement, paste, or other matter, to make it of a spherical
form ; a small brass ohlong or rather oval ringle (fig. 2),
which I suppose to have been used as a buckle or fibula,
perhaps to fasten on the necklace: these all near the
neck. About the middle of the grave was the blade of

a small knife ; at the feet were the remains of a strong wooden box, as before ; and
among them was found an iron instrument, as at No. 100 ; to avoid any mistake,
however, I give it here (as the lower cut on p. 19). I have found several of them ;
and as I never have met with them but with these sort of boxes, I conclude that
they serve as a sort of lock, catch, or hasp to them. The make of them seems also
to confirm this conjecture ; they certainly were riveted either to the box or to some
other wood. Here were also a large brass pin (pi. 10, fig. 13), it appears to have
been broken at one end, so may have been much longer : I take it to be only
one end of some instrument, perhaps of a stylus scriptorius ;~ the blades of two small
knives ; four iron corner pieces or clasps, as at No. -56 ; a sort of double cylinder of
iron (pi. 10, fig. 8);^ it has a coat of coarsish linen cloth all over it; see another,
just like this, but smaller and made of brass, at No. 24. I have there ventured
to call that a whistle, but it is most likely that it is no such thing ; but there is no
harm in guessing. Here was also the nose of a very narrow necked urn of clear
white glass, destroyed, I suppose, at the digging of the grave for the person here
interred ; its edges plainly shewed that it was not broken now ; it was found before
we came down to the skeleton by near a foot. A woman's grave.

152. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appeai'ance
of a coffin ; bones of an old person, very pei-fect. Here was an iron instrument,
with a ringle at one end of it, exactly like those described at Nos. 100, 101 ; and
some small links of a chain, as before. A Avoman's grave.

153. Very small tumulus ; very shallow grave of a child. No appearance of a
coffin ; the bones were scarce discernible. Nothing but a small urn of black coarse
earth at the feet, which fell to pieces in taking out.

154. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had
passed the fire ; the bones of a young person, pretty perfect ; the skull had the
frontal suture. Nothing.

' [It is difficult to consider this a bead; but less ^ [This is probably a hair-pin. — Ed.]

so to believe it ma)' have been the whirl of a spindle. ^ [Compare this with the cut on p. 106, and see

— Ed.] the note at the foot of that page. — Ed.]

126 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

155. Middle-sized or rather large tumulus. No appearance of a coffin ;
bones of a middle-aged person, pretty perfect. Nothing ; the grave was three feet
deep.

156. Under the same tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. No appearance of
a coffin ; the bones of a young person, pretty perfect. About the middle of the
grave was a small earthen discus or quoit, as at No. 83. I take it, as I said before,
to be a kind of toy.

157. Under the same tumulus, Avith the two last mentioned ; grave two feet
and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. The
blade of a knife, about the right hip ; and the head of a pilum, with its point
downwards, a little lower on the same side. At the feet were two beautiful little
urns of white glass, both of them broken in getting out ; one of them, however, I
have made shift to mend ;^ they were both of a size (each about four inches in
height), and capable of holding near three-quarters of a pint each. This skeleton
lay on the right hand, or on the south side of the other two. The urns were coated
with armatura or electrum.

158. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ;
bones of an elderly person, very perfect. An iron instrument, Avith a ringle and
sort of teeth, as at Nos. 18, 100, and 101, 152 ; and the blade of a knife. 1 think
a woman's grave.

SiBERTswoLD Dowx, JuLY 27th, 1772.

UPPER BURIAL-GROUND.

Having now opened all the tumuli which appeared to be of much consequence
in what I shall for the future call the Lower Burial-ground, I was so impatient
to examine the contents of some others on the top of the hill, from which I
had reason (as will be seen below) to expect great matters, that I resolved to defer
my search into those few very small ones which remained unopened here, till after
I had satisfied my curiosity there.

This Upper Burial-ground (as I shall style it for the future) is about forty rods
distant from the lower one, and about due south of it. The high road, before
mentioned, which leads from the village of Sibertswold towards Sandwich, or Deal,
runs between them. The tumuli of the lower cemetery reach up close to this road,
on the left hand of it ; and I do not know but tliat the whole space between it and
the Upper Burial-ground, on the right hand, may also be occupied with graves, etc.,

' [From Mr. Faussett's sketch, it appears to have been similar to fig. 6, pi. 19. — Ed.]

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 127

whose tumuli are now so entirely levelled by the plough, that not the least traces of
any of them are to be discovered. The hill, however, rises gradually from the
Lower Burial-ground, for about the distance I have mentioned, to the Upper
Burial-ground, which is situated upon the crest of it. The few tumuli now to be
seen are so levelled by the farmers having either dug them down or ploughed up the
turf, in order to make by the burning of it what is here called " dencher" (a certain
manure for the land), that the site of them is scarcely discoverable.

I believe they would certainly have escaped my notice, had not the farmer who
uses the land informed me of the following particulars, namely : — " That at this
place there were the remains of some tumuli, or mounts, as he called them ; that it
was a very usual and common thing, in ploughing up the turf for dencher, to turn
up human bones, and sherds of earthen vessels of different sorts and sizes ; and that,
as his servants were ploughing here about two years ago, they in one morning
discovered two very large jars (so he called them), which, he thought, would have
held at least a bushel each ; that these jars were entirely full of pieces of men's
bones, which plainly appeared to have been burnt : that in one of them in particular
he discovered the parts of several different skulls and jaw bones. That they, his
servants, before he came to the spot, had opened two holes or nests in which these
great jars stood ; and that they had taken them out of the holes pretty whole, the
plough having only broken off part of their mouths : but that when he came to them,
he found them busy in pelting the jars with some large pieces of very hard stone,
which they had ploughed up at the time they found them. That tliese fellows also
found several other pots and platters, as he called them, placed round each of these
jars ; that they were of different sizes and shapes ; that some of them were very
small, and very pretty, from what he could judge from their fragments ; but that his
servants had entirely destroyed them all."

On hearing this dismal relation, I immediately went to the spot, where a vast
number of sherds of paterse of fine coralline earth, and other vessels of different
materials, colours, and sizes, which lay dispersed on the very surface of the ground,
too well convinced me of the truth of the honest farmer's account. Among these
sherds we found a piece of the bottom of a coralline patera, on wliich is impressed
the name of its maker, namely, PRnriTivi. There Ave also saw the fatal stones which
had served these more than brutes as instruments to knock these precious remains
of venerable antiquity in pieces with. And there were the very covers with which
the mouths of these two fine and very curious and scarce family urns (for such they
undoubtedly were) had been closed. These covers had each consisted, as I judged
from their remains (for they were broken by the same rude hands), of one round,
fiat, heavy stone of a very coai'se grit, each about ten inches in diameter, and near

128

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

three inches thick, not unlike a small grindstone. In the centre of each was an
infundibuli form foramen, which decreased gradually from the breadth of six inches
to about two ; through these holes, I imagine, they poured into the urns either
burnt bones and ashes of persons of the same family, as often as they died, or perhaps
occasional libations of milk, wine, etc., according to the practice of those times.
These covers had a bevel edge made to fit the mouth of the urn, one of these covers
I carried home, and have it fixed up in my garden wall at Heppington.' I want
words to express the chagrin which I felt on this provoking occasion ; I hoped,
however, that these were not the only curiosities of the kind which the place
afforded, and that as these had been discovered by mere accident, a regular and
diligent search might bring more of them to light : but that on trial I had not
the success which I had flattered myself with the hopes of, will appear from the
following in^■entory.

159. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The
bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coflan.
Near the neck were four small beads, and three very small
bulla-like silver ornaments or pendants, as in No. 129. Before
we had gotten quite down we found a small urn of hluclc earth ;
it holds about a pint. This grave pointed with its feet to the
east.

160. Under the same tumulus, and at about the same
depth, was a grave at the head of the last mentioned, which pointed with its feet to
the north, the two graves making the figure of a T. It contained the bones
of another child, almost gone. Nothing.

161. Pretty large tumulus, but dug down almost level with the natural soil ;
grave three feet deep. Bones almost gone. Nothing.

162. Tumulus, much as the last ; grave two feet and a half deep. The bones
were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but several oyster and
mussel shells found in digging down.

163. Tumulus, much as the last ; grave four feet deep. The coffin had passed
the fire ; the bones were almost gone. A silver ring, set with a piece of amber

ireiL'ht,
tbrcd iuclies and a quarter.

' In the sale of the late Dr. Henry Burrough's
(Prebendary of Peterborough) collection of coins, etc.
(on 27th April, 1774, at Mr. Gerard's, in Litchfield
Street, Soho), I saw exactly such another. This was
made of what the naturalists call " oculatus lapis" or
" pudding-stone"; it was very ponderous, perforated
in the centre, and bevelled on the edge, exactly like
those just described, and about the same size.

[The stones used as covers for the Roman urns
had evidently been previously used as hand-mills,
and were applied as covers to the urns, apparently
for want of better substitutes, when they had become
worn out or were disused as mill-stones. Certainly
they were not perforated for such an object as Mr.
Faussett suggests, nor originally intended to serve
as covers to urns. — En.]

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 129

(pi. 11, fig. 8); this, and the blade of a knife, lay near the right hip. In getting
down to the skeleton were found many sherds of urns of different sizes ; some bones
of one or more beasts ; several lai'ge iron nails ; and a large piece of the same sort
of coarse grit stones of which the covers to the two large urns before mentioned
were made. It had also served for the same use, as appeared from the infundibuli-
form foramen in its centre.

164. Tumulus, much as the last ; grave full four feet deep. Bones almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. The blade of a knife. Both at the head and
at the feet was a very large ossuary, or bone urn, both of which, though they were
deposited deeper than the bottom of this grave, had been broken in pieces as they
stood (and for the purpose, too, as one would think), when the grave was dug for
the person last deposited. In getting down to the skeleton were found some large
nails ; part of a pair of iron shears, as before ; a small brass cochleare, or spoon
(pi. 12, fig. 11) ; several sherds of a very large ossuary ; some pieces of smaller urns,
and many pieces of burnt bones ; part of an infundibuliform stone cover of an urn,
as before ; several oyster shells and mussel shells ; and the bones of an ox or calf,
or perhaps of both.

165. Tumulus, much as the last ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin
had passed the fire ; the bones of an old person, pretty perfect. Nothing but the
blade of a knife, and the sherds of large and small urns.

166. Small tumulus, and scarcely distinguishable ; shallow grave. Bones of a
child, almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife ; some oyster shells, and
several sherds of large and small urns.

167. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire;
the bones of a child, almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some
sherds of urns.

168. Tumulus, scarcely discernible ; grave two feet and a half deep. The
coffin had passed the fire ; bones almost gone. An iron buckle, with a brass shank ;
the blade of a knife, and several sherds of urns.

169. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire;
the bones were almost gone. Several sherds of a large ossuary ; many scattered
pieces of burnt bones ; a broken infundibuliform stone cover, as before ; and the
blade of a knife.

170. Tumulus and grave much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; the
bones almost gone. Nothing ; but in filling up the grave, a discus, or quoit, of
brick-earth was found among the rubbish, much like those before described at
No. 83, etc.

171. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone. Nothing.

130 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

SiBERTSwoi.D Down, 9th August, 1773.

LOWER BURIAL-GROUND.

Having at my last visit to this place, last year (see page 126), thoroughly
examined Avhat I have ventured to call the Upper Burial-ground, I this day re-
assembled my labourers here, in order to dispatch those few tumuli which remained
to be opened in the Lower Burial-ground ; and they proved to be few indeed ; for
Ave could find but three Avhich appeared at all above the natural surface of the
Down. But having lately contrived an instrument (see p. 87) for the more easily
discovering such graves as have no tumulus over them (as there certainly are in
every burial-ground many such), w'ith the help of that we found seven more graves,
which I am pretty confident were all that remained unopened after my last search.

I make no doubt but that every corpse had a tumulus thrown up over it at its
interment ; but I think these hillocks might differ greatly from one another in size
at their first raising, and might be made larger or smaller, according to the rank or
degree of the person whose remains they covered. If so, it is not unlikely that
some of them were at first so very small, as to be liable to be trodden to a level
with the natural soil by the cattle which grazed on its surface;^ or they might
have been cut in pieces by wheel carriages ; or levelled by the plough. But I take
the greatest part of them to have been demolished at the raising larger ones near
them, when the workmen may be supposed to have scooped up all the adjacent
soil and mould, in order to make their new tumuli of a proper bulk. And this

1 imagine to be the reason of our so frequently meeting with sherds of urns, human
bones, etc., lying promiscuously, without order, and at different depths in the earth
which composes the large tumuli. For, as the tumulus was small, we may conclude
(as indeed we most times find to be the case) that the grave was shallow, and so
liable to be cleared to its very bottom on such occasion. But I proceed to give an
account of my success at the opening them, which was as follows.

172. The first tumulus was a small one ; the grave was about three feet deep.
The coffin was very thick and strengthened by eighteen pieces of iron, each having
a strong rivet at each end, and three iron staples ; the coffin had not passed the fire ;
the bones were pretty sound. Near the neck were foiw earthen disci, or quoits^ (figs.

2 and 3, p. 131), as I have often before ventured to call them; four large beads

' [Among the most interesting of the results of discovery that the graves had been marked with
Mr. Hillier's excavations in the Anglo-Saxon burial- stones in addition to the mounds of earth. — Ed.]
place upon Chessell Down, Isle of Wight, is the - These arc probably spindle whirls. — Ed.]

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

131

(fig. 1), one of which is of jet ; one white and flat, one inch and a quarter diameter ;
one blue, with yellow trail ; one blue ; twenty-three small beads ; two amethysts ; a

golden ornament for the neck, set with nine small garnets (pi. 4, fig. 13); another,
being a kind of mosaic, or chequer- work, witli a border of small garnets set in gold'
(pi. 4, fig. 7) ; two others, being also the same sort of chequer-work, set in gold
(pi. 4, figs. 8 and 9) ; they are both exactly alike ; two others, being large oval stones
of a fine deep red colour, set in gold (pi. 4, figs. 16 and 17); one of them has a
griffin, passant, cut on it ; two others, being amethysts set in gold (pi. 4, figs. 1
and 2). These all have loops to them ; as had also two small coins found witli
them; one of them is of gold (pi. 11, fig. 1) ; the other is of silver [gold] (pi. 11.
fig. 3) ; they are both of them very fair, but I have not yet been able to find out to
what nation they belong ; the crosses on them sufficiently testify their having been
struck by some Christian prince.- These, doubtlessly, were all of them strung
together and worn as a necklace. With them was also an ivory pin, with two small

' [Compare this beautiful jewel with the mosaic
stud found by the Abbe Cochet in a Prankish ceme-
tery in the valley of the Eaulne, engraved in the
Collectanea Antigua, vol. iii, pi. xxxv, and in La
Normatidie Souterraine, pi. xv, fig. 4.]

'^ [These coins are engraved, but not explained,
in Douglas's Nenia Britannica, pi. xxii. In the
Collectanea Antiqua (vol. i, pi. vi, figs. 7 and 8) they
are etched and appropriated to Verdun and Marsal,
in France. They may be thus described : —

Plate II, fig. 1. Obv. viedtnoi fit.

Rev. siSELLENo. 'HLoif[_etarius.~\
,, ,, 3. Obv. mars[o]lloviic.

HeV. TOTO MONETAniO.

The presence of coins, such as these, in the Anglo-

Saxon graves, is of the first importance to the
archaeologist, as it tends, by direct evidence, to
confirm conclusions deduced from indirect, and often
obscure, testimony, as to the date of the interments.
These two gold coins belong to the Merovingian
series, of the fifth to the seventh century. Douglas
records a perforated coin of Anthemius (a.d. 467
to A.D. 472) found in a tumulus on Chatham Lines.
In Mr. Duane's sale was sold an onyx set in gold,
that accompanied a gold coin of the Emperor Avitus
(a.d. 455) set in a rim and gold loop to hang it as
a pendant. They were found in May 1758, in a
barrow on Blood Moor Hill, near Peakefield and
Lavstoff in Suffolk, witli a necklace of rough gar-
nets. Ncnia Britunnicd, p. 8. — Ed.]

132

INVENTORITJM SEPULCHRALE.

garnets in its flat head on either side. Near the hips were found a pair of iron
shears, as before, and a piece of an iron instrument, as at No. 103. At the left
knee was an urn of reddish, coarse, earth, capable of containing about two quarts ;
it was broken in getting out. Here were also many links of a small iron chain,
rusted together ; and many nail -like pieces of iron. A woman's grave.

173. Under the same tumulus as the last, and on the right side of it, were
the bones of a child, almost gone. No appearance of a cofRn. Nothing was found
with them but the blade of a knife.

174:. No tumulus; grave two feet deep; no appearance of any coflin ; bones
almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

175. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; no
appearance of a coffin. Near the right hip was a small
earthen discus, or quoit, as before.

176. No tumulus; grave, two feet and a half deep;
the bones remarkably perfect ; no appearance of a coffin.
Near the hips were a largish blade of a knife, six and a
half inches long (pi. 15, fig. 4) ; and a brass buckle and
wrought shank (pi. 9, fig. 13). About the knees lay the
head of a pilum, with its point downwards towards the
feet, and close to it was the ferrule and spike, by which it
seems as if the pilum had been broken at its interment.
On the right side of the feet was an urn of coarse earth ;
it is capable of containing about three pints.

grave, two feet and a half deep ; bones almost gone ; no

One-founh tlie actual size.

177. No tumulus
appearance of a coffin

Near the skull was a

small brass ringle ; about the middle of the
grave was a very large conical iron umbo of a
shield ; an iron cross-piece, as before ; the blade
of a knife ; a small iron buckle and shank ; a
short sword, or dagger, with a very curious
Irass pommel ;'~ some bits of leather; a piece of
doubled brass ; and some narrow, small, and
thin plates of brass, all of Avhich may be sup-
posed to have belonged to the scabbard.

Actuiil size.

' [From the sketch made by Mr. Faussctt it ap- of Saxon swords and daggers. The dimensions of

pears to be similar to that of grave 176 ; see cut. this example are given by Mr. Faussctt as follows:

— Ed.] whole length of the strig, five inches and three-

* [It is extremely rare to meet with the pommels quarters; breadth of the shoulder next the blade,

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

133

Two inches imd a halt" in length.

178. No tumulus ; grave, one foot and a half deep ; bones pretty sound ; no
appearance of a coffin. Near the neck, a knotted silver ring, with a bead to it, as
before. Lower down, was a bone, or ivory, double comb, with two cases of the
same over its teeth (pi. 13, fig. -5) ; it was so rotten that it fell to pieces with
handling ; a piece of iron' (pi. 15, fig. 25); and several links of a small iron chain.
A woman's grave.

179. Tumulus scarcely iserceptible ; very shallow grave; bones of a child,
almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

180. No tumulus ; grave about three feet deep ; bones almost gone ; no ap-
pearance of any coffin. Near the neck were one silver and one brass ring, with
sliding knots, as often before ; six small beads ; a silver pin for the hair, having
two small garnets neatly set in its head, namely, one
on each .side (pi. 12, fig. 20) ; and an ivory, or bone,
double comb, with two cases of the same to cover
its teeth, which are very fine (pi. 13, fig. 6); it was
broken to pieces in removing. Lower down, was
a pair of iron shears, as before ; and many links of
a small iron chain. Between the legs, near the
feet, was a wooden box, as before ; among the re-
mains of which was its Irass lock (figs. 1 and 2~) ;
and a small iron instrument (several of which sort
I have met with before, and described in their
places), whicli I now begin to think was a key
(fig. 3) ; another small iron instrument, likewise
often described before (see pi. 15, fig. 27) ; another ;
an iron hasp of tlie lock ; a concha Veneris, or
cowry shell ;'* and a lump of rotten leather, to which
were riveted two little silver hasps ;^ also several

lhn:e iiiL-lies iuid tlnte quarters in liiugUi.

three-quarters of an inch ; blade, thirteen inches
and a quarter long; breadth near the strig, one
inch and three-eighths. Of the richer kinds of
Saxon sword handles I have published two ex-
amples, both from Kent ; see Archaologia, vol.
XXX, pi. XI, and Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, pi.
xxxviii. A third, discovered on Chessell Down in
the Isle of Wight, by Mr. Hillier, closely resembles
those from Kent. It will appear in the fourth
volume of the Collectanea. — Ed.]

' [See note to page 93. Mr, Hillier has recently

discovered similar examples in the cemetery on
Chessell Down. — Ed.]

■ [The lower portion of the above cut (fig. 2) is
Mr. Faussett's notion of the position of what he
considered the bolt of the lock. — Ed.]

■* [One was found in a grave at Kingston, No.
142, and another in a grave near Wingham, exca-
vated under the direction of Lord Albert Conyng-
ham ; Archa-ologia, vol. xxx, p. 5.51. — En.]

* For a fuller account of such another piece of
leather, see Bcakesbourn, Nos. 30 and 38.

134

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

more links of a small iron chain, and some other small bits of iron. A woman's
grave.

181. Tumulus scarcely perceptible. Bones of a child, almost gone; no ap-
pearance of a coffin ; grave scarcely under the turf. Nothing.

Fac-simile of a sketch by the Rev. B. Faussett, showing the situation of the Tumuli
on Sibertswold and Barfristou Downs.

AAAA. Tumuli.
B. High bank.
CC. Trench.

D. Eythorn Court Wood.

E. Long Lane.

FF. Koad from Sibertswold to Barfriston, Nonington, etc.
GG. Road from Barham Downs to Waldersbare, etc.
HH. Boad from Sibertswold to Sandwich, Deal, etc.
I. Upper Burial-ground.

DARFRISTON DOWN, l?f5i.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

BARFRISTON DOWN, IN THE PARISH OF BARFRISTON,

NEAR SANDWICH IN KENT, in the year 1772,

BY ME Br. Faussett.

T the small distance of about one hundred and sixty paces due east
from the burying-place last described (namely, that on SibertsAvold
Down), and on the left hand of the road leading from Long Lane (before
mentioned) towards Sandwich or Deal, is another, in the adjacent parish
of Barfriston, or Barston, on a down commonly called Barfriston, or Barston Down.
This spot of ground, which is one hundred and ten paces long and fifty-eight
paces broad, is surrounded by a deep and wide trench to the south-west, and by
steep ascents on its other three sides ; and its two narrowest sides, or ends, point
to the north-east and the south-west. The trench above-mentioned, which runs
parallel to the road, divides the two parishes of Barfriston and Sibertswold. The
tumuli here are much fewer in number than at Sibertswold, but are most of them
above the middle size, and very round and fair. They are not disposed promis-
cuously about the spot, but are ranged pretty regularly in a line close to the
south-east, north-east, and north-west sides. There are none on the south-west
side, except three or four which stand on the Sibertswold side of the trench, so that
the middle or area of the burying- ground is entirely free from tumuli. The estate,
of which this cemetery is a part, belongs to Bethlem Hospital, and is in the tenure
of Mr. Richard Harvey of Barfriston. who, on my application to him for leave to

136

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

dig, very civilly and readily complied with my request. An exact inventory of the
antiquities which I met with, is what I shall now proceed to give, in which I shall
observe my usual method of numbering every tumulus as we dug into it, and giving
an account of the contents of every grave as they came to hand ; from a comparison
of which with those I have already described it will plainly appear, that the persons
interred here were not slain in battle, as many have erroneously surmised, but
that they were, as I have said before, " neither more nor less than the peaceable
inhabitants of the neighbouring village, or villages ; which inhabitants I take to
have been either Britons Romanized, or Romans Britonized", and that they consisted
promiscuously of men, women, and children.

Barfriston Down, July 27th, 1772.

1. Middle-sized tumulus; bones almost gone; no appearance of a coffin.
Nothing. Grave, one foot and a half deep below the natural surface of the ground.

2. Middle-sized tumulus ; bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin ;
grave, two feet deep. Nothing.

3. Middle-sized tumulus ; bones almost gone ; the coffin had plainly passed
the fire. Nothing. Grave, two feet and a half deep.

4. Middle-sized tumulus ; bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin.
Nothing. Grave, two feet and a half deep.

5. The tumulus exceeded the middle size. The bones of three persons, lying
side by side, Avere found, in getting down, and under
them the skeleton of another person ; the bones of
the upper skeletons were much more sound than those
of the lower one. No appearance of any coffin. Here
were two small brass buckles and shanks ; one small iron
hucMe and shank ; and the blade of a knife. Grave three

Aetui.1 size. £gg|. ^ggp_

6. Large tumulus. The bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire.
Near the neck, on the right side, Avas a brass armilla, or bracelet (pi. 16, fig. 15);
one amethyst ; the centre, or middle part, of a silver fibula subnectens — it consists
of an hemispherical piece of ivory set in silver,
in the centre of which is a small garnet, set
also in silver (as pi. 3, fig. 2) ; a piece of thick
Avhitish glass, squai'ed on two of its sides ;
and a little convex and concave ; and two
large cylindrical, drum-like heads of baked earth.

BAEFRISTON DOWN. 137

striped with red, yellow, and white ; each of them had an iron ringle hanging to
them ; lower down were found the blade of a knife, and part of a pair of iron
shears, both as before. The grave was full four feet deep, and human bones in
all directions were found in getting down. A woman's grave.

7. jNIiddle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone. No appearance of a
coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife ; the gi'ave was full three feet and a half
deep.

8. Under the same tumulus with the last. Bones almost gone. No appearance
of a coffin. Nothing.

9. Large tumulus. Bones almost gone. No appearance of a coffin. On the
right side of the skull was tlie head of a pilum, as before, and near the right hip
Avas a large brass buckle and shank (as pi. 9, fig. 2) : grave about three feet deep.

10. Large tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect, and very large. No appear-
ance of a coffin. On the right side of the skull was the head of a pilum ; near the
hips was a small silver buckle and shank (pi. 9, fig. 14); and at the feet was a
narrow-necked urn of coarse earth, and of a blackish colour, capable of containing
about two quarts ; among the lines and ornaments on the belly are several figures,
a monogram of the name of Christ, which is a plain ])roof that the person here de-
posited was a Christian ' (pi. 20, fig. 4). The grave was full three feet deep.

11. Large tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect. No appearance of a
coffin. On the left side of the hips was the blade of a knife, and at tlie feet
narrow-necked urn of coarse blackish earth, capable of containing about two quarts
(pi. 20, fig. 3) : the grave was about three feet deep.

12. Middle-sized tumulus; among the earth which composed it were many
human bones lying in all directions, more especially near its top. The bones of the
skeleton in the grave were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. At the feet w^as
a large coarse urn with a narrow neck, broken when found. Grave, two feet and
a half deep.

13. Small tumulus. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire, and
appeared to have been very thick. Near the neck were one amethyst, one drop-like
bead of baked or vitrified earth with blue, white, and yellow stripes ; it seemed to
have been set, it having no foramen ; also three small earthen beads of different
colours. Grave two feet and a half deep. A woman's grave.

14. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin, which had

' [Had this ornament really been the monogram will show, that the supposed monogram is merely

of Christ, it could not be accepted as proving the a circular ornament formed of small wedge-shaped

faith of the person with whose body it was buried. indentations, common on earthen vessels of the

But it so happens, as reference to the engraving Anglo-Saxon period. — Ed.]

138

INVENTORIUM SEPTJLCHRALE.

Nothing but the blade of a knife

grave near

been very thick, had passed the fire.

four feet deep.

15. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones of a young person, pretty perfect. The
skull had the frontal suture ; the teeth were very sound, white, and regular. The
coffin had passed the fire. Nothing. The grave not above two feet deep.

16. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones of a young person, pretty perfect; the head of a
pilum on the right side of the skull ; blade of a knife : grave two feet and a half deep.

17. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect. No appearance of
a coffin. Near the middle were a small iron buckle and shank ; and the blade of a
knife : grave about two feet and a half deep.

18. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone. No appearance of a
coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife : grave two feet deep.

19. Small tumulus. The bones of a child, almost gone ; the coffin had passed
the fire. Nothing. The grave about two feet deep.

20. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were those of a very old person, and were
almost gone ; the coffin, which appeared to have been very thick, had passed the fire.
Near the right hip was a large iron buckle and shank : grave two feet and a half deep.

21. Small tumulus. Bones of a child, almost gone ; the coffin had passed the
fire. Nothing. Grave two feet deep.

22. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone. Near the left hip

was a small brass hucMe and shank ; a piece of
wood, with a doubled bit of brass riveted to it ;
and the blade of a knife. The coffin had passed
the fire : the grave was about three feet deep.

23. Large tumulus. The bones were almost
gone; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the
right hip was a brass buckle and shank (pi. 10, fig. 5); its shank appears to have
had some stone, or perhaps ivory, set in it ; the blade of a knife ; and at the feet an
open mouthed urn of black coarse earth, capable of containing about three pints
(pi. 20, fig. 93 : the grave was about four feet deep.

M

\W\

rfl

0

©

'^\

0 0

0 1

©a

..<§_.

Oil

Actual size.

Barfriston Down, August 3ru, 1772.

24. Small tumulus. Bones scarce perceptible, of a child ; no appearance of a

coffin.

of the ground.

Nothing. The grave was so shallow as scarce to enter the natural surface

25. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed
the fire. The head of a small pilum, or of an arrow, lay on the left side of the head ;

BARFRISTON DOWN.

139

Actual size.

about the middle of the grave was a bit of a very thin urn of green glass, broken,

I suppose, when this tumulus was raised ; also a small hrass

buckle and shank ; and the blade of a knife : at the feet was

a narrow -necked urn of tvhitish earth, capable of contain-
ing about three pints. In it were three copper Roman

coins, namely, one of the Emperor Constantine the Great,

with this legend on the reverse, soli invicto comiti. ;

another of Theodosius the Great, with reparatio reipvb.

on the reverse; the third had the head of Rome, with
iNvicTA. ROMA, ou ouc side, and an eagle on its reverse.
This last is of the middle size,' and the former of the third
size ; they are all of them very common coins : the grave
was about three feet deep.

26. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the
blade of a knife, except that, at the feet, there was a large
coarse narrow-necked urn, placed, broken, at the feet ; and
the sherds carefully placed one within the other, broken no
doubt when the grave for the last person interred was dug.
The grave was three feet and a half deep.
The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin

One-fourth the actual size.

27. Large tumulus.
Here were found a small ivory pin (fig.
2 in cut at No. 25) ; a small brass
buckle and shank (pi. 10, fig. 3) ; the
blades of two knives, a greater and a
smaller ; the greater, which was six
inches long in the blade (fig. 1), had
some thin brass rusted on to it, and
several pieces of the same metal were
found near it, so that it seems as if
the knife had a brass sheath, or scab-
bard ; perhaps it was a kind of short
sword, or dagger ; the smaller (fig. 2) was of an uncommon shape, being broadest
at the point, and two-edged. On the right side of the skull lay the head of
an arrow, or small pilum ; at the feet were some sherds of a large coarse, black,
open-mouthed urn, which, from several pieces of burnt bones which we found

' This coin belongs to the Gothic kings of the ance towards determining the date of the interments.
time of Justinian; and is here of the first import- See Introduction.

From graves 27 and 30.

140 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

scattered here and there, I imagine to have been an ossuary, or bone urn, destroyed
no doubt when the grave was dug for the person here last deposited ; at the feet
w-ere also found three or four oyster-shells. The grave was full six feet deep.

28. Small tumulus. Bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of any
cofRn. The blade of a small knife ; at the feet was a pretty urn of very thin greenish
glass, beautifully corded (see pi. 18, fig. 3) ; it is capable of containing about half a
pint. The grave was very shallow.

29. Small tumulus. Bones pretty perfect ; no appearance of a cofRn. Nothing
but the blade of a knife. The grave was very shallow.

30. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones very perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire,
and seemed to have been very tliick. The head of a pilum, on tlie right side of the
knees ; and the blade of a knife near the left hip. At the right side of the feet
was the iron spike, or ferrule of the jnlmn, three inches long (fig. 3 in the lowest cut
on p. 139). Grave, four feet deep.

31. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin.
Nothing. Grave, three feet and a half deep.

32. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones Avere almost gone ; no appearance of a
coffin. Near the right hip was a brass buckle with an iron shank ; and the blade
of a knife. The grave was three feet deep.

33. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed
the fire. On the right side of the skull was the head of an hasta ; and at the feet,
on the same side, was the spike of it, which was remarkably slender, and bore no
proportion to the socket of the head, from whence it appears that the staff was less
and less from tlie head to the spike ; here was also the blade of a knife. Grave
about three feet deep.

34. Largish tumulus. Bones pretty perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire,
and appeared to have been very thick. Near the neck was a Ijcautiful pendant, or
ornament for it. It consists of a garnet (as I think) set in gold ; it has a loop of
the same metal to hang it by, and it is crossed obliquely by a little fillet of gold, in
order, as I guess, to mend or hide some crack which it may have (pi. 4, fig. 18.)
Here were also with it two small earthen beads ; and another, which is striped with
red and white, on a silver knotted ring (pi. 7, fig. 11); at the feet were two pretty
urns of fluted green glass, each of them capable of containing about half a pint
(pi. 19, fig. 3). The grave, which was that of a woman, was full six feet deep.

3o. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect ; no appearance of
a coffin. On the right side were found several fragments of very thin brass, which,
being made to fit each other, seemed to have made up a roimd thin plate (see next
page), studded with five brass roiind-headcd studs, of which that in the centre

BARFRISTON DOWN,

141

was the largest, being near an inch brnad, and wrought on its edges. The others

were each of them about three-fourths of an inch broad, and plain ; they were

about half an inch long ; had been riveted, and had some rotten wood adhering to

them. The plate was not much

thicker than a wafer ; it was about

six inches diameter. I imagine it

to have been fixed, instead of an

umbo, in the centre of a light shield.

Here were also an iron buckle and

shank, as before ; and the blade of

a knife. Very shallow grave.

36. Under the same tumulus
with the last. The bones of a child,
almost gone ; no appearance of a
coffin. Nothing.

37. Middle-sized tumulus ; the
bones were almost gone ; the coffin
had passed the fire. Nothing but
the blade of a knife. The grave was
full four feet deep.

38. Small tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect ; the teeth were remarkably
even and white ; the skull had the frontal suture ; the coffin had passed the fire.
Near the neck were four small beads ; near the hips, and rather lower down, was an
iron instrument, like that described in Nos. 103, 180, of Sibertswold ; another iron
instrument, like that described at No. 18, etc., of Sibertswold; a small brass staple;
a brass plate^ (pi. 10, fig. 7) ; and several links of a slender iron chain. Grave,
two feet deep. A woman's grave.

39. Largish tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin.
On the left side of the skull was the head of a pilum ; near the hips were a small
brass buckle and shank ; and the blade of a knife. In digging through the tumulus
were found four iron staples, each about five inches long ; a piece of a patera of fine
coralline earth ; and the slierds of a coarse black wide-mouthed urn. Grave, three
feet and a half deep.

40. Under the same tumulus with the last. The bones of a child, almost gone ;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife. Grave, three feet
and a half deep.

Half t'je ai:Liial size.

' [It somewhat resembles the Saxon and Frankish Antiqiia ; and sach, from the objects found with it,
girdle ornaments in pi. lvi, vol. ii, Collectanea I imagine it to have been. — Ed.]

142

INVEXTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

41. Small tumulus. The bones of a child, almost gone; no appearance of a
coffin. Nothing but the blade of a small knife. Very shallow grave.

42. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the
fire. Near the neck were three small beads ; between the right hip and knee was
an iron instrument, as at No. 18, etc., of Sibertswold ; an iron hook, with a ringle ;
the blade of a knife ; and several links of a small iron chain. Grave, three feet
deep. A woman's grave.

43. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed

the fire. On the left side was the head of a pilum, and its spike or
ferrule. Here were also a silver pin ; the blade of a knife ; and some
egg-shells, which were very white and firm. At the feet was a blackish
urn, with a narrow neck, capable of containing more than a pint (pi. 20,
fig. 1). Grave, two feet and a half deep.

44. Largish tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin
had passed the fire. Near the neck was a beautiful pendant, consisting
of a dark red stone set in gold ; it has a hoop of the same metal to
hang it by (pi. 4, fig. 14) ; near the knees was the blade of a knife ; and
at the feet the sherds of a very large ossuary, or bone urn ; and many
scattered pieces of burnt bones. Tlae grave was about four feet deep.
A woman's grave.

45. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a
coffin. Nothing but the iron handle of a box, found in getting down. Grave, two
feet and a half deep.

46. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were very perfect ; no appearance of a

Actual size.

BAEFEISTOX DOWK. 143

coffin. Near the left hip was a large brass lucMe and a kind of ornament for the belt^
(see cut, p. 142), placed, as I think, opposite to the buckle, as I have represented it ;
and the blade of a knife. Grave not two feet deep.

47. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the
fire. On the right side lay the conical umbo of a shield (see Sibertswold, No. 81) ;
three iron broad-headed studs, as often before ; iron cross piece, as before ; blade of
a sword (see Sibertswold, No. 98) ; and the head of a pilum on the left side of the
skull : it had some coarsish cloth adhering to it. Near the place of the strig of a
sword was a lump of white feathers, which adhered firmly to each other ; they seem
like fowls' small feathers ; they are very visibly what I have ventured to call them,
esjiecially if examined with a glass. This is very surprising, if we consider the
slenderness of their texture. Here was also a small brass buckle and shank, as
before ; the blade of a knife ; and a small black pebble, exactly of the shape of a
button mould ; it looks very like a largish chocolate drop : whether it belonged to
the persons here interred, or was the natural produce of the soil, I shall not pretend
to determine ; however, 1 shall observe that such sort of pebbles are not usually met
with in chalky soils. I imagine it to have been picked up among the sea barch,
and perhaps saved by its finder on account of its shape. It is, however, a matter of
no consequence what it was, unless we could guess at its uses, if it had any. This
grave was fully four feet deep.

48. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed
the fire, and appeared to have been very thick. Near the neck were the five follow-
ing beautiful pendants or ornaments for it, namely, a large and very beautiful dark
red round stone, set in gold, with a hoop of the same metal (pi. 4, fig. 15) ; another
much smaller ovalish stone, of a somewhat paler red, set also in gold, with a loop
(pi. 4, fig. 4), its companion being in every respect like it, except that the stone was
lost out when it was found (pi. 4, fig. 3) ; another small dark red stone, of an oval
shape, set in gold, with a loop (pi. 4, fig. 19) ; another triangular dark red stone,
set also in gold, with a loop like the rest (pi. 4, fig. 5) ; all of them of very neat

and elegant workmanship. Here were also two
"^ ■ ' " M T ' I r M iT"^ \^ amethysts, seven small beads, a brass pin for the

hair, as I suppose, with a flatted head ; and at
the feet were two very pretty urns of white glass, with sharpish bottoms and corded
necks (pi. 19, figs. 4 and 5); they are both exactly alike, and are capable of con-
taining rather more than half a pint. Here were also several small pieces of iron.
A woman's grave, about four feet deep.

' [The latter is merely a portion of another from a sketch in Mr. Faussett's manuscript, orna-
buckle, as will be seen by the cut ; the studs which, mented the buckles, are now wanting. — Ed.]

MAIiOA OF ADISHAM.

T®"

^ OO ROAD FROM W.NGHAM TOILEDEN -♦■* VJ

MANOR OF

sroi ooo

gl I 41 42 43
-I I I

5; I o 00

x'M o ° °

T!U;CH_DIVIDINC >i ] THE MANORS.

BEAKESBOURNE.

ARCHBISHOP'S MANOR.

JIM' OF I'Alcr UF AliisIIAM IIUWN, MAl'L. |;Y iHF IIKV, Li. FAU.^IiETT IN THE VEAR K73.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

ADISHAM DOWN, WITHIN THE PAIIISH OF BEAKESBOURNE,

NEAR CANTERBURY, IN KENT, in the year 1773.

BY ME B. FaUSSETT.

1^ N that part of Adisham Down (so called from the neighbouring and
adjacent parish of Adisham), which is within the limits of the parish
of Beakesbonrne, near Canterbury, are some barrows, or tumuli sepul-
chrales, of the ancients. They are of different sizes, and extend from
a clump of trees, belonging to Sir Philip Hales, Bart, (which are planted on the
north side of, and close by the high road whicli runs from Beakesbonrne aforesaid,
in a course nearly from west to east, towards Adisham), for about six hundred
paces in length, and about one hundred paces in breadth, thinly and unequally
scattered on both sides of a road, not much frequented, which leads from the clump
of trees aforesaid, nearly from north to south, towards Ileden on Barham Down, the
seat of Thomas Payler, Esq., but stand thickest near the clump of trees.

This burial-ground is situated, as usual, on the crest of a very higli part
of the Down, and on a very dry and chalky soil, on the confines of the parish of
Beakesbonrne towards the north-east ; the parish and manor of Adisham coming up
within a few paces of, and parallel to the road which runs through it towards Ileden.
The manor of Adisham belongs to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, and the
burial-ground which, as I have said before, is in the parish of Beakesbonrne, is
in the manor of Sir Philip Hales of Beakesbonrne, Bart., aforesaid ; which last
mentioned manor is, just in this place, so very narrow that it, as well as the burial-
ground, is bounded closely by a tliird manor, which belongs to the Archbishop of

BEAKESBOURNE. 145

Canterbury, on the south-west side, as it is on the north-east side by the parish and
manor of Adisham, its breadtli not exceeding one hundred paces in any part where
the tumuli stand ; and they all of them, except one which is the parish and manor
of Adisham (a veiy few paces distant from them), stand on the manor belonging
to Sir Philip Hales.'

These tumuli are in general very fair and round ; and some of them are so large
and conspicuous, from the advantage of their high situation, as to be seen at a
good distance. On examining them, I found, however, that some few of them had
been regularly opened, and that others had been entirely dug down and can-ied
away. This plainly appeared from a sinking or hollowness in the surface where
they had stood and been scooped out. I imagined at first that this had been done
for the purpose of making a kind of manure, much used in this part of the county,
called dencher ; but on inquiry, I was informed that they were removed by order
of the late Sir Thomas Hales (father of the present baronet) to whei'e the afore-
mentioned clump of trees now stands, for the purpose of deepening and bettering
the soil for the reception of them at their plantation, which I was told was about
thirty years ago. And tliat, though the removed tumuli were in general dag into
no deeper than to the level surface of the ground, or a little lower, some few
of them had, by Sir Thomas's order, been examined to the very bottom ; but that
nothing had been found, except some human bones and some pieces of iron. Indeed,
another person told me he had heard that a piece or two of old brass money was found.

On my application to my late worthy friend Sir Thomas (brother to the present
baronet), he very readily consented to my opening these tumuli ; but at the same
time sent me word (for he was then, it being in the time of his last illness, not
able to see me), that he knew that some of them had been opened already. This
was about the beginning of January. But as he died soon after, at least before
the time of year proper for such researches came round, I judged it proper to make
the same application to Sir Philip, who as readily and genteelly complied with my
request. Accordingly, on the 28th of May following, namely 1773, I began (to use
the military term) to break ground. And it will be seen from the following exact
account of every day's success while I was employed here, that I took very great
pains to very little purpose. I was, however, soon convinced that this spot, like all
those others which I have hitherto examined, and given accounts of in the four
former divisions of this inventory, was nothing more or less than the burial-place of
some of the neighbouring inhabitants ; whether they were Romans Britonized, or

' [The map which stands at the head of this precise site is to be identified ; but the down hind is
division accompanies Mr. Faussett's account of his now almost entirely brought into cultivation, and the
excavations at Beakesbourne. By the aid of it the tumuli, in consequence, have disappeared. — Ed.]

U

146 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Britons Romanized, or (which is more probable) a mixture of both, is as immaterial
as it is uncertain. I guess, however, that the persons here deposited were buried
about, if not long before, the time that the Roman legions left this island for the
last time, namely, about the year of Christ 418, or at the latest, before the coming
in of the Saxons, which Avas about the year of Christ 449.

The coins of the emperors Diocletian and Maximian found here, and mentioned
in their proper places, seem indeed to indicate a much earlier use of this place as a
burial-ground, namely, so far back as the year of Christ 305, which was the last
year of the reign of the former. But I think no great matter can be inferred from
them, as they may very probably have been buried many years after that. And
again, it is by no means improbable that it might continue in the same use, even
many years after the coming in of the Saxons. But still, I am persuaded, that the
persons here deposited were not Saxons ; nothing which I have hitherto met with,
either here or in any other place where I have dug, having the least appearance of
the remains of that people.'

Beakesbourne, 28th May, 1773.

"We began our work at the before mentioned clump of trees, on the south side
of which the tumuli, to the number of twenty-two (for so many we opened here),
stand much thicker than they do on any other part of this burial-ground. They
here occupy a small piece of ground in the shape of an isosceles triangle, whose
hypotenuse is about forty paces, and is formed by the road which leads from
Beakesbourne to Adishara, from Avest to east, and whose sides, being each about
sixty paces long, are enclosed by a shallow trench. The vertex of this triangle
points to the south, towards Ileden aforesaid. I was informed by a person, who said
he remembered them very well, that there Avere (as near as he could guess) about a
dozen more of these tumuli on the very spot of ground where the clump now is,
which were, all of them, dug down and levelled when the trees were planted. If so,
it is most likely that this triangle extended more to the north and included them
all ; and it is probable that the above mentioned road did not run just where it does
now (for if it did, it must have passed directly through the middle of the triangle,
and consequently among the tumuli, which is a thing by no means likely), but that
it passed a few paces more northward, and so formed the hypotenuse of the supposed
extended triangle. But this indeed is merely my own conjecture. There is still

^ [See note 1 to p. 39.— Ed.]

BEAKESBOURNE. l-tT

a road which passes close to the north side of the ckimp, and nearly in the same
direction, except that it points more to the north of the east, and leads from
Beakesbourne to Wingham.

1. The tumulus had been taken off; but, from the ground which it had occu-
pied, it appeared to have been a pretty large one. The grave, which from the
surface was about two feet and a half deep, pointed from west to east. This proved
to be one of those which had been opened before, the bones lying confusedly and in
all directions.

2. The tumulus had been taken off ; it seemed to have been of a middling size.
The skeleton lay with its feet to the east ; the cofRn seemed to have been pretty
thick, and had passed the fire. Nothing, but two or three nails. The grave three
feet deep.

Be it observed, that all the hereafter mentioned skeletons were found with their
feet towards the east, unless mention is made to the contrary.

3. The tumulus had been taken off; it seemed to have been of the middle
size. The bones were very sound, and the teeth very firm and white. The coffin
had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife (pi. 15, fig. 6). The grave
was about three feet deep.

4. Small tumulus. The bones pretty sound ; the coffin had passed the fire.
Nothing. The grave about two feet and a half deep.

5. Middle-sized tumulus. The grave was three feet deep ; the bones pretty
sound ; the coffin had passed the fire, and seemed to have been very wide. Nothing.

6. Middle-sized tumulus. The grave but little more than two feet deep ; the
coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing but the iron
shank of a buckle.

7. Pretty lai*ge tumulus ; the grave full six feet deep. Here we met with a
very extraordinary phenomenon, namely, two skeletons in sitting postures, with their
backs against the head of the grave ; their bones were remarkably sound, strong,
and large ; the skulls, which were also very sound and firm, had each of them
received a very violent cut, which must certainly have been the cause of their death.
The cuts were both on the left side of the occiput ; one of them a little above and
rather behind the meatus auditorius ; this entered obliquely into the cavity of the
skull, and was fully three inches and a half in length, and wide enough to admit
the largest goose-quill. The other was a little lower than the meatus auditorius,
and still more behind it. The stroke in this case appeared to have been given
almost horizontally, and in such a manner as almost to separate the whole lower
part of tlie skull from the upper. I stood by, and saw both of these skulls taken
out, and am very certain that they did not receive any cuts from the tools of the

148 INVENTORIXJM SEPULCHRALE.

workmen. It is, however, impossible that they coukl ; for in their dry and brittle
condition a very small stroke would have entirely shivered them in pieces.

At the depth of about two feet under them, lay a third skeleton, at full length,
the bones of which were much more decayed. The cofRn appeared to have been
pretty thick, and had passed the fire. Nothing was found with either of them ; but
at diiferent depths in getting down, were sevei'al fragments of a largish coarse urn
of black earth (broken in digging the grave for the persons here interred, as I
imagine) ; and a fore tooth of a horse or ox, or of some such large animal.

8. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The bones almost gone ;
the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

9. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet and a half deep. The bones
were almost gone ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing, but
the blade of a knife, as before.

10. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave about six feet deep. The bones almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

11. Small tumulus; grave about two feet deep. Bones of a child, almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the bottom and some sherds of
a small coarse urn, which appeared to have been broken before.

12. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones of a child,
almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

13. Largish tumulus ; grave about five feet deep. The bones were almost
gone ; the coffin appeared to have been thick, and to have passed the fire. Nothing
but the blade of a knife, as before, and some sherds of a largish coai'se urn.

14. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone; no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing but two or three large sherds of a very large
ossuary or bone urn.

15. Small tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The bones were almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

16. Largish tumulus; grave about three feet deep. The bones Avere almost
gone ; the coffin had been very thick, and some of its remains were perfect enough
for us to discover from the grain of them that it was made of oak ; it had passed
the fire. About half way down were found some sherds of a beautiful patera, of
the fine corallhie earth ; but we were not lucky enough to meet with the impression
or stamp of the name of the maker, which is usually imprinted on this sort of
vessels. This utensil (of great antiquity) was certainly destroyed at the interment
of the person for whom this tumulus was raised. Here Avere also found some sherds
of a large coarse urn or ossuary, broken, no doubt, at the same time.

17. Small tumulus, taken off; grave about three feet and a half deep. It

BEAKESBOURNE. 149

appeared, by many scattered bones all the way down, to have been opened before.
Nothing.

18. Middle-sized tumnlus, taken off; the grave was about three and a half
feet deep. It appeared, by many scattered bones all the way down, to have been
opened before. Nothing.

19. Small tumulus, taken off; grave about two feet and a half deep. This
also appeared to have been opened before. Nothing.

20. No appearance of any tumulus, the surface of the ground being quite level.
Nor could we have discovered the grave, but by the use of the instrument described
at page 87 of this Inventory, and which I have named a probe. This grave (if it
was one) was about two feet and a half deep, and pointed, like the rest, due east
and west, and was dug like them in firm chalk. It was much narrower and longer
than the graves usually are, and had the appearance of a small grip or ditch. In
the bottom of it there were about two gallons of wood, coals, and ashes. I examined
them very carefully, but could not perceive any remains of bones among them.

21. No appearance of a tumulus ; the grave (if it was one) was much like the
last, to which it was close, though not quite parallel. This also had wood, coals,
and ashes, as also some oyster shells, but no bones in it.

22. Pretty large tumulus ; the grave was about five feet deep. The bones
were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife,
as before.

Beakesbourne, 2nd June, 1773.

Our last day's work having put a finishing stroke to the tumuli at the clump
of trees, we this day began with

23. A very large and high tumulus, which stands on the very brow of the
rising ground, at the distance of about a hundred and seventy paces to the south-
ward from those already opened, there being none between them. The grave was
about seven feet deep. In getting down were found several shin-bones of oxen, or
some other large animals, and at the depth of about five feet was an oyster shell.
The bones of the skeleton were almost gone ; the coffin plainly appeared to have
been of oak ; it had been very thick, and had passed the fire. Nothing but two
or three large nails. This tumulus was on the left hand of the road.

24. The next tumulus stands about twenty paces southward of the last men-
tioned, and on the same (namely, the east) side of the road from "NVingham towards
Ileden. It was pretty broad at its basis, but very low ; the grave was about three
feet deep ; the bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

150 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

25. The next stands at about the distance of ten paces southward of the last
mentioned, and on the same side of the road. It is of the middle size ; the grave
about four feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin.
Nothing. This grave, though dug like the rest out of the chalk, was entirely filled
with clay, wliich, from the hardness of it, appeared to have been rammed down.

Our next attack Avas upon a kind of praetentura, or breast-work (a bank,
however), which runs at right angles from the west side of the road last mentioned
to a trench which parts this manor from that of the Archbishop of Canterbury, in
a straight line, nearly from east to west. It is eighty paces long, eight paces broad,
and between three and four feet high, on the average, for it is not in all parts of it
of an equal height.

We first of all tried it with the probe, before mentioned ; but as the whole
bank consisted of loose mould and chalk rubbish, cast up from the ground on each
side of it to the height above specified, that instrument could in this case be of no
service in discovering the graves, though it had been full of them ; nor, indeed, had
I any great reason to imagine there were any. However, after digging here and
there, by way of trial, we luckily discovered the following, namely,

GRAVES IN THE PR.ETENTURA, OR BANK.

26. Grave, three and a half feet deep, down to the natural soil. The bones
were almost gone ; much dust of a coffin, which did not appear to have passed the
fire. Nothing Avas found with the skeleton ; but in removing the agger of the bank
under which it lay, we met with several bones of animals, particularly part of the
skull and likewise a liorn of a calf of about two years old ; as also two large iron
nails. This grave was very near the end of the bank next to the road.

Having thus by chance, as it were, found one grave in this bank, I flattered
myself there might be many more ; and as I knew we could do nothing to any
eff'ect without turning the whole regularly over, even down to the hard chalk, we
instantly set about it with what labourers I happened to have with me (namely,
nine) ; but I soon found the number of hands unequal to the work. However,
I kept forward till the evening, determining to come better prepared the next time.

The last mentioned grave (namely, the first in this preetentura or bank) was, as
I said before, at the east of it next the road. We therefore pursued our work from
thence regularly towards the other end ; and the next grave we came to, namely, No.

27. Was at about the distance of ten feet from the last mentioned. The
skeleton was covered with little more than the agger of the bank, the grave not
having been sunk above half a foot into the natural soil. The bones were scarcely

BEAKESBOURNE.

151

discernible ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, as
before, and some iron nails ; except, that in taking down the agger, we found two
boar's tusks, and some sherds of a small, tliin, urn of reddish earth.

28. Grave much as the last. The bones were pretty perfect ; no appearance of
a coffin. On the left side of the skull was the head of a pilum or dart, like those
already described in the former divisions of tliis Inventory. Here were also the
blade of a knife, as before ; and the broken remains of some iron instrument, the
shape of which could not be guessed at. In the agger were many bones of some
animal of the size of a sheep.

29. Grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone ; the skull had the
frontal suture ; no appearance of a coffin. On the left

side of the skull was a coarse, narrow-necked, urn of reddish

earth ; it was broken in pieces in getting out ; but by

putting the sherds of it a little together, its shape ap-
peared to have been as I have endeavoured to represent

it ; I guess it would have contained about three pints.

Near it (but, I think, under the skull) was a brass pin,

or acus crinalis, about an inch and a half long ; it has a

flatted head. Near the neck were one largish black bead

(pi. 5, fig. 4), and one small flattish blue one. From

about the hips, for about a foot downwards on each side,

were many small iron links of a chain. At the end of

those on the right side was a small pair of shears (as pi.

15, fig. 20) ; and at the end of those on the left side was

an iron instrument, about nine inches long (pi. 15, fig. 21) ; some coarse linen cloth

adhered to it. Under it lay what, in the former pages of this Inventory, I have

often ventured to call a discus or quoit} I never found any
of them but in women's and children's graves, and chiefly in
the latter, from whence I have been induced to believe that
they were a kind of toy ; and even here, I believe, I am
mistaken in attributing it to the person whose remains I have
just now been mentioning, and who, from the particulars
found with them, was certainly a woman ; for immediately on

finding this quoit, we perceived that we had unexpectedly gotten into

30. Another grave, rather deeper, which contained the almost decayed bones
of a child, to which it is likely this quoit belonged. On the left side, near the hip.

Actual size.

' [It has been previously suggested that these objects may luive been spindle-whirls — Ed.]

152

INVENTOKITIM SEPULCHRALE.

Avere found several very small and thin plates of brass, of different shapes ; and the
blade of a small knife. It occurred to me, that these little laminse might have been
a sort of ornament to the handle of the knife ; but this is conjecture. Here was

also another iron instrument, much
like that described at the last num-
ber, but much smaller. Here was
also a piece of doubled leather^ regu-
larly cut full of square holes. I
imagine it to have been the sheath
of the knife ; to it is riveted a small
piece of brass, as I have represented
it in the figure.' I take its use to
have been to receive a string or strap
^^^^^1 ^j^^ under it, in order to hang it to the

side of the wearer. Near the place
of the neck of the infant was a small silver bulla (as Kingston, No. 298) ; and
another pair of very small iron shears, as before, were found in another part of the
grave ; as were also the bones of some very small animal, as of a bird, mole, or
mouse ; these were quite at the bottom, and had, as I think, been deposited in a
small black urn, among the sherds of which they were found ; it was at the feet
of the grave, and being very brittle, was crushed in pieces by the pressure of the
labourer's foot. Perhaps they might be the remains of some little animal of which
the child was fond. I met with two instances of this kind during my digging at
Crundale. It certainly was the custom of the ancients to bury, not only such things
with the dead as are usually found with their remains, but animals, such as they
were fond of in their life-time. This urn was very small, and had a narrowish
mouth, but wide enough for the purpose of receiving so small an animal. Here
were also some longish iron nails, though there was no appearance of a coffin.
After we had dug about eighteen inches, as I think, beyond these two graves, we
found in the earth that composed the bank, a very fair copper coin of the Emperor
M. Aur. Val. Maximianus, who was made partner in the empire with Diocletian,

1 [This leather would rather appear to have heen
a portion of a girdle. A piece very similar in pat-
tern was found at Chartham by Dr. Mortimer, who
distinctly says it had been fastened with a buckle,
which he describes and gives a drawing of. Mr.
Faussett also indicates other examples at Kingston,
No. 142; at Sibertswold, No. 180; and No. 38,

Beakesbourne. The pattern is not unlike that of
some of the Roman sandals found in London ; and
the mode of punching the leather appears to have
been the same as was used in the ornamental work
of the Roman sandals and in the shoes of the middle
ages. See Illustrated Catalogue of London Anti-
quities, plates ix, xii, and xiii. — Ed ]

BEAKESBOUENE.

153

about the year of Christ 285. It is of the second size, and not very common. On
the obverse is his head, laureated, and this legend, imp. maximianvs. p. f. avg.
On the reverse, a female figure, standing, and holding in one hand fruit, and in
the other ears of corn ; and this legend, salvis. avgg. et caess. fel. kart. In the

exergue is the letter b.

This emperor was called " Herculeius".

Beakesbourne, 11th June, 1773.

Half the actual size.

31. This grave was sunk to about the depth of a foot, or thereabouts, within
the firm chalk. The height of the agger, or bank, was here about four feet above it.
The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the left hip was
a sort of iron instrument (as fig. 24, pi.

15); the blade of a knife, as before; a
small iron huclde tvith a brass shank (fig. 2);
an iron buckle and shank (fig. 1 ) ; a thin
plate of brass (fig. 3} ; others (figs. 4 and
5) ; and several straight short pieces of
iron wire. The skull had the frontal
suture.

32. This grave was scarcely so deep
as to the natural soil. The bones were
almost gone; the coffin had passed the

fire. Near the left hip were an iron instrument (as Sibertswold, No. 180) ; a discus,
or quoit, as before, of brick earth, as it seems ; a pair of small shears, as before ;
and the blade of a knife. On the opposite side were two small brass plates, like
clasps (fig. 6), each had a large foramen and three small rivets, each about the
eighth of an inch long ; a small brass buckle and shank (fig. 7) ; and some small bits
of iron, which seemed to be the fragments of a small slender chain. I take this
to have been a woman's grave.

33. The grave was much of the same depth as the last
almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

34. The grave was much of the same depth as the last.
Nothing.

This ended our examination of the prsetentura, or bank, in which, after almost
two whole days' hard work (the former with ten, and the latter with fourteen
labourers), only nine graves Avere discovered, though I caused it to be entirely

X

Bones of a child.

Bones almost gone.

154

INVENTORIUM SEPTJLCHRALE.

trenched and turned over down to the firm chalk from end to end. It is, however,
a satisfaction to me to be certain that I have left nothing behind me.

The six following tumuli stand just on the south side of the prsetentura, or
bank, in the angle formed by it and the road towards Ileden ; and partly on the
north and partly on the west side of three others (much larger ones), which stand in
a row, and are nearly contiguous to each other, on the west side of the road and
adjoining to it.

35. The tumulus was small ; the grave about two feet and half deep. The
coffin seemed to have been very thick, and had passed the fire. The bones were
almost gone. Nothing but a coin of the Emperor Diocletian ; it is of the second
copper, and is a very common one. On the obverse, is the emperor's head, laureated,
with this legend, imp. diocletianvs. p. f. avg. On the reverse, the naked figure of
the genius of the Roman people, standing, with a modius on his head, and pouring
a libation out of a patera with his right hand, and holding a cornucopia in his left ;
with this legend, genio. popvli. romani. In the area are the letters k.^; and in
the exergue, ant.

36. Small tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The bones were almost
gone ; the coffin appeared to have been very thick and wide, and had passed the
fire. Nothing but the brass shank of a buckle, and some small bits of iron.

Beakesbourne, 18th June, 1773.

37. Small tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The bones were almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. On the right side was an iron luclde and

shank, with some coarse cloth adhering to
it (fig. 1) ; the cloth seemed to have been
woollen ; and on the left side was the blade
of a knife, as before.

38. Small tumulas ; grave two and a
half feet deep. The bones were almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near
the left hip were the blade of a knife, as
before ; a round piece of lead (fig. 2) ; and a
piece of doubled leather, cut full of regular
square holes, much like that described at
No. 30 ; I suppose it to have been the sheath of the knife ; it had, like that, a little
piece of brass riveted to it, in order, as I imagine, to pass a strap or string through.

BEAKESBOURNE.

155

One-fourth the actual size.

At the feet was a narrow-necked, bottle-like iini of reddish earth, with one handle ;
and the fragments of an iron buckle, like those already
described. The urn was empty ; it will contain about a
quart.

39. Very small tumulus ; very shallow grave. Bones
pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the
blade of a knife, as before.

40. Small tumulus ; grave about three and a half feet
deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin appeared
to have been thick, and had passed the fire. Near the
neck were five earthen beads, like those so often mentioned
in the former divisions of this Inventory ; and an hemi-
spherical piece of blue glass, set in a very thin frame and hack of silver (fig. 3 in the
group p. 154). The frame was broken in taking out. It had a small loop, or eye,
to hang it by, and was doubtless a pendant or ornament for the neck ; many of
which, of different sorts, are described in the former pages. Here was also the
blade of a small knife. A woman's grave.

Having thus far finished the six tumuli which, as I mentioned, stand on the
south side of the prsetentura, or bank, we next began upon those three which, as
I said, stand just by the last mentioned on the west side of the road, and contiguous
to and parallel with it. The first of these, namely,

41. Is thirty-four feet in diameter, and fully five feet high. This tumulus
consists almost entirely of flints. The grave, which was full five feet deep, was also
filled with them, except that these last had a mixture of mould and chalk along
with them. These stones must have been brought hither from some distance, as
very few, in proportion to the numbers here found, are to be met witli in the
adjacent soil. The difficulty we met with in getting through them, suggested an
expectation (a hope, at least) of discovering something worth our labour at the
bottom of them ; for surely, thought I, the friends of the deceased would hardly
have taken so much pains about his interment, if he was not some very extraordinary
person. But, from what follows, will be seen how much I was mistaken. At
different depths in getting down, we met with bones and one horn of a young ox or
heifer ; as also, here and there, many fragments of human bones, and a large sherd
of a very large coarse ossuary, or bone urn, of blackish earth. At about half way
down, we met with two different strata of black earth, Avood ashes, and wood coals.
The lower one, which was the thicker of the two, was nearly six inches thick. The
earth beneath them was somewhat freer from flints than before ; but no bones or
remains of a coffin were to be perceived from thence to the very bottom of the grave.

156 INVENTORITJM SEPULCHRALE.

which was dug out of the rock chalk, like the rest. But on examining other parts
of the tumulus, we lighted on another grave, at the northern extremity or verge
of this same tumulus. At about the depth of five feet (at the level, that is, of
the other grave) we found the bones of a child, pretty perfect, pointing, as usual,
with the feet to the east. The coffin appeared to have been thick, and much
burnt. Nothing.

42. This tumulus (the middlemost of the three by the road side) is forty-eight
feet in diameter at the base, and nearly seven feet, perpendicular, in height. The
whole we found to be composed of flints, like the last. The grave was about four
feet deep, and filled up with flints and chalk intermixed. About half way down,
was a regular stratum of wood coals and ashes, about two inches thick. No
fragments of bones could be perceived among them. The bones of the skeleton
lay in so odd a manner that the deceased must, I think, have been laid very care-
lessly, if not contemptuously, in the grave ; or must have been remarkably deformed.
Nothing. Several bones of young oxen, as likewise several of their horns, and
some sherds of an ossuary were found, both in the tumulus and in the grave. No
appearance of a coffin.

43. This tumulus (the southmost of the three) is very large, but much the
smallest of them. It had no more flints in it than what are usually met with. The
grave was about four feet deep : from the confused manner in which we found the
bones lying in the bottom of it, we were convinced of its having been opened before.
Several bones of oxen, as I think, and some sherds of an ossuary, were found in
getting down.'

Beakesbourxe, 3rd August, 1773.

44. The next tumulus which we attacked, is far the largest of any in this burial
ground, it being seventy feet in diameter at its basis, and near ten feet in perpendi-
cular height. It is the furthermost of them all, towards the south : it stands on the
left side of the road towards Ileden, at the distance of five hundred and eighty paces
from the tumuli where we began to dig, namely, near the clump of trees ; and of three
Imndred and sixty paces from the prtetentura, or bank. We began our work with
opening a trench, diametrically, through the centre of it, from west to east, thirty

' [The mixed character of the Beakesbourne objects which signalize Roman and Saxon graves,

tumuli is too obvious to need comment : the large indicate the Celtic origin of several of them, and,

quantities of flints, the fragments of single urns, consequently, the early appropriation of the site as

the bones of animals, and the absence of those a place of sepulture. — Ed.]

BEAKESBOUENE. 157

feet long, and eighteen feet broad. In getting down we met with human bones
dispersed here and there, at all depths, and in all directions : a certain indication
that the tumulus had been, at one time or other, opened, either for the sepulture of
fresh corpses in ancient times, or for satisfying the curiosity of some more modern
inquirer like myself ; and, indeed, while Ave were pursuing our work, and were not
a little perplexed at what we had found, we were visited by one Mr. Reynolds, a
substantial and sensible farmer in the neighbourhood, who told me that " this
tumulus had really been (attempted, at least, to be) opened, about thirty years ago,
by some gentlemen, who came, as he thought, from somewhere towards Ashford ;
and he thought they found two or three copper coins." But he could give no account
who those gentlemen were, nor whether anything else was found, though he said he
was present during great part of the time of digging. This information had like to
have put a stop to our work ; but whilst he was yet with us, we met with an entire
human skeleton which never had been disturbed, lying in the usual position, namely,
with its feet pointing to the east. It did not lie in the centre of the tumulus, or
near it, as is usual, but towards the western side of it, and not above five feet deep
in it ; so that its grave did not reach even to the natural surface of the ground by at
least five feet. I concluded from hence, that either those gentlemen had too soon
grown weary of their work, if any such ever attempted the tumulus, or (which I
think is more likely) the honest farmer had, for the sake of talk, told vxs a very great
lie. There was no appearance of a cofiin, nor was anything found with this skeleton.
The bones were remarkably sound ; but the skull, which was very firm when taken
up, by lying on the bank an hour or tAvo, exposed to the sun and Avind, opened by
degrees at the sutures, etc., in such a manner, that by only rolling gently doAvn into
the trench (Avhich, hoAvever, Avas then pretty deep), it parted, and came all to pieces.
The earth still continued, all the way, much in the same Avay as it had been
before Ave came to the skeleton ; loose and scattered bones every noAv and then
still appearing ; as also did the socket of the head of a hasta or spear, some sherds
of a small black urn ; many pieces or fragments of burnt brick, as they seemed. In
many difi"erent places, and at different depths, Ave found heaps of very small bones,
very sound, as of small birds, mice, or some such little animals.' Some of the heaps
amounted, I am sure, to above a quart each. It is very remarkable that neither
here, nor Avherever else I have met Avith such bones before, any head, or at least
enough of one, could be found, by Avhich I could give any guess to Avhat animals

' [For numerous instances of the discovery of Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derhxjshire, passim.
bones of rats and mice in ancient graves, sec Col- See also note to No. 282, Kingston ; and note, page
lectanea Antigua, vol.i, pp. 49-61, and Mr. Bateman's 95. — Ed.]

158

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

they had belonged. I think we here found, in the whole, nearly half a bushel of
them ; and some of them so low, as at the bottom of the tumulus. We also found
three or four small parcels of wood coals and ashes, and some single wood coals ; as
also a great deal of blueish dust, which might be wood ashes too ; but I could
perceive no coals among it. There were also part of the skull of a young ox, as it
seemed ; the under jaw of a dog, as we thought ; and the bones of some large bird
or fowl ; and on the surface of the natural rock chalk lay a skeleton, with its feet
pointing, as usual, to the east. The bones were almost gone. No appearance of a

coffin. Nothing material was found with

it, or near it ; but a pair of iron shears,
as before ; the Made of a knife, of a different
shape from those already mentioned ; a

Length of blaJe, six inches; width, one inch and a quiirter-

large iron nail ; and the sherds of a small blue urn.

45. The next, and last, tumulus (which is that which I said, at page 145, was
in the parish and manor of Adisham), stands about forty paces to the northward of
the last mentioned ; and as near as I can guess (for I forgot to measure its diameter),
about thirty paces eastward of the road. It is low, but broad. The grave, which
was cut very neatly and exactly out of the rock chalk, was full five feet deep ; it
was of the exact shape of a cross, whose legs pointed, very minutely, to the four
cardinal points of the compass ; it was every way eleven feet long, and about four
feet broad. At each extremity was a little cove,
or arched hole, each about twelve inches broad,
and about fourteen high, all very neatly cut, like
so many little fireplaces, for about a foot beyond
the grave, into the chalk ; they were not exactly
level with the legs, but sunk a little lower.' In
that at the western extremity were many wood
coals and ashes. In the north cove was much
rotten wood, which, from its grain, appeared to
have been oak. In that toward the south were
several large and small iron nails. In that toward
the east was a slender iron pin, or piece of wire, crueiform grave, Adisham,

' [The unusual form of this grave would suggest
the question as to whether it may not have been
constructed at two different periods. It is one of
those complications of facts which require the most
careful eye, and the most experienced judgment, to
unravel ; and the solution of which may mainly

depend upon some fact, which even a cautious ex-
plorer like Mr. Faussett may pass over. For in-
stance, the fragments of the large urn which he
mentions, but which he gives no sketch of, were
probably marked with some peculiarity which would
have decided its Celtic or its Roman origin, and.

BE AKESBOTJRNE. 159

about two inches and a half long. The bones were almost gone ; indeed they were
scarcely discernible ; the coffin had not passed the fire, and appeared to have been
pretty thick. In getting down, w^e found six denies molares, or grinders, of a
horse, as we thought ; they were remarkably long ; as also the sherds of a large,
coarse, black ossuary, or bone urn, and of two smaller ones of bluish earth ; a small
iron stud, the head about half an inch broad ; and several oyster shells. One half
of this cross-like grave had certainly been opened before, namely, from west to east ;
but not effectually, for the remains of the coffin, and what was to be seen of the
bones, plainly appeared to have never been disturbed. Perhaps, however, the
opening I mention may have been as long ago as the interment of the person whose
remains Ave found at the bottom. The north and south legs of this cross, however,
did not appear to have been dug into, nor did any of the coves seem to have been
examined. The sherds of the ossuary certainly (as I have observed before) shew
the original use of this place as a burying-ground to be of very remote antiquity.

The above described forty-five make up the whole number, both of the tumuli
now standing in this ancient burial-ground, and of the graves here Avhose tumuli
have been dug down and removed. I cannot, it is true, pronounce so assuredly
with regard to the latter as I can with respect to the former ; because there possibly
may be some of them (on account of the great difficulty in finding them) which
still remain undiscovered, notwithstanding all the pains I took to discover them ;
but as I caused the ground to be everywhere thoroughly examined with the probe,
which on plain ground cannot fail of finding them (if there are any), I am pretty
sure there are none of them left unopened.

I had almost forgot to mention, that in digging a pretty deep ditch about four
years ago, in order to shew the boundaries of the before mentioned manor, which
belongs to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and which, as I have said, abuts close up
to the manor belonging to Sir Philip Hales, Bart, (on which this burial-ground is
situated), the labourers, as I was informed by their employer, met with human
bones in four or five places, but found nothing Avith them.

consequently, that of the grave. It was evidently Some of the graves in Bourne Park (see note,
Mr. Faussett's impression that this grave was ori- page 95 ante) were furnished with small chambers
ginally of a cruciform shape ; and there is, under cut in the corners of the graves, apparently as
any point of view, nothing to shew that the receptacles for some fragile or perishable sub-
skeleton did not belong to a Saxon interment. stances. — Ed.]

CHARTHAM DOWNS, 1855.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

CHARTHAM DOWN, IN THE PARISH OF CHARTHAM, NEAR

CANTERBURY, IN KENT, by Charles Fagg, Esq. of Mystole,

IN THE SAID PARISH, IN THE YEAR 1730 ; AND IN THE YEAR 1773,

BY ME Br. Faussett.

PON a high spot of ground on Chartham Down, in the parish of

Chartham, near Canterbury/ in Kent, is a pretty considerable paixel of

barrows, or tumuli sepulchrales, of the ancients. I need here give no

particular description of the situation of them, as a very exact and full

one Avill be found in the following copy of a manuscript account of them.

This place has, by others as well as the writer of the said manuscript account,
been supposed to have been the field of battle between Julius Cajsar and our British
ancestors, when he gave them that signal overthrow which proved decisive in these
parts. But how much they were mistaken will plainly appear, not only from the

' [The site of the excavations described in this
portion of Mr. Faussett's journal can only be ascer-
tained by the leading features of the country, and
the names of the divisions of the down, commonly
called Chartham Down, one view of which, taken
on the north side, opposite the village of Chartham,
and Canterbury cathedral in the distance, is given
in the above cut. The tumuli were upon the downs
to the right, on the slopes to the south : the pre-
cise locality, as described by Dr. Mortimer and

Mr. Faussett, was upon Kenville Down, which joins
Swerdling Down. Douglas, in his Nenia Britannica,
gives a plan of the tumuli made for him by Sir
William Fagg ; another accompanies Mr. Faussett's
manuscript ; but at the present day not one mound
is to be observed ; the down land has been wholly
brought into cultivation ; and, even by the aid of the
map and the descriptive text, it requires some little
care and exertion to discover the situation of the
great Saxon burial-place. — Ed.]

CHARTHAM DOWN. 161

contents of such of those tumuli as I have opened (and of which I shall in some
of the following pages give a true and exact account), but even from the said
manuscript account itself (if it be duly and impartially considered) ; although its
plain drift and tendency is to confirm and corroborate that too hastily adopted
opinion.

The said manuscript account was drawn up at the time of Mr. Fagg's opening
some of these tumuli, namely, in the year 1730, by Dr. Cromwell Mortimer, the
late ingenious and learned Secretary to the Royal Society, who was present at, and
had the principal management of, the digging. It is written in the Doctor's own
hand-writing ; and is now in the hands of Sir AYilliam Fagg, Baronet, of Mystole,
in the parish of Chartham, who, some years ago, gave me leave to take a copy
of it.

I shall take the pains to transcribe the whole account as I found it ; and will,
all along, add such marginal notes, observations, explanations, and references, as
shall occur to me; and afterwards give a faithful and true account of my own
digging in the same place, in the year 1773, when I had Sir William Fagg's per-
mission to open what few of them, at that time, remained unexamined ; and will
compare the several antiquities found there, both by Mr. Fagg and by myself, with
such other remains as I have heretofore discovered, whenever I have opened tumuli
of this sort, namely, at Crundale, Ash, Kingston, Sibertswold, Barfriston, and
Beakesbourne (and which are all exactly drawn and described in the preceding
divisions of this my Inventorium Sepulchrale ) ; by which it will manifestly appear
that there is not the least room to suppose that any battle was ever fought on this
spot ; much less the decisive one between Julius Caesar and the Britons. But
that, on the contrary, the persons here buried were neither more nor less than the
peaceable inhabitants of some adjacent village, or villages, consisting indiscriminately
of men, women, and children ; and that they were not buried till about the time
that the Romans entirely quitted this isle. My opinion of them is, that they were
deposited about or between that time and the coming in of the Saxons ; except,
indeed, such of them whose remains had been deposited in the three ossuaries, or
bone urns ; one of which was found by Dr. Mortimer, and the other two by myself;
and these, doubtless, must have been interred much earlier.

Dr. Mortimer's having been Secretary to the Royal Society gave me no room
to doubt but that, upon searching, I should find some account of this place, and of
the digging there, in the Philosojihicul Transactions ; but after having perused those
volumes with the greatest care and attention, I am certain that no such account
is there to be met with, nor is there any mention made of it ; on which account,
I flatter myself, the following copy of his manuscript will be the more acceptable

Y

162 INVENTORIUM SEPTJLCHEALE.

to those who -will take the pains to peruse these pages, it being the only account
of that digging which is to be had. It is as follows.^

" AN ACCOUNT OF THE ANTIQUITIES DISCOVERED ON SWERDLING DOWN,
IN THE PARISH OF CHARTHAM, NEAR CANTERBURY, a.d. 1730.

" About four miles south-west from Canterbury lies a large open field, situate in the parish
of Chartham, commonly known by the name of Swerdling Down,^ part of the estate of Charles
Fagg, of Mystole, Esq. At the west end of these downs is a rising ground, or hill, of about
a quarter of a mile moderate ascent every way, except to the east. At about two hundred
yards from the top of the hill, on the south side, lies the road from Canterbury to Wye ; and
about the same distance on the north side lies the road from Canterbury to Chilham, which is
about two miles from this place. At about half a mile distance, due north, stands Chartham
church, to which is a very gradual descent ; and along the bottom runs a tract of meadows,
through which flows the river Stour, close to Chartham churchyard, and having passed the
city of Canterbury, empties itself into the sea a little below Sandwich, which is about twelve
miles from these downs.

" About a year ago, in stubbing a bank, in order to widen one of the roads which run
across these downs, the workmen lighted on a human skeleton, almost entire, lying in a trench
cut out of the solid chalk (whereof the whole soil of this place consists), and covered lightly
over with the chalk rubbish and about two feet of common mould above it, which is also found
to about the same depth in all the neighbouring ground, before you come to the chalk rock.^

" This accident raised the curiosity of Mr. Fagg to open some barrows, or tumuli
sepulchrales, which stand very close to one another all along the top of the hill, to the number
of a hundred;^ and which by the inliabitants of the country, and in the ancient deeds of Mr.
Fagg's estate, are called the ' Dane's Banks'.

" By the road-side, where the skeleton was found, stood three fair barrows, all in a row,
each about twenty-three feet in diameter, but not above three feet in perpendicular height ;
the rain, probably, having in the course of several ages diminished their height, and somewhat
increased their basis, by the mould washing down on all sides.

1 [Dr. Mortimer's account has been printed in known is Chartham Down ; Swerdling Down being

the Nenia Britannica. So far as it is a narration that which lies opposite to a farm in the valley,

of facts it is valuable ; and therefore is introduced called Swerdling, and between it and Iffin's or Iven's

here verbatim. But I have thought it right, in a Wood, which is situate at the top of the opposite

work of this kind, to omit the conjectural portion, hill. Sir William Fagg, however, says that the

which Douglas pronounces to be " too puerile for a right name of the spot in question is Kenville Down ;

comment." This omission will render most of as is also all the down land between this place and

Faussett's censures on the errors of Mortimer need- Swerdling Down properly so called. — B. F.

less ; and while this omission does not deprive our ^ The chalk, in general, is much nearer the sur-

volume of one word of the journal of facts, it keeps face than two feet, and in some places within a few

it clear of a discussion of a very superfluous kind, inches of it. — B. F.

from which no information can be gained. — Ed.] * The number of them does not exceed, if it

2

The name by which this down is most commonly amount to, so many as eighty. — B. F.

CHARTHAM DOWN. 163

" On opening the top, they found in these, as in all the others, somewhat more than a
foot of common earth ; then chalk rubbish for about two feet, which was easily removed with
a spade. But when they came to the level of the basis, or a little lower, they found the
natural soil to be solid chalk, in which was hewn a trench about eight feet long, two broad,
and one and a half deep, and commonly running nearly east and west. This trench seemed to
have supplied the place of a coffin' to the deceased. The bones of one person (sometimes the
skeleton nearly whole and entire), with the head to the west, lying at the bottom of them; in
some with large flint stones ranged on each side the body, in order, I suppose, to keep the
earth from pressing on the corpse;^ and all the rest was filled with chalk rubbish, lightly flung
in, so that even now it could be removed by the hands. And in case, at the first opening of a
barrow, they did not light on the trench, the easy working of the loose chalk rubbish was
a certain guide to bring the workmen into the trench where the body lay.

" The barrow a, in the plan (the middlemost of the three), was the first Mr. Fagg pitched
upon to open. When they had got down to about half the depth of the trench, they found
among the loose rubbish a beautiful Roman fibula.^ It consists of a plate of silver, one and
seven-tenths of an inch in diameter, and one-tenth of an inch thick on the foreside ; round
the margin, it hath a circle, alternately smooth and corded, half an inch together. Within this
is another, but flat, circle, on which are some blind remains of an indented line ; round the
inside of this runs a small corded wire of gold, and all the space within this cord is a plate of
gold of one inch and a quarter diameter. It is closely studded with smaR circles of that corded
wire, which some may call roses, but in reality, exactly resemble the dust of the flower of the
hollyhock when seen through a microscope. In the centre, is an hemisphere of ivory of half an
inch diameter, with a socket in the middle, in which probably was set some small stone. Eound
this is a circle of thin plates of gold, with four rays, like a star, all set with garnets, having a
triangular piece of lapis lazuli at the extremity of every point, and a seirdcircular piece of the
same stone at the basis of every ray close to the ivory hemisphere. In the middle, between
each ray on the golden plate, stands a circle of gold, holding a small hemisjjhere of a quarter
of an inch diameter, in the middle of which is a socket, in one whereof is still remaining a
round garnet, and in another, the foil which is used under all these garnets, Avhich is a thin
plate of gold, with lines across it, so that it somewhat resembles a smith's file. On the back
side was a lump of rusty iron, which had been the setting on of the tongue of the fibula, which
was usually of iron, because that metal is the most springy, which was a necessary condition
in order to make it hold the firmer when hasped under the hook, which is also to be seen on
this side. I have seen one of these tongues and fibula entire, where the tongue was not
moveable on a hinge, as in our common buckles, but was riveted into the plate, and then made

' It seems from this expression as if, at this but I found the skeleton thus arched over with

digging, no notice was taken, or suspicion enter- flints. — B. F.

tained, of the bodies having been buried in coffins ; '•' Several of this sort are to be found in my In-

but that by far the major part of those skeletons ventorium Sepulchrale, na.mely, A.sh,Nos. 19,27,41,

which I afterwards moved were thus interred, may 42, 62, 67, 69, 70, 76, 81, 87; Kingston, Nos. 15, 161,

be seen in the subsequent account of my digging 205, 299; Sibertswold, No. 101 ; Barfriston, No. 6.

here. — B. F. These fibulas were, all of them, found in the graves

- I scarcely ever opened a grave in a chalky soil, of women and children only. — B. F.

164 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

two or three spiral circumvolutions, ia order to give it the stronger spring. This is delineated
in several fibula; in tab. 28, torn, iii, of Montfaucon's Antiquities ; and in tab. 29, is represented
a round plated fibula, with a star upon it, somewhat resembling ours.

" At the bottom of the trench lay some remains of bones, but mostly mouldered away ;
none were so whole as to know what bones they were, and they all seemed to have been burnt.'

" At the head, the workmen struck against a glass urn,- which they broke before they
were aware. But then turning over the rubbish carefully, they found, close by the first,
another glass urn of a yellowish green colour, two inches and a quarter wide at top, three inches
and a half in the belly, and two inches and a half at bottom. From the brim of it goes a spiral
cord in the glass, which goes round it several times, descending almost imperceptibly to the
belly, when it crosses the bottom four times, in form of a figure of 8, and terminates in the
centre. The urn had at first a fragrant smell, as if some sweet gums had been put into it.
There were no bones or resemblance of ashes in either of them, but a white impalpable powder
clodded together, with several small micce or shining particles among it, not unlike talc. All
the inside of the ui-n was coated over with a thin skin, reflecting all the colours of the iris.
This is usually fovmd adhering to ancient glass which hath laid several ages buried deep under-
ground ; and is likewise found upon some petrifactions of shells, which, according to the
opinions of some, have been lodged in the earth ever since the universal deluge, and is called
by some antiquaries electrum, by others, the armatura.

" Near to the broken urn, or perhaps contained in it, were a small round turquoise stone
and two pendants, like those of our modern car-rings ; being garnets set in gold. One of them,
nearly oval, only ending in a point at top, being five-eighths of an inch long and half an inch
broad ; the other oval, five-eighths of an inch long and half an inch broad ; which stone being
out of the socket, plainly discovers the foil it had under it (as before described), and a sort of
grey paste which filled up the back of the socket.

"With these was also found a piece of gold, six-tenths of an inch in diameter, consisting of
four gold corded wires, forming so many circles within each other, and closed in the middle
with a cross of the same wire. On one side was fastened a shank of gold, a quarter of an inch
long, with a hole through it ; and a gold pin an inch long, with a small chain an inch long
fastened to it. I imagine this must be one side of a clasp to fasten some garment, and that there
■was such another piece of gold with two shanks, which fitted into this ; and so the pin going
through all three of them, fastened to one edge of the garment to prevent the pin being lost.
There was besides found a spherical crystal ball one and a half inch diameter, not well polished
nor clear, having several flaws in it.

' This is certainly a mistake. I was myself pre- trenches were found to lay regular and straight ; and

sent at the opening of all these tumuli ; and being if so, how could the bodies have been burnt, that

then but about ten j'ears of age, the strangeness of is, after the Roman manner of burning the dead ?

the thing made, as is natural, so strong an impres- Besides, if, as the Doctor tells us, they were mostly

sion upon my memory that, at this day, I perfectly mouldered away, must not that " mouldering away"

recollect every particular, and am very certain that have taken away with it all marks of the fire ? — B. F.
noiieof the bones were then supposed to have had the - These glass urns are found indiscriminately in

least appearance of having passed the fire. But the graves of men, women, and children ; but chiefly

all the skeletons which lav in the bottoms of the in those of women and children. — B. F.

CHARTHAM DOWN. 165

"And lastly, in this grave was found part of a very thin helmet or skull-cap ;^ as I believe,
only for an ornament, or a defence against the weather ; there was some lining in it, coarse, and
of a dark brown colour. The metal seemed, by its pale colour, to be a mixture of copper and
brass. On one part of the margin were the remains of a hinge. The cap was not thicker than a
common card ; its diameter was six inches and a half, and its depth one inch and three quarters.

" In the barrow b was found an urn of red earth, tlu'ee and a half inches wide at top, six
inches in the belly, and three inches and three-quarters at the bottom ; and in a large black urn
there were some burnt bones.^ In the urns were ashes mixed with chalk. No arms were found
here.

" In the barrow c were found two urns of black earth ; one of them had a round lid on,
flat on one side, and a little rounding on the other. These urns were broken and their
contents spilt.

" In the barrow D, which was much larger than either of the former, there was found only
a black urn, and so rotten that it could not be taken up whole.

" In the barrow e was found a piece of gold, one inch and a quarter in diameter, with a
corded wire round the edge of it, and an eye, by which it seems to have been hung to something.
On the piece itself are chased out several odd figures ; perhaps the characters belonging to some
angel or spirit ; and that this piece of gold was worn hanging from the neck upon the breast, as
an amulet or charm to keep away evil spirits, and may have been buried with the dead for the
same purpose.^ Along with this were also found four amethyst beads and several brass pins one
inch and a half long, with round flat heads, through which are round flat holes ; then the pin is
round for half an inch, and after that spreads out a little, having a ridge along the middle three-
quarters of an inch long, which falls oS" to an edge on each side and tapers to a point. These,
I believe, were fastened by a loop through the eye to the edge of the garment, and were used to
fasten the garment together by running them through it, as we do common pins.'' There is one
piece exactly like the others, except that, instead of ending in a point, it ends in a cross ; and

' I am fully persuaded that what Dr. Mortimer the same burial-ground, nay, in the same grave, as

here calls a helmet or skull-cap, is, in fact, nothing here. It is a manifest proof that the ground was

more than a small brass basin or pan. I have found put to that use for a great number of years, perhaps

several such vessels, of different sizes : they are for ages. — B. F.

usually found standing on a trivet of the same ^ It was an ornament, or pendant, for a woman's

metal. These vessels are seldom found but in neck, I have several, both of gold and silver ; all

women's graves. See Ash, Nos. 8, 19; and Kings- found in women's or children's graves. — B. F.

ton, Nos. 76 and 205. What the Doctor calls the * I have found many such ; and from frequent

remains of a hinge, is, in truth, only the remains and careful observation, I have, long since, plainly

of a loop, in which a ringle had hung by way of discovered that they used to be hung in clusters, as

handle. — B. F. it were, to the ends of small iron chains, which

- I make no doubt, but that the large black urn were fi.xed to the women's waists, pretty much in
was an ossuary, or bone urn, which had been dis- the same manner as scissors, etc., are now-a-days
turbed and broken, it is likely, in digging the grave worn. They seemed to have served for many dif-
fer the person last interred. The other urns were ferent uses, such as ear-pickers, tooth-pickers, bod-
no more than what are very frequently met with in kins, nail-parers, etc. These are never found in
the graves with slveletons. It is no uncommon men's graves. — B. F.
thing to find cremation and humation practised in

166 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

such at] other was found in a lump of several of them, cemented together by the rust of some
adjacent iron. There are two such other lumps of several joined together by rust ; and in each of
them there appears a pin, which, instead of a cross, hath something at the end in form of a small
battle-axe.' Here were, likewise, found several pieces of brass in form of a small barrel, three-
quarters of an inch long, joined at one end to a flat piece of brass, two inches long, a quarter of
an inch over where it joins to the barrel, and three-quarters of an inch wide at the other end,
where are remains of hinges. What these could be I cannot imagine, never having heard of
any such thing being found anywhere before, nor any description given of them in any book I
have met with."

" In the barrow F, which was one of the largest of all, being full thirty feet diameter at the
basis, and near six feet in perpendicular height, were found several bones, as if many bodies
had been buried there." And among the bones, some were the shin bones of horses, but lying in
the common mould, which in this barrow was four or five feet deep : they were almost all
perished. At the bottom was a larger trench than is usual in the chalk, in which lay some few
bones, but none entire. Here were also found several pieces of rotten wood, and some nails
clenched with wood adhering ; and two plates of iron, with broad-headed rivets at each end, and
some wood adhering to them. Near to these I found two brass nails with round heads, standing
close together and riveted through a piece of wood, which fell to pieces as soon as handled.

" In all the rest of the barrows which have been opened (to the number of about twenty),
there was nothing particular observed. They were, all of them, nearly of the same depth ; and
in each of them a single skeleton entire, lying with the head toward the west and the feet
toward the east. About the waist of the skeletons were found, in several barrows, two, three,
or four silver buckles,* about half an inch broad ; and to some, part of the straps is still adhering.
Among the leather which was found here there is one piece about half an inch broad, very
nicely punched in form of lozenges. The shank of one of the small silver buckles, whereby it
was fastened on to the leather, is set with small garnets set in gold. There were also two or
three silver staples, to pass the end of the leather strap under, when it was buckled.

^ I have one of the exact shape of a woodman's at that which hes at the bottom of the trench ; and

bill. See Kingston, No. 13 (pi. 12, fig. 7). — B. F. very probable reasons for their being there found

" The use of these pieces of brass was, as I have may easily be given, without having recourse to the

likewise plainly discovered, to hang the above men- supposition that the persons there buried were slain

tioned little brass instruments to, namely, at that in battle. Why, for instance, may not such tumuli

part or end, which the Doctor calls the hinge, have been the burying-places of some particular

from which they depended by little iron chains. I families ? Or, perhaps, common sepulchres for the

imagine they had a hook or hole at the other end, lower sort of people ? Add to these the great dif-

by which they were suspended from, or connected ficulty of sinking graves in so hard a soil as rock

with, the girdle. They are rarely to be met with ; chalk ; which may have been an inducement to the

though chains for the same use, without them, are digging of them in the already raised tumuli. —

very common. I have hitherto found but three of B. F.

them, namely, at Ash, No. 76 ; and at Kingston, * I have found a great many small buckles of

Nos. 60 (pi. 12, fig. 2), and No. 142 (pi. 12, fig. 4). this sort and shape, but all of brass ; of which

I never found any of these in any other graves but metal I take these mentioned here to be, for I have

in those of women. — B. F. often examined them. They are chiefly found in

' It is by no means an unusual thing to meet women's and children's graves, and near the middle

with the bones of several skeletons before we arrive of the skeletons. — B. F.

CHARTHAM DOWN. 167

" A copper buckle, one inch broad, with a shank two inches long, has a very particular
contrivance of a round piece joined to the hinge of the tongue, by which means the tongue
cannot be lifted up, but the ring part must be depressed in order to pass the leather through.

" In another tumulus were found a pair of square brass hinges, two and a half inches long
and one inch broad.' In others were found rings of silver wire of about three-quarters of an
inch diameter. One of them had a blue glass bead, half an inch diameter, on it. A silver pin
two inches long, with a rivet at each end ; and with these a small silver hook.

" In all the tumuli, except those where the urns were found, were several pieces of rusty
iron ; most of them so much decayed that it was impossible to ascertain^ what they were. In
two barrows were found two heads of spears pretty entire ; one of them is six inches and a half
long and one inch and three-quarters broad at the head, the shank seven inches long, wherein
some wood was still remaining. The other is eight inches long and two inches broad. They
lay even with the heads of the skeletons on the right side ; and, by some small splinters of
rotten wood, seem to have been laid in the right hand of the corpses.

" Among the rubbish, in another, was found the head of a javelin seven inches long and
two inches broad, the shank six inches long with the wood in it. As, likewise, the head of an
arrow, two inches long and one inch broad ; and the shank, in which was some wood, two inches
long. And, besides these, several pieces of rusty iron, not so entire, but yet whole enough to
know that they were parts of the like weapons.' One of them, which ends in a round sharp
point, was probably the bottom or ferule of a spike.

" In others were found blades of knives, in shape like our common penknives, having thick
backs and sharp points with strait edges. The biggest, beside what went into the handle, is five
inches long and one inch broad : the smallest, three inches long and half an inch broad.

" There were also found a piece of iron, round at top, two inches and a half long and one
inch and a half broad, in form like a modern spatula, with two holes in it ; and part of a small
iron handle, two inches long.^

" In another was found a pair of iron shears, eleven inches long, like those our cloth-
dressers use.^

" In two others were found, lying at the head of the skeleton, two bosses or umboes of
shields : one of them is an almost exact hemisphere, six inches in diameter, with a sjiikc in the
centre. The brim is turned up half an inch, in which are the remains of four rivets by which it

' These hinges are never found but in the graves what they were; their substantial make and form

of women and children. They belonged to little enabling them to withstand the injuries of time and

wooden chests, or boxes, like our modern tea-chests, rust much longer than almost anything of the same

which were placed at the feet of the deceased. — metal usually met with in such researches. — B. F.

B. F. * The former is a bolt of a lock that has lost one

- Among these pieces of rusty iron are (for they of its ends ; the latter is one of the handles fixed

are still preserved at Mystole) three or four, which upon the lids of small boxes. — B. F.

I have discovered to be the bolts of the locks of ^ These shears are never found but in women's

boxes. See A.sh, No. 42 ; Kingston, Nos. 142, 169, graves: though I have several of them, I never

20.5 ; Sibertswold, Nos. 10, 69, 151, 180.— B. F. found any so long as eleven inches ; they are usually

^ I take this to be mere conjecture. I never yet between five and seven inches in length. They

found any heads of any of these weapons so cor- appear to have hung by slender chains from the

roded, but that they were plainly to be kno\vn for waist. — B. F.

168 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

■was fastened to the shield. Near this were found several nails with heads one inch and a half
broad, and which had been evidently riveted into wood ; whence I conclude that the whole
shield was of wood, closely studded' with three broad-headed nails, which stood so close that
their heads touched each other. The other umbo is conical, five inches high and five and a half
inches diameter, with the brim turned up half an inch, wherein were the remains of three rivets.

" Among the rubbish of several tumuli, were found parts of ordinary fibulas without plates.^
These consist of a semicircle and a tongue, joined together by a hinge at one end and a hook at
the other, under which the tongue is to be hitched.

" There were besides several fragments of iron, which seemed to be parts of such like
things. On the rust of one was the impression of the threads of some coarse linen. Another
had an iron ring and an eye ; and one was rusty iron enclosed in decayed wood : to one a small
cockle-shell was adhering. With these was dug up an iron hook two inches and a half long,
resembling the hook of a sword now in use.

" And, lastly, we found two iron buckles, like those we wear with buff belts ; one of them
is one inch and a quarter broad, and is of an oval shape ; the other is one inch and three
quarters broad, and hath square corners.

" In some of these graves we lighted on glass beads, about the size of peas, red, green, and
white ; and one larger, made of brick, red striped with yellow. In another were some pieces
of blue glass : in another a single amethyst bead. In most of them were pieces of charcoal.^
No medals were found.

" The skeletons were very entire ; but the small bones would not bear removing. The
heads were mostly whole ; and the jaws full of sound teeth. One of the skulls seemed crushed,
as if a cart wheel had gone over it : another had a sliver off it, by which means there were
four holes, of about an inch diameter, cut through the os occtjntis."

Having now gone through with my remarks^ on Dr. Mortimer's manuscript
account, I shall next give a true and faithful relation of my own digging here, in
the year 1773, when, by my friend Sir William Fagg's permission, I examined all
the rest of these tumuli. In doing which, I shall make use of my usual method in

' I have no reason to think tliey were set so thick others, wherever I have yet dug. The end pro-

on the shield as the Doctor imagines. I never met posed by burning them was to make them more

with above five to an umbo. — B. F. durable. — B. F.

- For an entire one, sec Crundale, No. 9. — B.F. * [All the remarks of Mr. Faussett which could

' What the Doctor took for charcoal, was certainly be supposed to explain, confirm, or correct Dr.

nothing more than the remains of such of the coffins Mortimer's account of his excavations, are inserted,

as had, us usual, passed the fire. And I make no Some repetitions only are omitted; and (as I ob-

doubt, but that; if he had thought of such a thing, served before), the observations in contravention to

he might have plainly discovered that by far the the theory of the Doctor, who endeavoured to prove

greatest part, if not the whole, of the skeletons were the Chartham graves contained the remains of

actually buried in coffins, or troughs, of wood ; as Roman soldiers under Julius Csesar, who fell in a

I myself did in this very place, and indeed in all conflict with the Britons. — En.]

CHARTHAM DOWN. 169

numbering every one of them, exactly in the same order in which they were opened,
and give an inventory of the contents of each.

Chartham Down, October 5th, 1773.

1. A very small tumulus. The grave was about two feet and a half deep from
the natural surface of the ground. The skeleton lay with its feet to the east ; the
bones were almost gone. It was very manifest that the deceased had been buried
in a wooden coffin, which had passed the fire. Nothing was found, except the
blade of a knife (as pi. 15, fig. 10) ; and a small iron buckle (as Gilton, No. 1).

2. Small tumulus ; very shallow and rather short grave. The bones pretty
perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife, as before.

3. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone ; no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

4. Middle-sized, or rather large tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep.
Bones almost gone ; the coffin had been pretty thick, and had passed the

fire. Near the skull were two brass pins, with round heads ; and a small
piece of rusty iron, to Avhich some very fine linen cloth adhered. Near
the left hip was the blade of a knife, as before ; and in getting down, was
found a sherd of a coarse black urn.

5. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones
were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

6. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep.
Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

7. Pretty large tumulus ; grave near four feet deep. Bones almost
gone; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but tlie blade of a knife, as Actualize.
before.

8. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones almost all
decayed, except the jaws, which were very sound and perfect, and full of regular
and sound teeth ; the skull was quite decayed. The coffin had passed the fire.
There was nothing but a broken large bead of brick earth.

9. Under the same tumulus, and close on the left hand of the last mentioned
skeleton, were the bones of a very young person, or of a largish child ; they were
pretty much decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck, to Avhich, I
believe, it had been pendent, was a cross of silver. In the centre of it is a globule,
or hemisphere, of silver, set in a socket of gold (pi. 11, fig. 17) ;' and near it were

' [This elegant pendent ornament is engraven, but not accurately, in the Nenia Brilannica, p. 67. — En.]

Z

170 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

two silver rings with sliding knots (as pi. 11, fig. 21); and three small glass and
earthen beads of different colours, as usual. This was certainly the grave of a
female.

10. A low, but broad tumulus ; the grave was about two feet and a half deep.
The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the right hip were

two small silver things, which I take to have been a

^■© '" 0;'| i'o ^^""""^o^ PfiiJ* of clasps;' a pair of small iron shears (as pi. 15,

\)iiii«»««a!!iSii5£| LsfflSfflj^^Bmai/ ^g_ 26) ; and a piece of doubled brass, which I take

to have been fastened to the end of a strap ; it had
leather in its bite. The clasps also had leather and linen adhering to the under
parts of them, to which they had been fastened by six [three ]] small silver rivets,
each.

11. Under the same tumulus, and on the left hand of the last mentioned
skeleton. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the left
hip was the blade of a knife, of the same shape as those already mentioned, but
somewhat larger ; and an iron buckle (as Gilton, No. 1) ; and at the right side,
near the foot, was an iron spike, as of a staff, about two inches long.

1 2. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

13. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones of a child,
almost gone. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

14. Pretty large tumulus ; the grave was full five feet and a half deep, and
four feet broad. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin appeared to have been
very thick, and much burnt. Near the neck were a silver pendant, in which is set
an amethyst (pi. 7, fig. 8); a like amethyst, unset; two silver rings, on each of
which were strung two small beads (pi. 7, fig. 12); one other silver ring, on which
was strung one larger, flatfish, blue bead (pi. 7, fig. 16) : these were worn as ear-
rings. Here were also two longish, cylindrical, six-sided, green and yellow flowered
beads. These last crumbled to pieces soon after they had been exposed to the air.
The skeleton lay in a trench in the bottom of the grave, very neatly hewn out of
the rock chalk, and adapted to the size of the coffin.

N.B. — The above mentioned tumuli were all of them on the north side of the
shallow trench which extends from east to west across this end of the burial-ground.
We still proceeded from north-west to south-east, towards the old hollow road.

15. A middle-sized, irregular, tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The
bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a

^ [They were, more probably, attacbed to the ends of a band or girdle. — Ed.]

CHAETHAM DOWN. 171

knife and an iron buckle, as before. Part of the horn of a calf, and bones of some
other animal, were found in cutting through the tumulus.

Chartham Down, October 13, 1773.

16. Large tumulus ; grave nearly six feet deep. The bones
Avere almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the right knee
were two brass armillse linked together (pi. 16, figs. 11 and 13) ;
and a small brass key} A woman's grave.

17. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones
almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck was a
pin or a piece of iron wire, an inch and a half long, and near the
left hip was the blade of a knife.

18. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones pretty perfect;
the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing, but the blade of a knife.

19. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The bones were
pretty perfect ; the skull had the frontal suture. No appearance of a coffin.
Nothing.

20. Small tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin.
Nothing, but the blade of a knife. In digging through the tumulus was found part
of the under jaw-bone of an ox, or of some such animal.

21. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones of a child, almost gone;
the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

22. Under the same tumulus ; contents as No. 21.

23. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing. Some oyster-shells were found in
the earth which composed the tumulus.

24. Very large tumulus ; grave about six feet deep, four feet wide, and full
eight feet long. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

25. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. Bones almost
gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the hips an iron buckle, with some coarse
cloth adhering to it.

26. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone ;
the coffin had passed the fire. Near the right hip Avas a brass instrument, seven
inches in length and three-quarters of an inch broad at the upper end, which I take

' [The armilla; and key are both of Roman fabric. — Ed.]

172 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

to be a stylus scriptoriiis (pi. 12, fig. 8) ;^ an iron buckle, as before ; and the blade of
a knife, as before. The stylus had much leather adhering to it, which I imagine
was the remains of its sheath: see Sibertswold, No. 151.

27. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were almost
gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

28. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones
almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

29. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone ;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing, but the blade of a knife.

30. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones
almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

31. Small tumulus; grave about two feet deep. Bones pretty perfect; the
coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

32. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone ; no
appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

33. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing : some bones of a sheep, or some such animal,
were found among the earth which composed the tumulus.

34. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave nearly three feet deep. The bones were almost

gone ; no appearance of any coffin. Between the left hip and knee of the
skeleton lay a sort of an iron chain, consisting of four links, each in the
shape of a figure of 8. At each end of the chain is a ringle. To one of
these ringles hangs a long twisted hook, eight inches in length ; to the
other ringle hangs another twisted hook, about seven inches long ; and
a smaller hook, or broken link (for I cannot tell which), two inches and
three-quarters long. The links are about three-eighths of an inch in
diameter. The two long hooks are about half an inch, and the short
one about a quarter of an inch in diameter ; the ringles are about two
inches over. The whole is about two feet eight inches long (pi. 15,
fig. 22).- There was also found the hlade of a knife, in shape not much
unlike a pruning - knife. This grave was close to the side of the

4i inches long; -.

3 of an in. broad. rOaCl.

' [This certainly would appear to be what Mr. he has called a stylus. — Ed.]
Faussett terms it, a style for writing ; but it is very - [This implement appears to have been a hanger

different from the pin found at Sibertswold, which and hooks for suspending pots over a fire. — Ed.]

CHARTHAM DOWN. 173

Chartham Down, October 21st, 1773.

35. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. The coffin
had passed the fire ; the bones were pretty perfect. Nothing.

N.B. — The four following were between the hollow road and Sir William
Fagg's new road.

36. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones disturbed ;
no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

37. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones
disturbed. Nothing.

38. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep.
Bones disturbed. Nothing.

39. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave not much above two feet deep.
Bones of a child, almost gone. Nothing but the head of an arrow ^ or of a
small jrilum. It was certainly a toy.

N.B. — The ten following were on the south-east side of Sir William
Fagg's new road.

40. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. Bones
pretty perfect ; no appearance of a tumulus. Nothing.

41. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about two feet and a half deep. ''^ length. '"
Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but a small iron
buckle, as before.

42. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed
the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing, but the blade of a knife. The
bones of two skeletons, lying in all directions, were found in getting down :
doubtless they were disturbed at the interment of the last buried person, whose
remains lay in the bottom of the grave.

43. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones
almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but an iron buckle, which
had some coarse linen cloth adhering to it ; and the blade of a knife.

44. ]\Iiddle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones pretty perfect ;
the coffin had passed the fire, and appeared to have been pretty thick. Near the
neck was a silver pin, having a small garnet, set in a golden socket, on each side of
its head, which is flattened longitudinally (pi. 12, fig. 18) ; a blue bead, strung on a
twisted gold wire (pi. 7, fig. 3). I take this to have been a pendent ornament for
the neck. Near the right hip was the blade of a knife ; at the feet were the remains

174

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

of a wooden box ; and among them were tv}0 brass hinges and hvo brass hasps; a brass

instrument, which I take to have been a kind of whistle ;'
much burnt wood like charcoal ; and a great many oyster
shells were found in getting down. This certainly was

a woman s grave.

Half the actual size.

45, A very small and low tumulus ; grave not much
more than a foot deep. Bones of a child, almost gone ; no
appearance of any coffin. Nothing., but a small blade of
a knife.

46. No tumulus. This grave, which was found by
means of the probe, was very shallow. It contained the
bones of a child, which were almost gone ; no appearance
of a coffin. At the feet was a small black urn of coarse
earth, capable of containing about a quarter of a pint

(pi. 20, fig. 8). It was a little broken in getting it out.

47. No tumulus ; the grave was about one foot and a half deep. The bones of
a grown-up person, pretty perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire. Here were two
small brass buckles, one of which has a brass shank ; and the blade of a knife.

48. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones almost gone ;
no appearance of a coffin. At the feet Avere the remains of a small wooden cup or
bowl, with arming or ornaments of silver gilded (pi. 16, fig. 7): see Sibertswold,
No. 69.

49. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were pretty
perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

N.B. — The four following, though placed last in this inventory (owing to my
having mislaid the paper which contained them), were opened by me, so long ago as
the 13th of April, 1764.

50. Small tumulus ; the grave, which was about three feet deep, contained two
skeletons, the bones of both pretty perfect. The skull of the lowermost (for they
lay one upon the other), which, from its make and having the frontal suture, seemed
to be that of a woman, was very remarkably deformed ; the forehead standing almost
rectangular with the occiput ; and the distance between the forehead and it on the
left side being but little more than half the distance which was between them on the
right side. The teeth of both were very firm and regular, but much worn, as of
elderly persons : no appearance of any coffins. Nothing.

' [See Kingston, No. 299 ; and Sibertswold, Nos. Mr. Faussett calls " a whistle" may have been a
24 and 151. I have previously suggested that what kind of padlock. — Ed.]

CHARTHAM DOWN. 175

51. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about four feet and a half deep. The bones
were pretty perfect ; the cofRn had passed the fire, and appeared to have been very
thick, particularly at the head and feet. Nothing was found here, except the sherds
of at least two ossuaries, or bone urns, of very coarse black earth ; and a smaller
one of coarse red earth. This last was almost Avhole, and Avoukl have contained
a pint. The sherds of the ossuaries were carefully placed one within another, and
lay all in a heap together. We found also many scattered pieces of burnt human
bones, dispersed here and there ; particularly part of an upper jaw, with seven firm
teeth in it ; and among the sherds of the ossuaries was a round lump of bits of
bones, wood coals, and ashes, which seemed to form a kind of cement or mortar,
arising, I suppose, from the calcination of the bones and the moisture of the earth.
The ossuaries, no doubt, Avere disturbed and broken, and their contents spilt and
scattered, either by the persons Avho first raised this tumulus, they having, as I
suppose, either destroyed some adjacent tumuli for this purpose, or scooped off the
neighbouring turf and mould so deep as to disturb them, and then thrown the turf,
mould, urns, and all, indiscriminately into the heap which composed the tumulus ;
or (as I have often suggested before) they might very probably have been destroyed
in digging the grave for the corpse whose remains we found here interred.^ They
were found in the grave, and about half way down. In digging through the
tumulus, we found many of the bones and one horn of some animal, which we
judged to have been a calf of about two years old ; and some oyster shells.

52. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones almost gone ;
no appearance of any coffin. Nothing.

53. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones of two children,
almost gone ; no appearance of any coffin. Nothing.

Thus have I, as I proposed, gone through with my remarks and observations
on Dr. Mortimer's manuscript ; and also given a true and faithful account of my
opening of such of the tumuli in this place as remained unexamined by him. And
I flatter myself, that on candidly considering the several circumstances, not only the
gross improbability, but the absolute impossibility, of these downs having been the
spot where Csesar first encountered the Britons, will be apparent to every one who is
not determined with the Doctor to persist in an error. For though each and every
one of the following particulars, namely, the too great distance of this spot from
any place where Ca;sar has ever been supposed to have landed ; the women's boxes,
trinkets, ornaments, and utensils (which exactly correspond with many such found by

' [See Gilton, No. 15, and note 1, p. 'J.— En.]

176 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

me at different places, and all in women's graves) ; the skeletons of children also
discovered here ; the small number of persons buried here ; the surprisingly small
number of weapons ; and the bodies being all deposited at their full length ; and
many, if not all, of them in coffins ; are of themselves abundantly sufficient to
contradict and disprove so absurd an opinion. Yet the silver cross (found by me,
and described at No. 9 in this Inventory) puts the matter out of all doubt. But the
Doctor's misfortune was, to have been so strongly prejudiced in favour of this
darling hypothesis, that, I believe, if he had happened even to have discovered this
cross, it would not have changed his opinion with regard to Caesar and the Britons.
Nay, I much question, if the owner of the trinkets, etc., found in the tumulus
marked a, had appeared to him, and positively assured him that she really was not
Q. Laberius Durus, but a mere woman, whether he would not have called her " a
lying baggage", and have told her he knew better. I have, however, now and
then, been a little apt to suspect that he could not be quite serious in what he has
advanced. But I choose rather to ascribe his fondness for so unsupportable an
hypothesis to the strength and warmth of his imagination, than to any desire, either
of making a show of his skill and knowledge in antiquity, or of trying how far he
could imjx)se upon the credulity of others.

TREMWORTH DOWN, 1855.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

TREMWORTH DOWN, IN THE PARISH OF CRUNDALE, IN

THE COUNTY OF KENT, in the yeaks 1757 and 1759,

BY ME Br. FaL'SSETT.

EING on a visit (13th of June, 1757) to my very worthy friend the
Eev. Mr. Edmund Filmer, rector of Crundale, near Wye, in Kent, and
recollecting that Dr. Harris in his Ilisto

'@y \i^J(f^f recollecting tnat Ur. Marris in liis JJiston/ of Kent mentions some
urns, etc., having been found at a place called Trem worth Down, in
this parish, I desired Mr. Filmer to show me the spot ; and accordingly in the evening
Ave took a walk thither.

When we came to the place, I could discover notliing, except the situation,'
which had the least appearance of an ancient burial-ground ; no tumuli were to be
seen ; but, on the contrary, the whole surface (except where it had been opened
before) was as plain and as level as the side of a liigli road on an open down usually

' [The vignette, from a sketch taken in the spring
of the present year, will convey a correct notion of
the scene of the explorations here recorded.

The Crundale division, though placed last in this
volume, stands first in Mr. Faussett's Journal, as
the excavations preceded, by some few years, those
at Gilton. The transposition was suggested by the
nature of the remains discovered, which chiefly
belong to the Roman epoch ; and therefore are not,

in a general point of view, so novel and important
as the Saxon. It will be seen, however, as the
reader advances towards the conclusion, that some
very interesting facts are disclosed, which greatly
increase the archieological value of the discoveries
at Crundale. It will be perceived that in close
proximity with the Roman graves were some Saxon
interments (see note 1, page 9). Some other pecu-
liarities will also be noted. — Ed.]

A A

178 INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

is ; only it appeared as if some earth had, at one time or other, been thrown upon
it out of the road, which had raised it a little higher than the natural soil.

Dr. Harris is, however, so very particular as to the spot, from a very plain
account of a former digging there, which he had from the Rev. Mr. Richard Forster,
formerly rector of Crundale, and who was present at the said digging, that it was
impossible to mistake the place. The account which Dr. Harris gives from Mr.
Forster, is in the following words : —

" The hill west from Crundale church being of the same natural (that is, chalky) soil, hath
preserved the larger bones of many bodies, in all probability, for a great number of ages : there
being a British, or rather, a Roman or Saxon sepulture (determine it who can) on Tremworth
Down, against the place where the road comes out of Warren AVood,' where the bodies are all
buried with their feet westward.

" The first discovery hereof was made in the year 1703, by a person walking down the
hill in the waggon-way, which, by cause of its descent, is by usual deterration worn hollow.
There he accidentally espied a skull in the side bank ; which bank being opened, showed a
human skeleton, buried at its full length, and an urn of a lead coloured earth, and of the form of
No. 1, which, indeed (as Dr. Plott observes, Nat. Hist. Oxford, p. 326), is of a figure so plainly
Roman, that it needs no further proof who were its makers. This happened in my absence
from home ; but being informed of it on my return, and the urn being given me, 1 afterwards
took a careful view of the place ; and observed a little skull in the same bank ; and there also
1 found the skeleton of a child, and a small urn (No. 2) of reddish earth.

" The report of this discovery brought the Right Honourable Colonel Heneage Finch
(now earl of Wiuchelsea), whose inquisitive genius inclines him to a curious search after
antiquities (and of which he hath a nice relish, and is an excellent judge), to come and examine
the place more narrowly ; which was done the same year ; and in digging, we found two
bodies of persons full grown, and another of a child, lying side by side, without any urns with
them. But in tumbling the earth, we picked up the fragments of a wide earthen pan, flat and
shallow, (perhaps a libatory vessel, to hold either the blood or some other parts of the ancient
sacrifices at funerals), which, being joined together, are represented by the figure of the vessel
No. 3. In the evening, we opened another grave, but had not light to go to the bottom ; out
of which 1 took the urn, or bottle (call it which you please), figured No. 4, and lying by the
side of a full grown skeleton. The matter of it was fine red earth.

" And this last October, 1713, his lordship made another attempt; and we were so successful
as to meet with a grave, after much digging, whose side walls and ends were of firm, close
chalk, in its natural situation. This had three urns in it, two of which stood at the right side
of the body, one by the skuU, the other by the shoulder (see Nos. 5 and 6). These stood,

' Warren Wood is supposed to contain about thoroughly acquainted with every part of it, and

seventy aci'es ; there are no remains or appearance among these, of the woodreve himself in particular ;

of any camp in it that I could hear of, though I and I was assured by them all, that there was

inquired of several different persons who were nothing of that sort there. — B. F.

CRUNDALE.

179

not perpendicular, but with their orifices dipping a little towards the east ; which position Mr.
Moreton, in his History of Northamiitonshire, p. 530, observes some other ancient urns to have
had. Though it is possible the ancients might have no regard to the quarters of the heavens, but
merely to the situation of the earth, by laying the feet of the body downwards, with the declivity
of the hill, as these were, and the urns leaning towards the head. The third urn (No. 7) was

placed by the left knee. The dimensions of these three were as follows : No. 5 was in height
5"1 inches ; the diameter of the orifice, within, was 1"1 inch; and of the foot, without, one inch
only. The vessel. No. 6, was 3"4 inches high ; the diameter of the top, from out to out, was
3"25 inches ; and that of the bottom, 2"25 inches. No. 7 was in height four inches ; the
diameter of the top, from out to out, 3'5 inches ; the bottom, TO inch. I did not measure the
other three before I parted with them ; but, since, I find that No. 1 was about four inches
and a quarter high ; No. 2, the least of all, three inches one line ; and No. 4, about six inches
high. They are all now in the custody of the Earl of AVinchelsea above mentioned." Ilistorij
of Kent, p. 89.

Thus far Mr. Forster's account of this place and of his success in digging here ;
which I thouglit it woukl be proper for me to give a copy of, as I may by and bye
have occasion to refer to it.

Crdndale, 14:TH June, 1757.

Finding from this account, and from the relation of tliis matter by the parish
clerk (who happened to be one of the labourers employed to dig in the years 1703
and 1713, and is still living), that but a very few graves had been opened, and
even those few in a less careful manner than a search after venerable antiquity
required, I was determined to try my luck there the very next day. Having there-
fore procured a sufficient number of labourers over night. I ordered the clerk to be

180 INVEKTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Avitli them on the s2:)ot early in the morning, but on no account to begin digging
till I came to them. But they being over eager, could not, it seems, wait my
coming ; but began at the distance of about four yards from the side or brink of
the hollow road, westward, and beyond where the former openings had been made,
which were only on the brink or side of the road.

1. They had not been long at work, before one of them found his tool sink
into the ground Avith more ease than he expected, and, upon search, found that he
had broken in pieces a large urn of black earth, full of burnt bones and ashes ;
a patera, or sacrificing dish, of fine red earth ; and a small urn
(or rather, cup), with a foot to it, of very thin white glass ; these
were, as I said, all of them destroyed ; but as I looked upon the
glass vessel to be a great curiosity, I gathered up as many
fragments of it as I could find, and having with much pains
joined them together in the best manner I could, have endea-
voured to represent its exact shape. It holds, as near as I can
OMefomk thllcfuai size guess, about three-quarters of a pint, wine measure.^ The large
urn, or ossuary, I fancy, would have contained above a gallon ;
but it was entirely mashed in pieces by the stroke it received, so that its shape
could not be at all ascertained. Tlie patera of fine red earth was also too much
broken to be joined ; but appeared to have been about eight inches in diameter,
and one inch and a half deep ; it had a ring, or foot, at its bottom, and had the
following inscription in raised letters impressed on tlie centre of its inside, namely,
PRiMANi:- no doubt this was the name of the potter who made it. The words e.i'
officina, or some such thing, being plainly to be understood.

2. About the same time, and within about two yards of these, another of the
men struck his mattock into another nest of them, and entirely destroyed a large
urn, or ossuary, of coarse, thick, black eartli. It would, I imagine, contain about a
gallon, and was full of burnt bones, broken into small pieces, ashes, bits of wood-
coal, and chalk. The latter had fallen into it, and lay on the top ; from whence we
may infer, that if this urn had any cover to it at its interment, it must have been
of some perishable substance. And, by the bye, this must have been tlie case with
tliose hereafter mentioned, for we found nothing like a lid or cover to any of them,
whether ossuaries or smaller ones. Here were also a patera of fine red earth ; and
a long narrow-necked vessel of a bluisli coloured earth ; these were also, through

' [One of tlie finest collections of Roman glass engraved. — Ed.]

vessels (chiefly from burial-places), is that in the - [This potter's name occurs frequently upon the

museum of Boulogne sur-Mer. It contains some red glazed pottery found in this country and in

specimens very much resembling the variety here France and Germany. — Ed.]

CRUNDALE.

181

want of care or of more practice, entirely demolished. The patera seemed to have
been exactly like that mentioned at No. 1, except that the impression in the centre
of its inside was ivmvs.' The bottle, or narrow-necked vessel, had a small ear, or
handle, on one side of the neck, like those hereafter described.

Mr. Filmer and I having been to look at some painted windows, etc.,~ at the
ancient mansion-house belonging to the manor of Trem worth, did not arrive till
all this mischief was done. I was much vexed at the misfortune, but could not
blame the workmen for anything else but for their too great eagerness in beginning
to dig before I came ; and, indeed, though I liad been present, the same accident
would in all probability have happened, for as the surface was here entirely level
and even, we had nothing at all to direct us where to dig, or where to forbear.
However, in order to avoid, if possible, doing any more mischief of this sort, I made
the workmen deepen the holes in which these urns were found, and afterwards
enlarge them, by first undermining the earth all round, and then carefully taking
down the earth so undermined, that so whatever we should find for the future
would, as it were, fall unhurt into their hands, and not be so liable to be damaged
by their tools.

3. But notwithstanding this precaution, one of the men (owing to his not
undermining the ground deep enough) struck his spade against a patera of fine red
earth, and broke it all
to pieces. I immediately
went down into the hole,
and plainly saw the side
of a large ossuary (fig.
1), for the patera hav-
ing stood up edge-ways
against it, on that i&W-
ing to pieces, the side of
the ossuary was left bare.
After some time and
much care, by the help
of a strong knife, I got
it out quite whole. It
was full of burnt bones,
etc., and is made of a

Fi;/. 1.

Height, 11 inches. Diameter, 9.J inches.

Fig 2.
Height, 10 iuches. Diameter

' [This name also occurs on red Roman ware the ancient family of Kemp, to whom this marror
found in France and in Germany. — Ed.] formerly belonged, but are now almost all of them

■ The paintings represented the coat armour of broken and demolished. — B. F.

182

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

coavsish lead-coloured earth ; it is big-bellied, and has a narrowish mouth and foot ;
it holds seven quarts. Here was also a large bottle-like f esse/ (fig. 2, p. 181), with
a narrow neck, and an ear, or handle, on the side of the neck ; it is made of a
coarse reddish clay, and holds nearly five pints ; this I also got out whole, except
that its lip, or mouth, is broken off ; but this accident seems to have happened to
it before it was deposited, for the piece could not be found, nor did the fracture
appear from tlie broken edges to have been fresh made. Here was also a very
beautiful small tvrought urn of very fine red earth (fig. 3) ; it has a foot to it, and
holds about a pint.' This Avas pretty much broken in getting it out, it having,
I believe, partook of the blow which broke the patera, to which it stood next.
I had almost forgot to mention, that this patera also Avas impressed with the same
letters as that mentioned under No. 2, namely, ivnivs.

4. While I was thus employed, another of the labourers came with great
pleasure to inform me, that he had found another nest of urns. He had so indeed ;
but, in spite of my directions, by digging down upon them, instead of undermining

them, had broken the great urn,
or ossuary, and a narrow-necked
vessel ; but a j^afera of fine red
earth (fig. 1) came out pretty
entire, but was afterwards more
broken by a fall ; it is seven
inches diameter, one inch and
three-eighths deep, and is im-
pressed on the centre of its in-
side with the following letters,
as they seem, but they are very
much rubbed, namely, sexti. m., that is, Scxti manu, as I take it. Here was also
a small wn of tvhite earth, hlached over (fig. 2) ; this is quite whole, and will hold
near a pint. The great urn, or ossuary, seemed to have been capable of containing
near a gallon, and was about three-quarters full of the burnt bones and ashes of a
young person, as appeared from the teeth, which we found in a pretty large portion
of the under jaw, and also from the size and dimensions of such pieces of the bones

Fig. 1.

Diameter, 7 inches.

Depth, 1§ inch.

Height, -tf inches.
Diam. 3j inches.

Fig. 3.

Height, 4| inches.

Diam. 4 inches.

' [This is one of the rarest kinds of Roman pot-
tery we meet with, its peculiar characteristic being
incuse foliated ornaments, very sharply and neatly
cut. Two perfect varieties were found in the Roman
cemetery of Neuville-le-Pollet, near Dieppe ; see
the Abbe Cochet's Normandie Souterraine, pi. 2,

figs. 13 and 15. Fragments of similar vessels have
also been found in London. The form of most, if
not all, of the known examples appears to be the
same as that of the Crundale specimen. The pot-
ter's mark upon fig. 1, is of common occurrence. —
Ed.]

CRUNDALE.

183

as were least broken ; for the bones in all these urns appear to have been broken,
when they were put into thein, into much smaller pieces than one would think
would be necessary in order to make the urn contain them. Amongst them was the
skull of a rabbit, or of some other such animal, but as it was so mortared, as it
were, among them, on my endeavouring to separate it from them, being very thin
and tender, it came all in pieces. I had almost forgot to mention, that the last
mentioned patera of red earth has a cross, made by some sharp pointed instrument,
thus X, on its outside. Whether we may infer from hence that the ossuary
contained the remains of a Christian, I will not pretend to determine ; but as I
think these sacrificing vessels are rather a sure indication of the person interred
having been a pagan, I guess that the x Avas only inscribed on this vessel to show,
perhaps, that it had been sanctified, or made fit and proper for the libations,
which at funerals were poured out of them to the Gods Manes, such as milk, wine,
blood, etc.

5. Soon after this, we found another nest of them. The great urn, or ossuary,
was already broken, perhaps by some heavy carriage having gone over it, for its
mouth could not have been more than about ten inches under the surface, at abou
Avhich depth we found all those already mentioned. This urn seemed to have been
nearly of the same shape and size as that described at No. 3 ; it was made of a coarse
bluish earth ; it contained burnt bones, ashes, and wood-coals, as before. Amongst
them I found four square pieces of ivory (as it seems) ; each piece is near an inch
square, and about the eighth of an inch in thickness ; each piece has four round
holes in it, at each corner, one. These I take to have been used about the garment
of the deceased, and were, I imagine, a sort of tessene imlliorum, described by
Albertus Rubenius, in his book De re vestiaria ; they were, when first taken out of
the ground, very soft and rotten ; but by being a few hours exposed to the sun and
air, ai'e now pretty hard, but very
brittle. Out of the same nest, or
barrow, I saved a very fine patera (for
I think I may venture to give it that
name) of clear ivhite glass (fig. 1) ; it
is five inches and three-quarters dia-
meter, and two inches and a half
deep, and has a little foot to it, two
inches diameter. When found, it was
incrustcd, or coated, with a very fine

armatura, or electrum, as it is called, which, by the putting it into warm water, in
order to wash the dirt from it, immediately came off. The glass is nearly as clear

Fig. 1. Glass.

184

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

as Mhat they usually make now-a-days. Here was also a small nrn of tvhite earth
(fig. 2, p. 183). It will hold about three-quarters of a pint ; it has a biggish belly
and a narrow foot, and has been blacked over. Mr. Thoresby mentions urns of
this sort.

6. \\e came next to a nest which contained a large ossuary of very coarse Mack
earth (fig. 1) ; it was almost full of burnt bones and ashes, and will contain near a
gallon and a half ; it is seven inches and three-quarters high, and rather more than
ten inches in diameter. Here was also a narrow-necked vessel, exactly like that
described at No. 3, but something larger ; it holds about six pints ; it is nine inches
and one quarter high, and seven inches and three quarters diameter, and is made

^ , of a coarse red earth. Here

Fig. 1.

was also a patera of fine red
earth, of the same size and
shape as that described at
No. 4 ; it will hold about one
pint and a half; in the centre
of its bottom, on the inside,
is the name of its maker,
namely, ivniys, as at No. 2.
Here was also another very
heautiful smaller patera of fine
red earth (fig. 2) ; it has two
little handles, or ears, of very
neat, workmanship. Here was also a small urn of coarse hrownish earth (fig. 3). All
these things were taken out whole, except that the lip is lost from the narrow-
necked vessel, which, howe^■er, I believe was broken off before it was deposited,
some blackish wax still adhering to the place froiu whence it came off"; by which,
I imagine, it had been joined on with the wax, though afterwards broken off" again
before it was put into the ground, for it was not to be found, though we searched
for it. I since put a very small piece of this wax upon a hot iron, and it imme-
diately burst into a flame, the smoke of which gave a very strong and agreeable
smell, not much unlike mastick.

7. The next nest we fomid contained a large urn, or ossuary, of coarse black
earth ; it was much of the same size and shape as that described at No. 6. It was
full of burnt bones and ashes, intermixed with many wood-coals. A patera of
coarse reddish earth : it was much like that described at No. 4, except that it was
broader and deeper, and its sides were upright ; it had no impression, and was of
very coarse workmanship. These were both of them so very rotten, that, though

Fig. 2.

One-fourtli the actual size.

CRTJNDALE.

185

One-fourth actual size.

the greatest care was taken to jireserve them, they came in pieces in getting them
out. With these was a hottte-Wce narrotv -necked vessel of fineish red earth ; this is
also a little broken ; it holds somewhat more than three pints.
It is seven inches and a quarter high, and four inches and a half
diameter ; it has a very narrow orifice, and is, as I think, of that
sort which the ancients called guttus. The use of this vessel was
to pour the wine, etc., at the sacrifices, giittatim, upon the victim.
8. After this, we got by accident into one of the graves
which had been opened by Lord Winchelsea, or by Mr. Forster,
namely, on the brink, or side bank, of the hollow road. This
grave was contiguous to and even reached into the barrow where
we found the last mentioned vessels, so that they (namely. Lord
Winchelsea, etc.) very narrowly missed of them at that time. Here
we spent a great deal of time and labour before we discovered our error, which
was owing to a rule we had in digging, namely, to follow such soil as appeared by
its looseness to have been moved before, — for chalk never unites or becomes firm
again after it has been once disturbed. At length we came to a large parcel of
unburnt human bones, lying in all directions in a heap ; these, Ave concluded, had
been thrown in again by the above-mentioned persons, after they had gone to the
bottom of the grave. Perhaps they w^ere all the bones they found at one day's
digging, for there seemed to be near a bushel of them, and among them, part of
several diflS'erent skulls, the pieces of which were carefully put one within the other,
and placed all together by themselves.

Our labour, however, Avas not entirely thrown away ; for, as the labourers were
filling the pit up again, a bystander happening to come too near to the edge of it,
with his weight forced down the side of the grave, which, having
been removed before, was loose and rotten, when out of it came
a small narroiv-neched vessel, which I think I may venture to call a
lachrymal ; and also a copper or brass ring. The former is made
of white earth, like tobacco-pipe clay, and has been coloured over
with black, and over that it has some white ornaments ; it is four
inches and a half high, and two inches and three-quarters diameter ;
its mouth is one inch and a quarter diameter.

9. We next came to a large ttrn, or ossuarg, of coarse black
earth (fig. 1, p. 186) ; it contains about a gallon and a half, and is
nine inches high, and ten inches diameter ; it was almost full of
burnt bones, coals, and ashes, which were so mortared and cemented together, from
the calcination of the bones and the dampness of the earth, that I found some

B B

Oiie-tUird actual size.

186

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Actual size.

difficulty in getting them out of the urn without breaking it. Among them was
a very beautiful fibula of brass, entirely perfect. Here was also in this nest a narrow-
necked bottle-like vessel of reddish coarse earth (fig. 2, below) : it is nine
inches and a half high, and seven inches diameter, and holds about
five pints. In this vessel, on searching it and cleaning it, after
I got it home, I found the bones of some small animal, and from
the skull, I at first imagined it to have been a squirrel, and that it
might have been purposely buried with the person here interred ;
as we know it Avas the custom of the ancients to bury such things
(even animals) with the dead as they took pleasure in when they
were alive (see Browne's Urn-burial, p. 9) ; but it is more likely that
they were the remains of some mole, who, having gotten into the vessel, could not
get out again. Here was
also a patera of fine red earth,
exactly like that before de-
scribed at No. 4, except that
this is something broader and
deeper, and has not only a
difi'erent maker's name im-
pressed on the inside, namely,
A ELI. MA.,^ but has also the
word

>^(RMV

Fig. 1,

wrote on its bottom, near the
centre of the foot, with some
sharp pointed instrument ; it
has also a x on its outside. Here was also a small urn of a coarsish dark-coloured
eartk^ (fig. 1, p. 187) ; it is four inches high, and three inches and a quarter diameter,
and holds about half a pint ; it is spotted with black. All these I got out whole,
except the patera, which is a good deal broken. Here was also the blade of a
knife,* as it seems, among the bones.

' [This seems to be aeli. manv, the letters of
the latter word being in ligature. — Ed.]

- [Sacrina ; probably the name of the possessor.
—Ed.]

^ [The peculiarities of this vessel enable us to
assign its manufacture to the pottery on the banks
of the Medway, opposite Upchurch, where large
quantities of similar ware have been found. See'

Catalogue of the Museum of London Antiquities, p.
20.— Ed.]

* [The blade of a knife is a most unusual object
to be found in a Roman interment ; while, on the
contrary, it is almost invariably to be met with in
the Saxon graves. We shall see, as we proceed,
that this cemetery contained Saxon as well as Roman
graves ; and in taking into consideration the pro-

CEUNDALE.

187

X,

10. Within about a yard of this nest we found another, Avhich consisted of a
large urn, or ossuary, of very coarse black earth, and was exactly like the last
mentioned, both in shape and size ; it was nearly full of burnt bones, coals, and
ashes. It was broken in the discovery. A small urn of white earth, blacked over,
and much like that described at No. -5 ; this also was destroyed. A patera of fine
red earth, exactly like that described at No. 4, except that this is some-
what broader and deeper (being near two inches and a half deep), and
has the name pruiani impressed on its inside ; it has also this mark,
made with a sharp instrument on its outside. Here was also a very

pretty lachrymatory of red earth (fig. 2) ; it is four inches
and a quarter high, and one inch and a half diameter ;
it holds but very little.

11. I now ordered two of the labourers to open the
bank, or side, of the hollow road, and there we found (as
Lord "Winchelsea and Mr. Forster had done before) a
human skeleton, entire, and lying at its full length, with
its feet to the south-west. At its head we found a small
empty urn of coarse dark-coloured earth, wliicli fell in
pieces on our endeavouring to remove it. On its left side, and near the hip, was
a patera of fine red earth, much like those already described. It is impressed with
the same potter's name as that at No. 9, namely, aeli.mm, and has xx, inscribed
with a sharp instrument, in the centre of its foot. In the bottom of the grave,
particulaily at the head and feet, was a gi-eat deal of rotten wood, extremely black,
and some of it appeared very much like wood-coals. It doubtless was the remains
of a coffin, or trough, burnt, perhaps, to make it the more durable ; or, perhaps,
excavated by fire. Here were also several pieces of iron clasps, and one whole one,
much like those we now make use of in order to strengthen and hold together the
corners of chests, etc.; they seemed to have been each of them furnished with two
strong rivets, and had rotten wood adhering to them. Here were also twelve
strong iron braggs, or nails, each of which was near five inches long ; and several
oyster shells.

Here ended my search for this day ; in Avhich, I think, I met with uncommon
success, if we consider either the number of things found or saved. For they were

Fig. 3.

bable connection between the two, the cessation of
the Roman and the commencement of the Saxon,
this knife affords a fact on which may hang much
speculation. At the same time it must be con-
sidered that, although such implements were not

usually consigned to the earth with the ashes of the
departed, knives of a precisely similar kind were
commonly used by the Romans, and from some ac-
cidental cause, one may have been thrown into the
urn. — Ed.]

188 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

all of them so very rotten, while they were moist, that it was not without much
care and great difficulty that I was able to save so many as I did. And with what
I had already got, a person less enamoured of venerable antiquity than myself
might, perhaps, have gone home satisfied. But it was not so with me : my appetite
was not so easily cloyed. I flattered myself that there still remained many graves
and barrows unopened. And as Mr. Filmer, in the name of his brother. Sir John
Filmer, who is lord of the manor, very genteelly gave me leave to dig, when and
as often as I pleased, I determined within myself to continue my search, till I should
have thoroughly examined the whole spot. I had no doubt of these remains being
Roman ; but in what age they were deposited did not, as yet, at all appear. But
I flattered myself that a further search would enable me, by the finding of a coin,
or some such thing, to give a near guess even at that.

Crundale, 24th June, 1757.

Accordingly, on the twenty-fourth of the same month, I set out for Crundale
so early, that I got my labourers to work by six o'clock in the morning, being
determined to have a good long day of it ; for, before, Ave made but a very short day's
work ; but we were then attended with much better success, as will appear from
what follows.

12. For, after a whole m.orning's diligent search, we found but one nest. The
ossuary, or great urn, was destroyed by a stroke from the labourer's mattock. It
was nearly full of burnt bones and ashes, and among them was a piece of a buck's
horn, which appears to have passed the fire. Here Avas also a long-necked bottle-
like vessel, without a handle, much like that described at No. 9 ; it is of a darkish
coloured earth, and is nine inches and a half high, and seven inches diameter ; it
will contain about five pints. In it I found (as I did in that described at No. 9)
the bones of some small animal, which I imagine might have been a mole, Avhich
having got into it, could not get out again. Here was also a large patera of a
blackish coarse earth, w-hose diameter is seven inches and three-quarters, and depth,
two inches and one-eighth.

Having now, as I thought, turned over and examined all the ground Avhere it
seemed likely to meet with ossuaries, etc., I set the men to opening some more
graves in the bank, or side, of the hollow road ; in several parts of which we came
into the trenches, or pits, which had heretofore been opened by Lord Winchelsea
or by Mr. Forster.

13. But, at last, we came to a grave whose contents had not been disturbed ;

CRUNDALE. 189

it contained the skeleton of a full- grown person, lying at about the depth of three
feet and a half under the surface, with its feet pointing nearly to the south-west.
Here Ave found a small urn of white earth, coloured over with a blackish Avash ; this
was broken ; and a patera of fine red earth, like those heretofore described. It had
the following letters stamped on the centre of its inside, namely, granio;^ and a x,
made Avith a sharp pointed instrument, on its outside. Here Avas also the blade
of a knife.

14. The next grave was Avithin a yard, and at the feet, of the last mentioned.
The skeleton lay also Avith its feet to the south-Avest, that is, nearly parallel to the
road. On the right side of the skull Avas a small urn of a lightish red

earth ; it is three inches and a half high, three inches and a quarter
diameter, and holds about half a pint. Another small urn of blackish
earth, Avhich came to pieces in removing ; and a patera of fine red
earth, like those already described. The name satvrnini Avas im-
pressed on its bottom, on the inside; and a x Avas made Avith a sharp
pointed instrument, in tAvo places, on its bottom. Here Avere plain
signs of a burnt coffin, and six long nails.

15. The next grave Avas nearly in a straight line Avith the tAvo last mentioned,
and Avithin two feet of the last. The skeleton lay Avith its feet to the south-west.
Near the right hip Avas a small urn of black earth, Avhich Avas broken in pieces by
the workmen ; and also a patera of fine red earth, AA'hich shared the same fate.
It had the name iVNivs impressed on the side of its bottom, and a x inscribed on
its outside. Here were evident signs of a burnt coffin.

Crundale, 3rd October, 1757.

On the 3rd day of October, in the same year, I Avent to Crundale a third time,
with a sufficient number of labourers, as I thought, to have dug into and searched
all the remaining part of this spot Avhich I had hitherto not examined. But as the
days had now got pretty short, Ave had not at this time light enough to go through
with our intended AA^ork. Nor had Ave, as Avill be seen beloAv, in this day's search,
any better success than Avhen Ave Avere last here.

16. We began Avhere Ave last left ofi", namely, on the bank by the side of the
road ; and the first grave Ave came to contained the skeleton of a person Avhose teeth

' [The mai-ks grant, gra.niani, and oranani, be noticed in this list. See Catalogue of London
occur in my list of Potters' Stamps found in London. Antiqtuiies, pp. 43-45. — Ed.]
Several varieties also of the other, Saturninus, will

190 INVENTOKIUM SEPTJLCHEALE.

were not all cut in the under jaw. It lay like those before mentioned, namely,

with its feet to the south-west, and at the depth of about three
feet. On the left side of tlie skull we found an urn of a
lightish red earth, coloured tvith black ; it is three inches and
a quarter high, and four inches and three-quarters in diameter.
The remains of a coffin were very visible, but it did not appear
to have passed the fire.

17. In a grave parallel to the last, we found a skeleton,
at about the depth of three feet ; and though we examined it

very carefully, we found nothing : nor was there any appearance of a cofRn.

18. At the feet of the last mentioned, was a grave which contained two
skeletons, Avhich lay side by side ; they lay with their feet to the south-west. Near
the neck of that which lay on the right hand, I found five small yellow beads, of
baked earth as it seems ; and a sort of pin, about two inches long, with a flatted
head, which had a liole through it : it was of brass, and seemed to be pretty strong.
I luiluckily lost it out of my pocket. Probably it was an acus crinalis, or discri-
minalis, namely, a pin for the hair. With the skeleton Avhich lay on the left hand,
was found the blade of a knife, much like that described at No. 9 ; and an iron
buckle : these were both found near the left hi^). No appearance of a coffin with
either of them. The grave was full six feet deep.

19. At the feet of the last mentioned grave, and within about two feet of it, we
found another ; and after much time and labour, got at last to the bottom of it, where
we found the skeleton of an old person. This appeared from some few teeth which
remained in the jaws, which were worn down quite to their stumps. This lay at
the depth of almost seven feet. But though these three last mentioned skeletons
were found more deeply interred than any of the others, yet I do not imagine tliat
they were at first deposited deeper than the rest, but that a pretty large quantity
of earth has, at some time or other, been cast on the bank out of the road, the
surface of it having very much of that appearance. In this grave, though we made
a very diligent search, we found nothing but the bones, which Avere surprisingly
firm. Nor was there any appearance of a coffin. In this grave, there were not only
many large flint-stones, piled archwise over the skeleton (Avhich I forgot to mention
was the case in all the other graves heretofore mentioned), but it was almost filled
up with them, which made the opening of it very difficult and tedious.

20. Parallel, and within two feet of the last, Ave found another grave ; this also
contained the A'ery short skeleton of an old person. This, though it lay nearly on
a level Avith the last mentioned, Avas not much aboA'e five feet beneath the surface ;
the last mentioned lying betAveen it and the road. Here also Ave found notliing but

CRUKDALE. 191

four strong nails, with broad heads, which had some bhick wood adhering to them ;
they were about three inches long, each. Here was much black dust and coals,
the remains of a burnt, thick, coffin.

21. Towards sunset, Ave came to a small spot at about four yards distance
from the road, which we had till now taken no notice of; for the labourers having
scattered the earth taken out of some adjacent nests of urns upon it, it appeared as
if it had been already dug. But a heavy shower happening to fall this afternoon,
discovered the green sward. Here we soon came to a nest, which contained a large
urn, or ossuary, of coarse black earth, in shape and size much like that described
at No. 9. It was nearly full of burnt bones and ashes, among which I found a very

pretty lachrymatory of reddish earth (fig. 1 ), stand-
ing upright, Avith its neck and orifice about one
inch above them. It was so strongly mortared
to them, that, being soft with the damp, I was
obliged to use great care in separating it from
2}ii"bigh. sinchel^iamete,-. thcm ! but I had thc good luck not to break it.

The ossuary was broken in pieces. Here were
also two small urns, much like those already described ; and a patera (fig. 2), all
of very coarse earth ; and which, all three of them, came to pieces in removing.
The patera Avas the most entire ; and being of a someAvhat different make from those
already mentioned, I carried the sherds of it home, and joined them as Avell as
I could. The brittleness, or rather rottenness, of all the vessels deposited in this
hole, I attribute to their not having been buried in the rock chalk (as most of the
others Avere); but in the common soil, Avhich everyAvhere hereabouts covers the chalk
for about one or two feet. This Avas also the case Avith some others as Avell as these ;
and it Avas very visible, that those which Avere placed in the firm chalk, Avere much
more firm and better preserved, than those AA'hich lay in the more superficial earth.
This is OAving, no doubt, to the dry and limy quality of the chalk. Night coming
on, put an end to this day's Avork.

Crundale, 23rd April, 1759.

On the 23rd of April, 1759, I visited this spot for the fourth and last time, in
order to examine that part of the road's side Avhich, for Avant of light, I Avas obliged
to leave unopened at my last digging.

22. The first grave Ave opened Avas close to, and parallel Avith, the road ; it was
about four feet deep, and contained a full grown skeleton, lying, as before, Avith its

One-tliird the actual size.

192 INVENTOEIUM SEPXJLCHRALE.

feet nearly south-west. The bones Avere surprisingly firm and strong, and the tcetli
remarkably sound, white, and even. I think this person must needs have been
about six feet and a half high. On each side of the head was a
small urn of black earth; one of which was broken by the workmen
who opened the grave ; the other came out entire. Here was also
found the blade of a knife, exactly like that described at No. 9 ;
it lay near the right hip. Here was no appearance of any coffin.

23. On the right hand of the last grave, and within about a
foot of it, we found another ; it contained the skeleton of a full-
grown person ; the bones were very firm, as also were the teeth ;
they seemed to have been much ground down, and some were wanting ; it lay at the
depth of about three feet. We found nothing at all with it but the blade of a
knife, as before. Here were no signs of a coffin.

24. On the right hand of the last mentioned, and parallel to it, we found
another grave. The skeleton was very sound, its teeth very much worn, and was
not above five feet long, if so much ; it lay at the depth of about two feet and a half
below the surface. At its feet was a black urn, capable of holding about a quart ;
we got it out Avhole, but, a bystander taking it carelessly up by its rim, being heavy,
and rotten withal, its weight broke out his hold, and, falling on a flint, it was broken
in pieces. It was of a more globular form than any I had seen, and had a narrow
mouth, but no neck. At the time of its fall it was almost full of loose chalk ; and,
on examining its contents, I found what I had despaired of finding, namely, a coin.
It was struck for the younger Faustina, the wife of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. It
has the following legends, etc. : obverse, favstina. avg. pii. avg. fil. ; the head of
the younger Faustina : reverse, felicitas. s. c. ; a female figure standing, and
holding a caducous in her right baud; with her left hand she lifts up her garment.
It is of the middle brass, and very fair. At the feet was also found, a confused
mass of rusty iron, as big as one's fist ; it had greatly the appearance of a chain
(if it was such), whose links were not much thicker than a crow's quill, and about
two inches long ; it came entirely to pieces in handling ; and, among its fragments,
I found three little brass instruments, if I may call them so, each about one inch
and a quarter long ; and each had a small ringle at one end (as figs. 6, 7, pi. 12).'

' [As before observed, several of the Crundale mentioned form one of the most interesting features

graves are Saxon. This will be obvious to every of the costume of the Anglo-Saxon women. The

one who has attentively examined the details of the coin of Faustina, it need scarcely bo remarked, does

contents of the graves at Chartham, at Kingston, not prove the interment Roman : it merely shows

and other places ; and who, at the same time, is the use of Roman coins by the early Saxons, either

acquainted with the character of Roman sepulchral as money, as ornaments, or for other purposes. —

usages. The curious little pendent ornaments here Ed.]

CRUNDALE. 193

Here were also between twenty and thirty little round globules, each of them
about the size of a small pea : perhaps they were beads ; and I think they were of
amber : they lay all together among the dust of some rotten wood. They crumbled
to pieces with the least touch. The remains of a thick burnt coffin were to be found
all over the bottom of the gra\c ; and the urn, coin, rusty iron, brass instruments,
and little globules, were all found together, in other dust of rotten wood (but which
did not seem to have been burnt), at the distance of about three or four inches
beyond the feet of the cotfin ; I mean more westwardly. There was a very
discernible, though narrow, range of chalk, between the feet of the coffin and the
dust, which was among the things just mentioned. I make no doubt but that this
unburnt, rotten wood, was the remains of a small box, or chest ; having, since then,
found several such, at other places where I have dug. Here were also six large
iron nails, much like those before described ; and some other pieces of broken rusty
iron, of which no judgment coidd be formed.

The pleasure I felt on finding the coin, may be much more easily guessed at
than expressed. I had, before I found it, no kind of doubt but that these remains
were certainly Roman ; but I had till now met with nothing from Avhich I could
form the least guess at the time when they were deposited. But this is not only a
convincing proof of their being really Roman, but, in some measure, ascertains the
time of their interment. The ossuaries, indeed, were a sufficient testimony of their
great antiquity; urn-burial, according to Macrobius, having ceased among the
Romans in his time ; and other writers assert that it ceased so soon as with the
Antonines.' And the last emperor who bore that name, was Antoninus Elagabalus ;
a prince most unworthy of it, it having been first borne in memory and honour of
that great and good emperor Avho, on account of his supereminent virtue and piety,
was styled Pius. Elagabalus died about the year of Christ 222.

25. At the feet of the last mentioned Ave found a short and shallow one,
containing the skeleton of a child, of about five or six years old ; its bones were

'■ Macrobius flourished in the time of Theodosius under it, a thin piece of ivory or bone, which lay on

the younger, who died about the year of Christ 450. a piece of polished marble, like porphyry, and be-

He says the custom of burning the dead had quite tween the piece of ivory and the marble, were placed

ceased in his days. — Macrob. Saturnal. lib. 7, cap. 7. five very fair copper coins of Claudius Gothicus,

Notwithstanding what they have asserted, and what AureHan, Tacitus, and Probus ; they are all in my

I had no reason to disbelieve when I wrote this possession.

account, I am now fully convinced that urn-burial Dr. Brown, also, having found some coins of

(at least in Britain) continued in practice a great Posthumus and Tetricus, in the urns discovered in

while after the Antonines. For, in the year 1762, Bampeton Field, in Norfolk, in the year 1667, very

some labourers digging chalk on the north bank of justly infers, that " urn- burial lasted longer than

the river Medway, in the parish of Frindsbury, is commonly supposed, at least in this country."

found a large urn, full of burnt bones and ashes, and Post. Works, p. 7. — B. F.

C C

194 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

])ietty perfect. There was a small black urn at its feet, which was broken in digging
down to it. Here were plain indications of a burnt coffin ; four nails ; and some
other pieces of broken iron.

26. The next grave contained two skeletons, one on the other ; the lowermost
was that of a full grown person ; it lay at about the depth of five feet, and with its
feet to the south-west, as before. "We found nothing at all with it, nor was there
any appearance of a coffin. The uppermost skeleton lay at about the depth of three
feet. It appeared to be the remains of a very old person, the few teeth remaining
in the jaws being worn almost to the stumps ; I observed, also, that some of the
sockets in the under jaw were entii'ely closed up. We found nothing Avith it,
except some pieces of iron, the use of which we could give no guess at. This last
appeared to have been enclosed in a coffin, but it did not seem to have passed tbe
fire. This gi'ave was close to the road side, at the westmost end of tliis burial-place,
namely, as you go down it towards Wye or OUantigh.

27. At the feet of the last mentioned, but about a foot more towards the right
hand, we found another ; it was not above two feet deep, though it contained the
skeleton of a full grown person. It lay, like the rest, with its feet towards the
south-west. The bones were much more decayed than any of the former, owing,
no doubt, to their having been deposited so shallow. We found nothing at aU here,
nor was there any appearance of a coffin.

Towards evening, I had the ground tried in several likely places near the spot,
but could meet with none which appeared to bave ever been moved. So that
I think I may very reasonably conclude that I have thoroughly examined the
whole place.

I must not omit mentioning a discovery which I think I made on the second
day of my digging here. While my labourers were at dinner, for want of something
else to do, I amused myself with walking up and down and searching for plants ;
great variety of which, especially of the orchis,^ are found on the dry chalky hills
hereabouts. And in a little green field, which lies between Warren Wood and the
hollow road, I took notice that the earth, which the moles had newly cast up in
great plenty, was, about the middle of the field, for about eight yards over every
way, entirely black, or of a very dark colour ; whereas, in all other parts of it, the
earth thus cast up was like the rest of the adjacent soil, namely, a light mould
mixed with chalk. Upon examination. I found it was very full of small wood-coals
and black dust. Whether this hearth (for such it certainly was) was the ustrinum,
or hearth, on which the funeral piles for burning the bodies here deposited in the

' They are chiefly the orchis piramidalis ; a very common species of that genus of plants.

CRUNDALE. 195

large urns were erected ; or whether it was only a hearth where charcoal had
been made, I shall not pretend to determine. But I cannot help thinking it very
probable that it was put to the former use ; and its situation, namely, close to a
large wood, whei'e might be had plenty of fuel for the purpose of building the pile,
and its vicinity to the high road, seem, in some measure, to be in favour of my
opinion. Indeed, though I not only carefully examined the earth thus cast up, but
caused the ground in several places to be turned up with a spade, I could not,
upon the most diligent search, discover any pieces of burnt bones among it. But
supposing it really was the ustrinum, it is not to be wondered at that none Avere
found, if we consider that the custom of the Romans on these occasions was to wrap
up the dead bodies in a sheet, made of the incombustible linen wove out of the
amiantus, called by the Greeks aa/Sea-To^, because it could not be consumed by fire.
And, by this contrivance, the bones and ashes of the corpse were entirely prevented
from mixing with the coals and ashes of the pile-
However, let my conjecture be right or wrong, as it certainly has probability
on its side, I thought I should not do amiss in mentioning it ; and I wish my
brother antiquaries would never risk (at least publish to the world) any conjectures,
on things so very uncertain, more improbable than this. In Dr. Browne's' account
of the urns, etc., found at Old Walsingham, in Norfolk, he mentions much such
another hearth, which was discovered at a small distance from thcra ; " which", says
he, " begat conjecture that this was the ustrina, or place of burning their bodies."
Having thus given a true and exact account of my digging here, and of the success
attending it, I shall now offer some few cursory thoughts and observations on the
situation of this burying- ground, and on the venerable remains found interred
in it.

As for the situation, it is on the north-west side of a very dry and pretty steep
hill ; the top of which commands a very extensive and beautiful prospect, not only
of the neighbouring and adjacent parts of this country, but also of part of Sussex.
At the foot of this hill (which has Warren Wood on its summit), and within about
a quarter of a mile from this burying-ground, runs the greater Stoure, in its way
from the towns of Ashford and Wye, through the adjoining village of Godmersham ;
and so by Chilham to Canterbury. That the Romans usually, if not always, made
choice of such a situation for their cemeteries, or dormitories for their dead, is well
known, namely, on a dry soil, on the declivity of a hill, and always (ad viam'-) by
the side of a highway. " By which means", as Dr. Browne justly observes,^ " their

' Hydriotaphia, chap. 2, and chap. .5. euntes, Lolli, vale." Fleetwood, Inscript. p. 175.

' "Hie, propter viam positus, ut dicant propter- ^ Hydriotaphia, p. IT

, I.

196 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

monuments were under eye, and mementos of mortality to living passengers",^ and
might also receive their good wishes and benedictions. That the remains found
here were certainly Roman, the Roman names, stamped in Roman characters on
the paterse, would, I think, have abundantly testified, though I had not been so
fortunate as to find a coin, such as ivnivs, satvunini, primani, sexti, etc. But the
coin puts the matter out of all kind of doubt. And, again, these paterte, and indeed
all the urns in general, were, to use Dr. Plott's words, " of a figure and workmanship
so plainly Roman, that there needs no further proof who were their makers." And
Dr. Woodward expresses himself much in the same manner, in his letter to Sir
Christopher Wren, concerning some such urns, etc., dug up near Bishop's Gate,
" being all", he says, " of very handsome make and contrivance, as, indeed, most of
the Roman vessels we find ever are." And this, he rightly observes, " is but one of
the many instances that are at this day extant of the art of that people, and of the
great exactness of their genius, and the hapjiiness of their fancy."

The ossuaries (that is, the urns, with bones and ashes found in them) show
also the great antiquity of this cemetery. And, again, that it was made use of as
such, at least as long ago as the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
(who died in the year of Christ IHO), may, I think, be not unreasonably collected
from the coin of his wife Faustina, as described at No. 24. Besides that, this is a
strong argument, by the bye, of the custom of inhuming the bodies of the dead
having been practised during the practice of cremation ; and that, too, so high up
as this reign.^ It is also not at all improbable, but that some of these ossuaries and
skeletons might have been deposited even long before this time.

I must not forget to mention, that these ossuaries, or bone-urns, were all of
them placed in round holes of about two feet diameter, and about as many deep,
in general, in the firm chalk. Tliey always occupied the centre of the hole (or nest,
as I have ventured to term it) ; and the smaller and empty urns and patcne, which
always accompanied them, were placed round them. There was never more than
one ossuary in a hole, or nest.

The position of the skeletons found here, namely, with their feet to the west, or
south-west, I am, I confess, quite at a loss to account for ; it being a direct contrary
one to Avhat I have met with in all otlicr places where I have since dug, namely, at

' "Bene sit tibi, viator, qui me pra3tenisti." Grider, regard to the nnburnt bones found with the ossiia-

p. 556, 2. " Monunienta in sepulchris secundvim ries in Camomile Street. Tliese are his words : —

viam sunt, qui prtcterentes admoneant, et se fuisse, " The finding of tliese bones, reposited along with

et illos esse, mortales." Varro de Ling. Lett. lib. 5. the urns (that is, ossuaries, or urns, containing burnt

Dr. Woodward, in his Letter to Sir Christopher bones and ashes), carries the date of their sepulture

Wren, has made the same observation (6, 29), with up very high."

CKUNDALE. 197

Ash, Cliartham, Kingston, Bisliopsbourne, Sibertswold, and Barfriston ; at all which
places they were found, in general, with their feet pointing to the east, or near it.
Some few, indeed, I have met with at some of those places, which pointed with their
feet to the north, or near it ; but I have never found above one which pointed,
as these all did, with their heads to the east and their feet to the west. For
an account of it, see No. 149 of my Inventory of Antiquities found by me at
Kingston.

With regard to the urns, etc., found here, I cannot dismiss them mthout saying
something in relation to them. And, first, I cannot help thinking that Mr. Forster^
was mistaken, when he imagined that " the orifices of the smaller urns were
designedly placed, not perpendicular and upright, but dipping a little towards the
east." For I took very particular notice of the position of all (as well those which
accompanied the ossuaries, as those which were found with the skeletons), and could
find nothing that could confirm me in such an opinion. If they did not stand quite
upright, which, indeed, a very few seemed to do, they must of consequence incline
rather more to some point of the compass than to the rest ; but they certainly did
not incline all to any particular point more than to another, but leant, either this
or that way, as chance had directed at their interment, or as the weight of the
incumbent earth had swayed them. But Avith regard to the skeletons lying with
their feet to the Avest, I think with, him, namely, that " it is possible the ancients
might have no regard to the quarters of the heavens, but merely to the situation of
the earth, namely, by laying the feet downward, with the declivity of the hill", as
these were. Though, I must confess, this has not always been found to have been
considered or regarded in the places where I have since dug, particularly at
Kingston and Sibertswold, where they are found with their heads pointing to the
lowest ground.

With regard to the urns and paterae, of whatever size (except such as are made
of the fine coraline red earth), I doubt not but they were made of the nearest
proper materials that could be had, not excepting those very neat ones of white
clay, which appear to have been washed over with a blackish or bluish colouring.
But with respect to all those which are wrought out of the fine red coralline earth,
with the maker's name stamped on them (and, indeed, those of that sort which
have not that stamp), I am persuaded that they are the manufacture neither of this
neighbourhood, nor this island."

' See his account in Harris's History of Kent, opinion : see Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i, passim ;
fol. 89. and Catalogue of the Museum of London Antiqui-

• [More recent researches quite confirm this tics, pp. 20 and '21. — Ed.]

198 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

It is by no means unusual for the two different customs of urn-burial and
inhumation to be both of them found in the same place. Many instaiices of it
might be produced.

In confirmation of both these sorts of burial being often found in the same
place, I shall now mention what I myself have met with in every place where
I have since dug, namely, at Gilton, near Sandwich (see Nos. 16, 50, and 80), where
in three different graves I found a predisturbed ossuary, with burnt bones and ashes.
On Chartham Down (though I have as yet opened but four tumuli), I found an
ossuary, ^Wth burnt bones and ashes (see No. 4). At Kingston (see No. 4), I found
an ossuary and burnt bones and ashes. At Sibertswold, were found the two large
ossuaries (which, I make no doubt, were family urns), both of them full of burnt
bones and ashes. And at Barfriston (see Nos. 27 and 44), where I found two
predisturbed and broken ossuaries, and many scattered burnt bones. I have already
hinted that the coin of the Empress Faustina the younger, found with a skeleton
in the grave numbered 24, makes it more than probable that inhumation Avas
practised here, at Crundale, at the very same time, too, as well as in the same place,
with cremation. And it also proves, that inhumation was used here as high as the
reign of M. Aurel. Antoninus, who died s,o long ago as the year of Christ 180.
The inscriptions, or impressions, also, on the several paterae found with some of
the skeletons, sufficiently show (from the make and fashion of the letters which
compose them) the great antiquity of the prevalence of the custom of inhuming
in this place.'

I have now nothing further to add by way of remark with regard to this
burying-place, except that it seems, from the small number of persons deposited in
it, to have been the coimeterion of no more than two or three particular families ;
or of some very small village at the most. And that they were all of them peaceable
people (I mean people who had not served in a military capacity), I think may be
gathered from there being no arms of any sort found, either with the urns, or with
the skeletons. For, I believe, it was the pretty constant custom in those days to
bury their weapons with all such persons as, either in the former part of their lives,
or at the time of their deaths, had been military people.

' [Mr. Faussett's observations are correct as re- to the earl)' Saxon cemeteries, he had not good

gards the Roman modes of sepulture : but he did opportunities for making comparisons between these

not discriminate between the Roman and Saxon and the Roman, or Romano-British. The urns with

graves at Crundale ; and, as before observed, from burnt bones, to which he here refers, are discussed

having confined his researches, almost exclusively, in the Introduction. — Ed.]

APPENDIX.

APPENDIX.

1.— LETTER FROM THOMAS GODFREY FAUSSETT, Esq., TO JOSEPH MAYER, Esq.

Heppington, August 5, 1854.

Dear Sir, — I have much pleasure in replying to your request, that I would
send you some account of the collector and subsequent possessors of the museum
which you have lately purchased.

Bryan Faussett, my great-grandfather, the collector of the remains, Avas the
eldest son of Bryan and Mary Faussett, and was born October 30, 1720, at
Heppington, near Canterbury ; his mother being the heiress of the family of
Godfrey of Lydde and Heppington, of which places the latter had been, for the last
few generations, their favourite residence. His father was the head of a West Kent
family, but resided at Heppington after his marriage with Miss Godfrey. Kent well
nigh lost her antiquary in his cradle : a mischievous monkey, which was a great
pet of his mother, finding him one day alone, took the opportunity to indemnify
itself for its beating by throwing the heir of the family on the fire ; fortunately
the truant nurse returned just in time to prevent any serious result.

He acquired his earlier education, according to the old country fashion, at
one of the grammar-schools of his native county ; I do not know which ; and was
matriculated at the usual age at University College, Oxford. I have never heard*
that he obtained much distinction as an undergraduate (unless that of being
generally known as " the handsome commoner of University" is worth recording) ;
but that he must have been a scholar of no inconsiderable taste and acquirements,
his works, the library he collected, and the whole tenor of his life, sufficiently show.
He graduated as B.A. in 1742; and as M.A. in 1745; and nearly at the same
time was elected fellow of All Souls' College, as of kin to the founder. Archbishop
Chicheley.

AVhile at this college, he became conspicuous, even in Tory Oxford, as a
staunch Jacobite. Heir to estates considerably diminished by the vengeance of the
Parliament on his ancestor Sir Thomas Godfrey, (for his fidelity to the cause of
Charles the First, and his share as a leader, and a contributor of a troop of horse,

D D

202 INVENTORITJM SEPULCHRALE.

in the ill-fated " Kentish rising", so roughly handled by Fairfax,) and bred in the
creed of successors who Avere proud of the loss, he seems to have given free vent
to his political enthusiasm in the eventful years 1745-6. At this time, his father,
in spite of a strict surveillance placed over his actions by government, was daily
convening secret meetings of the neighbouring gentry at Heppington ; and dis-
cussing, behind closed doors, the manner in which the men of Kent might most
effectually welcome and assist Prince Charles Edward on his southward march ; their
councils being aided by Brett, the prince's archbishop elect of Canterbury, who
would on these occasions assume the insignia and ceremonies, which he was destined
never to enjoy at higher and worthier meetings. And the son, not to be behind his
family, was, with other fellows of All Souls', endeavouring to organize in Oxford a
volunteer corps in aid of the same cause, and nightly, with every glass, toasting
King James the Third on bared and bended knee. It is well known what effect
their influence had upon their not unwilling contemporaries at the university ; and
had the prince extended his march to Oxford, (as was indeed so faithfully expected,
that a body of these partisans sat up the whole of one night to receive him, on the
rumour of his immediate approach,) there is no doubt that it would have been seen
how much, as in a former reign,

" That learned body wanted loyalty":

— at least to the dynasty in possession ; and possibly the king would have found it
necessary to send to Oxford rather more than his predecessor's " troop of horse",
commemorated in SirW. Browne's famous epigram.

In the year 1746, he was ordained, and continued to reside in Oxford for two
years longer. An amusing anecdote is told of this period of his life. As he walked
one Sunday to take a friend's duty near Oxford, he happened to see a squirrel
leaping in a tree near his path, and flinging his walking-stick at it, brought it
stunned to the ground. Probably with no more definite object than the careless
indulgence of a collector's instinct, he put it into his pocket, and thinking no
more about it, proceeded to church. In the course of his sermon, he was feeling for
his handkerchief, but quickly withdrew his hand with the squirrel instead, which,
having revived in the warmth of his pocket, was clinging to his finger with the
firmest gripe of its sharp little teeth. The astonishment in the church must have
been great, when with a loud exclamation of pain he succeeded at last in jerking
off the animal amongst the heads of his congregation.

In 1748, he was presented by his college to the living of Abberbury, in
Shropshire ; and shortly afterwards took ])lace his marriage to Miss Elizabeth
Curtois, a lady of a Lincolnshire family. This living he resigned on the death of
his father in 1750 ; from which time, in o]der to be near his mother, he resided till

APPENDIX. 203

her death in 1761 at Street-End House, a seat within a short distance of Heppington.
He was now for a long time without preferment ; it was not till towards the close
of liis life that his old friend Thomas Seeker, then Archbishop of Canterbury, gave
him tlie neighbouring rectory of Monk's Horton, and the perpetual curacy of
Nackington, the parish in which Heppington stands.

I think few persons of taste and education can pass any length of time in Kent
without becoming antiquaries, at heart if not in pursuit ; and I have no doubt that
the influence of the neighbourhood was strong upon my great-grandfather from an
early age. On this corner of the island broke the first wave of all those successive
tides of revolution and civilisation, which in the earlier periods of our history flowed
into England ; whether in calm it floated Augustine to his peaceful and holy
mission, or dashed ashore with storm and destruction the warriors of Caesar, of
Hengist, and of "William. And storm and calm alike have in turn left their traces
on its surface. Its noble and far-famed cromlech : its downs studded with barrows,
or crowned with encampments : its many memorials of Roman might in fortresses,
or of Roman luxury in villas : its less prominent, but no less speaking, evidences
of Danish havoc : its castles and halls : cathedrals, abbeys, and churches, in Saxon,
Norman, and each successive period of Gothic architecture ; — these, and such sights
as these, meet the gaze at every step. Every village has its legend, or its remains
illustrative of one period or another of our annals. Perhaps no portion of England
is more suggestive of the past, or off'ers to the antiquary a richer field for his
observation and research. I may instance his own particular case — one, perhaps,
more than commonly favoured. Besides living in the neighbourhood which I have
thus generally described, he could not walk a hundred yards in any direction from
his father's house without crossing the ancient camp entrenchments with Avhich
it is surrounded ; a Roman road, the well-known " Stone Street Causeway", ran
through his property within half a mile of the house ; and immediately beyond it,
he would arrive at a large and well preserved Roman camp in the underwood of
Iffin. The manor-house, too, of Heppington, in which he passed his boyhood, — an
old castellated mansion of the reign of Stephen, then lately reduced somewhat to
Elizabethan comfort and shapeliness ; but retaining its lancet- windowed chapel, and
architecture and ornaments of nearly every period of design, — was a fit home for
an antiquarian mind. And he is said to have been immensely annoyed, though
a boy of barely fifteen, when his father, being unfortunately overburdened with
ready money, and caught with the epidemic mania for the new high-roofed, many-
dormered, Dutch style, pulled down the old mansion and built the present one.

That all these familiar scenes and ideas aftected the bent of his mind, even in
his childhood, I cannot doubt ; but I find no outward traces of his inclination till

204: INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

liis return into Kent in his thirtietlr year, when the absence of clerical duties seems
to have turned him to archaeology for amusement and occupation.

Of his first success, and his thence gradually increasing ardour and diligence
in the discovery of tumular relics, his work is, in fact, a journal ; but the cool,
clear-lieaded narrative gives the reader no idea of the intense enthusiasm of the
author. Tradition tells us of the state of almost boyish excitement in which he
superintended the opening of his barrows ; of the eagerness with which he sifted
every crumb of earth taken from them ; of his not unsuccessful endeavours to instil
some of his own ardour into his labourers ; of his good humour when they worked
well ; his anger when they flagged ; and liis rage and vexation when an unlucky
pickaxe shattered a vase or a patera ; of his even animating his men by seizing
spade and axe himself ; and, in spite of gout and infirmity, setting no mean example
of activity. His good humour and good pay appear to have been more remembered
than his occasional outbreaks of wrath ; and his cottagers always rejoiced when
an interval freer than usual from gout gave the signal for another digging for
" the Squire".

But these formed but a small part of his labours. He was a most minute and
painstaking herald and genealogist ; and actually visited every church, and copied
with his own hand every monument and armorial window in Kent ; his collections
of which, as well as his transcripts of county visitations, and other miscellaneous
papers on the same subject, were, after his death, of much service to Mr. Hasted in
compiling his celebrated History of Kent. He amassed, too, a cabinet of more than
five thousand Roman and British coins. However jirecious these may have been
four generations ago, when the scarcity of the article in any state made the quality
and preservation of less moment ; and though they contained many specimens
considered fine and rare, and a few unique, even in the present day, the verdict
of the public, under the auspices of Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson, has lately
pronounced them more numerous than valuable. But some idea of his diligence
at least, in this branch of science, may be gained from the fact, that these five
thousand were but the select of his cabinet ; the remainder, chiefly duplicates, to
the weight of one hundred and fifty pounds, he melted down into a bell, which still
swings on the roof of Hejipington, and bears the following inscription : —

AVDI . QVID . TECVM . LOQVITVR . EOJtANA . VETVSTAS .
EX . ^IRE . ROMANO . ME . CONFLARI . FECIT . B . F . A . S . S . 1766.

Every one of experience in archaeology knows how expensive an amusement it
is, especially when carried to the length of engaging single-handed in excavations
and collections extensive as his Avere ; and though we, his descendants, are justly
proud of his labours and fame, we may perhaps be forgiven for feeling that there

APPENDIX. 205

is very little to show for the number of acres spent upon it ; and for wishing tliat
he had spared more of that energy and practical wisdom which Ave trace in his
works, to the management and preservation of his hereditary property.

Had his life been longer, or, while it lasted, less afflicted with disease and
infirmity, the public would not have waited nearly a century for the account and
results of his labours. During the last twenty of his fifty-five years, he suffered
from attacks of gout, gradually increasing in frequency and severity, and visiting
every part of his body, till they settled finally in his stomach. Those who may see
his manuscripts, firm, clear, and regular as stereotype ; or observe, in print, the
soundness of his arguments and the vigour of his style ; Avill scarcely believe tliat
the greater part was written under the most severe and protracted bodily agony,
and during the stages of a disease, which it is plain, from a curiously minute account
of its progress which he has left, that he could not but know to be fatal.

We have the authority of Douglas for his having acquired from his contem-
poraries the name of ^ the British Montfaucon"; though Douglas himself proceeds
to confess that tlie title scarcely did justice to his character, as representing, it
would appear, but one feature of it, — his more than ordinary share of that diligence
and eagerness in investigating, collecting, and hoarding, which is the peculiar
antiquarian trait, and which he applied especially to British, as Montfaucon did to
French antiquities.

. And I think that the remarks in the Ncnla Britannica, to which I refer, confirm
the impression left by his works, that he was principally distinguished from the
antiquaries of his day — and, indeed, from many of a later date — by the care and skill
with which he classified and applied what he had discovered, and by his clearer and
more extended view of the then infant science of archaeology. That many of his
theories, and even of their data, are, or can be, now exploded, is a necessary accident
to a publication posthumous by so many years. His opinions and observations
should, to do him justice, be compared witli those of his contemporaries ; his facts
and discoveries will, I believe, bear comparison with any of the kind that liave
happened either in earlier or later times.

His son, Henry Godfrey Faussett, was born at the vicarage of Abberbury in
1749, a short time only before the return of his family into Kent. Companion from
his childhood in all his father's archocological rambles and researches, he may be
said to have been born and bred an antiquary ; and it was his boast through life
that he had himself discovered, as he superintended the opening of one of his
father's barrows on Kingston Down, that famous fibula, which was the gem of his
collection, as it still is, I believe, of all Anglo-Saxon tumular antiquities. The story
of its discovery, by the way, will give some idea of the astonishment and prejudice

206 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

which antiquaries of that day had to encounter. On finding it, he carried it with
great glee to his father, who was in his carriage hard by, suffering under an attack
of his old enemy : his father drove off with it ; and next day a report was spread
that the carriage had been so full of gold that the wheels Avould scarcely turn ; and
the lord of the manor prohibited all further excavations on these downs.

In one point he did not follow in his predecessor's steps : instead of the elegant
scholar at Oxford, he became the practical man of business at Lincoln's Inn, though
never, that I am aware, called to the bar. His love of art, too, had a wider scope,
and was by no means confined to the antique ; and a very fair collection of paintings
which he formed remains a proof of his more universal taste.

The whole, however, of his father's archaeological mantle fell upon him, and,
with the museum, he inherited the zeal and taste in the science. One superior
advantage, too, he possessed, in being a most skilful and accurate draughtsman, as
may be seen from tlie drawings in the manuscript now in your possession, all of
which, with the exception of the original rude pen and ink sketches, were added
later by him. Being moreover of less recluse habits and firmer health, he was
better known to the world and the other antiquaries of his day than his father had
been, and was especially the intimate, counsellor, and brother-labourer of Douglas
and Hasted. Content, however, with making but small and occasional additions
to the fine collection which he already possessed, and less given to committing his
observations to writing, he is not so well or so directly known at the present day.

But it was neither as an antiquary nor as a man of taste that he was best
known. His father's premature death placed him in early possession of his property,
with Avhich, and its accompanying responsibilities, his more practical education
taught him to occupy most of his time and attention. Foremost in all the duties of
a country gentleman, he is still remembered with respect and afi'ection as the con-
siderate landlord, the active kind-hearted magistrate, the zealous and successful
promoter of agriculture and its interests, and for the many and various kind actions
of a long life of energy and benevolence.

He was twice married ; and by his first wife, daughter of Richard Sandys, Esq.
of Northbourne Court, in Kent, left a large family ; but had no issue by his second,
the daughter of Fettiplace Nott, Esq., of a Staff"ordshire family.

My father, the late Godfrey Faussett, D.D., was his eldest son. His duties at
Oxford, as canon of the cathedral and professor in the university, not allowing of
his residence at Heppington more than half the year, or of sufficient leisure for
indulging his hereditary tastes, he did little more than carefully preserve and keep
together the collection. To all who desired to see it, it was, whenever he was at
home, accessible ; and it will be remembered with what pleasure he exhibited it to

APPENDIX. 207

the members of the Archfcological Association, daring their inaugural meethig at
Canterbury in 1844. At his decease, last year, it became the property of my eldest
brother, Bryan Faussett,^ from whom it has recently passed to yourself.

Will you allow me, in conclusion, to express our gratification that the works
of our ancestors should have fallen into such worthy hands ; and the great interest
which we take in your public-spirited endeavours to give to the world what, I
think, cannot fail to advance the cause of archceology as a science, and to contribute
its mite to the general enlightenment of the covmtry.

Believe me, dear Sir, faithfully yours,

Thomas Godfrey Fadssett.

To Joseph Mayer, Esq., Lord Street, Liverpool.

2.— REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO EBENEZER MUSSELL, ESQ.^

Heppimjton, March 25, 17G.3.

Good Sir, — In return for the favours and civilities I received at Bethnal
Green, I have taken the liberty to beg your acceptance of a fibula vestiaria, and
some beads, all dug up by myself, about a year ago, at Ash, in this county. If
you think they deserve a place in your very valuable and curious collection of
antiquities, I shall think myself happy ; as, indeed, I shall ever do, if, in consequence
of my future searches, I shall be enabled to contribute anything else worthy of your
notice.^

The only merit these remains pretend to, is their being undoubtedly Roman,
and truly genuine ; which circumstance, however, makes me prefer them to every-

' [Since deceased. — Eu.] placed them in front of a building adjacent to his
^ Illustrations of the Literary History of the I8th own house, where they still (1822) remain ; and a
Century: by John Nichols, F.S.A.; vol. v, p. 432. good engraving of them, as they now stand, was
' [There is a letter from Mr. Mussell to Bryan given by Mr. Malcolm in his Views round London.
Faussett in Mr. Mayer's collection. It is dated Aug. Mr. Mussell was elected F.S.A. in 1760; and mar-
1763, and mentions, among other presents sent to ried, Sept. 9, 1761, Mrs. Sarah Scriven, of Canter-
Mr. Faussett, "a brass Lar on a pedestal, dug up bury. I know not the exact time of his death; but
at Canterbury". Mr. Nichols observes: " Mr. Mus- his 'curiosities' were sold in 1765, and his library,
sell was a skilful collector of books and other curio- in a marked catalogue, by Mr. Robson, 1782." I
sities. He was, in 1721, a considerable purchaser find mention of Mr. Mussell in Boys's CoWech'on.syb/'
at the sale of John Kemp's famous Museum of An- a/t History of Sandwich, p. 868. After describing a
tiquities ; and added largely to his collection from structure discovered at the foot of the bank, a little
the sales of the Earl of 0,'iford and Dr. Mead. He to the north of the castrum at Richborough, Boys
resided near Aldgate, and had also a house on Beth- adds: "Mr. Ebenezer Mussell, of Bethnel Green,
nel Green. On the demolition of the old City gates, near London, purchased all the bricks or tiles, and
having purchased the materials of Aldgate, he re- employed them in paving a courtyard and part of
moved them to his residence at Bethnel Green, and his house there."' — Ed.]

208 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

thing else in my otherwise trifling collection ; and, indeed, these I can hardly look
upon with pleasure, since I saw your inestimable museum.

I have also presumed to throw my mite into your Dactylotheca. It is a ring,
with a small head of the old Pretender ; it is reckoned to be very like, and well
done ; it has been many years in my family. A little picture of Charles II, which,
I suppose, was also formerly set in a ring, bears it company ; as also a coin, which
I look upon to be very curious, and fell into my hands but yesterday. It is an
halfpenny of the old gentleman above-mentioned, struck in the year 1719, a year
before the death of James II. It was found in the pocket of one of the rebels who
fell at the battle of Cillloden.

If, when you come to put your little room on the top of the stairs to rights,
}ou meet wdth anything wliich you may think unworthy of a place amongst the
many great curiosities it contains, I shall think myself greatly obliged to you for it ;
as I shall also for any duplicates or refuse coins which may chance to come to your
hands ; and I shall be glad to purchase of you any such as are more valuable, of
which you may happen to have duplicates.

I am sincerely glad to find, by Mr. Gretton, that you are so much better ; and
hope that the course of physic which you are now in, and the return of warm
weather, will perfectly restore your health. I shall think it long till I have the
pleasure of seeing you in Kent, and hope you will give me as much of your
company at Heppington as you can spare.

The four uppermost beads in the box are of amber, and on that account are
the more rare. I think it proper to mention to you that they are very brittle, that
you may handle them accordingly.

Mrs. Faussett joins me in compliments, best wishes, etc.

I am. Sir, your obliged humble servant,

Bryan Faussett.

3.— FROM THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.''

Heppington, July 16, 1764.

Good Sir, — I received your favours of the 30th past, and am sorry to find
by it (for I did not thoroughly know it before), that it is not in my power to
congratulate you on your promotion to some of the good things vacated by Sir

^ [A medal, or copper piece, the size of a half- - Illustrations of the Literary History o/ the \%th

penny, struck by order of the Pretender, or some of Century: by John Nichols, F.S.A.; vol. iii, pp. 556-
his partisans. — Ed.] 560.

APPENDIX. 209

Edward Sympson's death.' But, I dare say, you will be no loser in the end, being
happy in the patronage of a man who is both able and willing to do you service.
E contra, here sit I ! My good friend, I am most sincerely sorry that I ever took
orders ; — nay, could I decently leave them, I declare to you that I certainly would
do it ; for, thank God, I can live without them, — else, God help me ! You know I
had great hopes of getting Ripple in exchange for my dirty vicarage : those hopes
are vanished, for Rogers is now determined to stay in Kent. And, what yet adds to
ray comfort, I am again threatened with a prosecution for non-residence. Indeed,
these threats are annual : nor have 1 much regarded them whilst my friend Lyster
was well, for he always stood in the gap. But he, poor man, is going ! Not that I
need regard even the being deprived of the living ; for, as I showed you by my
papers, which I received whilst you were here, it did not bring me £20 last year,
which by no means makes me amends for the continual labour and trouble I have
with it. I had, indeed, resigned it long ago, but for the two following reasons :
namely, that I might possibly make an exchange ; and that, after so much money
laid out on my education, I might have it to say that I was not quite without
preferment. But I am heartily weary of such nominal honour ! — But I beg your
pardon for troubling you with my paltry affairs.

I have, as you desired, spoken to Mr. Smith the bookseller. He tells me tliat
the numbers of the Magna Britannia are to be had at Mr. Marshall's, in St. Clement's
Churchyard ; and that he has not yet been able to procure you Lewis's map of tlie
Diocese, nor knows where they can be had, being very scarce. I may possibly meet
with one ; if I do, you shall have it.

I have received the antiquities from Colonel Sawbridge, and am greatly pleased
with them. They consist of a great variety of keys, fibula?, and matrices of seals,
etc., etc. The seals are very fine, and as sharp as when first cut. Among these
there is one with the following legend, " Sigillum OfRcialitatis de AVengham". I
suppose AVingham. There is also an ancient (1 make no doubt, Roman) speculum.
It consists of a round piece of copper, about five inches broad, finely plated with a
hard metal, much resembling silver, very highly polished. It is a little convex : the
convexity shows the objects as distinctly and clearly as possible. This curiosity had
been regarded as no more than the bottom of some old copper vessel, and had been
long flung by as old metal. Indeed, it had no better appearance ; and it met with
the same disrespect from me, till I happened to perceive the silvering by its cropped
edge, occasioned by my flinging it into a box of old copper. It was all over rust on

' Sir Kdw.u-d Sympson held tlie offices of Official Principal of the Arches ('ourt of Canterbury; Judge
of the Cinque Ports, etc.

EE

210 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

both sides, but cleaned pretty easily ; though there are several spots in it, which, I
fear, I shall not be able to get out, being occasioned by the copper having rusted
through the silvering. Besides these are many securiculse, or celtes, of variety of
shapes and sizes, which serve to confirm me in the opinion I ever had of these
instruments, namely, that they are no more nor less than carpenters' chissels : one of
them is hollow, like a gouge, "^^"ith them are two punches, for making holes in any
hard matter ; they would even now serve well for that purpose. These being all of
cast copper, I make no doubt of their being of British workmanship. There are also
several copper heads of spears and darts, which I take to be British also. A beautiful
face of the horned Bacchus. A Cupid playing on a harp, in relievo, on the handle of
a brass jug, or simpulum. The blade of a British sword ; it is of brass, gilded, and
about two feet long. A beautiful sepulcliral lamp. A stylus. Two tessenc signatorice,
very perfect. Two lachrymatories; and a small glass urn, etc., etc., etc. ; and about
forty pateras, urns, etc., chiefly of the fine red earth, and impressed with the potters'
name. These things, added to my own collection, make some figure, I will assure
you ; and the owner of tlicm wishes for nothmg so much as to give Dr. Ducarel a
sight of them.

I have as yet seen neither Mr. Hasted nor his friend, whom he promised to
bring hither to take my farm. I expect to see Jacob every day, having just heard
that his wife was brought to bed of a brave boy two days ago. I have told Mr. Beaur
voir of what you mentioned in your last. Mrs. Faussett joins in best wishes, etc.,
etc., to yourself and Mrs. Ducarel, with, dear Sir,

Your most obliged, humble servant,

Br. Faussett.

4._FR0M THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.

Canterbury, Sept. 13, 1764.

Dear Sir, — Having been in daily expectation of seeing you and your friends
at Hcppington, I deferred answering your last ; but, as August is now past and gone,
my hopes of your company are vanished with it. I therefore no longer deny myself
the pleasure of paying my respects to you, though I am not worth a frank for their
conveyance.

Coming here this morning, the first thing I heard of was poor Mr. Forster's

APPENDIX. 211

death. He had, for some time past, been much better ; and his friends hoped he
would feirly recover. But he was taken yesterday afternoon with a sleeping fit, from
which he could not be entirely roused, and died this morning about six. The bell
is now going for him ; and, as I have known him long, and am no stranger to his
virtues, and the goodness of his heart, affects me more than 1 could have imagined,
considering I had not the happiness of an intimate acquaintance with him ; which,
however, I think I was, as it were, deterred from by an awe impressed on my young
clay (pardon the coxcombical expression) on hearing his Catechetical Lectures at
University College many years ago ; and which I never could, somehow, erase enough
to persuade myself but that he was something very much my superior, though by his
calling on me now and then in his rides, he seemed, as it were, to invite me to be
less reserved. So strong is a prejudice of this kind early received ! But, my dear
friend, I grow grave, so will say no more on this subject, lest I should insensibly be
more so.

I have lately added greatly to my collection by the acquisition of a very fine
mummy (a present from my friend Mussell), and an almost alto-relievo of Canute the
Dane, lately found, with its face downward, and covered with mortar, in the middle
of a very thick wall belonging to the building where your office is kept, in the Mint
yard. This building was the Aula Hosj^itum, or place for the entertainment of
strangers, before the dissolution of the monastery ; and is certainly (as you well
know) a piece of Norman architecture. You will therefore, I hope, agree with me
in looking upon this piece of carving as a valuable piece of antiquity. Mr. Mussell
also brought me down about six hundred copper Roman, etc., coins. But, as my
collection is now grown pretty large, I shall not be able to find among them many
worth laying by, except about a score of very fine Greek medals, among which is
a fine African Gordian. He has also brought me six Saxon sticas ; but these
I have not yet seen, they being sent with his baggage to Ramsgatc.

I am just going to eat venison with some of my friends (such as they are) here.
The best sauce to it that I can possibly expect will be some hodge-podge disquisition
on horses, dogs, hunting, shooting, etc.; but as it is my misfortune not to be a
sportsman, it is odds that it will not be cooked to my palate. But I must bear
with it, or live alone. But why do I snarl ] You, my friend, are a cynic ! I shall
certainly di'ink your health.

I hope to be in town in about a month, when I will give myself the pleasure
of waiting on vou. In the mean time I rest

Your much obliged, hum.ble servant,

Br. Faussett.

212 IKVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

5. -FROM THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.

Heppington, Octoler 2, 1764,

Dear Sir, — I had your last, and only waited for a friend's going to London,
whom I would have gotten to carry my letter, otherwise I would have answered it
sooner. But as his journey is deferred, I should count myself inexcusable if I
longer deferred paying my respects to you.

I most heartily and sincerely congratulate you on your new preferment ; which
T had, however, not heard a single word of till I received your last favour. Mr.
Beauvoir never mentioned it to me ; I imagine he did not think of it when we
have met, en passant ; and I think I have not been in company with him since you
were here.

The traders^ are safely reserved for you against your coming, which I shall
impatiently expect, and hope you will bring at least one of your learned colleagues
with you.

I have not seen Mr. Hasted since ; nor have I heard from that friend of his,
who he was so sure would hire Street-End. However, if I could be sure of the
pleasure of your company, and know the time of your visitation, I would desire
him to meet you at Philippi.

I am, dear Sir, with much respect.

Your obliged humble servant, etc.

Br. Faussett.

Mrs. Byrch is ill of the measles. Sir Thomas Hales has made me a present
of some curious copies, in glass, of antique seals.

6.— FROM THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.

Heppington, Jan 18, 1765.

Dear Sir, — I am much obliged to you for your kind present of very fine
oysters, which, together with your last favour, I had acknowledged the receipt of
before now, but for the following reasons.

On the day I wrote last to you, I waited (as I thought myself obliged to do)

' Tradesmen's tokens, which Dr. Ducarel collected largely.

APPENDIX. 213

on the archdeacon, who read to me the contents of the archbishop's letters, so far
as concerned me, and put a much more favourable construction on them than
I even now think they will bear, namely, " that he only wanted to be informed
whether I would do the duty myself, or keep a curate"; desired my answer, which
he would send to the archbishop that day, and advised me to write to him myself
I did so ; but neither the archdeacon nor myself have had any answer as yet.

I have also been in treaty with Mr. Cowland for my land ; and imagined we
should have come to an agreement, very advantageous and convenient for us both ;
but, I fear, we are now as far off as ever, on account of the rent of my own
farm at home. The result of both these matters I wished to have been able to
have informed you of; and has been the occasion of my silence, which had other-
wise been inexcusable.

I thank you for your information wath regard to Mr. Mussell's sales, and must
depend on you only for early notice of them, as soon as the times are fixed ; as also
for a catalogue as soon as they come out. For, please God I am well, I intend to be
in town, at the time of the sale of the coins at least.

I am very glad to find by yours that you are recovered from your inflamma-
tion in your eyes. I thank God I am well. Mrs. Faussett and sister join me in
compliments and best wishes.

I am, Sir, your much obliged humble servant,

Br. Faussett.

Please to accept the underwritten solution of the Colchester inscription, till
I can furnish you with a better. If you will send me any others, you will much
oblige me.

" Numinibus

August!
Et Mercurio Deo,

Andescocius
Vovicola, Miles
II. Cohortis ^Eliae Severi

Plinii Libertus,
Aram, Opere

Marmore
De suo dedit." '

' [I have been unable to ascertain the fate of this Society of Antiquaries of London by Monuit, who

inscribed stone, an inspection of which is indispens- briefly states that the marble stone was found at

able to a satisfactory interpretation of the fourth, Colchester, Nov. 14th, 17G4. — Ed.]
fifth, and sixth lines. A copy was given to the

214 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

7.— FROM THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.

Heppiiigton, Nov. 13, 1767.

Dear Sir, — I received your favour last night ; and, by my son (whom Mrs.
Faussett and myself are going to accompany this afternoon as far as Ospringc), have
sent you as many rockets as I can well spare, they being off-sets from the only fine
roots I have in my garden, having lost many by the wetness of this unaccountable
year. I wish you much happiness in your new dwelling, where I will not fail to
wait on you when I come to town. I have had the good luck to save three out
of the eight strawberry roots ; one of them has now fruit upon it. I have lately
dug up some very fine glass urns ; a fine fibula set with garnets ; a cnjstal ball ;
two pair of amethyst ear-rings ; many heads ; a Roman lady's equipage, or etui (con-
sisting of an ear-jncker, tooth-picker, etc., all of silver, and strung upon a little silver
chain); a large and curious ivorg comb ; many silver rings, etc., etc.; having opened,
in all, fifty-four tumuli for them. I had almost forgot to mention four coins,
namely, one of Gallienus, one of Probus, and two of Constantine the Great. I have
not yet done with this spot (which is on Barham Down) ; but, please God I live,
will at it again in the spring. You know this is my hobby-horse ! I congratulate
you also on your new acquisition of modern medals. I am for the ancient ones ;
" cum nova tot qua^runt, non nisi prisca peto." I write, as you may see, in much
haste. Jacob and I will drink your health to night at Henfreys. So, adieu !

I am yours, etc., most sincerely,

Br. Faussett.

P.S. — I had like to have forgotten to tell you that, about ten days ago, an
ancient stone cross (such as you have seen on the gable-heads of churches) was
discovered in a garden near St. Martin's church in Canterbury. On one side is
exculpt a word which we cannot yet make out, but is, no doubt, the name of a man.
On the other side is insculpt four words, which, like the former, being made up of
barbarous monkish letters, of no particular alphabet, puzzled me out of my patience ;
but, at length, our friend Beauvoir unriddled them ; and they are no more nor less than
" and Alys liis wife". Say nothing. Our president is to try if he can make them out.

8.— EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM THE REV. DR. OSMUND BEAUVOIR TO ARCHBISHOP WAKE.'

Ciinterhunj, Jan. 20, 1767.

Mr. Faussett is better, though still confined. I have not been able yet

to go and see him ; our snow lies deep, but nothing in comparison to what it is in

' Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century. B}' John Nichols. Vol. ix, p. 355. 1815.

APPENDIX. 215

the south of France, as a gentleman just come from thence told us yesterday, who
in some places was obliged to use six horses and four oxen to get along. Charles
Norris, vicar of Braborne and curate of Nouington, really and truly died yesterday :
the latter would suit Faussett, and oblige him much ; but I was told yesterday,
that some one has very kindly represented him to his grace as a man subject to
passion, and to utter at such times very unclerical language. He has an enemy
who might not scruple saying whatever he thought proper, if he had opportunity. —

Os. Beauvoir.

9.— EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM MR. E. HASTED TO DR. DUCAREL.'

Aug. 2, 1780.

There have been many more Roman remains lately dug up at the Lines

at Brompton, near Chatham, which I have had a relation of from the engineer.
Captain Douglas, who is just entered on the study of antiquity, and is as complete
an enthusiast as I ever met with in my life : — he seems beginning where he should
leave off, and talks much of criticising on the conjectures of our late friend Bryan
Faussett, who was, I do think, as capable and learned a man in that way as tliis
country ever had, or will produce.

10.— LETTER FROM CAPTAIN DOUGLAS, AFTERWARDS THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS, TO

MR. HENRY GODFREY FAUSSETT.^

Chatham, 2nd April, 1781.

Dear Sir, — The object of my letter is to request your answer to the following
particulars ; at the same time apologising for the trouble I have given you, should
the proposals be in the least degree foreign to your inclination.

A gentleman high up in the estimation of the antiquarian world, and who has
himself a great and valuable collection of antiquities, has delegated me to treat for
your cabinet, should you have any desire to part with it. I am, therefore, to request
of you the sum which you would get upon it, provided you would listen to a
negociation from me. You will acquiesce with me in supposing that antiquarians
do not scruple in making bargains for antique rust ; therefore, any delicacy on this
subject would be ridiculous ; however, if you have any inclination to listen to
proposals, I make no doubt, but that I shall be able to introduce your cabinet of
hasta\ itmhones, fihulce, etc., to a good antiquarian market.

I very much respect your hint as to the tumulus you pointed out to mc. I have
explored it much to my satisfaction.

1 Nichols's Illustrations of the Literary History ^ This and the following unpublished letters are
of the Eighteenth Century, vol iv, p. 648. in the possession of Mr. Joseph Mayer.

216 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

On the receipt of your letter, and if you consent, I will enter into particulars,
on the score of which I am sure you will find no scruples.

I have taken a house in the College-yard, Rochester, Avhere I shall be extremely
happy to see you and your lady, if a trajet to this place should enter your mind ; or
to make use of it as an inn in your road to the capital.

Mrs. Douglas joins with me in compliments to Mrs. Faucit, and

I have the honour to be, dear Sir,

Your faithful and obedient servant,

J. Douglas.
Please to direct your letter to the Office of Ordnance, Chatham Lines: I sa\T3
postage by this means : my letters are franked. J. D.

— Faucit, Esq., Eppington, near Canterbury, Kent.

11.— FKOM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO MR. HENRY GODFREY FAUSSETT.

CoUeye-Yard, Rochester, Mi May, 1782.

Dear Sir, — I should have no manner of objection of treating with you con-
cerning your collection of things found in barrows, etc., if the value you set on them
is compatible with reason, and the scarcity of money in general ; indeed I should
say, with the poverty of the times. Permit me now to tell you, I am empowered to
negotiate with you for the purchase ; but also not to exceed a certain price : the
person is not a very monied man ; yet, if you conclude on disposing of them, he will
remit you their value on the immediate conclusion of the bargain. Whatever
transpires with me, I give you my honour, shall remain a secret ; but, indeed, I see
no reason why you should have the least reluctance to make your intention public of
disposing of them, since it happens every day that the first families in the kingdom
are selling their collections of pictures, gems, antiquities, horses, etc. I believe
I could enumerate many families tliat do tliis, not through distress ; but merely
owing to their fancy changing, or other matters. I find Dr. Jacob has sold his
collection of medals, etc., which he has been much disappointed in ; they fetched a
mere trifle indeed.

I apprehend you have no objection to permit your manuscripts, that is, your
father's, to go with the things. You know it would be extremely awkward to have
the collection without them.

In expectation of your letter signifying your price, and which I hope you will
not be unreasonable in,

I have the honour of remaining with much sincerity, dear Sir,

Your faithful obedient servant,
— Faucet, Esq., Hcppington, near Canterbury. jAJItS UOUGLAS.

APPENDIX. 217

12.— FROM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO II. G. FAUSSETT, Esq.

Rochester, \St/i June, 1782.

Dear Sir, — I had the pleasure of your favour, setting forth your intention
not to part with your collection unless the medals Avere to accompany it. As
the person who is willing to purchase the cabinet (and who, by the bye, is well
acquainted with the particulars), only collects barrow curiosities, he will not therefore
accept of coins, etc. As the matter thus stands, I apprehend he must abide by
your decision, and, consequently, drop all further thoughts of having your barrow
treasures detached from the medals. So much of this : now to my own proposal.
I have very nearly completed a general history of the funeral customs of the
ancients ; having, for that purpose, made acquisition of a profusion of materials,
and spared no hxbour to accomplish a rational and concise system to ascertain the
history of barrows, kistvaens, cromlechs, etc. I have made drawings of the most
material part of my small researches, besides of an addition which I have made to
it from various quarters. These drawings will be published in the aqua tinta to the
number of near a hundred. The plan is too diffuse to explain the particulars by
letter ; but when I have the pleasure of seeing you, or should you journey to my
part of the world, I will communicate the whole to you, and show you my papers,
etc. My proposal is to request the assistance of your collection, which, as it will
ornament my work to a great degree, I have not the least doubt of its making it
known to the world ; and as I shall have an indubitable proof of appreciating their
value by an elaborate description of their justly to be admired antique estimation,
so I think you will have an easy opportunity of communicating the discoveries to
the world : you Avill at the same time ensure yourself a channel of making their
value known.

My object is not to benefit by the undertaking : the getting up of the work
will give me pleasure, and greatly amuse me in my leisure hours. I shall hope to
refund myself in the expense of printing, which will be very great. This is all
I flatter myself with, and all that I can possibly expect from a work of this nature.
I mean to print my work the size of the Arcliwohgia, for the sake of grouping
in a library. The communication of any particulars, Avhich your long experience
in the study of antiquity must have rendered you well versed in, would prove
extremely beneficial to me, and will be gratefully received and marked in my work
accordingly.

When I have completed some of my urjua tinta, I shall have the pleasure of
transmitting you some of these plates for your opinion of: they only print a certain

F F

218 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

number, consequently they -will limit the copies of my work to a certain numler. The
great plan I have in view will be, to draw a line between all speculative fancies in
antiquities and an hypothesis founded on reason and practical observations.

We recover by degrees from this pestilential malaria in our parts. The
garrison at Chatham has reduced their dead from eight of a niglit to four.

Mrs. Douglas presents her compliments to your good family; and I have the
pleasure of subscribing myself most heartily, dear Sir,

Your sincere humble servant,

Js. Douglas.

H. G. Faussett, Esq., Heppington, near Canteibuiy, Kent.

13.— LETTER FROM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO MR. H. G. FAUSSETT.

Dear Sir, — I hope by this you have received the second and third numbers of
the Ncnia. As your letter was forwarded to me in town, where I have been for a
few days on business with my printer, etc., I had an opportunity of calling on
Mr. Nichols and giving orders for the numbers in question, with good impressions,
to be forwarded to you.

Be assured the passage Avhich you have referred to^ can by no means apply to
a perusal of your father's manusfcript] : it was what I have cautiously avoided.
I wished to make the remark as strong as possible ; and which, in a future passage
of the work, will be made more explanatory. If you remember, it was your
assurance that you had no recollection that heads were ever found under the cir-
cumstances that Dr, Stukeley had described. Your words and the inspection of
your cabinet were my vouchers ; and I thought I had explained myself accordingly.
However, be assured, for I have since appealed to a judge for the sense which
the sentence may convey ; and I am acquitted of any hint as to the perusal of a
manuscript. I knew you was tender in the permission of the perusal of the
man[uscript] : but do not call to mind your reasons : but if you think any hints
of this nature would injure the disposal of your collection, the same shall be
studiously avoided ; but give me leave to assure you, that the publication of your
relics, whatever you are pleased to transmit to me, and Avhich may conform to my
arrangement, will assuredly add to their value ; for every amateur will allow that

Nenia Briiannica, p. 6, note.

APPEKDIX. 219

such ancient remains are always enhanced in value when they have been engraved ;
and I trust, as it is only the assemblage which I covet, as being sedulous to arrive
at truth in these studies, so you will not find it incompatible with your views to
transmit an answer to a query which refers to the position of reUcs in the tumuli.***

Tell me how you like the second and third numbers of my work. I have reserved
the mention of your relics for this number (the fourth) ; but really I am at a loss
how to conduct myself with propriety. I am sure you think with me, that on a
topic of literary matters, truth being the great desideratum, an author is happy to
find it ; and if he can procure it by analogy, or by comparing one fact with another,
all the learned wovdd conspire to assist him in it : believe me, dear sir, no one will
readily attempt such a work as the one I am engaged in. It is, in one sense,
fortunate that I execute the plates myself, as the expense of publication would, in
these works, be scarcely balanced : trust me, I shall rejoice when I have acquitted
myself of the bounden duty I am under to publish my Nenia ; and shall be cautious
of a like undertaking, unless I have, in respect to the engraving, some assistance.
It is too much for one person to perform with satisfaction to himself; and especially
at the distance which I am from the press.

Favour me with a line at your leisure ; and tell me how far you wish me to go
in respect to your cabinet. Mrs. Douglas joins me in compliments to Mrs. Faussett ;
and believe me to be,

Yours sincerely,

Jas. Douglas.

Chklinyfold, 2nd Oct. 1786.

14.— LETTER FROM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO MR. H. G. FAUSSETT.

Dear Faussett, — I hope your great affliction has, from this interval, been
somewhat lessened, and that your health is not materially injured by your heavy
loss. I have had you often in my mind, as you may naturally suppose, from the
nature of my engagements ; and when this has been the case, I may venture to say,
with the greatest sincerity, that both Mrs. D. and myself have felt a sympathy on
the melancholy occasion.

Have you had any time or spirits to peruse my last number of the Nenia, which
I hope has reached you % My plates are finished for the succeeding one, the eighth,
and are now forwarded for the press. They contain the coins, urns, or rather,
funeral vessels, plans of the groups of barrows, and some few miscellaneous relics.

220 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

This number will detail more elaborate matter on the history of the barrows ; some
corrections of past errors, or rather, hasty stringing together of remarks from my
common-place book ; and I rather flatter myself I shall be, on the whole, persuasive
in making you a complete convert as to their real history. I have said complete, to
raise your expectations ; and also with a view, by speaking boldly and decidedly,
to be called to order for any human fallibility, which, if in your power, I hope you
will, mthout any ceremony, not fail to do. When I say in your power, I mean if
you are in possession of any facts which controvert my assertions, or, more modestly
speaking, conjectures, I beg you will not scruple to let me hear from you.

From the trouble, time, and expense, with little or no profit, attendant on these
kind of publications, I think I may venture to foretel, that you will not sit down to
arrange your collection for the public : as such, I trust you Avill permit me to ask,
whether you have any desire to introduce any of your remarks 1 If so, I will very
readily accept them, and faithfully assign them to the writer. I have made this
suggestion at this time, because in the ensuing number to this, I mean to dismiss
the matter which relates to the small barrows in clusters ; and proceed to the Roman
and British, for the completion of which I have some very rich materials.

A few months back, I opened an uncommon curious paved barrow of the first
rate kind : ^ the contents, an urn, skeleton, and some fragments of undefined brass
relics, too much corroded even for conjecture. The barrow was curious from its
apparent high antiquity and its situation.

I think you once told me that you found urns with ashes in the campaniform
clusters of barrows where the bodies were also interred ; but you did not say
whether this was evident in any on Barham Down or Sibertswold Down. Chartham
contained some, as by Dr. Mortimer's manuscript ; but he does not say positively
that ashes were found in them. This circumstance is very material as to the dating
of their exact era ; and if this occurs to your memory, or in your notes, I shall
esteem it a favour if you will acquaint me with the fact.

I shall be extremely happy to hear that you preserve your health ; and that the
anxieties of life have not turned your thoughts entirely from the rust of old times.

I beg, when you see Sir William and Mrs. Fagg, you will not fail to present my
best remembrance.

I am, with great regard, your sincere friend and servant,

Jas. Douglas.

Chidingfold, \9ih Feb. 1791.
^ [At Gorstead, in the parish of Chidingfold, Surrey. See Nenia Britannica, p, 162. — Ed.]

APPENDIX. 221

15.— EXTRACT OP A LETTER FROM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO MR. H. G. FAUSSETT.'

Many places of early Saxon burial are constantly presenting themselves

before me : many in Sussex, my neighbouring county. Were you to give me your
company this spring or summer, I really think I should be tempted to undertake
an exploratory excursion with you. Were you to take a circuitous tour on the
Kentish coast, and through Brighton to Chichester, I would give you a meeting.
I would meet you at Brighton, and take the coach to a place called Findon,
celebrated for a very ancient camp called Cisbury. The downs are scattered with
tumuli. I have a friend at Findon who would be glad to receive us, as also in
most of our track to my domicilium. This I propose from a supposition that your
inclination leads you to the plan of touring about, than which nothing can be more
delightful and cheering to the mind, as also wonderfully instructive. Should you
embrace the proposition, I Avill then reserve my thoughts on the subject of the hints
I dropped concerning your collection.

Jas. Douglas.

Chidingfold, Ath Feb. 1794.

16.— VOTE OF THANKS TO THE REV. GODFREY FAUSSETT, D.D., BY THE
BRITISH AR0H.a;OLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

" C. Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A., in moving the vote of ' thanks to the Rev.
Godfrey Faussett, D.D., Margaret Professor of Divinity, Oxford, for his great
courtesy and kindness, in receiving the members of the British ArchBCological
Association to inspect his most interesting collection of antiquities', said, that the
visit to Heppington had been one of the most important and interesting achieve-
ments of the meeting. By the kindness and liberality of Dr. Faussett, they had
been permitted free access to a museum of local antiquities, which he (Mr. S.)
considered was unrivalled in the value of the objects themselves, as works of ancient
art of a particular epoch, and in the admirable manner in which they were arranged,
classified, and illustrated by the doctor's ancestor, the Rev. Bryan Faussett. Not

' [The letters numbered 11 to 15 are from the originals in the collection of Mr. Joseph Mayer. — Ed.]

222 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

only had Dr. Faussett, at considerable trouble and inconvenience, made arrange-
ments to ensure to all who attended an examination of the antiquities, but he also
procured for their inspection, and arranged in his museum, the collection of Sir
John Fagg. And furthermore. Dr. Faussett had intimated that if, at any future
time, the Association should feel disposed to publish the manuscripts of his grand-
father, illustrative of the collection, every facility should be afforded towards
effecting this object, which he (Mr. S.) considered most desirable."^

' " A Report of the Proceedings of the British ing, held at Canterbury in the month of September
Archaeological Association at the First General Meet- 1844", edited by J. A. Dunkin: p. 362.

THE END.

INDEX.

GILTON.

(one hundred and six graves) pp. 1 to 34.

Amber beads, Nos. 4,i 19, 20, 31, 32, 47, 59, 60, 62, 81,

92.
Amethyst bead, No. 41.
Armilla, No. 89.
Arrow heads, Nos. 4, 46, 65, 80.

Beads, of various kinds ; in twenty-five graves.

Bit, of a bridle, No. 83.

Blades of knives ; in eighty-four graves.

Bone-urns, Nos. 2, 16, 17, 24, 30, 43, 50, 80.

Bones, burnt, Nos. 16, 50, 80.

Boxes, Nos. 86, 94.

Bracelet, No. 89.

Bridle bit. No. 83.

Bucket, or pail. No. 28.

Buckles ; in thirty six graves.

Chains, Nos. 19, 27, 41, 42, 52, 76, 81, 83, 87.
Children's graves, Nos. 4, 13, 15, 20, 31, 32, 33, 59, 60, 92.
Cloth, Nos. 12, 23, 28, 50, 66.
Coins, Nos. 3, 31, 40, 41, 50, 66, 83.
Coffins, as supposed : fifty-two.

Daggers, Nos. 12, 40, 56, 65, 79.

Darts (jacula), heads of; in thirty-four graves.

Dice, No. 11.

Drop of ear-ring, No. 41.

Fibulso (circular), Nos. 19, 27, 41, 42, 48, 62, 67, 69, 70,

76, 81, 87.
Fork-like instrument (girdle-tag). No. 94.

Glass vessels, Nos. 19, 27, 41, 45, 52, 65, 70, 83.
Gold, objects in, Nos. 23, 27, 41, 42.

Hair-pins, Nos. 8, 19.

Heads of spears, Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 22, 23, 28, 34,

38, 39, 40, 48, 50, 56, 66, 71, 82, 89, 93.
Hinges, pair of. No. 94.

Kettles, or basins, Nos. 8, 19.

Keys, Nos. 15, 42, 52, 76, 94.

Knives, see Blades of.

Knots, sliding, to rings, Nos. 27, 32, 41, 76, 81.

Lead, Nos. 23, 56, 66.
Links of chains. See Chains.

Mirror, No. 94.

Nails ; in thirty-one graves.
Neck, pendants for, Nos. 27, 31.

Ornament, of silver gilt. No. 48.
Ossuaries. See Bone-urns.

Pail, No. 28.

Pans, brass. See Kettles.

Patera, No. 60.

Pins, Nos. 8, 19, 27, 41, 76, 81, 87.

Pommels of swords, Nos. 23, 56, 66, 89.

Ringles, Nos. 15, 27, 51, 52, 60, 75, 79, 80, 86, 94, 97,

101.
Rings, Nos. 27, 32, 41, 76, 81, 94.

Scabbards of swords, Nos. 48, 89.

Scales and weights. No. 66

Shears, No. 47.

Shields, umboes, etc., of, Nos. 5, 6, 10, 21, 22, 23, 34, 38,

39, 40, 48, 50, 56, 61, 66, 71, 77, 82, 83, 89.
Speculum, No. 94.
Spear heads, Nos. 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 21, 22, 23, 30, 34, 38,

39, 40, 45, 48, 50, 56, 66, 71, 82, 89, 93.
Swords, Nos. 10, 23, 48, 66, 89.
Surgeons' instruments, so supposed. No. 98.

Toilette implements, Nos. 27, 41, 76, 81, 87.
Touchstone, No. 66.
Trivets, Nos. 8, 19.
Tweezers, No. 50, 80.

Umboes. See Shields.

Urns, Nos. 2, 16, 17, 23, 24, 30, 32, 33, 40, 43, 50, 80, 91,
101.

Weights and scales, No. 66.

Women's graves, Nos. 3, 8, 15, 19, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49, 52,
67, 69, 70, 76, 81, 87, 94.

' The numbers refer to those of the srraves.

224

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

KINGSTON.

(three hundred and eight graves) pp. 35 to 94.

BiSHOPSBOURNE (nINE GRAVEs) pp. 95 TO 100.

Agate pendant, No. 92.

Amber beads, Nos. 46, 265.

Amethystine pendants, Nos. 6, 46, 59, 96, 103, 121, 142,

ICl, 177, 235, 246, 253, 267, 299.
Animals, bones of, Nos. 242, 282 ; Bishopsbourne, No. 8.
Armilla.^ Nos. 15, 20, 121, 142, 173, 177, 222, 269, 299.
Arrow-heads? Nos. 3, 94, 105, 111, 113, 178, 180, 213.

Ball, in crystal. No. 6.
Beads ; in fifty-one graves.

of silver. No. 241.

Bells, Nos. 222, 299.

Blades of knives ; in one hundred and seventy-six graves :

Bishopsbourne, Nos. 5, 7.
Boar's tusk, No. 242.
Bodkins, Nos, 18.5,211
Boxes, Nos. 26, 121, 142, 169, 185, 205, 222, 299.

small bronze, Nos. 96, 222.

Buckles ; in fifty-nine graves.

Chains, Nos. 5, 7, 26, 45, 46, 50, 53, 59, 121, 142, 156,
168, 183, 20.5, 219, 222, 262, 298, 299, 302.

Children's graves ; forty-four.

Children's toys ? Nos. 92, 94, 105.

Clasps, of boxes, Nos. 121, 142, 185, 205, 302.

Cofiins, as supposed ; one hundred and eighty : at Bishops-
bourne, three.

Coins, Nos. 21, 24, 25, 102, 299.

Combs, Nos. 53, 121, 142, 299, 302.

Cowry shells, Nos. 142, 299.

Cross-shaped pendants, Nos. 96, 142.

Daggers, No. 76, 106.

Darts (jacula); in thirty graves.

Ear-picks, Nos. 7, 142.

Ear-rings, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 46, 59, 71, 96, 103, 121, 142, 161,
177, 241, 260, 297, 298, 305.

Fibulfc, Nos. 15, 161, 205, 299.

Glass vessels, Nos. 6, 9, 35, 46, 119, 130, 146, 205.
Gold, objects in, Nos. 96, 142, 205, 235, 253, 299.

Ivory, objects in, Nos. 7, 1.5, 16, 20, 53, 76, 121, 142, 161,
177, 185, 297, 299, 302.

Kettles, or basins, in bronze, Nos. 76, 205.

Keys, in bronze. No. 222 ; in iron, Nos. 54, 142, 169, 205,

223, 297, 299.
Knives ; in one hundred and fifty-four graves.

Lead, objects in, Nos. 8, 244.

Leather, objects in, Nos. 129, 173, 299.

Linen cloth. No. 222.

Nails ; in one hundred and thirty-six-graves.
Neck-ornaments, Nos. 46, 59, 96, 103, 110, 142, 156, 177,

205, 235, 241, 253, 297, 298, 299.
Needle-case, No. 222.
Nippers, Nos. 16, 25.

Ossuaries, or bone-urns, Nos. 1, 4, 23.

Padlock, No. 299, pi. 10, fig. 9.

Pans, in bronze, Nos. 76, 205.

Patera, Roman, No. 178.

Pins, Nos. 6, 7, 72, 89,119, 142, 156, 161, 171, 183, 185,

211, 222, 232.
Pommel of sword, No. 76.

Rings, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 15, 46,"53, 59, 71, 72, 92, 96, 121, 142,

161, 171, 211, 223, 234, 250, 260, 262, 297, 298, 305.

Ringles, Nos. 7, 35, 45, 54, 84, 105, 110, 142, 177, 183, 262.

Scabbard of sword, remains of, No. 16.

Shears, Nos. 142, 235, 246, 253, 299, 305.

Sheath of knife. No. 142.

Shields, Nos. 2, 16, 124, 127, 129, 130, 140, 163, 164,

167, 200, 208.
Shells, Nos. 142, 242, 299 ; Bishopsbourne, Nos. 5, 8.
Spear-heads, Nos. 2, 16, 111, 124, 125, 129, 132, 140, 176,

179, 200, 208.
Spindle-whii-ls, No. 92, 262, 299.
Swords, Nos. 16, 208; chape of. No. 16.

Toilette implements, suspended from the girdle, Nos. 7,

13, 50, 53, 142, 205, 222.
Touchstone, No. 50.
Trivets, Nos. 83, 205.

Urns ; in twenty-eight graves. Bishopsbourne, Nos. 1, 3.

Wire, bronze, Bishopsbourne, No. 2.
Women's graves, as decided by ornaments, etc., thirty-
three; Bishopsbourne, two.

IIs^DEX.

225

SIBERTSWOLD.

(one hundred and eighty-one graves) p. 101 to p. 134.

Amber beads, Nos. 131, 151, 163.
Amethysts, Nos. 18, 56, 71, 86, 101, 151, 172.
Armilla, No. 138.
Arrow-heads, Kos. 98, 128.

Bead, silver. No. 31.

Beads, various ; in thirty-eight graves.

Blades of knives ; in one hundred and five graves.

Bones, burnt, Nos. 164, 169.

Bone-urns, Nos. 164, 169.

Bowls, wooden. No. 69.

Box, in bronze, No. 60.

Boxes, in wood, Nos. 10, 24, 42, 52, 56, 57, 60, 69, 100,

138, 151, 180.
Buckles ; in forty graves.

Chains, links of ; in twenty graves.

Chape, of sword, No. 58.

Children's graves ; twenty-eight.

Cloth, traces of, Nos. 29, 47, 54, 58, 60, 100, 125, 133, 151.

Coffins, as supposed ; in one hundred and eleven graves.

Coins, No. 172.

Combs, Nos. 54, 124, 178, 180.

Cup, in wood. No. 69.

Dagger, No. 177.

Darts (jacula); in twenty graves.

Ear-rings, No. 10, 11, 16, 30, 83, 86, 178.

Fibula, No. 101.

Glass vessels, Nos. 7, 151, 157.
Gold, object in, or gilt, No. 172.
Graves of children, twenty-eight.
women, thirty-eight.

Hair found in a bronze box, No. 60.

pins, Nos. 13, 18, 31, 39, 60, 103, 138, 180.

Ivory (or bone?), objects in, Nos. 30, 54, 101, 124, 144,
172, 178, 180.

Knives, blades of; in one hundred and five graves.

Leather, Nos. 177, 180.

Lock, of box. No. 180.

Links of chains, in iron ; in twenty graves.

Nails ; in fourteen graves.

Neck-ornaments, Nos. 18, 29, 86, 93, 94, 124, 129, 159,

172.
Nippers, No. 45.

Ossuaries. See Bone-urns.
Ox, bones of. No. 119.
Oyster-shells, Nos. 162, 164, 166.

Padlocks, Nos. 24, 151.

Pincers, or Clippers, No. 115. See Shears.

Pendants. See Neck- ornaments.

Pins, Nos. 13, 24, 31, 39, 60, 10.3, 172.

Pommel of sword, No. 177.

Ringles, Nos. 39, 45, 54, 58, 93, 100, 101, 103, 110, 151,

152, 158, 177.
Rings, Nos. 10, 11, 16, 30, 32, 60, 67, 83, 86, 125, 163,

178, 180.

Shears, Nos. 2, 18, 133. See Pincers.

Shields, Nos. 81, 82, 87, 97, 99, 102, 108, 109, 111, 112,

115, 117, 118, 126, 132, 177.
Shell, cowry. No. 180.

mussel, Nos. 162, 164.

Silk, No. 60.

Silver bead. No. 31.

Spear-heads, Nos. 58, 59, 64, 74, 81, 62, 88, 92, 97, 102,

106, 108, 112, 113, 115, 118, 122, 123, 126, 127, 132,

176.
Spindle-whirls, Nos. 83, 156, 170, 172, 175.
Spoons, Nos. 60, 164.
Swords, Nos. 58, 98, 102, 117, 140, 177.

Thread, No. 31.

Toys, supposed, Nos. 25, 83, 156.

Tweezers, No. 45.

Urns, Nos. 27, 29, 32, 33, 37, 54, 117, 151, 153, 157, 159,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 176.

G G

226

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

BARFRISTON.
(forty-eight graves) p. 135 to p. 143.

Amethysts, Nos. 6, 13, 48.
Armilla, No. 6.
Arrow-head, No. 25.

Beads, Nos. 6, 13, 34, 38, 42, 48.

on rings. No. 6.

Blades of knives ; in twenty-six graves.
Bones, burnt, Nos. 27, 44.
Bone-urns, Nos. 27, 44.
Boxes, remains of. No. 45.
Buckles; in fourteen graves.

Cloth, No. 47.
Coffins ; in six graves.
Coins, No. 25.

Darts ; in nine graves.

Ear-ring, No. 34.

Feathers, a lump of, No. 47.
Fibula, No. 6.

Glass vessels, Nos. 25, 28, 34, 48 ; pieces of. No. 6.
Gold, objects in, Nos. 34, 48.
Graves of children ; seven.
of women, ascertained ; six.

Hair-pin, No. 48.

Ivory, objects in, Nos. 6, 27.

Knives, blades of ; in twenty-six graves.

Links of chains, in iron, Nos. 38, 42.

Neck ornaments, Nos. 34, 48.

Ossuaries, Nos. 27, 44.
Oyster-shells, No. 27.

Patera, Roman, fragment of. No. 39.
Pendants for the neck, Nos. 34, 48.

Ring, No. 34.

Rings with beads. No. 6.

Shears, No. 6.

Shield, No. 47.

Spears, remains of, Nos. 30, 33.

Swords, Nos. 27, 47.

Umbo, supposed. No. 35.

Urns, Nos. 10, 11, 12, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 39, 43, 44,
48.

BEAKESBOURNE.

(forty-five graves) p. 144 to p. 159

Ashes, wood, etc., Nos. 20, 21, 41, 42, 44, 45.

Beads, Nos. 29, 40.

Blades of knives ; in fourteen graves.

Bones of animals, Nos. 7, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 41, 42, 43,

44.
Bone-urns, Nos. 14, 16, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45.
Buckles, Nos. 6, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38.

Chains, etc., Nos. 29, 32.

Clay, grave filled with it, No. 25.

Coins, Nos. 30, 35.

Coffins, traces of ; in twenty-seven graves.

Dart, head of, No. 28.

Flints, tumuli composed of, Nos. 41, 42.

Grave, cross-shaped. No. 16.

Graves of children, Nos. 11, 12, 17, 30, 33, 41.

Graves of women, Nos. 29, 32, 40.

Hair-pins, No. 29.

Keys, in iron, Nos. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32.

Lead, No. 30.
Leather, Nos. 30, 38.

Neck ornaments, Nos. 30, 40.

Paterae, Roman, Nos. 16, 35.
Pendants for the neck, Nos. 30, 40.
Pius, Nos. 29, 45.

Shears, Nos. 29, 30, 32, 44.
Spear-head, No. 44.
Spindle-whirls, No. 29, 30, 32.

Urns,Nos. 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 27, 29, 30, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45.

INDEX.

227

C H A R T H A M.

TUMULI OPENED BY D R. MORTIMER, AB 0 UT TWENTY-SIX.
BY THE REV. B. FAUSSETT, FIFTY'-THREE. TOTAL, SEVENTY'-NINE : p. 160 to p. 176

Key, in bronze, No. 16.

Amethyst beads, pp. 165, 168; No. 14.
Armillre, No. 16.
Arrow-heads, p. 167 ; No. 39 ?

Ball, of crystal, p. 164

Basin, of bronze (supposed a helmet), p. 165.

Beads, pp. 167, 168; Nos. 8, 9, 14, 44.

Belt.s, pp. 166, 168.

Blades of knives, p. 167; Nos. 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 15, 18,

20, 26, 29, 34, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47.
Bones, of animals, p. 166 ; Nos. 15, 20, 23.
Bone-urns, p. 165; No. 51.
Boxes, pp. 166, 167, note 1.
Buckles,pp.l66,lG7,168;No3. 1,11,15, 25,26,41,43,47.

Cloth, linen, p. 168; Nos. 4, 2.5, 43.

Coffins, traces of ; in twenty-seven graves.

Cross-shaped pendant, No. 9.

Cup, of wood, with silver-gilt ornaments. No. 48.

Darts, or javelins, p. 167; No. 39.

Fibulae, pp. 163, 168.

Glass vessels, p. 164.

Horses, bones of, p. 166.
Hooks and chain, No. 34.

Leather, p. 166; Nos. 10, 26.

Locks of boxes, p. 167, note 2; No. 44.

Nails, p. 166.

Ossuaries. See Bone-urns.

Padlock, No. 44.

Pendants, pp. 164, 165; No. 14, 44.

Pins, pp. 164, 165, 167; Nos. 4, 17, 44.

Rings, Nos. 9, 14, 34.

Shears, p. 167.
Shields, p. 167.
Spears, p. 167.
Stylus, No. 34.

Toilette implements, hung to the girdle, pp. 165, 166.

Umboes of shields, p. 167.
Urns, p. 165; Nos. 4, 46, 51.

Women's graves, pp. 163, 164, 165, 166; Nos. 9, 16, 44,

50.
Wooden cup. No. 48.

CR

(twenty-seven

Animals, bones of, Nos. 4, 9, 12.

Beads, Nos. 18, 24.

Bone-urns, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 21, 24.

Bones, a heap of. No. 8.

Bronze, objects in. No. 8, 9, 18, 24.

Buckle, in iron, No. 18.

Chain, links of, No. 24.
Clasps and nails in iron, No. II.
Coffins, Nos. 11, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 24.
Coin, No. 24.

Fibulaj, Nos. 5, 9.

Frinsbury, Roman remains found at, p. 193, note.

Glass vessels, Nos. 1, 5.

Hair-pin. No. 18.

U N D A L E.

graves) p. 177 to p. 200.

Implements hung to the girdle. No. 24.
Ivory, objects in, Nos. 5, 24.

Knives, blades of, Nos. 9, 13, 18, 22, 23.

Nails, Nos. 11, 14, 20, 24, 25.

Ossuaries. See Bone-urns.
Oyster shells. No. 11.

Patera, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,

21.
Potters' names, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11.

Skeletons, Nos. 11, 1.3, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27.

Urns and other vessels in clay, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25.

228

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

INDEX TO THE PLATES.

PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.

PLATE I.

1. Gold jewelled fibula, Kingston, No. 205: i beneath
it is a side view ; and below that, a view of the reverse
or under side of the fibula, showing the peculiar setting
of the acus: see note, p. 78. — 2 and 3. Pendant and Ro-
man fibulte, from the same grave, p. 78. Actual size.

PLATE II.

1. Kingston, No. 299.— 2. Kingston, No. 15.— 3. Post-
ling, 17731— 4. Gilton, No. 42.— 5. Not identified.^— 6.
Sibertswold, No. 101.-7. Gilton, No. 4.-8. Kingston,
No. 299. Actual size.

PLATE III.

1. Gilton, No. 19.-2. Barfriston, No. 6.-3. Gilton,
No. 76.-4. Gilton, No. 81.— 5. Gilton, No. 69.-6. Gil-
ton, No. 62.-7. Gilton, No. 27.-8. Gilton, No. 67.—

9. Kingston, No. 161. Actual size.

PLATE IV.

1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17. Sibertswold, No. 172.— 3, 4, 5,
15, 19. Barfriston, No. 48.-6, 21. Kingston, No. 142.—

10. Kingston, No. 235.-11. Kingston, No. 96.-12.
Kingston, No. 253.-14. Barfriston, No. 42.-18. Bar-
friston, No. 34.-20. Kingston, No. 110.-22. Siberts-
wold, No. 86. — 23. Gilton, No. 27.-24. Sibertswold, No.
124; also, No. 18. Actual size.

1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. From Sibertswold and Barfriston. —

2, 3. Gilton. — 4. Beakesbourne. — 10. From Sibertswold
and Barfriston. — The unnumbered group, chiefly from
Gilton. Actual size.

PLATE VI.

Is composed of beads from Gilton and Kingston. En-
graved the full size.

PLATE VII.

1. Sibertswold, No. 11.-2, 4. Kingston, No. 103.—

3. Chartham, No. 44. — 5. Kingston, No. 305. — 6. Kings-
ton, No. 7—7, 9. Barfriston, No. 48.-8. Chartham, No.
14. — 10. Kingston, No. 6. — 11. Barfriston, No. 34.-12,

16, 17. Chartham, No. 14.— 13. Sibertswold, No. 16.—
14. Kingston, No. 121. — 15. Sibertswold, No. 86.— 18.
Sibertswold, No. 178. Actual size.

PLATE VIII.

1, 10. Sibertswold, No. 95.— 2,4 «, 5, 5, 8. Gilton, No.
24.-3,6. Gilton, No. 48.— 7. Gilton, No. 41.— 9. Siberts-
wold, No. 35.-11. Gilton, No. 89.— 12. Gilton, No. 12.—
13. Gilton, No. 88.— 14. Postling,^ a.d.1773. Actual size.

PLATE IS.

1. Kingston, No. 163.— 2. Sibertswold, No. 142.— 3.
Gilton, No. 23 (with figs. 2, 4, and 5, pi. viii). — 4. Kings-
ton, No. 244.-5. Gilton, No. 10.-6, 10. Gilton, No. 40.
—7. Kingston, No. 300.-8. Sibertswold, No. 150.-9.
Gilton, No. 38.— 11. Sibertswold, No. 143.— 12. Siberts-
wold, No. 131.— 13. Sibertswold, No. 176.-14. Barfris-
ton, No. 10. — 15. Kingston, No. 127. Actual size.

PLATE X.

1. Sibertswold, No. 144. — 2. Kingston, No. 179.-3.
Barfriston, No. 27. — i. Gilton, No. 88.-5. Barfriston,
No. 23. — 6. Kingston, No. 76. — 7. Barfriston, No. 38. —
8, 1.3. Sibertswold, No. 151.-9. Chartham, No. 44.—
10. Kingston, No. 299.-11, 14. Kingston, No. 178.—
12. Kingston, No. 131. — 15. Gilton, No. 87.— 16. Gilton,
No. 70.— 17. Kingston, No. 222.-18. Gilton, No. 18.—
19. Kingston, No. 142.-20. Gilton, No. 8.-21. Kings-
ton, No. 299. The actual size; except Nos. 13, 18, 20,
which are one-third less than the originals.

PLATE XI.

1, 3. Sibertswold, No. 172.-2. Gilton, No. 41.— 4.
Kingston, No. 241. — 5. Kingston? — 6. Sibertswold, No.
3l._7. Sibertswold, No. 94.— 8. Sibertswold, No. 163.—
9. Kingston, No. 177. — 10. Kingston,No.92. — 11. Siberts-
wold, No. 125. — 12. Kingston, No. 297. — 13. Kingston,
No. 250. — 14. Kingston, No. 262. — 16, 20. Kingston. —
16, 23. Kingston, No. 7. — 17. Chartham, No. 9. — 18.
Sibertswold, No. 30.-19. Kingston, No. 142.— 21. Chart-
ham, No. 9.-22. Kingston, No. 161.-23. Kingston,
No. 7. Actual size.

1 The Nos. denote the numbers of the graves under the
various divisions.

- It is marked "Ash", but is not mentioned in the
Inventorium. This is the case with one or two other

objects in the plates, as, for instance, two marked " Post-
ling".

3 It does not appear under what circumstances these
were discovered.- — Ed.

INDEX TO THE PLATES.

229

IMPLEMENTS OF THE TOILETTE, ETC.

PLATE XII.

1. Kingston, No. 7. — 2. Kingston, No. 50. — 3,4. Kings-
ton, No. 142.— 5, a, Gilton, No. 76.-5, b. Gilton, No.
19.— G. Gilton, No. 27.-7. Kingston, No. 13.-8. Chart-
ham, No. 26.-9. Sibertswold, No. 18.-10. Sibertswold,
No. 60.— 11. Sibertswold, No. 164.— 12. Kingston, No.
222.— 13. Sibertswold, No. 45.-14, 15. Gilton, No. 98.
16. Sibertswold, Nos. 31, 172.-17. Kingston, No. 183.—
18. Chartham, No. 44.— 19. Sibertswold, No. 18.-20.
Sibertswold, No. 180.-21. Sibertswold, No. 39.-22. Si-
bertswold, No. 13. — 23. Kingston, No. 161. — 24. Barfris-

ton, No, 43?— 25. Sibertswold, No. 101. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 1.5, are two-thirds the actual
size : the remainder are of the full size.

PLATE XIII.

1. Kingston, No. 302.— 2. Kingston, No. 142.-3.
Kingston, No. 53. — 4. Kingston, No. 299. — 5. Siberts-
wold, No. 179.— 6. Sibertswold, No. 180.— 7,9, 10. Kings-
ton, No. 222.-8. Sibertswold, No. 60.-11. Kingston,
No. 96.-12. Gilton, No. 94.

WEAPONS.

PLATE XIV.

1. Sibertswold, No. 59.-2, 3. Kingston, No. 2.-4.
Sibertswold, No. 98.-5. Gilton, No. 23.— -6. Gilton, No.
56.-7. Gilton, No. 10.-8. Kingston, No. 173.-9, 10,
11. Gilton and Kingston. — 12. Gilton, No. 1. — 13.
Kingston i— 14. Gilton, No. 28.— 15. Gilton, No. 10.—
16. Sibertswold, No. 58.— 17. Sibertswold, No. 128.—

18. Kingston, No. 16.-
fourth the actual size.

-19. Sibertswold, No. 28. One-

Owing to the decomposed state of most of the weapons,
it is impossible to identify some of them sufficiently
to refer them with certainty to the graves from
which they were taken.

WEAPONS, KNIVES, UMBOES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.

PLATE XV.

1 to 12. Daggers and knives, from Gilton, Kingston,
and Sibertswold. — 13. Sibertswold, No. 81. — 14 a. Gil-
ton, No. 5.-14 h. Gilton, No. 22.-15. Sibertswold, No.
87.— 16. Kingston, No. 124.-17. Kingston, No. 2.-18.
Kingston, No. 140. — 19. Kingston, No. 129. — 20. Kings-
ton, No.l42.— 21. Beakesbourne, No. 29. — 22. Chartham,
No. 34.-23. Kingston, No. 302.-24. Kingston, No. 8,

and Beakesbourne, No. 4. — 25. Kingston, No. 299, and
Sibertswold, No. 178.-26. Kingston, No. 305.-27. Si-
bertswold, No. 103 (9 inches in length) ; and No. 180 (4|
inches).— 28. Kingston, No. 142?— 29. Sibertswold, No.
115. One-fourth the actual size; except, No. 20, 6^
inches in length ; No. 21, 9 inches ; No. 24, 4 inches ;
No. 25, 3f inches and 2| inches ; No. 26, 4i inches ;
No. 27, 9 inches ; No. 29, 9 inches.

DOMESTIC UTENSILS, AND ARMILLjE.

PLATE XVI.

1, 2. Gilton, No. 8.-3. Gilton, No. 18.— 4, 5, 5 a.
Kingston, No. 76.— 6 a, 8 S. Kingston, No. 205.-7.
Chartham, No. 48.-9. Gilton, No. 89.-10. Kingston,
No.299.— 11, 1.3. Chartham, No. 16.— 12. Kingston, No.

177.— 14. Kingston, No. 209.- 15. Sibertswold, No. 138.
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, one-fifth the actual size ; figs. 6, 8,
one-third ; figs. 9 to 15, one-half ; figs. 5 a, Q a, 7, and
8 a. full size.

SCALES AND WEIGHTS.
PLATE XVII.

Gilton, No. 60. All the actual size.

GLASS.

PLATE XVIII.

1. Kingston, No. 6.— 2. Gilton, No. 82.— 3. Barfriston,
No. 28.-4. Kingston, No. 146.-5. Gilton, No. 52.-6.
Kingston, No. 46. Half the actual size.

PLATE XIX.

1. Kingston, No. 205.— 2. Sibertswold, No. 7.— 3. Bar-
friston, No. 34. — 1, 5. Barfriston, No. 48.-6. Kingston,
Nos. 6, 9. — 7. Sibertswold, No. 157. Half the actual size.

230 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHEALE.

POTTERY.

PLATE XX. I wold, No. 117.— (i. Kiiigstou, No. 20a.— 7. Sibertswold,

1. Barfrlston, No. 43. — 2. Kingston, No. 183. — 3,3 a. 1 No. 37.— 8. Charthaui, No. 46.-9. Barfriston, No. 23.
Kingston, No. 11. — 4, 4n. Kingston, No. 10. — 5. Siberts- | One-fourth the actual size; 3«, -ia, the full size.

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SUBSCRIBEES.

Abergavenny, the Rt. Hon. the Earl of, Birling

Manor, Kent
Acton, Mrs. Stackhouse, Acton Scott, Salop
Akerman, J. Yonge, Esq., Sec. Soc. Ant. Lond.,

Somerset House
St. Alban's Architectural and Archgeological Society

(The)
Antiquities, the Department of, British Museum
Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

(The)
Archer, Thomas Coates, Esq., Chelmsford
Armistead, the Rev. Charles John, F.S.A., West-
well, Ashford, Kent
Ashmolean Museum (The), Oxford
Ashpitel, Arthur, Esq., F.S.A., Poets' Corner
Athenaeum Library (The), Liverpool
Atherley, George, Esq., Southampton. Deceased

Buccleuch, His Grace the Duke of, Dalkeith House
Babington, Charles C, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., St.

John's, Cambridge
Backhouse, John Church, Esq., Blackwall, Dar-
lington
Baily, Thomas Farmer, Esq., Hall Place, Tunbridge
Bank of England Library and Literary Association
Banning, John J., Esq., Devonshire Road, Birken-
head
Barnard, John, Esq., F.S.A., Sawbridgeworth
Barrow, Benjamin, Esq., M.D., Clifton House,

Ryde, Isle of Wight
Bartlett, the Rev. J. Pemberton, Exbury Parsonage,

near Southampton
Bateman, Thomas, Esq., Youlgrave, Bakewell

Bathurst, Charles, Esq., The Park, Lydney,

Gloucestershire
Battam, Thomas, Jun., Esq., 6, Lansdowne Villas,

Kensington Park
Bedfordshire Archaeological Society (The)
Bell, Matthew, Esq., Bourne Park, Canterbury
Bell, Robert, Esq., The Nook, Irthington, near

Carlisle
Benn, Edward, Esq., Vauxhall Road, Liverpool
Bennett, William, Esq., Shaw Street, Liverpool
Betts, Edward Ladd, Esq., Preston Hall, Maidstone
Biddulph, Mrs. Emma, Swansea
Blackmore, William, Esq., Sutton, Cheshire
Bland, William, Esq., Hartlip Place, Sittingbourne.

Two Copies
Bliss, the Rev. Philip, D.C.L., F.S.A., Principal of

St. Mary's Hall, Oxen
Bloxam, Mathew Holbeche, Esq., Rugby
Boileau, Sir John, Bart, F.S. A., Ketteringham Park,

Norfolk
Bonstetten, Baron Gustave de, EichenbiJhl, near

Thune, Switzerland
Boreham, AVilliam W., Esq., F.R.A.S., Haverhill
Botfield, Beriah, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Norton

Hall, Daventry
Boyle, Mrs., Seabridge Hall, Staffordshire
Brackstone, R. H., Esq., Lyncombe Hill, Bath
Bradbury, Charles, Esq., 23, Crescent, Salford
Bridger, Edward Kjmaston, Esq., 4, Prince's Place,

Kennington Road
Brown, John, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.R.S.N.A., 3, New-
castle Place, Clerkenwell
Brooke, Richard, Esq., F.S. A., Canning Street,

Liverpool

SUBSCRIBERS.

Bruce, the Rev. J. Collingwood, LL.D., F.S.A.,

etc., Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Brushfield, Thomas N., Esq., Cheshire Asylum,

Chester
Bullen, the Rev. J., Bartlow, Linton
Burlington, the Earl of, Holkar Hall, Milnthorpe
Bury, Edward, Esq., F.R.S., Croft Lodge, Winder-
mere

Cadogan, the Earl of, 39, Chesham Place

Cambridge University Library

Canterbury, the Mayor and Town Council of

Canterbury, the Chapter Library of

Carruthers, James, Esq., 4, Glenfield Place, Belfast

Carthew, George Alfred, Esq., East Dereham,

Norfolk
Castle Society, Library of the, Colche ster
Chaffers, William, Jun.,Esq., F.S. A., M. Num. Soc,

14, Grafton Street. Two Copies
Chambers, Robt., Esq., 339, High Street, Edinburgh
Charlton, Edward, Esq., M.D., Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Chester Architectural and Archaeological Society

(The)
Chichester Literary Society and Mechanics' In-
stitute (The)
Clarke, Joseph, Esq., F.S. A., The Roos, Saffron

Walden
Clayton, John, Esq., The Chesters, Hexham
Clayton, William, Esq., Dover
Cobb, W. Wise, Esq., Bredgar House, Sittingbourne
Cocks, Thos. Somers, Jun., Esq., M.P., 15, Hereford

Street, Oxford Street
Combs, William Addison, Esq., 1, Holland Road,

Kensington
Coulthart, John Ross, Esq., F.S. A. Scot., Mayor of

the manor of Ashton-under-Lyne, Croft House,

Ashton-under-Lyne
Crafter, William, Esq., 46, Parrock Street, Gravesend
Craig, Jas. Gibson, Esq., 24, York Place, Edinburgh.

Large Paper
Cutts, the Rev. Edward L., B. A., Coggeshall, Essex

David's, the Lord Bishop of St., Abergwili Palace,
Carmarthen

Dashwood, the Rev. G. H., F.S. A., Stow Bardolph,

Downham Market
Davies, R., Esq., Stoke-upon-Trcnt
Davis, J. Barnard, Esq., F.S. A., Shelton, Stafford-
shire
Dawson, Henry, Esq., St. James's Terrace, Liverpool
Dawson, Jas., Esq., M.D., Wray Castle, Ambleside
Deane, the Rev. J. Bathurst, F.S. A., Sion Place,

Bath
Dickinson, Francis Henry, Esq., F.S. A., Kingweston,

Somerton
Dickinson, Joseph, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. , Great George

Square, Liverpool
Dobson, Miss, Liverpool
Dodge, Thomas, Esq., Liverpool
Dover, The Proprietary Library
Dryden, Sir Henry E. L., Bart., Canons Ashby,

Daventry
Duke, the Rev. Rashleigh, B.A., F.S. A., Church

Eaton, Stafford.shire
Dunn, John, Esq., Paisley
Durden, Henry, Esq., Blandford, Dorset

Ellesmere, the Earl of, Hatchford, Cobham
Eady, Thomas William, Esq., Hornsey
Earle, the Rev. J., M.A., Oriel College, Oxford
Elsted, W. P., Esq., Dover

Evans, John, Esq., F.S. A., Hon. Sec. Num. Soc,
Hemel Hempsted

Fairholt, Frederick William, Esq., F.S. A., 11,
Montpelier Square, Brompton

Falcke, Beare, Esq., Birmingham

Falcke, Isaac, Esq., 35, Rochester Road, Kentish
Town

Faulkner, Thomas, Esq., F.S. A., Shide Hill House,
Isle of Wight

Faussett, Mrs., Great Marlow, Bucks

Faussett, Godfrey Trevelyan, Esq., Heppington,
Kent

Faussett, the Rev. Godfrey, Magdalen Coll., Oxford

Faussett, the Rev. Henry Godfrey, Littleton, Wor-
cestershire

Faussett, Major, 44th Regiment, Sebastopol

SUBSCRIBERS.

Faussett, Robert, Esq., Christ Church, Oxford
Faussett, Thomas Godfrey, Esq., Christ Ch., Oxford
Faussett, John Toke, Esq., Christ Church, Oxford
Fenton, James, Jun., Esq., M.A., Barrister at Law,

Bamford Hall, Rochdale
Ffarington, Miss, Worden Hall, Preston
Field, the Rev. Walter, M.A , F.S.A., Streatham,

Surrey
Fielden, John, Esq., MoUington Hall, near Chester
Fitch, Robert, Esq., F.G.S., Norwich.
Fitch, W. S., Esq., Ipswich. Larye Paper
Forman, W. W., Esq., Union Club
Franks, Augustus WoUaston, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.,

British Museum
French, Gilbert J., Esq., Cor. Mem. S.A.S.,

Thornydikes, Bolton

Garden, Miss, Redisham Hall, Beccles, Suffolk
Garner, Mrs. James, Queen Street, London
Garrett, the Rev. Thos., Vicarage, Martock, Somerset
Grazebrook, George, Esq., Liverpool
Gibson, John William, Esq., Scone, Perthshire;

and Orange Court, Liverpool. Large Paper
Gibson, George J., Esq., Sandgatc Lodge, Stonington,

Steyning, Sussex
Gibson, W. G., Esq., Saffron Walden
Gill, Charles, Esq., Wellingborough
Glover, John Hulbert, Esq., F.S.A., Royal Mews,

Pimlico
Gomonde, W. H., Esq.
The Guildhall Library, City, London
Gunner, the Rev. W. H., Winchester
Gurne)', Miss Anna, Cromer, Norfolk
Gurney, Daniel, Esq., F.R.S., North Runckton,

Norfolk
Gurne)', Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Keswick,

Norwich
Gurney, John Henry, Esq., M.P., Catton Hall,

Norwich
Guyton, Joseph, Esq., 10, Bridson Street, Liverpool
Gwilt, George, Esq., F.S.A., Union Street, South-

wark

Harrowby, the Earl of, Sandon Hall, Staffordshire

Hailstone, the Rev. John, M. A., Bottisham Vicarage,

near Newmarket
Hailstone, Edward, Esq., F. S.A.Scot., Horton Hall,

Bradford, Yorkshire
Hall, Charles, Esq., Ansty, Bhmdford, Dorset
Haggard, W. Debonnaire, Esq., F.S.A., Bank of

England
Harris, John D., 5, Southgate Street, Bath
Harrison, Wm., Esq., Galligreaves House, Blackburn
Harrison, Mrs., Cheshire
Hartley, James S., Esq., East Parade, Colne,

Lancashire
Hartley, John Bernard, Esq., Dock Surveyor,

Liverpool
Hawkins, Edward, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.S.A., British

Museum
Hawkins, Walter, Esq., F.S.A., 5, Leonard Place,

Kensington
Hcarn, John Henry, Esq., Mayor of Newport, Isle

of Wight
Henderson, Gilbert, Esq., Recorder of Liverpool,

24, Hyde Park Square, London
Hesleden, W. S., Esq., Barton-upon-Humber.

Deceased
Henslow, the Rev. Professor, Hitcham, Hadleigh,

Suffolk
Herrick, William Perry, Esq., Beau Manor Park,

Loughborough, Leicestershire
Hewitt, Thomas, Esq., Summerhill House, Cork
Heywood, Samuel, Esq., Walshaw Hall, Lancashire
Hingeston, Charles Hilton, Esq., 30, Wood Street,

Cheapside
Hillier, George, Esq., 3, Crescent Place, Mornington

Crescent
Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Saint

George's Hall, Liverpool
Hobler, Francis, Esq., Canonbury Square
Holdforth, J. D., Esq., Burley, near Leeds
Holt, George, Esq., Rake Lane, Liverpool
Holt, George, Jun., Esq., Edge Lane, Liverpool
Hugo, the Rev. Thomas, M.A., F.S.A., Bishopsgate

Street Within
Hume, the Rev. A., D.C.L., LL.D., Clarence Street,

Everton, Liverpool
Hunt, William Powell, Esq., Ipswich
Husscy, the Rev. Arthur,M. A. ,Rottingdean, Brighton

SUBSCKIBEES.

Hussey, the Rev. Robert, B.D., Regius Professor of

Eccles. History, Oxford
Hutchison, Robt., Esq., Tower Chambers, Liverpool

Jarman, Edward, Esq., Brenley House, Faversham
Jenkins, the Rev. Henry, Stanway Rectory, Col-
chester
James, James, Esq., F.S.A., Aylesbury
Jemmett, George Elwik, Esq., 1, Eccleston Street,

Eccleston Square
Jones, Pitman, Esq., St. Loyes, Heavitree
Jessop, the Rev. Thomas, D.D., Bilton Hall, York
Jones, James Cove, Esq., F.S.A., Loxley, "Welles-
bourne, Warwick

Kell, the Rev. Edmund, F.S.A., Portswood Lawn,

Southampton
Kemp, Dr. A., Esq., Birmingham
Kendrick, James, M.D., Warrington
Kenrick, Miss, Stone House, Canterbury
Kent, J. H., Esq., Stanton, Bury St. Edmund's.

Deceased

Londesborough, the Rt. Hon. the Lord, K.C.H.,

F.R.S., F.S.A., Grimston, Tadcaster
Lace, AV. H., Esq., Liverpool
Larking, the Rev. L. B., Ryarsh, Maidstone
Lawton, George, Esq., Nunthorpe, York
Lecointre-Dupont, Monsieur, Poitiers
Lee, John Edward, Esq., The Prior}', Caerleon
Leicester Literary Society (The)
Lewis, the Rev. Thomas Taylor, M.A., Bridstow,

Ross
Lincoln Library (The)
Lister, James, Esq., Green Bank, Liverpool
Litchfield, Edward, Esq., Cambridge
Liverpool Library (The)
Lloyd, John B., Esq., Mayor of Liverpool
London, the Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of (Alderman

Salomons)
London Institution (The), Finsbury Circus
Long, Henry Lawes, Esq., Hampton Lodge, Farn-

ham, Surrey

Longton, John, Esq., Rumford Street, Liverpool
Lyon, Thomas, Esq., Appleton Hall, Warrington

Mackenzie, John Whiteford, Esq., F. S.A.Scot.,

16, Royal Circus, Edinburgh
Mackeson, H. B., Esq., F.G.S., Hythe, Kent
McViccar, Duncan, Esq., Liverpool
Manning, the Rev. Charles R., Hon. Sec, Norfolk

and Norwich Archeeological Society, Diss,

Norwich
McGowan, Miss Agnes, Dumfries
Markland, J. H., Esq.,D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Bath
Martin, the Rev. Joseph W., Keston, Bromley,

Kent
Mather, Miss Jane, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool
Mather, John, Esq., Mount Pleasant, Liverpool
Mathews, Miss Letitia, The Hollins, Whitehaven
Mawdslay, James, Esq., 11, Canning St. Liverpool
Mayer, Miss Jane, Thistleberry House, Stafford-
shire
Mayer, Jos., Esq., Brown Hills, Burslem
Mayer, Samuel, Esq., Newcastle-under-Lyne
Mayer, Thomas, Esq., Dale Hall, Staffordshire.

Deceased
Mayer, John, Esq., Statten Island, New York
Middleton, Captain James, F.S.A., Rumford Place,

Liverpool
Miles, William, Esq., Dixfield, Exeter
Mitchell, F. J., Esq., 1, Commercial Street, Newport,

Monmouthshire
Mitchell, Samuel, Esq., The Mount, Sheffield
Mole, John, Esq., Birmingham
Morgan, C. Octavius S., Esq , M.P., M.A., F.R.S.,

The Friars, Newport, Monmouthshire
Mosley, Sir Oswald, Bart., RoUeston Hall, Burton-

upon-Trent
Moss, the Rev. John James, Otterspool, Liverpool
Museum of Practical Geology (The), Jermyn Street,

London

Norfolk, His Grace the Duke of, Arundel Castle.

Deceased
Northumberland, His Grace the Duke of, Alnwick

Castle

SUBSCRIBERS.

Neale, Mr. John, Birmingham

Nelson, the Rev. G. M., Bodicote Grange, Banbury

Neville, the Hon. R. Cornwallis, F.S.A., Audley

End, Essex
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, The Society of Antiquaries of
Nicholson, George S., Esq., Doctors' Commons.

Large Paper
Norman, George Warde, Esq., Bromley, Kent
Norman, Hemy, Esq., F.S.A., 31, Eaton Square
North, Alfred, Esq., 33, Huskisson Street, Liverpool
Norwich, The Chapter Library

Olfers, Dr. Von, Berlin

Ormston, Robert, Esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Ouvry, Frederick, Esq., Treas. S.A., 29, Upper
Gower Street

Paris, Thomas J., Esq., Toxteth Park, Liverpool
Pease, Thomas, Esq., Henbury Hill, Bristol
Peckover, William, Esq., F.S.A., Wisbeach
Peat, Thomas, Esq., Union Bank, Manchester
Pelham, James, Esq., Everton, Liverpool
Pepper, M., Esq., Romsey, Hants.
Perkins, Frederick, Esq., F.S.A., Chipstead Park,

Sevenoaks, Kent
Phillips, Edward, Esq., F.S.A., Whitmore Park,

Coventry
Piggott, Horatio, Esq., Chelmsford
Pitt, Thomas, Esq., Huddersfield. Deceased
Pretty, Edward, Esq., Abington Street, Northampton
Purland, Theodosius, Esq., Mortimer St., Cavendish

Square
Purnell, B. Purnell, Esq., Stancombe Park, Dursley

Rackbease, J. C, Esq., Blackwell, Darlington
Rankin, the Rev. Thomas, Huggate, Yorkshire
Rathbone, William, Esq., Green Bank, Liverpool
Reay, Thomas, Esq., Church Street, Liverpool
Rhind, A. Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Sibster, near Wick,

Caithness
Richards, John, Esq., F.S.A., 20, Charterhouse

Square
Richardson, Samuel, Esq., 4, Berkeley Street,

Liverjiool

Roach, Frederick, Esq., Arreton Manor, Isle of

Wight
Robin, John, Jun., Esq., West Kirby, Cheshire
Rogers, William Harry, Esq., Wimbledon
Rolfe, William Henry, Esq., Sandwich. Two Copies
Roots, Geo., Esq., F.S.A., 1, Tanfield Court, Temple
Ross, Thomas, Esq., Clermont, Hastings
Rosson, John, Esq., Moor Hall, Ormskirk
Royal Library (The), Buckingham Palace. Large

Paper
Rugg, Robert, Esq., Sumner Place, Maidstone

Stanhope, the Earl, Pres. S.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.,

Chevening, Kent
Stafford, the Right Hon. the Lord, Cossey Park,

Norwich
Sanders, John, Esq., Villa Terrace, Nottingham
Sandys, the Rev. E. Lumsdaine, Upper Hardras,

Canterbury
Saull, W. D., Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S., Aldersgate

Street. Deceased
Scarborough, The Philosophical and Archaeological

Society of
Scott, the Rev. F. P., M.A., Sibertswold Vicarage,

Kent
Seynnour, H. Danby, Esq , M.P., 39, Upper Gros-

venor Street
Sharp, John, Esq., The Hermitage, near Lancaster
Simon, Sir John, Bart., Swainston, Isle of

Wight
Smith, Miss, 5, Liverpool Street, City. Two Copies W
Smith, Mr. John Russell, Soho Square. Two Copies
Solly, S. R., Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Serge Hill,

King's Langley
Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society

(The), Taunton
Sotheby and Wilkinson, Messrs., Wellington Street,

Strand
Staniforth, the Rev. Thomas, Storrs Hall, Winder-
mere
Stillingfleet, the Rev. E. W., Hotham, Brough,

East Yorkshire
Stringer, Stringer, Esq., Goudhurst, Kent
Surrey Archaeological Society (The), 6, Southampton

Street, Covent Garden

SUBSCRIBERS.

Sussex Archaeological Society, (The), Lewes, Sussex
Sykes, Colonel, F.R.S., India House

Talbot de Malahide, the Lord, F.S.A., Pres. Arch.

Institute, Malahide Castle, Dublin
Talbot, the Hon. Mrs. John, New Falconhurst,

Eden Bridge, Kent
Tattock, Mrs., Plas Clough, Denbigh
Thompson, Mrs. G. 15., Eton Lodge, Wavertree,

Liverpool
Thurston, Thomas, Esq., Ashford, Kent
Tipping, John, Esq., Liverpool
Tite, William, Esq., M.P., F.S.A., St. Helen's

Place
Tobin, Sir Thomas, Knt., D.L., F.S.A., F.R.S.N.A.,

Ballincollig, Cork
Traherne, theRev.J.M.,F.R,S.,F.S.A.,Coedriglan,

Cardiff
Trevelyan, Sir Walter C, Bart., F.S.A., Nettlecombe
Trollope, the Rev. Edward, F.S.A., Leasingham,

Sleaford
Tucker, Charles, Esq., F.S.A., Hon. Secretary

of the Archceological Institute, Marlands,

Exeter
Turner, !Miss Jane Wyatt, Rugeley, Staffordshire
Turner, Dawson, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., M.R.I.A.,

F.S.A., Acad. Cscs. Nat. Cur. et Reg. Sc. Holm.

Socius, Lee Cottage, Old Brompton
Turner, Edward, Esq., Newcastle-under-Lyne
Tweedy, W. M., Esq., Alverton, Truro
Twopen)', William, Esq., 48, Upper Grosvenor St.

Vernon, William Frederick, Esq., Hilton Park,
Wolverhampton

Wakeman, Thomas, Esq., Graig, Monmouth
Walmsley, Joshua, Esq., Lord Street, Liverpool

Wardell, James, Esq.; Leeds

Warne, Charles, Esq., F.S.A., 42, Upper Seymour

Street, Portman Square
Warren, Mr. Joseph, Ixworth, Suffolk
Watcrton, Edmund, Esq., F.S.A., Walton Hall,

Yorkshire
Way, Albert, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Wonham Manor,

Reigate. Two Copies
Whitley, George, Esq , Clayton Square, Liverpool
Wickham, Humphrey, Esq., Strood, Kent
Willis, the Rev. C. F., Oxford
Wills, William, Esq., Edgbaston, Birmingham
Wilkinson, Henry, Esq., Endcliffe House, Sheffield
Wilson, Sir Thomas Maryon, Bart., Charlton House,

Blackheath
Wilson, Henry, Esq., Stow Langtoft-hill, Suffolk
Wodderspoon, Jno., Esq., The Lower Close, Norwich
Wood, John, Esq., 22, Watling Street, City
Woodhouse, J. G., Esq., Bronte House, Liverpool
Woodman, AVilliam, Esq., Town Clerk, Morpeth
Woods, the Rev G. H., Shopwykc House, Chi-
chester
Wright, Thomas, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Cor. Mem.

of the Institute of France, 14, Sydney Street,

Brompton
Wyatt, the Rev. C. F., Forest Hill, Wheatley, Oxon
Wylie, W. Michael, Esq., F.S.A., Blackwater, Hants

Yates, James, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Lauderdale

House, Highgate
Yates, Joseph Brooks, Esq., F.A.S., etc., Liverpool.

Deceased
Yorkshire Philosophical Society (The), York
Young, Sir Charles George, F.S.A., Garter, College

of Arms

Zeenwsch Geenootochai) der Wertenschappen in
Zirikzee, Holland

R03M LONDON.

c-OC-gj 0^^

^S|^E.. C. ROACH SMITH is now engaged in preparing for the press the
«eiajjj results of discoveries made on the site of Roman London. The extensive
excavations carried on during the last thirty years throughout the City and in Southwark,
and the operations consequent on the construction of the New London Bridge, have
afforded a mass of antiquities, very many of which yet remain unpublished; and others,
which have been engraved and published, are mostly in periodical works extending
over many years, and not generally accessible. It is proposed to collect these scattered
materials and unite them to those which have resulted from more recent investigations,
or which have never yet been made public. The personal researches of the author
will be made available to their fullest extent ; and no source of information which can
add to the usefulness of the undertaking will be neglected.

No work exclusively devoted to the Roman Antiquities of the metropolis of
England has yet been published ; but, notwithstanding the wholesale and indiscriminate
destruction of its monuments, which has been tolerated for ages down to the present
day, London can still supply memorials highly valuable in illustrating the condition
of the city and its population under the Roman domination, — that important, but
comparatively little understood, epoch in the history of this country. The astounding
fact that in such a city no provision has ever been made for its antiquities, should
excite sympathy for those remains which have survived the general wreck, and which
are made the more precious, as their number is yearly decreasing. London, too, the

heart of a great kingdom, is preeminently worthy of having its historical monuments
respected, preserved, and made known ; and if commercial pursuits, and aU-absorbing
devotion to worldly ends of the present, have deprived the citizens of London of
a knowledge of, and relish for, the past, there must be, it is calculated, beyond the
precincts of the City, tastes and feelings which are not wholly regulated by selfish
and sensual concerns. It is, therefore, to all who really respect the antiquity, the
municipal institutions, the prominent position of the metropolis in the great events of
the past — to all, in short, who can estimate the value of the history of London, the
author appeals for support to a work which aims at a further elucidation of that history ;
a work which must, necessarily, incur a heavy outlay, particularly from the numerous
illustrations which are indispensable.

It is proposed to print the Volume (for Subscribers only), in Quarto, at Two
Guineas per copy. But this low sum can only be binding on the author for six
months after the date of this circular : in no instance will a copy be issued to a
Non-Subscriber; and, in justice to the prompt supporters of the enterprise, the
amount of copies printed will be regulated by the number of Subscribers.

The Illustrations, executed by Mr. Fairholt and Mr. AValler, will comprise.
Architectural Remains, with a view of the Rohan Wall at Tower Hill, exposed
for a short time a few years since : Sepulchral .4nd Monumental Remains :
Sculpture: Inscriptions: Bronzes, including the colossal head of the emperor
Hadrian, the Apollo, Mercury, Atys, etc., and the Harpocrates (in silver), from
the Thames ; the Archer, now in the Museum of Lord Londesborough : Tessellated
Pavements discovered in Leadenhall Street, in Threadneedle Street, in Bishopsgate
Street, on the site of the Excise Office, etc. : Wall Paintings (to be printed, as well
as the Pavements, in colours) : Glass : Pqttert : Coins : Ornaments : Sandals,
and other leather-work : Implements and Utensils : and numerous miscellaneous
objects.

The Council of the Society of Antiquaries of London have tindly granted the
author the use of the plates which illustrate his papers in the Archceologia ; and the
following have tendered their support as Subscribers : —

The Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Belles Lettres

of Caen, Normandy
The Society of Antiquaries of Normandy
The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
The Imperial Society of Emulation of Abbeville
Lord Londesborough, K.C.H., F.E.S., F.S.A., Grim-

ston, Tadcaster
Monsieur A. Charma, President of the Academy of

Sciences, Arts, and Belles Lettres of Caen
Monsieur J. Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes,

President of the Imperial Society of Emulation

of Abbeville
John Hodgson Hinde, Esq., Vice-President of the

Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
John Clayton, Esq., Vice-President of the Society of

Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
John Fenwicli, Esq., F.S.A., Treasurer of the Society

of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
The Eev. J. Collingwood Bruce, LL.D., F.S.A.,

Hon. Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of

Newcastle-upon-Tyne
William Kell, Esq., F.S.A., Member of Council of the

Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Dawson Turner, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Acadd. Caes.

Nat. Cur. et Reg. Sc. Holm. Socius, Old

Brompton
Albert Way, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Hon. Secretary of

the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain

and Ireland
Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Member of the

Institut of France
The Piev. Beale Poste, Bydews, Maidstone
Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A., F.E.S.N..'i., Liverpool
Stewart Macnaghten, Esq., Bittern Manor, South-
ampton
George Atherley, Esq., Southampton
William Henry Eolfe, Esq., Sandwich
Mrs. Locke, Tring Hall, Docking, Norfolk
John Britton, Esq., Burton Cottage, Burton Crescent
John Buchanan, Esq., F.S.A.Scot., Glasgow
R. Plant, Esq., Canonbury Park
Thomas Faulkner, Esq., F.S.A., Shide Hill House,

Isle of Wight
Thomas Dashwood, Jun., Esq., Newport, Isle of

Wight

Edward Pretty, Esq., Northampton

William Newton, Esq., 42, Queen Square

John Dunn, Esq., Paisley

Robert Bell, Esq., Irthington, Cumberland

J. B. Scott, Esq., Chelsea

Robert Fi'tch, Esq., F.G.S., Norwich

John Wodderspoon, Esq., Norwich

Edward H. Bunbury, Esq., Jermyn Street

Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., F.S.A., 55,

Upper Seymour Street
The Bank of England Library and Literary In-
stitution
Miss H. Walne, Norwich
Charles Wame, Esq., F.S.A., 42, Upper Seymour

Street
Charles Hall, Esq., Ansty, Blandford
Major Sheppard, Kingston-upon Thames
Major Smith, R.M., Guernsey
Humphry Wickham, Esq., Strood, Kent
Joseph Clarke, Esq., F.S.A., Saifron Waldeu
John Hams, Esq., Beech Street, Barbican
George Richard Corner, Esq., F.S.A., Southwark
Miss Meteyard, .31, Grafton Road, Kentish Town
Mrs. John Charles, Gravesend
George Warde Norman, Esq., Bromley, Kent
Apsley Pellatt, Esq., M.P., Staines
Walter Hawkins, Esq., F.S..4., Kensington (2 copies) .
James Cove Jones, Esq., F.S.A., Lesley, Warwick
Colonel Sykes, F.E.S., etc., India House
The Lord Talbot de Malahide, F.S.A., President of

the Archa;ological Institute
A. J. Beresford Hope, Esq., F.S.A., Ashlow House,

Connaught Place
Thomas Hewitt, Esq., Summerhill House, Cork
Professor Thomas Bell, V.P.E.S., Pr.L.S., 17, New

Broad Street
Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., F.S.A., Leeds Castle,

Kent
Colonel the Hon. M. E. Onslow, Woodbridge House,

Guildford
W. M. Wylie, Esq., F.S.A., Blackwater, Hants
William Allen, Esq., Wanstead
John Brown, Esq., F.G.S., Clerkenwell
John Mather, Esq., Mount Pleasant, Liverpool
Mrs. Moncreiff, Pitcaithly House, Perth

The Sandwich Book Society

John May, Esq., Hyde Lane, Battersea

John Wickham Flower, Esq., Park Hill, Croydon

The Eev. G. H. Dashwood, E.S.A., Stow Baidolph,

Norfolk
The Society of Antiquaries of Picardy, Amiens
The Eev. Thomas Hugo, M.A., F.S.A., Bishopsgate

Street Within
John Barrow, Esq., F.E.S., F.S.A., 7, New Street,

Spring Gardens
Frederick Eoach, Esq., Arreton Manor, Isle of

Wight.
Mrs. Culverwell, Argyll Place, Regent Street
Francis Bennoch, Esq., F.S.A., M.E.S.L., Blackheath

Park
The Eev. Canon Eogers, Exeter
Lord Overstone, Overstone Park, Northampton (2

copies)
John Jolliffe, Esq., Surgeon E.N., H.M.S. Pandora,

New Zealand
The Eev. Professor Henslow, Hitcham, Bildeston
Keith Milnes, Esq., 3C, South Audley Street
William Wills, Esq., Edgbaston, Birmingham
Llewellynn Jewitt, Esq., F.S.A., Derby
Dr. Lister, F.G.S., Sandown, Isle of TVight
John Adkins Barton, Esq., Newport, Isle of Wight
Benjamin Bond Cabbell, Esq., M.P., F.E.S., F.S.A.,

Portland Place
Joseph Arden, Esq., F.S.A., 27, Cavendish Square
J. G. Breach, Esq., Pavilion, Folkstone
His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, Clumber
His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, Alnwick

Castle
George Gwilt, Esq., F.S..\., Union Street, Southwark
The Earl of Burlington, Holkar, Kendal
Colonel Francis Vernon Harcourt, M.P., Eyde, Isle

of Wight

Thomas Bateman, Esq., Youlgrave, Bakewell

Richard Weekes, Esq., F.R.C.S., Hampton Lodge,
Hurstpierpoint

Mrs. Hannington, St. George's, Hurstpierpoint.

Charles Baily, Esq., F.S.A., 73, Gracechurch Street

The Baron de Bonstetten, Eichenbiihl, near Thoune,
Switzerland

Mrs. Goreham, Cakeham, West Wittering, Susse.v

The Eev. J. N. Coleman, Ventnor, Isle of Wight

James Wyatt, Esq., Bedford

Edward Litchfield, Esq., Cambridge

Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson, Wellington Street,
Strand

John Disney, Esq., LL.D., D.C.L., F.S.A., The Hyde,
Ingatestone

William Proctor, Esq., M.E.C.S., York

Thomas Battan, Esq., F.S.A., 5, Aubrey Villas, Net-
ting Hill

C. Wentworth Dilke, Esq., 76, Sloane Street

The Eev. Professor Christmas, M.A., F.E.S., F.S.A.,
30, Manor Street, Clapham

Eichard Gibbs, Esq., Cedar Lodge, Stockwell Park

James Anderton, Esq., 20, New Bridge Street

Henry Norris, Esq., F.R.C.S., South Petherton

The Lord Southampton, WhitUebury, Towcester

Wilham Hargrove, Esq., Author of " The History of
York," York

Benjamin Barrow, Esq., M.E.C.S., Eyde, Isle of
Wight

W. Stevenson Fitch, Esq., Ipswich

W. H. Brockett, Esq., Gateshead

Monsieur I'Abbe Cochet, Dieppe

tlev. Daniel Williams, D.C.L., Warden of New Col-
lege, Oxford

Mr. Charles GiU, Chestei-field

John Bell, Esq., Gateshead

E. Kynaston Bridger, Esq., Prince's Place, Newington

The Names ivill be finally arranged in Alphabetical order.

Subscribers' Names are received by the Author, at 5, Liverpool Street, City.
The present Subscription Price is Two Guineas ; at the close of Six Months after the
present date no new Subscriber's Name will be taken under Three Guineas.

March Ut, 1856.

JUST PUBLISHED,
In one handsome Volume, Demy Quarto, half morocco, Price £3.

REMAINS

OP

PAGAN SAXONDOM,

PRINCIPALLY FROM

ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI AND CEMETERIES IN ENGLAND,

DESCRIBED AND ILLTJSTEATED BY

JOHN YONGE AKERMAN,

FELLOW AND SECRKTAHJ OF TUE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAKIES OF LONDON.

This Work contains rorty Coloured Engravings of the following Objects, in most cases of the actual sizes of

the Originals :

1. Gold Ornaments set with Garnets, found in a

Tumulus on Roundway Down, near Devizes, Wilts.

2. Gold Buckle, set with a slab of Garnet, found at

Ixioorth, Suffolk.

3. Singular Glass Vase, found at Recuher, Kent.

4. Sepulchral Urn, in the Towneley Collection of the

British Museum.

5. Beautiful Circular Fibula, from a Grave near

Abingdon, Berk-ildre, in the Collection of the
British Mnseum.

6. Beads of Amethystine Quartz and Gold Bulla,

from a Tumulus on Breach Boicn, Kent.

7. Remarkable Glass Vases, found at Cuddesden,

Oxfordshire.

8. Bronze Fibula, found at Tairford, Gloucestershire.

9. Fibulae, etc. found at Driffield, Yorkshire.

10. Umbo of Shield and Weapons, found at Driffield.

11. Bronze Patera, from a Cemetery at TVingham, Kent.

12. Fibula and Bull^, from Cemeteries in Kent.

13. Fibula, Beads, etc. found near Stamford.

14. Fibula, found near Billesdon, Leicestenhire.

15. Fragments, from a Tumulus at Caenby, Lincolnshire.

16. Portion of a Fibula, of unusually large size, from a

Tumulus at Ingarshy, Leicestershire.

17. Glass Vessels, from Cemeteries in Kent.

18. Fibulae, found in Warwickshire.

19. Fibula, from a Cemetery at Fairford.

20. FiBULiE, found in Warwickshire and Leicestershire.
31. Beads, found in Lincolnshire, Gloucestershire, and

Waricickshire.

22. Urn and its Contents, found at Eye, Suffolk.

23. War Axes, or " TajDcr Axes."

24. Sword-hilts, from Graves in East Kent.

2.5. Drinking Glasses, found in Suffolk and Kent.

26. Glass Drinking Cup, found in a Grave at Coombe,

Kent.

27. Bucket, from a Cemetery at Linton Heath, Cam-

bridgeshire.

28. Keys and Buckles, found in Kent.

29. Circular and Quoit-shaped Fibulae.

30. FiBUL.E and Jewelled Buckles, found in Kent.

31. Circular FiBULiE, found in Gloucestershire, Wiltshire,

Sussex, etc.

32. Combs, from Cemeteries in Kent.

33. Jewelled Fibula, found in Leicestershire.

34. Jewelled Clasps, found in Ilampshire.

35. Jewelled Spoon, from a Barrow at Chatham, Kent.

36. FlBUL.E, found in Norfolk, Wilts, and Kent.

37. Pins, Eings, Toilet Implements, etc, found in

Suffolk, Wilts, and Kent.

38. Fork, Amber, and Spindle-whirls, from Graves

in Wilts and Kent.

39. Eemarkable Fibula, from a Cemetery- on Linton

Heath.

40. Various Objects, from a Cemetery at West Stoic

Heath, Suffolk,

41. Large Dish-shaped Fibulae, found in Buckingham-

shire.

42. Fibulae, Hair-pins, and Necklace.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 3G, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.

" We look upon Mr. A.kerman's work as a boon to the English Archfeologist. He brings together from a great number
of different quarters, objects whose full interest can only be duly appreciated when they are compared and studied

together The selection is such, as not only to be of service in a scientific view, but also to present a very

interesting and ornamental representation of the household implements and jewellery of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers.

Mr. Akerman has prefixed to his work a short Introduction, written in a very just and sound spirit, and which

will be read with pleasure and interest even by the layman, with profit even by the professed antiquary." — Mk. J. M.
Kemble, in the Journal of the Archceological Institute, Vol. XII, p. 297.

" There are few archaeologists of the present day whose labours have a more practical bearing than those of Mr. Akerman.
With a mind divested of prejudice, and with an extraordinary diligence in his pursuit after truth, he brings to any task
he may undertake in the examination of the past, a capability of elucidating difficulties, and of developing facts of the
utmost value to one whose aim is true history. His object, as an antiquary, is not that contemptible peddling with
disjointed remains, which, justly enough, has brought upon the science of Archaeology the jeers and scoflTs of the
reasonable ; but, by the combination and scientific an'angement of certain ascertained facts — by comparative analysis,
aided by close and constant observation, he is able to fill up a hiatus in the page of history, to throw light upon the dark
places of the past, and to dissipate those vague and dreamy ideas which ever suiTound persons and places of whose
character we have but traditional knowledge

" The letter-press is clear and practical, abundantly illustrated with notes from sources which may suggest a new
thread of inquiry. Above all things, however, we must commend the care with which the numerous objects are figured
and coloured." — Morning Post, October 2i(h, 1855.

" Pagan Saxondom. — Mr. Akerman's publication, of the Remains of Pagan Saxondom, is now complete, and offers to
us the finest examples, beautifully executed in colours, of the interesting antiquities of this class with which we are
acquainted. No one could be better qualified to display this subject than the zealous secretary of the Society of
Antiquaries, who has long devoted himself to making minute inquiries into the antiquarian treasures of the earth

contained in the barrows so numerously scattered throughout this country It is but justice to Mr. Akerman

to state that the first systematic explorations, since the days of Faussett, were made by him on the South Downs; and

some years afterwards at Harnham Hill, where he was present at the opening of about seventy graves The

plates, forty-two in number, representing nearly two hundred objects, are all coloured after the originals, and, in most
cases, figured of their natural size; and, independently of these, there are some well-executed wood-cuts." — Journal
of the British Archceological Association, March, 1856.

ARCHy€OLOGICAL WORKS BY JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F.S.A.

PUBLISHED BY JOHN EUSSELL SillTH, 36, SOHO SQUAEE, LONDON.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RARE AND UNEDITED ROMAN COINS.

Two Vols. 8wo, numerous Plates, 30«.

COINS OF THE ROMANS RELATING TO BRITAIN.

1 Vol. Svo, Second Edition, with an entirely new set of Plates, Price 10«. M.
"Votre commission, Messieurs, vous projjose done de decerner le prix fondc par JI. AUier d'Hauteroclie a
I'archeologue zelc qui, depuis dix annt'es, pub lie le Journal Numismatique de Londres, auquel I'Angleterre doit un bon
Manuel de Numismatique, et qui vient entreprendre la publication d'un Kecueil de toutes les Medailles des peuples,
villes et rois de I'antiquite." — Address of the Commission appointed to report to the " Institut de France" on the works
ient in by Candidates for the Numismatic Prize. Sess. 1845.

ANCIENT COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES,

Geographically Arranged and Described, containing the Coins of Eispania, Gallia, and Britannia, with Plates of several

hundred examples. 1 Vol. 8 to. Price 18s.

NUMISMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE NARRATIVE PORTIONS OF

THE NEW TESTAMENT.

FINE PAPER, NUMEEOUS WOODCUTS FROM THE ORIGINAL COINS IN VARIOUS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLECTIONS.

1 Vol. Svo, Price 5s.

" Archseology ia under a peculiar obligation to Mr. Akerman.
To him more than to any other living man, is due the praise of
having converted multitudes to the love of antiquarian research.

To him we all owe the pleasant debt of an instructive acquaint-
ance, not only with the beautiful money of Ancient Greece and
Rome, but with the once barbarous, though not less interesting
coins of our earliest history. And to him now especially, the
cause of religion can bring its tribute of commendation for light

thrown upon Holy Writ, through the medium of ' the unrighteous
Mammon.' The New Testament has, it appears, in the compass,
of the Gospels and Acts, no less than 32 allusions to the coinage
of Greece, Rome, and Judsea; and these, beautifully engraved
and learnedly described, give Mr. Akerman an opportunity of
serving the good cause of truth in the way of his peculiar avoca-
tion."— Church of England Journal.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ANCIENT AND MODERN COINS.

In 1 Vol.fcap. Svo, with numerous TFood Ungravings from the Original Coins, Price 6s. 6d. Cloth.

Contents : —

Section 1.— Origin of Coinage. — Greek Regal Coins. 2. — Greek Civic Coins. 3. — Greek Imperial Coins.
4. — Origin of Roman Coinage. — Consular Coins. &. — Roman Imperial Coins. 6. — Roman British Coins.
7. — Ancient British Coinage. 8. — Anglo-Saxon Coinage. 9. — English Coinage from the Conquest.
10. — Scotch Coinage. 11. — Coinage of Ireland. 13. — Anglo-Gallic Coins. 13. — Continental Money in
the Middle Ages. 14. — Various representatives of Coinage. 15. — Forgeries in Ancient and Modern Times.
16. — Table of Prices of English Coins realised at Public Sales.

TRADESMEN'S TOKENS,

STRUCK IN LONDON AND ITS VICINITY, PROM THE YEAR 1648 TO 1672 INCLUSIVE,

DESCRIBED FROM THE ORIGINALS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM, ETC.

1 Vol. Svo, Cloth, 15«. A few copies printed on Large Paper, ito, £1. Is.

This work comprises a list of nearly three thousand Tokens, and contains occasional illustrative topographical and
antiquarian notes on persons, places, streets, old tavern and coffee-house signs, &c. &c. ; with an introductory account of
the causes which led to the adoption of such a currency.

A GLOSSARY OF PROVINCIAL WORDS & PHRASES IN USE IN WILTSHIRE.

12mo, cloth, 3s.

ARCH/EOLOGICAL WORKS BY JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F.S.A.

PUBLISHED BY JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.

AN ARCH^OLOGICAL INDEX

TO REMAINS OF AJ^TIQUITY OF THE CELTIC, ROMANO-BRITISH, AND ANGLO-SAXON PERIODS.

1 Vol. 8»o, Trice las. Cloth,
lUudrated by numerous Engravings, comprising upwards of Five Hundred Ohjects.

This woik, though intended as an introduction and a guide to the study of our early antiquities, will, it is hoped, prove
of service, as a book of reference, to tlie practised Archoeologist. The contents are as follows : —

Part I. Celtic Period. — Tumuli, or Barrows and Caiins. — Cromlechs. — Sepulchral Caves. — Eocking Stones. —
Stone Circles, etc. etc. — Objects discovered in Celtic Sepulchres. — Urns. — Beads. — Weapons. — Implements, etc.
Part II. Romano-British Period. — Tumuli of the Eoman-British Period. — Burial Places of the Romans. —
Pavements. — Camps. — Villas. — Sepulchral Monuments. — Sepulchral Inscriptions. — Dedicatory Inscriptions. —
Commemorative luscriptions.^Altars. — Urns. — Glass Vessels. — Fibulas. — Arraillas. — Coins. — Coin Bloulds,
etc. etc. Part III. Anglo-Saxon Period. — Tumuli. — Detailed List of Objects discovered.- — Anglo-Saxon
Barrows. — Urns. — Swords. — Spears. — Knives. — Umbones of Shields. — Buckles. — -Fibuiie. — Bullae. ^Hair Pins.
— Beads, etc. etc. etc. etc.

The Itinerary of Antoninus (as far as relates to Britain). The Geographical Tables of Ptolemy, the Notitia, and
the Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester, together with a classified Index of the contents of the Arch^ologia
(Vols. i. to xxxi.), are given in an Appendix.

" No one can doubt the Author's qualifications : Mr. Aker-
luan's chief reputation is as a numismatist, but in the work before
us lie has shown that his Archteological acquii'emeuts have a
much wider range." — Athenceum.

" One of tlie first wants of an incipient Antiquary is the
facility of comparison, and liere it is furnished him at one glance.
The plates, indeed, form the most valuable part of the book,
botli by their number and the judicious selection of types and
examples which they contain. It is a book which we can, on
this account, safely and warmly recommend to all who are inter-
ested in the antiquities of their native land." — Literary Gazette.

" A book of such utility — so concise, so clear, so well con-
densed from such varied and voluminous sources — cannot fail to
be generally acceptable." — Art Union.

" A useful book to the student of Archoeology, and not without
interest to tlie tourist witli a taste for antiquities. The text is
fully illustrated by plates, which present to the eye the objects
numbered and sought to be described by the pen." — Spectator.

" As an introduction and guide to the study of our early anti-
quities we consider this 'Index' invaluable." — Norfolk Chronicle.

" A valuable aid to the study of Arcliseology." — Britannia.

" This richly Olustrated volume will be a standard work of
reference for young Antiquaries. The Author has chosen to call
it an ' Archfeological Index,' but it will be more favourably made
known as at once a concise, yet comprehensive introduction to
early British Archajology." — Atlas.

A NUMISMATIC MANUAL.

One Vol. %vo. Price One Guinea.

*ijf* The Plates which illustrate this Volume are upon a novel plan, and will, at a glance, convey more information
regarding tlie types of Greek, Roman, and English Coins, than can be obtained by many hours' careful reading. In-
stead of a facsimile Engraving being given of that which is already an enigma to the tyro, the most striking and
characteristic features of the Coin are dissected and placed by tliemselves, so that the eye soon becomes familiar
with them.

THE NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, & JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,

Edited by John Yonge Akerman, F.S A., is published Quarterly by John Russell Smith, Soho Square,
London, to whom all communications for the Editor should be addressed. Perfect sets of the first four volumes
have for some time been out of Print, but a few copies of the last six volumes may be had by early application.
The number printed for the future will be proportioned to the present list of Subscribers, and on this account the
Publisher cannot pledge himself to supply the work after the lapse of twelve months. Subscribers may avoid
disappointment by sending their names direct to the Publisher, and those who possess imperfect volumes may
possibly get them completed, by applying at ouce as above.

PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION.

A WORD-BOOK OF ENGLISH DIALECTS,

One Vol. 12mo.
This volume, the result of many years' attention and practical study of the suhject, will contain every Provincial Word in

use in the various districts of England at the present day.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE.

GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

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