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UNIV.  OF 

' 

i 


THE  IOWA  JOUKNAL  OF  HISTORY 
AND  POLITICS 


THE 


IOWA  JOURNAL 

'     i     '   I 

OF 

HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


EDITOR 
BENJAMIN    F.    SHAMBAUGH 

PROFESSOR    OF    POLITICAL    SCIENCE 
IN     THE    UNIVERSITY    OF    IOWA 


VOLUME  IX 
1911 


PUBLISHED  QUARTERLY  BY 

THE  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OF  IOWA 

IOWA  CITY  IOWA 

1911 


COPYRIGHT  1911  BY 
THE  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OF  IOWA 


CONTENTS 
NUMBER  1  —  JANUARY  1911 

The  Contributions  of  Albert  Miller  Lea  to  the  History  of 

Iowa                                                    CLIFFORD  POWELL  3 

Andersonville  and  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wirz 

JOHN  HOWARD  STIBBS  33 

The  Baconian  Club  of  Iowa  City  57 

Some  Publications  114 

Americana  —  General  and  Miscellaneous  114 

Western  121 

lowana  123 

Historical  Societies  *  131 

Notes  and  Comment  144 

Contributors  149 

NUMBER  2  —  APRIL  1911 

The  Establishment  and  Organization  of  Townships  in  John- 
son County                                CLARENCE  RAY  AURNER  155 

The  Attitude  of  Congress  Toward  the  Pioneers  of  the  West 

1820-1850                                 KENNETH  W.  COLGROVE  196 

Some  Publications  303 

Americana  —  General  and  Miscellaneous  303 

Western  311 

lowana  312 

Historical  Societies  319 

Notes  and  Comment  330 

Contributors  332 


vi  CONTENTS 

NUMBER  3.—  JULY  1911 

The  Expedition  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike  to  the  Sources 

of  the  Mississippi                        ETHYL  EDNA  MARTIN  335 

The  Settlement  of  Woodbury  County 

PRANK  HARMON  GARVER  359 

The  Territorial  Convention  of  1837  385 

Proceedings  of  a  Council  with  the  Chippewa  Indians  408 

Some  Publications  438 

Americana  —  General  and  Miscellaneous  438 

Western  445 

lowana  446 

Historical  Societies  453 

Notes  and  Comment  468 

Contributors  472 

NUMBEE  4  —  OCTOBER  1911 

The  Work  of  the  Thirty-Fourth  General  Assembly  of  Iowa 

FRANK  EDWARD  HORACK  475 
The  History  of  the  Codes  of  Iowa  Law 

CLIFFORD  POWELL  493 
The  Coming  of  the  Hollanders  to  Iowa 

JACOB  VAN  DER  ZEE  528 

Some  Publications  575 

Americana  —  General  and  Miscellaneous  575 

Western  581 

lowana  585 

Historical  Societies  592 

Notes  and  Comment  605 

Contributors  607 

Index  609 


THE  IOWA  JOUKNAL  OF  HISTOEY  AND  POLITICS 

JANUARY    NINETEEN    HUNDRED    ELEVEN 
VOLUME    NINE    NUMBER    ONE 


VOL.  IX — 1 


THE  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  ALBERT  MILLER  LEA 
TO  THE  LITERATURE  OF  IOWA  HISTORY1 

[This  essay  was  awarded  the  seventy-five  dollar  prize  offered  in  1909  by  the 
Iowa  Society  of  the  Colonial  Dames  of  America  for  the  best  essay  in  Iowa 
history.  The  essay  has  been  revised  for  publication. —  EDITOR.] 

The  contributions  of  Albert  Miller  Lea  to  the  literature 
of  Iowa  history  are  neither  voluminous  nor  critical.  They 
consist  chiefly  of  a  small  book  of  forty-five  pages,  two  maps, 
and  two  reports ;  but,  having  been  written  during  the  forma- 
tive period  of  beginnings,  they  have  an  historical  impor- 
tance which  is  out  of  proportion  to  their  critical  character. 
The  little  book  gave  the  State  its  name ;  the  reports  were 
the  bases  of  legislation  and  large  appropriations  by  Con- 
gress ;  and  the  maps  served  as  guides  to  settlers  for  a  long 
period  of  years. 

Albert  Miller  Lea  was  a  Lieutenant  in  the  United  States 
Army  and  an  accomplished  civil  engineer  —  a  man  of  varied 
attainments  and  remarkable  foresight.  He  was  born  in 
1807  at  Lea  Springs  —  a  place  not  far  distant  from  Knox- 
ville,  Tennessee.  His  father  was  a  merchant  who  at  one 
time  held  the  position  of  Register  of  the  Land  Office  in  the 
State  of  Franklin;2  and  his  mother  was  one  Clara  Wisdom, 
who  is  described  by  her  son  Albert  as  a  "wise  and  prudent" 
woman. 

i  The  writer  desires  to  express  his  thanks  to  Professor  Benj.  F.  Shambaugh 
for  the  assistance  and  helpful  suggestions  given  in  the  preparation  of  this 
essay,  to  Mr.  A.  N.  Harbert  of  Cedar  Kapids  for  the  use  of  his  materials  relat- 
ing to  Albert  M.  Lea,  and  to  Dr.  Louis  Pelzer  and  Mr.  Kenneth  Colgrove  for 
kindly  reading  and  criticising  the  essay. 

2/owa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  January,  1892,  p.  201. 

Lea  also  describes  his  father  as  "positive,  dictatorial,  domineering,  and 
•agacious. ' ' 


4       IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  early  education  of  Lieutenant  Lea  was  received  in 
the  common  schools  of  Knoxville.  Later  he  entered  college, 
and  was  within  one  session  of  graduation  when  he  was  com- 
pelled to  give  up  his  studies  on  account  of  poor  health. 
Within  a  year,  however,  he  had  regained  his  health  and  in 
1827  received  an  appointment  to  the  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point.3  Four  years  later,  on  July  1,  1831,  Lieutenant 
Lea  graduated  from  this  institution  (ranking  fifth  in  a  class 
of  thirty- seven)  and  was  assigned,  after  a  short  furlough, 
to  the  United  States  Army.4 

The  commission  to  the  Military  Academy  proved  to  be 
the  turning  point  in  Lea's  career;  for  instead  of  becoming 
a  planter  and  land  owner,  as  did  many  of  his  associates, 
he  entered  the  army,  came  west,  and  directed  several  large 
engineering  undertakings,5  giving  the  best  part  of  his  life 
in  the  service  of  the  Government.  The  three  years  follow- 
ing his  graduation  were  spent  in  going  from  one  part  of  the 
country  to  another  on  various  topographical  and  scientific 

s  Iowa  Historical  Becord,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  January,  1892,  pp.  201,  202. 
Lea  received  this  appointment  from  Senator  H.  L.  White,  who  was  a  com- 
petitor of  Martin  Van  Buren  in  1836. 

4  Letter  to  Senator  Wm.  B.  Allison  from  the  Record  and  Pension  Office, 
January  15,  1904. 

' '  Albert  Miller  Lea  was  a  cadet  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy 
from  July  1,  1827,  to  July  1,  1831,  when  he  was  graduated  and  appointed 
brevet  2nd  Lieutenant  of  Artillery.  He  was  transferred  to  the  7th  Infantry 
August  11,  1831,  and  was  promoted  2nd  Lieutenant  March  4,  1833;  was 
appointed  2nd  Lieutenant,  1st  Dragoons,  July  1,  1834,  to  rank  from  March 
4,  1833,  and  his  resignation  was  accepted  to  take  effect  May  31,  1836." 

Lea  was  on  leave  of  absence  from  February  1,  1836,  to  the  date  of  his 
resignation.  This  letter  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  A.  N.  Harbert  of  Cedar 
Rapids,  Iowa. 

s  Among  the  engineering  services  performed  were  the  following : 

A.  Drew  plans  for  first  locomotive  ever  constructed  by  the  Baldwins. 

B.  Famous  survey  of  the  B.  &  O.  R.  R.  where  a  cut  was  constructed  by  the 
use  of  geologic  bedding. 

C.  Survey  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

See  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  January,  1892,  for  a  complete 
list. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY          5 

duties.6  This  kind  of  work,  which  carried  him  from  the 
Great  Lakes  to  the  Gulf  and  from  Oklahoma  to  the  moun- 
tains of  Tennessee,  gave  him  a  vast  amount  of  valuable 
information  concerning  the  pioneers  and  the  West.  Finally, 
however,  he  was  ordered  for  a  second  time  to  Fort  Gibson,7 
there  to  attach  himself  to  the  First  United  States  Dragoons 
—  a  regiment  formed  at  the  close  of  the  Black  Hawk  War. 

Upon  his  arrival  at  Fort  Gibson  in  the  autumn  of  1834, 
Lea  was  ordered  by  Colonel  Henry  Dodge  to  a  point  near 
the  present  site  of  Bellevue,  Nebraska,  to  pay  the  Indians 
a  certain  amount  of  merchandise  which  was  due  them.8 

When  he  had  completed  this  task  he  returned  to  Fort  Gib- 
son only  to  find  that  his  company,  with  two  others,  was  lo- 
cated at  a  new  post9  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  hundreds  of 
miles  away.  He  immediately  set  out  to  join  his  command, 
taking  the  last  boat  of  the  season  going  north  from  St. 
Louis,  and  in  a  few  days  reached  the  town  of  Keokuk.  The 
present  prosperous  city  was  then  only  "a  substantial  stone 
building,  used  as  a  trading  station,  the  only  house  on  the 
west  bank  for  many  miles  below  and  three  hundred  miles 
above.'710  This  was  Lea's  first  view  of  the  country  to 
which,  within  two  years,  he  was  to  give  the  name  "Iowa". 
A  few  days  later  he  reported  at  Fort  Des  Moines,  near  the 
present  town  of  Montrose,  where  he  took  charge  of  his 
company. 

On  the  9th  of  March,  1835,  orders11  were  received  by 

e  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  January,  1892,  p.  202. 

t  Lieutenant  Lea  first  reported  at  Fort  Gibson  in  1832. —  See  Iowa  Historical 
Record,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  January,  1892,  pp.  200-205. 

s  For  a  full  account,  see  an  article  entitled  Early  Explorations  in  Iowa  in  the 
Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  538. 

»  This  new  post  was  Fort  Des  Moines  No.  1. —  See  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third 
Series,  Vol.  Ill,  Nos.  5-6,  April-July,  1898,  p.  351. 

10  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  541. 

11  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  Ill,  Nos.  5-6,  April- July,  1898,  p.  355. 


6       IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Kearney  to  proceed  with  his  command 
up  the  Des  Moines  Eiver  to  a  certain  point  near  the  Eac- 
coon  Forks  and  from  there  in  a  northeasterly  direction  to 
the  Mississippi.  From  the  latter  place  the  command  was 
to  march  westward  until  the  Des  Moines  Eiver  was  again 
reached,  when  a  return  should  be  made  to  Fort  Des  Moines. 
Accordingly,  on  June  7, 1835,  the  troop,  consisting  of  about 
150  mounted  men,  started  on  the  march  for  the  purposes 
of  exploration  and  of  impressing  the  Indians  with  the  power 
of  the  United  States  government.12  It  was  on  this  expedi- 
tion that  Lieutenant  Lea  "  voluntarily  assumed  the  duties 
of  topographer  and  chronicler";13  and  to  this  fact  we  owe 
many  fine  descriptions  of  the  original  condition  of  the  Iowa 
prairies  as  well  as  the  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory. 

The  line  of  march  followed  as  nearly  as  possible  the 
divide  between  the  Des  Moines  and  Skunk  rivers.  Being  in 
the  springtime,  the  ground  was  still  very  wet  and  soft,  ow- 
ing to  the  excessive  rainfall.  The  troop  proceeded  slowly, 
covering  only  from  fifteen  to  twenty  miles  a  day.14  But 
with  the  single  discomfort  of  excessive  rainfall,  it  was  an 
ideal  time  of  the  year  to  make  the  trip,  as  the  weather  in 
other  respects  was  favorable  to  both  men  and  horses.  The 
scenery,  too,  was  magnificent;  and  Lieutenant  Lea  wrote 
that  "the  grass  and  streams  were  beautiful  and  strawber- 
ries so  abundant  as  to  make  the  whole  tract  red  for  miles  ",15 
Game  was  also  plentiful,  and  wild  fowl  was  a  part  of  nearly 
every  meal.  At  a  place  near  the  present  site  of  the  city  of 
Oskaloosa  "a  small  herd  of  buffalo"16  was  encountered. 

12  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  Ill,  Nos.  5-6,  April-July,  1898,  p.  355. 
is/owa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  546 
n  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  547. 
is  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  547. 
is  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  548. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY          7 

Concerning  this  incident  Lieutenant  Lea  wrbte :  "It  was  the 
first  and  only  time  I  have  seen  the  lordly  beast  in  his  home, 
and  probably  the  last  time  he  appeared  in  that  region."17 
The  various  pests  were  in  evidence  then  as  now,  for  at  one 
place  Lea  declares  that  "after  my  tent  was  pitched  we 
killed  four  rattlesnakes  within  it,  and  the  next  day  I  had 
a  bath  in  a  pool,  occupied  by  mosquitos  so  large  that  I 
pressed  one  in  my  journal,  and  carried  for  years  as  a 
specimen  of  the  luxuriant  growth  of  the  plains."  18 

When  the  expedition  had  proceeded  as  far  as  the  place 
where  Boone  is  now  located,  the  order  was  given  to  march 
in  a  northeasterly  direction  to  the  Mississippi,19  where  a 
steamboat  with  fresh  supplies  awaited  their  arrival.  After 
a  rest  of  a  few  days  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  near 
Lake  Pepin  in  Minnesota,  the  march  was  again  taken  up, 
this  time  directly  westward  to  the  district  of  the  lakes  of 
Minnesota.  One  of  these,  Lake  Albert  Lea,20  perpetuates 
the  name  of  the  Lieutenant.  This  region  was  one  "of 
lakes  and  open  groves  of  oak,  beautiful  as  English  parks"; 
and  when  writing  of  it  in  later  years  Lieutenant  Lea  de- 

if  This  same  incident  is  mentioned  in  a  journal  of  this  march  in  the  follow- 
ing words: 

' '  [Wednesday,  June  the  Twenty-Fourth] 

24  Marched  25  miles  &  encamped  on  the  banks  of  the  Iway  a  small 
stream  30  yards  broad.  This  day  for  the  first  this  season  we  saw  Buffalo. 
Killed  5  or  6  —  many  of  our  men  are  recruits  from  the  North  &  never  saw 
a  Buffalo  before  &  therefore  to  them  a  Buffalo  chase  was  something  remark- 
able. This  day  was  spent  in  eating  Buffalo  beef  &  sleep. ' ' —  THE  IOWA  JOUR- 
NAL OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS,  Vol.  VII,  No.  3,  July,  1909,  p.  368. 

is  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  548. 

19  Iowa  Historical  Eecord,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  548. 

Near  the  present  site  of  Boone  the  troop  camped  "one  night  near  a  flint 
and  gravel  covered  conical  peak,  sixty  feet  above  the  plain".  This  is  easily 
found  to-day,  a  short  way  south  of  Boone. 

20  This  lake  was  named  by  Mr.  J.  N.  Nicollet,  a  surveyor,  and  also  a  friend 
of  Lea. —  See  Executive  Documents,  Document  No.  52,  2nd  Session,  28th  Con- 
gress, Vol.  II,  p.  73.     Also  Iowa  Historical  Eecordt  Vol.  VT,  No.  4,  October, 
1890,  p.  549. 


8        IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

clared,  that  "  Possibly,  some  day,  I  may  again  ride  over  that 
trail ;  and  I  might  well  wish  that  my  freed  spirit  could  leave 
this  green  earth  with  the  impression  made  just  fifty-five 
years  ago,  as  I  gazed  and  sketched,  when  halted  for  our 
noon  rest  on  the  shaded  and  grassy  shore  of  Lake  Albert 
Lea."21  Finally,  the  Des  Moines  headwaters  were  reached 
and  the  march  turned  southward,  entering  the  present  State 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Swea  City.22 

By  slow  degrees  the  troop  made  its  way  to  the  Eaccoon 
Forks,23  near  a  place  where  the  capital  of  Iowa  is  now  lo- 
cated, but  which  at  that  time  was  simply  "a  grassy  and 
spongy  meadow  with  a  bubbling  spring  in  the  midst. '  *24  At 
this  place,  too,  Lieutenant  Lea  was  ordered  to  descend  the 
Des  Moines  Eiver  in  a  canoe,25  to  take  soundings,  and  to 
report  upon  the  practicability  of  navigating  keel  boats  over 
its  course.  This  proved  to  be  a  very  arduous  task;  but 
Lieutenant  Lea  reached  the  Fort  several  days  before  the 
main  body  of  troops,  who  returned  leisurely  by  land  in  the 
latter  part  of  August.26 

After  writing  his  report  upon  the  Des  Moines  Eiver, 
Lieutenant  Lea  resigned  from  the  army  and  hastened  to 
Baltimore  where  he  published  the  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Ter- 
ritory. Two  years  later,  in  1838,  he  again  came  to  the  Iowa 

21  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  549. 

22  The  exact  location  can  not  be  definitely  stated.     The  route  was  on  the 
west  side  of  the  river  in  this  locality. 

23  A  journal,  kept  during  this  campaign,  may  be  found  in  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL 
OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS,  Vol.  VII,  No.  3,  July,  1909,  p.  331. 

24  Iowa  Historical  Eecord,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  549. 

25  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  550 ;  Annals  of 
Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  356,  also  an  article  by  General  Parrott  on  p.  374. 

In  a  letter  to  Hon.  T.  S.  Parvin,  written  April  4,  1890,  Lieutenant  Lea  says: 
"I  made  a  survey,  in  a  canoe,  of  Des  Moines  river,  from  Rac[c]oon  down,  in 
1835." 

26  See  map  in  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY          9 

-country  as  the  United  States  Commissioner  to  determine 
the  boundary  between  the  State  of  Missouri  and  the  Terri- 
tory of  Iowa.27  When  this  task  was  completed  Lieutenant 
Lea  entered  the  employ  of  large  corporations  in  the  capacity 
of  chief  engineer.28  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
followed  his  old  friend  Robert  E.  Lee  into  the  Confederacy, 
where  he  completed  four  years  of  active  service.29  When 
peace  was  eventually  declared,  he  was  practically  ruined 
financially;  and  in  this  condition  he  sought  a  new  country, 
moving  to  Corsicana,  Texas,  where  he  lived  until  his  death 
in  1890. 

The  contributions  of  Albert  M.  Lea  to  the  literature  of 
Iowa  history  are  based  upon  his  two  trips  to  the  Iowa 
country:  (1)  the  march  of  the  Dragoons  in  1835;  and  (2) 
his  work  as  a  member  of  the  boundary  commission  of  1838. 
Upon  both  occasions  Lieutenant  Lea  left  a  report  and  a 
map ;  and  these  occupy  a  prominent  place  in  the  earliest  lit- 
erature of  the  Commonwealth. 

THE   KEPOET   ON  THE  DES  MOINES  RIVER 

The  first  of  Lea's  contributions  in  point  of  time  is  the 
Report  on  the  Des  Moines  River  which  was  made  in  1835. 
Upon  arriving  at  Fort  Des  Moines  after  the  campaign  with 
the  Dragoons,  Lieutenant  Lea  made  a  comprehensive  re- 
port which  included,  besides  the  general  conclusions,  all  the 
soundings,  measurements,  and  notes  of  important  features 

27  Executive  Documents,  House  Document  No.   38,  3rd  Session,   27th  Con- 
gress.   This  document  is  also  found  in  the  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  II,  No. 
1,  January,  1886,  p.  193. 

28  Lieutenant  Lea  was  for  a  number  of  years  City  Engineer  of  Knoxville, 
Tennessee,  and  later  of  Galveston,  Texas. —  See  Lea's  Autobiography  in  Iowa 
Historical  Record,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  January,  1892,  p.  200. 

2»  The  best  account  of  this  period  of  Lieutenant  Lea  '&  life  is  found  under 
the  title  of  Colonel  Lea's  Reminiscences,  a  series  of  articles  published  in  The 
Freeborn  County  Standard,  of  Albert  Lea,  Minnesota,  from  January  to  May, 
1890. 


10     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

from  the  Eaccoon  to  the  Mississippi.  Unfortunately  this 
report,  which  was  written  in  1835  (and  which  was  the  first 
contribution  relating  to  Iowa  penned  by  Lea)  can  not  be 
found.  It  seems  to  have  been  used  as  a  basis  for  legisla- 
tion; for  in  speaking  of  the  report  its  author  says:  "The 
manuscript  was  published  by  Congress  in  1835-6  without 
the  map,  and  the  original  is  in  Adjutant- General's  office. 
It  was  the  foundation  of  all  the  appropriations  for  Des 
Moines  under  the  care  of  my  classmate,  Sam  E.  Curtis.  "30 
The  evidence  of  the  commanding  officer  also  states  that  the 
report  was  actually  transmitted;  for  in  the  order  book  of 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Kearney  we  find  this  statement:  "I 
send  you  his  [Lea's]  report."31 

Despite  this  seemingly  conclusive  evidence  of  its  existence, 
the  document,  which  related  to  the  Des  Moines  Eiver,  its 
characteristics,  its  commercial  and  economic  value,  has  not 
been  located  either  in  the  records  of  the  War  Department32 
or  among  the  papers  of  the  office  of  the  Adjutant-General 
of  the  State  of  Iowa.33  Its  historical  importance  can  not,, 
therefore,  be  estimated. 

It  was  in  connection  with  this  report  that  Lieutenant  Lea 
drew  a  map  which  was  used,  with  some  changes,  in  his  Notes 
on  Wisconsin  Territory.  In  speaking  of  the  making  of  this 

so  Letter  written  on  April  4,  1890,  by  Albert  M.  Lea  to  Honorable  T.  S. 
Parvin. 

31  Order  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Kearney. —  Found  in  an  article  prepared  by 
the  War  Department  for  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  356. 

32  Letter  from  War  Department,  December  3,  1908. 

' 'The  report  made  by  Lieutenant  Albert  M.  Lea,  of  the  1st  U.  S.  Dragoons, 
in  1835,  relative  to  the  Des  Moines  river  is  not  found  in  the  Department. ' r 
Also  a  letter  from  the  War  Department  to  W.  B.  Allison  on  August  23,  1904 : 
"An  exhaustive  examination  of  the  records  on  file  in  this  office  has  resulted 
in  failure  to  find  any  report  made  by  Albert  M.  Lea. ' ' 

33  Letter  written  to  A.   N.  Harbert   by  Adjutant-General  M.   H.   Byers  on 
July  20,  1901:    "There  are  no  reports  from  him  [A.  M.  Lea]  on  file  and  in- 
deed his  name  is  not  found  on  any  papers  on  file. ' ' 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        H 

map  Lieutenant  Lea  says:  "Without  delay,  I  mapped  the 
river  and  wrote  a  report  on  its  character  and  capabilities, 
which  was  forwarded  to  the  Adjutant-General ;  and  then  it 
occurred  to  me  that  I  could  get  an  outline  of  the  region  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  Missouri,  and  by  filling  it  in 
with  my  sketches,  the  whole  route  having  been  carefully 
meandered,  as  I  did  the  river,  I  could  make  a  map  that 
would  interest  the  public,  gain  me  some  reputation  and  per- 
haps a  little  money. ' '  When  the  map  was  finished,  however, 
the  post  commander,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Kearney,  sent  for 
it  and  even  refused  its  maker  a  copy.  The  next  year,  after 
much  difficulty,  Lieutenant  Lea  obtained  a  copy  of  his  map 
from  the  proper  officials  in  Washington  and  had  it  litho- 
graphed for  the  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory*4 

NOTES  ON  WISCONSIN  TEBBITOEY 

The  second  and  perhaps  the  most  important  of  Lea's 
contributions  to  the  literature  of  Iowa  history  is  the  Notes 
on  Wisconsin  Territory  —  a  small  book  of  forty-five  pages. 
When  in  1836  Lieutenant  Lea  returned  to  Baltimore  from 
his  campaign  with  the  Dragoons  so  many  inquiries  for  in- 
formation concerning  the  western  country  were  addressed 
to  him35  that  he  decided  to  write  a  concise  and  accurate 
account  of  the  land  to  which  so  many  immigrants  were 
bound  and  over  which  the  Dragoons  had  made  their  march. 

Such  a  task  was  an  easy  undertaking  for  Lieutenant  Lea, 
since  he  had  secured  much  information  of  the  West  during 
his  travels  and  his  services  with  the  army.  The  demand, 
too,  for  a  book  of  this  kind  promised  to  be  large,  as  hun- 
dreds of  settlers  were  flocking  to  the  western  country.  Ac- 
cordingly, Lea  wrote  an  account  of  the  region  which  was 

34  Early  Explorations  in  Iowa  in  the  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  V,  No. 
4,  October,  1890,  p.  550. 

SB  Lea 's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  the  preface. 


12    IOWA  JOURNAL   OF  HISTORY  AND   POLITICS 

then  a  part  of  the  original  Territory  of  Wisconsin  and  lying 
west  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver. 

When  this  was  finished  the  author  went  to  Washington, 
D.  C.,  where,  after  much  persuasion  he  managed  to  secure 
a  copy  of  the  map  which  has  been  described  above  and 
which  had  been  made  at  the  close  of  the  march  in  the  year 
1835.  The  map  and  manuscript  were  then  taken  to  Phila- 
delphia where  the  book  was  published.  Lea  later  described 
the  publication  of  this  valuable  book  in  this  manner : — i '  One 
thousand  copies  with  the  map  were  put  up  by  my  friend, 
H.  S.  Tanner,  to  whom  I  paid  thirty-seven  and  a  half  cents 
per  copy,  and  put  them  on  sale  at  a  dollar.  Being  quite 
ignorant  of  the  book  trade  I  assumed  the  sales  myself,  sent 
a  few  copies  by  mail,  and  five  hundred  in  a  trunk  as  freight 
to  Arthur  Bridgman  of  Burlington,  an  accomplished  mer- 
chant. The  last  I  heard  of  them  was  on  a  little  steamboat 
stranded  on  a  sandbank  in  the  Ohio."36  The  book  indeed 
is  quite  rare,  and  less  than  a  score  of  copies  are  known  to  be 
in  existence.37 

The  book  is  small,  three  and  a  half  by  six  inches,  bound 
in  pale  blue  board  cover,  and  contains,  besides  a  map  of  the 
country  described,  forty-five  finely  printed  pages.  The  full 
title  of  this  interesting  little  contribution  is  Notes  On  The 
Wisconsin  Territory;  particularly  with  reference  to  the 
Iowa  District  or  Black  Hawk  Purchase.  It  was  written,  as 
the  author  declares  in  the  preface,  "to  place  within  the 
reach  of  the  public,  correct  information  in  regard  to  a  very 

se  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  552. 

37  A  partial  list  of  the  owners  of  these  books  is  the  following :  L.  A.  Brewer, 
Cedar  Rapidt;  T.  J.  Fitzpatrick,  Iowa  City;  Mr.  Blair,  Kossuth;  The  Masonic 
Library,  Cedar  Rapids;  The  Davenport  Academy  of  Science,  Davenport;  His- 
torical Department  of  Iowa,  Des  Moines;  State  Historical  Society,  Iowa  City; 
and  A.  N.  Harbert,  Cedar  Rapids. 

Mr.  Earl  Swem,  Assistant  State  Librarian  of  Richmond,  Virginia,  can  fur- 
nish a  complete  list  of  the  owners  of  copies  of  this  book. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        13 

interesting  portion  of  the  Western  Country  ",38  The  con- 
tents, too,  are  confined  to  subjects  which  would  interest  "the 
emigrant,  the  speculator,  and  the  legislator.  "39  A  more 
complete  work  was  planned,  but  the  author  never  had  the 
inclination  nor  the  desire  to  finish  it.40 

The  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory  consists  of  three 
general  chapters  or  divisions.  The  first  division  gives  a 
general  description  of  the  country;  the  second  part  explains 
the  water  courses,  the  local  divisions,  and  the  form  of  gov- 
ernment ;  while  in  the  last  chapter  the  reader  finds  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  various  towns,  landings,  and  roads. 

The  country  to  which  the  author  limited  himself  was  a 
part  of  the  original  Territory  of  Wisconsin  which  he  chose 
to  call  the  "Iowa  District" — a  strip  of  land  "about  190 
miles  in  length,  50  miles  wide  near  each  end,  and  40  miles 
wide  near  the  middle  opposite  to  Eock  Island;  and  would 
make  a  parallelogram  of  180  by  50  miles  equivalent  to  9000 
square  miles."41  This  strip  of  country  had  been  practically 
unsettled  before  the  year  1832,  being  alternately  in  the  pos- 
session of  various  tribes  of  Indians,  but  chiefly  of  the  Sacs 
and  Foxes.  At  the  close  of  the  Black  Hawk  War  in  1832  this 
country  was  obtained  from  the  Indians  and  the  date  of  the 
latter 's  removal  placed  at  June  1,  1833.  The  treaty  of 
cession  was  made  at  Davenport,  General  Scott  being  the 
chief  negotiator  on  the  part  of  the  United  States.42  As  a 
result  the  ceded  area  was  popularly  known  as  "Scott's  Pur- 
chase" or,  later,  as  the  "Black  Hawk  Purchase". 

The  treaty  was  barely  signed  when  several  families  and 
miners,  who  had  been  hovering  on  the  east  bank  of  the 

as  Lea 's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  the  preface. 
s»  Lea 's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  the  preface. 

40  Lea 's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  the  preface. 

41  Lea  'a  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  Chap.  I,  p.  8. 

42Salter's  Iowa:  The  First  Free  State  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  p.  155.. 


14     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Mississippi,  crossed  over  and  established  themselves  on  the 
choicest  parts  of  the  District;  but  these  people  "were  dis- 
possessed by  order  of  government ".43  Nevertheless  many 
white  families  remained  and  some  even  went  so  far  as  to 
put  in  crops.44 

The  climate  of  the  Iowa  District  is  first  described,  the  dif- 
ferent seasons  and  their  varying  aspects  beautifully  pic- 
tured. The  winds  were  of  especial  importance  in  the  opinion 
of  the  author,  being  as  fresh  and  bracing  as  the  sea-breezes 
and  very  much  less  chilling.  "The  prevailing  winds ",  he 
writes,  "are  from  the  southwest.  I  have  known  the  wind 
at  Eock  Island,  to  remain  constant  in  that  quarter  for  three 
weeks  successively".45  The  salubriousness  of  the  climate 
was  variable  according  to  the  locality.  Lea  thought  that 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines  until  the  great  bend  of 
the  Mississippi  was  reached  there  was  liable  to  be  much 
fever;  but  from  Eock  Island  northward  he  knew  of  no 
healthier  place  in  the  world. 

The  descriptions  of  the  various  seasons  furnish  one  of 
the  most  interesting  parts  of  the  book,  and  also  an  oppor- 
tunity for  comparison  with  the  seasons  of  the  present  day. 
As  a  proof  that  winter  is  not  changing  to  any  appreciable 
extent,  the  description  by  Lieutenant  Lea,  written  seventy- 
three  years  ago,  may  be  cited.  "The  Winter",  he  declares, 
"is  generally  dry,  cold,  and  bracing;  the  waters  are  all 
bridged  with  ice;  the  snow  is  frequently  deep  enough  to 
afford  good  sleighing.  "46 

Spring  was  the  least  desirable  of  any  of  the  seasons,  being 
"a  succession  of  rains,  blows,  and  chills. "  The  same  char- 
acteristics were  in  evidence  then  as  now,  for  Lea  writes 

«  Lea 's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  8. 

4*  Shambaugh  Js  History  of  the  Constitutions  of  Iowa,  p.  38. 

45  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  8. 

46  Lea  '&  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  9. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        15 

that  "We  have  no  gradual  gliding  from  cold  to  warm;  it  is 
snowy  —  then  stormy  —  then  balmy  and  delightful. ' M7 

Summer  was  a  season  in  which  all  the  conditions  were 
favorable  to  a  rapid  growth  of  vegetation.  The  appear- 
ance of  the  country  during  this  season  was  very  beautiful, 
as  all  the  grasses  and  flowers  grew  luxuriantly. 

Autumn,  however,  was  described  by  Lieutenant  Lea  as 
being  "the  most  delightful  of  all  the  seasons  of  the  year." 
His  description  of  this  season,  written  in  1836,  would  apply 
to-day  with  equal  truthfulness.  "The  heat  of  the  summer 
is  over  by  the  middle  of  August ;  and  from  that  time  till  De- 
cember, we  have  almost  one  continuous  succession  of  bright 
clear  delightful  sunny  days.  Nothing  can  exceed  the  beauty 
of  Summer  and  Autumn  in  this  country,  where,  on  one  hand, 
we  have  the  expansive  prairie  strewed  with  flowers  still 
growing ;  and  on  the  other,  the  forests  which  skirt  it,  pre- 
senting all  the  varieties  of  colour  incident  to  the  fading 
foliage  of  a  thousand  different  trees.  "48 

The  soil  and  the  character  of  the  country  are  presented 
in  detail,  and  the  writer  gives  his  opinions  as  to  the  best 
crops  for  the  various  soils.  Indian  corn,  he  believes,  was 
"peculiarly  adapted "  to  the  low  lands  of  this  district. 

"The  general  appearance  of  the  country ",  declares  Lea, 
"is  one  of  great  beauty.  It  may  be  represented  as  one 
grand  rolling  prairie,  along  one  side  of  which  flows  the 
mightiest  river  in  the  world  and  through  which  numerous 
navigable  streams  pursue  their  devious  way  to  the  ocean".49 
In  another  place  this  same  area  is  claimed  by  the  author  to 
be  superior,  all  things  considered,  to  any  other  part  of  the 
United  States.50 

47  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  9. 

«  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  10. 

4» Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  11. 

so  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  12. 


• 
16     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  distribution  of  timber,  water,  and  prairie  was  one  of 
the  unique  features  of  this  District.  The  beauty  of  the 
country  seemed  to  have  charmed  Lieutenant  Lea,  for  at  the 
close  of  his  description  of  its  general  appearance  he  writes : 

Could  I  present  to  the  mind  of  the  reader  that  view  of  this 
country  that  is  now  before  my  eyes,  he  would  not  deem  my  assertion 
unfounded.  He  would  see  the  broad  Mississippi  with  its  ten  thou- 
sand islands,  flowing  gently  and  lingeringly  along  one  entire  side 
of  this  District,  as  if  in  regret  at  leaving  so  delightful  a  region ;  he 
would  see  half  a  dozen  navigable  rivers  taking  their  sources  in 
distant  regions,  and  gradually  accumulating  their  waters  as  they 
glide  steadily  along  through  this  favoured  region  to  pay  their 
tribute  to  the  great  "Father  of  Waters' ';  he  would  see  innumer- 
able creeks  and  rivulets  meandering  through  rich  pasturages,  where 
now  the  domestic  ox  has  taken  the  place  of  the  untamed  bison ;  he 
would  see  here  and  there  neat  groves  of  oak,  and  elm,  and  walnut, 
half  shading  half  concealing  beautiful  little  lakes  that  mirror  back 
their  waiving  branches;  he  would  see  neat  looking  prairies  of  two 
or  three  miles  in  extent,  and  apparently  enclosed  by  woods  on  all 
sides,  and  along  the  borders  of  which  are  ranged  the  neat  hewed 
log  cabins  of  the  emigrants  with  their  fields  stretching  far  into  the 
prairies,  where  their  herds  are  luxuriating  on  the  native  grass; 
he  would  see  villages  springing  up,  as  by  magic,  along  the  banks 
of  the  rivers,  and  even  far  into  the  interior ;  and  he  would  see  the 
swift  moving  steam-boats,  as  they  ply  up  and  down  the  Mississippi, 
to  supply  the  wants  of  the  settlers,  to  take  away  their  surplus  pro- 
duce, or  to  bring  an  accesion  to  this  growing  population,  anxious 
to  participate  in  the  enjoyment  of  nature's  bounties,  here  so  liber- 
ally dispensed.51 

The  mineral  resources  were  described  as  abundant,  com- 
prising coal,  lead,  limestone,  zinc,  and  clay.  Lea  believed 
these  were  the  greatest  assets  of  the  country.  The  chief 
mineral  wealth  at  that  time,  however,  was  in  the  lead  indus- 
try which  was  in  a  thriving  condition  in  and  near  Dubuque. 
"Here",  writes  Lea,  "are  capital,  western  enterprise,  for- 

6i  Lea 's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  12. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        17 

eign  experience,  and  Yankee  ingenuity  combined ;  and  they 
have  brought  to  their  assistance  the  powers  of  both  water 
and  steam.  The  smelting  establishments  have  recently 
been  much  improved  and  are  now  conducted  with  scientific 
accuracy,  yielding  seventy  or  eighty  per  cent  of  lead  from 
the  native  sulphuret."52 

The  larger  game  was  rapidly  beginning  to  disappear 
when  this  book  was  written,  but  the  writer  mentions  deer, 
"some  bear",  and  buffalo.  The  wild  turkey,  grouse  and  the 
wild  duck  were  the  most  numerous  of  the  wild  fowls ;  and 
fish  of  all  varieties  were  found  in  the  numerous  rivers. 
Spearing  the  fish  in  the  rapids  was  a  favorite  sport  and 
large  strings  of  pike,  pickerel,  catfish,  and  trout  were  to  be 
had. 

Agricultural  products,  being  least  in  importance  at  this 
time,  are  only  briefly  mentioned.  The  chief  product  then, 
as  now,  was  corn  or  maize,  of  which  the  yellow  varieties 
were  considered  the  most  certain  and  produced  from  forty 
to  seventy-five  bushels  per  acre.  Wheat  and  oats  were  very 
easily  grown,  the  latter  usually  yielding  from  "sixty  to 
seventy-five  bushels  per  acre."53  Potatoes,  too,  were  one 
of  the  most  important  crops  of  the  period.  The  stock-rais- 
ing industry  was  still  unknown,  and  Lea  predicted  that 
"The  growing  of  stock  of  various  kinds  will  doubtless  be 
extensively  pursued,  as  few  countries  afford  more  facilities 
for  such  purposes"54 —  a  prophecy  which  has  been  abun- 
dantly fulfilled. 

Lea  estimated  that  the  population  in  1835  was  sixteen 
thousand,  representing  every  State  in  the  Union.  No 
higher  compliment  could  have  been  paid  them  than  the  one 
given  in  the  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory.  "The  char- 

52Lea'§  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  41. 
53 Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  13. 
5* Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  13. 

VOL.  IX — 2 


18      IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

acter  of  this  population  is  "such ",  says  the  author,  "as  is 
rarely  found  in  our  newly  acquired  Territories.  With  very 
few  exceptions  there  is  not  a  more  orderly,  industrious,  ac- 
tive, painstaking  population  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  than  is 
this  in  the  Iowa  District.  .  .  .  For  intelligence,  I  boldly 
assert  that  they  are  not  surpassed,  as  a  body,  by  an  equal 
number  of  citizens  of  any  country  in  the  wo  rid  ".55  Even 
in  the  mining  camps  very  little  disorder  was  found,  and 
"the  District  is  forever  free  from  slavery"56 — a  condition 
which  was  a  blessing  in  the  judgment  of  the  author. 

"The  trade  of  the  District ",  writes  Lea,  "is  confined  al- 
most entirely  to  the  grand  thorough-fare  of  the  Mississippi". 
There  were  ten  or  twelve  steamboats  which  carried  the  lead 
and  farm  products  to  St.  Louis,  which  was  the  only  market 
of  any  importance.  It  took  three  or  four  days  for  one  of 
these  boats  to  run  from  St.  Louis  to  the  Lead  Mines  and  as 
a  consequence  there  was  a  boat  each  way  daily.  The  rail- 
road was  several  hundred  miles  from  Iowa  at  this  time  but 
we  are  told  that  a  railroad  was  being  pushed  westward  from 
New  York  along  "the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie"  to  Chi- 
cago and  thence  to  the  Mississippi.  "This  work",  writes 
Lea,  "would  place  the  center  of  the  Iowa  District  within 
sixty  hours  of  the  city  of  New  York ;  and  if  any  of  the '  down- 
easters'  think  this  project  chimerical,  let  them  take  a  tour 
of  a  few  weeks  to  the  Upper  Mississippi,  and  they  will 
agree  with  me,  that  it  is  already  demanded  by  the  interests 
of  the  country. '  '57 

To  the  student  of  Iowa  history  the  Notes  on  Wisconsin 
Territory  is  also  interesting  since  it  gives  the  first  unofficial 
account  of  the  organization  of  the  District,  which  in  1835 
was  composed  of  the  two  counties  of  Dubuque  and  Demoine. 

05  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  14. 

56  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  14. 

57  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  17. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        19 

At  the  time  of  the  writing  of  the  book  the  government  of 
the  District  was  in  disorder.  The  Territory  of  Michigan 
had  assumed  the  form  of  a  State  government ;  and  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Wisconsin,  to  which  the  Iowa  District  was  later 
attached,  was  not  yet  formed.  The  Claim  Association, 
too,58  which  was  an  extra-legal  institution,  is  described  by 
the  author  as  an  organization  made  by  the  people  of  the 
District  who  "have  entered  into  an  agreement  to  support 
each  other  in  their  claims  against  any  unjust  action  of  the 
government  or  against  any  attempt  at  improper  speculation 
by  capitalists  at  a  distance.  And  those  who  know  the  po- 
tency of  such  leagues  will  feel  perfectly  assured,  that  what- 
ever is  protected  by  this  one,  will  be  safe  from  molesta- 
tion."59 

Decidedly  the  most  interesting  part  of  the  first  chapter, 
as  well  as  of  the  whole  book,  is  the  references  made  to  the 
name  "Iowa".  It  is  now  agreed  that  it  was  the  publica- 
tion of  this  book  which  brought  the  name  "Iowa"  into  gen- 
eral use.  One  prominent  writer  precisely  summarizes  this 
opinion  in  the  statement:  "It  cannot  of  course  be  said  with 
absolute  certainty  that  the  name  'Iowa  District'  was  used 
for  the  first  time  in  this  book.  On  the  contrary  it  is  alto- 
gether probable  that  this  was  not  the  case.  But  since  the 
name  was  fixed  and  made  generally  prevalent  through  the 
publication  of  Lieutenant  Lea's  book  and  map,  it  is  proper 
and  accurate  to  say  that  Lieutenant  Lea  is  the  father  of  the 
expression  'Iowa  District'  ".60 

The  manner  in  which  Lea  came  by  the  name  "Iowa"  is 
given  in  the  book  itself.  The  name  was  not  taken,  as  some 

58  For  a  full  account  of  the  Claim  Association  see  Shambaugh  'a  Claim  Asso- 
ciation of  Johnson  County;  and  also  Shambaugh 's  History  of  the  Constitutions: 
of  Iowa. 

6» Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  18. 

eo  See  article  by  Benjamin  F.  Shambaugh  in  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series;, 
Vol.  Ill,  p.  641. 


20     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

have  claimed,  from  Iowa.  County  in  Wisconsin.  On  this 
point  Lieutenant  Lea  tells  us  that  "the  District  under  re- 
view has  been  often  called  'Scott's  Purchase',  and  it  is 
sometimes  called  the  ' Black  Hawk  Purchase',  but  from  the 
extent  and  beauty  of  the  Iowa  Eiver  which  runs  centrally 
through  the  District,  and  gives  character  to  most  of  it,  the 
name  of  that  stream  being  both  euphonious  and  appropriate 
has  been  given  to  the  District  itself".61 

The  name  as  applied  to  the  river  was  spelled  "loway"62 
and  extends  back  a  hundred  years  or  more  when  the  French 
spelled  it  "Aouway".  In  later  years,  after  the  State  was 
formed,  Lieutenant  Lea  tried  to  have  the  spelling  changed 
to  " loway",  which  as  he  declares  "it  ought  to  have  been".63 

His  descriptions  of  the  waterways  furnish  the  student 
with  much  valuable  information,  as  most  of  the  streams  have 
the  same  names  as  in  1835,  very  few  having  been  changed 
since  fhen.  The  Skunk  Eiver,  however,  bore  at  that  time 
the  more  dignified  name  of  Chicaqua,64  and  the  Iowa  was 
oftentimes  known  as  the  Bison  or  Buffalo.65 

The  Mississippi  is  given  the  most  attention  as  that  river 
was  the  great  thoroughfare  of  the  period.  Next  in  impor- 
tance is  the  Des  Moines  Eiver  and  its  tributaries,  which  are 
also  described  in  detail.  The  various  bends,  rapids,  and 
fording  places  are  outlined,  and  any  deposits  of  minerals 
or  stone  are  also  mentioned.  The  contiguous  lands  and 
their  value  for  future  settlement  are  described  and  esti- 
mated. 

The  Iowa  Eiver  was  the  favorite  of  Lieutenant  Lea  and  he 

61  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  8. 

62  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  641. 

63  Letter  of  A.  M.  Lea  to  Editor  H.  G.  Day  of  Albert  Lea,  Minnesota,  dated 
January  1,  1890. —  In  collection  of  Mr.  A.  N.  Harbert  of  Cedar  Kapids,  Iowa. 

6*  See  the  map  in  Lea '»  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory. 
65  See  the  map  in  Lea 's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        21 

never  mentions  it  without  becoming  enthusiastic.  He  de- 
clares "it  presents  to  the  imagination  the  finest  picture  on 
earth. "  Other  rivers  which  the  writer  describes  are  the 
"Pine",  the  "Wabesapinica",  the  "Great  Mequoquetoia", 
the  "Tetes  des  Morts",  and  the  "Penaca  or  Turkey  river". 
Other  small  creeks  and  sloughs  are  also  mentioned,  which 
had  no  importance  except  as  landmarks. 

Two  tracts  of  land  which  were  the  subjects  of  much  spec- 
ulation are  discussed  by  Lea.  The  first  of  these  is  the 
"Half -Breed  Tract",  a  portion  of  land  lying  in  the  angle 
between  the  Des  Moines  and  the  Mississippi  rivers.  The 
history  of  this  tract  is  related  from  the  time  of  the  treaty 
of  1824  with  the  Sank  and  Fox  Indians.  Not  only  is  the  soil 
of  this  tract  described,  but  the  various  small  streams  are 
mentioned,  the  conditions  of  its  inhabitants  explained,  and 
the  validity  of  the  land  titles  discussed. 

The  second  tract  is  that  strip  of  land  known  as  "The 
Indian  Eeserve  ",  or  "  Keokuk  's  Eeserve ' '.  This  comprised 
a  strip  of  land  along  the  Iowa  Eiver  containing  four  hun- 
dred square  miles.  At  this  time  the  Indians  had  removed 
in  large  numbers  and  the  whites  were  eagerly  awaiting  a 
chance  to  seize  upon  some  of  the  choicest  parts  of  the  Dis- 
trict. 

The  descriptions  of  the  towns  are  of  exceeding  interest, 
since  the  struggling  little  villages  of  that  day  are  now  in 
many  instances  thriving  cities ;  while  in  other  cases  no  rem- 
nant remains  of  what  promised  to  be  prosperous  and  weal- 
thy communities.  Keokuk  was  a  town  which  derived  its 
chief  importance  from  the  rapids  in  the  Mississippi,  for  all 
boats  were  forced  to  stop  and  change  their  freight.66  The 
town  lots  were  held  in  common  by  the  owners  of  the  "Half- 
Breed  Tract". 

e« Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  35. 


22     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Fort  Des  Moines,  now  no  longer  in  existence,  was  then  an 
important  place.67  A  good  landing  was  located  here,  and 
much  fine  farming  country  was  close  by.  A  legend  claimed 
that  this  was  the  location  of  an  old  French  settlement ;  and 
some  remains  of  such  a  settlement  were  to  be  found. 

Madison  (Fort  Madison)  was  located  upon  the  site  of  old 
Fort  Madison,  which  had  been  burned  during  the  War  of 
1812.  This  town  had  been  laid  out  in  1835  and  gave  great 
promise  of  growth.68 

Burlington  was  a  town  of  four  hundred  inhabitants  and 
was  beginning  to  boom.  Lots  were  being  bought  and  sold 
with  remarkable  briskness,  and  the  town  impressed  one  as 
a  rich  business  center.69 

Iowa,70  "a  town  to  be  laid  out",  and  located  at  the  great 
bend  of  the  Mississippi,  between  Davenport  and  Muscatine, 
is  mentioned  as  the  future  metropolis  of  the  District.71 
"Should  the  seat  of  Government  of  the  future  State  of  Iowa 
be  located  on  the  Mississippi,  it  would  probably  be  fixed  at 
Iowa.  .  .  .  And  if  it  be  located  in  the  interior,  it  must  be 
near  the  Iowa  river".  This  proved  to  be  the  case,  as  the 
seat  of  government  was  located  at  Iowa  City.72 

Considerable  attention  is  given  to  Davenport,  "a  town 

67  Lea 's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  35. 

«s  Lea's  Notes  ton  Wisconsin  Territory ,  p.  35. 

e»  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  36. 

70  Lea  'a  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  37. 

Lieutenant  Lea  had  bought  a  large  strip  of  land  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pine 
River  and  had  platted  the  District.  Later  he  organized  a  ferry  and  immigra- 
tion company,  but  lacked  the  necessary  capital  to  carry  his  project  through. 
A  letter  written  by  Lieutenant  Lea's  daughter,  Lida  L.  Lea,  on  January  5, 
1904,  says:  ''He  [A.  M.  Lea]  had  some  'wild  lands'  for  which  he  refused 
$30,000  and  afterwards  forgot  —  in  other  business  enterprises, —  and  allowed 
to  be  sold  for  the  taxes". —  See  Acts  of  the  Territorial  Assembly  of  Iowa 
for  1840-1841  for  the  Articles  of  Incorporation,  Chapter  63. 

71  Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  pp.  37,  38. 

72  This  forecatt  is  typical  of  those  made  by  Lea  and  shows  the  accuracy 
and  care  usually  exhibited  in  his  writings. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        23 

just  laid  out  on  a  reserve  belonging  to  Antoine  Leclaire".73 
The  most  interesting  part  of  the  description  of  this  town 
has  historical  significance  in  regard  to  the  location  of  the 
capital  city.  "The  town",  says  Lea,  "is  laid  out  on  a  lib- 
eral scale,  with  a  view  to  its  becoming  a  large  city.  Three 
public  squares  have  been  reserved  from  sale,  one  of  which, 
it  is  supposed  by  the  proprietors,  will  be  occupied  by  the 
public  buildings  of  the  future  State  of  Iowa ;  for  they  con- 
fidently predict  that  the  seat  of  Government  of  this  forth- 
coming commonwealth  will  be  no  other  than  the  city  of 
Davenport  itself.  Nous  verrons".7* 

Dubuque  (or  Du  Buque  as  it  was  then  spelled)  was  the 
most  prosperous  of  any  of  these  towns;75  for  besides  a 
population  of  over  1200  it  had  twenty-five  dry  goods  stores, 
numerous  groceries,  four  taverns,  a  court  house,  a  jail,  and 
three  churches.  It  was  claimed  that  the  art  of  mining  was 
"more  skilfully  practised  at  these  mines  than  in  any  other 
part  of  the  world".76 

Many  other  towns  are  mentioned  which  have  long  since 
ceased  to  exist.  Among  this  class  of  towns  was  Catfish,  a 
small  town  laid  out  in  1832  in  the  region  of  the  mines  south 
of  Dubuque. 

Eiprow  was  another  small  town  of  which  Lieutenant  Lea 
declared  "here  are  some  of  the  finest  smelting  establish- 
ments in  the  world." 

Kasey's,  a  town  to  be  laid  out  by  a  gentleman  bearing 
that  name,  was  on  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Muscatine. 
As  this  was  close  to  the  town  of  Iowa,  in  which  Lea  was  in- 
terested, the  town  of  Kasey's  was  not  given  a  very  allur- 
ing write-up. 

73 Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  39. 
f*  Lea  'Q  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory  t  p.  39. 
75 Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  41. 
76 Lea's  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory,  p.  41. 


. 


24     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

THE  MAP   OF  yHE  IOWA  DISTRICT 

In  connection  with  the  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory  is  a 
map  of  the  District  of  which  mention  has  already  been 
made ;  and  this  was  one  of  the  two  maps  of  the  Iowa  coun- 
try drawn  by  Lieutenant  Lea.  It  is  "  a  Map  of  Wisconsin 
Territory,  compiled  from  Tanner's  map  of  United  States, 
from  surveys  of  public  lands  and  Indian  boundaries,  from 
personal  reconnoissance  and  from  original  information  de- 
rived from  explorers  and  traders  ",77  Among  the  latter  was 
Captain  Nathan  Boone,  a  son  of  the  famous  Daniel  Boone 
and  an  intimate  friend  of  Lieutenant  Lea.78  It  was  largely 
through  Boone 's  aid  that  Lea  secured  the  information  con- 
cerning the  river  courses  and  the  Indian  lands  which  made 
the  map  one  of  the  most  accurate  of  the  period.79 

The  map  is  interesting,  in  the  first  place,  from  a  mechan- 
ical standpoint.  It  is  small,  about  16  by  22  inches,  and 
very  finely  drawn.  The  coloring  is  excellently  done  in 
bright  shades80  and  the  engraving  is  perfect.  Upon  it  we  see 
some  of  the  roads  then  in  existence,  all  the  towns,  and  a 
few  of  the  winding  Indian  trails.  We  can  also  see  the 
streams  with  their  old-time  spelling  —  although  most  of  the 
rivers  bear  the  same  names  as  at  present. 

77  Lea  had  not  traveled  over  western  Iowa,  which  at  that  time  had  never 
been  explored,  and  it  was  necessary  to  use  the  information  of  trappers  and 
traders. 

78  Nathan  Boone  was  Captain  of  Company  H  of  the  First  United  States 
Dragoons.     In  1832  he  had  surveyed  the  Neutral  Strip,  a  tract  of  land  forty 
miles  wide  which  divided  the  Sioux  and  the  Sac  and  Fox  tribes  of  Indians. — 
Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  VII,  p.  436. 

79  Other  maps  of  this  District  during  this  period  are  John  Plumbe  's  and 
J.  H.  Colton's  maps  of  1839;  J.  H.  Colton's  and  Jesse  Williams'  maps  of 
1840;    Newhall's  map  of  1841;    Willard  Barrow's  map  of  1845. —  See  THE 
IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS,  Vol.  I,  p.  82. 

so  The  coloring  of  the  early  maps  was  in  very  bright  shades  and  their  lasting 
qualities  were  very  great. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        25 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  map  is  the 
route  taken  by  the  Dragoons  in  1835.81  This  is  very  clearly 
shown,  with  the  camping  places,  the  distances  covered  daily, 
and  any  peculiar  geographical  formations  plainly  marked. 
Among  the  latter  is  a  high  mound  located  a  short  distance 
below  the  present  city  of  Boone.82  A  large  part  of  the  pres- 
ent States  of  Missouri,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota 
is  also  outlined.  The  completeness,  the  accuracy,  and  the 
simplicity  of  the  map  caused  it  to  be  generally  used  both 
by  the  government83  and  by  individuals. 

THE  EEPOET  ON  THE  IOWA- MISSOURI  BOUNDARY 

Next  in  importance  to  the  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory 
as  a  contribution  to  the  literature  of  Iowa  history  is  the 
report  made  by  Lieutenant  Lea  as  United  States  Commis- 
sioner to  locate  the  Iowa-Missouri  boundary.  When  the 
Territory  of  Iowa  was  created  by  an  act  of  Congress  on 
June  12,  1838,84  a  controversy  with  the  State  of  Missouri 
had  already  arisen  concerning  the  boundaries  of  the  two 
jurisdictions.  Accordingly,  on  the  18th  of  June  Congress 
passed  an  act  which  empowered  the  President  of  the  United 
States  to  cause  the  southern  boundary  of  Iowa  to  be  ascer- 
tained and  marked.85  This  act  provided  for  the  appointment 
of  a  commissioner  who  should  work  with  a  commissioner 
from  the  Territory  of  Iowa  and  one  from  the  State  of 
Missouri.  Following  the  provisions  of  this  law,  President 
Van  Buren  appointed  Lieutenant  Lea  as  Commissioner  for 

si  This  route  covered  over  1100  miles. — See  Iowa  Historical  Becord,  Vol.  VI, 
No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  535. 

82  See  note  18  above. 

83  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  550.    cf .  note  92. 
s*  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  V,  p.  235. 

ss  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  V.  p.  248. 


26     ICrWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  United  States;86  and  Governor  Lucas  appointed  Dr. 
James  Davis.87  But  Governor  Boggs  of  Missouri  failed 
to  appoint  a  man  to  represent  his  State. 

As  soon  as  Lieutenant  Lea  received  his  appointment  he 
hastened  to  St.  Louis,  arriving  there  on  September  1, 1838.88 
After  securing  the  necessary  amount  of  help  and  instru- 
ments he  came  north  to  Keokuk,  and  there  he  met  the  Iowa 
commissioner.  These  two  spent  most  of  the  winter  in  ex- 
amining and  surveying  the  country,  and  in  going  over  the 
various  documents  connected  with  the  history  of  the  con- 
troversy.89 Finally,  on  the  19th  of  January,  1839,  Lieuten- 
ant Lea  submitted  his  report  to  the  General  Land  Office. 
It  was  printed  as  an  Executive  Document  and  used  exten- 
sively in  the  debates  in  Congress.90 

This  report  is  remarkable  in  many  respects,  and  for  some 
years  was  the  most  important  and  most  widely  known  work 
of  Lieutenant  Lea.  It  is  concise,  gives  a  full  and  accurate 
history  of  the  land  in  dispute,  and  states  clearly  the  issues 
which  Congress  must  decide. 

After  an  introduction  outlining  the  work  done  by  the  com- 
missioners, a  history  of  the  tract  in  dispute  is  given.91  It 

86  Executive  Documents,  House  Document  No.  38,  Third  Session,  27th  Con- 
gress, p.  5 ;  also  Gue  's  History  of  Iowa,  Vol.  I,  p.  175. 

87  Gue 's  History  of  Iowa,  Vol.  I,  p.  175. 

ss  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  January,  1892,  p.  204. 

8»  Among  these  documents  may  be  noted  the  following:  Act  creating  State 
of  Missouri;  Act  creating  Territory  of  Missouri;  several  important  letters; 
copies  of  a  Spanish  Land  Grant.  The  latter  is  a  copy  of  one  of  the  four  land 
grant*  made  by  the  Spanish  Government  from  territory  now  within  the  limits 
of  the  State  of  Iowa.  It  is  signed  by  the  Governor,  Zenon  Trudeau,  and  reads : 

"St.  Louis,  le  30  Mars,  1799. 

"II  est  permis  a  Mr.  Louis  Honore  d  s'etablir  au  haut  du  rapide  de  la  riviere 
Des  Moines." 

»o  See  files  of  the  Congressional  Globe  for  this  period,  1838-1848. 

91  Report  on  the  Iowa-Missouri  Boundary  in  the  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol. 
II,  No.  1,  January,  1886,  p.  193. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        27 

relates  how  in  1808  the  Osage  Indians  ceded  this  land,  com- 
prising the  northern  part  of  Missouri,  to  the  United  States 
government.  A  few  years  later,  in  1816,  Colonel  John  C. 
Sullivan  surveyed  these  lands  and  ran  a  line  which  was 
commonly  considered  the  northern  boundary  of  Missouri. 
This  line  started  at  the  "Old  Northwest  Corner",  a  point 
one  hundred  miles  due  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas 
Eiver,  and  was  supposed  to  run  due  east  to  the  "Des 
Moines  Eapids".  But  owing  to  carelessness  in  correcting 
the  needle,  the  line  run  by  Colonel  Sullivan  was  two  and 
one-half  degrees  north  of  east  when  the  Des  Moines  Eiver 
was  reached.92 

Four  years  later,  in  1820  when  the  people  of  Missouri 
formed  a  State,  they  used  the  words  "to  correspond  with 
the  Indian  boundary  line"93  in  their  petition  to  Congress; 
and  thus  the  dispute  arose.  Missouri  claimed  that  the  "Des 
Moines  Rapids"  were  in  the  Eiver  Des  Moines,  while  Iowa 
claimed  that  the  phrase  referred  to  those  rapids  above  Keo- 
kuk  in  the  Mississippi  or  "Les  rapids  de  la  riviere  Des 
Moines"  of  the  French  period. 

Four  lines  at  once  presented  themselves  for  the  considera- 
tion of  the  commissioners;  and  these  were  carefully  ex- 
amined. First,  there  was  the  old  Indian  boundary  or  Sulli- 
van's line  which  extended  west  to  the  Missouri  Eiver.  Sec- 
ond, there  was  the  parallel  of  latitude  passing  through  the 
Old  Northwest  Corner  of  the  Indian  boundary.  Third,  there 
was  the  parallel  of  latitude  passing  through  the  Des  Moines 
rapids  in  the  Mississippi.  And  fourth,  there  was  the  paral- 
lel of  latitude  passing  through  the  rapids  in  the  Des  Moines 
Eiver  at  the  Great  Bend,  near  the  present  site  of  Keosauqua. 

92  Report  ton  the  Iowa-Missouri  Boundary  in  the  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol. 
II,  No.  1,  January,  1886,  p.  194. 
»s  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  545. 


28     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  first  line  appeared  to  be  the  just  one  and  the  line 
commonly  used;  but  it  did  not  conform  to  the  law,  which 
called  for  a  "parallel  of  latitude".94  And  though  the  other 
three  lines  were  parallels  of  latitude,  yet  they  failed  to  pass 
through  the  required  rapids  or  the  Old  Northwest  Corner. 
Lieutenant  Lea  concluded  that  the  old  Indian  boundary,  or 
Sullivan's  line,  "is  the  equitable  and  proper  northern 
boundary  of  the  State  of  Missouri;  but  that  the  terms  of 
the  law  do  not  allow  the  Commissioner  to  adopt  that  line."95 

This  report  on  the  Missouri-Iowa  boundary  caused  much 
discussion  in  Congress.  The  committee  to  which  it  was  re- 
ferred was  unable  to  settle  the  question,  and  for  a  period 
lasting  over  ten  years  it  was  a  subject  of  much  debate  in 
both  houses.  Congress  at  last  found  itself  unable  to  settle 
the  question  and  the  case  was  taken  to  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court,  where  the  opinions  and  sound  judgment  of 
Lea,  as  exhibited  in  the  report,  were  affirmed  by  the  deci- 
sion96 handed  down  by  Mr.  Justice  Catron,  who  said  in  part : 
"This  court  doth  therefore  see  proper  to  decree,  and  accord- 
ingly order,  adjudge,  and  decree,  that  the  true  and  northern 
boundary  line  of  the  State  of  Missouri  and  the  true  southern 
line  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  is  the  line  run  and  marked  in 
1816  by  John  C.  Sullivan".97 

A  map  of  the  Iowa  country  accompanies  the  report  and 
is  the  second  drawn  of  this  section  by  Lieutenant  Lea.98  It 
is  large,  about  24  by  36  inches  in  size,  and  shows  northern 
Missouri  and  the  lower  one-third  of  Iowa.  The  most  in- 
teresting features  of  the  map  are  the  different  lines  which 

s*  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  545. 

»5  Executive  Documents,  House  Document  No.   38,  3rd  Session,   27th  Con- 
gress.   Also  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  II,  No.  1,  January,  1886,  p.  193. 
»6  Found  in  7  Howard  660. 
07  7  Howard  679. 

»s  Executive  Documents,  House  Document  No.  38,  3rd  Session,  27th  Con- 
gress. 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        29 

were  in  dispute.  These  lines  are  so  drawn  that  the  issues 
present  themselves  without  a  word  of  explanation.  The  map 
is  decidedly  superior  to  the  one  which  is  found  in  the  Notes 
on  Wisconsin  Territory  in  that  it  is  more  accurately  drawn, 
the  rivers,  too,  having  their  permanent  names  by  this  time. 

OTHER    CONTRIBUTIONS 

Those  already  mentioned  comprise  the  most  important 
contributions  of  Albert  Miller  Lea  to  the  literature  of  Iowa 
history;  but  there  are  some  other  writings  of  lesser  impor- 
tance which  should  be  noticed.  Among  these  lesser  contribu- 
tions the  most  important  is  the  autobiography  of  Lieutenant 
Lea"  which  was  published  in  the  Iowa  Historical  Record. 
This  contribution  explains  some  of  the  conditions  which  ex- 
isted at  the  time  of  Lea's  work  in  Iowa  and  gives  a  graphic 
account  of  Iowa  pioneer  life.100  An  article  of  nearly  the 
same  importance  is  also  found  in  the  same  publication  and 
is  entitled  Early  Explorations  in  Iowa.™1  This  gives  in  a 
conversational  manner  the  story  of  the  march  of  the  Dra- 
goons in  1835,  and  is  considered  by  most  students  as  the 
best  account  of  the  march  ever  written.102 

»»  A  longer  autobiography  was  prepared  by  Lieutenant  Lea  for  the  Minne- 
sota Historical  Society  and  published  by  the  Albert  Lea,  Minnesota,  Freeborn 
County  Standard,  on  March  13,  1879. 

100  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VTII,  No.  1,  January,  1892,  p.  200. 

101  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VT,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  535. 

102,4  Journal.  An  important  and  very  valuable  document  came  to  light  in 
the  autumn  of  1908  at  Madrid,  Iowa,  where  it  was  claimed  that  Albert  M.  Lea 
was  the  author.  The  title  of  the  document  was  the  "Journal  of  different 
Marches  Made  by  the  Dragoons  in  the  years  1834  and  5  with  some  remarks ' '. 
It  was  in  a  faded  handwriting,  signed  "L — ",  and  agreed  so  perfectly  with 
the  known  facts  that  very  few  questioned  its  authorship  by  Lieutenant  Lea. 
But  upon  close  examination  of  the  manuscript  many  features  came  to  light 
which  proved  beyond  a  doubt  that  it  wa§  not  written  by  the  gifted  Lieutenant. 
In  the  first  place,  the  journal  of  1834,  which  describes  day  by  day  the  march 
of  the  Dragoons  into  the  Pawnee  country,  could  not  possibly  have  been  written 


30     IOWA  'JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

In  1890  Lieutenant  Lea  wrote  a  series  of  articles  for  a 
paper103  published  in  Albert  Lea,  Minnesota,  which  deal  not 
only  with  the  early  history  of  Iowa,  but  also  relate  to  the 
Civil  War  and  to  incidents  in  the  life  of  the  author.104  Some 

by  Lea  for  he  did  not  join  that  regiment  until  its  return  to  Fort  Gibson  in 
the  autumn  of  1834. 

The  Journal  of  1835,  moreover,  was  not  written  by  Lieutenant  Lea,  for  it 
gives  a  daily  account  of  the  marches  from  the  Raccoon  Forks  to  Fort  Des 
Moines  No.  1.  Since  Lieutenant  Lea  covered  this  distance  in  a  canoe  upon 
the  Des  Moines  River,  and  was  not  with  the  troops  over  that  portion  of  the 
march,  it  was  an  impossibility  for  him  to  keep  such  a  record. 

There  are  also  other  evidences  in  the  body  of  the  text  to  prove  that  it  did 
not  owe  its  authorship  to  Lieutenant  Lea.  Nor  is  external  evidence  lacking  to 
prove  this  statement;  for  the  handwriting,  the  rhetoric,  the  orders  of  the  com- 
manding officers,  all  go  to  show  that  Albert  M.  Lea  did  not  write  these  journals. 

However,  the  fact  that  they  were  written  by  an  unknown  man,  who  signed 
himself  "L — "  does  not  in  the  least  lessen  their  value.  They  compare  accu- 
rately with  the  known  and  reliable  sources  concerning  the  march,  such  as  the 
map  in  the  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory  and  the  account  given  by  Lea  in  a 
magazine  article.  In  fact  they  touch  upon  phases  overlooked  by  Lieutenant  Lea 
himself  and  must  be  considered  as  a  valuable  addition  to  the  literature  of  the 
early  history  of  Iowa. 

The  Journal  has  been  edited  by  Louis  Pelzer  and  published  in  full  in  the 
July,  1909,  number  of  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS. 

Lieutenant  Lea  has  described  his  trip  from  the  present  site  of  Des  Moines 
to  Fort  Des  Moines  No.  1,  in  the  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol.  VI,  No.  4, 
October,  1890,  p.  550,  in  these  words:  "The  next  morning,  a  bright  Sunday, 
I  got  orders  to  reconnoitre  the  Des  Moines  river,  by  descending  it  in  a  canoe, 
to  ascertain  the  practicability  of  navigation  with  keel  boats,  with  a  view  to 
the  establishment  of  a  military  port.  A  goodly  cottonwood  was  selected,  my 
men  set  to  work  with  a  will,  and  at  sunrise  Tuesday  I  bade  adieu  to  the  camp, 
and  aided  by  a  soldier  and  an  Indian,  started  on  my  toilsome  task,  sounding 
all  shoals,  taking  courses  with  a  pocket  compass,  estimating  distances  from 
bend  to  bend  by  the  time  and  rate  of  motion,  sketching  every  notable  thing, 
occasionally  landing  to  examine  the  geology  of  the  rocks,  and  sleeping  in  the 
sand  despite  the  gnats  and  mosquitoes.  We  made  the  trip  without  an  accident, 
and  leaving  our  canoe  with  Capt.  White  at  the  trading  house,  we  footed  it 
to  the  fort,  where  we  arrived  many  days  before  the  main  body,  who  returned 
leisurely  by  land,  and  arrived  in  fine  order,  without  the  loss  of  a  man,  a 
horse,  a  tool,  or  a  beef,  which  were  fatter  than  at  the  starting,  after  a  march 
of  eleven  hundred  miles. ' ' 

103  Freeborn  County  Standard,  Albert  Lea,  Minnesota,  edited  by  H.  G.  Day. 

104  Lea  was  an  intimate  friend  of  President  Jefferson  Davis;  and  he  claimed 
relationship  to  General  Robert  E.  Lee.     In  the  early  part  of  the  war,  however, 


LEA'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  IOWA  HISTORY        31 

of  these  articles  are  especially  valuable  as  they  give  the 
Indian's  side  of  the  Black  Hawk  War,105  just  as  Lieutenant 
Lea  heard  it  from  the  lips  of  Black  Hawk  himself.  In  an- 
other of  these  same  articles  we  are  told  of  the  formation 
of  the  United  States  Dragoons.106  A  cavalry  regiment  of 
five  companies  was  formed  at  the  close  of  the  Black  Hawk 
War,  and  this,  declares  Lea,  "was  the  cause  and  neucleus  of 
the  First  United  States  Dragoons ". 

The  last  of  these  lesser  contributions107  is  a  letter  by 
Lieutenant  Lea,  which  deserves  special  mention  as  it  throws 
some  light  on  the  name  "Iowa".  It  appears  that  the  name 
was  spelled  "loway"  by  the  earliest  settlers;  but  in  order 
to  satisfy  their  desires  for  Latin  endings,  George  W.  Jones, 
the  Territorial  Delegate  to  Congress,108  and  Lieutenant  Lea 
agreed  to  spell  it  "Iowa".  Several  years  later,  after  the 
State  had  been  formed,  the  original  spelling  seemed  pref- 
erable ;  and  in  this  letter  the  writer  asks  his  friends  to  re- 
vert to  the  old  spelling  of  "loway". 

The  contributions  of  Albert  M.  Lea109  are  not  numerous; 

Lieutenant  Lea  incurred  the  disfavor  of  Jefferson  Davis  and  never  rose  higher 
than  the  rank  of  Major. 

At  the  battle  of  Galveston,  Albert  M.  Lea  fought  against  his  son,  who  was 
a  Lieutenant  on  a  Federal  gunboat.  The  younger  Lea  was  slain  and  the  article 
telling  of  this  battle  is  the  most  pathetic  story  ever  written  by  Albert  M.  Lea. 

105  Lea,  accompanied  by  General  Parrott,  visited  the  lodge  of  Black  Hawk. 

106  Article  published  in  the  Freeborn  County  Standard  on  January  30,  1890. 

107  Letter  written  to  H.  G.  Day  of  Albert  Lea,  Minnesota,  on  January  1, 1890, 
preserved  in  collection  of  Mr.  A.  N.  Harbert. 

108  For  a  complete  history  of  the  Territorial  Delegate  see  an  article  by  Ken- 
neth W.  Colgrove  entitled  The  Iowa  Territorial  Delegates  in  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL 
OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS,  Vol.  VII,  No.  2,  April,  1909,  p.  230. 

109  Lieutenant  Lea  was  a  very  careful  writer  and  most  of  his  writings  agree 
perfectly  with  official   records   and    documents.      The  map  in   the   Notes   on 
Wisconsin  Territory,  however,  was  based  to  a  considerable  extent  upon  data 
furnished  by  Capt.  Nathan  Boone;   and  a  comparison  of  this  map  with  the 
present  map  of  the  State  shows  its  defects. — See  Iowa  Historical  Eecord,  Vol. 
VI,  No.  4,  October,  1890,  p.  550. 


32     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

neither  are  they  in  the -best  sense  critical.  The  author 
did  not  realize  the  part  they  would  play  nor  the  influence 
they  would  exert.  They  are,  however,  remarkable  in  many 
respects.  They  give  us  real  pictures  of  the  virgin  Iowa 
prairies,  of  the  streams,  and  the  homes  of  the  pioneers. 
They  were  in  most  respects  accurate  and  reliable,  concise 
and  clear.  These  contributions  though  few  in  number  are 
prized  by  all  students  of  Iowa  history.  They  are,  indeed, 
the  most  enduring  monuments  to  the  life  and  memory  of 
Albert  Miller  Lea. 

IOWA  CITY,  IOWA  ClJFFOED  PoWELL 


ANDEBSONVILLE  AND  THE  TEIAL  OF 
HENEY  WIEZ1 

[In  1884  Ex-Lieutenant  Governor  Benj.  F.  Gue  of  Iowa  viiited  the  lite 
of  Andereonville  Prison  and  compiled  from  the  cemetery  register  the  number 
of  burials  of  Iowa  soldiers  in  the  cemetery.  He  found  the  names  of  two 
hundred  Iowa  men,  representing  twenty-eight  regiments.  The  names  of  these 
men,  with  company  and  regiment,  were  published  in  the  Iowa  State  Register 
of  April  16,  1884.  The  list  was  republished,  together  with  a  description  of  the 
prison  stockade,  in  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  I,  pp.  65-87. — 
EDITOR.] 

I  have  been  introduced  to  you  as  the  sole  survivor2  of 
the  Court  that  tried  Captain  Henry  Wirz,  the  keeper  of 
the  Andersonville  Prison,  and  I  have  been  asked  to  tell  you 
something  of  the  prison  and  its  management.  Were  it  not 
for  reasons  herein  given  my  preference  would  be  to  say 
nothing  on  the  subject,  not  because  I  would  shirk  the  re- 
sponsibility of  having  participated  in  the  trial  of  Wirzr 
but  because  for  more  than  fifty  days  during  his  trial  I  sat 
and  listened  to  the  terrible  story  of  the  sufferings  and  death 
of  our  brave  boys  at  Andersonville,  and  when  the  end  was- 

1  This  paper  was  read  by  General  John  Howard  Stibbi  at  Iowa  City,  Iowar 
on  May  30,  1910.     The  military  record  of  General  Stibbs  as  shown  in  Vol.  I 
of  the  Historical  Register  and  Dictionary  of  the  United  States  Army  is  a* 
follows:    Mustered  into  the  United  States  Service  as  Captain  of  Twelfth  Iowa 
Infantry  Volunteers,  November  25,  1861;  as  Major,  May  2,  1863;  as  Lieutenant 
Colonel,  September  25,  1863;  as  Colonel,  September  18,  1865;  as  Brevet  Colonel 
United  States  Volunteers,  March  13,  1865,  for  distinguished  gallantry  in  the- 
battles  before  Nashville,  Tennessee;   Brevet  Brigadier  General,  United  States: 
Volunteers,  March  13,  1865,  for  meritorious  services  during  the  war;  and  wa» 
honorably  discharged,  April  30,  1866.    For  a  more  detailed  sketch  of  General 
Stibbs,  see  below  under  "Contributors". 

2  Since  the  preparation  of  this  -paper  it  has  been  learned  that  the  Judge  Ad- 
vocate, General  N.  P.  Chipman,  who  prosecuted  the  case  against  Captain  Wirz, 
is  still  living  as  a  resident  of  Sacramento,  California. 

VOL  IX— 3  33 


34     IOWA  JOUENAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

reached  I  felt  that  I  would  like  to  banish  the  subject  from 
my  mind  and  forget,  if  I  could,  the  details  of  the  terrible 
crime  committed  there. 

On  innumerable  occasions  since  the  Civil  War  I  have 
been  urged,  and  at  times  tempted,  to  say  or  write  some- 
thing in  relation  to  the  trial  of  Wirz,  but  it  has  always 
seemed  to  me  a  matter  of  questionable  propriety.  The 
record  of  the  trial  had  been  published  to  the  world;  and 
on  occasions  when  the  action  of  the  Court  has  been  criti- 
cised, or  condemned,  I  have  felt  that  it  was  the  duty  of 
our  friends  to  defend  those  who  had  served  as  members 
of  the  Court  rather  than  that  we  should  speak  for  ourselves. 
Then,  too,  I  have  been  in  doubt  as  to  the  extent  of  my 
obligation,  taken  when  I  was  sworn  as  a  member  of  the 
Court,  and  as  a  result  I  have  remained  silent  on  the  subject 
for  nearly  forty-five  years;  but  as  time  passed  and  one 
after  another  of  those  who  served  with  me  passed  off  the 
stage,  leaving  me  the  sole  survivor  of  the  Court,  and  after 
a  monument  was  erected  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  Wirz 
and  he  was  proclaimed  a  martyr  who  had  been  unfairly 
tried  and  condemned,  I  concluded  to  lay  aside  all  question 
of  propriety  and  obligation  and  accede  to  the  request  of 
some  of  my  Iowa  friends  who  were  urging  me  to  prepare 
a  paper.  I  will  add  that  one  of  my  chief  reasons  for  yield- 
ing in  this  matter  was  that  I  wanted  to  describe  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  Court ;  to  tell  who  and  what  the  men  were  who 
composed  it ;  and  to  tell,  as  I  alone  could  tell,  of  the  unani- 
mous action  of  the  Court  in  its  findings. 

I  will  not  attempt  to  describe  fully  the  horrors  of  Ander- 
sonville,  but  will  simply  give  you  an  outline  description 
of  the  place  and  the  conditions  existing  there.  With  that 
picture  before  you,  your  own  imagination  will  supply  the 
details. 


ANDERSONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       35 

In  the  fall  of  1863  the  rebel  prisons  in  the  vicinity  of 
Eichmond  had  become  overcrowded,  and  a  new  prison  was 
located  with  a  view,  as  was  claimed  at  the  time,  of  making 
more  room  for  our  men  and  of  placing  them  as  far  as  pos- 
sible from  our  lines,  where  they  could  be  cared  for  by  a 
comparatively  small  guard  and  where  provisions  were  most 
accessible.  But  the  evidence  presented  before  the  Wirz 
Commission  satisfied  the  Court  beyond  a  doubt  that  while 
this  prison  was  being  made  ready,  if  not  before,  a  conspir- 
acy was  entered  into  by  certain  persons,  high  in  authority 
in  the  Confederate  service,  to  destroy  the  lives  of  our  men, 
or  at  least  subject  them  to  such  hardships  as  would  render 
them  unfit  for  further  military  service. 

Andersonville  is  situated  on  the  Southwestern  Eailroad 
about  sixty  miles  south  from  Macon,  Georgia.  In  1864  the 
place  contained  not  more  than  a  dozen  houses.  The  country 
round  about  was  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  pine  tim- 
ber, and  in  the  midst  of  this  timber,  a  short  distance  from 
the  station,  the  prison  was  laid  out.  Planters  in  the  neigh- 
borhood were  called  upon  to  send  in  their  negro  men;  and 
with  this  force  trenches  were  dug  inclosing  an  area  of 
eighteen  acres,  which  subsequently  was  enlarged  to  about 
twenty-seven  acres.  The  timber  was  cut  down  and  the 
trees  trimmed  and  set  into  the  trenches,  forming  a  stockade 
about  eighteen  feet  high.  Inside  the  stockade,  about  twenty 
feet  from  the  wall,  was  established  a  dead-line,  formed  by 
driving  small  stakes  in  the  ground  and  nailing  on  top  of 
them  a  strip  of  board;  and  the  orders  were  to  shoot  down 
without  warning  any  prisoner  who  crossed  this  line.  Every 
tree  and  shrub  within  the  inclosure  was  cut  down,  and  it 
contained  no  shelter  of  any  kind.  Colonel  W.  H.  Persons, 
who  was  the  first  commandant,  ordered  a  lot  of  lumber  with 
which  to  build  barracks  for  the  men;  but  before  any  work 


£ 

36     IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

was  done  he  was  succeeded  by  Brigadier  General  John  H. 
Winder,  and  the  lumber  was  used  for  other  purposes.  Al- 
though there  was  a  steam  saw-mill  within  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  and  four  mills  within  a  radius  of  twenty  miles,  no 
buildings  or  shelters  of  any  kind  were  erected  within  the 
inclosure  while  our  men  remained  there,  save  two  barren 
sheds  at  the  extreme  north  end  of  the  stockade  which  were 
used  for  hospital  purposes.  On  the  outside  of  the  stock- 
ade, and  near  its  top,  there  were  built  a  series  of  platforms 
and  sentry  boxes  at  intervals  of  about  one  hundred  feet 
in  which  guards  were  continually  posted.  They  were  so 
close  together  that  the  guards  could  readily  communicate 
with  each  other ;  and  from  where  they  were  posted  they  had 
an  unobstructed  view  of  the  interior  of  the  prison.  At  a 
distance  of  sixty  paces  outside  the  main  stockade,  a  second 
stockade,  about  twelve  feet  high,  was  built,  and  the  inter- 
vening space  was  left  unoccupied.  This  was  designed  as 
an  additional  safeguard  against  any  attempt  of  the  pris- 
oners to  escape.  Surrounding  the  whole  was  a  cordon 
of  earthworks  in  which  seventeen  guns  were  placed  and  kept 
continually  manned.  The  guard  consisted  of  a  force  of 
from  three  to  five  thousand  men,  chiefly  home  guards,  and 
they  were  encamped  west  of  and  near  to  the  stockade.  A 
creek  having  its  source  in  a  swamp  or  morass,  less  than 
half  a  mile  from  the  stockade,  ran  from  west  to  east 
through  the  place  at  about  the  center.  The  water  in  this 
creek  was  not  wholesome  at  its  source,  and  before  it  reached 
the  stockade  there  was  poured  into  it  all  the  filth  from  the 
camp  of  the  Confederate  guard,  the  hospitals,  and  cook 
houses;  and  to  this  was  added  all  the  filth  and  excrement 
originating  within  the  prison  pen.  For  a  time  this  creek 
was  the  only  source  from  which  our  men  obtained  water; 
but  in  time  the  creek  bed  and  fully  an  acre  or  more  of  land 


ANDERSONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       37 

bordering  it  became  a  putrid  mass  of  corruption,  into  which 
the  men  waded  knee-deep  to  secure  water  from  the  running 
stream.  In  this  extremity  many  of  the  men  set  to  work 
and  with  their  knives  and  pieces  of  broken  canteens  they 
dug  wells,  some  of  them  seventy  feet  deep,  and  thereafter 
such  as  were  fortunate  enough  to  have  an  interest  in  a  well 
were  supplied  with  wholesome  water. 

When  the  place  was  first  occupied  the  ground  was  cov- 
ered with  the  stumps  of  the  trees  that  had  been  cut  down; 
but  there  was  such  a  scarcity  of  wood  with  which  to  cook 
their  food  and  warm  their  numb  fingers  that  our  men  went 
to  work  with  their  knives  and  the  rude  implements  at  hand 
and  cut  out  the  stumps,  digging  far  into  the  ground  to  secure 
the  roots,  until  not  a  vestige  of  a  stump  remained. 

On  February  15,  1864,  the  first  lot  of  prisoners,  860  of 
them,  were  turned  into  the  stockade.  In  April  following, 
the  number  had  increased  to  9577;  which  number  was 
doubled  a  month  later;  and  in  August,  1864,  there  were 
more  than  33,000  men  within  the  inclosure. 

Think  of  it!  Picture  it  if  you  can!  A  great  barren 
field  so  filled  with  men  that  there  was  scarcely  room  enough 
for  all  of  them  to  lie  down  at  the  same  time  —  without  a 
shelter  of  any  kind  to  shield  them  from  a  southern  sun  or 
frequent  rain ;  without  a  seat  on  which  to  rest  their  weary 
bodies  when  too  tired  to  stand;  without  blankets,  and  in 
many  instances  without  sufficient  clothing  to  cover  their 
nakedness;  with  scant  rations  of  the  coarsest  food,  many 
times  uncooked ;  and  with  nothing  to  do  but  to  stand  around 
waiting  for  death,  or  a  possible  exchange.  Is  it  a  wonder 
that  men  became  sick  under  such  conditions?  The  wonder 
to  me  is  that  any  one  of  them  lived  through  it.  Here  the 
question  is  suggested,  What  means  were  provided  for  the 
care  and  treatment  of  our  men  when  they  became  sick! 


38     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

As  a  prelude  to  my  ansVer  I  will  state  that  during  the 
trial  of  Wirz  one  hundred  and  forty-six  witnesses  were 
sworn,  and  of  this  number  nearly  one  hundred  had  been 
confined  as  prisoners  in  the  stockade.  One  after  another 
they  told  their  experiences  as  prisoners  and  of  the  condi- 
tions existing  in  and  about  the  stockade,  until  we  had  the 
picture  complete  from  their  standpoint ;  and  had  there  been 
no  other  evidence  in  the  case,  the  story  told  by  their  com- 
bined testimony  might  with  some  show  of  fairness  have 
been  discredited  because  of  the  fact  that  all  had  been  suf- 
ferers and  supposedly  were  prejudiced  and  biased.  But 
we  had  other  witnesses,  two  score  or  more  of  them,  who 
had  been  in  the  Confederate  service  and  were  at  the  prison 
as  guards,  officers,  surgeons,  etc.,  and  some  of  them  had 
made  official  reports,  telling  of  the  horrible  condition  of  the 
prison  and  its  inmates.  A  number  of  these  reports  were 
found  and  introduced  as  evidence  before  the  Court,  and 
the  parties  who  made  them  were  called  in  to  testify  con- 
cerning what  they  had  written.  This  evidence  served  to 
corroborate  in  the  fullest  particular  all  that  had  been  tes- 
tified to  by  those  who  had  been  prisoners  concerning  the 
general  conditions  in  the  prison.  I  feel  that  it  will  answer 
my  purpose  if  I  quote  from  their  testimony  alone  in  my  ef- 
forts to  place  before  you  a  comprehensive  picture  of  Ander- 
sonville  as  it  existed  in  the  summer  of  1864. 

In  August,  1864,  Dr.  Joseph  Jones,  an  ex-surgeon  of  the 
Confederate  army  whom  Jefferson  Davis,  in  an  article  pub- 
lished in  Belford's  Magazine  in  January,  1890,  referred  to 
as  being  "  eminent  in  his  profession,  and  of  great  learning 
and  probity",  was  sent  to  Andersonville  to  investigate  and 
report  his  observations ;  and  his  official  report  made  to  Sur- 
geon General  Moore  was  very  full  and  complete.  In  it  he 
gave  a  minute  description  of  the  stockade,  and  the  hospital 


ANDERSONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       39 

adjacent;  of  the  number  of  prisoners  and  their  crowded 
condition ;  of  the  lack  of  food,  fuel,  shelter,  medical  attend- 
ance, etc. ;  of  the  condition  of  the  men  in  the  stockade  and 
in  the  hospital ;  of  the  deaths  and  death  rate ;  and  in  fact, 
as  I  remember,  he  went  over  the  entire  ground.  His  report 
was  introduced  in  evidence,  and  identified  by  him  when 
called  as  a  witness.  He  frankly  admitted  that  he  did  not 
go  to  Andersonville  with  a  view  of  ameliorating  the  suffer- 
ings of  the  prisoners,  but  purely  in  the  interest  of  science 
for  the  "  benefit  of  the  medical  department  of  the  Confeder- 
ate armies",  and  that  his  report  was  intended  for  the  sole 
use  of  the  Surgeon  General.  I  will  quote  briefly  from  his 
report  On  pages  4340  and  4341  of  the  Record,  he  says: 

I  visited  two  thousand  sick  within  the  stockade,  lying  under  some 
long  sheds  which  had  been  built  at  the  northern  portion  for  them- 
selves. At  this  time  only  one  medical  officer  was  in  attendance, 
whereas  at  least  20  medical  officers  should  have  been  employed.8 

Further  on,  after  referring  to  the  sheds  in  the  stockade 
which  were  open  on  all  sides,  he  says  on  page  4348  of  the 
Record: 

The  sick  lay  upon  the  bare  boards,  or  upon  such  ragged  blankets  as 
they  possessed,  without,  as  far  as  I  observed,  any  bedding  or  even 
straw.  Pits  for  the  reception  of  f eces  were  dug  within  a  few  feet  of 
the  lower  floor,  and  they  were  almost  never  unoccupied  by  those  suf- 
fering from  diarrhoea.  The  haggard,  distressed  countenances  of  these 
miserable,  complaining,  dejected,  living  skeletons,  crying  for  medi- 
cal aid  and  food,  ....  and  the  ghastly  corpses,  with  their  glazed 
eye  balls  staring  up  into  vacant  space,  with  the  flies  swarming  down 
their  open  and  grinning  mouths,  and  over  their  ragged  clothes,  in- 
fested with  numerous  lice,  as  they  lay  amongst  the  sick  and  dying, 
formed  a  picture  of  helpless,  hopeless  misery  which  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  portray  by  words  or  by  the  brush.4 

3  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wins,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Segsion, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  pp.  623,  624. 

*  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wire,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Session, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  p.  626. 


40     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Again,  referring  to  the  hdspital  inclosure  of  less  than  five 
acres  he  says  on  pages  4350,  4351,  and  4354  of  the  Record : 

The  patients  and  attendants,  near  two  thousand  in  number  are 
crowded  into  this  confined  space  and  are  but  poorly  supplied  with 
old  and  ragged  tents.  Large  numbers  of  them  were  without  any 
bunks  in  the  tents,  and  lay  upon  the  ground,  ofttimes  without  even 
a  blanket.  No  beds  or  straw  appeared  to  have  been  furnished.  The 
tents  extend  to  within  a  few  yards  of  the  small  stream,  the  eastern 
portion  of  which  ....  is  used  as  a  privy  and  is  loaded  with  excre- 
ments; and  I  observed  a  large  pile  of  corn  bread,  bones,  and  filth 
of  all  kinds,  thirty  feet  in  diameter  and  several  feet  in  height, 
swarming  with  myriads  of  flies,  in  a  vacant  space  near  the  pots 
used  for  cooking.  Millions  of  flies  swarmed  over  everything  and 
covered  the  faces  of  the  sleeping  patients,  and  crawled  down  their 
open  mouths,  and  deposited  their  maggots  in  the  gangrenous  wounds 
of  the  living,  and  the  mouths  of  the  dead.  Mosquitoes  in  great 
numbers  also  infested  the  tents,  and  many  of  the  patients  were  so 
stung  by  these  pestiferous  insects,  that  they  resembled  those  suffer- 
ing with  a  slight  attack  of  the  measles. 

The  police  and  hygiene  of  the  hospital  was  defective  in  the  ex- 
treme   Many  of  the  sick  were  literally  encrusted  with  dirt 

and  filth  and  covered  with  vermin.  When  a  gangrenous  wound 
needed  washing,  the  limb  was  thrust  out  a  little  from  the  blanket, 
or  board,  or  rags  upon  which  the  patient  was  lying,  and  water 
poured  over  it,  and  all  the  putrescent  matter  allowed  to  soak  into 
the  ground  floor  of  the  tent.  ...  I  saw  the  most  filthy  rags  which 
had  been  applied  several  times,  and  imperfectly  washed,  used  in 
dressing  recent  wounds.  Where  hospital  gangrene  was  prevailing, 
it  was  impossible  for  any  wound  to  escape  contagion  under  these 
circumstances.5 

These  statements  of  Dr.  Jones  were  fully  corroborated 
by  Doctors  B.  G.  Head,  W.  A.  Barnes,  G.  G.  Eoy,  John  C. 
Bates,  Amos  Thornburg,  and  other  surgeons  who  were  on 
duty  at  Andersonville.  Dr.  G.  G.  Boy  when  called  on  to 
describe  the  appearance  and  condition  of  the  men  sent  from 

s  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wirz,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Session, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  pp.  626,  627. 


ANDERSONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       41 

the  stockade  to  the  hospital  said  on  pages  485  and  486  of 
the  Record : 

They  presented  the  most  horrible  spectacle  of  humanity  that  I 
ever  saw  in  my  life.  A  good  many  were  suffering  from  scurvy  and 
other  diseases;  a  good  many  were  naked  ....  their  condition  gen- 
erally was  almost  indescribable.  I  attributed  that  condition  to  long 
confinement  and  the  want  of  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of  life, 
and  all  those  causes  that  are  calculated  to  produce  that  condition 
of  the  system  where  there  is  just  vitality  enough  to  permit  one  to 
live.  .  .  .  The  prisoners  were  too  densely  crowded.  .  .  .  There 
was  no  shelter,  except  such  as  they  constructed  themselves,  which 
was  very  insufficient.  A  good  many  were  in  holes  in  the  earth 
with  their  blankets  thrown  over  them ;  a  good  many  had  a  blanket 
or  oil-cloth  thrown  over  poles;  some  were  in  tents  constructed  by 
their  own  ingenuity,  and  with  just  such  accommodations  as  their 
own  ingenuity  permitted  them  to  contrive.  There  were,  you  may 
say,  no  accommodations  made  for  them  in  the  stockade.6 

The  death  register  kept  at  the  prison  during  its  occu- 
pancy, and  still  in  existence  at  the  Andersonville  cemetery, 
gives,  supposedly,  the  cause  of  death  in  the  case  of  each  man 
who  died  at  the  prison.  I  have  found  upon  examination 
of  six  hundred  names,  taken  haphazard,  the  cause  of  death 
was  given  as  follows :  Diarrhoea  and  Dysentery,  310,  Scro- 
butus,  205 ;  Anasarca,  20 ;  and  all  other  causes  65 — total,  600. 

I  think  it  proper  to  say,  however,  that  the  Court,  in  de- 
liberating on  the  evidence  heard  during  the  trial,  were 
unanimous  in  the  conclusion  that  the  death  register  would 
better  have  represented  the  facts  if  in  a  very  large  per- 
centage of  cases  the  death  cause  had  been  shown  by  the  one 
word  STARVATION  —  the  causes  named  being  simply  compli- 
cations. 

The  evidence  presented  to  the  Court  showed  conclusively 
that  the  food  furnished  our  men  in  the  stockade,  in  quality 

«  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wirz,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Session, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  p.  82. 


42     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

and  quantity,  was  not  sufficient  to  sustain  life  for  an  in- 
definite time.  I  will  not  attempt  to  show  specifically  the 
rations  furnished  the  men  in  the  stockade;  but  will  give  a 
couple  of  extracts  from  the  testimony  of  Confederate  sur- 
geons, showing  the  kind  and  amount  of  food  provided  for 
the  men  in  the  hospital,  and  will  leave  you  to  draw  your 
own  conclusions. 
Doctor  John  C.  Bates,  on  page  125  of  the  Record,  said : 

The  meat  ration  was  cooked  at  a  different  part  of  the  hospital; 
and  when  I  would  go  up  there,  especially  when  I  was  medical 
officer  of  the  day,  the  men  would  gather  around  me  and  ask  me 
for  a  bone.  ...  I  would  give  them  whatever  I  could  find  at  my 
disposition  without  robbing  others.  I  well  knew  that  an  appropria- 
tion of  one  ration  took  it  from  the  general  issue;  that  when  I 
appropriated  an  extra  ration  to  one  man,  some  one  else  would  fall 
minus.  ...  I  then  fell  back  upon  the  distribution  of  bones.  They 
did  not  presume  to  ask  me  for  meat  at  all.  .  .  .  they  could  not  be 
furnished  with  any  clothing,  except  that  the  clothing  of  the  dead 
was  generally  appropriated  to  the  living.  .  .  .  there  was  a  partial 
supply  of  fuel,  but  not  sufficient  to  keep  the  men  warm  and  pro- 
long their  existence.  Shortly  after  I  arrived  there  I  was  appointed 
officer  of  the  day  ...  it  was  my  duty  as  such  to  go  into  the  various 
wards  and  divisions  of  the  hospital  and  rectify  anything  that  needed 
to  be  cared  for.  ...  As  a  general  thing,  the  patients  were  desti- 
tute; they  were  filthy  and  partly  naked.  .  .  .  The  clamor  all  the 
while  was  for  something  to  eat.7 

Doctor  J.  C.  Pelot  in  an  official  report  directed  to  the 
Chief  of  his  Division,  dated  September  5,  1864,  and  filed 
as  Exhibit  No.  9  of  the  Record,  said : 

The  tents  are  entirely  destitute  of  either  bunks,  bedding  or  straw, 
the  patients  being  compelled  to  lie  on  the  bare  ground.  I  would 
earnestly  call  attention  to  the  article  of  diet.  The  corn  bread  re- 
ceived from  the  bakery  being  made  up  without  sifting,  is  wholly 

7  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wirz,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Session, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  p.  28. 


ANDERSONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       43 

unfit  for  the  use  of  the  sick;  and  often  (in  the  last  twenty-four 
hours)  upon  examination,  the  inner  portion  is  found  to  be  per- 
fectly raw.  The  meat  (beef)  received  for  the  patients  does  not 
amount  to  over  two  ounces  a  day,  and  for  the  past  three  or  four 
days  no  flour  has  been  issued.  The  corn  bread  cannot  be  eaten 
by  many,  for  to  do  so  would  be  to  increase  the  diseases  of  the 
bowels,  from  which  a  large  majority  are  suffering,  and  it  is  there- 
fore thrown  away.  All  their  rations  received  by  way  of  sustenance 
is  two  ounces  of  boiled  beef  and  half  pint  of  rice  soup  per  day. 
Under  these  circumstances,  all  the  skill  that  can  be  brought  to  bear 
upon  their  cases  by  the  medical  officer  will  avail  nothing.8 

The  foregoing  I  think  is  quite  enough  to  convince  you 
that  our  men  were  left  to  suffer  all  the  horrors  of  the 
stockade,  with  practically  TIO  medical  treatment  or  atten- 
tion, until  their  condition  oecame  such  that  their  removal 
to  the  hospital  was  only  a  stepping  stone  from  the  stockade 
to  the  cemetery. 

Immediately  after  the  place  was  occupied  our  men  be- 
gan to  die.  In  April,  1864,  as  shown  by  the  Confederate 
records,  there  were  592  deaths;  and  in  August  following 
2992  of  our  brave  boys  passed  to  their  final  resting  place. 
In  one  day,  August  23rd,  127  of  them  answered  the  final  call. 
Some  of  them  in  desperation  deliberately  crossed  the  dead- 
line, and  were  shot  down;  while  others  who  had  become 
crazed  and  demented  by  their  sufferings,  blindly. blundered 
across  the  fatal  line,  and  they  too  were  killed  without  a 
challenge.  The  records  show  that  149  died  from  gunshot 
wounds.  We  can  only  guess  at  the  number  of  these  who 
were  killed  on  the  deadline,  but  the  evidence  showed  that 
deaths  from  that  cause  were  of  frequent  occurrence.  Only 
a  part  of  these  men  were  taken  to  the  hospital  for  treat- 
ment; fully  one-half  died  in  the  stockade  without  having 

8  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wirz,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Session, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  pp.  37,  38. 


I 
44     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

received  medical  aid,  and  their  comrades  carried  them  to 
the  gate  where  they  were  thrown,  one  on  top  of  another,  on 
a  wood  rack,  hauled  out  to  the  burying  ground,  and  placed 
in  trenches  where,  during  the  occupancy  of  the  prison,  more 
than  13,000  of  our  men  were  buried  —  more  than  twenty- 
eight  per  cent  of  the  entire  number  of  those  confined  in  the 
stockade.  This  statement,  appalling  as  it  may  appear, 
does  not  represent  by  any  means  the  aggregate  loss  of  life 
sustained  by  our  men  as  a  result  of  the  cruel  treatment  im- 
posed on  them  at  Andersonville.  Evidence  presented  be- 
fore the  Court  showed  conclusively  that  fully  2,000  of  our 
men  died  after  leaving  the  prison,  and  while  on  their  way 
home;  and  we  know  as  a  natural  result  that  hundreds, 
possessed  of  barely  enough  life  and  strength  to  enable  them 
to  endure  the  journey  home,  must  have  died  within  a  few 
days,  weeks,  or  months  after  reaching  home. 

This  is  only  part  of  the  horrible  story,  but  it  is  enough. 
And  now  some  one  asks,  could  these  horrors  have  been  pre- 
vented or  averted!  I  reply,  yes  —  scarcely  having  patience 
to  answer  the  question.  This  prison  was  located  in  one  of 
the  richest  sections  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  Supplies  were 
abundant,  the  prison  was  surrounded  with  a  forest,  and 
yet  some  of  our  men  froze  to  death  for  lack  of  fuel,  which 
they  would  gladly  have  gathered  had  they  been  permitted 
to  do  so.  Among  those  confined  in  that  stockade  were  men 
possessed  of  all  the  training  and  ability  necessary  to  con- 
struct anything  from  a  log  cabin  to  a  war-ship;  and  they 
would  have  considered  it  a  privilege  to  have  done  all  the 
work  necessary  to  enlarge  the  stockade,  build  barracks,  and 
provide  a  supply  of  pure  water  had  they  been  provided 
with  tools  and  materials  and  given  the  opportunity.  I  am 
convinced  beyond  a  doubt,  that  the  lives  of  more  than  three- 
fourths  of  those  who  died  at  Andersonville  might  have  been 


ANDERSONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       45 

saved  with  proper  care  and  treatment ;  and  to  this  opinion 
I  will  add  that  of  Acting  Assistant  Surgeon  J.  C.  Bates,  an 
educated  gentleman  who  had  been  a  medical  practitioner 
since  1850  and  who  was  on  duty  at  Andersonville  for  a 
number  of  months.  He  was  asked  by  the  Judge  Advocate 
to  state  from  his  observation  of  the  condition  and  surround- 
ings of  our  prisoners  —  their  food,  their  drink,  their  ex- 
posure by  day  and  by  night,  and  all  the  circumstances  which 
he  had  described  —  his  professional  opinion  as  to  what  pro- 
portion of  deaths  occurring  there  were  the  result  of  the  cir- 
cumstances and  surroundings  which  he  had  narrated.  And 
his  reply  was  as  follows : 

I  feel  myself  safe  in  saying,  that  75  per  cent  of  those  who  died, 
might  have  been  saved,  had  those  unfortunate  men  been  properly 
cared  for  as  to  food,  clothing,  bedding,  etc.9 

In  order  to  make  the  situation  at  Andersonville  plain  to 
you  I  will  say  that  John  H.  Winder  was  a  General  who  never 
was  given  command  of  troops  in  the  field.  He  was  the  spe- 
cial and  particular  friend  and  protege  of  Jefferson  Davis, 
who  early  in  the  war  made  him  a  Brigadier  General  and 
assigned  him  to  duty  in  Eichmond,  Virginia,  as  Provost 
Marshal  and  Superintendent  of  Military  Prisons,  in  which 
capacity  he  made  himself  notorious  by  his  harsh  and  brutal 
treatment  of  prisoners  committed  to  his  care.  No  words 
of  mine  would  more  fittingly  describe  this  man's  character 
than  his  own  language  used  in  his  celebrated  order,  No.  13, 
about  which  much  has  been  said  and  written.  When  Gen- 
eral Kilpatrick's  command  moved  in  the  direction  of  Ander- 
sonville, in  July,  1864,  and  it  was  expected  that  in  his  raid 
he  would  reach  the  prison,  the  following  order  was  issued : 

•  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wirs,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Session, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  p.  38. 


• 
46     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

ORDER  NO.  13 

HEADQUARTERS,  CONFEDERATE   STATES,  MILITARY  PRISON 

ANDERSONVILLE,  JULY  27,  1864 

The  Officer  on  duty  and  in  charge  of  the  Battery  of  Florida 
Artillery,  at  the  time,  will  upon  receiving  notice  that  the  enemy 
has  approached  within  seven  miles  of  this  Post,  open  fire  upon 
the  stockade  with  grape  shot,  without  reference  to  the  situation 
beyond  these  lines  of  defense.  It  is  better  that  the  last  Federal  be 
exterminated  than  be  permitted  to  burn  and  pillage  the  property 
of  loyal  citizens,  as  they  will  do  if  allowed  to  make  their  escape 
from  the  prison. 

BY  ORDER  OF  JOHN  H.  WINDER, 

W.  S.  WINDER,  BRIGADIER  GENERAL. 

ASSISTANT  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 

General  Winder  had  much  to  do  with  the  location  of  the 
prison  at  Andersonville.  First,  his  son,  Captain  W.  S. 
Winder,  was  sent  out  to  locate  and  construct  the  prison; 
and  while  so  employed,  as  was  shown  by  competent  evi- 
dence, when  it  was  suggested  to  him  that  lie  leave  standing 
some  of  the  trees  in  the  stockade,  he  replied:  "That  is 
just  what  I  am  not  going  to  do ;  I  will  make  a  pen  here  for 
the  damned  Yankees,  where  they  will  rot  faster  than  they 
can  be  sent."  He  served  as  Assistant  Adjutant  General  on 
his  father's  staff. 

On  March  27, 1864,  Captain  Henry  Wirz,  who  was  a  mem- 
ber of  General  Winder's  staff,  was  sent  from  Eichmond 
with  orders  to  assume  command  of  the  prison  proper;  and 
one  of  his  first  acts  was  to  establish  and  construct  the  dead- 
line, which  prior  to  that  time  had  not  existed.  On  April  10, 
1864,  General  Winder  made  his  first  appearance  at  Ander- 
sonville and  assumed  command  of  the  post  and  the  county 
in  which  it  was  situated;  and  among  his  first  formal  pub- 
lished orders  was  one  assigning  Captain  Henry  Wirz  to 
the  superintendence,  management,  and  custody  of  the  pris- 
oners at  Andersonville. 


ANDERSOISTVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       47 

When  General  Winder  left  Richmond  to  assume  com- 
mand at  Andersonville  the  Richmond  Examiner  had  this  to 
say  of  him :  "  Thank  God  that  Richmond  is  at  last  rid  of  old 
Winder ;  God  have  mercy  upon  those  to  whom  he  has  been 
sent."  This,  I  think,  is  enough  to  convince  you  that  from 
the  outset  our  men  at  Andersonville  were  at  the  mercy  of 
one  who  by  his  cruelty  and  barbarism  had  already  made 
himself  obnoxious  to  the  better  element. 

Now,  in  answer  to  the  question  whether  it  was  clearly 
shown  that  the  horrible  conditions  existing  at  Anderson- 
ville were  made  known  to  those  high  in  authority  in  the 
Confederate  government,  I  will  say  that  the  Court  listened 
to  a  mass  of  evidence  upon  this  point.  The  report  of  Doc- 
tor Jones  was  sent  to  the  Surgeon  General;  and  other  re- 
ports, from  time  to  time,  had  been  made  to  those  in  author- 
ity, in  which  the  horrors  and  needs  of  the  prison  were  set 
forth.  I  will  refer  to  only  one  other  witness.  After  the 
capture  of  Richmond  there  was  discovered  a  report  made 
by  Colonel  D.  T.  Chandler,  Assistant  Adjutant  General  and 
Inspector  General  of  the  Confederate  army,  dated  at  Ander- 
sonville, August  5,  1864,  in  which  he  gave  a  very  graphic 
description  of  the  conditions  existing  at  Andersonville  and 
of  the  sufferings  of  our  men ;  and  he  recommended  immedi- 
ate action  to  relieve  the  suffering  of  the  prisoners,  offer- 
ing many  practical  suggestions.  In  closing  his  report  he 
said: 

My  duty  requires  me  respectfully  to  recommend  a  change  in  the 
officer  in  command  of  the  Post,  Brig.  General  'John  H.  Winder, 
and  the  substitution  in  his  place  of  some  one  who  unites  both  energy 
and  good  judgment  with  some  feeling  of  humanity  and  considera- 
tion for  the  welfare  and  comfort  (so  far  as  is  consistent  with  their 
safe  keeping)  of  the  vast  number  of  unfortunates  placed  under  his 
control;  some  one  who  at  least  will  not  advocate  deliberately  and 
in  cold  blood  the  propriety  of  leaving  them  in  their  present  con- 


48     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

dition  until  their  number  has  been  sufficiently  reduced  by  death 
to  make  the  present  arrangements  suffice  for  their  accommodation ; 
who  will  not  consider  it  a  matter  of  self -laudation  and  boasting 
that  he  has  never  been  inside  of  the  stockade,  a  place  the  horrors 
of  which  it  is  difficult  to  describe,  and  which  is  a  disgrace  to  civi- 
lization ;  the  condition  of  which  he  might,  by  the  exercise  of  a  little 
energy  and  judgement,  even  with  the  limited  means  at  his  com- 
mand, have  considerably  improved.10 

On  the  back  of  this  report  was  endorsed  the  following : 
Adjutant  and  Inspector  General's  Office,  August  .18,  1864.  Re- 
spectfully submitted  to  the  Secretary  of  War.  The  condition  of 
the  prison  at  Andersonville  is  a  reproach  to  us  as  a  nation.  The 
Engineer  and  Ordinance  Departments  were  applied  to,  and  author- 
ized their  issue,  and  I  so  telegraphed  General  Winder.  Col.  Chand- 
ler's recommendations  are  coincided  in.  By  Order  of  General 
Cooper. 

(Signed)    R.  H.  CHILTON,  A.  A.  &  I.  G. 

Following  this  was  another  endorsement : 

These  reports  show  a  condition  of  things  at  Andersonville,  which 
call  very  loudly  for  the  interposition  of  the  Department,  in  order 
that  a  change  be  made. 

(Signed)     J.  A.  CAMPBELL, 
Assistant  Secretary  of  War. 

And  finally  there  was  endorsed:  " Noted  —  File.  J.  A. 
S."  The  initials  are  those  of  James  A.  Seddon,  Secretary 
of  War. 

This  original  report  was  introduced  before  our  Court, 
and  Colonel  Chandler  was  brought  there  to  testify  concern- 
ing it.  He  was  an  officer  who  had  been  educated  at  West 
Point,  a  polished  gentleman  in  manner  and  speech ;  and  his 
testimony,  given  in  a  frank,  straightforward  way,  made  a 
deep  impression  on  the  Court.  He  swore  that  he  wrote 
the  report  and  that  the  statements  embodied  in  it  were  true. 

10  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wire,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Session, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  p.  227. 


ANDERSONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       49 

He  told  of  his  very  minute  inspection  of  the  stockade,  of 
his  measurements  and  computations,  showing  the  amount 
of  space  allowed  each  inmate,  and  of  the  horrors  he  en- 
countered on  every  hand.  The  picture  he  drew  of  the 
place  served  to  confirm  the  stories  of  the  men  who  had  been 
held  there  as  prisoners.  He  told  of  calling  on  Winder  and 
remonstrating  with  him  regarding  the  care  of  the  prison, 
and  of  Winder's  infamous  language  in  connection  there- 
with. He  said  that  when  he  mailed  his  report  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  he  confidently  expected  that  General  Winder 
would  be  removed  from  the  command  of  the  prisoners,  and 
that  he  felt  disgusted  and  outraged  when  he  learned  that 
instead  of  being  removed  Winder  had  been  promoted  to  be 
Commissary  General  and  Commander  of  all  Military  Pris- 
ons and  prisoners  throughout  the  Confederate  States. 

When  Colonel  Chandler  was  at  Andersonville  he  was 
under  orders  to  inspect  all  the  prisons  in  the  South  and 
West,  and  considerable  time  elapsed  before  he  got  back  to 
Eichmond.  He  then  made  an  investigation  and  found  that 
his  report,  relating  to  Winder,  had  been  received  and  con- 
sidered by  Seddon,  the  Secretary  of  War.  He  threatened 
to  resign  unless  his  report  was  taken  up  and  acted  upon; 
but  at  about  that  time  Seddon  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Breck- 
enridge  as  Secretary  of  War,  and  soon  thereafter  General 
Winder  died.  Then  followed  the  closing  days  of  the  War 
and  collapse  of  the  Eebellion. 

Now  a  word  as  to  the  personnel  of  the  Court.  I  have 
examined  a  number  of  books  purporting  to  give  the  truth 
concerning  Andersonville  and  the  trial  of  Captain  Henry 
Wirz ;  and  in  all  of  them,  as  I  remember,  occurs  the  same 
error  that  General  E.  S.  Bragg  of  Wisconsin  is  named  as  a 
member  of  the  Court  that  tried  and  condemned  Wirz.  The 
truth  is  that  while  General  Bragg  was  named  in  the  orig- 

VOL.  ix— 4 


50     IOWA  JOUBNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

inal  detail  for  the  Court,  he  was  relieved  from  further  ser- 
vice at  an  early  stage  of  the  trial  and  took  no  part  in  the 
deliberations  and  findings  of  the  Court.11 

The  Court  met  first  on  August  21,  1865,  pursuant  to  in- 
structions in  Special  Order  No.  449,  and  Wirz  was  arraigned 
and  entered  a  plea  of  not  guilty.  Without  further  action 
the  Court  adjourned  until  the  following  day.  On  reassem- 
bling an  order  was  received  from  the  Secretary  of  War 
dissolving  the  Court,  and  a  day  later  it  was  called  to  meet 
again  under  Special  Order  No.  453,  dated  August  23,  1865. 
In  the  meantime  the  charges  and  specifications  had  been 
materially  changed  and  amended  by  striking  from  the  list 
the  names  of  several  persons  who  had  been  charged  with 
having  conspired  with  Wirz  to  destroy  the  lives  of  our 
soldiers.  Wirz  was  again  arraigned  and  his  plea  of  not 
guilty  was  entered;  but  at  this  juncture  his  counsel  made 
a  determined  effort  to  secure  his  discharge  on  the  ground 
that  he  had  been  placed  in  jeopardy  during  his  first  arraign- 
ment, and  that  under  the  Constitution  he  could  not  legally 
be  placed  on  trial  a  second  time.  After  a  full  hearing  the 
Court  decided  that  the  action  taken  by  the  War  Department 
was  in  conformity  to  the  law  and  precedents,  and  so  the 
trial  proceeded. 

In  this  connection  I  think  it  proper  to  state  that  the 
charges  under  which  Wirz  was  first  arraigned  embraced 
the  names,  as  co-conspirators,  of  Jefferson  Davis,  James  A. 
Seddon,  Howell  Cobb,  and  Eobert  E.  Lee.  These  names 
were  stricken  from  the  charges  as  amended;  but  when  the 
Court  made  up  its  findings,  being  satisfied  beyond  question 
that  a  conspiracy  had  existed  as  charged,  and  believing  it 
to  be  our  duty  to  include  in  our  verdict  the  names  of  any 

11  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wire,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Sesiion, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  p.  511. 


ANDEESONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       51 

of  those  prominent  in  the  Confederate  government  who 
were  shown  to  have  been  directly  or  indirectly  connected 
with  this  conspiracy,  we  amended  the  specification  to 
Charge  No.  1,  by  adding  the  names  of  Davis,  Seddon,  and 
Cobb.  We  took  it  for  granted  that  if  our  verdict  was  ap- 
proved by  the  President  the  government  would  accept  our 
finding  as  an  indictment  of  the  persons  named,  and  that 
they  would  be  brought  to  trial.  I  am  pleased  to  say,  how- 
ever, that  the  Court  found  no  evidence  showing  that  Gen- 
eral Lee  was  cognizant  of,  or  was  in  any  measure  a  party 
to,  this  conspiracy,  and  his  name  was  not  included  in  the 
verdict. 

The  Military  Commission  that  met  and  tried  Wirz  held 
their  sessions  in  the  rooms  of  the  Court  of  Claims  in  the 
Capitol  Building  at  Washington,  D.  C.  It  was  made  up  as 
follows  (omitting  the  name  of  General  Bragg  for  the  rea- 
son stated) :  —  At  the  head  of  the  table  sat  Major  General 
Lew  Wallace,  the  President  of  the  Court.  He  was  at  that 
time  a  man  of  mature  years,  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and 
of  recognized  ability.  On  his  right  at  the  table  sat  Major 
General  G.  Mott,  who  subsequently  became  Governor  of 
New  Jersey.  He  was  a  man  then  of  forty-five  or  fifty  years, 
a  lawyer,  and  a  man  of  excellent  judgment  and  discretion. 
Opposite  him  sat  Major  General  Lorenzo  Thomas,  the  Ad- 
jutant General  of  the  United  States  Army.  He  was  then 
fully  sixty-five  years  of  age,  had  been  for  many  years 
connected  with  the  regular  service,  and  was  an  acknowl- 
edged authority  on  military  law  and  the  rules  and  usages 
of  war.  On  General  Mott's  right  sat  Major  General  J.  W. 
Geary,  who  after  his  discharge  from  the  military  service 
was  made  Governor  of  the  great  State  of  Pennsylvania — 
a  man  aged  fifty  or  more,  and  possessed  of  more  than 
ordinary  ability.  Opposite  him  sat  Brigadier  General 


52     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Francis  Fessenden  of  M&ine,  son  of  old  Senator  Fessenden, 
a  man  aged  about  thirty-five,  a  lawyer,  and  one  who  in 
every  sense  might  have  been  called  an  educated  gentleman. 
On  General  Geary's  right  sat  Brevet  Brigadier  General 
John  F.  Ballier  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  an  educated 
German,  aged  fifty  or  more,  who  had  commanded  the 
Ninety-eighth  Pennsylvania  Infantry.  On  his  right  sat 
Brevet  Colonel  T.  Allcock  of  New  York,  a  man  of  forty  or 
more,  and  a  distinguished  artillery  officer,  and  finally  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  table,  was  placed  the  boy  member 
—  your  humble  servant.  Possibly  it  might  have  been 
truthfully  said  of  me  that  I  was  too  young  and  inexperi- 
enced to  fill  so  important  a  position,  since  I  was  then  only 
in  my  twenty-sixth  year;  but  I  had  seen  four  years  of 
actual  warfare,  had  successfully  commanded  a  regiment  of 
Iowa  men,  and  I  thought  then,  as  I  think  now,  that  I  was 
a  competent  juror.  The  Judge  Advocate  of  the  Commis- 
sion was  Colonel  N.  P.  Chipman,  who  early  in  the  war 
served  as  Major  of  the  Second  Iowa  Infantry.  He  was 
severely  wounded  at  Fort  Donnelson  in  February,  1862. 
When  sufficiently  recovered  to  return  to  duty  he  was  pro- 
moted and  became  Chief  of  Staff  for  General  S.  E.  Curtis, 
and  later  was  placed  on  duty  in  Washington.  He  was  a  law- 
yer by  profession,  a  man  of  superior  education  and  refine- 
ment, and  withal  one  of  the  most  genial,  kind-hearted,  com- 
panionable men  I  have  ever  had  the  good  fortune  to  meet. 
The  average  level-headed  citizen  while  considering  the 
verdicts  rendered  in  an  ordinary  criminal  case  is  generally 
ready  to  say:  "The  jury  are  the  best  judges  of  the  evi- 
dence, they  heard  it  all  as  it  was  given,  had  an  opportunity 
to  judge  of  its  value  and  estimate  the  credibility  of  the  wit- 
nesses, and  their  judgment  should  be  accepted  as  correct 
and  final."  It  seems  to  me  that  the  American  people,  and 


ANDERSONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       53 

especially  the  future  historian,  should  be  equally  fair  in 
dealing  with  the  Wirz  Commission.  Indeed,  I  do  not  see 
how  it  would  be  possible  for  an  intelligent,  unprejudiced, 
fair-minded  reviewer  to  conclude  that  such  a  Court  could 
or  would  have  rendered  a  verdict  that  was  not  in  full 
accord  with  the  evidence  presented.  I  assure  you  that 
no  attempt  was  made  to  dictate  or  influence  our  verdict; 
and  furthermore,  there  was  no  power  on  earth  that  could 
have  swerved  us  from  the  discharge  of  our  sworn  duty 
as  we  saw  it.  Our  verdict  was  unanimous.  There  were  no 
dissenting  opinions.  And  for  myself  I  can  say  that  there 
has  been  no  time  during  the  forty-five  years  that  have  in- 
tervened since  this  trial  was  held  when  I  have  felt  that  I 
owed  an  apology  to  anyone,  not  even  to  the  Almighty,  for 
having  voted  to  hang  Henry  Wirz  by  the  neck  until  he  was 
dead. 

Wirz  was  tried  on  two  charges.  The  first  charge  was 
that  he  had  conspired  with  John  H.  Winder  and  others  to 
injure  the  health  and  destroy  the  lives  of  our  soldiers  who 
were  held  as  prisoners  of  war.  And  the  second  charge  was 
"Murder  in  violation  of  the  laws  and  customs  of  war". 
The  Court  found  him  guilty  of  both  of  the  charges  and  of 
ten  of  the  thirteen  specifications.  Throughout  the  trial  the 
prisoner  was  treated  with  the  utmost  fairness,  kindness, 
and  consideration  by  the  Court  and  the  Judge  Advocate. 
When  our  verdict  was  rendered  and  the  record  made  com- 
plete it  was  submitted  for  review  to  General  Joseph  Holt, 
Judge  Advocate  General,  a  man  noted  for  his  high  char- 
acter, patriotism,  and  ability  as  a  lawyer  and  a  judge.  I 
quote  but  a  paragraph  or  two  from  his  review.  He  said : 

Language  fails  in  an  attempt  to  denounce,  even  in  faint  terms, 
the  diabolical  combination  for  the  destruction  and  death,  by  cruel 
and  fiendishly  ingenious  processes,  of  helpless  prisoners  of  war  who 


54     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

might  fall  into  their  hands,  which  this  record  shows  was  plotted 
and  deliberately  entered  upon,  and,  as  far  as  time  permitted, 
accomplished  by  the  rebel  authorities  and  their  brutal  underlings 
at  Andersonville  Prison.12 

And  in  closing  his  review,  after  reference  to  the  high 
character  of  the  men  composing  the  Court  and  of  the  fair- 
ness of  the  trial,  lie  said : 

The  conclusion  reached  is  one  from  which  the  overwhelming 
volume  of  testimony  left  no  escape. 

This  paper  does  not  demand  nor  will  it  admit  of  further 
reference  to  the  vast  mass  of  testimony  listened  to  by  the 
Court.  In  conclusion  I  will  refer  to  a  single  incident  of 
the  trial.  For  weeks  after  the  trial  began  the  Judge  Ad- 
vocate presented  only  such  testimony  as  went  to  show  the 
general  conditions  existing  at  the  prison  and  which  tended 
to  establish  the  charge  of  conspiracy,  and  he  held  back 
until  near  the  close  of  the  trial  the  evidence  on  which  he 
depended  to  establish  the  fact  that  Wirz  had  by  his  own 
acts  been  guilty  of  willful  murder.  As  a  result  Wirz  evi- 
dently concluded  that  no  such  evidence  had  been  found, 
and  on  repeated  occasions  he  addressed  the  Court  through 
his  counsel,  saying  that  he  was  ready  to  admit  the  truth  of 
all  evidence  that  had  been  presented,  but  that  he  was  not 
personally  responsible  for  the  conditions  shown  to  have  ex- 
isted in  the  prison ;  that  he  had  simply  acted  in  conformity 
to  the  orders  of  his  superior  officers,  and  should  not  be  held 
responsible  for  them ;  and  he  therefore  asked  for  an  acquit- 
tal and  discharge.  These  requests,  one  after  another,  were 
denied  by  the  Court. 

Early  in  the  trial  Wirz  became  sick,  and  a  lounge  was 
brought  into  the  room  on  which  he  was  permitted  to  re- 

12  Copied  from  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wirz,  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Session, 
40th  Congress,  No.  23,  pp.  809,814. 


ANDERSONVILLE  AND  THE  TRIAL  OF  WIRZ       55 

cline;  and  during  many  days  of  the  trial  he  lay  on  the 
lounge  with  his  handkerchief  over  his  face,  apparently  ob- 
livious to  all  that  was  taking  place.  Finally  a  witness  was 
placed  on  the  stand  who  told  of  his  escape  from  the  stock- 
ade in  company  with  a  comrade  whose  name  he  did  not 
know,  of  their  pursuit  by  the  blood  hounds,  and  of  their 
recapture  and  return  to  the  Confederate  camp.  He  said 
that  when  brought  to  Wirz's  tent  and  their  escape  and  re- 
capture was  reported,  Wirz  became  furious,  and  rushing 
from  his  tent  he  began  cursing  and  damning  them  for  hav- 
ing attempted  to  escape.  The  comrade,  who  was  nearly 
dead  from  exposure  and  suffering,  had  staked  his  last 
effort  on  this  attempt  to  regain  his  freedom,  and  the  recap- 
ture had  discouraged  him  completely  and  caused  him  to 
feel  that  death  itself,  was  preferable  to  a  return  to  the 
stockade.  Like  a  caged  animal  he  turned  on  Wirz  and 
gave  him  curse  for  curse,  challenged  him  to  do  his  worst, 
and  told  him  he  would  rather  die  than  return  to  the  hell 
hole  from  which  he  had  escaped.  This  so  enraged  Wirz 
that  he  sprang  at  the  man,  knocked  him  down  with  his 
revolver,  and  then  kicked  and  trampled  him  with  his  boot 
heels  until  he  was  dead.  When  the  witness  began  this 
story  Wirz  became  interested.  First  he  removed  the  hand- 
kerchief from  his  face;  then  propped  himself  on  one  elbow; 
and  as  the  story  progressed  he  gradually  rose  up  until  he 
stood  erect.  His  fists  were  clenched,  his  eyes  were  fairly 
bursting  from  their  sockets,  and  his  face  presented  a  horri- 
ble appearance.  As  the  witness  finished  his  story  Wirz 
fairly  screamed  at  him:  "You  say  I  killed  that  man." 
"Yes  sir",  replied  the  witness.  "You  tramped  him  to 
death  in  my  presence".  At  this  Wirz  threw  up  his  hands 
and  exclaimed,  "Oh  my  Gott",  and  fell  back  in  a  faint  on 
the  lounge. 


56     IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

This  was  one  of  a  number  of  stories  that  told  of  Wirz's 
personal  acts  of  cruelty.  In  addition  he  was  directly 
chargeable  with  the  unwarranted  punishments  which  he 
caused  to  be  inflicted  on  men  who  attempted  to  escape  or  in 
other  ways  violated  the  rules  of  discipline  which  he  had 
established.  These  punishments  consisted  of  stopping  of 
rations,  establishment  of  a  dead-line,  use  of  the  stocks,  the 
chain-gang,  use  of  hounds,  bucking  and  gagging,  tying  up 
by  the  thumbs,  flogging  on  the  bare  back,  and  chaining  to 
posts,  from  all  of  which  causes  deaths  were  shown  to  have 
resulted. 

"Mister  Johnny  Beb",  as  we  called  him  in  war  time,  the 
man  who  bared  his  bosom  to  our  bullets  and  challenged  us 
to  come  on,  was  a  big-hearted,  generous  fellow  whom  I  have 
always  believed  fought  for  the  right  as  he  saw  it.  I  know 
by  my  experience  that  he  was  as  brave  a  soldier  as  ever 
carried  a  gun ;  and  prisoners  who  fell  into  his  hands  on  the 
battle  field  were  invariably  treated  with  kindness  and  con- 
sideration. It  was  only  men  of  the  Wirz- Winder  type, 
bushwhackers,  and  home  guards,  that  presumed  to  offer 
insult  and  abuse  to  our  men  in  captivity.  I  make  this  clos- 
ing remark  because  of  the  fact  that  with  the  passing  of 
years  the  bitter  feeling  that  had  existed  between  the  North 
and  the  South  has  been  practically  wiped  out  and  the  rem- 
nants of  the  old  fighting  forces  on  both  sides  have  been  com- 
ing together  and  shaking  hands  as  friends,  and  I  would  be 
sorry  to  know  that  in  this  address  I  have  uttered  a  word 
that  will  serve  to  mar  in  the  least  the  spirit  of  harmony 
existing  between  these  old  veterans. 

JOHN  HOWAKD  STIBBS 
CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  OF  IOWA  CITY 
HISTORICAL  INTRODUCTION 

At  seven-thirty  on  the  evening  of  November  20,  1885,  a 
small  group  of  men  who  were  interested  in  Science  met  in 
the  Chemical  Laboratory  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa. 
They  had  assembled  at  the  call  of  Dr.  L.  W.  Andrews,  at 
that  time  and  for  many  years  afterward  Professor  of  Chem- 
istry in  the  University.  Dr.  Andrews  stated  that  the  object 
which  he  had  in  mind  in  calling  the  meeting  was  the  forma- 
tion of  a  "Science  Circle";  and  with  this  announcement 
"the  meeting  proceeded  to  temporary  organization  by  the 
election  of  Prof.  Leonard  as  Chairman  and  E.  L.  Boerner 
as  Sec'y."1  Then  a  committee  was  appointed  to  draft  a 
constitution  and  by-laws  for  a  permanent  organization. 
"After  listening  to  an  interesting  informal  lecture  by  Prof. 
Leonard  on  the  probable  course  of  the  meteor,  the  meeting 
adjourned  to  7  o'clock  Saturday  evening,  Nov.  28th. "2 

The  report  by  the  committee  on  constitution  and  by-laws, 
which  was  made  at  the  meeting  on  November  28th  was  re- 
ferred back  to  the  committee  with  instructions  to  make 
certain  changes.  At  a  meeting  on  the  evening  of  December 
llth,  however,  the  constitution  was  unanimously  adopted.3 

Such,  in  brief,  is  the  story  of  the  organization  of  the 
Baconian  Club  of  Iowa  City.  Professor  N.  E.  Leonard  was 
the  first  President  of  the  Club,  and  Professor  L.  W.  An- 
drews, to  whom  is  due  the  credit  for  inaugurating  the  Club, 

1  Baconian  Club  Record-Book,  Vol.  I,  p.  3. 

2  Baconian  Club  Record-Book,  Vol.  I,  pp.  3,  4. 
s  Baconian  Club  Record-Book,  Vol.  I,  p.  7. 

57 


58     IOWA  JOUENAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

was  the  first  Secretary.  The  charter  members  were :  N.  R. 
Leonard,  P.  H.  Philbrick,  Samuel  Calvin,  T.  H.  Macbride, 
J.  G.  Gilchrist,  L.  W.  Andrews,  and  Andrew  A.  Veblen4 — all 
of  whom  were  at  the  time  professors  in  the  State  University 
of  Iowa.  Two  of  these  charter  members,  Professor  Mac- 
bride  and  Professor  Calvin,  have  remained  in  the  service  of 
the  University;  and  all  but  two,  Professor  Philbrick  and 
Professor  Gilchrist,  are  living  at  the  present  time.  The 
Club  thus  organized  has  had  a  continuous  and  prosperous 
existence. 

The  passage  of  the  years,  however,  has  witnessed  many 
changes  in  the  character  and  membership  of  the  Club.  The 
largely  attended  meetings  which  are  now  held  in  an  electric- 
lighted,  steam-heated  room,  are  in  striking  contrast  to  the 
meetings  held  twenty-five  years  ago,  when  the  Club  was  in 
its  infancy.  Then  a  few  men,  seldom  more  than  twenty  and 
often  less  than  half  that  number,  gathered  in  the  Chemical 
Laboratory  in  old  North  Hall  and  sat  in  a  circle  around  the 
stove,  the  members  taking  turn  in  replenishing  the  fire. 
The  reader  of  the  evening  sat  in  the  circle  with  the  other 
members,  and  there  was  an  almost  total  lack  of  formality, 
the  meeting  assuming  the  nature  of  a  friendly  conference 
rather  than  having  a  set  form  of  procedure.  Indeed  the 
meeting  was  often  without  a  formal  paper. 

At  each  meeting  a  subject  for  discussion  the  following 
week  was  chosen  by  mutual  consent  and  assigned  to  some 
member  by  the  President.  Frequently  no  paper  was  pre- 
pared, the  member  to  whom  the  subject  was  assigned  simply 
opening  the  discussion  by  speaking  in  an  informal  manner 
with  or  without  notes.  The  discussion  of  topics  was  free 
and  often  animated,  since  the  object  of  the  Club  was  to 
give  the  members  the  benefit  of  each  other's  ideas.  The 

*  Constitution  of  the  Baconian  Club  (Edition  of  1891),  p.  8. 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  59 

meetings  were  in  no  sense  open  to  the  public,  and  no  record 
of  the  discussions  was  kept.  Consequently  the  members 
were  under  no  restraint  in  the  expression  of  their  views, 
but  stated  their  beliefs  freely  and  fully  whether  they  met 
with  the  approval  of  other  members  or  not.  Besides  the 
discussion  of  regularly  assigned  subjects,  the  policy  was 
early  established  of  permitting  voluntary  reports  on  any 
topic  of  interest  to  the  Club  —  a  custom  which  has  been  ad- 
hered to  down  to  the  present  time. 

The  Constitution  provides  for  three  classes  of  members : 
ex  officio  members;  full  members,  or  " those  engaged  in 
active  scientific  work";  and  associate  members,  or  " those 
interested  in  scientific  work".  The  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity is  a  member  ex  officio.5  The  actual  working  of  this 
provision  has  had  these  results:  full  members  have  been 
persons  on  the  faculty  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa ;  while 
the  associates  have  been  instructors  in  the  University, 
fellows,  scholars,  or  graduate  students  pursuing  researches 
in  scientific  subjects. 

In  the  beginning,  as  has  been  suggested,  no  publicity 
was  given  to  the  meetings  of  the  Club.  Occasionally  a  few 
guests  were  invited  to  be  present,  and  later  guests  were 
permitted  to  participate  in  the  discussions,  but  the  tendency 
was  to  restrict  the  attendance  to  members  and  those  vitally 
interested.  In  February,  1889,  a  standing  resolution  was 
adopted  providing  that  "only  full  and  associate  members 
and  those  personally  invited  by  members"  should  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  meetings  of  the  Club,  and  that  invitations 
might  be  issued  "for  any  specified  evening  or  for  the  whole 
or  any  portion  of  the  club  year".6  This  resolution,  how- 

c  Constitution  of  the  Baconian  Club  (Edition  of  1900),  p.  3. 
In  the  Constitution  as  originally  adopted  there  was  no  provision  for  ex 
offieio  members. 
« Baconian  Club  Secord-Boolc,  Vol.  I,  p.  199. 


60     IOWA  JOUBNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

ever,  has  not  always  been  followed,  and  in  fact  at  present  a 
general  invitation  is  given  to  the  public  to  attend  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Club,  and  accounts  of  the  papers  and  discussions 
often  appear  in  the  University  publications  or  in  the  city 
newspapers. 

The  papers  read  before  the  Club  have  covered  a  broad 
range  of  subjects,  as  will  be  revealed  by  a  reading  of  the 
list  which  is  published  herewith.  The  papers  as  a  rule  have 
been  prepared  with  care  and  with  only  a  few  exceptions 
have  been  presented  by  the  members  themselves,  little  effort 
having  been  made  to  secure  addresses  by  scientists  of  rep- 
utation from  outside  the  University.  Thus  individual  effort 
on  the  part  of  members  of  the  Club  has  been  encouraged 
and  a  spirit  of  mutual  helpfulness  has  prevailed. 

From  the  time  the  Constitution  of  the  Club  was  adopted 
and  signed  in  1885  the  number  of  members  has  increased 
until  at  present  there  are  nearly  fifty  full  members.  In  the 
meantime  many  have  come  and  gone,  and  hence  the  mem- 
bership has  varied  from  year  to  year  both  in  numbers  and 
in  personnel.  Besides  those  already  mentioned  as  charter 
members  the  following  professors,  still  serving  on  the  fac- 
ulty of  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  were  elected  to  full 
membership  in  the  Club  during  the  first  five  years  of  its 
existence :  Laenas  G.  Weld,  Charles  C.  Nutting,  Elbert  W. 
Eockwood,  George  T.  W.  Patrick,  and  Bohumil  Shimek. 

The  records  of  the  Baconian  Club  are  unusually  complete. 
The  Secretary's  Record-Books  from  the  very  beginning 
are  still  in  existence,  and  in  these  books  may  be  found  the 
minutes  of  all  the  meetings,  together  with  lists  of  officers 
and  members.  The  purpose  of  the  founders,  the  character 
of  the  meetings,  the  persons  in  attendance,  and  the  topics 
which  from  year  to  year  were  of  interest  in  the  world  of 
science  are  revealed  in  the  pages  of  these  Record-Books, 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  61 

and  hence  in  them  may  be  found  the  best  history  of  the 
Baconian  Club. 

The  Baconian  Club  was  the  first  organization  of  its  kind 
in  the  University.  During  the  early  years,  although  the 
chief  object  of  the  Club  was  to  discuss  subjects  in  the  natu- 
ral and  physical  sciences,  the  membership  included  men  from 
the  faculties  of  all  the  colleges  and  departments  in  the 
University.  But  as  the  University  grew  the  need  of  similar 
clubs  in  the  various  departments  began  to  be  felt.  And  so, 
as  time  went  on  members  of  the  Baconian  Club  who  were 
not  primarily  interested  in  the  natural  and  physical  sci- 
ences withdrew  and  formed  the  Political  Science  Club,  the 
Philosophical  Club,  the  Humanist  Society,  and  other  similar 
organizations,  modelled  after  the  Baconian  Club  which  was 
the  parent  society.  The  result  is  that  at  the  present  time 
the  membership  of  the  Baconian  Club  is  confined  almost  en- 
tirely to  persons  actively  engaged  in  teaching  or  research 
work  in  the  natural  and  physical  sciences. 

CONSTITUTION 
ARTICLE  I — NAME  AND  OBJECT 

SECTION  1.  This  organization  shall  be  known  as  the 
Baconian  Club  of  Iowa  City. 

SECTION  2.  Its  object  shall  be,  the  mutual  interchange  of 
thought,  and  the  discussion  of  such  scientific  topics  as  pos- 
sess a  general  interest. 

ABTICLE  II — MEMBERSHIP 

SECTION  1.  Membership  shall  be  of  three  classes,  viz., 
ex-officio,  full,  and  associate.  The  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity shall  be  a  member,  ex-officio. 

[Bevised  April  15,  1898.] 

SECTION  2.  Members  shall  be  those  engaged  in  active 
scientific  work. 


62     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

SECTION  3.  Associates  shall  be  those  interested  in  sci- 
entific work. 

SECTION  4.  Members  and  associates  shall  be  elected  by 
ballot  of  the  members  of  the  club,  the  names  having  been 
proposed  at  least  one  week  previously.  Three  black  balls 
shall  cause  the  rejection  of  the  candidate.  In  case  of  re- 
jection a  second  ballot  may  be  had,  at  a  subsequent  stated 
meeting.  A  second  rejection  shall  render  the  candidate 
ineligible  for  the  remainder  of  the  club  year. 

[Amended  October  25,  1889,  by  adding:] 

SECTION  5.  No  person  not  a  resident  of  Iowa  City  shall 
be  a  member  of  the  club.  Members  who  remove  their  resi- 
dence permanently,  or  members  who  though  residents  of 
the  city  have  not  been  in  attendance  on  the  meetings  of  the 
club  for  one  year,  shall  thereby  cease  to  be  members,  but 
may,  by  vote  of  the  club,  be  carried  on  the  rolls  as  associate 
members. 

SECTION  6.  A  member  who  refuses  to  give  a  paper  during 
any  one  year,  or  who  fails  to  read  a  paper  during  any  two 
consecutive  years,  unless  such  failure  is  due  to  illness  or  un- 
avoidable absence  from  the  city,  shall  have  his  name  dropped 
from  the  roll  of  the  club.  In  case  the  membership  is  too 
large  to  allow  an  assignment  of  topic  during  the  year,  one 
or  more  voluntary  reports  may  be  accepted  as  a  substitute. 

[Adopted  April  15,  1898.] 

SECTION  7.  An  associate  who  removes  his  residence  per- 
manently from  the  city  shall  thereby  cease  his  membership 
in  the  club,  provided,  always,  that  any  associate  may  con- 
tinue his  relations  with  the  club  by  presenting,  either  per- 
sonally or  by  written  communication,  at  least  one  voluntary 
report  each  year.  By  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  club,  any 
name  may  be  retained  permanently  on  the  roll  of  associates. 

[Adopted  April  15,  1898.] 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  63 

ABTICLE  III — OFFICERS 

SECTION  1.  The  officers  of  the  club  shall  be  a  President 
and  a  Secretary. 

SECTION  2.  The  President  shall  be  elected  at  the  first 
meeting  in  September,  of  each  year,  from  among  the  mem- 
bers, by  a  majority  vote  of  all  members  present.  He  shall 
hold  office  until  the  next  annual  meeting,  or  until  his  succes- 
sor is  elected.  He  shall  perform  the  duties  usually  apper- 
taining to  the  office  of  President.  In  his  absence  his  place 
shall  be  taken  by  a  Chairman  elected  by  the  members  pres- 
ent. 

SECTION  3.  The  Secretary  shall  be  elected  at  the  same 
time,  and  in  the  same  manner  as  is  prescribed  for  the  elec- 
tion of  the  President,  and  his  term  of  office  shall  be  the  same. 
He  shall  perform  the  duties  usually  devolving  upon  a  Secre- 
tary. Should  he  be  absent  from  any  meeting,  a  Secretary 
pro  tern,  shall  be  elected. 

AKTICLE  IV — DUES  AND  FEES 

There  shall  be  no  dues  nor  fees.  Any  expenses  incurred 
by  vote  of  the  club,  shall  be  met  by  a  pro  rata  assessment, 
previously  made,  on  all  the  members. 

ABTICLE  V — MEETINGS 

SECTION  1.  The  meetings  shall  be  Annual,  Regular,  and 
Special. 

SECTION  2.  The  Annual  Meeting  shall  be  in  the  last  week 
in  September.  At  this  meeting  the  Order  of  Business  shall 
be: 

1.  Eeport  of  President. 

2.  Eeport  of  Secretary. 

3.  Eeport  of  Committees. 

4.  Election  of  Officers. 

SECTION  3.    The  Eegular  Meetings  shall  be  held  once  a 


64     IOWA  JOUKNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

week,  from  the  last  week  in  September  to  the  last  week  in 
April,  on  such  day,  at  such  hour,  and  in  such  place  as  the 
club  may  from  time  to  time  direct.  The  Order  of  Business 
at  these  meetings  shall  be  as  hereinafter  provided. 

SECTION  4.  Special  Meetings  may  be  held  at  any  time, 
by  vote  of  the  club,  on  call  of  the  President,  or  at  the  request 
of  three  members.  At  such  meetings  no  other  business  than 
that  for  which  the  meeting  has  been  called  shall  be  trans- 
acted. 

ARTICLE  VI — ORDER  OP  BUSINESS 

The  Order  of  Business  at  all  regular  meetings  shall  be  as 
follows : 

1.  Beading  of  Minutes. 

2.  Beading  of  Essay. 

3.  Colloquium. 

4.  Discussion. 

5.  Voluntary  Beports. 

6.  Assignment  of  Topic. 

7.  Miscellaneous  Business. 

8.  Adjournment. 

ARTICLE  VII — ESSAYS  AND  ESSAYISTS 
SECTION  1.    The  appointed  essayist,  at  each  regular  meet- 
ing, shall  furnish  the  Secretary  with  an  abstract  of  the 
paper,  to  be  entered  in  the  minutes. 

SECTION  2.  The  essay  shall  remain  the  property  of  the 
writer,  unless  it  shall  be  published  in  full  by  the  club,  with 
the  consent  of  the  author,  in  which  case  the  copyright 
shall  remain  with  the  club. 

ALRTICLE  VIII — BY-LAWS 

The  club  may  adopt  Standing  Besolutions,  at  any  meeting, 
as  circumstances  may  require,  by  a  majority  vote  of  all  the 
members  present.  Such  Standing  Besolutions  shall  be  re- 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  65 

corded,  and  have  all  the  authority  of  By-Laws  until  re- 
pealed. 

ABTICLE  IX — AMENDMENTS 

The  Constitution  may  be  altered  or  amended  at  any  regu- 
lar meeting,  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  all  the  members,  writ- 
ten notice  of  the  proposed  amendment  having  been  given 
at  least  one  week  previously.  Absent  members  may  vote 
by  proxy  on  questions  of  amendment. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  CLUB  1885-1910 

For  tine  Year  1885-1886 — President,  N.  E.  Leonard;  Secre- 
tary, L.  W.  Andrews  and  A.  A.  Veblen. 

For  the  Year  1886-1887 — President,  Samuel  Calvin;  Secre- 
tary, A.  A.  Veblen. 

For  the  Year  1887-1888— President,  Samuel  Calvin;  Secre- 
tary, A.  A.  Veblen. 

For  the  Year  1888-1889— President,  L.  W.  Andrews;  Secre- 
tary, A.  A.  Veblen. 

For  the  Year  1889-1890— -President,  A.  A.  Veblen;  Secre- 
tary, C.  C.  Nutting. 

For  the  Year  1890-1891— President,  T.  H.  Macbride;  Sec- 
retary, C.  C.  Nutting. 

For  the  Year  1891-1892— President,  J.  G.  Gilchrist;  Secre- 
tary, L.  G.  Weld. 

For  the  Year  1892-1893— President,  C.  C.  Nutting;  Secre- 
tary, A.  L.  Arner. 

For  the  Year  1893-1894— President,  L.  G.  Weld;  Secretary,, 
W.  E.  Barlow. 

For  the  Year  1894-1895— President,  G.  T.  W.  Patrick;  Sec- 
retary, A.  G.  Smith  and  Frank  Eussell. 

For  the  Year  1895-1896— President,  A.  L.  Arner;  Secretary, 
A.  G.  Smith. 

VOL.  IX — 5 


66     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

For  the  Year  1896-1897— President,  E.  W.  Bockwood;  Sec- 
retary, A.  G.  Smith/ 

For  the  Year  1897-1898— President,  A.  G.  Smith;  Secretary, 
G.  L.  Houser. 

For  the  Year  1898-1899 — President,  W.  L.  Bierring;  Secre- 
tary, G.  L.  Houser. 

For  the  Year  1899-1900— President,  B.  Shimek;  Secretary, 
W.  E.  Barlow. 

For  the  Year  1900-1901 — President,  Samuel  Calvin;  Secre- 
tary, C.  E.  Seashore. 

For  the  Year  1901-1902 — President,  A.  V.  Sims;  Secretary, 
C.  E.  Seashore. 

For  the  Year  1902-1 903— President,  C.  E.  Seashore;  Sec- 
retary, C.  L.  Von  Ende. 

For  the  Year  1903-1904— President,  W.  J.  Teeters ;  Secre- 
tary, C.  L.  Von  Ende. 

For  the  Year  1904-1905 — President,  A.  A.  Veblen;  Secre- 
tary, J.  J.  Lambert. 

For  the  Year  1905-1906 — President,  G.  L.  Houser;  Secre- 
tary, C.  L.  Bryden. 

For  the  Year  1906-1907— President,  Karl  E.  Guthe;  Secre- 
tary, F.  A.  Stromsten. 

For  the  Year  1907-1908— President,  W.  G.  Raymond;  Sec- 
retary, A.  G.  Worthing. 

For  the  Year  1908-1909 — President,  R.  B.  Wylie;  Secretary, 
P.  S.  Biegler. 

For  the  Year  1909-1 91 0— President,  G.  F.  Kay;  Secretary, 
S.  M.  Woodward. 

PAPERS  AND  REPORTS  1885-1910 

FRANK  STANTON  ABY,  1888. —  Papers:   The  Development 
of  the  Cerebro-Spinal  Axis,  1889;  Trichinae,  1891;  The 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  67 

Ultimate  Distribution  of  the  Blood,  1892 ;  Recent  Researches 
on  the  Physical  Basis  of  Life  and  Heredity,  1893.  Reports : 
Cultivation  of  Mushrooms,  1889;  The  Sweat  Ducts  and 
Blood  Supply  of  the  Skin,  Discovery  of  the  Hog-Cholera 
Microbe,  1891 ;  Coloring  Matter  in  Human  Epidermis,  1892 ; 
The  Estimation  of  the  Weight  of  Haemoglobin  in  a  Dried 
Human  Blood  Cell,  A  New  Science  "Cystology",  Demon- 
stration of  Giant  Cell  of  Sarconea,  A  Theory  of  Heat- 
producing  Centers  in  the  Brain,  Partheno-genesis  as  Shown 
by  the  Worker  Bee,  1893;  Review  of  Article  by  W.  D. 
Ho  wells  on  "  Nerve  Degeneration  and  Regeneration"  (given 
by  Gilchrist  and  Aby),  1894. 

HENBY  ALBERT,  1904. —  Papers:  Insects,  the  Role  They 
Play  in  the  Transmission  of  Diseases,  1905;  Bacteria  and 
the  Public  Health,  1906;  Animal  Diseases  Transmissible 
to  the  Human  Being,  1907 ;  Arterio-sclerosis  —  its  Relation 
to  the  Pathology  of  Senility,  1908;  The  Pasteur  Treatment 
of  Rabies  and  Other  Forms  of  Vaccine  Therapy,  1909. 
Reports:  The  Preparation  of  Permanent  Museum  Speci- 
mens, 1903 ;  Construction  and  Working  of  the  Epidiascope, 
1905;  Filaria,  Sulphur  and  Formaldehyde  Fumigation, 
Light  Producing  Bacteria,  1906;  Inhalation  of  Coal  Dust, 
Appendicitis,  1907;  Spirochaete  Bacteria,  Method  of  Iso- 
lating the  Typhoid  Bacillus  from  Others  Found  in  Water, 
1908 ;  Making  of  Colored  Slides  by  a  New  Process  of  Color 
Photography,  Hook-worm  and  the  Hook-worm  Diseases, 
1909;  The  Work  of  Cultivating  Tissues  and  Organs  of  the 
Body  outside  of  the  Body,  1910. 

EDWAED  X.  ANDERSON,  1909. —  Report :  The  Nucleation  of 
Pure  and  Mixed  Vapors  in  Dust  Free  Air,  1910. 

LAUNCELOT  WINCHESTER  ANDREWS,  Charter. —  Papers: 
Dead  Matter,  1886 ;  Historical  Review  of  the  Methods  Em- 


68     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

ployed  for  the  Production  of  Extreme  Cold  and  the  Lique- 
faction of  the  Permanent  Gases,  1886;  Evolution  of  the 
State,  1886;  The  Flowing  Wells  at  Belle  Plaine  (with 
Calvin),  1886;  The  Asymmetric  Carbon  Atom  in  Organic 
Compounds,  1886;  The  Evolution  of  the  Telephone,  1887; 
Atomic  Theories  in  the  Light  of  Atomic  Facts,  1887 ;  What 
We  Know  about  the  Weight  of  Atoms,  1888 ;  Electrical  Stor- 
age Batteries,  1888;  A  Chapter  from  the  History  of  Sci- 
ence, 1889;  What  Have  the  Material  Sciences  to  Do  with 
Education,  1889;  The  Absolute  Size  of  Molecules,  1889; 
Osmosis  and  Allied  Manifestations  of  Molecular  Motion  in 
Solutions,  1890 ;  Aluminum  —  its  Manufacture  and  Possible 
Industrial  Value,  1890 ;  A  Symposium  on  the  Nature  of  the 
Centre  of  the  Earth  (with  Weld  and  Calvin),  1891;  The 
Spectrum,  1891;  Progress  toward  Aerodynamical  Naviga- 
tion, 1891 ;  Modern  Explosives,  1892 ;  Paracelsus  Bombastus 
and  the  Science  of  his  Day,  1892 ;  Some  Principles  of  Evo- 
lution Illustrated  in  Chemical  Processes,  1892 ;  The  Develop- 
ment of  Chemistry  from  Alchemy,  1893 ;  Eecent  Useful  Ap- 
plications of  Electricity  Other  than  Mechanical,  1893 ;  Some 
Applications  of  Science  to  the  Detection  of  Crime,  1894; 
Porcelain,  1896 ;  Next  to  Nothing,  1896 ;  An  X  Eay  Soiree, 
1896;  Discovery  Scientific  and  Otherwise,  1898;  The  Non- 
Chemical  Elements,  1898;  The  Air  We  Breathe,  1899;  Con- 
cerning the  Scope  of  University  Training,  1900;  How  the 
Weight  of  an  Atom  is  Ascertained,  1901 ;  The  Water  Supply 
and  Purification  System  of  Budapest,  1902 ;  Some  Eelations 
of  Mass  to  Chemical  Action,  1903.  Reports :  Silicon  in  Iron 
and  Steel,  Fallacies  Concerning  Freezing  of  Water,  Poison  in 
Wall  Paper,  Determination  of  the  Velocity  of  Meteors,  The 
Linking  Carbon  Atom  in  Organic  Compounds,  Intelligence 
Displayed  by  Mice,  Some  Phenomena  in  Connection  with 
Fracture  of  Glass,  Edelmann's  Calorimeter  and  von  Beetz's 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  69 

Lecture  Galvanometer,  Another  Series  of  Experiments  on 
Nitrification,  A  New  Astatic  Galvanometer  with  Spiral 
Needle,  Survival  of  the  Fittest  in  the  Conflict  of  Molecules, 
1886 ;  Antisepsis  and  Sterilization  by  Electricity,  The  Func- 
tion of  Kain  in  Supplying  Substances  Important  to  Plant 
Life,  Methods  of  Photometry,  A  Hydrostatic  Balance  and 
Testing  Machine,  Secretions  of  Insectivorous  Plants,  Free 
Fluorine,  Comparison  of  the  Sense  of  Smell  with  the  Other 
Senses  as  Eegards  Delicacy,  Electrification  of  Air,  Viscos- 
ity of  Liquids  and  a  New  Form  of  Viscosimeter,  The  Pre- 
diction and  Discovery  of  the  Element  Germanium,  The 
Symptoms  of  Hemlock  Poisoning,  1887;  AJuminum  in 
Plants ,  Molecular  Geometry,  Influence  of  Light  on  Electric 
Leakage  and  Disruptive  Discharge,  Microscopic  Perspec- 
tive, The  Kruess  Vierordt  Spectroscope,  Singing  Flames, 
The  Formation  of  Waterspouts,  The  Cimento  Academy  of 
Florence,  1889;  Eecent  Eesearches  Concerning  Solutions, 
The  Element  "X",  The  Action  of  Light  in  Producing  Elec- 
trical Disturbances,  A  Pipette  for  Volumetric  Work,  Modi- 
fications in  the  Theory  of  Electrolysis,  The  Manufacture 
of  Photographic  Dry  Plates  and  the  Theory  of  Developing 
the  Image,  Discovery  of  Criteria  for  the  Actuality  of  Truth, 
1889;  Photography  of  the  Electric  Spark,  Herbert  Spen- 
cer's Principles  of  Psychology,  Vol.  I,  Ch.  V,  Last  Line, 
The  Sandwich  Islands,  Plasmodium  Malariae  (for  Hage- 
beck),  Christening  of  the  "Myopyknometer",  The  Pasteur 
Filter,  Hydrazic  Acid,  1890;  The  Application  of  Electrol- 
ysis to  Toxicology,  The  Electric  Coal  Cutter,  A  Bronze 
Microbe,  Individuality  of  the  Chemical  Unit,  Siemens 's  Ee- 
generative  Evaporator,  1891;  Stas  and  his  Work  on  the 
Determination  of  Atomic  Weights,  The  Nature  of  the  Inter- 
atomic Force  Acting  within  the  Molecule,  Eecent  Experi- 
ments in  the  Sub-Divisions  of  Matter,  The  Asymmetric 


70     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Arrangement  of  Atoms,  An  Analysis  of  the  Illuminating  Gas 
of  the  Iowa  City  Gas  Company,  Prof.  H.  A.  Eowland's  New 
Map  of  the  Solar  Spectrum,  A  Chemical  Paradox,  Non- 
Existence  of  Chemical  Action  at  Low  Temperatures,  1892 ; 
A  Supposed  Meteorite  by  Analysis  Shown  to  be  only 
Hematite;  Eesults  of  a  Chemical  Examination  Bearing  on 
the  Oxygenation  of  the  Water,  An  Experiment  in  Capillarity 
Showing  Eelative  Eate  of  Movement  of  Water  and  the 
Substance  Dissolved  in  it,  The  Longitudinal  Conductivity 
of  Quartz  Crystals,  The  Use  of  Tools  by  Animals,  Illustra- 
tions of  the  Structure  of  Molecules  by  Means  of  Models, 
Wolf's  Electrolytic  Apparatus  for  the  Detection  and  Esti- 
mation of  Small  Quantities  of  Arsenic,  1893 ;  The  Optics  of 
Photography,  Photographic  Inaccuracies,  Use  of  Electric- 
ity in  Bleaching  Operations,  Use  of  Electricity  for  the  Dis- 
infection of  Sewage,  Perception  of  Time,  Viscocity  and 
Diffusion,  Lack  of  a  Eythmic  Sense,  Dangers  from  Kero- 
sene Stoves,  1894 ;  The  Effect  of  Ammonia  upon  India  Eub- 
ber,  The  Survival  of  the  Fittest  as  Shown  in  the  Overthrow 
of  Past  Civilizations,  Myrotype,  a  New  Photographic  Print- 
ing Paper,  Argon,  Some  Physiological  Effects  of  Extreme 
Cold,  The  Phenomena  of  Electro-Thermometry,  A  Hot  Air 
Motor,  The  Incombustibility  of  Sulphur  in  Dry  Oxygen, 
Cycles  of  Lengthening  and  Shortening  of  the  Swiss  Gla- 
ciers (with  Littig),  Aluminum  Bronze,  Translation  of  a 
Paper  by  Ostwald  on  the  Overthrow  of  Scientific  Material- 
ism, The  Absence  of  Hydrogen  from  the  Atmosphere,  1895 ; 
Calculating  Machines,  Experiments  in  Cathode  Eay  Photo- 
graphy, The  Apparatus  Used  in  the  Discovery  and  Study 
of  the  Lenard  Eays,  Attempts  to  Obtain  the  X  Eay  without 
a  Vacuum,  Negatives  Illustrating  the  Location  of  a  Foreign 
Body  by  Means  of  the  X  Eays,  1896 ;  Sciograph  of  a  Femur 
Showing  a  Eifle  Bullet  Lodged  in  the  Flesh,  Curious  Mark- 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  71 

ings  in  the  Interior  of  a  Compound  Lens  Due  to  the  Slow 
Contraction  of  the  Canada  Balsam  Used  as  a  Cement,  The 
Sea  Mills  in  Cephalonia,  The  Energy  of  Chemical  Change, 
The  Wetherell  Electromagnetic  Method  of  Ore  Concentrat- 
ing, Eecent  Eevivals  of  Alchemistic  Notions,  The  Melting 
of  Impure  Ice,  1897 ;  The  Selective  Eadiation  of  Light  by 
Certain  Substances,  Modern  Methods  of  Liquefying  Air, 
1898;  The  Keeley  Motor  Fraud,  The  Degree  of  Accuracy 
Attained  in  Atomic  Weight  Determination,  Comparison  in 
Size  of  the  Smallest  Bacteria  and  the  Molecules  of  Starch 
(with  Bierring),  1899;  The  Transmission  of  Coloring  Mat- 
ter to  the  Plumage  of  Birds  through  Food,  1900;  The  Death 
Eate  Greater  in  the  Cities  than  in  the  Country,  A  Model 
to  Illustrate  the  Process  of  Electrolysis,  A  Phase  of  Vital 
Statistics,  The  Acoustics  of  an  Auditorium,  Investigation 
Made  by  Piquard  on  the  Self  Healing  Power  of  Glass,  1901 ; 
Poisoning  of  Chemical  Eeactions,  Mercerized  Wool,  1902; 
Eadium,  Small  Amount  of  Catalyzers  Eequired  to  Cause  a 
Marked  Hastening  of  Action,  1903;  Discovery  of  Eadium, 
1904. 

OSCAE  WILLIAM  ANTHONY,  1889. — Papers :  Thermo-Elec- 
tricity,  1890 ;  Vortex  Eings  with  Special  Eef erence  to  their 
Properties  in  a  Non- viscous  Medium,  1891 ;  Some  Achieve- 
ments and  Possibilities  of  Mathematics,  1892. 

ALBERT  LEVI  AENEE,  1890. —  Papers :  Electro-Magnetism 
and  the  Methods  of  its  Measurements,  1891 ;  The  Tendency 
of  Modern  Electrical  Theory,  1891 ;  Temperature  and  Pre- 
cipitation, 1892;  The  Eemoval  of  Faults  in  Submarine 
Cables,  1894 ;  Cloud  Formation,  1894 ;  The  Principle  of  Inter- 
ference and  its  Application  to  the  Eef  raction  of  Light,  1896 ; 
Some  Characteristics  of  Modern  Physics,  1897.  Reports: 
A  Eecent  Electrical  Installation  in  London,  A  Thompson 
Houston  Watt-metre,  Nature  of  the  Charge  and  Discharge 


72     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

of  the  Leyden  Jar,  1891;  Electrolytic  Method  of  Refining 
Copper,  High  Electrical  Resistance,  Continuity  of  the  Spec- 
trum, Magnetic  Hysteresis  and  its  Manifestation  in  the 
Armature  of  the  Dynamo,  Certain  Analogies  between  the 
Electric  Current  (so-called)  and  Flowing  Water,  A  Con- 
tribution to  the  Theory  of  the  Electrophorous,  Experiment 
Confirming  the  "  Kinetic  Theory  of  Gases  ",  1892 ;  The  The- 
ory of  Induction,  Comparative  Economy  of  Heating  by  Coal 
and  Electricity,  1893;  A  Frauenhofer  Micrometer,  Queen 
and  Company's  New  Pyrometer,  Meteoric  Dust  Shower  of 
March  17,  Isothermal  Lines  of  Iowa,  1894 ;  The  Cold  Pole  in 
Northeast  Siberia,  Municipal  Control  of  Electric  Lighting 
Plants,  1895 ;  Cathode  Ray  Photography,  The  Measurement 
of  Magnetic  Fields,  The  Distribution  of  Temperature  in 
Iowa  on  April  16th,  1896,  1896. 

FBED  GEORGE  BAENDER,  1906. —  Papers:  The  Relation  of 
the  Mechanical  Trades  to  Each  Other,  1906 ;  The  Develop- 
ment of  a  Phonographic  Record,  1908.  Reports:  Applica- 
tion of  the  Gyroscope  in  Automobile  Practice,  1908 ;  Installa- 
tion of  the  White  Steam  Car,  1909. 

RICHARD  PHILIP  BAKER,  1906. —  Papers:  Mathematical 
Concepts,  1907;  Printer's  Ink,  1908. 

WILLIAM  EDWARD  BARLOW,  1892. —  Papers:  The  Phos- 
phatic  Nodules  of  the  Mesozoic  Deposits  of  Cambridgeshire, 
England,  1893;  Impure  Air,  1894;  Coffee  and  its  Adulter- 
ants, 1897;  The  Reducing  Properties  of  Aluminum,  1899; 
Corundum,  Especially  Rubies  and  Sapphires,  1900.  Re- 
port :  Recent  Improved  Methods  of  Gold  Extraction,  1895. 

EDWARD  NEWTON  BARRETT,  1888. —  Reports :  Some  Psycho- 
logical Phenomena,  Cosmogony  of  the  Pre-historic  Race 
of  Central  America,  1891;  Recent  Archaeological  Discov- 
eries in  the  Orient,  1893;  The  Last  of  the  Samaritans,  1894; 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  73 

A  Table  Giving  a  Babylonian  Account  of  the  Deluge,  The 
Principles  of  the  Polychrome  Bible,  1898 ;  The  Eecent  Dis- 
covery of  a  Koyal  Mummy  Supposed  to  be  that  of  the 
Pharaoh  of  Exodus,  1900. 

GEORGE  NEANDEB  BAUER,  1895. —  Papers :  The  Nine-point 
Circle,  1897;  The  Principle  of  Duality,  1897. 

H.  HEATH  BAWDEN,  1900. —  Papers:  The  Psychological 
Theory  of  Organic  Evolution,  1901.  Report:  A  Review  of 
Loeb's  Physiology  of  the  Brain,  1901. 

ARTHUR  BEAVIS,  1887. —  Papers:  The  Passion  Play  and 
Some  Deductions  Therefrom,  1887;  The  Evolution  of  the 
Bicycle,  1888. 

WILLIAM  EDMUND  BECK,  1902. —  Paper:  The  Northern 
Constellations,  1904. 

FREDERICK  JACOB  BECKER,  1902. —  Paper :  The  Infusion  of 
a  Salt  Solution,  1903. 

EUSSELL  BURNS  HALDANE  BEGG,  1899. —  Paper:  The  Fa- 
tigue of  Metals,  1900. 

WILLIAM  BONAR  BELL,  1902.—  Report :  Eesults  of  Ex- 
periments at  Woods  Holl,  1903. 

PHILIP  SHERIDAN  BIEGLER,  1906. — Paper:  Electrification 
of  Steam  Eailways,  1907. 

WALTER  LAWRENCE  BIERRING,  1893. —  Papers:  Modern 
Methods  of  Bacteriological  Eesearch,  1894;  The  Sewers  of 
Paris,  1895;  Louis  Pasteur  the  Scientist  and  the  Fruits  of 
his  Labors,  1895;  Animal  Parasites  in  Disease,  1896;  For- 
maldehyde the  New  Disinfectant,  1897 ;  Some  of  the  Bene- 
fits of  Bacteria,  1899 ;  Eecent  Developments  in  the  Study  of 
Pathological  Processes,  1899;  The  Eole  of  Insects  in  the 
Spreading  of  Disease,  1900 ;  The  Eelation  of  Tuberculosis 
in  Man  to  that  in  the  Lower  Animals,  1890 ;  Smallpox  Vac- 


$ 
74     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Q| 

cine,  its  Preparation  and  Use,  1903 ;  Why  are  We  Becoming 
a  Race  of  Dyspeptics,  1905.  Reports :  Bacilli  of  Tubercu- 
losis of  Leprosy  and  of  Actinomycosis  or  Eay  Fungus,  1893 ; 
Diphtheria,  1895;  Loeffler's  Blood  Serum  in  Diphtheria 
Diagnosis,  The  Cause  of  Cancer,  Odontoma,  1896;  The 
Plague  in  India,  A  New  Method  of  Cultivating  Anaerobic 
Bacteria,  The  Discovery  of  Bacillus  Icteroidis,  the  Microbe 
of  Yellow  Fever,  1897 ;  A  Method  of  Preparing  the  Eye  for 
Demonstration,  Leprosy,  Demonstration  of  the  Microbe  of 
Yellow  Fever,  A  Hair  Ball  from  a  Human  Stomach,  A  Cul- 
ture Medium  of  Human  Blood  Serum,  1898 ;  Phototherapy, 
Comparison  in  Size  of  the  Smallest  Bacteria  and  the  Mole- 
cules of  Starch,  1899;  A  Case  of  Agoraphobia,  Mosquito 
Inoculation  for  the  Spreading  of  Malaria,  1901;  Tetanus 
Eesulting  from  the  Use  of  Antitoxin,  1902. 

WALTER  MARTINUS  BOEHM,  1903. —  Paper:  The  Musical 
Scale,  1904.  Reports:  Making  Zone  Plates,  1901;  Ether  of 
Space,  1904;  Electrical  Conductivity  of  Various  Liquids^ 
1906;  Advance  in  Science  in  the  Year  1907,  1907. 

CHARLES  HENRY  BOWMAN,  1894. —  Papers:  Alternating 
Currents,  1896;  The  Wave  Theory  of  Light,  1897;  Thermo- 
dynamics, 1898;  The  Electromagnetic  Theory,  1900.  Re- 
ports :  Modulus  of  Elasticity  of  Steel,  1894 ;  A  Demonstra- 
tion of  the  Vibration  of  a  Soap  Film  Due  to  Sound  Waves, 
Experiments  on  the  Interference  of  Light,  1897 ;  The  Phe- 
nomena of  Interference  in  Light  Waves,  1898 ;  The  Wehnelt 
Interrupter,  Interference  Phenomena  in  Circular  Shadowsr 
Some  Experiments  in  Hydrodynamics,  1899;  Surface  Ten- 
sion of  Liquids,  1900. 

WILLIAM  J.  BRADY,  1902.—  Papers :  Are  the  Teeth  of  Man 
Degenerating!,  1902;  The  Influence  of  Civilization  on  the 
Teeth,  1902 ;  Why  Teeth  Decay,  1905. 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  75 

FAY  CLUFF  BROWN,  1909.—  Paper :  Light  Electric  Prop- 
erties of  Light-Positive  and  Light-Negative  Selenium, 
1910.  Reports-.  A  New  Form  of  Selenium  Cell,  1909 ;  Some 
Eecent  Facts  Concerning  Eadio- Activity,  1910. 

MAUD  BROWN,  1903. —  Report :  Technique  of  Experiments 
in  Psychological  Laboratory,  1904. 

CHARLES  LAZARUS  BRYDEN,  1904. —  Papers:  The  History 
of  a  Piece  of  Coal,  1906 ;  Extinguishing  an  Anthracite  Mine 
Fire,  1906.  Reports:  Mineral  Carborundum,  Method  of 
Eliminating  Moisture  from  Air  Used  in  Blast  Furnaces, 
1905;  Mining  of  Anthracite  and  Bituminous  Coal,  1906. 

MOTIER  A.  BULLOCK,  1889,  Associate. —  Reports :  Ancient 
Bread  Found  in  Cliff  Dwelling,  1890;  The  Utilization  of 
Electricity  in  Horticulture  and  Floriculture,  Employment 
of  Monkeys  in  Siam  for  Detection  of  Spurious  Coin,  Bodily 
Levitation,  1891;  Waterworks  System  of  South  Haven, 
Michigan,  Use  of  Electric  Light  in  Forcing  Certain  Plants, 
Hay  Fever  and  Asthma,  1893;  The  Discovery  of  an  Ex- 
tinct Eace  in  Egypt,  1895;  A  Case  of  Double  Conscious- 
ness, 1897 ;  The  George  Junior  Eepublic,  1898 ;  The  Scien- 
tific View  of  the  Doctrine  of  Immortality,  1899. 

ALBERTUS  JOSEPH  BURGE,  1901. —  Papers:  Blood  in 
Health  and  in  Disease,  1902 ;  Physics  Applied  in  Medicine, 
1904;  Facts  and  Fancies  about  Appendicitis,  1907;  The 
Doctor  as  an  Economic  Factor,  1908.  Report:  Foreign 
Substances  Taken  from  the  Body,  1907. 

JOSEPH  M.  CALIFF,  1886. — Papers :  The  Contest  between 
Heavy  Guns  and  Heavy  Armor  Plating,  1886;  The  Dyna- 
mite Gun,  1887;  Submarine  Mines,  1888;  The  Develop- 
ment of  the  Modern  Eifle,  1888;  The  Development  of  the 
Modern  High  Power  Eifle,  1889.  Reports :  The  Latest  Ee- 
sults  in  Experiments  on  Slow  Burning  Powder,  The  New 


76     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Explosive  Melanite  and  Other  High  Explosives,  Experi- 
ments in  the  Use  of  Torpedo  Netting  in  the  Defense  of 
Vessels,  1887;  The  Accuracy  of  Modern  Eifled  Cannon, 
1888;  Eesults  of  the  Tests  of  the  New  Steel  Guns,  1889; 
The  Composition  of  Nickel-Steel  Armor  Plate,  1892. 

SAMUEL  CALVIN,  Charter. —  Papers :  Living  Matter,  1885 ; 
The  Sources  of  Vital  Energy  (with  Macbride),  1886;  Geol- 
ogy in  Iowa,  1886;  Formation  of  Strata,  1886;  The  Flow- 
ing Wells  at  Belle  Plaine,  (with  Andrews),  1886;  Croll's 
Theory  of  Secular  Changes  in  Climate,  1886 ;  Spontaneous 
Generation,  1887;  The  Vorticellidae,  1887;  The  Deep  Well 
at  Washington,  Iowa,  1887 ;  Some  Special  Geological  Prob- 
lems in  the  Sierras,  1888 ;  Some  Points  in  the  Physiology  of 
the  Nervous  System,  1889;  The  Duration  of  Geological 
Time,  1889 ;  Mountain  Making,  1890 ;  The  Eccentricities  of 
Eivers,  1890 ;  A  Symposium  on  the  Nature  of  the  Center  of 
the  Earth  (with  Weld  and  Andrews),  1891;  The  Elephant 
in  Iowa  and  Elephant  Dentition  in  General,  1891;  The 
Niagara  Limestone  of  Iowa,  1892 ;  Some  Mesozoic  Eeptiles 
and  Birds,  1893 ;  The  Drif tless  Area  in  Northeastern  Iowa, 
1893;  Conditions  Attending  the  Deposition  of  the  Cam- 
brian and  Silurian  Strata  of  Iowa,  1894 ;  The  History  and 
Genesis  of  the  Soils  of  Northeastern  Iowa,  1896 ;  Pre-Paleo- 
zoic  and  Paleozoic  Faunas,  1896;  Pleistocene  Iowa,  1897; 
The  Mesozoic  Faunas,  1897;  Geological  Walks  about  Iowa 
City,  1899;  Land  Forms  in  Iowa,  1899;  The  Geology  and 
Scenery  of  the  Pipestone  Eegion,  1900 ;  A  Geological  Trip 
through  Colorado,  1901 ;  A  Trip  to  British  Columbia,  1902 ; 
The  Interglacial  Deposits  of  Iowa,  1904;  Vulcanism  and 
Associated  Phenomena,  1905 ;  Some  Points  in  the  Geologi- 
cal History  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver,  1907 ;  Some  Mammals 
now  Extinct,  that  once  Inhabited  Iowa,  1907;  Large  Ani- 
mals now  Extinct  which  Lived  in  Iowa  during  the  First 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  77 

Inter-Glacial  Interval,  1909.  Reports:  On  Certain  Insec- 
tivorous Plants,  Geological  Formations  Penetrated  in  the 
Boring  of  the  Belle  Plaine  Wells,  1886;  Development  of 
Certain  Cells  of  the  Cerebellum  of  Birds,  Certain  Phe- 
nomena in  Connection  with  the  Presence  of  Trichina,  The 
Evening  Grosbeak,  The  Influence  which  Training  of  Any 
Organ  May  Have  upon  Other  Organs,  Booetherium  Cavi- 
frons,  Some  Laws  Governing  the  Introduction  of  Species, 
The  Walled  Lakes  of  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  On  the  Paleon- 
tology of  Widder,  Ontario,  1887;  Conditions  for  the  Pres- 
ence of  Natural  Gas  and  Oil,  Chlorophyl  Bodies  in  the  Cells 
of  the  Green  Hydra,  Evolution  as  Shown  by  Some  Geologi- 
cal Forms,  1888;  Phenomena  Connected  with  the  Transec- 
tion  of  the  Spinal  Cord  of  Frogs,  The  Bad  Lands  near  Glen- 
dive,  Montana,  1889;  Some  Peculiarities  in  the  Distribu- 
tion of  the  Blood  in  the  Brain,  The  Manner  in  which  the 
Highly  Organized  Tissues  are  Nourished,  Trichinae  in  a 
Eat,  An  Instrument  for  Demonstrating  the  Eeduction  in 
Bulk  of  Muscles  during  Contraction,  The  So-called  Immor- 
tality of  Microorganisms,  Why  are  We  Eight  Handed?, 
1890 ;  Presence  of  the  Eobin  at  Iowa  City  on  January  16th, 
The  Presence  of  Copper  in  the  Blood  of  Invertebrates,  Nor- 
mal Faults  as  an  Explanation  of  the  Parallel  Eanges  of 
Mountains  in  the  Basin  Eegion,  Some  Additional  Evidence 
of  the  Existence  of  Man  in  California  before  the  Lava 
Flows,  What  Constitutes  an  Individual!,  1891;  Certain 
Proposed  Changes  in  Geological  Nomenclature,  The  Geo- 
logical Aspect  of  CrolPs  Theory  of  Climate  and  Time,  The 
Action  of  the  Pancreatic  Fluid  in  the  Digestion  of  Fats, 
Gypsum  Beds  at  Fort  Dodge  and  Methods  Employed  in 
Making  Stucco  There,  1892 ;  The  Geological  Formations  in 
the  Vicinity  of  Sioux  City,  Eecent  Views  Concerning  the 
Antiquity  of  the  Globe,  1893 ;  The  Secondary  Formation  of 


78     IOWA  JOUENAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Quartzite,  Glaciers,  Forminiferal  Origin  of  the  Chalk  of 
Iowa  and  Neighboring  Slates,  The  Oscillatory  Movement 
in  Iowa  during  the  Lower  Carboniferous  Period,  The  Ef- 
fect of  Geological  Structure  upon  Topographical  Form 
within  the  Driftless  Areas  of  Northeastern  Iowa,  Some 
Probable  Habits  of  Belemnites,  1894;  Some  Evidences  of 
Movements  in  the  Earth's  Crust,  Sturnella  Magna  Neglecta, 
Sialia  Sialis,  The  Eelation  between  Base  Leveling  and  Or- 
ganic Evolution,  1895 ;  The  Saint  Peter  Sandstone  at  Post- 
ville,  The  Pleistocene  Deposits  in  Iowa,  1896 ;  The  Sea  Mills 
in  Cephalonia,  Eecent  Improvements  in  Gold  Mining,  A 
Blowing  Well,  1897;  Topographic  Features  of  Delaware 
County,  1898 ;  The  Crowding  up  of  the  Ice  on  Certain  Shores 
of  Lakes,  1899 ;  A  Specimen  of  Chalk  from  the  Holy  Land, 
1900;  The  Geology  of  the  Eegion  about  Brinkemoitt,  Ore- 
gon, The  Finding  of  Gold  in  Iowa,  Overlap  in  Winneshiek 
and  Adjacent  Counties,  1901;  A  Human  Skeleton  Found 
near  Lansing,  Kansas,  Lithographic  Stone  from  Mitchell 
County,  1902 ;  Peculiar  Geologic  Condition  in  Iowa  North- 
east of  the  Cedar  Eiver,  Great  Lava  Fields  about  Sho  shone, 
Idaho,  1903;  Experience  in  Electrical  Matters,  Jackson 
County  Carboniferous  Outcrop,  1904;  Ice  Push,  How  Lam- 
ination is  Produced  in  Eocks  by  Force  and  Pressure,  Flow- 
ers Growing  under  Snow,  The  Comparison  of  the  Produc- 
tion of  Iowa  Soil  and  Production  of  Gold  of  the  World, 
1905;  Variations  of  Heat  on  the  Earth's  Surface  without 
Eegard  to  the  Heat  of  the  Snow,  Earthquakes,  Displacement 
Caused  by  Eecent  Earthquakes  at  San  Francisco,  1906 ;  The 
Mining  of  Lead  and  Zinc  in  the  Neighborhood  of  Dubuque, 
1907;  Petrified  Forests  of  Arizona,  Bones  of  the  Original 
American  Horse,  Experiments  to  Determine  the  Causes  of 
Mine  Explosions,  1908;  The  Discovery  of  Fossils  in  the 
Aftonian  Gravels  of  Iowa,  1909. 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  79 

WILLIAM  B.  COCHRANE,  1892. — Papers :  Mineral  and  Ther- 
mal Springs,  1894 ;  Modern  Surgery  of  the  Digestive  Tract, 
1895;  Some  Defects  in  Eye  Kefraction,  1895. 

SAMUEL  W.  COLLETT,  1905. — Paper:  Plant  Breeding, 
1906. 

JACOB  ELON  CONNER,  1901. —  Report:  Some  Features  of 
the  Tariff  Schedule,  1903. 

AMOS  NOYES  CURRIER,  1889.  Associate. —  Reports:  De- 
cline of  Eural  New  England,  1890 ;  Lately  Found  Constitu- 
tion of  Athens  by  Aristotle,  What  Should  Precede  the  Amer- 
ican University,  1891 ;  The  Cleanliness  of  the  Ancient  Bo- 
mans,  1895. 

EGBERT  BURDETTE  DALE,  1909. —  Report:  The  Teredo 
Navalis,  1910. 

LEE  WALLACE  DEAN,  1894. —  Papers:  The  Plastic  Com- 
pounds of  Cellulose,  1895;  Some  Practical  Points  in  Die- 
tetics, 1898;  The  Hygiene  of  the  Eye  in  the  Public  Schools, 
1899;  The  Anomalies  of  Kefraction,  1900;  The  Causes  of 
Blindness  in  Children  in  Iowa,  1901;  The  Beating  of  the 
Heart,  1902;  Taking  Cold,  1903. 

MRS.  J.  J.  DIETZ,  1889.  Associate. — Report:  Some 
Thoughts  from  Emerson,  1904. 

EDWARD  LEWIS  DODD,  1904. —  Paper:  The  Interest  on 
One  Cent  and  Some  Mathematical  Curiosities,  1905. 

ERIC  DOOLITTLE,  1893. — Papers:  The  Determination  of 
the  Figure  of  the  Earth  by  Pendulum  Experiments,  1894 ; 
Some  Unanswered  Questions  in  Astronomy,  1894.  Reports : 
The  Fifth  Satellite  of  Jupiter,  Three  Visual  Illusions,  1895. 

OILMAN  ARTHUR  DREW,  1888.  Associate. —  Report :  The 
Sting  of  the  Honey  Bee,  1890. 


80     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

FRANK  MOSES  DRYZER,  1908.  Associate. —  Report :  Prin- 
ciple of  Least  Work,  1909. 

CLARENCE  WILLIS  EASTMAN,  1898. —  Report:  Defects  of 
the  Verb"  Must ",  1901. 

BURTON  SCOTT  EASTON,  1898. — Paper:  Star  Color  under 
the  Meteoric  Hypothesis,  1899.  Reports :  The  Discovery  of 
the  Ninth  Satellite  of  Saturn,  Dr.  Morrison's  Paper  on 
Hebrew  Sundials,  1899. 

ANFIN  EGDAHL,  1905.  —  Paper :  Eecent  Work  in  Immu- 
nity, 1906.  Reports :  Malaria  with  Eef  erence  to  the  Tertian 
and  Quarten  Types,  Case  of  Blastomycites  Dermitites,  1906 ; 
Eecent  Work  Done  on  Animal  Parasites,  1907. 

HANSON  EDWARD  ELY,  1897. —  Report:  The  Defense  of 
Sea  Coasts  and  Harbors,  1898. 

CLARENCE  ESTES,  1909. —  Report :  Eadium  Content  of  Hot 
Springs  in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  1910. 

J.  M.  FAUCETT,  1886.-—  Report :  Eelative  Durability  of 
Limestone  and  Sandstone  in  Engineering  Structures,  1886. 

BURTON  PERCIVAL  FLEMING,  1909. —  Paper :  Some  Phases 
of  Irrigation  Engineering,  1910. 

ARTHUR  HILLYER  FORD,  1905. —  Papers:  Electric  Power 
Transmission,  1905 ;  Illumination,  1906 ;  Design  of  an  Elec- 
tric Power  Station,  1907;  Street  Lighting,  1908;  Eecent 
Advances  in  Electric  Lamps,  1909. 

J.  ALLEN  GILBERT,  1895. —  Papers:  Some  Effects  of  the 
Loss  of  Sleep,  1896;  Eesearches  upon  the  School  Children 
of  Iowa  City,  1897.  Reports :  A  Measurement  of  an  Error 
of  Judgment,  1895;  An  Instrument  for  Testing  Hearing, 
The  Spark  Method  of  Measuring  Time,  1897. 

JAMES  GRANT  GILCHRIST,  Charter. — Papers:  Migration 
of  Leucocytes,  1885;  Abnormal  Changes  in  Cell  Structure 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  81 

and  Development,  1886;  Light  Houses  and  Buoys,  1886; 
Cognition  Physiologically  Considered,  1886;  Mechanism 
and  the  Effects  of  Snake-Bite,  1887 ;  The  Anatomical  and 
Physiological  Eeasons  for  Eight-Handedness  and  Left- 
Handedness,  1887 ;  Difference  in  Cellular  Structure  in  Orig- 
inal and  Eeparative  Organizations,  1887 ;  Auxiliary  Motive 
Power  in  Ships  of  War,  1888;  The  Genesis  of  Morbid  Ac- 
tion, 1888;  Development  of  the  Pipe  Organ,  1888;  The 
Origin  of  the  Blood,  its  Functions  and  the  Mechanism  of 
its  Circulation,  1889;  The  Military  Lessons  of  the  Civil 
War,  1889;  Modern  Surgery,  1889;  A  National  Eeserve, 
1890 ;  Fractures  and  Methods  of  Eepair,  1890 ;  The  Natural 
History  of  Disease,  1891;  Surgical  Anaesthesia,  1891; 
The  Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  a  Man  of  War,  1892;  The 
Phenomena  of  Inflammation,  1892;  Medical  Education  as 
a  Function  of  the  State,  1892;  Vascular  Traumatism,  1893; 
Eeminiscences  of  Travel  in  Venezuela,  1893 ;  Inflammation, 
1894;  Dislocations  With  Particular  Eeference  to  their  Ee- 
duction,  1895;  Gunshot  Wounds,  1895;  The  Genesis  and 
Classification  of  Tumors,  1896;  Vis  Medicatrix  Naturae, 
1896 ;  Medical  Jurisprudence,  1897 ;  Physiological  Compen- 
sations, 1898;  Our  Naval  Successes  and  the  Eeasons  for 
Them,  1898;  Some  Eecent  Considerations  of  the  Surgery 
of  the  Great  Cavities  of  the  Body,  1899;  Westminster 
Abbey,  1900 ;  Gun  Shot  Wounds  in  the  Great  Cavities,  1901 ; 
How  to  Meet  Modern  Eequirements  for  a  Medical  Educa- 
tion, 1902;  College  Amateur  Athletics,  1903;  The  Problem 
in  Medical  Art,  1903;  Aneurisms,  1904;  The  Evolution  of 
the  Gothic  in  English  Architecture,  1905;  The  Genesis  of 
Malignant  Tumors  and  Factors  Favoring  their  Eecur- 
rence,  1905.  Reports-.  On  the  Migratory  Cell,  A  Method 
of  Emptying  Bilge-water  from  Vessels,  Visceral  Evolution, 
Symptoms  of  Poisoning  as  Eegards  Judicial  Toxicology, 

VOL.  ix — 6 


• 


82     IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

1887;  The  Embryonic  Origin  of  Tumors,  On  the  Effects 
of  Certain  Operations  for  Cataract,  Decoloration  of  Hu- 
man Hair,  Some  Cases  of  Arrested  Development  of  Or- 
gans, 1888;  The  Structure  of  Dentine,  Cerebral  Localiza- 
tion, Modern  Surgery,  A  Postscript  to  a  Paper  on  Modern 
Surgery,  A  Poisonous  Spider  in  the  West  Indies,  1889; 
Fallacies  of  the  Microscope,  The  Science  of  Heraldry, 
Heraldry,  The  Establishment  of  Collateral  Circulation, 
The  Ultimate  Circulation  of  the  Blood,  The  Behavior  of 
Scars,  Exclusion  of  Germicides  in  Operations,  Euptures  of 
Blood  Vessels,  The  Epitaph  of  Plasmodium,  1890;  The 
Origin  of  Eeports  of  Lizards  Being  Swallowed  and  Living 
in  the  Human  Stomach,  Peculiar  Course  of  a  Bullet  in  the 
Brain,  The  Decussation  of  Nerve  Fibres  in  the  Cord,  The 
Musical  Sense,  Microcephalons,  Eesults  of  Certain  Experi- 
ments Eelating  to  the  Eestoration  of  Functions  in  Divided 
Nerve  Fibres,  Some  Eecent  Experiments  Made  with 
Nickel-Steel  Armor  Plates  (on  behalf  of  Califf),  Whether 
there  is  Any  Such  Thing  as  Hydrophobia,  1891;  Treat- 
ment of  Necrosis,  Gun  Shot  Injuries  of  Modern  Fire- Arms, 
Hysteria,  Voltage  of  Currents  Used  in  Electrocution,  Ee- 
cent Experiments  with  the  Sphygmograph  on  Anaesthesia 
Produced  by  Ether  and  Chloroform,  Practical  Application 
of  Localization  of  Brain  Function  to  Surgical  Cases,  Spe- 
cific Character  of  Arsenical  Poisons,  1892 ;  Comma  Bacillus, 
Intestinal  Surgery,  Is  the  Cancer  Contagious?,  Anaesthe- 
sia, 1893;  Eeview  of  Article  by  W.  D.  Ho  wells  on  "  Nerve 
Degeneration  and  Eegeneration"  (jointly  given  by  Gil- 
christ  and  Aby),  Nerve  Eegeneration,  Eeunion  of  Divided 
Structures  in  the  Animal  Body,  Some  Anomalous  Eesults 
in  Cerebro-Localization,  Modern  Army  Eifle  Wounds,  More 
Eecent  Experiments  on  Modern  Army  Eifle  Wounds,  The 
Functions  of  the  Lupuscite,  The  lodoform  and  Other 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  83 

Methods  of  Treatment  of  Wounds,  1894 ;  Intercranial  Neu- 
rectomy,  The  Besults  of  the  Division  of  Nerves,  The  Diffi- 
culty of   Determining   the   Nature   of  an  Injury  to   the 
Spinal  Column,  Further  Eeport  on  a  Case  of  Neuropa- 
thology,  1895;  Pterodactylism,  Peculiarities  Found  in  the 
Dissection  of  a  Museum  Specimen  of  United  Twins,  A 
Specimen  of  Dermoid  Cyst,  Dr.  Tiffany's  Eeport  on  the 
Eestoration  of  Sensation  after  the  Eemoval  of  Certain 
Sense  Ganglia,  1897;  Obstruction  of  the  Oesophagus  Due 
to  Scalding,  Materials  Entering  into  a  Chinese  Medical 
Prescription,  The  Problems  of  Anaesthesia,  Some  Cases  of 
Spontaneous  Eepair  in  Arrested  Development,  The  Pointed 
Arch  in   English   Cathedrals,  A  Peculiar  Tumor,   1898; 
Suturing  of  Cut  Blood  Vessels,  On  the  Change  from  Eound 
to  Pointed  Arches  in  Mediaeval  Structures,  1899;  The  Dif- 
ference between  Strategy  and  Tactics,  Tubular  Pneumatic 
Action  in  Modern  Organs,  The  Use  of  a  Vegetable  Button 
in  Intersecting,  The  Use  of  Local  Anaesthetics,  Which  is 
the  Last  Musical  Instrument?,  1900;  Three  Cases  of  Surgi- 
cal Treatment  in  Epilepsy,  Physiological  Compensation  in 
Certain  Sensory  Ganglia,  Eecent  Study  of  Church  Archi- 
tecture, Cause  of  Anaesthesia,  1901;  A  Eecent  Case  of 
Undue  Activity  on  the  Part  of  a  Petty  Official,  Anomalous 
Distribution  of  the  Nerve  Foramina  at  the  Base  of  the 
Human  Skull,  1902 ;  Prevailing  Fads  even  in  Surgical  Sci- 
ence, New  Teachings  of  Medical  Authorities,  1903;  Can 
Any  Eeal  Mark  of  Degeneracy  be  Pointed  Out?,  Medico- 
Legal  Aspects  of   Surgery,   Bridging  of  Several  Nerve 
Trunks    with    a    View    of    Eestoring    Lost    Innervation,, 
Eelative  Merits  of  Several  Kinds  of  Motors  Used  in  Pump- 
ing the  Bellows  of  Pipe  Organs,  1904;  President  Harper's. 
Surgical  Case,  Surgical  Shock,  Heart  Suturing,  Modern 
Pedagogic  Methods,  Lamination  of  Tissues  by  Pressure  ini 


84     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Formation  of  Capsules,  Function  of  Suppuration  in  the 
Healing  of  a  Wound,  1905. 

EUSSELL  D.  GEORGE,  1900. —  Papers:  A  Sketch  of  the 
Geology  of  Canada,  1900;  A  Sketch  of  Gold  Mining  and 
Milling  in  the  United  States,  1902 ;  The  Development  of  the 
Iron  Industry  in  the  United  States,  1902.  Reports :  Eecent 
Criticism  of  the  Nebular  Hypothesis,  1900 ;  Marble  Flows, 
1901 ;  Eeport  of  Mineral  Output  for  1901,  The  Possibility 
of  Aluminum  Eeplacing  Copper,  Solubility  of  Glass  in 
Water  at  a  High  Pressure,  1902 ;  Growing  of  Crystals,  1903. 

HENRY  MAX  GOETTSCH,  1899. —  Papers:  Drinking  Water 
and  Typhoid  Fever,  1900;  The  Pecuniary  Economy  of 
Food,  1901. 

ETHEL  GOLDEN,  1897. —  Report:  The  Education  of  Linnie 
Haguewood,  a  Blind  and  Deaf  Girl,  1898. 

CHARLES  EDWARD  GORDON,  1907.  Associate. — Papers :  Un- 
derground Waters,  1908 ;  Eailroad  Construction,  1909.  Re- 
port :  Work  of  the  Eeclamation  Service,  1909. 

SELSKAR  MICHAEL  GUNN,  1906. — Report:  The  Problem 
of  Clean  Milk,  1907. 

KARL  EUGEN  GUTHE,  1905. — Papers:  The  WTiistling 
and  the  Speaking  Arc  Light,  1906;  What  is  Matter,  1906; 
Electrical  Units,  1907.  Reports:  A  New  Tantalum  Elec- 
tric Incandescent  Lamp,  1905;  Two  Kinds  of  Burners  in 
Iowa  City,  Magnetic  Properties  of  Different  Materials 
Especially  Manganese,  Theory  of  Isostasy,  1906;  Average 
Temperatures  of  the  Winter  Months  during  the  Past  Few 
Years,  1907;  Application  of  the  Gyroscope  to  the  Steam- 
ship, 1908;  Difference  in  Pressure  in  the  Atmosphere  by 
Small  Changes  in  Height,  Vibrations  of  Spring  and  Wires, 
Weather  Conditions  of  the  Past  Fifty  Years,  1909. 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  85 

FBEDEBICK  GOODSON  HIGBEE,  1905. —  Papers:  Mechanical 
Drawing,  1906 ;  Lumber  Industry  in  the  Pacific  Northwest, 
1909;  Our  Inland  Seas,  1910. 

JACK  BRUNT  HILL,  1909.—  Report :  The  Heating  Ele- 
ment of  an  Electric  Flat  Iron,  1909. 

ALBERT  S.  HITCHCOCK,  1886. —  Papers :  Chlorophyl,  1886 ; 
The  Future  of  Chemical  Science  Economically  Considered, 
1887;  The  Metallurgy  of  Silver,  1887;  The  Chemistry  of  the 
Plant  Cell,  1888.  Reports:  Variations  of  Sucrose  in  Sor- 
ghum, On  Manufacture  of  Gun-Cotton,  Changes  in  the 
Spectrum  of  Chlorophyl  on  Standing  in  the  Dark,  Heating 
of  Platinum  by  Condensation  of  Gases  on  its  Surface,  1887 ; 
The  Delicacy  of  Chemical  Eeactions,  Certain  Cases  of  Ab- 
normal Flowers,  On  Two  Species  of  Peronospora,  Lines 
of  Magnetic  Force,  Eemarks  on  the  Iowa  Flora,  Absorp- 
tion Bands  of  the  Chlorophyl  Spectrum,  1888 ;  Chlorophyl 
in  Alcoholic  Specimens  of  Silk- Worm,  Two  Specimens  of 
Silicified  Wood,  1889. 

ARTHUR  WARREN  HIXON,  1908. —  Paper:  Iron  Mining  in 
the  Lake  Superior  Eegion,  1909. 

F.  A.  HOLTON,  1887.-—  Paper :  Methods  of  Distinguishing 
between  Butter  and  Butter  Substitutes,  1887. 

GILBERT  LOGAN  HOUSER,  1892. —  Papers :  Some  Features 
of  Paleozoic  Corals,  1893 ;  The  Structural  Elements  of  Con- 
nective Tissue,  1894;  The  Cleavage  of  the  Egg,  1895;  Seg- 
mentation of  the  Vertebrate  Head,  1895;  The  Ear,  1896; 
The  Degeneration  of  the  Tunicate,  1898;  The  Data  of  Mod- 
ern Neurology,  1899;  The  Physical  Basis  of  Heredity,  1900; 
Eecent  Progress  in  Cellular  Biology,  1901 ;  The  Eesults  of 
Experimental  Embryology,  1902;  Vitalism  and  Mechanism 
as  Explanations  of  Life,  1903;  Phosphorescence,  1905; 


86     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Primary  Causes  of  Animal  Behavior,  1903;  The  Brain 
of  the  Vertebrate,  1906;  Eecent  Progress  in  the  Study 
of  the  Living  Substance,  1908;  Present  Status  of  Dar- 
winism in  the  Field  of  Zoology,  1909 ;  Some  Modern  View- 
points of  Animal  Life,  1909 ;  Form  Changes  in  the  Animal 
Cell,  1910.  Reports:  The  Nematocysts  of  the  Fresh  Water 
Hydra,  1893;  Formaline,  1893;  The  Formation,  Growth  and 
Disappearance  of  a  Water  Spout,  1896;  The  Origin  and 
Purpose  of  the  Thyroid  Gland,  1897;  The  Eelation  between 
the  Auditory  Nerve  and  the  Hair  Cells  of  the  Ear,  Changes 
in  Nerve  Cells  due  to  Activity,  1898 ;  Effect  of  Radiation  of 
Radium  on  Animal  Life,  Achievements  of  Carl  Gegenhaur, 
Experiments  of  the  Japanese  Hatai  with  Lecithin,  1903; 
Phosphorescence  in  Animals,  The  Stimulation  of  Proto- 
plasm and  the  Deferring  of  Somatic  Death,  1905 ;  Cilia,  The 
Distribution  of  the  Physiological  Metals  in  the  Animal  Cell, 
Oxidation  in  the  Living  Cell,  1906;  Changes  in  Cellular 
Structure  of  Animals  with  Age,  1908. 

MINNIE  HOWE,  1888.  Associate. —  Report:  The  Flora  of 
a  Metamorphic  Ledge  in  Luverne  County,  Minn.,  1891. 

ALFRED  ONIAS  HUNT,  1888. —  Papers:  Toothache,  1888; 
Methods  of  Tooth-Saving,  1889. 

JAMES  ELDEK  HUTCHINSON,  1909. — Report:  Liquid  Illu- 
minating Gas  in  Switzerland,  1910. 

WOODS  HUTCHINSON,  1895. —  Paper:  Uses  of  Pain,  1895. 

Z.  H.  HUTCHINSON,  1894. — Reports:  An  Apparent  Im- 
munity from  Rattlesnake  Poison  Acquired  by  Dogs,  Two 
Present  Day  Instances  of  Old  Sick-Room  Superstitions, 
1894. 

W.  T.  JACKSON,  1891.— -  Report :  The  Writings  of  Com- 
menius,  1892. 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  87 

CHABLES  DAVIS  JAMESON,  1887. —  Papers:  The  Panama 
Canal,  1887;  Photography  Applied  to  Surveying,  1888; 
Engineering  Features  of  the  Proposed  Nicaragua  Canal, 
1888;  Evolution  of  the  Bridge  Truss,  1889;  Sewerage  and 
Sewers,  1889;  Eailroad  Signals  and  Safety  Appliances, 
1890;  The  Virtual  Length  of  Eailways,  1890;  Field  Meth- 
ods of  Eailroad  Location,  1891 ;  The  Evolution  of  the  Mod- 
ern House,  1892 ;  A  Comparison  of  English  and  American 
Eailways,  1892 ;  The  Evolution  of  Eapid  Transit  in  Cities, 
1893;  The  Indicator  and  its  Use,  1894;  An  Engineering 
Education,  1894.  Reports :  An  Astonishing  History  Show- 
ing the  Great  Justice  in  the  Working  of  the  Eailroad  Law 
in  Iowa,  The  Eelative  Efficiency  of  Electric  and  Steam 
Locomotives,  Color  Photography,  1890;  The  Fall  of  Two 
Spans  of  the  Louisville  and  Jeff ersonville  Bridge,  Glaciers 
of  Alaska,  1894. 

LEORA  JOHNSON,  1890.  Associate. —  Report:  The  Pre- 
vention of  Diphtheria  by  Inoculation,  1894. 

CHARLES  KAHLKE,  1890.  Associate. — Report :  Inoculation 
of  a  Eabbit  with  Anthrax  Bacillus,  1891. 

WILLIAM  JAY  KARSLAKE,  1909. —  Paper:  The  Doctrine  of 
Valence,  1909. 

GEORGE  FREDERICK  KAY,  1907. —  Papers :  Theories  of  the 
Earth's  Origin,  1908 ;  The  Coal  Supply  of  the  United  States, 
1910.  Reports:  Discovery  of  Diamonds  in  Arkansas,  1906; 
Nickel  Ore  Deposits  in  Northern  California,  1908;  Supply 
and  Conservation  of  Coal,  1909;  Evidences  of  Glaciation, 
1909. 

HARRY  EUGENE  KELLY,  1897. —  Report:  The  Harvard 
English  Eeports,  1898. 

THEODORE  WILBERT  KEMMERER,  1899. —  Report :  Two  Eab- 
bits  Inoculated  with  the  Hydrophobia  Virus,  1900. 


88     IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS  . 

GEACE  KENT,  1893.  Associate. — Report:  Effects  of  Fa- 
tigue upon  the  Senses,  1$04. 

EDWABD  C.  KNOWEB,  1885. —  Paper:  Changes  in  Tactics 
since  Waterloo  and  the  Breech-Loader,  1886. 

AX.BEBT  KTJNTZ,  1908. —  Report:  Development  of  the 
Sympathetic  Nervous  System,  1910. 

BYBON  JAMES  LAMBERT,  1903. —  Papers :  The  Automobile, 
1904;  The  Tunnels  and  Subways  of  New  York  City,  1907; 
Illustrated  Description  of  the  Big  Bridges  of  New  York 
City,  1909;  Aeronautics,  1910.  Reports:  Telegraphone, 
1905;  Transportation  Facilities  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge, 
1905;  Eeport  on  Bridge  near  Quebec  which  Collapsed, 
1907;  Michigan  Central  Tunnel  under  the  Detroit  Eiver, 
1908. 

JOHN  JOSEPH  LAMBERT,  1900. — Papers:  Eegeneration  in 
Animals,  1902 ;  Animal  Grafting,  1903 ;  The  Physiology  of 
Sleep,  1904;  The  Marine  Biological  Laboratory  at  Woods 
Holl,  1905.  Reports:  Dr.  Kim's  Phototherapeutics  by  In- 
jection into  (the  Spinal  Cord,  1901;  Beating  of  a  Cat's 
Heart,  Cause  of  Muscle  Contraction,  1902;  Distribution  of 
Animals,  1904. 

JAMES  HENRY  LEES,  1902. —  Reports:  The  Study  of  the 
Drift  in  Madison  County,  Continued  Motion  of  Occluded 
Bubbles,  1903. 

NATHAN  E.  LEONARD,  Charter. —  Papers:  Meteorites, 
1886;  Physical  Cause  of  Earthquake,  1886;  Color  Envel- 
opes, 1886;  Croll's  Theory  of  Glacial  Climate,  1887;  Meth- 
ods of  Measuring  the  Velocity  of  Light,  1887.  Reports: 
Eecent  Meteoric  Showers,  On  Meteorites,  Method  of  Dis- 
tinguishing between  Atmospheric  and  Solar  Lines  of  the 
Spectrum,  Displacement  of  the  First  Band  of  the  Spectrum 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  89 

of  Encke's  Comet,  Temperature  of  Different  Parts  of  Sun 
Spots,  1886;  Velocities  Observed  in  Solar  Prominences, 
Progress  in  Celestial  Photography,  1887. 

LAWRENCE  WILLIAM  LITTIG,  1890. —  Papers:  Cleanliness 
in  Surgery  —  What  it  Implies  To-day,  1891;  Cause  and 
Prevention  of  Typhoid  Fever,  1893;  Brief  Eeferences  to 
Pasteur  and  Some  of  his  Works,  1893;  The  Spinal  Cord 
and  its  Functions,  1894;  The  Athletic  and  the  Senile  Heart, 
1895 ;  La  Grippe,  1897.  Reports :  Some  Eemarkable  Cases 
of  Hysteria,  Two  Cases  of  Hysteria  Cured  by  Suggestion, 
1893 ;  A  Copy  of  Father  Kneippe's  Book  on  Water  Cure  and 
Some  of  his  Methods,  1894;  Cycles  of  Lengthening  and 
Shortening  of  the  Swiss  Glaciers,  1895 ;  A  Hair  Tumor  in 
a  Human  Stomach,  1896;  A  Case  of  Cure  by  Suggestion, 
1897. 

FRED  JAMES  LONGWOETH,  1907. —  Paper:  Mining  and 
Smelting  Conditions  in  British  Columbia,  1908.  Report: 
Effect  of  Eecent  Financial  Flurry  on  Mining,  1907. 

ISAAC  ALTHATJS  Loos,  1890.  Associate. — Paper:  Logical 
Methods  in  Political  Economy,  1895.  Report:  Professor 
Nutting's  Theory  of  the  Coloration  of  Deep  Sea  Animals, 
1900. 

CHARLES  F.  LORENZ,  1900. —  Papers:  Measurement  by 
Light  Waves,  1901;  A  Few  Electrodynamic  Experiments, 
1903;  Stereoscopic  Projection,  1904.  Reports:  The  Phe- 
nomena of  a  Eotary  Magnetic  Field,  1898;  Principle  of 
Orthochromatic  Photography,  A  New  Nernst  Lamp,  1903 ; 
Cooper  Hewitt  Mercury  Vapor  Lamp,  1906. 

THOMAS  HUSTON  MACBRIDE,  Charter. —  Papers:  The 
Sources  of  Vital  Energy  (with  Calvin),  1886;  Devices  for 
Securing  Cross-Fertilization  among  Plants,  1886;  Intercel- 


' 


90     ItfWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

lular  Secretions  and  Excretions  of  Mineral  Matter  in  the 
Cells  of  Plants,  1886;  Variations  of  Plants  under  Varying 
Circumstances,  1887 ;  The  Diff erence  between  a  Mushroom 
and  a  Toadstool,  1887 ;  Peculiarities  of  Plant  Distribution, 
1888;  The  Slime-Molds,  1888;  Smuts  and  Busts,  1889;  The 
Great  American  Desert  and  What  is  to  Come  of  it,  1889 ;  The 
Life  and  Death  of  a  Tree,  1890;  Microbes,  1890;  What 
Constitutes  a  Type,  1891 ;  Nuclear  Division,  1893 ;  Pitcher 
Plants,  1894;  Some  Phases  of  California  Mora,  1895;  The 
Forests  of  Iowa  and  their  Distribution,  1895;  Parasitism 
and  Symbiosus,  1896;  The  Botany  of  Shakespeare,  1897; 
What  is  an  Animal?,  1898;  Figs,  1900;  Twentieth  Century 
Protoplasm,  1901;  Point  Lobos,  1902;  The  Plant  Respon- 
sive, 1903 ;  The  Response  of  Plants  to  Human  Preference, 
1904;  Luther  Burbank  and  his  Garden,  1905;  A  Study  in 
Parasitism,  1907 ;  On  the  Present  Trend  of  Natural  History 
Study,  1908.  Reports :  Organic  Connection  Between  Cells, 
Abnormalities  in  Vegetable  Cells,  1886 ;  Pines  and  Spruces 
of  the  Sierras,  Puff  Balls,  Some  Species  of  Club-Mosses 
Lately  Found  near  Iowa  City,  Solanum  Rostratum,  1887; 
Peculiar  Outcome  of  Cross-Fertilization  as  Shown  in  a 
Specimen  of  Squash,  Life  and  Services  of  the  Late  Dr.  Asa 
Gray,  Calcium  Oxalate  in  Plants,  On  the  Discovery  of  Teeth 
in  the  Embryo  of  the  Duck-bill  Mole,  On  the  Appearance  of 
Horns  on  Polled  Cattle,  The  Flora  of  Krakatoa  after  the 
Eruption  in  1883,  Some  Rare  Forms  of  Saprophytic  Fungi, 
A  Piece  of  Sugar  Pine  from  the  Comstock  Mine,  1888 ;  Re- 
cent Discovery  of  Shortia  by  Professor  Sargent,  The 
Metallurgy  of  Gold  by  the  Arastra,  Folk  Lore  in  Regard 
to  Planets,  Some  Native  Stinkhorns,  Character  and  Scien- 
tific Work  of  Professor  Lesquereux,  The  Cedars  of  Leb- 
anon, 1889;  Thuja  Gigantea;  Liriodendrom  Tulipifera,  The 
Dodder,  The  Time  Required  to  Replace  Forest  Trees,  An 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  91 

Ear  of  Corn,  1890;  A  Number  Form,  Slime-Molds  Re- 
garded as  Animals,  The  Occurrence  of  the  White  Pine  in 
Japan,  Aricaria  Imbricata,  Results  of  Experiments  for 
Determining  the  Active  Principle  in  Yeast,  Plasmodina 
Malariae,  1891;  Primitive  Cantilever  Bridges  over  Alpine 
Streams,  Observations  on  Forestry  in  Iowa,  An  Experi- 
ment on  Rabies  Witnessed  in  Pasteur's  Laboratory,  1892; 
A  Bacteriological  Investigation  of  the  City  Water,  The 
Slime- Molds  of  Nicaragua,  The  Inefficiency  of  Inoculation 
by  Bacilli  in  a  Healthy  Body,  A  Recent  Discovery  of  Cy- 
<?ads,  Distribution  and  Character  of  the  Trees  in  the  Black 
Hills  Region,  1893;  Certain  Aquatic  Plants  at  the  Hot 
.Springs  in  South  Dakota,  The  Effects  of  Pasturing  Sheep 
upon  Wild  Barley,  A  Small  Photographic  Camera,  1895; 
The  Hickory  Nut  Trees  of  Iowa,  1896;  Caffir  Corn,  1898; 
Impregnation  in  Flowering  Plants,  1900 ;  Origin  of  Words 
as  Sarsaparilla,  Briarwood,  and  Gin.  1903. 

CHAELES  SCOTT  MAGOWAN,  1886. — Papers :  Railway  Car 
Brakes,  1888;  Irrigation  in  the  United  States,  1889;  Ice 
Making  and  Refrigerating  Machines  and  their  Processes, 
1891;  The  Development  of  the  Water  Power  of  Niagara, 
1894;  The  Chicago  Drainage  Canal,  1897;  Title  by  Posses- 
sion, 1898;  Methods  of  Measuring  Water,  1899;  The  Fil- 
tration of  Public  Water  Supplies,  1901;  Sanitary  En- 
gineering, 1904;  Some  Examples  of  Concrete  Steel  Struc- 
tures, 1905;  Stand-pipes  and  Elevated  Tanks,  1906.  Re- 
ports: A  Bogus  Meteorite,  Skimmed  Milk  as  a  Spreader 
of  Contagious  Diseases,  1897 ;  The  Causes  of  the  Crystalline 
Appearance  of  Fracture  in  Iron  Subjected  to  Frequent  and 
Varied  Stresses,  1900;  Lighting,  1902. 

EMLIN  McCLAiN,  1889.  Associate. — Reports:  Individual- 
ism as  a  Factor  in  the  Social  Sciences,  1890 ;  Recent  Court 


92     IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Decisions  Touching  the  Eight  of  Ownership  of  Meteorites, 
1892 ;  Behring  Sea  Controversy,  1893 ;  The  Eight  of  Crimin- 
als to  Eefuse  the  Taking  of  Fingerprints  for  Purposes  of 
Identification,  1899. 

JOHN  THOMAS  McCLiNTOCK,  1903.—  Papers :  The  Elec- 
trical Phenomena  of  Cell  Activity,  1903 ;  Therapeutics  of  Al- 
cohol, 1906 ;  Chemical  Agents  in  Coordination  with  Physi- 
ological Action,  1907;  Our  Natural  Defenses  against  In- 
fection, 1910.  Reports:  Fiocca's  Method  for  the  Staining 
of  Spores  of  Bacteria,  1899;  Neurone  Theory,  1905. 

FRED  D.  MEEEITT,  1897. — Paper:  The  Application  of 
Mathematics  to  Political  Economy,  1899. 

JAMES  BUET  MINEE,  1904. —  Paper:  An  Iowa  Case  of 
Vision  Acquired  in  Adult  Life,  1905. 

PEECY  C.  MYEBS,  1896. —  Reports:  A  Mega-microscope, 
The  Diatomaceous  Deposit  of  Clear  Lake,  The  Diatomace- 
ous  Deposits  of  Lake  Okoboji,  1898. 

FBANK  JOHN  NEWBEEEY,  1895. —  Papers :  The  Eelation  of 
Electricity  to  Medicine,  1896;  The  Ophthalmoscope  and 
What  it  Eeveals,  1897 ;  The  Human  Ear,  1897 ;  Color  Blind- 
ness, 1898;  Some  Observations  Concerning  the  Upper 
Eespiratory  Tracts,  1900;  The  Sympathetic  Eelations  Be- 
tween the  Two  Eyes,  1901. 

EBNEST  E.  NICHOLS,  1886.—  Papers :  Series,  1888;  Tro- 
choids,  1889;  The  Growth  of  Mathematics,  1890. 

CHAKLES  CLEVELAND  NUTTING,  1886. —  Papers:  The  Eel- 
ative  Merits  of  the  Panama  and  Nicaragua  Canal  Eoutes, 
1886 ;  Observation  on  Central  American  Birds  with  Eef er- 
ence  to  Theories  Advanced  by  Darwin  and  Wallace,  1887; 
The  First  Three  Days  of  the  Embryology  of  the  Chick, 
1887 ;  Animal  Intelligence,  1888 ;  Observations  and  Experi- 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  93 

merits  on  Living  Sea-Urchins,  1888;  Skeletons  of  Inverte- 
brate Animals,  1889 ;  The  Significance  of  the  Geographical 
Distribution  of  Certain  American  Mammals  and  Birds, 
1890;  Are  Mammals  the  Highest  of  the  Vertebrates!,  1890; 
Can  Acquired  Characters  be  Inherited?,  1891;  Jelly  Fishes, 
1892 ;  Deep  Sea  Investigation,  1893 ;  Informal  Report  upon 
the  Bahama  Expedition,  1893 ;  The  Epiblastic  Structure  of 
the  Mammalia,  Weapons  of  Animals,  1894;  The  Origin  and 
Significance  of  Sex,  1895;  The  Naples  Zoological  Station, 
1896;  The  Fur  Seal  and  the  Seal  Islands,  1897;  Do  the 
Lower  Animals  Reason?,  1897;  Observations  on  Young 
Chicks,  1898;  The  Phosphorescent  Light  of  Marine  Ani- 
mals, 1899 ;  The  Eyes  of  the  Blind  Cave  Animals  of  North 
America  and  their  Bearing  on  Evolutionary  Doctrine, 
1900 ;  Jelly  Fishes  and  their  Relation  to  the  Hydroid  Col- 
ony, 1900;  A  Visit  to  the  Home  of  the  Cliff  Dwellers,  1901; 
Life  on  Board  the  United  States  Steamer  Albatross,  1902 ; 
Some  Principles  of  Protective  Coloration  among  Animals, 
1903;  The  Salmon  and  Salmon  Fisheries  of  Alaska,  1904; 
The  First  Fauna  of  the  World,  1906;  Scientific  Results  of 
the  Hawaiian  Cruise,  1907;  A  Zoological  Puzzle  and  At- 
tempts at  its  Solution,  1908;  Some  More  about  "La  Jolla" 
and  its  Biological  Station,  1910.  Reports :  The  Geographical 
Distribution  of  the  Evening  Grosbeak  during  this  Season, 
Calabashes  and  Their  Uses,  Some  Notes  of  Local  Ornitho- 
logical Facts  and  Observations,  A  New  Unicellular  Animal, 
Podophrya  Compressa,  Urn-Burial  as  Practiced  by  the  An- 
cient Nicaraguans,  1887;  Some  Specimens  of  British 
Game  Birds,  Life  Character  and  Services  of  the  Late 
Professor  Spencer  F.  Baird;  Dichromatism  among  Birds, 
Appearances  of  the  San  Domingo  Duck  in  Iowa,  Some  Iso- 
lated Communities  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  Animal  Intelli- 
gence, The  Portuguese  Man-of-War,  1888;  The  Great 


94     IOWA  JOUBNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Horned  Owl  and  its  Varieties,  Growth  and  Wearing  away 
of  Coral  Islands,  Absence  of  Lasso  Cells  among  Certain 
Alcyonoid  Corals,  A  Case  of  Suspended  Animation,  Corre- 
lations of  Organs,  Means  by  which  the  Polyps  of  Gorgonias 
are  Protected,  1889;  Spontaneous  Combustion,  The  Meth- 
ods of  Sampling  Ore,  The  Vascular  Supply  in  Bone  and 
Teeth,  The  Gila  Monster,  Eadial  Symmetry,  A  Case  of 
Involved  Identity,  A  Method  of  Exhibiting  Anatomical  Dis- 
sections, 1890;  Mother  Carey's  Chicken,  The  Vascular  Sup- 
ply of  the  Teeth,  A  Plant  Found  in  a  Colorado  Mine,  A 
Peculiarity  of  the  Flagellate  Cells  Lining  the  Ampullae  of 
the  Sponges  Grantia  Ciliata,  Cosmogony  of  the  Swampy- 
Cree  Indians,  Peculiarities  of  the  Star  Fish,  Pterastes  Mili- 
taris,  Cause  of  the  Sudden  Blanching  of  the  Hair  of  Man 
and  Other  Animals,  1891 ;  The  Sloth,  Eelation  of  the  Cana- 
dian Government  and  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  to  the 
British  American  Indians,  A  New  Discovery  in  Embryol- 
ogy, Photograph  of  an  Infant's  Foot  with  Significance  of 
Certain  Marks,  First  Finding  of  the  Duck,  Glaucionette 
Islandica  in  Iowa,  The  Poisonous  Fangs  of  the  Heloderma 
and  the  Homology  of  Teeth  and  Scales,  1892 ;  A  Case  Show- 
ing that  Acquired  Characters  May  be  Inherited,  Plastic 
Models  for  Aid  in  Teaching  the  Anatomy  of  Animal  Forms, 
The  Hydroids  Found  upon  the  Bahama  Expedition,  Two  In- 
teresting Species  of  Deep  Water  Corals,  Suspended  Anima- 
tion or  Hibernation  of  Animals,  1893 ;  The  Greatest  Thermal 
Eiver  in  the  World,  Eesemblances  between  Graptolites  and 
a  Group  of  Modern  Hydroids,  Albinism,  The  Significance 
of  Sex  in  the  Animal  Kingdom,  A  Specimen  of  the  Bassari- 
dae,  The  Migration  of  Certain  Forms  of  Life,  Optical  Illu- 
sions in  Estimating  the  Number  of  Individuals  in  a  Com- 
pany, The  Killing  of  a  Saw- Whet  Owl  in  this  Vicinity,  The 
Occurrence  of  Clark's  Crow  in  this  State,  Fungus  on  a 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  95 

Museum  Specimen  in  Alcohol,  1894;  The  Eelative  Exact- 
ness of  the  Natural  and  the  Mathematical  Sciences,  Lord 
Kelvin's  Deep  Sea  Sounding  Apparatus,  The  Force  that 
Extends  the  Thread  of  the  Nematocyst  Cells  in  Hydroids, 
The  Connection  between  Volcanic  Eruptions  and  Tidal 
Phenomena,  1895;  Some  Eecent  Experiments  upon  Tad- 
poles, A  New  Species  of  Hydroid,  The  Slowness  of  the  Dis- 
appearance of  Vestigial  Organs  by  Evolution,  The  Distri- 
bution of  Life  in  the  Ocean  Depths,  The  Fundamental  Dif- 
ferences between  the  Neo-Darwinian  and  the  Neo-La- 
marckian  Schools,  The  Malicious  Damaging  of  the  Newport 
Biological  Laboratory  by  the  Addition  of  Sewage  to  the 
Collecting  Waters,  The  Characteristics  of  a  South  Ameri- 
can Opisthocomus,  1896;  Protective  Coloration  and  Imita- 
tion in  the  Bull  Snake,  The  Teeth  and  Spines  of  Sharks, 
The  Salamanders  of  Lake  Cayuga,  The  Work  of  the  Late 
Professor  E.  D.  Cope,  The  Appreciation  of  Number  in 
Ants,  The  Function  of  Certain  Spots  in  Deep-Sea  Cephalo- 
poda, The  Close  Observation  Characteristic  of  the  English 
People,  Problematic  Structures  between  the  Plates  of  Cer- 
tain Starfish,  The  Mechanism  of  the  Stinging  Spines  of  the 
Sea  Urchin,  Organs  of  Orientation  in  Certain  of  the  Echino- 
dermata,  1897 ;  A  Comparison  of  the  Dentition  of  Eodents 
and  Other  Mammals,  The  City  of  Havana  and  Its  Harbor, 
Possible  Use  of  the  Carrier  Pigeon  in  Naval  Warfare, 
Some  Cases  of  Protective  Mimicry  in  Butterflies,  Does  the 
Eegenerated  Part  of  an  Animal  Tend  to  Eevert  to  a 
Lower  Type,  Eecent  Experiments  on  the  Eegeneration  of 
Limbs  in  Tadpoles,  The  Structure  of  the  Feather,  A  New 
Specimen  of  the  Anthropoid  Ape  from  Borneo,  The  Educa- 
tion of  a  Fish,  1899;  Investigation  of  Skeletal  Variations 
by  the  X  Eay  Method,  The  Eecent  Eeappearance  of  the 
Tile  Fish,  Expedition  to  Alaska,  The  Discovery  of  a  New 


96     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Method  of  Reproduction  among  the  Hydro-Medusae,  1900 ; 
Professor  Loeb's  So-called  Discovery  of  Partheno-Genesis, 
Monograph  on  Hydroids,  Discovery  of  a  Giant  Hydroid, 
Discovery  of  a  Six-Bayed  Serpent  Star,  1901;  A  Summer's 
Cruise  of  the  Albatross,  1902 ;  Observations  by  Calkins  of 
Columbia  University,  Three  Eemarkable  Specimens  of  Sea 
Urchins,  A  Scare  Crow,  Controversy  Concerning  the  Origin 
of  Coral  Islands,  Report  on  an  Article  which  Gives  Results 
of  Subjecting  Organisms  to  Intense  Cold  for  Weeks,  1903 ; 
Best  Method  of  Lighting  an  Exhibition  Space,  Slides  on 
Protective  Coloration,  1904 ;  Zoophytes,  Life  Existing  Luxu- 
riantly at  a  very  Low  Temperature,  1905;  Baconian  Club 
as  it  Existed  Twenty  Years  Ago,  The  Results  of  Last  Ex- 
pedition of  the  Albatross,  Changes  in  the  Sea  Bottom  in 
Mid-Pacific,  Organism  Producing  Cancer,  1906;  Some  Cu- 
rious Cases  of  Parasitism,  Fossil  Tooth  of  a  Hippopotamus, 
Opinion  of  Leading  Zoologists  Concerning  Work  of  Dar- 
win, The  Reasons  for  Desertions  from  the  United  States 
Army,  Pedicellariae  of  Sea-Urchins  and  Star  Fish,  1907; 
Reproduction  by  Conjugation  in  the  Amoeba,  Natural  Se- 
lection, Memory  in  the  Lower  Animals,  A  Plan  for  a  Gov- 
ernment Biological  Station  in  Iowa,  1908;  Social  and  Bio- 
logical Work  in  Holland,  Hydroid  Painted  by  the  Japanese, 
Recent  Investigations  of  Sleeping  Sickness  in  Africa, 
Power  of  Organisms  to  Live  under  Adverse  Physical  Con- 
ditions, Life  of  Alexander  Agassiz,  Exploring  Expedition 
of  Anderson  and  Stefansson,  1910. 

ERNEST  LINWOOD  OHLE,  1905. —  Paper:    Smoke  and  its 
Abatement,  1907. 

ROBERT  GOLDSBOROUGH  OWEN,  1909. —  Report:   Pellagra, 
1910. 

Louis  ALEXANDER   PARSONS,   1894. —  Report:    A  Photo- 
graphic Printing  Paper,  1895. 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  97 

GEOEGE  THOMAS  WHITE  PATRICK,  1888. —  Papers :  Hyp- 
notism, 1889 ;  Memory  and  Mnemonics,  1890 ;  Time  of  Men- 
tal Operations,  1890;  Human  Automatism  in  its  Kelation 
to  Spiritualism,  1891 ;  The  Localization  of  Brain  Function, 
1891 ;  Expression  of  the  Emotions,  1893 ;  Criminal  Anthro- 
pology, 1893;  The  Psychology  of  Women,  1895;  Some  Meth- 
ods and  Eesults  of  Child  Study,  1895;  Scientific  Materi- 
alism, 1896 ;  Sleep,  1898 ;  Some  Disturbances  of  the  Person- 
ality, 1898;  The  Psychology  of  Crazes,  1899;  The  Psychol- 
ogy of  Profanity,  1901 ;  The  Psychology  of  Play,  1901.  Re- 
ports :  Recent  Experiments  in  Thought-transference,  Some 
Experiments  by  Sir  John  Lubbock  on  the  Limits  of  Vision 
in  Insects;  On  the  Homing  Power  of  Animals,  1888;  The 
Psychophysic  Law,  The  Gum-Chewing  Wave,  1889;  The 
Phenomenon  of  Multiple  Personality,  The  Brain  of  Laura 
Bridgeman,  1890 ;  Arithmetical  Prodigies,  Emotional  Effect 
of  Colors,  1891;  Methods  and  Means  Employed  by  Mind 
Eeaders  in  the  Practice  of  their  Profession,  Automatic 
Writing,  Aphasia,  A  Eecent  Experimental  Concert  to  De- 
termine Whether  or  not  Music  Conveys  to  the  Hearer  a 
Definite  Thought,  The  Zemonian  Antinomies,  1892 ;  Descrip- 
tion of  a  Modern  Jail,  The  Theory  of  the  Correlation  of 
Mental  and  Physical  Powers,  1893 ;  Hypnotism,  Some  At- 
tempts Made  toward  the  Classification  of  the  Sciences,  Dar- 
winism and  Swimming,  Wundt's  Sphygmomanometer,  The 
Detection  of  Near  Objects  by  Blind  Persons,  1894;  Mac- 
donald's  Experiments  on  Sensibility  to  Pain,  Contrast  in 
Color  Sensation,  Some  Photographs  to  Illustrate  the  Illu- 
sion of  Contrast,  Hearing  and  Sight  of  School  Children, 
1895;  Fatigue  in  School  Children,  The  Conditions  of  Fa- 
tigue in  Beading,  1896;  The  Psychophysical  Phenomena 
of  Vorticella,  1897;  Possible  Improvements  in  the  Kinet- 
oscope,  The  Persistence  of  the  Memory  of  Olfactory  Sensa- 

VOL.  ix — 7 


98     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

tions,   1898;   An  Interesting   Case   of   Glossolalia,   1900, 
Plattians  in  the  Training  of  Telegraphy,  1901. 

JAMES  NEWTON  PEARCE,  1907. —  Paper:  Some  Eecent 
Work  on  the  Hydrate  Theory,  1908;  Colloidal  Chemistry 
and  its  Applications,  1910. 

ALFRED  CHARLES  PETERS,  1891. —  Paper :  The  Phenomenon 
of  Taking  Cold,  1892. 

PHILETUS  H.  PHILBRICK,  Charter. —  Papers :  The  Canti- 
lever Bridge,  1886;  Eads's  Ship  Eailway  Plan,  1887. 

CHARLES  DELOS  POORE,  1905 : —  Papers :  Chemistry  Boiled 
Down,  1905 ;  Does  the  Ion  Simplify  the  Study  of  Chemistry, 
1906.  Reports :  Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  Colored  and  Colorless 
Ions  as  an  Argument  in  Favor  of  the  Dissociation  Theory, 
1906;  Thermometric  Scales,  1908. 

WILLIAM  GALT  BAYMOND,  1904. —  Papers :  A  Trip  to  the 
Lick  Observatory,  1904;  The  Development  of  Locomotive 
Tractive  Power  in  America,  1906;  How  Many  Miles  Can 
We  Travel  without  Being  Killed?,  1907;  Eailroad  Bates, 
1908 ;  The  Grade  Element  in  Bailroad  Operation,  1909.  Re- 
ports: Belative  Attendance  of  Students  in  Arts  and  Sci- 
ences as  Compared  with  Engineering,  Visit  Made  by  Board 
of  Begents  Committee  at  Various  Engineering  Schools, 
1905;  Becent  Improvements  in  Locomotives,  1907. 

GEORGE  WINDLE  BEAD,  1889. —  Papers :  The  Military  Pol- 
icy of  the  United  States,  1890;  Signalling,  1890;  Modern 
War,  1892. 

JOHN  FRANKLIN  BEILLY,  1909. —  Paper:  The  Orbit  of  a 
Heavenly  Body  with  Special  Beference  to  Halley's  Comet, 
1910. 

BOB  BEMINGTON,  1906. —  Paper:  The  Fixation  of  Nitro- 
gen, 1907. 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  99 

ELBEBT  WILLIAM  KOCKWOOD,  1888. —  Papers:  Some  As- 
pects of  Photography,  1889;  Foods,  1889;  Salt,  1891;  The 
Formation  of  Fat  in  the  Animal  Body,  1891;  Drinking 
Water,  1892;  The  Sources  of  Muscular  Energy,  1893;  Fer- 
mentation, 1894;  The  Chemical  Products  of  Bacterial  Ac- 
tion, 1895;  Milk,  1896;  The  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology  of 
Water  Filtration,  1897 ;  Eecent  Eesearches  in  Physiological 
Chemistry,  1897 ;  The  Experimental  Determination  of  Ani- 
mal Metabolism  with  Some  Practical  Applications,  1898; 
Food  Adulterations,  their  Extent  and  Significance,  1900; 
Digestive  Ferment  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  1902; 
Physical  Chemistry  in  the  Biological  Science,  1902;  Food 
Preservatives,  1903;  Do  We  Eat  too  Much?,  1905;  Do 
the  Chemical  Elements  Exist?,  1906;  Something  about 
Albumen,  1907;  Bleached  Flour,  a  Chemico-Physiolog- 
ical  Legal  Problem,  1908;  Food  Preservatives  with  Spe- 
cial Eef erence  to  Sodium  Benzoate,  1910.  Reports :  Iowa 
Limestone  and  Clays  and  their  Fitness  for  the  Manu- 
facture of  Portland  Cement,  1889;  Photography  with- 
out the  Use  of  a  Lens,  1890;  Bromelin  —  a  Digestive 
Fluid  Found  in  the  Juice  of  the  Pineapple,  The  Effect  of 
Extreme  Low  Temperatures  on  Chemical  Action,  1894 ;  The 
Cultivation  of  Useful  Bacteria,  1895;  The  Effect  of  Loss  of 
Sleep  on  the  Excretion  of  Phosphoric  Acid  and  Nitrogen, 
An  Epidemic  of  Typhoid  Fever  at  Tipton,  Iowa,  Attribut- 
able to  the  Use  of  Well  Water,  An  Apparatus  for  Determin- 
ing Approximately  the  Amount  of  Carbon  Dioxide  in  the 
Air,  1896 ;  Food  Investigations  by  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  A  Nitro-Cellulose  Substitute  for  Silk, 
Precautions  against  Contagion  from  Milk,  Comparative 
Values  of  Plant  and  Animal  Foods,  A  Meteorological  Phe- 
nomenon, 1897;  Nutritive  Values  of  Foods  Used  in  the 
Slums  of  New  York,  An  Original  Translation  of  Caput 


$ 
100   IOWA  JOUKNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Mortuum,  1898 ;  Antiseptic  Duelling,  1899;  The  Food  Value 
of  Alcohol,  1900;  Vessel  Used  in  Preparing  Infant's  Milk, 
1900;  The  Stamping  Out  of  the  Bubonic  Plague  in  Some 
Japanese  Cities,  1903;  Use  of  Copper  Salts  in  Drinking 
Water,  Use  of  Methyl  Alcohol,  1904;  An  Insoluble  Sub- 
stance in  Soft  Water,  Arsenic  Poisoning,  The  Formation  of 
the  Diamond,  1905 ;  Systematic  Zoology  and  Chromosomes, 
Food  Adulterants,  Nature  of  Waste  Products  in  the  Body, 
Alcohol,  Eecent  Jubilee  of  the  Coal  Tar  Industry,  Oxida- 
tion as  it  Occurs  in  the  Organic  World,  1906 ;  Manufacture 
and  Use  of  Denatured  Alcohol,  Comparative  Digestibility 
of  Cooked  and  Uncooked  Food,  Statistics  on  the  Production 
of  Sulphur  in  the  United  States,  Eecent  Improvements  in 
Getting  and  Keeping  Pure  Milk,  Eeport  of  two  Great  Chem- 
ists Moissan  and  Mendeljeff,  Eelation  of  Diet  to  Endur- 
ance, Modification  of  Some  Vital  Processes  Due  to  the  Use 
of  the  Automobile,  Autochrome  Process  of  Color  Photog- 
raphy, 1907;  Cereal  Foods,  Crenothrix  the  Micro  Organ- 
ism at  the  Present  Time  Contaminating  the  Water  Supply 
of  Iowa  City,  Possibility  of  Changing  Copper  to  Lithium, 
Analysis  of  the  City  Water,  1908;  Some  Diseases  of  Tin, 
Color  Photography,  Commercial  Price  of  Eadium,  1909; 
Eecent  Method  of  the  Preparation  of  Peat  for  Commercial 
Use,  Fake  Patent  Medicines,  The  Use  of  Aluminum  in 
Cooking  Utensils,  The  Effect  of  Hard  Water  upon  the 
Teeth,  1910. 

EALPH  EUGENE  EOOT,  1909. — Reports:  Professor  Moore's 
General  Analysis,  The  Examination  and  Marking  System, 
1910. 

FRANK  EUSSELL,  1894.— Paper:  The  Yellow  Knife  In- 
dians, 1895.  Reports:  Esquimaux'  Waterproof  Boots,  An 
Albino  Specimen  of  Geomys  Bursarius,  1895. 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  101 

MARTIN  WRIGHT  SAMPSON,  1889. —  Reports:  Literary  and 
Artistic  Work  of  Women  as  Contrasted  with  that  of  Men, 
Query  in  Eegard  to  the  Picturesque  Quality  of  Photog- 
raphy, 1890. 

THOMAS  EDMUND  SAVAGE,  1896. —  Reports :  The  Flora  of 
the  "Wild  Den"  Eegion,  1897;  Some  Features  in  the  Nat- 
ural History  of  the  Eegion  of  Ironton,  Missouri,  1898. 

CHARLES  ASHMEAD  SCHAEFFER,  1887. — Papers:  Steel, 
1888;  The  Mining  and  Metallurgy  of  Gold,  1888;  Natural 
and  Artificial  Cements,  1889;  The  Systematic  Method  of 
Organic  Chemistry,  1890. 

F.  L.  SCHAUB,  1902. —  Report:  Eeport  on  a  Paper  by 
Professor  Stratton  "Eye  Movements  in  the  Esthetics  of 
Vision",  1903. 

CARL  EMIL  SEASHORE,  1897. —  Papers :  A  Study  in  Psy- 
chological Measurement,  1898 ;  Visual  Perception  of  Inter- 
rupted Linear  Distances,  1899 ;  The  Principal  Types  of  Nor- 
mal Illusions  in  the  Perception  of  Geometrical  Forms,  1900 ; 
Automatism  in  the  Use  of  the  Divining  Eod  in  Tracking  for 
Underground  Water,  1901 ;  Some  Experiments  in  Auditory 
Perception  of  Direction,  1902 ;  Dreams,  1903 ;  Color  Vision 
in  the  Indirect  Field,  1905 ;  The  Tonoscope  and  its  Use  in 
Singing,  1906;  The  Psychology  of  Play,  1908;  Darwin  from 
the  View-point  of  the  Psychologist,  1909.  Reports:  The 
Eeign  of  Men,  1898 ;  Some  Cases  of  Eudimentary  Movements 
of  the  Human  Ear,  The  Discriminative  Sensibility  for  Pitch, 
1899;  The  Psychergometer,  A  New  Erggraph,  1900;  A  New 
Method  of  Measuring  the  Pitch  of  the  Voice  in  Singing  and 
Speaking,  1901;  The  Eelative  Frequency  of  Ideas,  Scrip- 
ture's Color  Sense  Tester,  1902;  To  Obtain  a  Cheap  and 
Convenient  Battery  for  Short  Circuits  in  the  Laboratory, 
1904;  The  Photography  of  Eye  Movements,  1905;  Forma- 


102  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

tion  of  Habits  in  the  Starfish,  Some  Experiments  on  Eats, 
1907;  Possibility  of  Localizing  the  Sense  of  Taste,  1908;  A 
New  Paper  File,  1909. 

BENJAMIN  FEANKLIN  SHAMBAUGH,  1897,  Associate. — 
Reports:  The  Latest  Original  Package  Case,  The  Nature 
of  the  Problem  of  Justification  in  the  Interference  of  the 
United  States  in  the  Cuban  Situation,  The  Possession  and 
Occupancy  of  Iowa  in  its  Legal  Aspects,  The  Naming  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Iowa,  1898 ;  History  of  the  Establishment 
of  the  Boundaries  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Iowa,  1899. 

BOHUMIL  SHIMEK,  1890.— Papers :  The  Eadula  of  the 
Mollusca,  1891;  The  Loess  in  the  Northwest,  1892;  The 
Geographical  Distribution  of  Mollusca  with  Eelation  to 
Current  Glacial  and  Loess  Theories,  1892 ;  The  Nicaragua 
Canal,  1893 ;  Types  of  Nicaraguan  Ferns,  1894;  Plant  Hairs, 
1895;  Plant  Distribution  in  Iowa,  1896;  Water  Nymphs, 
1897;  Textile  Vegetable  Fibres,  1898;  Eomance  in  Natural 
History,  1898;  Forestry  in  Iowa,  1900;  The  Okoboji  School 
of  Botany,  1902 ;  An  lowan  Desert,  1903 ;  The  White  Lands 
of  New  Mexico,  1904;  Ferns  in  the  Desert,  1905;  Forests  of 
the  United  States,  1906;  A  Bit  of  Geology  and  Geography 
Eevised,  1907;  Why  Are  the  Prairies  Treeless?,  1908;  Dar- 
win from  the  Standpoint  of  the  Botanist,  1909 ;  The  Prairie 
and  Forest  Problem  as  Illustrated  in  the  Lake  Okoboji  Ee- 
gion,  1910.  Reports :  The  Canadian  Thistle  in  Iowa  City,  Ee- 
marks  on  Pyrgula  and  Planorbis,  1890 ;  the  Fania  Integraf  o- 
lia,  A  Eemarkable  Snake's  Nest,  1892;  Some  Peculiar  Hab- 
its of  Ferns,  The  Eussian  Thistle,  The  Blooming  of  Plants 
during  the  Present  Autumn,  Cases  of  Certain  Diaecious 
Plants  Producing  Perfect  Flowers,  1894 ;  Conditions  Favor- 
ing the  Growth  of  the  Hard  Maple,  1896;  The  Eepair  of  In- 
juries to  the  Cambium  Layer  in  Trees,  the  Physiological 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  103 

Effects  of  Poison  Ivy,  1898 ;  A  Specimen  of  the  Plasmodinm 
of  a  Slime-Mold,  A  Dwarf  Form  of  Burr  Oak,  1899;  Bitter- 
Sweet,  1900;  The  Causes  of  the  Flow  of  Sap  in  the  Spring, 
1900;  Skunk  Cabbage,  1903. 

LEE  PAUL  SIEG,  1906.— Papers :  The  Nature  of  White 
Light,  1908;  Limits  of  Vision,  1909;  The  Microscope  and 
the  Ultra  Microscope,  1910.  Reports:  Abbe's  Theory  of 
Microscopic  Vision  as  Applied  to  Ordinary  Vision,  1906; 
Determining  the  Optical  Focus  of  a  Lens,  The  Theory  of 
the  Diffraction  Grating,  1907. 

CHARLES  GAMBLE  SIMPSON,  1909. — Report:  A  Discontin- 
uous Function,  1910. 

ALFRED  VARLEY  SIMS,  1895. —  Papers:  Self -Purification 
and  Filtration  of  Water  in  Eelation  to  the  Health  of  Cities, 
1897;  The  Simplicity  and  Practicability  of  the  Graphical 
Determination  of  Stresses,  1898 ;  The  Determination  of  the 
Strength  of  Cement,  1900;  Some  Features  of  the  Eoad 
Problem,  1901;  Some  Glimpses  of  the  Life  of  a  Southern 
Tobacco  Farm,  1902.  Reports:  Methods  of  Sterilizing 
Water,  The  Bate  of  Corrosion  of  Iron  Buried  in  Different 
Kinds  of  Soil,  1899. 

AETHUE  GEORGE  SMITH,  1893. —  Papers:  Variable  Stars, 
1894;  The  Laws  of  Chance,  1896;  The  Quadrature  of  the 
Circle,  1896 ;  The  Number  Concept,  1897 ;  A  Study  in  Mathe- 
matical Interpretation,  1898;  The  Tides,  1899;  The  In- 
scribed Polygon  of  Seventeen  Sides,  1901;  Mathematics  in 
Biology,  1902;  Some  Elementary  Methods  and  Eesults  in 
Statistical  Anthropology,  1903 ;  The  Hydrographical  Work 
of  the  United  States  Government,  1904 ;  Sound  and  Music, 
1906 ;  The  Shape  of  the  Earth  and  its  Determination,  1906 ; 
Some  Aeronautical  Mechanics,  1908;  The  Gyroscope,  1910; 
A  Eational  Marking  System,  1910.  Reports:  A  Function 


104  lOA  JOUBNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

in  which  the  Second  Partial  Differential  Coefficient  Depends 
upon  the  Order  of  Differentiation,  1895 ;  The  Mathematical 
Theory  of  the  Honey  Bee  Cell,  1896;  The  Measurement  of 
the  Velocity  of  the  Eifle  Ball,  Variation  in  Longitude,  1897 ; 
Determination  of  ir  by  the  Gaussian  Law  of  Error,  The  Me- 
chanics of  the  Nebular  Hypothesis,  1898;  See's  Law  of  the 
Temperature  of  Gaseous  Bodies,  The  Economy  of  Material 
in  Nature,  The  Lines  of  Flow  in  a  Liquid,  The  Penetrating 
Power  of  the  Modern  Bullet,  The  Steel  Jackets  of  Modern 
Bullets,  1899 ;  The  Expectation  of  Living,  Scientific  Study 
of  the  Awarding  of  First  and  Second  Prizes  by  Competitive 
Examination  by  Sir  Francis  Galton  and  Carl  Pierson,  1902 ; 
The  Precipitation  of  Moisture  in  Iowa  and  Iowa  City,  Some 
Facts  Eegarding  Earthquakes,  1906;  The  Formation  of 
Frazil  and  of  Anchor  Ice,  1907;  Galton 's  Individual  Differ- 
ence Problem  in  Statistics,  1910. 

CHARLES  LEONARD  SMITH,  1893.  Associate. — Reports: 
Vegetation  of  Nicaragua,  1893;  A  Collecting  Trip  through 
Mexico  and  Nicaragua,  1896. 

FRANKLIN  ORION  SMITH,  1907. —  Reports:  A  Few  Diffi- 
culties Encountered  in  the  Study  of  Color  Perception,  1907 ; 
The  Kationale  of  Promotion  and  the  Elimination  of  Waste 
in  Elementary  and  Secondary  Schools,  1910. 

FREDERICK  WILLIAM  SPANUTIUS,  1889. —  Papers:  Quick- 
silver, 1890 ;  Dissociation,  1891 ;  Glass  and  its  Solubility  in 
Water,  1892.  Reports:  Siliceous  Oolite,  Smoky  Quartz 
from  Branchville,  Connecticut,  1890;  Free  Fluorine,  1891; 
Chemistry  and  Mineralogy  of  Garnet,  1892. 

JOHN  SPRINGER,  1896.  Associate. — Papers:  Type-Setting 
Machines,  1900;  The  Lost  Art  of  Wood  Engraving,  1901. 
Reports:  Modern  Processes  of  Color  Printing,  1898;  A  Let- 
ter from  Hon.  John  P.  Irish  on  the  Growing  of  Figs  in  Cal- 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  105 

ifornia,  Famous  Printers'  Errors,  1900;  A  Mammoth 
Camera,  1901;  Oil  Eegions  of  Iowa,  1902;  Experience  in 
Producing  Silhouette  Photographs,  1904. 

EDWIN  DILLER  STARBUCK,  1906. —  Papers:  The  Idealist's 
Interpretation  of  Matter,  1907 ;  A  Comparison  of  the  Mental 
Capacities  of  the  Sexes,  1908;  Pragmatism,  1909;  Some 
Somological  Phases  of  Adolescence,  1910.  Reports:  The 
Mental  and  Physical  Differences  in  the  Sexes,  1906 ;  Orienta- 
tion and  Localization  of  Certain  Birds,  1908. 

DANIEL  STARCH,  1906. —  Paper :  The  Influence  of  Weather 
on  Human  Conduct,  1907.  Reports:  Eesults  of  Experi- 
ments Carried  out  in  "the  Psychological  Laboratory  on  Aud- 
itory Localization  of  Sound,  1904;  Localization  of  Sound, 
Sound  in  Psychological  Laboratory,  1905. 

GEOKGE  WALTER  STEWART,  1909. —  Report:  Eeport  of 
President  Pritchett  Eegarding  Cost  of  College  Instruction 
in  Physics,  1910. 

FRANK  ALBERT  STROMSTEN,  1900. —  Paper :  The  Marine 
Biological  Laboratory  at  Tortugas,  1908.  Reports :  Obser- 
vations of  Dr.  Mathews  on  the  Changes  in  the  Gland  Cells 
of  the  Pancreas  of  the  Mud  Puppy,  1903 ;  Order  of  the  De- 
velopment of  the  Venous  System,  1906 ;  Palola  Worm,  1907 ; 
The  Lymphatic  Development  in  Turtles,  1910. 

HENRY  WALDGRAVE  STUART,  1901. —  Papers:  Choice  and 
Knowledge,  1902;  Ethics,  its  Nature  and  its  Place  among 
the  Sciences,  1904. 

WILBER  JOHN  TEETERS,  1897. —  Papers:  The  Manufac- 
ture and  Chemistry  of  Soap,  1899 ;  Some  Facts  about  Patent 
Medicines,  1899;  The  Prescription,  1902;  The  Synonyms 
of  the  Pharmacopoeia,  1903 ;  Coal  Tar,  1904 ;  Cinchona  and 
its  Alkaloids,  1907;  Some  Eesults  of  the  Pure  Food  and 


106   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Drug  Law,  1909.  Reports :  Armour  &  Co.,  Dessicated  Ani- 
mal Substances,  Sarsaparilla  Container,  An  Original  Pack- 
ing Case  for  Ciort  from  Ochissima,  1901 ;  Vanilla  Bean  as 
Cured  and  as  it  Comes  on  the  Market,  1906 ;  Importation  of 
Aloes,  1907;  Patent  Medicines,  Unsuccessful  Attempts  to 
Brand  Cattle  by  Chemical  Methods,  1908;  Specimen  from 
a  Wine  Cask,  1909. 

FKEDEKICK  CHAKLES  L.  VAN  STEENDEREN,  1894.  Associate. 
— Reports:  A  Device  for  the  Trisection  of  an  Angle,  1894; 
The  Influence  of  the  Teutonic  upon  the  Eomance  Languages, 
The  Origin  of  Languages,  1895;  A  Sentence  Containing  a 
Key  to  the  Quantity  TT  ,  1897 ;  The  Engineering  Situation 
in  Holland,  1898 ;  The  Place  of  French  Literature  in  Lit- 
erature, 1899 ;  A  Note  on  the  General  Laws  Governing  the 
Changes  in  the  Meaning  of  Words,  1903. 

ANDREW  ANDERSON  VEBLEN,  Charter. —  Papers:  Modern 
Geometry,  1886;  Electric  Units  and  Measurements,  1886; 
Determination  of  the  Length  of  Light  Waves,  1887;  The 
Theory  of  Dynamo-Electric  Machines,  1888;  Polarization 
of  Light,  1889;  Transmission  of  Electrical  Oscillations, 
1889;  Some  Points  on  Electric  Lighting,  1890;  The  Light 
of  Fire-Flies,  1890;  Electro  Motors,  1891;  Electric  Bail- 
ways,  1891;  The  Finding  of  America  by  the  Norsemen,, 
1892;  The  Practical  Electrical  Units  and  the  Commercial 
Measurement  of  Electricity,  1893;  Notes  on  Electricity  at 
the  World's  Fair,  1894;  Lighting,  1895;  Some  Elementary 
Facts  in  Acoustics  and  the  Physical  Theory  of  Music,  1896 ; 
The  Characteristics,  Classification  and  Uses  of  Finger- 
prints, 1897;  Wireless  Telegraphy,  1898;  Ancient  Scandi- 
navian Ships,  1900;  Photographic  Optics,  1901;  Finger- 
prints, 1902;  Electrons,  1903;  The  University  of  Upsala, 
1903.  Reports:  EosenthaPs  Micro-Galvanometer,  1886;  On 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  107 

a  Suggestion  of  a  System  of  Local  Survey,  1887;  Snow 
Shoes,  On  the  Grammar  of  Volapiik,  The  Theory  of  Electric 
Potential,  The  Uses  of  the  Battle  Axe,  A  Torsion  Balance, 
1888 ;  Electrical  Measuring  Instruments,  Effect  of  Elevation 
upon  Weight,  1889 ;  A  New  Kind  of  Telephone,  Welding  by 
Electricity,  Magneto-optic  Production  of  Electricity,  The 
Motion  of  Atoms  in  Electrical  Discharge,  1890;  Are  We 
Approaching  Another  Ice  Age?,  1891;  The  Spade  Bayonet 
in  the  United  States  Army,  A  New  Method  of  Detecting  Os- 
cillations of  the  Earth's  Crust,  Some  Applications  of  the 
Hertz  Experiments  to  Marine  Signaling,  The  Corruption  of 
Scandinavian  Names  in  America,  Late  Advances  in  Elec- 
trical Science,  Description  and  Model  of  Cable  Switch  Board 
Made  by  himself  for  Use  in  the  Physical  Laboratory,  An 
Electrical  Fire  Damp  Indicator,  1892;  Breaking  of  the 
World's  Skee- Jumping  Eecords  at  Eed  Wing,  Minnesota, 
The  Long  Distance  Telephone,  Gravitational  Phenomena 
Viewed  as  Waves  of  Ether,  Peculiarities  of  Trees  Growing 
upon  Hillsides,  Eotary  Steam  Engines,  Eesistance  Boxes, 
1893;  A  New  Style  of  Eeciprocating  Engine,  Double  Sur- 
faces, The  Instructive  or  Natural  Use  of  Correct  Gender  in 
Danish  Dialects,  A  New  Form  of  Planimeter,  Limit  of  Vi- 
sion with  Eespect  to  the  Eyes  of  Insects,  The  Effect  of  Elec- 
tric Shocks,  Experiments  upon  the  Falling  of  Cats,  1894; 
Hearst's  Spectrum  Disks,  Wireless  Telegraphy,  Measure- 
ments upon  the  Growth  of  Trees,  A  Machine  for  Compound- 
ing Harmonic  Motion,  Model  of  Circular  and  Transverse 
Wave  Motion,  1895 ;  Photographic  Effects  by  Means  of  Elec- 
trical Eadiation,  The  X  or  Eoentgen-Eay,  The  Eecent  Nan- 
sen  Expedition,  1896 ;  The  Use  of  Alternating  Currents  for 
Gaining  Speed  in  Telegraphy,  The  Amount  of  Energy  Im- 
parted to  the  Eeceiver  of  the  Telephone  in  Speaking,  1897 ; 
Tesla's  Wireless  Transmission  of  Energy,  Immunity  of  the 


108   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Eace  from  the  Effects  x>f  Alcohol,  A  Comparison  of  the 
Welsbach  Burner  with  the  Ordinary  Naked  Burner,  1898; 
A  New  Camera  Table  for  Photography  for  Scientific  Pur- 
poses, The  Polak-Virag  Method  of  Eapid  Telegraphy,  1899 ; 
The  Curving  Flight  of  a  Eotating  Ball,  Loosely  Piled  Bricks 
as  a  Vibration-free  Support  for  Delicate  Instruments, 
Borchgrevinck's  Antarctic  Explorations,  Eecent  Progress 
in  Wireless  Telegraphy,  Existence  of  Nodes  and  Vibrations 
of  the  String,  A  New  Copying  Camera  Table,  1900 ;  Eeason 
for  Professor  Eowland's  Fame,  Optical  Illusion  Visible  in 
Mr.  Boehm's  Zone  Plate,  A  Method  of  Changing  the  Density 
of  Skyograph  Negatives,  1901 ;  Nature  of  Electric  Discharge 
in  Thunderstorms,  1902;  Birksland  Electromagnetic  Gun 
for  Throwing  Dynamite,  Eecently  Discovered  Eemains  in 
Norway  of  Ancient  Boats,  1903 ;  A  New  Compact  Projecting 
Lantern,  Dr.  Niels  Finsen,  1904;  Land  Slide  in  Norway, 
Earthquake  in  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula,  Sixty-four  Sci- 
ence Charts  Suitable  for  Elementary  Nature  Study,  Experi- 
ments to  Prove  that  a  Body  can  not  Sink  in  Quick  Sand, 
1905. 

CHARLES  B.  VOGDES,  1893. —  Papers:  Historical  Sketch 
of  Infantry  Tactics,  1895 ;  The  First  Campaign  of  Napoleon, 
1896. 

CARL  LEOPOLD  VON  ENDE,  1893. —  Papers :  Some  Physical 
Methods  in  Chemistry,  1895 ;  The  Modern  Theory  of  Solu- 
tion, 1901;  The  Osmotic  Theory  of  the  Galvanic  Cell,  1903; 
Catalysis,  1906.  Reports :  Vitreous  Silicon  or  Quartz  Glass, 
Purification  of  Water  by  Means  of  Copper  Sulphate  and 
also  by  Copper,  1905. 

PERCY  H.  WALKER,  1892.—  Papers :  Iron,  1893;  Alloys, 
1895 ;  Explosives,  1899.  Reports :  Utilization  of  Iron  Ores 
Containing  Titanium,  A  Peculiar  Form  of  Calcite  Found 
in  the  Neighborhood,  1893. 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  109 

DUBEBT  JAMES  HUDSON  WARD,  1906. —  Paper:  The  Legi- 
timate Field  of  Anthropology  and  Ethnology,  1906.  Re- 
port :  Prehistoric  People  of  Iowa,  1906. 

SAMUEL  N.  WATSON,  1886.—  Papers :  The  Next  Step  in 
the  Evolution  Process,  1887 ;  Biology  and  Ethics,  1887 ;  An 
Inquiry  into  the  Permanence  of  the  Human  Species,  and 
Some  Deductions  Therefrom,  1888;  Social  Development, 
1891;  The  Embryology  of  Personality,  1893;  Sensation, 
1894;  Thermics,  1896.  Reports:  Evidence  of  Intelligence 
in  the  Lower  Animals,  On  Some  Statements  in  Professor 
Huxley's  Book  " Advance  of  Science  in  the  Last  Half  Cen- 
tury ",  Electric  Heating,  1888;  The  Bermuda  Islands,  1890; 
Oligocythaemia,  1893. 

G-AILOKD  D.  WEEKS,  1900. —  Paper:  Eailway  Construction, 
1901. 

LAENAS  GIFFOKD  WELD,  1886. — Papers:  Wave  Motion, 
1887;  Vortex  Motion,  1887;  Determinants,  1888;  The  Tran- 
sit of  Venus  in  1874, 1888 ;  Double  Stars,  1889 ;  The  Nebular 
Hypothesis  of  La  Place,  1889;  Some  Instances  of  Eecent 
Progress  in  Stellar  Astronomy,  1890 ;  The  Tenets  of  Astrol- 
ogy, 1890;  A  Symposium  on  the  Nature  of  the  Center  of 
the  Earth  (with  Calvin  and  Andrews),  1891;  The  Stars  as 
Timekeepers,  1891 ;  Comets,  1892 ;  The  Sun,  1892 ;  The  Phy- 
siography of  the  Moon,  1893 ;  Exhibition  of  Astronomical 
Lantern  Slides,  1894 ;  The  Foundations  of  Geometry,  1894 ; 
Some  Mathematical  Illustrations  of  the  Doctrine  of  Con- 
tinuity, 1895;  Numbers  1896;  Tories,  1896;  Pendulum  Ob- 
servations, 1897;  Variable  Stars,  1898;  The  Phenomenon 
of  Periodicity,  1899;  The  Life  History  of  a  Star,  1900;  The 
Mechanics  of  a  Harp  String,  1900 ;  Are  Other  Worlds  In- 
habited, 1901 ;  Some  Applications  of  the  Statistical  Method 
to  Stellar  Astronomy,  1902;  The  Planet  Jupiter,  1903;  Star 


110  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Dust,  1905 ;  How  Did  the  Sun  Become  Hot  and  What  Keeps 
it  Hot,  1906;  The  Spiral  Nebulae  and  their  Significance, 
1906;  The  Legends  of  the  Stars,  1907;  The  Great  Pyramids, 
1910.   Reports :  Certain  Experiments  on  Nitrification,  1886 ; 
Imaginary  Cube  Boots  of  Unity,  1887 ;  The  Hypergeometric 
Series,  The  Mathematical  Laws  Governing  the  Carrying 
Power  of  Streams,  The  Variable  Star  Algol,  The  Solar 
Eclipse  of  January  1, 1889, 1888;  Arago's  Helioscope,  1889; 
The  Personal  Equation,  1890;  The  Time  of  Eotation  of  the 
Planet  Mercury,  The  Reciprocal  Eelations  between  the  Pas- 
calion  and  Brianchonian  Hexagons,  Eecent  Discovery  of 
the  Nature  and  Extent  of  the  Variation  of  Latitude  of 
Points  on  the  Earth's  Surface,  1891;  The  Magnitude  of  the 
Forces  Interacting  among  the  Celestial  Bodies,  Periodic 
and  Secular  Changes  of  Latitude,  Eecent  Discovery  of  the 
Fifth  Moon  of  Jupiter,  The  Zenith  Telescope  and  its  Use 
in  Latitude  Determinations,  Infinity  as  a  Mathematical  Con- 
cept, 1892;  Construction  of  a  Conic  Passing  through  Five 
Points,  1893 ;  The  Gegenschein,  Advantages  of  the  Trilinear 
System  of  Co-ordinates,  The  Present  Opposition  of  the 
Planet  Mars,  1894 ;  The  Eecent  Discovery  of  a  Second  Satel- 
lite of  Neptune,  1895 ;  The  Planet  Saturn  and  its  System, 
A  Mechanical  Method  of  Trisecting  an  Angle,  An  Original 
Linkage  Machine  for  Determining  the  Eoots  of  Cubic  Equa- 
tions, Parheliac  Circles,  A  Graphic  Method  for  the  Solution 
of  the  Equation  x2 — px — q°  =  0,  A  Graphic  Method  of  Solv- 
ing Cubic  Equations,  On  Ascertaining  Properties  of  a  Func- 
tion Eepresented  by  Some  Integral  that  can  not  be  In- 
tegrated, 1897 ;  Conditions  Affecting  the  Limit  of  Capacity 
of  Large  Guns,  1898 ;  The  Eecently  Discovered  Planet  D.  Q., 
1899;  A  New  Comet,  1902;  Difference  between  Volcanic 
Activity  on  the  Moon  and  on  the  Earth,  1903 ;  A  Particular 
Partial  Differential  Equation,  Livasey  Depression  Eange 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB  111 

Finder,  Latest  Discovery  at  Lick  Observatory,  1904;  De- 
scription of  a  Piece  of  Photometric  Apparatus  Seen  in 
Standard  Bureau  at  Washington,  Astronomical  Instrument 
for  Eliminating  the  Personal  Equation  in  Obtaining  the 
Transit  of  a  Star,  1905 ;  Some  Factors  to  be  Considered  in 
the  Determination  of  Loss  of  Matter,  1906 ;  Certain  Methods 
of  Sinking  Wells  Through  Sandy  Soils,  1907. 

EOT  TITUS  WELLS,  1903. —  Papers:  Some  Developments 
in  Electric  Eailroading,  1904 ;  The  Eeaction  of  a  Conducting 
Core  on  a  Solenoid,  1904.  Reports :  An  Electrically  Driven 
Pendulum,  1903;  Eegulating  the  Strength  of  a  Field,  1904; 
Electric  Traction,  A  New  Electric  Light  Bulb,  Methods  of 
Measuring  very  Minute  Alternating  Currents,  1905. 

JOHN  VAN  ETTEN  WESTFAL,  1899. —  Papers:  A  Famous 
Old  Problem  in  Geometry,  1900;  The  Game  of  Minor  Fan 
Tan,  1902;  The  Fundamental  Principles  of  Life  Insurance 
and  Annuities,  1902 ;  A  Proof  of  the  Transcendency  of  e  and 
TT,  1903;  Transcendental  Numbers,  1904. 

WILLIAM  EOBEKT  WHITEIS,  1893. —  Papers:  Immunity, 
1895;  The  Histology  of  the  Tooth,  1897.  Reports:  A  Solu- 
tion for  Staining  Nerve  Centers,  A  Large  Microtome  for 
Sectioning  the  Entire  Brain,  1897. 

HENRY  FREDERICK  WICKHAM,  1903. —  Papers :  Ants,  1903 ; 
Some  Eemarkable  Habits  of  Spiders,  1904;  Insect  Life  in 
the  Great  Basin,  1905 ;  Arctic  Colonies  in  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tains, 1905 ;  Notes  on  a  Trip  to  Mexico,  1908 ;  Notes  on  the 
Mexican  Trip  of  1908,  1909 ;  Variation  of  Color  Pattern  in 
the  Genus  Cecindela,  1910.  Reports:  The  Simplest  Form 
of  Insects  —  Compodes  Staphylinus,  1907 ;  A  Peculiar  Bug 
Emesa  Longipes,  1910. 

WILLIAM  CRAIG  WILCOX,  1894. —  Report :  Trend  of  Modern 
Historic  Eesearch  in  this  Country,  1904. 


112   IOWA  JOUENAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

FBANK  ALONZO  WILDEE,  1903. —  Papers :  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park,  1904;  The  Geological  History  of  the  Ehine  Val- 
ley and  its  Eelations  to  History  and  Science,  1905;  The 
Geology  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  its  Bearings 
on  American  History,  1906.  Reports :  Eecent  Criticism  of 
the  Nebular  Hypothesis,  Coal-Testing  Plant  at  St.  Louis, 
1904;  Gas  and  Oil  Fields  of  Kansas,  1904;  Government  Coal 
Testing  at  St.  Louis  Fair,  Mining  and  Shipping  of  Iron  Ore, 
Producer  Gas,  1905. 

MABEL  CLAKE  WILLIAMS,  1903. — Papers:  The  Subcon- 
scious, 1903 ;  How  Many  Senses  Has  Man,  1903 ;  Memory  in 
Animals,  1903;  Ehythm,  1910.  Reports:  Eesult  of  Experi- 
ments in  Area- Volume  Illusion,  1901;  Investigation  by 
Motora,  1904. 

HENEY  SMITH  WILLIAMS,  1886. — Paper:  Brains,  1886. 

EDWAED  WOLESENSKY,  1909. —  Report :  A  New  Method  of 
Preparing  Diamonds,  1910. 

SHEEMAN  MELVILLE  WOODWAED,  1904. —  Papers :  A  Mathe- 
matical Attempt  to  Mitigate  the  Severity  of  a  Torrid  Cli- 
mate, 1905;  The  Principle  of  Least  Work  as  Applied  to 
Beams,  1909 ;  English  Gothic  Cathedral  Construction,  1909. 
Reports :  A  Freak  Standpipe,  1905 ;  Conditions  Causing  the 
Explosion  of  an  Evaporator  in  a  Factory,  1908 ;  A  Problem 
in  Hydraulics,  The  Humphrey  Gas  Pump,  1909. 

AECHIE  GAEFIELD  WOETHING,  1906. —  Papers :  The  Appli- 
cation of  the  Electron  Theory  to  Certain  Physical  Phenom- 
ena, 1908 ;  Water  Splashes,  1909.  Reports :  Atomic  Weight 
of  Nickel,  Some  Experiments  of  Sir  Wm.  Eamsey,  1907. 

EOBEET  BEADFOED  WYLIE,  1906. — Papers:  A  Primary 
Factor  in  the  Evolution  of  Plants,  1908 ;  The  Okoboji  Lake- 
side Laboratory,  1909.  Reports:  Peculiar  Characteristics 


THE  BACONIAN  CLUB 


113 


of  the  Bed  Algae,  1907;  Method  of  Isolating  Some  Forms 
of  Fungi,  1908. 

The  following  papers  were  read  by  invitation  of  the 
members  of  the  Club : 

CAPT.  BENNETT  —  Some  Peculiarities  of  Whales,  1889. 
PROF.  W  J  McGEE  —  A  Visit  to  a  Savage  Tribe,  1899. 

PROF.  W.  H.  NORTON  —  Shore  Forms,  1901;  Artesian 
Wells  in  this  Locality,  1908 ;  Illustrated  Account  of  the  San 
Francisco  Earthquake  Disaster,  1908. 

EEGENT  ALBERT  W.  SWALM  —  The  Growth  and  Prosperity 
of  the  University,  1894. 

DR.  E.  S.  TALBOT  —  Degeneracy,  its  Causes,  Signs  and 
Eesults,  1904. 

PROF.  S.  N.  WILLIAMS  —  The  Obligation  of  Science  to 
Suffering  Humanity,  1910. 

MR.  WHITE  —  The  Great  Storm  at  Samoa,  1890. 
MALCOLM  GLENN  WYER  —  Book  Binding,  1909. 

MR.  GEORGE  P.  DIECKMANN  —  The  Modern  Manufacture  of 
Portland  Cement  from  the  Mechanical  and  Chemical  Stand- 
points, 1910. 


VOL.  ix— 8 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS 

AMEKICANA 
GENERAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS 

Percy  L.  Kaye  is  the  compiler  of  a  volume  of  Readings  in  Civil 
Government,  which  has  been  issued  by  the  Century  Company. 

Laws  as  Contracts  and  Legal  Ethics  is  the  title  of  an  address  by 
Phiny  F.  Sexton,  which  has  been  published  in  pamphlet  form. 

Volume  four,  part  two,  of  the  Anthropological  Papers  of  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History  contains  some  Notes  Con- 
cerning New  Collections,  edited  by  Robert  H.  Lowie. 

In  the  August-September  number  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  there  is  a  paper  by  R.  H.  Matthews, 
entitled  Further  Notes  on  Burial  Customs,  Australia. 

The  September  number  of  The  National  Civic  Federation  Re- 
view is  devoted  to  discussions  of  the  various  phases  of  the  move- 
ment for  uniformity  in  Federal  and  State  legislation. 

A  new  edition  of  Alexander  Johnston's  valuable  History  of 
American  Politics,  revised  and  enlarged  by  W.  M.  Sloane  and  con- 
tinued down  to  date  by  W.  M.  Daniels,  has  recently  appeared. 

Ernest  R.  Spedden  is  the  author  of  a  monograph  on  the  subject 
of  The  Trade  Union  Label,  which  appears  as  a  recent  number  of 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political 
Science. 

The  American  Catholic  Historical  Researches  for  October  opens 
with  some  Catholic  Revolutionary  Notes.  J.  E.  Dow  contributes 
Some  Passages  in  the  Life  of  Commodore  John  Barry.  An  article 
of  western  interest  is  one  by  J.  J.  Holzkneeht  on  Bishop  Henni's 
Visitation  of  Wisconsin  Indians. 

114 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  115 

The  Report  of  the  Sixteenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Lake  Mohonk 
Conference  on  International  Arbitration  contains  a  good  variety  of 
addresses  and  reports  dealing  with  different  phases  of  the  problem 
involved. 

A  complete  edition  of  the  Treaties,  Conventions,  International 
Acts,  Protocols  and  Agreements  Between  the  United  States  and 
Other  Powers,  1776-1909,  has  recently  been  issued  from  the  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office. 

E.  Clyde  Bobbins  is  the  compiler  of  a  volume  containing  Selected 
Articles  on  a  Central  Bank  of  the  United  States  which  appears  in 
the  Debater's  Handbook  Series  published  by  the  H.  W.  Wilson 
Company  of  Minneapolis. 

The  New  Netherland  Register  is  the  title  of  a  new  periodical,  the 
first  number  of  which  appeared  in  January,  1911.  The  most  ex- 
tended contribution  in  this  number  bears  the  heading,  Pioneers  and 
Founders  of  New  Netherland. 

Karl  Singewald  is  the  writer  of  a  monograph  on  The  Doctrine  of 
Non-Suability  of  the  State  in  the  United  States,  which  has  been 
published  as  a  number  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in 
Historical  and  Political  Science. 

The  Railway  Library  1909,  compiled  and  edited  by  Slason  Thomp- 
son, contains  a  number  of  papers  and  addresses  dealing  with  the 
operation  and  progress  of  railroads,  and  their  regulation  by  the 
State  and  National  governments. 

A  valuable  monograph  from  the  standpoint  of  western  history 
is  that  prepared  by  Robert  T.  Hill  on  The  Public  Domain  and 
Democracy,  and  published  in  the  Columbia  University  Studies  in 
History,  Economics,  and  Public  Law. 

The  fourteenth  volume  of  the  Review  of  Historical  Publications 
Relating  to  Canada,  edited  by  George  M.  Wrong  and  H.  H.  Langton, 
has  appeared  as  a  number  of  the  University  of  Toronto  Studies. 
This  volume  contains  over  two  hundred  pages  devoted  to  publica- 
tions which  came  out  during  the  year  1909. 


116   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

World  Corporation  is  the  title  of  a  volume  by  King  Camp  Gil- 
lette, which  outlines  a  program  of  socialistic  reform.  The  corpora- 
tion, the  purpose  of  which  this  volume  explains,  is  organized  under 
the  laws  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona. 

The  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  volumes  of  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress edition  of  the  Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress,  1774-1789, 
edited  by  Gaillard  Hunt,  have  appeared.  These  two  volumes  bring 
the  proceedings  of  the  Congress  down  to  the  close  of  the  year  1780. 

W.  Max  Reid  is  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled  Lake  George  and 
Lake  Champlain:  the  War  Trail  of  the  Mohawk  and  the  Battle- 
ground of  France  and  England  in  their  Contest  for  the  Control  of 
North  America,  which  has  come  from  the  press  of  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons. 

The  October  number  of  the  Bulletin  of  the  Pan  American  Union 
contains,  among  other  things,  an  account  of  Mexico's  Centennial 
Celebrations.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  name  "The  Pan  American 
Union"  has  been  substituted  for  "The  International  Bureau  of  the 
American  Republics." 

Max  Schrabisch  is  the  writer  of  an  article  on  The  Indians  of  New 
Jersey  which  appears  in  the  September-October  number  of  Ameri- 
cana. Others  articles  are:  Thomas  Paine' s  Last  Days  in  New  York, 
by  William  M.  Van  der  Weyde ;  and  a  continuation  of  the  History 
of  the  Mormon  Church,  by  Brigham  H.  Roberts. 

The  Religious  Question  in  Spain  is  discussed  by  Louis  Garcia 
Guijarro  in  an  article  which  appears  in  The  Yale  Review  for  No- 
vember. Economic  Phases  of  the  Railroad  Rate  Controversy  is  the 
subject  treated  by  A.  M.  Sokolski.  Among  the  remaining  contri- 
butions is  one  by  Julius  H.  Parmalee  on  The  Statistical  Work  of 
the  Federal  Government. 

The  January,  April,  and  July  numbers  of  the  Bulletin  of  the 
Virginia  State  Library  are  combined  into  one  volume  which  is  de- 
voted to  a  Finding  List  of  the  Social  Sciences,  Political  Science, 
Law,  and  Education.  This  volume  is  in  reality  a  condensed  cata- 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  117 

logue  of  the  books  coining  under  the  headings  indicated  which  are 
to  be  found  in  the  Virginia  State  Library.  It  will  serve  as  a  useful 
guide,  however,  for  research  students. 

Among  the  articles  in  the  Political  Science  Quarterly  for  Sep- 
tember are:  Judicial  Views  of  the  Restriction  of  Women's  Hours 
of  Labor,  by  George  Gorham  Groat;  Reciprocal  Legislation,  by 
Samuel  McCune  Lindsay ;  Effect  on  Real  Estate  Values  of  the  San 
Francisco  Fire,  by  Thomas  Magee ;  and  The  Opening  of  Korea  ~by 
Commodore  Schufeldt,  by  Charles  Oscar  Paullin. 

The  November  number  of  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics 
opens  with  a  discussion  of  Railway  Rate  Theories  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission,  by  M.  B.  Hammond.  There  is  a  third  in- 
stallment of  0.  M.  W.  Sprague's  study  of  Proposals  for  Strengthen- 
ing the  National  Banking  System.  Another  article  is  one  by  Wil- 
liam J.  Cunningham  on  Standardizing  the  Wages  of  Railroad  Train- 
men. 

Charles  A.  Ellwood  is  the  writer  of  an  article  on  The  Classifica- 
tion of  Criminals  which  appears  in  the  November  number  of  the 
Journal  of  the  American  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and  Criminol- 
ogy. Other  articles  are:  Nature  and  Limits  of  the  Pardoning 
Power,  by  William  W.  Smithers ;  and  The  Relation  of  the  Alien  to 
the  Administration  of  the  Civil  and  Criminal  Law,  by  Gino  C. 
Speranza. 

William  Garrott  Brown  discusses  The  New  Politics  in  an  article 
in  The  North  American  Review  for  October.  He  deals  especially 
with  the  evidences  of  change  which  are  to  be  seen  in  our  political 
life  of  to-day.  Other  articles  are :  The  German  Social  Democracy, 
by  John  W.  Perrin ;  The  Changing  Position  of  American  Trade,  by 
Thomas  A.  Thacher;  and  The  Public  and  the  Conservation  Policy, 
by  James  R.  McKee. 

Senator  Beveridge  of  Indiana,  by  Lucius  B  Swift;  Milwaukee's 
Socialist  Government,  by  George  Allan  England;  William  James: 
Builder  of  American  Ideals,  by  Edwin  Bjorkman ;  and  The  Indian 
Land  Troubles  and  How  to  Solve  Them,  by  Francis  E.  Leupp,  are 


118  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

articles  in  the  October  number  of  The  American  Review  of  Reviews. 
Woodrow  Wilson  and  the  New  Jersey  Governorship  is  an  article  in 
the  November  number. 

The  First  Historian  of  Cumberland,  by  James  Wilson,  is  an 
article  which  appears  in  the  October  number  of  The  Scottish  His- 
torical  Review.  Charles  J.  Guthrie  writes  on  The  History  of  Di- 
vorce in  Scotland.  There  are  some  Letters  from  Francis  Kennedy, 
Abbey hiVl,  to  Baron  Kennedy  at  Dalquharran,  Mayboll,  Relative  to 
the  Siege  of  Edinburg,  1745.  George  Neilson  tells  of  Roderick 
Dhu :  His  Poetical  Pedigree. 

The  Transition  to  an  Objective  Standard  of  Social  Control,  by 
Luther  Lee  Bernard ;  and  A  Contribution  to  the  Sociology  of  Sects, 
by  John  L.  Gillin,  are  articles  in  the  September  number  of  The 
American  Journal  of  Sociology.  The  first  named  article  is  con- 
tinued in  the  November  number,  where  may  also  be  found  a  dis- 
cussion of  The  Influence  of  Newspaper  Presentations  upon  th& 
Growth  of  Crime,  by  Frances  Fenton. 

Location  of  the  Towns  and  Cities  of  Central  New  York,  by  Ralph 
S.  Tarr;  and  Geography  and  Some  of  its  Present  Needs,  by  A.  J. 
Herbertson,  are  articles  of  interest  in  the  October  number  of  the 
Bulletin  of  the  American  Geographical  Society.  In  the  November 
number  Walter  S.  Tower  writes  on  Scientific  Geography:  the  Re- 
lation of  Its  Content  to  Its  Subdivisions;  and  S.  P.  Verner  discusses 
the  Effective  Occupation  of  Undeveloped  Lands. 

In  the  September  number  of  the  Journal  of  the  United  States 
Cavalry  Association  the  principal  article  of  historical  interest  is  one 
on  The  Geronimo  Campaign  of  1885-6,  by  Charles  P.  Elliott.  In  the 
November  number  there  is  a  discussion  of  The  Chancellor sville 
Campaign,  by  John  Bigelow.  Long  Distance  Rides  and  Raids,  by 
Ezra  B.  Fuller;  and  Cavalry  in  the  War  of  Independence,  by 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  are  articles  in  the  January  number. 

The  following  are  pamphlets  published  by  the  American  Associ- 
ation for  International  Conciliation  during  September,  October,  and 
November,  respectively:  Conciliation  Through  Commerce  and  In- 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  119 

dustry  in  South  America,  by  Charles  M.  Pepper ;  International  Con- 
ciliation in  the  Far  East,  which  consists  of  a  collection  of  papers  on 
various  topics  by  different  writers ;  and  The  Capture  and  Destruc- 
tion of  Commerce  at  Sea  and  Taxation  and  Armaments,  by  F.  "W. 
Hirst. 

Among  the  recent  articles  in  The  Survey  are  the  following:  an 
address  on  Civic  Responsibility,  by  Theodore  Roosevelt  (Septem- 
ber 17) ;  an  editorial  on  Judicial  Disregard  of  Law  (October  1) ; 
Who  Pays  the  Taxes  in  Growing  Cities,  by  John  Martin  (October 
15) ;  The  International  Prison  Congress  at  Washington,  by  Paul  U. 
Kellogg  (November  5) ;  and  From  Cave  Life  to  City  Life,  by  Lewis 
E.  Palmer,  and  Tolstoi's  "Resurrection",  by  A.  S.  Goldenweiser 
(December  3). 

The  South  Atlantic  Quarterly  for  October  opens  with  an  article 
on  The  English  Constitutional  Crisis,  by  William  Thomas  Laprade. 
Judge  Martin's  Version  of  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  is  the  title 
of  an  interesting  discussion  by  Samuel  A.  Ashe.  Other  contribu- 
tions are:  Three  Studies  of  Southern  Problems,  by  William  K. 
Boyd;  The  Influence  of  Industrial  and  Educational  Leaders  on 
the  Secession  of  Virginia,  by  Henry  G.  Ellis;  and  The  Legislatures 
of  the  States,  by  Bernard  C.  Steiner. 

The  November  number  of  The  Annals  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Political  and  Social  Science  is  devoted  to  Banking  Problems. 
Among  the  articles  dealing  with  the  various  problems  are:  The 
Problem  Before  the  National  Monetary  Commission,  by  A.  Piatt 
Andrew;  The  Extension  of  American  Banking  in  Foreign  Coun- 
tries, by  Samuel  McRoberts;  The  Canadian  Banking  System  and 
its  Operation  Under  Stress,  by  Joseph  French  Johnson ;  and  State 
and  Federal  Control  of  Banks,  by  Andrew  J.  Frame. 

The  opening  contribution  in  the  Columbian  Law  Review  for 
November  is  a  very  interesting  discussion  of  the  Violation  by  a 
State  of  the  Conditions  of  Its  Enabling  Act,  by  Julian  C.  Monnet. 
Judicial  Control  over  the  Amendment  of  State  Constitutions  is  the 
subject  of  a  pertinent  article  by  W.  F.  Dodd.  Contributions  in  the 


120  IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

December  number  are:  The  Supreme  Court  and  the  Anti-Trust 
Act)  by  Victor  Morawetz;  and  The  Place  of  English  Legal  History 
in  the  Education  of  English  Lawyers,  by  W.  S.  Holdsworth. 

An  Educational  Department  Bulletin  published  by  the  New  York 
State  Library  in  September  contains  a  Review  of  Legislation  1907- 
1908.  Clarence  B.  Lester  is  the  editor  of  the  volume ;  while  various 
men  have  prepared  the  reviews  of  the  different  phases  of  legislation. 
The  work  covers  the  legislation  enacted  in  all  the  States  of  the 
Union  during  the  year  indicated,  and  will  prove  very  useful  for 
reference  purposes;  although  its  helpfulness  would  have  been  en- 
hanced had  it  appeared  earlier. 

Under  the  title,  Constitutional  Law  in  1909-1910,  Eugene  Wam- 
baugh  presents  an  outline  of  Supreme  Court  decisions,  in  the 
November  /number  of  The  American  Political  Science  Review. 
Stephen  Leacock  discusses  The  Union  of  South  Africa;  while 
Hiram  Bingham  is  the  writer  of  an  article  on  the  Causes  of  the  Lack 
of  Political  Cohesion  in  Spanish  America.  Two  other  contributions 
are :  The  Extraordinary  Session  of  the  Philippine  Legislature,  and 
the  Work  of  the  Philippine  Assembly,  by  James  Alexander  Robert- 
son ;  and  The  Railroad  Bill  and  the  Court  of  Commerce,  by  James 
Wallace  Bryan. 

The  Journal  of  American  History,  volume  four,  number  four, 
contains  an  article  by  Charles  W.  Eliot,  entitled  America's  Heritage 
— Pilgrim  Foundation  of  American  Civilization,  in  which  is  traced 
the  assimilation  and  development  of  the  principles  and  doctrines  of 
the  Pilgrims  into  American  character  and  American  political  in- 
stitutions. Henry  Cabot  Lodge  writes  on  The  Mayflower's  Message 
to  America.  Under  the  heading  Builders  of  the  Great  American 
West,  D.  C.  Allen  writes  a  biographical  sketch  of  Colonel  Alexander 
W.  Doniphan.  An  account  of  Henderson's  Transylvania  Colony  is 
given  by  Mrs.  James  Halliday  McCue  in  an  article  entitled  First 
Community  of  American-Born  Freeman  and  Its  Dominion.  Theo- 
dore G.  Carter  tells  of  Early  Migrations  to  the  Middle  West  and 
Massacres  on  the  Frontier.  Under  the  title,  Anniversary  in  the 
American  West,  H.  Gardner  Cutler  makes  an  appeal  for  the  cele- 
bration of  April  thirtieth  in  memory  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  121 

WESTERN 

A  neat  biographical  pamphlet  of  western  interest  bears  the  title, 
Quarter  Centennial  of  Judson  Titsworth  as  Minister  in  Plymouth 
Church,  Milwaukee. 

W.  A.  Schaper  is  the  editor  of  the  volume  of  the  Papers  and 
Proceedings  of  the  third  annual  meeting  of  the  Minnesota  Academy 
of  Social  Sciences,  which  has  recently  appeared. 

The  number  of  the  Ohio  University  Bulletin  published  in  October 
is  devoted  to  an  historical  account  of  Ohio  University,  the  Historic 
College  of  the  Old  Northwest,  by  Clement  L.  Martzolff. 

Two  Bulletins  recently  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  American  Eth- 
nology are:  Antiquities  of  Central  and  Southeastern  Missouri,  by 
Gerard  Powke ;  and  Chippewa  Music,  by  Frances  Densmore. 

The  Ohio  Country  Between  the  Years  1783  and  1815,  by  Charles 
Elihu  Slocum,  is  a  volume  published  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  It 
deals  chiefly  with  the  Indian  Wars  of  the  period  and  with  the  War 
of  1812. 

The  Chumash  and  Costanoan  Languages  is  the  title  of  a  brief 
monograph  by  A.  L.  Kroeber,  published  in  November  as  a  number 
of  the  University  of  California  Publications  in  American  Archae- 
ology and  Ethnology. 

Robert  W.  Neal  is  the  writer  of  Some  Personal  Conclusions  About 
Things  Educational,  which  appear  in  The  Graduate  Magazine  of  the 
University  of  Kansas  for  November.  The  writer  finds  much  to  criti- 
cise in  the  modern  educational  system. 

The  number  of  the  Ohio  University  Bulletin  published  in  July  is 
devoted  to  the  Legal  History  of  Ohio  University,  compiled  by  Wil- 
liam E.  Peters,  from  legislative  enactments,  judicial  decisions,  pro- 
ceedings of  the  trustees,  and  other  sources. 

From  the  pen  of  William  Romaine  Hodges  there  appears  an  at- 
tractive little  biography  of  Carl  Weimar,  the  well  known  painter  of 
Indians  and  buffaloes,  who  did  so  much  to  preserve  for  posterity  an 
accurate  record  of  the  wild  life  of  the  plains  of  the  Middle  West. 


122  IOWA  JOUBNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

David  French  Boyd  is  the  writer  of  a  brief  sketch  of  General  W. 
T.  Sherman  as  a  College  President,  which  has  been  reprinted  from 
The  American  College.  The  institution,  which  soon  after  its  es- 
tablishment became  known  as  The  Louisiana  State  University,  was 
organized  by  General  Sherman,  who  was  its  first  executive. 

The  October  number  of  the  University  of  California  Chronicle 
opens  with  an  address  on  Blackstone — The  Lawyer  and  the  Man, 
by  Charles  S.  Wheeler.  The  Historical  Spirit  is  the  subject  of  an 
address  by  Kendric  C.  Babcock.  Other  contributions  are :  The  Re- 
lations of  Organized  Labor  and  Technical  Education,  by  Alfred 
Roncovieri ;  and  Self -Directed  High  School  Development,  by  Alexis 
F.  Lange. 

Two  volumes  on  the  Indians  which  have  recently  appeared  are: 
The  Indian  and  his  Problem,  by  Francis  E.  Leupp  (Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons) ;  and  My  Friend  the  Indian,  by  James  McLaughlin 
(Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Company).  Both  Mr.  Leupp  and  Mr.  Mc- 
Laughlin have  been  intimately  connected  with  the  administration  of 
Indian  affairs  and  hence  are  well  qualified  to  write  upon  the  subjects 
they  have  chosen. 

The  country  stretching  westward  from  the  western  border  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  to  the  Coast  Range  is  the  field  covered  by  Harlan 
I.  Smith  in  an  article  entitled  An  Unknown  Field  in  American 
Archaeology,  which  appears  in  the  July-September  number  of  The 
American  Antiquarian.  Charles  Hallock  writes  on  The  Caves  and 
Ruins  of  Arizona  and  Colorado,  setting  forth  their  cause  and  origin 
and  the  people  who  occupied  them.  There  is  another  installment  of 
Chippewa  Legends,  by  J.  0.  Kinnaman. 

A  new  periodical,  which  gives  promise  of  good  things,  has  ap- 
peared in  the  Middle  West.  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Dakota  is  the  name  of  this  new  publication,  and  the 
initial  number  appeared  in  October.  The  opening  contribution  is 
an  article  on  The  Office  of  the  Appellate  Judge,  by  Andrew  Alex- 
ander Bruce.  Then  follows  an  address  entitled  Past  and  Present 
Sticking  Points  in  Taxation,  by  Frank  L.  McVey.  James  E.  Boyle 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  123 

contributes  a  chapter  in  a  discussion  of  Co-operation  in  North 
Dakota;  and  John  Morris  Gillette  writes  on  City  Trend  of  Popu- 
lation and  Leadership. 

IOWANA 

In  the  October  and  November  numbers  of  Autumn  Leaves  there 
are  continuations  of  L.  J.  Hartman's  Memories  of  Childhood. 

The  State  Banking  Board  is  the  subject  of  an  address  by  Silas 
R.  Barton  which  is  published  in  The  Northwestern  Banker  for 
October. 

The  Relations  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  to  the  Public 
School  System  are  discussed  by  James  H.  Trewin  in  the  Midland- 
Schools  for  December. 

In  the  July-September  number  of  the  Iowa  Library  Quarterly 
there  is  a  discussion  of  Library  Growth  and  Library  Laws;  and  a 
biographical  sketch  of  Honorable  C.  J.  A.  Ericson. 

In  the  November  number  of  The  Alumnus  published  at  Iowa 
State  College  there  is  to  be  found  an  article  entitled  Impressions  at 
I.  S.  C.  1880-1910,  by  Malinda  Cleaver  Faville. 

A  welcome  addition  to  the  history  of  Iowa  churches  is  to  be 
found  in  a  History  of  the  First  Congregational  Church  of  Council 
Bluffs,  Iowa,  which  was  prepared  by  N.  P.  Dodge  and  G.  G.  Rice. 

The  Fairfield  Ledger  of  October  12,  1910,  contains  an  account  of 
the  thirty-second  annual  reunion  of  the  Jefferson  County  Old  Set- 
tler's Association,  which  was  held  at  Fairfield  on  October  5,  1910. 

The  Last  of  the  Founders,  by  James  L.  Hill,  is  an  article  in  The 
Grinnell  Review  for  October.  In  the  November  number  there  is  a 
letter  from  M.  M.  Blackburn  relating  to  Opportunities  in  the  Gov- 
ernment Service. 

In  the  Madrid  Register-News  of  December  8,  1910,  there  is  an 
interesting  article  by  C.  L.  Lucas  on  the  Days  of  the  Riverland 
Troubles.  One  week  later  in  the  same  paper  Mr.  Lucas  relates  the 
History  of  the  Riverland  Grant. 


124  IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

A  Biography  of  Elder  Joseph  E.  Burton,  by  Emma  B.  Burton, 
opens  the  October  number  of  the  Journal  of  History  published  at 
Lamoni  by  the  Reorganized  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter  Day 
Saints.  There  is  a  continuation  of  the  Biography  of  Sidney  Eigdon, 
by  Heman  C.  Smith,  as  well  as  of  a  number  of  other  biographical 
and  autobiographical  sketches.  There  is  also  an  article  on  Mormon 
Troubles  in  Missouri. 

The  Battle  of  Atlanta  and  Other  Campaigns,  Addresses,  etc.,  is 
the  title  of  an  interesting  volume  from  the  pen  of  Grenville  M. 
Dodge,  who  was  Commander  of  the  Department  of  Missouri  in  1865. 
Among  the  contents  are  chapters  on  the  southwestern  campaign,  the 
battle  of  Atlanta,  the  Indian  campaigns  in  the  last  years  of  the 
war,  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  the  western  campaign,  and  General 
Grant.  Numerous  illustrations  add  interest  to  the  volume. 

The  Story  of  Greater  Oskaloosa  is  told  by  J.  W.  Johnson  in  the 
August-September  double  number  of  The  Midwestern,  and  there  is 
a  foreword  by  the  editor,  Carolyn  M.  Ogilvie.  The  Story  of  Des 
Moines  is  also  related  in  this  number;  Henry  E.  Sampson  describes 
the  Working  of  the  Des  Moines  Plan;  and  E.  G.  Wylie  discusses 
Railroad  Rate  Legislation.  In  the  October  number  there  is  an 
article  by  Tacitus  Hussey  on  Early  Settlers — Fathers  and  Sons. 
The  same  writer  has  A  History  of  the  Banks  of  Des  Moines  in  the 
January  number. 

Municipal  Ownership  Under  Commission  Government,  by  W.  A. 
Miller ;  Municipal  Accounting,  by  Charles  M.  Wallace ;  Home  Rule 
for  Cities,  by  Thomas  Maloney;  and  a  discussion  of  the  Unit  Tax 
System,  are  to  be  found  in  the  October  number  of  Midland  Munici- 
palities. Frank  G.  Pierce  is  the  writer  of  an  address  on  Uniform 
Municipal  Accounting  which  appears  in  the  December  number. 
The  President's  Annual  Address,  League  of  Nebraska  Municipali- 
ties, by  Don  L.  Love,  is  the  principal  contribution  in  the  January 
number. 

SOME   RECENT   PUBLICATIONS  BY   IOWA    AUTHORS 

Anderson,  Melville  Best, 

The  Happy  Teacher.    New  York :  Benjamin  W.  Huebsch.  1910. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  125 

Bain,  Harry  Foster, 

More  Recent  Cyanide  Practice.     San  Francisco:  Mining  and 

Scientific  Press.    1910. 
Ball,  James  Moores, 

Andreas  Vesalius,  the  Reformer  of  Anatomy.    St.  Louis :  Med- 
ical Science  Press.     1910. 
Bolton,  Frederick  Elmer, 

Principles  of  Education.    New  York:  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

1910. 
Brigham,  Johnson, 

The  Banker  in  Literature.    New  York :  The  Banking  Publish- 
ing Co.    1910. 
Brown,  Charles  Reynolds, 

The  Cap  and  Gown.    Boston,:  Pilgrim  Press.    1910. 
Bush,  Bertha  E., 

A  Prairie  Rose.    Boston:  Little,  Brown  &  Co.    1910. 
Dodge,  Grenville  M., 

The  Battle  of  Atlanta  and  Other  Campaigns,  Addresses,  etc. 

Council  Bluffs:  Monarch  Printing  Company.    1910. 
Ficke,  Arthur  Davison, 

The   Breaking   of  Bonds:  A   Drama  of  the  Social   Unrest. 

Boston:   Sherman,  French  &  Company.    1910. 
Garland,  Hamlin, 

Other  Main-Traveled  Roads.     New  York:  Harper  Brothers. 

1910. 
Gibson,  Clarence  B., 

Reflections  of  Nature  with  Affection  Taught.     Panora:  Pub- 
lished by  the  author.    1910. 
Hoist,  Bernhart  Paul,  (Joint  editor), 

Practical  Home  and  School  Methods  of  Study  and  Instruction 
in  the  Fundamental  Elements  of  Education.    Chicago :  Hoist 
Publishing  Co.    1910. 
Hough,  Emerson, 

The  Purchase  Price.    Indianapolis:    The  Bobbs-Merrill  Com- 
pany.   1910. 


126  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  Singing  Mouse  Stories.    Indianapolis:   The  Bobbs-Merrill 

Company.    1910. 

The  Sowing:  A  "Yankee's"  View  of  England's  Duty  to  Her- 
self  and  to  Canada.    Chicago :  Vanderhoof-Gunn  Co.    1910. 
Huebinger,  Melchoir, 

Map  and  Guide  for  River  to  River  Road.    Des  Moines:  Iowa 

Publishing  Co.     1910. 
Hughes,  Rupert, 

The  Gift  Wife.    New  York:  Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.    1910. 
The  Lakerim  Cruise.    New  York:   Century  Co.     1910. 
Kaye,  Percy  Lewis, 

Readings  in  Civil  Government.   New  York :  Century  Co.    1910. 
La  Tourette,  Clara,  and  Charles  Foster  McDaniel, 

Commercial  Art  Typewriting.    Cedar  Rapids :  C.  F.  McDaniel. 

1910. 
Lazell,  Frederick  J., 

Isaiah  as  a  Nature-Lover.    Cedar  Rapids:     The  Torch  Press. 

1910. 
Lillibridge,  William  Otis, 

Quercus  Alba,  the  Veteran  of  the  Ozarks.    Chicago :  A.  C.  Mc- 

Clurg  &  Co.    1910. 
MacMurray,  Arthur, 

Practical  Lessons  in  Public  Speaking.    Ames:    Published  by 

the  author.    1910. 
Newton,  Joseph  Fort, 

Lincoln  and  Herndon.    Cedar  Rapids :  The  Torch  Press.    1910. 
Pammel,  Louis  Hermann, 

A  Manual  of  Poisonous  Plants.     Cedar  Rapids:  The  Torch 

Press.    1910. 
Parrish,  Randall, 

Don  MacGrath:  A  Tale  of  the  River.    Chicago:  A.  C.  McClurg 

&Co.    1910. 
Raymond,  William  Gait, 

Railroad  Field  Geometry.    New  York:  John  Wiley  and  Sons. 
1910. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  127 

Bobbins,  E.  Clyde, 

Selected  Articles  on  a  Central  Bank  of  the  United  States. 

Minneapolis:    The  H.  W.  Wilson  Company.  1910. 
Rogers,  Julia  E., 

Earth   and  Sky   Every    Child  Should  Know.     New  York: 

Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.    1910. 
Sedlasky,  Ferdinand  J., 

Defense  of  the  Truth.    Fort  Dodge:  Published  by  the  author. 

1910. 
Sharpe,  Gazelle  Sterns, 

A  Little  Patch  of  Flue.    Boston:  Gorham  Press.    1910. 
Steiner,  Edward  A., 

Against  the  Current.    New  York  and  Chicago:  Fleming  H. 

BevellCo.    1910. 
Walker,  Margaret  Coulson, 

Tales  Come  True.    New  York:  Baker  &  Taylor  Co.    1910. 
Weld,  Laenas  G., 

On  the  Way  to  Iowa.    Iowa  City :  The  State  Historical  Society 

of  Iowa.    1910. 
White,  Hamilton, 

The  New  Theology.   New  York :  Broadway  Publishing  Co.  1910. 
Zollinger,  Gulielma, 

The  Rout  of  the  Foreigners.    Chicago:  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. 
1910. 

SOME  RECENT  HISTORICAL  ITEMS  IN  IOWA  NEWSPAPERS 

The  Register  and  Leader 

General  Baker  Might  Have  Been  President,  but  he  Came  to  Iowa, 
by  G.  W.  Crosley,  September  25,  1910. 

Story  of  the  Earliest  Hanging  in  Iowa,  by  0.  H.  Mills,  September 
25,  1910. 

When  Josiah  T.  Young  was  Secretary  of  State,  by  L.  F.  Andrews, 
September  25,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Sidney  Anderson,  October  2,  1910. 

Life  Story  of  Henry  Wallace,  the  New  Head  of  Conservation,  Oc- 
tober 2, 1910. 


128  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Marvelous  Story  of  a  Treasure  Mystery  in  Jefferson  County,  Octo- 
ber 2, 1910. 

Indian  Payments  are  Changed  Again,  October  2,  1910. 

John  S.  Runnells,  One  of  Prominent  Early  Lawyers  of  Iowa,  by 
L.  F.  Andrews,  October  2,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Thomas  Updegraff,  October  9,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  S.  H.  M.  Byers,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  October  9, 1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  W.  H.  Ingersoll,  who  Came  to  Iowa  in  1835, 
October  9,  1910. 

G.  W.  Kitterman,  Oldest  Native  Son  of  Wapello  County,  October 
9,  1910. 

Two  Early  Settlers  in  Van  Buren  County,  October  9,  1910. 

Sketches  of  Life  of  Johnathan  P.  Dolliver,  October  16,  1910. 

Robert  C.  Webb,  an  Early  Settler  of  Polk  County,  October  16, 1910. 

Coincidence  in  Dolliver 's  Life,  October  21,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Major  Charles  Mackenzie's  Notable  Military  Service,  by 
L.  F.  Andrews,  October  23,  1910. 

Mr.  Clarkson's  Farewell  Tribute  to  Dolliver,  October  23,  1910. 

How  an  Indian  Fled  from  Death  in  Early  Iowa,  by  0.  H.  Mills, 
November  6,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Lowell  Chamberlain,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  November 
6,  1910. 

Memory  of  Charlotte  Bronte  in  Des  Moines,  by  Mrs.  Addie  B.  Bil- 
lington,  November  6,  1910. 

H.  W.  Macomber  —  A  Boyhood  Friend  of  Hiram  Maxim,  the  Sci- 
entist, November  6,  1910. 

Lives  Spent  in  Loyal  Service  for  the  Burlington  Railroad  Company, 
November  13,  1910. 

John  Cooper,  a  Relative  of  Peter  Cooper,  November  13,  1910. 

Story  of  the  Genesis  of  the  First  Railroad  into  Des  Moines,  Novem- 
ber 13,  1910. 

Ackworth  and  Whittier,  Typical  Quaker  Communities  in  Iowa,  by 
Florence  Armstrong,  November  20,  1910. 

Origin  of  the  Chautauqua  Movement  in  Iowa,  by  Mrs.  Addie  B. 
Billington,  November  20,  1910. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  129 

Origin  of  the  Des  Moines  College,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  November 
20,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  C.  T.  Brookins,  December  4,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Professor  Leona  Call,  by  Mrs.  Addie  B.  Billington, 
December  4,  1910. 

Winslow  Casady  Tompkins  —  Sole  Survivor  of  Famous  War  Squad, 
December  4,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Alfred  M.  Lyon,  One  of  Iowa's  Bravest  Soldiers, 
by  L.  F.  Andrews,  December  4,  1910. 

Old  Proclamation  Found  —  Document  Declaring  Des  Moines  to  be 
Capital  of  State,  December  11,  1910. 

Lester  Perkins  —  Noted  Pioneer  of  Des  Moines,  by  L.  F.  Andrews, 
December  11,  1910. 

Forty-four  Years  of  Street  Railway  Business  in  Des  Moines,  Decem- 
ber 11, 1910. 

Story  of  Mystery  Which  Puzzled  Early  Settlers,  by  0.  H.  Mills, 
December  18,  1910. 

Isaac  Nash  of  Springville,  a  Veteran  of  two  Wars,  December  18, 
1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Augustus  Washburn,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  Decem- 
ber 18,  1910. 

The  Pilgrims  of  Iowa,  December  25,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Roma  Wheeler  Woods,  by  Mrs.  Addie  B.  Billing- 
ton,  December  25,  1910. 

History  of  the  Famous  Second  Regiment  and  Colonel  N.  W.  Mills, 
by  L.  F.  Andrews,  December  25,  1910. 

The  Burlington  Hawk-Eye 

Twenty  Years  Ago.     (In  each  Sunday  Issue). 

Description  of  a  Pioneer  Cabin,  October  2,  1910. 

Veterans  of  the  25th  Iowa  to  Review  War  Experiences,  October  2r 

1910. 
An  Iowa  Soldier  on  the  Skirmish  Line,  by  H.  Heaton,  October  2r 

1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Jonathan  P.  Dolliver,  October  16, 1910. 
Thrilling  Story  of  Indian  Fighting  in  the  West,  by  3".  H.  Dodds, 

October  16,  1910. 

VOL.  ix — 9 


130  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Campaigning  Around  Atlanta  with  Sherman  in  1864,  I,  by  J.  W. 

Cheney,  October  23,  1910. 
Sacajawea:  The  Romance  of  an  Indian  Girl  Who  Helped  to  Give 

Our  Nation  the  Great  Northwest  Territory,  October  23,  1910. 
Campaigning  Around  Atlanta  with  Sherman  in  1864,  II,  by  J.  W. 

Cheney,  October  30,  1910. 
Our  Same  Old  Tent  —  A  Reminiscence  of  War  Times,  by  W.  P. 

Elliot,  November  6,  1910. 
Exercises  at  the  Marking  of  the  Site  of  Old  Zion  Church,  November 

13,  1910. 
The  Memorial  of  a  Forceful  Man's  Life  —  Charles  Elliott  Perkins, 

November  13,  1910. 
W.  H.  Ingersoll,  an  Old  Pioneer  of  Des  Moines  County,  November 

13,  1910. 

The  Story  of  How  Burlington  was  Named,  by  E.  H.  Waring,  Nov- 
ember 27,  1910. 
Experiences  During  the  Winter  of  1880,  by  S.  Hutchins,  December 

11,  1910. 
Memories  of  the  Civil  War,  by  W.  P.  Elliott,  December  18,  1910. 

Cedar  Rapids  Republican 

How  Iowa  Received  its  Name,  October  2,  1910. 

Story  of  Indian  Fights,  October  9,  1910. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Senator  Jonathan  P.  Dolliver,  October  16,  1910. 

Ste.  Genevieve  —  Old  Missouri  Town,  October  16,  1910. 

Lincoln  and  Herndon,  November  6,  1910. 

Mr.  Clarkson's  Farewell  Tribute  to  Senator  Dolliver,  November 

6,  1910. 

An  Indian's  Race  for  Life,  by  0.  H.  Mills,  November  13, 1910. 
The  First  Directory  Published  in  Cedar  Rapids,  November  27,  1910. 

The  Dubuque  Telegraph-Herald 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Senator  Jonathan  P.  Dolliver,  October  16,  1910. 
Story  of  Earliest  Hanging  in  Iowa,  by  H.  0.  Mills,  October  16,  1910. 
Careers  of  Old  Time  Printers,  October  23,  1910. 
Jonathan  P.  Dolliver:  A  Statesman  of  the  New  School,  by  N.  W. 
Waters,  October  30,  1910. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES 

PUBLICATIONS 

The  Buffalo  Historical  Society  has  published  a  reprint  containing 
a  Rough  List  of  Manuscripts  in  the  Library  of  the  Buffalo  Historical 
Society. 

A  paper  on  Stage-Coach  Days  in  Medford,  by  Eliza  M.  Gill,  is  the 
principal  contribution,  to  The  Medford  Historical  Register  for 
October.  An  Old-Time  Muster  is  another  item  of  interest. 

A  recent  reprint  from  the  Annual  Report  of  the  American  His- 
torical Association,  for  1908,  contains  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fifth 
Annual  Conference  of  Historical  Societies,  reported  by  St.  George 
L.  Sioussat. 

The  May- August  number  of  the  German  American  Annals  is  de- 
voted entirely  to  the  Elfte  Staats-Konvention  des  Deutsch-Ameri- 
kanischen  Zentral-Bundes  von  Pennsylvanien,  the  proceedings  of 
which  are  printed  in  German. 

In  the  September-October  number  of  the  Records  of  the  Past 
Hjalmar  Rued  Holand  discusses  the  question,  Are  there  English 
Words  on  the  Kensington  Runestone?  Leon  Dominian  tells  of  The 
Pyramids  of  San  Juan  Teotihuacan. 

John  Heman  Converse  is  the  subject  of  a  biographical  sketch 
which  appears  in  the  September  number  of  the  Journal  of  the 
Presbyterian  Historical  Society.  Among  the  editorials  are  discus- 
sions of  Sycamore  Shoals  and  its  Monument,  and  of  Endowing 
Church  History. 

Der  deutsche  Schulmeister  in  der  Amerikanischen  Geschichte, 
by  A.  B.  Faust,  is  the  opening  article  in  the  October  number  of  the 
Deutsch-Americkanische  Geschichtsblatter.  Other  articles  are :  Die 
Deutschen  in  Illinois,  by  Emil  Mannhardt;  and  Die  Deutschen  in 
Davenport  und  Scott  County  in  Iowa. 

181 


132   IOWA'  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  portions  of  The  Randolph  Manuscript  published  in  the 
October  number  of  The  Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and  Biog- 
raphy cover  the  period  from  the  latter  part  of  the  year  1682  to  the 
middle  of  the  year  1684.  Continuations  of  documentary  material 
take  up  practically  the  entire  number. 

Volume  nine,  number  two  of  The  James  Sprunt  Historical  Pub- 
lications, published  under  the  direction  of  The  North  Carolina  His- 
torical Society,  contains  a  study  of  Federalism  in  North  Carolina, 
by  Henry  McGilbert  Wagstaff ;  and  a  number  of  Letters  of  William 
Barry  Grove,  also  edited  by  Mr.  Wagstaff. 

The  proceedings  attendant  upon  The  Formal  Opening  of  the  New 
Fireproof  Building  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  April 
6-7,  1910,  are  set  forth  in  a  pamphlet  recently  published  by  the 
Society.  Several  cuts  showing  the  various  homes  of  the  Society 
and  photographs  of  its  Presidents,  add  interest  to  the  pamphlet. 

Henry  A.  M.  Smith  contributes  a  second  chapter  of  his  study  of 
The  Baronies  of  South  Carolina  to  the  October  number  of  The  South 
Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical  Magazine.  This  time  the  Fair- 
lawn  Barony  is  discussed.  The  greater  part  of  the  Magazine  is  taken 
up  with  a  genealogical  account  of  the  Cantey  Family,  by  Joseph  S. 
Ames. 

Among  the  contents  of  volume  fifteen  of  the  Collections  of  the 
Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society  are  the  following  papers :  The  Fish- 
eries of  British  North  America  and  the  United  States  Fishermen,  by 
Wallace  Graham;  Memoir  of  Governor  John  Parr,  by  James  S. 
MacDonald ;  Halifax  and  the  Capture  of  St.  Pierre  in  1793,  by  T. 
Watson  Smith ;  and  Demonts  Tercentenary  at  Annapolis,  1604-1904, 
by  Justice  Longley. 

The  October  number  of  the  Historical  Collections  of  the  Essex 
Institute  contains  a  continuation  of  the  history  of  The  Houses  and 
Buildings  of  Groveland,  Massachusetts,  by  Alfred  Poore;  a  fourth 
chapter  in  Sidney  Perley's  discussion  of  Marblehead  in  the  Tear 
1700;  and  other  continuations.  Another  contribution  is  the  Revo- 
lutionary Orderly  Book  of  Capt.  Jeremiah  Putnam  of  Danvers, 
Mass.,  in  the  Rhode  Island  Campaign. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  133 

John  F.  Philips  is  the  author  of  an  article  entitled  Hamilton 
Rowan  Gamble  and  the  Provisional  Government  of  Missouri,  which 
is  the  opening  contribution  in  the  October  number  of  the  Missouri 
Historical  Review.  F.  A.  Sampson  has  compiled  some  interesting 
notes  on  Washington  Irving:  Travels  in  Missouri  and  the  South. 
A  list  of  Old  Newspaper  Files  in  the  library  of  the  State  Historical 
Society  of  Missouri  will  be  of  service  to  investigators. 

The  Proceedings  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society  at  the  semi- 
annual  meeting  held  on  April  20,  1910,  contains  the  customary 
reports  and  three  rather  extended  papers.  The  first  is  by  Benjamin 
Thomas  Hill,  and  describes  Life  at  Harvard  a  Century  Ago,  as 
illustrated  by  the  letters  and  papers  of  Stephen  Salisbury  of  the 
class  of  1817.  The  Jumano  Indians  is  the  subject  discussed  by 
Frederick  Webb  Hodge;  and  an  article  on  The  Libraries  of  the 
Mathers  is  written  by  Julius  Herbert  Tuttle. 

The  July  number  of  The  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and 
Biography  is  largely  taken  up  with  an  account  of  The  Formal  Open- 
ing of  the  New  Fireproof  Building  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania. In  the  October  number  there  is  to  be  found  some  cor- 
respondence between  Thomas  Jefferson  and  William  Wirt  under  the 
heading,  Jefferson's  Recollections  of  Patrick  Henry,  contributed  by 
Stan.  V.  Henkels.  An  Autobiographical  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Gen. 
John  Burrows,  of  Lycoming  Co.,  Penna.,  written  in  1837,  is  another 
contribution. 

The  forty-third  volume  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society  covers  the  period  from  October,  1909,  to  June, 
1910.  Among  the  many  papers  contained  in  this  volume  the  fol- 
lowing may  be  mentioned:  The  Oregon  Trail,  by  Horace  Davis; 
Bancroft  Papers  on  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence, 
contributed  by  Mark  Antony  De  Wolfe  Howe;  Hamilton's  Report 
upon  the  Constitutionality  of  a  National  Bank,  contributed  by 
Worthington  C.  Ford;  War  Letters  of  Dr.  Seth  Rogers,  1862-63, 
communicated  by  T.  W.  Higginson ;  Letters,  1694-95,  on  the  Defense 
of  the  Frontier,  communicated  by  Charles  Pelham  Greenough ;  and 
Great  Secession  Winter  of  1860-61,  by  Henry  Adams. 


134  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Athens  and  Hellenism  is  the  topic  discussed  by  William  S.  Fer- 
guson in  the  October  number  of  The  American  Historical  Review. 
C.  Raymond  Beazley  writes  on  Prince  Henry  of  Portugal  and  the 
African  Crusade  of  the  Fifteenth  Century;  and  Ralph  C.  N.  Cat- 
terall  is  the  author  of  a  paper  on  The  Credibility  of  Marat.  Two 
articles  on  subjects  in  American  history  are :  The  Mexican  Recogni- 
tion of  Texas,  by  Justin  H.  Smith;  and  The  Second  Birth  of  the 
Republican  Party,  by  William  A.  Dunning.  In  the  last  named 
paper  it  is  the  object  of  the  writer  to  show  that  the  Republican 
party,  as  organized  in  1854,  did  not  have  an  unbroken  existence. 
Under  the  heading  of  Documents  there  are  presented  some  interest- 
ing Letters  of  Toussaint  Louverture  and  of  Edward  Stevens,  1798- 
1800. 

Charles  Dickens  in  Illinois  is  the  title  of  an  interesting  article  by 
J.  F.  Snyder,  which  appears  in  the  October  Journal  of  the  Illinois 
State  Historical  Society.  Clarence  Walworth  Alvord  is  the  editor  of 
some  letters  and  documents  from  the  papers  of  Edward  Cole,  Indian 
Commissioner  in  the  Illinois  Country,  which  illustrate  the  conduct  of 
Indian  affairs  in  the  West  during  the  British  period.  In  a  letter  en- 
titled Governor  Coles'  Autobiography  there  are  related  some  inci- 
dents in  the  early  settlement  of  Illinois.  Oliver  R.  Williamson  dis- 
cusses the  very  pertinent  subject  of  American  History  and  the  Im- 
migrant. Among  other  contributions  are :  Honorable  Lewis  Steward, 
by  Avery  N.  Beebe;  The  "Corner  Stone"  Resolution,  by  Duane 
Mowry;  and  A  Letter  from  Illinois  Written  in  1836,  by  Richard 
H.  Beach. 

Charles  E.  Brown  is  the  writer  of  an  account  of  The  Wisconsin 
Archaeological  Society,  State  Field  Assembly,  which  appears  in  the 
Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Quarterly  for  October.  E.  L. 
Taylor's  article  on  La  Salle's  Route  Down  the  Ohio  is  a  contribution 
to  the  discussion  of  a  puzzling  period  in  the  explorer's  career.  The 
Ohio  Declaration  of  Independence  is  the  subject  of  a  sketch  by 
Clement  L.  Martzolff,  who  also  writes  on  Ohio  University  —  the 
Historic  College  of  the  Old  Northwest.  It  is  to  be  noted  that 
Oliver  Perry  Shiras,  who  for  so  many  years  was  a  Federal  Judge 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  135 

in  Iowa,  received  his  early  education  at  Ohio  University.  An  ac- 
count of  Bowman's  Expedition  Against  Chillicothe  is  taken  from 
the  Draper  manuscripts.  The  concluding  article  is  one  by  Isaac 
J.  Cox  on  the  Significance  of  Perry's  Victory. 

The  State  Finances  of  Texas  During  the  Reconstruction  is  the 
subject  of  an  interesting  article  written  by  E.  T.  Miller,  which  is 
the  opening  contribution  in  The  Quarterly  of  the  Texas  State  His- 
torical Association  for  October.  In  The  City  of  Austin  from  1839 
to  1865  Alex.  W.  Terrell  tells  how  Austin  came  to  be  chosen  as  the 
seat  of  government  six  years  before  annexation,  and  traces  the 
history  of  the  capital  city  through  the  Civil  War.  The  Last  Hope 
of  the  Confederacy  is  the  heading  given  to  a  memorial  from  John 
Tyler  to  the  Governor  and  authorities  of  Texas,  for  which  Charles 
W.  Ramsdell  has  written  an  introduction.  Two  biographical  sketches 
are :  General  Volney  Erskine  Howard,  by  Z.  T.  Fulmore ;  and  Albert 
Triplett  Burnley,  by  Martha  A.  Burnley.  The  concluding  contri- 
bution is  a  letter  from  Peter  W.  Grayson  to  Mirabeau  B.  Lamar 
dealing  with  The  Release  of  Stephen  F.  Austin  from  Prison. 

The  July  and  October  numbers  of  the  Annals  of  Iowa  are  com- 
bined in  a  double  number  which  is  filled  with  interesting  and  valu- 
able material.  The  opening  contribution  is  on  The  Republican  State 
Convention,  Des  Moines,  January  18,  1860,  and  is  written  by  F.  I. 
Herriott.  The  convention  is  described  largely  from  the  standpoint 
of  the  choice  of  delegates  to  the  National  Eepublican  Convention  at 
Chicago.  Under  the  title,  Across  the  Plains  in  1850,  there  are  pub- 
lished a  journal  and  some  letters  written  by  Jerome  Button  while 
on  an  overland  journey  from  Scott  County,  Iowa,  to  Sacramento 
County,  California.  William  Fletcher  King,  who  for  a  period  of 
forty-four  years  was  the  president  of  Cornell  College,  is  the  subject 
of  an  appreciation  by  Rollo  F.  Hurlburt.  A  Brief  History  of  the 
French  Family  is  written  by  Mary  Queal  Beyer.  Other  articles  are : 
Judge  Alexander  Brown,  by  Robert  Sloan;  The  Sword  of  Black 
Hawk,  by  D.  C.  Beaman ;  and  Old  Zion  Church,  Burlington,  Iowa, 
by  Edmund  H.  Waring.  Among  the  editorials  may  be  found  a 
brief  sketch  of  Justice  Samuel  F.  Miller  and  his  First  Circuit  Court. 


136  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

A  third  installment  of  F.  G.  Young's  monograph  on  the  Finan- 
cial History  of  the  State  of  Oregon  may  be  found  in  the  June  num- 
ber of  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society.  This  in- 
stallment deals  with  the  sale  of  public  lands  in  Oregon.  In  the 
Recollections  of  a  Pioneer  of  1859:  Lawson  Stockman,  B.  F.  Manring 
tells  some  interesting  experiences  of  an  early  western  settler.  Law- 
son  Stockman  started  from  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  in  March,  1859,  on  the 
long  journey  westward  to  Oregon.  What  I  Know  of  Dr.  McLaughlin 
and  How  I  Know  It  is  the  title  given  to  some  fascinating  recollec- 
tions by  John  Minto  who  made  the  journey  from  Missouri  to  Oregon 
in  the  year  1844.  A  continuation  of  The  Peter  Skene  Ogden  Jour- 
nals, edited  by  T.  C.  Elliott ;  and  An  Estimate  of  the  Character  and 
Services  of  Judge  George  H.  Williams,  by  Harvey  W.  Scott,  may 
also  be  found.  Judge  Williams  was  a  prominent  character  in  Iowa 
during  the  early  years  of  Statehood.  It  was  in  1853  that  he  was 
appointed  Chief  Justice  of  the  Territory  of  Oregon. 

ACTIVITIES 

The  Arkansas  Historical  Association  expects  to  distribute  the 
third  volume  of  its  Publications  some  time  in  January. 

The  new  librarian  of  the  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society  is 
Professor  Frank  G.  Bates,  formerly  of  the  University  of  Kansas. 

The  Pacific  Coast  Branch  of  the  American  Historical  Association 
held  its  annual  meeting  at  the  University  of  California  on  November 
18  and  19,  1910. 

The  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society,  under  the  di- 
rection of  Mr.  E.  0.  Randall,  is  editing  the  Moravian  Records  and 
preparing  them  for  publication. 

The  Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Society  is  performing  a 
valuable  service  in  the  translation  of  Margry's  Documents.  Three 
volumes  are  now  ready  for  the  press. 

Dr.  A.  C.  Tilton,  who  for  seven  years  has  been  chief  of  the  manu- 
script department  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin,  has 
accepted  a  similar  position  in  the  Connecticut  State  Library. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  137 

Mr.  Purd  B.  Wright,  for  several  years  a  Trustee  of  the  State 
Historical  Society  of  Missouri,  has  been  elected  Librarian  of  the 
Los  Angeles  Public  Library,  and  hence  has  severed  his  connection 
with  the  Society. 

On  April  6  and  7,  1910,  occurred  the  formal  opening  of  the  new 
building  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  The  building 
was  erected  at  a  cost  of  nearly  three  hundred  and  forty  thousand 
dollars,  half  of  which  was  appropriated  by  the  State  legislature. 

The  Illinois  State  Historical  Library  has  in  press  a  volume  con- 
taining a  list  of  Illinois  newspapers  down  to  1840,  and  the  second 
volume  of  the  Governors'  Letter-Books.  The  papers  of  George 
Rogers  Clark  are  being  prepared  for  publication  by  Professor 
James  A.  James. 

The  fifty-eighth  annual  meeting  of  the  State  Historical  Society 
of  Wisconsin  was  held  at  Madison  on  October  20,  1910.  The  crowd- 
ed condition  of  the  library  was  commented  upon  by  the  Secretary, 
Dr.  Reuben  Gold  Thwaites  in  his  report,  and  the  urgent  need  for 
a  new  book-stack  wing  was  pointed  out.  The  library  now  numbers 
'331,567  titles.  The  most  conspicuous  addition  to  the  manuscript 
-collections  of  the  Society  during  the  past  year  are  the  papers  of  the 
late  George  H.  Paul  of  Milwaukee.  The  principal  address  at  the 
annual  meeting  was  delivered  by  Professor  Benjamin  F.  Sham- 
baugh  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa  on  The  History  of  the  West 
-and  the  Pioneers. 

The  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Kansas  State  Historical  So- 
ciety for  the  year  ending  December  6,  1910,  reveals  a  substantial 
growth  in  the  collections  of  the  Society.  Nearly  eleven  thousand 
books,  pamphlets,  and  bound  volumes  of  newspapers  were  added 
to  the  library.  The  most  notable  accessions  are  in  the  department 
of  archives,  where  nearly  twenty  thousand  documents  were  added 
during  the  year.  The  total  collections  of  the  Society  now  number 
in  the  vicinity  of  four  hundred  thousand  items.  Along  the  line  of 
publication  the  Society  has  issued  volume  eleven  of  its  Collections. 
It  has  been  decided  to  suspend  work  on  the  Memorial  and  Historical 


138  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Building,  of  which  the  foundation  has  been  completed,  until  after 
the  session  of  the  legislature  in  1911.  It  is  sincerely  to  be  hoped 
that  the  legislature  will  remedy  the  unfortunate  situation  which 
now  exists,  and  the  building  will  receive  the  generous  appropriation 
which  it  deserves. 

OHIO  VALLEY  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION 

The  fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  Ohio  Valley  Historical  Associ- 
ation was  held  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  on  December  27,  1910.  At 
12 :30  p.  m.  there  was  a  luncheon  at  the  University  Club,  followed  by 
a  program  at  which  the  proposed  Pittsburg  Centennial  of  steamboat 
navigation  on  western  waters  was  the  first  topic  of  discussion.  Pre- 
liminary bibliographic  reports  on  steamboating  on  the  Ohio  River 
were  presented,  and  the  session  closed  with  a  discussion  of  the  pro- 
posed consolidation  of  the  Ohio  Valley  and  the  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Associations.  It  was  decided,  however,  that  final  decision 
upon  the  matter  of  consolidation  should  be  left  to  the  Executive 
Committees  of  the  two  Associations,  with  power  to  act.  At  four 
o'clock  there  was  a  Conference  on  Historical  Publication  work  in 
the  Ohio  Valley,  at  which  time  an  address  was  delivered  by  J. 
Franklin  Jameson,  and  brief  reports  were  presented  by  representa- 
tives of  historical  societies  in  the  Ohio  Valley.  In  the  evening  a 
joint  session  was  held  with  the  other  associations  meeting  at  In- 
dianapolis. 

THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION 

The  mid-year  meeting  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Asso- 
ciation was  held  at  Indianapolis  on  Tuesday,  December  27,  1910. 
The  afternoon  was  taken  up  with  meetings  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee and  the  various  standing  committees  of  the  Association. 
In  the  evening  at  eight  o'clock  there  was  a  joint  session  with  the 
Ohio  Valley  Historical  Association  and  the  American  Historical 
Association  at  which  Professor  Benjamin  F.  Shambaugh  presided. 
The  following  program  was  presented  at  this  time : 
Paper — ftew  Light  on  the  Explorations  of  the  Verendrye — Orin 
G.  Libby,  Professor  in  the  University  of  North  Dakota.    Dis- 
cussion by  Clarence  W.  Alvord,  Associate  Professor  in  the 
University  of  Illinois. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  139 

Paper — The  American  Intervention  in  West  Florida — Isaac  Joslin 
Cox,  Professor  in  the  University  of  Cincinnati.  Discussion  by 
Frederick  A.  Ogg,  Professor  in  Simmons  College ;  and  Dunbar 
Rowland,  Director  of  the  Department  of  Archives  and  History 
of  the  State  of  Mississippi. 

Paper — A  Century  of  Steamboat  Navigation  on  the  Ohio — Archer 
B.  Hulburt,  Professor  in  Marietta  College.  Discussion  by  R. 
B.  Way,  Professor  in  Indiana  University;  and  John  Wlison 
Townsend,  Business  Manager  of  the  Kentucky  State  Historical 
Society. 

Paper — The  Beginnings  of  the  Free-Trade  Movement  in  the  Cana- 
dian Northwest — P.  E.  Gunn,  of  Winnipeg,  Canada.  (Mr. 
Gunn  was  not  present.) 

Paper — Early  Forts  on  the  Upper  Mississippi — Dan  E.  Clark,  As- 
sistant Editor  in  The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa. 
The  proceedings  and  papers  at  the  mid-year  meeting  will  be 
included  in  the  volume  containing  the  proceedings  of  the  next  an- 
nual meeting,  which  will  be  held  at  Evanston,  Illinois,  in  May  or 
June. 

THE    AMERICAN   HISTORICAL    ASSOCIATION 

The  twenty-sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Historical 
Association  was  held  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  on  December  27-30, 
1910.  The  sessions,  which  for  the  most  part  were  held  in  the  Clay- 
pool  Hotel,  were  quite  largely  attended. 

The  session  on  Tuesday  evening  was  devoted  to  topics  in  western 
history,  and  was  a  joint  session  with  the  other  associations  meeting 
at  the  same  place.  On  Wednesday  morning  there  was  a  program 
under  the  auspices  of  the  North  Central  History  Teachers'  Associa- 
tion at  which  there  was  a  free  and  helpful  discussion  of  the  prob- 
lems connected  with  the  teaching  of  History  and  Civics.  The  after- 
noon on  Wednesday  was  given  over  to  conferences  on  Ancient  His- 
tory, Modern  European  History,  American  Diplomatic  History 
with  Special  Reference  to  Latin  America,  and  a  Conference  of  State 
and  Local  Historical  Societies.  At  the  last  named  conference  the 
reports  of  the  widest  interest  were  Mr.  Dunbar  Rowland's  account 


140  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

of  the  progress  of  the  work  of  calendaring  the  manuscripts  in  French 
archives  relating  to  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  Professor  Clarence 
W.  Alvord's  very  practical  discussion  of  the  methods  of  restoring 
and  preserving  manuscripts. 

The  presidential  address  by  Professor  Frederick  J.  Turner  on 
Wednesday  evening  dealt  in  a  profound  and  interesting  manner 
with  the  social  aspects  of  American  history.  The  address  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  reception  at  the  John  Herron  Art  Institute. 

Thursday  and  Friday  mornings  were  devoted  to  sessions  com- 
memorating the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  secession.  The  papers  on 
Thursday  morning  clustered  about  the  conditions  and  events  in  the 
North  in  1860;  while  the  general  subject  of  discussion  on  Friday 
morning  was  the  South  in  1860.  Especial  interest  was  manifested  in 
these  two  sessions. 

A  Conference  on  Medieval  History,  a  Conference  of  Archivists, 
and  a  Conference  of  Teachers  of  History  in  Teachers'  Colleges  and 
Normal  Schools,  were  held  on  Thursday  afternoon.  An  interesting 
feature  of  the  Conference  of  Archivists  was  the  report  by  Mr.  A. 
J.  F.  Van  Laer  on  the  work  of  the  International  Conference  of 
Archivists  and  Librarians  held  at  Brussels,  August  28-31,  1910. 
The  session  on  Thursday  evening  was  a  session  on  European  His- 
tory, the  paper  which  excited  the  greatest  comment  being  one  by 
H.  Morse  Stevens,  of  the  University  of  California.  After  this  pro- 
gram there  was  a  smoker  at  the  University  Club. 

A  luncheon,  followed  by  informal  speaking,  was  given  at  the 
Claypool  Hotel  Friday  noon.  The  subject  of  discussion  at  the  final 
session  on  Friday  evening  was  The  Relation  of  History  to  the  Newer 
Sciences  of  Mankind. 

THE  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OF  IOWA 

The  two-volume  History  of  Taxation  in  Iowa,  by  Professor  John 
E.  Brindley,  will  be  distributed  in  February. 

The  Secretary,  Dr.  Frank  E.  Horack,  read  a  paper  on  The  Iowa 
Primary  and  Its  Workings  at  the  meeting  of  the  American  Political 
Science  Association  at  St.  Louis  during  the  holidays. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  141 

Professor  Laenas  G.  Weld's  address  entitled  On  the  Way  to  Iowa, 
has  been  published  and  distributed  to  members. 

The  manuscript  of  Dr.  Louis  Pelzer's  biography  of  Henry  Dodge 
has  been  accepted  by  the  Board  of  Curators  and  will  be  put  to 
press  in  the  near  future. 

The  Society  has  just  issued  a  new  and  revised  edition  of  the 
booklet  entitled  Some  Information,  which  describes  the  work  of  the 
Society,  and  contains  a  list  of  members. 

The  Superintendent  delivered  the  principal  address  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin  on  October  20, 
1910.  He  also  addressed  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Nebraska 
at  Lincoln  on  January  10,  1911. 

Mr.  Joseph  W.  Rich,  a  Curator  of  the  Society,  has  been  elected 
President  of  the  Political  Science  Club  of  the  State  University  of 
Iowa  for  the  ensuing  year.  Dr.  Dan  E.  Clark,  the  Assistant  Editor, 
was  chosen  Secretary  of  the  same  club. 

Owing  to  the  great  demand  for  copies  of  Mr.  Joseph  W.  Rich's 
monograph  on  The  Battle  of  Shiloh,  which  was  first  published  in 
THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS  in  October,  1909,  it 
will  be  reprinted  in  book  form  in  the  near  future. 

The  Twenty-Eighth  Biennial  Report  of  the  Board  of  Curators  of 
the  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa  has  been  printed.  It  contains 
a  detailed  account  of  the  activities  of  the  Society  during  the  two 
years  ending  July  1,  1910,  a  list  of  members,  and  recommendations 
for  increased  support. 

Dr.  Benjamin  F.  Shambaugh  and  Dr.  Dan  E.  Clark  represented 
the  Society  at  the  meetings  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  As- 
sociation and  the  American  Historical  Association  at  Indianapolis, 
December  27-30.  Dr.  Shambaugh  is  President  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  Historical  Association.  Dr.  Clark  read  a  paper  on  Early 
Forts  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  and  made  a  report  on  the  Public 
Archives  of  Iowa. 

The  following  persons  have  recently  been  elected  to  membership 


142   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

in  the  Society;  Mr.  C.  Ray  Aurner,  Iowa  City,  Iowa;  Lieutenant 
Morton  C.  Mumma,  Iowa  City,  Iowa;  Mrs.  F.  S.  McGee,  Riverside, 
Iowa;  Miss  Helen  E.  Ruser,  Davenport,  Iowa;  Mr.  D.  E.  Voris, 
Marion,  Iowa;  Mr.  John  L.  Etzel,  Clear  Lake,  Iowa;  Mr.  R.  W. 
Birdsall,  Dows,  Iowa ;  Mr.  P.  0.  Bjorenson,  Milford,  Iowa ;  Mr.  W. 
E.  Crum,  Bedford,  Iowa;  Mr.  Brode  B.  Davis,  Chicago,  Illinois; 
Mr.  Nathan  P.  Dodge,  Jr.,  Omaha,  Nebraska;  Mr.  D.  G.  Edmund- 
son,  Des  Moines,  Iowa;  Mr.  John  M.  Galvin,  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa; 
Dr.  J.  W.  Hanna,  Winfield,  Iowa ;  Mr.  Chas.  L.  Hays,  Eldora,  Iowa ; 
Mr.  J.  W.  Hill,  Des  Moines,  Iowa ;  Mr.  H.  R.  Howell,  Des  Moines , 
Iowa;  Mr.  Finis  Idleman,  Des  Moines,  Iowa;  Mr.  Jesse  W.  Lee, 
Webster  City,  Iowa;  Mr.  E.  E.  Manhard,  Waterloo,  Iowa;  Mr.  R.  S. 
Sinclair,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa ;  Mr.  Jacob  Springer,  Marengo,  Iowa ; 
Mr.  B.  Van  Stienberg,  Preston,  Iowa ;  Mr.  L.  0.  Worley,  Blairstown, 
Iowa;  Mr.  Geo.  Wright,  Eagle  Grove,  Iowa;  Mr.  John  A.  Young, 
Washington,  Iowa ;  Mr.  Samuel  Hayes,  Iowa  City,  Iowa ;  Mr.  W.  W. 
Baldwin,  Burlington,  Iowa;  Mrs.  Mary  Queal  Beyer,  Des  Moines, 
Iowa;  Mr.  James  B.  Bruff,  Atlantic,  Iowa;  Mr.  T.  J.  Bryant,  Gris- 
wold,  Iowa;  Mr.  Henry  S.  Ely,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa;  Mr.  C.  0.  Har- 
rington, Vinton,  Iowa;  Mr.  L.  S.  Hill,  Des  Moines,  Iowa;  Mr. 
Charles  N.  Kinney,  Des  Moines,  Iowa;  Mr.  V.  R.  McGinnis,  Leon, 
Iowa ;  Mr.  C.  F.  Mauss,  Milford,  Iowa ;  Mr.  F.  S.  Merriau,  Waterloo, 
Iowa ;  Mr.  Arthur  Poe,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa ;  Mr.  J.  B.  Rockaf ellow, 
Atlantic,  Iowa;  Mrs.  Agnes  W.  Smith,  Waterloo,  Iowa;  Mr.  Thos. 
H.  Smith,  Harlan,  Iowa ;  and  Mr.  Edward  S.  White,  Harlan,  Iowa. 

THE  RESIGNATION   OF   MR.   PETER  A.   DEY 

Because  of  advancing  years  Mr.  Peter  A.  Dey,  who  for  many 
years  has  been  President  of  the  Society  and  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Curators,  has  retired  from  the  Board.  The  following  resolution 
appreciative  of  his  services  was  passed  by  the  Board  of  Curators 
on  October  5,  1910: 

"Be  it  resolved  by  the  Board  of  Curators  of  The  State  Historical 
Society  of  Iowa  that  it  is  with  deep  regret  that  we  accept  the  resigna- 
tion of  Mr.  Peter  A.  Dey  as  a  member  of  this  Board,  since  we  feel 
that  the  Board  of  Curators  suffers  a  great  loss  in  being  deprived  of 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  143 

his  wise  counsel  and  advice.  Mr.  Dey  has  served  as  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Curators  for  twenty-four  years,  from  1886  to  1910.  From 
September  8,  1900,  to  July  7,  1909,  he  held  the  office  of  President  of 
the  Board  and  of  the  Society.  For  the  marked  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  Society  during  these  years  Mr.  Dey  deserves  a  large 
measure  of  credit.  He  was  wise  in  his  judgment  and  always  faithful 
and  punctual  in  the  performance  of  his  duties. " 


NOTES  AND  COMMENT 

The  North  Central  History  Teachers '  Association  held  a  meeting 
at  Indianapolis  on  December  28,  1910. 

The  twenty-first  annual  meeting  of  the  Iowa  Library  Association 
was  held  at  Davenport,  October  11-13,  1910. 

Dr.  W.  F.  Dodd,  formerly  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  is  now 
a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 

The  second  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Institute  of  Criminal 
Law  and  Criminology  was  held  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  on  September 
30  and  October  1,  1910. 

The  newly  appointed  General  Secretary  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute  of  America  is  Professor  Mitchell  Carroll,  who  has  been 
connected  with  the  Institute  for  several  years. 

July  26  to  29, 1911,  are  the  dates  set  for  an  International  Congress 
dealing  with  the  problems  arising  in  the  relations  between  the  West 
and  the  East.  London  will  be  the  place  of  meeting. 

Professor  Herbert  E.  Bolton,  formerly  of  the  University  of  Texas 
and  now  of  Stanford  University,  has  accepted  the  professorship  of 
American  History  in  the  University  of  California,  to  take  effect 
July  1,  1911. 

The  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  has  been  presented  to  Har- 
vard University,  with  the  stipulation  that  the  income  shall  be  ap- 
plied to  research  work  in  historical  archives.  It  is  preferred  that 
these  researches  shall  be  along  the  line  of  American  history,  and 
especially  that  the  work  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  Spanish  archives. 

The  seventh  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Political  Science 
Association  was  held  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  from  December  27,  to 
30,  1910.  Besides  the  general  sessions  on  national  and  international 
problems,  there  were  programs  and  conferences  devoted  to  such  sub- 
jects as  judicial  organization  and  procedure,  primary  elections, 

144 


NOTES  AND  COMMENT  145 

municipal  government,  taxation,  and  political  theory.  The  Ameri- 
can Association  for  Labor  Legislation,  and  the  American  Statistical 
Society  held  their  meetings  at  the  same  time  and  place  and  there 
were  a  number  of  joint  sessions. 

It  has  been  announced  by  Mr.  Dunbar  Rowland,  Director  of  the 
Department  of  History  and  Archives  of  the  State  of  Mississippi, 
that  the  calendar  of  manuscripts  in  the  French  archives  relating 
to  the  Mississippi  Valley  is  nearly  ready  for  publication.  The  work 
of  preparing  the  calendar  has  been  done  by  Mr.  Waldo  G.  Leland. 
The  various  historical  agencies  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  acting 
in  cooperation  in  supporting  this  work. 

The  Manuscripts  Division  of  the  Library  of  Congress  has  recently 
acquired  the  Madison  papers  and  the  Polk  papers,  including  the 
Polk  diary,  which  have  heretofore  been  in  the  possession  of  the 
Chicago  Historical  Society.  La  Harpe's  valuable  journal  dealing 
with  the  establishment  of  the  French  in  Louisiana  has  also  been  se- 
cured ;  and  the  Pickett  papers  containing  the  official  correspondence 
and  records  of  the  Confederate  government  have  been  transferred 
from  the  Treasury  Department. 

NATHAN   PHILLIPS   DODGE 

Mr.  Nathan  P.  Dodge,  a  member  of  The  State  Historical  Society 
of  Iowa,  died  at  his  home  at  Council  Bluffs  on  January  12,  1931. 
Mr.  Dodge  was  born  at  South  Danvers  (now  Peabody),  Massa- 
chusetts, on  August  20,  1837.  In  1854  he  came  to  Iowa  City,  where 
he  joined  his  brother,  Grenville  M.  Dodge,  who  was  at  that  time  di- 
recting the  survey  for  the  Kock  Island  Railroad  across  Iowa.  Dur- 
ing the  following  spring  he  took  up  land  on  the  Elkhorn  River  in 
Nebraska,  but  on  account  of  Indian  troubles  he  soon  moved  to 
Omaha  and  later  to  Council  Bluffs,  where  he  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  devoting  himself  to  banking  and  real  estate  business. 

Mr.  Dodge  took  a  keen  interest  in  western  history,  and  was 
especially  well  informed  on  the  local  history  of  Council  Bluffs. 
He  wrote  numerous  valuable  historical  articles  which  were  pub- 
lished in  the  local  newspapers,  the  last  one  being  on  the  subject  of 

VOL.  ix — 10 


146   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Woman' 's  Aid  and  Sanitary  -Commissions  During  the  Civil  War. 
He  was  beloved  by  all  who  knew  him,  and  his  death  will  long  be 
deeply  mourned. 

JONATHAN  P.   DOLLIVER 

Johnathan  Prentiss  Dolliver  was  born  near  Kingwood,  Preston 
County,  Virginia  (now  West  Virginia),  on  February  6,  1858.  He 
graduated  from  the  University  of  West  Virginia  in  1875,  and 
taught  school  for  two  years  at  Sandwich,  Illinois,  at  the  same  time 
studying  law.  In  1878,  in  company  with  his  brother,  he  removed 
to  Fort  Dodge,  Iowa,  and  opened  a  law  office.  His  political  career 
may  be  said  to  have  begun  with  his  speech  as  temporary  chairman 
of  the  Republican  State  Convention  in  1884.  From  that  time  until 
the  date  of  his  death  his  abilities  as  a  public  speaker  made  him  a 
powerful  factor  in  political  campaigns,  National  as  well  as  State. 

In  1888  Mr.  Dolliver  was  elected  Congressman  from  the  Tenth 
District,  which  position  he  held  by  successive  terms  until  1900.  In 
July  of  that  year  the  death  of  Senator  John  H.  Gear  left  a  vacancy 
in  the  United  States  Senate,  and  Governor  Shaw  appointed  Jonathan 
P.  Dolliver.  In  this  capacity  he  was  retained,  through  elections 
by  the  legislature,  until  the  date  of  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Fort 
Dodge  on  October  15,  1910. 

Senator  Dolliver  was  recognized  as  a  leader  in  the  Senate.  His 
long  experience  in  Congress,  his  habit  of  making  a  careful  study  of 
all  legislative  problems,  and  his  eloquent  and  convincing  powers 
of  debate,  gave  him  an  influence  which  was  felt  throughout  the 
Nation. 

JOHN  A.  KASSON 

John  A.  Kasson  was  born  at  Charlotte,  Vermont,  on  January  11, 
1822,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  May  19,  1910.  After  gradu- 
ating from  the  University  of  Vermont  in  1842  he  studied  law  and 
in  1845  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Massachusetts.  Soon  afterward 
he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  he  practiced  his  profession 
until  1857  when  he  came  to  Iowa  and  located  at  Des  Moines.  From 
the  beginning  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  politics  as  a  Republican. 


NOTES  AND  COMMENT  147 

During  his  long  public  career  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  Iowa,  as  a  Representative  from  Iowa  in  several  ses- 
sions of  Congress,  and  as  Minister  to  Austria  and  Minister  to  Ger- 
many. He  represented  the  United  States  in  a  number  of  inter- 
national conferences,  and  performed  various  other  diplomatic  ser- 
vices for  his  country.  He  was  a  member  of  several  learned  and 
scientific  societies  and  was  prominent  as  a  writer  on  political  sub- 
jects. 

HARVEY   REID 

At  a  regular  meeting  of  the  Iowa  Soldiers'  Roster  Board,  held  in 
Des  Moines,  on  the  20th  day  of  December,  1910,  the  following  pre- 
amble and  resolutions  were  unanimously  adopted: 

WHEREAS:  Soon  after  the  organization  of  this  Board,  and  its 
adoption  of  the  plans  submitted  for  the  prosecution  of  the  work, 
upon  the  recommendation  of  Honorable  Charles  Aldrich,  Curator  of 
the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa,  Harvey  Reid  of  Maquoketa, 
Iowa,  was  authorized  by  the  Board  to  prepare  that  portion  of  the 
work  pertaining  to  the  early  military  history  of  the  State,  and, 

WHEREAS:  The  work  thus  committed  to  the  hands  of  Mr.  Reid 
involves  much  careful  and  painstaking  research,  and  has  been 
prosecuted  to  successful  completion  by  him,  notwithstanding  he  was 
in  such  feeble  health  during  a  considerable  portion  of  the  time  he 
was  engaged  upon  it,  as  might  well  have  discouraged  one  possessed 
of  less  fortitude  and  courage,  and, 

WHEREAS  :  Only  a  few  weeks  after  completing  and  delivering  his 
manuscript  into  the  hands  of  Adjutant  General  Logan,  Mr.  Reid  was 
stricken  by  the  hand  of  death,  therefore,  be  it 

RESOLVED:  That  in  the  death  of  Harvey  Reid,  we  recognize  the 
passing  from  earth  of  another  of  the  brave  defenders  of  the  Repub- 
lic, who  went  forth  in  the  vigor  of  his  young  manhood,  to  serve  his 
country  in  her  hour  of  greatest  need. 

RESOLVED  :  That  we  hereby  express  our  high  appreciation  of  the 
faithful  and  capable  manner  in  which  he  performed  his  part  of  the 
great  work  of  preserving  the  history  and  records  of  Iowa  Soldiers. 
In  his  death  the  State  has  lost  one  of  its  most  intelligent  and  useful 


148  IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

citizens.    To  his  bereaved  widow  and  family,  we  extend  our  sincere 
condolence.  • 

The  Secretary  is  hereby  instructed  to  spread  the  foregoing  reso- 
lutions upon  the  minutes  of  this  meeting,  and  to  transmit  a  copy 
of  the  same  to  Mrs.  Harvey  Reid,  to  the  Superintendent  of  the 
State  Historical  Society,  and  to  the  Curator  of  the  Historical  De- 
partment of  Iowa. 


CONTEIBUTORS 

CLIFFORD  POWELL,  Member  of  The  State  Historical  Society 
of  Iowa.  Won  the  Colonial  Dames  Prize  for  the  best  essay  on  a 
subject  in  Iowa  History  in  1909.  Born  at  Elliott,  Iowa,  on  Decem- 
ber 14,  1887.  Graduated  from  the  Red  Oak  High  School  in  1906. 
Oraduated  from  the  State  University  of  Iowa  in  1910. 

JOHN  HOWARD  STIBBS  was  born  at  Wooster,  Wayne 
County,  Ohio,  March  1,  1840.  In  1861  he  was  in  business  for  him- 
self at  Cedar  Rapids,  Linn  County,  Iowa.  The  news  of  the  firing 
on  Sumter  was  received  there  on  Sunday  morning  following  the 
bombardment,  and  within  thirty  minutes  after  the  receipt  of  this 
news,  Mr.  Stibbs  was  parading  the  street,  carrying  a  banner,  and 
calling  for  recruits  to  save  the  Union.  During  the  week  following 
he  organized  a  company,  which  became  Company  K,  First  Iowa 
Infantry  Volunteers.  He  declined  a  commission  in  the  Company, 
and  was  made  Orderly  Sergeant.  On  May  9, 1861,  he  was  mustered 
into  the  United  States  Service,  and  was  honorably  discharged  by 
reason  of  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  service  on  August  20,  1861. 
His  service  was  with  General  Lyon  in  Missouri,  and  he  participated 
with  him  in  the  Battle  of  Wilson  Creek,  Missouri,  on  August  10, 
1861.  For  his  service  on  that  day  he  received  honorable  mention. 

On  his  return  to  his  home,  Mr.  Stibbs  was  authorized  to  recruit 
a  company  for  the  three  years  service.  He  organized  Company  D, 
Twelfth  Iowa  Infantry  Volunteers,  and  was  mustered  into  the 
United  States  Service  as  its  Captain  on  October  26, 1861.  The  regi- 
ment was  sent  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  thence  to  join  General  Grant 's 
forces  at  Paducah,  Kentucky ;  participated  in  the  capture  of  Forts 
Henry  and  Donelson;  and  at  Pittsburg  Landing  he  fought  in  the 
"Hornets'  Nest"  as  a  member  of  Turtle's  Brigade  of  General  Wm. 
H.  L.  Wallace's  Division.  At  5:30  P.  M.  on  Sunday,  April  6th,  the 
remnant  of  the  regiment  remaining  on  the  field  was  captured,  and 

149 


150  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Mr.  Stibbs  was  held  a  prisoner  for  more  than  six  months.  He  was 
paroled  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  on  October  13,  1862,  and  exchanged 
five  weeks  later.  When  the  regiment  was  reorganized  in  the  win- 
ter of  1862-1863,  a  very  large  majority  of  the  line  officers  joined  in 
a  petition  for  his  promotion  to  Major,  and  he  was  commissioned  as 
such  on  March  23,  1863,  and  was  mustered  July  30,  1863.  In 
April,  1863,  his  regiment  joined  General  Grant's  army  at  Duckport, 
Louisiana,  and  participated  in  the  Vicksburg  Campaign  and  subse- 
quent movements  of  the  Army  in  that  vicinity. 

On  August  5,  1863,  Mr.  Stibbs  was  commissioned  Lieutenant 
Colonel,  and  mustered  as  such  on  September  5,  1863;  and  from 
that  time  until  January,  1865,  he  was  almost  continually  in  com- 
mand of  the  regiment. 

In  November,  1863,  Colonel  Stibbs 's  regiment  was  sent  up  the 
river  to  Memphis,  and  thence  to  Chewalla,  Tennessee,  where  it  re- 
mained until  the  last  of  January,  1864.  While  there  a  very  large 
majority  of  the  regiment  reenlisted  as  veterans. 

In  February,  1864,  he  went  with  General  Sherman  back  to  Vicks- 
burg, and  in  March  following  was  sent  home  on  veteran  furlough. 
He  returned  to  duty  at  Memphis,  Tennessee,  on  May  2,  1864,  and 
two  weeks  later  was  sent  with  six  companies  to  establish  a  post  at 
the  mouth  of  the  White  River,  Arkansas,  where  he  remained  four 
weeks.  When  General  A.  J.  Smith  returned  from  the  Red  River 
Expedition  on  June  10,  1864,  Colonel  Stibbs 's  regiment  was  as- 
signed to  its  old  place  in  the  Third  Brigade,  First  Division,  16th  A. 
C.,  and  was  with  him  in  all  the  subsequent  movements  of  his  com- 
mand. At  Tupelo,  Mississippi,  on  July  14,  1864,  Colonel  Stibbs 's 
regiment  bore  the  brunt  of  the  fight.  On  December  1,  1864,  at 
Nashville,  Tennessee,  all  commissioned  officers  of  his  regiment, 
except  five,  were  mustered  out,  and  when  he  went  into  the  battle 
there  two  weeks  later,  his  companies  were  all  commanded  by 
non-commissioned  officers.  However,  the  work  of  his  men  proved  so 
satisfactory  that  he  was  brevetted  Colonel  United  States  Volunteers, 
to  rank  from  March  13,  1865.  His  commission  dated  April  5,  1865, 
and  reads  "for  distinguished  gallantry  in  the  battles  before  Nash- 
ville, Tenn." 


CONTRIBUTORS  151 

On  February  11,  1865,  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  of  his  regi- 
ment, but  as  it  had  fallen  below  the  minimum,  he  could  not  be 
mustered  until  November  11,  1865.  The  War  Department,  in  re- 
sponse to  a  special  request  of  the  Governor  of  Iowa,  issued  special 
order  No.  594,  ordering  his  muster  as  Colonel  to  date  September 
11,  1865. 

While  at  Eastport,  Mississippi,  early  in  January,  1865,  General 
Stibbs  was  ordered  to  Iowa  and  thence  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  on 
official  business,  and  while  in  Washington  was  assigned  to  special 
duty  and  retained  there  until  his  final  muster  out,  April  30,  1866, 
on  which  day  his  commission  as  Brevet  Brigadier  General  was  issued, 
to  take  effect  from  March  13,  1865,  for  "meritorious  services  during 
the  war". 

From  the  middle  of  April,  1861,  to  the  first  of  May,  1866,  his  en- 
tire time  was  devoted  to  the  service,  either  in  service  or  in  raising 
and  organizing  companies.  He  was  actually  in  the  service  for  a 
period  of  four  years,  nine  months,  and  fifteen  days. 


I*"" 


THE  IOWA  JOUKNAL  OF  HISTOEY  AND  POLITICS 

APRIL   NINETEEN   HUNDRED   ELEVEN 

VOLUME  NINE  NUMBER  TWO 


VOL.  IX — 11 


THE   ESTABLISHMENT   AND   OEGANIZATION   OF 
TOWNSHIPS  IN  JOHNSON  COUNTY 

By  an  act  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  the  original 
Territory  of  Wisconsin,  approved  December  21, 1837,  John- 
son County  was  established;1  but  provision  for  the  organ- 
ization of  the  government  of  this  county  was  not  made  until 
1838.  In  the  meantime  it  was  temporarily  "attached  to 
and  considered  in  all  respects  a  part  of  Cedar  County.  "2 
By  the  act  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  the  Territory  of 
Iowa,  approved  June  22,  1838,  provision  was  made  for  the 
organization  of  the  county  "from  and  after  the  fourth  day 
of  July".  This  act  also  provided  for  the  holding  of  two 
terms  of  the  district  court  annually;  and  the  town  of  Na- 
poleon was  designated  as  the  first  seat  of  justice.3 

According  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  December  21, 
1837,  Johnson  County  included  twenty  congressional  town- 
ships. This,  however,  was  but  a  temporary  arrangement, 
since  by  the  act  (of  January  25,  1839)  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  locating  the  boundaries 
of  the  County  of  Washington,  three  townships  were  taken 
from  the  southern  tier  of  Johnson  County  and  added  to 
Washington  County.  (See  Map  I.)4  Again,  in  1845  the 
Legislative  Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa  detached 
that  portion  of  township  seventy-seven,  north,  range  six 
west,  which  lies  east  of  the  Iowa  Eiver,  from  Washington 

1  Laivs  of  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  1837,  p.  135. 

2  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  1837,  p.  136. 

a  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  1838,  p.  543.    The  town  of  Napoleon 
has  long  been  extinct. 
*  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838,  p.  100. 

155 


156   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

County  and  added  it  to  Johnson  County,  thus  making  the 
Iowa  Eiver  the  western  boundary  of  that  portion  of  the 
county.  (See  Map  II.)5 

Previous  to  the  formation  of  civil  townships  the  county 
was  divided  into  precincts  for  election  purposes.  Al- 
though few  in  number  these  precincts  may  be  regarded  as 
the  historical  precursors  of  the  civil  townships.  At  first 
it  appears  that  the  entire  county  was  divided  into  two 
electoral  precincts  —  a  division  that  was  authorized  by  the 
County  Commissioners  on  March  6,  1840.  The  southern 
part  of  the  county  was  designated  as  precinct  number  one 
and  the  northern  part  as  precinct  number  two.  The  line 
separating  these  two  precincts  was  not  defined  at  this 
meeting  of  the  Board,  although  the  places  of  election  are 
named  as  Iowa  City  and  the  house  of  "Warren  Stiles  re- 
spectively.6 That  no  division  line  was  named  at  the  March 
session  appears  to  have  been  an  oversight  on  the  part  of 
the  Commissioners,  for  it  appears  that  they  established  the 
line  at  the  regular  session  in  the  following  July.  As  de- 
fined on  July  8,  1840,  the  line  of  division  commenced  at  the 
northeast  corner  of  section  twenty-four,  township  eighty 
north,  range  five  west,  and  followed  the  line  between  sec- 
tions thirteen  and  twenty-four  westward  to  the  Iowa  Eiver, 
and  from  this  point  up  the  river  to  the  county  line.7  (See 
Map  III.) 

On  April  8,  1841,  that  part  of  the  county  lying  west  of 
the  Iowa  Eiver  was  declared  to  constitute  "an  electoral 
precinct  and  to  be  known  as  precinct  number  three ";  and 
the  elections  in  this  precinct  were  to  be  held  at  the  house 
of  John  Hawkins.8  (See  Map  IV.)  At  this  same  session, 

s  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1845,  p.  66. 

e  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  I,  p.   15. 

7  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  I,  pp.  24,  25. 

s  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  I,  p.   77. 


TOWNSHIPS    IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  157 

the  place  of  elections  in  the  second  precinct  was  changed 
from  the  house  of  Warren  Stiles  to  that  of  Abner  Arro- 
smith. 

A  further  division  of  the  county  was  made  in  1842,  at 
the  January  session  of  the  Commissioners,  by  dividing  the 
third  precinct  by  a  line  beginning  on  the  Iowa  Eiver  and 
running  due  west  between  sections  twenty-two  and  twenty- 
seven,  township  seventy-nine  north.  All  the  territory 
south  of  this  line  was  designated  precinct  number  four, 
and  the  place  of  holding  elections  was  located  at  the  house 
of  Jacob  Fry.  At  the  same  session  of  the  Board  precinct 
number  five  was  created  by  dividing  the  second  precinct 
by  a  line  running  north  and  south  one  mile  east  of  the 
township  line  dividing  ranges  six  and  seven.  The  house  of 
M.  P.  McAllister  was  named  by  the  Commissioners  as  the 
polling  place.9  (See  Map  V.)  One  finds  on  the  records 
for  this  session  a  change  in  the  place  of  election  in  the 
second  precinct  from  the  house  of  Hamilton  H.  Kerr  to  the 
town  of  Solon;  but  no  mention  is  made  of  the  time  when 
the  house  of  Abner  Arrosmith  was  abandoned,  as  the  place 
for  elections,  for  the  house  of  Kerr. 

Proper  names  were  assigned  to  some  of  these  precincts 
in  1843,  since  election  judges  are  named  by  the  Commis- 
sioners for  Iowa  City  precinct,  for  Big  Grove  precinct,  and 
for  Monroe  precinct.  The  other  two  were  known  by  num- 
bers until  July  3,  1844,  when  according  to  the  records  all 
of  the  five  are  referred  to  by  names  instead  of  numbers. 
Thus  precinct  number  one  was  called  Iowa  City;  precinct 
number  two,  Big  Grove;  precinct  number  three,  Clear 
Creek;  precinct  number  four,  Old  Man's  Creek;  and  pre- 
cinct number  five,  Monroe.10 

No  provision  was  made  for  the  establishment  of  civil 

v  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  I,  p.  153. 

10  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  pp.  24,  25,  85,  111. 


I 


158   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

townships  in  Johnson  County  until  petitions  came  before 
the  Board  of  County  Commissioners  at  the  January  session 
in  the  year  1844.  On  this  occasion  three  separate  petitions 
for  the  establishment  of  townships  west  of  the  Iowa  Eiver 
were  presented  for  their  consideration.  Owing  to  the  con- 
fusion of  overlapping  boundaries,  as  requested  in  the  pe- 
titions, no  action  was  taken  on  the  subject  by  the  Commis- 
sioners at  this  session.11  In  April  of  the  same  year  (1844) 
another  petition  came  up  "from  sundry  citizens"  of  Clear 
Creek  voting  precinct,  requesting  the  establishment  of  a 
civil  township  in  that  vicinity.  The  record  breaks  off  sud- 
denly, which  seems  to  indicate  a  want  of  information  or  a 
postponement  of  consideration  for  the  session.  The  words 
"commencing  at  the  southeast  corner  of  township  eighty ", 
being  all  that  is  found  in  this  connection,  suggests  that  the 
civil  township  under  consideration  was  number  eighty 
north,  range  seven  west.12 

It  was  not  until  April,  1845,  that  any  civil  township  was 
established  in  Johnson  County.  Then  the  Commissioners 
took  the  initiative,  so  far  as  can  be  learned,  and  decided 
upon  the  name  of  "Big  Grove"  for  township  eighty-one 
north,  range  six  west.  The  first  election  for  the  local  of- 
ficers of  the  township  was  held  at  the  Big  Grove  school 
house  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846  —  which  was  the 
regular  election  day  for  township  officers  throughout  the 

11  Eecords  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  70. 

"On  the  1st  and  2nd  days  of  this  session  three  Petitions  were  presented 
to  this  Board  for  the  Organization  of  Townships  of  a  portion  of  this  County 
west  of  the  Iowa  Eiver,  and  the  Board  having  duly  considered  sd  Petitions, 
find  that  the  bounds  as  proposed,  interfere  with  each  other,  and  therefore  —  It 
is  considered  that  no  action  shall  be  had  on  either  of  said  petitions  at  this 
Term". 

12  Eecords  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  81. 

On  the  petition  of  sundry  citizens  of  Clear  Creek  Precinct  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  township  with  the  following  bounds:  "Commencing  at  the  South- 
East  Corner  of  Township  80". 


TOWNSHIPS   IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  159 

Territory.13  (See  Map  VI.)  Moreover,  early  in  the  year 
1846  there  appears  to  have  been  a  general  demand  for  the 
establishment  of  civil  townships  throughout  the  county, 
which,  with  but  a  single  exception,  resulted  in  the  prelimi- 
nary definition  of  boundaries  for  all  the  territory  of  the 
county  in  the  form  of  civil  townships. 

The  first  petition  in  1846  came  from  the  settlers  in  town- 
ship eighty-one  north,  range  five  west;  and  it  will  be  no- 
ticed that  this  territory  lies  just  east  of  Big  Grove  town- 
ship which  was  established  in  the  fall  of  1845.  The  petition 
was  heard  and  favorably  considered  by  the  Commissioners. 
The  name  "Cedar"  was  given  to  the  new  township;  and 
the  first  election  was  called  at  the  house  of  Philo  Haynes. 
(See  Map  VII.)  No  date  being  mentioned,  one  must  con- 
clude that  the  election  was  held  on  the  same  day  as  that  of 
the  other  townships,  namely,  the  first  Monday  in  April, 
1846.14 

Moreover,  it  appears  that  the  first  townships  established 
coincided  with  the  congressional  lines  according  to  the  pe- 
titions of  the  citizens  who  occupied  the  territory.  This  was 
also  true  of  Iowa  City  township,  for  the  establishment  of 
which  no  petition  was  presented  from  the  inhabitants.  In 
this  instance  the  record  of  the  Commissioners  reads  that 
'  i  township  seventy-nine  north,  range  six  west,  shall  be 
known  as  Iowa  City  township,  and  the  first  election  shall 
be  held  at  the  court  house  in  Iowa  City".15  (See  Map 
VII.) 

At  an  extra  session  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  which 
was  held  in  February,  1846,  the  chief  business  was  that  of 

is  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  159;  Laws  of  the 
Territory  of  Iowa,  1845,  p.  27. 

14  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  207. 

is  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  pp.  207,  217. 

The  court  house  in  which  this  election  was  held  stood  on  the  southeast 
corner  at  the  intersection  of  Clinton  and  Harrison  streets. 


160   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

establishing  and  naming  civil  townships.  At  this  time  it 
was  customary  for  the  people  of  a  certain  neighborhood  to 
fix  upon  the  boundaries,  which  were  then  usually  specified 
in  the  petition  asking  for  the  establishment  of  the  town- 
ship. The  Commissioners  as  a  rule  followed  the  lines  as 
described  in  the  petition.  This  method  as  a  matter  of  fact 
frequently  resulted  in  the  division  of  congressional  town- 
ships in  the  formation  of  civil  townships,  which  led  to 
many  readjustments  in  township  boundaries  in  the  subse- 
quent history  of  the  county.  All  of  the  first  elections  in 
the  townships  established  at  this  extra  session  of  the  Board 
took  place  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846. 

According  to  the  records  Scott  township  was  to  include 
all  the  territory  of  congressional  township  seventy-nine 
north,  range  five  west.  This  is  definite  and  simple,  the 
thirty-six  square  miles  needing  no  other  description.  (See 
Map  VII.)  The  first  election  was  to  be  held  at  the  school 
house  near  the  home  of  Matthew  Tenicke, 

Pleasant  Valley  township  was  to  be  composed  of  all  that 
part  of  Johnson  County  south  of  township  seventy-nine 
north,  ranges  five  and  six  west,  lying  east  of  the  Iowa 
Eiver.  It  included  congressional  townships  seventy-seven 
and  seventy-eight  north,  range  five  west,  and  the  fractions 
of  the  same  townships  in  range  six,  lying  east  of  the  Iowa 
Eiver.  (See  Map.  VII.)  The  first  election  was  to  be  held 
at  the  house  of  Eobert  Walker.16 

Monroe  township  is  described  as  formed  from  the  part  of 
Johnson  County  which  lies  in  congressional  townships 
numbered  eighty-one  north  in  ranges  seven  and  eight  west, 
and  north  of  the  Iowa  Eiver.  (See  Map  VII.)  Here  the 
first  election  was  to  be  held  at  the  home  of  William  Du- 
pont.17 

^Eecords  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  217. 
17  Eecords  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  218. 


TOWNSHIPS    IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  161 

Penn  township  requires  a  more  detailed  description 
which,  as  found  in  the  records,  reads:  " Commencing  at  the 
middle  of  the  main  Channel  of  the  Iowa  Eiver,  where  the 
north  line  of  township  number  seventy-nine  range  six 
crosses  the  same,  then  west  along  this  township  line  to  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  same  township,  then  north  on  the 
range  line  two  miles,  then  west  one  mile,  then  north  one 
mile,  then  west  to  the  west  line  of  township  eighty  north, 
range  seven  west,  then  on  the  range  line  to  the  Iowa  River, 
and  then  with  the  river  to  the  place  of  beginning."  (See 
Map  VII.)  The  first  election  in  this  township  was  to  be 
held  at  the  school  house  near  Chapman 's.18 

In  the  description  of  Penn  township  no  mention  is  made 
of  the  change  in  the  boundaries  of  Big  Grove  township  as 
established  in  1845.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  portion  of 
township  eighty-one  north,  range  six  west,  lying  south  of 
the  Iowa  Eiver  now  became  a  part  of  Penn  township. 
(Compare  Maps  VI  and  VII.)  This  change  made  little 
•difference,  however,  in  the  affairs  of  the  township  of  Big 
Grove,  since  elections  had  not  yet  been  held  in  any  of  the 
townships. 

One  of  the  larger  divisions  of  the  county  made  at  this 
time  for  civil  purposes  was  the  township  of  Clear  Creek, 
which  was  composed  of  fractions  of  several  congressional 
townships.  Commencing  at  the  northwest  corner  of  con- 
gressional township  seventy-nine  north,  range  six  west,  the 
boundary  line  of  this  civil  township  follows  the  southern 
and  western  boundary  of  Penn  township  until  it  reaches  the 
north-west  corner  of  township  eighty  north,  range  seven 
west ;  then  it  runs  west  on  the  township  line  until  the  west 
line  of  the  county  is  reached;  then  down  the  county  line 
until  it  reaches  the  middle  of  township  seventy-nine,  range 
eight  west;  then  east  along  this  line  to  the  west  line  of 

is  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  218. 


162   IOW4  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

township  seventy-nine,  range  six  west;  then  north  to  the 
place  of  beginning.  (See  Map  VII.)  The  first  election 
was  called  at  the  house  of  Bryan  Dennis,  who  was  a  citizen 
of  the  district  described. 

It  is  noticeable  that  the  boundaries  of  Clear  Creek  town- 
ship leave  the  fractional  part  of  township  eighty-one,  range 
eight  west,  lying  south  of  the  Iowa  Eiver,  without  any  or- 
ganization, since  it  was  left  out  of  Monroe  at  the  time  of 
its  organization  and  is  not  now  included  in  Clear  Creek.19 
(See  Map  VII.) 

Newport  township  in  its  original  form  included  all  of 
congressional  township  eighty  north,  range  five  west,  and 
all  of  the  same  township  in  range  six,  lying  east  of  the 
Iowa  Eiver.  (See  Map  VII.)  It  will  be  remembered  that 
Penn  township  was,  in  part,  composed  of  the  remainder  of 
congressional  township  eighty  north,  range  six  west,  which 
lay  west  of  the  river.  The  first  election  was  called  at  the 
house  of  Cornelius  Lancaster. 

Liberty  township  was  at  first  composed  of  a  part  of  that 
portion  of  the  county  which  lies  along  the  southern  bound- 
ary of  the  county  and  may  be  best  described  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  order  by  which  it  was  established.  It  in- 
cludes all  that  part  of  Johnson  County  "Commencing  at 
the  south  line  of  the  County  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Iowa 
River,  then  up  the  river  to  the  south  line  of  township  sev- 
enty-nine, range  six  west,  then  west  to  the  south  west  corner 
of  said  township,  then  north  on  the  range  line  to  the  center 
of  the  west  line  of  the  same  township,  then  west  to  the  cen- 
ter of  township  seventy-nine,  range  seven  west,  then  south 
to  the  county  line;  then  east  to  the  place  of  beginning". 
(See  Map  VII.)  In  this  township  the  first  election  was 
ordered  to  be  held  at  the  house  of  John  Smith.20 

is  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  219. 
20  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  219. 


TOWNSHIPS    IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  163 

The  last  of  the  orders  of  the  Commissioners  in  fixing  the 
preliminary  boundary  lines  for  civil  townships  in  the  year 
of  1846  relates  to  the  township  of  Washington,  which  lies 
in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  county.  In  the  beginning 
this  township  included  more  than  twice  its  present  area. 
The  lines  limiting  it  were  the  western  boundary  of  the 
township  of  Liberty,  commencing  in  the  middle  of  the  south 
line  of  township  seventy-eight,  range  seven  west,  then  run- 
ning north  to  the  middle  of  township  seventy-nine,  range 
seven  west,  then  west  to  the  county  line,  then  south  to  the 
corner  of  the  county,  and  finally  east  to  the  place  of  begin- 
ning. (See  Map  VII.)  The  first  election  was  to  occur  at 
the  home  of  William  Fry.21 

This  completes  the  original  division  of  the  territory  of 
Johnson  County  into  civil  townships  —  with  the  exception 
of  the  small  fraction  of  township  eighty-one  north,  range 
eight  west,  lying  south  of  the  Iowa  Eiver.  This  first  dis- 
tricting of  the  county  into  civil  districts  was  accomplished 
by  the  Board  in  1845  and  1846  and  is  fully  illustrated  by 
Maps  VI  and  VII. 

In  April,  1847,  a  petition  was  presented  from  seventeen 
citizens  of  Scott  township  asking  to  have  that  township 
attached  to  Iowa  City  township  for  civil  purposes.  The 
Commissioners  took  the  petition  under  consideration  and 
finally  agreed  to  place  it  on  file  until  their  next  session, 
which  would  occur  in  July.22  Careful  examination  of  the 
records  of  the  July  meeting  reveals  no  record  of  any  fur- 
ther action  on  the  subject.  Not,  indeed,  until  the  October 
session  of  the  Board  was  any  change  made  in  the  bound- 
aries of  this  township,  Then  the  boundaries  were  altered 
so  that  sections  thirty-four,  thirty-five,  and  thirty-six  and 
the  south  half  of  sections  twenty-seven,  twenty-six,  and 

21  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  220. 

22  Records  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  280. 


164   IOWA  JOUKNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

twenty-five  of  township  eighty  north,  range  five  west,  were 
attached  to  Scott  township  "for  all  civil  and  judicial  pur- 
poses ".  It  will  be  observed  that  these  sections  and  frac- 
tions of  sections  were  taken  from  Newport  township,  thus 
altering  the  boundaries  of  that  township  as  described  in 
1846.  (See  Map  VIII.) 

During  this  same  October,  1847,  session  of  the  Commis- 
sioners, and  without  petition  or  suggestion  so  far  as  the 
records  show,  the  lines  of  other  civil  townships  were 
changed,  indicating  the  uncertainty  of  what  was  thought 
best  to  be  done  with  the  scattered  settlements  of  the  time. 
Washington  township  was  enlarged  by  taking  the  north 
half  of  congressional  township  seventy-nine,  range  eight 
west,  from  Clear  Creek  and  giving  it  to  Washington.  This 
left  Clear  Creek  in  a  very  unsatisfactory  shape  for  a  civil 
township,  as  will  be  observed  by  a  study  of  Map  VIII.23 
Moreover,  it  is  interesting  to  notice  the  next  move  of  the 
citizens  of  township  seventy-nine  north,  range  seven  west, 
which,  however,  did  not  occur  until  five  years  had  passed, 
or  until  1852. 

At  the  August,  1852,  session  the  County  Court  was  pe- 
titioned to  make  a  new  township  out  of  congressional  town- 
ship seventy-nine  north,  range  seven  west.  County  Com- 
missioners were  no  longer  sitting  in  judgment  on  these  pe- 
titions, since  by  this  time  they  had  been  succeeded  in  au- 
thority by  the  County  Judge.  The  petition  in  question 
came  from  citizens  of  three  civil  townships  as  then  estab- 
lished, namely,  Clear  Creek,  Washington,  and  Liberty. 
They  declared  in  their  petition  that  they  were  put  to  great 
inconvenience  in  attending  elections  and  public  meetings 
in  the  townships  as  then  established,  pointing  out  that  the 
new  arrangement  would  be  much  better  for  all  concerned. 
Judge  Lee  heard  the  request,  which  was  signed  by  John 

23  Eecords  of  the  County  Commissioners,  Book  II,  p.  297. 


TOWNSHIPS    IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  165 

D.  Abel,  Edward  Tudor,  and  thirty-three  other  citizens. 
After  due  consideration  it  was  ordered  by  the  Judge  that 
the  boundaries  of  the  new  township,  called  Union,  be  fixed 
as  "prayed  for",  which  meant  that  it  would  include  the 
whole  of  congressional  township  seventy-nine  north,  range 
seven  west.  Thus  Union  township  was  made  up  of  terri- 
tory taken  from  three  civil  townships  previously  organized. 
(See  Map  IX.)  The  first  election  was  to  be  held  at  the 
house  of  James  Seahorn  on  the  first  Monday  in  April, 
1853.24 

In  March,  1854,  Ebenezer  Bivins,  P.  P.  Cardwell,  William 
A.  Howard,  and  thirty-seven  others  petitioned  the  County 
Judge  to  divide  Monroe  township  on  the  range  line  between 
ranges  seven  and  eight  so  that  it  would  retain  all  of  town- 
ship eighty-one  north,  range  eight  west,  lying  north  of  the 
Iowa  Eiver;  while  a  new  township,  to  be  called  Jefferson, 
was  to  be  established  including  the  remainder  of  Monroe 
as  first  established  and  organized,  or  all  of  township  eighty- 
one  north,  range  seven  west,  lying  north  of  the  Iowa  Eiver. 
(See  Map  X.)  The  request  was  granted;  and  the  first 
election  was  ordered  to  be  held  as  usual  on  the  regular  day 
for  the  election  of  officers  of  civil  townships,  at  the  house 
of  Walter  F.  Lloyd.25 

Union  township  was  also  modified  at  this  time,  although 
one  might  suppose  its  boundaries  were  as  near  perfect  as 
they  could  be  made.  A  German  citizen,  Gotleb  Eossler 
(probably  Gottlieb  Eossler),  presented  his  individual  peti- 
tion for  a  change  that  is  rather  peculiar.  He  wished  to 
have  sections  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  and  12  of  town- 
ship seventy-eight  north,  range  seven  west,  except  the 
south-west  one-fourth  of  section  seven,  added  to  Union 
township.  The  Judge  appears  to  have  taken  a  favorable 

24  Records  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  III,  p.  163. 

25  Records  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  III,  p.  349. 


• 


166   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

view  of  this  request  —  although  one  can  not  see  why  the 
exception  should  be  made  in  the  case  of  section  seven.  Ac- 
cordingly, the  changes  were  ordered  as  requested  and  the 
boundaries  re-formed  by  giving  detailed  outlines.  No  sys- 
tematic order  of  beginning  is  observed  in  the  description, 
but  the  aim  seems  to  have  been  to  find  a  point  that  could 
be  located  without  error.  In  this  case  the  description  of 
the  boundary  line  begins  at  the  northeast  corner  of  town- 
ship seventy-nine  north,  range  seven  west,  runs  south  on 
the  range  line  to  the  southeast  corner  of  section  twelve, 
township  seventy-eight  north,  range  seven  west,  then  west 
on  the  section  line  to  the  southwest  corner  of  the  southeast 
quarter  of  section  seven  of  the  last-mentioned  township, 
then  north  to  the  center  of  section  seven,  then  west  to  the 
west  line  of  the  congressional  township,  then  north  on  the 
range  line  to  the  northwest  corner  of  township  seventy- 
nine  north,  range  seven  west,  and  then  east  to  the  place  of 
beginning.26  (See  Map  X.) 

The  large  territory  included  in  Clear  Creek  township  as 
originally  established  was  gradually  reduced  by  the  forma- 
tion of  other  townships.  Union  had  been  taken  largely 
from  it;  and  now  in  1856  a  petition  comes  for  a  second 
township  to  be  formed  from  congressional  township  eighty 
north,  range  eight  west,  and  the  fractional  part  of  township 
eighty-one,  range  eight,  lying  south  of  the  Iowa  River. 
(See  Map  XL)  The  petition  was  signed  by  W.  H.  Cotter, 
Luther  Doty,  Hiram  B.  McMicken,  and  forty-one  others. 
The  township  name  selected  by  the  petitioners  was  "  Ox- 
ford ",27  This  was  ten  years  after  the  establishment  of 
Monroe  township,  the  fractional  part  of  the  congressional 
township  of  which  Monroe  was  a  part  not  having  been  pro- 
vided for  until  this  time.  (See  Map  VII.)  The  first  elec- 

2QEecords  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  III,  p.  350. 

27  Eecords  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  III,  pp.  589,  590. 


TOWNSHIPS   IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  167 

lion  for  Oxford  township  was  ordered  to  be  held  at  the 
house  of  John  L.  Hartwell. 

Graham  township  dates  its  establishment  from  1857  when 
Judge  Lee  described  the  boundaries  in  these  words :  ' '  Com- 
mencing at  the  southeast  corner  of  township  eighty  north, 
range  five  west,  north  on  the  county  line  to  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  same  township,  west  to  the  northwest  corner 
of  section  five,  south  on  the  section  line  to  the  southwest 
corner  of  section  thirty-two,  then  east  to  the  place  of  be- 
ginning. "  (See  Map  XII.)  This  was  in  fact  a  division  of 
Newport  township  as  established  in  1846.  The  first  election 
was  ordered  to  be  held  at  the  house  of  Miles  K.  Lewis.28 

The  first  official  mention  of  Fremont  township  is  in  the 
returns  of  an  election  on  the  question  of  issuing  bonds  for 
the  construction  of  a  railroad.  This  occurred  in  April, 
1857.  For  services  at  this  election  in  Fremont  township 
Daniel  S.  Ball  was  allowed  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents.29 
As  organized  in  1846  Pleasant  Valley  included  the  territory 
now  in  Fremont.  In  1870,  the  township  of  Lincoln  did  not 
embrace  that  portion  of  the  county  which  is  today  included 
in  Fremont  township.  The  conclusion  follows  then,  from 
other  data  mentioned  above,  that  the  township  was  organ- 
ized in  the  early  part  of  1857.  (See  Map  XII.)  The  coun- 
ty records,  however,  throw  no  light  on  this  subject  beyond 
the  item  mentioned,  and  inquiry  fails  to  produce  any  fur- 
ther information. 

The  establishment  of  Oxford  township  left  Clear  Creek 
township  with  a  small  territory.  This  seems  to  have  led 
several  citizens  to  petition  for  a  change  in  boundaries  by 
which  some  of  the  territory  of  Union  would  be  added  to 
Clear  Creek.  According  to  the  changes  ordered  by  Judge 
Lee  in  July,  1857,  the  boundaries  of  Clear  Creek  were 

28  Records  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  IV,  p.   71. 
wEccords  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  IV,  p.  117. 


168   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

brought  to  their  preseni  description  on  the  south.  The 
northern  line  was  not  changed.  The  south  boundary  be- 
gan at  the  southeast  corner  of  section  one,  township  sev- 
enty-nine north,  range  seven  west,  and  followed  the  section 
line  west  to  the  range  line.  This  change  took  six  sections 
from  Union  township.30  (See  Map  XII.) 

Hardin  township  was  very  simple  in  its  establishment 
and  organization.  It  appears  that  William  Hardin  and 
others  presented  a  petition  to  Judge  McCleary  early  in 
1858  for  a  change  in  the  boundaries  of  the  township  called 
Washington  by  giving  a  separate  organization  to  congres- 
sional township  seventy-nine  north,  range  eight  west,  which 
was  to  be  called  " Hardin ".31  (See  Map  XIII.)  But  the 
civil  township  thus  erected  on  the  basis  of  congressional 
township  seventy-nine  did  not  remain  long  with  these 
boundaries  as  will  be  seen  in  another  petition.  The  first 
election  in  Hardin  township  was  held  at  the  school  house 
in  the  village  of  Windham,  which  was  located  on  section 
thirty-four. 

On  the  petition  of  George  T.  Davis  and  others  Judge 
McCleary  ordered  another  civil  township  to  be  formed  out 
of  congressional  township  seventy-eight  north,  range  seven 
west.  This  was  done  in  the  year  1858.  Before  this  time 
congressional  township  seventy-eight  was  included  in  the 
civil  townships  of  Liberty  and  Washington  —  the  west 
half  being  in  Washington  and  the  east  half  in  Liberty. 
This,  indeed,  had  been  its  situation  from  1846  to  1858. 
(See  Map  VII.) 

The  change  made  in  the  lines  of  Union  township  in  1852, 
by  which  the  two  tiers  of  sections  on  the  northern  boundary 
of  township  seventy-eight  north,  range  seven  west,  except- 
ing one  quarter  section,  were  added  to  Union  (See  Map  X.), 

so  Eecords  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  IV,  p.   147. 
si  Eecords  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  IV,  p.   244. 


TOWNSHIPS   IN   JOHNSON   COUNTY  169 

was  now  (in  1858)  restored,  making  the  new  township  of 
Sharon  a  full  congressional  township  as  it  remains  at  the 
present  time.32  (See  Map  XIII.) 

A  slight  modification  of  the  boundaries  of  three  town- 
ships was  made  by  Judge  McCleary  in  1858  on  petition  of 
citizens  of  the  different  communities.  A.  H.  Humphreys 
presented  the  request  as  one  of  the  number.  The  change 
asked  for  as  given  in  the  records  reads:  "Commencing  at 
the  south-east  corner  of  township  seventy-nine,  range  eight, 
then  west  three-fourths  of  one  mile,  then  north  three  miles, 
east  three-fourths  of  one  mile,  then  south  to  the  place  of 
beginning".  The  territory  thus  described  was  to  be  added 
to  Union  township.  Again,  the  north  half  of  the  north  half 
of  section  one,  township  seventy-eight  north,  range  eight 
west,  was  also  to  be  added  to  Union.  This  petition,  more- 
over, came  from  citizens  of  three  different  civil  townships. 
Against  this  proposed  change  A.  D.  Packard  and  others 
filed  a  remonstrance  protesting  against  the  inclusion  of  the 
territory  taken  from  Hardin  township.  The  matter  was 
continued  from  the  session  of  the  County  Court  in  which 
it  was  presented  until  the  January  session  in  1859  by  agree- 
ment of  the  parties  in  the  case.33  At  the  meeting  of  the 
Court  in  January  no  mention  is  made  of  the  matter,  and  it 
is  probable  that  the  remonstrance  was  withdrawn.  At  any 
rate  the  petition  was  granted  and  the  additional  territory 
given  to  Union  township,  It  will  be  noticed  that  this  took 
a  fourth  of  one  section  from  Washington  township,  a  con- 
dition which,  if  records  are  complete,  is  found  to  exist  at 
the  present  day.  (See  Map  XIII.) 

In  the  meantime,  that  is  between  the  offering  of  the  pe- 
tition last  above  mentioned  and  its  determination,  a  change 

32  Records  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  IV,  p.  256. 

ss  Records  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  IV,  pp.  403,  420.  See  Plat  Book  and 
Tax  List  of  Union  Township  for  1910,  Tax  List,  pp.  16,  3,  12,  22. 

VOL.  IX — 12 


170   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

was  made  in  the  boundaries  of  Iowa  City  and  Newport 
townships  by  the  taking  that  part  of  sections  thirty-three 
and  thirty-four  in  township  eighty  north,  range  six  west, 
which  lies  east  of  the  Iowa  Eiver  from  Newport  and  placing 
it  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Iowa  City  township.  This  came 
about  through  the  petition  of  Sylvanus  Johnson  and  other 
citizens  of  these  sections.34  (See  Map  XIII.) 

The  official  act  of  the  County  Judge  in  reference  to  the 
establishment  of  Madison  township  can  not  be  found,  since 
the  county  records  for  1860  are  wanting.  There  is  a  record 
furnished  by  the  clerk  of  that  township,  William  Shrimp, 
who  filled  that  office  some  years  ago,  probably  about  1880. 
He  gives  the  date  of  establishment  as  1860.  George  Mc- 
Cleary  was  judge  at  that  time  and  it  is  for  the  last  year  of 
his  term  that  the  record  is  not  available.  But  it  is  not 
difficult,  however,  to  surmise  the  description  of  the  portion 
of  Penn  township  (See  Map  VII.)  which  was  to  be  included 
in  the  new  township.  It  will  be  remembered  that  in  1846 
the  Iowa  Eiver  formed  the  boundary  of  Penn  township  for 
many  miles  on  its  northern  border.  The  new  plan  reduced 
the  size  of  the  latter  materially,  as  will  be  seen  by  compar- 
ing the  two  Maps  VII  and  XIV.  Details  of  the  lines  which 
describe  Madison  are  as  follows:  Commencing  at  the 
southeast  corner  of  section  fourteen,  township  eighty  north, 
range  seven  west,  the  boundary  line  follows  the  section  line 
north  until  it  intersects  the  Iowa  River.  From  this  point 
it  follows  the  river  until  the  range  line  between  ranges 
seven  and  eight  west  is  crossed ;  then  it  follows  this  range 
line  until  the  southwest  corner  of  section  eighteen,  town- 
ship eighty  north,  range  seven  west,  is  reached;  and  from 
this  point  it  proceeds  eastward  to  the  place  of  beginning. 
Thus,  Madison  township  includes  the  fractional  parts  of 
two  congressional  townships.  If  a  petition  was  presented 

uEecords  of  the  County  Judge,  Book  IV,  p.  419. 


TOWNSHIPS   IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  171 

at  the  time,  which  can  not  now  be  determined,  it  contained 
probably  the  suggestion  of  the  boundaries  described  if  not 
the  exact  wording  thereof.  Furthermore,  the  township 
may  have  been  named  by  the  citizens  in  their  petition.35 
(See  Map  XIV.)  The  first  election  of  officers  was  to  be 
held  at  the  log  school  house  near  Swan  Lake. 

After  1860  the  changes  in  township  boundaries  become 
less  frequent  and  are  of  a  minor  nature.  The  large  di- 
visions had  been  practically  agreed  upon.  Moreover,  it  is 
noticeable  that  in  all  the  modifications  that  have  thus  far 
occurred  no  objection  was  raised  on  the  part  of  the  county 
authorities  to  the  arrangements  proposed  by  the  petition- 
ers. At  least  the  records  indicate  no  such  opposition. 
Only  one  remonstrance  is  recorded  in  any  case  and  that 
came  from  a  body  of  citizens. 

The  Board  of  Supervisors  came  into  office  and  began 
their  duties  in  January,  1861.  Their  first  official  act  with 
reference  to  township  organization  was  to  divide  Pleasant 
Valley  township  by  a  line  commencing  at  the  northern 
boundary  of  township  seventy-eight  north,  range  five  west, 
on  the  half  section  line  of  section  five  and  following  this 
half  section  line  to  the  south  line  of  the  township  named, 
dividing  sections  five,  eight,  seventeen,  twenty,  twenty- 
nine,  and  thirty-two.  The  territory  west  of  this  line  re- 
tained the  name  of  Pleasant  Valley  while  that  east  of  the 
line  was  called  Lincoln  township.  The  question  of  election 
this  time  was  referred  to  the  committee  of  the  Board  on 
township  organization.  It  appears  from  the  minutes  that 
the  movement  resulting  in  this  division  was  begun  by 
Supervisor  Dilatush,  and  the  date  of  the  order  was  June 
8, 1870. 

Later  in  the  same  month  it  was  ordered  by  the  Board  that 
the  officers  of  Pleasant  Valley  should  exercise  the  same 

35  Johnson  County  History,  1883,  p.  732. 


172   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

authority  over  Lincoln  township  that  they  did  over  their 
own  township  until  an  election  should  be  held,  the  same  as 
if  no  division  had  occurred.36  The  cause  of  the  delay  in 
holding  the  election  in  Lincoln  township  was  the  opposition 
of  certain  citizens  to  the  change.  They  presented  petitions 
of  protest,  and  the  question  was  not  finally  determined 
until  April,  1871,  when  the  parties  appeared  before  the 
Board  of  Supervisors  to  argue  the  case.  After  the  argu- 
ments were  heard  the  Supervisors  took  some  time  for  con- 
sideration.37 Later  at  the  same  session  it  was  decided,  by 
a  vote  of  two  to  one  in  committee,  to  change  the  line  of  di- 
vision as  described  on  the  half  section  line  to  the  section 
line  between  sections  four  and  five  and  then  to  the  south 
boundary.  This,  it  will  be  seen,  moved  the  line  of  division 
one  half  mile  to  the  east.  (See  Map  XV.)  The  first  com- 
mittee on  this  matter  were  S.  H.  Hemsted,  Christopher 
Fuhrmeister,  and  Wm.  T.  Buck.  The  second  committee  in- 
cluded Supervisors  Samuel  Spurrier,  M.  J.  Morsman,  and 
L.  E.  Wolf. 

In  1873  citizens  of  Iowa  City  township  asked  to  have  an 
organization  separate  from  that  of  the  city  so  far  as  town- 
ship government  was  concerned,  and  they  offered  a  petition 
in  support  of  this  request.  After  investigation  a  special 
committee  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  reported  on  the 
matter  in  January,  1873.  According  to  their  report  the 
census  of  1869  gave  the  population  of  Iowa  City  as  ex- 
ceeding four  thousand,  or  6,548.  The  signers  of  the  peti- 
tion living  outside  of  the  city,  according  to  the  poll  books 
which  were  examined,  constituted  the  required  number,  of 
a  majority.  The  committee  reported  that  all  the  conditions 
of  the  law  had  been  complied  with.  The  official  act  estab- 
lishing the  township  of  Lucas  followed  this  report.  All  the 

36  Minutes  of  the  County  Supervisors,  Book  II,  pp.  485,  501,  523,  524. 

37  Minutes  of  the  County  Supervisors,  Book  III,  p.  35. 


TOWNSHIPS    IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  173 

territory  outside  of  the  corporate  limits  of  Iowa  City  was 
to  form  one  township  to  be  called  Lucas,  while  the  city  area 
was  to  retain  the  name  of  Iowa  City  township.  (See  Map 
XV.)  Polling  places  for  the  coming  general  election  were 
fixed  at  the  court  house  for  the  people  of  Iowa  City  town- 
ship and  the  fair  grounds  for  the  people  of  Lucas  town- 
ship.38 (See  Map  XV.) 

The  first  change  in  the  boundaries  of  Iowa  City  town- 
ship, after  the  formation  of  Lucas  from  the  territory  out- 
side of  the  corporation,  was  due  to  the  changes  in  school 
districts.  Some  discussion  arose  between  the  independent 
district  of  Iowa  City  and  the  school  township  of  Lucas,  and 
as  a  result  it  became  desirable  to  rearrange  the  lines  of 
Iowa  City  township.  The  changes  then  (April  7,  1879) 
included  the  small  portion  of  territory  added  to  the  inde- 
pendent district.  It  began  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Iowa 
River  at  the  southwest  corner  of  lot  three  as  surveyed  by 
the  United  States  government,  in  section  fifteen.  From 
this  point  the  boundary  extended  eastward  to  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  southwest  quarter  of 
section  fourteen;  then  north  to  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
west  one-half  of  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  two ;  then 
west  to  the  northwest  corner  of  the  east  half  of  the  south- 
east quarter  of  section  three;  and  then  south  to  the  north 
line  of  section  ten.  This,  together  with  the  original  terri- 
tory of  Iowa  City  township,  became  the  new  township  of 
Iowa  City.39  (See  Map  XV.) 

ss  Minutes  of  the  County  Supervisors,  Book  III,  pp.  158,  159.  Also  Sec- 
tion three,  Chapter  Fifty-two,  Acts  of  the  Fourteenth  General  Assembly,  1872, 
p.  60. 

Beturns  of  assessor  for  the  year  1872  showed  that  there  were  472  legal 
voters  outside  the  city  corporation.  Of  these  284  signed  the  petition,  that  is, 
a  majority  as  required  by  the  law.  Samuel  Spurrier  was  the  special  committee 
appointed  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors  to  investigate  and  report. 

39  Minutes  of  the  County  Supervisors,  Book  IV,  p.  31.  See  Lucas  township 
School  Board  Minutes,  August  26,  1876,  and  April  13,  1878.  See  township 
plats  as  compared  with  original  surveys  by  F.  H.  Lee. 


174   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Originally  the  boundaries  of  Lucas  township  correspond- 
ed to  the  congressional  township  of  Iowa  City  as  estab- 
lished in  1846  —  if  the  change  in  the  line  of  West  Lucas  can 
be  accounted  for.  Somewhere  between  the  years  1858  and 
1870  the  west  three-fourths  of  sections  nineteen,  thirty,  and 
thirty-one  of  what  was  Iowa  City  township,  or  congression- 
al township  seventy-nine  north,  range  six  west,  was  added 
to  Union  township;  but  no  record  can  be  found  to  show 
when  or  how  this  change  was  made.  It  happens  that  the 
portion  of  the  township  mentioned  is  the  exact  counterpart 
of  that  on  the  west  line  of  Union  which  was  added  by  peti- 
tion in  1858.  It  may  have  been  added  then  as  a  matter  of 
accommodation ;  but  this  is  merely  an  inference,  there  being 
no  specific  authority  in  the  records  for  such  a  conclusion. 
The  natural  division  of  Lucas  township  into  two  parts  by 
the  river  led  to  the  establishment  of  two  election  precincts, 
on  June  2, 1874 ;  and  in  the  returns  of  elections  the  divisions 
came  to  be  called  West  Lucas  and  East  Lucas  without  the 
term  "  precinct "  thereto  attached.  Hence  it  was  quite 
natural  to  speak  or  write  of  West  Lucas  township ;  and  as 
a  matter  of  fact  in  the  minutes  of  the  County  Board  of 
Supervisors  this  term  does  appear  before  its  use  is  war- 
ranted by  any  authority  other  than  custom.40  The  same 
term  is  again  used  in  the  minutes  for  1891  —  probably  after 
a  petition  was  offered  but  before  any  authority  was  given 
for  such  use.41  The  actual  division  into  East  Lucas  and 
West  Lucas  was  ordered  on  April  8,  1891.  Since  a  change 
in  the  boundaries  of  these  townships  is  given  below  in  full 
it  is  not  necessary  to  repeat  here  the  outside  boundaries  of 
the  townships.  The  only  change  that  took  place  since  the 
establishment  of  the  first  boundaries  of  Iowa  City  town- 

40  Minutes  of  the  County  Supervisors,  Book  IV,  p.  323. 

41  Minutes  of  the  County  Supervisors,  Book  V,  pp.  476,  481. 


TOWNSHIPS    IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  175 

ship  has  been  mentioned  above  in  connection  with  the  Union 
township  boundary. 

The  last  change  in  boundaries,  the  description  of  which 
contains  the  outlines  of  East  Lucas  and  West  Lucas  and 
the  boundaries  of  Iowa  City  townships,  was  as  recent  as 
September,  1910.  The  minutes  of  the  Board  of  Supervis- 
ors relative  to  these  boundaries  are  exact  and,  indeed,  were 
drafted  to  correspond  with  the  drawing  prepared  by  the 
city  officers.  To  describe  West  Lucas  it  is  necessary  to  fol- 
low the  lines  very  closely  to  make  the  change  clear  either 
in  language  or  on  the  map.  Commencing  at  the  township 
line  between  congressional  townships  seventy-eight  and 
seventy-nine  north,  range  six  west,  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Iowa  Eiver,  the  boundary  follows  this  side  of  the  river 
to  the  limits  of  Iowa  City;  then  it  runs  west  to  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  southeast  quar- 
ter of  section  sixteen,  township  seventy-nine;  then  it  pro- 
ceeds north  along  the  east  line  of  the  west  half  of  sections 
sixteen  and  nine  to  the  north  side  of  the  State  Eoad  to  New- 
ton and  follows  the  north  side  of  this  road  to  the  west  line 
of  section  nine ;  thence  it  runs  north  to  the  west  bank  of  the 
river ;  then  follows  the  river  to  the  northeast  until  the  north 
line  of  section  nine  is  reached ;  then  runs  east  to  the  north- 
west corner  of  section  ten;  and  thence  north  to  the  west 
bank  of  the  river.  At  this  point  there  is  a  confusing  prob- 
lem that  compels  one  to  retrace  his  steps,  following  the 
west  bank  of  the  river  in  a  southwesterly  and  finally  north- 
erly direction  around  the  bend  until  the  north  line  of  sec- 
tion four,  township  seventy-nine  north,  range  six  west,  is 
reached.  The  description  from  this  point  is  the  same  as 
for  West  Lucas  township  in  1891,  namely;  west  from  the 
river  on  the  township  line  between  townships  seventy-nine 
and  eighty  to  the  range  line  between  ranges  six  and  seven ; 
then  south  to  the  southwest  corner  of  section  eighteen ;  then 


176   IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

east  to  the  northeast  corner  of  the  northwest  quarter  of  the 
northeast  quarter  of  section  nineteen;  then  south  on  the 
east  line  of  the  west  half  of  the  east  half  of  sections  nine- 
teen, thirty,  and  thirty-one  to  the  township  line;  and  then 
east  to  the  starting  point  on  the  river.  (See  Map  XVI.) 

The  East  Lucas  boundary  commences  at  the  southeast 
corner  of  section  thirty-six  and  follows  the  township  line 
between  townships  seventy-eight  and  seventy-nine  to  the 
river.  Then  it  runs  north  to  the  city  limits  and  east  to  the 
right  of  way  of  the  main  line  of  the  Eock  Island  Railroad. 
It  follows  this  right  of  way  in  a  southeasterly  direction 
until  the  east  line  of  section  fourteen  is  reached,  then  it  runs 
north  along  the  east  line  of  this  section  to  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  same,  then  west  along  the  north  line  of  section 
fourteen,  to  the  northwest  corner  of  the  northeast  quarter 
of  section  fourteen,  then  north  along  the  east  line  of  the 
west  half  of  sections  eleven  and  two  of  township  seventy- 
nine  north,  range  six  west,  to  the  south  side  of  the  Dubuque 
road  in  section  two,  then  in  a  westerly  direction  along  the 
Dubuque  road,  on  the  south  side  to  the  southeast  corner  of 
the  northwest  quarter  of  the  northwest  quarter  of  section 
two,  then  west  to  the  southwest  corner  of  the  northwest 
quarter  of  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  three,  then 
south  on  the  west  line  of  section  three  to  the  east  bank  of 
the  river.  It  follows  the  east  bank  of  the  river  until  the 
north  line  of  section  thirty-four,  township  eighty  north, 
range  six  west,  is  reached,  then  runs  east  to  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  same  section  thirty-four,  then  south  to  the 
southeast  corner  of  the  same  section,  then  east  to  the  north- 
east corner  of  section  one  in  township  seventy-nine  north, 
range  six  west  (the  original  Iowa  City  township),  and 
finally  runs  south  on  the  range  line  between  ranges  five  and 
six  to  the  place  of  beginning.42  (See  Map  XVI.) 

42  Minutes  of  the  County  Supervisors,  Book  VIII,  p.  38. 


TOWNSHIPS    IN   JOHNSON    COUNTY  177 


MAP  I 

JOHNSON  COUNTY  AS  DEFINED  IN  1839 


VOL.  ix — 13 


178   IOWA  JOURNAL   OF   HISTORY  AND   POLITICS 


75-  36  31  3i  33  &  3f  36  -ZL  i*  31 


MAP  II 
JOHNSON  COUNTY  AS  DEFINED  IN  1845 


TOWNSHIPS    IN   JOHNSON   COUNTY  179 


MAP  III 

ELECTION  PRECINCTS  IN  1840 


180    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


MAP  IV 

ELECTION  PRECINCTS  IN  1841 


TOWNSHIPS   IN  JOHNSON   COUNTY  181 


MAP  V 

ELECTION  PRECINCTS  IN  1843 


VOL.  ix — 13* 


182    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


BIG  GROVE,  THE  FIRST  CIVIL  TOWNSHIP,  ESTABLISHED 
IN  1845 


TOWNSHIPS   IN  JOHNSON   COUNTY  183 


f  I 


f 


MAP  VII 

CIVIL  TOWNSHIPS  AS  ORIGINALLY  DEFINED  IN  1845 
AND  1846 


184    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


MAP  VIII 
CIVIL  TOWNSHIPS  AFTER  CHANGES  IN  1847 


TOWNSHIPS   IN  JOHNSON   COUNTY  185 


CIVIL  TOWNSHIPS  AFTER  THE  CREATION  OF  UNION  IN 

1853 


186    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


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CIVIL  TOWNSHIPS  AFTER  THE  CREATION  OF  OXFORD     \- 
IN1856 


188    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


CIVIL  TOWNSHIPS  AFTER  THE  CREATION  OF  GRAHAM 
AND  FREMONT  IN  1857 


TOWNSHIPS   IN   JOHNSON   COUNTY  189 


CIVIL  TOWNSHIPS  AFTER  THE  CREATION  OF  HARDIN  AND   \  - 
SHARON  IN  1858 


190    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


CIVIL  TOWNSHIPS  AFTER  THE  CREATION  OF  MADISON  IN 

1860 


TOWNSHIPS  IN  JOHNSON  COUNTY  191 


CIVIL  TOWNSHIPS  IN  1873  AFTER  THE  CREATION  OF 
LINCOLN  AND  LUCAS  AND  OTHER  CHANGES 


192    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


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MAP  XVI 

CIVIL  TOWNSHIPS  AFTER  THE  CREATION  OF  EAST  LUCAS 

AND  WEST  LUCAS  IN  1891  AND  THE  DEFINITION 

OF  ALL  BOUNDARIES  IN  1911 


TOWNSHIPS  IN  JOHNSON   COUNTY  193 

SUMMARY 

Big  Grove :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners under  date  of  April  9,  1845;  first  election  held 
on  first  Monday  in  April,  1846;  subsequent  changes  in 
boundaries  occur  in  1846. 

Cedar :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners under  date  of  January  7, 1846 ;  first  election  held  on 
the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846 ;  no  subsequent  changes  oc- 
cur in  boundaries. 

Clear  Creek:  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of 
Commissioners  under  date  of  February  10,  1846 ;  first  elec- 
tion held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846;  subsequent 
changes  in  boundaries  occur  in  October,  1847,  August,  1852,, 
March,  1856,  and  July,  1857. 

Fremont:  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Judge  of  the 
County  Court  in  the  early  part  of  1857;  mention  of  the 
township  made  in  connection  with  special  election  for  rail- 
road tax  held  on  April  6, 1857 ;  no  subsequent  changes  occur 
in  boundaries. 

Graham:  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Judge  of  the 
County  Court  under  date  of  January  5,  1857 ;  first  election 
held  on  April  6,  1857;  no  subsequent  changes  occur  in 
boundaries. 

Ear  din:  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Judge  of  the 
County  Court  under  date  of  January  4,  1858 ;  first  election 
held  on  April  5,  1858;  subsequent  changes  in  boundaries 
occur  in  February,  1858. 

Iowa  City :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners under  date  of  February  10,  1846;  first  election 
held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846 ;  subsequent  changes 
in  boundaries  occur  in  January,  1859,  January,  1873,  and 
September,  1910. 

Jefferson:  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Judge  of  the 

VOL.  ix — 14 


194    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

County  Court  under  d^te  of  March  6,  1854;  first  election 
held  on  April  3,  1854;  no  subsequent  changes  occur  in 
boundaries. 

Liberty: — Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners under  date  of  February  10,  1846;  first  election 
held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846 ;  subsequent  changes 
in  boundaries  occur  in  March,  1854,  and  February,  1858. 

Lincoln :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors under  date  of  June  8,  1870;  first  election  held  on 
second  Tuesday  in  October,  1870;  subsequent  changes  in 
boundaries  occur  in  April,  1871. 

Lucas :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors under  date  of  January  15,  1873;  first  election  held 
on  second  Tuesday  in  October,  1873 ;  subsequent  changes  in 
boundaries  occur  in  April,  1891. 

Lucas,  East :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of 
Supervisors  under  date  of  April  8,  1891;  mention  of  the 
township  made  in  connection  with  the  general  election  of 
1891;  subsequent  changes  in  boundaries  occur  in  Septem- 
ber, 1910. 

Lucas,  West :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of 
Supervisors  under  date  of  April  8,  1891 ;  mention  of  the 
township  in  connection  with  the  general  election  of  1891; 
subsequent  changes  in  boundaries  occur  in  September,  1910. 

Madison :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors in  1860;  first  election  probably  held  on  the  second 
Tuesday  in  October,  1860;  no  subsequent  changes  occur  in 
boundaries. 

Monroe :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners under  date  of  February  10,  1846;  first  election 
held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846 ;  subsequent  changes 
in  boundaries  occur  in  March,  1854. 

Newport :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners under  date  of  February  10,  1846;  first  election 


TOWNSHIPS  IN  JOHNSON   COUNTY  195 

held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846 ;  subsequent  changes 
in  boundaries  occur  in  October,  1847,  January,  1857,  and 
January,  1859. 

Oxford:  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Judge  of  the 
County  Court  under  date  of  March  3,  1856;  first  election 
held  on  April  7,  1856;  no  subsequent  changes  occur  in 
boundaries. 

Penn :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners under  date  of  February  10,  1846 ;  first  election  held 
on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846;  subsequent  changes  in 
boundaries  occur  in  October,  1860. 

Pleasant  Valley :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of 
Commissioners  under  date  of  February  10,  1846 ;  first  elec- 
tion held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846;  subsequent 
changes  in  boundaries  occur  in  June,  1870. 

Scott :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners under  date  of  February  10,  1846 ;  first  election  held 
on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846;  subsequent  changes  in 
boundaries  occur  in  October,  1847. 

Sharon:  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Judge  of  the 
County  Court  under  date  of  February  1,  1858 ;  first  election 
held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1858;  no  subsequent 
changes  occur  in  boundaries. 

Union :  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Judge  of  the  Coun- 
ty Court  under  date  of  August  30,  1852 ;  first  election  held 
on  April  4,  1853;  subsequent  changes  in  boundaries  occur 
in  March,  1854,  July,  1857,  February,  1858,  and  some  time 
between  1858  and  1870. 

Washington:  —  Established  by  order  of  the  Board  of 
Commissioners  under  date  of  February  10,  1846 ;  first  elec- 
tion held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1846;  subsequent 
changes  in  boundaries  occur  in  October,  1847,  August,  1852, 
March,  1854,  January,  1858,  and  February,  1858. 

CLARENCE  RAY  AURNEB 
IOWA  CITY,  IOWA 


THE  ATTITUDE  OF  CONGRESS  TOWARD  THE 

PIONEERS  OF  THE  WEST 

1820-1850 

I 

RELATIONS  BETWEEN  THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS 
THE  FKONTIEJft  IN   1820 

In  the  year  1820  a  line  of  outposts  extending  from  the 
Lakes  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  marked  the  military 
frontier  in  the  West.  At  the  northern  end  of  this  line  stood 
the  island  town  and  fort  of  Michilimackinack  in  the  straits 
of  Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron.  Thence  southward  lay  Fort 
Howard  on  Green  Bay  and  Prairie  du  Chien  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Wisconsin  River.  Two  regiments  of  infantry  were 
encamped  along  the  Missouri  River ;  while  in  the  South,  the 
Sabine  River  was  guarded  by  a  small  detachment.  Thence 
eastward  several  small  posts  completed  the  border  defenses 
through  Louisiana  to  New  Orleans.1 

A  glance  at  the  census  map  of  1820  will  show  that  there 
existed  a  gap  between  this  far-spreading  military  line  and 
the  established  settlements.2  In  the  South  the  pioneers  had 
advanced  beyond  the  Mississippi  into  Missouri  and  Arkan- 
sas ;  and  parts  of  western  Louisiana  had  long  been  occupied. 
But  north  and  west  of  the  Missouri  settlements  the  Missis- 

iNiles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  251;  American  State  Papers,  Military 
Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  37.  For  a  picture  of  army  life  on  this  frontier,  see  Colonel 
Cooke's  Adventures  in  the  Army  (Philadelphia,  1859). 

2  Map  facing  page  xxii,  Eleventh  Census,  Population,  Vol.  I,  Part  1.  See 
also  Turner's  Colonisation  of  the  West  in  the  American  Historical  Review,  Vol. 
XI,  p.  307.  For  a  comparison  of  the  " farmer's  frontier"  and  the  military 
frontier,  see  Turner's  Significance  of  the  Frontier  in  American  History  in  the 
Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical  Association,  1893,  p.  211. 

196 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  197 

sippi  Valley  was  unbroken  Indian  country.  On  the  eastern 
side  of  the  river,  the  body  of  settlements  had  hardly  ad- 
vanced further  northward  than  a  line  drawn  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Missouri  Eiver  to  Detroit  in  Michigan. 

Eastward,  also,  within  the  interior  lay  large  districts 
barren  of  legal  habitation,  because  the  Indian  title  had  not 
been  extinguished.  Along  the  old  Spanish  border  of  Flor- 
ida, the  army  had  but  recently  been  employed  in  subduing 
the  Seminoles  and  their  allies.  Again,  in  the  States  of  Indi- 
ana and  Illinois  and  in  the  Territory  of  Michigan  there  were 
extensive  wildernesses  where  the  Chippewas,  Ottawas,  Pot- 
tawatomies,  Winnebagos,  Menomonees,  Miamis,  and  Sac 
and  Fox  Indians  still  retained  their  possessory  rights  to  the 
soil  and  sullenly  resisted  the  encroachment  of  settlers. 
Even  as  far  east  as  the  State  of  Georgia  the  Cherokees  and 
the  Creeks  stubbornly  clung  to  their  native  land,  as  did  the 
Choctaws  and  Chickasaws  in  Mississippi  and  Alabama. 
White  settlements  encroached  upon  these  Indian  lands  from 
all  directions,  so  that  some  tribes  like  the  Cherokees  and 
the  Creeks  were  almost  surrounded  by  citizen  pioneers. 
Thus  conflicts  between  the  two  races  were  inevitable. 
Frontiersmen,  impatient  at  the  Government's  delay  in  ac- 
quiring the  Indian  title  to  these  rich  valleys,  frequently 
staked  out  their  little  claims  within  the  Indian  territory  and 
thereby  brought  down  upon  themselves  the  resentment  of 
the  original  claimants  who  retaliated  by  pilfering  corn  and 
stealing  cattle.  The  Indians  on  their  part,  after  ceding 
their  lands  to  the  United  States  and 'agreeing  to  retire  to 
other  possessions,  were  often  loath  to  leave  and  hung  about 
the  new  settlements  much  to  the  annoyance  of  the  settlers.3 

The  relations  between  the  pioneers  and  the  aborigines  were 
theoretically  prescribed  by  Federal  laws.  These  "  trade 

a  The  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  contain  a  mass  of  evidence 
concerning  the  relations  of  the  backwoodsmen  and  the  Indians. 


198    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

and  intercourse  acts,"  as  they  were  called  —  the  first  one 
being  passed  as  early  as  1796  —  provided  severe  penal- 
ties not  only  for  attempting  to  settle  upon  any  lands,  the 
Indian  title  to  which  had  not  yet  been  extinguished,  but 
they  even  imposed  a  penalty  for  going  into  the  Indian  coun- 
try without  a  passport.  The  military  force  of  the  United 
States  might  be  used  to  expel  such  intruders.4  But  in  spite 
of  these  Federal  enactments,  there  always  existed  on  the 
frontier  more  or  less  irritation  and  tension.  Pioneers  im- 
patient for  land  eluded  the  scattered  dragoons  of  the  small 
western  army  and  encroached  upon  the  Indian  country. 
The  Iowa  country  was  thus  invaded  by  a  few  bold  settlers 
who  crossed  the  Mississippi  at  Dubuque  in  1830.5  The  ma- 
jority of  the  frontier  pioneers  were  content  to  wait  until 
the  Government  had  bought  the  Indian  title  to  the  western 
lands.  But  even  after  this  title  had  been  secured  troubles 
sometimes  arose  —  due  to  the  failure  of  some  Indians  to 
comprehend  the  papers  which  they  had  signed  or  on  ac- 
count of  their  simple  and  savage  unwillingness  to  perform 
their  obligations.6 

To  this  state  of  things  the  plan  to  remove  all  tribes  from 
the  east  to  the  west  of  the  Mississippi  owes  its  origin  in  the 
early  years  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Jefferson  was  the 
first  to  elaborate  the  idea.  Colonization  in  Upper  Louisiana 
was  the  plan  that  occurred  to  him  in  the  year  1803.7  Al- 

*  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  I,  pp.  470,  745;  Vol.  II,  p.  139;  Vol. 
Ill,  p.  332. 

5  Parish 's  The  Langworthys  of  Early  Dubuque  and  Their  Contributions  to 
Local  History  in  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS,  Vol.  VIII,  No. 
3,  p.  317. 

e  The  Indians '  side  of  the  story  is  well  told  in  the  Life  of  Black  Hawk 
(Boston,  1834).  Mrs.  Gratiot's  Narrative  in  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Col- 
lections, Vol.  X,  p.  261,  is  a  good  type  of  the  pioneer  accounts. 

7  Ford's  The  Writings  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  241-243.  Jef- 
ferson's first  proposal  of  such  a  plan  to  any  tribe  was  his  address  to  the  Chick- 
asaws  in  1805. — Washington's  Writings  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  199. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  199 

though  he  made  no  definite  recommendations  thereon  to 
Congress  his  views  were  widely  known  by  correspondence 
and  personal  conversations ;  and  through  such  means  it  was 
that  the  sixteenth  section  of  the  Louisiana  Territorial  Act 
of  1804  was  written,  empowering  the  President  to  exchange 
Indian  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi  for  lands  on  the 
west  side.  Attempts  to  secure  removal  during  Jefferson's 
administration  were  neither  energetic  nor  successful,  al- 
though the  application  of  this  remedy  to  the  Indian  problem 
was  urged  by  the  Governor  of  the  Territory  of  Indiana, 
William  Henry  Harrison,  and  was  occasionally  advocated 
in  Congress.8 

The  idea  of  westward  removal  appealed  most  strikingly 
to  Southerners.  Four  great  tribes  —  the  Cherokees  and 
Creeks  and  the  Chickasaws  and  Choctaws  —  were  coming  to 
be  a  most  serious  menace  to  the  progress  of  the  southwest- 
ern frontier.  These  tribes  still  retained  their  possessive 
rights  to  large  tracts  of  most  fertile  land  in  Tennessee, 
Georgia,  and  the  Territory  of  Mississippi,  and  thus  their 
presence  threatened  seriously  to  retard  industrial  develop- 
ment. In  the  Northwest  the  need  of  removal  beyond  the 
Mississippi  was  not  so  ardently  demanded  until  after  the 
War  of  1812  because  the  over-strenuous  administrations  of 
General  Anthony  Wayne  and  Governor  Harrison  acquired 
from  the  Indians  vast  sections  of  land  years  in  advance  of 

The  origin  of  the  removal  policy  is  exhaustively  discussed  by  Dr.  Abel  in 
Indian  Consolidation  West  of  the  Mississippi  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
American  Historical  Association,  1906,  Vol.  I,  p.  235  et  seq.  Dr.  Abel  de- 
scribes the  Indian  removal  chiefly  from  the  side  of  the  Executive  Department, 
Tvhile  Phillips  in  Georgia  and  State  Eights  describes  the  episode  of  the  Creek 
and  Cherokee  removals  from  the  viewpoint  of  the  States  concerned. — Annual 
Report  of  the  American  Historical,  Association,  1901,  Vol.  II.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  removal  of  Indians  across  the  Mississippi  is  portrayed  from  the  In- 
dians' side  in  the  monograph  by  Eoyce  entitled  The  Cherokee  Nation  of  In- 
dians in  the  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  p.  129. 

s  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  8th  Congress,  pp.  41,  440.  Senator  James 
Jackson  of  Georgia  and  John  Eandolph  of  Virginia  casually  mention  the  plan. 


200    IOWA  JOUENAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  actual  economic  need  of  that  section  of  the  country ;  and, 
moreover,  the  Indians  themselves  retreated  westward  more 
rapidly  than  did  their  southern  brothers  before  the  stream 
of  eastern  emigration.  Perhaps  the  first  serious  proposal 
to  exchange  the  lands  of  the  northern  Indians  for  lands  be- 
yond the  Mississippi  occurred  in  1817,  when  Lewis  Cass, 
Governor  of  Michigan  Territory,  was  instructed  by  Mon- 
roe's Secretary  of  War  to  propose  to  the  Indians  of  the 
Ohio  that  they  exchange  their  lands  for  equal  tracts  beyond 
the  Mississippi  —  reserving,  however,  a  certain  number  of 
acres  in  the  ceded  territory  to  each  head  of  a  family  who 
wished  to  remain.9  A  year  later  the  first  treaty  whereby  a 
northern  tribe  —  in  this  case  the  Delawares —  ceded  their 
lands  in  Indiana  for  a  tract  beyond  the  Mississippi  was  ne- 
gotiated by  Lewis  Cass  and  two  other  commissioners.10  In 
1819  a  similar  treaty  was  negotiated  with  the  Kickapoos  of 
Illinois.11  Then  the  score  of  years  following  was  marked 
with  similar  zealous  and  successful  efforts  to  evict  the  In- 
dians from  the  Old  Northwest  under  the  guise  of  solemnly 
negotiated  treaties. 

In  July  of  the  year  when  removal  was  inaugurated  in  the 
Indian  affairs  of  the  North,  Andrew  Jackson  secured  with 
much  effort  a  treaty  with  a  southern  tribe,  the  Cherokees, 
providing  for  the  removal  of  such  individuals  of  that  tribe 
as  were  willing  to  make  the  change.12  The  question  of  the 
removal  of  these  Indians  and  the  Creeks  soon  became  in- 
volved in  the  fierce  controversy  between  these  nations  and 
the  State  of  Georgia.  Thereupon  the  whole  affair  was  sev- 
eral times  reviewed  in  Congress  as  will  be  further  noted. 

These  then  were  the  beginnings  of  the  removal  policy. 

9  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  136. 

10  Kappler  's  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  170. 

11  Kappler 's  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  182. 

12  Kappler  7s  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  140. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  201 

Its  origin  was  executive,  not  congressional.  Indeed,  we 
shall  see  that  the  stimulus  for  a  national  plan  of  removal 
came  almost  entirely  from  the  Executive  Department,  al- 
though local  interests  never  ceased  to  memorialize  Con- 
gress for  the  removal  of  individual  tribes  whose  presence 
annoyed  particular  States.  Before  the  third  decade  of  the 
century  the  plan  was  little  dreamed  of;  but  what  the  atti- 
tude of  Congress  would  be  when  it  should  seriously  con- 
sider the  subject  was  already  forecasted.  Commiseration 
for  the  retreating  Indians,  whether  maudlin  or  philanthrop- 
ic, was  to  be  put  aside.  The  story  of  Clay's  futile  elo- 
quence on  behalf  of  the  Seminoles  has  already  been  told.13 
On  all  points  was  Jackson's  decisive  conduct  with  the  Flor- 
ida Indians  sustained,  not  only  in  the  Fifteenth  Congress 
but  as  well  in  the  first  session  of  the  Sixteenth  Congress.14 

BEGINNINGS   OF   THE   GEOKGIA   INDIAN    CONTKOVEESY 

Of  the  thirteen  original  States,  Georgia  was  the  only  one 
possessing  in  1820  a  considerable  frontier.15  In  the  North, 
the  Indian  frontier  had  passed  westward  beyond  Ohio,  al- 
though a  few  isolated  tribes  and  individuals  still  remained 
in  New  York  and  in  New  England.  From  Virginia  the  bor- 
der difficulties  in  the  back  country  which  filled  the  corre- 
spondence of  Governor  Patrick  Henry  were  now  long  van- 
ished. Even  Kentucky  —  the  first  of  the  admitted  States  in 
the  West  —  was  quite  free  from  aboriginal  inhabitants. 
Prosperous  plantations  covered  these  once  famous  hunting 
grounds. 

is  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  1,  pp. 
109-114. 

i*  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  16th  Congress,  p.  1542. 

is  No  less  a  historian  than  Frederick  J.  Turner  has  included  the  back  coun- 
try of  Georgia,  during  the  years  following  1820,  as  a  part  of  the  western 
frontier. —  Else  of  the  New  West,  p.  57.  The  settlers  who  were  encroaching 
upon  the  Cherokee  and  Creek  lands  west  of  the  Ocmulgee  River  had  much  in 
common  with  the  settlers  who  were  crossing  the  Mississippi  at  the  same  time. 

VOL.  IX — 15 


202    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

But  Georgia  presents  ^another  story.  One-third  of  the 
State,  in  fact  all  of  the  lands  north  and  west  of  the  Ocmul- 
gee  Eiver,  was  still  held  by  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees.16 
The  Cherokees  were  semi-civilized  but  annoying.  The 
Creeks  were  more  war-like.  Divided  in  their  councils,  a 
part  had  struck  the  Government  in  the  War  of  1812,  while 
the  other  part  had  been  actively  loyal.  The  danger  of  their 
presence  was  ever  a  source  of  worry ;  and  this  the  Georgia 
delegation  often  told  Congress.17  "The  unprotected  situa- 
tion of  the  frontiers  invited  aggression  and  the  predatory 
and  sanguinary  depredations  of  a  dark  and  insidious  ene- 
my, whose  track  was  to  be  traced  by  blood  and  desolation, 
cried  aloud  for  vengeance ",  declared  one  Georgian  Eepre- 
sentative.18  This  utterance  was  made  when  Georgia  was  ad- 
vocating her  Militia  Claims.  The  debates  upon  these 
claims,  although  referring  to  conditions  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  reflect  much  of  the  contemporary  atti- 
tude of  the  Georgia  delegation.  As  an  example  of  the  hun- 
dreds of  similar  claims  presented  to  Congress  by  western 
members  almost  every  year  they  may  beg  the  attention  of 
the  reader  for  a  moment.  The  Georgia  Militia  Claims  orig- 
inated in  the  border  outbreaks  of  1792,  when  the  State  had 
employed  her  militia  in  suppressing  the  Indians.  Some 
years  later  Georgia  demanded  recompense  therefor,  al- 
though these  claims  were  said  to  have  been  liquidated  in  the 
transactions  of  1802  when  Georgia  ceded  her  lands  to  the 
United  States.19  For  a  score  of  years  thereafter  the  im- 
passioned speeches  of  the  Georgians  presented  Congress 

is  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  465. 

17Gilmer's  Sketches  of  the  Settlers  of  Upper  Georgia,  p.  504  et  seq. 

is  Annals  of  Congress,  2nd  Session,  17th  Congress,  p.  163. 

i»  The  argument  for  these  claims  is  given  at  length  in  Senator  Elliott 's  re- 
port of  1822. —  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  17th  Congress,  p.  383.  Annals 
of  Congress,  2nd  Session,  7th  Congress,  p.  461.  For  the  argument  against  the 
claims,  see  pp.  523,  535. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  203 

with  a  vivid  picture  of  the  State's  border  position.  That 
eastern  members  could  never  appreciate  the  horrors  of 
Georgia's  exposed  condition  nor  comprehend  the  service 
that  she  was  rendering  to  the  nation  by  standing  as  a  bul- 
wark against  the  Indians  was  the  burden  of  these  har- 
angues. Heart-thrilling  accounts  of  the  "  midnight  char- 
acter of  Indian  hostility "  depicted  in  rather  lively  col- 
ors this  frontier  and  idealized  the  settlers  who  ventured 
with  their  families  so  close  to  the  aborigines.20  Persistence 
in  these  addresses  finally  won  an  appropriation  from  Con- 
gress in  the  year  1827,  in  spite  of  the  bar  to  the  claims.21 
Meanwhile  Georgia  had  carried  to  Congress  the  most  ob- 
stinate of  all  frontier  problems.  Should  the  Creeks  and 
Cherokees  continue  to  hold  wildernesses  in  a  civilized  State 
and  bar  the  progress  of  American  settlement?  True,  the 
Cherokees  were  of  all  American  tribes  the  most  civilized; 
both  they  and  the  Creeks  had  made  progress  in  agriculture 
and  were  becoming  attached  to  the  land  they  occupied  by 
stronger  bonds  than  those  which  bound  the  roving  Indians 
of  the  Northwest  to  their  hunting  grounds.22  But  the  eco- 
nomic interests  of  Georgia  were  ready  for  expansion  upon 

20  Mr.  Wiley  Thompson  of  Georgia  exclaimed  that  Georgia  had  been  ' '  del- 
uged by  the  blood  of  her  citizens,  slaughtered  in1  defending  the  United  States; 
and  still  justice     ....     is  withheld  from  them." — Register  of  Debates, 
2nd  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  81. 

Indian  troubles  were  unavoidable,  Thompson  contended.  Eastern  State» 
seemed  not  to  appreciate  Georgia's  position  —  how  she  stood  as  "a  bulwark 
between  the  Indians  and  the  interior  States,  while  she  received  the  death  stroke 
of  the  Indian  tomahawk  in  her  own  bosom". —  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Ses- 
sion, 19th  Congress,  p.  1245. 

John  Forsyth  charged  that  the  claims  had  been  rejected  simply  because  the 
State  operations  against  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  had  taken  a  direction  of- 
fensive to  the  Administration. —  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  18th  Con- 
gress, p.  581. 

21  Register  of  Debates,   2nd   Session,   19th   Congress,   pp.    1266,   488. 

22  Eoyce  's  The  Cherokee  Nation  of  Indians  in  the  Fifth  Annual  Report  of 
the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  p.  231. 


204    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  Indian  lands ;  the  aggressive  settlers  demanded  portions 
of  the  unused  districts  still  held  by  the  Creeks  and  Chero- 
kees;  but  demand  as  they  might,  these  tribes  began  stub- 
bornly to  refuse  any  further  cessions  of  their  remaining 
domain.23 

Such  a  condition  boded  trouble  indeed.  One  third  of  a 
Commonwealth  in  the  hands  of  some  thirty  thousand  per- 
sistent aborigines  was  a  fact  which  naturally  provoked  the 
citizens,  who  were  nearly  two  hundred  thousand  in  number 
and  rapidly  increasing.24 

The  problem  would  have  been  quickly  solved  had  the 
State  controlled  the  lands  in  question.  But  in  1802  Georgia 
had  ceded  her  public  lands  to  the  United  States.  In  the 
compact,  however,  the  Federal  Government  stipulated  that 
the  title  to  Indian  lands  lying  within  the  State  should  be 
extinguished  as  early  as  could  be  peaceably  done  upon  rea- 
sonable terms.25  This  the  Federal  Government  proceeded 
to  accomplish,  and  by  treaties  with  the  Creeks  and  Cher- 
okees  secured  for  both  Georgia  and  Alabama  prior  to  the 
year  1824  some  fifteen  million  acres  of  land.26  Ten  million 
still  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  two  tribes  when  they 
manifested  their  determination  to  cede  no  more. 

Since  1802  the  Executive  Department  had  been  sincerely 
willing  to  fulfil  its  promises,  although  ever  insisting  upon 
treating  the  Indians  with  diplomatic  courtesy.  And  Con- 
gress as  well  had  voted  generous  appropriations  to  conduct 
treaties  of  cession.  Now,  however,  it  was  apparent  that  if 
the  diplomatic  attitude  of  the  Executive  continued  no  more 

23  For  a  comparative  map  of  Indian  land  cessions  in  Georgia,  see  the  Eight- 
eenth Annual  Eeport  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Part  2,  Plate  XV. 

24  For  population  of  Creeks  and  Cherokees,  see  American  State  Papers,  In- 
dian Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  546. 

25  American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands,  Vol.  I,  p.  125. 

26  Eeport  of  Secretary  of  War. —  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  18th  Con- 
gress, p.  465. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  205 

cessions  could  be  obtained.  A  commanding  attitude  was 
necessary  to  make  these  Indians  retreat ;  and  the  Georgians 
were  disappointed  and  provoked  because  such  a  course  of 
action  was  not  vigorously  followed  by  Monroe  and  Madi- 
son.27 The  Governor  and  legislature  frankly  told  the  Gov- 
ernment so  at  different  times  with  increasing  irritation.28 
That  the  Federal  Executive  was  disinclined  to  coerce  the 
Cherokees  and  Creeks  was  evident  in  Monroe 's  message  of 
March  30,  1824.  "I  have  no  hesitation ",  wrote  the  Presi- 
dent, "to  declare  it  as  my  opinion,  that  the  Indian  title  was 
not  affected  in  the  slightest  circumstance  by  the  compact 
with  Georgia,  and  that  there  is  no  obligation  on  the  United 
States  to  remove  the  Indians  by  force."  But  he  added: 
"My  impression  is  equally  strong  that  it  would  promote  es- 
sentially the  security  and  happiness  of  the  tribes  within 
our  limits,  if  they  could  be  prevailed  on  to  retire  west  and 
north  of  our  States  and  Territories,  on  lands  to  be  procured 
for  them  by  the  United  States,  in  exchange  for  those  on 
which  they  now  reside. '  '29 

27  Calhoun  when  Secretary  of  War  under  Monroe  disapproved  the  policy  of 
treating  with  the  Indian  tribes  as  with  States  or  nations. —  American  State 
Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  276. 

The  attitude  of  Monroe  and  Adams  in  this  respect  is  open  to  just  criticism. 
The  Georgia  delegation  pronounced  formal  treaty-making  to  be  a  farce.  Why 
should  the  Government  act  as  if  the  Indians  were  foreign  powers?  asked  For- 
syth.  The  question  seems  never  to  have  been  satisfactorily  answered. —  Eegister 
of  Debates,  1st  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  2614. 

For  an  army  officer's  opinion  in  later  days,  see  Centennial  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  (Washington,  1904),  p.  527. 

28  Phillips 's  Georgia  and  State  Eights  in  the  Annual  Eeport  of  the  American 
Historical  Association,  1901,  Vol.  II,  p.  52  et  seq.    The  attitude  of  Georgia  was 
nicely  expressed  in  the  memorial  addressed  by  the  legislature  to  the  President 
of  the  United  States  in  1819.     "The  State  of  Georgia",  read  this  protest, 
"claims  a  right  to  the  jurisdiction  and  soil  of  the  territory  within  her  limits. 
.     .     .     .     She  admits  however,  that  the  right  is  inchoate  —  remaining  to  be 
perfected  by  the  United  States,  in  the  extinction  of  the  Indian  title ;  the  United 
States  pro  hac  vice  as  their  agents." — See  Worcester  vs.  State  of  Georgia,  6 
Peters  585. 

29  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  463.    The  Message  and 


I 


206    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Monroe  admitted  that  the  question  had  developed  beyond 
executive  control ;  and  he  therefore  submitted  to  the  consid- 
eration of  Congress,  trusting  that  the  Indians  as  well  as  the 
people  of  Georgia  would  receive  equal  justice.  If  Monroe 
hoped  by  this  message  to  throw  the  responsibility  for  action 
upon  Congress  he  was  doomed  to  disappointment.  The  so- 
lution which  he  tentatively  proposed  was  to  peaceably  in- 
cline the  Cherokees  toward  accepting  the  removal  plan. 
But  Congress  was  not  ready  to  assume  the  responsibility. 
The  President  possessed  the  treaty  powers  under  the  Con- 
stitution. Why  should  he  not  continue  to  treat  and  the 
Senate  to  ratify? 

While  Congress  hesitated  to  touch  the  affair,  the  Georgia 
delegation  were  loud  in  their  attempts  to  secure  decision. 
"If  the  Cherokees  are  unwilling  to  remove, "  they  said, 
"the  causes  of  that  unwillingness  are  to  be  traced  to  the 
United  States.  If  a  peaceable  purchase  cannot  be  made  in 
the  ordinary  mode,  nothing  remains  to  be  done  but  to  order 
their  removal  to  a  designated  territory  beyond  the  limits  of 
Georgia  ".30  It  is  needless  to  say  that  their  efforts  were  in 
vain.  The  Senate  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs  passed  over 
the  matter  without  reporting.31  The  House  Committee,  be- 
ing headed  by  John  Forsyth,  naturally  reported  that  im- 
mediate removal  was  wise,  but  the  measure  was  lost  in  the 
House.82  The  times  were  premature  for  drastic  solution, 
although  the  issue  had  become  well  defined.  If  the  Georgia 
Indians  refused  to  emigrate  should  their  possessive  rights 

accompanying  documents  were  printed  in  Senate  Documents,  1st  Session,  18th 
Congress,  No.  63. 

so  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  471. 

31  The  Senate  referred  the  Georgia  Indian  controversy  to  its  Committee  on 
Indian  Affairs,  of  which  Benton  was  chairman. —  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Ses- 
sion, 18th  Congress,  p.  474.     The  Journal  of  the  Senate  does  not  indicate  that 
the  Committee  reported  during  the  session. —  Journal  of  the  Senate,  1st  Session, 
18th  Congress,  p.  28. 

32  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  2348. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  207 

to  soil  in  Georgia's  jurisdiction  be  maintained  by  Federal 
authority?  Or,  should  the  stubborn  Indians  be  forced  to 
emigrate?  The  first  horn  of  this  dilemma  was  intolerable 
to  the  State  of  Georgia  and  to  her  sympathizers ;  while  nei- 
ther eastern  Congressmen  nor  the  President  would  seize 
the  latter. 

MONROE   AND  THE  REMOVAL  POLICY 

The  Georgia  delegation  little  realized  that  their  persist- 
ent demands  in  Georgia's  behalf  would  gradually  force 
Congress  and  the  Executive  to  the  adoption  of  some  general 
plan  for  disposing  of  the  Indians.  But  that  event  was  to 
be  in  the  future  and  at  present  was  little  contemplated  by 
members  of  Congress,  although  signs  of  the  disastrous  pol- 
icy, then  being  pursued,  were  not  lacking  even  in  the  halls 
of  Congress.  In  December,  1823,  a  most  egregious  blunder 
had  been  exposed,  concerning  the  assignment  of  lands  to  the 
Choctaws  and  Cherokees  west  of  the  Mississippi.  It  ap- 
pears that  the  most  fertile  of  the  lands  ceded  to  these  tribes 
during  the  years  1817  to  1820,  in  exchange  for  their  eastern 
possessions,  lay  within  the  Territory  of  Arkansas  and  were 
already  occupied  in  part  by  white  ' '  squatters ' '.  In  the  case 
of  the  Cherokee  tribe  the  United  States  agreed  by  treaty  to 
remove  all  intruders  upon  the  ceded  lands ;  while  the  Choc- 
taws  relied  upon  the  promise  of  General  Jackson,  who  was 
acting  as  commissioner  on  the  part  of  the  United  States, 
that  "the  arm  of  the  Government  was  strong,  and  that  the 
settlers  should  be  removed. ' >33 

Their  reliance  upon  the  Government  was  disastrous  to 
themselves,  for  within  a  few  years  local  interests  caused 
even  the  national  legislature  to  undermine  their  rights. 

ssKappler's  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  142;  American 
State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  549.  For  a  map  of  the  cessions,  see 
Royce's  Indian  Land  Cessions  in  the  Eighteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  Plate  VI. 


208    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  occasion  was  an  angry  remonstrance  from  the  Terri- 
torial legislature  of  Arkansas  against  the  action  of  Con- 
gress in  establishing  the  western  boundary  of  the  Terri- 
tory.34 This  line,  the  citizens  complained,  cut  off  from  the 
Territory  large  numbers  of  "most  respectable  inhabitants" 
who  had  intruded  upon  the  public  domain.  Henry  Conway, 
the  Delegate  from  Arkansas,  loudly  maintained  the  alleged 
rights  of  the  intruders.  "I  can  never  consent",  he  wrote 
to  the  Secretary  of  War,  "to  any  measure  which  is  calcu- 
lated to  check  the  prosperity  of  my  Territory,  or  to  destroy 
the  interests  of  any  portion  of  its  inhabitants."35 

In  the  Senate  the  memorial  from  Arkansas  was  presented 
by  Benton  and  it  was  referred  to  a  select  committee  con- 
sisting of  Benton,  King  of  Alabama,  and  Lowrie  of  Penn- 
sylvania.36 This  occurred  in  December,  1823.  In  March 
the  committee  reported  a  document  of  surprising  ingenu- 
ity.37 There  were  three  questions  comprising  the  solution 
of  the  case,  the  committee  began  to  explain.  Should  the  in- 
habitants cut  off  by  the  line  of  1823  be  left  as  they  were 
without  law  to  govern  them?  Or,  should  they  be  compelled 
to  come  within  the  present  limits  of  the  Territory?  Or, 
should  the  western  boundary  be  extended  to  include  them? 

The  first  method  the  committee  rejected,  for  reasons  "too 
obvious  to  require  specification. ' '  The  second  was  also  re- 
jected with  a  confusing  number  of  objections.  And  so,  by 
elimination,  what  was  left  but  the  third  plan?  Accordingly, 
the  committee  reported  a  bill  for  the  extension  of  the  west- 
ern boundary.  How  the  adjustment  of  the  Choctaw  and 
Cherokee  boundary  lines  with  this  new  Territorial  line 

s*  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  556;  United  States 
Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  750. 

ss  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  556. 

36  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  47. 

37  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  420. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  209 

might  be  accomplished  the  committee  did  not  venture  to 
prophesy,  save  merely  to  express  a  hint  that  the  Executive 
would  find  such  conflicts  occasions  for  further  treaties  with 
the  Indians. 

The  bill  as  later  amended  in  the  Senate  directed  the  Presi- 
dent to  treat  with  the  Choctaws  for  a  modification  of  the 
Treaty  of  1820.38  In  this  form  it  passed  both  houses  and 
became  law  in  May,  1824.  Thus  the  Executive  Department 
was  forced  into  the  position  of  breaking  public  faith  with 
the  western  Choctaws.  The  consequence  was  what  might 
have  been  expected:  the  Choctaws  were  compelled,  in  1825, 
to  retire  west  of  the  Arkansas  line,  leaving  their  promised 
lands  in  the  hands  of  the  irrepressible  pioneers.39  The 
Cherokees  on  the  lands  to  the  north  of  them  soon  met  the 
same  fate.40 

That  such  miserable  procedures  were  the  inevitable  out- 
come of  the  haphazard  and  sporadic  attempts  in  solving  the 
Indian  problem,  Monroe  was  more  than  ever  convinced. 
The  last  years  of  his  administration  were  enough  to  show 
him  that  sectional  bickerings  and  extravagant  expense 
would  ever  be  attendant  upon  a  continuation  of  the  present 
unsystematic  Indian  policy.  With  the  opening  of  the  sec- 
ond session  of  the  Eighteenth  Congress  barely  three  months 
of  legislative  sittings  were  left  to  his  administration ;  yet  he 
did  not  evade  the  bold  presentation  of  the  problem  in  its 
larger  scope.  He  recommended  to  Congress  the  advisabil- 
ity of  adopting  "some  well  digested  plan"  of  establishing 

ss  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  778 ;  United  States  Stat- 
utes at  Large,  Vol.  IV,  p.  40. 

The  Executive  Department  apparently  disregarded  that  part  of  the  act  which 
extended  the  boundaries  of  the  Territory  of  Arkansas  west  of  the  southwest 
corner  of  Missouri. —  Note  the  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  VII,  p. 
311;  Vol.  V,  p.  50;  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  26th  Congress,  p.  54. 

3»Kappler's  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  211. 

40  Kappler  's  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  288. 


210    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

an  Indian  district  "between  the  limits  of  our  present  States, 
and  territories,  and  the  Eocky  Mountain [s] ",  where  the 
Government  should  carefully  supervise  their  progress  in 
civilization.41 

Having  announced  his  attitude,  the  President  left  the 
elaboration  of  his  ideas  to  his  Secretary  of  War,  John  CL 
Calhoun.  Calhoun  developed  a  plan  —  one  unusual  com- 
pared with  those  hitherto  proposed.  It  was  communicated 
to  Congress  on  the  27th  of  January,  1825.42  It  contemplated 
the  establishment  of  a  permanent  Indian  Territory  west  of 
the  settlements  with  a  government  uniting  all  tribes  in  one 
organization.  To  this  end  the  Secretary  recommended  that 
Congress  provide  for  a  convention  of  the  leaders  of  all  east- 
ern tribes  in  order  to  explain  to  them  the  views  and  prom- 
ises of  the  government. 

Already  the  committees  on  Indian  affairs  in  both  houses* 
were  considering  the  first  suggestions  of  Monroe  in  his  mes- 
sage at  the  opening  of  Congress.  Benton,  the  chairman  of 
the  Senate  committee,  approved  a  definite  national  plan  of 
relieving  the  western  States  from  their  undesirable  Indian 
population.  The  bill  which  this  committee  reported  came 
from  the  pen  of  Calhoun  and  gave  legal  form  to  the  "well 
digested "  plan  which  Monroe  had  suggested.  Its  title  an- 
nounced it  as  an  act  for  the  preservation  and  civilization  of 
the  Indians.  On  February  23rd  it  passed  the  Senate.43 

In  the  lower  chamber  the  bill  was  referred  to  the  standing 
committee  of  which  John  Cocke  of  Tennessee  was  chairman. 
The  records  do  not  indicate  that  it  was  ever  considered  in 
the  Committee  of  the  Whole  House  —  perhaps  because  of 
the  press  of  other  matters.  A  bill  of  similar  nature,  con- 

41  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  18th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  7. 

42  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  18th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  57;  Senate 
Documents,  No.  21;   Niles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  XXVII,  p.  404. 

43  Journal  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  2nd  Session,  18th  Congress, 
p.  187. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  211 

cocted  by  the  House  committee  itself,  met  the  same  fate.  To 
the  proposals  of  the  President  little  further  attention  was 
given,  save  by  the  easily  frightened  Delegate  from  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Arkansas,  who  demanded  that  no  lands  of  his  con- 
stituency be  granted  to  the  emigrating  Indians.44 

Such  apathy  on  the  part  of  western  Congressmen,  when 
Illinois,  Indiana,  Michigan  Territory,  Missouri,  Mississippi, 
Alabama,  and  Georgia  were  looking  with  restless  glances  at 
the  Indians  within  their  borders,  can  only  be  explained  by 
the  supposition  that  sectional  interests  had  not  yet  been 
combined  into  one  great  national  plan.  While  Elliott  of 
Georgia  supported  Calhoun's  bill  in  the  Senate,45  the  re- 
mainder of  the  Georgia  delegation  appeared  strangely  si- 
lent in  the  House,  except  in  respect  to  their  own  grievances 
with  the  Creeks  and  the  Cherokees.  Headed  by  Forsyth 
they  called  for  the  vengeance  of  Congress  to  descend  upon 
these  stiff-necked  Indians.  Their  vexation  —  fanned  into  a 
passionate  rage  by  the  inertia  of  Congress  —  adopted  the 
method  of  blocking  all  proposals  to  extend  any  act  of  cour- 
tesy or  justice  to  these  Indians,  even  when  such  acts  would 
not  interfere  with  the  rights  of  Georgia.46 

"Niles'  Weekly  -Register,  Vol.  XXVII,  p.  271. 

«  Eegister  of  Delates,  2nd  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  639. 

46  The  Cherokee  claim  in  regard  to  the  Waff  ord  Settlement  gave  one  occasion 
for  this  ungenerous  display  on  Georgia's  part.  Among  the  items  of  the  mili- 
tary bill,  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  had  included  an  appropriation  to 
cancel  the  obligation  of  the  long  neglected  treaty  ceding  the  lands  in  question. 
—  Eegister  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  536. 

The  gist  of  the  matter  was  that  the  Government  had  undertaken  in  the  year 
1804  to  protect  certain  settlers  who  had  invaded  the  Indian  lands  in  violation 
of  the  Federal  laws  and  treaties,  but  had  failed  to  recompense  the  Cherokees 
for  the  land  thus  illegally  seized. —  Royce's  The  Cherokee  Nation  of  Indians  in 
the  Fifth  Annual  Eeport  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  p.  186. 

John  Forsyth  and  his  colleagues  protested  against  this  appropriation.  They 
were  outvoted. —  Eegister  of  Delates,  2nd  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  546. 

The  episode  is  an  illustration  of  Congress  condoning  illegal  settlements. 
' '  The  Cherokees ' ',  said  McLane  of  Delaware  during  the  debate,  ' '  were  in  pos- 
session of  this  land  within  the  limits  of  Georgia,  in  1804.  Their  lands  were  in- 


212    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

THE  END  OF  THE  CREEK  CONTROVERSY 

Before  the  last  session  of  his  administration  had  closed 
Monroe  was  able  to  submit  to  the  Senate  tangible  results  of 
his  efforts  to  continue  the  policy  of  treaty-making  with  the 
Creeks  in  Georgia.  At  Indian  Springs  on  the  12th  of  Feb- 
ruary the  commissioners  of  the  Government  had  succeeded 
in  persuading  certain  chiefs  of  the  Creek  nation  to  sign  a 
treaty  ceding  all  their  lands  lying  within  the  State  of 
Georgia.47  Without  inquiring  too  closely  into  the  history 
of  the  negotiations  Monroe  transmitted  it,  late  in  February 
and  only  a  few  days  before  the  end  of  his  administration,  to 
the  Senate.  This  body,  on  the  third  of  March,  hastily  ad- 
vised and  consented  to  ratification,48  although  the  fact  had 
become  officially  known  that  the  Alabama  chiefs  of  the 
Creek  nation  had  never  agreed  to  the  cession.49  On  March 

traded  on  by  citizens  either  of  that  state  or  some  other;  and  an  application 
was,  in  consequence,  made  by  the  Cherokees  to  the  United  States  to  dispossess 
the  intruders.  The  Government  of  the  United  States  felt  that  it  was  their  duty 
to  do  so.  Orders  were  issued  accordingly,  and,  military  force  sent  to  put  them 
into  execution.  When  the  troops  arrived  on  the  spot,  they  found  that  the  set- 
tlers, for  the  most  part,  had  crops  then  growing,  and  not  gathered;  and  the  of- 
ficers interceded  with  the  Cherokees  to  delay  the  removal  of  the  intruders  until 
their  crops  could  be  gathered  in,  and  finally  succeeded  in  persuading  them  to 
sell  the  land  to  the  United  States.  The  Government  accordingly  issued  a  com- 
mission to  Messrs.  Meigs  and  Smith,  to  negotiate  for  the  purchase.  A  treaty 
was  held,  in  which  the  Indians  agreed  to  sell,  and  the  commissioners  to  buy  their 
land.  .  .  .  As  soon  as  this  treaty  was  made,  the  Indians  abandoned  their 
land,  and  the  settlers  were  suffered  to  remain,  and  others  to  enter.  The  Indians 
executed  the  treaty  in  good  faith,  and  the  only  question  that  we  ought  to  have 
any  difficulty  in  deciding,  would  be,  not  whether  they  are  entitled  to  receive  the 
arrearages  of  the  annuity,  but  whether  we  ought  not  to  allow  them  interest  for 
the  whole  time  it  has  not  been  paid. —  'Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  18th 
Congress,  p.  539. 

47  Kappler's  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  214. 

48  Executive  Journal  of  the  Senate  (1828),  Vol.  Ill,  p.  424. 

49  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.   12.     The  correspondence 
transmitted  to  the  Senate  along  with  the  treaty,  must  have  appeared  to  a  care- 
ful peruser  strangely  suspicious. —  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol. 
II,  p.  579. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  213 

7th  John  Quincy  Adams,  respecting  the  acts  of  his  prede- 
cessor, proclaimed  the  treaty  without  ado.50 

To  the  Georgians,  who  coveted  the  Creek  lands  like  the 
vineyard  of  Naboth,  the  treaty  was  most  gratifying.  It 
promised  to  end  their  long  contention  with  the  Creeks  and 
undoubtedly  would  have  ended  the  affair  had  the  treaty 
been  genuine.  But  the  scandalous  conduct  of  the  commis- 
sioners, although  legalized  by  the  Senate,  was  not  to  stand 
unrepudiated  by  either  the  President  or  the  Senate  itself. 
Before  the  next  session  of  Congress  the  ugly  rumors  and 
hints  of  the  early  part  of  the  year  were  fully  confirmed  in 
Washington.  It  became  well  known  that  an  impotent  and 
discredited  faction  of  the  Creeks  had  signed  the  treaty  in 
direct  opposition  to  the  will  of  the  whole  nation.  Acting  up- 
on this  light  Adams  directed  the  Secretary  of  War  to  nego- 
tiate a  new  treaty  with  the  accredited  chiefs  of  the  Creeks 
who  had  journeyed  to  the  capital  protesting  the  affair  of 
Indian  Springs.51 

By  his  action  the  President  found  himself  immediately  at- 
tacked by  Governor  Troup  and  the  Georgia  delegation  in 
Congress.52  While  Governor  Troup  directed  the  quarrel 
with  so  much  vehemence  that  his  name  was  ever  after  known 
for  angry  defiance  to  the  Federal  Executive,  the  Georgia 
delegation  in  Congress  were  none  the  less  extreme.53  On 
January  7, 1826,  they  declared  to  the  Secretary  of  War  that 
Georgia  would  never  admit  the  invalidity  of  the  treaty  of 
Indian  Springs.  Their  method  of  proving  its  genuineness 
was  an  argumentum  ad  ignorantiam.  The  citizens  of 

BO  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.  12.  Compare  with  the  mes- 
sage to  the  Senate,  January  31,  1826. —  Richardson's  Messages  and  Papers  of 
the  Presidents,  Vol.  II,  p.  324. 

si  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  74,  108. 

52  Phillips 's  Georgia  and  State  Rights  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  American 
Historical  Association,  1901,  Vol.  II,  p.  59. 

ss  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  747. 


214    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Georgia,  they  maintained,  being  "resident  near  the  scene  of 
this  controversy,  and  deeply  interested  in  its  result  .... 
have  been  attentive  observers  of  the  process  by  which  it  has 
been  conducted" — evidently  meaning  to  imply  that  the 
Georgians  were  better  judges  than  the  Federal  Government. 

The  President  did  not  surrender  to  the  demands  of 
Georgia,  although  his  position  was  rendered  the  more  per- 
plexing by  the  Creeks  who,  while  willing  to  legally  cede  part 
of  their  lands,  refused  to  cede  any  west  of  the  Chatta- 
hoochee.54 

In  his  annual  message  on  December  6th,  Adams  had  prom- 
ised to  submit  the  whole  tangled  affair  to  the  consideration 
of  Congress.55  If  the  President  hoped  thereby  to  secure 
congressional  cooperation  in  solving  the  problem  as  Monroe 
had  hoped  in  the  preceding  year  he  evidently  changed  his 
mind,  for  the  special  message  was  never  transmitted.  Web- 
ster undoubtedly  helped  him  to  this  decision  by  his  sound 
advice  that  nothing  would  be  gained,  since  Congress  would 
do  nothing.  He  even  explained  to  the  President  the  various 
motives  by  which  different  members  would  be  actuated 
to  do  nothing,  leaving  the  Administration  to  pursue  its  way 
alone.56  Adams  was  so  impressed  with  the  fear  of  provok- 
ing a  damaging  controversy  in  Congress  that  he  submitted 
none  of  the  papers  concerning  the  Georgia  question  when  at 
last  he  sent  to  the  Senate  the  new  treaty  which  Barbour  had 
negotiated  with  the  Creek  delegation  in  Washington  as  a 
substitute  for  the  Treaty  of  Indian  Springs.57 

Barbour 's  treaty  did  not  provide  for  the  cession  of  the 
entire  Creek  country  in  Georgia.58  So  its  reception  by  the 

54  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.  66. 

ss  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  19th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  4. 

56  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.  73. 

57  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.  110. 

58  Kappler  's  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  264. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  215 

Senate  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs  might  easily  be  fore- 
known, since  Benton  was  chairman  and  Cobb  of  Georgia  a 
leading  member.  The  committee  reported  on  March  17, 
1826,  that  the  Senate  should  not  advise  and  consent  to  the 
ratification.59  Two  weeks  later  Adams  was  able  to  submit  a 
supplementary  article  by  which  the  Creeks  conceded  the 
Senate's  point  and  ceded  what  was  then  supposed  to  be  all 
their  remaining  lands  in  Georgia.60  Benton 's  committee  of 
course  accepted  this  concession,  and  reported  back  to  the 
House  the  article  without  amendment.61  In  the  Committee 
of  the  Whole  a  stubborn  but  unsuccessful  effort  was  made 
by  Berrien  of  Georgia  to  alter  the  first  article  so  as  to  annul 
the  treaty  of  Indian  Springs  without  reflecting  upon  the  na- 
ture of  its  negotiation.62  Upon  the  final  question  of  advis- 
ing and  consenting  the  vote  stood  thirty  yeas  and  seven 
nays.63  The  negative  vote  was  headed  by  the  two  Georgia 
Senators.  The  five  Senators  who  voted  with  them  probably 
based  their  objection  to  the  treaty  on  constitutional  consid- 
erations.64 

Eealizing  that  the  Indians  would  be  loath  to  emigrate 
even  from  the  ceded  lands,  Berrien  immediately  introduced 
resolutions  looking  toward  the  Government's  assisting  and 
encouraging  such  emigration.65  With  that  purpose  in  view 
a  bill  appropriating  sixty  thousand  dollars  passed  both 
houses.66 

59  Executive  Journal  of  the  Senate  (1828),  Vol.  Ill,  p.  521. 
«°Kappler's  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  267. 

61  Executive  Journal  of  the  Senate  (1828),  Vol.  Ill,  p.  526. 

62  Executive  Journal  of  the  Senate  (1828),  Vol.  Ill,  p.  531. 

63  Executive  Journal  of  the  Senate  (1828),  Vol.  Ill,  p.  533. 

«*  This  at  least  was  the  supposition  of  contemporaries. —  See  Niles'  Weekly 
Register,  Vol.  XXX,  p.  297. 

65  Executive  Journal  of  the  Senate  (1828),  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  527,  532;  Register 
of  Delates,  1st  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  620. 

so  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Sesiion,  19th  Congress,  p.  2623;  United  States 
Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IV,  p.  187. 


216    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Within  a  week  of  the  ratification  of  the  Washington 
Treaty  the  Committee  on  Appropriations  in  the  House  in- 
troduced a  bill  to  carry  into  effect  its  provisions.  The  dis- 
cussion thereon  was  almost  entirely  by  the  Georgia  delega- 
tion, who  protested  against  the  late  action  of  the  Senate  and 
criticised  the  whole  policy  of  Federal  control  of  Indian  Af- 
fairs as  an  abridgment  of  State  sovereignty.67  Their 
speeches  did  not,  however,  long  delay  the  roll  call  on  the  bill 
which  passed  with  167  affirmative  votes.  All  but  one  of  the 
Georgia  delegation  voted  in  the  negative.68  Again  return- 
ing to  the  Senate  we  find  Senator  Benton  self -righteously 
assuming  the  task  of  amending  the  bill  so  as  to  prevent  the 
"corrupt  distribution"  of  the  purchase  money  "among  a 
few  chiefs ' '  instead  of  to  the  whole  nation.69 

The  ratification  of  Barbour's  Treaty  would  have  prac- 
tically ended  the  Creek  Indian  contention  with  Georgia  had 
not  Governor  Troup  insisted  upon  surveying  the  boundary 
between  Georgia  and  Alabama  before  the  date  set  for  the  re- 
linquishment  of  the  Indian  lands  —  and,  moreover,  the  line 
which  he  sought  to  establish  passed  through  lands  not  ceded 
by  the  treaty.70  This  action  of  surveying  territory  where 
the  Indian  title  had  not  been  extinguished  was  a  palpable 
violation  of  the  treaty  and  of  the  Federal  trade  and  inter- 
course law  of  1802. 71  Adams  ordered  Governor  Troup  to 
desist;72  but  the  Governor  supported  by  his  legislature 

67  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  19th  Congress,  pp.  2606  et  seq.  Adams 
was  also  criticised  by  the  opposition  for  not  fulfilling  his  promises  concerning 
submitting  the  whole  Georgia  transactions  to  Congress. —  Register  of  Debates, 
1st  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  2607. 

es  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  2626. 

69  Benton  'a  Twenty  Years'  View,  Vol.  I,  p.  60. 

70  Phillips 's  Georgia  and  State  Rights  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  American 
Historical  Association,  1901,  Vol.  II,  p.  60  et  seq. 

71  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  II,  p.  141. —  See  Section  5. 

72  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  744. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  217 

again  violently  defied  the  Federal  authority.73  The  United 
States  Attorney  for  the  District  of  Georgia  refused  to  obey 
the  President's  order  to  prosecute  the  surveyors.74 

On  February  5,  1827,  Adams  appealed  to  Congress.  He 
sent  "the  most  momentous  message  he  had  yet  written ",75 
In  both  houses  it  was  referred  to  select  committees ;  of  the 
one  Senator  Benton  was  chairman,  and  over  the  other  Rep- 
resentative Edward  Everett  of  Massachusetts  presided. 
The  report  of  Benton 's  committee  on  March  1st  upheld  the 
claims  of  Georgia ;  while  the  House  report  maintained  that 
the  Treaty  of  Washington  should  be  executed  by  "all  neces- 
sary constitutional  and  legal  means  ",76  Both  advised  the 
Executive  to  continue  his  exertions  to  obtain  a  cession  of  the 
remaining  Creek  lands  in  Georgia  as  the  only  possible  al- 
leviation of  the  embarrassment.  This,  indeed,  was  what 
Adams  had  already  undertaken.77  Late  in  the  year  the  hun- 
dred and  ninety  thousand  acres  of  pine  barrens  still  held  by 
the  Creeks  in  Georgia  were  relinquished  by  treaty.78  Thus 
Georgia's  contention  with  these  Indians  was  brought  to  an 
end.  But  this  was  not  the  end  of  all  Indian  quarrels.  Ten 
thousand  Cherokees  still  remained  on  Georgian  soil,  prom- 
ising troubles  of  their  own ;  while  the  attitude  of  the  State  of 
Alabama  toward  the  Creeks  still  within  her  borders  prom- 
ised a  repetition  of  the  strife  so  lately  consummated  in  the 
sister  State.79 

73  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.   149  et  seq.;  Niles' 
Weekly  Eegister,  Vol.  XXXII,  p.  16. 

74  Phillips 's  Georgia  and  State  Eights  in  the  Annual  Eeport  of  the  American 
Historical  Association,  1901,  Vol.  II,  p.  62. 

75  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.  221. 

7e  Eegister  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  pp.  498,  1534.     The  Sen- 
ate report  is  in  Senate  Documents,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  No.  69. 

77  House  Documents,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  No.   238,  p.   7.     Secretary 
Barbour  to  Colonel  Crowell,  January  31,  1827. 

78  Kappler  >s  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 
7»  American  State  Papers,  Indian  Affairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  644. 

VOL.  IX — 16 


218    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

AGITATIONS  FOR.A  GENERAL  REMOVAL  POLICY 

Meanwhile  the  movement  for  westward  colonization  of  the 
Indians  was  gaining  ground.  The  story  of  the  Senate  bill 
of  1825  for  "the  preservation  and  civilization"  of  the  In- 
dians —  how  it  failed  in  the  House  —  has  already  been  told. 
The  next  congressional  attempt  at  a  general  plan  originated 
in  the  House,  and  likewise  received  inspiration  and  direction 
from  the  Executive  Department,  particularly  from  the  new 
Secretary  of  War,  James  Barbour.  In  the  early  months  of 
his  administration  Barbour  tentatively  nursed  a  plan  for  in- 
corporating the  Indians  in  the  body  politic  of  the  several 
States.80  By  the  time,  however,  that  the  House  Committee 
on  Indian  Affairs  applied  to  him  for  advice  in  January  of 
the  year  1826  he  had  completely  revised  his  first  opinions.81 

The  project  of  a  bill  which  the  Secretary  prepared  for  the 
House  committee  aimed  to  establish  an  Indian  Territory  to 
be  maintained  by  the  United  States  and  quite  similar  in  de- 
tails to  the  first  grade  of  territorial  government.82  This  In- 
dian government  he  proposed  to  locate  west  of  the  existing 
States  and  Territories  and  entirely  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
save  that  it  was  to  include  a  part  of  the  Michigan  and  Wis- 
consin country.  That  the  bill  proposed  an  Indian  reserva- 
tion so  close  to  the  settlements  in  the  Northwest  would  have 
been  an  object  of  protest  had  it  received  much  attention  in 
Congress.  Despite  this  mistake  Barbour 's  intentions  were 
evidently,  as  he  himself  said,  the  result  of  a  "desire  to  com- 
ply with  the  requests  of  the  People  of  the  United  States  re- 
siding in  the  neighborhood  of  Indian  settlements."  As  it 

so  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.  89. 

81  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.  113.     The  Committee  on  In- 
dian Affairs  had  considered  reporting  to  the  House  Calhoun's  bill  of  the  pre- 
ceding session. —  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  Appendix,, 
p.  55. 

82  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  19th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  40. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  219 

was  Chairman  Cocke  of  the  House  committee  reported  a  bill 
comprising  the  essential  features  of  Barbour's  plans  on 
February  21st;83  but  the  records  indicate  that  the  Commit- 
tee of  the  Whole  House  never  reported  progress  thereon. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  of  Cocke 's  earnestness  in  the  matter 
of  removal  and  that  he  really  did  view  with  regret,  as  he 
said  he  did,  the  condition  of  the  aborigines.84 

In  the  next  session  the  opinion  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
was  again  sought,  this  time  by  a  resolution  of  the  House  re- 
questing information  upon  the  obstacles  in  the  way  of  re- 
moval beyond  the  Mississippi.85  The  mover  of  the  resolu- 
tion was  John  McLean  of  Ohio.  Another  Eepresentative, 
Haile  of  Mississippi,  presented  a  resolution  exhibiting  a 
different  side  of  the  removal  question.86  It  has  already 
been  noted  that  settlers  were  intruding  upon  lands  in 
Arkansas  granted  to  the  Choctaws  who  had  migrated  from 
Mississippi  and  Alabama.87  Haile  now  demanded  an  in- 
vestigation. Such  breaches  of  the  public  faith,  he  explained, 
were  causing  suspicions  among  the  remaining  Indians  in 
the  State  of  Mississippi  and  increasing  their  opposition  to 
emigrate.  "If  these  encroachments  are  permitted,"  he 
said,  "the  Indians  will  be  fastened  upon  us  without  the  hope 
of  removal." 

The  Delegate  from  Arkansas,  who  two  years  before  had 
so  energetically  defended  these  pioneer  intruders  in  the 
western  boundary  episode,  moved  an  amendment  to  the  res- 
olution, the  real  purport  of  which  was  to  exonerate  the  citi- 
zens upon  the  lands  in  question.  The  House  readily  agreed 

ss  Journal  of  the  House,  1st  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  276.  The  title  of  this 
bill  copied  that  of  the  year  1824,  namely :  ' '  A  bill  for  the  preservation  and  civ- 
ilization of  the  Indian  tribes  within  the  United  States." 

s*  American  State  Papers,  Indian  A  fairs,  Vol.  II,  p.  667. 

ss  Eegister  of  Delates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  538. 

86  Eegister  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  544. 

87  See  above  p.  207. 


220    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

to  the  amendment.88  The  question  was  too  trifling  for  de- 
bate, but  a  world  of  prophecy  lay  hidden  therein  and  por- 
tended the  fate  of  the  wanderers.  Was  the  tragedy  of  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  be  repeated  on 
the  western  side?  Were  local  interests  to  hamper  and  clog 
the  already  weak  policy  of  Indian  preservation?  Were 
these  tribes  to  be  cast  from  territory  to  territory  as  soon  as 
their  lands  were  desired  by  settlers,  all  for  the  lack  of  a  def- 
inite national  system  of  removal  and  colonization? 

Congress  had  been  advised  for  years  that  some  system 
should  be  adopted.  Jefferson,  the  Reverend  Jedidiah 
Morse,  the  Reverend  Isaac  McCoy,  Monroe,  Calhoun,  and 
Barbour  had  outlined  plans  and  formulated  projects  for 
bills,  but  to  no  purpose.  Local  communities  easily  pre- 
vailed upon  Congress  to  effect  local  removals ;  but  a  nation- 
al plan  to  colonize  the  removed  went  begging. 

While  Haile  in  the  House  was  attempting  to  interest  the 
Government  in  the  removal  of  the  Mississippi  Indians,  Sen- 
ator Reed  of  the  same  State  was  calling  upon  the  Adminis- 
tration for  the  causes  of  the  failure  of  the  late  negotiations 
with  the  Choctaw  and  Chickasaw  Indians.89  Personally  he 
attributed  the  failure  to  the  interference  of  certain  whites 
living  among  these  Indians,  and  hinted  that  missionaries  to 
these  tribes  were  also  not  above  suspicion.  The  wretched- 
ness and  misery  of  the  Indians  is  so  great,  he  said,  that  they 
"are  desirous  of  seeking  a  new  abode  on  our  Western  bor- 
ders", but  are  prevailed  upon  to  remain  by  the  intrigues 
of  "a  few  interested  individuals,  white  men,  and  mixed- 
blooded  Indians".  Continuing  Reed  said: 

It  is  well  understood,  that  a  great  many  white  men,  fleeing  from 
their  crimes,  and  from  debt,  have  sought  refuge  from  the  conse- 
quences of  both,  upon  the  Territories  occupied  by  the  Indian  tribes 

ss  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  546. 
89  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  71. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  221 

within  the  State  of  Mississippi.  They  are  there  contrary  to  the 
laws  of  the  United  States  to  the  great  detriment  of  the  Southern 
country;  and  provision  ought,  long  since,  to  have  been  made  for 
their  removal.  Those  are  the  People,  many  of  them  more  savage 
than  the  Indians  themselves,  who  instigate  the  tribes,  for  their  own 
purposes,  to  decline  every  overture  made  for  their  removal,  and  for 
a  cession  of  their  Territory.90 

In  the  House  it  appears  that  John  Cocke  of  Tennessee, 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs,  also  held 
that  removal  was  retarded  by  the  "influence  of  a  number  of 
profligate  white  men,  who  had  fled  from  their  debts  or  from 
justice,  and  had  a  personal  interest  in  preventing  the  re- 
moval of  the  Indians."91  And  when  John  Woods  of  Ohio 
expostulated  at  the  coercive  language  used  by  the  late  com- 
missioners who  had  attempted  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with 
the  Choctaws  and  Chickasaws,  Haile  in  reply  thanked  "the 
gentleman  from  Ohio  for  the  sympathy  lie  had  manifested 
towards  the  Indians  of  Mississippi.  The  Indians  are  re- 
moved beyond  the  limits  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  they  no 
longer  annoy  the  gentleman.  His  sympathy  manifests  it- 
self at  a  late  period. '  *92  James  K.  Polk  of  Tennessee  also 
defended  the  commissioners  against  the  charge  of  using  co- 
ercive language,93  as  did  John  Forsyth  of  Georgia,  who 
could  not  well  refuse  aid  to  a  sister  State  in  the  same  pre- 
dicament that  Georgia  had  faced  from  the  beginning  of  the 
national  epoch.94 

The  session  passed  with  no  more  serious  accomplishment 
than  calling  upon  the  Executive  Department  for  informa- 
tion concerning  the  obstacles  to  removal.  The  reports 
which  Barbour  and  his  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs, 

»o  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  73. 

»i  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  838. 

02  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session1,  19th  Congress,  p.  839. 

»3  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  pp.  842,  843. 

»*  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  847. 


222    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Thomas  McKenney,  prepared  gave  encouraging  signs  that 
a  well  directed  continental  plan  of  colonization  would  meet 
the  disposition  of  the  Indian  tribes  and  succeed  in  prac- 
tice.95 But  Congress  responded  with  no  law. 

When  Congress  again  convened  on  December  3,  1827, 
there  was  a  brighter  prospect  for  the  adoption  of  some 
scheme  of  removal.  In  the  summer  of  1827  Thomas  McKen- 
ney had  made  a  tour  of  the  southern  States  in  the  interests 
of  removal  and  had  returned  confident  that  at  least  three  of 
the  principal  nations  in  the  South  were  disposed  to  emi- 
grate.96 The  results  of  his  investigation  were  summed  up 
by  the  Secretary  of  War  and  transmitted  to  Congress  in  the 
President's  annual  message.97  Another  stimulus  to  action 
was  found  in  the  person  of  Isaac  McCoy,  a  Baptist  mission- 
ary to  the  Pottawatomies  who  had  become  convinced  that 
removal  and  colonization  was  the  only  hopeful  solution 
of  the  Indian  problem  and  who  arrived  in  Washington  to 
lobby  for  that  purpose.98 

Early  in  the  session  the  House  Committee  on  Indian  Af- 
fairs took  into  consideration  a  plan  for  the  gradual  removal 
and  establishment  of  a  Territorial  government  for  all  the 
Indians.99  But  distracting  sectional  jealousy  robbed  the 
plan  of  its  national  scope  and  allowed  it  to  develop  into  an 
undignified  scramble  of  the  several  States  to  insure  their 
individual  accommodations.  The  Georgia  delegation  know- 
ing that  Georgia's  legislature  contemplated  extending  the 
State  jurisdiction  over  the  remaining  Cherokee  lands  in 
that  State  refused  to  consider  any  plan  which  did  not  have 

95  Souse  Documents,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  No.  28. 
wNiles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  XXXIII,  p.  274. 

97  'Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  p.  2789. 

98  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  p.  661 ;  Memoirs  of  John 
Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.  410;  McCoy's  History  of  Indian  Affairs,  p.  321; 
Remarks  on  the  Practicability  of  Indian  Reform  (Boston,  1827),  p.  25. 

99  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  pp.  819,  823. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  223 

peculiar  reference  to  Georgia.  The  Mississippi  delegation 
blocked  all  proposed  legislation  which  did  not  conform  to 
their  peculiar  needs.100  And  two  Eepresentatives  of  Ohio 
in  the  House,  Woods  and  Vinton,  intentionally  embarrassed 
the  proposition  —  the  former  because  he  opposed  any  plan 
of  inducing  the  Cherokees  to  emigrate  from  Georgia,  and 
the  latter  because  he  was  seized  by  a  fear  that  the  proposed 
Indian  Territory  might  be  so  placed  as  to  impede  the  ex- 
pansion of  Free-soil  territory.101  The  Delegate  from  Ar- 
kansas did  not  fail  to  denounce  all  proposals  for  removing 
the  Indians  in  the  direction  of  his  Territory.102  And  an  un- 
expected opposition  was  found  in  a  New  York  Representa- 
tive —  Henry  E.  Storrs  —  who  opposed  removal  to  the  West 
as  placing  "an  insuperable  bar  to  the  progress  of  emigra- 
tion, in  that  direction,  by  the  Whites  ".  A  sparse  and  un- 
civilized Indian  population,  he  contended,  should  never  hold 
these  lands  in  the  face  of  industrious  white  citizens  who 
would  turn  the  wilderness  into  fruitful  fields.103 

There  were  not  lacking,  however,  signs  that  the  day  for 
the  adoption  of  a  concerted  policy  was  about  to  come.  In 
June,  1828,  Barbour  was  sent  on  the  mission  to  England. 
He  was  succeeded  in  the  portfolio  of  War  by  Peter  B.  Por- 
ter of  western  New  York.  The  Indian  policy  of  the  new 
Secretary  forecasted  what  might  be  expected  when  would 
begin  the  inevitable  administration  of  the  Tennesseean 
whose  four  years  of  waiting  were  now  nearly  at  an  end. 
Porter  believed  that  the  missionaries  and  teachers  among 
the  Indian  tribes  were  defeating  the  efforts  of  the  Govern- 
ment agents  to  further  the  project  of  emigration.  He  rec- 

100  Note  the  wrangle  over  the  Indian  Appropriation  Bill. —  Eegister  of  De- 
bates, 1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  p.  1533  et  seq. 

101  Eegister  of  Delates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  pp.  1539,  1566,  1568-1584. 

102  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  p.  2494. 

103  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  p.  2482. 


224    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

ominended  that  Federal  «aid  to  the  cause  of  civilizing  the 
Indians  be  withdrawn  from  all  tribes  east  of  the  Mississippi 
and  be  expended  solely  upon  those  in  the  far  West.104  A 
similar  opinion  had  been  held  by  Cocke  who  was  chairman 
of  the  House  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs  in  the  eighteenth 
and  nineteenth  Congresses  and  who  once  reported  to  the 
House  that  the  failure  of  the  removal  policy  was  due  to  the 
obstinacy  of  the  Indians  arising  from  their  partial  civiliza- 
tion.105 

But  despite  these  manifestations  the  removal  policy  had 
not  gained  sufficient  momentum  to  call  for  a  definite  com- 
mittal on  the  part  of  Congress.  It  is  a  curious  commentary 
on  American  legislation  to  note  that  the  western  States  did 
not  attempt  to  conceal  their  true  motive  for  expelling  the 
Indians.  No  veil  was  thrown  over  the  thoughts  which  rose 
uppermost  in  the  minds  of  Congressmen  from  the  frontier. 
The  demands  of  western  communities  were  hid  under  no 
shabby  coats  of  hypocrisy.  It  was  seldom  if  ever  denied 
that  the  settlers  coveted  the  lands  of  "the  children  of  the 
forest".  White  of  Florida  referred  to  the  Seminoles  as  the 
Indians  "which  are  the  annoyance  of  my  constituents", 
and  Lumpkin  of  Georgia  declared  that  the  Cherokees  should 
learn  the  destiny  of  their  race,  namely,  to  flee  before  the 
face  of  civilization.106  An  Alabama  Representative  frankly 
pronounced  the  Indians  a  "curse  upon  the  newer  States".107 
Nor  were  there  lacking  Eastern  members  to  sympathize 

104  Register  of  Delates,  2nd  Session,  20th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  10. 

i°5  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  Indian  Commissioner  McKenney  reported  to 
Barbour,  in  1827,  that  all  teachers  of  Indian  schools  were  believed  to  be,  with 
a  single  exception,  in  favor  of  emigration  westward.  Concerning  the  effects  of 
becoming  civilized  in  prejudicing  the  Indians  against  removal  Cocke  was  right. 
Witness  for  instance  the  tenacity  with  which  the  most  civilized  tribe,  the  Cher- 
okees, clung  to  their  Georgian  lands. 

106  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  pp.  1537,  1587.     See  also 
1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1463. 

107  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  19th  Congress,  p.  838. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  225 

with  the  West.  A  Maryland  Eepresentative  declared  that 
he  had  seen  the  Indian  half-breed,  whose  hand  he  declared 
was  against  every  man  and  every  man's  hand  against  him; 
and  for  his  own  part  he  would  rather  have  him  "a  little 
farther  off".108  M'Duffie  of  South  Carolina  held  it  to  be 
"the  settled  opinion  of  a  large  majority  of  the  House,  that 
the  Indians  within  the  limits  of  our  settled  States  must  ei- 
ther be  induced  to  emigrate,  or  must  infallibly  sink  into  a 
state  of  indescribable  and  irretrievable  wretchedness. ' '  He 
considered  "the  idea  of  civilizing  and  educating  them  as 
wholly  delusive.  The  experiment  had  been  tried,  and  the 
result  had  proved,  that,  while  surrounded  by  the  whites,  the 
Indians  acquired  all  the  vices  of  a  civilized  People,  and  none 
of  their  virtues."109 

Strangely  enough  it  remained  for  a  western  Eepresen- 
tative to  suggest  at  this  time  that  the  pioneers  were  respon- 
sible for  the  sufferings  and  degradation  of  the  Indians.  In 
a  most  sarcastic  speech  Vinton  of  Ohio  declared  that  it 
would  ever  be  impossible  to  place  the  Indians  beyond  the 
pale  of  corruption. 

If  it  were  so  much  as  known  to  what  district  the  Indians  were  to 
remove,  no  matter  how  distant  the  country  ....  the  pio- 
neers would  be  there  in  advance  of  them;  men  of  the  most  aban- 
doned and  desperate  character,  who  hang  upon  the  Indians  to  de- 
fraud them.  You  cannot  run  away  from  these  men  nor  shut  them 
out  from  access  to  Indians,  scattered  over  the  wilderness ;  for,  with 
the  pioneers,  the  law  is  a  jest,  and  the  woods  their  element;  the 
farther  you  go  with  the  Indians,  with  just  so  much  more  impunity 
will  they  set  your  laws  at  defiance.110 

Harshly  stigmatizing  the  plan  of  colonization  as  "a  high 
handed  outrage  upon  humanity",  he  maintained  that  the 
Indians  were  fully  capable  of  civilization,  and  proposed  as 

108  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  p.  1566. 

109  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  p.  1540. 
no  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  20th  Congress,  p.  1579. 


226    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

an  absolute  solution  of  the  whole  matter  that  they  should 
be  granted  farms  in  fee  simple  like  the  settlers. 

Before  sectional  jealousies  and  diversity  of  opinion  the 
project  of  colonization  crumbled  again  with  the  adjourn- 
ment of  the  first  session  of  the  Twentieth  Congress.  Four 
sessions  had  now  opened  and  adjourned  since  Monroe  first 
asked  for  some  well-digested  plan  for  relieving  the  western 
States  of  their  Indian  encumbrance  and  preserving  the  In- 
dians from  the  inevitable  and  destructive  pressure  of  west- 
ern settlements.  Many  plans  had  been  suggested  but  none 
crystallized  into  law.  It  was  indeed  with  a  melancholy  but 
an  altogether  true  reflection  that  Adams  referred  to  the 
subject  in  his  last  annual  message.  "We  have  been  far 
more  successful ",  he  said,  "in  the  acquisition  of  their  lands 
than  in  imparting  to  them  the  principles,  or  inspiring  them 
with  the  spirit,  of  civilization. m11 

JACKSON  AND  THE   KEMOVAL  POLICY 

President  Adams,  although  deeply  interested  in  the  wel- 
fare of  the  Indians,  lacked  the  confidence  of  Congress  to 
inspire  any  far-reaching  solution  of  the  problem;  nor  is  it 
certain  that  he  had  any  definite  solution  in  mind.  It  re- 
mained to  the  President  of  the  eleventh  administration, 
filled  with  the  spirit  of  the  West,  to  grip  the  discordant 
clamors  of  sectional  interests  into  a  nation-wide  scheme: 
and  that  scheme  was  of  course  westward  removal. 

Jackson  understood  the  Indian  problem.  He  was  a 
Tennessee  pioneer,  educated  in  the  life  of  the  woods,  the 
prairies,  and  militia  camps.  His  military  prestige  rested 
as  well  upon  his  exploits  as  an  Indian  fighter  as  upon  his 
defense  of  New  Orleans  against  Pakenham.  In  three 
pitched  skirmishes  he  had  vanquished  the  Creeks,  and  the 
episodes  of  his  Seminole  campaign  were  household  stories. 

111  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  20th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  5. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  227 

As  an  Indian  commissioner  he  had  been  the  guardian  of 
many  tribes.  Four  important  treaties  with  Creeks,  Cher- 
okees, and  Chickasaws  he  had  negotiated  in  person.  There 
was  scarcely  an  Indian  community  in  the  South  but  had  en- 
dured his  chastisement  or  listened  to  his  talks.  Those  who 
had  accepted  his  advice  had  seldom  regretted  it ;  those  who 
had  repulsed  him  had  learned  to  rue  their  mistake.  But 
withal  Jackson  had  attained  a  reputation  for  justice.  In 
.some  peculiar  way  he  impressed  the  minds  of  his  savage 
wards  with  respect,  trust,  and  confidence.  His  election  as 
President  was  actually  hailed  by  the  Cherokees  with  re- 
joicing. 

The  first  year  of  the  new  administration  sufficed  to  show 
how  utterly  useless  were  their  hopes.  The  Cherokees  had 
attempted  to  establish  a  national  government  upon  their 
lands  within  the  State  of  Georgia.  The  President's  atti- 
tude toward  this  anomalous  Indian  organization  was  in- 
stantly hostile,  and  the  first  annual  message  in  December, 
1829,  minced  no  words  in  declaring  that  all  attempts  on  the 
part  of  the  Indians  to  erect  independent  governments  with- 
in States  would  be  rigidly  suppressed.  i '  It  is  too  late  to  in- 
quire", read  the  message,  "  whether  it  was  just  in  the 
United  States  to  include  them  and  their  territory  within 
the  bounds  of  new  States.  .  .  .  That  step  cannot  be  re- 
traced. A  State  cannot  be  dismembered  by  Congress,  or 
restricted  in  the  exercise  of  her  constitutional  power. m12 
But  in  order  to  render  a  tardy  justice  to  this  long  neglected 
race,  Jackson  resurrected  the  old  plan  of  an  Indian  district 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Despite  the  air  of  justice  which  pervaded  the  message 
there  was  one  sentence  which  to  Adams  men  wore  the  veil 
of  hypocrisy.  These  words  were :  "This  emigration  should 
be  voluntary :  for  it  would  be  as  cruel  as  unjust  to  compel 

112  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  Appendix,  pp.  15,  16. 


228    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  aborigines  to  abandon  the  graves  of  their  fathers,  and 
seek  a  home  in  a  distant  land."  From  any  charge  of  in- 
consistency, however,  Jackson  saved  himself  at  this  point 
by  the  admission  that  if  the  Indians  chose  to  remain  within 
the  limits  of  the  States  they  might  so  remain  providing 
they  be  subject  to  State  laws.  And  in  return  for  their  obedi- 
ence they  would  without  doubt,  thought  Jackson,  be  pro- 
tected in  the  enjoyment  of  those  "  possessions  which  they 
have  improved  by  their  industry. ' '  These  fair  words  could 
hardly  have  deceived  anyone  into  believing  that  Jackson's 
policy  was  any  other  than  a  force  policy.  Could  anyone 
doubt  the  true  meaning  of  the  closing  sentence  which  read  r 
"It  seems  to  me  visionary  to  suppose  that  .  .  .  . 
claims  can  be  allowed  on  tracts  of  country  on  which  they 
[the  Indians]  have  neither  dwelt  nor  made  improvements, 
merely  because  they  have  seen  them  from  the  mountain,  or 
passed  them  in  the  chase ' '. 

A  month  later  the  President's  attitude  was  tersely  inter- 
preted by  Governor  Cass  of  Michigan  Territory.  The  Pres- 
ident offers  them  a  country  beyond  the  Mississippi,  wrote 
the  frontier  governor  in  the  North  American  Review,  but 
those  who  refuse  to  migrate  must  submit  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  States.113  Congress  and  the  country  needed  no 
further  elucidation  of  the  Presidential  program. 

The  new  Congress  received  the  dictation  of  the  White 
House  with  a  willingness  that  boded  a  speedy  conclusion  to 
the  whole  matter.  The  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs  in 
both  houses  immediately  took  the  matter  into  consideration. 
Their  reports  might  easily  have  been  predicted  by  a  perusal 
of  their  membership.  Of  the  Senate  Committee,  Hugh  L. 
White  of  Tennessee  was  chairman,  and  his  four  colleagues- 

113  North  American  Review,  January,  1830,  Vol.  XXX,  p.  86.  This  article 
provoked  various  controversial  replies  among  which  may  be  noted  the  semi- 
religious  appeal  in  the  American  Monthly  Magazine  (Boston:  1829-1831)  Vol. 
I,  p.  701. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  229 

were  Troup  of  Georgia,  Hendricks  of  Indiana,  Benton  of 
Missouri,  and  Dudley  of  New  York.114  The  House  Com- 
mittee was  also  headed  by  a  Tennessee  member,  John  Bell ; 
and  his  colleagues  were  Gaither  of  Kentucky,  Lewis  of  Ala- 
bama, Storrs  of  Connecticut,  and  Hubbard  of  New  Hamp- 
shire.115 

On  February  22, 1830,  the  Senate  Committee  reported  an 
elaborate  argument  in  favor  of  removal,  and  a  bill  "to  pro- 
vide for  an  exchange  of  lands  ",116  Two  days  later  the 
House  Committee  made  its  report  accompanied  by  a  bill 
"to  provide  for  the  removal  of  the  Indian  tribes".117  The 
two  bills  were  practically  the  same;  and  since  the  Senate 
bill  was  passed  first  the  Committee  of  the  Whole  in  the 
lower  house  substituted  it  for  the  original  House  bill.118 
The  fact  could  not  long  be  concealed  from  the  Whigs  that 
the  leaders  of  the  Democrats  were  making  the  bill  a  party 
measure  and  that  the  friends  of  the  Administration  were 
pledged  to  support  it.119  Jackson  had  issued  his  pronuncia- 
mento :  the  Indians  must  be  removed.  That  fact  was  reason 
enough  for  the  Jacksonian  Democrats  to  vote  aye.  And  the 
votes  of  most  States  Eights  Democrats  might  certainly  be 
relied  upon  in  this  affair. 

The  crux  of  the  subject  was  contained  in  the  second  sec- 
tion of  the  bill.  It  empowered  the  President  to  exchange 
any  lands  occupied  by  Indian  nations  within  the  boundaries 
of  a  State  or  Territory  for  lands  beyond  the  Mississippi.120 

114  Journal  of  Senate,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  23. 

us  Journal  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  30. 

us  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  91.    Senate 
Documents,  No.  61. 

117  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  581. 

us  Journal  of  the  House,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  pp.  570,  648.    The  House 
asked  the  President  for  estimates  of  the  expense  of  removing  and  supporting 
the  Indians  west  of  the  Mississippi. —  House  Documents,  No.  91. 
'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  XXXVIII,  p.  402. 
'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  XXXVIII,  p.  234. 


\ 
230    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Not  one  word  of  coercion  was  employed.  To  all  outward 
appearances  the  act  called  for  voluntary  removal.  But  the 
friends  of  the  Indian  read  between  the  lines  and  found  there 
extortion,  force,  and  heartlessness.121  For  if  the  bill  be- 
came law,  would  not  its  executor  be  the  hero  of  the  Seminole 
Indian  War? 

The  philanthropists  of  the  East  were  now  fully  aware 
that  the  crisis  in  Indians  affairs  was  reached  and  about  to 
be  passed.  The  rise  or  fall  of  the  Administration's  Indian 
policy  was  to  be  determined  by  the  vote  on  Senator  White  's- 
bill.  And  if  at  first  there  was  any  doubt  as  to  what  this 
policy  was,  that  doubt  had  entirely  vanished  on  the  appear- 
ance of  the  bill.  Churches  and  benevolent  societies,  colleges 
and  villages  began  to  frame  protesting  petitions  by  the 
score.122  The  "friends  of  the  Indians "  had  studied  the 
able  articles  of  Jeremiah  Evarts  appearing  in  the  National 
Intelligencer  under  the  name  of  William  Penn.  "Cursed 
be  he,  that  removeth  his  neighbor's  landmark.  .  .  . 
Cursed  be  he  that  maketh  the  blind  to  wander  out  of  the 
way",  exclaimed  this  devoted  idealist;  and  the  New  England 
people  said  "Amen".123 

As  the  Opposition  were  convinced  that  the  inherent  evil 
of  the  bill  lay  more  in  the  drastic  manner  with  which  the 
pioneer  President  would  certainly  enforce  it  than  in  its  con- 
tents, so  the  delegations  from  Georgia,  Alabama,  and 
Mississippi  and  from  the  northwestern  States  saw  the  In- 
dians within  their  borders  disappear  before  the  iron  hand 
of  the  President  when  he  should  come  to  apply  the  second 
section.  Especially  did  the  Georgia  delegation  rejoice  that 
at  last  legal  means  for  disgorging  the  Cherokees  were  in 

121  Compare  Nile*'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  XXXVIII,  p.  67. 

122  Senate  Documents,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  NOB.  56,  66,  73,  74,  76,  77,, 
et  cetera;  House  Documents,  Nos.  253,  254,  et  cetera. 

123  Essays  on  the  Present  Crisis  in  the  Condition  of  the  American  Indian& 
(Boston:  1829),  p.  100. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  231 

sight  and  they  thereupon  lost  no  opportunity  to  maintain 
the  proposition  of  States  Eights  in  the  debate.124  The  case 
for  Georgia  was  strong.  Who  was  there  but  would  admit 
that  such  a  condition  as  the  erection  of  an  independent  In- 
dian government  within  the  borders  of  a  State  and  not  un- 
der the  jurisdiction  of  the  State  was  not  only  intolerable  but 
unconstitutional?  Constitutionally  there  could  not  be  an 
imperium  in  imperio.  But  what  if  the  Indians  resisted  the 
jurisdiction  of  civilization?  Could  there  then  be  a  better 
solution  to  the  whole  problem  than  to  remove  them  to  the 
far  West  —  gently  if  possible,  harshly  if  necessary?  In  the 
Senate  the  case  for  removal  was  tersely  stated  by  Forsyth 
of  Georgia,  White  of  Tennessee,  and  McKinley  of  Ala- 
bama.125 

Not  only  did  these  advocates  base  their  argument  upon 
State  Sovereignty,  but  they  also  flung  wide  the  doctrine  that 
removal  was  in  the  best  interests  of  the  "ill-fated  Indians. 'r 
Their  position  had  been  well  canvassed  in  the  committee  re- 
port itself.  How  can  Georgia  have  a  republican  form  of 
government,  read  this  document,  unless  a  majority  of  the 
citizens  subscribe  to  the  rules  to  which  all  must  conform? 
The  Indians  must  either  submit  to  State  law  or  they  must 
remove.  The  committee  apprehended  no  reason  that  any  of 
the  States  contemplated  forcing  them  to  abandon  the  coun- 
try in  which  they  dwelt,  should  they  subject  themselves  to 
the  laws  of  these  States.  But  obstinacy  on  the  part  of  the 
Indians  would,  the  committee  admitted,  result  only  in 
further  distress.126 

Frelinghuysen  of  New  Jersey  replied  for  the  Oppositionr 
and  he  was  ably  supported  by  Sprague  of  Maine  and  Eob- 

124  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  325  et  seq. 

125  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  pp.  305,   324,  325,  377r 
381. 

126  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  Appendix,  pp.  91-98. 


232    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

bins  of  Rhode  Island.127  *  Their  speeches,  while  maintaining 
a  dignified  reserve,  were  nevertheless  scathing  criticisms  of 
both  the  doctrine  of  State  Sovereignty  and  of  Georgia's  at- 
tempt to  oust  the  Indians  from  their  lands.  That  the  claim 
of  the  Cherokees  outdated  the  Constitution  was  their  prin- 
cipal contention. 

In  the  end  the  bill  passed  the  Senate.128  Webster  and 
Clayton  were  among  the  nineteen  who  voted  in  the  nega- 
tive, although  neither  spoke  at  length  against  the  bill. 
From  the  beginning  of  the  session  the  result  had  been  evi- 
dent although  the  Opposition,  small  as  it  was,  had  been  so 
persistent  as  to  cause  much  anxiety  to  Judge  White.  On 
April  28th,  the  Chairman  expressed  his  relief  in  writing  to 
a  friend  in  these  words : 

The  Bill  to  provide  for  a  removal  of  the  Indians  west  of  the 
Mississippi  has  finally  passed  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  28  to  19.  This 
has  taken  off  my  mind  a  burthen  which  has  been  oppressive  from 
the  commencement  of  the  session.  I  hope  it  may  pass  the  other 
House. 

Cold  as  the  notice  taken  of  our  exertions  in  the  Telegraph  is,  no 
Georgian  nor  Tennessean  will  ever  be  mortified  by  hearing  the  de- 
bate spoken  of,  if  truth  be  told.  We  had,  I  think,  in  the  estimation 
of  all  intelligent  men,  at  least  as  much  ascendancy  in  the  argument 
as  we  had  in  the  vote.  As  good  fortune  would  have  it,  Judge  Over- 
ton,  Collingsworth,  district  attorney  of  West  Tennessee,  Major 
Armstrong,  and  many  others  from  different  quarters,  were  present, 
and  know  that  our  side  was  sustained  in  a  style  which  gratified  our 
friends,  and  mortified  our  enemies.129 

While  congratulating  himself  upon  the  ascendancy  of  the 
Administration's  argument,  Judge  White  rejoiced  that  his 
bill  had  escaped  the  lime-light  of  the  Webster-Hayne  de- 

127  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  pp.  305,  343,  374. 

128  Journal  of  the  Senate,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  268. 

129  Scott 's  Memoir  of  Hugh  Lawson  White,  p.  270.     The  newspaper  referred 
to,  the  Telegraph,  was  the  organ  published  by  Duff  Green  in  the  interests  of 
Calhoun. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  233 

bate.  In  the  lower  house,  on  the  other  hand,  he  had  more 
to  fear.  Here  the  opposition  was  to  be  more  intense.  The 
sharp  discussion  was  such  as  might  be  expected  from  a 
party  measure.  On  May  13th  the  debate  began  in  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Whole.130  Bell  of  Tennessee,  Lumpkin, 
Wayne,  and  Wilde  of  Georgia  contended  with  Bates  of 
Massachusetts,  Edward  Everett  of  Massachusetts,  Storrs 
and  Judge  Spencer  of  New  York,  and  Evans  of  Maine. 
Storrs  in  a  logical  speech  pointed  out  the  usurpation 
of  the  President  when  he  refused  protection  to  the  Cher- 
okee nation  from  the  Georgia  laws  of  1828.131  By  this 
action,  Storrs  maintained,  the  President  had  (without 
consulting  Congress)  not  only  admitted  the  sovereignty 
of  the  State  of  Georgia,  but  also  virtually  nullified  the  Fed- 
eral intercourse  laws  and  denied  the  validity  of  Indian 
treaties  solemnly  ratified  by  the  Senate.  The  Executive  has 
no  power,  declared  Storrs,  to  abrogate  treaties  "by  an  or- 
der in  council",  or  to  "give  the  force  of  law  to  an  executive 
proclamation. " 

Everett  adroitly  confronted  the  argument  that  removal 
would  improve  the  condition  of  Georgia  Indians  by  an  em- 
barrassing question.  What  benefit  would  accrue  to  the  al- 
ready civilized  Cherokees  to  be  driven  from  "their  houses, 
their  farms,  their  schools  and  churches ' '  to  lead  a  wander- 
ing and  savage  life  in  the  wilderness?132  He  produced  evi- 
dence to  show  the  advanced  stage  of  civilization  attained  by 
the  Cherokees,  and  attempted  to  prove  that  the  Choctaws 
and  Chickasaws  were  not  far  behind  them.  Wilde  of 
Georgia  answered  Everett  with  an  argument  similar  to  that 
displayed  in  the  report  of  the  Senate  committee.  He  main- 
tained that  Georgia  would  not  object  to  permitting  the 

130  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  988. 

131  Register  of  Debates,  lit  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  1000. 

132  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  1069. 

VOL.  IX — 17 


• 


234    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Cherokees  to  remain  and  occupy  such  land  as  they  could 
cultivate,  provided  they  submitted  "in  obedience  to  our 
laws,  like  other  citizens.  "133  But  what  right  had  the  Cher- 
okees under  the  present  conditions  to  impede  progress  by 
refusing  their  lands  for  settlement?  If  five-sixths  of  the 
Cherokee  lands  in  Georgia  were  ceded  there  would  yet  re- 
main one  thousand  acres  to  every  Indian  family.  Foster  of 
Georgia  further  expanded  the  idea  of  the  Indian  obstruction 
to  the  progress  of  civilization.134  They  possessed,  he  main- 
tained, no  national  sovereignty:  their  title  to  lands  was 
based  strictly  on  occupancy.  So  far  he  did  not  exceed  the 
opinion  of  the  Supreme  Court  delivered  by  Justice  Marshall 
in  the  case  of  Johnson  vs.  Mclntosh.135  But  since  that  court 
declined  to  '  *  enter  into  the  controversy,  whether  agricultur- 
ists, merchants,  and  manufacturers,  have  a  right,  on  ab- 
stract principles,  to  expel  hunters  from  the  territory  they 
possessed,  or  to  contract  their  limits  "  it  was  necessary  for 
the  Georgia  Kepresentative  to  outdistance  the  Federal  Ju- 
diciary when  he  proceeded  to  the  last  conclusions  of  his  ar- 
gument, namely :  the  Indians  had  no  rightful  claim  upon  the 
vacant  lands  surrounding  them.  And  to  the  support  of  this 
conclusion  Foster  called  no  less  an  authority  than  the  late 
President  himself.  Three  decades  before  Adams,  in  an  ora- 
tion delivered  at  the  Anniversary  of  the  Landing  of  the  Pil- 
grims, had  given  the  clearest  expressions  on  this  moral 
question,  when  he  said : 

The  Indian  right  of  possession  itself  stands  with  regard  to  the 
greatest  part  of  the  country,  upon  a  questionable  foundation.  Their 
cultivated  fields;  their  constructed  habitations;  a  space  of  ample 
sufficiency  for  their  subsistence,  and  whatever  they  had  annexed 
to  themselves  by  personal  labor,  was  undoubtedly  by  the  laws  of 

133  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  1095. 

134  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  1030  et  seq. 
is.".  8  Wheaton  543. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  235 

nature  theirs.  But  what  is  the  right  of  a  huntsman  to  the  forest  of 
a  thousand  miles  over  which  he  has  accidentally  ranged  in  quest  of 
prey  ?  Shall  the  liberal  bounties  of  Providence  to  the  race  of  man 
be  monopolized  by  one  of  ten  thousand  for  whom  they  were  cre- 
ated? Shall  the  exuberant  bosom  of  the  common  mother,  amply 
adequate  to  the  nourishment  of  millions,  be  claimed  exclusively  by 
a  few  hundreds  of  her  offspring  ?  Shall  the  lordly  savage  not  only 
disdain  the  virtues  and  enjoyments  of  civilization  himself,  but  shall 
he  controul  the  civilization  of  a  world  ?  Shall  he  forbid  the  wilder- 
ness to  blossom  like  the  rose?  .  .  .  No,  generous  philanthro- 
pists! Heaven  has  not  been  thus  inconsistent  in  the  works  of  its 
hands  !  Heaven  has  not  thus  placed  at  irreconcileable  strife,  its  mor- 
al laws  with  its  physical  creation.136 

All  the  debates  for  the  last  score  of  years  had  never  ex- 
hibited a  more  beautiful  argument  for  Indian  expulsion. 
Was  the  contempt  of  Georgia  for  the  Cherokees  better  ex- 
pressed than  by  the  words,  "  lordly  savages  "?  Should  the 
"liberal  bounties  of  Providence  "  —  one-third  of  the  fair 
Georgia  —  be  conferred  upon  a  meagre  Indian  population, 
while  civilization  chafed  in  constrained  limits?  And  should 
philanthropists  forbid  the  wilderness  to  blossom  like  the 
rose  1  No,  generous  philanthropists  ! 

Throwing  sarcasm  to  the  winds  Foster  's  speech  discussed 
the  question  from  the  broadest  view-point.  No  matter  how 
much  his  opponents  might  yearn  to  prove  that  '  '  the  superior 
title  of  civilization  "  could  never  override  the  original 
claims  of  the  natives,  few  were  so  bold  as  to  attempt  this 
impossible  argument.  Evans,  however,  did  declare  that  civ- 
ilization should  never  demand  that  savages  give  space  until 
its  borders  were  full  to  over-flowing  —  which  certainly  was 
not  the  case  in  Georgia  nor  in  the  Middle  West.137 

But  the  fate  of  the  bill  was  to  be  decided  by  party  votes 
and  not  by  argument.  On  the  18th  of  May  the  Committee  of 


Oration  Delivered  at  Plymouth,  December  22,  1802  (Boston:   1802), 
p.  23  ;  Register  of  Delates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  1031. 
137  Register  of  Delates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  1043. 


236    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  Whole  House  reported  the  Senate  bill  with  amendments. 
These  were  accepted,  and  on  the  26th  the  bill  passed  by  a 
vote  of  103  to  97  and  returned  to  the  Senate.138  For  the 
minority,  defeated  by  six  votes,  there  was  nothing  left  but 
to  "record  the  exposure  of  perfidy  and  tyranny  of  which 
the  Indians  are  to  be  made  the  victims,  and  to  leave  the  pun- 
ishment of  it  to  Heaven ",  Adams  furiously  wrote  in  his. 
diary.139 

On  the  same  day  the  amendments  from  the  House  were 
considered  in  the  Senate.  In  the  upper  chamber  the  attitude 
was  plainly  intolerant  of  further  discussion.  Prompt  con- 
currence in  the  relatively  unimportant  amendments  was  the 
ruling  sentiment.  But  Frelinghuysen  seized  this  last  oppor- 
tunity to  move  an  amendment  providing  that  all  tribes, 
should  be  protected  from  State  encroachment  until  they 
chose  to  remove.140  It  was  voted  down.  Another  amend- 
ment by  Sprague  to  the  effect  that  all  existing  treaties 
should  be  executed  according  to  the  original  intent  was 
promptly  rejected.  Likewise  was  Clayton's  proposal  that 
the  act  extend  only  to  the  Georgia  Indians.141  The  Senate 
thereupon  concurred  in  the  House  amendments.  The  Presi- 
dent attached  his  signature  on  the  28th  of  May,  and  the  bill 
facilitating  Executive  expulsion  of  Indians  from  the  South 
and  Middle  West  became  a  law.142 

Such  was  the  victory  of  the  removal  scheme  under  the 
leadership  of  Jackson.  The  project  long  entertained  by  Jef- 
ferson, Monroe,  Calhoun,  and  Barbour  was  at  last  consum- 
mated by  a  short  act  of  eight  briefly  worded  sections.  As  a 
measure  to  relieve  the  frontier  of  its  encumbering  Indian 

iss  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  1135. 

139  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  206.     The  speeches  in  this- 
debate  were  collected  into  book  form  and  published  at  Boston  in  1830. 

140  Journal  of  the  Senate,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  328. 

141  Journal  of  the  Senate,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  329. 

142  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IV,  p.  411. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS 


population  it  was  all  that  might  be  asked;  for  it  granted 
carte  blanche  to  an  energetic  President  —  himself  a  man  of 
the  frontier.  And  no  one  doubted  how  he  would  use  his 
newly  granted  power.143  But  as  a  measure  to  promote  the 
civilization  of  the  removed  aborigines  it  was  an  engine  of 
destruction.  The  Indian  Territory  of  Monroe,  Calhoun,  and 
Barbour  had  crumbled  into  dust. 

In  despair  the  Cherokee  delegation  at  Washington  came 
to  Webster  and  Freylinghuysen  for  personal  advice:  they 
were  counselled  to  expect  no  relief  from  the  legislature. 
Their  last  resource,  said  their  counsellors  and  friends,  lay 
in  petitioning  the  Supreme  Court.  And  this  advice  they  ac- 
cepted.144 

With  the  appeal  of  the  Cherokees  to  the  judicial  depart- 
ment the  problem  concerning  the  removal  of  this  nation 
passed  for  a  time  from  legislative  consideration.  The 
Cherokee  question,  indeed  the  question  of  removal  of  all 
tribes,  as  far  as  Congress  was  concerned,  was  settled  by  the 
act  of  May  28,  1830.  Whether  the  Judicial  Department 
would  decide  against  the  removal  of  the  Cherokees  and 
whether  the  Executive  would  enforce  any  such  decision  if  it 
were  rendered  were  questions  outside  of  legislative  com- 
petence. 

AN  INDIAN  TEEKITOEY  IN  THE  WEST 

The  inadequacy  of  the  Act  of  1830  in  disposing  of  the  In- 
dians after  they  had  emigrated  beyond  the  Mississippi  was 

143  in  1836  John  Boss,  the  principal  chief  of  the  Cherokees,  in  a  memorial  to 
Congress,  said  concerning  the  act  of  May,  1830 :  ' '  That  law,  though  not  so  de- 
signed by  Congress,  has  been  the  source  from  which  much  of  the  Cherokee  suf- 
ferings have  come." — Executive  Documents,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  No. 
266,  p.  9. 

For  an  account  of  how  Jackson  used  his  power,  see  Abel's  Indian  Consolida- 
tion in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical  Association,  1906,  Vol.  I, 
p.  381  et  seq. 

I**  Kennedy's  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  William  Wirt,  Vol.  II,  p.  254. 


238    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

apparent  to  even  the  uninterested.  The  friends  of  the  In-* 
dians  confidently  expected  more  congressional  action,  and 
the  several  years  following  were  full  of  proposals  of  all 
sorts.145  Even  before  the  birth  of  the  act  of  1830  Secretary 
Eaton  had  recommended  the  establishment  of  an  Indian 
Territory  in  his  first  report  of  December,  1829.146  But  the 
emphasis  of  the  Executive  had  been  so  emphatically  upon 
removal  that  the  complete  program  of  the  Government  had 
been  overlooked. 

By  1832  the  confusion  of  Indian  affairs  in  the  West  could 
scarcely  be  further  overlooked.  Congress  resorted  to  the 
expedient  of  providing  a  commission  to  examine  the  appor- 
tioning of  tribes  to  lands  in  the  West  and  to  arrange  the 
quarrels  among  the  various  tribes.  To  these  duties  was  also 
added  that  of  preparing  a  plan  for  Indian  improvement  and 
government.147  In  short  the  commission  was  to  devise  a  so- 
lution of  the  whole  matter. 

By  this  time  had  occurred  the  resignation  of  Jackson's 
first  cabinet.  Lewis  Cass  who  had  interpreted  the  Presi- 
dent's Indian  policy  in  1830  now  succeeded  Eaton  as  Secre- 
tary of  War.  Cass  already  had  his  solution  in  mind.  Eight- 
een years  of  governing  both  the  settlers  and  Indians  of 
Michigan  Territory  had  convinced  him  that  the  visions  of 
Calhoun  and  Barbour  of  an  Indian  State  were  as  vain  as  the 
tower  of  Babel.148  In  his  first  report  as  Secretary  he 

145  The  Reverend  Isaac  McCoy,  a  Baptist  missionary  to  the  western  Indians, 
commenced  in  1835  the  publication  of  an  Annual  Register  of  Indian  Affairs  as 
an  organ  for  advocating  reform.     McCoy's  plan  embraced  the  establishment  of 
an  Indian  Territory. 

Among  other  plans  from  different  sources,  should  be  noticed  that  proposing 
the  assignment  in  severalty  of  lands  belonging  to  the  emigrating  tribes. — 
Senate  Documents,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  No.  425. 

1 46  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  28. 

147  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IV,  p.  595. 

148  For  eighteen  years,  1813-1831,  Cass  was  Governor  of  Michigan  Territory. 
The  Governor  was  also  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs  for  the  Territory.     In 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  239 

summed  up  his  conclusions  in  regard  to  the  proper  regula- 
tion of  the  Indians  who  had  emigrated.149  Laying  down  as 
his  first  proposals  the  platitudes  that  the  reservations  in  the 
West  should  be  permanent,  that  whiskey  should  never  be 
sold  within  the  reservations,  and  that  military  forces  should 
preserve  peace  on  the  borders,  he  proceeded  to  establish  the 
proposition  that  the  ownership  in  severalty  of  property  and 
the  pursuit  of  agriculture  should  be  encouraged,  although 
the  peculiar  tribal  relations  and  institutions  of  the  Indians- 
should  not  be  disturbed.  These  practical  considerations  of 
Indian  conditions  quite  discredited  any  idea  of  an  Indian 
State  as  idealistic  and  visionary.  Coming  as  they  did  from 
one  so  well  versed  in  frontier  affairs  as  was  Secretary  Cass 
they  carried  more  than  ordinary  conviction.  In  spite  of 
many  plans  of  the  next  few  years  they  remained  substan- 
tially the  policy  of  the  Government  for  almost  half  a  cen- 
tury. 

The  proposals  made  by  the  Commissioners  of  1832  de- 
serve, on  the  other  hand,  some  attention.  Their  long  await- 
ed report  was  ready  in  the  first  session  of  the  Twenty-third 
Congress.  The  remedy  proposed  therein  was  a  Territorial 
government  for  the  Indians.150  On  May  20, 1834,  these  pro- 
posals took  concrete  form  when  Horace  Everett  of  Vermont, 
from  the  House  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs,  reported 
three  bills  —  the  work  of  the  Commission.  One  bill  assayed 
to  reorganize  the  whole  Department  of  Indian  Affairs; 
one  to  regulate  trade  and  intercourse  with  the  Indians; 

this  office  the  success  of  Cass  as  guardian  of  the  Indians  is  highly  praised. — 
McLaughlin's  Lewis  Cass,  p.  131. 

i4»  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  22nd  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  14.  In 
1838,  Hugh  L.  White,  who  from  the  year  1828  to  1840  was  chairman  of  the 
Senate  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs  reported  to  the  Senate  that  the  assign- 
ment of  Indian  lands  in  severalty  was  unwise. —  Senate  Documents,  2nd  Session,, 
25th  Congress,  No.  425. 

«o  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  23rd  Congress,  Appendix,   p.    10. 


240    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

and  the  third  to  establish  a  Western  Territory  for  the 
Indians.151 

The  Trade  and  Intercourse  Bill  defined  the  "  Indian  coun- 
try "  as  that  part  of  the  United  States  west  of  the  Mississip- 
pi and  not  within  the  States  of  Missouri  and  Louisiana, 
or  the  Territory  of  Arkansas,  and  also  all  lands  east  of  the 
Mississippi  to  which  the  Indian  title  had  not  been  extin- 
guished. Over  this  country  it  extended  regulations  similar 
to  the  Trade  and  Intercourse  Law  of  1802  providing  that 
traders  should  be  licensed,  that  intruders  and  settlers  should 
be  removed  by  military  force,  and  that  the  country  west  of 
the  Mississippi  for  legal  purposes  should  be  attached,  part 
to  the  Territory  of  Arkansas  and  part  to  the  judicial  district 
of  Missouri.  The  first  two  bills  passed  both  houses,  al- 
though late  in  the  session,  and  were  presented  to  the  Presi- 
dent upon  the  last  day.152 

The  third  bill  —  the  only  really  new  feature  of  the  Com- 
missioners '  work  —  met  instant  opposition  in  the  House  and 
was  tabled.153  It  proposed  to  establish  a  Western  Territory 
for  the  Indians  (who  should  be  organized  into  a  confedera- 
tion of  tribes)  which  should  enjoy  the  right  of  a  Delegate  to 
Congress.  Ultimate  admission  as  a  State  might  be  the  log- 
ical outcome  of  this  arrangement.  Congress  was  not  ready 
for  any  such  solution  nor  were  the  western  members  willing 
to  block  the  expansion  of  the  West  by  a  permanent  Indian 
Territory  such  as  the  bill  proposed.  The  excuse  for  tabling, 
and  undoubtedly  the  chief  reason  for  the  moment,  was  lack 
of  time  for  discussion.154 

isi  Register  of  Delates,  1st  Session,  23rd  Congress,  p.  4200.  Everett  ac- 
companied the  bills  by  a  scholarly  report  of  his  own  composition. —  See  Reports 
of  Committees,  Vol.  IV,  No.  474. 

152  Journal  of  the  House,  1st  Session,  23rd  Congress,  pp.  852,  911,  912,  915, 
916;  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  729,  735. 

153  Journal  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  1st  Session,  23rd  Congress,  p. 
834;  Register  of  Debates,  p.  4779. 

154  Note  Archer's  speech. —  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  23rd  Congress, 
p.  4775.    Niles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  XL VI,  p.  317. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  241 

For  several  sessions  following  this  first  attempt  Everett 
and  Senator  John  Tipton  of  Indiana  introduced  bills  for  an 
Indian  Territory.  All  failed  to  become  law,  although  Tip- 
ton's  bill  actually  passed  the  Senate  in  two  succeeding  ses- 
sions.155 

The  Executive  stimulus  to  removal  having  been  so  ef- 
fective, what  now  were  the  Executive  plans  in  regard  to  civ- 
ilization of  the  Indians  in  their  new  homes  ?  Naturally  one 
turns  to  Jackson.  In  the  annual  message  of  1829  which  pre- 
ceded the  train  of  debates  leading  up  to  the  act  of  May, 
1830,  Jackson  distinctly  suggested  the  plan  of  separate 
tribal  governments  on  allotted  lands  in  the  West,  with 
enough  supervision  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  to  pre- 
serve peace  and  to  protect  the  Indians  from  intruders.156 
Jackson  evidently  gave  no  favor  to  the  Utopian  proposals 
for  a  united  Indian  State,  although  his  message  of  De- 
cember 3, 1833,  indicates  a  disposition  open  to  conviction  on 
this  subject  since  he  tells  Congress  that  he  awaits  the  report 

155  in  February,  1835,  Everett '»  bill  was  taken  from  the  table,  half-heartedly 
debated,  and  then  dropped. —  Eegister  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  23rd  Congress, 
pp.  1445,  1462.    On  February  19,  1836,  Everett  reported  for  the  second  time  a 
bill. —  Journal  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p. 
369.    Again  in  1837  he  reported  a  third  bill. —  Journal  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, 2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  325.    His  fourth  bill  was  introduced 
in  the  year  1838. —  Journal  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  2nd  Session,  25th 
Congress,  p.  330. 

In  the  session  of  1835-1836,  Tipton  introduced  a  bill  supplementary  to  the 
removal  act  of  May,  1830.  This  bill  omitted  many  details  contained  in  the 
House  bill,  outlining  a  more  general  plan.  An  amiable  report  accompanied  it. 
—  Senate  Documents,  No.  246;  Annual  Register  of  Indian  Affairs,  1837,  p.  71. 
The  bill  failed. —  Journal  of  the  Senate,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  220.  In 
the  next  session  Tipton 's  bill  was  again  introduced. —  Journal  of  the  Senate, 
2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  31. 

Again  in  1838  Tipton  introduced  another  bill. —  Journal  of  the  Senate,  2nd 
Session,  25th  Congress,  pp.  367,  385.  This  bill  passed  the  Senate,  but  failed  in 
the  House.  Again,  being  introduced  in  the  next  session,  the  Senate  passed  the 
bill,  but  it  never  came  to  a  vote  in  the  House. —  Journal  of  the  Senate,  3rd 
Session,  25th  Congress,  pp.  35,  272. 

156  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  16. 


242    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

and  recommendations  of  the  Commissioners  then  examining 
western  affairs.157  It  is  difficult  to  see  how  this  Commission 
could  much  enlighten  the  President.  His  detailed  knowl- 
edge of  Indian  affairs  and  Indian  nature  has  ever  been  a 
matter  of  fame.  Be  that  as  it  may,  the  President  desired 
some  definite  system  of  government.  As  to  what  this  should 
be  the  awkward  phrases  of  his  message  of  December  7, 1835, 
indicate  some  vagueness  on  his  part.158  To  regulate  the  In- 
dian affairs  of  the  far  West  from  Washington  was  a  difficult 
matter.  But  the  real  need  of  the  emigrant  Indians  was  un- 
doubtedly protection  and  competent  supervision  by  honest 
government  agents  resident  among  the  tribes  rather  than 
any  scheme  of  united  Territorial  government.  If  all  Indian 
Agents  in  the  West  had  been  men  of  Jackson's  type  order 
would  have  been  created  out  of  chaos  and  the  bitter  criti- 
cisms of  Calhoun  would  have  been  unfounded.159 

While  the  Government  was  faltering  in  the  choice  of  an 
Indian  policy,  projects  from  all  sides  were  never  lacking. 
Horace  Everett  in  the  House  desired  a  western  Territory 
and  perhaps  its  future  admission  as  a  State.  Similar  but 
less  definite  views  were  championed  in  the  Senate  by  Tipton 
of  Indiana.  The  Eeverend  Mr.  McCoy  was  ever  urging  a 
definite  system  of  colonization  and  intertribal  government ; 
while  Forsyth  of  Georgia  presented  a  plan  by  which  all  In- 
dians should  become  citizens  in  the  year  1900.160  But  the 
problem  was  so  baffling,  the  previous  efforts  at  civilization 
so  often  discouraging,  that  Senator  Bobbins  might  well  ex- 
claim: "111  fated  Indians!  barbarism  and  attempts  at  civi- 

157  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  23rd  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  6. 

iss  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  10. 

159  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1459. 

iso  Annual  Register  of  Indian  Affairs,  1838 ;  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Ses- 
sion, 25th  Congress,  pp.  566,  579;  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Con- 
gress, p.  327. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  243 

lization  are  alike  fatal  to  your  rights ;  but  attempts  at  civi- 
lization the  more  fatal  of  the  two."161 

The  administration  of  Van  Buren  was  a  wet  blanket  to  all 
proposals  for  an  Indian  government.  Not  that  the  Presi- 
dent was  hostile  to  an  Indian  Territory,  for  he  continually 
reminded  Congress  of  the  need  therefor.162  But  neither 
Van  Buren  nor  his  immediate  advisers  were  interested  to 
the  extent  of  making  definite  recommendations.  Tacitly  the 
bills  of  Everett  and  Tipton  had  the  Administration  support ; 
but  curiously  enough  they  were  opposed  by  Benton  as  well 
as  by  Calhoun,  while  Clay  never  loaned  his  eloquence  to 
their  cause.  Why  should  the  most  talented  champions  of 
Indian  rights  hold  themselves  aloof?  The  probable  con- 
jecture is  that  both  Clay  and  Calhoun  considered  the  project 
futile. 

The  year  1839  was  not  the  end  of  proposals  for  an  Indian 
government.  Individual  schemes  were  often  projected,  but 
never  again  did  any  bill  similar  to  Tipton 's  or  to  Everett's 
pass  either  branch  of  Congress.163 

INDIAN  WAES  OF  THE  DECADE  1830-1840 

It  was  soon  after  the  termination  of  the  Seminole  Indian 
War  that  Congress  reduced  the  army  of  the  United  States 
to  six  thousand  men.  This  was  during  the  session  of  1820- 
1821.  Clay,  who  was  ever  an  advocate  of  the  employment 
of  militia  in  preference  to  a  standing  army,  led  the  senti- 
ment in  favor  of  reduction.164  A  desire  on  the  part  of  Dem- 
ocratic members  to  retrench  public  expenditures  induced 

161  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  21st  Congress,  p.  377. 

162  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  7 ;  also  3rd  Session, 
25th  Congress,  p.  7. 

IBS  For  the  later  history  of  these  efforts,  see  Abel 's  Proposals  for  an  Indian 
State  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical  Association,  1907,  Vol. 
I,  p.  99  et  seq. 

164  Annals  of  Congress,  1st   Session,  16th  Congress,  p.  2233. 


244    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

them  to  follow  Clay.  The  proposal  was  quite  unopposed. 
Floyd  of  Virginia,  who  for  two  sessions  had  been  advo- 
cating the  military  occupation  of  Oregon,  spoke  for  the  re- 
duction bill.165  Even  western  members  declared  that  a 
small  army  was  sufficient  for  the  protection  of  the  frontier 
if  supported  by  the  local  militia. 

Trimble  of  Kentucky  went  into  an  elaborate  discussion 
to  show  that  the  line  of  forts  from  Michilimackinack  to  New 
Orleans  formed  a  " cordon''  of  sufficient  strength  for  the  pi- 
oneers and  was  far  superior  to  the  protection  of  the  frontier 
in  the  year  1802.  He  claimed  that  the  pioneer  settlements 
now  were  stronger  than  those  in  the  early  days  of  the  cen- 
tury, and  that  the  Indians  of  the  West  had  become  less 
numerous  and  less  warlike.166  Cannon  of  Tennessee  could 
not  refrain  from  delivering  a  eulogium  upon  the  superiority 
of  militia  organized  from  the  " hardy  sons  of  the  West".167 
Such  argument  cannot  but  raise  the  suspicion  that  west- 
erners were  better  pleased  to  execute  the  Indian  trade  and 
intercourse  laws  with  their  own  hands  than  to  submit  to  the 
more  impartial  supervision  of  regular  army  officers.  As  it 
was  the  bill  passed  both  houses  with  large  majorities.168 

As  if  to  further  relax  the  Government's  control  on  the 
frontier,  the  factory  system  was  abolished  the  next  year. 
This  department  had  been  established  in  1796  upon  the 
recommendation  of  Washington.  Its  object  was  to  counter- 
act the  influence  of  Canadian  fur  traders  and  to  control  and 
protect  the  Indians  by  maintaining  trading  posts  where  the 
Indians  might  exchange  their  furs  for  goods  at  cost.169 

165  Annals  of  Congress,  2nd  Session,  16th  Congress,  p.  891. 

166  Annals  of  Congress,  2nd  Session,  16th  Congress,  p.  879. 
i6r  Annals  of  Congress,  2nd  Session,  16th  Congress,  p.  136. 

168  Annals  of  Congress,  2nd  Session,  16th  Congress,  pp.  936,  379;  Niles' 
Weekly  Eegister,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  75. 

i6»  Richardson's  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents,  Vol.  I,  p.  185. 
Benton's  Thirty  Tears'  View,  Vol.  I,  p.  21. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  245 

The  move  against  the  department  was  by  Benton.  He  ac- 
cused the  factors  of  i '  scandalous  abuse ' ',  and  characterized 
the  system  as  a  means  "to  make  the  West  purchase  from 
the  East".  Benton  proposed  that  the  trade  be  left  entirely 
in  private  hands.170  His  bill  passed  both  houses,  provok- 
ing debate  in  neither,  save  a  most  violent  speech  by  a  Ken- 
tucky representative  who  proposed  to  repeal  all  acts  at- 
tempting to  civilize  the  Indians.171 

In  Congress  little  attention  was  thereafter  given  to  de- 
fenses of  the  northwestern  frontier.  Nor  was  there  any 
great  need  of  such  defenses  since  peaceful  conditions  on 
the  whole  prevailed  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  episode 
known  as  the  Black  Hawk  War.172  Hostilities  began  in 
the  summer  of  1831.  In  the  following  session  of  Congress 
the  condition  of  the  Northwest  received  consideration  and 
was  the  occasion  of  several  eulogiums  on  behalf  of  the  west- 
ern people  by  western  Congressmen.  Senator  Tipton  of 
Indiana  declared  that  the  pioneers  could  not  be  blamed  if 
they  exterminated  all  the  Indians  from  Tippecanoe  to  the 
Mississippi,  unless  the  Government  more  energetically 
undertook  the  defense  of  the  frontier.  He  said: 

It  is  our  duty,  in  self-defence,  to  do  this  [i.  e.  exterminate  the 
Indians] ;  and,  after  it  is  done,  let  me  not  be  told,  you  Western  peo- 
ple are  savages;  you  murdered  the  poor  Indians.  Do  gentlemen 
expect  us  to  beg  the  lives  of  our  families  upon  our  knees?  .  .  . 
Congress  will  adjourn  in  a  few  days;  and  when  we  return  to  our 
people,  and  tell  them  that  we  have  done  all  in  our  power  to  procure 
men  for  their  defence,  and  have  failed,  then,  sir,  our  constituents 
know  what  to  do,  and  upon  you,  not  upon  us,  be  the  charge  of  what 
follows;  for  these  wars  will  be  brought  to  a  close  in  the  shortest 
possible  way.173 

170  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  17th  Congress,  p.  317  et  seq. 
*71  Annals  of  Congress,  1st  Session,  17th  Congress,  p.  1801. 
172  For  an  account  of  the  war,  see  Stevens 's  The  Black  Hawlc  War. 
ITS  Register  of  Delates,  1st  Session,  22nd  Congress,  p.  1075.     This  was  the 
same  Senator  Tipton  who  later  advocated  a  Western  Territory  for  the  Indians. 


. 


246    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Again  Senator  Tipton  declared: 

We  must  sweep  these  people  [the  Indians]  from  existence,  or 
keep  them  peaceable.  ...  No  one  can  imagine  the  distress  that 
an  alarm  on  the  frontier  produces,  without  witnessing  it.  Those 
who  are  at  the  point  of  attack,  flee  with  their  families ;  those  next  in 
the  rear,  though  more  secure,  are  not  safe.  No  man  can  leave  his 
own  family  to  help  his  neighbor ;  and  the  consequence  is,  that  they 
break  up  and  desert  their  homes,  taking  little  with  them,  and  leave 
their  property  to  be  pillaged  by  the  dishonest  whites,  as  well  as  the 
Indians.174 

Senator  Alexander  Buckner  of  Missouri  expressed  "a 
deep  feeling  for  the  people  of  Illinois  ",  which  was  natural, 
for  like  Benton  and  Tipton  he  himself  had  fought  in  Indian 
wars.175 

On  June  15,  1832,  the  bill  to  raise  six  hundred  volunteers 
was  passed  —  too  late,  however,  to  aid  even  in  the  closing 
campaign  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.176  The  whole  affair 
was  reviewed  by  Jackson  in  his  annual  message  to  Con- 
gress in  the  following  December,  wherein  he  urged  a  more 
perfect  organization  of  the  militia  for  the  protection  of 
the  western  country.177  After  praising  the  militia  of  Illi- 
nois and  the  government  troops  under  Generals  Scott  and 
Atkinson,  Jackson  did  not  let  pass  the  opportunity  of  point- 
ing out  the  moral  to  be  learned  by  the  savages  from  the  de- 
feat of  Black  Hawk.  "Severe  as  is  the  lesson  to  the  In- 
dians," he  said,  "it  was  rendered  necessary  by  their  un- 
provoked aggressions,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  its  impres- 
sion will  be  permanent  and  salutary. "  That  the  Indians 
in  fact  were  learning  this  lesson  of  civilization  might  be  in- 
ferred from  another  part  of  the  message,  where  Jackson 
was  happy  to  inform  Congress  "that  the  wise  and  humane 

m  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  22nd  Congress,  p.  1083. 

175  Eegister  of  Delates,  1st  Session,  22nd  Congress,  p.  1087. 

ITS  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IV,  p.  533. 

177  Eegister  of  Delates,  2nd  Session,  22nd  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  6. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  247 

policy  of  transferring  from  the  eastern  to  the  western  side 
of  the  Mississippi  the  remnants  of  our  aboriginal  tribes, 
with  their  own  consent  and  upon  just  terms,  has  been 
steadily  pursued,  and  is  approaching,  I  trust,  its  con- 
summation. " 

The  Black  Hawk  War  was  suppressed  without  any  aug- 
mentation of  the  standing  army.  But  the  harrowing  scenes 
of  this  episode  were  frequently  pictured  during  the  debates 
when  Benton  in  the  year  1836  proposed  an  increase  of  the 
army,  avowedly  for  western  defense. 

In  the  meantime  attention  was  directed  to  the  South. 
Hardly  had  three  years  passed  after  peace  in  the  North- 
west, when  there  broke  out  one  of  the  most  perplexing  of 
Indian  hostilities  —  the  Florida  Indian  War.  For  seven 
years  this  conflict  continued.  The  tangled  everglades  and 
swampy  wastes  of  Florida  and  the  persistence  of  the  In- 
dians long  baffled  and  delayed  the  generals  and  troops  of 
the  United  States;  and  withal  some  thirty  millions  of 
dollars  were  expended  before  the  Seminoles  were  subdued. 
To  an  observer  from  afar  the  conduct  of  the  war  appeared 
bunglesome,  its  cause  unjust,  and  its  ultimate  purpose 
simply  the  oppression  and  the  extermination  of  a  gallant 
band  of  exiled  Indians.  So  the  opposition  to  the  Adminis- 
tration became  loud  in  condemning  the  war  and  its  manage- 
ment.178 

Besides  the  early  discussions  upon  the  Florida  War  in 
the  session  of  1835-1836  other  questions  of  similar  nature 
were  brought  before  Congress,  which  gave  occasion  for  a 
review  of  all  phases  and  problems  of  the  question  of  south- 
ern frontier  protection.  Among  these  were  the  demand  of 
Alabama  for  the  removal  of  the  Creek  Indians,179  the 

ITS  Benton 's  Thirty  Tears'  View,  Vol.  II,  p.  70. 

179  Journal  of  the  Senate,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  146;  Senate  Docu- 
ments, No.  132. 


' 


248    IOWA  JOUENAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

threatened  hostilities  of.  the  Creeks,180  the  memorials  pray- 
ing the  recognition  of  the  independency  of  Texas,181  as  well 
as  the  demand  from  the  West  for  an  increase  in  army  pro- 
tection.182 

In  regard  to  the  Seminole  Indian  War  it  appears  that 
Congress  took  prompt  action.  No  matter  whether  the 
cause  was  just  or  unjust,  no  delay  occurred  in  providing 
for  the  immediate  protection  of  the  pioneers  from  the  fury 
of  the  Indians.  The  first  act  of  the  session  was  an  appro- 
priation for  suppressing  the  hostilities  of  the  Seminoles 
and  was  hurriedly  passed  on  January  14,  1836.183  Two 
weeks  later  the  second  act  of  the  session  was  passed,  mak- 
ing a  still  larger  appropriation.184  Three  days  later  a  reso- 
lution was  passed  authorizing  the  President  to  furnish 
rations  from  the  public  stores  to  the  frontiersmen  in  Flor- 
ida who  had  been  driven  from  their  homes  by  the  depreda- 
tions of  the  Indians.185  All  of  these  measures  were  adopted 
without  extended  debate  —  only  when  the  second  appropria- 
tion was  proposed  Clay  asked  the  cause  of  this  war  which 
was  raging  with  such  "rancorous  violence  within  our  bor- 
ders".186 No  one  could  adequately  reply.  Webster,  the 
chairman  of  the  finance  committee  who  reported  the  bill, 
avowed  that  he  could  not  give  any  answer  to  the  Senator 
from  Kentucky;  but  he  added  impressively:  "The  war 
rages,  the  enemy  is  in  force,  and  the  accounts  of  their 
ravages  are  disastrous.  The  Executive  Government  has 

iw  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  2556;  Niles'  Weekly 
Register,  Vol.  L,  pp.  205,  219,  257,  321. 

isi  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  pp.  1286;  1414,  1759, 
1762,  1877. 

182  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  3493. 

iss  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  V,  p.  1. 

184  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  V,  p.  1. 

185  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  V,  p.  131. 

186  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  290. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  249 

asked  for  the  means  of  suppressing  these  hostilities ", 
and  he  conceived  it  necessary  to  provide  for  the  imme- 
diate protection  of  Florida.  Even  the  loquacious  Ben- 
ton,  despite  the  fact  that  he  was  in  the  confidence  of  the 
Administration,  confessed  his  entire  ignorance  concern- 
ing the  causes  of  the  war.187 

Nevertheless,  after  continued  appropriations  were  de- 
manded by  the  Executive,  and  a  bill  to  increase  the  army 
was  vigorously  advocated  by  its  friends,  the  Opposition 
began  to  inquire  earnestly  into  the  cause  of  this  commo- 
tion. "One  would  have  supposed",  remarked  Clay, 
"that  all  at  once  a  gallant  nation  of  some  millions  had 
been  suddenly  precipitated  on  our  frontier,  instead  of  a 
few  miserable  Indians. m88  Yet  all  the  bills  providing 
for  the  suppression  of  the  Seminole  hostilities  which 
Jackson's  government  asked  for  were  promptly  passed.189 
So  also  was  the  bill  to  provide  for  ten  thousand  volun- 
teers, Calhoun  himself  being  the  manager  of  the  bill  on 
the  part  of  the  Senate  in  the  conferences  between  the  two 
houses.190  But  Benton's  proposal  to  increase  the  stand- 
ing army  met  disagreement  as  shall  be  related  below. 

To  the  opponents  of  the  Government's  Indian  policy 
the  cause  of  the  Seminole  hostilities  was  clear  enough. 
Some  blamed  the  pioneers,  some  the  speculators,  but  all 
blamed  the  Government.  Calhoun,  for  instance,  exoner- 
ated the  pioneers  but  denounced  the  frauds  of  the  Indian 
Bureau.191  He  regretted  that  the  speculators  in  Indian 
lands  were  not  the  persons  to  suffer,  instead  of  the 
frontier  inhabitants.  Indeed,  he  said,  it  made  his  "heart 

w  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  291. 

iss  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1756. 

iso  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  V,  pp.  1,  8,  17,  33,  65,  131,  135,  152. 

190  Journal  of  the  Senate,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  366. 

191  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  pp.  1459,  1460. 

VOL.  IX — 18 


250    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

bleed  to  think  of  the  sufferings  of  the  innocent  frontier 
settlers."  All  these  evils  were  the  result  of  mismanage- 
ment. The  Indian  agents  had  generally  been  incapable 
or  unfaithful.  Calhoun  continued: 

The  Government  ought  to  have  appointed  men  of  intelligence,  of 
firmness,  and  of  honor,  who  would  have  faithfully  fulfilled  their 
obligations  to  the  United  States  and  to  the  Indians.  Instead  of 
that,  men  were  sent  out  to  make  fortunes  for  themselves,  and  to  op- 
press the  Indians.  ...  If  they  would  appoint  honest,  faithful, 
intelligent  men,  to  transact  their  business  with  the  Indians,  instead 
of  broken  down  politicians,  men  sent  out  to  be  rewarded  for  party 
services,  these  Indian  disturbances  would  soon  cease;  but  unless 
that  was  done,  it  was  apparent  that  there  would  be  continual  dis- 
turbances, creating  causes  for  wars,  to  be  followed  by  a  large  in- 
crease of  the  standing  army. 

In  the  House  Mr.  Vinton  of  Ohio  expostulated  in  these 
words : 

When  the  cry  is  sent  up  here  that  the  people  of  the  frontier  are 
assailed  by  Indian  hostility,  we  raise  the  means  of  making  war  upon 
them  without  a  moment's  delay;  we  crush  them  by  our  superior 
power.  But  we  never  inquire,  while  the  war  is  going  on,  or  after  it 
is  ended,  into  its  causes;  we  make  no  investigation  to  learn  who 

were  the  instigators  of  the  war,  or  who  was  to  blame I 

told  the  House  there  were  those  on  the  frontier  who  had  an  interest 
in  exciting  Indian  wars ;  that  there  were  those  who  disregarded  the 
rights  of  the  Indians,  and  were  disposed  to  encroach  upon  them; 
that  if  we  omitted  to  investigate  the  causes  of  these  disturbances, 
and  thus  induce  those  who  have  an  interest  in  exciting  them  to 
think  they  can  involve  us  without  scrutiny  and  without  exposure,  we 
should  have  other  Indian  wars,  in  all  probability,  before  the  end  of 
the  session.  ...  If  we  suffer  ourselves  to  go  on  in  this  way,  in 
three  years'  time  every  Indian  will  be  driven  by  force  from  every 
State  and  Territory  of  the  Union.  In  the  States  and  Territories, 
wherever  they  are,  they  are  regarded  as  an  incumbrance,  and  there 
is  a  strong  desire  to  get  them  out  of  the  way ;  and  if  we  will  furnish 
the  means  without  inquiry,  they  will  be  disposed  of.  Sir,  our 
frontier  inhabitants  know  our  strength  and  their  weakness;  and  if 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  251 

we  are  to  stand  armed  behind  them,  and  let  them  have  their  way, 
we  must  expect  they  will  overbear  and  encroach  upon  them.  The 
Indians  with  whom  we  are  in  contact  know  full  well  their  weakness 
and  our  power ;  and  it  is  hardly  credible  that  they  will  open  a  war 
upon  us  except  from  a  strong  sense  of  injury.  .  .  .  We  ought 
to  send  the  immediate  means  of  defending  our  frontier  inhabitants 
from  massacre  and  pillage;  and  it  is,  in  my  opinion,  our  further 
duty  to  set  on  foot  immediately  an  investigation  into  the  cause  of 
these  disturbances ;  and  if  we  are  in  the  wrong,  we  ought  instantly 
to  send  commissioners  to  offer  them  reparation  and  do  them  justice. 
When  we  look  at  the  contrast,  and  see  how  weak  and  defenceless 
they  are,  and  how  strong  and  mighty  we  are,  the  character  of  the 
House,  the  honor  of  the  country,  and  the  feelings  of  the  world,  call 
upon  us  to  pursue  this  course  toward  them.192 

Edward  Everett  summed  up  the  causes  of  the  Florida 
War  to  be  the  efforts  of  the  whites  to  capture  negro  slaves 
among  the  Seminoles  and  to  wrest  from  these  Indians 
their  lands  per  fas  aut  nefas.193  But  of  all  the  speeches 
the  most  widely  noted  denunciation  of  the  war  was  made 
by  Everett's  colleague,  Adams  the  ex-President.194  The 
immediate  occasion  for  Adams's  speech  was  a  joint  reso- 
lution from  the  Senate  authorizing  the  President  to  dis- 
tribute rations  to  the  suffering  frontiersmen  in  Alabama 
and  Georgia  as  had  been  done  to  the  sufferers  in  Florida.195 
Although  stating  that  he  should  vote  for  the  resolution 
because  of  his  sympathy  for  the  sufferers,  Adams  main- 
tained that  "mere  commiseration,  though  one  of  the  most 
amiable  impulses  of  our  nature,  gives  us  no  power  to 
drain  the  Treasury  of  the  people  for  the  relief  of  the  suf- 
fering".196 After  an  irrelevant  discourse  in  which  the 

182  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  3767. 
i»3  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4158. 
is* Niles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  L,  p.  276;  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams* 
Vol.  IX,  pp.  290,  298. 

i»s  Register  of  Debates,  1st   Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4032. 
i»6  Register  of  Debates,  1st    Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4037. 


252    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

venerable  statesman  detected  the  curse  of  slavery  in 
frontier  disturbances,  he  concluded  his  discourse  by 
charging  the  cause  of  the  Seminole  War  to  the  injustice 
of  the  present  Administration.  All  preceding  Adminis- 
trations, he  claimed,  had  sought  to  civilize  the  Indians 
and  attach  them  to  the  soil  upon  which  they  lived.  But 
this  humane  policy  was  now  abandoned. 

Instead  of  it  you  have  adopted  that  of  expelling  by  force  or  by 
compact  all  the  Indian  tribes  from  their  own  territories  and  dwell- 
ings to  a  region  beyond  the  Mississippi,  beyond  the  Missouri,  be- 
yond the  Arkansas,  bordering  upon  Mexico ;  and  there  you  have  de- 
luded them  with  the  hope  that  they  will  find  a  permanent  abode  — 
a  final  resting-place  from  your  never-ending  rapacity  and  persecu- 
tion. ...  In  the  process  of  this  violent  and  heartless  operation 
you  have  met  with  all  the  resistance  which  men  in  so  helpless  a  con- 
dition as  that  of  the  Indian  tribes  could  make.  Of  the  immediate 
causes  of  the  war  we  are  not  yet  fully  informed ;  but  I  fear  you  will 
find  them,  like  the  remoter  causes,  all  attributable  to  yourselves.197 

Toward  the  end  of  the  session  a  surprising  memorial 
was  presented  to  Congress  from  citizens  resident  at  the 
seat  of  the  Creek  and  Seminole  hostilities,  i.  e.  Eastern 
Alabama  and  Georgia.198  These  memorialists  represent- 
ed that  the  Indian  disturbances  were  "caused  by  individ- 
uals jointly  associated  under  the  name  of  land  companies, 
whose  proceedings  and  contracts  were  of  the  most  ne- 
farious character/'  The  memorialists  prayed  that  an  in- 
vestigation be  instituted,  and  intimated  that  it  would  be 
found  that  "the  press  of  that  country  is  entirely  under 
the  control  of  these  heartless  agitators,  and  that,  through 
bribery  and  corruption,  all  channels  of  information  to  the 
public  and  to  the  Government  on  this  subject  are  closed." 

Lewis  of  Alabama  moved  that  the  investigation  be 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  President  with  power  to  prose- 

197  Register  of  Debates,  1st    Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4049. 
108  Register  of  Debates,  1st    Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4578. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  253 

cute  the  guilty  persons  if  any  might  be  apprehended. 
Wise  of  Virginia,  Adams  of  Massachusetts,  and  Peyton 
of  Tennessee  sprang  to  the  opposition.  The  Virginian 
moved  to  amend  by  selecting  a  committee  of  the  House  to 
investigate.  Executive  officers,  he  claimed,  were  impli- 
cated in  the  charges  and  to  refer  the  matter  to  the  Presi- 
dent would  "have  the  effect  to  cover  up  these  frauds,  in- 
stead of  exposing  them."199  After  a  hot  debate,  in  which 
Peyton  likened  Andrew  Jackson  to  Warren  Hastings  and 
dubbed  all  Indian  agents  as  "petty  tyrants"  engaged  in 
plundering  the  savages  and  "then  aiding  and  encourag- 
ing them  to  make  war  upon  your  defenseless  frontier", 
the  amendment  proposed  by  Wise  was  rejected  and  the 
motion  of  Lewis  passed  by  so  many  ayes  that  the  noes 
were  not  even  counted.200 

The  last  annual  message  of  Jackson  in  December,  1836, 
called  for  further  appropriations  to  subdue  the  Seminoles 
and  Creeks  and  urged  an  increase  of  the  regular  army  as 
well  as  a  reorganization  of  the  militia.201  The  appropria- 
tions were  supplied  by  Congress,  but  not  the  increase  in 
the  standing  army.202  In  the  following  December  his 
successor,  perforce,  repeated  similar  recommendations  not 
only  for  the  increase  of  the  regular  army  but  also  to 
continue  suppressing  the  Seminole  hostilities.203  Al- 
ready the  members  of  Congress  who  had  voted  for  the 
early  appropriations  merely  in  the  hope  that  immediate 
aid  would  quiet  the  disturbances  on  the  frontier  were 
much  provoked  because  of  the  never-ending  campaigns. 
Webster  mildly  advised  more  deliberation  in  expendi- 

i8»  Register  of  Delates,  1st   Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4583. 

zoo  Register  of  Debates,  1st    Session,  24th  Congress,  pp.  4597,  4604. 

201  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  8. 

202  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  V,  pp.  135,  152. 

203  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.   6.     Also   Appendix, 
p.  3. 


254    IOTWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

tures.204  Twenty  million  dollars  had  been  expended,  he 
said,  and  little  accomplished.  Before  greater  appropria- 
tions were  voted  the  whole  matter  should  receive  a  thor- 
ough investigation.  Preston  of  South  Carolina  also  de- 
manded an  investigation.205  And  Senator  Southard  of 
New  Jersey  brought  serious  charges  to  the  door  of  the 
Administration  by  maintaining  that  "a  fraud  was  com- 
mitted upon  the  Florida  Indians  in  the  treaty  negotiated 
with  them  for  their  removal  to  the  West;  that  the  war 
which  has  ensued  was  the  consequence  of  this  fraud;  and 
that  our  Government  was  responsible  to  the  moral  sense  of 
the  community,  and  of  the  world,  for  all  the  blood  that  has 
been  shed,  and  for  all  the  money  that  has  been  expended, 
in  the  prosecution  of  this  war."206 

These  pleas  for  investigation  called  down  a  torrent  of 
abuse  and  wrath.  Benton  replied  to  Southard  in  a 
trenchant  speech,  the  burden  of  which  was  a  condemna- 
tion of  "the  mawkish  sentimentality  of  the  day  .  .  .  . 
a  sentimentality  which  goes  moping  and  sorrowing  about 
in  behalf  of  imaginary  wrongs  to  Indians  and  negroes, 
while  the  whites  themselves  are  the  subject  of  murder, 
robbery  and  defamation.  "207  Clay  of  Alabama  replied  to 
Webster  and  Preston  in  a  harangue  quivering  with  in- 
vective heaped  upon  philanthropists  who  assayed  "to 
take  care  of  the  national  honor!"208  Other  arguments 
followed  depicting  the  depraved  condition  of  the  Indians, 
and  therefore  their  lack  of  rights.  Indeed,  almost  all  of 
the  arguments  in  the  entire  Seminole  War  debates  con- 
sisted largely  of  vivid  defenses  of  pioneer  character,  and 

204  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  373. 

205  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  373. 

206  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  353. 

207  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  354. 

208  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  376. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  255 

philippics  against  the  American  aborigines,  enlivened 
with  bloody  descriptions  of  the  scalping  knife  and  toma- 
hawk. 

The  following  words  from  the  remarks  of  Towns  of 
Georgia  well  illustrate  the  tone  of  these  debates : 

Every  mail  from  Georgia  tells  me  the  story  of  death ;  butcheries 
the  most  revolting  are  perpetrated  every  day  in  the  borders  of  Ala- 
bama, and  on  the  frontiers  of  Georgia.  .  .  .  One  scene  of  wide- 
spread desolation  alone  is  to  be  seen  in  that  quarter,  where  but  a 
short  time  since  there  was  peace,  quiet,  and  prosperity.  And  such, 
sir,  has  been  the  unparalleled  devastation  of  property  and  life,  that 
there  is  scarcely  a  human  being  to  be  seen  in  all  that  country,  unless 
it  be  the  merciless  foe,  or  some  unfortunate  settler  flying  from  the 
tomahawk  and  scalping-knife.  So  sudden  has  been  this  war,  when 
the  Indian  was  ready  to  deal  out  death  in  all  its  horrors,  few,  if 
any,  were  prepared  to  give  the  slightest  resistance;  unprotected 
with  arms  or  ammunition,  the  honest  settler  of  the  country  felt  it  to 
be  his  first  duty  to  yield  to  the  entreaties  of  wife  and  children,  to  fly 
for  safety ;  and  the  melancholy  story  but  too  often  reaches  us,  when 
thus  flying,  that  many  of  them  have  fallen  victims  to  the  most  cruel 
of  all  deaths,  the  scalping-knife  and  tomahawk.209 

Alford  of  Georgia  declared  that  when  he  heard  appeals 
for  justice  to  the  Seminole  Indians  his  mind  "reverted  to 
his  own  people,  who  deserved  the  sympathy  of  the  House 
more  than  the  savage  Indian."210  Richard  M.  Johnson  of 
Kentucky  pictured  southern  rivers  as  deluged  "with  the 
blood  of  innocence",  and  that  Florida  lay  bleeding  "un- 
der the  hand  of  savage  barbarity."211  Mr.  Jonathan 
Cilley  of  Maine  declaimed  as  follows : 

My  blood  thrills  in  my  veins  to  hear  the  conduct  of  faithless  and 
murderous  Indians  lauded  to  the  skies,  and  our  sympathies  invoked 
in  their  behalf,  while  in  the  same  breath  our  own  government  and 
its  most  distinguished  citizens  are  traduced  and  villified  to  the  low- 

209  Register  of  Delates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4034. 

210  "Register  of  Delates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1559. 

211  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st   Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  2725. 


256    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

est  degree.  ...  I  hope  gentlemen,  whose  sensibilities  are  now 
so  much  enlisted  in  the  conditions  of  the  Seminoles  and  Cherokees, 
now  in  Florida  and  Georgia,  will  not  forget  how  their  own  fore 
fathers  ....  when  they  were  a  frontier  people  .... 
dealt  with  similar  enemies.212 

In  a  fiery  harangue  Mr.  Bynum  of  North  Carolina 
asked : 

What  are  our  obligations  to  protect  the  exposed  inhabitants  of 
that  Territory  [Florida]  ?  Surely  all  that  is  sacred  .... 
should  prompt  us  to  a  speedy  and  determined  resolution  not  only  to 
defend,  but  reserve  that  Territory  at  every  hazard  ...  . 
from  the  blood-stained  hands  of  these  unrelenting  savages.  Gentle- 
men surely  could  not  be  in  earnest  to  talk  of  peace,  until  these 
bloody,  perfidious,  treacherous  devils  were  whipped.213 

Peyton  of  Tennessee,  replying  to  Adams  of  Massachu- 
setts, said:  "That  gentleman  does  not  know,  living,  as  he 
does,  far  from  such  scenes,  the  vivid  feeling  of  Southern 
and  Western  men,  when  they  see  hostile  savages  hovering 
around  their  villages,  and  lying  in  ambush,  to  murder  the 
old  and  the  young  ".214 

Thus,  figuratively  speaking,  with  brandishing  of  toma- 
hawk and  scalping  knife  bill  after  bill  appropriating  mon- 
ey for  the  suppression  of  Seminole  hostilities  was  passed. 

The  reactions  of  Jackson's  Indian  policy  fell  upon  his 
successor.  Throughout  the  whole  of  Van  Buren's  term, 
the  Seminole  hostilities  raged  in  Florida,  and  the  conduct 
of  the  warfare  was  constantly  used  by  the  Opposition  in 
Congress  as  a  weak  point  for  attacking  the  Administra- 
tion. At  last  Benton  in  1839,  after  consultation  with  his 
Administration  friends,  proposed  a  plan  for  the  ultimate 

212  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  pp.  78,    79. 

213  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  75. 

214  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  3520. 

These  speeches  may  be  compared  with  such  current  pamphlets  as  the  Nar- 
rative of  the  Massacre,  by  the  Savages,  of  the  Wife  and  Children  of  Thomas 
Baldwin  (New  York:  1836). 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  257 

suppression  of  these  long-drawn-out  hostilities.215  Fed- 
eral encouragement  to  the  pioneers  was  the  basis  of  Ben- 
ton's  scheme.  Settlers  were  to  be  emboldened  to  brave  the 
dangers  of  Florida  settlement  by  free  grants  of  land,  and 
ammunition,  and  provisions  for  one  year.  Into  the  de- 
fense of  this  measure  Benton  flung  himself  with  his  char- 
acteristic vigor,  calling  upon  the  North  not  to  begrudge 
generous  treatment  to  Southern  pioneers  since  it  was  by 
armed  occupation  only  that  the  treacherous  lands  of  Flor- 
ida might  ever  be  settled.216 

That  the  pioneers  should  possess  the  wilderness  was 
Benton  's  pet  axiom.  "  Every  inch  of  territory  on  this 
continent,  now  occupied  by  white  people,"  he  exclaimed, 
"was  taken  from  the  Indians  by  armed  settlers  and  pre- 
emptions and  donations  of  land  have  forever  rewarded 
the  bold  settlers  who  rendered  this  service  to  the  civiliza- 
tion of  the  world.  .  .  .  The  blockhouse,  the  stockade, 
the  rifle,  have  taken  the  country,  and  held  it,  from  the 
shores  of  the  Atlantic  to  the  far  West;  and  in  every  in- 
stance grants  of  land  have  rewarded  the  courage  and  en- 
terprise of  the  bold  pioneer."217  Armed  settlement  was 
ever  the  true  course  of  pioneer  progress  in  America. 
"Cultivation  and  defense  then  goes  hand  in  hand.  The 
heart  of  the  Indian  sickens  when  he  hears  the  crowing  of 
the  cock,  the  barking  of  the  dog,  the  sound  of  the  axe,  and 
the  crack  of  the  rifle.  These  are  the  true  evidences  of  the 
dominion  of  the  white  man;  these  are  the  proof  that  the 
owner  has  come,  and  means  to  stay;  and  then  they  feel  it 
to  be  time  for  them  to  go."218  The  story  of  the  recession 


'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  LV,  p.  314;   Benton  's  Thirty  Years'  View, 
Vol.  II,  p.  167,  et  seq.;  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  89. 

216  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  165. 

217  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  163. 

218  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  26th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  73. 


258    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

of  the  Indians  before '  the  pioneers  as  told  by  Benton 
(himself  a  pioneer)  thrills  with  a  shuddering  coldness; 
but  its  truth  can  not  be  gainsaid. 

Both  Clay  and  Webster,  as  might  be  expected,  opposed 
Benton 's  bill  for  armed  occupation  and  free  grants  —  but 
unsuccessfully  in  the  Senate.219  In  the  lower  house  the 
bill  was  lost.220 

Among  those  who  voted  against  the  bill  in  the  House 
was  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  who  later  leaped  into  prominence 
by  his  vehement  speech  in  opposition  to  a  bill  proposed  by 
Thompson  of  South  Carolina.  Thompson's  bill  provided 
for  the  removal  of  the  Seminoles  to  the  West.221  Giddings 
diose  the  subject  of  the  Seminole  War  not  so  much  to  de- 
fend the  Indians  as  to  attack  the  institution  of  slavery,  and 
in  his  speech  of  February  8,  1841,  he  assigned  as  the  causes 
of  the  Florida  War  the  attempts  of  slave-hunters  to  capture 
fugitive  negroes  who  had  taken  refuge  with  the  Seminoles 
and  intermarried  with  them.  All  the  public  treasure  spent 
to  suppress  the  hostilities,  all  the  blood  of  the  defenseless 
pioneers,  women  and  children  murdered  by  the  Indians,  and 
the  disgrace  to  the  American  army  he  attributed  to  the  at- 
tempts of  the  Georgia  slaveholders  seeking  to  recover  their 
runaway  slaves  and  to  the  "unlawful  interference  by  the 
people  of  Florida  with  the  Indian  negroes ' ?.222  The  replies 
which  Giddings  received  were  bitter  and  offensive,  and,  as 
might  be  expected,  concerned  slavery  more  than  they  did 
the  war. 

In  the  chaos  of  the  Florida  discussion  Benton  alone  ap- 
peared with  a  clear-cut  and  consistent  remedy  for  the  exas- 

219  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  194. 

220  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  235. 

221  Congressional  Globe,  2nd    Session,    26th    Congress,    Appendix,    p.    346; 
Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  X,  p.  416. 

222  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  26th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  349. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  259 

perating  condition  in  that  Territory.  His  bill  for  armed 
occupation  —  the  same  which  was  rejected  by  the  House  in 
1839  —  was  the  embodiment  of  his  program.  With  his 
usual  tenacity  Benton  introduced  this  bill  in  the  following 
sessions,  and  spoke  on  the  subject,  as  he  himself  said,  when- 
ever no  other  Senator  manifested  a  desire  to  speak.223  The 
scheme  was  ably  supported  in  the  Senate  by  Benton 's  col- 
league, Lewis  F.  Linn,224  by  Clay  of  Alabama,225  and  by 
Tappan  of  Ohio;226  and  in  the  House  support  came  from 
Butler  of  Kentucky  —  the  latter  sighing  for  the  days  of 
primitive  simplicity  when  it  was  thought  no  disgrace  to  kill 
an  Indian  enemy.227  John  Eobertson  of  Virginia,228  Crit- 
tenden  of  Kentucky,229  and  Preston  of  South  Carolina230 
were  opposed. 

"The  inducements  which  you  hold  forth  for  settlers ", 
declared  Crittenden,  "are  such  as  will  address  themselves 
most  strongly  to  the  most  idle  and  worthless  classes  of  our 
citizens. ' '  And  again  he  said  that  ' '  these  garrison  citizens ' ' 
would  in  no  respect  resemble,  nor  could  they  accomplish  the 
achievements  of,  the  "hardy  and  resolute  pioneers  of  the 
West. '  *231  Senator  Preston  prophesied  that  the  settlers  un- 
der the  proposed  act  would  not  be  such  as  the  "daring,  res- 
olute men"  who  settled  the  Northwest  frontier,  but  instead 
* '  speculators,  men  expecting  a  bounty  rather  than  desiring 

223  Congressional   Globe,    1st   Session,   26th   Congress,   p.    20;    2nd   Session, 
27th  Congress,  p.  503. 

224  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  25th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  165;   2nd 
Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  623. 

225  Congressional  Globe,  1st   Session,  26thi  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  47. 

226  Congressional  Globe,  lit   Session,  26th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  74. 

227  Congressional  Globe,  1st    Session,  26th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  669. 

228  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  202. 

229  Congressional  Globe,  1st   Session,  26th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  80. 

230  Congressional  Globe,  1st   Session,  26th  Congress,  Appendix,  pp.    74,    84. 

231  Congressional  Globe,  1st   Session,  26th  Congress,  Appendix,  pp.    80,    81. 


• 


260    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

to  make  permanent  settlements".232  Tappan  of  Ohio  saw 
the  matter  in  the  same  light  when  he  said:  "The  men  you 
will  probably  obtain  under  this  law,  will  be  the  idle  and 
worthless  population  of  our  large  cities".233 

Benton 's  persistence  in  the  end  won  the  day.  The  bill,, 
despite  dire  predictions,  was  passed  by  both  houses  and 
signed  by  the  President  on  August  4, 1842.234  Benton,  as  he 
tells  the  story  in  his  Thirty  Years'  View  implies  that  the 
enacting  of  this  law  marked  the  close  of  the  Seminole  Indian 
War.235  There  continued,  however,  a  smouldering  resist- 
ance from  the  wretched  remnants  of  Florida  tribes,  who 
were  not  transplanted  West,  long  after  the  announcement 
by  the  commanding  officer  of  the  army  in  August,  1843,  to 
the  effect  that  hostilities  in  Florida  had  ceased.  Indeed,  as 
late  as  1858  Giddings,  writing  in  his  Exiles  of  Florida  main- 
tained that  the  United  States  was  still  in  open  war  with 
these  forlorn  people.236 

As  far  as  general  interest  was  concerned,  this  session 
did  mark  the  end  of  the  discussion  of  the  Florida  War,  save 
for  the  intermittent  speeches  of  Abolitionists  who  used 
the  subject  as  a  handle  for  attacks  upon  slavery.237 

232  Congressional  Globe,  1st   Session,  26th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  75. 

233  Congressional  Globe,  1st   Session,  26th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  74. 

234  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  V,  p.  502. 

235  Benton 's  Thirty  Years '  View,  Vol.  II,  p.  70. 

236  Gidddngs  's  The  Exiles  of  Florida,  p.  316. 

237  The  efforts  of  this  Abolitionist  in  behalf  of  Seminole-Negro  people  are 
not  to  be  cast  aside.     His  exertions  for  justice  to  them  continued  after  the 
greater  part  of  them  had  been  transported  to  their  new  homes  in  the  Cherokee 
lands  of  the  West.    Here  he  sought  in  Congress  to  protect  the  Seminole-Negroes 
from  the  Creeks,  who  claimed  them  as  slaves,  and  from  slave-hunters  from  the 
States.     During  his  last  term  in  Congress,  1857-1859,  Giddings  published  a  re- 
markably inspiring  account  of  the  exiles  of  Florida.     The  object  of  this  book, 
he  frankly  stated,  was  to  disabuse  the  public  mind  of  the  opinion  that  the  Sem- 
inole Wars  were  caused  by  the  depredations  of  the  Indians  upon  the  white 
settlements,  but  rather  by  the  persecutions  of  the  Southerners  and  of  a  gov- 
ernment subservient  to  the  institution  of  slavery.     Giddings  closed  his  tragic 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  261 

PLANS  FOB  THE  DEFENSE  OF  THE  WESTERN  FRONTIER 

The  war  panic  in  the  fall  of  1835  stimulated  an  interest 
in  national  defense  which  ultimately  accrued  to  the  advan- 
tage of  the  frontier.  The  President's  annual  message  of 
December,  1835,  had  vigorously  reviewed  the  diplomatic 
friction  over  the  Spoliation  payments  from  France,  and  his 
message  of  January,  1836,  definitely  called  for  naval  and 
coast  defenses.238  Some  months  later  the  elaborate  report 
of  Secretary  Cass  upon  the  land  and  naval  defenses  was 
sent  to  the  Senate.239  But  the  war  sensation  was  soon  end- 
ed. For  scarcely  a  month  later  the  delayed  installments 
were  in  the  hands  of  the  United  States.240  Meanwhile  had 
occurred  both  the  desultory  debate  upon  Benton  >s  resolu- 
tion to  appropriate  the  surplus  revenues  for  the  purposes 
of  national  defense  and  the  debate  upon  the  elaborate  pro- 
visions of  the  Fortification  Bill  reported  by  the  Senate  Mili- 
tary Committee.241 

In  this  hubbub  Benton  and  Linn  contrived  to  bring  some 
actual  advantage  to  the  fortification  question.  Western 
men  were  coming  to  consider  the  lack  of  adequate  frontier 
defense  as  a  matter  of  acute  danger.  For  some  time  Benton 
and  Secretary  Cass  had  consulted  with  each  other.  Both 
were  impressed  with  the  danger  of  Indian  uprisings  in  the 
Northwest  (the  region  where  the  Black  Hawk  War  was  not 
soon  to  be  forgotten)  and  both  were  of  the  opinion  that  the 
Seminole  hostilities  might  stimulate  the  prairie  Indians  to 
like  bold  attacks.  Reports  from  western  army  officers  con- 
story  with  a  relation  of  the  fate  of  the  exiles  whom  the  United  States  had 
transported  to  the  West.  He  pictured  this  band  of  miserable  people,  still  har- 
assed by  slave-hunters,  finally  attempting  to  flee  toward  Mexico. 

238  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  167,  Appendix,  p.  3. 

239  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  81. 

240  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1426;  Niles'  Weekly 
Register,  Vol.  L,  p.  185. 

2*1  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  pp.  130,  591. 


262    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

firmed  their  fears.242  These  military  advices  were  to  the 
effect  that  the  force  on  the  frontier  was  inadequate  both  to 
protect  the  settlements  and  to  command  respect  from  the 
warlike  tribes.  This  condition  was  exhibited  to  the  Senate 
in  a  letter  from  the  War  Department  early  in  March.243 
Secretary  Cass  called  attention  to  the  necessity  of  advanc- 
ing the  troops  and  posts  westward,  simultaneously  with  the 
receding  Indian  country.  As  a  basis  for  the  development  of 
the  fortification  of  the  new  frontier  he  proposed  new  mili- 
tary roads  and  posts  west  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  as 
well  as  an  increase  of  the  army.  These  plans  were  substan- 
tially repeated  in  his  report  on  the  military  and  naval  de- 
fenses made  in  April.244  Benton  had  already  reported  from 
the  Military  Committee  a  bill  for  the  construction  of  a  mili- 
tary road  in  the  West,  and  now  he  reported  a  bill  to  increase 
the  army  of  the  United  States  in  accordance  with  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  Secretary  of  War.245 

In  the  House,  Johnson  of  Kentucky  had  reported  from 
the  Military  Committee  a  bill  authorizing  the  President  to 
raise  ten  thousand  volunteers,  and  a  bill  for  a  military  road 
and  forts  in  the  western  country.246  The  bill  for  the  vol- 
unteers had  special  reference  to  the  Florida  War. 

In  support  of  these  measures  Benton  presented  the  Sen- 
ate with  a  mass  of  pertinent  and  detailed  information. 
Using  the  estimates  of  Cass,  Benton  claimed  the  number  of 
Indians  upon  the  western  and  northwestern  border  to  be 
253,000  souls,  of  whom  50,000  were  warriors.247  To  protect 

242  American  State  Papers,  Military  Affairs,  Vol.  VI,  p.   153 ;   Register  of 
Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  100. 

243  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  96. 

244  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  81. 

245  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  126 ;  Jour- 
nal of  the  Senate,  p.  244. 

246  Journal  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  pp. 
253,  454,  3593. 

247  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1746. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  263 

the  people  of  the  West  and  Northwest  from  the  incessant 
danger  of  such  a  vast  array  of  savages  only  a  small  part  of 
the  small  United  States  army  was  employed.  The  six  thou- 
sand soldiers  of  the  United  States  were  distributed  along 
the  lake,  maritime,  gulf,  and  western  frontiers  —  a  circuit 
of  some  twelve  thousand  miles.  The  fortifications  upon  the 
maritime  and  gulf  coast  required  a  great  part  of  the  force  -r 
and  of  that  allotted  to  the  West  a  part  had  to  be  kept  not  on 
the  frontier  but  at  a  convenient  position  for  mobilization. 
The  greater  division  of  the  western  troops  were  now  on  the 
Eed  Eiver,  watching  the  progress  of  events  on  the  Texas 
frontier.  The  result  was  that  the  Middle  West  and  North- 
west, always  insufficiently  guarded,  were  nearly  stripped  of 
defense  —  and  this  at  a  time  when  the  Indian  wars  in  the 
South  were  exciting  the  Indians  in  all  quarters.  The  East- 
ern States,  moreover,  owed  a  moral  obligation  to  protect 
the  Western  States  from  the  hordes  of  Indians  which  had 
been  and  were  still  being  removed  westward  in  order  to 
relieve  the  old  States  from  a  dangerous  and  useless  popu- 
lation. 

In  his  dramatic  manner  Benton  appealed  to  the  Senators 
"in  the  name  of  that  constitution  which  had  for  its  first  ob- 
ject the  common  defense  of  the  whole  Union ' '  to  prevent  a 
repetition  in  the  Northwest  of  the  scenes  of  "fire  and  blood,, 
of  burnt  houses,  devastated  fields,  slaughtered  inhabitants, 
unburied  dead,  food  for  beasts  and  vultures,  which  now  dis- 
figure the  soil  of  Alabama,  Florida,  and  Georgia  ",248  Ben- 
ton's  fascinating  arguments  were  reinforced  by  the  earnest 
appeals  of  his  colleague,  Lewis  F.  Linn,  and  of  Alexander 
Porter  of  Louisiana.  The  former  maintained  that  the  pres- 
ent frontier  population  of  Missouri  was  "very  different 
from  those  hardy  and  warlike  adventurers  who  conquered 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  They  were  generally  per- 

248  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1750. 


264    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

sons  in  easy  circumstances,  who  had  emigrated  from  the 
East  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring  land  for  their  growing 
families,  and  were  more  fitted  for  the  pursuits  of  peace 
and  industry  than  the  hardships  and  dangers  of  Indian  war- 
fare. "  To  such  it  was  all-important  to  pursue  their  usual 
vocations  without  the  constant  dread  of  savage  depreda- 
tions. There  was  no  doubt  but  that  they  could  conquer  the 
Indians,  but  it  would  only  be  after  "many  fair  fields  had 
been  made  desolate,  and  many  a  widow  would  be  weeping 
over  her  fatherless  children."249  Linn  also  referred  to  the 
consequences  of  the  removal  policy.  The  Government  was, 
he  asserted,  peculiarly  responsible  for  the  protection  of  the 
frontier  States,  after  "throwing  large  masses  of  Indians  on 
them,  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  the  frontier  States,  and  in 
defiance  of  the  solemn  protest  of  one  of  them."250 

The  unprotected  condition  of  the  Texan  frontier  was  an- 
other argument  for  military  augmentation.  Besides  Linn, 
Preston  of  South  Carolina,  Porter  of  Louisiana,  Buchanan 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  Walker  of  Mississippi  in  the  Senate 
prophesied  much  trouble  from  this  direction  and  urged  a 
more  careful  patrol  of  the  southwestern  border  line.251 

Of  the  various  army  bills  under  consideration,  the  Senate 
passed  Benton's  for  the  increase  of  the  standing  army,  but 
passed  it  too  late  in  the  session  to  get  action  in  the  House.252 
On  the  other  hand  the  House  passed  Johnson's  bill  for  the 

^^o  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1852. 

250  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1386.  See  also  p. 
1304. 

2r.i  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  pp.  1386,  1391,  1394, 
1417,  1755.  Linn,  however,  denied  that  he  urged  the  bill  with  a  view  toward 
the  state  of  affairs  in  Texas. —  See  p.  1395. 

In  the  issue  of  the  National  Intelligencer,  December  24,  1835,  Rice  Garland, 
a  Eepresentative  from  Louisiana  published  a  statement  declaring  that  the 
Government  had  acquired  too  much  land  by  extinguishing  Indian  titles  and 
locating  the  Indians  on  the  southwestern  border. 

252  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1854. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  265 

ten  thousand  volunteers  and  his  bill  for  a  military  road  and 
posts  in  the  West,  and  the  Senate  concurred  therein.253 

Benton  was  determined,  however,  to  increase  the  stand- 
ing army.  In  the  next  session  he  introduced  another  bill. 
The  Senate  was  willing  to  pass  it,  with  a  majority  of  thir- 
teen, but  the  House  deferred.254  The  next  regular  session 
(1837-1838),  however,  saw  the  triumph  of  the  bill.  The  irri- 
tating hostilities  in  Florida  as  well  as  the  universal  feeling 
of  insecurity  for  the  western  frontier  militated  against 
further  postponement.  Even  the  sensation  caused  by  the 
Caroline  affair  on  the  Canadian  border  contributed  to  the 
merits  of  the  discussion.255  But  the  basic  argument  was 
that  of  defense  for  the  West.  Benton  spoke  in  these  words : 

The  whole  Indian  population  of  the  United  States  are  now  ac- 
cumulated on  the  weakest  frontier  of  the  Union  —  the  Western, 
and  Southwestern,  and  Northwestern  frontier  —  and  they  are  not 
only  accumulated  there,  but  sent  there  smarting  with  the  lash  of 
recent  chastisement,  burning  with  revenge  for  recent  defeats,  com- 
pletely armed  by  the  United  States,  and  placed  in  communication 
with  the  wild  Indians  of  the  West,  the  numerous  and  fierce  tribes 
towards  Mexico,  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  Northwest,  who 
have  never  felt  our  arms,  and  who  will  be  ready  to  join  in  any  in- 
road upon  our  frontiers.256 

A  Senator  from  the  new  State  of  Arkansas  made  a  plea 
for  his  people.  The  Indians  with  whom  our  forefathers 
contended,  he  argued,  were  "wholly  undisciplined,  and 
armed  only  with  war  clubs  and  bows  and  arrows ";  they 
were  remote  from  each  other  and  at  war  with  each  other. 
But  the  Indians  who  face  the  Arkansas  frontier  are  better 
armed  than  even  our  citizens.  These  western  Indians  were 

253  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  pp.    3375,    3756,    1523, 
1930. 

254  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  840 ;  Journal  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  p.  600. 

255  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  484. 

256  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  813. 

VOL.  IX — 19 


266    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

located  "thousands  of  miles  from  this  Capitol,  and  hun- 
dreds of  miles  distant  from  the  nearest  points  from  which 
relief  to  the  frontier  settlements  could  be  brought  in  the 
event  of  war.  They  have  been  taken  from  .... 
Georgia,  Alabama,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Ohio,  and  the  Caro- 
linas,  and  located  together  upon  the  borders  of  the  weakest 
and  most  remote  States  in  the  Union.  "257 

Linn  replied  to  the  charge  made  against  the  Missouri 
people  of  having  plundered  and  oppressed  the  Indians  on 
her  borders : 

There  was  not  a  man  in  either  Missouri  or  Wisconsin  who  did  not 
possess  too  much  sense  to  attempt  to  plunder  Indians.  They 
all  knew  that  at  that  game  they  were  very  sure  to  come  off  losers : 
for  the  Indians  could  beat  all  the  white  men  on  the  face  of  the 
earth  at  stealing.  No;  the  people  of  Missouri  had  never  robbed  or 
trampled  on  these  natives  of  the  forest.  All  the  injuries  in  the  case 
had  been  perpetrated  by  Indians  upon  the  peaceable  white  settlers 
and  their  families.  The  Indians  had  been  represented  as  a  poor, 
spiritless,  down-trodden  race,  ignorant  of  their  own  rights,  and  con- 
tinually imposed  upon  by  the  whites.  Nothing  could  be  more  op- 
posite to  the  truth.  A  deal  of  trash  of  this  kind  had  been  uttered  in 
the  course  of  this  debate,  by  those  who  ought  to  know  better.  No 
people  on  the  face  of  the  earth  were  keener  sighted,  or  more  fully 
awake  to  their  rights  and  interests,  than  the  North  American  In- 
dians. .  .  .  Never  had  they  been  more  fierce,  never  more  bent 
on  war.258 

Such  speeches  exhibited  much  solicitude  on  the  part  of 
western  members ;  but  their  statements  were  so  sweeping 
and  so  generalizing  that  the  suspicion  of  exaggeration 
might  well  arise.  Calhoun,  Clay,  and  Crittenden  of  Ken- 
tucky called  in  question  this  warlike  panic.  "What  had 
created  so  great  a  dread  of  those  70,000  Indians, "  ex- 
claimed the  latter,  "composed  of  the  fragments,  the  broken 

257  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  835. 

258  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  837. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  267 

fragments,  of  a  poor,  disheartened,  dispirited,  down-trod- 
den people?  It  was  in  vain  to  effect  a  terror  of  this  now 
fallen  race,  trampled  in  the  dust,  and  broken  in  spirit,  as  an 
argument  for  the  increase  of  the  standing  army."259  The 
pioneers  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  Crittenden  told  the 
Senate,  had  conquered  their  wilderness  without  the  aid  of 
Federal  troops.  Why  should  not  the  pioneers  of  the  far 
West  do  the  same  in  their  region? 

Concerning  the  influence  that  annuities  might  have  in  pre- 
serving peace  with  the  Indians,  the  opinions  of  Calhoun  and 
Linn  directly  opposed  each  other.  Calhoun  believed  that 
the  Cherokees,  Creeks,  Choctaws,  and  Chickasaws,  all  of 
whom  were  friendly  to  the  United  States  and  received  large 
annuities  from  the  Government,  would  never  forfeit  these 
bounties  by  a  hostile  act.260  Linn  replied : 

The  great  tribes,  to  whom  large  annual  payments  in  money  had 
been  guaranteed,  would  not  go  to  open  war  with  this  Government, 
lest  their  annuities  should  be  forfeited ;  but  there  were  some  smaller 

259  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  829. 

The  technical  objection  to  Benton's  bill  which  pertained  to  a  point  of  military 
economy  was  that  of  replenishing  the  file  of  the  regiments  or  of  increasing  the 
regiments.  In  other  words  that  of  increasing  or  not  the  proportion  of  privates 
to  the  officers.  Calhoun,  who  it  will  be  recalled  was  Secretary  of  War  under 
President  Monroe,  held  that  the  staff  of  the  army  should  be  increased,  and 
not  the  file.  Clay  disfavored  a  considerable  standing  army  and  advocated  re- 
liance on  the  militia. —  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1852 ; 
Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  133. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  some  of  the  other  objections  to  increasing  the  stand- 
ing army.  For  instance,  Everett  of  Vermont  objected  because  any  increase  in 
the  army  must  be  made  up  chiefly  from  an  enlistment  of  foreigners,  and  he 
hoped  never  to  "see  that  day  when  Irishmen,  Englishmen,  and  other  aliens 
should  be  organized  and  armed  to  keep  the  citizens  of  his  State  in  order." — 
Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  484. 

260  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  808. 

Calhoun 's  position  on  this  point  is  self-explanatory.  As  told  by  the  con- 
gressional reporter,  Calhoun  said  in  part: — "The  bill  proposed  to  increase 
our  existing  military  establishment.  ...  by  the  addition  of  5,500  men, 
.  .  .  and  augmenting  the  expense  of  its  maintenance  by  a  million  and  a 
half  or  two  millions  of  dollars.  Was  this  necessary?  He  contended  that  it  was 


268    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

tribes  not  so  restrained;  these  were  not  unlikely  to  commence  a 
hostile  movement;  and,  the  moment  they  should  do  so,  there  were 
multitudes  of  the  young  warriors  from  the  larger  tribes  ready  and 
eager  to  join  them.261 

not.  .  .  .  Abroad  we  were  at  peace  with  all  the  world;  and  as  to  Mexico, 
he  believed  no  gentleman  seriously  contemplated  that  we  were  to  go  to  war 
with  her.  Never  had  there  been  a  time  when  so  little  force  was  necessary  to 
put  our  Indian  relations  upon  the  safest  footing.  Our  Indian  frontier  had, 
within  a  few  years,  been  contracted  to  one  half  its  former  dimensions.  It 
had  formerly  reached  from  Detroit  all  the  way  round  to  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Mary's,  in  Georgia;  whereas,  at  present,  its  utmost  extent  was  from  St. 
Peter's  to  the  Red  river.  To  guard  this  frontier,  the  Government  had  nine 
regiments  of  artillery,  seven  of  infantry,  and  two  of  dragoons.  He  would 
submit  to  every  one  to  say  whether  such  a  line  could  not  be  amply  defended  by 
such  a  force.  Supposing  one  regiment  to  be  stationed  at  St.  Louis,  and  an- 
other at  Baton  Rouge,  there  still  remained  seven  regiments  to  be  extended 
from  St.  Peter's  to  Bed  river.  Supposing  one  of  them  to  be  stationed  at 
St.  Peter's,  one  upon  the  Missouri,  one  in  Arkansas,  and  one  upon  the  Red 
river,  there  were  still  three  left  at  the  disposal  of  the  Government.  He  con- 
tended that  this  force  was  not  only  sufficient,  but  ample.  He  should  be  told 
that  there  was  a  very  large  Indian  force  upon  this  frontier.  That  was  very 
true.  But  the  larger  that  force  was,  the  more  secure  did  it  render  our  posi- 
tion; provided  the  Government  appointed  among  them  faithful  Indian  agentsr 
who  enjoyed  their  confidence,  and  who  would  be  sustained  by  the  Government 
in  measures  for  their  benefit.  Of  what  did  this  vast  Indian  force  consist? 
In  the  first  place,  there  were  the  Choctaws,  who  had  removed  beyond  the 
Mississippi  with  their  own  consent;  a  people  always  friendly  to  this  Govern- 
ment, and  whose  boast  it  was  that  they  had  never  shed,  in  a  hostile  manner, 
one  drop  of  the  white  man's  blood.  Their  friendship  was  moreover  secured  by 
heavy  annuities,  which  must  at  once  be  forfeited  by  any  hostile  movement. 
Whenever  this  was  the  case,  the  Government  possessed  complete  control,  by 
the  strong  consideration  of  interest.  Next  came  the  friendly  Creeks,  who 
had  all  gone  voluntarily  to  the  west  bank  of  the  river.  Then  came  the  friendly 
Cherokees,  who  had  done  the  same  thing;  and  next  the  Chickasaws,  whom  we 
also  held  by  heavy  annuities.  All  this  vast  body  of  Indians  were  friendly 
toward  the  United  States,  save  a  little  branch  of  the  Creeks;  and  it  would 
be  easy  for  any  prudent  administration,  by  selecting  proper  agents,  and  sus- 
taining them  in  wise  measures,  to  keep  the  whole  of  these  people  peaceable  and 
in  friendship  with  this  Government,  and  they  would  prove  an  effectual  barrier 
against  the  incursions  of  the  wild  Indians  in  the  prairies  beyond.  But  to 
increase  largely  our  military  force  would  be  the  most  certain  means  of  pro- 
voking a  war,  especially  if  improper  agents  were  sent  among  them  —  political 
partisans  and  selfish  land  speculators.  Men  of  this  cast  would  be  the  more 
bold  in  their  measures,  the  more  troops  were  ready  to  sustain  them".  Note 
also  a  further  speech  on  p.  826.  Compare  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  LIT, 
p.  99. 

26i  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  838. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  269 

Throughout  the  debate  there  appeared  vague  accusations 
against  Clay  and  Calhoun.  Were  Clay  and  Calhoun  hostile 
to  adequate  frontier  defense  f  No  one  can  read  the  speeches 
on  the  Army  Bill  without  perceiving  that  more  than  a  few 
individuals  considered  them  so  to  be.  But  such  sentiments 
were  without  foundation.  Clay's  attitude  had  been  ex- 
pressed on  this  very  question  time  and  time  again  for  a 
score  of  years.  It  was  always  the  same.  Clay  disliked  a 
standing  army;  he  would  have  the  western  country  rely 
upon  an  efficient  militia.262 

As  to  Calhoun,  if  he  were  seeking  an  alliance  between 
South  Carolina  and  the  West,  as  his  correspondence  during 
this  period  might  lead  one  to  suppose,  then  there  existed  a 
powerful  political  motive  to  prohibit  his  taking  an  attitude 
in  any  way  unfriendly  to  Benton's  Army  Bill.263  But  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  Calhoun  was  ever  zealous  for  western  de- 
fense. His  administration  of  the  War  Department  under 
Monroe  exhibited  in  that  respect  a  record  which  he  could 
point  to  with  pride.264  Like  Clay  he  opposed  a  large  stand- 
ing army.  While  disapproving  Benton  's  broad  plan  of  mili- 
tary establishment,  Calhoun  nevertheless  voted  for  the 
Army  Bill  in  1836  ;265  and  during  the  same  session  he  was 
manager  of  the  Volunteer  Bill  in  the  conferences  between 
the  two  houses.266 

262  Clay 's  opposition  to  the  Army  Bill  may  have  contributed  to  his  unpopu- 
larity in  some  sections  of  the  West  in  the  same  way  that  his  Land  Bill  did. — 
Pelzer's  The  Early  Democratic  Party  of  Iowa  in  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HIS- 
TORY AND  POLITICS,  Vol.  VI,  p.  30. 

263  Calhoun  Correspondence,  Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation, 1899,  Vol.  II,  pp.  349,  353,  366. 

264  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  826. 

265  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1853.    For  Calhoun 'a 
votes  against  the  bills  of  1837  and  1838,  see  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session, 
24th  Congress,  p.  840;  Journal  of  the  Senate,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  170. 

266  Journal  of  the  Senate,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  366 ;  Register  of 
Debates,  p.  1503. 


270    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

More  truth,  however,  lies  in  the  assertion  that  Benton 
pressed  his  Army  Bills  upon  Congress  with  an  eye  single 
to  his  elaborate  scheme  of  national  defense.  Benton  was 
almost  vindictively  opposed  to  the  Surplus  Eevenue  Dis- 
tribution Bill.  So  the  more  surplus  of  the  treasury  diverted 
to  the  army,  the  less  there  would  be  for  distribution  to  the 
States.267  The  frontier  scare  was  a  convenient  argument. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  the  Indian  outcry  of  the  day  was 
somewhat  exaggerated.268  Even  Benton  admitted  that  the 

267  Compare  with  Meigs'  Benton,  p.  171,  and  with  Linn  and  Sargent's  Life 
and  Public  Services  of  Dr.  Linn,  p.  280.     Many  charges  were  made  that  the 
Fortification  Bill  of  1835,  as  well  as  the  bill  for  the  increase  of  the  army, 
was  a  political  maneuver.     For  instance,  see  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session, 
24th  Congress,  pp.  2390,  2436. 

268  The  following  letters   from  the  southwestern  frontier  show   an  ulterior 
motive  in  spreading  rumors  of  Indian  hostilities.     One  letter  dated  August  28, 
1836,  at  Natchitoches,  Louisiana,  says:   "One  of  the  ostensible  causes  of  this 
permanent  military  occupation  of  Texas  is  the  reported  disaffected  state  of  a 
number  of  tribes  or  fragments  of  tribes,  of  Texian  Indians,  and  some  that  once 
lived  in  the  United  States.     The  Texans  are  pleased  by  the  presence  of  our 
troops  as  giving  their  cause  countenance,  and  with  that  policy  they  raise  and 
spread  rumors  of  threatened  attacks." — Niles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  LI,  p.  87. 
Another  letter  from  Camp  Sabine  declares :   ' ( This  frontier  is  perfectly  quiet. 
No  Indian  disturbances,  and  none  likely  to  take  place.     The  Indians  are  few 
in  number,  quietly  pursuing  their  avocations,  and  in  my  opinion  dare  not  mo- 
lest the  frontier  settlements  of  Louisiana;   and  it  is  believed  that  they  have 
never  entertained  an  idea  of  the  kind.     A  thousand  stories  have  been  circulated 
to  the  prejudice  of  the  Indians,  which  have  proved  false.     On  this  frontier,  a 
man  would  be  considered  very  credulous,  who  should  regard  the  reports  that 
daily  come  from  Texas." — Niles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  LI,  p.  162.     A  letter 
from  Camp  Nacogdoches,  dated  September  21st,  says:    "There  is   something 
singular  in  our  occupation  of  Nacogdoches.     There  never  has  been,  nor  is  there 
likely  to  be,  any  difficulties  with  the  Indians. —  They  are  as  peaceable  as  could 
be  expected,  urging  the  necessity  of  keeping  white  men  out  of  their  country." — 
Niles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  LI,  p.  162. 

The  maneuvers  of  General  Gaines  upon  the  Texan  boundary  in  the  summer  of 
1836  raised  a  storm  of  protest  from  those  in  the  United  States  opposed  to 
annexation,  and  the  denials  of  possible  Indian  hostilities  were  quite  likely 
exaggerated.  However,  these  were  undoubtedly  false  rumors  about  Indian 
dangers.  Further  opinions  of  the  time  may  be  found  in  Benjamin  Lundy's  The 
War  in  Texas  (Philadelphia:  1837),  pp.  44-51;  William  Kennedy's  Texas 
(London:  1841),  Vol.  II,  p.  291;  and  Mrs.  Mary  Austin  Holley's  Texas  (Lex- 
ington, Kentucky:  1836),  p.  161. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  271 

western  people  had  their  just  proportion  of  the  American 
army.269  It  required  no  elaborate  fortifications  of  stone 
and  mounted  cannon  to  repulse  such  an  enemy  as  the  abor- 
igines. Crudely  constructed  posts  and  a  few  mounted 
dragoons  were  enough.270  Such  defenses  were  already  on 
the  frontier.  But  if  adventurers  advanced  beyond  the  out- 
posts and  into  the  Indian  country,  did  they  deserve  any 
further  protection  from  the  Government?  It  was  a  western 
Eepresentative,  Bell  of  Tennessee,  who  turned  the  question 
by  suggesting  that  an  army  was  needed  on  the  border  as 
much  "to  coerce  our  own  settlers  to  an  obedience  of  the 
laws"  as  to  awe  the  Indians.271 

The  War  Department  was  interested  in  the  enlargement 
of  the  army,  and  recommendations  of  the  nature  of  Poin- 
sett's  report  in  1837  carried  much  weight272 — so  also  did 
the  mass  of  reports  from  regular  army  officers.273  The  De- 
partment outlined  for  congressional  consideration  an  elab- 
orate system  of  fortifications  in  the  West ;  and  in  1838  Ben- 
ton  introduced  a  bill  to  put  it  into  effect,  but  the  bill  wa§ 
lost  in  the  press  of  other  matters.274  Congressional  atten- 
tion, however,  had  been  definitely  called  to  the  need  of  the 
West,  and  the  appropriation  bills  for  fortifications  during 

269  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  1746. 

270  This  is  the  opinion  of  Secretary  Cass. —  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session, 
24th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  81. 

271  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  483. 

272  Senate  Documents,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  No.  1,  p.  171. 

273  Senate  Documents,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  No.  1,  p.  204 ;  Executive 
Documents,  No.  276. 

274  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  265. 

In  the  following  session  Senator  Linn  '&  plan  of  fortifications  to  extend  from 
the  Sabine  River  to  Fort  Snelling  deserves  attention.  Tor  several  sessions  also, 
Senator  Fulton  of  Arkansas  introduced  a  bill  for  setting  apart  a  belt  of  land 
on  the  western  borders  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas  as  bounty  lands,  to  be 
granted  to  settlers  for  a  term  of  years  in  defense  of  the  frontier.  His  argu- 
ment therefor  may  be  found  in  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress, 
Appendix,  p.  412. 


272    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  following  years  contained  items  for  carrying  out  the 
War  Department's  plan,  especially  for  establishing  posts 
along  the  Arkansas  and  Missouri.275 

THE  END  OF  THE  CHEKOKEE  CONTROVERSY 

The  question  as  to  the  Cherokees  again  came  to  Congress. 
This  tribe  had  failed  to  obtain  relief  by  their  appeal  to  the 
Supreme  Court;  and  from  the  Executive  Department  they 
received  only  admonitions  to  sell  their  lands  and  depart 
westward.276  Now  they  renewed  their  earnest  but  utterly 
vain  petition  to  Congress.  Clayton  of  Delaware  presented 
their  memorial  to  the  Senate  on  May  20,  1834.277  Forsyth 
immediately  objected  to  its  reception,  but  was  outvoted  — 
three  nays  to  thirty  yeas.278  The  Senate  would  not  ruth- 
lessly deny  these  Indians  a  courteous  hearing,  nor  refuse 
them  the  right  of  petition.  But  little  more  than  this  could 
the  Cherokees  expect  from  either  house.  Complete  ex- 
tinction of  the  Georgia  Indian  title  had  become  a  tenet  of 
the  Government's  policy.  All  further  stubbornness  on  the 
part  of  the  Indians  made  the  business  only  the  more  put- 
tering and  unpleasant.  The  Senate  had  learned  a  lesson, 
however,  from  the  unfortunate  episode  of  Indian  Springs. 
No  more  minority  treaties  would  be  consented  to.  So  when 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  session  the  President  transmitted 
a  treaty  (negotiated  by  John  H.  Eaton  as  commissioner  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States)  which  surrendered  the  Cher- 
okee lands  in  Georgia,  the  Senate  investigated  the  negoti- 

275  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  V,  pp.  582,  609,  660. 

276  Cherokee  Nation  vs.  State  of  Georgia,  5  Peters  1.     Worcester  vs.  State 
of  Georgia,  6  Peters  515.    Niles '  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  XXXVI,  p.  257. 

Note  also  Jackson's  supposed  remark  in  regard  to  leaving  Chief  Justice 
Marshall  to  enforce  his  decision  in  regard  to  the  Cherokees. —  Greeley  's  The 
American  Conflict,  Vol.  I,  p.  106. 

277  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  23rd  Congress,  p.  1772. 

278  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  23rd  Congress,  p.  1780. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  273 

ations.279  Hugh  L.  White  of  Tennessee,  much  to  the  irrita- 
tion of  Jackson,  conducted  the  inquiry;  and  he  found  that 
this  treaty  like  the  one  of  Indian  Springs  was  signed  by 
only  a  minority  representation.  The  Senate  was  advised 
of  the  situation,  and  without  ado  refused  ratification.280 

If  the  Cherokees  saw  in  this  rejection  of  the  Govern- 
ment's treaty  any  signs  to  encourage  their  persistence,  they 
deluded  themselves.  Both  houses  were  impatient  of  grant- 
ing any  more  consideration  to  the  Cherokees  until  they 
should  acquiesce  in  the  demands  of  the  Georgians  and  in 
the  advice  of  the  Executive.  The  few  speeches  of  philan- 
thropic New  Englanders  and  Ohioans  could  never  change 
this  sentiment.  The  Georgia  members  and  the  delegations 
from  the  central  and  western  States  were  omnipresent  and 
in  the  majority.  And,  indeed,  when  it  came  to  debate  it  be- 
hooved the  champions  of  the  aborigines  to  explain  the  sins 
of  their  own  forefathers.  Their  perorations  invited  cyn- 
ical reflections  when  the  Georgia  delegation  demanded  to 
know  what  had  become  of  the  hordes  of  Indians  who  once 
occupied  the  soil  of  New  England.  Surely  small-pox  alone 
had  not  swept  from  the  woods  all  of  "  those  pernicious  crea- 
tures to  make  room  for  a  sounder  growth ",  as  Cotton 
Mather  wrote  of  the  Plymouth  fields !  The  colonists  had 
pushed  back  the  natives.  Why  should  not  the  Georgians 
follow  their  example?  Did  not  the  oration  of  John  Quincy 
Adams  in  1802  on  the  anniversary  of  the  landing  of  the  Pil- 

279  Executive  Journal  of  the  Senate  (1887),  Vol.  IV,  pp.  445,  446.    Senator 
White  was  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs  and  reported  from 
that  committee  the  resolution  that  the  Senate  do  not  advise  and  consent  to  the 
ratification. 

280  in  a  letter  to  J.  A.  Whiteside,  September  17,  1835,  White  defended  his 
action  against  the  charge  that  he  was  hostile  to  the  Administration's  Indian 
policy.     Speaking  of  the  treaty  of  1834,  he  said:    "I  could  find  no  principle 
or  precedent  which  would  justify  me  in  calling  that  a  treaty,  which  not  only 
had  not  the  assent  of  the  Indians,  but  was  made  against  their  express  wishes; 
therefore  I  held  myself  bound  not  to  recommend  its  ratification." — Scott's 
Memoir  of  Hugh  Lawson  White,  p.  169. 


274    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

grims  apply  as  well  to  Gegrgia  as  to  New  England?  " Shall 
the  lordly  savage",  declared  the  then  youthful  Adams,  "not 
only  disdain  the  virtues  and  enjoyments  of  civilization 
.  .  .  .  but  shall  he  control  the  civilization  of  a  world? 
Shall  he  forbid  the  wilderness  to  blossom  like  the  rose? 
.  .  .  .  No,  generous  philanthropists!"281  Adams,  now 
in  the  role  of  philanthropist  himself,  was  compelled  to  listen 
to  the  sarcasm  of  the  Georgians : 

Could  the  principle  which  regulated  the  colonies  from  their  earli- 
est day  of  strength,  and  beyond  which  Georgia  has  never  gone,  have 
been  more  forcibly  expressed,  or  eloquently  illustrated  [than  by 
this  same  Adams]  ....  Can  it  be  that  in  such  wide-sweep- 
ing assertion  of  colonial  right,  the  mind  of  the  orator  had  nar- 
rowed its  vision  to  the  horizon  of  New  England,  and  the  defense 
of  his  own  puritan  ancestors?  Who,  that  has  heard  the  announce- 
ment of  such  a  principle,  could  for  a  moment  imagine  that  the  mind 
which  had  adopted,  and  the  tongue  which  expressed  it  with  such 
eloquence  and  force,  should  now  utter  unmeasured  denunciation 
against  Georgia  for  having  acted  short  of  the  extent  of  his  own 
principle  ?282 

No,  the  Cherokees  could  never  ask  for  further  attention 
from  Congress  unless  they  quitted  their  dourness  and  ac- 
cepted the  generous  grants  in  the  western  country  —  lands 
indeed  desirable,  broad  in  extent  and  fertile.283  The  advice 

281  An  Oration  Delivered  at  Plymouth,  December  22,  1802   (Boston   1802), 
p.  23. 

A  modern  defense  of  the  New  England  Indian  policy  may  be  found  in 
Channing  >s  History  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  338-341,  402,  403,  Vol.  IIr 
pp.  76-79. 

282  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4505. 

283  For  descriptions  of  the  Cherokee  country,  see  Executive  Documents,  1st 
Session,  26th  Congress,  No.  2,  p.  466;  2nd  Session,  26th  Congress,  No.  2,  p.  310. 

During  the  debates  on  the  bill  for  the  armed  occupation  of  Florida,  Benton 
elicited  information  from  the  War  Department  which  he  made  the  basis  for 
a  defense  —  one  of  the  most  able  ever  made  —  of  the  United  States '  Indian 
policy. —  Senate  Documents,  1st  Session,  26th  Congress,  No.  616.  The  purpose 
of  his  contention  was  to  answer  De  Tocqueville  's  rather  flippant  but  withal 
very  picturesque  account  of  the  American  mode  for  ejecting  the  Indian  peo- 
ples from  their  lands. —  Benton 's  Thirty  Years'  View,  Vol.  I,  p.  691,  et  seq* 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  275 

of  Webster  was  as  prophetic  as  that  of  Jackson  was  authori- 
tative. They  were  contending  against  the  inevitable.  The 
reception  in  the  Senate  of  Clay's  proposal  of  February, 
1835,  exhibited  this  fact  in  a  pronounced  manner.  When 
Clay  brought  forward  a  plan  whereby  the  Cherokees  who 
did  not  choose  to  emigrate  westward  should  receive  the  pro- 
tection of  the  courts  in  confirming  their  titles  to  small  par- 
cels of  land,  his  proposal  was  contemptuously  brushed  aside 
by  Cuthbert  of  Georgia  and  by  Benton,  while  Hugh  L. 
White  of  Tennessee  was  provoked  into  delivering  a  long 
eulogy  upon  the  now  sacred  policy  of  removal  whose  origin 
he  traced  to  the  great  Jefferson.284 

Clay  might  well  reflect  that  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  In- 
dians, beginning  with  his  appeal  for  the  Seminoles  in  1819, 
had  ended  in  much  the  same  manner.  We  might  ask,  what 
motive  could  this  Kentuckian  harbor  which  moved  him  to 
persist  in  pleading  the  Indian  cause  like  Webster  and  Ev- 
erett, Calhoun  and  Vinton.  Unlike  Vinton,  Clay  did  not 
harbor  any  prejudice  in  Iiis  heart  against  the  men  and  wom- 
en who  left  the  East  to  find  homes  on  the  frontier.285  Clay 
was  one  of  them  himself.  Indeed,  this  pioneer  trait  in  his 
own  life  accounts  for  his  cheerless  attitude  toward  the  des- 

Reeve's  Translation  of  De  Tocqueville 's  Democracy  in  America  (Cambridge: 
1863),  Vol.  I,  p.  436,  et  seq. 

Benton  showed  that  between  the  years  1789  and  1840,  ninety  million  dollars 
had  been  paid  to  the  Indians  by  the  Government  for  their  land.  This  was  a 
sum  nearly  six  times  as  much  as  the  whole  of  Louisiana  cost  and  three  times 
as  much  as  all  three  of  the  great  foreign  purchases  of  Louisiana,  Florida,  and 
California.  To  the  Cherokees,  alone,  for  eleven  millions  of  acres,  was  paid 
about  fifteen  millions  of  dollars,  the  exact  price  of  Louisiana  or  of  California. 
Benton  reviewed  the  patient  efforts  of  the  United  States  to  civilize  the  In- 
dians, and  the  careful  mode  of  treating  with  them  for  land  cessions.  Lo- 
gicians will  indeed  concede  that  he  proved  the  trivialness  of  De  Tocqueville 's 
criticism. 

28*  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  23rd  Congress,  p.  300,  et  seq.  For  a 
description  of  Clay 's  eloquence  on  this  occasion,  see  Mallory  's  Life  and  Speeches, 
of  Henry  Clay,  Vol.  I,  p.  177. 

285  gee  above  p.  225. 


276    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

tiny  of  the  Indian  race.  The  Diary  of  John  Quincy  Adams 
reveals  a  light  on  this  phase  of  Clay's  entente,  although  that 
light  is  somewhat  highly  colored.286  Adams  records  that 
when  Barbour  proposed  in  the  Cabinet  meeting  of  Decem- 
ber 22,  1825,  to  incorporate  the  Indians  as  citizens  of  the 
States,  Clay  declared  himself  as  utterly  opposed  to  granting 
the  Indians  any  such  privilege.  It  was  impossible  to  civ- 
ilize them,  said  Clay ;  they  were  destined  to  extinction ;  and 
although  he  would  never  use  or  countenance  inhumanity  to- 
wards them,  he  did  not  think  them  as  a  race  worth  preserv- 
ing. Their  disappearance  from  the  human  family  would  in 
fact,  he  asserted,  be  no  great  loss  to  the  world. 

Such  expressions  indicate  a  distinctly  pioneer  conception 
of  the  Indian  problem  —  for  pioneers  never  idealized  the 
American  aborigines.  Their  judgment  was  Teutonic  and 
harsh.  Throughout  all  of  Clay's  impassioned  appeals  in  be- 
half of  these  benighted  people  there  is  seldom  a  glimmer  of 
hope  for  their  advancement  as  a  race.  His  eloquent  plead- 
ings for  justice  were  but  the  promptings  of  a  humane  heart 
who  pitied  their  condition,  read  their  destiny,  and  saw  how 
hopeless  and  cheerless  it  was.  But,  withal,  there  is  a  deli- 
cate distinction  to  be  noted  in  Clay's  opinion.  It  was  the 
race  —  namely,  the  tribal  relations,  and  barbarous  customs, 
and  separatism  —  that  Clay  believed  to  be  unworthy  of 
preservation.  The  civilization  of  individual  members  was 
another  matter.  Indeed,  the  ethnology  of  these  peoples 
might  seem  to  prove  that  Clay  was  not  far  in  the  wrong. 

The  Twenty-third  Congress  adjourned  unheeding  the 
Cherokee  petition.  The  day  was  now  at  hand  when  the 
chapter  of  Cherokee  struggles  in  Georgia  would  be  closed. 
In  December,  1835,  the  tribe  gave  way  and  at  New  Echota 
signed  the  treaty  exchanging  all  their  lands  east  of  the 
Mississippi  for  five  million  dollars  and  lands  in  the  West; 

280  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  VII,  p.  90. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  277 

and  they  promised  to  remove  within  the  space  of  two 
years.287  A  stubborn  faction,  headed  by  the  venerable 
chief,  John  Eoss,  still  protested  against  this  decision  and 
denied  the  validity  of  the  treaty ;  but  they  protested  and  de- 
nied in  vain.288  Senator  White,  chairman  of  the  Indian 
Committee  who  in  the  preceding  year  had  defeated  the 
Eaton  Treaty,  found  nothing  in  the  negotiations  to  inval- 
idate Jackson's  new  treaty.  On  April  19th,  he  reported  in 
favor  of  ratifying.289  A  month  later  the  ratification  was 
considered  in  executive  session,  and  the  champions  of  the 
Indians  then  gave  the  last  battle  for  Indian  rights.290  Clay, 
Webster,  and  Calhoun  in  turn  argued  for  the  rejection  of 
the  treaty.  What  they  said  has  not  been  accurately  pre- 
served. But  the  Administration  triumphed  on  May  18th, 
when  one  vote  more  than  the  necessary  two-thirds  was  cast 
for  ratification.291  A  small  number  of  anti-administration- 
ists  in  the  lower  house  witnessed  the  defeat  attending  the 
efforts  of  Clay,  Webster,  and  Calhoun  in  the  Senate  and  pre- 
pared to  make  a  resistance  to  the  appropriation  necessary 
to  carry  the  treaty  into  effect.  The  Committee  on  Ways  and 
Means  did  not  long  delay  the  little  conflict.  In  the  annual 
bill  making  appropriations  for  Indian  treaties,  which  was, 
soon  after  reported  to  the  House,  an  item  for  the  New 
Echota  Treaty  was  found.292  Adams,  supported  by  Wise  of 
Virginia,  moved  to  strike  out.293  They  were  answered  by 
Haynes  of  Georgia,  who  confused  the  Opposition  with 

287Kappler's  Indian  Affairs:    Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  439. 

288  Executive  Documents,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  No.  286.     John  Quincy 
Adams  presented  the  John  Eoss  memorial  in  the  House  of  Eepresentatives. — 
Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  576. 

289  Executive  Journal  of  the  Senate  (1887),  Vol.  IV,  p.  532. 

290  Benton  's  Thirty  Tears '  View,  Vol.  I,  p.  624,  et  seq. 

291  Executive  Journal  of  the  Senate  (1887),  Vol.  IV,  p.  546. 

292  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4501. 

293  Eegister  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4502,  et  seq. ;  M emoirs 
of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  IX,  p.  299. 


278    IOFA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Adams's  own  rhetoric  on  the  "lordly  savages".294  Jack- 
son's administration  was  then  energetically  defended  by 
Haynes  as  follows : 

When  that  administration  came  into  power,  seven  years  ago,  it 
found  a  partial  system  of  Indian  colonization  west  of  the  Mississippi 
in  operation.  .  .  .  Within  the  last  six  or  seven  years,  the 
policy  of  removing  and  colonizing  the  Indians  in  the  States  east 
of  the  Mississippi,  to  the  westward  of  that  river,  in  a  region  remote 
from  the  habitation  of  the  white  man,  has  been  among  the  topics 
of  universal  and  bitter  discussion  from  one  end  of  the  Union  to  the 
other.  Nor  on  any  other  subject  has  the  course  of  General  Jack- 
son's administration  been  more  violently  or  unjustly  assailed.  And 
here  I  take  leave  to  say,  that  so  far  from  Indian  hostilities  having 
been  provoked,  either  by  the  negligence  or  injustice  of  that  admin- 
istration, they  may,  with  much  greater  justice,  be  ascribed  to  the 
political  philanthropy,  so  loudly  and  pharisaically  displayed  by  its 
political  opponents;  and  I  will  further  say,  that  should  war  arise 
on  the  part  of  the  Cherokees,  the  sin  of  it  lies  not  at  the  door  of  this 
administration,  or  its  supporters. 

Bouldin  of  Virginia  in  an  attempt  to  be  sarcastic,  almost 
raved  when  he  declared : 

What  is  the  policy,  the  design,  of  the  United  States,  in  regard  to 
the  Indians?  ....  Whence  did  they  derive  the  title  to  all 
the  wide  domain  of  which  they  are  the  proud  owner  ?  Did  they  not 
derive  it,  or  rather  wrest  it,  from  the  possession  of  the  natives  —  the 
Indians?  and  has  it  not  been  the  uniform  and  persevering  policy 
of  the  United  States,  hitherto,  to  drive  them  off,  or  exterminate 
them  ?  What  means  this  change  of  policy  ?  Have  they  relented,  or 
repented,  and  do  they  mean  to  change  their  policy  ?  Let  them,  then, 
give  up  all  the  lands  they  have,  by  the  tomahawk  and  scalping- 
knife,  or  the  rifle,  taken  from  that  gallant  but  unfortunate  race,  and 
I  will  believe  in  their  pity  and  their  repentance.  If  they  do  not 
mean  this,  what  do  they  mean?  Do  they  mean,  after  having  driven 
these  unfortunate  beings  from  the  North  and  East  to  the  South  and 
Southwest,  by  treaties  and  cruelties  far  worse  than  have  been  lately 
practiced,  to  use  the  whole  power  of  the  confederacy,  thus  acquired, 

294  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4505. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  279 

to  compel  the  people  of  Georgia  and  their  neighbors  to  submit  to 
the  scalping-knif  e  and  the  tomahawk  ?  Do  they  mean  that  an  inde- 
pendent savage  nation  shall  remain  forever  in  the  heart  of  a  civil- 
ized sovereign  State  ?  ....  Do  they  mean  that  these  savages 
shall  remain  there,  scalping  and  tomahawking,  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Federal  Court  or  the  Federal  Government,  until  they 
have  taken  their  vengeance  on  these  helpless,  defenceless  women 
and  children,  and  obtained  as  much  money  for  their  land  as  they 
may  think  proper  to  demand  ?295 

Grantland,  another  Georgia  Bepresentative,  warned  the 
House  against  "misplaced  philanthropy ",296  But  no  warn- 
ing was  necessary.  The  amendment  offered  by  Adams  was 
rejected  without  even  a  division;  and  Benton  was  able  to 
congratulate  the  country  that  the  North  and  the  South  had 
united,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  Calhoun,  in  ex- 
pelling the  Indians  from  the  South.297 

Jackson 's  administration  was  drawing  to  a  close.  Much 
had  been  accomplished  for  the  policy  of  a  general  removal 
since  the  President 's  inauguration  in  1829 ;  and  Jackson  did 
not  forget  to  congratulate  the  nation  upon  the  success  of  the 
removal  policy  in  his  last  annual  message  of  December,  1836. 
He  considered  this  success  consummated  by  the  late  treaty 
of  New  Echota.298  To  the  Opposition  these  felicitations  ap- 
peared, perhaps,  premature,  for  the  Cherokees  under  the 
terms  of  their  treaty  had  still  a  year  of  grace  before  quitting 
their  lands. 

The  end  of  the  first  year  of  Van  Buren's  administration 
witnessed  an  increased  public  interest  in  the  Cherokee  ques- 
tion. The  details  of  Jackson's  treaty  had  become  well 
known,  and  Webster  could  truly  say  in  the  Senate  that  there 
was  a  "  growing  feeling  in  the  country  that  great  wrong  had 

ws  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  pp.  4526,  4550. 

296  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4554. 

297  Register  of  Debates,  1st  Session,  24th  Congress,  p.  4565;  Benton 's  Thir- 
ty Tears'  View,  Vol.  I,  p.  626. 

2»s  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  24th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  9. 


280    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

been  done  to  the  Cherokees  by  the  treaty  of  New  Echota".299 
Multitudes  of  petitions  adverse  to  the  removal  of  the  Cher- 
okees came  to  the  House,  only  to  be  tabled  at  the  motion  of 
the  Georgia  delegation.300  Lumpkin  denounced  the  "  slan- 
ders "  cast  by  these  memorials  with  the  evil  purpose  of  dis- 
paraging the  State  of  Georgia.  He  condemned  "the  idle, 
silly,  and  false  sympathy  set  forth "  as  coming  from  a  dis- 
tant people  "who  are  obviously  ignorant  of  the  merits  of  the 
subject  with  which  they  are  impertinently  intermed- 
dling."301 Clay  of  Alabama  charged  the  northern  Senators 
with  an  evident  desire  to  "loose  the  tomahawk  and  scalping 
knife"  upon  the  Alabama  frontiersmen.302  King  of  Ala- 
bama declared  that  the  continued  discussion  of  the  subject 
in  Congress  created  false  hopes  in  the  minds  of  the  Cher- 
okees and  would  result  in  dangerous  disturbances.  And  his 
colleague,  Senator  Clay,  said  that  the  recent  scenes  in  Flor- 
ida ought  to  admonish  all  of 'the  "danger  of  tampering  with 
a  subject  of  such  fearful  importance,  and  that  firmness  and 
energy,  with  a  rigid  adherence  to  the  terms  of  the  treaty, 
was  the  only  course  to  prevent  war  and  bloodshed."303 

When  Webster  ventured  to  say  that  "many  excellent  and 
worthy  men  had  it  in  their  consciences  on  their  pillows,  that 
some  great  wrong  had  been  done  to  the  Cherokees  in  the 
treaty  of  Echota",  the  proverbial  reply  was  made  by  Alfred 
Cuthbert  of  Georgia.  "Where  were  the  Indian  tribes  which 
once  covered  the  territory  of  Massachusetts?",  he  said,  us- 
ing phrases  almost  stereotyped  by  repeated  expression. 
"Where  slumbered  the  consciences  of  the  people  of  Massa- 

299  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  403. 

soo  Many  petitions  came  from  Massachusetts. —  Journal  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  pp.  726,  776,  778,  911,  986,  1020, 
1127;  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Vol.  IX,  p.  518. 

301  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  376. 

302  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  263. 

sos  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  pp.  263,  402. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  281 

chusetts  when  these  tribes  were  exterminated  by  them? 
Yes,  sir,  butchered !" 

Further  discussions  were  vain.  "The  treaty  must  be  ex- 
ecuted ",  thundered  the  Georgia  delegation  on  all  occasions. 
No  bill  was  passed  for  Cherokee  relief.304  And  at  last,  close 
following  upon  the  adjournment  of  Congress,  the  problem 
was  put  forever  beyond  the  pale  of  Congressional  recon- 
sideration when  the  treaty  was  enforced  in  the  Cherokee 
country  by  an  officer  of  the  army  —  General  Winfield  Scott. 
"The  full  moon  of  May  is  already  on  the  wane,"  read  his 
proclamation  to  the  Cherokee  people,  "and  before  another 
shall  have  passed  away,  every  Cherokee,  man,  woman,  and 
child  ....  must  be  in  motion  to  join  their  brethren 
in  the  far  west."  When  the  last  remnants  of  these  people 
passed  the  Mississippi  their  petitions  against  removal 
ceased  to  annoy  Congress.305 

DEFENSE   OF   THE   OEEGON   COUNTKY 

The  census  map  of  1840  presents  a  different  picture  of 
the  frontier  line  than  does  the  map  of  1820.306  In  Louisi- 
ana, Arkansas,  and  Missouri  the  settlements  had  been  ex- 
tended westward  to  Texas  and  to  the  edge  of  the  Indian 
country.  The  country  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
Eiver  was  covered  with  farms  as  far  north  as  Prairie  du 
Chien,  and  straggling  claims  were  found  even  further  to 
the  north  and  west.  On  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi  the 
northern  frontier  had  been  pushed  well  into  the  interior  of 
Wisconsin  and  Michigan.  And  the  great  inland  frontiers 
which  appear  on  the  map  of  1820  were  fast  disappearing; 

304  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  404.  The  ilogan  of 
the  Georgian  delegation  is  illustrated  by  Lumpkin's  speech,  p.  403. 

*o&Niles'  Weekly  Eegister,  Vol.  LIV,  p.  210. 

306  Eleventh  Census,  Population,  Vol.  I,  Part  1,  Map  facing  p.  xxiv.  For  the 
military  frontier,  see  Executive  Documents,  2nd  Session,  27th  Congress,  No.  2, 
p.  80,  pi.  D;  and  American  State  Papers,  Military  A  fairs,  Vol.  VII,  Map  facing 
p.  780. 

VOL.  IX — 20 


282    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

for  the  land  titles  of  the  Cherokees,  Creeks,  Choctaws, 
Chickasaws,  and  of  the  northern  tribes  (with  a  few  excep- 
tions like  the  Miamis  and  the  Menominees)  had  been  ex- 
tinguished and  their  lands  surveyed  and  sold  to  the  pioneers 
and  southern  planters.  The  two  decades  which  had  passed 
since  the  year  1820  had  witnessed  the  consummation  of  the 
policy  for  Indian  removal  from  the  eastern  half  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  and  the  scene  of  Indian  affairs  was 
now  shifted  across  the  Mississippi  to  the  further  West. 

Benton  had  long  kept  before  Congress  the  necessity  of 
patroling  the  southwestern  frontier  bordering  upon  Mex- 
ico, which  was  peculiarly  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  the  no- 
madic Comanches  and  Apaches.  In  the  year  1825  he  called 
upon  Congress  to  protect  from  the  depredation  of  these  In- 
dians the  overland  trade  between  Missouri,  Santa  Fe, 
Chihuahua,  and  Sonora.307  Five  years  previously  the  trad- 
ers of  the  prairies  had  established  the  Santa  Fe  Trail  over 
the  desert  prairie  between  the  town  of  Independence  on  the 
Missouri  Eiver  and  the  capital  of  New  Mexico;  and,  said 
Benton  in  1825,  it  seemed  like  a  romance  to  hear  of  cara- 
vans of  trade  traversing  in  season  the  vast  plain  between 
the  Missouri  and  the  Eio  del  Norte.  The  bill  Benton  intro- 
duced for  improving  the  Trail  and  pacifying  the  Indians  en 
route  was  passed  by  both  houses.308 

Starting  from  the  same  Missourian  locale  another  and 
longer  trail  traversed  the  plains  and  mountains  of  the 
Northwest.  This  was  the  trail  to  Oregon.  Like  the  Santa 
Fe  Trail  its  congressional  guardians  were  the  Missouri 
Senators,  Benton  and  Linn.  At  an  early  day  they  urged 
Congress  to  protect  the  emigrants  to  Oregon.  While  the 
story  of  the  struggle  for  Oregon  belongs  to  another  chapter 
of  western  history,  there  are  parts  of  the  story  which  too 

so?  Register  of  Debates,  2nd  Session,  18th  Congress,  p.  341. 
sos  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IV,  p.  100. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  283 

intimately  concern  the  defense  of  American  settlers  on  the 
frontier  to  be  excluded  from  this  narration.  A  discussion 
of  one  particular  phase  —  defense  of  the  Oregon  pioneers 
—  tangled  as  it  is  in  a  question  of  greater  importance,  will 
nevertheless  throw  a  new  light  on  the  Oregon  question. 

Since  Benton  and  Linn  are  the  heroes  of  the  tale  it  is  well 
to  begin  with  their  earliest  exertions.  Benton  in  his  first 
term  as  Senator  from  the  newly  created  State  of  Missouri 
ably  supported  Floyd's  bill  of  1822  for  the  armed  occupa- 
tion of  the  Columbia  Eiver,  which  bill  also  contemplated 
grants  of  land  to  settlers  and  supervision  of  the  Indians.  He 
had  also  introduced  resolutions  on  his  own  initiative  looking 
towards  the  retention  of  the  Oregon  country.309  Sixteen 
years  later,  February  7, 1838,  Lewis  F.  Linn  introduced  the 
first  of  his  series  of  bills  for  the  establishment  of  an  Oregon 
Territory;310  and  from  that  day  until  his  death,  he  became 
the  special  advocate  for  Oregon. 

To  what  extent  Benton  and  Linn  fostered  these  bills  as 
an  open  defiance  to  England  and  a  part  of  the  game  in  the 
Oregon  diplomacy  and  to  what  extent  they  favored  them 
simply  as  a  means  to  protect  and  give  the  emigrants  a 
government  can  not  be  exactly  measured;  nor  would  it  be 
profitable  to  elaborately  essay  any  such  measurement.  The 
latter  motive  is  not  to  be  entirely  overlooked,  although  it  is 
probably  the  lesser,  in  the  case  of  Benton.  It  should  be  re- 
membered, however,  that  Benton  was  a  western  man ;  and  of 
western  problems  he  studied  the  real  conditions,  not  merely 
the  theories.  Unlike  the  ex-President  who  debated  the 
same  question  in  the  House,  and  who  had  played  a  part  in 
the  early  diplomacy  of  the  case,  Benton  saw  not  only  the 
raison  d'etat  but  he  also  saw  the  great  bare  plains  of  the 
Northwest  through  which  ran  the  Oregon  Trail  to  the  South 

309  Annals  of  Congress,  2nd  Session,  17th  Congress,  p.  246. 

310  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  25th  Congress,  p.  168. 


284    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Pass,  and  the  thousand  .slow  moving  caravans  of  daring 
men  and  pioneer  women  travelling  toward  the  West  to  make 
their  homes  in  the  romantic  land  of  the  joint-occupancy. 
The  hopes  and  the  fears  of  these  emigrants  he  understood. 
And  heing  himself  of  kindred  spirit  he  championed  their 
cause.  Nor  was  Benton  alone  among  western  members. 
He  typified  the  sentiment  of  western  expansion.  Linn  and 
Douglas  were  of  his  mold. 

On  February  6, 1840,  Linn  gave  a  new  feature  to  the  Ore- 
gon question  by  moving  resolutions  calling  upon  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  for  his  opinion  concerning  establishing  forts 
along  the  Oregon  Trail  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  and 
protecting  the  American  fur  traders  and  caravans  to  the 
new  country.311  Poinsett's  report  in  reply  was  agreeable 
to  such  a  scheme  and  proposed  locations  for  three  posts 
along  the  Trail.312  Linn,  however,  did  not  include  this  item 
in  his  plan  of  Columbian  colonization,  although  upon  the 
28th  of  April  he  introduced  a  bill  to  extend  jurisdiction  over 
Oregon.  Later,  in  May,  he  agreed  not  to  urge  the  Oregon 
question  in  any  phase,  pending  the  delicate  state  of  affairs 
in  the  Northeastern  boundary  negotiations.313 

As  to  the  Tyler  administration,  both  the  President  and 
his  Secretary  of  War,  Spencer,  were  of  the  opinion  that 
forts  should  be  established  on  the  Oregon  Trail.  Indeed, 
in  his  annual  report  of  December,  1841,  Spencer  asked  for 
a  chain  of  posts  from  Council  Bluffs  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia,  and  Tyler  added  his  recommendation  in  the  an- 
nual message.314  Both,  forsooth,  cautiously  limited  their 
reasons  to  one,  and  that  was  protection  of  fur  traders  from 
the  Indians.  Nine  days  following  the  President's  message 

311  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  26th  Congress,  p.  166. 

312  Senate  Documents,  1st  Session,  26th  Congress,  No.  231. 
sis  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  26th  Congress,  p.  363. 

3i4  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  27th  Congress,  Appendix,  pp.  4,  12. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  285 

Linn  introduced  his  Oregon  bill  revised  up  to  date.315  It 
contained  a  section  providing  for  forts  along  a  trail  leading 
from  the  Missouri  into  "the  best  pass  for  entering  the  val- 
ley of  the  Oregon  ",316  Before  it  was  discussed  at  length 
Lord  Ashburton  arrived  in  Washington,  and  again  congres- 
sional discussion  of  the  Oregon  question  was  postponed  be- 
cause of  the  international  negotiations.817 

The  treaty  with  Ashburton  was  concluded  in  August  of 
1842,  and  when  Congress  convened  in  December  the  per- 
sistent and  patient  Linn  again  introduced  his  bill.318  In  re- 
gard to  Indian  affairs  it  provided  for  two  agencies  to  super- 
intend all  tribes  of  the  westernmost  West.319  The  omission 
of  any  compromise  on  the  Oregon  boundary  in  the  Webster- 
Ashburton  Treaty  made  the  time  ripe  for  acute  discussion 
of  such  a  bill.  The  opposition  was  decided.  First  Cal- 
houn,320  then  M'Duffie,321  Choate,322  Crittenden,323  Ber- 
rien,324  and  Archer325  spoke  against  it.  Calhoun  interpret- 
ed the  measure  as  an  act  of  hostility  toward  England,  and 
upon  this  premise  he  argued  for  the  rejection  of  the  bill. 
The  country  was  unprepared  for  war  if  England  resented 
the  action,  was  the  burden  of  his  thesis.326  The  section  do- 

315  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  22. 
sis  For  details  of  bill,  see  Niles'  Weekly  Register,  Vol.  LIX,  p.  338;  Con- 
gressional Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  112. 

SIT  Linn  and  Sargent's  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Dr.  Linn,  p.  239. 
sis  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  61. 

319  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  112. 

320  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  pp.  133,    227;    Appen- 
dix, p.  138. 

321  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  pp.  198,  240. 

322  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  pp.    171,    239;    Appen- 
dix, p.  222. 

323  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  105. 

324  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  212. 

325  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  pp.  104,  220,  244;  Ap- 
pendix, p.  130. 

326  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  139. 


286    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

nating  lands  to  settlers  he  pointedly  disapproved  as  a  vio- 
lation of  treaty  rights.327  Calhoun  believed  the  tide  of 
American  emigration  would  soon  reach  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tains of  its  own  accord  and  be  ready  to  pour  into  the  Oregon 
country.  Such  a  theory  would  seem  to  preclude  the  idea 
that  military  posts  should  not  precede  actual  settlement. 
Be  that  as  it  may,  Calhoun  closed  his  speech  with  a  long 
defense  of  his  conduct  as  Secretary  of  War  when,  perceiv- 
ing the  resources  of  the  Northwestern  fur  trade,  he  had  ad- 
vanced the  military  stations  high  up  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri.328 

Choate  disapproved  of  the  section  making  donations  to 
settlers  as  a  contravention  of  the  Convention  of  1827.329 
And  he  further  explained  at  length  how  Oregon  had  been 
exploited  by  Massachusetts  enterprise.  Might  not  the  East, 
therefore,  be  the  rightful  judge  of  the  disposition  to  be 
made  of  the  country  of  the  Northwest? 

So  far  as  to  the  bill  being  an  act  of  hostility  to  Great 
Britain  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  such  a  nature  therein,  save 
in  the  section  making  the  donation  of  land.  The  other  fea- 
tures gave  the  settlers  the  protection  which  Great  Britain 
had  already  given  her  own  Oregon  citizens  by  act  of  Parlia- 
ment in  the  year  1821.330  But  the  proposed  land  grants 
were  a  questionable  matter.  Calhoun  sought  the  reference 
of  the  bill  to  the  Committee  on  the  Judiciary  in  order  to 
strike  out  this  objectionable  feature,  but  the  friends  of  the 
bill  would  permit  no  such  emasculation.331  On  the  other 
hand  Calhoun  was  equally  stubborn.  When  Bayard  pro- 
posed an  amendment  to  the  effect  that  the  proposed  dona- 

327  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  134. 

328  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  141. 
320  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  222. 

330  i  and  2  George  IV,  cap.  LXVL 

331  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  pp.  134,  239. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  287 

tions  should  be  altered  to  mere  claims  against  the  United 
States,  an  arrangement  which  would  be  in  no  wise  hostile 
to  England,  Calhoun  objected.332 

On  February  3rd,  by  a  vote  of  24  to  22  the  bill  passed  the 
Senate;  but  it  failed  in  the  House.333  Before  the  next  ses- 
sion of  Congress  death  had  come  to  Senator  Linn,  leaving 
to  his  colleagues  the  legacy  of  his  Oregon  bill.334 

In  the  two  sessions  following  Linn's  death  several  differ- 
ent Oregon  bills  were  considered,  but  all  failed  to  pass  both 
houses.335  The  discussions  thereon  were  of  course  a  part 
of  the  extensive  Oregon  debate  and  may  be  noticed  here 
only  because  of  references  to  the  question  of  protection 
from  the  Indians,  which  was  ever  but  a  side  issue.  Benton 
continued  to  point  out,  as  in  earlier  speeches,  the  dangers 
which  would  ensue  if  the  agents  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany should  instigate  the  natives  to  war  upon  the  emi- 
grants.336 Buchanan,337  Hannegan  of  Indiana,338  Doug- 
las339—  soon  to  be  appointed  chairman  of  the  House  -Com- 
mittee on  Territories  —  and  Duncan  of  Ohio340  also  pointed 
out  this  danger. 

Arguing  from  the  same  fact,  namely,  the  hostilities  of  the 
Indians,  Senator  Dayton  of  New  Jersey  came  to  different 

332  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  134. 

333  Congressional  Globe,  3rd  Session,  27th  Congress,  p.  240.   For  Linn's  bill, 
see  Appendix,  p.  154.     Adams  from  the  House  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations 
to  whom  the  Senate  bill  was  referred  reported  that  the  House  do  not  concur 
therein. —  Journal  of  the  House,  p.  382. 

33*  Benton >s  Thirty  Tears'  View,  Vol.  II,  p.  486. 

sss  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  28th  Congress,  pp.  56,  77,  104,  366; 
2nd  Session,  28th  Congress,  pp.  36,  38,  63. 

336  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  28th  Congress,  p.  637. 

33T  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  28th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  346. 

sss  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  28th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  245. 

339  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  28th  Congress,  p.  226. 

340  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  28th  Congress,  p.  216;     Appendix,     p. 
181. 


288    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

conclusions.  He  declared  that  the  United  States  could  nev- 
er wisely  make  "Oregon  a  State  of  this  Union  .  .  .  . 
[or]  a  separate  government,  the  effect  of  which  would  be 
to  pen  up  342,000  Indians  between  it  and  our  western  fron- 
tier. It  would  either  be  the  cause  of  exterminating  the  In- 
dians, or  making  them  a  horde  of  depredators,  or  both."341 
Senator  Choate  of  Massachusetts,  one  of  the  most  persist- 
ent opponents  to  the  retention  of  Oregon,  sought  to  prove 
that  the  Northwestern  danger  was  overrated  by  western 
congressmen;342  and  Adams  in  the  House  implied  that  "the 
enterprising,  and  warlike  young  men"  of  Oregon  should  be 
able  to  protect  themselves.343 

In  December,  1845,  Benton  made  a  sensible  move  in  the 
Oregon  question  —  a  move,  indeed,  which  it  is  a  matter  of 
wonder  was  not  made  long  before.  He  separated  the  prop- 
osition of  immediate  protection  to  the  Oregon  emigrants 
and  the  vital  issue  of  the  Oregon  question.  This  was  done 
by  a  bill  which  he  reported  from  the  Military  Committee, 
providing  for  a  regiment  of  mounted  riflemen  and  several 
outposts  with  the  object  of  guarding  the  Oregon  Trail.344 
Such  a  bill  was  one  that  could  consistently  be  supported  by 
Calhoun  and  Crittenden,  although  the  latter  considered  it 
of  little  real  importance.345  The  Senate  passed  it  on  Jan- 
uary 8,  1846,  but  the  House  delayed  its  becoming  law  until 
almost  a  month  after  the  adoption  of  the  joint  resolution  to 
abrogate  the  Oregon  Convention.346  The  credit  for  this  bill 
is  not  entirely  to  be  laid  to  Benton.  President  Polk's  bold 
message  at  the  convening  of  Congress  had  practically  rec- 

341  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  28th  Congress,  p.  315. 

342  Congressional  Globe,  1st?  Session,  28th  Congress,  p.  407;      Appendix     p. 
587. 

343  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  28th  Congress,  p.  228. 

344  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  p.  108. 

345  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  p.  162. 

346  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  pp.  162,  830. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  289 

ommended  that  the  question  of  providing  defenses  for  the 
pioneers  be  separated  from  the  question  of  the  acquisition 
of  Oregon.  In  this  matter  the  President  and  Benton  had, 
indeed,  been  in  full  accord  for  some  time.347 

The  committees  on  Indian  affairs  in  both  houses  reported 
bills  to  regulate  trade  and  intercourse  with  the  Oregon  In- 
dians and  to  make  peace  with  them  ;348  but  both  bills  were 
postponed  pending  the  outcome  of  the  Buchanan-Pakenham 
Treaty  and  were  never  taken  from  the  table  during  this  ses- 
sion.349 

On  August  5, 1846,  almost  at  the  close  of  the  session,  Polk 
was  able  to  communicate  to  Congress  the  fact  that  ratifica- 
tions of  the  convention  for  the  final  adjustment  of  the  Ore- 
gon question  had  been  exchanged  with  Great  Britain.350 
At  last  the  great  objection  to  giving  the  Oregon  settlers  a 
government  and  protection  from  the  Indians  was  overcome. 
The  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  country  was  now  vested  in 

347  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  p.  7;   Diary  of  James 
K.  PolTc,  Vol.  I.  p.  70. 

It  should  be  noted  that  President  Tyler  also  had  advocated  practically  a 
separate  discussion  of  protection  to  the  emigrants.  In  his  last  annual  mes- 
sage, December  3,  1844,  after  informing  Congress  that  the  negotiations  of 
Secretary  of  State  Calhoun  with  the  British  Government  concerning  the 
Oregon  jurisdiction  were  still  pending,  he  renewed  his  previous  recommenda- 
tions for  laws  t '  to  protect  and  facilitate  emigration  to  that  Territory. ' '  Con- 
cerning these  measures  Tyler  said :  1 1  The  establishment  of  military  posts  at 
suitable  points  upon  the  extended  line  of  land  travel  would  enable  our  citizens  to 
migrate  in  comparative  safety  to  the  fertile  regions  below  the  falls  of  the 
Columbia,  and  make  the  provision  of  the  existing  convention  for  the  joint 
occupation  of  the  Territory  by  subjects  of  Great  Britain  and  the  citizens  of  the 
United  States  more  available  than  heretofore  to  the  latter.  These  posts  would 
continue  places  of  rest  for  the  weary  emigrant,  where  he  would  be  sheltered 
securely  against  the  danger  of  attack  from  the  Indians,  and  be  enabled  to 
recover  from  the  exhaustion  of  a  long  line  of  travel." — Congressional  Globe, 
2nd  Session,  28th  Congress,  p.  3.  The  Executive  attitude  in  1844-1845  is  dis- 
cussed on  p.  387,  but  evidently  Tyler's  attitude  had  little  weight  in  the  matter. 

348  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  pp.  121,  888. 

349  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  p>  834;    Journal   of  the 
Senate,  p.  320. 

350  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  p.  1199. 


290    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  United  States ;  and  .Congress  under  the  Constitution 
was  authorized  to  give  the  Territory  a  government.  But 
for  two  years  this  power  was  held  in  abeyance,  and  the 
Oregon  country  remained  in  the  same  lawless  state  for  want 
of  congressional  action.  The  cause  of  this  inaction  had  al- 
ready been  foreseen.  The  northern  extremists  pointed  to- 
ward Calhoun.  His  policy  of  a  "wise  and  masterly  inac- 
tivity" in  1845  had  been  interpreted  into  "no  more  free 
soil  territory ' ',  and  now  his  opponents  were  to  find  another 
sin  to  lay  at  his  door.  Calhoun  was  too  shrewd  a  man  not 
to  know  that  the  northern  party  would  insist  upon  inserting 
a  slavery  restricting  clause  in  the  Territorial  bill  for  Ore- 
gon. That  country  was  north  of  the  Mason  and  Dixon  line. 
No  one  asserted  that  slavery  would  ever  find  a  root  there. 
Why  then  meet  the  question  of  slavery  on  a  bill  so  vital  to 
the  Northwest?  Simply  because  this  was  the  logical  op- 
portunity to  force  the  issue  of  the  constitutionality  of  slav- 
ery;351 and  Calhoun 's  opponents  were  not  loth  to  accept  the 
challenge,  no  matter  what  the  cost  of  delay  might  be  to 
Oregon. 

As  soon  as  the  President's  message  announcing  the  ex- 
change of  ratifications  in  regard  to  the  Oregon  Convention 
of  June  and  urging  the  early  establishment  of  a  government 
for  that  Territory  was  communicated  to  the  House,  Douglas 
from  the  Committee  on  Territories  introduced  a  bill  pro- 
viding both  a  government  and  Federal  protection  for  Ore- 
gon.352 This  bill  had  been  prepared  some  months  in  ad- 
vance of  the  President's  announcement  and  had  been 
framed  with  an  eye  single  to  the  welfare  of  the  Territory. 
As  introduced  it  contained  no  clause  on  slavery  to  block  its 
passage.  But  on  the  same  day,  after  the  House  had  put  it 

351  For  Benton's  criticism  of  Calhoun  for  ''forcing  the  issue",  see  his  Thirty 
fears '  View,  Vol.  II,  p.  698,  et  seq. 

352  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  p.  1200. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  291 

through  the  first  two  readings  in  the  Committee  of  the 
Whole,  the  bill  was  amended  to  forever  exclude  slavery 
from  the  Territory.  The  vote  on  this  amendment  was  de- 
cisive — 108  ayes  and  only  43  nays.353  The  expedition  of 
the  House  in  this  matter  was  commendable.  Within  a  few 
hours  time  Douglas's  bill  as  amended  passed  the  third 
reading  and  was  sent  to  the  Senate.354 

Undoubtedly  the  upper  chamber  would  also  have  passed 
this  bill  with  the  same  promptness  had  the  slavery  restrict- 
ing clause  been  reversed  or  entirely  omitted.  As  it  was  the 
southern  majority  tabled  it  at  the  instigation  of  Calhoun  — 
•so  Benton  claims.355  Thus  the  Oregon  people  were  left  for 
.a  year  in  their  extra-legal  status,  with  no  authoritative  gov- 
ernment and  embarrassed  with  threatening  Indian  wars. 
'This  was  also  their  fate  for  another  year,  for  the  history  of 
the  first  Territorial  bill  was  repeated  when  the  second  bill 
came  from  the  House  in  the  session  of  1846-1847.  The  Sen- 
ate tabled  it.356 

In  the  whole  Oregon  affair  there  is  one  man  who  stands 
out  in  a  peculiarly  satisfactory  way  —  and  that  man  is  the 
President.  Polk  viewed  the  question  with  the  executive  at- 
titude. Oregon  was  without  a  government  and  without  ade- 
quate protection.  Both  should  be  immediately  supplied. 
Twice,  in  a  special  and  in  an  annual  message,  Polk  told 
Congress  this.  He  had  even  promised  the  Oregon  settlers 
that  he  would  demand  action  from  Congress;357  but  that 
*was  all  he  could  do.  The  situation,  he  rightly  described  in 

353  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  pp.  1200,  1204. 

354  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  p.  1205. 

sss  Journal  of  the  Senate,  1st  Session,  29th  Congress,  p.  505;  Benton 's  Thirty 
Years'  View,  Vol.  II,  p.  698,  et  seq. 

356  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  29th  Congress,  pp.  199,  571. 

357  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  40.     Com- 
•pare  Diary  of  James  E.  Polk,  Vol.  II,  pp.  444-449 ;  also  Niles '  Weekly  Eegister, 
Vol.  LXXII,  p.  148. 


292    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

his  Diary  when  he  wrote: /'The  present  defenseless  condi- 
tion of  the  people  of  Oregon  is  wholly  to  be  attributed  to  the 
neglect  and  inattention  of  Congress  to  their  condition,  and 
....  refusal  to  legislate  in  accordance  with  the  Exec- 
utive recommendation  ",358  Polk  could  not  lead  Congress 
in  the  thorny  path  it  had  elected  to  pursue  on  the  slavery 
question. 

It  was  with  a  decided  tone  of  irritation  that  Polk  remind- 
ed Congress  in  his  annual  message  of  December  7,  1847, 
that  no  government  or  Indian  agencies  for  Oregon  had  been 
established.359  The  Federal  defense  of  the  Oregon  Trail 
and  the  Oregon  country  at  this  time  was  indeed  weak. 
Benton 's  bill  of  1846  had  provided  for  a  regiment  of  mount- 
ed riflemen  for  duty  in  the  Northwest,  but  they  had  hardly 
been  recruited  before  they  were  ordered  to  service  in  the 
Mexican  War.360  The  Northwest  was  left  quite  defenseless. 
In  regard  to  this  condition  the  report  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Indian  Affairs  sounded  a  distinct  warning.361  Thirty 
thousand  savages  inhabited  the  Columbia  Eiver  valley,  the 
report  pointed  out,  rendering  the  position  of  the  settlers  in 
this  far-away  country  peculiarly  exposed. 

Benton  repeated  this  warning  in  the  Senate.  He  attrib- 
uted "all  the  murderous  outrages"  committed  by  the  In- 
dians upon  Oregon  settlers  to  the  delay  of  the  Government 
in  extending  its  political  jurisdiction  and  protection  over 
the  new  Territory  in  the  Northwest.  * '  Our  meritorious  set- 
tlers, at  a  distance  of  three  thousand  miles,  have  deserved 
well  of  their  country  from  their  enterprise ",  Benton  de- 

sss  Diary  of  James  K.  Polk,  Vol.  IV,  p.  155. 

sss  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  p.  10. 

seo  For  the  history  of  this  regiment,  see  Diary  of  James  K.  Polk,  Vol.  TVf 
p.  155;  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  20;  2nd 
Session,  30th  Congress,  Appendix,  p.  21;  1st  Session,  31st  Congress,  Appendix, 
pp.  11,  12. 

sei  Senate  Documents,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  No.  1,  p.  752. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  293 

clared,  and  he  hoped  "they  would  not  be  left  exposed  to 
danger  and  inconvenience  from  calamities  which  a  proper 
attention  to  their  wants  on  the  part  of  the  Government 
would  prevent/'362  Senator  Hannegan,  one  of  the  few  re- 
maining Senators  who  seems  to  have  retained  the  confi- 
dence of  the  Administration,  called  upon  Congress  to  drop 
the  useless  discussion  of  slavery  in  regard  to  this  question 
and  give  attention  to  "the  cries  of  our  citizens  in  Oregon, 
surrounded  by  hostile  Indians ". 

Full  intelligence  of  the  beginnings  of  Indian  hostilities  in 
Oregon  was  confirmed  in  May,  1848,  by  the  arrival  in  Wash- 
ington of  two  messengers  to  the  President.363  They  came 
from  the  provisional  government  of  the  settlers.  One  had 
sailed  by  the  way  of  San  Francisco  and  the  Isthmus  of  Pan- 
ama ;  the  other  had  followed  the  Oregon  Trail  to  St.  Louis, 
and  thence  to  Washington.  When  their  definite  informa- 
tion of  outbreaks  on  the  Columbia  River  was  received,  Polk 
immediately  communicated  it  to  Congress  and  urged  expe- 
dition. Territorial  government  should  immediately  be  es- 
tablished and  authority  granted  to  raise  a  volunteer  force 
for  the  protection  of  the  inhabitants.  Besides,  according 
to  the  program  Polk  outlined  for  Congress,  a  regiment  of 
mounted  men  should  be  enlisted.  If  aid  was  to  be  carried 
to  Oregon  before  winter  blocked  access  to  the  country  from 
the  land  side  immediate  action  was  necessary.  And  a  delay 
of  another  year  "may  prove  destructive  to  the  white  settle- 
ments in  Oregon ",  urged  Polk.364  With  all  the  force  that 
he  could  exert,  Polk  recommended  personally  to  members 
of  Congress  the  immediate  needs  of  Oregon  and  proposed 
that  the  Missouri  Compromise  line  be  revived  and  extended 
to  the  Pacific.365  Such  an  agreement  would  make  possible  a 

362  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  p.  804. 

363  Diary  of  James  K.  Polk,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  463. 

se*  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  p.  788. 

365  Diary  of  James  K.  Polk,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  501,  504;  Vol.  IV,  p.  12. 


294    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

logical  retreat  by  both  parties  upon  a  precedent  already  es- 
tablished. 

Pricked  by  the  exasperating  condition  in  Oregon,  the  Sen- 
ate resumed  discussion  of  the  Territorial  bill,  and  after  a 
prolonged  debate  resorted  to  a  select  committee  headed  by 
Senator  Clayton.366  This  compromise  committee  respond- 
ed with  a  bill  to  organize  the  Territories  of  California  and 
New  Mexico  as  well  as  Oregon.  The  laws  of  the  provisional 
government  of  Oregon  prohibiting  slavery  were  to  remain 
until  altered  by  the  new  Territorial  legislature;  while  the 
legislatures  of  California  and  New  Mexico  were  forbidden 
to  make  laws  interdicting  slavery.367  This  compromise  was 
finally  accepted  by  the  Senate,  but  the  House  contemp- 
tuously rejected  it.368  After  the  failure  of  the  compromise 
of  the  Committee  of  Eight,  Douglas  proposed  Folk's  com- 
promise.369 The  Senate  accepted  it,  but  the  House  again 
refused  to  compromise.370  Finally  at  the  end  of  a  tiresome 
session  the  Senate  gave  up,  and  the  Douglas  bill  with  the 
restrictions  of  the  Northwest  Ordinance  was  accepted  by 
both  houses  and  presented  to  the  President  upon  the  last 
day  of  adjournment.371  Polk  immediately  gave  his  sanc- 
tion —  which  indeed  he  had  been  prepared  to  give  for  some 
time,  although  Calhoun  had  personally  exerted  his  utmost 
influence  upon  him  to  obtain  a  veto.372  The  President's 
prompt  signature  was  a  rebuke  to  the  long  wrangle  in  Con- 
gress, which  for  two  years  had  delayed  justice  to  Oregon. 

see  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  p.  932. 

367  Congressional  Globe,   1st    Session,   30th   Congress,   p.    950.      The   bill   is 
printed  on  p.  1002. 

368  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  p.  1007. 

369  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  p.  1048. 

370  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  pp.  1061,  1062. 

371  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  p.  1078. 

372  Diary  of  James  K.  Polk,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  22,  72-74. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  295 

OREGON  TERRITORY  AND  THE  INDIANS 

The  first  session  of  the  Thirtieth  Congress  passed  a  Ter- 
ritorial bill  for  Oregon,  but  the  entire  program  of  legisla- 
tion for  that  Territory  as  laid  down  by  the  President  in  his 
message  of  May,  1848,  was  not  carried  out.373  The  struggle 
over  the  slavery  clause  had  been  too  engrossing  and  all- 
absorbing  for  careful  consideration  of  other  details;  and 
perhaps  there  was  also  some  truth  in  the  President's  bitter 
reflection  that  Congress  had  been  "more  occupied  at  the 
last  session  in  President  making  than  in  attending  to  the 
public  business. "374  On  the  tenth  of  October  Polk  wrote: 

I  read  to  the  Cabinet  a  communication  which  I  received  this 
morning  from  George  Abernethy,  the  Governor  of  the  Temporary 
Government  in  Oregon,  dated  April  3rd,  1848,  in  which  he  states 
that  an  Indian  war  is  raging  in  Oregon,  presents  their  destitution 
of  arms  and  the  means  of  defense,  and  earnestly  calls  upon  the 
Government  of  the  U.  States  for  assistance  and  protection.  We 
have  no  means  of  affording  timely  aid  other  than  that  which  has 
been  already  ordered.  It  is  most  unfortunate  that  Congress  had 
not  granted  the  force  for  which  I  called  to  protect  the  people  of 
Oregon  in  my  message  of  May  last.  .  .  .  Congress  not  only  re- 
fused to  do  this,  but  after  the  orders  had  been  issued,  upon  the  con- 
clusion of  the  Mexican  War,  to  have  the  Mounted  Rifle  Regt.  march 
to  Oregon  the  last  summer  for  their  protection,  that  body,  without 
the  recommendation  of  the  Executive  &  against  our  wishes,  author- 
ized every  man  of  that  Regiment  who  would  ask  it  to  be  discharged. 
The  effect  [of]  this  was  ....  to  disband  the  Regiment  & 
to  recruit  it  again,  and  in  the  mean-time  the  season  was  too  far  ad- 
vanced to  enable  the  Regiment  to  be  marched  across  the  Rocky 
mountains  before  the  impassable  snows  of  winter  would  set  in.  The 
present  defenseless  condition  of  the  people  of  Oregon  is  wholly  to  be 
attributed  to  the  neglect  and  inattention  of  Congress  to  their  con- 
dition, and  ....  refusal  to  legislate  in  accordance  with  the 
Executive  recommendation  at  the  last  Session.375 

373  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  30th  Congress,  p.  788. 

374  Diary  of  James  K.  Polk,  Vol.  IV,  p.  155. 

375  Diary  of  James  K.  Polk,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  154,  155. 


296    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

In  lieu  of  a  military  ^  force  during  the  autumn  of  1848, 
Polk  used  the  navy  to  succor  the  Oregon  people.  Orders 
were  transmitted  to  the  commander  of  the  American  squad- 
ron in  the  Pacific  to  dispatch  to  the  assistance  of  the  Oregon 
settlers  a  part  of  the  naval  forces  under  his  command,  and 
to  furnish  them  with  arms  and  ammunition  and  protection 
until  the  army  could  arrive.376  When  Congress  convened  in 
December  a  large  part  of  the  President's  message  was  de: 
voted  to  the  state  of  affairs  in  the  Oregon  country.377  In 
plain  words  Polk  exhibited  the  culpable  neglect  of  Congress 
for  "the  continuance  of  the  Indian  disturbances "  and  for 
"the  destitution  and  defenseless  condition  of  the  inhabit- 
ants. "  If  Indian  agencies  had  been  established  in  Oregon, 
Polk  declared,  the  aboriginal  tribes  would  have  been  re- 
strained from  making  war. 

The  immediate  and  only  cause  of  the  existing  hostility  of  the  In- 
dians of  Oregon  is  ....  the  long  delay  of  the  United  States 
in  making  to  them  some  trifling  compensation  ....  for  the 
country  now  occupied  by  our  emigrants,  which  the  Indians  claimed, 
and  over  which  they  formerly  roamed.  This  compensation  had 
been  promised  to  them  by  the  temporary  government  established  in 
Oregon,  but  its  fulfillment  had  been  postponed  from  time  to  time, 
for  nearly  two  years,  whilst  those  who  made  it  had  been  anxiously 
waiting  for  Congress  to  establish  a  territorial  government  over  the 
country.  The  Indians  became  at  length  distrustful  of  their  good 
faith,  and  sought  redress  by  plunder  and  massacre,  which  finally 
led  to  the  present  difficulties.  A  few  thousand  dollars  in  suitable 
presents,  as  a  compensation  for  the  country  which  had  been  taken 
possession  of  by  our  citizens,  would  have  satisfied  the  Indians,  and 
have  prevented  the  war. 

Again  the  President  called  upon  Congress  to  provide  In- 
dian agents  to  reside  among  the  Indian  tribes  and  for  ap- 
propriations to  enable  these  agents  to  cultivate  friendly 

376  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  30th  Congress,  p.  7. 

377  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  30th  Congress,  pp.  6,  7. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  297 

relations  with  them.  Especially  did  the  President  recom- 
mend an  appropriation  to  cover  the  militia  service  of  "our 
fellow-citizens  of  Oregon  [who]  have  been  compelled  to 
take  the  field  in  their  own  defense". 

Howbeit,  the  session  passed  by  with  little  effort  to  formu- 
late into  law  any  of  these  Presidential  recommendations. 
The  militia  claims  were  not,  of  course,  even  broached,  for 
the  reason  that  there  was  no  one  to  present  them  for  allow- 
ance. By  the  Organic  Act  of  August  14, 1848,  the  Territory 
was  entitled  to  be  represented  by  a  Delegate  to  Congress.378 
None  appeared,  however,  in  this  session,  for  the  Territorial 
act  had  been  passed  so  late  in  the  summer  of  1848  and  the 
journey  to  Oregon  was  so  long  that  time  did  not  permit 
a  Delegate  to  arrive  or  even  to  be  elected  before  the  ses- 
sion of  1848-1849  adjourned.  The  Organic  Act  had  been 
carried  to  the  new  Territory  by  the  first  Governor  and  Mar- 
shal whom  the  President  had  hastily  dispatched  to  the  West 
immediately  following  the  passage  of  the  act  of  August  14, 
1848.  Taking  the  Santa  Fe  and  Gila  trails  to  California, 
because  the  approaching  winter  forbade  access  by  way  of 
the  Oregon  Trail,  these  officers  crossed  the  continent  to  San 
Pedro  harbor ;  thence  they  sailed  to  their  destination,  arriv- 
ing on  the  second  day  of  March,  1849.  The  proclamation 
of  Oregon's  Organic  Act  was  made  the  next  morning. 

The  days  of  legislative  neglect  were  now  numbered.  Af- 
ter the  establishment  of  the  Territorial  government,  a  Dele- 
gate to  Congress  was  elected.379  This  Delegate  —  Thurs- 
ton  by  name  —  arrived  at  Washington  in  November  before 
the  first  session  of  the  Thirty-first  Congress  convened.  The 
character  of  this  first  Delegate  from  the  Northwest  is 
worthy  of  note.  Born  in  Maine  and  educated  at  Bowdoin 
College,  Thurston  emigrated  to  Oregon  in  1847  while  yet  a 

378  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IX,  p.  329. 
37»  The  Whig  Almanac,  1850,  p.  51. 

VOL.   IX — 21 


298    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

young  man.  Despite  his  .short  sojourn  in  the  new  Territory 
of  the  Northwest,  he  is  said  to  have  rivaled  the  crudest  of 
western  politicians  with  his  harsh  and  impulsive  manners 
and  his  over-bearing  confidence.380  Be  that  as  it  may, 
Thurston  knew  what  legislation  the  Territory  needed  and 
how  to  obtain  it  from  Congress.  He  addressed  himself 
most  carefully  to  the  committees  of  both  houses  before  tak- 
ing the  floor  of  the  lower  house  in  person.  The  results  of 
his  activities  may  be  judged  from  the  statute  book  of  the 
United  States  at  the  end  of  the  session.381 

One  of  the  first  bills  which  the  Delegate  had  a  share  in 
bringing  to  a  successful  issue  was  a  bill  reported  to  the 
Senate  by  its  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs.382  Early  in  the 
session  the  committee  had  under  advisement  a  resolution 
offered  by  Douglas  concerning  the  expediency  of  extin- 
guishing the  Indian  title  to  certain  portions  of  the  western 
Territories,  including  Oregon  and  California.383  Senator 
John  Bell  of  Tennessee  was  chairman;  and  seems  to  have 
depended  entirely  upon  Delegate  Thurston  for  his  informa- 
tion in  regard  to  conditions  in  Oregon.384  It  was  high  time 
that  some  measure  be  taken  in  regard  to  Indian  cessions. 
All  American  settlers  save  those  who  appropriated  to  them- 
selves the  property  of  former  British  subjects  were  nothing 
more  nor  less  than  trespassers  upon  unceded  Indian  terri- 
tory. There  was  not  an  inhabitant,  Bell  truly  declared,  who 
could  improve  his  land  or  build  a  home  with  confidence,  be- 
cause there  was  no  land  to  which  some  Indian  tribe  did  not 
set  up  a  claim.385  The  necessity  of  the  immediate  extin- 

380  Bancroft 's  History  of  Oregon,  Vol.  II,  pp.  114,  et  seq. 

381  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  437,  438,  440,  496. 

382  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  31st  Congress,  p.  262. 

383  Journal  of  Senate,  1st  Session,  31st  Congress,  pp.  42,  62,  122. 
38*  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  31st  Congress,  p.  262. 

sss  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  31st  Congress,  pp.  262,  411. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  299 

guishment  of  these  Indian  titles  in  order  to  preserve  peace 
was  beyond  the  need  of  elaborate  proof.  Under  the  man- 
agement of  the  chairman  and  Douglas  the  bill  passed  the 
Senate  in  April  and  the  lower  house  on  May  29th.386 

Well  it  was  for  the  good  fame  of  the  American  Indian 
policy  that  the  Indian  treaty  bill  preceded  in  point  of  time  a 
certain  bill  already  reported  to  the  House  by  its  Committee 
on  Public  Lands.  This  was  a  bill  to  survey  the  public  lands 
of  Oregon  and  to  make  donations  to  the  white  settlers.  Al- 
though following  so  closely  upon  the  act  to  treat  with  the 
Indians  for  the  purchase  of  their  Oregon  lands  the  objec- 
tion does  not  seem  to  have  been  made  that  the  act  of  May 
29th  might  not  be  successful  in  extinguishing  the  Indian 
titles.  The  right  of  the  Oregon  settlers  to  the  Indian  lands 
upon  which  they  had  squatted  without  so  much  as  asking 
leave  was  unquestioned  in  Congress,  and  no  one  burdened 
the  Delegate  to  frame  a  defense  of  their  technical  trespass- 
ing.387 

In  regard  to  military  matters,  the  Senate  was  equally 
compliant  to  western  demands.  Jefferson  Davis,  Chairman 
of  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs,  introduced  a  bill  to 
increase  the  army  with  the  avowed  purpose  of  protecting 
the  Indian  frontier.388  "You  cannot  stop  the  travel  to  Cal- 
ifornia", said  Eush  of  Texas,  thinking  more  of  his  own  lo- 
cality than  of  the  Northwest,  "or  the  settlement  on  the 
frontiers  of  Texas  and  in  New  Mexico,  and  it  becomes  there- 
fore the  imperative  duty  of  Congress  to  protect  them."389 
The  bill  passed  both  houses.390  Moreover,  in  the  following 
session  Thurston  with  the  aid  of  Douglas391  and  Armistead 

386  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  31st  Congress,  pp.  798,  1090. 
SST  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  31st  Congress,  pp.  791,  1030. 
sss  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  31st  Congress,  pp.  395,  1139. 

389  Congressional  Globe,  1st  Session,  31st  Congress,  p.  1180. 

390  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IX,  p.  438. 

391  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  31st  Congress,  p.  332. 


300    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Burt,392  Chairman  of  the  .House  Committee  on  Military  Af- 
fairs, procured  a  settlement  of  the  Cayuse  War  claims  — 
the  same  militia  claims  mentioned  by  Polk  in  his  last  annual 
message.393 

At  the  close  of  the  Thirty-first  Congress,  Thurston  might 
truly  write  his  constituents  that  the  last  of  the  measures  to 
meet  Oregon's  present  needs  had  been  consummated.394 
All  this  was  done  in  spite  of  the  exhaustive  debates  on  the 
compromise  bills  which  excluded  the  much  needed  legisla- 
tion in  the  first  session.  The  attention  of  Congress  had 
been  definitely  fixed  upon  the  Pacific  coast  and  the  period  of 
its  neglect  was  past. 

CONCLUSION 

As  to  the  frontier  in  the  three  decades  from  1820  to  1850 
the  story  is  briefly  told  by  the  census  maps  for  the  begin- 
ning and  the  end  of  the  period.  In  1820  this  frontier  had 
hardly  crossed  the  Mississippi  above  the  Missouri  settle- 
ments ;  and  vast  stretches  of  wilderness  existed  even  within 
the  boundaries  of  some  eastern  States.  By  1850  the  west- 
ernmost frontier  was  far  beyond  the  Mississippi,  while  the 
interior  frontiers  had  been  reduced  to  almost  nothing,  espe- 
cially in  the  South.  The  land  titles  of  the  Indians  had  been 
extinguished  in  exchange  for  lands  beyond  the  Arkansas 
and  the  Missouri  rivers,  and  the  aborigines  who  had  been 
the  annoyance  of  every  Middle  State  were  now  far  re- 
moved.395 

But  even  in  their  new  homes  the  advance  of  civilization 
was  following  the  Indians.  From  Texas  they  were  being 
pushed  northward;  from  the  Iowa  country  pressure  west- 

392  Congressional  Globe,  2nd  Session,  31st  Congress,  p.  446. 

s»3  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  IX,  p.  566. 

so*  Bancroft's  History  of  Oregon,  Vol.  II,  p.  134. 

3-»5  Eleventh  Census,  Population,  Vol.  I,  Part  1.     Map  facing  p.  xxiv. 


THE  PIONEERS  AND  THE  INDIANS  301 

ward  and  southward  was  about  to  begin ;  while  their  retreat 
across  the  Eocky  Mountains,  as  if  it  were  not  already  pro- 
hibited by  Nature,  was  cut  off  by  the  new  settlements  in 
Oregon  and  California.  Economic  forces  were  the  cause 
of  this  contraction  of  the  Indian  country.  Every  period  of 
financial  distress  in  the  older  States  increased  the  influx  of 
settlers  into  the  bounty  lands  of  the  West,  while  large 
German  and  Irish  migrations  from  Europe  had  swelled  the 
tide  of  pioneers. 

Now  in  all  this  matter  the  sympathy  of  the  majority  in 
Congress  was  with  the  advance  of  civilization,  as  the  pre- 
ceding pages  have  shown  time  and  again.  How  pertinently 
had  the  case  been  stated  by  Adams  in  1802 !  The  rights  of 
the  lordly  savage  were  light  in  the  balance  with  the  rights 
of  civilization.  This  even  the  philanthropists  could  not  dis- 
prove; nor  did  many  care  to  deny  it.  But  withal  the  ma- 
jority in  Congress  was  ever  aware  of  Indian  rights.  Sel- 
dom do  we  find  even  individuals  who  had  the  heartlessness 
to  condemn  the  Indians  as  hopeless  or  to  assert  that  the 
only  "good  Indian"  was  a  "dead  Indian".  Their  rights 
were  to  be  observed  and  their  customs  respected  as  much 
as  was  possible  in  the  nature  of  the  case.  Their  lands  were 
to  be  purchased  by  annuities  and  by  the  grants  of  new  lands 
in  the  far  West.  Treaties  negotiated  with  minorities  of 
tribes  were  rejected.  Trade  and  intercourse  laws,  revised 
and  perfected  as  needs  arose,  were  to  guard  them  from  the 
lawless  encroachments  of  the  whites.  Against  lawless  in- 
vaders the  army  of  the  United  States  was  to  strike. 

But  on  the  other  hand  any  Indian  denial  of  the  inevitable 
retreat  before  civilization  was  suppressed.  There  could 
not  exist  an  imperium  in  imperio  in  Georgia  nor  in  any  oth- 
er State.  Civilization  must  not  be  thus  thwarted.  The  pio- 
neer settlers  on  the  frontier,  also,  deserved  on  their  part 
protection  from  savage  resentment,  and  unprovoked  hos- 


302    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

tilities  must  be  suppressed  and  punished,  and  prevented  in 
the  future  by  separation. 

Thus  Congress  was  between  two  fires.  While  westerners 
complained  that  the  Indian  title  was  not  being  extinguished 
rapidly  enough,  many  easterners  denounced  in  bitter  terms 
the  policy  of  removing  the  Indians.  Each  side  had  its 
spokesmen  in  the  long  debates  on  the  removal  question. 
When  it  came  to  vote,  however,  the  policy  of  continuing  the 
western  expansion  was  not  impeded. 

Even  before  all  of  the  Indians  had  retreated  across  the 
Mississippi,  the  frontier  line  had  also  passed  beyond  its 
western  bank;  and  much  of  the  Indian  history  of  the  Mid- 
dle West  was  beginning  to  be  repeated  in  the  far  West. 
The  annexation  of  Texas,  and  the  acquisition  of  the  South- 
west and  of  Oregon  enlarged  the  Indian  problem  without 
adding  many  new  features.  The  problem  in  Oregon  had 
been  under  congressional  consideration  since  1840.  When 
action  was  finally  taken  in  1849  and  in  1851,  that  action  was 
simply  a  repetition  of  the  former  Federal  policy  as  to  In- 
dian lands  and  supervision.  The  questions  relating  to  the 
Californian  and  Texan  Indians  belong  properly  to  the  next 
decade. 

KENNETH  W.  COLGKOVE 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY 
CAMBRIDGE 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS 

AMERICANA 
GENERAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS 

The  Library  of  Congress  has  recently  published  an  elaborate 
catalogue  of  American  and  English  Genealogies  in  the  Library  of 
Congress. 

The  work  of  taking  the  United  States  Census  of  1910  is  described 
with  considerable  detail  in  the  Report  of  the  Director  which  has 
recently  been  published. 

The  fourth  number  of  the  Maryland  Quarterly,  published  by  the 
Maryland  Peace  Society,  contains  a  paper  entitled  The  Peace  Move- 
ment Practical,  by  Theodore  Marburg. 

An  Education  Department  Bulletin  published  in  February  by 
the  New  York  State  Library  is  devoted  to  a  digest  of  American 
Ballot  Laws,  1888-1910,  compiled  by  Arthur  C.  Ludington. 

The  Story  of  the  Short  Ballot  Cities  is  the  title  of  a  pamphlet 
published  by  the  Short  Ballot  Organization,  which  contains  infor- 
mation concerning  the  workings  of  the  short  ballot  under  the  com- 
mission plan  of  municipal  government. 

A  paper  on  The  Doctrine  of  Continuous  Voyage,  read  by  Charles 
Noble  Gregory  at  the  Guildhall  in  London  on  August  2,  1910,  at  a 
conference  of  the  International  Law  Association,  has  been  reprint- 
ed from  the  Harvard  Law  Review. 

The  Importance  of  Judicial  Settlement  is  the  subject  discussed 
by  Elihu  Root  in  a  pamphlet  published  in  February  by  the  Amer- 
ican Society  for  Judicial  Settlement  of  International  Disputes,  the 
headquarters  of  which  are  at  Baltimore. 

A  Bulletin  of  the  Virginia  State  Library  published  in  October 
contains  a  very  comprehensive  Bibliography  of  the  Conventions 

303 


304    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

and  Constitutions  of  Virginia  including  References  to  Essays,  Let- 
ters and  Speeches  in  the  Virginia  Newspapers,  prepared  by  Earl 
G.  Swem. 

Samuel  0.  Dunn  is  the  writer  of  a  pamphlet  devoted  to  Current 
Railway  Problems.  The  valuation  of  railways,  the  limitation  of 
railway  profits,  railway  rates  and  efficiency,  and  the  new  long  and 
short  haul  law  are  the  problems  discussed. 

General  Wesley  Merritt  is  the  subject  of  a  biographical  sketch, 
by  Eben  Swift,  in  the  March  number  of  the  Journal  of  the  United 
States  Cavalry  Association.  Among  the  Reprints  and  Translations 
is  a  lengthy  article  on  The  Campaign  of  1777,  by  Charles  Francis 
Adams. 

David  Ricardo:  A  Centenary  Estimate  is  the  title  of  a  mono- 
graph by  Jacob  H.  Hollander,  which  appears  as  number  four,  series 
twenty-eight  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical 
and  Political  Science.  It  is  divided  into  three  chapters  devoted 
respectively  to  the  life,  work,  and  influence  of  the  great  economist. 

Pamphlets  published  during  January,  February,  and  March  by 
the  American  Association  for  International  Conciliation  are  re- 
spectively: School  Books  and  International  Prejudices,  by  Albert 
Bushnell  Hart;  Peace  and  the  Professor,  by  Grant  Showerman; 
and  Woman  and  the  Cause  of  Peace,  by  Baron  d'Estournelles  de 
Constant. 

E.  P.  Ripley  contends  for  the  value-of-the-service  principle  in  the 
regulation  of  railway  rates  in  an  article  on  The  Railroads  and  the 
People,  which  is  reprinted  from  The  Atlantic  Monthly  for  January. 
The  writer  has  discussed  the  subject  in  a  sane  and  conservative 
manner,  devoting  himself  to  its  ethical  phases  rather  than  its  ju- 
dicial aspects. 

The  Heroic  Story  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission, 
1861-1865,  by  William  Howell  Reed,  which  has  been  reprinted  from 
the  Christian  Register,  is  a  contribution  in  a  field  in  which  com- 
paratively little  has  been  written.  The  work  of  the  various  agen- 
cies engaged  in  the  alleviation  of  suffering  in  the  armies  during  the 
war  deserves  much  study. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  305 

One  of  the  most  pretentious  works  of  genealogy  which  has  ap- 
peared recently  is  that  devoted  to  the  Descendants  of  Edward  Small 
of  New  England  and  the  Allied  Families  with  Tracings  of  English 
Ancestry,  prepared  by  Lora  Altine  Woodbury  Underbill.  The 
work  covers  three  large  volumes,  and  is  amply  illustrated  by  nu- 
merous excellent  cuts. 

An  account  of  the  visit  of  Governor  John  Winthrop,  of  Con- 
necticut, to  New  Amsterdam  in  July,  1661,  is  to  be  found  under  the 
title,  A  Notable  Visit  to  New  Amsterdam,  in  the  January  number 
of  The  New  Netherland  Register.  The  mo'st  extended  article  is  one 
dealing  with  Pioneers  and  Founders  of  New  Netherland,  which  is 
contained  in  the  February  number. 

Hiram  Bingham,  in  the  January  number  of  the  Bulletin  of  the 
American  Geographical  Society,  writes  a  description  of  Potosi,  the 
ancient  and  interesting  South  American  city  which  was  so  long 
famous  for  its  fabulous  wealth.  F.  V.  Emerson  is  the  writer  of  a 
pertinent  article  on  Geographical  Influences  in  the  Distribution  of 
Slavery,  which  is  continued  in  the  February  number. 

The  Twenty-fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor, 
recently  issued  from  the  Government  Printing  Office,  consists  of  the 
first  volume  of  a  treatise  on  Workmen's  Insurance  and  Compensa- 
tion Systems  in  Europe.  The  systems  employed  in  Austria,  Bel- 
gium, Denmark,  France,  and  Germany  are  treated  in  this  volume 
by  different  writers.  The  work  will  be  in  two  volumes. 

Albert  Anthony  Giesecke  is  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled 
American  Commercial  Legislation  Before  1789,  published  by  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  The  book  deals  with  England's  com- 
mercial policy  toward  the  American  colonies;  import,  export,  and 
tonnage  duties;  bounties,  inspection  laws,  and  embargoes;  port 
regulations;  and  commercial  policy  from  the  Revolution  to  1789. 
There  is  a  bibliography  which,  as  the  author  indicates,  is  only 
partial. 

The  Legislative  Power  of  Congress  Under  the  Judicial  Article  of 
the  Constitution  is  the  subject  discussed  by  Frank  J.  Goodnow  in 
an  article  which  opens  the  December  number  of  the  Political  Science 


306    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Quarterly.  Clement  F.  Robinson  writes  on  The  Mortgage  Record- 
ing Tax;  Joseph  B.  Ross  tells  of  Agrarian  Changes  in  the  Middle 
West;  and  Charles  Franklin  Emerick  presents  an  article  on  A  Neg- 
lected Factor  in  Race  Suicide. 

The  four  hundred  page  Bulletin  of  the  University  of  Mississippi 
published  in  June,  1910,  is  entitled  Historical  Catalogue  of  the 
University  of  Mississippi,  1849-1909.  It  contains  a  history  of  the 
University  and  of  all  the  various  departments  and  schools,  together 
with  sketches  of  the  Presidents  and  Chancellors  and  lists  of  trus- 
tees, officers,  professors,  instructors  and  students,  from  the  begin- 
ning down  to  the  present  time.  The  volume  is  worthy  of  hearty 
commendation. 

Edinburgh  in  1544  and  Hertford's  Invasion  is  the  title  of  a  con- 
tribution by  J.  Balfour  Paul  which  appears  in  the  January  num- 
ber of  The  Scottish  Historical  Review.  A  number  of  Jacobite 
Songs  are  contributed  by  Andrew  Lang.  Henry  W.  Meikle  is  the 
writer  of  a  brief  article  on  Two  Glasgow  Merchants  in  the  French 
Revolution.  Other  articles  are :  Charter  of  the  Abbot  and  Convent 
of  Cupar,  1220,  by  James  "Wilson;  and  an  illustrated  account  of 
A  Roman  Outpost  on  Tweedside:  The  Fort  of  Newstead,  by  Joseph 
Anderson. 

The  January  number  of  The  Annals  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Political  and  Social  Science  is  devoted  to  the  general  subject  of 
Electric  Railway  Transportation.  Traffic  and  financial  problems 
and  public  regulation  of  electric  railways  are  the  main  subdivisions 
under  which  the  numerous  articles  are  grouped.  The  supplement 
to  this  number  contains  a  number  of  addresses  on  the  subject  of 
The  Need  for  Currency  Reform.  In  the  March  number  The  Public 
Health  Movement  is  the  topic  of  discussion. 

Among  the  articles  in  The  Survey  during  the  past  three  months 
are :  The  Findings  of  the  Immigration  Commission,  by  H.  Parker 
Willis;  Immigrant  Rural  Communities,  by  Alexander  E.  Cance; 
and  Immigrants  in  Cities,  by  E.  A.  Goldenweiser  (January  7)  ; 
The  St.  Louis  Meetings,  by  Henry  Raymond  Mussey  (January  14)  ; 
The  Correction  and  Prevention  of  Crime,  by  Edward  T.  Devine 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  307 

(January  21) ;  The  Pittsburgh  City  Plan,  by  Frederick  Law  Olm- 
sted  (February  4) ;  The  Social  Basis  of  Religion,  by  Simon  N.  Pat- 
ten (March  4). 

Arthur  Wentworth  Hamilton  Eaton  is  the  author  of  a  nine  hun- 
dred page  volume  devoted  to  The  History  of  Kings  County, 
Nova  Scotia:  Heart  of  the  Acadian  Land.  The  volume,  as  is  further 
indicated  on  the  title  page,  contains  a  sketch  of  the  French  and 
their  expulsion,  and  a  history  of  the  New  England  settlers  who 
came  in  their  place,  together  with  a  large  number  of  brief  bio- 
graphical and  genealogical  sketches.  The  work  is  apparently  done 
with  care,  but  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  are  no  citations  of  sources 
and  that  the  index  is  so  brief. 

Among  the  articles  in  the  January  number  of  the  Journal  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and  Criminology  are  the  fol- 
lowing :  Needed  Reforms  in  the  Law  of  Expert  Testimony,  by  Ed- 
ward J.  McDermott ;  Crime  and  Punishment,  by  George  W.  Kirch- 
wey ;  and  Public  Defense  in  Criminal  Trials,  by  Maurice  Parmalee. 
In  the  March  number  may  be  found :  Needed  Reforms  in  Criminal 
Law  and  Procedure,  by  William  P.  Lawler ;  The  Unequal  Applica- 
tion of  the  Criminal  Law,  by  Gerard  C.  Brandon;  and  the  State's 
Guardianship  Over  Criminals,  by  Stephen  H.  Allen. 

Volume  four,  number  one  of  The  University  Studies  published 
by  the  University  of  Illinois  is  devoted  to  a  monograph  on  The 
Origin  of  the  Land  Grant  Act  of  1862  and  Some  Account  of  its 
Author,  Jonathan  B.  Turner,  written  by  Edmund  J.  James.  The 
author's  thesis  is  that  Jonathan  B.  Turner,  who  was  at  one 
time  a  professor  in  Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville,  deserves  the 
credit  for  having  brought  about  the  movement  which  resulted  in  the 
Morrill  Act  of  1862,  making  land  grants  to  the  States  to  encourage 
education  along  the  lines  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts. 

The  Lure  of  Buried  Wealth  is  the  title  of  an  interesting  article 
by  Louis  Baury,  which  appears  in  the  December  number  of  Amer- 
icana. J.  B.  Ofner  is  the  writer  of  a  discussion  of  Military  Grants 
in  the  United  States,  which  is  begun  in  this  number  and  concluded 
in  the  January  number.  In  the  latter  number  may  also  be  found 


308    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

an  account  of  The  President' s.New  Year  Receptions,  Then  and  Now, 
by  Helen  Harcourt;  and  an  unsigned  article  on  The  Settlement  of 
the  Maine  Boundary  Dispute.  The  series  of  articles  on  Little  Wars 
of  the  Republic,  by  John  R.  Header,  runs  through  these  numbers 
.and  an  installment  may  also  be  found  in  the  February  number. 

A.  L.  Smith  is  the  writer  of  an  article  entitled  A  Nation  in  the 
Making,  which  appears  in  The  Yale  Review  for  February.  The 
Union  of  South  Africa  is  the  subject  discussed.  Another  article 
deals  with  the  Taxation  of  Corporate  Franchises  in  Massachusetts 
and  is  written  by  Charles  A.  Andrews.  A  second  chapter  on  The 
Statistical  Work  of  the  Federal  Government  is  contributed  by 
Julius  H.  Parmalee.  In  a  discussion  of  Rhine  and  Mississippi  River 
Terminals,  E.  J.  Clapp  points  out  some  important  facts  concerning 
the  possibilities  of  river  transportation  in  America.  The  concluding 
article  is  an  analytical  description  of  The  British  Election  Address, 
by  George  L.  Fox. 

The  January  number  of  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Dakota  opens  with  an  excellent  article  by  0.  G.  Libby 
on  The  Correlation  of  Literature  and  History,  in  which  he  points 
out  how  the  spirit  of  various  periods  of  the  world 's  history  has  been 
reflected  in  the  great  literature  of  those  periods,  and  how,  on  the 
other  hand,  literature  has  had  a  great  influence  over  the  people  and 
has  thus  helped  in  shaping  their  ideals.  There  is  a  second  chapter 
of  John  Morris  Gillette's  discussion  of  the  City  Trend  of  Popula- 
tion and  Leadership;  Andrew  Alexander  Bruce  contributes  An  Un- 
written Chapter  in  the  History  of  South  Africa;  and  Frank  L. 
McVey  discusses  A  Rational  System  of  Taxing  Natural  Resources. 

Among  the  articles  in  the  Columbia  Law  Revieiv  for  January 
are :  The  Constitutionality  of  Race  Distinctions  and  the  Baltimore 
Segregation  Ordinance,  by  Warren  B.  Hunting;  and  Nature  and 
Scope  of  the  Power  of  Congress  to  Regulate  Commerce,  by  Freder- 
ick H.  Cooke.  In  the  February  number  Alfred  Hayes,  Jr.  is  the 
writer  of  a  discussion  of  Partial  Unconstitutionality  with  Special 
Reference  to  the  Corporation  Tax.  Two  contributions  of  special 
interest  among  the  contents  of  the  March  number  are:  American 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  309 

Citizenship,  by  Dudley  0.  McGovney ;  and  The  Exclusive  Power  of 
Congress  over  Interstate  Commerce,  by  Charles  W.  Needham.  A 
cumulative  index  of  over  one  hundred  pages,  covering  the  first  ten 
volumes  of  the  Review,  has  recently  been  published. 

In  an  article  in  the  January  number  of  The  American  Journal  of 
Sociology  Sophonisba  P.  Breckinridge  and  Edith  Abbott  point  out 
the  need  of  improvement  and  regulation  in  the  Housing  Conditions 
in  Chicago  Back  of  the  Yards.  George  E.  Vincent  presents  some 
observations  concerning  The  Rivalry  of  Social  Groups,  in  which  he 
shows  the  importance  of  studying  the  conduct  of  the  individual 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  social  group  to  which  he  belongs. 
Municipal  Review  1909-1910,  by  Clinton  Rogers  Woodruff;  and 
The  Transition  to  an  Objective  Standard  of  Social  Control,  by 
Luther  Lee  Bernard,  are  other  articles  in  this  number. 

An  article  of  interest  to  the  average  citizen  is  one  by  William  Z. 
Eipley  on  Railway  Speculation  which  opens  the  February  number 
of  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics.  The  writer  outlines  the 
course  of  speculative  activity  since  1890  and  illustrates  his  points: 
by  discussions  of  various  railroad  pools  and  syndicates,  closing  with 
suggested  remedies  and  an  estimate  of  future  developments.  Rob- 
ert H.  Smith  is  the  author  of  an  article  on  Distribution  of  Income 
in  Great  Britain  and  Incidence  of  Income  Tax.  Other  articles  are : 
Economic  History  and  Philology,  by  Leo  Wiener ;  a  second  install- 
ment of  Railway  Rate  Theories  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission, by  M.  B.  Hammond ;  and  Some  Aspects  of  the  Wool  Trade 
of  the  United  States,  by  P.  T.  Cherington. 

The  presidential  address  on  the  subject  of  The  Law  and  the  Facts, 
delivered  by  Woodrow  Wilson  at  the  seventh  annual  meeting  of  the 
American  Political  Science  Association  occupies  first  place  in  the 
February  number  of  The  American  Political  Science  Review.  The 
address  is  a  plea  for  a  more  earnest  effort  to  fathom  the  spirit  and 
the  motives  behind  political  phenomena,  rather  than  the  mere  study 
of  the  facts  as  they  appear  on  the  surface.  Paul  S.  Reinsch  pre- 
sents a  careful  survey  of  Diplomatic  Affairs  and  International  Law, 
1910.  Oswald  Ryan  discusses  The  Commission  Plan  of  City  Gov- 
ernment in  the  light  of  its  workings  thus  far,  and  his  conclusions- 


310    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

on  the  whole  are  distinctly  favorable  to  the  plan.  Tendencies  To- 
ward Ministerial  Responsibility  in  Germany  is  the  subject  of  an 
article  by  Walter  J.  Shepard. 

The  State  of  New  York  has  added  another  handsome  volume  to 
its  already  large  list  of  publications  of  documentary  material.  This 
time  it  is  volume  one  of  the  Minutes  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the 
Province  of  New  York  which  is  printed,  and  the  editor  is  the  State 
Historian,  Victor  Hugo  Paltsits.  The  material  included  in  this  vol- 
ume covers  the  administration  of  Francis  Lovelace,  the  second 
English  Governor  of  New  York,  from  1668-1673.  No  minutes  for 
the  administration  of  Richard  Nicolls,  the  first  Governor,  have 
been  found  and  in  fact  it  is  not  known  that  any  such  records  were 
kept.  Besides  the  minutes  themselves,  which  occupy  less  than  half 
of  the  volume,  there  are  a  number  of  Collateral  and  Illustrative 
Documents  which  throw  much  additional  light  on  the  transactions 
of  the  Council.  The  editorial  work  has  evidently  been  done  with 
great  care.  The  documents  have  been  transcribed  with  commend- 
able accuracy,  and  the  notes  and  annotations  are  unusually  full 
and  explanatory. 

Defense  of  American  Commerce  and  the  Spirit  of  American  Unity 
is  the  subject  of  an  article  by  Henry  Moore  Baker  which  appears 
in  The  Journal  of  American  History  for  the  first  quarter  of  the 
current  year.  The  article  centers  about  the  siege  of  Louisburg  in 
1745  and  the  events  immediately  preceding.  Under  the  heading, 
Original  Manuscript  of  a  Witness  of  the  American  Revolution, 
Varnum  Lansing  Collins  contributes  a  description  of  the  battle  of 
Princeton  and  of  the  ravages  of  the  British  and  Hessians,  written 
by  an  eye-witness.  The  results  of  an  Investigation  into  American 
Tradition  of  Woman  Known  as  <f Molly  Pitcher"  are  presented  by 
John  B.  Landis.  Among  the  other  contributions  are:  a  third  in- 
stallment of  transcripts  from  Original  Orderly  Books  Written  on 
the  Battlefields  of  the  American  Revolution,  by  Charles  Tallmadge 
Conover ;  Discovery  of  the  Great  Anthracite  Regions  of  the  Middle 
West,  by  Louise  Hillard  Patterson;  and  a  discussion  of  a  Journey 
to  the  Northern  Regions  before  the  American  Republic,  by  Eliza- 
beth W.  Chandler. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  311 

WESTERN 

An  address  by  J.  B.  Oakleaf  on  Abraham  Lincoln:  His  Friend- 
ship for  Humanity  and  Sacrifice  for  Others  has  been  printed  in  an 
extremely  neat  and  attractive  pamphlet. 

A  History  of  Macalester  College,  by  Henry  Daniel  Funk,  is  a 
three  hundred  page  volume  of  western  interest.  The  volume  has 
been  written  in  a  scholarly  manner,  with  frequent  references  to 
sources  of  material,  and  is  worthy  of  emulation  on  the  part  of  other 
colleges  and  universities. 

Among  the  articles  in  The  Graduate  Magazine  of  the  University 
of  Kansas  for  January  is  a  brief  sketch  entitled  Thirty  Tears  Ago 
at  K.  U.,  by  Edwin  C.  Meservy.  The  February  number  opens  with 
an  article  on  The  Alien,  by  R.  D.  0  'Leary.  There  are  also  a  num- 
ber of  articles  paying,  tributes  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Professor 
Frank  Egbert  Bryant. 

A  bulletin  published  in  December  by  the  University  of  Oregon 
contains  the  proceedings  of  the  Second  Annual  Commonwealth 
Conference  held  at  the  University  on  February  11  and  12,  1910. 
The  University  is  performing  a  worthy  service  in  maintaining  this 
conference  at  which  questions  relative  to  the  welfare  and  progress 
of  the  State  of  Oregon  are  discussed. 

Cherokees  "West"  1794  to  1839  is  the  title  of  a  volume  compiled 
and  published  at  Clareinore,  Oklahoma,  by  Emmet  Starr.  It  con- 
tains, in  the  first  place,  a  number  of  reminiscent  letters  written  by 
Cephas  Washburn,  an  early  missionary  among  the  Cherokees.  Then 
follow  a  number  of  laws  of  the  Cherokee  Nation,  together  with  some 
historical  notes  relative  to  the  tribe.  The  lack  of  an  index  is  to  be 
deplored.  Mr.  Starr  announces  his  praiseworthy  intention  to  pub- 
lish a  number  of  other  volumes  on  the  Cherokees. 

The  Fox  Farm  in  Mason  County,  Kentucky,  near  Maysville  and 
not  far  from  the  historic  town  of  Washington,  is  the  locality  the 
aboriginal  history  of  which  is  related  by  Harlan  I.  Smith  in  a  mono- 
graph on  The  Prehistoric  Ethnology  of  a  Kentucky  Site,  which 
constitutes  volume  six,  part  two  of  the  Anthropological  Papers  of 


312    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  American  Museum  of  Ifatural  History.  The  writer  has  suc- 
ceeded in  an  admirable  manner  in  reconstructing  the  life  of  the  pre- 
historic inhabitants  of  the  locality,  and  the  monograph  contains  a 
large  number  of  excellent  illustrations. 

The  Stone  Age  in  North  America  is  the  title  of  a  two-volume 
work  by  Warren  K.  Moorehead,  which  has  come  from  the  press  of 
the  Houghton  Mifflin  Company.  It  is,  as  stated  on  the  title  page, 
an  archaeological  encyclopedia  of  the  implements,  ornaments, 
weapons,  and  utensils  of  the  prehistoric  races  of  this  continent. 
The  many  hundred  illustrations,  some  of  them  in  color,  form  a  most 
praiseworthy  part  of  the  work,  which  throughout  gives  evidence  of 
a  vast  amount  of  diligent  labor  in  preparation. 

IOWANA 

A  Biographic  Sketch  of  S.  B.  McCall,  written  by  C.  L.  Lucas, 
is  printed  in  the  Madrid  Register-News  of  March  23,  1911. 

A  supplement  to  the  Morningside  College  Bulletin  issued  in  De- 
cember contains  the  proceedings  and  addresses  at  the  inauguration 
of  President  Freeman  on  October  6,  1910. 

The  Swastika,  Its  History  and  Significance  is  an  article  by 
Thomas  Carr  in  the  January  number  of  The  American  Freemason, 
and  there  is  a  second  installment  in  the  February  number. 

College  Purpose  and  College  Failures  is  the  topic  of  a  sketch  in 
the  February  number  of  The  Grinnell  Review,  where  may  also  be 
found  a  brief  article  on  Grinnell  College  and  Public  Affairs. 

A  neat  pamphlet  containing  an  account  of  the  Dedication  of  the 
First  English  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  of  Cedar  Rapids  opens 
with  a  brief  historical  sketch  of  the  church,  which  was  organized  in 
1856. 

The  Sage  of  Monticello  is  the  topic  of  a  sketch  by  William  Cyrus 
Hanawalt  in  the  January  number  of  Midland  Schools.  Here  may 
also  be  found  a  Proposed  Pension  Bill  for  the  benefit  of  public 
school  teachers. 

The  Efficiency  and  Limitations  of  Bank  Examinations  is  the  title 
of  an  article  by  M.  A.  Kendall  which  appears  in  The  Northwestern 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  313 

Banker  for  January.  The  Banker  and  the  Farmer,  by  Henry  Wal- 
lace; and  Banking  and  Finance,  by  E.  R.  Gurney,  are  other  articles 
in  this  number. 

Some  interesting  local  history  of  Jefferson  County  is  to  be  found 
in  an  article  on  The  Oldest  Burying  Ground  in  the  County,  by 
Hiram  Heaton,  in  the  issue  of  the  Fairfield  Tribune  for  January 
25, 1911. 

Emma  Robinson  Kleckner  is  the  writer  of  a  little  pamphlet  en- 
titled Sioux  City.  The  author  traces  the  history  of  the  city  from 
the  time  when  Lewis  and  Clark  and  their  party  camped  on  Iowa 
soil  at  that  point,  and  buried  Sergeant  Charles  Floyd  on  a  high 
bluff  overlooking  the  river. 

A  handsome  volume  of  over  two  hundred  pages  contains  the  Re- 
port of  the  Iowa  State  Drainage  Waterways  and  Conservation  Com- 
mission for  the  biennial  period  ending  in  January,  1911.  The 
Commission  was  created  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  in  1909  and 
consequently  this  is  the  first  report.  A  large  number  of  excellent 
illustrations  and  maps  accompany  the  report. 

0.  A.  Byington  is  the  writer  of  a  brief  article  on  University 
Alumni  and  the  Legislature  which  is  printed  in  the  January  num- 
ber of  The  Iowa  Alumnus.  In  the  February  number  there  is  a  state- 
ment concerning  the  Resignation  of  President  MacLean,  and  an 
article  by  Mira  Troth  on  General  Thomas  J.  Henderson,  who  was  a 
student  in  the  institution  known  as  Iowa  City  University  in  1845- 
1846. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Eleventh  Annual  Conference  of  the  Iowa 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  have  been  printed  in  a  neat 
pamphlet.  This  organization  is  performing  valuable  historical  ser- 
vices in  the  way  of  marking  and  preserving  historic  sites,  collecting 
historical  relics,  and  educating  the  people  on  historical  subjects.  It 
is  also  aiding  in  the  movement  for  child  labor  legislation  and  other 
similar  reforms. 

A  paper  on  Education  for  the  Iowa  Farm  Boy,  read  by  H.  C. 
Wallace  before  the  Prairie  Club  of  Des  Moines,  has  been  printed  in 
pamphlet  form.  The  author  discusses  the  systems  of  agricultural 

VOL.  ix — 22 


314    IOWA'  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

education  and  rural  public  schools  employed  in  various  European 
countries,  and  compares  them  with  the  conditions,  past  and  present, 
along  the  same  lines  in  this  country  in  general  and  in  Iowa  in  par- 
ticular. The  great  need  for  improvement  is  pointed  out. 

Vida  E.  Smith  is  the  writer  of  a  Biography  of  Patriarch  Alex- 
ander Hale  Smith  which  occupies  first  place  in  the  January  number 
of  the  Journal  of  History  published  at  Lamoni  by  the  Reorganized 
Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter  Day  Saints.  An  Open  Letter  of 
Charles  W.  Wandell  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  is  an- 
other contribution,  and  the  remainder  of  the  Journal  is  largely 
taken  up  with  continuations  of  biographical  sketches,  as  is  also  the 
April  number. 

In  the  February  number  of  Midland  Municipalities  there  may  be 
found  An  Open  Letter  to  County  Attorneys  of  Iowa,  by  Frank  G. 
Pierce.  Municipal  Law  of  Iowa,  by  A.  W.  Osborne ;  Uniform  Ac- 
counting, by  Henry  Shuff ;  and  Need  of  Comparative  Reports  and 
Uniform  Accounting,  by  Thomas  H.  Pratt,  are  among  the  articles 
in  this  number.  In  the  March  number  there  are  some  extracts  from 
a  paper  on  Railroad  Taxation  in  Iowa,  by  Frank  T.  True;  and 
Extracts  from  a  Paper  on  Tax  Reform  in  Iowa,  by  John  E.  Brind- 
ley. 

SOME  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS  BY  IOWA  AUTHORS 

Bailey,  Bert  Heald, 

Two  Hundred  Wild  Birds  of  Iowa    (New  edition).     Cedar 

Rapids :  Superior  Press.    1911. 
Betts,  George  Herbert, 

The  Recitation.    Mount  Yernon,  Iowa:  Hawk-Eye  Publishing 

Co.    1911. 
Breckenridge,  Mrs.  John, 

Mahanomah.    New  York:  Cochrane  Publishing  Co.    1911. 
Brewer,  Luther  A.,  and  Wick,  Barthinius  L., 

History  of  Linn  County,  Iowa.     Cedar  Rapids:  The  Torch 

Press.    1911. 
Brindley,  John  E., 

History  of  Taxation  in  Iowa  (2  volumes).     Iowa  City:  The 
State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa.    1911. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  315 

Brown,  John  Franklin, 

The  Training  of  Teachers  for  Secondary  Schools  in  Germany 
and  the  United  States.    New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co.    1911. 
Cook,  George  Cram, 

The  Chasm.    New  York:  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.    1911. 
Fairbanks,  Arthur, 

A  Handbook  of  Greek  Religion.    New  York:  American  Book 

Co.    1911. 
Garland,  Hamlin, 

Hesper.    New  York:  Grosset  and  Dunlap.    1911. 
Herr,  Horace  Dumont, 

Country  and  River-side  Poems.    Humboldt:  Published  by  the 

author.    1910. 
James,  Edmund  Janes, 

The  Origin  of  the  Land  Grant  Act  of  1862.    Urbana :  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois.    1911. 
Jones,  Marcus  Eugene, 

Montana  Botany  Notes.     Missoula:  University  of  Montana. 

1911. 
Kleckner,  Emma  Robinson, 

Sioux  City.    Sioux  City :  Published  by  the  author.    1910. 
Mangold,  George  B., 

Child  Problems.    New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co.    1911. 
Marshall,  Carl  Coran,  and  Goodyear,  Samuel  Horatio, 

Inductive  Commercial  Arithmetic.    Cedar  Rapids:  Goodyear- 

Marshall  Publishing  Co.    1911. 
Rich,  Joseph  W., 

The  Battle  of  Shiloh.     Iowa  City:  The  State  Historical  So- 
ciety of  Iowa.    1911. 
Rockwood,  Elbert  W., 

Laboratory  Manual  of  Physiological  Chemistry  (Revised  and 

enlarged  edition).    Philadelphia:  F.  A.  Davis  Co.    1910. 
Starch,  Daniel, 

Principles  of  Advertising.    Madison:  University  Cooperative 

Co.    1910. 
Tilton,  John  Littlefield, 

Pleistocene  Deposits  in  Warren  County,  Iowa.    Chicago:  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago.    1911. 


316    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Veblen,  Oswald  (Joint  author), 

Projective  Geometry.    Boston :  Ginn  &  Co.    1911. 
Wallace,  H.  C., 

Education  for  the  Iowa  Farm  Boy.    Des  Moines:  The  Prairie 

Club.    1911. 
White,  Hervey, 

A  Ship  of  Souls:  A  Group  of  Poems.    Woodstock,  New  York: 

Maverick  Press.    1911. 
New  Songs  for  Old.    Woodstock,  New  York:  Maverick  Press. 

1911. 

In  An  Old  Man's  Garden:  Poems  of  Humor.    Woodstock,  New 
York :  Maverick  Press.    1911. 

SOME  RECENT  HISTORICAL  ITEMS  IN  IOWA  NEWSPAPERS 

The  Register  and  Leader 

T.  E.  Booth  —  One  of  the  Honored  Veterans  of  Newspapering  in 
Iowa,  January  8,  1911. 

Dr.  A.  A.  Noyes  —  Oldest  Practicing  Physician  in  the  United 
States,  January  8, 1911. 

Earliest  Street  Cars  of  the  Des  Moines  System,  January  15,  1911. 

James  Hayes  —  One  of  Iowa's  Noted  Pioneers,  January  22,  1911. 

Mrs.  Mary  McFall  —  One  of  the  Pioneer  Women  of  Iowa,  January 
22,  1911. 

Story  of  the  Early  Iowa  Banditti  and  the  Fight  at  Bellevue,  Jan- 
uary 29,  1911. 

Calvin  Brockett,  a  Polk  County  Pioneer,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  Jan- 
uary 29,  1911. 

"  Uncle "  Asa  Turner,  January  29,  1911. 

Circus  Men  Who  Were  Born  in  Iowa,  February  5,  1911. 

Crimes  of  Pioneer  Days,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  February  5,  1911. 

Founder  of  the  Henderson  Family,  a  Pioneer  of  Four  States,  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1911. 

Lincoln  as  his  Neighbors  Knew  Him,  by  Wayne  Whipple,  February 
12,  1911. 

A  Get-Rich-Quick  Scheme  of  the  Olden  Days,  by  L.  F.  Andrews, 
February  12,  1911. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  317 

Memories  of  the  Prohibitory  Amendment  Campaign  of  1882,  by 
Mrs.  Addie  B.  Billington,  February  12,  1911. 

Cousins  of  Abraham  Lincoln  Living  in  Iowa,  February  12,  1911. 

Some  Men  Who  Helped  Make  Iowa  at  an  Early  Date,  by  L.  F. 
Andrews,  February  19,  1911. 

How  Edward  P.  Heizer  Made  Good  in  the  Newspaper  Game,  Feb- 
ruary 19, 1911. 

Judge  David  Ryan's  Career,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  March  5,  1911. 

General  William  L.  Alexander  —  One  of  Iowa's  Famous  Fighting 
Men,  March  5, 1911. 

Jones  County  Calf  Case  which  Began  in  1874,  March  5,  1911. 

Iowa  Soldiers  at  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  by  A.  W.  Hepler, 
March  19,  1911. 

John  Howard  Stibbs  —  An  Iowa  Soldier  on  Commission  that  Tried 
Wirz,  March  19, 1911. 

Indian  Stone  Implement  Collection  at  the  State  Museum  of  His- 
tory, by  T.  Van  Hyning,  March  19,  1911. 

Injustice  to  the  Tama  Indians,  by  O.  H.  Mills,  March  19, 1911. 

The  Burlington  Hawk-Eye 

Twenty  Years  Ago.     (In  each  Sunday  issue.) 

The  Last  White  Man  Scalped  by  Musquakie  Indians  in  Iowa,  by  0, 
H.  Mills,  January  15,  1911. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Lafayette  Young,  January  22,  1911. 

The  Tax  Ferret  Must  Go,  January  29,  1911. 

Failure  of  the  Third  Party  Prohibitionists  in  Iowa  Politics,  Janu- 
ary 29, 1911. 

Abraham  Lincoln's  "Must",  by  George  L.  Ferris,  February  5, 1911. 

Tribute  to  T.  G.  Foster,  February  5,  1911. 

Recollections  by  W.  P.  Elliott,  February  19,  1911. 

Hugh  L.  Cooper,  Father  of  the  Keokuk  Water  Power,  by  G.  Walter 
Barr,  February  26,  1911. 

The  Law  of  the  Taxation  of  Moneys  and  Credits,  by  W.  M.  Kelly, 
February  26,  1911. 

The  Test  of  a  Year  of  the  Commission  City  Government,  March  12, 
1911. 


318    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Sketch  of  Lives  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  August  Feldman,  March  19,  1911. 
The  Pioneer  Ross  Family  in  Burlington  and  Southern  Iowa,  March 
26,  1911. 

The  Dubuque  Telegraph-Herald 

Review  of  News  and  Events  in  Dubuque  and  Vicinity  During  1910, 

January  1,  1911. 

Booster  Club  in  Olden  Days,  January  15,  1911. 
Old  Murder  Case  Recalled  at  Tama,  January  22,  1911. 
Dr.  A.  A.  Noyes  —  Oldest  Physician  in  the  United  States,  January 

22,  1911. 
Robert  T.  Lincoln,  son  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  February  12,  1911. 

The  Sioux  City  Journal 

Twenty  Years  Ago.     (In  each  Sunday  issue.) 

Recollections  of  Dakota  in  Territorial  Days,  January  1,  29,  and 

February  19,  1911. 

Personal  Recollections  of  Lincoln,  January  29,  1911. 
The  "Wreck  of  the  Kate  Sweeney,  February  19,  1911. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES 

PUBLICATIONS 

An  address  on  The  History  of  the  West  and  the  Pioneers,  by 
Benjamin  F.  Shambaugh,  has  been  reprinted  from  the  Proceedings 
of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin  for  1910. 

Number  five  of  the  Memorial  Papers  of  the  Society  of  Colonial 
Wars  in  the  District  of  Columbia  contains  a  biographical  sketch  of 
Gilbert  Thompson,  by  Marcus  Benjamin. 

The  Sauks  and  Foxes  in  Franklin  and  Osage  Counties,  Kansas, 
is  the  title  of  an  article  by  Ida  M.  Ferris,  which  has  been  reprinted 
from  the  eleventh  volume  of  the  Kansas  Historical  Collections. 

A  brief  article  on  Medford  Milkmen,  by  Francis  A.  Wait,  may 
be  found  in  the  January  number  of  The  Medford  Historical  Reg- 
ister. An  unsigned  article  bears  the  title,  How  Medford  Began  to 
Grow. 

The  December  number  of  the  Records  of  the  American  Catholic 
Historical  Society  is  largely  taken  up  with  Propaganda  Documents 
relative  to  the  appointment  of  the  first  Bishop  of  Baltimore,  con- 
tributed and  edited  by  E.  P.  Devitt. 

In  the  January-February  number  of  the  Records  of  the  Past  may 
be  found  the  Preliminary  Report  to  the  Minnesota  Historical  So- 
ciety on  the  Kensington  Rune  Stone.  The  report  on  the  whole  is 
favorable  to  the  authenticity  of  the  stone. 

The  Third  Biennial  Report  of  the  North  Carolina  Historical 
Commission  contains  an  account  of  the  work  of  the  Commission 
during  the  years  from  1908  to  1910,  together  with  a  report  of  other 
historical  activities  in  the  State  during  that  period. 

The  Proceedings  of  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument  Association  at  the 
annual  meeting  on  June  17,  1910,  contains  three  addresses:  the 
presidential  address  by  John  Collins  Warren;  Fighters  and  Spec- 

319 


320    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

tators  at  Bunker  Hill,  by  Curtis  Guild,  Jr.;  and  A  Hero  of  Dor- 
chester Heights,  by  Archer  Butler  Hulbert. 

A  Memorial  Tablet  at  Ticonderoga  is  the  title  of  a  pamphlet  is- 
sued by  the  Ticonderoga  Historical  Society.  It  contains  an  account 
of  the  exercises  on  October  4,  1910,  at  the  unveiling,  of  a  tablet  pre- 
sented by  the  Ticonderoga  Pulp  and  Paper  Company. 

The  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register  for  Jan- 
uary opens  with  two  biographical  sketches :  Charles  Edwin  Hurd,  by 
Edward  Henry  Clement ;  and  James  Brown  of  Middletown,  Conn., 
by  Edwin  A.  Hill.  Among  the  other  contributions  is  a  continuation 
of  Albion  Morris  Dyer's  discussion  of  the  First  Ownership  of  Ohio 
Lands. 

The  Journal  of  the  Presbyterian  Historical  Society  for  December 
opens  with  The  Earliest  Account  of  Protestant  Missions,  A.  D.  1557, 
by  J.  I.  Good.  The  Early  History  of  the  Ninth  Presbyterian  Church 
and  the  Chambers  Independent  Church  is  contributed  by  John  Ed- 
mands;  and  under  the  head  of  Ancient  Documents  and  Records 
there  are  a  number  of  petitions  To  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
Delaware  State. 

A  new  series  to  be  known  as  the  Kentucky  Historical  Series,  ed- 
ited by  Jennie  C.  Morton,  has  been  initiated.  The  first  volume  to 
appear  is  one  by  John  Wilson  Townsend,  entitled  Kentucky:  Mother 
of  Governors.  Mr.  Townsend  has  presented  in  a  very  readable  way 
some  biographical  data  concerning  a  large  number  of  the  chief  ex- 
ecutives of  Commonwealths  and  Territories  who  were  sons  of  Ken- 
tucky either  by  birth  or  by  adoption. 

Two  brief  discussions  of  the  much  mooted  question  of  whether 
the  American  Indians  or  an  earlier  race  built  the  mounds,  written 
by  E.  Ralston  Goldsborough  and  John  Sexton  Abercrombie,  are 
printed  in  The  Archaeological  Bulletin  for  December.  Newly  Dis- 
covered Ruins  of  the  Ancient  Pueblos,  by  J.  A.  Jeancon;  Notes  from 
Pulaski  County,  Kentucky,  by  W.  L.  Griffin ;  and  The  Indian  Trails 
in  Clark  County,  Ohio,  by  W.  H.  Ryner,  are  other  contributions. 

Among  the  articles  in  the  January  number  of  the  Deutsch-Amer- 
ikanische  Geschichtsbldtter  are:  The  Americanizing  Influence  of 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  321 

the  Foreign  Press  in  America,  by  Emil  Baensch ;  Zustdnde  in  einer 
kleinen  Stadt  von  Missouri  vor  50  Jahren,  by  Julius  Kaufmann; 
General  W.  T.  Sherman  as  a  College  President,  by  David  French 
Boyd;  Die  Deutschen  in  der  Politik  im  Staate  Indiana,  by  W.  U. 
Fritsch ;  and  Die  Deutsch-Amerikaner  and  die  deutsche  Revolution, 
by  C.  F.  Huch. 

John  F.  Philips  is  the  writer  of  an  article  on  Governor  Willard 
Treble  Hall  appearing  in  the  January  number  of  the  Missouri  His- 
torical Review  in  the  series  of  articles  on  the  Administrations  of 
Missouri  Governors.  Joseph  H.  Schmidt  presents  some  Recollec- 
tions of  the  First  Catholic  Mission  Work  in  Central  Missouri.  E. 
M.  Violette  discusses  The  Battle  of  Kirksville,  August  6, 1862;  and 
there  is  a  second  installment  of  Monumental  Inscriptions  in  Mis- 
souri Cemeteries. 

Henry  Follansbee  Long  is  the  author  of  an  historical  sketch  of 
The  Salt  Marshes  of  the  Massachusetts  Coast  which  may  be  found 
in  the  Historical  Collections  of  the  Essex  Institute  for  January. 
There  are  continuations  of  The  Houses  and  Buildings  of  Grov  eland, 
Mass.,  by  Alfred  Poore ;  and  of  the  Revolutionary  Orderly  Book  of 
Capt.  Jeremiah  Putnam  of  Danvers,  Mass.,  in  the  Rhode  Island 
Campaign;  and  a  fifth  chapter  in  Sidney  Perley's  study  of  Marble- 
head  in  the  Year  1700. 

Nathaniel  Pope  is  the  subject  of  a  biographical  sketch  by  William 
A.  Meese  which  appears  in  the  January  number  of  the  Journal  of 
the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society.  Isabel  Jamison  contributes 
an  interesting  sketch  of  the  Independent  Military  Companies  of 
Sangamon  County  in  the  30 's.  The  story  of  Judge  Theophilus  L. 
Dickey  and  the  First  Murder  Trial  in  Kendall  County  is  told  by 
Avery  N.  Beebe.  Some  Extracts  from  the  Memoir  of  Alvan  Stone 
are  presented  under  the  head  of  reprints. 

The  principal  contributions  in  the  nineteenth  number  of  the 
Publications  of  the  American  Jewish  Historical  Society  are:  The 
Jews  and  Masonry  in  the  United  States  before  1810,  by  Samuel 
Oppenheim ;  A  List  of  Jews  Who  were  Grand  Masters  of  Masons  in 
Various  States  of  this  Country ,  by  Albert  M.  Friedenberg ;  Jews  in 


IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Connection  with  the  Colleges  'of  the  Thirteen  Original  States  prior 
to  1800,  by  Leon  Hiihner ;  and  The  Beginnings  of  Russo-Jewish  Im- 
migration to  Philadelphia,  by  David  Sulzberger. 

A  contribution  to  the  literature  on  the  subject  of  the  Mound 
Builders  is  to  be  found  in  Bennett  H.  Young's  monograph  on  The 
Prehistoric  Men  of  Kentucky,  which  constitutes  number  twenty-five 
of  the  Filson  Club  Publications.  The  writer  gives  a  brief  discussion 
of  the  theories  concerning  the  origin  and  identity  of  the  Mound 
Builders  and  then  proceeds  with  a  history  of  the  life  and  habits  of 
these  ancient  people  in  Kentucky,  and  with  a  description  of  the  ma- 
terial remains  left  by  them. 

The  April,  July,  and  October,  1910,  numbers  of  The  "Old  North- 
west" Genealogical  Quarterly  are  combined  into  one  number.  The 
first  contribution  is  the  Journal  of  John  Cotton,  M.  D.,  who  was  a 
lineal  descendant  of  the  famous  John  Cotton  of  colonial  times.  An- 
other article  is  on  the  subject  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law  of  Ohio. 
Other  articles  are:  Prince's  Annals  and  Its  Notable  List  of  Sub- 
scribers, by  David  E.  Phillips;  and  The  Notable  Pedigree  of  Wen- 
dell Phillips  and  Phillips  Brooks,  by  the  same  writer. 

The  belated  September  number  of  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon 
Historical  Society  opens  with  an  extended  biographical  sketch  of 
Peter  Skene  Ogden,  Fur  Trader,  by  T.  C.  Elliott.  T.  W.  Davenport 
writes  a  brief  appreciation  of  The  Late  George  H.  Williams.  Pub- 
lic expenditures  is  the  subject  treated  in  the  installment  of  the 
Financial  History  of  the  State  of  Oregon,  by  F.  G.  Young,  here 
printed.  Under  the  heading  of  Documents  there  is  a  letter  and  cir- 
cular of  information  for  prospective  emigrants  to  Oregon. 

The  Heroic  Career  of  a  Kentucky  Naval  Officer:  Rear  Admiral 
Lucien  Young  is  described  by  George  Baber  in  the  January  number 
of  The  Register  of  the  Kentucky  State  Historical  Society.  John 
"Wilson  Townsend  contributes  a  brief  sketch  of  Rosa  Vertner  Jef- 
frey: Noted  Kentucky  Singer.  Martha  Stephenson's  discussion  of 
Education  in  Harrodsburg  and  Neighborhood  Since  1775  is  con- 
cluded in  this  number.  There  is  another  installment  of  the  Cor- 
respondence of  Gov.  Isaac  Shelby,  copied  from  the  State  Archives 
by  W.  W.  Longmoor. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  323 

In  volumes  fifteen  and  sixteen  of  the  Documentary  History  of  the 
State  of  Maine  the  Maine  Historical  Society  continues  the  publica- 
tion of  The  Baxter  Manuscripts,  edited  by  James  Phinney  Baxter. 
The  letters  and  documents  presented  in  volume  fifteen  cover  the 
period  from  January,  1777,  to  April,  1778,  and  illustrate  the  part 
played  by  the  people  of  Maine  during  the  early  years  of  the  Revo- 
lution. Volume  sixteen  covers  the  months  from  April,  1778,  to 
August,  1779,  and  contains  an  especially  good  collection  of  ma- 
terial dealing  with  the  Penobscot  Expedition. 

The  life  and  services  of  the  late  George  Pierce  Garrison,  whose 
death  has  been  greatly  felt  in  historical  circles,  is  discussed  by  H. 
Y.  Benedict  in  an  article  in  The  Quarterly  of  the  Texas  State  His- 
torical Association  for  January.  Stephen  F.  Austin:  A  Memorial 
Address  was  delivered  by  Alex.  W.  Terrell  on  the  occasion  of  the 
removal  of  the  remains  of  Stephen  F.  Austin  from  Peach  Point  to 
the  State  Cemetery  at  Austin  in  October,  1910.  The  remainder  of 
the  Quarterly  is  taken  up  with  a  scholarly  monograph  on  Apache 
Relations  in  Texasf  1718-1750,  by  William  Edward  Dunn. 

Some  Extracts  from  a  Journal  Kept  During  the  Earlier  Cam- 
paigns of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  by  Charles  C.  Bombaugh,  which 
are  printed  in  the  December  number  of  the  Maryland  Historical 
Magazine,  relate  the  experiences  of  a  surgeon  with  the  brigade  of 
General  E.  D.  Baker.  Under  the  heading,  George  Peabody  and  his 
Services  to  the  State,  are  published  a  number  of  letters  from  the 
Executive  Archives.  The  Last  Bloodshed  of  the  Revolution  is  the 
subject  of  an  article  by  Francis  B.  Culver.  A  number  of  letters  re- 
lating to  the  Battle  of  Bladensburg,  and  an  article  on  The  Quit  Rent 
in  Maryland,  by  Beverly  W.  Bond,  Jr.,  may  also  be  found  among 
the  contents  of  this  number. 

Two  contributions,  with  an  introductory  note,  make  up  the  con- 
tents of  the  July-September,  1910,  number  of  The  Quarterly  Publi- 
cation of  the  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Ohio.  The 
first  is  the  Trenton  circular  To  the  Respectable  Public,  written  by 
John  Cleves  Symmes  on  November  26,  1787,  in  which  he  set  forth 
the  advantages  and  prices  of  the  lands  which  he  owned  on  the  Miami 


324    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

River  and  which  he  hoped  to  sell  to  emigrants  from  New  England. 
The  second  is  a  letter  from  John  Cleves  Symmes  to  Elias  Boudinot 
discussing  St.  Glair's  disastrous  campaign  against  the  Indians  in 
1791.  The  October-December  number  is  devoted  to  the  annual  re- 
port of  the  Society  for  the  year  ending  December  5,  1910. 

A  thirty  page,  illustrated  article  by  A.  B.  Stout  on  Prehistoric 
Earthworks  in  Wisconsin  opens  the  January  number  of  the  Ohio 
Archaeological  and  Historical  Quarterly.  Then  follows  an  address 
by  Frederick  Jackson  Turner  on  The  Place  of  the  Ohio  Valley  in 
American  History.  Mrs.  Jennie  C.  Morton  is  the  writer  of  a  brief 
paper  on  the  history  and  character  of  the  American  Indian  which 
appears  under  the  title  A  Vanishing  Race,  adopted  from  Edward  S. 
Curtis  '&  picture  of  the  same  name.  Some  notes  concerning  the  Wy- 
andot  chieftan,  Tarhe  —  the  Crane,  are  contributed  by  Basil  Meek, 
who  is  also  the  writer  of  an  article  on  General  Harmar's  Expe- 
dition. Among  the  editorials  is  one  on  Jefferson's  Ordinance  of 
1784. 

The  portion  of  The  Randolph  Manuscript  published  in  the  Jan- 
uary number  of  The  Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography 
covers  the  years  from  1684  to  1686.  Perhaps  the  most  notable  doc- 
ument in  this  group  is  a  letter  from  Charles  II  relative  to  a  grant 
which  had  recently  been  surrendered  by  Lord  Culpeper.  Among 
the  Miscellaneous  Colonial  Documents  are  a  number  which  throw 
light  on  the  regulation  of  trade  and  commerce  in  the  colonies  early 
in  the  eighteenth  century.  An  Extract  from  the  Sir  William  John- 
son Papers,  contributed  by  G.  A.  Taylor,  contains  material  relative 
to  the  dealings  with  the  Indians.  Franklin  R.  Carpentier  contrib- 
utes Henry  Bartlett's  Diary  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  1805,  which 
tells  of  a  journey  taken  during  the  months  of  April,  May,  and  June 
of  the  year  indicated. 

Volume  fourteen  of  the  Buffalo  Historical  Society  Publications  is 
devoted  to  documentary  material  relative  to  The  Holland  Land  Co. 
and  Canal  Construction  in  Western  Neiv  York,  edited  by  Frank  H. 
Severance.  The  scope  of  the  volume  can  best  be  stated  in  the  words 
of  the  editor's  introduction:  "The  present  volume  consists  chiefly 
of  documents  bearing  on  the  original  construction  of  the  Erie  canal 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  325 

in  Western  New  York,  and  on  the  early  harbor  work  at  Buffalo  and 
Black  Rock.  There  are  also  here  printed  two  journals  of  travel  in 
New  York  State  in  the  early  years  of  the  canal ;  a  valuable  study  of 
the  influences  of  the  Erie  canal  on  the  settlement  of  the  West ;  and 
sundry  other  papers  which,  although  perhaps  of  minor  importance, 
find  an  appropriate  place  in  this  collection. ' '  The  editing  has  been 
done  in  the  careful  and  painstaking  manner  characteristic  of  the 
work  of  Mr.  Severance,  and  the  volume  is  printed  neatly  and  on 
good  paper. 

Volumes  six  to  nine,  inclusive,  of  The  Chicago  Historical  Society's 
Collection  are  devoted  to  The  Diary  of  James  K.  Polk  During  his 
Presidency,  1845-1849,  edited  by  Milo  Milton  Quaife,  with  an  intro- 
duction by  Andrew  Cunningham  McLaughlin.  The  original  manu- 
script of  this  valuable  diary  has  for  about  ten  years  been  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society  and  has  been  occasionally 
•consulted  by  historians,  but  it  is  now  printed  for  the  first  time  and 
made  generally  accessible.  Viewed  as  a  source  for  the  history  of  a 
period  over  which  there  has  been  no  end  of  controversy  the  diary  is 
of  great  importance.  Furthermore,  it  reveals  with  minute  clear- 
ness the  daily  life  of  a  President  sixty  years  ago,  recording  with 
•equal  frankness  the  whole  gamut  of  executive  cares  from  the  peti- 
tion of  the  lowliest  office-seeker  to  the  great  questions  of  diplomatic 
affairs.  The  editing  has  been  done  in  a  careful,  scholarly  manner, 
and  the  volumes  are  printed  and  bound  in  an  attractive  and  perma- 
nent manner  appropriate  to  their  contents. 

The  nineteenth  volume  of  the  Collections  of  the  State  Historical 
Society  of  Wisconsin,  edited  by  Reuben  Gold  Thwaites,  is  devoted 
almost  entirely  to  documentary  material  relating  to  the  early  fur 
trade  in  the  Great  Lake  region  and  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley. 
The  first  collection,  however,  occupying  one  hundred  and  sixty 
pages,  is  entitled  The  Mackinac  Register  and  contains  a  record  of 
baptisms,  marriages,  and  interments  covering  the  period  from  1695 
to  1821.  Then  follows  A  Wisconsin  Fur-Trader's  Journal,  1804-05, 
written  by  Frangois  Victor  Malhiot  for  the  North  West  Fur  Com- 
pany. The  journal  furnishes  a  good  picture  of  the  life  of  a  fur 
trader  and  the  goods  used  in  transacting  business  with  the  Indians. 


326    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  Fur-Trade  on  the  Upper  Lakes,  1778-1815,  is  illustrated  by  a 
large  number  of  documents  and  letters  by  various  traders,  includ- 
ing John  Askin.  The  concluding  group  of  documents  relates  to 
The  Fur-Trade  in  Wisconsin,  1815-1817.  The  volume  will  be  of 
great  value  to  students  of  early  western  history,  and  the  compre- 
hensive index  will  be  appreciated  by  all  who  have  occasion  to  use  it. 

The  Governors  of  New  York  is  the  title  of  an  extensive  article  by 
Charles  Z.  Lincoln  which  appears  as  the  opening  contribution  in 
volume  nine  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  New  York  State  Historical 
Association.  Under  the  title,  A  Native  of  Jefferson  County,  New- 
York,  First  Organized  and  Named  the  Republican  Party,  Irvin  W. 
Near  presents  a  brief  biographical  sketch  of  Alvin  Earl  Bovay.  An 
illustrated  account  of  A  Recently  Found  Portrait  Medallion  of 
Jacques  Cartier,  by  John  M.  Clark,  is  of  general  interest.  John  H. 
Brandow  discusses  Washington's  Retreat  Through  Westchester 
County.  Everyone  engaged  in  local  historical  work  will  be  inter- 
ested in  the  Report  of  the  Committee  upon  the  Establishment  of 
Closer  Relations  Between  the  Historical  Societies  of  the  State. 
Among  the  other  contents  are :  The  Study  of  History  as  Corrective 
of  Economic  Eccentricity,  by  Thomas  R.  Slicer ;  The  Executive  Re- 
lation of  Neiv  York  State  to  Historical  Scholarship,  by  Victor  Hugo 
Paltsits ;  and  a  number  of  papers  by  various  authors  relative  to  The 
Ticonderoga  Expedition  of  1775.  It  is  somewhat  surprising  that  a 
volume  containing  so  much  valuable  material  has  no  index  that  is- 
worthy  of  mention. 

A  new  series  in  the  Collections  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Li- 
brary to  be  known  as  the  Bibliographical  Series  has  been  begun  in  a 
volume  containing  a  list  of  Newspapers  and  Periodicals  of  Illinois 
1814-1879,  compiled  and  edited  by  Franklin  William  Scott.  In  an 
introduction  the  editor  presents  an  historical  sketch  of  the  news- 
papers of  Illinois  which,  he  states,  is  to  be  considered  only  prelim- 
inary to  a  more  detailed  treatment  of  the  subject  to  appear  later. 
The  greater  part  of  the  volume  is  taken  up  with  a  descriptive  list 
of  newspapers  and  periodicals,  arranged  alphabetically  by  towns 
and  cities.  In  each  case  where  information  could  be  secured,  the 
character  and  politics  of  the  respective  papers,  their  editors,  and 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  327 

various  other  facts  are  given,  and  the  place  is  indicated  where  files 
may  be  found  when  any  are  extant.  Following  this  general  list 
there  is  a  list  of  libraries  containing  Illinois  newspapers,  with  the 
files  which  each  contains.  A  chronological  list,  an  index  to  news- 
papers, an  index  to  names,  and  an  index  to  counties  complete  the 
volume.  The  arrangement  is  admirable  and  offers  every  possible 
convenience  to  the  investigator,  to  whom  the  volume  will  be  of  great 
value. 

ACTIVITIES 

The  Missouri  Historical  Society  has  come  into  possession  of  some 
letters  from  members  of  the  Doniphan  expedition,  and  from  Cali- 
fornia gold  seekers  in  1849. 

The  Department  of  Archives  and  History  of  the  State  of  Ala- 
bama has  begun  the  publication  of  a  quarterly  periodical  known  as 
the  Alabama  History  Journal,  edited  by  Dr.  Thomas  M.  Owen. 

Professor  Julius  Goebel  of  the  University  of  Illinois  will  edit  the 
German  version  of  the  American  adventures  of  Christoph  von  Graf- 
f  enried,  which  will  be  published  by  the  Historical  Commission  of  the 
State  of  North  Carolina. 

The  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  held  a  special  meeting  on 
April  14th  in  commemoration  of  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War. 
Two  sessions  were  held,  one  in  the  afternoon  and  one  in  the  evening, 
and  there  were  speakers  representing  the  various  sections  of  the 
State. 

The  fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 
Association  will  be  held  at  Chicago  and  Evanston  May  18-20,  1911. 
The  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  and  the  North  Central  Teach- 
ers' Association  will  hold  their  annual  meetings  at  the  same  time 
and  places. 

A  movement  is  on  foot  in  Indiana  for  the  erection  of  a  State  Li- 
brary and  Museum  Building  as  a  permanent  memorial  for  the  cen- 
tennial of  Indiana's  statehood  in  1916.  The  Indiana  Historical 
Society  and  other  historical  agencies  have  been  particularly  active 
in  this  movement. 


328    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Virginia  Historical  Society  was  held 
on  December  29, 1910.  The  officers  chosen  at  that  time  were :  Presi- 
dent, W.  Gordon  McCabe ;  Vice  Presidents,  Archer  Anderson,  Ed- 
ward V.  Valentine,  and  Lyon  G.  Tyler;  Corresponding  Secretary 
and  Librarian,  William  G.  Stanard ;  Recording  Secretary,  David  C. 
Richardson;  Treasurer,  Robert  A.  Lancaster,  Jr. 

At  the  January  meeting  of  the  Louisiana  Historical  Society  the 
Battle  of  New  Orleans  was  the  principal  topic  of  discussion.  The 
following  officers  were  elected  at  this  time :  Alcee  Fortier,  President ; 
Charles  T.  Soniat,  First  Vice  President;  Gaspar  Cusachs,  Second 
Vice  President ;  Arthur  T.  Prescott,  Third  Vice  President ;  Charles 
G.  Gill,  Recording  Secretary;  Pierce  Butler,  Corresponding  Secre- 
tary ;  W.  0.  Hart,  Treasurer. 

The  Madison  County  Historical  Society  held  its  eighth  annual 
meeting  at  Winterset.  There  was  an  interesting  program,  with  sev- 
eral papers  on  local  historical  topics  and  an  address  by  Benj.  F. 
Shambaugh,  Superintendent  of  The  State  Historical  Society  of 
Iowa.  The  following  officers  were  elected  for  the  ensuing  year: 
President,  H.  A.  Mueller;  Vice  President,  E.  R.  Zeller;  Secretary, 
Walter  F.  Craig ;  Treasurer,  W.  H.  Lewis ;  Directors,  J.  J.  Gaston, 
W.  S.  Wilkinson,  William  Brinson,  and  Fred  Beeler. 

THE  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OF  IOWA 

Dr.  Louis  Pelzer  's  biography  of  Henry  Dodge  is  now  in  press  and 
will  probably  be  distributed  during  the  summer. 

It  is  expected  that  Mr.  Johnson  Brigham's  biography  of  James 
Harlan  will  be  ready  to  go  to  press  during  the  summer. 

Professor  John  E.  Brindley's  two-volume  History  of  Taxation  in 
Iowa  has  been  distributed.  In  response  to  a  resolution  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  each  member  of  that  body  was  furnished  with  a  set 
of  this  work. 

The  following  persons  have  been  appointed  by  Governor  Carroll 
to  the  Board  of  Curators  of  The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa : 
Mr.  Marsh  W.  Bailey,  Washington,  Iowa;  Mr.  F.  M.  Edwards, 
Parkersburg,  Iowa;  Mr.  J.  J.  McConnell,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa;  Mr. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  329 

John  T.  Moffit,  Tipton,  Iowa ;  Mr.  Byron  W.  Newberry,  Strawberry 
Point,  Iowa;  Mr.  A.  C.  Savage,  Adair,  Iowa;  Mr.  E.  W.  Stantonr 
Ames,  Iowa ;  Mr.  W.  H.  Tedf ord,  Corydon,  Iowa ;  Mr.  J.  B.  Weaver, 
Jr.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

The  following  persons  have  recently  been  elected  to  membership 
in  the  Society :  Mr.  Henry  L.  Adams,  West  Union,  Iowa ;  Mr.  A.  L. 
Ames,  Traer,  Iowa ;  Mr.  James  A.  Hall,  Denison,  Iowa ;  Mr.  Robert 
Healy,  Fort  Dodge,  Iowa;  Mr.  Thos.  Hickenlooper,  Albia,  Iowa;, 
Mr.  F.  M.  Meyers,  Denison,  Iowa;  Mr.  Wm.  E.  G.  Saunders,  Em- 
metsburg,  Iowa ;  Mr.  John  H.  Stibbs,  Chicago,  Illinois ;  Mr.  Howard 
Vaughn,  Ames,  Iowa;  Mr.  A.  H.  Wallace,  Washington,  Iowa;  Mr. 
Charles  Baldwin,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah ;  Mr.  W.  J.  Brown,  Emmets- 
burg,  Iowa ;  Mr.  Will  L.  Clifton,  Webster  City,  Iowa ;  Mr.  LaMonte 
Cowles,  Burlington,  Iowa;  Mr.  Ernest  M.  Engvall,  Des  Moines,, 
Iowa ;  Miss  Ellen  Geyer,  Iowa  City,  Iowa ;  Mr.  W.  F.  Hunter,  Web- 
ster City,  Iowa;  Rev.  John  A.  McKamy,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa;  Mr. 
W.  C.  Ralston,  Pocahontas,  Iowa;  Mr.  Alfred  C.  Torgeson,  Beres- 
f ord,  South  Dakota ;  Mr.  G.  A.  Wrightman,  Des  Moines,  Iowa ;  Mr. 
Edgar  Ashton,  Iowa  City,  Iowa ;  Mr.  John  A.  L.  Campbell,  Sheldon,, 
Iowa ;  Mr.  Walter  F.  Craig,  Winterset,  Iowa ;  Mr.  Sherman  W.  De- 
Wolf,  Reinbeck,  Iowa;  Mr.  D.  A.  Emery,  Des  Moines,  Iowa;  Mr. 
Charles  E.  Hall,  Des  Moines,  Iowa ;  Mrs.  Charity  Lothrop  Kellogg, 
Charles  City,  Iowa ;  Mr.  John  E.  Luckey,  Vinton,  Iowa ;  Mr.  W.  W. 
Mercer,  Iowa  City,  Iowa ;  Mr.  James  M.  Pierce,  Des  Moines,  Iowa ;, 
Mr.  C.  G.  Sauerberg,  Ames,  Iowa;  Mr.  James  Saum,  Adair,  Iowa; 
Mr.  H.  H.  Stipp,  Des  Moines,  Iowa ;  Mr.  H.  C.  Wallace,  Des  Moinesr 
Iowa ;  and  Mr.  Arthur  Springer,  Wapello,  Iowa. 


NOTES  AND  COMMENT 

The  National  Civil  Service  Reform  League  held  its  thirteenth 
annual  meeting  in  Baltimore  on  December  15  and  16, 1910. 

The  third  National  Peace  Congress  will  be  held  at  Baltimore  un- 
der the  auspices  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  May  3-5,  1911. 

A  Bureau  of  Economy  and  Efficiency  has  been  established  in  the 
city  of  Milwaukee  to  perform  a  service  similar  to  that  performed  by 
the  Pittsburg  Survey. 

Mr.  Francis  W.  Dickey,  formerly  of  the  Iowa  State  College  of 
Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts,  now  occupies  the  position  of  in- 
structor in  political  science  at  Western  Reserve  University. 

The  amount  of  work  devolving  upon  the  Legislative  Reference 
Department  of  the  Indiana  State  Library  during  the  recent  session 
of  the  legislature  was  so  large  that  four  additional  assistants  were 
required. 

An  effort  is  being  made  at  Grinnell  College  to  raise  a  fund  of 
$450,000  for  the  establishment  of  a  Department  of  Public  Affairs 
embracing  chairs  in  political  science,  sociology,  economics,  and  mod- 
ern history. 

Elihu  Root,  John  W.  Foster,  Andrew  Carnegie,  Eugene  Wam- 
baugh,  Charles  Noble  Gregory,  Simeon  E.  Baldwin,  and  Harry 
Pratt  Judson  were  among  the  speakers  at  a  conference  on  interna- 
tional arbitration  held  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  December  15-17,  1910. 

Governor  Deneen  in  his  message  to  the  legislature  of  Illinois  in 
January  urged  that  action  be  taken  providing  for  the  marking  of 
the  route  traversed  by  Abraham  Lincoln  when  removing  from  Ken- 
tucky to  Illinois.  He  suggests  that  the  route  thus  marked  shall  be 
known  as  "The  Lincoln  Way". 

The  movement  in  favor  of  the  so-called  ' '  Short  Ballot ' ',  limiting 
the  number  of  elective  offices  in  State  and  local  governments,  has 


NOTES  AND  COMMENT  331 

become  quite  wide-spread.  During  the  year  1910  the  movement  re- 
ceived decided  encouragement  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio, 
New  Jersey,  Iowa,  South  Dakota,  Washington,  and  California. 

The  commission  form  of  municipal  government  is  rapidly  gaining 
ground  in  Illinois  where  a  number  of  the  smaller  cities,  including 
Springfield,  Joliet,  Quincy,  Kewanee,  Galesburg,  Peoria,  Jackson- 
ville, Moline,  and  Rock  Island,  have  either  decided  to  vote  on  the 
question  or  are  actively  agitating  the  subject. 

Professor  Herbert  E.  Bolton  expects  to  return  to  Mexico  during 
the  coming  summer  to  continue  his  work  in  the  archives  of  that 
country.  He  spent  the  greater  part  of  the  mid-winter  holidays  in 
tracing  the  route  of  Father  Kino,  an  early  missionary  and  explorer 
who  is  thought  to  have  been  the  first  white  man  within  the  limits  of 
Arizona  after  Coronado.  It  is  understood  that  Professor  Bolton  is 
planning  to  publish  Father  Kino's  chronicle  of  early  Spanish  ex- 
plorations which  has  recently  been  discovered.  It  is  largely  as  the 
result  of  Professor  Bolton 's  work  that  provision  has  been  made  for 
indexing  the  Mexican  archives. 


CONTBIBTJTOKS 

KENNETH  W.  COLGEOVE,  Perkins  Scholar  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. Born  at  Waukon,  Iowa,  in  1886.  Graduated  from  the 
Iowa  State  Normal  School  in  1905.  Graduated  from  The  State 
University  of  Iowa  in  1909.  Received  the  degree  of  M.  A.  at 
The  State  University  of  Iowa  in  1910.  Won  the  Colonial 
Dames  Prize  for  the  best  essay  on  Iowa  history  in  1908.  "Won 
the  Jesup  Prize  for  the  best  essay  on  present-day  citizenship  in 
1909.  Author  of  The  Delegates  to  Congress  from  the  Territory 
of  Iowa. 

CLAEENCE  BAY  AUBNEK,  Member  of  The  State  Historical  So- 
ciety of  Iowa.  Born  in  Illinois.  Graduated  from  the  Iowa 
State  Normal  School  in  1891.  Superintendent  of  Schools  at 
"Waverly,  Adel,  Avoca,  and  Tipton,  Iowa.  Graduated  from 
The  State  University  of  Iowa  in  1903.  Received  the  degree  of 
M.  A.  at  The  State  University  of  Iowa  in  1909.  Author  of  a 
Topical  History  of  Cedar  County,  Iowa. 


39* 


THE  IOWA  JOUKNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

JULY   NINETEEN   HUNDRED   ELEVEN 

VOLUME  NINE  NUMBER  THREE 


VOL.  IX — 23 


THE  EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  MONTGOMERY 
PIKE  TO  THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 

With  the  purchase  of  Louisiana  in  1803  the  United  States 
assumed  the  responsibility  of  the  control  of  a  territory 
whose  expanse  was  twice  the  nation's  area  and  whose  bor- 
ders were  little  known.  When  the  news  of  the  conclusion 
of  the  negotiations  reached  President  Jefferson  he  was  sur- 
prised and  not  a  little  embarrassed,  for  it  was  his  plan  to 
purchase  simply  the  port  of  New  Orleans  and  such  tract  of 
land  thereabouts  as  would  gain  the  command  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi,  which  was  so  vital  to  American  com- 
merce. But  now  he  found  the  whole  of  the  vaguely  defined 
Province  of  Louisiana  thrust  upon  him,  and  with  it  the 
burden  of  a  fifteen  million  dollar  debt.1 

Jefferson  showed  his  good  statesmanship  when  at  this 
critical  period  he  planned  for  an  immediate  and  thorough 
exploration  of  the  new  territory.2  At  the  south  a  command 

iHosmer's  The  History  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  p.  148;  Hosmer's  A 
Short  History  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  pp.  118-127;  Salter's  Iowa:  The  First 
Free  State  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  p.  51 ;  Whiting 's  Life  of  Zebulon  Mont- 
gomery PiTce,  published  in  Jared  Sparks 's  Library  of  American  Biography, 
Vol.  XV,  pp.  221,  222. 

For  a  full  account  of  the  history  of  this  period,  see  Adams's  History  of 
the  United  States,  Vol.  II,  pp.  1-134;  McMaster's  A  History  of  the  People  of 
the  United  States,  Vol.  II,  pp.  621-635;  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  1-36. 

2  Even  before  the  purchase  of  the  Louisiana  territory  President  Jeffen on 
transmitted  to  Congress  a  confidential  message  under  date  of  January  18,  1803, 
in  which  he  advocated  the  exploration  of  the  newly  acquired  territory  and  out- 
lined an  expedition  which  should  "explore  the  whole  line,  even  to  the  Western 
ocean,  have  conferences  with  the  natives  on  the  subject  of  commercial  inter- 
course, get  admission  among  them  for  our  traders,  as  others  are  admitted,  agree 
on  convenient  deposits  for  an  interchange  of  articles,  and  return  with  the  in- 
formation acquired,  in  the  course  of  two  summers. " — Annals  of  Congress,  7th 
Congress,  Second  Session,  1802-1803,  pp.  25,  26.  See  also  Richardson's  Mes- 
sages and  Papers  of  the  Presidents,  Vol.  I,  pp.  353,  354. 

335 


336    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

of  the  lower  Mississippi  had  opened  the  West  to  the  control 
of  the  government  by  way  of  numerous  tributaries.  But 
to  the  north,  west,  and  southeast  there  was  much  uncer- 
tainty as  to  the  boundaries.  On  the  north  the  territory  ex- 
tended to  the  as  yet  undiscovered  sources  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  was  assumed  that  the  mountains,  which  at  that  time  were 
almost  unknown  to  the  white  man,  formed  the  western 
boundary  line,  but  the  amount  of  territory  which  lay  be- 
tween them  and  the  Mississippi  was  a  matter  of  mere  con- 
jecture. And  still  more  uncertainty  prevailed  with  respect 
to  the  boundary  on  the  southeast.3 

In  his  choice  of  explorers  President  Jefferson  exercised 
remarkable  judgment,  of  which  the  results  of  the  explora- 
tions are  ample  evidence.  In  the  army  he  found  the  most 
efficient  men  for  the  work,  although  few  scientific  men  were 
available  even  from  that  source.  Moreover,  funds  for  car- 
rying on  the  work  were  not  to  be  had  without  much  effort. 
Jefferson  seems  to  have  been  reluctant  in  asking  for  extra 
means  for  the  work  —  probably  because  he  felt  that  there 
would  be  opposition  to  an  appropriation,  since  the  adminis- 
tration was  strongly  in  favor  of  "economical  reform ".4 

Early  in  1804  Captain  Meriwether  Lewis  and  Lieutenant 
William  Clark  were  chosen  for  the  purpose  of  exploring  the 
Missouri  to  its  source  and  of  discovering  the  most  advan- 
tageous water  route  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  expedition 
covered  a  period  of  about  three  years  and  is  without  doubt 
the  most  remarkable  and  creditable  of  the  early  explora- 
tions of  the  Louisiana  country.5 

3  Whiting 's  Life  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pilce,  published  in  Jared  Sparks 's 
Library  of  American  Biography,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  221,  222. 

*  Whiting's  Life  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pilce,  published  in  Jared  Sparks 's 
Library  of  American  Biography,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  222,  223.  See  also  Salter's  Iowa: 
The  First  Free  State  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  pp.  52,  53,  61;  and  McMaster's 
A  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  II,  pp.  628,  629. 

5  For  a  complete  account  of  this  expedition,  see  Thwaites  's  Original  Journals 
of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition,  Vols.  I-VII. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  337 

Contemporaneous  with  and  probably  not  less  worthy 
than  the  work  of  Lewis  and  Clark  were  the  explorations  of 
Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  who,  however,  had  the  misfor- 
tune to  receive  his  commission  from  the  commander  of  the 
western  army,  General  James  Wilkinson,  instead  of  from 
the  government.6 

Born  in  what  is  now  a  part  of  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  on 
January  5,  1779,7  Zebulon  M.  Pike  moved  during  his  child- 
hood to  Easton,  Pennsylvania.  There  he  received  such  edu- 
cation as  the  rural  schools  of  the  time  afforded.  He  is 
described  by  some  of  his  school-mates  as  "a  boy  of  slender 
form,  very  fair  complexion,  gentle  and  retiring  disposi- 
tion, but  of  resolute  spirit "  and  always  capable  of  defend- 
ing himself  when  put  to  the  test.8  The  time  spent  in  ob- 
taining an  education  was  necessarily  short,  since  he  entered 
his  father's  company  as  a  cadet  when  he  was  about  fifteen 

6  The  idea  that  Pike's  Mississippi  expedition  was  conducted  by  the  govern- 
ment seems  quite  general.  The  expedition  was  entirely  in  the  control  of  General 
Wilkinson.  Later  government  officials  approved  of  the  undertaking. —  See 
Salter's  The  Eastern  Border  of  Iowa  in  1805-6  in  the  Iowa  Historical  Record, 
Vol.  X,  p.  107. 

General  James  Wilkinson  lost  his  reputation  in  connection  with  the  Burr  con- 
spiracy. Although  he  was  tried  and  acquitted,  evidence  later  appeared  which 
proved  without  doubt  that  he  was  a  traitor.  And,  indeed,  it  has  been  thought 
by  some  that  Pike's  explorations  were  a  scheme  on  the  part  of  Wilkinson  to 
obtain  more  definite  information  concerning  the  western  country,  which  might 
be  used  in  carrying  out  the  traitorous  plot.  However  this  may  have  been,  Pike 
was  beyond  doubt  unconscious  of  any  such  purpose. 

i  The  data  concerning  Zebulon  M.  Pike 's  early  life  used  in  this  paper  are  for 
the  most  part  taken  from  Whiting's  Life  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  pub- 
lished in  Jared  Sparks 's  Library  of  American  Biography,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  220,  221. 

The  father  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike  was  Major  Zebulon  Pike,  a  soldier 
in  the  Revolutionary  War  and  captain  of  infantry  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States  in  1792.  He  received  a  promotion  to  the  rank  of  Major  in  1800,  and 
served  in  the  first  regiment  of  infantry  under  Colonel  Hamtramk  in  1802. 

Among  the  ancestors  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike  was  one  Captain  John 
Pike,  who  was  noted  in  the  traditions  of  the  family  for  his  gallant  service  in 
the  Indian  Wars. 

s  Whiting's  Life  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  published  in  Jared  Sparks 'B 
Library  of  American  Biography,  Vol.  XV,  p.  220. 


338    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

years  old,  and  received  the  commission  of  ensign  at  the  age 
of  twenty.9 

It  was  on  April  1,  1802,  that  Pike  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  First  Lieutenant  of  the  First  Regiment  of  United 
States  Infantry.  And  under  date  of  July  30,  1805,  he  re- 
ceived orders10  from  General  Wilkinson  to  undertake  the 
exploration  of  the  Mississippi  River  to  its  sources,  noting 
the  rivers,  prairies,  islands,  mines,  quarries,  and  timber,  as 
well  as  Indian  villages  and  settlements.  He  was  instructed 
to  keep  a  journal  in  which  distances,  calculated  by  time, 
were  to  be  noted  together  with  comments  on  the  "  winds 
and  weather".  Furthermore,  suitable  locations  for  mili- 
tary posts  were  to  be  selected  and  reasonable  means  for 
conciliating  the  Indians  were  to  be  employed.11 

The  journal  of  the  expedition  is  an  interesting  and  most 
valuable  source  of  information.  The  original  edition,12  was 
published  in  1810  by  Lieutenant  Pike,  and  is  divided  into 
three  parts,  each  dealing  with  a  single  expedition.  To 
these  parts  are  added  numerous  appendices,  charts,  and 
tables.  On  the  whole,  the  work  is  exceedingly  complicated 
in  its  arrangement,  and  little  or  no  effort  seems  to  have 
been  made  to  put  the  material  in  good  English.  It  is  inter- 

9Coues's  The  Expeditions  of  Zebulon,  Montgomery  PiTce,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxii. 

10  The  letter   containing   the   orders  was  transmitted  by   General  Wilkinson 
from  St.  Louis.     It  appears  in  full  in  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  t~he 
Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc. 
(original  edition,  1810),  Appendix  to  Part  III,  pp.  65,  66. 

11  All  of  the  purposes  noted  are  mentioned  in  General  Wilkinson 's  communi- 
cation of  July  30,  1805. 

12  There  is   a  publication   relative   to   the   Mississippi   expedition   which   ap- 
peared in  1807.     This,  however,  was  not  written  by  Lieutenant  Pike  but  by 
some  person  who  had  access  to  his  notes.     There  seems  to  be  no  evidence  con- 
cerning the  identity  of  the  writer. 

From  Lieutenant  Pike's  original  edition  of  1810,  an  English  edition  was 
prepared  under  the  editorial  supervision  of  Dr.  Thomas  Bees.  There  is  also 
an  edition  in  French  and  one  in  Dutch. —  Coues's  The  Expeditions  of  Zebulon 
Montgomery  Pike,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxxiii-xliv. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  339 

esting  to  note  that  at  the  close  of  the  author 's  preface  a 
note  by  the  publisher  is  inserted  to  the  effect  that  he 
' l  owes  it  to  truth,  and  to  colonel  Pike,  to  state  that  he  very 
much  doubts  whether  any  book  ever  went  to  press  under  so 
many  disadvantages  ". 

Lieutenant  Pike  himself  realized  many  of  its  defects. 
The  following  extracts  from  one  of  his  letters  will  serve  to 
explain  many  of  its  faults : 

The  journal  in  itself  will  have  little  to  strike  the  imagination, 
but  a  dull  detail  of  our  daily  march.  .  .  .  The  daily  occur- 
rences were  written  at  night,  frequently  by  firelight,  when  extreme- 
ly fatigued,  and  the  cold  so  severe  as  to  freeze  the  ink  in  my  pen, 
of  course  have  little  claim  to  elegance  of  expression  or  style ;  .  .  . 
I  do  not  possess  the  qualifications  of  the  naturalist,  and  even  had 
they  been  mine,  it  would  have  been  impossible  to  have  gratified  them 
to  any  great  extent,  as  we  passed  with  rapidity  over  the  country 
we  surveyed.  .  .  .  And  indeed,  my  thoughts  were  too  much 
engrossed  in  making  provisions  for  the  exigencies  of  the  morrow, 
to  attempt  a  science  which  requires  time  and  a  placidity  of  mind 
which  seldom  fell  to  my  lot.13 

Of  the  three  divisions  of  the  work  the  first,  with  its  ap- 
pendices, is  devoted  entirely  to  an  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi.  The  material  con- 
tained therein  forms  the  basis  of  the  account  given  in  the 
following  pages  of  this  essay. 

Late  in  the  afternoon  of  August  9,  1805,  Lieutenant  Pike 
sailed  from  his  encampment  near  St.  Louis  in  a  keel  boat 
with  a  party  of  twenty  men,14  carrying  with  him  provisions 

is  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Ap- 
pendix to  Part  I,  p.  32. 

i*  In  the  Appendix  to  Part  III,  pp.  67,  68,  of  the  edition  of  1810,  Lieutenant 
Pike  gives  a  list  of  the  persons  employed  in  the  expedition.  Of  the  twenty 
men  in  the  company,  there  were  two  corporals,  one  sergeant,  and  seventeen 
privates.  The  name  of  an  interpreter  is  also  included  in  the  list  but  he  was 
not  of  the  original  party  which  started  from  the  encampment  near  St.  Louis. 


340    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

for  only  four  months.  For  more  than  eight  months  he  and 
his  party  were  to  push  their  way  northward  amid  dangers 
and  hardships  which  all  but  cost  them  their  lives.  But  with 
the  consciousness  that  he  was  the  first  citizen  of  the  United 
States  to  undertake  the  ascent  of  the  river,  and  with  the 
assurance  that  whatever  he  should  discover  would  be  eager- 
ly received  by  the  public,  his  enthusiasm  rose  above  any 
misgivings  with  regard  to  the  trials  of  the  undertaking. 

With  considerable  difficulty,  due  to  rainy  weather  and 
the  numerous  islands  in  the  channel,  Lieutenant  Pike  and 
his  company  made  their  way  to  the  Des  Moines  Eiver, 
which  marks  the  junction  of  the  present  Commonwealths 
of  Iowa,  Illinois,  and  Missouri.  Here  the  rapids  presented 
a  formidable  obstacle  —  more  especially  because  there  was 
no  one  on  board  who  had  ever  passed  them.  The  rapids 
were  eleven  miles  in  length  "with  successive  ridges  and 
shoals  extending  from  shore  to  shore.  .  .  .  The  shoals 
continue  the  whole  distance.  "15  In  the  midst  of  the  diffi- 
culty the  party  was  met  by  an  agent  to  the  Sac  Indians  in 
this  vicinity,  who  piloted  them  safely  to  his  establishment 
above  the  rapids.  Here  Lieutenant  Pike  found  himself  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  river  at  a  point  where  the  city  of  Nau- 
voo,  Illinois,  is  now  located.  Directly  opposite  was  the  vil- 
lage of  the  Sac  Indians  on  the  present  site  of  Montrose, 
Iowa. 

Impressed  with  the  suitability  of  the  location  for  a  trad- 
ing establishment  for  the  Sac,  Fox,  Iowa,  and  Sioux  In- 
dians of  the  region,  Lieutenant  Pike  tarried  for  the  greater 
part  of  a  day.  In  council  with  "the  chief  men  of  the  vil- 
lage "  he  expressed  the  desire  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States  "to  be  more  intimately  acquainted  with  the 

is  This  description  appears  in  the  entry  of  August  20th  in  Pike's  An  Account 
of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  through  the  Western  Parts 
of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I,  pp.  4,  5. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  341 

situation,  wants,  &c.  of  the  different  nations  of  the  red  peo- 
ple, in  our  newly  acquired  territory  of  Louisiana".16  In 
addition  there  was  some  discussion  of  the  location  of  a 
trading  establishment,  but  no  definite  conclusions  were 
reached. 

After  presenting  the  Indians  with  some  "tobacco, 
Knives,  and  whiskey ",  Lieutenant  Pike  proceeded  up  the 
river  about  six  miles,  landing  on  the  spot  where  Fort  Madi- 
son was  erected  three  years  later  and  where  the  city  by  the 
same  name  now  stands.  Lieutenant  Pike  made  no  par- 
ticular mention  of  the  place,  nor  did  he  recommend  it  as  a 
suitable  location  for  a  fort  or  trading  post.17 

Two  days  later  the  party  reached  the  present  site  of 
Burlington,  Iowa,  which  Lieutenant  Pike  mentions  as  "a 
very  handsome  situation  for  a  garrison m8  and  describes 
in  some  detail. 

The  channel  of  the  river  passes  under  the  hill,  which  is  about  60 
feet  perpendicular,  and  level  on  the  top.  Four  hundred  yards  in 
the  rear,  there  is  a  small  prairie  of  8  or  10  acres,  which  would  be  a 
convenient  spot  for  gardens ;  and  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  there 
is  a  beautiful  prospect  over  a  large  prairie,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  ex- 
tend, now  and  then  interrupted  by  groves  of  trees.  Directly  under 
the  rock  is  a  limestone  spring,  which,  after  an  hour's  work,  would 
afford  water  amply  sufficient  for  the  consumption  of  a  regiment. 
The  landing  is  bold  and  safe,  and  at  the  lower  part  of  the  hill,  a  road 

i«  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  5. 

if  Some  few  writer*  have  erroneously  credited  Pike  with  the  founding  of  Fort 
Madison.  For  instance,  in  the  Portrait  and  Biographical  Album  of  Lee  County, 
Iowa,  p.  627,  the  writer  claims  that  the  first  settlers  at  Fort  Madison  were 
troops  sent  out  by  our  government  under  command  of  Captain  Z.  M.  Pike  to 
protect  the  country  both  from  the  British  and  the  Indians.  A  similar  error 
is  made  by  Stevens  in  his  Black  Hawk  War,  p.  37. 

The  selection  of  Fort  Madison  was  made  in  September,  1808,  by  Lieutenant 
Alpha  Kingsley. —  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  VI,  p.  314. 

is  This  site  is  the  one  now  occupied  by  Crapo  Park  at  Burlington,  Iowa. 


342    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

may  be  made  for  a  team  in  half  an  hour.  Black  and  white  oak  tim- 
ber in  abundance.  The  mountain  continues  about  two  miles,  and 
has  five  springs  bursting  from  it  in  that  distance.19 

In  this  vicinity  the  Indians  seemed  to  be  quite  numerous. 
Horses  and  other  signs  of  inhabitants  were  seen  along  the 
river  bank.  A  few  miles  above  the  bluffs  Lieutenant  Pike 
met  a  company  of  Indian  traders,  with  three  boats  from 
Mackinac,  who  informed  him  that  out  on  the  prairie  only 
two  and  a  half  miles  was  located  one  of  the  largest  Sac  vil- 
lages.20 

After  continuing  a  short  distance  up  the  river,  Pike  and 
one  of  his  men  went  on  shore  for  a  hunt.21  The  journal 
does  not  state  which  bank  of  the  river  they  were  on,  but 
from  the  description  of  the  country  it  is  not  difficult  to  infer 
that  they  were  hunting  on  Iowa  soil.  Owing  to  the  marshi- 
ness of  the  ground,  two  of  their  favorite  dogs  became  ex- 
hausted and  were  lost  in  the  return  to  shore.  Two  men  im- 
mediately volunteered  for  the  search.  But  at  evening  nei- 
ther men  nor  dogs  had  returned.  Lieutenant  Pike,  how- 
ever, was  not  in  the  habit  of  waiting  for  anyone  on  shore. 
Accordingly,  the  party  continued  up  stream  but  always 
camped  on  the  Iowa  side  and  made  every  effort  to  attract 
the  attention  of  the  lost  men  by  firing  guns  at  various  inter- 
vals. But  the  men  were  bewildered  by  the  marshy  ground 
and  the  thick  undergrowth  of  the  lowlands,  and  for  eight 
days  they  wandered  northward  half-exhausted  from  lack  of 
food.  They  finally  chanced  to  fall  upon  a  village  of  Fox 
Indians,  whose  chief  gave  them  corn  and  moccasins  and 
sent  them  with  a  guide  to  the  mines  of  Dubuque  where  they 

i"  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  7. 

20  Lieutenant  Pike  was  now  at  a  point  which  was  considered  half  way  be- 
tween St.  Louis  and  Prairie  du  Chien. 

21  This  was  on  Saturday,  August  24,  1805. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  343 

found  their  commander  and  the  remainder  of  his  company. 

Meanwhile  Lieutenant  Pike  had  passed  the  mouth  of  the 
Iowa  River,  which  he  merely  mentions  in  his  journal.  He 
had  passed  the  present  site  of  Muscatine  —  at  one  time 
known  as  Bloomington  —  which  he  describes  as  the  point 
"  where  the  river  Hills  join  the  Mississippi ".  He  had 
crossed  the  rapids  of  Eock  Eiver  with  even  more  difficulty 
than  those  of  the  Des  Moines.  It  was  here  that  he  met 
Black  Hawk,  who  recalled  the  occasion  in  detail  many  years 
later.  Although  Lieutenant  Pike  makes  no  mention  of  the 
meeting  with  Black  Hawk,  the  Indian  chief's  account  of  the 
visit  is  so  accurate  in  many  points,  which  may  be  verified, 
that  it  is  hardly  to  be  doubted. 

Black  Hawk  stated  that  when  the  boat  arrived  at  Eock 
Eiver  "the  young  chief  came  on  shore  with  his  interpre- 
ter ",  made  a  speech,  and  gave  some  presents  to  the  Indians. 
Continuing,  the  chief  said : 

We  were  all  well  pleased  with  the  speech  of  the  young  chief.  He 
gave  us  good  advice ;  said  our  American  father  would  treat  us  well. 
He  presented  us  an  American  flag,  which  was  hoisted.  He  then  re- 
quested us  to  pull  down  our  British  flags  —  and  give  him  our  Brit- 
ish medals  —  promising  to  send  us  others  on  his  return  to  St.  Louis. 
This  we  declined,  as  we  wished  to  have  two  Fathers!  .  .  .  He 
went  to  the  head  of  the  Mississippi,  and  then  returned  to  St.  Louis. 
.  .  .  He  was  a  good  man,  and  a  great  brave  and  died  in  his 
country's  service.22 

It  was  at  noon  on  Sunday,  September  1st,  that  Lieutenant 
Pike  arrived  at  Dubuque 's  lead  mines,  where  he  was  "sa- 
luted with  a  field  piece,  and  received  with  every  mark  of  at- 
tention, by  Monsieur  Dubuque,  the  proprietor  ",23  Pike 

22  Autobiography  of  Black  Hawk,  p.  26. 

23  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.   (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  10. 

Julien  Dubuque,  a  French  Canadian,  came  to  this  vicinity  for  the  purpose  of 
trading  with  the  Indians.  Taking  a  squaw  as  his  wife,  he  soon  made  friends 


344    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

was  charged  by  General  "Wilkinson  with  orders  to  make  cer- 
tain investigations  relative  to  the  lead  mines.  But  owing 
to  the  fact  that  there  were  no  horses  at  the  house  and  the 
mines  were  six  miles  away,  the  Lieutenant  found  it  "impos- 
sible to  make  a  report  by  actual  inspection".  His  report 
was  therefore  nothing  more  than  a  series  of  evasive  and  in- 
definite answers  to  questions  put  by  Pike.24  In  transmit- 
ting the  report  to  Wilkinson,  Lieutenant  Pike  himself  says 
that  "the  answers  seem  to  carry  with  them  the  semblance 
of  equivocation". 

While  at  Dubuque's  quarters,  Lieutenant  Pike  took  on 
board  a  Frenchman  by  the  name  of  Blondeau,  who  proved  a 
useful  addition  to  the  party  since  he  could  speak  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Indians.  Up  to  this  point  Lieutenant  Pike  had 
been  without  an  interpreter,  and  for  this  reason  had  found 
himself  at  a  great  disadvantage  among  the  Indians.  But 
with  means  for  making  known  the  purpose  of  his  explora- 
tion, "he  found  himself  at  once  the  object  of  friendly  atten- 
tion",25 although  the  first  question  put  by  the  Indians  was 
always  whether  they  were  "for  war,  or  if  going  to  war". 

Through  his  interpreter  Lieutenant  Pike  learned  that  the 
Indians  of  this  vicinity  were  much  in  dread  of  white  men, 
that  "the  women  and  children  were  frightened  at  the  very 
name  of  an  American  boat ' ',  and  that  the  men  believed  the 

with  the  Foxes.  The  discovery  of  the  lead  mines  induced  him  to  secure  ' '  a  per- 
mit to  work  the  mines,  with  a  monopoly  of  the  right"  under  date  of  November 
22,  1788.  Thus  was  founded  the  first  white  settlement  in  Iowa. 

Dubuque  died  on  March  24,  1810.  His  claim  was  sold  at  St.  Louis  for  the 
payment  of  his  debts. —  See  Salter's  Iowa:  The  First  Free  State  in  the  Louisi- 
ana Purchase,  pp.  41-45,  79,  86. 

24  The  report  to  General  Wilkinson  appears  in  the  Appendix  to  Part  I,  p.  5, 
of  the  original  edition  of  1810.     Perhaps  the  only  definite  statement  made  by 
Dubuque  was  that  the  mines  were  about  twenty-seven  leagues  long  and  from 
one  to  three  leagues  wide,  yielding  from  twenty  to  forty  thousand  pounds  of 
lead  per  annum. 

25  Whiting  '&  Life  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  published  in  Jared  Sparks 's 
Library  of  American  Biography,  Vol.  XV,  p.  238. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  345 

whites  to  be  "very  quarrelsome,  and  much  for  war,  and 
also  very  brave".  Such  information  was  "used  as  pru- 
dence suggested".26 

On  September  4th  Lieutenant  Pike  reached  Prairie  du 
Chien  at  the  junction  of  the  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi,  and 
opposite  McGregor,  Iowa.  Prairie  du  Chien,  an  early 
French  settlement,  had  been  distinguished  as  a  center  for 
the  fur  trade  of  the  lake  region,  but  at  the  time  of  Pike's 
visit  it  was  little  more  than  a  village  of  Indian  traders.21 
Among  these  traders  Lieutenant  Pike  spent  several  days, 
engaged  in  making  choice  of  a  suitable  location  for  a  post, 
holding  councils  with  neighboring  tribes  of  Indians,  and  in 
preparing  for  the  remainder  of  the  journey. 

As  the  most  suitable  location  for  a  military  post  in  this 
region,  Lieutenant  Pike  recommended  a  bluff  just  north  of 
the  present  town  of  McGregor,  Iowa,  which  commanded 
both  the  Wisconsin  and  the  Mississippi.28  Plenty  of  timber 
and  a  spring  near-by  added  to  the  desirability  of  the  situa- 
tion. On  the  whole,  however,  the  Lieutenant  considered  the 
Burlington  site  far  superior. 

Finding  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  continue  the  ascent 
of  the  river  with  so  large  a  craft,  Lieutenant  Pike  hired  two 
light  barges  and  began  the  work  of  transferring  provisions 
and  baggage  to  the  new  boats. 

With  the  addition  of  two  interpreters,  Pierre  Eosseau 
and  Joseph  Eeinulle,29  the  party  left  Prairie  du  Chien  on 
September  8th  "with  some  expectation  and  hope  of  seeing 

26 Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
pp.  11,  12. 

27  For  an  account  of  Prairie  du  Chien  and  other  trading  posts  of  the  upper 
Mississippi,  see  Folwell's  Minnesota,  pp.  39,  40. 

28Coues's   The  Expeditions   of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  Vol.  I,  p.  37. 

2»  This  name  is  probably  that  of  Joseph  Beinville  or  Eenville.  He  was  an 
interpreter  of  some  note. 


346    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  head  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  town  of  Saint  Louis " 
before  the  end  of  the  winter.  This  statement,  in  a  letter  to 
General  Wilkinson,30  shows  how  little  the  Lieutenant  real- 
ized that  many  weeks  of  suffering  and  discouragement  lay 
between  him  and  the  source  of  the  Mississippi,  and  that 
months  of  bitter  hardship  must  separate  him  from  his 
encampment  at  St.  Louis.  Nevertheless,  such  hopes  as 
this  alone  kept  up  his  courage  and  made  possible  the  long 
struggle. 

A  few  miles  above  Prairie  du  Chien  the  party  met  Waba- 
sha,  the  chief  of  the  four  lower  bands  of  the  Sioux.  The 
Sioux  had  been  enjoying  a  feast  the  night  before.  In  conse- 
quence, the  salute  which  they  gave  to  Lieutenant  Pike  and 
his  party  as  they  arrived  in  front  of  the  lodges  was  attend- 
ed by  "some  hazard",  since  "some  of  them,  even  tried  their 
dexterity,  to  see  how  near  the  boat  they  could  strike.  They 
may,  indeed,  be  said,  to  have  struck  on  every  side  of  us. 
When  landed,  I  had  my  pistols  in  my  belt,  and  sword  in 
hand."31  Hereupon  the  chief  invited  Lieutenant  Pike  and 
some  of  his  men  to  accompany  him  to  his  lodge  for  a  coun- 
cil. In  a  speech  of  considerable  length  Wabasha  ex- 
pressed his  pleasure  at  having  the  young  Lieutenant  in  his 
own  village  and  a  desire  always  to  remain  at  peace  with 
the  white  and  red  people.  To  this  Lieutenant  Pike  replied 
in  a  statement  of  the  objects  and  purposes  of  his  expedi- 
tion. He  gratefully  accepted  a  pipe  which  Wabasha  pre- 
sented to  him  to  be  shown  to  the  upper  bands  as  a  token  of 
peace,  which  later  was  of  much  service.32 

so  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Ap- 
pendix to  Part  I,  p.  3. 

31  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.   (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  15. 

32  This  pipe  was  used  in  the  council  at  Leech  Lake  on  February  16,  1806. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  347 

While  in  the  village  Lieutenant  Pike  witnessed  a  "medi- 
cine dance "  which  was  attended  by  "many  curious  ma- 
noeuvres. Men  and  women  danced  indiscriminately.  They 
were  all  dressed  in  the  gayest  manner;  each  had  in  their 
hand,  a  small  skin  of  some  description,  and  would  frequent- 
ly run  up,  point  their  skin,  and  give  a  puff  with  their  breath ; 
when  the  person  blown  at,  whether  man  or  woman,  would 
fall,  and  appear  to  be  almost  lifeless,  or  in  great  agony; 
but  would  recover  slowly,  rise  and  join  in  the  dance  ".  This 
they  called  their  great  medicine  dance  or  dance  of  re- 
ligion.33 

Before  his  departure  Pike  presented  the  chief  with  to- 
bacco, knives  and  eight  gallons  of  made  whiskey  (three- 
fourths  water).  Leaving  the  Sioux  village  on  the  afternoon 
of  September  10th,  and  proceeding  but  a  few  miles  further, 
Lieutenant  Pike  crossed  what  is  now  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  State  of  Iowa.34  Seven  months  passed  before  he 
again  camped  on  Iowa  soil. 

On  September  23rd  the  party  reached  a  Sioux  village  lo- 
cated near  the  site  of  old  Fort  Snelling.  Here  a  council 
with  the  chiefs  of  the  village  was  held  by  which  Lieutenant 
Pike  secured  for  the  government  a  grant  of  a  tract  of  land 
containing  about  100,000  acres,  for  which  he  gave  in  return 
presents  to  the  amount  of  only  about  two  hundred  dollars.35 

as  Pike 's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  17. 

s*  Coues  's  The  Expeditions  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  Vol.  I,  p.  48 ;  Sal- 
ter's  The  Eastern  Border  of  Iowa  in  1805-6  in  Iowa  Historical  Record,  Vol. 
X,  p.  115. 

SB  This  tract  of  land  was  near  the  mouth  of  the  Minnesota  River  and  later 
included  the  site  of  Fort  Snelling  and  the  city  of  Minneapolis. —  Pike's  Ex- 
plorations in  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  I,  p.  532. 

A  copy  of  the  speech  delivered  by  Lieutenant  Pike,  a  copy  of  the  treaty,  and 
a  copy  of  a  letter  addressed  to  General  Wilkinson  on  the  subject  appear  as 
Documents  No.  3  and  4  in  the  Appendix  to  Part  I  of  Pike'i  An  Account  of 


348    IO^A  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

So  far  as  negotiations  with  Indian  tribes  are  concerned, 
this  was  doubtless  Lieutenant  Pike 's  most  important  enter- 
prise. Beferring  to  the  transaction  in  a  letter  to  General 
Wilkinson,  he  remarks  that  the  grant  was  obtained  "for  a 
song".  At  the  same  time  he  values  the  land  at  only  two 
hundred  thousand  dollars. 

Lieutenant  Pike's  speech  in  the  council  forms  a  part  of 
the  journal  and  is  a  most  interesting  document.  It  shows  a 
keen  understanding  of  the  character  of  the  Indians  as  well 
as  remarkable  tact.  There  is,  however,  one  peculiar  and 
altogether  amusing  portion  of  the  document,  which  is  sig- 
nificant of  Lieutenant  Pike 's  usual  attitude  toward  the  sub- 
ject referred  to.  After  a  rather  strong  exhortation  against 
the  purchase  of  intoxicating  liquors,  with  much  emphasis  on 
their  injurious  effects,  Lieutenant  Pike  concludes  his  speech 
as  follows:  "I  now  present  you  with  some  of  your  father's 
tobacco,  and  some  other  trifling  things,  as  a  memorandum 
of  my  good  will,  and  before  my  departure  I  will  give  you 
some  liquor  to  clear  your  throats".  This  clearing  process 
seems  to  have  required  sixty  gallons  of  liquor.36 

When  Lieutenant  Pike  had  reached  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony  he  began  to  realize  that  he  had  made  a  serious 
blunder  in  starting  on  his  expedition  so  late  in  the  season ; 
for  many  of  his  men,  unused  to  the  climate  and  necessary 
hardships,  were  daily  succumbing  to  illness  and  fatigue. 
Pike  writes  of  the  situation  as  follows:  "These  unhappy 
circumstances  ....  convinced  me,  that  if  I  had  no 
regard  for  my  own  health  and  constitution,  I  should  have 

Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  through  the  Western  Parts 
of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  pp.  6-13. 

For  a  detailed  criticism  of  the  treaty  and  accompanying  communications,  see 
Coues's  The  Expeditions  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  Vol.  I,  pp.  232-239. 

as  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  25;  see  also  Appendix  to  Part  I,  p.  8. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  349 

some  for  those  poor  fellows,  who  were  killing  themselves 
to  obey  my  orders."37  Accordingly,  several  days  were 
spent  in  the  erection  of  block-houses  which  should  serve  as 
a  shelter  for  the  sick  and  those  who  were  otherwise  unable 
to  continue  the  journey.  An  abundance  of  game  in  the 
vicinity  insured  not  only  comfort  for  the  men  who  were  left 
behind  but  also  "plenty  of  provision"  for  the  return  voy- 
age. 

fn  order  to  hasten  progress,  which  was  daily  becoming 
more  and  more  difficult  on  account  of  the  rapid  freezing  of 
the  river,  the  heavy  boats  were  exchanged  for  canoes. 
These  were  constructed  with  no  little  trouble  owing  to  the 
scarcity  of  tools,  there  being  in  the  whole  party  i  i  only  two 
falling-axes  and  three  hatchets".  In  spite  of  many  hin- 
drances three  canoes  were  completed,  but  one  sank  when 
loaded  with  a  large  quantity  of  ammunition.  In  the  process 
of  drying  this  powder  it  exploded  and  nearly  blew  up  "a 
tent  and  two  or  three  men  with  it".38 

Such  misfortunes,  combined  with  the  "isolation  and  in- 
activity" of  the  region,  cooled  somewhat  the  ardor  of  the 
young  commander.  He  confessed  that  he  found  himself 
"powerfully  attacked  with  the  fantastics  of  the  brain, 
called  ennui",  and  elsewhere  adds  the  following: 

It  appears  to  me,  that  the  wealth  of  nations  would  not  induce  me 
to  remain  secluded  from  the  society  of  civilized  mankind,  surround- 
ed by  a  savage  and  unproductive  wilderness,  without  books  or  other 
sources  of  intellectual  enjoyment,  or  being,  blessed  with  the  culti- 
vated and  feeling  mind,  of  a  civilized  fair.39 

s? Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  34. 

as  Whiting's  Life  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  published  in  Jared  Sparks ;s 
Library  of  American  Biography,  Vol.  XV,  p.  246;  Pike's  An  Account  of  Ex- 
peditions to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  through  the  Western  Parts  of 
Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I,  pp.  36,  37. 

39 Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
VOL.  ix — 24 


350    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  freezing  and  thawing  of  the  river  made  it  impossible 
for  the  party  to  proceed  with  any  degree  of  safety  or  rapid- 
ity. Accordingly,  all  but  one  canoe  were  abandoned  early 
in  December.  Provisions  and  baggage  were  loaded  on 
sleds,  each  drawn  by  two  men  abreast.  The  difficulties 
which  beset  this  method  of  transportation  are  well  illus- 
trated in  the  following  entry  of  December  26th:  "  Broke 
four  sleds;  broke  into  the  river  four  times,  and  had  four 
carrying  places  ".40  On  many  days  the  distance  covered  did 
not  exceed  three  or  four  miles.  Writing  of  his  misfortunes, 
Lieutenant  Pike  said:  " Never  did  I  undergo  more  fatigue, 
in  performing  the  duties  of  hunter,  spy,  guide,  commanding 
officer,  &c.  Sometimes  in  front ;  sometimes  in  the  rear ;  fre- 
quently in  advance  of  my  party  10  or  15  miles ;  that  at  night 
I  was  scarcely  able  to  make  my  notes  intelligible.7'41 

Under  such  circumstances  together  with  considerable  dis- 
couragement among  his  men,  Lieutenant  Pike  found  it  diffi- 
cult to  keep  up  his  spirits.  But  as  the  weather  became  cold- 
er and  the  ice  stronger,  progress  was  much  easier.  As 
much  as  twenty  miles  a  day  were  covered. 

Early  in  January  signs  of  Chippeway  Indians  were  seen, 
from  whom  Lieutenant  Pike  had  every  reason  to  expect  a 
demonstration  of  hostility.  His  fears,  however,  were  soon 
relieved  when  four  of  these  Indians  presented  themselves 
at  his  camp  in  company  with  an  English  trader  who  was  lo- 
cated at  a  post  on  Sandy  Lake.  Mr.  Grant,  the  English 
trader,  accompanied  Lieutenant  Pike  and  his  party  to  the 

through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.   (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
pp.  37,  64. 

40  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.   (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.    55;    Whiting's   Life    of    Zebulon    Montgomery    Pike,    published    in    Jared 
Sparks 's  Library  of  American  Biography,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  250,  251. 

41  Entry  of  December  23,  1805. —  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the 
Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc. 
(original  edition,  1810),  Part  I,  p.  55. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  351 

British  trading  post,  where  they  made  their  headquarters 
for  several  days.42  Such  a  sojourn  among  the  trading  es- 
tablishments of  this  region  was  altogether  agreeable  to 
Lieutenant  Pike  since  one  of  the  objects  of  his  expedition 
was  to  investigate  and  report  upon  the  trading  posts  of  the 
upper  Mississippi.  On  several  occasions  he  was  received 
in  a  most  cordial  and  hospitable  manner  by  the  officials  in 
charge  of  the  various  posts  of  the  Northwest  Company. 
His  accounts  of  existing  conditions  are  detailed  and  quite 
authentic.  Aside  from  general  observations  on  the  trade, 
Lieutenant  Pike's  journal  contains  some  interesting  cor- 
respondence between  himself  and  one  of  the  traders,  Hugh 
M'Gillis. 

Under  date  of  February,  1806,  Lieutenant  Pike  sent  a 
communication  to  Mr.  M'Gillis,43  which  contained  a  frank 
discussion  of  the  conditions  existing  among  the  trading 
posts  and  some  pointed  remarks  on  the  relations  between 
the  Northwest  Company  and  the  government  of  the  United 
States.  He  affirmed  the  right  of  the  British  to  carry  on 
trade  with  the  Indians  within  the  territory  of  the  United 
States,  but  protested  strongly  against  their  exemption  from 
"paying  the  duties,  obtaining  licenses,  and  subscribing  unto 
all  the  rules  and  restrictions  of  our  laws".  It  was  esti- 
mated that  the  United  States  was  annually  defrauded  of 
duties  to  the  amount  of  $26,000.44  For  the  correction  of  this 
evil  the  establishment  of  a  government  custom  house  at  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Louis  River  was  suggested. 

42  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
pp.  56-58. 

43  Pike 's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the   Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,   etc.    (original   edition,   1810),   Ap- 
pendix to  Part  I,  pp.  14-16. 

4*  Pike  7s  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Ap- 
pendix to  Part  I,  p.  37. 


352    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

In  addition,  Lieutenant  "Pike  mentioned  the  fact  that  the 
savages  were  being  alienated  from  our  government  by  re- 
ceiving at  the  hands  of  the  traders  British  medals  and  flags. 
In  conclusion,  Lieutenant  Pike  expressed  the  opinion  that, 
in  case  war  should  be  declared  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  these  establishments  would  serve  as  so 
many  posts  for  the  deposit  of  arms  and  ammunition.  In 
spite  of  a  certain  bluntness,  with  no  attempt  to  evade  any 
real  convictions  on  the  subject  under  discussion,  there  is  a 
tone  of  genuine  courtesy. 

In  an  equally  courteous  reply,45  Mr.  M'Gillis  expressed 
his  desire  to  pay  the  duty  on  goods  imported  by  the  North- 
west Company  if  it  could  be  done  without  conveying  goods 
already  received  to  the  custom  house  at  Mackinac.  Owing 
to  the  fact  that  most  of  the  year's  supply  of  goods  had  al- 
ready been  received,  such  transportation  would  be  a  "vast 
expense  and  trouble ' '. 

With  regard  to  the  use  of  the  posts  as  garrisons  in  time 
of  war,  Mr.  M'Gillis  was  astonished  to  learn  that  the  Amer- 
ican government  should  have  apprehended  any  such  pur- 
pose. He  explained  that  the  establishments  were  for  the 
security  of  property  and  life  in  a  country  exposed  to  the 
cruelty  of  many  savages.  "We  never  formed  the  smallest 
idea",  he  added,  "that  the  said  inclosures  might  ever  be 
useful  in  the  juncture  of  a  rupture  between  the  two  powers, 
nor  do  we  now  conceive  that  such  poor  shifts  will  ever  be 
employed  by  the  British  government,  in  a  country  over- 
shadowed with  wood,  so  adequate  to  every  purpose.  Forts 
might  in  a  short  period  of  time  be  built  far  superior  to  any 
stockades  we  may  have  occasion  to  erect. " 

«  This  letter  bears  the  date  of  February  15,  1806,  and  appears  in  Pike 's  An 
Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  through  the 
Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Appendix  to  Part  I, 
pp.  17-19. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  353 

Although  apparently  unconscious  of  the  error  committed 
by  exhibiting  the  flag  of  Great  Britain  in  American  terri- 
tory, Mr.  M'Gillis  pledged  himself  to  use  his  "  utmost  en- 
deavors, as  soon  as  possible,  to  prevent  the  future  display 
of  the  British  flag,  or  the  presenting  of  medals,  or  the  ex- 
hibiting to  public  view,  any  other  mark  of  European  power, 
throughout  the  extent  of  territory  known  to  belong  to  the 
dominion  of  the  United  States ".  The  communication  is 
concluded  with  a  high  tribute  to  Lieutenant  Pike's  personal 
integrity  and  to  the  government  which  he  represented. 

On  January  20th  Lieutenant  Pike  resumed  his  journey 
toward  the  source  of  the  Mississippi,  reaching  the  junction 
of  the  waters  of  Leech  Lake  with  the  main  channel  of  the 
river  on  the  last  day  of  the  month.  Instead  of  continuing 
in  the  direction  of  Lake  Winnibigoshish,  up  what  is  now 
considered  the  main  course  of  the  river,  Lieutenant  Pike 
turned  westward  and  made  his  way  to  Leech  Lake,  believ- 
ing that  he  had  accomplished  the  chief  object  of  his  expedi- 
tion, and  firmly  convinced  that  this  was  the  ultimate  source 
of  the  great  Father  of  Waters.46 

The  conclusion  with  respect  to  the  Leech  Lake  system  is 
not  surprising  since  the  idea  was  quite  prevalent  among  the 
traders  and  Indian  tribes  of  the  region,  from  whom  Lieu- 
tenant Pike  obtained  most  of  his  information. 

Other  "true  sources "  have  been  found  by  subsequent  travellers, 
and  the  last  has  gone  a  little  beyond  his  precursors,  and  thus  fan- 
cied himself  entitled  to  the  merit  of  being  called  the  Bruce  of  the 
Mississippi.  This  may  be;  but  it  is  probable  that  all  have  been 
right.  It  would  be  difficult  to  determine  which  branch  of  a  large 
tree  extends  furthest  from  the  parent  root.  It  may  be  equally,  or 
more  so,  to  determine  which  of  the  many  head  branches  of  the 
Mississippi,  that  have  been  discovered,  is  the  most  remote  from  the 

"Coues's  The  Expeditions  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  Vol.  I,  note,  pp. 
152,  153;  Pike's  Explorations  in  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  Vol.  I,  pp.  532, 
533. 


354    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Gulf  of  Mexico;  and  the  initial  gush  of  its  waters  undoubtedly 
varies.  A  wet  season  may  open  many  small  tributaries  to  a  small 
lake,  which  had  no  existence  in  a  dry  season.  Hence  the  spring 
traveller,  and  the  traveller  of  the  summer  solstice,  may  have  dif- 
ferent descriptions  to  give,  and  yet  both  be  correct.47 

It  was  on  February  14th  that  Lieutenant  Pike  began 
preparations  for  the  homeward  journey.  Two  days  later 
he  held  a  council  with  some  of  the  Chippeway  Indians  of  the 
lake  region.  In  a  speech  of  considerable  length  Lieutenant 
Pike  persuaded  the  Indians  to  give  up  most  of  their  British 
medals  and  flags.48  Furthermore,  lie  urged  the  Chippeways 
to  cease  their  hostilities  with  the  Sioux,  who  had  also 
promised  to  bury  the  hatchet.  As  a  token  of  their  promise 
the  young  American  produced  the  pipe  of  Wabasha.49  As 
a  result  of  this  council  two  of  "the  most  celebrated  war- 
riors "  accompanied  the  party  to  St.  Louis,  where  Lieuten- 
ant Pike  planned  to  have  a  council  of  peace  with  represent- 
atives of  the  various  tribes  in  the  Upper  Mississippi  Val- 
ley. 

Amid  " acclamations  and  shouts"  on  the  part  of  the  In- 
dians, the  party  took  their  departure  from  Leech  Lake  on 
February  18th.  Marching  by  land  across  wooded  and 
marshy  ground,  they  did  not  reach  the  Mississippi  Eiver 
until  six  days  later.50  Lieutenant  Pike  had  long  since 

47  Whiting's  Life  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  published  in  Jared  Sparks '• 
Library  of  American  Biography,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  255,  256. 

48  In  return  for  their  British  medals  and  flags,  Lieutenant  Pike  pledged  him- 
self to  send  those  of  the  United  States  to  the  savage  chiefs,  ' '  but  owing  to  the 
change  of  agents,  and  a  variety  of  circumstances,  it  was  never  fulfilled ' '.    Kec- 
ommendations  were  made,  however,  to  General  Wilkinson  that  such  pledge  be 
kept  for  the  good  of  the  government. —  See  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions 
to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana, 
etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Appendix  to  Part  I,  p.  31. 

40  See  above  note  32. 

50  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
pp.  71,  73. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  355 

learned  that  the  only  expeditious  method  of  travel  was  by 
means  of  snow  shoes.  With  the  aid  of  these  he  was  able  to 
make  the  descent  of  the  river  in  much  less  than  half  the  time 
consumed  in  the  ascent.  But  in  spite  of  many  advantages 
the  task  proved  arduous  enough,  as  the  following  entry  in 
the  journal  will  show : 

The  pressure  of  my  racket  strings  brought  the  blood  through  my 
socks  and  mockinsons  [moccasins] ,  from  which  the  pain  I  marched 
in  may  be  imagined.51 

On  March  5th  Lieutenant  Pike  found  himself  at  the  post 
where  he  had  left  the  sergeant  in  charge  of  the  sick.  Much 
to  his  chagrin  he  found  that,  while  he  himself  had  been  ex- 
tremely frugal  in  the  use  of  provisions  in  order  that  a 
goodly  supply  might  be  on  hand  for  the  downward  journey, 
the  sergeant  in  charge  of  the  post  had  squandered  nearly 
all  of  the  provisions  in  his  custody  and  had  given  away 
practically  all  of  the  whiskey,  including  a  keg  which  the 
Lieutenant  had  for  his  own  use.52 

The  party  remained  at  the  post  until  April  7th.  Mean- 
while several  councils  were  held  with  some  Menominee  In- 
dians in  the  immediate  vicinity.  Without  any  new  or  im- 
portant experiences  Lieutenant  Pike  continued  the  descent, 
arriving  at  the  northern  boundary  of  the  present  State  of 
Iowa  on  April  16th.  At  noon  on  the  following  day  he 
reached  the  camp  of  Wabasha  where  he  remained  all  day 
and  night  in  the  hope  of  seeing  the  chief,  who  unfortunately 
remained  out  all  night  on  a  hunting  trip.53 

8i Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  73. 

52  Whiting 's  Life  of  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike,  published  in  Jared  Sparks 's 
Library  of  American  Biography,  Vol.  XV,  pp.  256,  257. 

53 Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  99. 


356    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Leaving  some  powder  «,nd  tobacco  for  Mm,  Lieutenant 
Pike  left  in  the  morning  for  Prairie  du  Chien,  which  he 
reached  at  two  o  'clock  in  the  afternoon.  Here  he  received 
a  hearty  welcome,  being  presented  with  some  much-needed 
supplies  and  treated  in  a  most  hospitable  manner  by  the 
traders  and  Indians  of  the  place.  Moreover,  he  "  received 
a  great  deal  of  news  from  the  States  and  Europe,  both  civil 
and  military " — a  welcome  bit  of  the  civilization  from 
which  he  had  been  isolated  for  so  many  months. 

On  the  afternoon  of  April  20th  Lieutenant  Pike  witnessed 
a  most  interesting  game  of  "the  cross"  on  the  prairie  "be- 
tween the  Sioux  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Puants  and  Rey- 
nards on  the  other ".  He  describes  the  game  as  follows : 

The  ball  is  made  of  some  hard  substance  and  covered  with  leather, 
the  cross  sticks  are  round  and  net  work,  with  handles  of  three  feet 
long.  The  parties  being  ready,  and  bets  agreed  upon,  (sometimes 
to  the  amount  of  some  thousand  dollars)  the  goals  are  set  up  on  the 
prairie  at  the  distance  of  half  a  mile.  The  ball  is  thrown  up  in  the 
middle,  and  each  party  strives  to  drive  it  to  the  opposite  goal ;  and 
when  either  party  gains  the  first  rubber,  which  is  driving  it  quick 
round  the  post,  the  ball  is  again  taken  to  the  center,  the  ground 
changed,  and  the  contest  renewed;  and  this  is  continued  until  one 
side  gains  four  times,  which  decides  the  bet.  It  is  an  interesting 
sight  to  see  two  or  three  hundred  naked  savages  contending  on  the 
plain  who  shall  bear  off  the  palm  of  victory ;  as  he  who  drives  the 
ball  round  the  goal  is  much  shouted  at  by  his  companions.  It  some- 
times happens  that  one  catches  the  ball  in  his  racket,  and  depending 
on  his  speed  endeavors  to  carry  it  to  the  goal,  and  when  he  finds 
himself  too  closely  pursued,  he  hurls  it  with  great  force  and  dex- 
terity to  an  amazing  distance,  where  there  are  always  flankers  of 
both  parties  ready  to  receive  it;  it  seldom  touches  the  ground,  but 
is  sometimes  kept  in  the  air  for  hours  before  either  party  can  gain 
the  victory.  In  the  game  which  I  witnessed,  the  Sioux  were  vic- 
torious, more  I  believe,  from  the  superiority  of  their  skill  in  throw- 
ing the  ball,  than  by  their  swiftness,  for  I  thought  the  Puants  and 
Reynards  the  swiftest  runners.54 

54  Pike's  An  Account  of  Expeditions  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 


EXPEDITION  OP  ZEBULON  M.  PIKE  357 

The  remainder  of  the  journey  was  uneventful.  Numer- 
ous unimportant  councils  and  meetings  with  various  In- 
dians took  place,  and  in  many  cases  British  medals  were 
given  up.  The  account  of  the  descent,  however,  is  extreme- 
ly meagre,  there  being  almost  no  mention  of  the  country 
through  which  the  party  passed.  This  is  probably  due  to 
the  increase  in  the  distance  covered  on  the  return  —  only 
about  two  months  being  spent  in  the  descent,  while  the  as- 
cent had  occupied  more  than  six  months. 

It  was  on  April  30,  1806,  that  the  party  arrived  at  the 
town  of  St.  Louis.55  It  would  seem  that  there  had  not  been 
a  loss  of  a  single  man  on  the  expedition,  since  a  report56  of 
the  number  of  persons  returned  to  St.  Louis  corresponds 
exactly  to  the  number  of  the  original  party. 

When  his  reports  and  observations  were  completed, 
Lieutenant  Pike  had  accomplished  far  more  than  his  or- 
ders. He  had  given  to  the  public,  as  well  as  to  the  govern- 
ment officials,  information  which  was  not  only  new  but  espe- 
cially accurate  in  details.  This  information  covered  every 
phase  of  the  voyage,  and  included  extended  observations 
with  regard  to  the  climate,  soil,  drainage,  timber,  etc.,  of 
the  country.  The  results  of  careful  and  painstaking  inves- 
tigation of  the  British  trade  brought  many  corrupt  prac- 
tices to  light  which  resulted  in  preventatives  on  the  part  of 
the  general  government.  Knowledge  of  the  Indians  — 
their  tribes,  numbers,  and  characteristics  —  was  afforded 
by  tables  and  charts  carefully  compiled  and  included  in 
Lieutenant  Pike's  journal.  Without  doubt  the  efforts  of 
Lieutenant  Pike  did  much  to  create  a  friendly  attitude  to- 

through  the  Western  Parts  of  Louisiana,  etc.  (original  edition,  1810),  Part  I, 
p.  100. 

85  The  time  consumed  in  the  exploration  was,  therefore,  eight  months  and 
twenty-two  days. 

56  Annals  of  Congress,  10th  Congress,  Second  Session,  1808-1809,  p.  1794. 


358    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

ward  the  United  States  on  the  part  of  the  Indians  of  the 
Iowa  and  upper  Mississippi  regions.  British  medals  and 
flags  were  replaced  by  the  stars  and  stripes;  hostilities 
among  various  tribes  ceased;  and  there  was  a  marked  in- 
crease in  the  respect  of  the  Indians  for  the  American  peo- 
ple. 

Although  Lieutenant  Pike  so  far  as  possible  carried  out 
the  orders  of  General  Wilkinson  as  well  as  those  of  the  gov- 
ernment, there  seems  to  be  no  record  of  any  compensation57 
either  to  Lieutenant  Pike  or  to  any  of  his  companions  for 
their  untiring  efforts.  At  various  times  attempts  were 
made  in  Congress  to  secure  such  compensation,  but  all  such 
efforts  were  in  vain.  Committees  were  appointed,  reports 
were  heard,  and  the  matter  was  even  presented  in  the  form 
of  bills.58  The  measure,  however,  was  successively  de- 
feated, even  though  it  was  always  by  a  small  majority. 

ETHYL  EDNA  MARTIN 
THE  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OF  IOWA 
IOWA  CITY 

zi  Annals  of  Congress,  10th  Congress,  First  Session,  1807-1808,  Vol.  II,  pp. 
1659,  1767;  Annals  of  Congress,  10th  Congress,  Second  Session,  1808-1809,  pp. 
486,  487,  862,  902,  1788,  1794;  Annals  of  Congress,  llth  Congress,  1809-1810, 
Part  I,  pp.  218,  263;  Annals  of  Congress,  12th  Congress,  First  Session,  1811- 
1812,  Part  II,  p.  1576. 

••8  Annals  of  Congress,  10th  Congress,  First  Session,  1807-1808,  Vol.  II,  p. 
1767;  Annals  of  Congress,  10th  Congress,  Second  Session,  1808-1809,  pp.  862, 
902;  Annals  of  Congress,  llth  Congress,  Part  I,  pp.  218,  263. 

On  July  3,  1812,  a  petition  from  Lieutenant  Pike  asking  compensation  for 
services  rendered  in  exploring  the  interior  parts  of  North  America  was  pre- 
sented. But  this  was  ordered  to  be  laid  on  the  table  and  it  seems  never  to 
have  been  considered. —  Annals  of  Congress,  12th  Congress,  First  Session,  1811- 
1812,  Part  II,  p.  1576. 


THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY 

[The  following  paper  is  the  result  of  a  limited  though  critical  investiga- 
tion undertaken  by  Professor  Garver  with  a  view  (1)  to  ascertaining  from 
whence  the  early  settlers  of  Woodbury  County  came,  and  (2)  to  suggesting 
the  variety  of  viewpoints  from  which  data  upon  such  a  subject  may  be 
studied. —  EDITOR.] 

Woodbury  County  is  situated  on  the  western  border  of 
the  State  of  Iowa,  and  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Mis- 
souri and  Big  Sioux  rivers.  It  is  a  little  north  of  the  cen- 
ter of  the  State,  there  being  three  counties  to  the  north  of 
it  and  five  to  the  south.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  counties  of 
the  State  both  in  area  and  in  population.  Sioux  City,  the 
largest  town,  contains  about  50,000  inhabitants :  the  rest  of 
the  population  dwell  in  villages  or  upon  farms.  Thus  it  is 
seen  that  Woodbury  County  is  in  no  sense  peculiar;  its 
characteristics  are  similar  to  those  of  hundreds  of  other 
counties  of  the  great  north  central  States.  Moreover,  the 
one  magnet  which  served  to  attract  the  first  settlers  was  an 
abundance  of  rich,  fertile  land  to  be  had  at  a  remarkably 
low  price. 

The  permanent  settlement  of  eastern  Iowa  was  begun  in 
the  early  thirties ;  the  occupation  of  western  Iowa  occurred 
about  twenty  years  later.  The  period  of  the  settlement  of 
Woodbury  County  may  be  set  down,  roughly,  as  from  1850 
to  1870.  The  town  of  Sioux  City  was  laid  out  in  1854  and 
1855.  While  the  ranks  of  the  old  settlers  are  being  rapidly 
thinned  by  death,  there  remain  in  the  county  a  considerable 
number  of  residents  who  came  prior  to  1870,  and  some,  even, 
who  were  here  before  1860.  The  comparative  newness  of 
the  county  has  made  possible  the  collection  of  the  data  upon 
which  this  study  is  based. 

John  Fiske,  the  historian,  has  called  attention  to  the  fact 

359 


360    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

that  the  migrations  of  Americans  westward  from  the  old 
States  to  new  have  been,  to  a  remarkable  degree,  along  par- 
allels of  latitude.1  In  connection  with  this  statement,  at- 
tention is  called  to  the  fact  that  Iowa  covers  about  three 
degrees  of  latitude  extending,  practically,  from  forty  de- 
grees and  thirty  minutes  to  forty-three  degrees  and  thirty 
minutes,  north.  If  the  northern  and  the  southern  boun- 
daries of  Iowa  are  projected  eastward  across  the  United 
States  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  they  enclose  a  zone  which 
would  include  in  the  north  central  States,  the  northern 
part  of  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio,  as  well  as  the  south- 
ern part  of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan ;  in  the  north  Atlantic 
group,  the  northern  two-thirds  of  Pennsylvania,  the  north- 
ern third  of  New  Jersey,  and  all  of  that  part  of  New  York 
(about  two-thirds)  which  lies  south  of  Lake  Ontario;  and 
in  New  England,  all  of  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and 
Massachusetts,  together  with  the  southern  part  of  Vermont 
and  New  Hampshire.  These,  then,  are  the  States  from 
which  we  may  expect  the  early  settlers  of  Woodbury 
County  to  have  come  if  Fiske's  statement  is  correct. 

For  the  purpose  of  securing  the  data  required  for  this 
brief  study  a  blank  was  prepared,  which,  together  with  a 
letter  explaining  the  same,  was  sent  to  about  one  hundred 
and  forty  old  settlers  of  Woodbury  County.  The  blanks 
were  in  the  following  form : 

1  —  Name. 

2  —  Present  address. 

3  —  Place  of  birth  (Give  both  State  and  County). 

4  —  Date  of  birth. 

5  —  Nationality. 

6  —  When  did  you  move  to  Iowa? 

7  —  From  what  State  ? 

8  —  When  did  you  move  to  Woodbury  County  ? 

9  —  From  what  County,  if  from  another  County  in  Iowa  ? 
1  Fiske's  Civil  Government  in  the  United  States,  p.  81. 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          361 

10  —  Please  give  the  names  and  addresses  of  other  old  settlers  in 
your  neighborhood. 

To  these  inquiries  replies  were  received  from  ninety-two 
individuals.  Two  of  the  replies  were  incomplete  and  could 
not  be  used.  Appeal  was  then  made  to  other  sources,  with 
the  result  that  the  desired  information  was  gathered  con- 
cerning ten  additional  old  settlers.  Thus,  facts  were  at 
hand  relative  to  one  hundred  different  individuals  —  a  con- 
venient number  with  which  to  deal.  By  a  comparison  and 
analysis  of  the  different  items,  some  interesting  results  are 
ascertained. 

Taking  up,  in  the  first  place,  the  matter  of  the  nativity  of 
the  one  hundred  old  settlers  whose  migrations  are  here  in- 
vestigated, we  find  that  twenty-six  of  them  were  born  in 
foreign  countries  and  seventy-four  in  the  United  States. 
A  somewhat  different  statement  of  results  may  be  made  by 
adding  those  born  in  Canada  and  in  the  United  States,  in 
which  case  it  may  be  said  that  twenty-two  were  born  in 
Europe  (including  the  British  Isles)  and  seventy-eight  in 
America.  Twenty-six  per  cent  of  foreign-born  settlers 
seems  to  the  writer  to  be  a  rather  large  proportion  in  view 
of  the  fact  that  Woodbury  County  is  in  the  very  heart  of 
the  United  States  and  that  it  was  settled  so  late  in  the  his- 
tory of  our  country  —  at  a  time  when  so  many  Americans 
were  moving  westward.  And  yet  that  same  "lure  of  the 
land"  which  drew  the  Americans  out  of  Vermont  and  New 
York  proved,  no  doubt,  equally  attractive  to  the  foreign  im- 
migrant. 

Of  the  twenty-six  old  settlers  born  outside  of  the  United 
States,  Germany  gave  birth  to  eight,  England  and  Ireland 
to  five  each,  Canada  to  four,  Switzerland  to  two,  and 
France  and  Denmark  to  one  each.  These  facts  give  Ger- 
many the  lead,  unless  those  born  in  England,  Ireland,  and 
Canada  are  added  together  and  the  total  of  fourteen  is 


362     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

credited  to  the  British  Empire.  In  this  group  of  foreign 
settlers  those  of  Teutonic  stock  predominate  over  those  of 
Celtic  stock  in  about  the  proportion  of  two  to  one. 

The  years  1850  and  1870  have  been  mentioned  above  as 
bounding,  in  a  rough  way,  the  period  of  the  settlement  of 
Woodbury  County.  In  the  former  year  the  number  of 
States  in  the  American  Union  numbered  thirty-one,  in  the 
latter  year  thirty-seven.  A  comparison  of  the  facts  rela- 
tive to  the  seventy-four  old  settlers  who  were  natives  of 
the  United  States  shows  them  to  represent  thirteen  States 
as  follows :  twenty-four  were  born  in  New  York ;  eight  each 
in  Vermont  and  Pennsylvania;  seven  in  Ohio;  six  in  Illi- 
nois ;  four  each  in  Indiana,  New  Hampshire,  and  Connecti- 
cut; three  in  Massachusetts;  two  each  in  Virginia  and 
Iowa ;  and  one  each  in  Maine  and  Missouri. 

If  the  States  here  mentioned  are  grouped  into  sections, 
the  result  shows  that,  of  the  seventy-four  individuals  under 
discussion,  there  were  born  twenty  in  New  England,  thirty- 
four  in  the  middle  Atlantic  States  (including  Virginia  and 
West  Virginia),  none  in  the  southern  States,  eastern  di- 
vision, seventeen  in  the  east  central  States  (including  Ken- 
tucky), three  in  the  west  central  States  (including  Mis- 
souri), and  none  in  the  southern  States,  western  division. 
Tims  it  is  seen  that  the  middle  Atlantic  section  leads  with 
thirty-four  to  its  credit,  and  that  New  England  conies  sec- 
ond with  twenty.  In  the  two  divisions  of  the  north  central 
States,  taken  together,  twenty  also  were  born.  None  seems 
to  have  been  born  in  either  division  of  the  southern  States, 
but  this  is  because  the  grouping  adopted  above,  following 
the  plan  of  present  day  geographies,2  includes  Virginia 
among  the  middle  Atlantic  States  and  Missouri  in  the  west- 
ern division  of  the  north  central  States. 

There  are  twenty-eight  States  either  wholly  or  largely 

2  Frye's  Complete  Geography,  etc. 


SETTLEMENT  OP  WOODBURY  COUNTY          363 

east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  As  far  as  the  facts  under 
analysis  are  concerned  only  eleven  of  these  gave  birth  to  pi- 
oneers of  Woodbury  County.  The  only  southern  State  to 
contribute  was  Virginia.  A  more  remarkable  fact,  perhaps, 
is  that  in  those  sections  in  which  the  largest  numbers  were 
born  there  were  States  (located  side  by  side  with  those  most 
largely  represented)  which  in  themselves  gave  birth  to 
none  of  the  old  settlers.  Thus,  in  New  England  every  State 
is  represented  except  Ehode  Island.  In  the  middle  Atlantic 
section  three  States  are  represented  (New  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Virginia),  while  four  are  not  (New  Jersey,  Del- 
aware, Maryland,  and  West  Virginia).  It  is  rather  inter- 
esting to  speculate  as  to  why  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 
should  give  birth  to  so  many  Woodbury  County  pioneers, 
relatively  speaking,  and  neighboring  States  to  none.  It  is 
true,  however,  that  West  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  most  of 
New  Jersey  are  south  of  the  latitude  of  Iowa.  In  the  east- 
ern division  of  the  central  States  three  are  represented 
(Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois),  and  three  are  not  (Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  and  Kentucky).  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  were 
not  old  enough  to  be  the  birth-place  of  pioneers  who  should 
settle  new  lands  as  early  as  1850.  While  Kentucky  was  old 
enough,  it  was  probably  far  enough  to  the  south  of  the  lati- 
tude of  Iowa  and  especially  of  Woodbury  County,  to  make 
the  latter  fact  sufficient  reason  for  her  failure  to  send  us 
any  old  settlers. 

Glancing  for  a  moment  at  the  individual  States  and  the 
number  of  Woodbury  County  pioneers  to  whom  each  gave 
birth,  it  is  seen  that  New  York  leads  with  Vermont,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  and  Illinois  following  in  order.  New  York's 
lead  is  large  —  in  fact  more  of  our  number  were  born  with- 
in her  boundaries  than  within  those  of  her  three  closest 
competitors  taken  together.  New  York  gave  birth  to  more 
of  our  old  settlers  than  all  of  the  rest  of  the  middle  Atlantic 


364    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

section  together;  more  than  all  of  New  England;  and  more 
than  all  of  the  central  States.  Indeed  New  York  was  the 
mother  of  twenty-four  per  cent  of  the  one  hundred  pioneers 
whose  careers  form  the  basis  of  this  study;  of  thirty-two 
per  cent  of  the  seventy-four  who  were  born  in  the  United 
States.  New  York,  Vermont,  and  Pennsylvania  —  three 
contiguous  States  —  taken  together,  gave  birth  to  forty  out 
of  seventy-four  or  fifty-four  per  cent  of  those  born  in  the 
United  States. 

If  Virginia  and  Missouri  are  counted  as  southern  States, 
as  has  been  the  rule  in  American  history,  then  three  of  our 
number  were  born  in  the  South  as  against  seventy-one  in 
the  North.  Three,  also,  were  born  west  of  the  Mississippi 
as  against  seventy-one  east  of  it.  Iowa  was  a  free  State 
and  would  not  admit  slaves.  This  fact  coupled  with  that 
other  fact  that  Iowa  was  far  to  the  north,  and  out  of  the 
latitude  of  the  southern  States,  probably  accounts  for  the 
smallness  of  the  number  born  south  of  the  Mason  and 
Dixon  line. 

Another  item  on  the  blanks  sent  out  called  for  the  nation- 
ality of  each  old  settler ;  but  owing,  perhaps,  to  the  fact  that 
sufficient  explanation  was  not  given,  it  would  not  be  safe  to 
draw  many  conclusions  from  the  data  returned.  For  ex- 
ample, some  counted  themselves  as  "  Americans "  whose 
parents  were  evidently  born  abroad;  while  others  an- 
swered "of  German  descent''  whose  ancestors  had  un- 
doubtedly been  in  the  United  States  for  several  genera- 
tions. To  be  brief,  forty-four  out  of  one  hundred  indicated 
a  foreign  ancestry,  although  we  learned  above  that  only 
twenty-six  had  been  born  outside  of  the  United  States. 
The  numbers  returned  for  each  nationality  were :  Amer- 
icans, forty-seven;  "Yankees",  nine;  English,  nine;  Ger- 
mans, nine ;  Irish,  eight ;  French  Canadians,  three ;  French, 
two ;  Welsh,  two ;  Swiss,  two ;  Dutch,  one ;  and  Danish,  one ; 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          365 

together  with  six  who  gave  a  double  nationality.  It  is  in- 
teresting to  note  that  nine  called  themselves  "Yankees", 
of  whom  five  were  born  in  New  England.  Adding  these 
nine  Yankees  to  the  group  of  Americans,  we  have  fifty-six 
of  the  latter.  About  all  that  it  seems  safe  to  say  on  the  sub- 
ject of  nationality  is  that  twenty-six  were  born  abroad  and 
that  the  number  of  bona  fide  Americans  is  fifty-six.  This 
leaves  eighteen  to  be  accounted  for.  Undoubtedly  all  of 
them  could  classify  as  Americans  of  some  degree.  As 
between  Teutons  and  Celts,  the  proportion  seems  to  be 
about  four  of  the  former  to  one  of  the  latter.  One  element 
(namely,  the  French  Canadian)  did  not  figure  as  largely  in 
the  returns  as  the  writer  had  reason  to  expect  from  the 
large  number  of  that  class  who  trapped  and  traded  in  this 
section  in  its  early  days.  Indeed,  only  three  designated 
themselves  as  French  Canadians.  The  reasons  for  such  a 
small  number  need  to  be  noticed,  and  so  this  matter  will  be 
recurred  to  again  in  another  connection.3 

Of  the  twenty-six  pioneers  born  abroad  (out  of  the  one 
hundred  studied)  twenty-four  made  at  least  two  moves, 
coming  first  to  some  other  one  of  the  United  States  and  mi- 
grating later  to  Iowa.  Still  another  made  two  moves,  com- 
ing from  Ireland  to  Canada  and  thence  to  Iowa.  Only  one 
came  directly  from  his  foreign  home  to  Woodbury  County. 
Of  the  twenty-four  who  stopped  in  other  States  before  com- 
ing hither,  seven  came  first  to  Illinois,  four  to  New  York, 
four  to  Ohio,  two  to  Nebraska,  two  to  Wisconsin,  and  one 
each  to  New  Hampshire,  Pennsylvania,  Indiana,  Tennessee, 
and  Missouri. 

It  has  already  been  explained  that  one  foreign-born  pio- 
neer moved  from  Ireland  to  Canada  and  thence  to  Iowa, 
and  that  a  second  one  moved  directly  from  Canada  to  this 
State.  Somewhat  earlier  in  the  paper  it  was  noted  that  two 

s  See  below,  p.  381. 
VOL.  ix — 25 


366     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

were  born  in  Iowa.  One  of  these  never  left  his  native  State, 
while  the  other  one  moved  to  Kansas  and  back  again.  In 
the  following  analysis  the  latter  case  is  ignored,  that  is  to 
say,  the  move  to  Kansas  and  back  is  ignored  and  the  indi- 
vidual is  treated  as  a  native  lowan  who  never  left  his  State. 
Eliminating  these  four  cases,  we  have  the  result  that  ninety- 
six  pioneers,  out  of  one  hundred,  came  to  Iowa  from  some 
other  State  of  the  American  union.  Of  the  ninety-six, 
seventy-two  were  native-born  and  twenty-four  foreign- 
born,  as  has  already  been  shown. 

These  ninety-six  settlers  came  into  Iowa  from  eighteen 
different  States.  The  States  from  which  they  came,  to- 
gether with  the  number  in  each  case,  are  as  follows :  from 
Illinois,  twenty-six;  New  York,  fifteen;  Ohio,  eleven;  Wis- 
consin, eight;  Pennsylvania  and  Indiana,  five  each;  Massa- 
chusetts, Virginia,  Vermont,  Missouri,  and  Minnesota, 
three  each;  Connecticut,  New  Hampshire,  Michigan,  and 
Nebraska,  two  each;  and  from  Tennessee,  Montana,  and 
California,  one  each.  The  number  that  moved  to  Iowa  from 
each  State  is  radically  different  from  the  number  that  was 
born  in  each.  A  glance  at  the  first  and  last  columns  of  the 
accompanying  table  will  show  how  true  is  this  statement. 
(See  Table  I.) 

The  migrations  of  ninety-six  persons  to  Iowa  may  seem 
to  be  a  simple  matter,  but  in  reality  it  is  one  of  great  com- 
plexity. The  case  of  New  York  may  be  taken  as  an  illus- 
tration. In  that  State  twenty-four  of  our  pioneers  were 
born.  Nine  of  them  moved  directly  from  the  Empire  State 
to  Iowa.  The  other  fifteen  came  to  this  State  indirectly, 
that  is  to  say,  they  moved  first  to  other  States  and  came 
thence  to  Iowa.  Of  this  number  seven  came  by  way  of  Illi- 
nois, four  by  way  of  Wisconsin,  and  one  each  by  way  of 
Massachusetts,  Ohio,  Vermont,  and  Montana.  Altogether 
fifteen  came  directly  from  New  York  to  Iowa.  This  num- 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          367 

ber  was  made  up  of  the  nine  natives  of  the  former  State, 
already  mentioned,  and  six  who  came  into  New  York  from 
the  outside.  Two  of  the  six  entered  New  York  from  other 
States  —  one  each  from  Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania. 
The  other  four  came  from  foreign  countries  —  two  from 
Germany,  one  from  England  and  one  from  Ireland.  Thus 
thirty  old  settlers  were  born  in  New  York  or  came  through 
that  State  to  Iowa.  Fifteen  came  direct  to  this  State  and 
fifteen  through  other  Commonwealths.  The  cases  of  sev- 
eral other  States  are  as  complicated  as  that  of  New  York 
—  just  as  many  elements  entering  in,  although  not  so  many 
pioneers  may  have  been  concerned. 

Because  of  this  complexity  it  is  out  of  question  to  re- 
view all  of  the  facts  relative  to  each  State.  They  are  pre- 
sented in  detail,  however,  in  the  accompanying  table.  (See 
Table  I).  Column  one  shows  how  many  pioneers  (out  of 
ninety-six)  were  born  in  each  State.  Column  two  shows 
how  many  of  these  came  directly  to  Iowa,  and  column  three 
how  many  came  indirectly.  Columns  four  and  five  indicate 
the  number  that  came  from  other  States  and  from  foreign 
countries,  respectively,  through  each  State  to  Iowa.  The 
last  column  shows  the  number  that  came  directly  from  each 
State  to  this  one.  The  numbers  given  in  the  first  column 
should  equal  the  sum  of  those  given  in  the  second  and  third 
columns.  The  numbers  found  in  the  last  column  should 
equal  the  sum  of  those  in  the  second,  fourth,  and  fifth  col- 
umns. It  will  also  be  noticed  that  columns  three  and  four 
total  the  same,  as  they  should. 

With  the  facts  before  us  as  vividly  as  the  table  presents 
them,  it  is  possible  to  make  several  valuable  comparisons. 
Let  us  take  first  the  figures  of  the  first  two  columns,  those 
showing  the  number  of  births  in  each  State  and  the  number 
of  the  same  that  came  directly  to  Iowa.  The  facts  show  that 
all  that  were  born  in  the  three  States  of  Virginia,  Illinois, 


368    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

and  Missouri  came  directly  to  this  State.  Maine  is  the  only 
State  representing  the  other  extreme.  From  other  States 
the  native-born  pioneers  came  directly  to  Iowa  in  such  ra- 


TABLE  I 


c 

'S  '-3 

•g  -S  ® 

1    o 

11 

fl-g 

a 

v    a>  "o 

"o  ^ 

3      (A 
FH 

S  I 

S-, 

a  g 
fl  S  S 

•S  1 

Q    1 

sl 

s£  « 

£    . 

I       o 

>4                  ^ 

«M     TS 

g  *  « 

"0     >>     0 

1  3 

££M 

^  -^  J3 

r£j      «         • 

fl       ^ 

fl  ^  M 

a  j£ 

"2    a>    ^ 

|  5  «| 

'«  J  £ 

.?    'S     0 
OJ     fl    ^5 

-3  E^ 

11 

ill 

^i  02   M   M 

8  « 
P3  co  2 

J?J        . 
8  § 

I--1 

EH   T3   CC 

Maine 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

New   Hampshire 

4 

1 

3 

0 

1 

2 

Vermont 

8 

2 

6 

1 

0 

3 

Massachusetts 

3 

1 

2 

2 

0 

3 

Connecticut 

4 

1 

3 

1 

0 

2 

Total   for   section 

20 

5 

15 

4 

1 

10 

New   York 

24 

9 

15 

2 

4 

15 

Pennsylvania 

8 

4 

4 

0 

1 

5 

Virginia 

2 

2 

0 

1 

0 

3 

Total   for   section  34  15 


19 


23 


Ohio 
Indiana 
Illinois 
Michigan 
Wisconsin 

7 
4 
6 
0 
0 

4 
2 
6 
0 
0 

3 
2 
0 
0 
0 

3 

2 
13 

2 

6 

1 

0 
2 

11 
5 

26 
2 

8 

Total   for   section 

17 

12 

5 

26 

14 

52 

Minnesota 
Nebraska 
Missouri 

0 
0 
1 

0 
0 
1 

0 
0 
0 

3 
0 
1 

0 
2 
1 

3 
2 

3 

Total   for   section  1  1 


Tennessee 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

Montana 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

California 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

Total    scattered 

0 

0        |        0 

2        |        1 

3 

Grand  Totals 

72 

33 

39 

39 

24 

96 

tios  as  one  out  of  four,  four  out  of  eight,  or  nine  out  of 
twenty-four.  The  general  average  of  all  these  different  ra- 
tios is  found  in  the  totals  which  show  that  out  of  seventy- 
two  native-born  pioneers,  thirty-three,  or  nearly  forty-six 
per  cent,  came  direct  from  the  State  of  their  birth  to  this 
State. 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          369 

The  results  of  this  comparison  for  each  section  follow : 

New  England,  5  out  of  20  or  25  per  cent  came  direct  to  Iowa. 
Mid.  Atlantic,  15  out  of  34  or  44  per  cent  came  direct  to  Iowa. 
North  Central,  12  out  of  17  or  70  per  cent  came  direct  to  Iowa. 

As  might  have  been  expected  the  percentage  increases  as 
the  section  is  located  closer  and  closer  to  Iowa. 

Another  fruitful  comparison  may  be  made  of  the  number 
of  pioneers  born  in  each  State  and  the  total  number  that 
came  directly  from  each  State  to  Iowa.  (See  columns  one 
and  six  of  Table  I).  One  might  expect  these  numbers  to  be 
practically  the  same,  but  this  supposition  is  far  from  the 
truth.  Not  all  that  were  born  in  each  State  came  directly 
to  Iowa  as  we  have  already  seen,  and  certainly  not  all  that 
came  from  each  State  were  born  in  the  Commonwealth  from 
which  they  happened  to  come. 

The  total  number  of  pioneers  that  came  directly  from  the 
various  States  to  Iowa  was  made  up  of  three  groups :  first, 
those  born  in  the  States  from  which  they  came;  second, 
those  received  from  other  States ;  and  third,  those  received 
from  foreign  nations.  The  first  of  these  three  groups  has 
just  been  discussed.  The  facts  relative  to  the  second  may 
be  found  by  reference  to  column  four  of  Table  I.  A  com- 
parison of  columns  four  and  six  shows  what  proportion  of 
the  numbers  sent  to  Iowa  by  each  State  was  received  from 
other  States.  Four  States,  indeed,  (New  Hampshire,  Penn- 
sylvania, Nebraska,  and  Tennessee)  received  none;  while 
four  others  (California,  Montana,  Minnesota,  and  Michi- 
gan) received  all  they  sent  from  this  source.  In  most  cases 
such  accessions  were  small,  only  four  States  (Ohio,  Minne- 
sota, Wisconsin,  and  Illinois)  receiving  as  many  as  three 
each.  Wisconsin  with  six  and  Illinois  with  thirteen  are 
easily  in  the  lead.  This  is  logical  since  these  States  border 
Iowa  on  the  east  and  were  natural  gateways  into  the  latter 
in  the  early  days. 


370    lOA  JOUENAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  results  of  this  comparison  by  sections  are  instructive. 
In  the  following  table  the  figures  in  the  first  column  indicate 
the  persons  received  from  other  States;  the  figures  of  the 
second  column  indicate  the  persons  sent  to  Iowa. 

New   England  received     4  out  of  10  sent,  or  40  per  cent. 

Middle  Atlantic  received     3  out  of  23  sent,  or  13  per  cent. 

East   Central  received  26  out  of  52  sent,  or  50  per  cent. 

West  Central  received     4  out  of  7  sent,  or  57  per  cent. 

From  this  showing  it  is  seen  that  the  middle  Atlantic  sec- 
tion received  the  smallest  percentage  of  pioneers  sent  to 
Iowa  from  other  States.  It  is  logical,  again,  that  the  north 
central  sections  should  receive  the  largest  percentage  from 
the  same  sources  because  they  are  on  the  road  to  Iowa,  so 
to  speak.  In  the  case  of  New  England  the  percentage  is 
large;  but  this  may  be  abnormal  since  the  total  number  of 
individuals  was  so  small  that  the  movements  of  one  or  two 
had  an  undue  effect  upon  the  results.  Finally,  it  may  be 
said  that  the  total  number  of  pioneers  received  from  other 
States  was  thirty-nine  out  of  ninety-six  sent  to  Iowa,  or  six 
more  than  the  number  of  native-born  sent  directly  from 
their  native  States. 

The  third  group  which  goes  to  make  up  the  ninety-six  sent 
directly  to  this  State  comprises  the  foreign-born.  The  fig- 
ures for  this  group  are  to  be  found  in  column  five  of  Table 
I.  A  comparison  with  column  six  shows  the  proportion  of 
the  foreign-born  to  the  total  number  sent.  Eight  States  re- 
ceived none  from  this  source,  while  five  received  one  each, 
and  two  received  two  each.  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Illinois 
received  the  largest  numbers;  the  two  first  named  States 
four  each,  and  the  last  named  seven.  Nebraska  and  Tenn- 
essee received  all  the  pioneers  whom  they  sent  to  Iowa  from 
this  source  —  which,  of  course  is  only  a  coincidence. 

If  we  tabulate  the  results  for  the  sections  we  get  the  fol- 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          371 

lowing  percentages  —  the  first  figures  stand  for  the  number 
of  foreign-born  received : 

New  England  received  1  out  of  10  sent  to  Iowa,  or  10  per  cent. 
Middle  Atlantic  received  5  out  of  23  sent  to  Iowa,  or  22  per  cent. 
East  Central  received  14  out  of  52  sent  to  Iowa,  or  27  per  cent. 
West  Central  received  3  out  of  8  sent  to  Iowa,  or  43  per  cent. 

The  percentages  favor  the  western  sections.  While  all  of 
the  foreign-born  pioneers  under  consideration  came  ulti- 
mately to  Iowa,  it  is  a  fact  that  their  original  attraction  was 
for  the  western  States  in  preference  to  the  eastern  sections. 
The  total  number  of  foreign-born  received  was  twenty-four 
or  exactly  twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  sent  di- 
rectly to  Iowa. 

It  is  not  to  be  understood  that  the  contingents  sent  to 
Iowa  by  the  various  States  were  made  up  in  every  case  of 
all  three  of  the  elements  mentioned  above.  Indeed,  this  was 
true  of  only  five  States,  namely,  New  York,  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  and  Missouri.  Wisconsin  sent  no  native-born  pio- 
neers to  Woodbury  County ;  New  Hampshire  and  Pennsyl- 
vania contributed  none  received  from  other  States;  while 
Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  Virginia  sent 
none  who  were  born  abroad.  Four  States,  namely,  Michi- 
gan, Minnesota,  Montana  (Territory),  and  California  sent 
neither  native-born  nor  foreign-born  settlers  —  their  whole 
contingents  being  received  from  other  States.  Nebraska 
and  Tennessee  sent  only  foreign-born.  The  number  of  pio- 
neers of  each  class  sent  by  the  sections  are  as  follows : 

States  Native-born     Born  in  other  States    Foreign-born 

New  England  541 

Middle  Atlantic  15  3  5 

East  Central  12  26  14 

West  Central  143 

From  this  tabulation  it  will  be  seen  that  the  native-born 
element  was  the  most  important  one  in  the  contingents  sent 


- 


372     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

by  New  England  and  the  middle  section ;  while  the  two  di- 
visions of  the  north  central  section  received  from  other 
States  the  largest  single  element  in  their  contributions  — 
in  each  case  exactly  one-half  of  the  total  number  sent. 

Having  treated  in  this  detailed  way  of  the  various  ele- 
ments that  went  to  make  up  the  total  number  of  pioneers 
who  came  from  the  different  States  directly  to  Iowa,  a  brief 
comparison  should  be  made  between  the  latter  and  the  total 
number  that  was  born  in  each  State.  The  figures  may  be 
found  in  columns  one  and  six  of  Table  I.  There  it  will  be 
seen  that  a  total  of  seventy- two  pioneers 4  of  Iowa  were  born 
in  twelve  different  States,  and  that  a  total  of  ninety-six 
came  to  this  State  from  eighteen  different  States.  It  may 
also  be  noticed  that  pioneers  were  born  in  only  one  State 
(Maine)  which  sent  none  directly  to  Iowa;  while  seven 
States  which  gave  birth  to  none,  sent  settlers  to  our  State. 
Six  States  gave  birth  to  more  than  they  sent,  one  to  the 
same  number,  while  twelve  sent  more  than  were  born  with- 
in their  borders.  It  has  already  been  mentioned  that  New 
York  gave  birth  to  the  largest  number  with  Vermont,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  Ohio  following  in  order,  while  Illinois  sent 
the  largest  number  directly  to  Iowa,  with  New  York,  Ohio, 
and  Wisconsin  coming  next  in  order.  As  a  rule  the  States 
farther  east  gave  birth  to  more  of  our  numbers,  but  those 
farther  west  sent  us  the  larger  contingents.  The  compari- 
son by  sections  is  instructive. 

New  England      gave  birth  to  20  pioneers,  sent  Iowa  10. 

Middle  Atlantic  gave  birth  to  34  pioneers,  sent  Iowa  23. 

East  Central        gave  birth  to  17  pioneers,  sent  Iowa  52. 

West  Central       gave  birth  to  1  pioneer,    sent  Iowa  8. 

From  this  showing  it  may  be  seen  that  there  is  a  relative 
falling  off  in  the  first  set  of  figures  and  a  relative  gain  in 
the  second,  without  exception,  as  we  come  westward.  The 

1  Kxeluding  from  consideration  the  two  born  in  Towa. 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          373 

middle  Atlantic  States  were  the  birth-place  of  the  largest 
number  of  pioneers  (thirty-four  or  nearly  one-half  of  the 
seventy- two  born  in  the  United  States)  and  yet  its  percent- 
age relative  to  the  number  actually  sent  was  not  as  great 
as  that  of  New  England.  By  far  the  largest  number  of 
settlers  came  directly  from  the  north  central  section,  even 
that  division  west  of  the  Mississippi  making  a  respectable 
showing. 

It  appears,  then,  that  the  early  settlers  of  Woodbury 
County  were  largely  born  in  the  middle  Atlantic  and  New 
England  States  and  that  they  came  to  their  future  home 
chiefly  from  the  east  central  and  middle  Atlantic  States. 
This  brings  up  the  question  of  the  route,  or  routes,  by  which 
they  came  westward  —  a  question  already  touched  upon  in 
an  indirect  way,  but  one  of  such  importance  that  it  needs 
further  treatment.  Table  I  contains  two  columns  of  figures 
(the  third  and  the  fourth)  which  tell  in  a  general  way  the 
story  of  the  routes  taken  by  the  westward  moving  pioneers. 
By  comparing  the  figures  of  column  three  with  those  of  col- 
umn two  for  a  moment  it  will  be  seen  that  New  England 
sent  fifteen  out  of  twenty  born  in  that  section  to  Iowa  indi- 
rectly; that  is  to  say,  they  moved  first  to  other  States  and 
came  thence  to  this  State.  The  middle  Atlantic  States  sent 
nineteen  out  of  thirty-four  by  the  same  indirect  route ;  but 
column  three  does  not  show  by  what  States  these  pioneers 
came  to  Iowa.  Column  four  contains  the  same  total  of  fig- 
ures as  three,  referring  indeed  to  the  same  thirty-nine  in- 
dividuals ;  but  while  it  shows  the  numbers  received  by  cer- 
tain States  which  sent  them  on  to  Iowa,  it  does  not  indicate 
the  States  from  which  they  were  received.  These  two  sets 
of  facts,  needed  to  throw  light  upon  the  subject  of  the  routes 
taken,  are  shown  in  Table  II. 

Table  II  is  designed  to  illuminate  the  facts  given  in  col- 
umns three  and  four  of  Table  I.  Down  the  left-hand  side  of 


374    JOWi  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


the  table  appear  the  names  of  the  States  and  countries  in 
which  the  one  hundred  pioneers  who  comprise  this  study 
were  born.  In  column  one  is  given,  merely  for  convenient 

TABLE  II 


o 

cs 

a 

g 

c 

IS 

2 

a 

5S 

c 

t-l 

ft 
5 

X 

"5 

^ 

C 

PI 

rt 

cS 

0 

CS 

.§ 

'S 

d 

CO 

"* 

a 

tn 
& 

c 

a 

u 

~ 

yi 

5 

1 

"i 

c 

C 

•ji 

o 

ct 

rt 

•5 

X 

'o 

C 

M 

a 
| 

•Z 
C 

DO 
rt 

3 
O 
g 

1 

£ 

o 

C8 
C 

i—  i 

"c 

ro 

g 

X 

a 

| 

09 

0 

a 

5 

2 

E* 

s 

H 

6 

e 

cc 

Maine 

11 

0 

1 

1 

New  Hampshire 

4! 

1 

i 

1 

1 

3 

Vermont 

8 

2 

i 

1 

2 

1 

1 

6 

Massachusetts 

3i 

i 

1 

1 

2 

Connecticut 

4 

1 

1 

1 

i 

3 

! 

1 

!    1 

1 

New   York 

24 

1 

i 

9 

1 

7 

4 

1 

115 

Pennsylvania 

8 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1  4 

Virginia 

2 

2 

i 

1 

i 

! 

! 

1 

1    1 

1 

Ohio 

71 

4 

1 

1 

1     1 

3 

Indiana 

4; 

2 

1 

!  l 

2 

Illinois 

6! 

6 

0 

Michigan 

0 

0 

0 

Wisconsin 

0 

i 

0 

! 

0 

i 

i 

i 

I 

i      ' 

! 

i 

1 

Minnesota 

0 

0 

i 

0 

Nebraska 

0 

i 

0 

j 

0 

Missouri 

1 

1 

1 

0 

Iowa 

2 

I 

0 

i 

1     1 

! 

1 

1 

1 

! 

Tennessee 

:  0 

! 

0 

0 

Montana 

0 

1 

i 

0 

0 

California 

i   0 

1 

1 

i 

0 

i 

0 

Herman  v                    i   8 

II  2 

II   11 

5 

1! 

H  8 

England                    '  5 

1 

o 

1 

1 

!        i 

1 
I 

5 

Ireland                      |    5! 

i! 

i 

1 

1 

|j 

i 

i 

1 

5 

Canada                         4 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

11 

l 

II  1 

3 

Switzerland                 2 

j      | 

1 

11! 

i 

i 

i 

2 

France                        |   l| 

| 

1 

1 

i 

I 

1 

Denmark                       1 

ii  "i 

i     i 

1 

Sent    Directh 


0    2    3    3!  2||15|  5j 


5J26[  2|   8]|  3|   2| 


reference,  the  total  number  born  in  each.  Eeading  across 
the  page  from  left  to  right  one  may  see,  by  reference  at  the 
same  time  to  the  names  at  the  top  of  the  table,  by  what 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          375 

States  —  that  is  by  what  routes  —  the  native-born  of  each 
State  and  country  came  to  Iowa.  The  total  number  sent  in- 
directly by  each  State  and  country  is  given  in  the  last  col- 
umn, at  the  right-hand  side  of  the  table.  The  number  of 
native-born  pioneers  sent  directly  to  Iowa  by  the  States  of 
their  birth  are  given  in  the  squares  which  run  diagonally 
across  the  table  from  the  upper  left-hand  corner  toward 
the  lower  right-hand  corner  —  the  numbers  being  indicated 
by  heavier  type  in  order  to  differentiate  them  from  the  oth- 
ers of  the  table.  The  figures  in  heavy  type  are  omitted  in 
making  up  the  totals  given  at  the  right-hand  side  of  the 
table. 

At  the  top  of  the  table  are  found  the  names  of  the  States 
and  the  one  country  which  sent  pioneers  directly  to  Iowa. 
Glancing  down  the  columns  one  may  see,  by  reference  at 
the  same  time  to  the  names  at  the  left-hand  side  of  the  table, 
from  what  States  and  countries  —  that  is,  by  what  routes  - 
the  pioneers  sent  to  Iowa  were  received.  The  figures  at  the 
bottom  of  the  table  indicate  the  total  number  sent  to  Iowa 
directly  by  each  State.  In  this  case  the  numbers  standing 
for  the  native-born  pioneers  sent  directly  (indicated  by  the 
heavy  type)  have  been  added.  Table  I  was  limited  to  those 
States  of  the  American  union  which  gave  birth  to  or  sent 
pioneers  on  to  Iowa.  Table  II  includes  those  foreign  coun- 
tries, as  well,  which  performed  similar  services.  The  name 
of  Canada  occurs  at  the  top  of  the  table  because  it  sent  one 
native-born  pioneer  direct  to  Iowa.  The  name  of  Iowa  ap- 
pears on  the  table,  but  it  affects  only  the  figures  of  the  first 
column. 

The  table  under  consideration  shows  very  plainly  two 
things:  first,  by  what  States,  or  routes,  the  native-born  of 
each  State  and  country  were  sent  to  Iowa  when  they  did 
not  come  direct  from  their  places  of  birth  ;  and  second,  from 
what  States  and  countries  —  that  is  by  what  routes  —  the 


376    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

pioneers,  exclusive  of  native-born,  sent  to  Iowa  by  the  dif- 
ferent States,  were  received.  Taking  up  the  first  group, 
who  may  be  referred  to  as  native-born  pioneers  sent  to 
Iowa  indirectly,  we  see  that  Pennsylvania  sent  four  indi- 
viduals by  way  of  four  different  States,  that  Vermont  sent 
six  by  way  of  five  States,  while  New  York  sent  fifteen  by 
way  of  six  States.  The  States  through  which  these  pio- 
neers were  sent  are  scattered  from  Vermont  to  California. 
The  only  preferences  shown  by  individual  States  were  a 
slight  one  by  the  Vermont  pioneers  for  the  Illinois  route 
and  a  more  decided  one  by  New  Yorkers  for  the  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin  routes.  Among  the  foreign-born,  the  English 
show  a  slight  preference  for  Ohio  and  the  Germans  for  New 
York;  the  only  marked  preference  being  that  of  the  Ger- 
mans for  the  Illinois  route. 

A  comparison,  section  by  section,  reveals  the  following 
marked  preferences  for  the  route  of  the  east  central  States.: 

By  Central  States  By  all  other  sections 
New  England  sent                     8  7 

Middle  Atlantic  sent  15  4 

Central  States  sent  3  2 

Foreign  nations  sent  14  11 

The  totals  for  the  sections  show  that,  out  of  sixty-four  pio- 
neers sent  to  Iowa  indirectly,  forty  came  by  way  of  the 
eastern  division  of  the  central  States  as  against  twenty- 
four  by  way  of  all  other  sections.  If  those  coming  by  the 
western  division  of  the  central  States  are  added  to  those 
sent  by  way  of  the  eastern  division,  the  results  become 
forty-seven  as  against  seventeen. 

The  results  just  presented  are  complemented  by  those 
growing  out  of  a  review  of  the  second  group  of  facts  which 
Table  II  was  constructed  to  illustrate.  In  noticing  the 
States  and  countries  from  which  the  pioneers,  sent  to  Iowa 
by  the  various  States,  were  received  we  are  giving  atten- 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          377 

tion  to  the  same  body  of  facts  as  those  just  analyzed  but 
from  a  different  point  of  view.  Excluding  native-born 
pioneers,  a  glance  at  the  table  shows  that  New  York  sent  to 
Iowa  six  settlers  received  by  her  from  five  different 
sources,  Wisconsin  eight,  received  from  five  sources,  Ohio 
seven  received  from  six  sources,  and  Illinois  twenty  re- 
ceived from  nine  different  sources  —  that  is,  from  nine 
States  and  foreign  countries.  In  every  case  the  sources 
were  widely  scattered.  The  chief  sources  for  Illinois  were 
New  York,  Germany,  and  Vermont;  for  Wisconsin,  New 
York;  for  Ohio,  England;  and  for  New  York,  Germany. 

Out  of  sixty-four  pioneers  sent  indirectly  to  Iowa,  New 
England  shows  no  one  source  of  supply  predominating 
over  another.  The  middle  Atlantic  States  and  the  western 
division  of  the  central  States  received  from  foreign  nations 
a  few  more  than  from  other  sources.  The  east  central 
States  attracted  fifteen  from  the  middle  Atlantic  section, 
fourteen  from  foreign  nations,  and  eight  from  New 
England. 

From  such  analyses  as  these  it  is  seen  that  the  pioneers 
of  Woodbury  County  came  from  many  different  places  by 
way  of  many  different  routes.  The  tracing  of  the  routes 
followed  is  complicated  by  the  fact  that  a  large  number  of 
the  individuals  concerned  made  two  or  more  moves,  instead 
of  only  one,  in  coming  to  Iowa.  Three  distinct  elements 
enter  into  the  proposition.  In  the  first  place,  there  are 
those  native-born  pioneers  who  came  to  Iowa  from  the 
places  of  their  birth  by  indirect  routes.  Then  there  are 
those  who  came  directly  from  certain  localities.  This  num- 
ber was  made  up  of  two  groups,  namely,  native-born  pio- 
neers who  came  directly  from  the  places  of  their  birth  and 
those  received  from  other  localities  to  be  sent  on  to  this 
State.  The  routes  followed  may,  in  a  general  way,  be  di- 
vided into  two  parts.  First,  many  routes  leading  from  the 


- 


378     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

birth-places  of  the  pioneer's  converged  upon  certain  inter- 
mediate points.  Chief  among  these  were  Illinois,  Wis- 
consin, Ohio,  and  New  York.  The  chief  section  upon  which 
the  routes  of  pioneers  converged  was,  of  course,  the  north 
central  section.  The  second  part  of  the  route  taken  led 
directly  from  certain  centers  to  Iowa.  The  most  important 
centers,  as  far  as  the  States  of  the  Union  are  concerned, 
are  exactly  the  same  as  the  chief  converging  points  just 
mentioned;  but,  since  the  pioneers  coming  over  these 
routes  included  an  element  of  native-born  settlers  as  well 
as  those  received  from  other  sources,  the  centers  in  ques- 
tion may  not  be  ranked  in  the  same  order.  While  Illinois 
leads,  New  York  comes  second,  Ohio  third,  and  Wisconsin 
fourth.  The  second  part  of  the  general  route  followed  led 
directly  from  these  States  to  Iowa.  As  far  as  sections  are 
concerned,  the  main-traveled  route  led  from  the  north  cen- 
tral section  with  that  from  the  middle  States  second,  and 
that  from  New  England  third. 

The  reader  can  get  a  clear  mental  picture  of  the  general 
routes  followed  by  conceiving  a  map  with  a  heavy  line  lead- 
ing from  Europe  to  the  north  central  States  and  a  some- 
what lighter  line  from  Europe  to  the  middle  Atlantic  sec- 
tion ;  a  heavy  line  leading  from  the  middle  A  tlantic  section 
to  the  north  central  States,  and  a  somewhat  lighter  one 
from  New  England  to  the  same  locality ;  and  lastly  a  heavy 
line  leading  from  the  north  central  States  to  Iowa  together 
with  lighter  lines  from  the  middle  Atlantic  section  and 
from  New  England  to  this  State.  A  complete  map  show- 
ing all  the  by-paths  followed  by  various  groups  or  indi- 
viduals would  contain  many  more  lines  than  those  just  indi- 
cated, but  the  picture  here  drawn  shows  the  main-traveled 
routes  and  avoids  the  confusion  which  would  arise  from 
the  crossing  and  re-crossing  of  lesser  by-paths. 

Before  leaving  this  part  of  the  subject  it  may  be  pointed 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          379 

out  that  seven  pioneers  (out  of  ninety-six)  entered  Iowa 
by  way  of  the  southern  States.  Three  of  them  came  from 
Virginia,  three  from  Missouri,  and  one  from  Tennessee. 
Four  (out  of  ninety-six)  came  hither  from  western  States 
as  follows:  from  Nebraska  two,  and  from  Montana  (Ter- 
ritory) and  California  one  each.  None  of  these  four  were 
natives  of  the  States  from  which  they  came. 

From  the  States  which  border  upon  Iowa  there  came  a 
total  of  forty-two  pioneers.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
thirty-four  of  these  came  from  the  two  States  on  the  east- 
ern border,  leaving  eight  to  enter  from  the  four  States 
on  the  three  other  sides  of  Iowa.  The  numbers  entering  by 
way  of  each  border  State  were:  from  Illinois,  twenty-six; 
Wisconsin,  eight ;  Minnesota,  three ;  Nebraska,  two ;  South 
Dakota,  none;  and  Missouri,  three.  The  large  numbers 
coming  from  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  are  accounted  for  by 
the  fact  that  those  States  were  situated  directly  in  the  path- 
way of  the  incoming  pioneers.  Bearing  in  mind  the  fact 
that  so  much  early  travel  was  by  way  of  the  Missouri  River, 
the  one  surprising  result  in  the  comparisons  just  made  is 
that  so  few  settlers,  relatively  speaking,  came  to  Wood- 
bury  County  from  Missouri.  Possibly  the  pioneers  coming 
from  Missouri  desiring,  like  Daniel  Boone,  to  be  ever  on 
the  frontier,  had  moved  on  to  newer  regions  before  the  data 
for  this  paper  were  gathered.  The  writer  is  sure  that  this 
occurred  to  a  certain  extent,  especially  in  connection  with 
the  French  Canadians  to  be  mentioned  below.5 

Out  of  one  hundred  pioneers  whose  movements  form  the 
basis  of  this  study,  sixty-six  came  directly  to  Woodbury 
County  upon  reaching  the  State  of  Iowa;  thirty-four 
stopped  first  in  some  other  county  before  coming  here.  It 
may  be  of  interest  to  note  from  what  particular  counties 
some  of  them  came.  A  total  of  sixteen  came  from  four 

5  See  below,  p.  381. 


380    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

counties  as  follows:  f rom. Dubuque,  where  the  first  settle- 
ment in  the  State  was  made,  came  eight;  from  Potta- 
wattamie,  four ;  and  from  Linn  and  Monona,  two  each.  The 
other  eighteen  came  from  as  many  different  counties  scat- 
tered all  over  the  State.  Ten  came  from  counties  bordering 
on  the  Mississippi ;  nine  from  counties  on  the  western  bor- 
der of  Iowa.  Of  the  latter,  seven  came  from  counties  on 
the  Missouri.  If  these  were  added  to  the  three  who  came 
from  the  State  of  Missouri,  it  may  be  said  that  at  least  ten 
came  by  the  Missouri  Eiver  route. 

The  most  interesting  fact  brought  out  in  the  last  para- 
graph is  the  large  number  of  pioneers  coming  to  Wood- 
bury  County  from  Dubuque  County  located  clear  across  the 
State  on  the  Mississippi  Eiver.  Of  the  eight  who  came 
from  the  latter  county,  one  was  native-born,  two  were  from 
Pennsylvania,  and  five  from  foreign  countries.  Dubuque 
and  Woodbury  counties  are  in  the  same  latitude.  To-day 
they  are  connected  by  the  Illinois  Central  Eailway,  but 
this  consideration  was  of  no  great  importance  since  seven 
of  the  pioneers  came  to  Woodbury  County  before  the  rail- 
way was  built. 

From  counties  bordering  on  Woodbury  there  came  five 
pioneers:  one  each  from  Plymouth  and  Cherokee  on  the 
north,  one  from  Ida  on  the  east,  and  two  from  Monona  on 
the  south. 

Stopping  in  other  counties  of  Iowa  before  coming  on  to 
Woodbury  had  the  effect  of  increasing  the  number  of  moves 
made  by  our  pioneers  on  their  way  hither.  From  the  char- 
acter of  the  questions  asked  on  the  blanks  sent  out  it  is  not 
possible  to  determine  the  exact  number  of  moves  made  by 
the  one  hundred  pioneers  on  their  way  to  Woodbury 
County.  We  are  able,  however,  to  figure  out  that  twenty- 
two  made  at  least  one  move;  sixty  at  least  two;  and  eight- 
een at  least  three  moves  before  arriving  at  their  destina- 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          381 

tion.  It  is  not  surprising  to  find  that  all  of  the  eighteen 
who  moved  at  least  three  times  are  included  in  the  number 
of  those  who  came  to  Woodbury  from  some  other  county 
of  the  State. 

In  this  very  limited  study  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
Woodbury  County,  Iowa,  the  emphasis  has  been  placed 
upon  the  source  of  supply,  or  the  nativity  of  the  pioneers, 
the  routes  by  which  they  came  to  this  county,  and  the  num- 
ber of  moves  made  on  the  way.  Relative  to  the  first  point, 
it  was  found  that  twenty- six  out  of  one  hundred  were  born 
abroad,  chiefly  in  Germany,  England,  Ireland,  and  Canada. 
The  three  who  came  from  Canada  were  French  Canadians. 
It  was  remarked  above6  that  such  a  small  number  did  not 
do  justice  to  this  particular  people  because  it  has  been  con- 
clusively shown  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Marks  that  the  first  settlers 
of  the  county  were  French  Canadians  and  that  they  came 
to  this  locality  in  considerable  numbers.7  The  explanation 
may  be  found  in  the  character  of  the  French  Canadians 
themselves.  When  they  first  came  into  this  vicinity,  prob- 
ably as  early  as  the  thirties,  it  was  in  the  capacity  of 
traders,  trappers,  boatsmen,  hunters,  etc.  They  belonged 
largely  to  the  river  and  the  river  trade,  to  the  period  of 
exploration  rather  than  to  that  of  settlement.  It  was  their 
work  to  open  up  the  new  country,  not  to  possess  it  per- 
manently: they  paved  the  way  for  actual  settlers.  When 
the  latter  came  it  was  time  for  the  French  Canadian  to 
move  on  up  the  river  to  newer  and  wilder  regions  —  regions 
better  suited  to  his  particular  kind  of  life.  This  was  actu- 
ally done  by  large  numbers,  and  is  a  fact  which,  when  taken 
in  connection  with  the  time  that  had  passed  before  this 

e  See  above,  p.  365. 

7  Marks 's  Past  and  Present  of  Woodbury  County,  Iowa,  p.  763  seq.  See  also 
his  article  entitled  French  Pioneers  of  Sioux  City  and  South  Dakota  in  the 
Sotith  Dakota  Historical  Collections,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  255-260. 

VOL.  IX — 26 


382     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

investigation  was  attempted,  sufficiently  accounts  for  the 
small  showing  made  by  the  French  Canadians  in  the  popu- 
lation elements  of  the  county  to-day. 

The  figures  showed  seventy-four  pioneers  born  in  the 
United  States  —  only  three  of  them  in  the  South.  Among 
the  sections,  the  middle  Atlantic  States  led,  with  New 
England  and  the  north  central  States  following  in  order. 
Among  the  States,  New  York,  Vermont,  and  Pennsylvania 
stood  out  especially  prominent  as  the  birth-place  of  Wood- 
bury  County  pioneers,  giving  birth  to  forty  out  of  the 
seventy-four  native  Americans,  or  fifty-four  per  cent.  New 
York  alone  had  twenty-four  to  her  credit,  contributing 
thirty-two  per  cent  of  the  native-born  Americans  and 
twenty-four  per  cent  of  all.  It  is  not  too  much  praise  to 
call  the  Empire  State  the  "Mother  of  Woodbury  County 
Pioneers ' '. 

We  have  also  seen  that  our  hundred  pioneers  moved  into 
Iowa  from  eighteen  different  States,  together  with  one  com- 
ing from  Canada.  More  than  half  came  from  the  north 
central  States,  with  the  middle  Atlantic  States  and  New 
England  coming  next  in  order.  Among  the  States,  Illinois 
led  with  the  large  total  of  twenty-six  to  her  credit.  New 
York  came  second  with  fifteen,  while  Ohio  and  Wisconsin 
sent  eight  each. 

The  foregoing  analysis  has  brought  out  the  radical  dif- 
ference between  the  pioneers  born  in  a  State  and  those  sent 
to  Iowa  —  a  difference,  not  only  in  numbers  but  also  in 
composition.  The  complexity  of  the  matter  of  the  routes 
taken  lias  also  been  revealed.  Out  of  seventy-two  native 
born,  thirty-three  came  to  Iowa  directly  from  the  States  of 
their  birth,  thirty-nine  indirectly  by  way  of  other  States. 
Those  coming  from  the  various  States  were  found  to  be 
made  up  of  three  classes:  namely,  native  born,  those  re- 
ceived from  other  States,  and  those  received  from  foreign 


SETTLEMENT  OF  WOODBURY  COUNTY          383 

nations.  The  foreign  born  came  chiefly  by  way  of  the  north 
central  States.  Among  the  States  they  preferred  Illinois, 
New  York,  and  Ohio  in  order. 

As  to  the  general  route  followed,  an  attempt  was  made  to 
divide  it  into  two  parts :  first,  converging  upon  certain  sec- 
tions and  States ;  and  second,  leading  from  those  places  to 
Iowa.  Later  it  was  seen  that  a  third  part  of.  the  general 
route  was  to  be  found  within  the  State  of  Iowa.  The  main- 
traveled  routes  were  pictured  as  running  from  Europe  to 
the  north  central  and  middle  Atlantic  States ;  from  the  lat- 
ter section  and  New  England  to  the  north  central  States; 
and  from  all  three  sections,  but  especially  from  the  north 
central  section,  to  Iowa.  Within  the  State  the  chief  routes 
were  from  Dubuque  and  Pottawattamie  counties  to  Wood- 
bury. 

Among  other  results  it  was  found  that  four  pioneers 
entered  the  State  from  States  west  of  Iowa;  seven  from 
southern  States ;  and  forty-two  from  States  bordering  upon 
this  one.  The  number  coming  from  Missouri  was  surpris- 
ingly small.  Thirty-four  stopped  in  other  counties  of  the 
State  before  moving  to  Woodbury.  In  general  the  pioneers 
studied  may  be  said  to  have  done  much  moving  about  be- 
fore they  settled  down  —  much  more,  indeed,  than  facts 
brought  out  in  the  paper  indicate. 

Although  this  study  has  been  based  upon  facts  which  con- 
cern only  one  hundred  individuals,  the  writer  has  no  reason 
to  believe  that  the  results  would  have  been  radically  dif- 
ferent, as  far  as  percentages  are  concerned,  if  figures  had 
been  at  hand  relative  to  a  much  larger  number.  The  one 
important  exception  of  the  French  Canadians  has  already 
been  noted.  We  may  say,  therefore,  that  the  findings  of 
this  paper  relative  to  the  nativity  of  the  pioneers  of  Wood- 
bury  County,  Iowa,  and  to  the  routes  traveled  by  them  in 
coming  to  the  county  are  reasonably  accurate.  What  is 


384    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

true  of  Woodbury  County*  would,  probably,  be  true  also  of 
northwestern  Iowa.  The  same  claim  could  not  be  made  for 
the  eastern  and  southeastern  parts  of  the  State  which  are 
much  older  sections  and  —  to  mention  only  one  point  — 
received  large  numbers  of  settlers  from  Kentucky,  Vir- 
ginia, and  other  southern  States. 

It  may  be  said  in  closing  that  John  Fiske's  dictum,  re- 
ferred to  at  the  beginning  of  this  paper,  namely,  that '  '  The 
westward  movement  of  population  in  the  United  States  has 
for  the  most  part  followed  the  parallels  of  latitude",  has 
been  found  to  be  remarkably  true  when  applied  to  the  set- 
tlement of  Woodbury  County,  Iowa. 

FRANK  HARMON  G-ARVER 

MORNINGSIDE  COLLEGE 

Sioux  CITY  IOWA 


THE  TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837 

The  Territorial  Convention  which  was  held  at  Burlington 
on  November  6,  7,  8,  1837,  was  perhaps  the  most  important 
convention  held  in  the  Iowa  country  prior  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Territory  in  July,  1838.  Three  subjects  of 
vital  concern  were  acted  upon:  (1)  the  Missouri  boundary 
line;  (2)  preemption  laws;  and  (3)  the  division  of  the 
Territory.  Documentary  materials  relative  to  this  conven- 
tion are  given  below.  They  include  (1)  Proceedings  of  a 
Public  Meeting  of  the  Citizens  of  Des  Moines  County  held 
on  September  16,  1837;  (2)  Proceedings  of  a  Public  Meet- 
ing of  the  Citizens  of  Dubuque  County  held  on  October  13, 
1837;  (3)  Proceedings  of  a  Public  Meeting  of  the  Citizens 
of  Louisa  County  held  on  October  21,  1837;  (4)  Proceed- 
ings of  a  Public  Meeting  of  the  Citizens  of  Henry  County 
held  on  October  23,  1837;  (5)  Proceedings  of  the  Terri- 
torial Convention  held  at  Burlington  on  November  6,  7,  8, 
1837;  (6)  Memorial  on  the  Subject  of  the  Missouri  Boun- 
dary Line;  (7)  Memorial  on  the  subject  of  Preemptions; 
and  (8)  Memorial  Praying  for  a  Division  of  the  Territory. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  A  PUBLIC  MEETING  OF  THE  CITIZENS  OF  DES 
MOINES  COUNTY  HELD  ON  SEPTEMBER  16,  1837 

[The  people  of  Des  Moines  County  took  the  initiative  in  calling  the  Terri- 
torial Convention  of  1837.  The  following  account  of  the  meeting  held  at 
Burlington  is  reprinted  literally  from  the  Iowa  News  (Dubuque),  Vol.  I,  No. 
18,  September  30,  1837. —  EDITOR.] 

At  a  large  and  respectable  meeting  of  the  people  of  Des 
Moines  county,  held  in  this  town  on  Saturday,  the  16th  inst., 
in  pursuance  of  previous  public  notice,  the  HON.  ISAAC  LEF- 

385 


386     IOW«A  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

FLEB,  was  called  to  the  Cfcair,  and  C.  S.  Jacobs,  Esq.,  ap- 
pointed Secretary. 

The  chair  having  briefly  and  appropriately  stated  the  ob- 
jects of  the  meeting,  it  was  moved  by  David  Eorer,  Esq., 
and  seconded  by  Col.  W.  W.  Chapman,  that  a  committee  of 
five  be  appointed  to  draft  resolutions  expressive  of  the 
sense  of  the  meeting.  Whereupon,  the  Chair  appointed 
David  Eorer,  Esq.,  Col.  W.  W.  Chapman,  Judge  William 
Morgan,  Col.  Arthur  Ingram  and  Dr.  George  W.  Teas,  said 
committee,  who  having  retired  for  a  short  time,  returned 
and  presented  the  following  resolutions,  which,  after  due 
deliberation,  were  unanimously  adopted. 

1st.  Resolved,  That  while  we  have  the  utmost  confidence 
in  the  ability,  integrity  and  patriotism  of  those  who  control 
the  destinies  of  our  present  Territorial  Government,  and  of 
our  delegate  in  the  Congress  of  the  U.  States,  we  do,  never- 
theless, look  to  a  division  of  the  Territory,  and  the  organ- 
ization of  a  separate  Territorial  Government,  by  Congress, 
west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  as  the  only  means  of  imme- 
diately and  fully  securing  to  the  citizens  thereof,  the  bene- 
fits and  immunities  of  a  government  of  laws. 

2d,  Resolved,  That  we  view  with  extreme  solicitude  and 
regret,  the  efforts  of  a  portion  of  the  people  of  Missouri  to 
obtain  an  extension  of  their  northern  boundary  line,  and 
deem  it  the  duty  of  ourselves  and  all  our  fellow-citizens 
west  of  the  river,  to  take  prompt  measures  to  prevent  the 
same,  as  an  infringement  upon  our  Territorial  rights. 

3d.  Resolved,  That  as  settlers  on  the  public  lands  of  the 
United  States,  we  are  entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  Gov- 
ernment in  our  homes,  and  the  improvements  made  by,  or 
paid  for  by  us;  and  that  [it]  is  a  duty  we  owe  to  ourselves 
and  our  fellow-citizens,  to  call  the  attention  of  Congress  to 
that  subject  by  a  fair  and  full  presentation  of  our  claims. 

4th.     Resolved,  That  we  respectfully  and  earnestly  rec- 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  387 

ommend  to  the  people  of  the  Territory  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  immediately  to  hold  county  meetings  in  their 
respective  counties,  and  appoint  three  delegates  from  each 
county,  to  meet  in  Convention  at  this  place,  on  the  first 
Monday  in  November  next,  to  take  into  consideration  the 
subjects  embraced  in  the  foregoing  resolutions,  and  the  best 
means  of  securing  the  speedy  action  of  Congress  thereupon. 

5th.  Resolved,  That  as  the  county  of  Du  Buque  is  large 
and  ought  and  should,  in  the  opinion  of  the  citizens  thereof, 
be  divided,  it  be  entitled  to  a  double  representation,  or  six 
members,  in  said  Convention,  if  they  deem  it  expedient  or 
necessary  to  appoint  so  many. 

6th.  Resolved,  That  we  deem  it  our  duty  to  call  the  at- 
tention of  the  Executive  of  the  Territory  to  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  State  of  Missouri  upon  our  Territory,  and  that 
he  be  hereby  requested  to  use  all  means  within  his  control 
to  maintain  the  sacredness  of  our  boundary  and  laws. 

7th.  Resolved,  That  the  repeated  and  constant  failures 
of  the  mails  in  the  western  portion  of  this  Territory,  and 
the  habitual  neglect  and  gross  delinquencies  of  some  of  the 
contractors  for  the  conveyance  thereof,  is  such  as  in  a  great 
measure  to  deprive  the  people  of  the  benefits  of  the  public 
mail;  and  that  the  Postmaster  General  is  hereby  and  most 
earnestly  requested  to  correct  such  abuses,  if  practicable, 
at  the  earliest  possible  period. 

8th.  Resolved,  That  we  have  selected  the  town  of  Bur- 
lington as  the  place  of  meeting  of  the  proposed  Convention, 
by  reason  of  its  being  the  temporary  seat  of  Government, 
and  as  the  place  of  the  meeting  of  the  Legislature  about 
that  time. 

9th.  Resolved,  That  the  people  of  Des  Moines  county  be, 
and  are  hereby  requested  to  meet  on  the  second  Saturday, 


388    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  12th  of  October  next,  in  this  town,  at  10  o'clock,  A.  M., 
for  the  purpose  of  selecting  three  delegates  to  the  afore- 
said Convention. 

Charles  Mason,  Esq.,  hereupon  made  an  appropriate  ad- 
dress to  the  meeting  upon  the  subject  of  the  7th  resolution. 
-  The  total  inadequacy  of  the  present  mail  arrangement, 
and  the  shameful  neglect  and  delinquencies  of  some  of  the 
mail  contractors  and  post  masters  —  and  concluded  by  mov- 
ing that  a  committee  of be  appointed  to  draft  a  petition 

to  the  Post  Master  General,  stating  the  facts  in  the  case,  and 
soliciting  his  immediate  attention  to  a  correction  of  the 
evils  complained  of,  whereupon  the  chair  appointed  upon 
said  committee,  Charles  Mason  and  C.  S.  Jacobs,  Esquires, 
of  Burlington,  Mr.  Mason  Wilson,  of  Augusta,  Mr.  Jona- 
than Morgan,  of  Flint,  Mr.  William  Stewart,  of  Marshall, 
Mr.  John  Lorton,  of  Casey  Prairie,  and  Mr.  James  G.  Guf- 
fey,  of  Taney  Town. 

Judge  Morgan  then  moved  that  this  committee  be  di- 
rected to  furnish  each  Post-Master  in  the  county  of  Des 
Moines  (old  Des  Moines)  with  a  copy  of  the  Petition  when 
prepared  for  circulation  and  signature. 

C.  S.  Jacobs,  Esq.,  addressed  the  meeting  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  the  mails  for  some  time,  and  observed  that  he  appre- 
hended the  resolution  in  regard  thereto,  just  passed,  though 
very  good  in  itself,  did  not  go  far  enough,  and  cover  as 
much  ground  as  the  importance  of  the  subject  seemed  to 
require,  and  he  would,  therefore,  offer  a  short  preamble 
and  resolutions  in  addition,  which  were  unanimously 
adopted.— 

WHEREAS,  The  present  arrangement  of  the  mails  for 
this  portion  of  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  is  not  such  as 
the  population,  business  character,  enterprise  and  intelli- 
gence of  the  people  require  or  deserve  —  Therefore,  be  it 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  389 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  be  appointed,  to  consist  of 
seven  persons,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  draft  a  petition  to 
the  Post  Master  General,  stating  fully  the  facts  of  the  case, 
and  requesting  him  to  take  such  steps  as  may  be  deemed 
necessary  in  the  premises. 

(This  committee  was  appointed  under  the  resolution  of 
Mr.  Mason,  for  which  this  was  substituted.) 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  decided  opinion  of  this  meeting, 
that  there  should  be  a  tri- weekly  eastern  mail  to  this  town. 

Resolved,  That  it  be  strongly  recommended  to  the  Post 
Master  General  to  establish  as  early  as  may  be  practicable, 
a  tri-weekly,  or  semi-weekly  mail  to  this  place,  to  intersect 
the  eastern  mail  at  Peoria,  111. 

Resolved,  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  Post  Master 
General,  to  take  the  earliest  and  most  efficient  steps  to  cor- 
rect the  abuses  now  existing  in  the  present  mail  arrange- 
ment —  to  investigate  the  conduct  and  official  character  of 
the  mail  contractors  in  this  portion  of  the  Territory  —  and 
also,  the  manner  in  which  the  Post-masters  execute  their 
duties. 

Resolved,  That  our  delegate  in  Congress  be  requested  to 
use  his  utmost  influence  and  exertion,  to  induce  the  Post 
Master  General  to  have  the  several  subjects  of  these  reso- 
lutions carried  into  early  and  full  effect. 

On  motion  of  Jas.  W.  Woods,  Esq.,  it  was 

Resolved,  That  the  foregoing  proceedings  be  published  in 
the  Wisconsin  Territorial  Gazette,  and  such  other  papers  in 
the  Territory  as  feel  an  interest  in  the  subject  matter  of 
them. 

On  motion  of  Judge  Morgan,  the  meeting  adjourned. 

ISAAC  LEFFLEK,  Ch'n. 

C.  S.  Jacobs,  Secy 


390    IOTOA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

PROCEEDINGS  OF  A  PUBLIC  MEETING  OF  THE  CITIZENS  OF  DUBUQUE 
COUNTY  HELD  ON  OCTOBER     13,  1837 

[The  following  account  is  reprinted  literally  from  the  Iowa  News  (Du- 
buque),  Vol.  I,  No.  20,  October  14,  1837.— EDITOR.] 

At  a  general  public  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Du  Buque 
and  vicinity,  convened  at  the  Court  House  on  Friday  13th 
inst,  pursuant  to  previous  notice, 

WARNER  LEWIS,  ESQ.  was  called  to  the  Chair,  and  John 
Plumbe,  Jr.  appointed  Secretary. 

Whereupon  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions  were 
adopted. 

Whereas,  a  number  of  our  fellow-citizens  assembled  at 
Burlington  on  the  16th  day  of  September  last,  recommend- 
ed, amongst  other  things,  that  a  convention  of  delegates, 
representing  the  people  of  Wisconsin  residing  in  that  por- 
tion of  the  Territory  lying  west  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
should  be  held  at  Burlington  on  the  first  Monday  of  No- 
vember next  for  the  purpose  of  consulting  upon  the  pro- 
priety of  petitioning  Congress  to  organize  us  into  a  separate 
Territory.  And  whereas,  the  people  of  Du  Buque  county 
do  approve  of  said  recommendation,  and  do  cordially  unite 
with  their  fellow-citizens  of  Burlington  in  desiring  a  full 
and  fair  expression  of  public  opinion  and  promoting  con- 
cert of  action  upon  this  important  subject,  therefore 

Resolved,  That  there  be  twenty-one  delegates  to  repre- 
sent the  county  of  Du  Buque  in  said  convention,  and  in  case 
of  the  death,  resignation,  refusal  to  serve,  or  absence  of  one 
or  more  of  said  delegates,  that  the  vacancy  so  created  shall 
be  filled  by  such  person  or  persons  as  a  majority  of  the 
delegates  attending  may  select  and  appoint. 

Resolved,  That  J.  T.  Fales,  W.  W.  Coriell,  S.  Hempstead, 
John  Phimbe,  Jim.,  L.  H.  Langworthy,  L.  Jackson,  F.  Ge- 
lion,  T.  S.  Wilson,  W.  Hutton,  and  J.  M.  Harrison,  be  dele- 
gates to  said  Convention,  to  represent  the  Town  and 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  391 

vicinity  of  Dubuque,  and  that  we  recommend  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  different  settlements  in  this  county  to  meet 
together  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  delegates  of  their  own. 

Resolved,  That  in  the  opinion  of  this  meeting,  the  im- 
portance of  our  Territory  on  the  score  of  population,  com- 
mercial enterprise,  and  of  immense  agricultural  and  min- 
eral resources,  demand  that  we  should  be  organized  at  once 
as  a  separate  Territory. 

Resolved,  That  we  have  full  and  unabated  confidence  in 
our  worthy  and  highly  esteemed  Executive,  Henry  Dodge, 
believing  as  we  do,  that  his  administration  of  our  Terri- 
torial Government  has  been  conducted  with  sagacity,  pru- 
dence and  great  honesty  of  purpose. 

Resolved,  That  we  have  undiminished  confidence  in  our 
Delegate  to  Congress,  Geo.  W.  Jones,  and  that  he  deserves 
the  thanks  of  the  community  for  the  zeal,  ability  and 
promptitude  which  he  has  evinced  in  the  discharge  of  the 
trust  which  has  been  reposed  in  him. 

Resolved,  That  the  proceedings  of  this  meeting  be  pub- 
lished in  the  papers  of  the  Territory. 

WAKNER  LEWIS,  Chairman. 

John  Plumb,  Jr.  Sec  'y. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  A  PUBLIC  MEETING  OF  THE  CITIZENS  OF  LOUISA 
COUNTY  HELD  ON  OCTOBER  21,  1837 

[The  following  account  is  reprinted  literally  from  the  Wisconsin  Territorial 
Gazette  and  Burlington  Advertiser  (Burlington),  Vol.  I,  No.  17,  November  2, 
1837. —  EDITOE.] 

At  a  large  and  respectable  meeting  of  the  people  of 
Louisa  county,  held  in  the  town  of  Wapello,  on  Saturday 
the  21st  inst.  in  pursuance  of  previous  notice,  William  Milli- 
gan,  Esq.  was  called  to  the  chair,  and  Z.  C.  Inghram  ap- 
pointed Secretary. 

The  object  of  the  meeting  was  briefly  and  appropriately 


392    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

stated  by  James  M.  Clark,  Esq.  It  was  moved  by  Daniel 
Brewer,  and  seconded  by  J.  M.  Clark,  that  a  committee  of 
five  be  appointed  to  draft  resolutions  expressive  of  the 
sense  of  the  meeting:  whereupon  the  Chair  appointed 
Daniel  Brewer,  John  H.  Benson,  E.  S.  Searls,  Isaac  H. 
Rinearson,  Esq.  and  William  H.  R.  Thomas  said  committee, 
who,  after  having  retired  for  a  short  time,  returned  and 
presented  the  following  resolutions,  which,  after  due  delib- 
eration, were  unanimously  adopted. 

1.  Resolved,  That  we  highly  approve  of  the  objects  and 
motives   of  the   Territorial   Convention,   to   be  holden  in 
Burlington;  and  that  so  far  as  lies  in  our  power  we  will 
heartily  co-operate  with  our  brethren  in  the  adjoining  coun- 
ties, in  carrying  those  motives  into  effect. 

2.  Resolved,  That  we  deem  it  highly  essential  to  the 
interest  and  convenience  of  our  Territory  that  a  division 
of  the  same  take  place,  and  that,  in  our  opinion,  the  Missis- 
sippi suggests  a  very  natural  and  proper  line  of  separation. 

3.  Resolved,  That  the  deficiency  of  post  offices,  the  in- 
equality of  mails,  and  the  apparent  gross  delinquencies  of 
mail  contractors  in  this  western  part  of  our  Territory,  are 
evils,  which  call  loudly  for  redress,  and  that  we  would  sug- 
gest to  the  Territorial  Convention  the  propriety  of  using 
their  influence  and  exertions  to  have  these  abuses  ferreted 
out  and  corrected. 

4.  Resolved,  That  we  look  upon  the  attempts  of  a  por- 
tion of  Missouri  to  encroach  upon  our  Territory,  as  highly 
unjust  and  aggressive,  and  that  however  much  we  may  re- 
gret that  any  difficulties  should  arise  between  us,  we  are 
determined  to  resist  her  encroachments  by  every  just  and 
honorable  means. 

5.  Resolved,  That,  as  settlers  upon  these  frontiers,  en- 
during the  privations  and  hardships  always  incident  to  the 
settling  of  new  countries,  we  are  justly  entitled  to  be  se- 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  393 

cured  in  the  possession  of  our  homes  and  improvements  by 
the  passage  of  a  pre-emption  law  in  our  behalf. 

6.  Resolved,  That  we  would  suggest  to  our  own  dele- 
gates, and  the  convention  at  large,  the  propriety  of  calling 
the  attention  of  Congress  to  this  subject  by  memorial  or 
otherwise. 

7.  Resolved,  That  we  deem  this  a  fitting  occasion  to  ex- 
press our  entire  satisfaction  with  the  present  boundaries 
of  our  county,  and  look  upon  those  who  are  endeavoring  to 
effect  a  division  of  the  same  as  acting  contrary  to  the  best 
interest  of  the  county  at  large. 

The  committee  reported  the  following  list  of  delegates, 
viz :  William  L.  Toole,  James  M.  Clark,  Esq.,  and  John  J. 
Einearson,  who  were  chosen  by  the  meeting. 

8.  Resolved,  That  the  proceedings  of  this  meeting  be 
published  in  the  Burlington  Gazette. 


WILLIAM  MILLIGAN,  Ch'n. 
Z.  C.  INGHEAM,  Sec'y. 

PBOCEEDINGS  OF  A  PUBLIC  MEETING  OF  THE  CITIZENS  OF  HENEY 
COUNTY  HELD  ON  OCTOBEE    23,  1837 

[The  following  account  is  reprinted  literally  from  the  Wisconsin  Territorial 
Gazette  and  Burlington  Advertiser  (Burlington),  Vol.  I,  No.  17,  November  2. 
1837. —  EDITOR.] 

A  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Henry  county  was  held  at 
Mount  Pleasant  on  the  23rd  inst.  Mr.  JOHN  H.  EANDOLPH 
was  called  to  the  chair,  and  Dr.  J.  D.  Payne  appointed 
Secretary. 

W.  L.  Jenkins,  Esq.  explained  the  object  of  the  meeting, 
and  the  proceedings  of  the  late  Burlington  meeting  were 
read  and  approved  of.  A  motion  was  then  made,  that  the 
meeting  ballot  for  three  delegates  to  the  proposed  conven- 
tion, to  represent  Henry  county;  whereupon,  tellers  being 
appointed,  it  appeared  that  Messrs.  W.  H.  WALLACE,  J.  M. 
MYEBS,  and  M.  L.  B.  HUGHES  were  duly  elected. 


394    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Resolved,  That  the  proceedings  of  this  meeting  be  pub- 
lished in  the  Wisconsin  Territorial  Gazette. 

JOHN  H.  RANDOLPH,  Pres't. 
J.  D.  PAYNE,  Sec'y. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION   HELD  AT 
BURLINGTON   ON   NOVEMBER  6,  7,  8,  1837 

[The  proceedings  along  with  the  memorials  adopted  by  the  Convention  were 
printed  in  pamphlet  form  and  thus  transmitted  to  Congress.  A  copy  of  this 
pamphlet  was  discovered  by  the  writer  in  the  office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  at  Washington.  The  text  of  the  printed  pamphlet  does  not 
differ  from  what  appeared  in  the  Iowa  News.  The  following  account  is  re- 
printed literally  from  the  Iowa  News  (Dubuque),  Vol.  I,  No.  23,  November  25, 
1837. —  EDITOR.] 

The  Convention  of  Delegates,  from  that  portion  of  the 
Wisconsin  Territory  west  of  the  Mississippi,  met  at  the 
eapitol,  in  the  town  of  Burlington,  on  Monday,  Nov.  6,  1837. 

The  Convention  w^as  called  to  order  by  C.  S.  Jacobs,  Esq. 
of  Des  Moines  co.,  and  on  motion  of  Mr.  Warren,  of  Du 
Buque,  Mr.  JACOBS  was  elected  Chairman,  pro  tern,  of  the 
Convention  for  the  purposes  of  organization ;  and  on  motion 
of  Mr.  Russell,  of  Du  Buque,  J.  W.  PARKER,  Esq.  of  Du 
Buque  was  elected  Secretary  pro  tern. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Davis  of  Musquitine,  the  counties  were 
called  over  to  ascertain  the  names  of  the  Delegates  from 
each.  The  following  gentlemen  answered  to  their  names, 
exhibited  their  credentials,  and  took  their  seats  in  Con- 
vention. 

From  the  county  of  Du  Buque. —  P.  H.  Engle,  J.  T.  Fales, 
(I.  W.  Harris,  W.  A.  Warren,  W.  B.  Watts,  A.  F.  Russell, 
W.  H.  Patton,  J.  W.  Parker,  J.  D.  Bell,  J.  H.  Rose. 

From  Des  Moines  county. —  David  Rorer,  Robert  Rals- 
ton, Cyrus  S.  Jacobs. 

Van  Buren  county. —  Van  Caldwell,  J.  G.  Kenner,  James 
Hall. 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  395 

Henry  county. —  W.  H.  Wallace,  J.  D.  Payne,  J.  L.  Myers. 

Musquitine  county. —  J.  E.  Struthers,  M.  Couch,  Eli  Rey- 
nolds, S.  C.  Hastings,  James  Davis,  S.  Jenner,  A.  Smith, 
E.  K.  Fay. 

Louisa  county. —  J.  M.  Clark,  W.  L.  Toole,  S.  J.  Rinear- 
son. 

Lee  county. —  Henry  Eno,  John  Claypool,  Hawkins 
Taylor. 

Ordered,  That  the  Convention  elect  its  officers  by  ballot. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Davis,  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  pres- 
ent was  made  necessary  to  the  election  of  officers. 

Mr.  C.  S.  JACOBS  was  elected  President  of  the  Convention 
upon  the  first  ballot  and  Messrs.  J.  M.  CLARK  and  W.  H. 
WALLACE,  Vice  Presidents;  and  Messrs.  J.  W.  PARKER  and 
J.  R.  STRUTHERS,  Secretaries. 

The  Convention  then  adjourned  till  to-morrow,  at  3 
o'clock,  P.  M. 


Friday,  Nov.  7 — The  convention  assembled  at  3  o'clock 
pursuant  to  adjournment,  and  was  called  to  order  by  the 
President. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Warren, 

Resolved,  That  the  Governor,  members  of  the  Legislative 
Council,  Judges,  and  members  of  the  bar  of  Burlington,  be 
invited  to  take  seats  within  the  bar. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Eno, 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  seven  be  appointed  by  the 
President,  to  draft  a  memorial  to  Congress  on  the  subject 
of  the  attempt  making  by  the  state  of  Missouri  to  extend 
her  northern  boundary  line. 

Messrs.  Eno,  Claypool,  Kenner,  Ralston,  Davis,  Watts, 
and  Toole  were  appointed  said  committee. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Kenner, 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  six  be  appointed  by  the 


396    lOVA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

President  to  prepare  a  memorial  to  the  Congress  of  the  U. 
States,  praying  for  the  passage  of  an  act,  granting  the  right 
of  pre-emption  to  actual  settlers  on  government  lands,  and 
that  said  committee  report  the  same  to  this  convention  at 
some  period  before  its  adjournment. 

Messrs.  Engle,  Kenner,  Payne,  Struthers,  Patton,  Eorer, 
and  Smith  were  appointed  said  committee. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Eorer, 

Eesolved,  That  a  committee  of  seven  he  appointed  by  the 
President,  to  draft  a  memorial  to  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States  in  relation  to  the  organization  of  a  separate 
territorial  Government  in  that  part  of  the  Territory  of  Wis- 
consin west  of  the  Mississippi  river, 

Messrs.  Eorer,  Hastings,  Caldwell,  Myers,  Claypool, 
Einearson,  and  Harris  were  selected  to  compose  said  com- 
mittee. 

On  motion,  the  Convention  adjourned  until  to-morrow, 
at  2  o'clock  P.M. 


Wednesday,  Nov.  8. 

The  Convention  met  [pursuant]  to  adjournment  and  was 
called  to  order  by  the  President. 

The  committees  appointed  yesterday  to  draft  memorials, 
being  prepared  to  report,  Mr.  Engle,  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  to  draft  a  memorial  in  relation  to  pre- 
emptions, reported  a  memorial,  which,  on  motion,  was 
unanimously  adopted. 

Mr.  Eno,  chairman  of  the  committee  to  draft  a  memorial 
upon  the  subject  of  the  northern  boundary  line  of  Missouri, 
reported  a  memorial,  which,  on  motion,  was  unanimously 
adopted. 

Mr.  Eorer,  chairman  of  the  committee  appointed  to  pre- 
pare a  memorial  relative  to  the  division  of  the  Territory, 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  397 

reported  a  memorial,  which,  on  motion,  was  unanimously 
adopted. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Davis, 

Eesolved,  unanimously,  that  the  Hon.  G.  W.  Jones,  is  en- 
titled to  the  thanks  of  the  citizens  of  the  Territory,  for  the 
able  manner  in  which  he  has  discharged  the  various  and 
complicated  duties  imposed  upon  him,  as  our  delegate  in 
Congress. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Davis, 

Eesolved,  unanimously,  That  we  entertain  the  highest  of 
respect  for  the  able,  patriotic,  and  distinguished  manner  in 
which  his  excellency,  Governor  Dodge,  has  at  all  times  ad- 
ministered the  affairs  of  the  Territory. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Hastings,  the  following  was  unanimous- 
ly adopted : 

In  order  that  a  full  expression  of  the  sentiment  of  this 
convention  may  be  publicly  made  known,  upon  the  subject 
of  the  extension  of  the  northern  line  of  the  state  of  Mis- 
souri, therefore, 

Be  it  resolved,  That  we  most  cordially  approve  of  that 
part  of  the  message  of  the  Executive  of  this  Territory, 
which  relates  to  the  said  northern  boundary,  communicated 
to  the  Legislative  Assembly  at  their  present  session,  and 
with  him  believe  that  Missouri  has  made  an  encroachment 
upon  our  Territorial  rights  in  extending  her  northern 
boundary  lines,  north  from  where  it  was  formerly  located. 

On  motion, 

Eesolved,  That  the  Legislative  Council  and  House  of 
Eepresentatives  be  requested  to  co-operate  with  the  Con- 
vention, in  memorializing  Congress  on  all  the  subjects  acted 
upon  by  this  Convention. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Davis, 

Eesolved,  nem.  con.,  That  the  members  of  the  Convention 
tender  their  thanks  to  the  members  of  the  House  of  Eepre- 

VOL.  ix— 27 


398    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

sentatives,  for  their  liberality  in  tendering  the  use  of  this 
Hall  for  our  deliberations. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Warren, 

Resolved,  unanimously,  That  the  President  of  the  Con- 
vention be  requested  to  forward  the  proceedings  of  this 
Convention,  with  the  memorials,  to  our  delegate  in  Con- 
gress, Hon.  G.  W.  Jones. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Fales, 

Resolved,  unanimously,  That  a  vote  of  thanks  be  tendered 
to  the  officers  of  this  Convention,  for  the  able  and  impartial 
manner  in  which  they  have  discharged  the  duties  that  de- 
volved upon  them. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Hastings, 

Resolved,  That  the  memorials  be  signed  by  the  officers 
and  members  of  the  Convention. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Davis, 

Resolved,  That  all  editors  in  the  Territory  be  requested 
to  publish  the  proceedings  of  this  Convention. 

On  motion, 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to 
superintend  the  printing  of  the  proceeding  of  this  Conven- 
tion. 

Messrs.  Ralston,  Davis,  and  Engle  were  appointed  said 
committee. 

The  President,  in  a  short,  impressive  manner,  returned 
thanks  to  the  Convention,  in  behalf  of  himself  and  associate 
officers,  for  the  honor  conferred  upon  them. 

The  Convention  adjourned,  sine  die. 

CYRUS  S.  JACOBS,  President. 

J.  M.  CLARK,          )    T7.      n      . , 

>  Vice  Presidents. 
W.  H.  WALLACE,    J 

J.  W.  PARKER,        |  Secretaries. 
J.  R.  STRUTHERS, 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  399 

MEMORIAL   ON   THE   SUBJECT   OF   THE,  MISSOURI  BOUNDARY   LINE 

[The  following  memorial  which  was  adopted  by  the  Territorial  Convention 
is  reprinted  literally  from  the  Iowa  News  (Dubuque),  Vol.  I,  No.  23,  November 
25,  1837.— EDITOR.] 

To  the  Honorable  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  United  States,  in  Congress  assembled: 

The  Memorial  of  a  Convention  of  Delegates,  from  the  sev- 
eral counties  in  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  convened  at  Burlington,  in  said  Ter- 
ritory, Nov.  6, 1837, 

RESPECTFULLY  REPRESENTS  I 

That  your  memorialists  are  desirous  of  asking  the  atten- 
tion of  Congress  to  the  adjustment  of  the  boundary  line 
between  the  State  of  Missouri  and  the  territory  of  Western 
Wisconsin.  Much  excitement  already  prevails  among  the 
inhabitants  situated  in  the  border  counties  of  the  State  and 
Territory,  and  it  is  much  to  be  feared,  that,  unless  the 
speedy  action  of  Congress  should  be  had  upon  the  subject, 
difficulties  of  a  serious  nature  will  arise,  militating  against 
the  peace  and  harmony  which  would  otherwise  exist  among 
them.  At  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature  of  Missouri, 
Commissioners  were  appointed  to  run  the  northern  boun- 
dary line  of  the  State.  They  have  recently  been  engaged 
in  the  work,  and  according  to  the  line  run  by  them,  there  is 
included  within  the  limits  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  a  con- 
siderable tract  of  country,  hitherto  supposed  to  belong  to 
the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  and  which  is  still  believed  of 
right  to  belong  to  it.  The  northern  boundary  line  of  Mis- 
souri was  run  several  years  ago  by  commissioners  appoint- 
ed by  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  will  cross  the  Des  Moines 
river  at  a  point  about  twenty-four  miles  from  its  mouth. — 
This  line,  if  continued  on  due  east,  would  strike  the  Missis- 
sippi river  near  the  town  of  Fort  Madison,  about  ten  miles 
above  the  rapids  in  said  river,  long  since  known  as  the  Des 


400    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Moines  rapids ;  and  this  line,  so  run  by  the  commissioners, 
has  always  been  considered  as  the  boundary  line  between 
the  State  and  Territory.  The  present  commissioners,  ap- 
pointed by  the  State  of  Missouri,  giving  a  different  con- 
struction to  the  act  defining  the  boundary  line  of  the  State, 
passed  up  the  Des  Moines  river  in  search  of  rapids,  and 
have  seen  proper  to  find  them  some  twelve  or  fourteen 
miles  further  up  the  river  than  the  other  commissioners  of 
Missouri  formerly  did,  and,  selecting  a  point  which  they 
call  the  rapids  in  the  Des  Moines  river,  have  from  thence 
marked  out  a  line  which  is  now  claimed  as  the  northern 
boundary  line  of  the  State.  Were  this  line  extended  due 
east,  it  would  strike  the  Mississippi  river  at  the  town  of 
Burlington,  some  thirty  miles  above  the  rapids,  as  stated 
above,  as  the  Des  Moines  rapids. 

Missouri  was  constituted  an  independent  State,  and  her 
boundary  lines  defined,  in  June  1820.  At  that  time,  the 
country  bordering  on  the  Des  Moines  river  was  a  wilder- 
ness, and  little  was  known,  except  from  the  Indians  who 
lived  on  its  banks,  of  its  geographical  situation.  There  was 
at  that  time  no  point  on  the  river  known  as  the  Des  Moines 
rapids,  and  at  the  present  time,  between  the  mouth  of  the 
river  and  the  Raccoon  forks,  a  distance  of  two  hundred 
miles,  fifty  places  can  with  as  much  propriety  be  designated 
as  the  one  selected  by  the  commissioners  of  the  State  of 
Missouri. 

Your  memorialists  conceive  that  no  action  of  the  State  of 
Missouri  can,  or  ought  to  affect  the  integrity  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Wisconsin;  and  standing  in  the  attitude  they  do, 
they  must  look  to  the  General  Government  to  protect  their 
rights  and  redress  their  wrongs.  The  difficulties,  which,  for 
so  long  a  period  of  time,  existed  between  the  Territory  of 
Michigan  and  State  of  Ohio  relative  to  their  boundaries, 
will,  it  is  hoped,  prompt  the  speedy  action  of  Congress  on 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  401 

this  exciting  subject.  Confidently  relying  upon  the  wisdom 
of  the  General  Government,  and  its  willingness  to  take  such 
measures  as  will  settle  this  question,  the  people  of  Wiscon- 
sin will  peaceably  submit  to  an  extension  of  the  northern 
boundary  line  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  if  so  be,  that  Con- 
gress shall  ordain  it;  but  until  such  action,  they  will  resist 
to  the  utmost  extremity  any  attempt  made  by  the  State  of 
Missouri  to  extend  her  jurisdiction  over  any  disputed  Ter- 
ritory. 

We,  therefore,  pray  that  Congress  will  appoint  Commis- 
sioners, whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  run  the  line  between  the 
State  of  Missouri  and  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin  accord- 
ing to  the  spirit  and  intention  of  the  act  defining  the  boun- 
dary lines  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  to  adopt  such  other 
measures  as  in  their  wisdom  they  may  deem  proper. 


MEMORIAL  ON  THE  SUBJECT  OF  PRE-EMPTIONS 

[The  following  memorial  which  was  adopted  by  the  Territorial  Convention 
is  reprinted  literally  from  the  Iowa  News  (Dubuque),  Vol.  I,  No.  23,  November 
25,  1837.—  EDITOR.] 

To  the  Honorable  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives, 

of  the  U.  States. 

A  Convention  of  citizens  representing  all  the  counties  in 
that  part  of  Wisconsin  Territory  lying  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  have  assembled  at  Burlington  the  present  seat 
of  Government  of  said  Territory  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
into  consideration  several  measures  immediately  affecting 
their  interests  and  prosperity.  Among  the  most  important 
of  these  is  the  passage  by  your  honorable  bodies  at  the  ses- 
sion about  to  be  commenced,  of  a  pre-emption  law  by  which 
the  settlers  on  the  public  land  shall  have  secured  to  them  at 
the  minimum  price,  the  lands  upon  which  they  live,  which 
they  have  improved  and  cultivated  without  fear  of  moles- 
tation, or  over-bidding  on  the  part  of  the  rich  capitalist  and 


402     IOWA' JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

speculator.  It  is  a  fact  Well  known  to  your  honorable 
bodies,  that  none  of  the  land  in  Wisconsin  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Eiver  in  what  is  called  the  "Iowa  District,"  has 
yet  been  offered  for  sale  by  the  Government.  It  is  equally 
true  that  that  tract  of  country  is  now  inhabited  by  twenty- 
five  thousand  souls  composing  a  population  as  active,  intel- 
ligent, and  worthy  as  can  be  found  in  any  other  part  of  the 
United  States.  The  enterprise  of  these  pioneers  has  con- 
verted what  was  but  yesterday  a  solitary  and  uncultivated 
waste  into  thriving  towns  and  villages,  alive  with  the  en- 
gagement of  trade  and  commerce,  and  rich  and  smiling 
farms,  yielding  their  bountiful  return  to  the  labors  of  the 
husbandman.  This  district  has  been  settled  and  improved 
with  a  rapidity  unexampled  in  the  history  of  the  country, 
emigrants  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  from 
Europe  are  daily  adding  to  our  numbers  and  importance. 
An  attempt  to  force  these  lands  thus  occupied  and  improved 
into  market  to  be  sold  to  the  highest  bidder,  and  to  put  the 
money  thus  extorted  from  the  hard  earnings  of  an  honest 
and  laborious  people  into  the  coffers  of  the  public  treasury, 
would  be  an  act  of  injustice  to  the  settlers  which  would 
scarcely  receive  the  sanction  of  your  honorable  bodies.  In 
most  cases  the  labor  of  years  and  the  accumulated  capital 
of  a  whole  life  has  been  expended  in  making  improvements 
on  the  public  land,  under  the  strong  and  firm  belief  that 
every  safeguard  would  be  thrown  round  them  to  prevent 
their  property,  thus  dearly  earned  by  years  of  suffering, 
privation  and  toil,  from  being  unjustly  wrested  from  their 
hands.  Shall  they  be  disappointed?  Will  Congress  refuse 
to  pass  such  laws  as  may  be  necessary  to  protect  a  large 
class  of  our  citizens  from  systematized  plunder  and  rapine  ? 
The  members  composing  this  convention,  representing  a 
very  large  class  of  people,  who  delegated  them  to  speak  in 
their  stead,  do  most  confidently  express  an  opinion  that 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  403 

your  honorable  bodies  will  at  its  present  session  pass  some 
law  removing  us  from  danger,  and  relieving  us  from  fear 
on  this  subject.  The  members  of  this  convention  for  them- 
selves, and  for  the  people  whose  interests  they  are  sent  here 
to  represent,  do  most  respectfully  solicit  that  your  honor- 
able bodies,  will,  as  speedily  as  possible,  pass  a  pre-emption 
law  giving  to  every  actual  settler  on  the  public  domain 
who  has  made  improvements  sufficient  to  evince  that  it  is 
bona  fide  his  design  to  cultivate  and  occupy  the  land,  a 
right  to  enter  at  the  minimum  government  price,  one  half 
section  for  that  purpose,  before  it  shall  be  offered  at  public 
sale. 


MEMORIAL  PRAYING  A  DIVISION  OF  THE  TERRITORY 

[The  following  memorial  which  was  adopted  by  the  Territorial  Convention 
is  reprinted  literally  from  the  Iowa  News  (Dubuque),  Vol.  I,  No.  23,  November 
25,  1837.—  EDITOR.] 

To  the  Honorable  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  United  States,  in  Congress  assembled: 

The  Memorial  of  a  general  Convention  of  Delegates,  from 
the  respective  counties  in  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin, 
west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  convened  at  the  capitol 
in  Burlington,  in  said  Territory,  Nov.  5th,  1837, 

RESPECTFULLY  REPRESENTS  : 

That  the  citizens  of  that  part  of  the  Territory  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  taking  into  consideration  their  remote 
land  isolated  position,  and  the  vast  extent  of  country  in- 
cluded within  the  limits  of  the  present  Territory,  and  the 
utter  impracticability  of  the  same  being  governed  as  an  en- 
tire whole,  by  the  wisest  and  best  administration  of  our 
municipal  affairs,  in  such  manner  as  to  fully  secure  indi- 
vidual right  and  the  right  of  property,  as  well  as  to  main- 
tain domestic  tranquility,  and  the  good  order  of  society, 
have  by  their  respective  representatives,  convened  in  gen- 


404     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

eral  convention  as  aforesaid,  for  the  purpose  of  availing 
themselves  of  their  right  of  petition  as  free  citizens,  by 
representing  their  situation  and  wishes  to  your  honorable 
body,  and  asking  for  the  organization  of  a  separate  Terri- 
torial Government  over  that  part  of  the  Territory  west  of 
the  Mississippi  river. 

Without,  in  the  least,  designing  to  question  the  official 
conduct  of  those  in  whose  hands  the  fate  of  our  infant  Ter- 
ritory has  been  confided,  and  in  whose  patriotism  and  wis- 
dom we  have  the  utmost  confidence,  your  memorialists  can- 
not refrain  from  the  frank  expression  of  their  belief  that, 
taking  into  the  consideration  the  geographical  extent  of  her 
country,  in  Connexion  with  the  probable  population  of  West- 
ern Wisconsin,  perhaps  no  Territory  of  the  United  States 
has  been  so  much  neglected  by  the  parent  government,  so 
illy  protected  in  the  political  and  individual  rights  of  her 
citizens. 

Western  Wisconsin  came  into  the  possession  of  our  gov- 
ernment in  June  1833.  Settlements  were  made,  and  crops 
grown,  during  the  same  season ;  and  even  then,  at  that  early 
day,  was  the  impulse  given  to  the  mighty  throng  of  emigra- 
tion that  has  subsequently  filled  our  lovely  and  desirable 
country  with  people,  intelligence,  wealth,  and  enterprize. 
From  that  period  until  the  present,  being  a  little  over  four 
years,  what  has  been  the  Territory  of  Western  Wisconsin? 
Literally  and  practically,  a  large  portion  of  the  time  with- 
out a  government.  With  a  population  of  thousands,  she 
has  remained  ungoverned,  and  has  been  quietly  left  by  the 
parent  government  to  take  care  of  herself,  without  the 
privilege  on  the  one  hand  to  provide  a  government  of  her 
own,  and  without  any  existing  authority  on  the  other  to 
govern  her. 

From  June  1833  until  June  1834,  a  period  of  one  year, 
there  was  not  even  the  shadow  of  government  or  law,  in  all 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  405 

Western  Wisconsin.  In  June  1834,  Congress  attached  her 
to  the  then  existing  Territory  of  Michigan,  of  which  Terri- 
tory she  nominally  continued  a  part,  until  July  1836,  a 
period  of  little  more  than  two  years.  During  the  whole  of 
this  time,  the  whole  country  west,  sufficient  of  itself  for  a 
respectable  State,  was  included  in  two  counties,  Du  Buque 
and  Des  Moines.  In  each  of  these  two  counties  there  were 
holden,  during  the  term  of  two  years,  two  terms  of  a  county 
court,  (a  court  of  inferior  jurisdiction,)  as  the  only  sources 
of  judicial  relief  up  to  the  passage  of  the  act  of  Congress 
creating  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin.  That  act  took  effect 
on  the  3d  day  of  July,  1836,  and  the  first  judicial  relief  af- 
forded under  that  act,  was  at  the  April  term  following, 
1837,  a  period  of  nine  months  after  its  passage ;  subsequent 
to  which  time  there  has  been  a  court  holden  in  but  one 
county  in  Western  Wisconsin  only.  This,  your  memorial- 
ists are  aware,  has  recently  been  owing  to  the  unfortunate 
indisposition  of  the  esteemed  and  meritorious  judge  of  our 
district;  but  they  are  equally  aware  of  the  fact,  that  had 
Western  Wisconsin  existed  under  a  separate  organization, 
we  should  have  found  relief  in  the  services  of  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Judiciary,  who  are  at  present,  in  consequence 
of  the  great  extent  of  our  Territory,  and  the  small  number 
of  judges  dispersed  at  too  great  a  distance,  and  too  con- 
stantly engaged  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  their  own 
districts,  to  be  enabled  to  afford  relief  to  other  portions  of 
the  Territory.  Thus,  with  a  population  of  not  less  than 
twenty-five  thousand  now,  and  of  near  half  that  number  at 
the  organization  of  the  Territory,  it  will  appear  that  we 
have  existed  as  a  portion  of  an  organized  Territory,  for 
sixteen  months,  with  but  one  term  of  courts  only. 

Your  memorialists  look  upon  those  evils  as  growing  ex- 
clusively out  of  the  immense  extent  of  country  included 
within  the  present  boundaries  of  the  Territory,  and  express 


406     IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

their  conviction  and  belief,  that  nothing  would  so  effec- 
tually remedy  the  evil  as  the  organization  of  Western  Wis- 
consin into  a  separate  Territorial  government.  To  this 
your  memorialists  conceive  themselves  entitled  by  prin- 
ciples of  moral  right  —  by  the  sacred  obligation  that  rests 
upon  their  present  government  to  protect  them  in  the  free 
enjoyment  of  their  rights,  until  such  time  as  they  shall  be 
permitted  to  provide  protection  for  themselves;  as  well  as 
from  the  uniform  practice  and  policy  of  the  government  in 
relation  to  other  Territories. 

The  Territory  of  Indiana,  including  the  present  states  of 
Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Michigan,  and  also  much  of  the  east- 
ern portion  of  the  present  territory  of  Wisconsin,  was 
placed  under  one  separate  territorial  government,  in  the 
year  1800,  at  a  time  when  the  population  amounted  to  only 
five  thousand  six  hundred  and  forty,  or  thereabouts. 

Tlie  Territory  of  Arkansas  was  erected  into  a  distinct 
territory,  in  1820,  with  a  population  of  about  fourteen  thou- 
sand. The  Territory  of  Illinois  was  established  in  1809, 
being  formed  by  dividing  the  Indiana  Territory.  The  exact 
population  of  Illinois  Territory,  at  the  time  of  her  separa- 
tion from  Indiana,  is  not  known  to  your  memorialists,  but 
the  population  in  1810,  one  year  subsequent  to  that  event, 
amounted  to  but  eleven  thousand  five  hundred  and  one 
whites,  and  a  few  blacks  —  in  all,  to  less  than  twelve  thou- 
sand inhabitants. 

The  Territory  of  Michigan  was  formed  in  1805,  by  again 
dividing  the  Indiana  Territory,  of  which  until  then,  she 
composed  a  part.  The  population  of  Michigan,  at  the  time 
of  her  separation  from  Indiana,  your  memorialists  have 
boon  unable  to  ascertain,  but  in  the  year  1810,  a  period  of 
five  years  subsequent  to  her  separate  organization,  her  pop- 
ulation amounted  to  but  about  four  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  sixty;  and  in  the  year  1820,  to  less  than  nine  thousand 


TERRITORIAL  CONVENTION  OF  1837  407 

-  so  that  Michigan  existed  some  fifteen  years,  as  a  distinct 
Territory,  with  a  population  of  less  than  half  that  of  West- 
ern Wisconsin  at  present;  and  each  of  the  above  named 
Territories,  now  composing  so  many  proud  and  flourishing 
states,  were  created  into  separate  territorial  governments, 
with  a  much  less  population  than  that  of  Western  Wis- 
consin, and  that  too  at  a  time  with  a  national  debt  of  mil- 
lions. Your  memorialists  therefore  pray  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  separate  territorial  government  over  that  part  of 
the  Territory  of  Wisconsin  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  A  COUNCIL  WITH  THE 
CHIPPEWA  INDIANS 

[The  report  given  below  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Council,  held  by  Governor 
Henry  Dodge  of  the  original  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  with  the  Chiefs  and  prin- 
cipal men  of  the  Chippewa  Nation  of  Indians  in  July,  1837,  is  taken  from 
Vol.  I,  Nos.  11  and  14  of  the  Iowa  News,  a  newspaper  published  at  Dubuque. 
The  report  is  reprinted  literally,  no  attempt  having  been  made  to  secure  uni- 
formity in  the  spelling  of  the  Indian  names  which  appear  in  the  report  and  in 
the  treaty.  The  articles  of  the  treaty  concluded  at  this  Council  are  taken  from 
Kappler's  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties,  Vol.  II,  p.  491. —  EDITOR.] 

PROCEEDINGS  OF  A  COUNCIL  HELD  BY  GOVERNOR  DODGE  WITH  THE 
CHIEFS  AND  PRINCIPAL  MEN  OF  THE  CHIPPEWA  NATION  OF 
INDIANS,  NEAR  FORT  SNELLING,  AT  THE  CONFLUENCE  OF  THE 
ST.  PETERS  AND  MISSISSIPPI  RIVERS,  COMMENCING  ON  THE 
20TH  DAY  OF  JULY,  1837. 

The  head  men  of  the  nation  having,  by  direction  of 
Governor  Dodge,  been  advised  of  his  desire  to  meet  them  in 
council,  their  different  bands  assembled  together  near  Fort 
Snelling,  between  the  1st  and  20th  of  July  to  the  number 
of  about  a  thousand  men,  women  and  children,  and  on  the 
last  mentioned  day,  met  the  Governor  at  the  council  house. 

Gen.  Wm.  R.  Smith,  of  Pennsylvania,  appointed  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  the  colleague  of  Gov.  Dodge 
in  the  commission,  did  not  arrive  to  be  present  at  the  coun- 
cil. 

The  following  named  Chiefs  were  present,  and  recog- 
nized as  such  by  the  Governor : 

From  Leech  Lake. —  Aish-ke-boge-kozhe,  or  Flat  Mouth, 
and  Ozawickanebik,  or  the  Yellow  Snake,  commonly  called 
by  the  French  Fiereaince,  or  elder  brother. 

From  Gull  Lake  and  Swan  River. —  Pa-goona-kee-zhig, 
or  Hole  in  the  day,  &  Songa-komok,  or  the  Strong  Ground. 

From  Mille  Lac. —  Wash-ask-ko-kowe,  or  Rat's  Liver. 

408 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        409 

From  Sandy  Lake. —  Ka-nan-dwa-winza,  or  Le  Broch- 
eux. 

From  Snake  Eiver. —  Naudin,  or  the  Wind,  Sha-go-bai, 
or  the  Six  Pay-a-jig,  and  Na-qua-na-bic,  or  the  Father. 

From  Fond  du  Lac. —  Mongo-sit,  or  Loon's  Foot,  and 
Shin-go-be  or  the  Spruce. 

St.  Croix  Eiver. —  Pe-she-ke,  or  the  Buffalo. 

Ver  Planck  Van  Antwerp,  of  Indiana,  appointed  by  the 
President  Secretary  to  the  Commissioners,  was  also  pres- 
ent at  the  meeting  of  the  Council. 

The  council  pipe  having  been  first  smoked  by  Gov.  Dodge, 
with  the  Chiefs,  the  Governor  addressed  them  as  follows  - 
Chiefs,  Head  men,  and  Warriors  of  the  Chippewa  Nation: 

"Your  Great  Father,  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
has  sent  me  to  see  you  in  council  to  propose  to  you  the 
purchase  of  a  small  part  of  your  country,  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Eiver. 

This  country,  as  I  am  informed,  is  not  valuable  to  you  for 
its  game,  and  not  suited  to  the  culture  of  corn,  and  other 
agricultural  purposes. 

Your  Great  Father  wishes  to  purchase  your  country  on 
the  Chippewa  and  St.  Croix  rivers  for  the  advantage  of  its 
pine  timber,  with  which  it  is  said  to  abound. 

A  map  of  the  country  which  your  Great  Father  wishes  to 
buy  from  you  will  be  shewn  to  you,  in  which  the  rivers  and 
water  courses  are  laid  down;  and  such  explanations  given 
through  your  interpreter,  as  will  fully  explain  to  you  the 
particular  part  of  your  country  east  of  the  Mississippi 
Eiver,  which  your  Great  Father  proposes  to  purchase  for 
the  use  of  his  white  children. 

Your  Great  Father  knows  you  are  poor,  and  this  pine 
region  is  not  valuable  to  you  for  hunting  purposes;  his 
wish  is  to  make  you  a  full  compensation  for  the  country  by 


• 


410    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

giving  you  its  full  value,-  payable  in  such  manner  as  will  be 
most  serviceable  to  your  people. 

An  estimate  will  be  made  of  the  probable  value  of  your 
country,  which  it  is  proposed  to  purchase,  of  which  you  will 
be  informed.  I  will  request  you,  after  fully  deliberating 
upon  the  subject,  to  tell  me  your  price  for  the  country  with 
as  little  delay  as  possible. 

Your  Great  Father,  the  President,  was  desirous  that  the 
Chippewas  should  be  fully  represented  in  this  council,  that 
all  might  know  what  had  been  done,  and  that  equal  justice 
should  be  done  to  all.  I  wish  you  to  be  prepared  with  your 
answer  to  the  proposition  made  you,  at  our  meeting  in 
council  to-morrow." 

Gov.  Dodge  having  concluded  his  remarks  and  intimated 
liis  readiness  to  hear  anything  which  the  Chiefs  or  prin- 
cipal men  might  have  to  say  to  him,  Aish-ke-boge-khoze 
(Flat  Mouth)  advanced  and  spoke  as  follows:  My  father,  I 
have  but  little  to  say  to  you  now.  Living  in  a  different  part 
of  the  country  from  that  which  you  propose  to  buy  from  us, 
I  will  be  among  the  last  of  those  who  will  speak  to  you  upon 
that  subject.  After  those  shall  have  spoken  who  live  in  & 
nearer  to  that  country,  I  will  talk  more  to  you.  My  father, 
my  people  have  all  the  same  opinion  with  me,  and  will  abide 
by  what  I  shall  say  to  you;  I  have  come  to  listen  first,  to  all 
you  have  to  say  to  us,  and  will  afterwards  speak  to  you. 
My  heart  is  with  you.  I  have  nothing  more  to  say  now. 

Nadin  (the  Wind)  then  came  forward  and  said,  "My  fa- 
ther, I  once  shook  hands  with  our  great  Father  beyond  the 
mountains,  as  I  do  with  you  now.  I  have  not  much  to  say 
at  present,  and  my  brother  who  stands  near  me  wishes  to 
speak  with  you.  To-morrow,  I  expect  that  some  more  peo- 
ple will  be  here  from  the  country  you  wish  to  buy  from  us. 
I  was  present  when  they  began  to  run  the  boundary  line 
between  our  country  and  that  of  the  Sioux  at  the  Eed 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        411 

Deer's  Rump.    When  you  are  ready  to  examine  that  line  I 
will  say  more  to  you. ' ' 

Pe-she-ke  (the  Buffalo)  "My  Father,  I  am  taken  by  sur- 
prise by  what  you  have  said  to  us,  and  will  speak  but  few 
words  to  you  now.  We  are  waiting  for  more  of  our  people 
who  are  coming  from  the  country  which  you  wish  to  buy 
from  us.  We  will  think  of  what  you  have  said  to  us,  and 
when  they  come,  will  tell  you  our  minds  about  it.  Men  will 
then  be  chosen  by  us  to  speak  with  you.  I  have  nothing 
more  to  say  now. 

Na-can-ne-ga-be  (the  man  that  stands  foremost)  My  fa- 
ther, the  people  will  come  from  the  country  where  my 
fathers  have  lived  before  me.  When  they  arrive  here,  they 
will  speak  to  you.  Until  then  I  have  nothing  more  to  say. 

Gov.  Dodge,  after  urgently  impressing  upon  the  Chippe- 
was  the  necessity  of  remaining  quiet  and  at  peace  with  the 
Sioux,  during  the  continuance  of  the  council,  adjourned  to 
meet  again  to-morrow. 

Friday,  July  21st. 

The  Governor  was  advised  this  morning  by  Mr.  Vine- 
yard, their  agent,  that  the  Chippewas  did  not  wish  to  meet 
in  council  to-day,  as  the  people  whom  they  expected  had 
not  yet  arrived,  and  they  wanted  more  time  to  talk  with 
one  another. 

Saturday,  July  22. 

The  morning  being  cloudy,  with  an  appearance  of  rain, 
the  council  did  not  meet  until  3  o'clock  P.  M.,  when  Gov. 
Dodge  directed  the  Interpreter  to  say  to  the  Indians,  that 
when  he  had  parted  with  them  two  days  ago,  they  had  told 
him  that  they  expected  to  meet  more  of  their  friends  here, 
and  were  desirous  before  taking  any  further  steps  about 
what  he  had  spoken  to  them,  of  talking  to  one  another  — 
that  he  had  now  met  them  to  hear  what  they  might  have  to 
say  about  their  absent  friends,  and  to  listen  to  any  com- 


412     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

nmnications  which  they  jnight  wish  to  make  to  him  in  re- 
gard to  the  councils  which  they  had  held,  and  the  conclusion 
to  which  they  had  arrived. 

After  an  interval  of  15  or  20  minutes,  during  which  time 
the  Interpreter,  by  direction  of  the  Governor,  repeated  the 
expression  of  his  readiness  to  hear  any  remarks  which  the 
Indians  might  wish  to  make  to  him,  Aish-ke-boge-kozhe, 
(Flat  Mouth)  rose  and  said,  "My  Father,  I  shall  say  but 
little  to  you  at  this  time.  I  am  called  a  chief.  I  am  not  the 
chief  of  the  whole  nation,  but  only  of  my  people,  or  band. 
I  speak  to  you  now  only  because  I  see  nobody  else  ready  to 
do  so.  I  do  not  wish  to  take  any  further  steps  about  what 
you  have  proposed  to  us,  until  the  other  people  arrive  who 
have  been  expected  here.  They  have  not  yet  come,  and  to 
do  anything  before  their  arrival,  might  be  considered  an 
improper  interference,  and  unfair  towards  them.  The  resi- 
dence of  my  band  is  outside  of  the  country  which  you  wish 
to  buy  from  us.  After  the  people  who  live  in  that  country 
shall  have  told  you  their  minds,  I  will  speak.  If  the  lands 
which  you  wish  to  buy  were  occupied  by  my  band,  I  would 
immediately  have  given  you  my  opinion.  After  listening 
to  the  people  whom  we  are  expecting,  and  who  will  speak 
to  you,  I  will  abide  by  what  they  say,  and  say  more  to  you 
myself. 

My  father,  on  getting  up  to  speak  to  you,  I  hardly  knew 
what  to  say.  If  I  say  no  more,  it  is  not  because  I  am  afraid 
to  speak  my  mind  before  my  people  and  those  of  the  whole 
nation,  and  all  others  present,  but  because  I  have  nothing 
more  to  say. 

Pe-she-ke  (the  Buffalo)  I  am  deaf  and  cannot  hear  dis- 
tinctly what  is  said.  I  have  seen  the  lips  of  the  great  chief 
move,  but  did  not  well  hear  his  words,  I  have  turned  each 
ear  to  him  to  listen.  There  is  another  man  here  who  has 
the  confidence  of  my  people  beside  myself,  but  we  do  not 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        413 

wish  to  say  more,  until  the  rest  of  our  nation  we  are  ex- 
pecting shall  arrive. 

Pay-a-jig.  My  father,  your  children  are  not  displeased 
with  what  you  have  said  to  them,  but  they  wish  you  to  give 
them  four  times  more  tobacco  than  you  have  given  them. 
My  father,  what  has  happened  to  you?  Have  you  cut  off 
your  breasts,  that  you  cannot  suckle  your  children.  If  you 
did  so,  it  would  render  them  more  pliant  and  ready  to  yield 
to  your  wishes.  This  was  the  case  at  the  treaty  of  Prairie 
du  Chien.  I  was  there,  and  know  what  was  done.  The 
boundary  line  between  our  country  and  the  Sioux  was  then 
established,  and  my  people  wish  now  to  have  it  explained 
to  them.  I  have  been  told  by  the  warriors  and  chiefs  to  say 
what  I  have  said  to  you.  I  do  not  say  it  of  my  own  accord. 
My  people  have  chosen  me  and  another  to  talk  with  you 
about  the  proposition  that  you  have  made  to  them  to  buy 
a  part  of  our  country.  I  am  ready  to  proceed  whenever  the 
others  are  ready.  Other  men  of  power  and  authority  are 
behind,  and  are  expected  here.  They  will  soon  come,  when 
we  will  give  you  our  answer. 

Nadin  (the  Wind.)  There  is  no  dissatisfaction;  we  are 
all  contented.  Your  children  around  you,  both  Chippewas 
and  Sioux,  wish  to  be  friendly  together,  and  want  to  carry 
on  a  little  trade  and  bartering  among  ourselves. 

My  father,  I  wish  you  would  give  the  same  advice  to  the 
Sioux  you  have  given  us,  but  do  not  wish  to  prevent  them 
from  making  friendly  visits. 

Monday,  July  24. 

The  Council  met  at  11  o  'clock,  A.  M. 

Gov.  Dodge  directed  the  Interpreter  to  inform  the  In- 
dians that  four  chiefs  of  their  nation  whom  they  had  been 
expecting,  had  arrived  at  their  encampment,  and  that  fifty 
others  were  said  to  be  near  here,  who  had  come  from  La 
Pointe  with  Messrs.  Warren  and  Bushnell,  who  would  prob- 

VOL.  ix — 28 


414    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

ably  arrive  this  evening,"  and  as  they  were  all  of  the  same 
nation  and  brethren;  he  wished  those  present  to  consult 
with  them ;  that  he  did  not  wish  to  hurry  their  deliberations 
among  themselves,  but  to  give  them  full  time  to  consult  their 
friends,  who  had  arrived,  and  those  who  were  coming,  and 
that  he  would  not  hear  any  thing  they  might  have  to  say 
to  him. 

Nadin  (the  Wind)  then  rose  and  said,  "My  father,  I  am 
very  sorry  to  keep  you  so  long  in  a  state  of  suspense  re- 
specting the  matters  which  you  have  proposed  to  us.  My 
people  are  glad  to  see  you,  and  are  gratified  at  the  proposi- 
tion you  have  made  to  them.  My  father,  I  now  speak  to 
you  through  the  lips  of  the  Buffalo  (the  latter  had  advanced 
to  the  Governor's  table  with  "the  Wind,"  shaking  him  by 
the  hand  and  remarking  that  he  would  do  the  same  with  all 
those  present,  but  his  arm  was  too  short;  after  which  he 
stepped  back  to  allow  the  "Wind"  to  speak  for  him).  He 
has  been  to  see  our  Great  Father  beyond  the  mountains, 
and  has  come  back  safe.  When  I  look  at  you  I  am  struck 
with  awe.  I  cannot  sufficiently  understand  your  impor- 
tance, and  it  confuses  me.  I  have  seen  a  great  many  Amer- 
icans, but  never  one  whose  appearance  struck  me  as  yours 
does.  You  have  heard  of  the  coming  of  those  whose  absence 
has  prevented  our  proceedings  in  the  matter  proposed  to 
us.  This  is  the  case  with  all  our  people  here.  My  father, 
listen  to  what  I  am  going  to  say  to  you.  I  listened  to  our 
Great  Father  beyond  the  mountains  and  have  never  for- 
gotten what  he  said  to  me.  Others  will  speak  after  me, 
whose  language  will  please  you  and  put  all  things  right. 
My  father,  we  are  a  distracted  people,  and  have  no  regular 
system  of  acting  together.  We  cast  a  firm  look  on  the  peo- 
ple who  are  coming  and  all  think  alike  about  this  matter. 
What  we  are  going  to  say  will  not  dissatisfy,  but  please 
vou. 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        415 

Pay-a-jig  (The  one  who  stands  alone.)  What  I  am  going 
to  say  to  you  is  not  my  own  language  but  the  words  of  the 
chiefs  and  others  among  you.  They  look  at  you  who  are 
all  white,  while  they  are  half  breed.  How  can  we  forget 
our  traders  in  this  matter.  You  are  come  to  dispense  bene- 
fits to  us,  and  we  much  think  of  the  traders.  I  think  well  of 
them.  They  have  used  me  well  and  supported  me,  and  I 
wish  to  do  them  justice.  We  should  certainly  be  all  very 
miserable  if  they  would  not  do  for  us  what  they  have  done 
heretofore.  And  if  we  do  wrong  to  them,  how  can  we  ex- 
pect it.  My  father,  look  around  on  all  your  red  children, 
the  trader  has  raised  them,  and  it  is  thro'  his  means  that 
they  are  as  they  are.  We  wish  you  to  do  them  justice. 
They  will,  by  this  means,  go  on  and  support  us  as  hereto- 
fore. I  referred,  when  I  began  to  speak,  to  the  half  breeds ; 
many  of  them  have  been  brought  up  among  us,  and  we  wish 
to  provide  for  them. 

Ma-je-ga-bo,  (The  man  who  stands  foremost)  My  father, 
I  shall  not  say  much  to  you  now.  You  are  not  a  man  to  be 
spoken  to  in  a  light  manner.  I  am  not  a  Pillager,  (the  com- 
mon name  of  the  Leech  Lake  Band)  but  went  among  them 
when  small,  which  gives  me  the  right  to  speak  as  one  of 
them.  My  brother,  (the  Wind)  stands  beside  me,  and  we 
are  descended  from  those  who  in  former  days  were  the 
greatest  orators  of  our  nation.  My  father,  I  am  not  back- 
ward in  saying  what  I  wish,  I  am  not  going  to  say  any 
thing  to  make  your  heart  lean,  and  am  not  going  to  tell  you 
what  will  be  said  by  the  chiefs.  I  will  answer  you  when  you 
make  us  an  offer  for  our  lands.  As  soon  as  our  friends  ar- 
rive, and  I  hear  their  decision,  I  will  say  all  I  have  to  say. 
I  finish  that  subject  for  the  present,  and  will  speak  upon 
another.  My  father,  listen  closely  to  me,  I  will  hide  nothing 
from  you  that  has  passed.  But  for  the  traders,  you  would 
not  see  all  your  children  setting  around  you  as  they  do  to- 


416    lOTA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

day.  It  was  not  the  chiefs,  but  the  traders  who  have  sup- 
ported them  to  the  present  time.  Our  Great  Father  has 
told  us  that  an  agent  would  be  sent  to  us,  but  he  has  not  yet 
been  among  us.  The  traders  are  in  our  country  to  trade 
for  the  skins  of  animals,  which  we  take  to  them.  Half  of 
what  they  bring  into  the  country  and  sell  to  your  children 
is  lost  to  them.  I  am  glad  to  see  the  agent  here  who  is  to  go 
into  our  country,  and  support  our  young  men,  women  and 
children. 

We  wish  to  do  justice  to  the  half  breeds  who  have  been 
brought  up  among  us,  and  have  them  provided  for. 

Sha-go-bai,  (the  Little  Six)  My  father,  I  heard  of  you 
when  I  was  yet  a  young  man,  a  long  time  ago  —  and  now  I 
see  you.  I  am  struck  with  awe  when  you  look  at  me.  I  am 
startled  when  the  wind  comes  rustling  by,  and  the  thunder- 
cloud, though  I  know  it  will  pass  along  without  harming, 
alarms  me.  So  it  is,  my  father,  when  you  talk  to  your  chil- 
dren around  you  of  their  lands,  which  you  wish  to  buy  from 
them.  I  have  great  confidence  in  the  chief  here,  and  others 
who  are  coming.  When  they  come  to  treat  fully  with  you, 
we  (pointing  to  the  two  men  standing  beside  him,  and  him- 
self) will  set  far  off  and  listen.  I  sprung  from  the  same 
stock  with  the  people  who  stand  behind  you  —  white  men  - 
(Sha-go-bai,  half  breed)  and  am  related  to  all  the  half 
breeds  in  the  country  where  I  live.  My  father,  look  at  the 
man  who  is  standing  near  me.  His  and  my  ancestors  were 
the  chief  men  of  the  country  that  you  want  to  buy  from  us. 
The  traders  have  raised  our  children  and  we  like  them.  I 
owe  my  life  to  the  traders,  who  have  supported  us.  I  am 
glad  to  see  the  agent  here  who  will  live  among  us,  and  give 
us  tobacco  when  we  want  it. 

Pe-she-ke  (the  Buffalo.)  My  father,  listen  to  what  I  am 
going  to  say  to  you,  let  it  enter  deeply  into  your  ear,  and 
rest  upon  your  heart.  Tho'  I  may  appear  little  in  your 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        417 

sight,  when  I  address  the  warriors  of  my  tribe  they  listen 
to  me.  Nobody  —  no  trader  has  instructed  me  what  to  say 
to  yon.  Those  who  have  spoken  before  me  have  told  yon 
the  truth,  and  I  shall  hereafter  speak  upon  the  same  sub- 
ject. I  have  been  supported  by  the  trader,  and  without  his 
aid,  could  not  get  through  the  winter  with  naked  skin.  The 
grounds  where  your  children  have  to  hunt  are  as  bare  as 
that  on  which  I  now  stand,  and  have  no  game  upon  them. 
My  father,  I  am  glad  to  see  you  here,  to  embrace  the  earth. 
We  have  not  much  to  give  the  traders,  as  our  lands  and 
hunting  grounds  are  so  destitute.  Do  us  a  kindness  by  pay- 
ing our  old  debts.  I  have  nothing  more  to  say.  You  are 
our  father,  and  we  look  up  to  you,  and  respect  you.  I  have 
come  here  and  seen  you,  and  my  heart  is  at  peace.  I  have 
talked  with  my  warriors,  and  heard  their  words,  and  my 
mind  is  tranquil. 

Aish-ke-hoge-bozhe  (Flat  Mouth.)  My  father,  your  eyes 
are  upon  me,  and  mine  upon  you.  Wherever  I  have  been 
the  print  of  the  white  men's  hands  have  been  left  upon  my 
own.  Yours  are  not  the  first  I  have  shaken.  It  is  I  and 
those  men  (pointing  to  the  Elder  Brother,  the  Strong 
Ground,  and  the  Hole  in  the  Day,)  who  have  brought  many 
of  your  children  here.  Their  opinions  are  mine.  My  an- 
cestors were  Chiefs  of  the  tribes,  and  the  villages  while 
they  lived.  I  do  not,  however,  hold  my  title  from  them,  but 
have  obtained  it  by  my  own  acts  and  merits. 

My  father,  when  I  came  here  this  morning,  I  supposed 
you  wanted  to  talk  to  us  about  the  lands  you  wished  to  get 
from  us,  and  not  about  the  traders. 

After  the  question  about  selling  the  land  shall  be  settled, 
it  will  then  be  time  enough  to  talk  about  these  traders. 

My  father,  I  shall  not  be  backward  in  speaking  about 
what  you  propose  to  us,  at  the  proper  time.  Many  of  my 
people  have  told  me  to  say  so ;  but  we  can  do  nothing  until 


418    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  other  people  arrive.  •  We  must  listen  to  them.  As  I 
have  told  you  before,  after  they  shall  speak  I  will  say  more. 

Pa-goona-kee-zhig  (the  Hole  in  the  Day.)  He  who  is  the 
master  of  all,  hears  me  speak.  I  know  the  traders,  and 
what  has  been  their  conduct.  I  know  which  of  them  are 
good  men,  and  those  who  are  bad  and  act  like  drunken  men. 
When  our  people  come,  I  will  speak  again. 

Wash-ask-ko-kowe,  (Rat's  Liver.)  My  father,  I  am  but 
little  accustomed  to  speaking,  and  am  generally  one  who 
listens.  My  father  here  (the  agent)  knows  me  and  is  ac- 
quainted with  my  character.  If  I  wished  to  speak  much  I 
should  feel  no  shame  for  my  personal  appearance ;  but  this 
you  may  not  wish  to  hear.  We  are  talking  about  the  land 
which  you  have  come  for.  I  have  walked  over  it  with  my 
war  club  in  my  hand.  My  forefathers  and  those  of  Pa- 
goona-kee-zhig,  (Hole  in  the  Day,)  were  the  chiefs  and  pro- 
tectors of  that  country,  and  drove  the  Dakcotah  away  from 
it. 

My  father,  it  is  only  to  you  that  I  look  and  listen,  and  not 
to  the  bad  birds  that  are  flying  about  us  through  the  air. 
My  own  merit  has  brought  me  to  the  place  I  occupy  to-day ; 
and  I  do  not  wish  any  body  to  push  me  forward  as  a  speak- 
er. I  have  nothing  to  add  now,  but  will  say  more  when  the 
business  about  the  land  has  been  settled. 

Que-we-shan-shez,  (Big  Mouth.)  My  father,  what  I  am 
going  to  say  to  you  now  is  not  of  much  consequence.  I  have 
smoked  with  my  friends  and  come  to  tell  you  the  result. 
After  reflecting  upon  the  subject,  we  concluded  to  agree 
with  those  who  have  already  spoken  to  you.  We  do  not 
wish  to  do  anything  to  injure  the  people  who  wear  hats. 
My  father,  all  that  has  prevented  us  from  doing  what  you 
came  here  to  have  us  do,  is  that  we  have  been  waiting  for 
others  of  our  people,  who  have  been  expected  here,  and  who 
we  are  afraid  to  dissatisfy;  I  never  before  have  spoken  to 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        419 

your  people  at  any  length,  and  fear,  my  father,  that  you 
will  think  I  am  drunk,  but  I  have  here  (putting  his  hand  to 
his  head)  a  great  deal  of  sense  which  I  have  obtained  from 
the  white  people,  and  as  soon  as  the  others  of  our  nation 
come  we  will  tell  our  minds  to  you. 

Sha-wa-nig-na-nabe,  (South  feather  seated.)  My  father, 
what  I  have  to  say  to  you  place  it  strongly  at  your  heart. 
The  Master  of  life  and  the  earth  both  listen  to  us.  The 
Master  of  life  made  the  earth,  the  grass,  and  the  trees  that 
grow  upon  it,  and  the  animals  that  roam  over  it.  When  the 
Great  Spirit  made  the  earth,  he  placed  the  red  men  upon 
it ;  it  became  very  strong.  Some  of  our  chiefs  are  now  here, 
and  others  are  coming.  They  do  not  wish  to  act  precip- 
itately. 

Sheing-go-be,  (the  Spruce.)  My  father,  I  shall  speak 
but  few  words  to  you.  It  is  only  I  who  can  tell  you  the 
truth  about  the  lands  where  I  live,  if  you  speak  of  the  lands 
yonder,  (pointing  towards  the  country  to  be  purchased.) 
I  will  not  talk  foolishly  about  them  here  in  the  midst  of  so 
many  of  those  who  first  possessed  the  country  (Ojibbe- 
ways.)  Altho'  I  am  but  a  child,  I  speak  to  the  middle  of 
the  subject,  and  you  shall  hear  straight  about  my  lands, 
because  I  am  the  master  of  them.  After  you  have  spoken 
further  about  them,  the  Master  of  life  will  hear  me  answer 
you. 

Man-go-sit,  (the  Loon's  Foot.)  My  father,  I  do  not  wish 
to  say  much.  You  do  not  know  who  I  am  and  from  whence 
I  have  sprung.  I  only  wish  to  tell  you  now  who  my  an- 
cestors were.  I  am  the  son  of  Le  Brocheux,  one  of  the 
greatest  Chiefs  of  our  nation.  I  have  before  given  my 
thoughts  to  my  children  who  have  spoken  to  you,  and  I 
think  before  I  speak.  When  I  talk  to  the  chiefs,  I  do  not 
speak  long. 

Ma-ge-go-be,  after  a  long  speech  to  the  Indians,  urging 


420    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

them  to  sell  the  land,  but.before  doing  so,  to  press  upon  the 
Governor  to  give  them  presents  and  furnish  them  with 
more  provisions,  said  My  father,  this  is  all  your  children 
have  now  to  say  about  our  lands.  They  are  all  going  to 
take  a  rest,  and  will  then  say  more  to  you. 

Nadin  (the  Wind.)  My  father,  when  I  saw  our  great  fa- 
ther beyond  the  mountains,  he  gave  me  sense.  Listen  to 
me  and  let  me  tell  you  the  truth.  I  listen  to  you  and  accede 
to  your  purposes.  You  must  not  suppose  that  things  will 
not  be  as  you  wish.  We  are  now  arranging  things  to  your 
liking.  The  station  of  Chief  is  a  very  difficult  one,  but  when 
I  was  acknowledged  as  one  by  our  great  father  beyond  the 
mountains,  I  thought  I  never  should  be  refused  any  thing 
I  asked  for.  Your  look  is  so  firm  that  I  think  it  would  not 
be  possible  for  you  not  to  do  what  you  wished.  You  have 
every  thing  around  you,  and  can  give  us  some  of  the  cattle 
that  are  around  us  on  the  prairie.  At  the  treaty  of  Prairie 
du  Chien,  the  case  was  as  difficult  as  this.  The  great  Chief 
then  fed  us  well  with  cattle. 

Gov.  Dodge  then  directed  the  Interpreter  to  say,  that 
their  father,  the  Agent,  would  tell  them  whether  he  would 
give  them  cattle,  and  that  he  wished  to  see  them  in  council 
early  in  the  morning  to-morrow;  that  he  was  glad  to  hear 
their  friends  would  be  here  this  evening,  that  as  the  weath- 
er was  now  good,  they  must  make  up  their  minds  as  soon 
as  they  could ;  that  he  hoped  the  chiefs  would  see  that  their 
people  kept  on  friendly  terms  with  the  Sioux. 

Tuesday,  July  25th. 

Governor  Dodge  was  informed  this  morning  that  seventy- 
five  or  eighty  Indians  belonging  to  four  or  five  different 
bands  from  Lakes  de  Flambeau  and  Coutereille  La  Pointe, 
&c.  had  just  arrived,  accompanied  by  the  sub-agent  Mr. 
Bushnell,  and  Mr.  Warren,  the  trader  at  La  Pointe.  These 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        421 

gentlemen  waited  upon  Gov.  Dodge  immediately  on  their 
arrival,  and  informed  him  that  the  Indians  who  had  come 
with  them  could  not  go  into  council  with  him  to-day.  At 
their  suggestion,  therefore,  and  at  the  solicitation  of  Mr. 
Warren,  the  Governor  postponed  the  meeting  of  the  coun- 
cil until  9  o'clock  to-morrow  morning. 

Wednesday,  July  26. 

On  meeting  in  Council  this  morning,  in  addition  to  the 
Ojibbeways  who  had  been  present  before,  a  large  number 
of  others  appeared.  The  following  are  the  bands  to  which 
they  belong,  and  the  names  of  the  Chiefs. 

From  Lac  de  Flambeau  —  Na-wa-ghe-wa,  "The  Knee," 
0-ge-ma-ga,  "The  Dandy,"  Pa-se-quan-gis,  "The  Commis- 
sioner," Wa-be-ne-me-ke,  "The  White  Thunder,"  Pish-ka- 
ga-ge,  "The  White  Crow." 

Lake  Coutereille. —  We-non-ga-be,  *  *  The  Wounded  Man, ' ' 
and  Ke-wa-se,  "The  Old  Man." 

La  Pointe,  on  Lake  Superior. —  Ghe-bish-ghe-kon,  "The 
Buffalo,"  and  Ta-qua-ga-nai,  "Joining  Lodges." 

Gov.  Dodge  directed  that  in  the  future  proceedings  in  the 
treaty,  Stephen  Bonga  and  Patrick  Quinn  should  interpret 
the  English  language  into  Chippewa,  and  Scott  Campbell 
and  Jean  Baptiste  Dube,  from  Chippewa  into  English. 

He  then  addressed  the  Indians  thus :  My  Children  of  the 
Chippewa  Nation,  assembled  here:  I  have  been  informed 
that  since  I  last  met  you,  your  people,  whose  absence  had 
prevented  the  proceeding  with  our  Council  have  arrived 
here.  I  wish  now  to  learn  from  you  if  this  is  the  case,  and 
whether  you  are  ready  to  proceed.  I  have  before  made  a 
proposition  to  you,  which  those  then  present  have,  I  pre- 
sume, communicated  to  you,  who  have  recently  arrived,  for 
the  purchase  of  a  portion  of  your  territory.  You  have  de- 
ferred giving  me  an  answer  until  your  friends  should  ar- 


422     IOJTA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

rive,  and  as  I  believe  they  are  now  all  here,  I  will  renew  my 
proposition  to  yon,  and  will  shew  you  a  map  explaining 
which  part  of  your  country  it  is  I  wish  to  buy. 

I  will  now  place  the  map  before  me,  and  wish  the  chiefs 
and  head  men,  and  particularly  those  from  that  part  of  the 
country  which  I  wish  to  purchase,  to  wit :  Lakes  De  Flam- 
beau and  Coutereille,  and  the  Chippewa,  St.  Croix  and  Bum 
Eiver,  to  come  forward  and  examine  it  with  me,  as  I  direct 
it  to  be  explained,  and  after  this  examination  I  wish  you  to 
inform  me,  whether  or  not  you  will  sell  this  country  to  me. 

Ghe-bish-ghe-kon,  (The  Buffalo,  from  Lake  Superior,) 
replied:  We  have  come  from  a  distance,  and  but  lately  ar- 
rived here,  and  what  you  have  proposed  to  us,  we  want 
more  time  to  think  about.  The  notice  you  have  given  us  is 
rather  too  short.  Let  us  wait  another  day,  and  to-morrow 
we  will  be  able  to  give  you  our  answer. 

The  Governor  directed  it  to  be  said  to  them,  that  they 
could  examine  the  map  and  have  it  explained  to  them ;  con- 
sult each  other  between  this  and  to-morrow  morning,  and 
be  prepared  then  to  give  him  an  answer;  that  he  did  not 
wish  to  hurry  them,  but  that  he  had  already  waited  pa- 
tiently during  several  days,  and  was  anxious  to  bring  the 
business  to  a  close  as  soon  as  possible ;  that  he  would  now 
be  glad  to  hear  any  thing  from  any  of  the  Chiefs  who  might 
wish  to  speak  to  him,  and  that  if  they  desired  it,  he  would 
remain  during  the  whole  day  for  that  purpose.  He  then 
explained  the  map  fully  to  the  Chiefs  and  principal  men, 
and  repeated  to  them  that  he  had  been  informed  that  the 
country  he  wished  to  get  from  them,  was  very  destitute  of 
game,  and  of  little  value  for  agricultural  purposes,  but 
that  it  abounds  in  pine  timber,  for  which  their  great  father 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  wished  to  purchase  it 
from  them  for  the  use  of  his  white  children ;  that  he  would 
give  them  a  fair  price  for  it ;  that  he  wished  them  to  under- 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        423 

stand  the  map,  and  to  enable  them  to  do  so,  had  mentioned 
and  pointed  out  to  them  natural  boundaries,  commencing 
at  the  mouth  of  Crow  Wing  river,  then  to  the  source  of  the 
St.  Croix  river,  thence  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Wisconsin 
and  down  said  river  to  the  Plover  Portage,  where  the  line 
dividing  the  territory  from  the  other  Indians  commenced; 
while  on  the  west  the  tract  would  be  bounded  by  the  Missis- 
sippi river ;  that  he  wished  them  to  be  prepared  to-morrow 
to  give  him  an  answer  whether  they  would  sell  the  land,  and 
their  price  for  it ;  that  he  wished  them  all  to  go  home  satis- 
fied, so  that  when  they  met  their  people  there  they  might 
not  be  ashamed  to  tell  them  what  they  had  done;  that  so 
many  bands  of  their  nation  from  such  remote  parts  of  it 
had  never  before,  he  believed,  met  together,  and  that  he 
wished  them  now  to  advise  with  each  other,  to  unite  and  act 
together  as  one  people;  that  he  wished  them  to  consult  to- 
gether this  evening,  and  select  out  of  their  number  two 
chiefs  in  whom  they  had  confidence,  to  speak  for  them ;  that 
he  wished  to  meet  them  all  in  council,  but  that  not  more 
than  two  should  speak,  to  save  time,  that  they  should  direct 
the  two  speakers  what  to  say  to  him ;  although  they  were  of 
different  bands,  yet  they  were  of  the  same  nation,  and  their 
interests  were  in  common;  that  he  wished  them  all  to  be 
satisfied  with  what  should  be  done ;  that  their  great  father, 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  would  be  just  to  them, 
and  that  they  should  be  just  towards  each  other  —  that  in 
their  consultations  he  desired  they  should  remember  their 
half  breed  relatives,  and  be  just  towards  their  traders,  and 
that  he  would  now  be  glad  to  hear  any  thing  the  chiefs 
might  have  to  say. 

Pay-a-jik  replied,  that  he  and  his  brothers  had  talked  to- 
gether, and  had  chosen  a  speaker. 

After  waiting  half  an  hour  and  none  of  the  other  chiefs 
having  spoken,  the  Governor  again  took  occasion  to  urge 


424    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

upon  the  Chippewas  the  necessity  of  being  at  peace  with 
the  Sioux. 

Several  chiefs  came  forward  to  ask  questions  respecting 
the  map  of  the  country  wished  to  be  purchased,  and  seemed 
to  understand  and  be  satisfied  with  it.  The  council  ad- 
journed till  to-morrow. 

Thursday,  July  27th. 

The  Council  met  at  11  o'clock,  A.  M. 

Ma-ghe-ga-bo,  (The  Trapper)  Pa-goona,  Pe-shig,  (The 
Hole  in  the  Day,)  came  forward  as  speakers  in  behalf  of 
their  nation. 

Ma-ghe-ga-bo,  was  dressed  in  the  full  Indian  costume, 
naked,  with  the  exception  of  his  leggings,  breech  cloth  and 
flapp,  highly  painted  with  red,  his  hair  hanging  loosely  on 
his  shoulders,  a  coronet  of  the  feathers  of  the  bald  eagle 
placed  on  his  head  by  the  chiefs,  and  several  medals  hung 
around  his  neck.  He  advanced  to  the  Governor,  and  with 
the  map  before  him,  pointing  to  it  with  his  finger,  said: 
My  father,  this  is  the  country  which  is  the  home  of  your 
children.  I  have  covered  it  with  a  paper,  (he  had  done  so) 
and  so  soon  as  I  remove  that  paper  the  land  shall  be  yours. 
I  have  listened  closely  to  the  words  the  chiefs  have  told  me 
to  say  to  you. 

My  father,  when  we  first  met  here,  we  smoked  and  shook 
hands  together.  Four  times  we  have  gone  through  the 
same  ceremony,  and  now,  on  the  fifth,  we  have  come  to  give 
you  an  answer.  I  stand  here  to  represent  the  chiefs  of  the 
different  bands  of  my  nation,  and  to  tell  you  that  they  agree 
to  sell  you  the  land  you  want. 

My  father,  in  all  the  country  we  sell  you,  we  wish  to  hold 
on  to  that  which  gives  us  life  —  the  streams  and  lakes 
where  we  fish,  and  the  trees  from  which  we  make  sugar.  I 
have  but  few  words  to  say,  but  they  are  the  words  of  the 
chiefs,  and  very  important.  The  being  who  created  us, 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        425 

made  us  naked.  He  gave  you  and  your  people  knowledge 
and  power  to  live  well.  Not  so  with  us;  we  had  to  cover 
ourselves  with  moss  and  rotten  wood,  and  you  must  shew 
your  generosity  towards  us.  The  chiefs  will  now  shew  you 
the  tree  we  wish  to  preserve.  This  is  it  (placing  an  oak 
sprig  upon  the  table.)  It  is  a  different  kind  of  tree  from 
the  one  you  wish  to  get  from  us.  Every  time  the  leaves 
fall  from  it,  we  will  count  it  as  one  winter  past. 

My  father:  You  have  told  us  what  you  want,  and  I  an- 
swer you  in  the  name  of  the  chiefs.  I  am  no  chief,  but  a 
warrior,  and  the  badge  that  I  wear  is  to  make  me  respected 
by  my  people. 

We  have  understood  you  will  pay  us  in  goods  and  money 
for  our  lands,  and  we  wish  to  know  now  how  much  you  will 
give  us  for  them. 

Gov.  Dodge  then  directed  the  interpreter  to  say  to  them : 
As  the  lands  belong  to  you,  I  wish  you  to  tell  me  what  you 
wish  me  to  pay  you  for  it.  If  you  cannot  come  to  a  conclu- 
sion among  yourselves,  I  would  recommend  you  to  ask  aid 
of  your  fathers  (the  sub-agents  Vineyard  &  Bushnell.)  But 
if  you  can  determine  among  yourselves,  do  so. 

Ma-ghe-ga-bo  —  My  father,  If  you  offer  us  money  and 
goods  we  will  take  both.  You  see  me  count  my  fingers, 
(counting  six.)  Every  finger  counts  ten.  For  so  many 
years  we  wish  you  to  pay  us  an  annuity.  After  that  our 
grand  children,  who  will  have  grown  up,  can  speak  for 
themselves.  We  will  consult  with  our  fathers,  (the  sub- 
agents)  and  ask  them  what  is  the  value  of  the  land,  and 
what  annuity  we  ought  to  receive  for  sixty  years. 

My  father,  take  the  land  you  ask  from  us.  Our  chiefs 
have  good  hearts.  Our  women  have  brought  the  half 
breeds  among  us.  They  are  poor,  and  we  wish  them  to  be 
provided  for.  They  are  here,  and  have  left  many  of  their 
children  behind  them.  We  wish  to  divide  with  them  all. 


426     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

This  is  the  decision  of  the  chiefs.  Since  we  have  met  here 
this  morning  we  have  fully  made  up  our  minds  to  comply 
with  your  wishes.  My  father,  we  will  not  look  back  at  what 
has  happened  before,  but  will  begin  our  business  anew  with 
you  from  this  day.  What  you  propose  to  give  us,  we  wish 
to  share  only  with  our  half  breeds,  that  our  people  may  en- 
joy the  benefits  of  it.  We  will  hold  firmly  what  you  give  us 
that  nobody  may  get  it  from  us.  My  father,  we  once  more 
recommend  our  half  breeds  to  your  kindness.  They  are 
very  numerous.  We  wish  you  to  select  a  place  for  them  on 
this  river,  where  they  may  live  and  raise  their  children,  and 
have  their  joys  of  life.  If  I  have  well  understood  you,  we 
can  remain  on  the  lands  and  hunt  there. —  We  have  hereto- 
fore got  our  living  on  them.  We  hope  your  people  will  not 
act  towards  ours  as  your  forefathers  did  towards  our  own, 
but  that  you  will  always  treat  us  kindly  as  you  do  now. 

My  father,  we  understand  you  have  been  told  that  our 
country  is  not  good  to  cultivate.  It  is  not  true.  There  is 
no  better  ground  to  cultivate  than  it  until  you  get  up  to 
where  the  pine  region  commences. 

My  father,  you  will  now  see  all  your  children  in  whose 
behalf  I  speak.  All  the  chiefs  who  agree  to  sell  you  the 
land  will  now  rise.  (They  did  so,  to  the  number  of  thirty 
and  upwards.)  Ma-ghe-ga-bo,  then  raised  the  paper  he  had 
placed  over  the  map,  took  Gov.  Dodge  by  the  hand,  and  con- 
tinued. My  father,  I  will  not  let  go  your  hand  until  I  have 
counted  the  number  of  our  villages.  The  Great  Spirit  first 
made  the  earth  thin  and  light,  but  it  has  now  become  heavi- 
er. We  do  not  wish  to  disappoint  you  and  our  great  father 
beyond  the  mountains  in  the  object  you  had  in  coming  here. 
We  therefore  grant  you  the  country  you  want  from  us,  and 
the  chiefs  who  represent  all  the  villages  within  its  limits 
are  now  present,  the  number  of  the  villages  (nineteen)  is 
marked  on  this  paper,  and  I  present  it  to  you  in  acknowl- 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        427 

edgment  that  we  grant  you  the  land.  This  piece  (retaining 
in  his  hand  another  piece  of  paper)  we  will  keep,  because 
we  wish  to  say  something  more  on  it.  At  the  conclusion  of 
this  treaty,  you  will  ask  us  to  touch  the  quill,  but  no  doubt 
you  will  grant  us  what  we  ask  before  we  do  so.  At  the  end 
of  the  treaty  I  will  repeat  what  the  chiefs  have  to  say  to 
you,  and  keep  this  paper  for  that  purpose. 

My  father,  the  Great  Spirit  has  given  us  a  clear  sky  to 
talk  together  to-day.  We  must  now  rest,  and  when  we  meet 
again  we  will  speak  further. 

Gov.  Dodge.  Do  you  wish  me  to  give  you  my  answer  this 
evening,  or  wait  until  to-morrow  morning?  Answer  —  To- 
morrow morning. 

Gov.  Dodge.  It  is  proper  for  me  to  explain  to  you,  that 
your  great  father  never  buys  land  for  a  term  of  years.  I 
will  agree  that  you  shall  have  the  free  use  of  the  rivers  and 
the  privilege  of  hunting  on  the  lands  you  are  to  sell,  during 
the  pleasure  of  your  great  father.  If  you  sell  these  lands, 
you  must  sell  them  as  all  the  other  Indian  nations  have 
done,  and  I  tell  you  this  now  that  you  may  not  hereafter 
say  I  have  deceived  you.  Your  great  father  has  sent  me 
here  to  treat  you  as  his  children  —  to  pay  you  the  whole 
value  of  your  lands,  and  not  to  deceive  you  in  any  thing  I 
may  do  or  say.  If  you  consult  with  your  two  fathers,  (the 
sub-agents)  it  is  my  wish  that  they  may  do  you  justice. 
You  have  spoken  frequently  of  your  half-breeds.  It  is  a 
good  principle  in  you  to  wish  to  provide  for  them,  but  you 
must  do  so  in  money,  and  cannot  give  them  land.  You  have 
mentioned  that  you  wish  to  receive  one  half  I  may  agree  to 
give  you  in  money,  and  the  other  half  in  goods.  I  do  not 
object  to  this,  but  have  a  proposition  to  make  to  you  now, 
which  I  wish  you  to  consider.  Your  great  father  recom- 
mends that  you  should  take  from  year  to  year  in  part  pay- 
ment for  your  lands,  certain  sums  of  money  to  provide 


428    itfWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

teachers  to  educate  your  children  and  make  them  wise  like 
white  people.  Farmers  to  teach  you  to  cultivate  the 
ground,  for  agricultural  implements,  and  seeds  to  plant  in 
the  earth,  for  provisions  and  salt,  for  tobacco,  for  black- 
smiths, iron,  &c.,  and  for  mills  and  millers  to  grind  the  corn 
you  may  raise.  If  you  consent  to  this,  let  me  know  early 
to-morrow  morning. 

Friday,  July  28th,  1837. 

The  Council  met  at  12  o'clock.  After  smoking  and  shak- 
ing hands  — 

Aish-ke-boge-kho-ze,  (Flat  Mouth)  said  —  My  father, 
your  children  are  willing  to  let  you  have  their  lands,  but 
wish  to  reserve  the  privilege  of  making  sugar  from  the 
trees,  and  getting  their  living  from  the  lakes  and  rivers  as 
they  have  heretofore  done,  and  of  remaining  in  the  country. 
It  is  hard  to  give  up  the  land.  It  will  remain  and  cannot  be 
destroyed,  but  you  may  cut  down  the  trees,  and  others  will 
grow  up.  You  know  we  cannot  live  deprived  of  lakes  and 
rivers.  There  is  some  game  on  the  land  yet,  and  for  that 
we  wish  to  remain  upon  it.  Sometimes  we  scrape  the  trees 
and  eat  the  bark.  The  Great  Spirit  above  made  the  earth, 
and  causes  it  to  produce  that  which  enables  us  to  live. 

My  father,  we  would  long  ago  have  agreed  to  let  you  have 
the  lands,  but  when  we  agreed  upon  any  point,  there  have 
been  people  to  whisper  in  our  ears  —  to  trouble  and  dis- 
tract us.  What  the  chiefs  said  yesterday  they  abide  by. 
They  cannot  look  back  and  change. 

My  father,  the  Great  Spirit  above  placed  us  on  this  land ; 
and  we  want  some  benefit  from  the  sale  of  it;  if  we  could 
derive  none,  we  would  not  sell  it,  and  we  want  that  benefit 
ourselves.  I  did  not  intend  to  speak;  what  I  say  is  the  lan- 
guage of  the  chiefs.  I  was  not  in  council  yesterday,  be- 
cause I  was  not  well.  I  have  heard  many  things  said- 
that  we  were  going  to  put  out  the  fires  of  the  white  people 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        429 

in  our  country  —  that  we  were  going  to  send  the  traders 
out  of  it ;  but  I  know  nothing  about  it,  and  when  I  speak,  it 
is  not  with  sugar  in  my  mouth. 

My  father,  your  children  are  rejoiced  to  see  the  agents 
here  to-day,  one  of  whom  is  to  live  on  Lake  Superior,  and 
the  other  on  the  Mississippi,  to  keep  peace  in  the  country. 
We  are  pleased  that  our  agents  may  estimate  the  value  of 
our  lands,  that  our  young  men,  women,  and  children  may  go 
home  with  their  hearts  at  ease.  We  will  wait  to  hear  what 
you  offer  for  the  lands,  and  will  then  make  you  our  answer. 
We  will  depend  upon  our  two  fathers  (agents)  to  interest 
themselves  for  us ;  and  will  submit  it  to  them  whether  what 
you  offer  us  is  enough. 

My  father,  there  are  many  of  your  children  here  from  a 
distance,  and  among  them  are  three  chiefs  from  the  Chip- 
pewa  river,  and  what  they  say  is  the  opinion  and  wish  of 
the  people  living  there.  They  tell  me  to  say  to  you  that 
they  have  granted  a  privilege  to  some  men  of  cutting  timber 
on  their  lands,  for  which  they  are  paid  in  tobacco  and  am- 
munition for  hunting.  They  wish  you  not  to  break  their 
word  with  these  people,  but  to  allow  them  to  cut  timber. 
They  have  granted  you  all  you  asked  of  them,  and  they 
wish  you  now  to  grant  their  request. 

Gov.  Dodge.  My  friends,  I  have  listened  with  great  at- 
tention to  your  chiefs  from  Leech  Lake.  I  will  make  known 
to  your  great  father  your  request  to  be  permitted  to  make 
sugar  on  the  lands,  and  you  will  be  allowed  during  his 
pleasure  to  hunt  and  fish  on  them.  It  will  probably  be  many 
years  before  your  great  father  will  want  all  these  lands  for 
the  use  of  his  white  children.  As  you  have  asked  me  what 
I  will  give  for  the  country,  I  will  now  tell  you,  and  will  rec- 
ommend the  manner  in  which  it  ought  to  be  paid  to  you. 
For  that  part  of  your  country  which  I  wish  to  buy,  I  offer 
you  the  sum  of  $800,000.  I  propose  to  give  you  an  annuity 

VOL.  rx — 29 


430    lO     A  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

for  twenty  years  of  $20,000  in  goods  and  money,  one  half 
in  each,  or  all  in  goods  if  you  choose,  to  provide  $3,000  a 
year  for  the  same  time,  to  provide  you  with  blacksmiths, 
&c.,  &c.,  (as  in  the  treaty.) 

After  the  Governor  had  finished  speaking,  the  council 
was  adjourned. 

Saturday,  July  29th,  1837. 

There  were  present  about  twenty  chiefs  at  the  opening  of 
the  council  this  morning.  After  the  pipe  was  passed  among 
them,  Gov.  Dodge  said,  he  was  now  ready  to  proceed  with 
the  business  before  them,  and  wished  to  know  whether  they 
had  agreed  to  accept  the  price  he  had  offered  them  for  the 
land  they  had  sold  to  their  great  father,  and  whether  they 
would  accept  the  payment  in  the  manner  he  had  offered 
them.  The  chiefs  present  appeared  unwilling  to  make  an 
immediate  reply,  but  talked  among  themselves  in  a  low 
tone.  After  half  an  hour  had  passed,  the  warriors  and 
braves  to  the  number  of  several  hundred,  highly  painted, 
with  tomahawks  and  spears  in  their  hands,  carrying  before 
them  the  war  flag  of  their  nation,  and  the  flag  of  the  United 
States,  dancing  round  the  flags,  to  the  sound  of  their  drums, 
with  an  occasional  whoop  were  seen  advancing  toward  the 
bower  where  the  council  was  held,  When  they  had  come 
near  the  place  where  the  Governor  was  seated,  Mage-ga-bo 
and  Ma-go-bai,  two  of  the  principal  warriors  advanced  and 
after  shaking  hands  with  him,  Ma-go-bai  said:  My  father, 
you  see  before  you  to-day  the  principal  warriors  who  have 
spoken  with  you  since  you  have  invited  your  children  to 
meet  you.  My  father,  the  Great  Spirit  looks  upon  us  all. 
The  Master  of  life  made  all  the  different  bands  of  our  na- 
tion, and  we  are  brothers.  My  father,  the  warriors  of  our 
people  wish  to  be  just.  Our  traders  have  clothed  and  sup- 
ported our  young  men,  women,  and  children.  They  have 
made  our  hearts  glad,  by  being  among  us.  We  owe  a  debt 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        431 

to  our  traders  and  desire  that  they  should  be  paid.  Your 
children  are  poor,  and  not  able  to  do  them  justice  without 
the  assistance  of  our  great  father.  When  you  said  you 
wished  to  buy  our  land  your  children  were  pleased.  We 
thought  you  would  give  us  a  great  deal,  for  the  land  and  the 
tree  you  want ;  and  that  we  should  then  be  able  to  pay  our 
traders.  My  father,  the  hearts  of  our  warriors  were  yester- 
day made  lean,  and  a  dark  cloud  passed  over  our  eyes, 
when  we  heard  what  was  said  to  you.  My  Father,  we  do 
not  wish  to  displease  you:  you  have  been  kind  to  us  since 
we  have  been  here,  and  your  looks  have  always  been  pleas- 
ant. If  you  will  not  pay  what  we  owe  to  our  traders,  we  will 
return  to  our  country,  and  live  upon  our  lands.  We  now 
wait  for  your  answer. 

The  Governor  replied :  Your  great  father  is  much  pleased 
to  find  that  his  red  children  wish  to  be  just,  and  will  assist 
you  to  pay  what  you  owe  to  your  traders.  I  will  give  sev- 
enty thousand  dollars  to  pay  your  debts,  in  addition  to  the 
$800,000  which  I  promised  to  give  your  people  and  half 
breeds.  Your  father  will,  therefore,  without  taking  any 
thing  from  that  which  you  were  to  receive  satisfy  your 
traders. 

After  the  Governor  had  ceased  speaking,  all  the  Chippe- 
was  present  gave  token  of  satisfaction,  and  assented  to  the 
offer  which  had  been  made.  The  Governor  then  said  — 

Nothing  more  is  now  necessary  but  to  reduce  what  has 
been  agreed  upon  to  writing.  The  Secretary  will  prepare 
the  papers,  and  we  will  meet  again  the  afternoon,  that  the 
chiefs  may  touch  the  quill. 

Ma-ge-ga-bo  then  requested,  in  the  name  of  all  the  braves, 
permission  to  hold  a  dance  under  the  walls  of  Fort  Snell- 
ing.  The  request  having  been  granted,  the  gates  of  the  fort 
were  closed  by  the  orders  of  Capt.  Scott,  as  a  matter  of 
precaution.  About  three  hundred  braves  immediately 


• 


432    IOVA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

afterwards  commenced  th6  dance,  in  token  of  their  joy  and 
satisfaction  that  their  wishes  had  been  acceded  to.  This 
appeared  to  us  to  be  intended  as  the  greatest  compliment 
and  token  of  respect  that  could  be  paid  by  the  Indians  to 
the  Commissioner;  it  also  afforded  the  warriors  oppor- 
tunity to  boast  of  their  deeds  of  bravery,  to  tell  how  many 
scalps  they  had  taken  from  their  enemies,  (the  Sioux.)  We 
observed  a  great  many  of  the  Sioux  standing  near  the 
ground  where  the  dance  was  held,  looking  on  with  an  air  of 
apparent  indifference,  and  listening  quietly  as  each  war- 
rior successively  related  his  feats  of  arms,  in  the  pauses  of 
the  dance.  After  the  dance  was  ended,  the  Chippewas 
again  assembled  in  council  for  the  purpose  of  signing  the 
treaty  which  had  been  prepared  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Commission.  After  many  of  the  chiefs  had  touched  the 
quill,  the  interpreter  was  directed  to  ask 

Pish-ka-ga-ge,  (The  White  Crow,)  to  put  his  signature 
to  the  paper.  This  chief,  (from  Lake  de  Flambeau)  had 
not  spoken  during  the  holding  of  the  council,  although  he 
had  come  from  that  part  of  the  Chippewa  country  which 
had  been  purchased  by  the  Government,  and  was  under- 
stood to  be  the  most  influential  chief  in  his  band.  The 
White  Crow  having  advanced  and  shaken  hands  with  the 
Governor,  said:  My  father,  while  the  chiefs  of  my  people 
have  talked  with  you,  I  have  yet  said  nothing.  But  you 
must  not  suppose  that  I  am  unable  to  speak  on  proper  oc- 
casion, or  that  my  people  do  not  listen.  The  Great  Spirit 
looks  upon  me,  and  is  not  displeased  when  I  tread  upon  the 
land  occupied  by  my  forefathers.  Since  I  have  been  here, 
ray  mind  has  been  disturbed  by  the  talking  of  many  people, 
(alluding  to  the  traders)  so  that  I  was  not  satisfied  to  speak 
to  you.  I  am  pleased  with  what  the  chiefs  have  said  and 
what  has  been  done. 

The  Governor  then  said,  as  Pish-ka-ga-ge  did  not  arrive 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        433 

in  time  to  receive  any  of  the  presents  given  to  the  principal 
chiefs,  he  shall  yet  receive  what  was  intended  to  be  pre- 
sented as  an  acknowledgment  of  his  station  as  chief.  Pish- 
ka-ga-ge  then  said,  My  father,  I  now  touch  the  quill,  (touch- 
ing the  pen  in  the  hand  of  the  Secretary,  Mr.  Van  Antwerp) 
and  at  the  same  time  I  touch  all  the  whiskey  in  your  pos- 
session. 

The  remaining  chiefs  then  present  signed  the  treaty,  and 
the  Indians  immediately  prepared  to  return  to  their  coun- 
trv. 


WITH   THE   CHIPPEWA    1837 

Articles  of  a  treaty  made  and  concluded  at  St.  Peters  (the 
confluence  of  the  St.  Peters  and  Mississippi  rivers)  in 
the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  between  the  United  States 
of  America,  by  their  commissioner,  Henry  Dodge,  Gov- 
ernor of  said  Territory,  and  the  Chippewa  nation  of 
Indians,  by  their  chiefs  and  headmen. 

ARTICLE  1.  The  said  Chippewa  nation  cede  to  the  United 
States  all  that  tract  of  country  included  within  the  following 
boundaries : 

Beginning  at  the  junction  of  the  Crow  Wing  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers,  between  twenty  and  thirty  miles  above  where 
the  Mississippi  is  crossed  by  the  forty-sixth  parallel  of 
north  latitude,  and  running  thence  to  the  north  point  of 
Lake  St.  Croix,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  St.  Croix  river; 
thence  to  and  along  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  waters 
of  Lake  Superior  and  those  of  the  Mississippi,  to  the  sources 
of  the  Ocha-sua-sepe  a  tributary  of  the  Chippewa  river; 
thence  to  a  point  on  the  Chippewa  river,  twenty  miles  below 
the  outlet  of  Lake  De  Flambeau ;  thence  to  the  junction  of 
the  Wisconsin  and  Pelican  rivers ;  thence  on  an  east  course 
twenty-five  miles;  thence  southerly,  on  a  course  parallel 


434    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

with  that  of  the  Wisconsin  river,  to  the  line  dividing  the 
territories  of  the  Chippewas  and  Menomonies ;  thence  to  the 
Plover  Portage ;  thence  along  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
Chippewa  country,  to  the  commencement  of  the  boundary 
line  dividing  it  from  that  of  the  Sioux,  half  a  days  march 
below  the  falls  on  the  Chippewa  river;  thence  with  said 
boundary  line  to  the  mouth  of  Wah-tap  river,  at  its  junction 
with  the  Mississippi ;  and  thence  up  the  Mississippi  to  the 
place  of  beginning. 

ARTICLE  2.  In  consideration  of  the  cession  aforesaid, 
the  United  States  agree  to  make  to  the  Chippewa  nation, 
annually,  for  the  term  of  twenty  years,  from  the  date  of  the 
ratification  of  this  treaty,  the  following  payments. 

1.  Nino  thousand  five  hundred  dollars,  to  be  paid  in 
money. 

2.  Nineteen  thousand  dollars,  to  be  delivered  in  goods. 

3.  Three  thousand  dollars  for  establishing  three  black- 
smith shops,  supporting  the  blacksmiths,  and  furnishing 
them  with  iron  and  steel. 

4.  One  thousand  dollars  for  farmers,  and  for  supplying 
them  and  the  Indians,  with  implements  of  labor,  with  grain 
or  seed ;  and  whatever  else  may  be  necessary  to  enable  them 
to  carry  on  their  agricultural  pursuits. 

5.  Two  thousand  dollars  in  provisions. 

6.  Five  hundred  dollars  in  tobacco. 

The  provisions  and  tobacco  to  be  delivered  at  the  same 
time  with  the  goods,  and  the  money  to  be  paid;  which  time 
or  times,  as  well  as  the  place  or  places  where  they  are  to  be 
delivered,  shall  be  fixed  upon  under  the  direction  of  the 
President  of  the  United  States. 

The  blacksmith  shops  to  be  placed  at  such  points  in  the 
Chippewa  country  as  shall  be  designated  by  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Indian  Affairs,  or  under  his  direction. 

If  at  the  expiration  of  one  or  more  years  the  Indians 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        435 

should  prefer  to  receive  goods,  instead  of  the  nine  thousand 
dollars  agreed  to  be  paid  to  them  in  money,  they  shall  be  at 
liberty  to  do  so.  Or,  should  they  conclude  to  appropriate 
a  portion  of  that  annuity  to  the  establishment  and  support 
of  a  school  or  schools  among  them,  this  shall  be  granted 
them. 

ABTICLE  3.  The  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars 
shall  be  paid  by  the  United  States,  to  the  half-breeds  of  the 
Chippewa  nation,  under  the  direction  of  the  President.  It 
is  the  wish  of  the  Indians  that  their  two  sub-agents  Daniel 
P.  Bushnell,  and  Miles  M.  Vineyard,  superintend  the  distri- 
bution of  this  money  among  their  half-breed  relations. 

ARTICLE  4.  The  sum  of  seventy  thousand  dollars  shall 
be  applied  to  the  payment,  by  the  United  States,  of  certain 
claims  against  the  Indians;  of  which  amount  twenty-eight 
thousand  dollars  shall,  at  their  request,  be  paid  to  William 
A.  Aitkin,  twenty-five  thousand  to  Lyman  M.  Warren,  and 
the  balance  applied  to  the  liquidation  of  other  just  demands 
against  them  —  which  they  acknowledge  to  be  the  case  with 
regard  to  that  presented  by  Hercules  L.  Dousman,  for  the 
sum  of  five  thousand  dollars;  and  they  request  that  it  be 
paid. 

ARTICLE  5.  The  privilege  of  hunting,  fishing,  and  gather- 
ing the  wild  rice,  upon  the  lands,  the  rivers  and  the  lakes  in- 
cluded in  the  territory  ceded,  is  guarantied  to  the  Indians, 
during  the  pleasure  of  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  6.  This  treaty  shall  be  obligatory  from  and 
after  its  ratification  by  the  President  and  Senate  of  the 
United  States. 

Done  at  St.  Peters  in  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin  the 
twenty-ninth  day  of  July  eighteen  hundred  and  thirty- 
seven. 

Henry  Dodge,  Commissioner. 


436 


JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


From  Leech  lake: 

Aish-ke-bo-ge-koshe,  or  Flat  Motfth, 
B-che-o-sau-ya,  or  the  Elder  Brother. 

Chiefs. 

Pe-zhe-kins,  the  Young  Buffalo, 
Ma-ghe-ga-bo,  or  La  Trappe, 
O-be-gwa-dans,  the  Chief  of  the  Earth, 
Wa-bose,  or  the  Babbit, 
Che-a-na-quod,  or  the  Big  Cloud. 

Warriors. 

From  Gull  lake  and  Swan  river: 
Pa-goo-na-kee-zhig,  or  the  Hole  in  the 

Day, 

Songa-ko-mig,  or  the  Strong  Ground. 

Chiefs. 

Wa-boo-jig,  or  the  White  Fisher, 
Ma-cou-da,   or  the  Bear's  Heart. 

Warriors. 

From  St.  Croix  river: 
Pe-zhe-ke,  or  the  Buffalo, 
Ka-be-ma-be,  or  the  Wet  Month. 

Chiefs. 

Pa-ga-we-we-wetung,     Coming     Home 

Hollowing, 

Ya-banse,  or  the  Young  Buck, 
Kis-ke-ta-wak,  or  the  Cut  Ear. 

Warriors. 

From  Lake  Courteoville : 
Pa-qua-a-mo,  or  the  Wood  Pecker. 

Chief. 

From  Lac  De  Flambeau: 
Pish-ka-ga-ghe,  or  the  White  Crow, 
Na-wa-ge-wa,  or  the  Knee, 
O-ge-ma-ga,  or  the  Dandy, 
Pa-se-quam-jis,    or    the    Commissioner, 
Wa-be-ne-me,   or   the   White   Thunder. 

Chiefs. 

From   La   Pointe,    (on   Lake   Supe- 
rior) : 

Pe-zhe-ke,  or  the  Buffalo, 
Ta-qua-ga-na,    or    Two    Lodges    Meet- 
ing, 
Cha-che-que-o. 

Chiefs. 


From  Mille  Lac: 
Wa-shask-ko-kone,  or  Bats  Liver, 
Wen-ghe-ge-she-guk,  or  the  First 

Chiefs. 

Ada-we-ge-shik,  or  Both  Ends  of  the 

Sky, 
Ka-ka-quap,  or   the   Sparrow. 

Warriors. 

From  Sandy  Lake: 
Ka-nan-da-wa-win-zo,  or  Le  Brocheux, 
We-we-shan-shis,  the  Bad  Boy,  or  Big 

Mouth, 

Ke-che-wa-me-te-go,       or       the       Big 
Frenchman. 

Chiefs. 

Na-ta-rne-ga-bo,  the  Man  that  stands 

First, 
Sa-ga-ta-gun,   or  Spunk. 

Warriors. 

From  Suake  river: 
Naudin,  or  the  Wind, 
Sha-go-bai.  or  the  Little  Six, 
Pay-ajik,  or  the  Lone  Man, 
Na-qua-na-bie,  or  the  Feather. 

Chiefs. 

Ha-tau-wa, 

Wa-me-te-go-zhins,  the  Little  French- 
man, 
Sho-ne-a,  or  Silver. 

Warriors. 

From  Fond  du  Lac,    (on  Lake  Su- 
perior) : 

Alang-go-sit,  or  the  Loons  Foot, 
Sh ing-go-be,  or  the  Spruce. 

Chiefs. 

From  Bed  Cedar  lake: 
Mont-so-mo,   or  the  Murdering  Yell. 

From  Bed  lake: 
Francois  Goumean    (a  half  breed). 

From  Leech  lake: 

Sha-wa-ghe-zhig,  or  the  Sounding  Sky. 
Wa-zau-ko-ni-a,  or  Yellow  Bobe. 

Warriors. 


COUNCIL  WITH  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS        437 


Signed  in  the  presence  of  — 

Verplanek  Van  Antwerp,  Secretary  to 

the  Commissioner. 
M.    M.    Vineyard,    U.    S.    Sub-Indian 

Agent. 

Daniel  P.  Bushnell. 
Law.  Taliaferro,  Indian  Agent  at  St. 

Peters. 
Martin    Scott,    Captain,    Fifth    Kegi- 

ment  Infantry. 
J.  Emerson,  Assistant  Surgeon,  U.  S. 

Army. 
H.  H.  Sibley. 


H.  L.  Dousman. 

S.  C.  Stambaugh. 

E.  Lockwood. 

Lyman  M.  Warren. 

J.  N.  Nicollet. 

Harmen  Van  Antwerp. 

Win.  H.  Forbes. 

Jean  Baptiste  Dubay,  Interpreter. 

Peter  Quinn,  Interpreter. 

S.  Campbell,  U.  S.  Interpreter. 

Stephen  Bonga,  Interpreter. 

Wm.  W.  Coriell. 


(To  the  Indian  names  are  subjoined  a  mark  and  seal.) 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS 

AMERICANA 

GENERAL   AND    MISCELLANEOUS 

John  S.  Basse tt  is  the  author  of  A  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson  which 
recently  appeared. 

A  revised  edition  of  Channing  and  Hart's  Guide  to  the  Study  of 
American  History  is  in  preparation. 

The  Yale  University  Press  has  issued  the  Records  of  the  Federal 
Convention,  edited  by  Max  Farrand. 

A  volume  by  Ellen  Churchill  Semple  on  The  Influence  of  Geo- 
graphic Environment  is  announced  by  Henry  Holt  and  Company. 

A  new  and  revised  edition  of  Justice  to  the  Jew:  The  Story  of 
What  he  has  Done  for  the  World,  by  Madison  C.  Peters,  has 
appeared. 

A.  C.  McClurg  and  Company  announce  the  publication  of  a  vol- 
ume by  R.  K.  Bucham  entitled  Gettysburg:  The  Pivotal  Battle  of 
the  Civil  War. 

Slason  Thompson's  Railway  Statistics  of  the  United  States  of 
America  for  Hie  Year  Ending  June  30,  1910,  contains  the  usual 
amount  of  valuable  da.ta. 

The  World  Peace  Foundation  is  the  title  of  a  pamphlet  by  Edwin 
(Jinn,  describing  the  aims  and  activities  of  the  Foundation,  which 
has  its  headquarters  in  Boston. 

Leroy  Eltinge  is  the  writer  of  an  article  on  the  Psychology  of 
War,  which  appears  in  the  May  number  of  the  Journal  of  the 
United  States  Cavalry  Association. 

The  Report  of  the  Twenty -Eighth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Lake 
Mohonk  (Conference  of  Friends  of  the  Indian  and  Other  Dependent 
Peoples  contains  the  papers  and  addresses  at  the  meetings  held  on 

438 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  439 

October  19-21,  1910.  Two  sessions  were  devoted  to  Indian  affairs, 
two  to  the  Philippines,  one  to  Porto  Rico,  and  one  to  Guam  and 
Hawaii. 

Kate  M.  Scott  is  the  writer  of  an  illustrated  booklet  on  The 
National  Association  of  Army  Nurses  of  the  Civil  War,  which  has 
been  published  by  the  Citizens  Executive  Committee  of  Atlantic 
City,  New  Jersey. 

The  March  Bulletin  of  the  New  York  Public  Library  contains  a 
concluding  installment  of  the  List  of  Works  Relating  to  Arabia  and 
the  Arabs.  In  the  April  number  there  is  a  List  of  Works  Relating 
to  Muhammadanism. 

A  monograph  on  Maryland  under  the  Commonwealth:  A  Chron- 
icle of  the  Tears  1649-1658,  by  Bernard  C.  Steiner,  has  recently 
appeared  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical 
and  Political  Science. 

The  Bulletin  of  the  Virginia  State  Library  for  January  contains 
A  List  of  the  Official  Publications  of  the  Confederate  States  Gov- 
ernment in  the  Virginia  State  Library  and  the  Library  of  the 
Confederate  Memorial  Literary  Society. 

A  pamphlet  issued  in  May  by  the  American  Society  of  Judicial 
Settlement  of  International  Disputes  consists  of  a  discussion  of 
The  Development  of  the  American  Doctrine  of  Jurisdiction  of 
Courts  over  States,  by  Alpheus  Henry  Snow. 

In  the  January -April  number  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  there  is  an  article  on  The  Formation  of  Coal 
Beds,  by  John  J.  Stevenson,  which  is  a  contribution  to  the  geo- 
logical history  of  one  of  the  Nation's  natural  resources. 

The  University  of  Pennsylvania  has  issued  A  History  of  the  New 
England  Fisheries,  by  Raymond  McFarland.  The  volume,  which 
is  illustrated  by  a  number  of  maps,  deals  with  the  history  of  the 
fisheries  as  an  industry,  rather  than  as  a  problem  of  diplomacy, 
although  there  is  a  brief  discussion  of  the  fisheries  question. 

An  Extension  of  the  Known  Area  of  Pleistocene  Glaciation  to 
the  Coast  Ranges  of  California  is  the  title  of  an  article  by  Ruliff  S. 


440     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Holway  which  opens  the  March  number  of  the  Bulletin  of  the 
American  Geographical  Society.  F.  V.  Emerson's  interesting  dis- 
cussion of  Geographic  Influences  in  American  Slavery  is  concluded 
in  this  number. 

The  Beginnings  of  St.  Andrews  University,  1410-1418,  by  J. 
Maitland  Anderson ;  The  Dispensation  for  the  Marriage  of  John 
Lord  of  the  Isles  and  Amie  MacRuari,  1337,  by  J.  Maitland  Thom- 
son; The  Scottish  Islands  in  the  Diocese  of  Sudor,  by  Reginald  L. 
Poole;  Scottish  Burgh  Records,  by  George  Neilson,  are  articles  in 
The  Scottish  Historical  Revieiv  for  April. 

In  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics  for  May  are  the  follow- 
ing articles :  The  Development  of  the  Theory  of  Money  from  Adam 
Smith  to  David  Ricardo,  by  Jacob  H.  Hollander;  the  concluding 
installment  of  Railway  Rate  Theories  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission,  by  M.  B.  Hammond;  and  Scientific  Management  in  the 
Operation  of  Railroads,  by  William  J.  Cunningham. 

Three  pamphlets  published  by  the  American  Association  for 
International  Conciliation  in  April,  May,  and  June,  respectively, 
are:  The  Expansion  of  Military  Expenditures,  by  Alvin  S.  John- 
son; The  First  Universal  Races  Congress,  by  Lord  Weardale;  and 
the  Opening  Address  at  the  Lake  Mohonk  Conference  on  Interna- 
tional Arbitration,  May  24,  1911,  by  Nicholas  Murray  Butler. 

Among  the  articles  in  the  Journal  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Criminal  Law  and  Criminology  for  May  are:  The  International 
Union  of  Criminal  Law,  by  J.  A.  Van  Hamel ;  The  Administration 
of  Criminal  Justice  in  Wisconsin,  by  E.  Ray  Stevens ;  Should  Cap- 
ital Punishment  Be  Abolished?,  by  Maynard  Shipley;  and  The 
Contributory  Dependency  Law  of  Iowa,  by  Henry  E.  C.  Ditzen. 

Bulletin  number  forty-three  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Amer- 
ican Ethnology  contains  a  scholarly  monograph  on  the  Indian 
Tribes  of  the  Lower  Mississippi  Valley  and  Adjacent  Coast  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  by  John  R.  S  wanton.  The  writer  deals  with  the 
tribes  of  this  region  by  groups,  taking  up  in  order  the  Natchez,  the 
Muskbogean  tribes  proper,  the  Tunican  group,  the  Chitimacha  and 
the  Atakapa  Group. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  441 

Barriers  Against  Democracy  in  the  British  Electoral  System  is 
the  subject  discussed  by  Edward  Porritt  in  an  article  which  opens 
the  Political  Science  Quarterly  for  March.  George  H.  Haynes 
writes  on  "People's  Rule"  in  Oregon,  1910.  The  power  of  Con- 
gress to  charter  interstate  commerce  corporations  is  discussed  by 
Sydney  D.  Moore  Hudson  under  the  heading,  Federal  Incorpora- 
tion. James  Harvey  Robinson  reviews  Aulard's  Political  History 
of  the  French  Revolution. 

Dudley  0.  McGovney  contributes  a  second  installment  of  his 
discussion  of  American  Citizenship  to  the  April  number  of  the 
Columbia  Law  Review.  The  present  chapter  deals  with  Unincor- 
porated Peoples  and  Peoples  Incorporated  with  Less  than  Full 
Privileges.  In  the  May  number  William  C.  Coleman  discusses 
Constitutional  Limitations  upon  State  Taxation  of  Foreign  Cor- 
porations,  and  Joseph  M.  Proskauer  writes  on  Corporate  Privilege 
Against  Self-Incrimination. 

Among  the  articles  in  The  Survey  during  the  past  quarter  are 
"The  Appeal"  and  its  Influence,  by  W.  J.  Ghent;  and  The  Cheer- 
ful Giver  of  Transportation,  by  Mary  E.  Richmond  (April  1)  ; 
The  Proposed  Wisconsin  Industrial  Commission,  by  Francis  H. 
Bird  (April  22)  ;  a  discussion  of  The  Court  of  Appeals  Decision 
relative  to  the  workmen's  compensation  act  (April  29) ;  Is  Man- 
kind Advancing?,  by  James  Harvey  Robinson  (May  6) ;  The  Ideals 
of  Progress,  by  Simon  N.  Patten  (June  3). 

The  May  number  of  The  Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Political  and  Social  Science  is  devoted  to  Political  and  Social  Prog- 
ress in  Latin-America.  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  banking,  monetary 
reform,  commerce,  public  instruction,  and  immigration  are  among 
the  subjects  discussed  in  the  various  articles.  Elihu  Root,  Henry 
White,  Paul  S.  Reinsch,  and  Albert  A.  Giesecke  are  among  the 
contributors.  The  Supplement  to  this  number  is  devoted  to  a  study 
of  The  Living  Wage  of  Women  Workers,  by  Louise  Marion  Bos- 
worth. 

Historical  Sketches  of  the  Hampton  Settlements  on  Long  Island, 
by  Josiah  C.  Pumpelly;  and  Coronado's  March  Across  the  High 


• 


442     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Plains,  by  L.  D.  Scisco,  who.  discusses  the  much  mooted  question  of 
the  explorer's  route,  are  articles  in  Americana  for  March.  The 
April  number  opens  with  an  estimate  of  Alexander  Hamilton's 
Place  in  History,  by  Victor  Hugo  Duras.  President  Lincoln  and 
the  Case  of  John  T.  Beall,  by  Isaac  Markens;  and  Heroes  of  the 
Alamo,  by  John  Savage,  are  among  the  contributions  in  the  May 
number.  John  R.  Meader's  series  on  the  Little  Wars  of  the  Re- 
public, and  the  History  of  the  Mormon  Church,  by  Brigham  H. 
Roberts,  are  continued  through  all  three  numbers. 

All  those  who  had  occasion  to  use  the  first  volume  of  The  Hand- 
hook  of  American  Indians  North  of  Mexico,  prepared  and  pub- 
lished by  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  have  welcomed  the 
second  volume  which  recently  appeared.  This  volume  contains 
Indian  names  from  N  to  Z,  together  with  a  helpful  synonymy  and 
an  extended  bibliography.  The  completed  work,  of  which  Fred- 
erick A\rebb  Hodge  is  the  editor,  is  by  far  the  best  and  most  satis- 
factory authority  on  North  American  Indians  that  has  appeared. 
Nearly  three  score  men,  all  of  whom  are  well  known  for  their 
ethnological  and  archaeological  researches,  have  contributed  to  the 
work.  There  are  also  numerous  illustrations  which  add  to  the 
value  of  the  volumes. 

The  Relation  of  Social  Theory  to  Public  Policy,  by  Franklin  H. 
Giddings,  opens  the  March  number  of  The  American  Journal  of 
Sociology.  Ulysses  G.  Weatherly  writes  on  The  Racial  Element  in 
Social  Assimilation.  Frank  W.  Blackmar  opens  a  discussion  on 
Leadership  in  Reform,  and  is  followed  by  Jerome  Dowd,  Maurice 
Parmalee,  Albion  W.  Small,  Edward  A.  Ross,  and  others.  Another 
article  is  one  by  John  M.  Gillette  on  The  Drift  to  the  City  in  Rela- 
lian  to  the  Rural  Problem.  Among  the  articles  in  the  May  number 
are :  Sociological  Appraisal  of  Western  Influence  in  the  Orient,  by 
Edward  Warren  Capen ;  The  Church  and  the  City  Community,  by 
Walter  Laidlaw;  and  Social  Control  of  the  Domestic  Relations,  by 
Oeorge  Elliott  Howard. 

A  fourth  series  of  the  Bulletin  of  the  American  Economic  Asso- 
ciation has  been  begun,  and  it  bears  the  title,  The  American  Eco- 
nomic Review.  The  first  number  appeared  in  March.  Among  the 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  443 

contributions  in  this  number  are :  How  Tariffs  Should  Not  be  Made, 
by  F.  W.  Taussig;  The  Promotion  of  Trade  with  South  America, 
by  David  Kinley;  East  Indian  Immigration  to  British  Columbia 
and  the  Pacific  States,  by  H.  A.  Millis.  About  one  hundred  and 
forty  out  of  the  two  hundred  and  twenty  pages,  as  befits  the  name 
of  the  publication,  are  devoted  to  reviews  and  notes.  The  second 
number  appeared  in  April  and  contains  the  Papers  and  Discussions 
of  the  Twenty-third  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Association  at  St.  Louis 
last  December,  opening  with  the  address  of  the  President,  Edmund 
J.  James,  on  The  Economic  Significance  of  a  Comprehensive  Sys- 
tem of  National  Education. 

Recent  articles  in  The  American  Review  of  Reviews  are:  Photo- 
graphing the  Civil  War,  by  Henry  Wysham  Lanier;  President- 
Choosing —  Old  Ways  and  New,  by  Victor  Rosewater;  and  Will 
There  be  a  New  Party?,  by  James  A.  Edgerton  (March) ;  Glimpses 
of  the  Confederate  Army,  by  Randolph  H.  McKim;  Uncle  Sam  on 
Police  Duty,  by  Arthur  "Wallace  Dunn;  and  Timber  Conservation 
as  Related  to  Reciprocity,  by  Thomas  B.  Walker  (April) ;  The  Cav- 
alry of  the  Civil  War,  by  Theodore  F.  Rodenbough;  and  The 
Federal  Regulation  of  American  Railroads,  by  Charles  H.  Marshall 
(May) ;  Canada's  Tariff  Policy,— The  Old  East  Versus  the  New 
West,  by  Albert  J.  Beveridge;  The  New  York  Public  Library,  by 
Montrose  J.  Moses;  The  Volunteer  Soldiers  of  1861,  by  Charles 
King;  and  Twenty  Tears  of  International  Copyright,  by  Brander 
Matthews. 

A  unique  and  up-to-date  article  is  one  on  Aerial  Jurisdiction,  by 
George  Grafton  Wilson,  which  appears  in  the  May  number  of  The 
American  Political  Science  Review.  Theodore  Marburg  describes 
The  Washington  Meeting  of  the  American  Society  for  the  Judicial 
Settlement  of  International  Disputes.  Frank  J.  Goodnow  in  an 
article  on  The  Constitutionality  of  Old  Age  Pensions  discusses  a 
subject  which  will  probably  be  of  greater  interest  in  the  future 
than  it  has  been  in  the  past  in  the  United  States.  The  two  remain- 
ing articles  are:  Political  Institutions  in  Liberia,  by  George  W. 
Ellis;  and  Tendencies  of  the  Labor  Legislation  of  1910,  by  Irene 
Osgood  Andrews.  Among  the  subjects  dealt  with  in  the  Notes  on 


444    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Current  Legislation,  conducted  by  Horace  E.  Flack,  are  child  labor, 
corrupt  practices  at  elections,  electoral  systems,  initiative  and  ref- 
erendum, labor  legislation,  the  recall,  Congressional  legislation,  and 
the  proposed  short-cut  to  the  revision  of  the  Constitution  in 
Indiana. 

Volume  two  of  the  University  of  California  Publications  in 
Economics  has  come  to  hand.  It  consists  of  A  History  of  California 
Labor  Legislation  with  an  Introductory  Sketch  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco Labor  Movement,  by  Lucile  Eaves.  The  monograph  is  elab- 
orate and  gives  evidence  of  careful  and  scholarly  preparation. 
Perhaps  no  other  Commonwealth  of  the  far  West  has  had  such 
varied  and  complicated  labor  problems  as  California.  The  suc- 
cessive chapters  in  the  volume  deal  with  the  San  Francisco  labor 
movement,  slave  or  free  labor  in  California,  Federal  and  State 
legislation  for  the  exclusion  and  regulation  of  the  Chinese,  the 
length  of  the  work-day,  the  protection  of  the  wages  of  labor,  the 
relations  between  employer  and  employee,  child  labor,  the  pro- 
tection of  women  workers,  the  protection  of  the  life  and  health  of 
employees,  Sunday  laws,  employment  agencies,  convict  labor, 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  Board  of  Arbitration,  the  union  label, 
and  judicial  restraint  on  trade-unions.  The  index,  unfortunately, 
is  inadequate. 

A  two-volume  work  which  contains  a  good  collection  of  hitherto 
unpublished  documents  has  come  from  the  press  of  the  Arthur  H. 
Clark  Company  under  the  title :  Louisiana  Under  the  Rule  of  Spain, 
France,  and  the  United  States,  1785-1807.  The  editor  is  James 
Alexander  Robertson.  The  most  extensive  document  is  entitled 
Historical  and  Political  Reflections  on  Louisiana,  written  in  1803  by 
Paul  Alliot,  a  physician  who,  with  his  family,  was  deported  from 
New  Orleans  to  France  and  was  later  permitted  to  return  to 
America.  Among  the  briefer  documents  are  a  description  of 
Louisiana  written  in  1790  by  Thomas  Jefferson,  a  military  report 
by  Baron  de  Carondelet,  a  letter  from  Minister  Alvarez  to  the 
Captain-general  of  Cuba,  instructions  from  Minister  Decres  to 
French  officials,  letters  from  Laussat  and  Talleyrand  to  Decres,  and 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  445 

various  letters  by  Governor  Claiborne.  The  work  is  fairly  well 
indexed  and  in  print  and  paper  leaves  little  to  be  desired.  It  will 
prove  useful  to  all  students  of  Mississippi  Valley  history. 

WESTEEN 

The  City  Club  of  Chicago  has  published  a  pamphlet  bearing  the 
title,  The  Practical  Operation  of  the  Initiative  and  Referendum. 

Yesterday  and  Today:  A  History  of  the  Chicago  and  North 
Western  Railway  System  has  been  published  by  the  Company  in  a 
revised  and  enlarged  edition. 

S.  Gale  Lowrie  is  the  compiler  of  a  pamphlet  on  Corrupt  Prac- 
tices at  Elections,  which  has  been  published  by  the  Wisconsin 
Legislative  Reference  Department. 

The  Need  of  a  State  Tax  Commission  in  Colorado  is  pointed  out 
by  John  Burton  Phillips  in  the  number  of  The  University  of  Colo- 
rado Studies  published  in  February. 

A  special  number  of  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  University  of 
North  Dakota  contains  the  proceedings  of  the  inauguration  of 
President  Frank  Le  Rond  McVey  in  September,  1910. 

The  February  number  of  the  North  Dakota  Magazine  is  devoted 
to  brief  biographical  sketches  of  the  members  of  the  Congressional 
delegation  from  that  State,  the  officers  of  the  Commonwealth,  and 
members  of  the  State  legislature. 

Jesse  Walter  Fewkes  presents  a  Preliminary  Report  on  a  Visit 
to  the  Navaho  National  Monument,  Arizona,  in  Bulletin  number 
fifty  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology.  The  volume  is 
profusely  illustrated. 

Two  numbers  of  the  Anthropological  Papers  of  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  are :  Contributions  to  the  Anthropology 
of  Central  and  Smith  Sound  Eskimo,  by  Ales  Hrdlicka;  and  The 
Social  Life  of  the  Blackfoot  Indians,  by  Clark  Wissler. 

The  Charter  Day  Address  delivered  by  Theodore  Roosevelt  in  the 
Greek  Theatre  at  the  University  of  California  on  March  23,  1911, 
is  printed  in  the  April  number  of  The  University  of  California 

VOL.  ix — 30 


446     IOFA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Chronicle.  It  is  a  plea  not  only  for  the  raising  of  the  common  level 
of  the  people  through  higher  institutions  of  learning,  but  also  for 
the  development  of  men  who  shall  be  masters  in  exceptional  lines 
of  work.  Alice  Lorraine  Andrews  is  the  writer  of  An  Ode  to  the 
Pioneers  which  is  a  vivid  reflection  of  the  spirit  of  the  westward 
movement. 

Phonetic  Constituents  of  the  Native  Languages  of  California,  by 
A.  L.  Kroeber ;  and  The  Languages  of  the  Coast  of  California  North 
of  San  Francisco,  by  the  same  author,  are  two  recent  monographs 
in  the  series  of  University  of  California  Publications  in  American 
Archaeology  and  Ethnology. 

An  article  describing  the  scope  and  activities  of  the  new  School 
of  Education  at  the  University  of  Kansas  is  written  by  Charles 
Hughes  Johnston  for  the  March  number  of  The  Graduate  Magazine 
of  the  University  of  Kansas.  Alberta  L.  Corbin  contributes  Some 
Impressions  of  America  and  Germany. 

IOWAXA 

The  Northwestern  Banker  for  April  contains  an  address  by  J.  H. 
Ingwersen  on  The  State  We  Live  In. 

Tn  The  Grinncll  Review  for  April  there  is  an  article  011  Oppor- 
tunities for  Service  in  Social  Work. 

The  Old  Blair  Building,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  is  the  title  of  a 
pamphlet  published  by  The  Torch  Press. 

Some  Statistics  of  Iowa  State  College  Engineering  Graduates  are 
presented  in  the  May  number  of  The  Iowa  Engineer. 

The  First  Great  Mission  of  the  Church,  by  Inez  Smith,  is  an 
article  of  interest  in  the  April  number  of  Autumn  Leaves. 

A  pamphlet  by  Charles  R.  Green  is  devoted  to  the  Family  History 
and  Genealogy  of  the  Dry  den  Barb  our  Family,  Traer,  Iowa. 

Henry  L.  F.  Gillespie  of  Manchester,  Iowa,  is  the  author  of  a 
pamphlet  entitled  The  Universalist  Church  and  Freemasonry. 

Iowa  Municipal  Laiv,  by  A.  W.  Osborne;  and  Cement  Concrete 
Paving,  by  Charles  P.  Chase,  are  articles  in  the  April  number  of 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  447 

Midland  Municipalities.  The  principal  contribution  in  the  May 
number  is  a  brief  article  on  Play  Grounds  for  Iowa,  by  William 
Krebs. 

Frank  E.  Horack  presents  a  clear  and  concise  resume  of  the 
workings  of  the  primary  in  Iowa  since  1907  in  a  paper  on  Primary 
Elections  in  Iowa,  which  is  reprinted  from  the  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Political  Science  Association. 

The  Conservation  of  Iowa  Lakes,  Streams,  and  Woodlands  is  the 
title  of  a  pamphlet  by  Thomas  H.  Macbride  and  Bohumil  Shimek, 
which  is  a  reprint  from  the  first  Report  of  the  Iowa  State  Drainage, 
Waterways,  and  Conservation  Commission. 

A  clear  statement  of  the  arguments  in  favor  of  woman  suffrage 
is  presented  by  Carrie  Chapman  Catt  in  an  article  entitled  The 
Will  of  the  People,  which  appears  in  the  March  number  of  The 
Alumnus  published  at  Iowa  State  College.  In  the  April  number 
there  is  an  article  on  America  and  Peace  in  the  Orient,  by  J.  G. 
Emerson. 

The  Iowa  Suffragists  and  their  Work  is  the  subject  of  a  brief 
sketch  by  Mary  J.  Coggeshall  which  appears  in  the  March  number 
of  The  Midwestern.  E.  G.  Wylie  discusses  freight  rates  in  Iowa  in 
an  article  entitled  Looking  Backward,  in  the  April-May  number. 
Applied  Patriotism  is  the  title  given  to  a  description  of  the  work 
of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution  in  Iowa. 

A  symposium  on  the  question  Is  Roman  Catholicism  a  Danger? 
is  to  be  found  in  The  American  Freemason  for  April,  May,  and 
June.  In  the  last  number  there  is  an  article  on  the  Beginnings  of 
American  Freemasonry,  by  Julius  F.  Sachse.  Thomas  Carr's  dis- 
cussion of  The  Swastika,  its  History  and  Significance  is  also  con- 
tinued through  these  three  issues. 

Three  biographical  sketches  may  be  found  in  the  March  number 
of  The  Iowa  Alumnus.  "W.  B.  Guthrie  is  the  writer  of  a  sketch  of 
John  G.  Bowman,  the  newly-elected  President  of  the  State  Univer- 
sity of  Iowa.  Charles  Noble  Gregory,  the  retiring  Dean  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Law,  is  the  subject  of  an  appreciation  by  Emlin  McClain. 
J.  G.  Spielman  writes  a  brief  note  on  Charles  E.  Merriam,  Son  of 


448    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

"Old  Gold"  for  Mayor  of  Chicago.  In  the  April  number  there  is 
an  article  by  Herbert  C.  Dorcas  discussing  Entrance  Requirements 
and  Attendance  at  the  State  University,  which  is  concluded  in  the 
May  number.  Here  may  also  be  found  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  the 
late  Professor  Samuel  Calvin,  together  with  the  addresses  delivered 
at  the  memorial  program  on  May  3,  1911. 

A  reprint  from  the  Bulletin  from  the  Laboratories  of  Natural 
History  of  the  State  University  of  loiva  is  a  monograph  by  Bohumil 
Shimek  on  The  Prairies  which  will  be  of  great  interest  and  value 
to  the  student  of  the  early  settlement  of  the  West,  because  it  con- 
tains clear  and  definite  information  concerning  the  geological  and 
biological  aspects  of  the  prairies,  and  their  suitability  for  human 
habitation. 

SOME    RECENT    PUBLICATIONS   BY    IOWA    AUTHORS 

Elliott,  Francis  Perry, 

The  Haunted  Pajamas.     Indianapolis:  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 

1911. 
Foy,  Frank, 

Money  in  Poultry  and  Squabs.    Des  Moines:  Published  by  the 

author.     1911. 
Gillespie,  Henry  L.  F., 

The  Universalist  Church  and  Freemasonry.    Manchester,  Iowa  : 

Published  by  the  author.     1910. 
Glaspell,  Susan, 

The  Visioning.    New  York:  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.     1911. 
Goodyear,  Lloyd  E., 

Farm  Accounting  for  the  Practical  Farmer.     Cedar  Rapids: 

Goody  ear-Marshall  Publishing  Co.    1911. 
Gordon,  Henry  Evarts, 

Vocal  Expression  in  Speech:  A  Treatise  on  the  Fundamentals 

of  Public  Speaking.    Boston :  Ginn  &  Co.     1911. 
Green,  Charles  R., 

Family  History  and  Genealogy  of  the  Dry  den  Barbour  Family, 
Traer,  Iowa.    Olathe,  Kansas :  Register  Publishing  Co.    1911. 
Hassell,  Susan  Whitcomb, 

The  Old  Home.    San  Diego,  California :  Frye  and  Smith.    1911. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  449 

Heinz,  Flora,  and  Martha  Sanborn, 

Art  and  Love.    Boston:  Ginn  &  Co.     1911. 
Hillis,  Newell  Dwight, 

The  Contagion  of  Character:  Studies  in  Culture  and  Success. 

New  York  and  Chicago :  Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.    1911. 
Hoist,  Bernhart  Paul, 

Practical  American  Encyclopedia.    Chicago:  Conkey  Publish- 
ing Co.    1911. 
Lillibridge,  William  Otis, 

A  Breath  of  Prairie  and  Other  Stories.    Chicago:  A.  C.  Mc- 

Clurg  &  Co.    1911. 
Mahood,  John  Wilmot, 

The  Lost  Art  of  Meditation.    New  York  and  Chicago :  Fleming 

H.  Revell  Co.    1911. 
Medbury,  Charles  S., 

From  the  Throne  of  Saul  to  Bethlehem.    Cincinnati :  Standard 

Publishing  Co.    1911. 
Pammell,  L.  H., 

A  Manual  of  Poisonous  Plants.     Cedar  Rapids:  The  Torch 

Press.    1910. 
Parrish,  Randall, 

Love  Under  Fire.    Chicago :  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.    1911. 
Quick,  J.  Herbert, 

Yellowstone    Nights.      Indianapolis:    The    Bobbs-Merrill    Co. 

1911. 
Richman,  Irving  B., 

California  Under  Spain  and  Mexico.    Boston:  Houghton  Mif- 

flin  Co.    1911. 
Robbins,  E.  Clyde, 

Selected  Articles  on  the  Commission  Plan  of  Municipal  Gov- 
ernment   (Revised    and    enlarged    edition).      Minneapolis: 
H.  W.  Wilson  Co.    1911. 
Sanborn,  Martha,  and  Flora  Heinz, 

Art  and  Love.    Boston :  Ginn  &  Co.    1911. 
Shimek,  Bohumil, 

The  Prairies.    Iowa  City :  The  State  University  of  Iowa.    1911. 


450    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Starbuck,  Edwin  Diller,        % 

The  Psychology  of  Religion    (Third  Edition).     New  York: 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    1911. 

SOME  RECENT   HISTORICAL  ARTICLES  IN  IOWA   NEWSPAPERS 

The  Register  and  Leader 

Senatorial  Deadlock  of  Early  Days  in  Iowa,  by  L.  P.  Andrews, 

March  26,  1911. 
Mrs.  Parker  K.  Holbrook's  Work  for  Hall  for  Women  at  S.  U.  I., 

March  26,  1911. 
Forty-Sixth  Anniversary  of  the  Civil  War  and  its  Last  Battle,  by 

J.  S.  Clark,  April  9,  1911. 

The  Cabin  of  the  Cabin  Club  of  Cedar  Falls,  April  9,  1911. 
Flints  Rescued  by  the  Iowa  State  History  Museum,  by  T.  Van 

Hyning,  April  9,  1911. 

Former  Postmaster  E.  H.  Hunter,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  April  9,  1911. 
Judge  Cole  in  Eulogy  of  John  A.  Kasson,  April  9,  1911. 
Grenville  M.  Dodge  —  Iowa's  Great  Soldier  Celebrates  his  Eighti- 
eth Birth  Anniversary,  April  16,  1911. 
Sketch  of  Life  of  Samuel  Calvin,  April  18,  1911. 
Iowa's  New  Senator,  William  S.  Kenyon,  by  F.  W.  Beckman,  April 

23,  1911. 
Women  Whom  Des  Moines  Delights  to  Honor,  by  Mrs.  Addie  B. 

Billington,  April  23,  1911. 
Sketch  of  Life  of  David  B.  Murrow  —  Polk  County  Pioneer,  April 

28,  1911. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  "Mike"  Healy,  April  28,  1911. 
Fiftieth  Anniversary  of  Zetagathian  Society  at  S.  U.  I.,  April  30, 

1911. 
William  B.  Stewart,   Oldest  Clerk  in  the  Railway  Mail  Service, 

April  30,  1911. 

Diplomatic  Triumphs  of  Thomas  C.  Dawson,  April  30,  1911. 
William  D.   Christy,   Good  Soldier  and  Good  Citizen,  by  L.   P. 

Andrews,  April  30,  1911. 

Iowa's  First  White  Settler  a  Member  of  the  Fox  Indian  Tribe,  by 
E.  E.  McGee,  May  7,  1911. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  451 

Aaron  Ward  Harlan  —  He  Knew  Black  Hawk,  Keokuk,  and  Other 

Early  Iowa  Leaders,  by  Edgar  R.  Harlan,  May  7,  1911. 
Ex-Slave  who  Made  Good  —  Scott  McGaw  of  Davenport,  May  7, 

1911. 

The  Lnnde  Family  in  Iowa,  May  7,  1911. 
Mormons  Look  for  Iowa  City  Church  Bell  for  a  Half  Century,  May 

14,  1911. 
Indian  Relics  in  State  Museum  of  History,  by  T.  Van  Hyning,  May 

14,  1911. 
George  W.  Marquardt,  one  of  Iowa's  Pioneer  Merchants,  by  L.  P. 

Andrews,  May  14,  1911. 
Driving  by  Road  to  Get  the  Steer  to  Market,  by  James  E.  Downing, 

May  14,  1911. 

Eulogy  of  Charles  F.  Saylor,  by  Truman  G.  Palmer,  May  14,  1911. 
N.  R.  Kuntz,  One  of  the  Oldest  Settlers  of  Polk  County,  by  L.  F. 

Andrews,  May  21,  1911. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  John  R,  Mott,  by  F.  W.  Beckman,  May  21,  1911. 
The  Real  Sherman,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  May  26,  1911. 
Hunt  for  Slayers  of  Col.  George  Davenport,  Iowa's  First  Pioneer, 

by  0.  H.  Mills,  May  28,  1911. 
John  H.  Peters,  one  of  the  Framers  of  the  Constitution  of  Iowa, 

May  28,  1911. 
Esther  A.  Ridley,  First  White  Woman  in  Emmet  County,  June  4, 

1911. 
Robert  T.  Christy,  a  Pioneer  Des  Moines  Pork  Packer,  by  L.  F. 

Andrews,  June  4,  1911. 
Sketch  of  Life  of  W.  L.  Eaton,  June  8,  1911. 

" Mother"  Stoddard  —  Fifty  Years  Friend  of  Central  CoUege  Stu- 
dents, June  11,  1911. 

Career  of  John  Hafer,  the  Boatmaker  of  Okoboji,  June  18,  1911. 
Common  Errors  That  May  be  Found  in  Civil  War  Statistics,  by 

Albert  Loughridge,  June  18,  1911. 
The  Smith  Family  —  A  Notable  Group  of  Polk  County  Pioneer  Men 

and  Women,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  June  18,  1911. 

The  Burlington  Hawk-Eye 
Twenty  Years  Ago.     (In  each  Sunday  issue.) 


452     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  Pioneer  Ross  Family  in  Burlington  and  Southern  Iowa  April 

2,  9,  16,  23,  1911. 

The  Old  Gear  Homestead,  April  9,  1911. 

Presentation  of  Portrait  of  Hon.  Francis  Springer,  April  23,  1911 
On  Reading  History,  by  Naboth  Osborne,  May  2,  1911. 
Article  on  Greeley  and  Lincoln  by  W.  P.  Elliott,  May  14,  1911. 
Zetagathian  Society  of  S.  U.  I.,  May  14,  1911. 
Reminiscences  of  Civil  War,  May  21,  1911. 
Sketch  of  Burlington  before  the  War,  by  W.  P.  Elliott,  June  11, 


Old  Burlington  Boat  Club,  June  18,  1911. 

The  Dubuque  Telegraph-Herald 

Mrs.  Irene  Thomas  -  Survivor  of  Spirit  Lake  Massacre,  May  14, 
1911. 

Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Lumber  Business  on  the  Mississippi,  June  4, 

J.t7JLJL. 
Early  Dubuque  Directory,  June  18,  1911. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES 

PUBLICATIONS 

A.  Hooton  Blackiston  describes  the  peculiar  ruins  of  Quirigua 
in  Guatemala  in  the  March-April  number  of  the  Records  of  the 
Past.  J.  A.  Jeancon  tells  of  Explorations  in  Chama  Basin,  New 
Mexico. 

The  Manuscript  Collections  of  the  American  Antiquarian  So- 
ciety are  described  by  Charles  Henry  Lincoln  in  a  reprint  from 
volume  four  of  the  Papers  of  the  Bibliographical  Society  of 
America. 

The  number  of  the  Publications  of  the  Onondaga  Historical 
Association  published  in  April  contains  a  catalogue  of  portraits, 
relics,  maps,  and  other  historical  material  in  the  historical  building 
at  Syracuse,  New  York. 

The  April  number  of  The  Medford  Historical  Register  opens 
with  an  article  on  Trinity  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  by  Moses 
Whitcher  Mann.  An  Old  Medford  Landmark  is  the  subject  of  a 
brief  note  by  John  H.  Hooper. 

A  valuable  volume  which  will  probably  be  published  during  the 
current  year  is  an  analytical  index  to  the  Public  Papers  of  Gov- 
ernor George  Clinton,  which  has  been  announced  by  the  State 
Historian  of  New  York. 

The  Addresses  at  the  Unveiling  of  the  Bust  of  Matt  W.  Ransom 
by  the  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission  on  January  11,  1911, 
may  be  found  in  the  Publications  of  the  North  Carolina  Historical 
Commission,  Bulletin  No.  10. 

Two  pamphlets  published  by  the  Chicago  Historical  Society  are : 
The  Indian  as  a  Diplomatic  Factor  in  the  History  of  the  Old  North- 
west, by  Isaac  J.  Cox;  and  The  Preamble  and  Boundary  Clauses 
of  the  Illinois  Constitution,  by  Herman  G.  James. 

453 


454    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  volume  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society  at  the  Annual  Meeting  held  in  Worcester  October  19, 1910, 
contains  the  ordinary  reports  and  a  symposium  on  The  Present 
State  of  Historical  Writing  in  America  in  which  J.  Franklin 
Jameson,  John  Bach  McMaster,  and  Edward  Channing  participate. 

The  Nebraska  State  Historical  Society  has  published  an  Outline 
of  Nebraska  History,  prepared  by  Albert  Watkins.  It  furnishes 
lists  of  references  on  the  various  phases  of  Nebraska  history  from 
the  earliest  explorations  down  to  the  present  time,  and  closes  with 
a  Summary  of  Nebraska  History. 

History  of  the  Chippewa  Nation  as  Told  by  Themselves  and 
Catholic  Documents,  by  J.  0.  Kinnaman;  Can  we  Obtain  any  Def- 
inite Knowledge  of  the  Beginning  of  Civilized  Lifef,  by  N.  Kolpin; 
and  Physiography  of  the  Great  Colorado  Canon,  by  Charles  Hal- 
lock,  are  among  the  articles  in  The  American  Antiquarian  and 
Oriental  Journal  for  October-December,  1910. 

An  illustrated  article  on  The  Court  Houses  in  Salem,  by  Sidney 
Perley,  is  the  opening  contribution  in  the  April  number  of  the 
Historical  Collections  of  the  Essex  Institute.  There  is  a  continua- 
tion of  the  Houses  and  Buildings  of  Groveland,  Mass.,  by  Alfred 
Poore;  and  a  sixth  installment  of  Sidney  Perley 's  discussion  of 
Marblehead  in  the  Tear  1700. 

Volume  seven  of  the  seventh  series  of  the  Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society  Collections  is  devoted  to  the  first  part  of  the  Diary 
of  Cotton  Mather  1681-1708,  edited  by  Worthington  C.  Ford.  Be- 
sides the  diary  proper  there  are  letters  to  Increase  Mather,  John 
Cotton,  and  Samuel  Pensh allow,  one  of  which  tells  of  the  execution 
of  witches  at  Salem  and  the  Jamaica  earthquake. 

Volume  thirteen  of  the  Collections  of  the  Connecticut  Historical 
Society  consists  of  the  second  volume  of  Correspondence  and  Docu- 
ments During  Jonathan  Law's  Governorship  of  the  Colony  of 
Connecticut  1741-1750.  The  material  included  in  this  volume  cov- 
ers the  period  from  August,  1745,  to  December,  1746.  These  letters 
and  documents  should  prove  of  great  value  to  the  student  of  early 
colonial  history. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  455 

A  second  and  last  installment  of  J.  I.  Good's  contribution  en- 
titled The  Earliest  Account  of  Protestant  Missions,  A.  D.  1557,  is 
to  be  found  in  the  Journal  of  the  Presbyterian  Historical  Society 
for  March.  The  Little  Family  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  is  the 
title  of  a  sketch  by  Charles  Little.  Some  Noteworthy  Features  in 
the  Annals  of  the  Mahoning  Presbyterian  Church,  1785-1910,  are 
outlined  by  Robert  JLaird  Stewart. 

The  Records  of  the  American  Catholic  Historical  Society  for 
March  opens  with  the  Baptismal  Registers  of  Holy  Trinity  Church, 
Philadelphia,  for  1793-4-5,  transcribed  by  F.  X.  Reuss  and  edited 
by  Thomas  C.  Middleton.  Some  copper  objects  found  in  Indian 
mounds  are  described  by  James  Savage  in  an  article  on  The  Pre- 
historic Finds  of  Michigan.  Another  contribution  consists  of 
Philadelphia  Catholic  Historical  Briefs. 

The  April  number  of  the  Deutsch-Amerikanische  Geschichts- 
bldtter  opens  with  a  brief  account  of  the  Elfte  Jahresversammlung 
der  Deutsch-Amerikanischen  Historischen  Gesellschaft  von  Illinois. 
Among  the  other  contributions  are:  Der  Deutsch-Amerikanische 
National-Bund,  by  William  U.  Fritsch;  an  Address  Delivered  at 
the  Unveiling  of  the  Steuben  Statue,  Washington,  D.  C.,  December 
7th,  1910,  by  Richard  Bartholdt;  and  Peter  Miihlenbergs  Ingend- 
jahre,  by  C.  F.  Huch. 

Henry  A.  M.  Smith  discusses  the  Cypress  Barony  in  The  South 
Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical  Magazine  for  January  in  his 
series  on  The  Baronies  of  South  Carolina.  Another  contribution  is 
the  Register  of  the  Independent  or  Congregational  (Circular) 
Church,  1732-1738,  edited  by  Mabel  L.  Webber.  In  the  April 
number  Mr.  Smith  discusses  the  Wadboo  Barony  and  there  is  pub- 
lished a  Journal  of  the  Campaign  to  the  Southward,  May  9th  to 
July  14th,  1778,  by  John  Fauchereau  Grimke. 

Charles  Edward  Mann  is  the  writer  of  a  brief  sketch  of  Deloraine 
Pendre  Corey  which  appears  in  the  April  number  of  The  New 
England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register.  Among  the  con- 
tinuations is  the  list  of  Emigrants  from  England,  prepared  by 
Gerald  Fothergill;  and  a  list  of  names  connected  with  the  First 


• 


456    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Ownership  of  Ohio  Lands,  by -Albion  Morris  Dyer.  A  supplement 
to  this  number  contains  the  proceedings  of  the  Society  at  the  an- 
nual meeting  held  on  January  25,  1911. 

The  Relation  of  Archaeology  to  History  is  the  subject  of  an  ad- 
dress by  Carl  Russell  Fish,  which  appears  in  the  December- 
February  number  of  The  Wisconsin  Archeologist.  Arlow  B.  Stout 
writes  a  brief  sketch  on  The  Winnebago  and  the  Mounds.  Charles 
E.  Brown  is  the  contributor  of  two  articles,  one  on  Silver  Trade 
Crosses,  and  the  other  on  A  Group  of  Indian  Mounds  on  the  Peca- 
tonica  River.  There  are  also  some  Notes  of  the  Four  Lakes  Indians, 
and  a  notice  of  The  Centenary  of  Increase  Allen  Lapham. 

The  January-March  number  of  The  Quarterly  Publication  of  the 
Historical  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Ohio  is  devoted  to  a  trans- 
lation of  a  Welsh  pamphlet  entitled  The  American.  The  pamphlet 
was  written  by  B.  W.  Chidlaw,  a  Welsh  minister  in  Ohio,  and  was 
first  published  in  1840.  It  describes  a  journey  from  the  Ohio  Val- 
ley to  Wales  in  the  year  1839  and  contains  a  description  of  the 
State  of  Ohio  and  a  brief  history  of  Welsh  settlements  in  America. 
An  introductory  note  is  written  by  L.  Belle  Hamlin. 

First  Free  School  in  Queen  Anne's  County  is  the  title  of  an 
article  by  Edwin  H.  Brown,  Jr.,  which  opens  the  Maryland  His- 
torical Magazine  for  March.  A  transcript  of  Admiral  Cockburn's 
Plan  indicates  clearly  who  was  responsible  for  the  suggestion  which 
led  to  the  attack  on  the  city  of  Washington  during  the  War  of  1812, 
and  also  reveals  what  might  easily  have  been  the  fate  of  Baltimore 
had  the  suggestion  been  followed  without  modification.  Baltimore 
in  1846  is  the  title  of  a  paper  which  was  read  before  the  Society  in 
1875  by  Henry  Stockbridge,  Sr. 

The  Southwestern  Boundary  of  Texas,  1821-1840,  is  the  topic 
discussed  by  Thomas  Maitland  Marshall  in  a  scholarly  article 
which  appears  in  the  April  number  of  The  Quarterly  of  the  Texas 
State  Historical  Association.  E.  W.  Winkler  tells  of  Some  His- 
torical Activities  of  the  Texas  Library  and  Historical  Commission. 
Alexander  Horton  contributes  an  autobiographical  sketch  under 
the  heading,  Life  of  A.  Horton  and  Early  Settlement  of  San  Angus- 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  457 

tine  County.    An  interesting  article  on  a  fascinating,  subject  is  one 
by  Adele  B.  Looscan,  on  Micajah  Antrey,  a  Soldier  of  the  Alamo. 

General  Zachary  Taylor  and  the  Mexican  War  is  the  title  of  an 
article  by  Anderson  Chenault  Quisenberry,  which  appears  in  the 
May  number  of  The  Register  of  the  Kentucky  State  Historical  So- 
ciety. An  appendix  contains  a  roster  of  Kentuckians  who  served 
in  the  War  with  Mexico.  A  brief  biographical  sketch  of  Henry 
Waiter  son:  World-Famous  Editor  of  the  Louisville  Courier- 
Journal  is  written  by  Ella  H.  Ellwanger.  Under  the  somewhat 
non-committal  heading,  Those  Who  Have  Been  and  Are  Not,  A.  D. 
Price  presents  an  historical  sketch  of  the  physicians  who  once  lived 
in  Harrodsburg,  Kentucky,  or  vicinity. 

James  Peckham  and  Thomas  L.  Snead,  two  historical  writers 
who  made  noteworthy  contributions  to  the  history  of  Missouri  in 
their  books  dealing  with  events  in  that  State  during  the  year  1861, 
are  the  subject  of  discussion  in  a  paper  on  Two  Missouri  His- 
torians, by  H.  E.  Robinson,  which  appears  in  the  April  number  of 
the  Missouri  Historical  Review.  Frank  H.  Hodder  contributes 
some  interesting  Side  Lights  on  the  Missouri  Compromise  which  in- 
clude some  letters  from  Senators  Benton  and  Barton.  Bryant's 
Station  and  its  Founder,  William  Bryant,  is  the  subject  discussed 
by  Thomas  Julian  Bryant.  The  closing  article  is  one  by  Joab 
Spencer  on  John  Clark,  Pioneer  Preacher  and  Founder  of  Meth- 
odism in  Missouri. 

Volume  six,  part  one,  of  the  Historical  Records  and  Studies  pub- 
lished by  the  United  States  Catholic  Historical  Society  contains 
some  excellent  contributions  of  western  interest.  Thomas  J.  Camp- 
bell is  the  writer  of  an  article  on  Pierre  Esprit  Radisson  which  is 
not  only  entertaining  reading,  but  gives  evidence  of  careful  re- 
search. Under  the  heading  An  Iroquois  Chief,  Edward  P.  Spillane 
writes  a  brief  sketch  of  Jean  Baptlste  Taiaiake,  the  last  great  chief 
of  the  Iroquois  Indians.  Another  contribution  by  Thomas  J.  Camp- 
bell is  a  discussion  of  the  First  Canadian  Missionaries  and  the  Holy 
Eucharist.  There  is  also  a  review  of  the  second  volume  of  Reverend 
Campbell's  history  of  Pioneer  Priests  of  North  America,  which 
deals  with  the  priests  among  the  Huron  Indians. 


458    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  seventh  volume  of  the .  Collections  of  the  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Library  comprises  the  second  volume  in  the  Executive  Series 
which  is  devoted  to  the  Governors'  Letter-Books  1840-1853,  edited 
by  Evarts  Boutell  Greene  and  Charles  Manfred  Thompson.  There 
is  a  general  introduction  by  Professor  Greene,  and  A  Study  of  the 
Administration  of  Governor  Thomas  Ford,  by  Professor  Thompson, 
which  occupies  eighty  pages.  The  Governors  whose  letter-books 
are  here  presented  are  Thomas  Carlin,  Thomas  Ford,  Augustus  C. 
French,  and  Joel  A.  Matteson.  One  hundred  and  thirty  pages  are 
also  devoted  to  Letters  of  Wadsworth  and  Sheldon  to  Governor 
French,  1847-1853.  A  list  of  letters,  a  bibliography,  and  an  ex- 
cellent index  complete  the  volume  and  make  it  very  convenient  for 
use  by  the  student. 

The  Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography  for  April  opens 
with  some  transcripts  of  Minutes  of  the  Council  and  General  Court, 
1622-1624.  The  portion  of  The  Randolph  Manuscript  here  printed 
consists  of  some  extracts  from  Council  journals  for  the  years  from 
1686  to  1688.  The  Miscellaneous  Colonial  Documents  illustrate 
various  events  in  the  year  1775,  and  among  them  may  be  found  an 
advertisement  by  the  agent  of  the  Transylvania  Company.  Under 
the  heading,  Early  Settlers  in  Greenbrier  County,  are  some  ex- 
tracts from  the  journal  of  Dr.  Thomas  Walker,  who  was  one  of  the 
first  men  to  make  a  trip  into  Kentucky,  the  date  of  the  journal 
being  1750.  Colonel  Scarborough's  Report,  contributed  by  Thomas 
B.  Robertson,  tells  of  attempts  to  suppress  the  Quakers  in  what  is 
now  a  part  of  Maryland. 

Frank  E.  Stevens  is  the  writer  of  a  biographical  sketch  of 
Alexander  Pope  Field  appearing  in  the  April  number  of  the 
Journal  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  which,-  to  say  the 
least,  is  not  eulogistic.  The  Burial  and  Resurrection  of  Black 
Hawk  is  the  subject  of  an  article  by  J.  F.  Snyder  which  embodies 
some  interesting  information  concerning  the  famous  chieftain  and 
the  burial  customs  of  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians.  The  Church 
Records  of  Salt  Creek  Circuit,  1829-1833,  form  a  contribution  to 
early  western  church  history.  A  sketch  of  the  Life  and  Services  of 
General  Thomas  J.  Henderson,  by  J.  W.  Templeton,  furnishes  some 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  459 

sidelights  on  Abraham  Lincoln.  William  R.  Sandham  is  the  writer 
of  an  appreciation  of  Hon.  James  H.  Miller,  who  was  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  act  which  created  the  Illinois  State  Historical 
Library. 

In  the  January  number  of  The  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  His- 
tory and  Biography  may  be  found  the  proceedings  of  the  banquet 
given  by  the  Society  on  December  31,  1910,  to  celebrate  the  ninety- 
fifth  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  General  George  Gordon  Meade. 
Joseph  Richardson's  Road  is  discussed  by  Samuel  W.  Pennypacker 
in  an  article  which  deals  with  an  interesting  phase  of  early  Penn- 
sylvania history.  Joseph  Jackson  in  an  article  entitled  The  First 
Balloon  Hoax  shows  that  the  balloon  ascension  which  has  been  con- 
sidered to  have  taken  place  in  Philadelphia  on  December  28,  1783, 
never  occurred,  and  that  it  was  a  hoax  perpetrated  largely  for  the 
purpose  of  increasing  the  fame  of  the  Philosophical  Society  of 
Philadelphia.  Some  Extracts  from  the  Journal  of  Surgeon  Eben- 
ezer  Elmer  of  the  New  Jersey  Continental  Line,  September  11-19, 
1777,  are  contributed  by  John  Nixon  Brooks. 

A  rather  extended  account  of  The  Meeting  of  the  American  His- 
torical Association  at  Indianapolis  during  the  last  week  in 
December,  1910,  may  be  found  in  the  April  number  of  The  Amer- 
ican Historical  Review.  Roger  Bigelow  Merriman  is  the  writer  of 
an  article  on  The  Cortes  of  the  Spanish  Kingdoms  in  the  Later 
Middle  Ages.  Carl  Becker  discusses  Horace  Walpole's  Memoirs  of 
the  Reign  of  George  the  Third.  Under  the  heading  The  Literature 
of  the  Russo-Japanese  War  appears  an  interesting  article  signed  by 
"A  British  Officer".  The  only  article  in  this  number  which  may 
be  said  to  come  within  the  range  of  American  History  is  one  on  the 
Privateers  and  Pirates  of  the  West  Indies,  by  Violet  Barbour.  The 
concluding,  contribution  is  composed  of  a  number  of  documents 
dealing  with  American  Commercial  Conditions,  and  Negotiations 
with  Austria,  1783-1786,  edited  by  Edmund  C.  Burnett. 

The  eleventh  volume  of  the  Collections  of  the  Kansas  State  His- 
torical Society,  edited  by  George  W.  Martin,  is  a  volume  which 
contains  much  interesting  and  valuable  material.  To  note  all  of 
the  articles  would  be  impossible,  but  the  following  are  illustrative : 


460    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  Significance  of  Kansas  History,  by  Charles  Harker  Rhodes; 
First  Appearance  of  Kansas  at  a  National  Convention,  by  A.  G. 
Procter;  The  Swedish  Settlements  in  Central  Kansas,  by  Alfred 
Bergin;  The  Boundary  Lines  of  Kansas,  by  George  W.  Martin;  A 
History  of  Manufacturing  in  the  Kansas  District,  by  Richard  L. 
Douglas ;  Personal  Recollections  of  the  Battle  of  Shiloh,  by  Leander 
Stillwell;  The  Sank  and  Foxes  of  Franklin  and  Osage  Counties, 
Kansas,  by  Ida  M.  Ferris ;  and  Massacre  of  the  Villazur  Expedition 
by  the  Pawnees  on  the  Plait e  in  1720,  by  John  B.  Dunbar.  A  num- 
ber of  maps  and  illustrations  add  interest  to  the  volume,  and  there 
is  a  splendid  index. 

The  third  volume  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Association,  which  contains  the  proceedings  for  the  year 
1909-1910,  exceeds  the  previous  volumes  in  point  of  size  and  the 
number  of  papers.  Two  meetings  were  held  during  this  year,  one 
at  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  on  January  18,  1910,  and  the  other  at  Iowa 
City  on  May  26  and  27,  1910.  Among  the  numerous  excellent 
papers  which  this  volume  contains  are  the  following :  In  Kiowa 
Camps,  by  James  Mooney;  The  Pioneer  and  the  Forest,  by  Bo- 
hurail  Shimek;  The  Significance  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  in  Amer- 
ican History,  by  Frederick  Jackson  Turner;  The  Significance  of 
the  Louisiana-Texas  Frontier,  by  Isaac  Joslin  Cox ;  The  Bid  of  the 
West  for  the  National  Capital,  by  Olynthus  B.  Clark;  George 
Rogers  Clark  and  Detroit  1780-1781,  by  James  Alton  James ;  Past 
and  Present  Sticking  Points  in  Taxation,  by  Frank  L.  McVey;  and 
The  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources,  by  W  J  McGee. 

Under  Three  Flags  or  the  Story  of  St.  Louis  Briefly  Told,  by 
Gustavus  A.  Finkelnburg,  is  the  opening  contribution  in  the  third 
number  of  volume  three  of  the  Missouri  Historical  Society  Collec- 
tions. Walter  B.  Douglas  is  the  writer  of  an  article  on  Manuel  Lisa 
which  is  interesting  and  scholarly,  and  is  to  be  continued.  The 
Spanish  Forts  at  the  Mouth  of  the  Missouri  River  is  the  title  given 
a  brief  document  copied  from  the  General  Arc-hives  of  the  Indies 
at  Seville.  Charles  A.  Krone  continues  his  Recollections  of  an  Old 
Actor.  There  is  a  Letter  of  Don  Manuel  Perez  to  the  People  of 
Saintc  Gcncuicvc,  17!)  1,  taken  from  the  Valle  papers,  together  with 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  461 

a  brief  sketch  of  Don  Manuel  Perez,  which  is  the  closing  contribu- 
tion. Among  the  notes  in  the  back  of  the  volume  is  a  biographical 
sketch  of  Pierre  Chouteau,  who  died  on  November  21,  1910,  and 
whose  ancestors  included  such  famous  pioneers  as  Pierre  Chouteau, 
the  great  merchant,  Charles  Gratiot,  and  Laclede,  the  founder  of 
St.  Louis. 

ACTIVITIES 

A  summer  school  will  be  maintained  by  the  School  of  American 
Archaeology  during  August  at  El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles,  New  Mexico. 

The  North  Central  History  Teachers  Association  held  a  meeting 
at  Evanston  on  May  20th,  in  connection  with  the  meetings  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association. 

The  sum  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  has  been 
appropriated  by  the  legislature  of  North  Carolina  for  the  erection 
of  a  fire-proof  building  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Historical 
Commission,  the  Hall  of  History,  the  Supreme  Court,  and  the  State 
Library. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Maryland  Historical  Society  on 
February  13,  1911,  the  following  officers  were  elected:  President, 
Mendes  Cohen ;  Vice  Presidents,  W.  Hall  Harris,  George  A.  Leakin, 
and  Henry  Stockbridge;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Richard  H. 
Spencer;  Treasurer,  William  Bowly  Wilson. 

Mr.  David  M.  Matteson  is  engaged  in  preparing  a  general  index 
to  all  of  the  publications  of  the  American  Historical  Association. 
The  second  volume  of  the  Annual  Report  for  1908,  which  completes 
the  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  Republic  of  Texas,  is  an- 
nounced for  early  distribution.  The  Association  has  also  nearly 
completed  the  preparation  of  its  biennial  Handbook. 

The  Chicago  Historical  Society  is  planning  to  commemorate  the 
centennial  of  the  Fort  Dearborn  massacre  by  the  publication  of  a 
volume  of  documents  edited  by  Milo  M.  Quaife.  The  Society  has 
recently  come  into  possession  of  the  splendid  collection  of  Lewis 
and  Clark  literature  formerly  owned  by  Charles  H.  Conover.  The 
Report  of  the  Society  for  1910  indicates  a  growth  along  all  lines. 

VOL.  ix — 31 


462     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Carl  R.  Fish's  Guide  to  tfye  Materials  for  American  History  in 
Roman  and  Other  Italian  Archives,  and  William  H.  Allison's  In- 
ventory of  Unpublished  Materials  for  American  Religious  History, 
Chiefly  in  Protestant  Church  Archives,  have  been  published  by  the 
Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington.  David  W.  Parker's  Calendar 
of  Territorial  Papers  in  Government  Archives  at  Washington  is 
in  press. 

At  the  fifteenth  annual  meeting  of  the  Texas  State  Historical 
Association  on  March  2nd  the  following  officers  were  elected: 
President,  A.  W.  Terrell ;  Vice  Presidents,  Beauregard  Bryan,  R.  L. 
Batts,  Milton  J.  Bliem,  and  Luther  W.  Clark ;  Recording  Secretary 
and  Librarian,  E.  C.  Barker;  Corresponding  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer, C.  W.  Ramsdell.  Fifty  new  members  were  elected  and 
Edward  Dunn  was  chosen  a  Fellow. 

THE   STATE   HISTORICAL   SOCIETY    OF   ILLINOIS 

The  State  Historical  Society  of  Illinois  held  its  annual  meeting 
at  Evanston  and  Chicago  on  Wednesday  and  Thursday,  May  17 
and  18,  1911.  The  following  addresses  and  papers  were  presented: 
an  address  of  welcome,  by  Mayor  Joseph  E.  Paden  of  Evanston; 
Thomas  Sloo,  Jr.,  a  Typical  Politician  of  Early  Illinois,  by  Isaac 
J.  Cox;  The  Fordhams  and  La  Serres  of  the  English  Settlement  in 
Edwards  County,  Illinois,  by  Walter  Colyer;  The  Development  of 
the  Illinois  State  Constitutions,  by  Christopher  B.  Coleman; 
Massachusetts,  the  Germans,  and  the  Chicago  Convention  of  1860, 
by  Frank  I.  Herriott;  and  an  address  by  Clark  E.  Carr;  Abraham 
Lincoln's  Early  Connection  with  the  Republican  Party,  by  I.  P. 
Wharton;  and  Life  and  Labors  of  William  H.  Collins,  One  of  the 
Founders  of  the  Illinois  Historical  Society,  by  James  Robert  Smith. 

At  the  business  meeting  practically  the  same  officers  who  have 
served  during  the  past  year  were  reflected.  The  report  of  the 
Secretary-Treasurer,  Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer  Weber,  revealed  a  con- 
sistent growth  in  the  activities  of  the  Society,  which  now  numbers 
over  twelve  hundred  members.  The  volume  containing  the  Trans- 
actions for  1909  is  about  ready  for  distribution.  The  next  volume 
of  the  Collections  to  be  published  will  probably  contain  the  George 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  463 

Rogers  Clark  papers.  Bills  for  a  commission  to  formulate  plans 
for  the  erection  of  a  building  for  the  Society,  and  appropriating 
money  for  the  purchase  of  Starved  Rock  and  vicinity,  over  a  thou- 
sand acres,  have  been  especially  urged  by  the  Society  in  the  legis- 
lature. Plans  are  being  made  for  the  celebration  next  year  of  the 
centennial  of  Madison  County,  Illinois,  which  was  established  in 
1812  by  Governor  Ninian  Edwards.  The  Committee  on  Archae- 
ology recommended  active  work  along  archaeological  and  eth- 
nological lines. 

THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIATION 

The  fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 
Association  was  held  at  Chicago  and  Evanston  on  Thursday  and 
Friday,  May  18  and  19,  1911,  following  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
State  Historical  Society  of  Illinois.  In  Chicago  the  sessions  were 
held  in  the  building  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  while  at 
Evanston  the  place  of  meeting  was  the  rooms  of  the  Evanston  His- 
torical Society  in  the  Public  Library  building.  The  following  pro- 
gram, with  a  few  omissions  and  rearrangements,  was  carried  out: 

May  18,  2:30  P.  M. 

Address  of  Welcome  —  Dr.  Otto  L.  Schmidt. 

President's  Address  —  The  Iowa  School  of  Research  Historians  — 
Benjamin  F.  Shambaugh,  Professor  in  the  State  University  of 
Iowa. 

Paper  —  Robert  J.  Walker,  Imperialist  —  William  E.  Dodd,  Pro- 
fessor in  the  University  of  Chicago. 

Paper  —  Myths  of  the  American  Indians  as  Material  for  Supple- 
mentary Reading  in  Our  Secondary  Schools  —  Orin  G.  Libby, 
Professor  in  the  State  University  of  North  Dakota. 
Paper  —  Some   Notes   on   the   Fort  Dearborn  Massacre  —  M.    M. 

Quaife,  Professor  in  Lewis  Institute. 

Paper  —  Some  Materials  for  the  Social  History  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  During  the  Nineteenth  Century  —  Solon  J.  Buck,  Re- 
search Assistant  in  the  University  of  Illinois. 


464    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

May  18,  8:00  P.  M. 
Address  —  Old  Steamboat  Days  on  the  Mississippi  River  —  George 

B.  Merrick,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 
Informal  reception  to  the  members  of  the  various  associations  by 

the  Chicago  Historical  Society. 

May  19,  10:00  A.  M. 
Paper  —  The  Mississippi  Valley  and  Internal  Improvements,  1825- 

1840  —  R.  B.  Way,  Professor  in  the  University  of  Indiana. 
Paper  —  A  Comparison  of  Some  of  the  Source  Material  on  Brad- 

dock's  Campaign  —  Archer  B.  Hulbert,  Professor  in  Marietta 

College. 
Paper  —  The  Early  Harbor  History  of  Wisconsin  —  A.  G.  Plumb, 

Manitowoc,  Wisconsin. 
Paper — Were  the  Outagami  of  Iroquois  Stock? — N.  H.  Winchell, 

St.  Paul,  Minnesota. 
Business  Meeting  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association. 

May  19,  12:30  P.  M. 
Luncheon  tendered  to  the  members  of  the  visiting  associations  by 

Mayor  and  Mrs.  Joseph  E.  Paden  at  the  Evanston  Club,  Grove 

Street   and   Chicago   Avenue.      Following   the   luncheon   Mr. 

Henry  J.  Patten  provided  automobiles  for  a  ride  through  the 

city  of  Evanston. 

May  19,  3:00  P.  M. 
Paper  —  Personal  Recollections  of  the   Civil   War  —  Mrs.   R.   A. 

Stewart,  Evanston,  Illinois. 
Adjourned  business  meeting  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 

Association. 

May  19,  5:00  P.  M. 
Reception  tendered  to  the  members  of  the  visiting  associations  by 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  G.  Dawes,  at  their  home,  Greenwood 

Boulevard  and  Sheridan  Road. 

May  19,  8:15  P.  M. 

Address  —  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas  as  Lawyers 
—  Orin  N.  Carter,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Illinois  Supreme 

Court. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  465 

The  attendance  was  perhaps  not  as  large  as  at  the  meeting  at 
Iowa  City  last  year,  but  what  was  lacking  in  numbers  was  supplied 
in  interest  and  enthusiasm.  The  papers  were  unusually  good  and 
when  published  in  the  fourth  volume  of  the  Proceedings  will  con- 
tribute materially  to  the  reliable  literature  of  Mississippi  Valley 
history. 

At  the  business  session  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  was 
adopted  whereby  changes  are  made  in  the  provisions  relative  to 
membership  and  membership  dues.  Three  classes  of  membership 
are  now  provided :  active,  sustaining,  and  life,  of  which  the  dues 
are  one,  five,  and  fifty  dollars,  respectively.  There  was  quite  a 
spirited  debate  on  the  proposition  to  raise  the  active  membership 
dues  to  two  dollars. 

The  following  officers  were  elected:  President,  Andrew  C.  Mc- 
Laughlin;  First  Vice  President,  Reuben  Gold  Thwaites;  Second 
Vice  President,  James  Alton  James;  Secretary-Treasurer,  Clarence 
S.  Paine.  The  Executive  Committee  was  considerably  enlarged. 

THE  STATE  HISTOKICAL  SOCIETY  OF  IOWA 
Dr.  Louis  Pelzer's  biography  of  Henry  Dodge  has  come  from  the 
press  and  will  be  distributed  within  a  short  time. 

Mr.  Clifford  Powell  has  been  appointed  to  the  position  of  General 
Assistant  for  the  summer  months,  to  succeed  Mr.  Carroll  B.  Martin. 

The  Superintendent,  Dr.  Benjamin  F.  Shambaugh,  delivered  an 
address  before  the  Old  Settlers'  Association  of  Cedar  County  at 
Tipton  on  June  10th. 

The  biography  of  James  Harlan  by  Mr.  Johnson  Brigham,  which 
will  make  a  volume  of  over  four  hundred  pages,  is  practically 
ready  for  the  printers. 

A  collection  of  papers  of  Leander  Clark,  former  Indian  Agent 
for  the  Meskwaki  Indians  in  Tama  County,  has  recently  been  de- 
posited with  the  Society. 

Mr.  Kenneth  W.  Colgrove,  a  member  of  the  Society  and  the  con- 
tributor of  a  number  of  articles  to  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY 
AND  POLITICS,  is  spending  the  summer  in  Europe,  chiefly  at 
Eisenach,  Germany. 


466     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Miss  Eliza  L.  Johnson,  wfeo  is  in  charge  of  the  library  of  the 
Society,  has  been  granted  a  three  months'  leave  of  absence  and  is 
spending  the  summer  in  Europe.  Miss  M.  Florence  Franzen  has 
charge  of  the  library  in  her  absence. 

Mr.  Henry  E.  C.  Ditzen  of  Davenport,  a  member  of  the  Society, 
is  the  author  of  an  article  on  The  Contributory  Dependency  Law 
of  Iowa,  which  appears  in  the  May  number  of  the  Journal  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and  Criminology. 

The  following  persons  have  recently  been  elected  to  membership 
in  the  Society:  Mr.  R.  J.  Fleming,  Des  Moines,  Iowa;  Mr.  C.  R. 
Benedict,  Shelby,  Iowa;  Mr.  A.  C.  Gustafson,  Red  Oak,  Iowa; 
Mr.  Oscar  Hale,  Wapello,  Iowa;  Mr.  0.  J.  Henderson,  Webster 
City,  Iowa;  Mr.  Hugh  Mossman,  Vinton,  Iowa;  Mr.  E.  B.  Soper, 
Emmetsburg.  Iowa;  Mr.  Geo.  M.  Bechtel,  Davenport,  Iowa;  Mr. 
L.  M.  Bosworth,  Ames,  Iowa;  Mr.  John  C.  Bryant,  Red  Oak,  Iowa; 
Dr.  Olynthus  B.  Clark,  Des  Moines,  Iowa ;  Mr.  M.  H.  Cohen,  Des 
Moines,  Iowa;  Mr.  William  Louden,  Fairfield,  Iowa;  Mr.  B.  E. 
Stonebraker,  Rockwell  City,  Iowa;  Mr.  Dillon  Turney,  Fairfield, 
Iowa ;  and  Mr.  A.  W.  Wilkinson,  Winterset,  Iowa. 

RESEARCH  WORK  IN  THE  SOCIETY 

The  rooms  of  the  Society  will  be  the  scene  of  unusual  activity 
along  the  lines  of  research  in  Iowa  history  during  the  present  sum- 
mer. Four  Research  Associates  have  been  appointed  and  will  be 
in  residence  at  Iowa  City  during  the  greater  part  of  the  summer 
months.  Mr.  Jacob  Van  der  Zee,  a  graduate  of  Oxford  University, 
England,  who  has  been  connected  with  the  work  of  the  Society  for 
several  years,  will  complete  his  volume  on  the  Dutch  in  Iowa.  Mr. 
Van  der  Zee  is  at  present  pursuing  law  studies  at  Harvard  Univer- 
sity. Dr.  E.  H.  Downey  of  Kenyon  College,  Gambier,  Ohio, 
the  author  of  the  History  of  Labor  Legislation  in  Iowa,  will  make 
investigations  along  the  line  of  industrial  history.  Dr.  John  C. 
Parish  of  Montclair,  Colorado,  whose  contributions  to  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Society  are  well  known,  will  be  at  work  on  a  biography 
of  George  W.  Jones.  Dr.  John  E.  Brindley  of  the  Iowa  State  Col- 
lege at  Ames,  author  of  the  History  of  Taxation  in  Iowa,  will  make 
a  study  of  road  legislation  in  Iowa. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  467 

Besides  the  Research  Associates  a  number  of  Research  Assistants 
have  been  appointed.  Mr.  Clarence  R.  Aurner  will  be  engaged  in 
writing  a  history  of  township  government  in  Iowa,  and  Professor 
Frank  H.  Garver  of  Morningside  College  will  pursue  studies  along 
a  similar  line  with  respect  to  county  government.  Professor 
Olynthus  B.  Clark  of  Drake  University  will  continue  an  investiga- 
tion which  he  has  already  begun  in  the  field  of  Iowa  politics  during 
the  period  of  the  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction.  Professor  L.  B. 
Schmidt  of  Iowa  State  College  will  also  be  engaged  in  working  out 
some  subject  in  the  political  history  of  Iowa. 

A  number  of  graduate  students  and  others  are  also  planning  to 
do  research  work  in  connection  with  the  Society  during  the  sum- 
mer. Dr.  Dan  E.  Clark,  the  Assistant  Editor,  plans  to  complete  a 
volume  on  the  history  of  senatorial  elections  in  Iowa. 


NOTES  AND  COMMENT 

Provision  has  been  made  for  the  establishment  of  a  Bureau  of 
Research  in  Municipal  Government  at  Harvard  University. 

On  April  27  to  29  the  fifth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  So- 
ciety of  International  Law  was  held  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  Fifth  International  Congress  of  the  International  Tax  Asso- 
ciation will  be  held  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  September  5-8,  1911. 

The  next  annual  meeting  of  the  Political  Science  Association  will 
be  held  at  Buffalo,  New  York,  during  the  last  week  in  December. 

Professor  George  F.  Kay  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa  has 
been  appointed  State  Geologist  of  Iowa  to  succeed  the  late  Professor 
Samuel  Calvin. 

A  Massachusetts  Municipal  League  was  recently  organized. 
Professor  Albert  Bushnell  Hart  of  Harvard  University  is  the  First 
Vice  President. 

Charles  Noble  Gregory  has  resigned  from  the  position  of  Dean 
of  the  College  of  Law  in  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  and  has  ac- 
cepted a  similar  position  in  George  Washington  University. 

Professor  H.  C.  Fairchild  of  the  University  of  Rochester  is  the 
president  of  a  new  organization  to  be  known  as  the  Commission 
Government  Association  of  New  York  State,  which  was  formed  by 
delegates  from  twenty-two  cities  at  a  meeting  in  February. 

An  American  International  Municipal  Congress  and  Exposition 
will  be  held  in  Chicago  from  September  18th  to  30th.  Delegates 
are  expected  from  all  of  the  principal  cities  of  America  and  Europe. 
John  Mac  Vicar  of  Des  Moines  is  the  Commissioner  General  of  the 
Municipal  Congress. 

An  unusual  method  of  revising  the  State  Constitution  has  been 
proposed  in  Indiana.  Although  the  Constitution  provides  that 
amendments  shall  pass  two  successive  legislatures  and  be  submitted 

4*58 


NOTES  AND  COMMENT  469 

to  the  people,  the  General  Assembly  has  passed  a  bill  embodying  a 
revised  Constitution,  which  will  be  submitted  to  the  voters  at  the 
November  elections  in  1912.  The  proposed  Constitution  originated 
with  Governor  Thomas  R.  Marshall. 

A  most  disastrous  fire  occurred  on  March  29th,  when  the  New 
York  State  Library  was  almost  totally  destroyed  by  fire.  Of  the 
splendid  collection  of  manuscripts  which  the  library  contained  only 
about  one-tenth  were  saved,  and  there  was  an  equal  proportionate 
loss  among  the  books.  The  legislative  reference  section,  which  rep- 
resented years  of  labor,  was  also  totally  destroyed.  Everything  was 
practically  in  readiness  for  moving  the  library  into  the  magnificent 
new  building. 

SAMUEL  CALVIN 

In  the  death  of  Samuel  Calvin,  which  occurred  on  April  17,  1911, 
the  State  of  Iowa  lost  one  of  its  most  noted  scientists.  Professor 
Calvin  was  born  in  Wiltonshire,  Scotland,  in  1840.  He  came  to 
America  in  1852  and  to  Iowa  in  1855.  He  received  his  collegiate 
training  at  Lenox  College,  to  which  institution  he  returned  as  a 
member  of  the  staff  of  instruction  after  a  brief  military  service  in 
the  Civil  War.  In  1874  he  was  called  to  the  State  University  of 
Iowa  where  he  remained  until  the  date  of  his  death,  having  been 
for  many  years  head  of  the  Department  of  Geology.  From  1892 
to  1904  and  from  1906  to  the  date  of  his  death  Professor  Calvin 
was  State  Geologist  and  his  labors  in  that  capacity  have  brought 
the  geology  of  Iowa  to  a  point  equalled  by  but  few  of  the  States  of 
the  Union.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  various  scientific 
publications  of  the  country  and  was  a  prominent  member  of  a 
number  of  learned  societies.  In  the  class  room  and  as  a  citizen  he 
was  beloved  by  all  who  knew  him. 

WILLARD  LEE  EATON 

Willard  Lee  Eaton  of  Osage,  a  member  of  the  Society,  died  at 
his  home  on  June  7,  1911.  Mr.  Eaton  was  born  in  Delaware  County, 
Iowa,  on  October  13,  1848.  In  1856  he  moved  with  his  parents  to 
Osage,  where  he  made  his  home  until  the  date  of  his  death,  a  period 
of  nearly  fifty-five  years.  He  graduated  from  the  College  of  Law 


470    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

of  the  State  University  of  Igwa  in  the  class  of  1872,  and  early 
attained  prominence  as  a  member  of  the  bar  of  northern  Iowa. 

Mr.  Eaton  served  in  many  official  capacities.  He  was  three 
times  elected  Mayor  of  Osage,  and  served  for  a  period  as  County 
Attorney  of  Mitchell  County.  He  represented  Mitchell  County  in 
the  lower  house  of  the  State  legislature  for  three  sessions,  from  the 
twenty-seventh  to  the  twenty-ninth,  and  during  the  last  session 
he  was  Speaker  of  the  House.  He  served  as  State  Railroad  Com- 
missioner for  one  term  beginning  in  1907,  and  during  his  term  he 
wrote  the  opinions  of  the  board. 

In  private  life  Mr.  Eaton  was  a  good  citizen  and  took  part  in 
many  movements  for  the  upbuilding  of  the  community.  He  was 
at  one  time  Grand  Master  of  the  Iowa  Grand  Lodge  of  Masons. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  the  State  Bar  Association,  and  his 
interest  in  education  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  at  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  a  trustee  of  Cedar  Valley  Seminary  and  of  Upper 
Iowa  University. 

JACOB  SPRINGER 

On  May  14,  1911,  occurred  the  death  of  Jacob  Springer,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  and  a  pioneer  of  Benton  County.  He  was  born 
in  Uniontown,  Pennsylvania,  on  January  21,  1824.  On  March  11, 
1845,  he  was  married  to  Eliza  Jane  McCormick.  Seven  years  later, 
in  1852,  the  family  emigrated  to  Iowa  and  settled  in  what  is  now 
St.  Clair  Township,  Benton  County.  Here  he  found  typical  pio- 
neer conditions.  To  the  southward  of  his  log  cabin  there  was  only 
one  settler  between  him  and  Cedar  Rapids,  while  to  the  northward 
the  nearest  settlers  were  twenty-four  miles  away.  During  the  sixty 
years  which  followed  he  witnessed  the  gradual  disappearance  of 
frontier  conditions  and  the  growth  of  a  prosperous  community. 

In  1855  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to  organize  the  first 
school  district  in  that  region.  In  the  following  year  he  organized 
a  precinct  in  what  are  now  St.  Clair  and  Eldorado  townships  for 
election  and  judicial  purposes,  naming  the  precinct  in  honor  of 
Arthur  St.  Clair.  He  served  two  years  as  Justice  of  the  Peace, 
nine  years  as  County  Supervisor  of  Benton  County,  and  for  twenty- 
six  rears  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  for 


NOTES  AND  COMMENT  471 

the  Blind.  In  politics  he  was  an  ardent  Republican.  He  took  a 
deep  interest  in  the  political  questions  of  the  day,  and  especially 
in  local  issues,  but  he  was  not  inclined  toward  office-holding. 

Jacob  Springer  was  a  worthy  representative  of  the  pioneers  of 
Iowa,  and  his  quiet,  unassuming  good  citizenship  will  long  be  re- 
membered in  the  community  in  which  he  lived. 


CONTKIBUTOKS 

ETHYL  E.  MAKTIN,  Clerk  to  the  Superintendent  of  The 
State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa.  Born  near  Decatur,  Illinois, 
January  5,  1887.  Graduated  from  the  High  School  at  Winter- 
set,  Iowa,  in  1904.  Student  at  the  State  University  of  Iowa. 
Author  of  A  Bribery  Episode  in  the  First  Election  of  United 
States  Senators  in  Iowa. 

CLARENCE  KAY  ATJRNER,  Eesearch  Assistant  in  The  State 
Historical  Society  of  Iowa.  (See  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HIS- 
TORY AND  POLITICS  for  April,  1911,  p.  332.) 

FRANK  HARMON  GARVER,  Eesearch  Assistant  in  The  State 
Historical  Society  of  Iowa.  Professor  of  History  and  Politics 
in  Morningside  College.  Born  at  Albion,  Iowa,  1875.  Grad- 
uated from  Upper  Iowa  University,  1898.  Received  the  degree 
of  M.  A.  at  The  State  University  of  Iowa,  1908.  Author  of 
Reminiscences  of  John  H.  Charles,  History  of  the  Establish- 
ment of  Counties  in  Iowa,  Boundary  History  of  Iowa  Counties, 
A  Critical  Study  of  the  Definition  and  Alteration  of  County 
Boundaries  in  Iowa,  The  Story  of  Sergeant  Charles  Floyd. 
(See  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS  for  July, 
1908,  p.  500.) 


THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

OCTOBER  NINETEEN  HUNDRED  ELEVEN 
VOLUME  NINE  NUMBER  FOUR 


VOL.  IX — 32 


THE  WORK  OF  THE  THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL 
ASSEMBLY  OF  IOWA 

Besides  numerous  joint  resolutions,  nearly  five  hundred 
bills  were  introduced  in  the  Senate  and  six  hundred  in  the 
House  of  the  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly.  Out  of  this 
mass  of  eleven  hundred  bills  and  resolutions  two  hundred 
and  seventy  bills  and  six  joint  resolutions  were  adopted. 
Of  these  two  hundred  and  seventy  enactments,  one  hundred 
and  thirty-four  originated  in  the  Senate  and  one  hundred 
and  thirty-six  in  the  House.  Four  of  the  joint  resolutions 
originated  in  the  Senate  and  two  in  the  House.  Moreover, 
this  product  of  legislation  as  classified  by  the  Secretary  of 
State  for  publication  consists  of  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
nine  general  laws;  twenty-four  appropriation  acts;  ten 
special  acts ;  forty-seven  legalizing  acts ;  and  six  joint  reso- 
lutions.1 

The  Thirty-third  General  Assembly  adjourned  on  April 
9th  and  the  Thirty-fourth  adjourned  on  April  12th.  An 
examination  of  the  records  shows  that  about  two-thirds  of 
the  legislative  output  of  each  Assembly  was  enacted  in  the 
closing  days  of  the  session.  In  1911  nearly  one-half  of  the 
laws  passed  were  signed  by  the  Governor  after  the  ad- 
journment,2 showing  that  they  must  have  been  passed 
within  the  last  three  days  of  the  session.  But  in  this  re- 
spect the  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  differs  very 
little  from  its  predecessors,  as  an  examination  of  the  ses- 
sion laws  will  indicate. 

1  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911. 

2  The  Governor  is  given  thirty  days  in  which  to  sign  or  disapprove  bills 
after  adjournment. 

475 


• 


476    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  increased  compensation  of  its  members  is  the  only 
act  of  importance  passed  by  the  Thirty-fourth  General  As- 
sembly affecting  the  legislative  department3 — although 
the  Federal  census  of  1910  occasioned  some  changes  in  the 
representation  of  counties  in  the  lower  house.4  In  refer- 
ence to  the  executive  department  the  only  acts  of  im- 
portance were  those  making  slight  extensions  of  the 
Governor's  appointive  and  removal  power.5  Several  im- 
portant acts  were  approved  relating  to  the  administrative 
officers,  boards,  and  commissions,  which  will  be  considered 
under  special  headings. 

Several  acts  were  passed  affecting  the  judicial  depart- 
ment. In  1884  the  Constitution  of  Iowa  was  amended  so 
as  to  permit  the  General  Assembly  to  "provide  for  holding 
persons  to  answer  for  any  criminal  offense  without  the 
intervention  of  the  grand  jury."  No  legislation,  however, 
had  been  enacted  in  accordance  with  that  authority  until 
1911,  when  the  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  passed  an 
act  providing  for  the  prosecution  of  criminals  to  final 
judgment  either  on  indictment  by  the  grand  jury  or  upon 
information  by  the  County  Attorney.6  An  additional 
judge  was  provided  for  in  three  different  districts,7  making 
the  total  number  of  District  Court  judges  fifty-six.  Jus- 
tices of  the  Peace  were  authorized  to  require  security  for 
costs  in  cases  coming  within  their  jurisdiction.8 

The  primary  election  law  was  modified  by  two  slight 
amendments,  one  of  them  changing  the  time  of  holding  the 

s  The  Lieutenant  Governor  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  will  now  receive 
$2,000  each,  that  is,  double  the  compensation  of  members. 

4  Des  Moines  and  Lee  counties  are  reduced  to  one  representative  each  and 
Black  Hawk  and  Wapello  will  get  two  representatives  each. 
s  For  instance  see  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  pp.  105,  106,  126,  140. 
G  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  201. 
7  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  pp.  3,  4. 
s  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  185. 


THE  THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY      477 

primary  from  the  first  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in 
June  to  the  first  Monday  in  June,9  and  the  other  relating 
to  the  nomination  of  persons  whose  names  do  not  appear 
on  the  official  ballot.10 

Local  government  in  Iowa,  being  dependent  upon  the 
General  Assembly,  offers  to  the  legislator  a  fertile  field  for 
the  production  of  new  statutes.  In  respect  to  county  gov- 
ernment there  is  the  usual  biennial  grist  of  powers  vested 
in  or  denied  to  the  Board  of  Supervisors.  Perhaps  the 
most  important  act  affecting  the  governing  board  of  the 
county  was  the  subjecting  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  to 
the  provisions  of  the  Cosson  Law,  which  provides  for  their 
removal  for  misfeasance,  malfeasance,  or  nonfeasance  in 
office.11  Another  act  makes  the  removal  of  county  seats 
more  difficult.12  Furthermore,  the  office  of  County  Sur- 
veyor was  abolished,  and  the  Board  of  Supervisors  was 
authorized  to  employ  a  competent  person  "for  the  purpose 
of  making  general  specifications  for  the  grading,  repairing 
and  building  of  roads,  bridges  and  culverts,  and  to  perform 
such  other  duties  as  the  board  of  supervisors  may  deter- 
mine ",13  The  Board  of  Supervisors  was  also  authorized, 
with  the  consent  of  the  voters  at  an  election,  to  levy  a  tax 
not  to  exceed  one  mill  upon  the  dollar  for  the  purpose  of 
prospecting  for  coal.14 

Except  for  the  provisions  requiring  the  County  Attorney 
to  appear  in  behalf  of  the  township  trustees  in  counties  of 
less  than  twenty-five  thousand  population  whenever  they 

»  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  42. 

10  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  pp.  42,  43. 

11  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  43. 

12  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  15 
is  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  18 
i*  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  22. 


478    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

are  made  parties  to  litigation,15  all  of  the  laws  relating  to 
the  township  enacted  by  the  Thirty-fourth  General  Assem- 
bly will  be  referred  to  under  the  head  of  road  legislation. 

Municipal  legislation  must  ever  be  a  patchwork  of 
statutes  as  long  as  the  present  scheme  of  municipal  organ- 
ization maintains.  Therefore  each  successive  General 
Assembly  grinds  a  full  hopper  of  laws  relating  to  or  affect- 
ing cities  and  towns.  Twenty-six  acts  were  passed  in  1911 
giving  cities  and  towns  power  to  act  in  matters  where  they 
ought  to  be  able  to  act  without  special  legislative  authority. 
To  make  valid  actions  where  authority  has  been  wanting  or 
where  doubt  has  arisen  thirty- three  legalizing  acts  were 
passed  for  the  relief  of  cities  and  towns.16  In  addition 
several  other  acts  of  minor  importance  affecting  cities  as 
well  as  the  other  grades  of  local  government  were  passed.17 
The  commission  plan  of  city  government  was  amended  by 
four  different  acts,  the  most  important  of  which  was  the 
re-writing  of  the  provisions  relative  to  the  civil  service.18 

From  the  standpoint  of  city  " boosting"  the  act  provid- 
ing for  the  creation  of  a  department  of  publicity  in  cities 
is  deserving  of  special  notice.  The  purpose  of  this  depart- 
ment is  declared  to  be  "collecting  and  distributing,  by 
correspondence,  advertising  and  other  means,  information 
relating  to  the  industrial,  commercial,  manufacturing,  resi- 
dential, educational  and  other  advantages  and  resources  of 
such  city."19 

Of  the  two  hundred  and  seventy  acts  of  the  Thirty-fourth 
General  Assembly  not  many  can  be  said  to  be  of  general 
public  interest.  Minor  statutory  changes,  acts  dealing  with 

is  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  23. 

10  Out  of  forty-seven  legalizing  acts  passed. 

i?  Laws  relative  to  taxation,  etc. 

is  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  38. 

19  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  41. 


THE  THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY      479 

technical  subjects  or  the  various  state  departments  not  of 
general  interest  will  not  be  considered.  Most  of  the  laws 
passed  which  are  of  general  interest  may  broadly  be  classed 
as  "Social  and  Economic  Legislation " — the  field  of  legis- 
lation which  has  furnished  every  State  legislature  its  most 
difficult  problems.  This  class  of  legislation,  which  is  fre- 
quently called  "freak  legislation"  by  the  special  interests 
affected,  will  be  considered  under  special  headings. 

TAXATION 

The  subject  of  taxation  received  more  attention  from  the 
Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  than  it  had  received  in 
many  years.  A  temporary  tax  commission  was  created  for 
the  purpose  of  securing  information  looking  toward  a  com- 
plete revision  of  the  tax  laws.20  An  act  exempting  moneys 
and  credits  from  more  than  nominal  taxation  was  passed,21 
and  may  be  regarded  as  an  invitation  to  capital  to  remain 
in  and  come  to  the  State.  In  connection  with  this  act  men- 
tion should  be  made  of  the  act  prohibiting  the  employment 
of  tax  ferrets  to  discover  moneys  and  credits  which  the 
assessor  has  failed  to  locate.22  The  former  assessment  of 
moneys  and  credits  at  the  ordinary  rate  of  taxation,  to- 
gether with  the  employment  of  tax  ferrets,  has  been  held 
to  be  one  of  the  influences  responsible  for  the  marked  de- 
crease in  the  population  of  the  State. 

The  collateral  inheritance  tax  law  was  completely  re- 
written, and  covers  fifteen  pages  in  the  printed  laws.23  The 
act  exempts  estates  of  less  than  one  thousand  dollars  after 
deducting  debts.  The  old  soldiers'  tax  exemption  was  in- 
creased from  $800  to  $1,200.24  It  is  also  of  interest  to  note 

20  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  229. 

21  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  45. 

22  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  48 

zzLaws  of  Iowa,  1911,  pp.  50-64.  ...         «  . 

24  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  44. 


. 


480    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

that  the  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  by  joint  resolu- 
tion ratified  the  proposed  income  tax  amendment  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States.25 

LABOR  LEGISLATION 

Among  the  laws  enacted  by  the  Thirty-fourth  General 
Assembly  is  a  long  act  of  fifty- two  sections  entitled  "  Mines 
and  Mining ",  which  codifies  and  strengthens  the  former 
provisions  relative  to  safety  and  sanitation  in  mines.  The 
new  features  of  the  act  relate  largely  to  protection  against 
fire.26 

Another  act  of  much  importance  is  one  looking  toward  a 
more  comprehensive  code  of  labor  laws.  A  temporary  com- 
mission, known  as  the  Employer's  Liability  Commission,27 
was  created  to  "  investigate  the  problem  of  industrial  acci- 
dents and  especially  the  present  condition  of  the  law  of 
liability  for  injuries  or  death  suffered  in  the  course  of  in- 
dustrial employment  as  well  in  this  state  as  in  other  states, 
and  shall  inquire  into  the  most  equitable  and  effectual  meth- 
od of  providing  compensation  for  losses  suffered".  The 
work  of  this  commission,  like  that  of  the  tax  commission,  is 
limited  to  investigation  and  recommendation. 

THE  PUBLIC  SAFETY 

Before  January  1,  1913,  all  street  cars  will  be  required 
to  have  power  brakes  other  than  hand  and  equipment  for 
sanding  rails.28  The  construction  of  caboose  cars  was  reg- 
ulated by  a  law  which  will  be  in  effect  after  January  1, 
1912.29  Passenger  boats  for  which  certificates  of  inspec- 
tion are  issued  must  carry  in  view  and  within  easy  reach  of 

25  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  301. 
20  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  105. 

27  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  230. 

28  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  28. 
20  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  92. 


THE  THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY      481 

the  passengers,  life  preservers  equal  to  one-half  the  number 
of  passengers  that  may  be  carried  by  such  boat.30 

Following  the  example  of  many  other  States  the  office  of 
State  Fire  Marshal  was  created.31  The  incumbent  is  an 
appointee  of  the  Governor,  holds  office  for  four  years,  and 
receives  an  annual  compensation  of  $2,500.  It  is  the  duty 
of  the  State  Fire  Marshal  to  keep  a  record  of  all  fires  oc- 
curring in  the  State,  showing  the  name  of  the  owners  and 
the  name  or  names  of  occupants  of  the  property  at  the  time 
of  the  fire,  the  sound  value  of  the  property  and  the  amount 
of  insurance  thereon,  the  amount  of  insurance  collected, 
together  with  the  cause  or  origin  of  the  fire.  He  is  further 
authorized  to  enter  and  inspect  buildings  for  the  purpose 
of  determining  whether  they  are  especially  liable  to  fire  or 
are  so  situated  as  to  endanger  other  buildings.  And  he  is 
required  to  see  that  all  teachers  in  buildings  of  more  than 
one  story  conduct  at  least  one  fire  drill  each  month  and 
keep  all  doors  unlocked  during  school  hours. 

THE  PUBLIC  HEALTH 

Governmental  interference  with  private  individuals  to 
maintain  public  health  has  grown  by  leaps  and  bounds  in 
the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  and  Iowa  has  not  been  back- 
ward in  enacting  such  legislation.  The  Thirty-fourth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  included  infantile  paralysis  among  the  dis- 
eases subject  to  quarantine,  and  passed  an  act  requiring 
disinfection  in  cases  of  death  from  tuberculosis.32  An 
antitoxin  department  was  established  in  connection  with 
the  State  Board  of  Health  to  furnish  antitoxin  to  the  people 
of  the  State  "at  the  reduced  rates  established  by  the 
board."33  The  sale  of  cocaine  and  other  injurious  drugs 

so  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  125. 
si  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  140. 

32  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  134. 

33  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  136. 


482    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

is  prohibited  '  '  except  upon  the  original  written  prescription 
of  a  registered  physician  or  veterinarian  or  licensed  dent- 
ist ".34  The  practice  of  optometry  is  further  regulated  by 
a  very  material  increase  in  the  qualifications  for  a  license.35 
Nurses  must  obtain  certificates  from  the  State  Board  of 
Health  to  entitle  them  to  practice  in  this  State.36 

The  title  of  the  State  Food  and  Dairy  Commissioner  was 
changed  to  that  of  State  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner. 
His  salary  was  increased  and  he  was  given  more  assistance. 
Under  the  new  act  "no  person,  firm  or  corporation  shall  sell 
milk  or  cream  ....  without  being  licensed  by  the 
state  dairy  and  food  commissioner",  and  numerous  penal- 
ties are  provided  in  cases  of  the  sale  of  impure,  skimmed  or 
adulterated  milk.37  Two  other  pure  food  acts  were  passed : 
one  defining  what  shall  constitute  misbranded  and  adulter- 
ated foods,38  and  the  other  defining  ice  cream.39 

An  act  evidently  for  the  benefit  of  Des  Moines,  disguised 
under  the  heading  of  general  laws,  provides  that  "the  emis- 
sion of  dense  smoke  within  the  corporate  limits  of  any  of 
the  cities  of  this  state  now  or  hereafter  having  a  population 
of  sixty-five  thousand  (65,000)  inhabitants  or  over,  includ- 
ing cities  acting  under  the  commission  plan  of  government 
is  hereby  declared  to  be  a  public  nuisance. mo 

THE  PUBLIC  MORALS 

Two  new  liquor  laws  were  enacted  by  the  Thirty-fourth 
General  Assembly  and  two  of  those  already  on  the  statute 

34  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  139. 

35  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  139. 
so  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  135. 
37  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  126. 
ss  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  189. 
30  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  191. 
40  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  27. 


THE  THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY      483 

books  were  amended.  The  penalties  for  the  violation  of  the 
act  prohibiting  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  were  increased.41  Druggists  holding  permits  to  sell 
liquor  are  now  allowed  to  fill  out  the  application  blanks 
themselves;42  whereas,  under  the  old  law  the  applicant  was 
required  to  fill  out  the  blank.  Wholesale  druggists  in  this 
State  are  permitted  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors  to  registered 
pharmacists  and  licensed  physicians.43 

An  act  relative  to  the  liquor  traffic,  which  is  perhaps  of 
greater  importance  than  any  of  the  preceding,  is  one  direct- 
ing the  County  Attorney  in  each  county  to  secure  quarterly 
and  file  with  the  County  Auditor  for  public  inspection  a 
list  of  the  names  of  persons  holding  Federal  liquor  licenses. 
The  holding  of  a  Federal  liquor  license  is  declared  to  be 
prima  facie  evidence  of  violation  of  the  liquor  laws  of  the 
State,  unless  the  holder  of  such  license  has  also  complied 
with  all  the  terms  and  conditions  of  the  Mulct  Law  or  is  a 
registered  pharmacist.44  This  act  is  expected  to  close  up 
all  club  and  private  bars  and  illegal  saloons,  since  the 
County  Attorney  is  subject  to  the  provisions  of  the  Cosson 
Law  in  case  he  fails  to  prosecute  the  holders  of  such  license. 

Another  act  clearly  in  the  interest  of  public  morals  pro- 
hibits the  exhibition  of  "any  deformed,  maimed,  idiotic  or 
abnormal  person  or  human  monstrosity  ".45  Surely  the  fat 
lady  and  the  living  skeleton  as  attractions  of  the  side  show 
and  the  dime  museum  are  gone  from  Iowa  forever. 

It  was  also  made  an  offense46  to  be  in  possession  of 
"any  roulette  wheel,  klondyke  table,  poker  table,  faro  or 

41  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  101. 

42  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  101. 

43  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  102. 

44  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  104. 

45  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  193. 

46  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  194. 


484    IOWA  JOUKNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

keno  lay-outs ",   except  in  pursuance   of  proceedings   to 
destroy  them. 

THE  DEFECTIVE  AND  DEPENDENT  CLASSES 

The  most  important  act  passed  under  this  heading,  and 
one  of  the  most  important  laws  of  the  whole  session,  is  an 
act  to  prevent  the  procreation  of  habitual  criminals,  idiots, 
feeble  minded  and  insane  persons.47  By  this  act  Iowa  takes 
a  long  step  forward  toward  checking  crime. 

A  number  of  other  acts  affecting  the  defective  and  de- 
pendent classes  was  passed.  All  children  received  in  the 
Soldier 's  Orphan 's  Home  are  made  wards  of  the  State  and 
may  be  placed  with  persons  or  families  under  contracts  pro- 
viding for  their  custody,  care,  education,  maintenance,  and 
earnings.48  An  act  similar  in  character  was  passed  relative 
to  the  placing  of  boys  and  girls  committed  to  the  industrial 
school.49  Provision  was  made  for  the  commitment  of  girls 
to  "any  reputable  institution  within  this  state  devoted  to 
the  detention  and  reformation  of  wayward  and  fallen 
girls ' ',  instead  of  to  the  industrial  school.50  In  like  manner 
an  act  was  passed  providing  for  the  commitment  of  females 
adjudged  guilty  of  the  violation  of  any  law,  ordinance,  or 
police  regulation,  to  the  care  of  benevolent  or  charitable  in- 
stitutions instead  of  to  the  county,  city,  or  town  jail.51  The 
law  providing  for  the  commitment  of  boys  and  girls  to  the 
industrial  school  was  also  strengthened.52  The  better  regu- 
lation of  inmates  of  the  State  Hospital  for  Inebriates  was 
provided  for,53  and  an  act  defining  vagrants  was  enacted.54 

47  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  144. 

48  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  150. 
4»  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  152. 
so  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  155. 
si  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  200. 

52  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  153. 

53  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  97. 

54  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  108. 


THE  THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY      485 

ECONOMIC   LEGISLATION 

Three  of  the  most  important  measures  passed  by  the 
Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  may  be  classed  under  this 
heading.  A  new  office  was  created  in  connection  with  the 
Board  of  Railroad  Commissioners  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 
ing the  work  of  the  Board  more  effective  in  the  matter  of 
uniform  and  equal  rates  to  shippers.  The  new  official  is 
known  as  the  Commerce  Counsel.  He  is  appointed  by  the 
Board  of  Eailroad  Commissioners,  with  the  approval  of 
two-thirds  of  the  members  of  the  Senate,  for  a  period  of 
four  years  at  a  compensation  of  $5,000  per  year.  His  duties 
are  "to  diligently  investigate  the  reasonableness  of  the 
rates  charged,  or  to  be  charged  for  services  rendered,  or  to 
be  rendered  by  the  railroad  companies,  express  companies, 
and  all  other  individuals,  parties,  or  corporations,  subject 
to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  said  board  of  railroad  commission- 
ers ",  and  to  prosecute  all  violations  of  law  before  the 
Board  of  Railroad  Commissioners  or  the  Inter-State  Com- 
merce Commission  according  as  they  affect  intrastate  or 
interstate  business.55 

An  elaborate  act  entitled  "Uniform  Bills  of  Lading", 
embodying  fifty-seven  sections,  describes  and  defines  nego- 
tiable bills  of  lading.  The  act  defines  also  the  rights  and 
duties  of  common  carriers  and  of  all  persons  issuing  and 
receiving  such  bills  of  lading.56 

The  Bulk  Sales  Bill  received  quite  as  much  publicity  as 
the  famous  Five  Mile  Bill.  It  was  defeated  in  the  middle  of 
the  session,  but  was  reconsidered  and  finally  passed  in  the 
closing  days.  It  prohibits  anyone  from  selling  his  stock  of 
merchandise  in  bulk  without  giving  his  creditors  proper 
notice  of  his  intention  to  sell.57 

55  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  93. 

56  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  169. 

57  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  165. 


I 


486    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

An  act  of  considerable  interest  to  the  householder  pro- 
vides that  wherever  flour  is  sold  in  quantities  of  more  than 
one  pound  the  actual  number  of  net  pounds  must  be  plainly 
designated  on  the  package.58 

An  act  regulating  "the  marking  of  articles  of  merchan- 
dise made  in  whole  or  in  part  of  gold  or  silver  or  their 
alloys"  and  prohibiting  the  false  marking  of  such  mer- 
chandise was  passed.59  The  State  Dairy  and  Food  Com- 
missioner was  empowered  to  make  inspection  of  scales, 
weights,  and  measures,  and  penalties  were  provided  for 
keeping  false  weights  and  measures.60  In  order  to  encour- 
age the  business  of  manufacturing  in  Iowa  an  act  was 
passed  conferring  upon  the  Iowa  State  Manufacturers  As- 
sociation the  right  to  designate  who  may  use  the  trade  mark 
bearing  the  words  "Made  in  Iowa".61 

ROAD  LEGISLATION 

In  the  matter  of  highway  legislation  much  disappoint- 
ment was  felt  by  the  people,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  several 
important  acts  were  passed.  The  bridge  companies  were 
charged  with  being  the  great  stumbling  block  in  the  way  of 
good  roads  legislation.  Three  measures  affecting  roads 
were  passed  by  the  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly.  One 
abolishes  the  office  of  County  Surveyor  and  permits  the 
Board  of  Supervisors  to  hire  an  engineer  to  aid  in  road 
building  and  authorizes  the  levy  of  a  two  mill  tax  to  create 
a  good  roads  fund.  The  township  trustees  are  directed  to 
meet  the  first  Monday  in  February  and  "select  a  superin- 
tendent of  dragging  and  employ  a  road  superintendent".62 

58  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  195. 
so  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  195. 
eo  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  168. 
ci  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  178. 
C2  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  18. 


THE  THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY      487 

The  second  good  roads  act  is  entitled  ' '  Dragging  of  Pub- 
lic Highways ",  and  provides  that  the  township  trustees 
shall  at  their  April  meeting  "divide  the  public  roads  of  the 
township  into  permanent  road-dragging  districts",  and 
shall  "from  time  to  time  designate  what  districts  shall  be 
dragged".63 

The  third  act,  entitled  "Begistration  of  Motor  Vehicles", 
is  probably  the  most  important  act  of  its  class,  as  it  will 
furnish  the  means  for  much  permanent  road  improvement.64 
It  is  a  long  act  containing  thirty-five  sections  which  repeals 
the  chapter  dealing  with  motor  vehicles  in  the  Code  Supple- 
ment of  1907.  It  defines  the  status  of  motor  vehicles  and 
regulates  their  use  upon  the  highways  of  the  State,  and 
provides  for  an  annual  registration  fee,  varying  with  the 
horse  power  of  the  vehicle,  which  fee  is  in  lieu  of  all  taxes 
general  or  local.  Eighty-five  per  cent  of  the  fund  thus  cre- 
ated is  divided  among  the  counties  to  be  used  for  the 
improvement  of  roads. 

Commenting  upon  the  good  roads  legislation  of  the 
Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  The  Register  and  Leader 
declared  that  "the  state  has  not  accepted  the  road  legisla- 
tion of  this  session  as  settling  anything.  At  best  all  this 
legislature  has  done  has  been  to  patch  an  old  harness. 
Some  compulsory  dragging  has  been  provided,  which  may 
amount  to  more  than  our  compulsory  weed  cutting.  .  .  . 
A  dry  summer  will  assist  greatly  in  diverting  public  atten- 
tion. But  after  all  the  problem  remains  and  will  remain 
until  Iowa  goes  about  it  as  other  states  are  doing."65 

SCHOOL   LEGISLATION 

Besides  the  rather  liberal  appropriations  for  the  educa- 
tional institutions  of  the  State,  four  acts  for  the  promotion 

«3  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  65. 

64  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  69. 

65  The  Register  and  Leader,  April  10,  1911. 


488    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

of  education  were  passed.  An  act  entitled  "Training  of 
Teachers  for  Rural  Schools"  provides  that  such  four  year 
accredited  high  schools  as  the  State  Superintendent  may 
designate  shall  receive  State  aid  to  the  amount  of  $500  per 
year  for  the  introduction  of  "normal  courses  of  study  and 
training  in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  grades ".  The  act  also 
provides  for  "an  inspector  of  normal  training  in  high 
schools".66  Children  living  in  a  district  where  there  is  no 
accredited  high  school  are  permitted  to  attend  an  accredit- 
ed high  school  in  another  district,  the  expense  of  tuition 
being  borne  by  their  home  district.67  Another  act  provides 
for  the  issuance  of  life  certificates  to  teachers.68  Finally, 
provision  was  made  for  the  consolidation  of  independent 
school  districts  and  for  the  transportation  of  children  to 
and  from  school.69 

What  was  said  above  relative  to  road  legislation  may 
also  well  be  said  of  the  school  legislation  of  the  1911  ses- 
sion :  it  is  mere  patchwork.  A  thorough  revision  and  codifi- 
cation of  our  schools  laws  has  yet  to  be  made.  In  1907  an 
educational  commission  was  appointed  to  recommend  legis- 
lation looking  toward  the  unifying  and  coordinating  of  the 
entire  school  system  of  the  State,  but  unfortunately  the 
legislature  did  not  enact  the  recommendations  of  the  com- 
mission into  law.  Too  frequently  such  commissions  are 
created  only  to  divert  public  attention  and  delay  action.  It 
is  to  be  hoped  that  the  recommendations  of  the  tax  com- 
mission and  the  employer's  liability  commission  will  not 
meet  the  same  fate  as  that  of  the  educational  commission. 

IMPORTANT  BILLS  THAT  DID  NOT   PASS 

In  conclusion  a  few  words  relative  to  what  the  Thirty- 

ee  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  148. 
67  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  163. 
es  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  145. 
e»  Laws  of  Iowa,  1911,  p.  158. 


THE  THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY      489 

fourth  General  Assembly  did  not  do  may  be  of  interest. 
The  Public  Utilities  Bill,  which  was  defeated  in  the  legis- 
lature in  1909,  passed  the  House  in  the  Thirty-fourth  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  but  was  defeated  in  the  Senate.  The 
reasons  for  its  defeat  may  be  said  to  be,  first,  the  fact  that 
the  relations  between  the  city  and  the  State  had  not  been 
completely  worked  out;  second,  the  fact  that  the  corpora- 
tions favored  the  bill  led  many  to  look  upon  it  with  sus- 
picion; and  third,  the  attitude  of  the  author  of  the  bill  on 
the  subject  of  prohibition,  and  particularly  the  Five  Mile 
Bill,  which  aroused  opposition  on  the  part  of  the  prohibi- 
tion element. 

The  Whitney  Good  Roads  Bill,  designed  to  centralize  the 
administration  of  the  road  laws  by  enlarging  the  powers  of 
the  State  Highway  Commission  and  creating  the  office  of 
County  Engineer,  met  with  three  powerful  sources  of  op- 
position, namely,  the  bridge  companies,  the  companies 
manufacturing  road  machinery,  and  the  County  Super- 
visors. It  is  estimated  that  at  least  half  of  the  money 
spent  upon  our  roads  annually  is  worse  than  wasted  be- 
cause of  the  undoubted  existence  of  graft  in  connection 
with  bridge  and  road  work. 

An  important  bill  which  passed  both  houses,  but  was  de- 
feated by  the  Governor's  veto,  was  the  Oregon  plan  of 
electing  United  States  Senators.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that 
Governor  Carroll  declared  the  act  to  be  unconstitutional, 
the  legislature  of  Minnesota  passed  a  similar  bill  shortly 
after  the  adjournment  of  the  Iowa  legislature  and  it  was 
signed  by  the  Governor  of  that  State.  Commenting  upon 
the  action  of  the  Governor  of  Minnesota  in  signing  the  bill, 
The  Register  and  Leader  sarcastically  remarked : 

When  the  constitution  has  been  driven  from  pillar  to  post  in 
every  legislature  and  by  every  governor,  it  can  still  turn  to  Iowa 
for  refuge. 

VOL.  ix — 33 


• 


490    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

On  this  occasion  it  would  seem  to  be  entirely  proper  to  emphasize 
the  value  of  a  few  weeks  in  the  law  on  the  part  of  prospective  pub- 
lic officials.  If  Governor  Eberhart  had  taken  a  night  course  he 
would  not  so  readily  have  made  himself  a  party  to  this  insidious 
attack  upon  the  citadel  of  our  liberties.70 

Among  the  other  important  measures  which  failed  to  pass 
may  be  mentioned  the  Five  Mile  Bill,  prohibiting  the  sale 
of  liquor  within  five  miles  of  any  educational  institution 
of  the  State,  the  bill  to  abolish  the  office  of  School  Treas- 
urer, and  the  Woman's  Suffrage  Bill.  The  much  needed 
revision  of  the  game  laws  was  not  even  attempted. 

The  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  was  no  more  con- 
spicuous for  what  it  did  not  do  than  were  most  of  its  prede- 
cessors. Legislation  to-day  is  a  compromise  of  conflicting 
interests  in  which  it  is  impossible  to  satisfy  the  full  de- 
mands of  all;  and  in  reviewing  the  work  of  the  Thirty- 
fourth  General  Assembly  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
half  a  loaf  is  better  than  no  loaf  at  all.  The  legislature  had 
before  it  some  new  and  difficult  problems,  and  if  it  hesi- 
tated to  act  upon  incomplete  or  imperfect  information  it 
should  be  congratulated.  The  Senatorial  deadlock  over- 
shadowed all  else  in  the  eyes  of  the  public  and  the  General 
Assembly  received  a  great  deal  of  abuse  for  not  doing 
sooner  what  was  finally  accomplished  at  the  close  of  the 
session. 

Perhaps  no  better  estimate  of  the  work  of  the  Thirty- 
fourth  General  Assembly  could  be  made  than  is  to  be  found 
in  the  following  editorial  comment  in  a  leading  Iowa  news- 
paper :— 

The  test  of  the  Thirty-fourth  general  assembly  will  come  when 
the  Thirty-fifth  general  assembly  convenes. 

Matters  of  importance  have  been  attended  to  in  the  Thirty- 
fourth,  and  a  great  many  needless  and  vicious  bills  have  been  in- 
definitely set  aside.  But  the  session  as  a  whole  has  been  prelimi- 

70  The  Register  and  Leader,  April  24,  1911. 


THE  THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY      491 

nary  merely  —  a  sort  of  unfinished  sitting.  What  has  marked  it  has 
been  the  breaking  up  of  old  alignments,  the  entrance  of  new  men, 
and  the  general  promise  of  something  to  be  realized  in  the  future. 

The  Thirty-fourth  marks  a  transition  period.  For  the  past  ten 
or  twelve  years  there  has  been  a  compact  leadership.  Such  names 
as  Funk,  Healy,  Garst,  Cheshire,  Maytag,  Perry,  suggest  them- 
selves. The  board  of  control  law,  the  anti-pass  law,  the  Blanchard 
law  are  readily  recalled.  But  with  the  exception  of  Senator  Smith 
these  men  are  out  of  public  life. 

It  would  be  easy  to  name  the  men  who  have  stood  in  opposition 
during  this  "Iowa  idea"  period.  They,  too,  have  passed.  With 
the  standpatters  as  with  the  progressives  this  legislature  has  been 
in  the  hands  of  new  men.  And  among  the  new  men  standpatters 
and  progressives  have  crossed  lines  in  a  way  to  make  any  definite 
new  alignment  hard  to  locate.  As  with  men  so  with  measures;  it 
is  a  period  of  transition. 

With  the  opening  of  the  Thirty-fifth  general  assembly  the  definite 
alignments  for  the  coming  decade  will  form.  Men  will  seek  their 
natural  affiliations  and  natural  leaders  will  appear.  With  leader- 
ship issues  will  arise  and  forces  will  be  marshaled.  The  next 
legislature  will  be  a  legislature  of  definite  alignments.  For  these 
alignments  the  men  who  are  to  determine  the  future  course  of 
events  are  getting  ready. 

There  will  never  be  a  larger  field  for  constructive  statesmanship 
than  will  be  offered  to  the  Thirty-fifth  general  assembly.  Iowa 
herself  is  in  a  transition  period.  She  is  just  where  the  old  days  of 
the  frontier,  with  its  volunteer  road  work,  and  volunteer  school, 
and  volunteer  railroad,  and  volunteer  water  company,  must  go 
with  the  volunteer  brass  band  and  volunteer  hose  cart.  She  has 
not  yet  entered  fully  upon  the  new  period  of  intensified  farming 
on  $200  land,  the  public  service  no  longer  a  doubtful  speculation 
but  an  established  monopoly,  when  the  school  and  road,  and  tele- 
phone, and  everything,  else  must  be  made  to  contribute  very  def- 
initely to  the  prosperity  of  a  people,  who  must  make  every  step 
count. 

The  public  discussion  of  the  next  two  years  is  going  to  be  largely 
about  state  affairs.  This  in  the  face  of  a  national  campaign.  There 
is  nothing  vital  in  national  politics  to  monopolize  attention,  and 


492    lOAA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

there  is  something  vital  now  in  the  new  life  that  is  stirring  in  Iowa. 
We  shall  hear  more  about  what  Iowa  needs  and  what  Iowa  ought 
to  do  in  the  coming  two  years.  There  will  be  more  favorable  pub- 
licity for  Iowa;  more  encouragement  of  new  industries  for  Iowa; 
more  call  for  investment  of  Iowa  money  in  Iowa  ventures;  more 
Iowa  talk  all  along  the  line  than  in  any  other  years.  All  of  this 
will  lead  to  an  insistent  demand  upon  the  Thirty-fifth  general  as- 
sembly for  adequate  plans  for  the  future. 

There  are  men  of  brains  in  this  legislature  who  will  be  members 
of  the  Thirty-fifth  to  work  a  revolution  in  this  state.  It  will  be  the 
measure  of  their  service  now  what  they  do  then.  The  two  sessions 
will  be  taken  together.  They  can  easily  be  made  a  turning  point 
in  the  progress  of  the  state.71 

FRANK  EDWARD  HORACE: 

THE  STATE  UNIVERSITY  OF  IOWA 
IOWA  CITY 

71  The  Eegister  and  Leader,  April  13,  1911. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW 


TEEKITOKIAL  CODES 
INTRODUCTION 

A  study  of  legislation  during  the  middle  period  in  the 
history  of  the  United  States  reveals  a  general  movement 
for  the  codification  of  law,  led  in  New  York  by  Mr.  David 
Dudley  Field.1  This  movement,  moreover,  bore  early  fruit 
in  Iowa  where  the  results,  in  at  least  one  instance,  were  so 
distinguished  as  to  serve  as  a  model  for  other  States. 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  Territory  in  1838  there 
have  appeared  in  Iowa  six  official  codes2  and  four  private 
compilations3  of  the  laws.  Unfortunately  those  who  com- 
piled the  various  codes  have  left  scarcely  any  first-hand 

1  For  a  discussion  of  the  codification  of  law,  the  following  references  may  be 
consulted:   Codification  in  The  American  Law  Eeview,  Vol.  XX,  pp.  1,  315; 
Codes  and  the  Arrangement  of  the  Law  in  The  American  Law  Eeview,  Vol.  V, 
p.  1;  and  Field's  The  Codes  of  New  York  and  Codification  in  General  in  The 
Albany  Law  Journal,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  192. 

2  The  six  official  codes  are :  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838- 
1839,  or  The  Old  Blue  Book;  Eevised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842- 
1843,  or  The  Blue  Book;  The  Code  of  1851;  Revision  of  1860;  The  Code  of 
1873;  and  Code  of  1897. 

In  1860  there  was  published  a  separate  volume  entitled  Code  of  Civil  and 
Criminal  Practice.  It  was  desired  to  place  before  the  public  the  code  of  civil 
and  criminal  practice  as  soon  as  possible;  and  so  the  book  referred  to  was 
published  in  May,  1860,  and  later  incorporated  in  the  complete  edition  of  the 
Eevision  of  1860  which  came  out  in  the  following  September.  The  volume  was 
published  as  a  private  enterprise. 

There  are  two  supplements  to  the  Code  of  1897,  one  published  in  1902  and 
the  other  in  1907. 

3  The  four  private  compilations  are :   Stacy 's  The  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
Des  Moines,  1878;  Overtones  The  Annotated  Code  of  Civil  Practice  for  Wis- 
consin and  Iowa,  Chicago,  1875;  Miller's  Eevised  and  Annotated  Code  of  Iowa, 
Des  Moines,  1880;  McClain's  Annotated  Statutes,  Chicago,  1880. 

493 


494    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

accounts  of  their  work.  And  so,  the  story  of  these  books 
must  be  gathered  from  widely  scattered  sources,  such  as 
official  documents,  magazine  articles,  and  contemporary 
newspapers.  The  secondary  sources,  moreover,  have  been 
found  to  be  more  or  less  unsatisfactory  and  unreliable. 

In  the  broadest  sense  the  laws  in  force  in  Iowa  include 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  the  acts  of  Congress 
and  the  treaties  of  the  United  States,  the  Constitution  of 
Iowa,  the  acts  and  resolutions  of  the  General  Assembly, 
the  decisions  of  the  courts,  and  the  Common  Law  rules 
prior  to  1707  and  not  locally  inapplicable.4  To  gather  from 
these  sources  the  laws,  to  coordinate  and  classify  them, 
and  to  publish  the  results  constitute  the  task  of  codifica- 
tion. In  Iowa,  however,  no  attempts  have  been  made  to 
codify  all  the  law  in  force  in  the  State.  It  is  worthy  of 
note  that  New  York  did  make  such  an  attempt  at  an  early 
date  but  abandoned  the  undertaking.5 

A  code,  to  be  binding  as  a  body  of  law,  must  be  enacted 
as  such  by  legislative  authority.  It  differs  from  an  ordi- 
nary compilation  of  legislative  acts,  such  as  the  session 
laws,  in  that  it  deals  with  general  law  only,  and  does  not 
include  joint  resolutions  or  those  laws  which  are  purely 

Eevised  editions  of  Miller's  work  were  gotten  out  in  1884,  1888,  and  1890. 

A  supplement  to  Judge  McClain's  work  appeared  in  1884.  In  1888  he  pub- 
lished the  Annotated  Code  and  Statutes.  In  1892  a  supplement  to  the  latter 
work  was  published. 

For  a  list  of  Iowa  codes,  both  official  and  private,  see  Check  List  of  the  Pub- 
lications of  the  State  of  Iowa,  1904,  p.  34. 

4  See  Iowa  Historical  Lectures,  1892,  p.  84.  In  1840  the  Territorial  legisla- 
ture enacted  a  law  which  provided  that  none  of  the  statutes  of  Great  Britain 
should  be  in  effect  in  Iowa.  The  court  holds  that  this  ' '  does  not  extend  to  the 
statutes  of  England",  but  "was  intended  to  prescribe  the  event  of  the  union 
of  the  crown  of  England  with  that  of  Scotland,  as  the  period  at  which  the 
statutes  of  England  should  cease  to  operate  upon  our  law". —  O'Ferrall  v. 
Simplot,  4  Iowa  381.  The  quotations  are  from  the  syllabus.  See  Laws  of  the 
Territory  of  Iowa,  1840  (Ex.  Session),  Chap.  29,  Sec.  8,  p.  20. 

s  Preface  to  the  Revision  of  I860,  p.  iv. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW         495 

private  or  local  in  their  nature.  This  distinction  is  ad- 
mirably brought  out  in  a  Georgia  case,  where  the  court 
holds  that  "  there  is  quite  a  difference  between  a  code  of 
laws  for  a  state  and  a  compilation  in  revised  form  of  its 
statutes.  The  code  is  broader  in  its  scope,  and  more  com- 
prehensive in  its  purposes.  Its  general  object  is  to  embody 
as  near  as  practicable  all  the  law  of  a  state,  from  whatever 
source  derived.  When  properly  adopted  by  the  law-making 
power  of  a  state,  it  has  the  same  effect  as  one  general  act 
of  the  legislature  containing  all  the  provisions  embraced 
in  the  volume  that  is  thus  adopted.  It  is  more  than  evi- 
dentiary of  the  law.  It  is  the  law  itself.  "6  A  code,  then,  is 
"a  general  collection  or  compilation  of  laws  by  public  au- 
thority. The  word  is  used  frequently  in  the  United  States 
to  signify  a  concise,  comprehensive,  systematic  reenactment 
of  the  law,  deduced  from  both  its  principal  sources,  the  pre- 
existing statutes,  and  the  adjudications  of  courts,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  compilations  of  statute  law  only."7 

Two  methods  have  been  employed  in  the  making  of  the 
codes  in  Iowa.  During  the  Territorial  period  the  legisla- 
ture itself  attempted  to  do  the  work  without  the  aid  of  men 
learned  in  the  law ;  but  the  results  of  this  method  were  far 
from  satisfactory.  After  the  Territory  became  a  State,  the 
work  of  codification  was  invariably  entrusted  to  a  board  of 
Commissioners,  who  prepared  a  code  for  adoption  or  re- 
jection, in  whole  or  in  part,  by  the  General  Assembly. 

Although  there  were  codes  so-called  in  the  several  juris- 
dictions8 to  which  the  Iowa  country  was  subjected  prior  to 

6  Quoted  from;  <;he  article  on  Code  in  the  Cyclopedia  of  Law  and  Procedure, 
1  Cyc.  269.  ThJ  ease  is  reported  in  104  Georgia  831. 

?  From  the  a/  icle  on  Code  in  The  American  and  English  Encyclopedia  of 
Law,  (2nd  edition),  Vol.  VI,  p.  173. 

8  The  jurisdictions  were:  District  of  Louisiana,  1804-1805;  Territory  of 
Louisiana,  1805-1812 ;  Territory  of  Missouri,  1812-1821 ;  Territory  of  Michigan, 
1834-1836;  and  the  Original  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  1836-1838. 


496    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

1838,  none  of  these  early  Compilations9  will  be  considered 
in  this  paper  for  obvious  reasons.  Nor  will  any  notice  be 
taken  in  this  connection  of  the  extra-legal  codes  or  consti- 
tutions adopted  by  the  early  settlers  in  their  Claim  Associ- 
ations,10 or  the  by-laws  subscribed  to  by  the  Dubuque 
miners  in  1830.11 

The  first  publication  of  Iowa  laws  which  bears  any 
semblance  to  a  code  is  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory 
of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  known  to  some  writers  as  The  Old  Blue 
Book.12  This  was  followed  in  1843,  by  a  more  extensive  book 
entitled  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842- 
1843,  and  popularly  known  as  The  Blue  Book.13  These  vol- 
umes, which  belong  to  the  Territorial  period,  are  not  codes 
in  any  strict  sense  of  the  term.  And  yet,  both  have  some 
resemblance  to  a  systematic  compilation  in  the  arrangement 
of  matter,  which  does  not  follow  the  chronological  order  of 
the  acts  as  approved;  both  served  as  a  guide  to  the  law  of 
the  Territory;  and  both  may  be  considered  as  the  fore- 
runners to  the  later  real  codes  of  the  State. 

The  first  suggestion  looking  toward  a  codification  of  the 

*>  For  example,  in  Michigan  there  had  been  published  prior  to  1834  three  so- 
called  codes:  The  Woodward  Code,  1805,  published  at  Washington,  D.  C.;  the 
Cass  Code,  1816,  published  at  Detroit,  Mich.;  and  the  Code  of  1820.  These 
compilations  are  reprinted  in  Vol.  I  of  the  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Michigan 
as  published  in  1871,  p.  xiii. 

10  See  Shambaugh  's  Constitution  and  Eecords  of  the  Claim  Association  of 
Johnson  County;  also  Shambaugh 's  Frontier  Land  Clubs  or  Claim  Associations 
in  the  Annual  Eeport  of  the  American  Historical  Association  for  1900,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  67-84. 

11  See  Parish 's  The  Langworthys  of  Early  Dubuque  and  Their  Contributions 
to  Local  History  in  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS,  Vol.  VIII, 
p.  317. 

12  Cole's  Historical  Bibliography  of  the  Statute  Law  of  Iowa  in  The  Law 
Bulletin,  (State  University  of  Iowa),  No.  2,  note  on  p.  40.     He  says  "This  vol. 
is  the  '  Old  Blue  Book '  having  been  bound  with  blue  paper  sides. ' ' 

is  Cole's  Historical  Bibliography  of  the  Statute  Law  of  Iowa  in  The  Law 
Bulletin,  (State  University  of  Iowa),  No.  2,  note  on  p.  41. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW         497 

laws  of  Iowa  was  made  by  Governor  Henry  Dodge  in  his 
message  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1837,  where  he 
says : — 

By  the  organic  law  of  Congress,  the  laws  of  the  late  Territory 
of  Michigan  are  in  force  until  altered,  modified,  or  repealed.  There 
has  been  a  great  accession  of  population  to  this  Territory  within 
the  last  four  years,  from  every  part  of  the  United  States :  the  state 
and  condition  of  the  people  has  been  greatly  changed,  and  the 
existing  laws  now  in  force  (many  of  them)  are  not  suited  to  the 
habits  and  wants  of  the  citizens  of  this  territory.  I  recommend 
for  your  consideration,  at  an  early  day  of  your  session,  the  pro- 
priety of  selecting  three  or  more  competent  persons  to  report  a  code 
of  laws  to  be  submitted  to  the  action  of  the  Legislative  Assembly 
during  their  present  session.14 

A  leading  newspaper  of  the  time,  after  mentioning  the 
convening  of  the  legislature,  remarks  editorially  :— 

There  is  one  measure  to  be  acted  on,  which  all  concede  to  be  of 
paramount  importance  —  we  mean  the  revision  of  our  present,  or 
the  adoption  of  an  entire  new  code  of  laws.  Something  must  be 
done  on  this  subject,  or  we  shall  have  to  halt.  It  is  time  the  people 
should  know  what  laws  are  in  existence  in  our  Territory,  and  what 
are  not.  This  opportunity,  we  hope,  will  soon  be  afforded  them.15 

Less  than  a  year  later,  on  July  4,  1838,  that  part  of  Wis- 
consin Territory  lying  west  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver  was 
erected  into  the  Territory  of  Iowa.  By  the  act  which  cre- 
ated this  Territory  it  was  provided  that  "the  existing  laws 
of  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin  shall  be  extended  over  said 
territory,  so  far  as  the  same  be  not  incompatible  with 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  subject,  nevertheless,  to  be 
altered,  modified,  or  repealed  by  the  governor  and  legisla- 
tive assembly  of  the  said  territory  of  Iowa".16 

i*  Shambaugh  'a  Messages  and  Proclamations  of  the  Governors  of  Iowa,  Vol. 
I,  p.  12. 

IB  Wisconsin  Territorial  Gazette  and  Burlington  Advertiser,  Vol.  I,  No.  18, 
Thursday,  November  11,  1837. 

i«  Section  12  of  the  act  of  Congress,  approved  June  12,  1838,  ' '  to  divide  the 
Territory  of  Wisconsin,  and  establish  the  Territorial  Government  of  Iowa. ' ' 


• 


498    IOWl  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Although  the  legislature  'of  the  original  Territory  of  Wis- 
consin had  by  a  joint  resolution  provided  for  the  printing 
of  a  compilation  of  the  laws  in  force  in  the  Territory,17  the 
first  Legislative  Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa  pro- 
ceeded to  enact  a  great  many  new  laws  which  finally  took 
the  form  of  a  volume  entitled  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Iowa,  1838-1839. 

THE   OLD   BLUE  BOOK 

The  first  Territorial  legislature  met  on  November  12, 
1838,  at  Burlington.  On  this  same  day  Governor  Eobert 
Lucas,  in  a  lengthy  message  outlining  the  needs  of  the  new 
Territory,  strongly  urged  the  adoption  of  a  code  of  laws  in 
the  following  terms  :— 

The  compilation  and  enactment  of  a  complete  Code  of  laws,  par- 
ticularly adapted  to  our  situation  and  interest,  would  require  more 
time  and  deliberation,  than  is  allotted  to  the  Legislative  Assembly 
during  its  session.  And,  indeed,  experience  has  taught  us,  that  it 
is  impracticable  to  digest,  report,  and  enact  a  complete  code  of 
laws  during  the  session  of  a  Legislative  body. 

I  would  therefore  suggest  for  your  consideration,  as  a  subject  of 
the  greatest  importance  to  the  future  prosperity  of  the  Territory, 
the  appointment  of  a  committee  not  to  exceed  three  persons,  of 
known  legal  experience  and  weight  of  character,  to  digest  and  pre- 
pare a  complete  code  of  laws  during  the  recess  of  the  Legislature, 
and  to  report  them  for  consideration  and  enactment  at  the  ensuing 
session.  By  pursuing  this  method,  in  the  course  of  two  years  we 
will  be  released  from  the  ambiguity  of  existing  laws,  and  our  system 
of  jurisprudence  will  be  established  upon  a  firm  foundation,  pecu- 
liar [l]y  adapted  to  the  situation,  interests,  habits,  and  wants  of  our 
citizens.18 

17  Laws  of  Wisconsin,  1836-1838,  Joint  Besolutions,  Nos.  11  and  15,  pp.  524, 
526. 

is  Shambaugh 's  Executive  Journal  of  Iowa,  1838-1841,  p.  55;  Shambaugh's 
Messages  and  Proclamations  of  the  Governors  of  Iowa,  Vol.  I,  p.  89;  Council 
Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  12;  and  Journal  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  11. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          499 

The  suggestion  of  Governor  Lucas  did  not  seem  to  meet 
with  the  hearty  approval  of  the  legislature.  In  the  House, 
Mr.  James  Brierly  of  Lee  County  offered  a  resolution  call- 
ing for  the  appointment  of  a  committee  "to  draft  and  revise 
a  code  of  laws  for  the  Territory  of  Iowa";19  but  on  the 
motion  of  Mr.  James  W.  Grimes,  the  resolution  was  laid 
upon  the  table,  from  which  it  seems  never  to  have  been 
taken.20 

At  the  outset  the  two  houses  of  the  legislature  pursued 
a  different  course  of  action  in  reference  to  the  making  of  a 
code.  In  the  journal  of  the  House  of  Representatives  it  is 
recorded  that  on  November  14,  1838,  Mr.  Grimes  of  the 
Judiciary  Committee,  offered  the  following  resolution, 
which  was  adopted : 

That  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  be  requested  to  present 
to  this  House  during,  the  present  session,  for  its  action  upon  the 
same,  such  bills  for  this  Territory  as  they  should  deem  necessary 
for  adoption.21 

The  Council,  on  the  other  hand,  simply  referred  that  part 
of  the  message  of  Governor  Lucas  which  related  to  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  committee  to  draft  and  prepare  a  code  of 
laws  to  the  Judiciary  Committee,22  which  was  composed  of 
Messrs.  Stephen  Hempstead,  Jonathan  W.  Parker,  E.  A.  M. 
Swazy,  Charles  Whittlesey,  and  Arthur  Inghram.23 

On  November  21,  1838,  both  houses  adopted  a  joint  reso- 
lution, similar  to  the  House  resolution  of  November  14th, 
requesting  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  "to  furnish 
this  Legislative  Assembly,  during  its  present  session,  with 

i»  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  21. 

20  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  21. 

21  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  20. 

22  Council  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  40. 

23  Council  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  23.     Messrs.  Charles 
Whittlesey  and  Arthur  Inghram  were  added  later  in  the  session. 


• 


500    IOWl  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

such  bills,  as  will,  in  their  opinion,  form  a  proper  code  of 
jurisprudence  for  Iowa,  and  regulate  the  practice  of  the 
courts  thereof."24 

Previous  to  the  adoptior  of  this  resolution,  however, 
copies  of  several  laws,  covering  various  subjects,  were  sub- 
mitted to  the  legislature  by  Judges  Charles  Mason,  T.  S. 
Wilson,  and  Joseph  Williams,25  and  were  enacted  into  law. 
In  fact,  many  of  the  most  important  laws  passed  at  this  first 
session  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  were  penned  by  Judge 
Mason,  who  was  at  that  time  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court.26  The  resolution  above  referred  to  was 
looked  upon  as  an  act  of  employment,  and  the  question  of 
the  compensation  of  the  Judges  in  framing  the  laws  gave 
rise  to  a  complex  legislative  controversy.27 

The  question  of  who  should  print  the  laws  was  the  next 
question  to  be  settled.  Two  firms  had  champions  in  both 
houses.  James  G.  Edwards  of  Burlington  had  printed  the 
laws  of  Wisconsin  Territory  the  previous  year,  and  Mr. 
Grimes,  chairman  of  the  Judiciary  Committee  in  the  House, 
was  strongly  in  his  favor.28  But  it  appears  that  on  No- 
vember 27, 1838,  a  joint  resolution  was  approved,  providing 
1 '  that  Russell  and  Eeeves,  of  Du  Buque,  be  employed  to 
print  the  Laws  passed  at  the  present  session  on  the  same 
terms,  [that  is,  the  same  prices  as  were  paid  to  the  printers 
of  Congress  for  such  work]  and  that  the  said  Eussell  and 
Reeves  be  required  to  enter  into  bonds,  with  good  and  suf- 

24  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  517,  Joint  Keso- 
lution,  No.  7,  approved  January  4,  1839. 

25  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  74. 

20  For  a  paper  on  Chief  Justice  Mason  see  McClain's  Charles  Mason  —  Iowa's 
First  Jurist  in  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  3rd  Series,  Vol.  IV,  p.  595. 

27  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  pp.  129,  130,  134,  139,  142, 
and  144.    The  question  was  kept  alive  during  a  considerable  part  of  the  session. 

28  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  36. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          501 

ficient  security,  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory,  in  the 
sum  of  five  thousand  dollars,  to  have  the  same  ready  for 
delivery  on  the  first  day  of  May,  A.  D.  1839.  "29 

The  act,  however,  which  authorized  the  publication  of  the 
laws  of  1838-1839  was  approved  January  21,  1839.30  By 
its  provisions  the  Territorial  Secretary  was  directed  to  fur- 
nish the  Territorial  printer  with  a  true  copy  of  the  acts  and 
joint  resolutions  passed  at  that  session  of  the  legislature; 
and  in  addition  he  was  required  "to  make  an  index  and 
marginal  notes "  to  the  same  and  to  furnish  these  to  the 
printer  along  with  the  laws,  "to  superintend  the  printing, 
in  such  manner  as  he  may  conceive  most  conducive  to  the 
public  good",  and  to  certify  that  the  laws  were  correct  ac- 
cording to  the  enrolled  bills  in  his  office.31  Furthermore 
the  act  stipulates  that  '  *  there  shall  be  prefixed  to  the  volume 
.  .  .  .  a  complete  table  of  contents "  and  various  docu- 
ments. 

As  stated  above,  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of 
Iowa,  1838-1839,  do  not  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term  con- 
stitute a  code  of  laws.  It  would  be  more  proper  to  refer  to 
them  simply  as  the  session  laws  of  1838-1839.  But  the 
arrangement  of  the  statutes  under  various  headings,  their 
publication  in  alphabetical  order,  and  the  scope  of  the  sub- 
jects included  give  to  the  work  something  more  than  the 
appearance  merely  of  a  code.  Containing  as  it  did  the 
various  important  documents,  the  volume  served  the  pur- 
pose of  a  code  rather  than  a  collection  of  acts  and  may  be 
properly  regarded  as  a  forerunner  of  later  compilations. 

The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839, 
contains  five  hundred  and  ninety-eight  pages.  Two  thou- 

2»  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  515. 
so  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  321. 
3i  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  322. 


502    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

sand  copies  were  orderecUto  be  printed  and  put  up  in  half 
binding,32  the  covers  of  which  were  a  pale  blue  cardboard 
—  from  which  it  took  the  name  of  The  Old  Blue  Book.  The 
title  page  in  full  reads  as  follows  :— 

THE   STATUTE  LAWS 

OP   THE 

TERRITORY  OF  IOWA, 

ENACTED  AT  THE  FIRST  SESSION  OF  THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY 
OF  SAID  TERRITORY,  HELD  AT  BURLINGTON,  A.  D.  1838- '39. 


PUBLISHED  BY  AUTHORITY. 


DU  BUQUE I 

RUSSELL  AND  REEVES,  PRINTERS 
1839. 

The  Secretary's  certificate,  required  by  the  act  author- 
izing the  publishing  of  the  volume,  stating  that  the  printed 
pages  were  correct  copies  of  the  enrolled  bills,  is  dated 
July  23,  1839.33  The  joint  resolution  provided  that  the 
book  should  be  ready  for  delivery  on  the  first  day  of  May. 
Thus  it  is  evident  that  there  was  a  considerable  delay  in 
completing  the  work,  a  fact  which  caused  trouble  when  it 
came  time  to  pay  for  the  printing. 

The  first  document  in  this  compilation  is  the  "Declara- 
tion of  Independence ",  which  is  followed  by  the  "Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States ",  "The  Ordinance  of  1787 ", 
and  "The  Organic  Law  of  Iowa".  In  addition  to  these,  in 
an  appendix  at  the  close  of  the  book,  may  be  found  an  act 
of  Congress  concerning  the  Naturalization  of  Aliens,  of 
May  24, 1828,  and  the  "Articles  of  Confederation. "34 

The  acts  of  the  Territorial  legislature  are  grouped  under 

32  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  517. 

ss  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  reverse  of  title  page. 

34  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  522. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW         503 

seventy-four  headings,  which  are  arranged  alphabetically, 
commencing  with  " Abatement "  and  ending  with  "Wor- 
shipping Congregations ' 9.  The  statutes  themselves  com- 
pare favorably  with  those  of  later  assemblies.  They  are 
clear  and  free  from  ambiguity;  and  though  some  may  be 
criticised  as  to  arrangement,  the  majority  are  of  a  high 
order,  both  from  a  literary  and  a  legal  standpoint. 

The  headings  of  the  various  sections  are  sometimes  mis- 
leading. For  example,  under  "  Mechanic  "35  the  law  refers 
to  liens  and  the  methods  of  foreclosing  the  same;  under 
"Legislative  Assembly "36  the  act  is  one  "to  district  the 
Territory  of  Iowa  into  electoral  districts,  and  to  apportion 
the  Eepresentatives  of  each";  and  under  "Burlington"37 
appears  "An  Act  to  improve  the  Police  of  the  City  of 
Burlington. ' ' 

In  the  arrangement  of  the  contents,  laws  of  a  general 
nature  are  not  separated  from  those  of  a  special  or  private 
character.  And  so  the  book  contains  a  number  of  acts 
granting  ferry  privileges  and  regulating  their  operation, 
acts  establishing  roads,38  and  acts  authorizing  individuals 
to  erect  mill  dams.  There  are  also  eleven  acts  which  refer 
to  counties  and  to  county  boundaries.39  One  statute 
changes  the  old  county  of  Slaughter  into  the  Washington 
County  of  to-day;40  and  another  provides  that  "so  soon  as 
the  place  shall  be  selected"  for  a  seat  of  government,  it 
should  be  called  "Iowa  City".41  A  considerable  number  of 

ss  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  327. 
so  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  324. 
37  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  71. 

ss  There  were  six  acts  relating  to  Eoads. —  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory 
of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  pp.  427-435. 

3»  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  pp.  89-107. 

40  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  100. 

41  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  437. 


504    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

laws  are  headed  "  Incorporations ' ',42  since  in  the  absence 
of  a  general  incorporation  law  every  organization  that  de- 
sired corporate  life  had  to  secure  a  special  charter  from 
the  legislature.  The  laws  relating  to  county  organization 
and  county  officers  are  not  grouped  into  one  division,  but 
are  scattered  throughout  the  book. 

Many  of  the  statutes  printed  in  The  Old  Blue  Book  are 
naturally  of  interest  only  from  an  historical  standpoint. 
There  is  a  law  concerning  "Blacks  and  Mulattoes"43 
which  seems  very  harsh  and  unjust  to-day,  but  which  in 
1839  expressed  the  sentiment  of  a  majority  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  Iowa.44  No  black  or  mulatto  was  allowed  to  reside 
or  settle  in  the  Territory  unless  he  could  produce  a  cer- 
tificate under  seal  showing  his  freedom,  and  give  a  bond  of 
five  hundred  dollars  conditioned  on  his  good  behavior,  and 
that  such  black  or  mulatto  would  not  become  a  charge  on 
the  county.  A  conviction  of  any  crime  or  misdemeanor 
acted  as  a  forfeiture  of  such  bond.  Moreover,  if  the  negro 
or  mulatto  failed  to  provide  such  security,  it  became  the 
duty  of  the  county  commissioners  to  hire  him  out  to  the 
highest  bidder  for  cash.45 

Another  law  of  interest  is  the  one  in  regard  to  seals,  as 
it  shows  the  tendency  of  the  early  legislators  to  break  away 
from  some  of  the  restrictions  of  the  Common  Law.46  The 
law  now  is,  of  course,  much  more  liberal  than  then ;  but  the 
act  referred  to  was  more  liberal  than  the  Common  Law, 
since  it  provided  "That  any  instrument,  to  which  the  per- 

42  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  227.     There  was 
a  total  of  fourteen  acts  headed  ' '  Incorporations ' '. 

43  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  65. 

44  Many  of  the  early  settlers  were  from  the  South  and  naturally  had  the 
southern  attitude  toward  the  colored  race. 

45  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  66. 

46  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  435. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          505 

son  making  the  same  shall  affix  any  device,  or  scrawl,  by 
way  of  seal,  shall  be  adjudged  and  held  to  be  of  the  same 
force  and  obligation  as  if  it  were  actually  sealed",  and 
further,  "All  instruments  shall  be  considered,  and  ad- 
judged, as  sealed  instruments  whenever  the  aforesaid 
scrawl  or  device,  is  attached  by  the  mark  thereof,  although 
the  word  'seal'  is  not  mentioned  in  the  body  of  the  instru- 
ment."47 

In  the  act  defining  crimes  and  punishments  is  found  the 
interesting  provision  that  "any  person  who  shall  steal  any 
hog,  shoat,  or  pig,  or  mark  or  alter  the  mark  of  any  hog, 
shoat,  or  pig,  with  an  intention  of  stealing  the  same,  for 
every  such  offence,  upon  being  thereof  duly  convicted,  shall 
be  fined  in  any  sum  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars,  and 
moreover  shall  be  imprisoned  for  a  term  not  exceeding  five 
years".48  The  crime  of  horse  stealing,  being  of  a  much 
graver  nature,  was  punished  by  a  prison  sentence  of  ten 
years.49 

The  code  of  criminal  jurisprudence,  which  covers  thirty 
pages,  is  to  be  found  under  the  heading  "Courts".50  The 
act  is  divided  into  ten  divisions,  graded  according  to  the 
enormity  of  the  crime.  One  noticeable  feature  is  the  statu- 
tory definitions  of  murder,  manslaughter,  and  the  various 
crimes.51  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  crime  of  murder  is  not 
as  fully  defined  in  the  Code  of  1897  as  in  the  first  code  of 
the  Territory.  The  Old  Blue  Book,  however,  has  nothing 
to  say  of  the  greatest  of  all  crimes,  namely,  treason. 

The  militia  is  very  elaborately  organized  into  three  di- 

4T  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  435. 
48  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  150. 
4»  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  149. 
so  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  142. 
5i  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  142. 
VOL.  IX — 34 


506    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

visions  of  not  less  than*  two  brigades  each.52  Such  an 
organization  seems  to  have  given  considerable  trouble,  as 
the  militia  law  was  continually  being  changed.  The  popula- 
tion of  Iowa  in  1838  was  22,859,53  and  the  minimum  organi- 
zation called  for  six  brigades ;  while  to-day  with  a  popula- 
tion of  over  two  million  the  militia  is  organized  into  one 
brigade.  The  Adjutant  General  was  to  keep  extensive  rec- 
ords and  was  allowed  "one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars, 
annually,  for  book  stationery,  and  in  full  for  all  his  serv- 
ices as  such".54 

The  last  statute  in  the  book  is  headed  "Worshiping 
Congregations",  which  is  an  act  "to  preserve  good  order 
in  all  worshiping  congregations  in  this  Territory."55  The 
act  makes  it  a  crime,  triable  by  jury,  to  use  profane  or 
vulgar  language,  or  sell  liquors  within  a  certain  distance  of 
worshiping  assemblages. 

Under  many  of  the  acts  of  a  private  nature  are  to  be 
found  notes  from  the  pen  of  Governor  Lucas,  which  usually 
declare  that  so  far  as  the  law  interferes  "with  private 
rights,  or  the  property  of  the  United  States,  it  will  be  con- 
sidered void",  but  in  other  respects  it  is  valid.56  These 
notes  closely  resembled  judicial  opinions  and  as  such  were 
clearly  superfluous. 

Throughout  the  volume  there  are  complete  marginal 
notes  of  an  exceptionally  high  character.  These  are  of 
great  aid  to  the  student  who  seeks  a  concise,  correct  state- 
ment of  the  law.  The  statutes  are  clothed  in  such  simple 

52  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  329. 

53  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1840-1841,  p.  316. 

•r>4  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  334. 
55  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  513. 

50  The  writing  of  these  opinions  by  Governor  Lucas  raised  considerable  op- 
position in  the  first  session  of  the  Legislative  Assembly. —  See  Parish's  Robert 
Lucas,  p.  211. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          507 

and  clear  language  that  the  man  who  is  unacquainted  with 
the  law  can  easily  understand  them.  At  that  time  annota- 
tions had  not  made  their  appearance  in  compilations  of 
Iowa  laws ;  indeed,  there  were  practically  none  to  be  made 
in  connection  with  these  Iowa  statutes  as  the  Supreme 
Court  had  only  been  in  existence  for  a  few  months.57  Fol- 
lowing the  acts  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  are  the  joint 
resolutions  —  twelve  in  number. 

As  stated  above,  there  was  considerable  delay  in  the  pub- 
lication of  the  laws.  This  was  very  provoking  to  Governor 
Lucas,  and  in  his  second  annual  message  he  gives  a  com- 
plete account  of  the  reasons  for  their  tardy  appearance,  in 
which  he  seeks  to  throw  the  blame  on  Secretary  Wm.  B. 
Conway,  who  had  prepared  the  book  for  publication.58  In 
speaking  of  the  delay  he  says : — 

They  have  just  been  received  at  this  city,  within  a  few  days  of 
six  months  after  the  time  specified  in  the  obligation.  On  examining 
the  printed  volume,  delivered  to  me  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Terri- 
tory, I  find  it  contains  his  official  certificate,  dated  the  23d  of  July, 
A.  D.  1839,  (nearly  three  months  after  the  time  the  laws  should 
have  been  ready  for  delivery)  certifying  that  he  had  compared  the 
pages  with  the  "engrossed  bills"  deposited  in  his  office,  and  that 
they  contained  true  and  correct  copies.  (The  Secretary,  I  suppose 
meant  the  enrolled  bills,  as  no  "engrossed  bills"  are  ever  filed  in 
the  Secretary 's  office  as  laws. )  In  this  certificate  the  Secretary  has 
been  in  error  in  one  particular  at  least;  for,  in  the  first  section  of 
the  act  providing  for  and  regulating  general  elections,  in  the  Ter- 
ritory, I  discover  a  very  important  interpolation  in  the  printed 

57  There  were  only  191  cases  tried  during  the  Territorial  period.     Chief  Jus- 
tice Mason  wrote  166  of  the  opinions,  one  of  the  most  important  of  which  was 
the  case  of  Ealph,  a  colored  man,  which  is  reported  in  Bradford's  Reports  of 
the  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Iowa,  1840,  p.  3.     This  case  is  also  re- 
ported in  Morris,  p.  1.    See  McClain's  Charles  Mason  —  Iowa's  .First  Jurist  in 
the  Annals  of  Iowa,  3rd  Series,  Vol.  IV,  p.  598,  and  also  Parish's  An  Early 
Fugitive  Slave  Case  West  of  the  Mississippi  River  in  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OP 
HISTORY  AND  POLITICS,  Vol.  VI,  p.  88. 

58  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  321. 


508    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

copy,  that  changes  materially  the  meaning  of  the  law.  The  original 
enrolled  bill  signed  by  the  presiding,  officers  of  both  branches  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly,  approved  by  the  Executive,  and  deposited  in 
the  Secretary's  office,  in  the  clause  relating  to  the  election  of  Dele- 
gate to  Congress,  reads  as  follows:  "An  election  for  Delegate  to 
Congress,  for  members  of  the  council,  and  county  recorder,  shall 
take  place  on  the  first  Monday  in  August  next  —  and  forty,  and  on 
the  same  day  in  every  second  year  thereafter."  The  printed  copy 
is  made  to  read  "An  election  for  Delegate  to  Congress,  for  mem- 
bers to  the  council,  and  county  Recorder,  shall  take  place  on  the 
first  Monday  of  August,  Eighteen  hundred  and  forty,  and  on  the 
same  day  in  every  second  year  thereafter."  Thus  we  find  the 
word  "next"  where  it  occurs  after  the  word  "August"  in  the 
original  enrolled  bill  omitted,  and  the  words  "Eighteen  hundred", 
that  are  not  in  the  original  roll  interpolated  in  the  printed  copy. 
I  have  also  examined  the  appendix  with  care,  and  find  under  the 
head  Naturalization  of  aliens  An  act  of  Congress  entitled  "an  Act 
to  amend  an  Act  concerning  Naturalization,"  approved  24th  May, 
1828,  printed  which  is  the  only  act  on  this  subject  that  I  could  find 
in  the  volume.  The  acts  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  require  the 
publication,  in  an  appendix  to  the  laws  of  the  Territory,  all  acts  of 
Congress  now  in  force,  relative  to  the  naturalization  of  aliens,  which 
would  have  included  a  general  law  on  that  subject,  approved  14th 
April  1802,  an  additional  act  approved  26th  of  March  1804,  an  act 
regulating  seamen,  &c.  approved  3d  of  March  1813,  an  act  supple- 
mentary to  acts  heretofore  passed,  &c.  approved  July  30th,  1813, 
an  act  relative  to  evidence  in  case  of  naturalization,  approved  May 
29th,  1824,  all  of  which  acts  are  in  force  and  should  have  preceded 
the  act  published  in  the  appendix.59 

To  avoid  a  repetition  of  such  a  delay,  the  Governor 
urged  the  appointment  of  a  Public  Printer.60  But  this  rec- 
ommendation met  with  little  favor  during  the  Territorial 
period,  and  the  printing  was  given  to  those  printers  who 
were  allied  with  the  dominant  political  party. 

•r>o  Z7ow.sc  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1839-1840,  p.  13.  For  the  report  of  the 
legislative  committee  on  the  delay  in  printing,  which  gives  a  partial  history  of 
The  Old  Blue  Book,  see  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1839-1840,  pp.  46-48. 

co  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1839-1840,  p.  13. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          509 

At  the  session  of  1839-40  it  became  necessary  to  provide 
for  the  payment  of  the  printing  of  The  Old  Blue  Book. 
Messrs.  Bussell  and  Eeeves  had  filed  bonds  in  the  sum  of 
five  thousand  dollars,  with  three  securities,  that  the  laws 
would  be  published  on  May  1,  1839.61  Because  of  the  delay 
the  Governor  thought  the  legislature  should  interfere;62 
but  in  the  early  part  of  the  second  session  a  joint  resolution 
was  passed,  declaring  "That  Eussell  &  Eeeves,  publishers 
of  the  laws  of  the  territory,  be  and  they  are  hereby  entitled 
to  the  balance  due  on  said  work,  as  though  the  same  had 
been  done  by  the  first  day  of  May  eighteen  hundred  thirty- 
nine.  "63  The  Governor  refused  to  sign  this  resolution,  and 
it  was  passed  over  his  veto.64  What  is  meant  by  "bal- 
ance" in  this  resolution  is  hard  to  determine.  After 
Eussell  &  Eeeves  had  filed  their  bond,  Mr.  Grimes  had 
introduced  in  the  House  a  resolution  that  $1,500  be  ad- 
vanced to  them,  but  such  resolution  never  became  a  law.65 
They  were  paid,  however,  * i  the  like  prices  allowed  for  work 
by  Congress".  This  amounted  to  $3,943.00.66  The  last 
word  on  the  question  of  paying  for  this  code  was  given  in 
the  report  of  a  committee  to  examine  the  amount  annually 
appropriated  for  public  printing.67  It  reads : — 

Your  committee  are  of  opinion,  that,  at  the  prices  fixed,  the 
amount  for  printing  the  first  volume  should  not  have  exceeded 
$3239.36.  Yet  it  will  be  seen  by  the  above  exhibit,  that  $3943.00 
was  appropriated  to  satisfy  "a  balance"  supposed  to  be  due  for 

ei  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  263. 

62  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1839-1840,  p.  13. 

es  Joint  Resolution,  No.  2.    Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1839-1840,  p.  147. 

64  See  above  note  63. 

es  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  263. 

ee  See  report  of  the  Investigating  Committee,  House  Journal,  Territory  of 
Iowa,  1841-1842,  pp.  234,  235. 

6T  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1841-1842,  p.  236. 


510    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

that  object  —  what  was  the  whole  sum  allowed  for  that  work  the 
committee  have  been  unable  to  ascertain;  but  this  " balance "  ex- 
ceeds the  amount  your  committee  believe  to  have  been  due  for  the 
whole  of  said  work;  the  sum  of  $703.64. 

Despite  the  fact  that  The  Old  Blue  Book  was  hastily 
gotten  together  and  comprised  the  laws  of  only  one  session 
of  the  Legislative  Assembly,  it  was,  nevertheless,  destined 
to  serve  as  a  code  of  law  for  another  jurisdiction,  namely, 
Oregon.  From  1841  until  1845  the  question  of  local  govern- 
ment in  Oregon  was  a  serious  one.  The  United  States  had 
made  no  provision  for  a  form  of  government  and  many  of 
the  settlers,  who  were  loyal  to  the  United  States,  feared 
that  the  joint  occupancy  of  the  country  by  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  would  terminate  in  the  Englishman's 
favor.  Accordingly,  they  did  everything  in  their  power  to 
hold  Oregon  for  the  Union.0'8  The  most  important  act  of 
the  settlers  was,  perhaps,  the  formation  of  the  Provisional 
Government,69  On  May  2,  1843,  a  meeting  was  held  at 
Champoeg  where  it  was  decided  by  the  settlers,  by  a  very 
close  vote,  to  form  a  government.70  A  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  draw  up  a  constitution  which  was  to  be  sub- 
mitted on  July  5, 1843.  The  preamble  of  the  report  reads : — 

We,  the  people  of  Oregon  Territory,  for  the  purpose  of  mutual 
protection  and  to  secure  peace  and  prosperity  among  ourselves, 

68  The  following  papers  deal  with  the  organization  of  Oregon  Territory: 
Bradley 's  Political  Beginnings  in  Oregon  in  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  His- 
torical Society,  Vol.  IX,  p.  42;  Harriott's  Transplanting  Iowa's  Laws  to  Oregon 
in  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  3rd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  p.  455,  reprinted  in  The  Quarterly 
of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Vol.  V,  p.  139;  Scott's  The  Formation  and 
Administration  of  the  Provisional  Government  of  Oregon  in  The  Quarterly  of 
the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Vol.  II,  p.  95;  Kobertson's  The  Genesis  of  Po- 
litical Authority  and  of  a  Commonwealth  Government  in  Oregon  in  The  Quar- 
terly of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Vol.  I,  p.  3;  Benton's  Thirty  Years' 
View,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470-482 ;  and  the  Congressional  Globe,  1842-1843,  pp.  149-155. 

09  Scott's  The  Formation  and  Administration  of  the  Provisional  Government 
of  Oregon  in  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Vol.  II,  p.  95. 
70  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Vol.  IX,  p.  50. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW         511 

agree  to  adopt  the  following  laws  until  such  time  as  the  United 
States  of  America  extend  their  jurisdiction  over  us.71 

Two  sections  in  this  constitution  provide  for  the  adoption 
of  the  Iowa  statutes.  Article  12  of  Section  2  declares : — 

The  laws  of  Iowa  territory  shall  be  the  laws  of  this  territory,  in 
civil,  military  and  criminal  cases ;  where  not  otherwise  provided  for, 
and  where  no  statute  of  Iowa  applies,  the  principles  of  common  law 
and  equity  shall  govern.72 

Again  in  Article  19  the  framers  of  the  Provisional  Gov- 
ernment made  the  following  provision : — 

That  the  following  portion  of  the  laws  of  Iowa,  as  laid  down  in 
the  statute  laws  of  the  territory  of  Iowa  enacted  at  the  first  session 
of  the  legislative  assembly  of  said  territory  held  at  Burlington, 

A.  D.,  1838-9,  published  by  authority,  Du  Buque,  Bussel  [Russell], 
and  Reeves,  printers,  1839.    Certified  to  be  a  correct  copy  by  Wm. 

B.  Conway,  secretary  of  Iowa  territory,  be  adopted  as  the  laws  of 
this  territory.73 

A  list  of  over  thirty  acts  is  then  appended  to  the  resolu- 
tion.74 Thus  were  the  laws  of  Iowa  embodied  in  the  first 
Constitution  of  Oregon.  The  legislature  which  met  later 
passed  an  act  "  adopting  the  statutes  of  Iowa,  so  far  as 
they  were  applicable  to  the  circumstances  of  the  country."75 

Two  reasons  have  been  assigned  for  the  adoption  of  the 
Iowa  statutes  as  a  part  of  the  Constitution  of  Oregon.  One 
writer  says  that  ' '  there  was  but  one  copy  of  the  Iowa  code 
in  Oregon,  and  so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  find  out,  there 
was  no  other  copy  of  any  kind  of  a  code  within  reach  of 

71  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Vol.  IX,  p.  51. 

72  Annals  of  Iowa,  3rd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  p.  459.    This  constitution,  copied  from 
Grover's  Oregon  Archives,  pp.  28-32,  may  be  found  in  Bancroft's  History  of 
Oregon,  Vol.  I,  pp.  306-309. 

73  Annals  of  Iowa,  3rd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  p.  459. 

74  Annals  of  Iowa,  3rd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  p.  460. 

75  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Vol.  IX,  p.  59. 


512    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  legislators,  and  ignorant  of  modes  of  legal  procedure 
as  they  were,  it  was  necessary  that  they  have  some  guide. ' m 
The  same  writer  suggests  that  Iowa  was  laboring  under  the 
same  conditions  as  Oregon,  and  her  laws  were  more  suit- 
able than  those  of  any  other  State  or  Territory  for  the  use 
of  the  "Provisional  Government".77  Another  writer  in- 
timates that  the  Iowa  statutes  might  have  been  adopted  as 
the  result  of  a  bill  introduced  in  the  United  States  Senate 
by  Senator  Louis  F.  Linn  of  Missouri,  which  provided  for 
the  organizing  of  Oregon  into  a  Territory  and  extending 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  and  judges  of  Iowa  over  the 
new  Territory.78  The  bill  failed  of  passage,  but  the  pro- 
visions therein  may  have  induced  the  inhabitants  to  con- 
sider Iowa's  laws  more  favorably  than  those  of  any  other 
commonwealth.79 

The  original  edition  of  The  Old  Blue  Book  is  very  rare, 
and  this  fact  led  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa  to  re- 
print the  volume  in  1900.80  Judges  Horace  E.  Deemer  and 
Scott  M.  Ladd  had  this  work  in  charge,  and  they  had  print- 
ed one  thousand  copies,  bound  in  sheep,  and  of  a  larger 
size  than  the  original.  The  reprint  contains  six  hundred 
thirty-four  pages,  six  by  nine  inches  in  size. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  The  Old  Blue  Book  did  not 
contain  all  the  law  of  the  Territory.  In  1839  the  Judiciary 
Committee  of  the  House  reported  a  list  of  thirty-four  acts 
of  the  Territories  of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan  that  were  in 
force  in  Iowa.81  Most  of  these  acts  related  to  the  subjects 

76  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Vol.  IX,  p.  59. 

77  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  59,  60. 
73Benton's  Thirty  Tears'  View,  Vol.  II,  p.  470. 

79  Annals  of  Iowa,  3rd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  p.  462. 

8<>  Prefatory  note  to  the  reprint  of  The  Statute  Laics  of  the  Territory  of 
Iowa,  1838-1839. 

si  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1839-1840,  p.  51. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          513 

of  property  or  criminal  law,  and  in  certain  cases  were  the 
only  laws  on  the  subjects  covered,  which  were  in  existence 
in  Iowa.82 

Except  as  modified  by  acts  of  the  Legislative  Assembly, 
The  Old  Blue  Book  remained  in  force  for  four  years,  or 
until  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842- 
1843,  known  to  the  bar  as  The  Blue  Book,  was  adopted. 
The  majority  of  the  laws  were  held  in  high  regard,  owing, 
no  doubt,  to  their  simplicity  and  clearness.  Indeed,  many 
of  the  acts  were  models  in  every  respect.  Few  met  with 
criticism  and  disapproval.  Although  many  petitions  came 
to  the  legislature  to  repeal  the  law  concerning  Blacks  and 
Mulattoes,83  the  legislature  persistently  refused  to  modify 
the  statute.  Indeed,  the  select  committee,  to  which  the  pe- 
titions were  referred,  reported  that  "an  amendment  to  the 
law,  prohibiting,  positively,  their  settlement  among  us, 
would  approach  more  nearly  the  true  policy  of  our  Terri- 
tory. "84 

This  interesting  little  book  was  the  forerunner  of  the 
codes  of  Iowa.  Though  it  did  not  contain  all  the  statute 
law  in  force,  it  served  the  same  function  as  the  present-day 
code.  In  it  there  was  no  attempt  to  classify  the  law  ac- 
cording to  topics,  or  arrange  the  acts  in  the  order  of  their 
approval  by  the  Governor.  The  laws  were  arranged  alpha- 
betically under  a  system  of  arbitrary  headings,  which  were 
in  many  cases  misleading.  But  the  laws  themselves  were 
of  a  high  character.  It  was  only  natural  that  with  every 
session  of  the  legislature  new  laws  should  have  been  enact- 
ed, until  it  became  necessary  to  displace  this  work  with 
another  more  complete.  But  for  four  years  The  Old  Blue 
Book  served  as  a  guide  to  Iowa's  laws,  and  for  five  years 

82  The  act  regulating  marriages  was  one  of  this  class. 

83  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1840-1841,  p.  235. 

84  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1841-1842,  p.  224. 


514    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

under  the  Provisional  Government  it  served  as  a  part  of  the 
Constitution  of  Oregon.  In  it  were  first  enunciated  some  of 
the  principles  of  Iowa  jurisprudence  and  it  stands  to-day 
as  the  first  monument  to  codified  law  in  Iowa. 

THE  BLUE  BOOK 

It  soon  became  evident,  that  with  the  large  number  of 
new  laws  passed  at  each  session  of  the  Legislative  As- 
sembly, The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838- 
1839,  would  have  a  rapidly  decreasing  value.  Further- 
more, many  laws  were  repealed  during  this  period,85  so  that 
it  became  difficult  to  tell  what  statutes  were  in  force,  and 
what  were  not.  On  November  5,  1840,  Mr.  Shepherd  Lef- 
fler  of  Des  Moines  County,  who  was  chairman  of  the  Judici- 
ary Committee,86  introduced  a  resolution  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  calling  "for  the  appointment  of  a  Com- 
mittee to  revise  the  laws".87  After  being  buffeted  about, 
the  resolution  was  indefinitely  postponed.  Again,  in  the 
session  a  year  later,  Mr.  James  K.  Moss  of  Jackson  County 
introduced  a  "  Joint  Resolution  relative  to  the  revision  of 
the  laws  of  the  Territory".88  This  bill  seemed  to  show 
some  signs  of  passing,  but  it  was  laid  upon  the  table  shortly 
before  the  close  of  the  session. 

Early  in  the  session  of  1842-1843  the  question  of  revising 
the  laws  was  again  agitated.  One  leading  newspaper, 
speaking  editorially,  plainly  states  that  "The  opinion  has 
been  for  a  long  time  past  universal  among  those  most  con- 

85  At  the  extra  session  of  1840  an  act  was  passed  repealing  all  the  laws  of 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin  in  force  on  July  4,  1838,  and  also  provided  that  ' '  none 
of  the  statutes  of  Great  Britain  shall  be  considered  as  law  of  this  Territory." 
—  Chapter  29,  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  Extra  Session,  1840,  p.  21;  re- 
print p.  25.     See  also  above  note  4. 

86  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1840-1841,  p.  16. 

87  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1840-1841,  p.  149. 
ss  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1841-1842,  p.  177. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW         515 

versant  with  the  operation  and  effect  of  our  statutes  that 
they  need  a  careful  revision. '  '89  The  Iowa  Capitol  Reporter 
(Iowa  City)  declares  that  " there  has  perhaps  never  been 
an  instance  in  our  country  where  the  laws  continued  in  so 
imperfect,  defective,  confused  and  conflicting  state  for  so 
long  a  time",  and  it  further  declares  that  the  need  for  re- 
vision is  a  "  highly  necessary  and  pressing  exigency  ".90 
Nevertheless  there  was  strong  opposition  to  revision  en- 
countered in  both  houses.  On  December  7,  1842,  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  Mr.  Thomas  McMillan  of  Henry 
County  offered  the  following  resolution  :— 

Resolved,  by  the  Council  and  House  of  Representatives,  That  it 
is  expedient  to  revise  the  laws  of  a  general  nature  now  in  force  in 

this  Territory,  and  that  a  committee  of  members  on  the 

part  of  the  Council,  and members  on  the  part  of  the  House 

of  Representatives,  be  appointed  a  Committee  of  Revision  for  that 
purpose.91 

A  week  later  the  resolution  was  amended  so  as  to  read  :— 

That  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  House, 
to  confer  with  a  similar  committee  to  be  appointed  on  the  part  of 
the  Council,  to  take  into  consideration  the  expediency  of  revising 
the  laws  of  this  Territory,  and  report  to  this  House.92 

The  resolution  as  thus  amended  was  adopted  by  the 
House  and  Messrs.  George  H.  Walworth,  Thomas  McMil- 
lan, and  Thomas  Eogers  were  appointed  on  the  Committee.93 
Three  days  later  these  gentlemen  reported  a  resolution  fa- 
voring a  revision  of  the  laws  of  the  Territory  and  calling 

89  Iowa  Capitol  Reporter  (Iowa  City),  Vol.  II,  No.  3,  Saturday,  December  24, 
1842. 

»o  Iowa  Capitol  Reporter  (Iowa  City),  Vol.  II,  No.  3,  Saturday,  December  24, 
1842. 

»i  Home  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  16. 
92  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  39. 
03  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  39. 


516    IOWA'  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

for  the  appointment  of  a  committee  of  eight,  which  was  to 
act  with  a  similar  committee  from  the  Council94  as  a  stand- 
ing committee  on  revision.  It  appears,  however,  that  about 
one-third  of  the  members  were  much  opposed  to  such  a 
method  of  revision,  and  through  Mr.  Thomas  Eogers  they 
offered  a  substitute,  providing  "that  three  competent  in- 
dividuals be  appointed  by  the  Governor,  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Council  for  that  purpose,  and 
report  the  result  of  their  labors  to  the  next  session  of  the 
Legislature  ",95  But  by  a  vote  of  nineteen  to  seven  this 
substitute  was  lost  and  the  committee's  report  was  adopted. 

A  spirited  contest  also  took  place  in  the  Council.  On 
December  9,  1842,  Mr.  Joseph  B.  Teas  of  Jefferson  County 
introduced  a  resolution  calling  for  the  appointment  of  a 
committee  to  work  with  a  similar  committee  from  the  House 
"to  revise  and  compile "  the  laws  of  the  Territory.96  This 
was  referred  in  the  course  of  time  to  the  Judiciary  Com- 
mittee, but  before  they  could  report,  the  House  resolution 
calling  for  the  committee  to  investigate  the  "  expediency " 
of  revising  the  laws  was  received  and  adopted  by  the  Coun- 
cil, Messrs.  Joseph  B.  Teas,  Eobert  Christie,  and  William 
H.  Wallace  being  appointed  on  the  committee.97 

Here,  as  in  the  House,  the  joint  resolution  which  the 
committee  reported98  had  its  enemies.  Mr.  Thomas  Cox, 
an  influential  member,  moved  to  amend  the  resolution  "by 
requiring  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  to  revise  and 
compile  the  laws  and  report  to  the  next  Session  of  the  Legis- 
lature",99 but  his  motion  was  lost  by  a  vote  of  nine  to  three. 

«•*  77ou.se  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  49. 
»"•  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  50. 
»o  Council  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  14. 
»7  Council  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  23. 
oa  See  above  note  94. 
09  Council  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  27. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          517 

The  majority  seemed  determined  to  Mil  all  amendments  or 
substitutes,  and  in  the  end  the  original  report  of  the  com- 
mittee was  adopted. 

The  resolution  which  was  finally  adopted  by  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  provided  for  a  standing  committee  on 
revision  to  be  composed  of  four  members  from  the  Council 
and  eight  from  the  House.  Those  appointed  from  the  Coun- 
cil were  Mr.  Joseph  B.  Teas,  who  had  worked  hard  to  secure 
the  passage  of  the  resolution,  and  Messrs.  William  H.  Wal- 
lace, William  Patterson,  and  Robert  Christie.100  From  the 
House  came  Messrs.  Frederick  Andros,  Henry  Felkner, 
Abner  Hackleman,  Isaac  N.  Lewis,  Joseph  Newell,  Joseph 
M.  Eobertson,  and  two  champions  of  the  revision,  Messrs. 
Thomas  McMillan  and  George  H.  Walworth.101 

Newspaper  sentiment  was  not  wholly  in  favor  of  such  a 
method  of  revision  as  had  been  adopted.  One  of  the  news- 
papers most  friendly  to  the  measure  considered  it  a  make- 
shift, until  the  Territory  should  become  the  State  of  Iowa.102 
Another  leading  newspaper  of  the  day  arraigns  the  measure 
in  the  following  terms : — 

If  such  a  work  should  be  executed  skilfully  it  would  be  a  great 
public  benefit,  but  if  it  cannot  so  be  done,  it  would  be  better  let 
alone  and  left  undone.  It  appears  from  the  resolution  first  intro- 
duced, and  from  some  remarks  made  in  the  House  where  it  was 
moved,  that  an  idea  is  entertained  of  having  a  revision  made  by  the 
legislature  itself,  during  its  session.  It  is  impossible  in  the  nature 
of  things  that  such  a  revision  can  be  in  any  way  a  complete  one,  or 
such  as  is  demanded.  The  defects  of  a  system  of  laws  cannot  be 
perceived  on  a  casual  or  even  a  careful  reading  by  an  experienced 
lawyer,  much  less  can  they  be  understood  by  persons  not  expert  in 
the  law;  as  are  most  of  the  members  of  our  legislature.  A  ship 

100  Council  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  28. 

101  House  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  55. 

102  The  Iowa  Standard  (Iowa  City),  Vol.  Ill,  No.  4,  Thursday,  December  29, 
1842. 


518    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

builder  or  a  master  sailor  may  look  at  a  piece  of  construction  in  that 
art,  and  both  pronounce  it  to  be  perfect  in  model  and  finish:  but 
when  the  master  has  become  better  acquainted  by  an  actual  trial, 
he  frequently  finds  that  he  has  been  much  deceived,  and  that  the 
performance  of  his  vessel  in  some  respects  is  by  no  means  equal  to 
the  promise  held  out  to  the  eye.  He  then  is  first  made  acquainted 
with  its  defects.  So  it  is  with  laws.  It  is  necessary  that  even  a 
jurist  should  be  acquainted  with  their  practical  operation  in  the 
courts,  before  he  is  sensible  of  their  defects. 

But  if  the  legislature  were  composed  wholly  of  such  kind  of  men, 
they  would  be  unable  to  make  a  proper  revision  of  laws  during  the 
session.  My  life  on  it,  the  best  lawyers  in  both  houses  will  so  con- 
fess. A  revision  of  a  body  of  laws  requires  the  patient,  secluded, 
uninterrupted  labor  of  the  closet.  It  cannot  be  effected  in  the 
midst  of  the  multiplied  and  various  business  of  legislation,  in  the 
hurry,  din,  confusion,  and  political  intrigue,  the  thousand  applica- 
tions and  interruptions  from  abroad,  the  perpetual  bustle,  motion, 
argumentation  and  project  of  the  members  themselves.  This  is  no 
time,  this  is  no  place,  these  are  not  attendants  favorable  to  a  calm 
and  deliberate  examination,  to  the  patient  and  severe  labor  of 
providing  and  skilfully  executing  the  work  of  a  new  body  of  laws. 

It  would  be  no  compliment  to  former  legislatures  to  assume  on 
the  part  of  the  present,  that  these  could,  under  the  very  same  cir- 
cumstances, and  with  the  same  facilities  enjoyed  by  former  legis- 
latures, and  no  better,  put  the  laws  into  so  much  better  shape  as  is 
requisite  than  their  predecessors  could. 

The  expense  of  doing  the  work  by  the  legislature  would  be  much 
greater  than  by  a  committee  of  jurists,  and  the  work  when  done, 
would  be  of  very  little  value,  or  none  at  all.  It  would  still  require 
that  revision  which  it  can  only  have  in  a  mode  different  from  that 
intimated  in  the  resolution.  The  time  required  for  its  completion 
in  that  way  was  assumed  to  be  fifty  days.  The  legislature  is  com- 
posed of  thirty  nine  members  and  ten  officers  —  in  the  whole  forty- 
nine.  These  are  all  under  pay  while  the  work  progresses,  fifty  days 
at  three  dollars  a  day:  the  whole  expense  of  which  will  be  $7350. 
The  expense  of  printing  would  raise  the  whole  expense  of  the  work 
to  about  $10,000,  and  it  would  be  nearly  if  not  quite  lost.  On  the 
other  hand,  committee  of  two  jurists  at  $1500  or  three  at  $1000 
would  be  competent  to  complete  the  business,  which  would  be  a 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          519 

saving  of  $4000  to  $5000  dollars;  and  the  work  when  done  would 
be  much  more  valuable.103 

On  January  23,  1843,  a  resolution  was  introduced  in  the 
Council  calling  upon  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory  to  re- 
ceive proposals  from  the  different  editors  in  the  Territory 
for  the  printing  of  the  laws104 — a  proposition  which  did  not 
meet  with  general  approval.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  print- 
ing was  let  by  joint  resolution  to  Hughes  and  Williams,105 
to  be  done  according  to  the  prices  prescribed  by  law.106 
This  resolution,  however,  did  not  pass  without  strong  op- 
position, as  the  firms  of  John  B.  Russell  and  of  Wilson  and 
Keesecker  had  many  friends  in  both  houses.107 

The  exact  method  of  preparing  the  book  is  not  fully 
known,  as  much  of  the  labor  was  done  as  committee  work, 
of  which  no  records  were  preserved.  The  title  of  the  book 
gives  the  information  that  the  laws  contained  therein  were 
6 'Revised  and  Compiled  by  a  Joint  Committee  of  the  Legis- 
lature ....  and  Arranged  by  The  Secretary  of  the 
Territory/'108  At  various  times  throughout  the  session 
the  Committee  on  Revision  reported  the  introduction  of 
bills  for  the  action  of  the  legislature.  The  labor  performed 
by  the  Secretary  in  arranging  the  laws  was  prescribed  in 
the  Organic  Law  of  the  Territory;109  but  the  Legislative 
Assembly  also  empowered  him  to  employ  an  assistant,  ap- 
propriating therefor  the  sum  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars.110 

103  Iowa  Capitol  Reporter  (Iowa  City),  Vol.  II,  No.  3,  Saturday,  December  24, 
1842. 

104  Council  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  80. 

ios  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  730. 
ice  Eevised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  498. 

107  Council  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  156. 

108  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  the  title  page. 

109  The  Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1838-1839,  p.  32. 

no  Local  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1843,  joint  resolution  number  10,  p.  98. 


520    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

The  law  authorizing  th'e  publishing  of  this  work  provides 
that  "two  thousand  five  hundred  copies  of  the  laws  of  a 
general  nature,  enacted  at  the  present  session  of  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly,  together  with  all  laws  of  a  general  nature, 
ordered  to  be  reprinted  by  this  Legislative  Assembly,  shall 
be  published  in  one  volume,  to  be  bound  after  the  manner  of 
the  volume  of  laws  enacted  at  the  first  session  of  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  in  1838  and  '9.m11  The  local  laws  and 
those  of  a  private  nature  were  printed  in  a  separate  vol- 
ume.112 This  fact  explains  the  absence  of  statutes  of  a  gen- 
eral nature  in  the  session  laws  of  this  Legislative  Assembly. 

The  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843, 
was  known  to  the  bench  and  bar  as  The  Blue  Book,  and  like 
its  predecessor  it  derived  this  name  from  the  color  of  its 
covers.113  In  size  the  compilation  of  1842-1843  is  larger 
than  the  earlier  volume  of  1838-1839,  containing  nine 
hundred  and  four  pages  as  compared  with  five  hundred  and 
ninety-eight  pages  in  the  latter.  The  title  page  reads  :— 

REVISED  STATUTES 

OF    THE 

TERRITORY  OF  IOWA, 

REVISED  AND  COMPILED  BY  A  JOINT  COMMITTEE  OF  THE 

LEGISLATURE  —  SESSION    1842- '43, 

AND  ARRANGED  BY 

THE    SECEETAEY   OF   THE    TERRITORY. 


PUBLISHED  BY  AUTHORITY. 


IOWA  CITY  : 

PRINTED  BY  HUGHES  &  WILLIAMS. 
1843. 

m  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  378. 
112  The  laws  of  a  local  nature  were  printed  in  pamphlet  form  and  entitled 
Local  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1843. 
us  gee  above  note  13. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          521 

The  certificate  of  the  Secretary  is  dated  July  1,  1843,  and 
states  "that  the  Acts  and  Resolutions,  hereinafter  pub- 
lished have  been  compared  with  the  copies  on  file  in  this 
Office,  and  that  they  correspond  in  every  respect  with  said 
copies."  0.  H.  W.  Stull  was  Secretary  at  this  time  and  on 
him  was  later  placed  the  blame  for  the  delay  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  volume. 

Aside  from  the  laws  and  resolutions,  the  scope  of  the 
contents  of  The  Blue  Book  are  very  similar  to  those  of  The 
Old  Blue  Book.  There  is  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the  amendments 
thereto,  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  the  Organic  Law  and  the  two 
amendments  to  the  same,  and  the  Treaty  of  Cession  of 
Louisiana.  Following  the  joint  resolutions  is  a  list  of  the 
published  acts,  by  number  and  title,  and  the  Federal  Act 
concerning  the  Naturalization  of  Aliens.  An  interesting 
and  valuable  feature  of  The  Blue  Book  is  a  section  entitled 
"Explanations  of  certain  terms  made  use  of  in  the  existing 
Laws  of  Iowa."11*  The  index  covers  one  hundred  seventy- 
three  pages  and  is  more  complete  than  the  unsatisfactory 
indices  found  in  most  of  the  volumes  of  early  Territorial  or 
State  documents. 

The  laws  contained  in  this  volume  are  divided  into  one 
hundred  sixty-two  chapters,  which  are  arranged  alphabet- 
ically in  the  same  manner  as  in  The  Old  Blue  Book.  Some 
of  the  headings,  not  having  been  selected  with  proper  re- 
gard to  the  purpose  or  contents  of  the  act,  are  misleading. 
Forty-seven  of  the  chapters  are  taken  in  whole  or  in  part 
from  The  Old  Blue  Book;  while  one  hundred  fifteen  chap- 
ters are  acts  passed  subsequent  to  the  session  of  1838- 
1839.115  Each  act  is  introduced  by  an  abstract  of  the  sec- 

114  Eevised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  745. 

us  The  acts  taken  from  The  Old  Blue  Boole  are  in  most  cases  taken  entire, 
only  one  or  two  being  taken  in  part. 

VOL.  ix — 35 


522    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

tions  —  which  takes  the  place  of  the  marginal  notes  in  The 
Old  Blue  Book. 

An  examination  of  the  various  laws  included  reveals 
some  interesting  facts.  There  are  fourteen  distinct  chap- 
ters referring  to  the  courts,116  instead  of  one  act  creating 
and  regulating  the  same.  Chapter  sixty-six  is  headed 
" Education",  but  provides  for  gifts  of  land  to  educational 
or  religious  societies.117  Another  chapter  is  an  act  "to 
abolish  imprisonment  for  debt";118  and  it  is  worthy  of  note 
that  this  is  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  Iowa  that  such  an 
act  appears  in  a  compilation  other  than  the  Session  Laws.119 
Chapter  eighty-two,  headed  "Immoral  Practices",120  makes 
it  a  misdemeanor  punishable  by  a  fine  to  sell  intoxicating 
liquor  on  the  Sabbath  or  to  swear  within  the  hearing  of  any 
religious  assembly.  The  act  on  "Worshipping  Congrega- 
tions",121 contains  stipulations  similar  to  those  in  the  act 
on  ;  l  Immoral  Practices ' '. 

The  section  on  "Justices  of  the  Peace"  is  the  longest  in 
the  book122 —  covering  sixty-eight  pages  —  and  along  with 
the  two  chapters  on  "Practice"123  constitutes  the  code  of 
civil  procedure.    Section  three  of  the  law  on  "Grocery  Li- 
censes"124 holds  that  "A  grocery  shall  be  deemed  to  in- 
clude any  house  or  place  where  spirituous  or  vinous  liquors 
are  retailed  by  less  quantities  than  one  gallon."     The  li- 
ne Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  135. 
117  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  242. 
us  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  235. 

no  A  similar  act  had  been  first  published  in  the  Laws  of  the  Territory  of 
Iowa,  1839-1840,  Chapter  82,  p.  122. 

120  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  294. 

121  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  657. 

122  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  302. 

123  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  466. 

124  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  373. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW         523 

cense  fee  ranged  between  twenty-five  and  one  hundred 
dollars,  according  to  the  will  of  the  county  commission- 
ers.125 

There  are  three  acts  concerning  the  militia,  the  first  being 
approved  on  January  4,  1839 ;  the  second  on  July  31,  1840 ; 
and  the  third  on  February  17,  1842.  It  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand why  the  first  act  is  included  as  it  is  superseded  by  the 
second.126  One  of  the  peculiar  sections  of  this  latter  act 
reads  as  follows : — 

The  commandants  of  companies  are  hereby  authorized  to  put 
under  guard,  or  to  commit  to  prison  for  the  day,  and  to  return  to 
the  proper  court-martial,  any  non-commissioned  officer,  musician 
or  private,  who  shall  appear  on  parade  wearing  any  false  face, 
personal  disguise  or  other  unusual  ludicrous  article  of  dress,  or 
any  arms,  weapons,  or  other  implements  or  things  not  required  by 
law,  and  which  are  calculated  to  interrupt  the  peacable  and  orderly 
discharge  of  duty.127 

The  book  contains  a  chapter  on  "Marriages",  which  was 
lacking  in  The  Old  Blue  Book  —  the  laws  of  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin  being  the  only  statutes  then  in  force  on  that  sub- 
ject. The  act  on  "Divorce  and  Alimony"  is  also  one  which 
appears  for  the  first  time  in  a  book  of  Iowa  law.  Other 
chapters  on  important  subjects  which  are  new  in  this  vol- 
ume are  those  on  "Landlord  and  Tenant",  "Agriculture", 
"Mortgages",  "Fugitives  from  Justice",  "Poor  Houses", 
1 1  Coroners  ",  "  Common  Schools  ",  "  Trespassing  Animals ' ', 
"Townships",  and  "Prairies". 

In  some  instances  the  laws  in  The  Blue  Book  lack  the 
brevity  and  clearness  of  those  in  The  Old  Blue  Book.  For 
example  confusion  is  caused  by  the  appearance  in  several 
instances  of  two  acts  on  the  same  subject.  This  situation 

125  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  374. 

126  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  396. 
i2T  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  413. 


524    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

resulted  in  all  probability  from  the  method  employed  in 
revision,  as  it  was  difficult  to  make  a  critical  inspection  of 
the  numerous  laws  on  the  different  subjects  in  the  manner 
adopted  by  the  committee  on  revision. 

At  the  close  of  the  session,  Mr.  John  D.  Elbert,  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Council,  said  in  his  farewell  address:  "Your 
untiring  efforts  to  perfect  a  code  of  laws  for  the  people  of 
this  rapidly  rising,  interesting  and  beautiful  Territory, 
cannot  fail  to  meet  their  entire  approbation/'128  A  year 
and  a  half  later  Governor  John  Chambers  in  his  annual 
message  declared  that  "Our  Statutory  Code  seems  to  be 
satisfactory  to  the  people,  and  I  am  not  aware  that  any 
material  changes  in  it  are  necessary.  m29 

Despite  these  statements  The  Blue  Book  did  not  meet 
with  universal  approval.  In  the  first  place  there  was  great 
delay  in  getting  it  into  the  hands  of  those  who  were  to  use 
it.  The  principal  reason  for  the  delay  is  explained  by  Mr. 
Charles  Negus  in  his  article  on  The  Early  History  of 


It  was  made  the  duty  of  the  secretary  to  take  charge  of  their  pub- 
lication and  distribution  [Revised  Statutes].  Stull,  who  was  then 
secretary,  undertook  the  work,  but,  before  he  had  completed  it, 
was  turned  out  of  office,  and  S.  J.  Burr  appointed  in  his  place. 
Stull,  being  very  much  incensed  at  being  deprived  of  his  office,  im- 
mediately abandoned  the  superintending  of  publishing  and  dis- 
tributing the  laws,  and  left  the  business  in  such  a  condition  that  it 
was  very  difficult  to  readily  proceed  with  the  work.  On  account 
of  this  interruption,  the  laws  were  not  ready  for  distribution  till 
late  the  next  fall,  and  the  people  were  from  six  to  nine  months  with 
scarcely  anyone  knowing  what  the  laws  were.  This  delay  caused 

128  Council  Journal,  Territory  of  Iowa,  1842-1843,  p.  185. 

!-'«  Shambaugh's  Messages  and  Proclamations  of  the  Governors  of  Iowa,  Vol. 
I,  p.  285. 

iso  [Negus's  The  Early  History  of  Iowa  in  the  Annals  of  Iowa,  April,  1871, 
Vol.  IX,  No.  2,  p.  474. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          525 

the  clause  to  be  inserted  in  the  constitution,  soon  after  framed, 
which  provided  that  no  laws  of  a  public  nature  should  take  effect 
until  the  same  were  published  and  circulated  in  the  several  counties 
by  authority.131 

The  contemporary  newspapers  also  blame  Secretary 
Stull.  William  Crum,  the  editor  of  The  Iowa  Standard 
(Iowa  City),  writes: — 

For  the  information  of  those  at  a  distance,  who  are  desirous  of 
knowing  in  what  situation  the  Revised  Statutes  of  session  before 
last,  are,  we  will  say  that  they  have  been  bound  and  ready  for  de- 
livery for  the  last  three  months.  It  is  the  duty  of  Ex-Secretary 
Stull  to  distribute  them,  or  see  that  it  is  done ;  for  he  has  received 
four  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  for  indexing  and  distributing  them : 
Perhaps  he  was  not  aware  that  they  were  finished.132 

The  severest  criticisms  passed  upon  The  Blue  Book  were 
in  reference  to  its  contents  and  the  arrangement  of  the 
laws.  In  December,  1843,  one  of  the  leading  newspapers 
contained  these  words  :— 

One  very  necessary  work  to  be  performed  by  the  present  Legis- 
lature will  be  to  revise  the  Revision.  As  unfinished  business,  it 
might  claim  precedence  of  anything  else.  To  be  sure,  no  passing 
legislation  can  efface  all  its  crudities,  or  set  right  the  whole  of  its 
undigested  and  undigestible  enactments.  .  .  .  But  some  of  the 
more  glaring  faults  might  be  corrected,  and  the  rest  left  to  be  re- 
moved when  a  State  code  shall  be  arranged.133 

Then  follows  a  comparison  of  various  sections  of  the 
revenue  law,  the  valuation  law,  and  the  statute  on  Crimes 
and  Punishments.  In  concluding  the  article  the  editor  re- 
marks : — 

We  will  not  take  up  our  space  by  further  citations.  What  we 
have  brought  to  view  sufficiently  proves  the  necessity  for  a  re- 

131  Constitution  of  Iowa,  1846,  Art.  3,  Sec.  27. 

132  The  Iowa  Standard  (Iowa  City),  Vol.  IV,  No.  20,  Thursday,  May  16,  1844. 

133  The  Iowa  Standard  (Iowa  City),  Vol.  Ill,  No.  49,  Thursday,  December  7, 
1843. 


526    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Revision.  Nor  will  we,  at  this  time,  allude  to  imperfections  in 
other  particulars,  attaching  to  the  work  —  lest  we  be  subjected  to 
a  charge  of  ill-will. 

The  criticisms  on  the  arrangement  of  the  laws  have  been 
summed  up  by  Judge  Emlin  McClain  as  follows  :— 

The  Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  published  in  1843,  com- 
piled by  a  joint  committee  of  the  Legislature  and  arranged  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Territory,  was  a  mere  aggregation  of  existing 
statutes,  under  general  headings  selected  with  more  or  less  dis- 
cretion as  the  case  might  be,  and  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 
The  results  of  this  plan  were  in  some  instances  truly  wonderful. 
You  find  for  example  edifying  chapters  on  Abatement,  Agent, 
Auctioneer,  Acts  Amended,  Blacks  and  Mulatoes,  Chancery,  Dogs, 
Right,  Gaming,  Immoral  Practices,  Grocery  License,  Laws,  Prair- 
ies, Right,  Stallions  and  Jacks,  Wolves,  and  Worshipping  Congre- 
gations; and  you  marvel  at  the  higji  regard  for  consistency  and 
convenience  which  seems  to  have  dominated  the  minds  of  the  com- 
pilers in  selecting  the  titles  and  thus  determining  the  order  of  the 
contents.  It  must  have  required  the  concurrent  wisdom  of  master 
minds  to  collect  provisions  as  to  commissioners  to  sell  county  lands, 
a  superintendent  of  public  buildings  at  Iowa  City,  and  commis- 
sioners to  sell  town  lots  in  Iowa  City,  all  under  the  head  of  Agents ; 
to  arrange  in  another  chapter  designated  as  Acts  Amended,  various 
provisions  relating  to  taking  up  strays,  fixing  terms  of  court,  regu- 
lating criminal  procedure,  and  sales  under  execution ;  to  place  pro- 
visions relating  to  the  offense  of  swearing  within  the  hearing  of  a 
religious  assemblage  in  the  chapter  on  Immoral  Practices  and  those 
as  to  the  disturbance  of  a  religious  meeting  by  profane  swearing, 
vulgar  language,  or  immoral  conduct  in  a  chapter  on  Worshipping 
Congregations  in  a  distant  part  of  the  volume;  to  bring  together 
two  different  codes  for  the  government  of  the  militia,  one  of  which 
wholly  superceded  the  other;  to  treat  Bills  of  Exchange  in  one 
place  and  Promissory  Notes  in  another;  to  treat  the  Action  of 
Right  as  a  substitute  for  ejectment  and  again  among  the  R's;  to 
insert  in  the  chapter  headed  Repeal,  and  regulating  the  effect  of 
the  repeal  of  a  statute,  a  section  repealing,  "An  act  respecting 
seals " ;  to  collect  statutes  as  to  Roads  in  one  place  and  insert  else- 
where as  the  sole  topic  under  Supervisors  a  section  as  to  penalties 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CODES  OF  IOWA  LAW          527 

for  refusing  to  work  on  the  roads,  while  provisions  as  to  Road  Tax 
were  placed  in  a  chapter  between  Trespassing,  Animals  and  Town- 
ships; and  to  treat  Boats  and  Vessels  in  one  chapter  and  Water- 
crafts,  Lost  Goods  and  Estrays  in  another.134 

The  Blue  Book  was  the  last  attempt  to  publish  all  the 
statutes  of  the  Territory  in  one  volume.  Neither  The  Blue 
Boole  nor  its  predecessor  were  codes,  as  the  term  is  tech- 
nically used ;  but  both  books  had  many  features  which  made 
them  more  than  mere  compilations  of  existing  statutes. 
Their  influence  was  considerable,  since  the  statutes  which 
they  contain  were  the  ground-work  for  the  later  laws  of 
Iowa.  Indeed,  many  of  the  splendid  features  of  Iowa  law 
are  to  be  traced  to  the  statutes  of  the  Territorial  period. 
Following  the  publication  of  The  Blue  Book,  the  question 
of  State  organization  and  admission  into  the  Union  en- 
grossed the  attention  of  the  legislators  and  the  question  of 
another  revision  was  not  seriously  considered  until  state- 
hood had  been  secured. 

CLIFFOBD  POWELL 
THE  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OF  IOWA 
IOWA  CITY,  IOWA 

i34McClain's  Charles  Mason  —  Iowa's  First  Jurist  in  the  Annals  of  Iowa, 
3rd  Series,  Vol.  IV,  p.  605. 


THE  COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA 

TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  DUTCH  BY  JACOB  VAN  DER  ZEE 

[Eene  Stem  uit  Pella  (A  Voice  from  Pella)  is  the  title  of  a  pamphlet  in  the 
Dutch  language  written  by  Henry  Peter  Scholte  in  the  month  of  March,  1848, 
printed  at  Amsterdam  by  Hoogkamer  &  Company,  and  now  preserved  in  the 
archives  of  The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa.  The  following  pages  are  a 
more  or  less  literal  translation  of  this  notable  historical  pamphlet.  As  the 
reader  may  judge,  it  was  prepared  specially  for  dissemination  in  The  Nether- 
lands. 

Most  memorable  in  the  history  of  emigration  from  Holland  are  the  years 
1846  and  1847,  because  they  represent  the  dates  of  the  founding  of  pros- 
perous Dutch  colonies  in  Michigan  and  Iowa  and  mark  the  beginning  of  an 
exodus  which  has  never  abated.  Thousands  of  Hollanders  have  since  found 
homes  in  all  of  the  north  central  States. 

After  William  I.  came  to  the  throne  of  Holland  in  1814,  irregularities  in 
the  State  Church  and  deviation  from  its  doctrines  so  alarmed  the  orthodox, 
conservative  party  throughout  the  country  that  in  1834,  under  the  leadership 
of  a  few  clergymen,  scores  of  people  seceded  from  the  State  Church  and 
formed  small  congregations.  Of  these  clergymen,  all  of  whom  were  suspended 
from  their  churches,  Scholte  was  perhaps  the  foremost  figure:  he  has  been 
called  "the  Father  of  the  Separation". 

Despite  the  Dutch  government's  relentless  persecution  for  many  years,  the 
'Separatist  congregations  throve  and  flourished;  but  even  after  they  were 
recognized  by  royal  decree  in  1839  the  members  of  the  new  sect  were  despised 
and  cast  out  so  that  the  economic  distress  throughout  Holland  was  only  ag- 
gravated among  adherents  of  the  new  faith.  Under  these  circumstances  Scholte 
organized  an  Association  at  Utrecht  in  1846;  and  in  the  spring  of  1847  over 
•eight  hundred  members  of  the  Association,  "the  flower  of  the  Dutch  emigra- 
tion of  that  day",  departed  for  the  United  States,  arriving  in  Iowa  late  in 
August,  1847.  Such  were  the  facts  in  brief  which  led  to  the  coming  of 
hundreds  of  Hollanders  to  the  Pella  colony  southwest  of  Des  Moines. — 
TRANSLATOR.] 

[i] 

THE  PREPARATION 

Numerous  former  fellow-countrymen  of  mine  must  long 
ago  have  expected  some  article  from  my  pen.  The  reason 
for  my  silence  hitherto  lies  not  in  any  indifference  toward 
the  land  of  my  birth ;  for  during  my  domicile  in  the  United 

528 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        529 

States  of  North  America  I  followed  as  closely  as  possible 
the  fortunes  of  The  Netherlands.  It  pained  me  to  hear 
that  affairs  after  my  departure  were  so  conducted  that  the 
blood  of  citizens  had  to  be  poured  out,  due  not  to  differences 
with  foreign  potentates  but  to  civil  dissensions.  Just  as 
little  must  the  reason  for  my  silence  be  sought  in  dissatis- 
faction arising  from  my  past  experience.  With  grateful 
acknowledgment  of  God's  good  hand  over  me  for  the  un- 
usual honor  which  has  come  to  me  in  my  new  country,  I 
have  sincerely  forgiven  the  land  of  my  birth  for  the  unjust 
treatment  meted  out  to  me  in  various  ways.  The  reason 
for  my  silence  hitherto  is  that  I  did  not  like  to  trouble  my 
former  fellow-countrymen  with  matters  which  they  can  read 
in  every  book  on  America,  and  I  did  not  care  [2]  to  tell 
them  facts  which  in  themselves  are  of  trifling  importance 
but  when  colored  a  little  have  a  certain  charm  for  the  minds 
of  men.  I  believe  I  have  become  well  enough  acquainted 
with  human  nature  to  know  how  little  it  takes  to  portray  a 
situation  in  light  wholly  different  from  the  real,  and  I  am 
convinced  of  having  so  much  regard  for  my  fellowmen  that 
I  do  not  wish  to  be  instrumental  in  deluding  them  in  any 
way. 

As  soon  as  I  arrived  in  the  United  States  of  North  Amer- 
ica, I  took  pains  to  secure  all  possible  information,  useful 
and  necessary  for  our  colonization.  The  rumor  of  our  com- 
ing had  preceded  me;  and  hardly  had  I  reached  America 
when  I  was  stormed  from  various  sides  with  offers  of  land 
so  tempting  that  I  am  not  surprised  when  foreigners  who 
come  here  unprepared  fall  into  the  snare  set  for  them  by 
some  land  speculator.  For  the  sake  of  our  future  peace  of 
mind  I  took  the  trouble  to  investigate  as  accurately  as  pos- 
sible the  opportunities  presented  to  me  in  various  States. 

Since  the  door  to  different  circles  was  opened  to  me  both 
by  means  of  letters  of  recommendation  from  the  North 


530    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

American  Minister  in  Holland  and  by  influential  friends, 
whose  acquaintance  I  had  previously  made,  I  had  abundant 
opportunity  to  obtain  instruction  in  everything  which  I  de- 
sired. At  Washington  too  I  found  the  higher  government 
officials  so  ready  and  willing  to  help  me  in  every  way  that 
[3]  I  could  hardly  trust  my  own  experience,  and  I  was  in- 
voluntarily driven  to  compare  them  with  officials  in  Holland 
—  a  comparison  which  did  not  redound  to  the  credit  of  the 
latter  country.  Not  only  did  I  not  experience  any  gruff  ness, 
not  only  was  no  greedy  hand  anywhere  extended,  but  with 
the  greatest  modesty  and  willingness  in  answering  my 
questions  of  investigation  printed  documents  were  present- 
ed to  me  free  of  cost,  while  a  few  days  later  a  set  of  maps 
of  the  various  States  indicating  the  unsold  government 
lands  was  sent  to  me  at  New  York  free. 

Everything  which  I  came  to  know  as  a  result  of  those 
investigations  convinced  me  more  and  more  that  the  atten- 
tion which  we  had  fixed  upon  the  western  States  during 
previous  investigations  in  Holland  was  due  to  the  good 
guidance  of  Providence. 

During  my  sojourn  in  the  old  States  I  did  not  forget  that 
Hollanders  had  made  a  settlement  in  Michigan.  While  I 
was  at  New  York  City  the  gifts  of  Christian  charity  were 
collected  there  to  enable  the  Hollanders  in  Michigan  to 
build  a  saw-mill.  These  tokens  of  good-will  toward  the 
Dutch  colonist  did  not,  however,  induce  me  to  trek  to  that 
region.  I  perceived  the  same  thing  at  Albany,  and  I  re- 
ceived also  a  letter  from  Sleijster  who  had  journeyed  from 
Wisconsin  to  Michigan  to  examine  that  colony's  situation 
and  who  had  obtained  such  a  bad  impression  that  [4]  he 
returned  again  to  Wisconsin  where  he  lives  at  present. 

The  reasons  which  caused  me  to  turn  away  from  Michi- 
gan entirely,  so  far  as  the  establishment  of  the  colony  of 
Netherlander  there  is  concerned,  were :  1st,  that  region  is 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        531 

situated  too  far  north;  2nd,  the  entire  want  of  suitable 
roads  by  which  to  get  there;  3rd,  the  lack  of  sufficient 
prairie  adapted  to  agriculture,  because  nearly  all  the  land 
is  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  timber;  4th,  the  prox- 
imity of  the  Indians  and  the  distance  from  other  settlements 
of  whites.  All  these  reasons  taken  together  caused  me  to 
judge  that  for  the  class  of  Netherlanders,  with  whom  I 
should  colonize,  that  region  could  not  be  considered  desir- 
able. 

To  the  farmer  who  had  already  spent  a  part  of  his  life  in 
the  level  hay  lands  and  fields  of  Holland,  the  unusual  battle 
with  trees  and  the  constant  view  of  stumps  in  the  midst  of 
meadows  and  cultivated  fields  could  not  be  agreeable.  Not 
to  detract  from  Michigan's  fertility,  nor  from  the  value  of 
many  kinds  of  wood,  nor  from  the  pleasure  of  hearing  the 
warble  of  birds  in  the  cool  shade  of  virgin  forests,  I  had, 
however,  experienced  enough  of  real  life  to  know  that 
stumps  of  trees  are  disagreeable  obstacles  to  farmers,  and 
that  the  value  of  wood  decreases  very  much  when  every- 
thing is  wood.  Besides,  I  was  too  well  convinced  that  the 
Hollanders  who  were  coming  to  North  America  were  more 
prosaic  than  poetic,  and  consequently  they  thought  not  so 
much  of  pleasing  their  eyes  and  ears  as  of  buying  soil  suit- 
able for  farms,  [5]  the  easier  to  cultivate  the  better.  I 
knew  that  the  Dutch  farmers,  of  whom  our  Association 
chiefly  consisted,  were  especially  eager  to  be  able  early  to 
possess  pastures  and  milk-cows,  to  use  plow  and  harrow  on 
the  land,  and  that  they  were  not  at  all  inclined  to  prefer  ax 
to  spade  or  to  become  dealers  in  wood. 

Before  my  departure  from  Holland  I  had  read  a  pub- 
lished letter  from  Michigan  in  which  the  healthfulness  of 
that  State  was  reported  as  far  superior  to  that  of  Iowa. 
Having  arrived  in  North  America,  I  received  quite  different 
opinions  of  Iowa ;  while  I  was  reading  some  newspaper  tes- 


532     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

timonials  at  New  York  as-  an  advertisement  of  a  certain  kind 
of  pills,  I  came  across  a  letter  also  from  the  Michigan  colony 
praising  the  pills  and  ordering  more,  so  that  I  became  con- 
vinced that  people  there  as  everywhere  else  in  the  world 
had  to  wrestle  with  indisposition  and  disease. 

In  addition  to  all  this,  I  received,  while  at  New  York, 
letters  from  St.  Louis  from  the  Hollanders  who  had  been 
there  some  months,  informing  me  that  they  had  been  in- 
vited by  Rev.  van  Eaalte  to  come  to  Michigan,  but  that  after 
some  correspondence  and  by  investigating  opportunities 
nearer  by  they  had  decided  not  to  go  to  Michigan,  but  after 
our  arrival  to  have  Iowa  inspected  first.  Keppel,  a  member 
of  the  Committee  of  Investigation  previously  appointed  in 
Holland,  had  gone  thither  [to  Michigan]  with  a  couple  of 
other  men  in  order  to  make  a  personal  examination  and  to 
be  able  to  give  an  accurate  report. 

[6]  Another  part  of  my  work  was  to  investigate  the  best 
means  of  inland  transportation  for  the  Hollanders  who  were 
coming.  I  was  thus  enabled  to  come  into  touch  with  a  class 
of  persons  whom  people  are  accustomed  to  call  kidnappers 
and  deceivers,  who  storm  each  incoming  ship  of  emigrants 
like  bands  of  hungry  wolves.  Everyone  of  them  attempts 
to  gain  the  foreigner's  confidence  by  telling  him  with  the 
utmost  concern  that  all  other  people  are  liars,  but  that  they 
know  of  good  lodging-houses  and  can  point  out  the  cheapest 
means  of  transportation.  Every  transportation  office  has  a 
few  such  way-men  in  its  service,  and  this  method  of  exploit- 
ing the  purses  of  foreigners  is  so  involved  that  even  now, 
after  having  experienced  everything,  I  can  not  yet  con- 
fidently recommend  any  office  as  one  upon  which  people  can 
safely  rely. 

If  all  foreigners  who  arrive  knew  English,  if  they  bad 
familiarized  themselves  with  conditions  in  North  America 
before  their  departure  from  Europe,  then  the  safest  plan 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        533 

would  certainly  be  that  everybody  should  inform  himself  of 
steamboat  and  railway  service  in  order  to  proceed  in  the 
most  advantageous  manner.  These  kidnappers  have  be- 
come so  accustomed  during  recent  years  to  see  incoming 
ships  filled  with  half-starved  Irishmen  or  ill-smelling  Ger- 
mans that  the  rumor  of  the  coming  of  so  many  Hollanders, 
who  were  bringing  some  money  and  a  fairly  cleanly  appear- 
ance with  them,  goaded  their  zeal  anew  to  give  chase  after 
what  people  [7]  here  have  already  quite  generally  learned 
to  call  "willempjes".  Among  the  ship's  assailants  who 
were  interested  in  the  oncoming  "willempjes"  were  also 
several  Hollanders,  Jews  as  well  as  Gentiles,  who  were  ac- 
quainted with  the  relatives  and  circumstances  of  some  of 
whose  coming  they  had  heard,  obviously  obliged  by  allies 
equally  concerned  in  Holland.  One  can  form  no  idea  of  this 
branch  of  industry  at  the  sea-ports  and  especially  at  New 
York ;  one  should  almost  be  able  to  read  the  hearts  of  these 
men  if  one  wishes  to  be  secure  from  paying  toll  in  some  form 
or  another  to  this  host  of  unofficial  officers. 

What  I  learned  to  know  of  the  busy  world  in  the  ports, 
and  particularly  New  York,  compelled  me  to  recognize  the 
necessity  of  waiting  for  the  arrival  of  our  ships  but  also 
caused  me  to  long  ardently  for  the  glad  tidings  of  their 
arrival,  when  I  should  be  able  to  proceed  on  the  journey 
inland.  Finally  the  glad  tidings  were  telegraphed  to  me 
that  one  of  our  ships  had  reached  Baltimore  and  later  that 
the  others  were  in  sight.  I  hastened  by  rail  to  the  place 
where  I  could  rejoice  in  the  safe  arrival  of  those  with  whom 
I  should  henceforth  live  in  common.  St.  Louis  was  made 
the  general  meeting-place. 

In  a  long  time  Americans  had  seen  no  foreigners  who 
made  so  good  an  impression  and  brought  so  much  property 
with  them.  Various  newspapers  spread  the  report  of  the 
arrival  of  the  Hollanders,  and  some  accounts  were  so  exag- 


534    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

gerated  that  one  [8]  would  almost  believe  the  treasures  of 
Peru  had  been  transported  to  the  New  World  in  the  boxes 
and  baskets  and  bags  of  the  people  come  from  The  Neth- 
erlands —  a  belief  which  was  strengthened  in  many  places 
since  the  Hollanders  usually  had  to  exchange  gold  in  order 
to  pay  for  things.  This  circumstance  has  created  for  us 
what  is  called  credit,  but  it  also  caused  people  in  some  cases 
to  charge  us  more  than  they  were  accustomed  to  take  from 
Irish  or  Germans. 

Packed  into  railway  carriages,  canal-boats  and  steam- 
boats, the  whole  Association  at  length  arrived  at  St.  Louis. 
For  so  large  a  number  not  enough  suitable  dwellings  were 
to  be  found,  and  those  who  could  get  no  houses  were  pro- 
vided with  sheds,  for  the  construction  of  which  space  was 
willingly  offered.  After  a  brief  breathing-spell  from  the 
fatiguing  journey,  the  Committee  of  Investigation  set  out 
to  look  for  a  site  for  the  settlement,  while  everyone  at  St. 
Louis  looked  for  work,  a  search  wherein  some  who  like  to 
work  were  very  successful,  while  others  who  had  formed  of 
America  a  picture  such  as  children  have  of  Cocagne  were 
less  fortunate  in  finding  what  they  did  not  seriously  seek. 

During  the  sea  voyage  a  few  had  died,  on  land  only  four 
so  far  as  I  remember.  At  St.  Louis,  however,  the  number  of 
deaths  was  greater.  The  unusual  experiences  of  the  trip, 
the  cramped  quarters  at  St.  Louis,  the  extraordinary  heat 
in  that  daily  growing  city,  the  irregular  and  careless  use  of 
food  and  [9]  drink,  and  the  disregard  by  some  of  Dutch 
cleanliness  caused  illness  and  consequent  death.  Some  who 
were  not  very  sick  at  St.  Louis  or  had  partially  recovered 
had  to  pay  the  toll  of  nature  after  arrival  in  our  new  settle- 
ment. Without  judging  those  who  departed  this  life,  we  can 
sincerely  say  of  some  that  they  died  as  Christians  and  testi- 
fied that  death  was  their  gain. 

Having  arrived  at  this  point,  I  must  cast  a  glance  back- 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        535 

ward  to  what  surpasses  everything  in  importance,  namely, 
religious  and  social  life. 

At  Boston  I  stopped  but  a  few  days  to  give  my  family  a 
rest  from  the  very  tiresome  voyage.  Particular  persons  I 
did  not  visit  in  that  city;  those  in  whom  I  was  especially 
interested  were  absent.  I  quickly  perceived  that  Americans 
were  very  much  concerned  about  Dutch  emigration  and  that 
they  were  frank  in  their  friendliness.1  But  common  re- 
ligious ties  I  did  not  find  in  that  capital  of  American  ration- 
alism, while  the  Christians  whose  addresses  I  had  were 
away  traveling  at  that  time. 

After  a  few  days '  rest  I  departed  to  Albany,  the  capital  of 
the  State  of  New  York.  I  at  once  found  Christian  friends, 
apprised  of  my  arrival,  awaiting  me,  and  I  was  taken 
to  a  hotel  such  as  I  had  not  met  with  in  Europe.  The  first 
thing  to  attract  my  attention  in  the  rooms  assigned  to  me 
was  the  printed  list  of  hotel  regulations  and  therein  the 
notice  that  each  evening  [10]  at  9  o'clock  religious  services 
were  held  by  all  guests  in  common.  It  was  a  unique  ex- 
perience to  find  myself  in  a  hotel  where  strong  drink  was 
never  sold,  and  where  also  a  great  number  of  the  guests 
finished  the  day  listening  together  to  God 's  Word,  praising 
the  Lord  with  enthusiastic  song  and  thanking  God  on  their 
knees  for  all  His  blessings,  humbly  confessing  their  sins, 
and  beseeching  that  their  sins  be  forgiven  and  cleansed  in 
the  beloved  blood  of  Christ.  Sometimes  when  a  minister 
was  present,  he  was  asked  to  lead,  but  ordinarily  the  re- 
spectable head  of  the  house  did  so.  My  stay  at  this  hotel 
was  so  pleasant  that  all  the  guests  really  seemed  to  be  mem- 
bers of  one  large  family.  If  any  Christian  ever  comes  to 
Albany  from  Holland  and  desires  respectable  Christian 
lodging,  let  him  go  to  the  Delavane  House. 

At  Albany  I  quickly  found  Eev.  Wyckhoff,  a  man  very 

i  See  below  Appendix  B,  p.  567. 


536    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

much  interested  in  the  Hollanders,  who  placed  me  at  once 
in  a  position  to  preach  the  gospel  in  my  mother  tongue. 
There  were  many  in  the  city  who  understood  Dutch,  but  be- 
side these  the  church  was  filled  with  other  inhabitants  who, 
though  they  themselves  could  no  longer  understand  Dutch, 
still  remembered  that  it  was  the  language  of  the  founders 
of  this  city  and  State.  The  Christians  who  had  arrived 
there  from  The  Netherlands  a  month  before  rejoiced  to 
hear  the  Word  of  God  publicly  preached  in  their  own  tongue. 
It  was  a  striking  incident  that  while  in  the  land  of  my  birth 
[11]  most  public  places  for  the  worship  of  God  were  closed 
to  me,  and  even  those  who  in  their  homes  called  me  brother 
in  Christ  would  not  have  dared  to  allow  me  to  take  charge 
of  services  in  their  churches,  here  in  a  strange  land  one  of 
my  first  experiences  was  to  be  urged  to  preach  God's  Word 
in  one  of  the  principal  churches. 

On  this  occasion  I  preached  about  the  parable  of  the  ten 
virgins,  and  so  far  as  human  judgment  goes,  not  without 
blessing.  Later  at  New  York  I  was  invited  several  times  to 
come  to  preach  once  more  at  Albany.  Circumstances,  how- 
ever, did  not  permit  me  to  do  this.  In  and  near  New  York 
City,  where  dwell  many  who  understand  Dutch  well,  I 
preached  for  various  ministers  in  numerous  churches  on  the 
Sabbath  day  and  during  the  week.  Had  I  not  been  tied  to 
our  Association,  I  certainly  could  not  have  withstood  the 
liressure  of  persons  who  urged  me  to  stay  in  the  State  of 
New  York  and  once  more  to  hold  regular  services  in  the 
Dutch  language.  At  Pittsburg  too  I  had  the  opportunity  to 
preach  God's  Word  in  our  language  when  I  happened  to  be 
there  one  Sunday  with  a  part  of  our  Association,  and  there 
too  one  of  the  ministers  was  ready  to  make  room  for  me. 

Everywhere  among  the  Christians  of  America  I  met  with 
a  hearty,  lively  interest  in  the  emigration  from  The  Neth- 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        537 

erlands.2  I  believe  that  in  general  they  cherish  a  too  lofty 
opinion  of  us.  In  their  conversation  and  newspapers  we 
[12]  are  represented  as  resembling  the  God-fearing  Pil- 
grims who  first  settled  in  the  United  States.  They  regard 
our  coming  to  this  land  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  as  one 
of  God's  blessings  on  their  country.  Our  settlement  in  the 
West  they  regard  as  a  beneficent  act  of  Providence  to 
spread  the  saving  knowledge  of  the  gospel  among  people 
who  belong  to  no  religious  sect  at  all,  since  they  do  not  be- 
lieve and  they  seldom  if  ever  hear  the  preaching  of  the  gos- 
pel. They  regard  us  as  a  banner  to  be  raised  by  God's 
Spirit  in  the  West  against  the  ubiquitous,  insidious  ambas- 
sadors of  popedom.  Oftentimes  a  sense  of  shame  and  em- 
barrassment comes  over  me  when  I  stop  to  look  at  myself 
and  our  Association,  and  then  consider  the  high  thoughts 
which  people  entertain  of  us :  while  the  Germans  who  come 
here  are  less  highly  regarded,  the  Hollanders  are  held  in 
honor  and  are  often  placed  on  an  equality  with  the  Amer- 
icans. 

One  sees  and  hears  of  such  favorable  treatment  of  Hol- 
landers not  only  at  the  hands  of  individual  Christians  and 
Christian  circles  but  also  at  the  hands  of  State  officials  and 
State  Assemblies.  I  myself  had  an  experience  of  this  sort 
at  Albany,  where  the  legislature  had  just  convened  and  I 
wished  to  look  on  for  a  moment.  Eecognized  by  one  of  the 
members,  I  was  compelled  to  take  a  seat  in  the  midst  of 
them.  How  different  from  Holland!  In  the  land  of  our 
birth  branded  and  treated  as  a  despised  congregation,  [13] 
misunderstood  by  everyone,  shoved  aside,  trampled  upon 
and  bruised;  in  the  land  of  strangers  and  above  all  in  its 
most  respectable  part  honored  and  treated  as  a  costly  gift 
of  God  to  improve  their  country ! 

At  St.  Louis  where  people  do  not  know  our  language, 

2  See  below  Appendix  B,  p.  567. 

VOL.  rx — 36 


538    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

where  they  once  hardly  .ever  thought  of  Hollanders,  they 
have  the  same  impression  of  us,  the  same  respect  for  us.  So 
long  as  the  Dutch  Christians  remained  in  this  city  a  Presby- 
terian congregation  allowed  them  to  make  regular  use  of  a 
large  room  for  Sunday  services,  with  heat  in  the  winter  and 
without  cost,  and  they  even  helped  our  needy  sick.  The  Hol- 
landers have  had  the  same  experiences  in  Michigan  and  also 
in  Wisconsin.  In  the  latter  State  we  recently  had  a  striking 
example :  on  Lake  Michigan,  which  is  especially  dangerous 
to  navigate  in  the  autumn  and  winter,  a  steamboat  disaster 
occurred,  and  besides  a  few  Americans  and  Germans,  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  Netherlander  from  Upper  Gelder- 
land  and  Overijssel  lost  their  lives.  Only  twenty-five  Neth- 
erlanders  were  saved  and  set  on  shore  at  Sheboygan,  but 
all  that  they  owned  was  swallowed  up  in  the  waves.  Imme- 
diately on  the  following  Sunday  a  collection  was  taken  up 
in  the  various  churches  of  Milwaukee  for  the  surviving 
Netherlander  s. 

In  this  way  America  speaks  and  thinks  of  Hollanders,  in 
this  way  America  treats  the  Hollanders  who  were  so  op- 
pressed in  their  native  land  in  matters  civil  and  religious 
that  they  were  forced  to  leave.  That  God  has  done  for  us. 
If  we  must  answer  the  question :  what  are  we  doing  [14]  for 
God,  then  shame  and  humiliation  join  within  us ;  for  since 
we  ought  to  shine  as  lights  in  the  world,  some  would  surely 
have  to  admit  on  meeting  God :  i  i  our  lamps  are  going  out.  ' 9 

THE  SETTLEMENT 

During  my  investigations  in  the  old  States  I  frequently 
heard  the  remark  that  it  would  be  extremely  difficult  to  find 
unsold  lands  suitable  for  us,  unless  we  were  willing  to  be  cut 
off  from  intercourse  with  all  human  beings  except  the  In- 
dians. The  latter  experience  none  of  us  desired,  and  the 
truth  of  the  former  statement  became  more  and  more  clear 
to  us.  There  are  extensive  unoccupied  areas  in  Iowa  and 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        539 

Illinois,  but  removed  from  wood  and  water  and  therefore 
certainly  not  to  be  chosen  for  a  young  colony  of  people  who 
are  entire  strangers  to  this  country. 

Leaving  St.  Louis  the  Committee  of  Investigation  went 
first  to  inspect  the  State  of  Iowa,  and  in  case  nothing  de- 
sirable was  to  be  found  there  they  intended  to  go  to  northern 
Illinois.  The  first  land  to  be  examined  in  Iowa,  and  the 
nearest  to  St.  Louis,  was  the  district  which  is  called  The 
Half -Breed  Tract,  once  set  aside  as  a  reservation  for  In- 
dians, who  later  sold  out  not  to  the  Government  but  to 
private  persons.  A  company  at  New  York  owns  a  great 
portion  of  this  tract,  and  while  I  was  at  New  York  I  held 
[15]  a  conference  with  the  principal  owners.  There  I  ob- 
tained some  impressions  unfavorable,  not  to  the  land,  which 
is  good,  but  to  the  people  living  on  it.  Having  made  an  ac- 
curate investigation  in  Iowa,  it  became  clear  to  us  that  a 
purchase  in  this  region  was  very  dangerous  because  law- 
suits were  constantly  brought  to  quiet  title ;  while  so  many 
people  lived  there  without  being  owners  of  the  land  that  it 
was  far  from  our  thoughts  to  buy  them  out. 

Now  our  path  lay  to  the  nearest  land-office  where  unsold 
government  land  can  still  be  bought  for  the  fixed  price  of 
$1.25  per  acre.  Among  several  letters  of  recommendation 
for  various  places  in  Iowa  and  Illinois  I  had  one  addressed 
to  General  van  Antwerp,  Eeceiver  of  Public  Lands  at  Fair- 
field.  With  the  greatest  good-will  he  showed  me  all  maps 
of  the  State  to  indicate  to  me  what  land  in  the  State  had  not 
yet  been  paid  for ;  but  I  was  also  informed  that,  as  far  west- 
ward as  it  was  deemed  advisable  for  us  to  go,  the  most  im- 
portant lands  had  been <  '  claimed ' ',  that  is  to  say,  settled  and 
cultivated  by  the  first  settlers  who  had  employed  all  their 
time  and  money  to  bring  the  land  under  cultivation  but  had 
not  yet  saved  enough  to  be  able  to  pay  the  government  for 
their  "claims"  (generally  a  half-section  in  area). 


540    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Since  the  right  of  these*people  is  honored,  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  buy  such  lands  from  the  Government  until  one 
has  satisfied  the  demands  of  the  people  themselves  by  [16] 
buying  them  out.  Only  in  such  a  district  was  a  settlement 
possible  for  us :  because,  wherever  the  inhabitants  had  pro- 
gressed so  far  as  to  be  able  to  pay  the  government  for  their 
land,  it  was  hardly  to  be  expected  that  a  more  numerous 
population  would  make  room  for  new-comers  without  de- 
manding prices  so  high  as  to  be  out  of  all  proportion  to  the 
means  of  an  Association  like  ours. 

Whither  should  we  now  direct  our  attention?  The  best 
and  latest  map  of  Iowa  directed  us  no  farther  than  Fairfield 
the  place  where  we  then  were.  I  decided  therefore  to  copy 
a  list  of  various  localities  which  we  intended  to  inspect,  and 
to  copy  my  own  map  as  accurately  as  possible  from  the  gov- 
ernment map.  Besides,  I  had  already  asked  the  Eeceiver 
for  a  good  guide  and  some  one  who  could  negotiate  with  the 
Americans  for  us.  I  was  quite  convinced  that  the  site  of  our 
settlement  was  predestined.  I  saw  no  light,  however,  by 
which  to  find  that  site.  Accordingly,  I  did  what  my  hand 
found  to  do,  namely,  I  set  about  to  finish  the  map,  and  for 
that  purpose  I  had  to  visit  the  land-office. 

While  my  f  ellow-committeemen  went  to  inspect  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Fairfield  in  order  to  gain  some  information  from 
this  or  that  inhabitant,  I  went  to  work.  It  soon  appeared 
that  God  had  seen  to  it  that  I  should  need  no  map.  On  the 
day  previous  there  had  occurred  the  death  of  a  child  of  the 
Register  in  whose  house  the  land-office  was.  As  I  was  going 
to  work,  preparations  were  made  for  the  child's  funeral. 
[17]  The  Receiver,  who  happened  to  be  there  at  that  time 
also,  invited  me  to  follow  the  body  to  the  grave.  I  complied 
with  his  request ;  and  then  it  appeared  that  without  human 
aid  or  deliberation  a  guide  had  been  provided. 

On  the  previous  day,  Sunday,  I  had  been  introduced  to  the 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        541 

Presbyterian  minister  at  the  place  where  religious  services 
were  held.  This  man  said  a  prayer  at  the  grave,  and  when 
the  dust  had  been  consigned  back  to  earth  and  we  were  re- 
turning home,  this  minister  made  me  acquainted  with  a  per- 
son unfamiliar  to  me,  who  was  introduced  as  the  minister  of 
the  Baptists.  Very  quickly  I  entered  into  conversation  with 
him,  and  when  he  heard  who  I  was  and  what  our  object  was, 
he  told  me  that  he  had  traversed  this  section  of  the  State  as 
a  missionary  for  six  years,  and  that  he  was  convinced  there 
were  two  districts  which  would  suit  us,  if  the  few  settlers 
would  consent  to  sell  out.  I  paid  close  attention  to  his  story, 
and  recognized  the  good  hand  of  God.  I  asked  him  if  he 
would  serve  us  as  a  guide.  He  deemed  this  impossible  be- 
cause he  was  under  obligations  to  preach  at  Fairfield  the 
following  Sunday,  when  the  scattered  members  gathered  to- 
gether from  the  surrounding  country. 

Once  having  noted  the  hand  of  God  I  did  not  let  loose,  and 
after  speaking  with  the  other  members  of  the  Committee 
who  shared  my  conviction  I  persuaded  that  minister  to  let 
us  call  upon  his  deacons ;  and  having  informed  them  of  the 
case,  they  decided  to  write  a  letter  at  once  to  [18]  the  near- 
est minister  telling  him  that  he  should  take  charge  of  serv- 
ices on  the  following  Sunday  and  that  we  would  set  out  the 
following  day.  This  we  did,  and  by  Thursday  noon  we  were 
at  the  place  where  I  now  write,  without  a  possibility  of  a 
rumor  having  preceded  us.  This  was  necessary  in  order 
that  the  settlers  might  not  know  our  intentions  and  so  be 
prepared  to  come  to  some  agreement  among  themselves. 

We  began  straightway  with  the  man  at  whose  house  we 
had  dinner  at  noon,  and  with  him  agreed  upon  the  price  of 
his  farm,  reserving  the  right  to  give  him  a  definite  answer 
not  later  than  one  o'clock  Saturday,  because  we  wanted  to 
be  assured  of  the  other  farms  first.  He  gave  us  a  short  list 
of  the  various  settlers,  and  by  constant  riding,  before  dark- 


542    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

ness  set  in,  we  had  everybody's  promise  to  sell  at  a  stipu- 
lated price.  Some  whom  we  did  not  well  trust  were  bound 
by  cash  payments  in  the  presence  of  witnesses.  Our  work, 
however,  was  now  but  half  done,  for  we  had  to  have  access 
to  the  Des  Moines  Eiver  also. 

Early  Friday  morning  we  rode  thither.  There  too  the 
settlers  were  not  informed,  and  after  coming  to  terms  with 
each  one  separately  by  evening  we  had  bound  all  of  them  till 
Monday.  Saturday  we  appeared  at  the  appointed  time  and 
place,  when  written  contracts  to  be  executed  within  one 
month's  time  were  signed  by  them  as  sellers  and  by  me  as 
purchaser.  To  accomplish  this,  however,  I  had  to  purchase 
also  the  growing  crops,  [19]  the  stock  belonging  to  the 
various  farms,  and  other  personal  property.  I  had  no  au- 
thority to  do  this,  and  the  money  invesced  was  not  nearly 
sufficient  for  the  purpose;  but  mindful  of  the  Lord's  guid- 
ance, perceiving  the  excellent  situation  and  exceptional  fer- 
tility of  the  soil  and  the  facility  of  cultivation,  I  did  not 
hesitate  to  buy  on  my  own  responsibility. 

On  Sunday  I  heard  two  excellent  sermons  by  our  guide 
and  mediator ;  on  Monday  we  signed  contracts  with  settlers 
near  the  river;  and  on  Tuesday  we  commenced  our  journey 
back  to  St.  Louis  to  convey  to  the  members  of  our  Associa- 
tion the  glad  tidings  that  we  had  found  a  good  place  for  our 
homes,  and  to  make  preparations  for  the  departure  of  a  first 
column. 

Keppel,  who  was  mentioned  above,  had  returned  from 
Michigan  just  before  the  Committee  departed.  He  was  at 
once  appointed  to  accompany  us ;  he  too  did  not  hesitate  to 
acknowledge  openly  that  we  should  regard  the  district  now 
occupied  by  us  as  preferable  to  Michigan. 

I  am  compelled  to  come  back  to  Michigan  since  I  notice 
that  attempts  are  being  made  in  The  Netherlands  to  exalt 
this  State  and  its  Dutch  Colony  and  to  make  them  prefer- 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        543 

able  to  Iowa,  not  by  simply  furnishing  facts  but  by  giving 
false  colors  to  affairs  and  conditions.  As  I  said  above,  I 
have  not  been  in  Michigan  but  I  have  made  inquiries,  and  I 
knew  I  could  not  go  thither  without  also  having  to  decide 
[20]  to  direct  those  who  were  to  follow  me  to  go  thither,  and 
I  have  given  the  reasons  why  I  had  to  give  up  Michigan. 
With  regard  to  what  I  have  written  here,  I  refer  the  reader 
to  the  first  appendix3  where  he  shall  be  able  to  find  satis- 
factory evidence. 

When  the  Committee  arrived  at  St.  Louis  and  announced 
the  finding  of  a  place,  general  rejoicing  prevailed.  The  re- 
port of  the  purchase  was  quickly  spread  abroad  by  various 
newspapers,  and  I  have  not  read  a  single  article  which  did 
not  speak  favorably  of  our  choice.  It  is  the  general  opinion 
of  Americans  that  we  are  established  in  one  of  the  best 
parts  of  Iowa. 

I  unite  herewith  a  small  map  of  this  State,  a  copy  of  a  map 
drawn  by  order  of  the  Government  and,  so  far  as  I  am  ac- 
quainted with  the  land,  a  trustworthy  map  so  far  as  the 
course  of  the  rivers  is  concerned.  I  must  add,  however,  that 
this  map  extends  as  far  west  as  the  land  was  then  surveyed. 
Iowa's  area  extends  twice  as  far  westward  now.  The  gov- 
ernment surveys  also  extend  farther.  The  site  of  the  new 
capital,  fifteen  or  seventeen  miles  northwest  of  us,  is  ap- 
proximately the  center  of  the  State. 

The  farms  and  government  lands  which  were  purchased 
lie  in  two  townships,  numbers  seventy-six  and  seventy- 
seven.  One  was  named  Lake  Prairie  Township,  after  a 
small  lake  situated  in  it;  the  other  was  called  Jefferson 
Township,  after  a  leader  in  the  war  of  independence.  The 
former  is  traversed  by  the  river  Des  Moines,  [21]  the  lat- 
ter by  the  river  Susquehanna  or  Skunk,  while  various  creeks 
can  be  found  containing  living  springs.  The  land  is  in  gen- 

3  See  below  Appendix  A,  p.  565. 


544    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

eral  rolling  or  undulating.  The  heaviest  timber  is  to  be 
found  along  the  rivers,  but  from  time  to  time  one  finds 
larger  or  smaller  lots  of  trees,  of  which  some  may  bear  the 
name  groves,  while  others  are  only  clumps.  The  city  is 
platted  in  the  midst  of  prairie  on  one  of  the  highest  points, 
so  that  the  houses  can  be  seen  about  eighteen  miles  away  in 
clear  light.  The  farms  are  scattered  over  the  entire  plain, 
along  and  between  both  rivers.  Along  the  rivers  there  is 
excellent  opportunity  to  construct  water-mills. 

When  the  Des  Moines  Eiver  becomes  navigable  for  ships 
and  steamboats,  the  site  of  the  little  lake  in  Township  Sev- 
enty-six will  offer  an  inestimable  opportunity  for  the  erec- 
tion of  factories  driven  by  water-power.  There  is  also  a 
sulphureous  spring  of  especially  good  quality,  which  mani- 
festly can  be  very  useful  in  cases  of  sickness.  At  several 
places  coal  is  to  be  found,  of  excellent  quality,  also  lime  and 
sandstone.  The  burnt  lime  is  first-class.  At  a  few  places 
stones  have  been  found  which  will  apparently  be  good  for 
mill-stones,  while  in  digging  wells  metals  are  found.  In 
general,  however,  we  can  only  say  what  can  be  found  upon 
the  surface;  what  still  lies  concealed  in  the  earth's  bosom 
the  future  will  tell.  Wherever  wells  existed  or  were  dug  we 
have  [22]  excellent  water.  Some  struck  good  water  at  a 
depth  of  twelve  feet;  others  had  to  dig  down  about  thirty 
feet. 

The  soil  is  suitable  for  all  sorts  of  grain.  On  the  farms 
we  found  exceptional  summer  and  winter  wheat,  oats,  buck- 
wheat, flax,  hemp  and  Indian  corn,  cabbage,  turnips  and 
onions  of  especially  good  quality,  all  sorts  of  potatoes  and 
many  kinds  of  melons  which  ripen  upon  the  cold  ground  in 
the  corn-fields  here  as  well  as  they  do  in  the  hot-beds  of  Hol- 
land, not  only  the  coarser  but  also  the  finer  sorts.  When 
the  prairie  is  once  broken  the  ground  is  easily  tilled ;  in  gen- 
eral it  resembles  rich,  mellow,  black  garden  soil.  Tame  or 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        545 

grafted  fruit  trees  are  not  numerous,  but  in  the  groves  wild 
fruit-trees  are  met  with  in  profusion,  as  also  grapes. 

Live  stock  is  of  very  good  quality  here,  and  was  accus- 
tomed under  former  owners  to  run  loose  upon  the  prairie 
both  winter  and  summer.  It  seemed  to  us,  however,  that  it 
is  preferable  to  stable  stock  in  the  winter  time.  The  cows 
yield  exceptionally  rich  milk,  and  we  are  already  convinced 
that  with  proper  care  butter  and  cheese  can  be  made  which 
can  compare  with  the  best  in  Holland  —  something  of  incal- 
culable value  to  this  Colony,  since  the  butter  and  cheese 
made  by  Americans  in  the  West  is  generally  bad  and  some- 
times unfit  for  consumption.  There  were  hogs  in  plenty 
upon  the  farms  because  they  are  regarded  as  a  profitable 
investment:  [23]  they  roam  in  the  woods  all  summer  and 
are  only  driven  home  a  few  weeks  before  slaughter  time,  to 
be  fattened  with  Indian  corn  which  is  raised  upon  the  farms. 

During  the  time  that  we  have  been  here  the  needs  of  the 
colonists  have  been  provided  for.  Some  farmers  have  sold 
their  hogs  cleaned  to  be  shipped  away ;  at  this  moment  oth- 
ers have  about  25,000  pounds  of  ham  and  bacon  and  nearly 
5,000  pounds  of  lard  ready  for  shipment.  If  one  stops  to 
think  that  this  section  was  first  turned  over  by  the  Indians 
to  Americans  in  May,  1844,  and  that  the  original  settlers 
who  are  now  bought  out  were  people  of  little  or  no  financial 
means,  and  if  one  takes  note  of  the  additional  fact  that  there 
were  farms  which  with  the  property  on  them  were  valued 
by  their  owners  at  from  one  to  three  thousand  dollars,  not 
counting  the  money  which  had  to  be  paid  to  the  State  for  the 
title,  then  one  can  judge  for  himself  how  excellent  the  col- 
ony's situation  is. 

The  Netherlanders,  however,  have  more  needs  than  the 
Americans,  and  are  of  course  unfamiliar  with  the  conduct 
of  affairs.  The  first  American  settlers,  generally  speaking, 
do  very  little  to  secure  comfort  in  their  houses,  furniture, 


546    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

and  clothing.  In  the  fullest  sense  of  the  word  they  help 
themselves,  as  Netherlanders  can  not.  The  Americans 
themselves  produce  many  things  which  the  Hollanders  are 
accustomed  to  buy.  The  former  not  only  make  their  own 
bread  and  all  kinds  of  eatables  from  the  products  of  their 
soil,  but  they  also  spin  [24]  the  wool  of  their  sheep,  they 
make  their  own  linen  and  clothes,  and  thus  progress  without 
needing  much  money.  Only  when  they  get  money  into  their 
hands  by  selling  their  claims  do  they  begin  to  buy,  and  in 
that  case  they  are  generally  very  liberal  in  giving  or  paying. 

The  American  people  in  general  know  how  to  make  mon- 
ey, as  is  well  known,  but  they  are  also  inclined  to  be 
generous  in  giving  it  away.  That  economy  which  is  some- 
times called  stinginess  is  not  a  reigning  evil  with  them. 
They  do  not  turn  over  a  dime  four  times,  as  the  saying  goes 
in  Holland,  before  spending  it,  and  therefore  they  part  with 
everything  more  quickly,  sometimes  too  quickly  for  some 
Hollanders. 

Access  to  our  colony  is  very  easy.  We  are  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty  miles  distant  from  Keokuk,  which  is 
the  best  landing-place  if  one  comes  from  St.  Louis  or  New 
Orleans.  From  St.  Louis  to  Keokuk  there  is  a  regular 
steamboat  service  so  that  merchandise  can  be  conveyed  be- 
tween these  places  for  fifteen  or  twenty  cents  per  one  hun- 
dred pounds.  The  road  from  Keokuk  to  Pella  runs  upon 
a  high  prairie  ridge,  along  which  are  located  many  small 
towns,  most  of  them  laid  out  in  recent  years.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  the  short  period  of  time  when  the  ground  is 
soaked  with  rain,  one  finds  this  road  easier  for  travel  than 
the  highways  of  Holland,  and  even  in  winter  when  the  road 
is  called  bad  here,  it  is  better  than  many  in  The  Nether- 
lands. This  may  be  shown  by  the  fact  that  when  I  brought 
my  family  here  from  St.  Louis  during  the  latter  part  of 
November,  [25]  I  made  the  journey  on  this  road,  then  con- 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        547 

sidered  very  bad,  in  a  very  good  two-horse  carriage;  and 
nowhere  were  we  stopped  at  toll-gates  to  pay  a  tax  levied 
upon  us  for  road  purposes.  Under  ordinary  conditions  we 
pay  seventy-five  cents  for  freight  from  here  to  Keokuk, 
occasionally  one  dollar,  a  few  times,  when  hauling  was  most 
difficult,  $1.12i/2. 

After  fixing  the  site  of  the  new  capital,  talk  of  laying  a 
railroad  has  become  stronger,  and  it  is  certain  that  as  the 
population  of  the  more  distant  parts  of  the  State  increases 
such  a  railway  would  be  finished  in  a  few  years,  and  from 
the  lay  of  the  land  such  a  road  must  almost  necessarily  pass 
through  our  colony.  The  Des  Moines  Eiver,  which  also 
passes  through  our  colony,  they  have  already  begun  to  ren- 
der navigable  for  ships  and  steam-boats;  one-half  of  the 
distance  to  be  made  navigable  has  already  been  surveyed 
to  fix  the  places  where  dams  and  sluices  must  be  construct- 
ed. Prospects  indicate,  therefore,  that  after  a  few  years 
the  expense  of  transportation  will  be  decreased  and  the 
means  therefor  will  be  facilitated. 

A  scholarly  man  living  in  this  State,  Professor  Newhall, 
who  is  known  in  Europe  by  certain  writings  and  by  public 
lectures  on  America,  is  busy  at  present  preparing  for  the 
press  a  small  book  on  the  Des  Moines  Valley,  for  which  pur- 
pose he  made  a  journey  through  this  country  last  summer. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  story  in  one  of  the  newspapers,  which 
we  insert  as  an  appendix,4  [26]  from  which  the  reader  can 
gather  what  the  American?  think  about  the  Hollanders. 

Then,  there  is  the  additional  circumstance  that  almost 
contemporary  with  our  settlement  here  a  State  Commission 
appointed  for  the  purpose  selected  the  site  for  the  new 
State  capital  fifteen  or  seventeen  miles  northwest  of  us ;  it 
appears  now  that  the  road  to  this  new  capital  must  neces- 
sarily pass  through  our  colony.  Furthermore  there  is  now 

4  See  below  Appendix  C,  p.  568. 


548    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

an  agitation  for  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from  Du- 
buque,  one  of  the  chief  places  of  the  lead-mine  district  in 
the  north  part  of  this  State,  to  Council  Bluffs,  an  important 
point  on  the  Missouri  Eiver.  If  this  railroad  ever  comes 
into  existence  it  must  pass  either  through  or  very  near  our 
colony  —  another  avenue  of  transportation  which  would 
open  a  cheap  and  easy  outlet  for  various  products. 

In  addition  to  all  this  there  is  another  circumstance  which 
should  not  be  allowed  to  pass  by  unnoticed.  The  present 
seat  of  justice  of  the  county  wherein  our  townships  lie  is 
Knoxville,  about  twelve  miles  from  here  on  the  other  side  of 
the  Des  Moines  Eiver.  This  place  is  deemed  inconvenient 
for  the  county,  and  this  winter  an  attempt  was  made  by  the 
inhabitants  to  have  the  county  seat  removed  to  this  side  of 
the  river.  The  American  people  are  quite  generally  con- 
vinced that  the  best  situated  place  in  the  whole  county  would 
be  in  our  townships,  and  for  that  reason  I  have  received  sev- 
eral requests  to  lay  out  a  town  near  the  river,  where  the 
river  is  easily  forded,  and  to  offer  lots  in  that  town  [27]  for 
sale  to  the  public,  convinced  that  if  the  selection  of  a  county 
seat  ever  comes  to  a  vote  the  choice  would  undoubtedly  fall 
on  this  place  if  I  should  meet  the  county  half  way  by  appro- 
priating a  site  for  the  public  buildings.  It  is  not  improbable 
that  I  shall  decide  to  lay  out  such  a  town  near  the  river,  and 
that  a  survey  in  compliance  with  the  law  shall  be  begun 
within  a  few  weeks. 

I  believe  I  have  said  enough  about  local  affairs  to  place 
the  Netherlander  in  a  position  to  form  a  pretty  accurate 
idea  of  the  geographical  location  of  Pella  and  surrounding 
country  where  a  part  of  the  Christians  who  emigrated  from 
Holland  live.  Now  a  word  as  to  the  work  that  has  been 
done. 

The  larger  part  of  the  Hollanders  who  sojourned  at  St. 
Louis  took  passage  to  Keokuk  on  a  steamboat  chartered  for 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        549 

the  purpose,  and  thence  traveled  by  wagon  and  on  foot  to 
Pella.  On  Sunday,  which  we  spent  on  the  steamboat,  the 
Word  of  God  was  preached  to  the  assembled  multitude,  and 
in  memory  of  God's  goodness  the  history  of  Israel  was  re- 
counted, showing  how  in  return  for  fidelity  to  God  and  His 
service  God's  blessing  is  assured  also  in  temporal  affairs, 
and  also  how  as  a  result  of  disloyalty  to  God  even  the  most 
fruitful  land  can  be  turned  into  a  desert.  The  rumor  of  the 
coming  of  the  Hollanders  to  Keokuk  had  attracted  a  large 
concourse  of  curious  people  from  various  places,  many  also 
expecting  to  reap  some  profit,  and  I  [28]  do  not  doubt  that 
some  succeeded  in  this  when  they  sold  certain  articles. 

At  Keokuk  an  old  man  and  a  woman  died,  while  a  child 
which  had  died  upon  the  steamboat  was  buried  there.  Be- 
sides this,  we  were  pained  when  one  who  professed  to  be  a 
Christian  rendered  himself  guilty  of  drunkenness,  and  as 
a  result  he  suffered  such  a  bad  fall  that  the  effect  is  still 
visible,  and  alas!  without  causing  him  to  acknowledge  or 
confess  his  sin,  so  that  the  Christian  congregation  no  longer 
recognizes  him  as  a  member.  A  heavy  downpour  of  rain 
shortly  after  our  arrival  rendered  the  commencement  of 
our  journey  in  our  new  State  no  more  agreeable,  and  did 
not  add  to  the  order  in  loading  up  our  property  or  hasten 
our  departure. 

Human  beings  and  freight  arrived  within  a  short  time  of 
one  another.  I  had  contracted  with  certain  Americans  for 
the  completion  of  fifty  log-cabins  during  my  absence;  but 
upon  my  arriving  at  the  place  I  found  nothing  but  a  lot  of 
boards  which  I  had  ordered  at  the  same  time.  Of  this  lum- 
ber a  few  sheds  were  constructed  as  hastily  as  possible. 
Then  the  farms  were  vacated  and  a  settlement  was  made 
with  the  Americans.  As  fast  as  the  farms  were  vacated,  I 
had  a  few  families  take  possession  in  order  to  look  after  the 
live-stock  and  crops.  During  that  time  the  county  surveyor 


550    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

laid  out  the  middle  portion  of  the  city,  so  that  those  who 
wished  to  build  might  go  to  work  as  soon  as  possible.  We 
offer  the  official  description  as  an  appendix.5 

After  the  [29]  farms  were  vacated,  they  were  appor- 
tioned among  the  Netherlanders  who  wanted  to  take  pos- 
session. Since  the  Association  had  not  assumed  the  burden 
of  the  entire  expense  incurred  in  the  purchase  of  the  farms 
and  other  property,  this  became  my  own  personal  affair. 
Meantime  a  competent  surveyor  commenced  a  survey  and 
description  of  all  the  land  that  was  purchased,  in  order  that 
the  division  might  take  place  in  proportion  to  the  amounts 
of  money  subscribed.  I  saw  to  it  that  the  Government  was 
paid  in  order  to  be  assured  of  the  title  to  the  claims  as  pro- 
tection against  possible  and  partly  apparent  intrigues  of 
deceitful  speculators. 

Meanwhile  I  calculated  how  much  the  land  cost  per  acre, 
purchase  money  and  Government  price,  and  then  I  calcu- 
lated how  much  land  each  one  should  have  as  his  share; 
then  lots  were  drawn  to  fix  the  order  of  the  owners  and  to 
fix  the  numbers  of  the  sections  in  which  they  should  settle, 
whereupon  the  surveyor  had  to  proceed  to  divide  the  land 
according  to  the  share  which  fell  to  each  one's  lot.  That 
survey  will  be  completed  this  week.  According  to  the  pro- 
vision that  the  lots  drawn  by  those  who  had  already  come  to 
Pella  were  to  be  surveyed  and  numbered  first,  these  men 
were  helped  at  once.  All  vacant  farm  houses  not  otherwise 
occupied  were  temporarily  assigned  to  the  use  of  some  fami- 
lies, while  the  rest  constructed  temporary  dwellings  for  the 
winter. 

From  time  to  time  new  accessions  of  persons  arrived 
from  St.  Louis,  and  as  fast  as  suitable  lumber  could  be  [30] 
obtained  from  neighboring  saw-mills,  the  construction  of 
buildings  was  begun  in  the  city  and  on  some  of  the  farms. 

5  See  below  Appendix  D,  p.  570. 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        551 

Moreover,  there  was  abundant  work  attending  to  crops  in 
the  fields  and  caring  for  live-stock.  Some  people  were 
quickly  engaged  in  the  making  of  butter  and  cheese,  in  sow- 
ing winter  wheat  and  preparing  barns  for  stock.  The  need 
of  lime  and  brick  compelled  me  to  decide  to  begin  a  brick- 
kiln and  try  to  build  a  lime-kiln.  The  inexperience  of  our 
workmen  in  this  kind  of  work  made  the  brick  and  lime  ex- 
pensive ;  the  quality  of  this  burnt  lime  is  so  excellent,  how- 
ever, that  our  masons  aver  that  they  can  accomplish  as 
much  with  one  bushel  of  lime  here  as  with  three  in  Holland. 
The  difficulty  of  getting  sufficient  sawed  lumber  and  the  in- 
convenient situation  of  the  nearest  saw-mills  forced  me 
quickly  to  recognize  the  need  of  a  good  saw-mill,  and  when 
a  competent  American  mill  constructor  appeared  I  was  per- 
suaded to  erect  a  good  water-mill  on  the  Skunk  Eiver.  This 
work  is  now  so  far  completed  that  we  expect  to  be  able  to 
saw  in  April,  as  the  necessary  machinery  is  already  on  the 
way. 

The  river  dam  is  so  constructed  as  to  enable  us  to  use  all 
the  water-power,  and  if  my  money  does  not  run  out,  after 
the  saw-mill  is  working,  a  corn-mill  can  at  once  be  placed 
next  to  it.  There  will  be  no  lack  of  coal,  as  soon  as  I  shall 
be  in  a  position  to  present  the  mines  to  suitable  persons 
who  understand  mining. 

The  ordinary  day's  wages  for  laborers  is  fifty  cents,  for 
[31]  artisans  one  dollar.  In  general  the  Hollanders  know 
very  well  how  to  receive  American  wages;  some  are  not 
ready  to  acquire  the  American  habit,  i.  e.,  to  work  fast.  A 
few,  who  do  not  care  for  work  and  imagine  that  people  can 
get  a  living  in  America  without  exertion,  find  themselves 
badly  deceived,  since  here  too  God's  universally  established 
rule  applies:  "In  the  sweat  of  thy  brow  shalt  thou  eat  thy 
bread. " 

Four  men  returned  from  here  to  St.  Louis,  men  of  whose 


552    IOTOA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

wrong  principles  people  here  are  generally  convinced.  Two 
of  them,  after  gadding  about  for  some  time  and  molesting 
the  colony,  ended  by  entering  the  military  service  in  Mexico. 
A  few  other  persons,  who  seem  to  have  thought  that  by 
means  of  a  magic  wand  they  could  cause  suitable  houses  to 
rise  up  out  of  the  ground  just  as  in  fairy  tales,  complained 
of  the  hardships,  as  the  people  of  The  Netherlands  may 
have  noticed  in  their  newspapers;  but  these  persons  have 
already  expressed  their  grief  for  being  so  obstinate,  and 
now  entertain  contrary  opinions.  Some  now  own  land  and 
stock,  but  their  quantity  of  money  has  diminished  so  that 
they  shall  have  to  learn  for  the  first  time  how  to  succeed  in 
the  American  way,  i.  e.,  to  do  much  with  little  money. 
Whether  this  art  can  be  learned  quickly  and  well,  the  future 
will  tell. 

With  regard  to  our  social  condition  the  following  is  to  be 
noticed.  Immediately  after  our  arrival,  we  wished  to  have 
it  known  that  we  intended  to  reside  permanently  in  this 
State.  [32]  When  we  had  requested  the  proper  State  of- 
ficial to  come  into  our  midst  so  that  all  of  us  would  not  need 
to  journey  to  the  county  seat,  and  when  this  officer  had  will- 
ingly acquiesced,  we  declared  our  intention  to  become 
citizens  of  the  United  States  of  North  America,  so  that  our 
relation  as  subjects  of  William  II  came  to  an  end  once  for 
all.  We  append  a  description  of  an  American  who  was 
present  on  that  day.6  This  hasty  manifestation  of  our 
readiness  to  be  incorporated  into  the  American  people  made 
a  good  impression.  Let  one  incident  be  given  to  show  the 
attitude  toward  our  colony. 

According  to  the  laws  of  America  one  must  live  in  the 
country  five  years  to  be  qualified  for  citizenship,  to  be  able 
to  vote  on  State  matters  and  to  be  qualified  to  hold  any 
office  or  government  post.  As  a  result  we  should  for  a  long 

6  See  below  Appendix  C,  p.  569. 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        553 

time  have  been  deprived  of  our  own  township  government, 
something  which  would  have  caused  many  difficulties  in 
daily  transactions  and  the  administration  of  justice. 

Since  a  special  session  of  the  legislature  was  to  be  held 
in  January,  in  company  with  the  other  members  of  the 
Association's  Council  appointed  in  Holland,  I  prepared  a 
petition  to  that  body,  requesting  the  legal  union  of  the  two 
townships  into  one  with  the  name  of  Lake  Prairie  Town- 
ship, and  furthermore  requesting  the  privilege  that  the  in- 
habitants who  had  declared  their  intention  to  become  citi- 
zens [33]  be  allowed  to  vote  as  citizens  for  township  officers 
and  to  be  elective  to  offices  established  by  law.  When  this 
request  had  been  presented  to  the  Senate,  a  bill  on  the  sub- 
ject was  at  once  read  three  times  and  unanimously  adopted. 
This  same  thing  happened  in  the  House  of  Representatives, 
and  so  this  became  a  State  law.7  Accordingly,  on  the  first 
Monday  in  April  the  legal  election  of  township  officers  will 
take  place  so  that  we  shall  have  law  administered  by  jus- 
tices of  the  peace,  local  township  government,  public  in- 
struction, and  public  care  of  the  poor,  so  far  as  this  is  not  a 
church  affair,  and  to  such  an  extent  we  shall  stand  on  a  par 
with  American  citizens. 

How  different  this  is  from  our  condition  in  Holland  I 
need  not  point  out  to  anyone  who  remembers  how  we  were 
treated  as  people  who  should  be  denied  everything  and  be 
kept  out  of  all  positions ;  while  here  the  various  parties  in 
the  State  unite  to  assure  us  that  they  prize  our  presence 
among  them  and  that  they  will  grant  us  as  many  privileges 
as  possible  without  breaking  the  Constitution.  May  the 
people's  representatives  in  Holland  upon  hearing  this  feel 
ashamed,  and  may  the  Dutch  Government  in  general  recog- 
nize its  own  folly,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Christians  who  are 
still  in  Holland.  If  not,  there  is  still  room  here  for  thou- 

7  See  below  Appendix  F,  p.  572 ;  also  Laws  of  Iowa,  1848,  p.  16. 

VOL.  rx — 37 


554    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

sands ;  America  receives  with  open  arms  and  warm  affection 
the  liberty-loving  Hollanders,  always  remembering  that 
sons  of  that  same  Holland  [34]  have  been  the  founders  of 
one  of  the  most  flourishing  parts  of  the  American  Union, 
and  hoping  that  the  present  immigrant  Hollanders  will  be 
to  the  West  what  the  earlier  ones  were  and  have  remained 
to  the  East  —  powerful  supporters  of  the  development  and 
prosperity  of  the  United  States  of  North  America. 

Another  evidence  of  good-will  toward  the  colony  is  the 
following.  There  was  a  post-office  on  the  Des  Moines  Eiv- 
er.  But  since  the  postmaster  sold  his  farm  to  me,  his 
position  there  ended.  Recognizing  the  need  of  a  post-office, 
with  the  other  members  of  our  Council  I  wrote  at  once  to 
"Washington,  requesting  with  an  assignment  of  reasons  that 
the  old  office  and  post-route  be  removed  to  Pella,  at  the  same 
time  recommending  a  competent  person  for  the  postmaster- 
ship.  We  received  a  speedy  and  favorable  reply  and  the 
necessary  authorization.  Since  that  time  we  have  had  a 
post-office  in  our  city,  with  I.  Overkamp  as  postmaster,  while 
we  receive  mail  twice  a  week  from  the  Eastern  States  and 
The  Netherlands.  We  have  also  received  assurance  that 
another  post-route  to  the  county  seat  will  be  relocated  so  as 
to  run  through  Pella. 

As  to  the  religious  condition  of  our  colony,  from  a 
previous  statement  many  a  reader  must  have  observed  that 
we  have  nothing  special  to  boast  of.  To  the  person  who 
judges  superficially,  as  happens  all  too  often,  the  religious 
tone  is  not  so  very  noticeable.  [35]  Ever  since  our  arrival 
regular  Sunday  services  have  been  held,  first  partly  in  the 
open  air  on  account  of  the  lack  of  sufficiently  roomy  houses. 
Later  when  G.  H.  Overkamp  finished  his  house  in  the  city, 
he  kindly  allowed  it  to  be  used  for  Sunday  meetings,  which 
were  generally  very  well  attended.  The  congregation  has 
been  reorganized,  elders  and  deacons  have  been  chosen. 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        555 

Besides,  there  are  weekly  gatherings  at  which  the  members 
practice  reading  and  interpreting  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

The  building  which  must  serve  as  a  school-room  and  also 
as  a  house  of  worship  is  fifty  feet  long  and  twenty-five  feet 
broad  and  will  be  ready  very  soon.  One  of  the  school- 
teachers is  busily  engaged  every  day  instructing  children  at 
his  house.  One  may  converse  with  many  on  religious  sub- 
jects ;  and  although  our  people  were  adherents  of  different 
sects  in  Holland,  they  are  all  Christians  and  thus  far  form 
but  one  congregation  here.  The  preaching  of  the  Word  is 
listened  to  attentively,  and  although  a  difference  of  opinion 
exists  this  is  not  productive  of  disputes ;  sometimes  differ- 
ences are  debated  but  without  resulting  in  hostility  or 
bitterness. 

Notwithstanding  all  this,  to  be  frank  in  what  I  say,  I  must 
admit  that  religion  does  not  flourish,  because  there  is  no 
evidence  in  daily  life  that  seeking  God 's  kingdom  and  right- 
eousness assumes  a  foremost  place,  but  rather  the  things 
of  this  world.  Nearly  all  appear  to  be  taken  up  with  their 
new  social  and  worldly  condition  [36]  —  so  much  so  that 
they  are  lost  in  it  —  and  judging  from  some  of  their  deal- 
ings one  would  almost  say  that  they  do  not  know  that  God's 
kingdom  is  "righteousness,  love,  peace,  joy,  happiness  in 
the  Holy  Ghost".  Consequently  they  are  in  a  position 
which  the  Bible  would  describe:  "from  afar  they  see  not". 

Self-interest  and  self-seeking  so  affect  some  that  one 
would  doubt  that  they  are  real  Christians,  if  we  did  not 
know  how  far  a  child  can  wander  from  its  father's  house 
and  still  continue  to  be  a  lawful  child  who  on  its  return  is 
received  with  a  father's  love.  It  is  certain  that  the  inci- 
dents of  the  journey,  the  new,  strange  and  busy  pressure  of 
life  in  our  present  unsettled  condition  contribute  much  to 
shatter  our  ideals ;  but  this  is  no  real  excuse.  "To  shine  as 
lights  in  the  world"  is  the  calling  of  God's  children,  and 


556    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

"by  bearing  much  fruit  is  the  Father  glorified".  Of  such 
a  glorification  of  God  one  does  not  now  meet  with  abundant 
examples.  It  will  be  a  source  of  great  joy  to  me  if  it  shall 
subsequently  appear  that  only  a  few  have  damaged  their 
faith. 

Here  in  America  one  frequently  hears  that  a  revival  has 
taken  place  in  this  or  that  town  or  district.  A  few  weeks 
ago  a  revival  took  place  at  St.  Louis,  where  for  more  than 
three  weeks  daily  services  were  held  by  a  talented  preacher 
who  makes  a  business  of  traveling  around  for  the  purpose. 
Our  people  are  not  yet  accustomed  to  such  a  method,  and 
even  if  someone  could  preach  to  them  several  times  a  day, 
most  of  them  would  obviously  find  no  time  to  come  to  listen. 

I  hope  and  pray  that  the  Lord  out  of  the  fullness  of  His 
mercy  in  one  way  or  another  shall  cause  such  a  revival  that 
there  shall  be  evidence  once  more  of  the  bloom  and  growth 
of  spiritual  life  to  the  glory  of  God.  We  have  no  excuse 
here  that  we  are  forced  or  restricted  from  without ;  we  have 
the  most  boundless  freedom  to  turn  the  qualities  and  means 
poured  out  to  us  by  God  toward  the  development,  revela- 
tion and  propagation  of  God's  kingdom.  It  appears,  how- 
ever, that  the  hasty  change  from  a  condition  of  oppression 
and  anxiety  in  Holland  to  one  of  space  and  freedom  has 
caused  a  dizziness,  and  that  therefore  the  American  love  of 
material  things  is  more  attractive  than  Heaven.  This  can 
not  result  in  anything  but  harm  since  Earth  pulls  down 
while  Heaven  draws  up. 

Within  a  few  weeks  those  who  spent  the  winter  at  St. 
Louis  expect  to  join  us;  it  appears  that  their  spiritual  con- 
dition, at  least  of  some,  is  better.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
their  presence  among  us  will  serve  to  enliven  the  others. 
They  will  not  have  to  anticipate  the  difficulties  of  life  with 
which  we  have  wrestled,  and  which  therefore  cannot  have 
a  bad  influence  on  them.  We  shall  also  soon  see  some 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        557 

Christians  who  have  had  to  spend  the  winter  in  and  around 
New  York,  Albany,  Buffalo,  and  Chicago.  Christians  in 
Ajnerica  remember  not  only  our  temporal  but  also  [38]  our 
spiritual  welfare  in  their  private  and  public  prayers.  Of 
this  fact  many  proofs  were  shown  to  me,  one  of  which  I 
offer  as  an  appendix.8 

As  we  now  know  that  there  is  One  who  hears  prayer  and 
who  is  almighty,  so  we  trust  that  He  will  visit  the  vineyard 
planted  in  this  place  with  such  blessing  that  the  present 
winter  shall  make  room  for  a  beautiful  spring  and  a  fruitful 
summer.  May  His  blessing  continue  then  until  the  possi- 
bility of  a  new  winter  time  shall  be  past,  when  we  shall  rest 
from  our  labor  and  our  works  shall  follow  us. 

CONCLUSION 

Directing  my  words  to  Netherlanders,  I  can  no  longer 
speak  as  a  Netherlander.  I  have  severed  myself  from  social 
position  in  the  land  of  my  birth.  I  have  become  bound  to  the 
American  people ;  and  before  Netherlanders  can  read  this  I 
shall  have  been  engaged  with  American  citizens  in  the  se- 
lection of  our  governors  and  shall  apparently  occupy  a 
position  of  which  I  should  never  have  thought  in  Holland. 
My  native  land,  however,  lies  close  to  my  heart,  and  in  the 
midst  of  all  sorts  of  work  I  have  not  neglected  to  take 
an  active  interest  in  its  fortunes. 

I  am  grieved  to  note  that  the  government  of  Holland  has 
not  yet  forsaken  its  fatal  course,  and  that  newspapers  in 
support  of  the  government  are  not  ashamed  to  [39]  print 
articles  which  place  immigrants  to  America  in  a  false  light. 
Christians  have  not  refrained  from  adding  their  mite  also 
to  create  a  wrong  impression.  This,  however,  has  not  pre- 
vented many  from  following  us.  Neither  anonymous  ad- 
dresses to  local  government  officials,  false  rumors  from 
America,  nor  honest  representations  have  been  able  to  turn 

s  See  below  Appendix  E,  p.  571. 


558    IO^A  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

away  God 's  hand,  but  the  minds  of  men  have  been  moved, 
and  the  eye  and  heart  have  been  turned  toward  this  land  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty,  where  everyone  who  wants  to 
work  can  find  his  daily  bread  in  abundance  without  the  in- 
triguing and  elbowing  of  others,  without  being  driven  to 
practices  opposed  to  a  Christian  conscience  (because  they 
are  not  to  be  reconciled  with  the  first  principles  of  justice), 
and  without  creeping  as  slaves  before  the  possessors  of  any 
power. 

Here  every  person  is  respected  and  treated  according  to 
his  merits ;  there  are  no  spies  for  a  suspicious  government : 
the  rulers  know  that  this  would  not  profit  them  because  a 
subsequent  election  might  at  once  deprive  them  of  the 
chance  to  lord  it  over  the  people  by  putting  others  in  their 
places.  It  is  God's  hand  which  in  many  ways  directs  op- 
pressed Netherlanders  to  a  land  where  they  first  learn  what 
freedom  is  and  how  the  country's  inhabitants  make  a  worthy 
use  of  it. 

Ask  yourself :  has  history  since  our  departure  belied  our 
opinion  of  Holland's  unfortunate  condition!  Has  not  the 
blood  of  citizens  flowed  [40]  as  the  result  of  attacks  by  other 
citizens  who  were  bound  blindly  to  obey  the  orders  of  men 
higher  up  to  aim  their  murderous  weapons  against  their 
fellow-countrymen?  That  sort  of  thing  has  no  place  here; 
for  that  sort  of  thing  no  soldiers  are  available  here. 

Here  too  the  ruling  class  sometimes  makes  laws  which  are 
rejected  by  the  people  as  detrimental  to  the  people.  The 
people  gather  in  mass  meetings,  condemn  such  law,  pass 
resolutions  and  propose  what  they  think  is  right.  The  gov- 
ernment never  thinks  of  resisting  such  conventions  by 
means  of  police  force  or  armed  power,  but  listens  to  the 
people's  voice;  occasionally  the  unwillingness  of  certain 
self-seeking  officers  is  checked  by  the  unanimous  public 
action  of  the  people.  A  subsequent  General  Assembly  in- 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        559 

vestigates  the  grievances  and  if  it  does  not  agree  with  the 
people,  then  at  the  next  election  the  American  people  show 
that  they  understand  how  to  secure  rights  in  a  lawful  man- 
ner without  causing  an  uproar.  I  attended  such  a  mass- 
meeting  here  and  was  really  struck  by  the  way  in  which  mat- 
ters were  conducted.  Not  only  did  political  party  lines 
disappear  and  the  people  act  as  companions  in  misery,  but 
the  distinction  between  American  and  Hollander  attracted 
no  notice ;  while  the  advice  of  persons  who  had  just  recently 
arrived  was  listened  to  and  consulted  just  as  freely  as  that 
of  native-born  citizens. 

Despite  God's  blessings  as  manifested  in  an  abundant 
harvest,  does  not  the  same  distress  continue  among  the  poor 
and  needy  in  The  Netherlands?  Is  not  the  shamelessness 
of  Anti-Christendom  increasing  from  day  to  day?  [41] 
Does  not  the  same  hostility  toward  the  spread  of  truth  hin- 
der the  institution  of  Christian  schools  1  Does  not  the  gov- 
ernment constantly  give  the  advocates  of  liberalism  reason 
to  revile  prince  and  ministers  to  their  faces,  and  so  openly 
that  the  echo  of  it  can  be  heard  on  this  side  of  the  Ocean? 

With  happiness  and  thankfulness  we  have  learned  that 
since  our  departure  renewed  proof  has  appeared  in  The 
Netherlands  that  God's  Word  is  not  restrained  in  the  con- 
version of  sinners.  But  have  these  evidences  of  God's 
gracious  power  forced  the  Christians  to  rise  from  their 
former  lukewarmness  and  inactivity  to  real  and  united 
activity?  Is  it  not  still  the  same  as  when  we  were  in  The 
Netherlands?  One  may  make  mention  of  "opinions,  votes 
and  observations,  brotherly  words,  protests",  but  every- 
thing is  on  paper.  Do  not  deeds  survive? 

Would  that  when  these  lines  see  the  light  the  condition 
might  be  so  altered  that  Christians  could  say:  so  it  was 
according  to  the  latest  reports,  but  now  it  is  different. 
Christians  in  Holland!  Here  in  the  land  of  freedom  we 


560    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

feel  that  you  are  with  us  flesh  of  Jesus'  flesh,  bone  of  His 
bone,  members  of  His  body,  as  the  Word  bears  witness. 
The  waves  of  the  ocean  and  the  light  of  the  New  World's 
freedom  have  not  swallowed  up  nor  dimmed  the  relation  of 
members  of  the  one  and  indivisible  body  to  their  brethren 
who  have  stayed  behind  and  have  misunderstood  them  in 
many  respects. 

The  social  bond  is  severed,  but  such  a  bond  is  only  of  the 
earth;  the  bond  which  [42]  shall  also  hold  the  body  together 
in  heaven  can  not  be  broken  on  earth,  even  if  the  existence 
of  various  "ists"  and  "ians"'  would  seem  to  belie  the  ex- 
istence of  the  bond.  Though  we  have  cut  ourselves  loose 
from  Holland,  the  land  is  still  dear  to  us  because  the  breth- 
ren whom  we  knew  by  sight  are  still  there.  Out  of  our 
affection  for  Christians  we  think  of  the  unchristianizing 
land  of  our  birth.  Therefore  we  have  been  frank  also  in  our 
address  to  you. 

I  have  given  you  a  short  and,  so  far  as  I  could,  trust- 
worthy account,  and  you  must  admit  that  it  is  not  trimmed 
up,  that  it  conceals  no  deformities  in  our  midst:  it  gives 
facts  and  nothing  more.  Always  repelled  by  exaggerated 
reports  from  America,  I  am  now  all  the  more  opposed  to 
them,  because  I  have  seen  the  tragic  results  of  such  excited 
writings  in  the  miscalculations  and  disappointments  of  our 
people  upon  coming  face  to  face  with  realities.  You  doubt- 
less must  have  read  many  letters  which  revealed  a  picture 
more  attractive,  more  stimulating  to  the  emotions  than 
mine;  but  I  feel  obliged  to  tell  the  truth,  the  whole  truth, 
and  nothing  but  the  truth,  without  giving  it  a  color  of  my 
own. 

I  shall  not  invite  you  to  leave  Holland  and  come  to  us; 
you  have  to  know  and  to  decide  that  for  yourselves.  But  I 
would  induce  you,  if  you  remain  in  Holland,  not  only  to 
think,  contemplate,  speak,  protest  and  write,  but  also  to  act. 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        561 

Holland  is  in  danger  socially  and  spiritually.  If  you  think 
you  must  remain  inhabitants  and  citizens  of  the  [43]  coun- 
try, discuss  and  describe  not  only  that  which  is  leading 
Holland  to  destruction,  but  fight  it  with  deeds,  not  only  on 
paper  but  also  in  actual  life.  Do  not  behave  yourselves  as 
the  Jews  at  Jerusalem,  who  sit  down  and  weep  when  they 
see  the  heaps  of  ruins  of  the  old  city  of  God,  not  knowing 
or  admitting  that  Israel's  Messiah,  the  King  of  the  Jews, 
lives.  We  know  that  our  God  is  king  and  lives,  and  that  He 
is  almighty  in  heaven  and  earth. 

If  you  are  convinced  that  you  must  stay  in  Holland,  seize 
upon  His  strength,  and  make  yourselves  active  as  soldiers 
of  Christ.  If  you  are  convinced  that  the  former  national 
church  is  God's  house,  do  as  did  He  who  testifies  that  "the 
zeal  of  thine  house  hath  eaten  me  up",  and  believing  in  Him 
who  set  you  an  example,  drive  from  the  holy  dwelling  of  the 
Almighty  those  who  turn  God's  house  into  a  soul-murdering 
pit  by  their  anti-Christian  teachings.  For  a  long  time  I  did 
not  cherish  this  conviction,  and  therefore  I  followed  a  later 
example  of  our  Lord,  believing  that  their  house  would  be 
left  in  ruins. 

If  you  do  your  duty  to  the  Church,  you  will  as  a  result  feel 
your  calling  in  regard  to  The  Netherlands.  You  should  not 
associate  with  those  who  desire  a  change,  you  should  not 
range  yourself  with  unbelieving  liberalism,  you  should  not 
revile  the  chief  men  of  your  people,  but  as  Christians  you 
should  have  the  courage,  not  to  speak  about  King  and  au- 
thority behind  closed  doors  and  to  discuss  their  personal 
and  social  sins,  but  to  tell  them  to  their  faces  what  Daniel 
said,  and  in  the  way  in  which  he  said  it,  [44] :  "Therefore 
0  King!  let  my  counsel  please  you",  etc. 

Do  your  duty  as  Christian  Netherlander s,  then  it  will  not 
be  long  before  you  will  know  whether  it  is  your  calling  to 
suffer  oppression  in  Holland  in  the  Lord's  name,  with  loss 


562     IOWi  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

of  honor,  respect  and  temporal  things,  then,  just  as  we  did, 
under  the  Lord's  guidance,  you  will  go  to  find  a  place  of 
refuge  in  that  section  of  the  world  which  has  never  been  a 
part  of  the  Roman  Empire.  The  soil  on  which  we  now 
dwell  has  never  actually  been  occupied  by  a  European 
power. 

We  bought  the  right  of  occupation  from  those  who  had 
scarcely  four  years  before  succeeded  the  original  Indian 
population.  Our  land  was  not  wrested  from  the  original 
owners  by  means  of  the  conqueror's  bloody  sword;  it  was 
voluntarily  sold  to  the  United  States  government  which 
passes  title  for  a  very  trifling  sum  of  money  after  the  diffi- 
cult work  of  the  first  clearing  has  been  accomplished.  In 
such  a  country  now  live  your  former  fellow-countrymen, 
your  present  fellow-believers.  Among  us  are  many  who 
left  The  Netherlands  in  extreme  want,  aided  by  a  few 
wealthy  ones  among  us.  There  are  others  who  had  just 
enough  money  to  enable  them  to  reach  this  place,  and  some 
had  enough  to  become  owners  of  land  sufficient  to  support 
their  families.  Thousands  of  wretched  people,  however, 
still  gasp  for  breath  in  Holland,  so  eager  to  come  here  to 
work  and  eat  their  own  bread,  but  they  lack  the  means  to 
pay  the  expense  of  the  journey. 

[45]  Wealthier  Christians  in  The  Netherlands!  You  are 
under  obligations  to  help  the  oppressed.  When  I  was  still 
among  you,  I  was  convinced  it  was  my  duty  to  give  my  God- 
given  wealth  for  the  good  of  my  miserable  fellow-country- 
men whether  in  Holland  or  elsewhere.  In  Holland  there 
were  but  two  ways :  to  furnish  work  to  the  needy,  or  to  give 
them  food  so  long  as  I  had  anything  to  give.  The  former 
was  impossible  for  me  as  a  consequence  of  social  conditions, 
and  the  latter  was  unreasonable  and  unchristian :  unreason- 
able because,  knowing  my  own  means,  I  was  certain  I  should 
soon  be  classed  among  the  needy,  a  position  which  I  did  not 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        563 

wish  to  bring  about  so  long  as  there  was  another  way  open ; 
unchristian  because  eating  without  working  is  harmful  to 
body  and  soul,  for  it  promotes  idleness  which,  according  to 
a  true  proverb,  is  the  devil's  pillow. 

Thus  shut  in  on  all  sides  in  Holland,  restricted  besides  in 
the  matter  of  freedom  of  worship,  reviled  because  we  in- 
sisted upon  our  forefather's  rights  to  educate  our  children 
in  Christian  schools  in  the  fear  of  the  Lord,  I  was  forced  to 
look  to  foreign  lands.  It  appeared  that  Holland's  colonies 
also  were  closed  by  the  government  to  Christian  freedom, 
and  North  America  was  open,  receiving  our  fellow-country- 
men with  hearty  affection.  For  me  this  was  the  only  way, 
and  I  am  not  sorry  to  have  followed  it.  Despite  many  dif- 
ficulties, cares,  and  vexations,  I  say  from  the  bottom  of  my 
heart :  thanks  be  to  God  who  brought  us  here ! 

Such  were  my  thoughts  and  actions,  and  I  repeat  it,  well- 
to-do  people  in  Holland,  you  are  under  obligations  to  help 
the  oppressed.  If  in  your  own  land  or  your  colonies  you 
cannot  offer  them  [46]  work  and  bread  and  freedom  of 
worship,  besides  Christian  instruction,  send  them  hither, 
help  transport  them,  and  make  it  possible  for  them  to  live 
among  their  fellow-countrymen  here. 

In  order  to  be  able  to  supply  all  his  bodily  wants  in  North 
America,  a  poor  man  who  likes  to  work  needs  very  little 
more  than  the  money  to  pay  his  passage.  There  is  so  much 
work  to  be  found  everywhere  that  no  one  need  suffer  hun- 
ger. Spread  among  English-speaking  people,  however,  the 
older  generation  of  people  will  not  be  able  to  satisfy  their 
spiritual  needs,  and  thus  while  they  promote  their  bodily 
welfare  they  lose  their  souls.  Therefore  it  is  necessary  that 
they  should  come  to  a  colony  where  they  may  speak  their 
mother-tongue,  where  they  may  hear  God's  Word  preached 
in  their  own  language. 

To  be  able  to  do  this  they  must  not  only  have  money  to 


564    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

pay  for  transportation  but  also  find  work  when  they  come, 
and  to  provide  them  work  money  is  necessary  so  that  certain 
enterprises  may  be  undertaken  which  require  human  labor. 
If  such  a  colony  has  an  abundance  of  labor  but  lacks  money 
with  which  operations  may  be  commenced,  the  poor  will 
naturally  be  forced  to  seek  work  in  some  other  locality 
where  they  can  neither  speak  nor  hear  their  mother-tongue. 
Since  there  is  now  in  both  Dutch  colonies  in  North  America 
sufficient  opportunity  to  work  with  profit,  in  some  cases 
with  great  profit,  if  fresh  accessions  of  poor  people  arrive 
and  there  is  insufficient  money  to  commence  operations,  I 
judge  that  it  is  the  calling  of  the  rich,  [47]  if  they  do  not 
personally  accompany  the  poor,  to  use  their  money  to  help 
them  and  at  the  same  time  gain  a  profit  for  themselves. 

An  advance  of  money  at  moderate  interest  with  a  mort- 
gage on  the  lands  which  are  bought  would  be  a  good  way  to 
begin  such  enterprises  as  would  yield  enough  sure  profit  for 
the  entrepreneur,  the  money-lender,  and  the  workman.  The 
last  will  earn  good  wages,  the  second  will  get  good  interest 
on  his  money,  and  the  first  will  be  reimbursed  for  his  trou- 
ble by  keeping  the  surplus  after  wages  and  interest  have 
been  deducted.  This  is  true  of  the  Dutch  colony  in  Michigan 
as  well  as  of  the  colony  in  Iowa.  Let  everyone  go  to  the 
locality  where  he  is  convinced  he  can  place  most  confidence 
in  the  persons  with  whom  he  has  to  deal. 

One  bit  of  advice  I  should  like  to  add.  Well-to-do  Hol- 
landers so  often  take  long  and  expensive  journeys :  if  a 
company  of  three  or  four  well-informed  Hollanders  should 
secretly  make  a  little  visit  to  the  United  States,  inspect  the 
various  Dutch  settlements,  examine  the  business  personnel, 
the  conditions  and  opportunities,  they  would  be  enabled  to 
give  a  trustworthy  report  to  their  fellow-countrymen  who 
in  this  way  would  find  it  easier  to  choose  in  what  way  and 
to  what  end  they  should  be  able  to  help  their  needy  fellow- 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        565 

countrymen.  To  entrust  the  needy  ones  themselves  with 
money  to  enable  them  to  get  a  start  in  America  is  in  general 
not  advisable.  Those  who  are  not  used  to  money  [48]  are 
not  at  once  able  to  use  it  discreetly  when  they  come  into 
possession,  not  even  in  the  midst  of  their  own  people. 
From  the  opportunity  to  work  and  save  they  learn  grad- 
ually how  to  manage  money  matters,  and  when  they  have 
succeeded  they  become  instructors  and  models  for  others. 
I  believe  I  have  said  enough  for  the  present ;  and  I  think 
that  the  profit  from  the  sales  of  this  pamphlet  will  cover  the 
expense  of  printing  and  postage.  I  shall  rejoice  if  it  is 
eagerly  read,  if  thanks  be  rendered  to  God  for  the  blessings 
vouchsafed  to  us.  Some  day  The  Netherlands  and  America 
will  exist  no  more,  but  the  memory  of  what  has  happened  in 
them  will  remain,  and  the  communion  of  saints  will  last 
forever. 

APPENDICES 

[Pages  49  to  63  of  the  pamphlet  of  which  this  paper  is  a  translation  are 
devoted  to  six  appendices  arranged  in  parallel  columns.  The  right-hand  col- 
umn contains  the  matter  in  the  English  language,  while  the  left-hand  column 
contains  Scholte's  Dutch  translation.  For  the  sake  of  convenience  the  ap- 
pendices have  been  designated  as  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F. —  TRANSLATOR.] 

[49] 

To  confirm  our  judgment  with  regard  to  the  situation  of 
the  Dutch  Colony  in  Michigan,  we  append  the  testimony  of 
the  Governor  of  that  State  in  a  recent  address  to  the  legis- 
lature, reported  by  the  Christian  Intelligencer  of  New 
York. 

APPENDIX  A 

From  the  Christian  Intelligencer 

Settlement  of  Hollanders  in  Michigan. —  We  are  pleased  to  see 
the  following  notice  of  the  settlement  of  Hollanders  in  the  "Western 
part  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  in  the  recent  message  of  the  Governor 


566    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

of  Michigan  to  the  Legislature.  This  settlement  is  in  the  county  of 
Ottowa,  on  Lake  Michigan,  and  was  commenced  about  a  year  since, 
under  the  auspices  of  Ds.  van  Raalte.  A  Township  by  the  name  of 
Holland  has  been  organised  by  the  Legislature.  Everything  indi- 
cates the  fairest  promise  of  prosperity. 

[50]  I  can  not  permit  the  present  occasion  to  pass  without  direct- 
ing your  attention,  for  a  moment,  towards  an  interesting,  and  I 
think,  valuable  class  of  foreigners,  that  for  the  last  few  months 
have  been  arriving  in  our  State.  They  are  a  colony  of  Hollanders, 
settled  in  the  county  of  Ottowa,  near  Lake  Michigan,  remote  from 
the  inhabited  parts  of  the  country.  Their  language  is  the  Low- 
Dutch.  They  are  located  in  a  thickly  timbered  region,  without 
roads,  without  mills,  without  mails,  without  magistrates  or  police 
regulations  of  any  kind,  and  indeed  without  most  of  those  facilities 
and  conveniences  that  are  deemed  indispensably  necessary  to  civil- 
ized life,  even  in  its  humblest  conditions. 

Still,  they  ask  not  private  charity,  nor  do  they  solicit  appropria- 
tions from  the  public  treasury,  but  they  do  invoke  the  interposition 
of  State  legislation  so  far  as  to  extend  to  them  the  benefits  of  an 
organized  township  government,  and  of  such  opened  and  construct- 
ed highways  as  will  afford  them  access  to  mills,  merchants,  me- 
chanicks,  and  post-offices.  They  are  a  hardy,  industrious,  frugal, 
moral,  and  religious  people,  of  what  is  denominated  the  free  church 
of  Holland,  and  like  the  Pilgrims  of  1620,  came  to  this  country  to 
escape  the  intolerance  of  their  own,  and  in  [51]  quest  of  liberty  of 
conscience,  where  no  alliance  exists  between  the  Church  and  State, 
and  where  they  may  be  permitted  to  worship  God  in  their  own  way. 
The  Colony  now  numbers  about  two  thousand  souls,  and  it  is  be- 
lieved will  be  increased  annually  by  many  thousands  of  their 
countrymen,  should  they  receive  the  fostering  care  of  our  Govern- 
ment, and  tokens  of  welcome  and  encouragement  from  our  people. 
I  recommend  the  organisation  of  a  township  which  shall  embrace 
the  principal  purchases  made  by  those  Colonists. 

They  have  now  no  Government  among  them  save  the  restraints 
of  religion  and  the  rules  of  their  Church.  Roads  for  their  accom- 
modation and  use  should  be  opened  and  wrought,  so  far  as  it  can 
be  done  with  the  means  properly  applicable  to  that  object.  Their 
settlement  is  in  the  midst  of  a  wide,  unbroken  wilderness,  most  of 
which,  however,  has  been  purchased  by  individuals,  or  selected  by 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        567 

the  State  for  the  purposes  of  internal  improvement.  A  large 
amount  of  highway-taxes  is  assessed  upon  these  non-resident  lands 
and  brought  into  the  treasury. 

Would  it  not  be  just  to  all  concerned,  to  appropriate  a  portion, 
at  least,  of  this  fund  to  the  construction  of  such  roads  as  are 
deemed  essential  to  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  this  important 
Colony?  One,  [52]  perhaps,  from  their  principal  settlement  to: 
Grandville,  in  the  county  of  Kent ;  another,  to  the  mouth  of  Grand 
river,  in  Ottowa  county;  and  a  third,  to  some  point  on  the  Kala- 
mazoo  river,  in  the  county  of  Allegan. 

APPENDIX  B 

To  confirm  my  statement  about  the  good  opinion  which 
Americans  entertain  of  Dutch  immigration,  I  offer  here 
from  much  evidence  a  resolution  of  a  church  convention  in 
Illinois  before  our  arrival. 

From  the  Christian  Intelligencer 

CLASSIS  OF  ILLINOIS 

The  Classis  of  Illinois  met  at  Pekin,  in  Tazewell  County,  Illinois, 
on  the  7th  of  April ;  and  among  the  several  items  of  business  trans- 
acted, was  the  following,  which  is  of  a  public  nature,  and  should 
come  forth  through  the  Christian  Intelligencer. 

Whereas,  it  appears  from  recent  statements  in  the  Christian 
Intelligencer,  that  a  large  emigration  from  Holland  to  the  Western 
States  may  be  expected  during  the  present  and  succeeding  years; 
and  that  the  aforesaid  emigrants  are  coming  to  this  country,  with 
a  view  to  escape  from  the  interference  of  the  government  of  their 
own  country  with  the  exercise  of  their  religion  —  the  oppression 
caused  by  intolerable  taxation,  and  the  evils  to  which  persons  of 
small  means  are  exposed,  in  consequence  of  a  superabundant  popu- 
lation —  and  to  provide  a  home  for  themselves  and  their  children, 
where  they  may  enjoy  [53]  freedom  in  their  religion,  and  educate 
their  offspring  in  accordance  with  their  views  of  Christian  duty. 
Therefore 

Resolved :  That  we  welcome  a  people  so  proverbial  for  their  love 
of  civil  and  religious  liberty,  their  industry  and  enterprise,  and 
their  attachment  to  the  institutions  of  Protestant  Christian  duty. 


568    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Resolved:  That  should  any  portion  of  them  see  cause  to  locate 
in  Illinois,  we  tender  to  them  our  sympathies,  and  such  assistance 
as  we  can  consistently  render  them,  in  various  ways,  to  promote 
their  comfortable  settlement  in  suitable  locations. 

Resolved:  That  the  following  persons  be  appointed  in  their  re- 
spective places  as  a  committee  to  carry  into  effect  the  objects  con- 
templated in  the  foregoing  resolution,  viz:  Fairview,  Rev.  A.  D. 
Wilson,  J.  G.  Voorhees,  J.  S.  Wijckoff ;  Pekin,  Rev.  N.  D.  William- 
son, C.  M.  Grimwood;  Brunswick,  Rev.  G.  G.  Sill,  H.  G.  Bostwick; 
van  der  Veer,  Rev.  J.  N.  Schultz,  E.  M.  Huff;  Washington,  Jas. 
Haslun,  G.  H.  Higgins. 

A  true  extract  from  the  minutes. 

GEORGE  G.  SILL,  Clerk. 

APPENDIX  c 

[54]  With  regard  to  our  settlement  here  and  the  situation 
of  our  homes,  we  offer  the  testimony  of  Prof.  Newhall,  al- 
ready referred  to,  who  wrote  for  the  newspaper  published 
at  Burlington  in  this  State. 

From  the  Burlington  Hawk-Eye 

A  DAY  IN  PELLA 

Methinks  I  hear  you  exclaim:  "Where  is  Pella?"  Not  the 
ancient  city  of  Macedonia,  but  a  foreshadowing  of  the  famous 
Holland  settlement  which  has  recently  been  located  upon  our  beau- 
tiful prairies  of  the  New-Purchase.  To  tell  you  how  suddenly  the 
inhabitants  have  been  transferred  from  the  low  lands  of  Holland 
to  the  wide  spread  prairies  of  America,  would  be  like  telling  you 
fiction.  Just  about  two  months  ago,  I  halted  about  sun-set,  at  a 
lone  cabin  on  the  "ridge"  road  midway  between  Oskaloosa  and  the 
Racoon  forks,  and  where  Absalom  Peters  informed  me  that  it  was 
7  miles  to  '  *  Black  Oak  Grove. ' '  My  Indian  pony  was  compelled  to 
quicken  his  pace  to  reach  the  nearest  neighbour,  ere  the  darkness 
of  a  stormy  night  entirely  encompassed  me. 

Again,  today  (the  17th  of  Sept.)  about  noon,  I  find  myself  dash- 
ing along  this  beautiful  road.  I  did  not  dream,  neither  was  I  in  a 
trance,  for  my  eyes  beheld  the  same  beautiful  earth  clothed  in  its 
rich  garniture  of  green. —  Yet  I  discovered  a  new  race  of  beings. 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        569 

The  men  in  blanket  coats  and  [55]  jeans  were  gone !  And  a  broad- 
shouldered  race  in  velvet  jackets  and  wooden  shoes  were  there. 
And  this  is  ''Fella"  of  nearly  1000  souls  and  rejoicing  in  the 
antiquity  of  nearly  a  month.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  live  in 
camps,  the  tops  covered  with  tent  cloth,  some  with  grass  and 
bushes.  The  sides  barricaded  with  countless  numbers  of  trunks, 
boxes  and  chests  of  the  oddest  and  most  grotesque  description  that 
Yankees  or  Hawk-Eyes  ever  beheld.  So  far  as  my  information  ex- 
tends, I  will  endeavour  to  give  you  a  brief  and  succinct  description 
of  this  interesting  settlement,  its  origin,  etc. 

This  settlement  is  composed  of  a  colony  from  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  other  words  from  Holland ;  they  are  all  Protestants 
who  have  left  their  native  land  (much  like  the  Puritans  of  old,) 
on  account  of  political  and  religious  intolerance  and  persecution. 
Their  present  population  numbers  something  like  700  to  800  souls 
with  the  expectation  of  a  numerous  accession  of  numbers  the  en- 
suing spring.  They  appear  to  be  intelligent  and  respectable,  quite 
above  the  average  class  of  European  immigrants  that  have  ever 
landed  upon  our  shores.  Mr.  Schaulter,  the  President  of  the  asso- 
ciation, together  with  several  others  of  the  leading  men  of  the 
colony,  are  men  of  education,  refinement,  [56]  and  a  high  order  of 
intelligence.  Mr.  S.,  their  President,  was  a  student  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Leyden  at  the  time  of  the  Belgian  insurrection  and  took  a 
conspicuous  part  with  that  patriotic  body  of  young  men  in  vindi- 
cating the  rights  and  honor  of  his  country.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  works  characterized  by  an  unflinching  advocacy  of  popular 
rights,  and  more  recently  as  the  Editor  of  a  Periodical  published 
at  Utrecht  (Holland),  where  he  suffered  much  persecution  and 
even  imprisonment  for  the  fearlessness  and  zeal  with  which  he 
espoused  the  cause  of  religious  and  political  freedom.  Such  is  a 
faint  outline  of  the  character  of  the  President  of  the  Holland 
settlement. 

On  the  day  of  my  arrival,  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  witness  a 
most  interesting  proceeding.  Most  of  the  male  adults  went 
through  the  ceremony  of  declaring  their  intentions  of  becoming 
citizens  of  the  United  States.  It  was  altogether  an  impressive 
scene,  to  behold  some  200  men  with  brawny  arms  upraised  to 
heaven  [eschewing]  all  allegiance  to  foreign  powers,  Potentates, 
etc.  And  as  they  all  responded,  in  their  native  tongue,  to  the  last 

VOL.  ix— 38 


570    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

words  of  the  oath:  "So  help  me  God!"  no  one  could  resist  the 
heartfelt  response:  "so  help  them  God  to  keep  their  solemn  vow!" 
All  [57]  appeared  to  feel  the  weight  of  responsibility  they  were 
about  to  assume.  No  tribute  could  be  more  beautiful  or  compli- 
mentary to  our  institutions  than  to  behold  the  men  of  "Pella" 
coming,  up  in  their  strength,  on  the  prairies  of  America,  and  there 
eschewing  for  ever  all  allegiance  to  the  tyranny  of  king-craft. 

Their  purchase  or  settlement  occupies  two  entire  townships  sit- 
uated in  the  north-east  corner  of  Marion  county  and  extends  en- 
tirely across  the  "Divide"  from  river  to  river,  (i.  e.)  from  the  Des 
Homes  to  Skunk  or  Checouque.  A  fact  worth  recording  during  the 
ceremony  before  the  clerk  of  the  court,  was  that  of  the  whole  num- 
ber that  took  the  oath  of  intended  citizenship  but  two  made  their 
marks.  The  sudden  and  recent  settlement  of  "Pella"  in  connec- 
tion with  the  contemplated  seat  of  Government  in  this  region  pro- 
duces, as  you  might  well  suppose,  a  great  deal  of  excitement  in 
regard  to  "claim  making."  In  fact  the  settlers,  of  late,  hardly 
dare  set  a  price  for  their  "claims",  for  fear  of  being  taken  up 
instanter.  Six  [58]  or  800  Doll,  is  no  uncommon  price,  for  claims, 
away  up  here,  100  miles  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  commission- 
ers are  still  looking  about.  I  met  them  on  Wednesday  last  at 
Oskaloosa.  Public  opinion  seems  to  have  settled  upon  Oskaloosa, 
and  Fairview,  better  known  as  "Tools-point",  as  the  most  prom- 
inent situations  for  locating  the  capital.  I  think  a  very  few  days 
will  decide  the  question. 

P.  S.  The  location  is  established,  and  called  Monroe-city,  a 
point  unrivalled  in  natural  beauty,  yet  I  am  constrained  to  question 
the  expediency,  or  policy  of  this  premature  changing  of  our  seat 
of  Government.  The  early  scenes  of  "Black  Hawk  Purchase"  are 
re-enacted  to  the  life.  The  country  is  literally  "Staked  off"  for  a 
dozen  miles  above  "  Toolspoint. " 

APPENDIX  D 

As  for  the  situation  of  our  city,  we  simply  append  the 
official  description  of  the  county  surveyor  rendered  at  the 
time  of  the  first  survey. 

DESCRIPTION  AND  PLAN  OF  PELLA 

Pella  is  beautifully  situated  on  an  eminence,  from  which  may  be 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        571 

had  a  general  view  of  the  surrounding  country ;  the  streets  are  one 
hundred  feet  wide;  [59]  the  Blocks  and  square [s]  are  four  hundred 
feet  square,  and  the  Blocks  are  layed  into  eight  lots  each,  as  seen 
by  the  plat.  It  is  situated  about  the  center  of  the  section  line, 
dividing  sections  3  &  10,  running  East  and  West.  The  Town  is 
laid  out  at  right  angles.  There  is  a  stone  planted  at  each  corner 
of  the  square  from  which  to  make  future  survey. 

rl,  Claiborne  Hall,  Surveyor  of  Marion  County, 
State  of  Iowa,  I  certify  that  I  have  correctly  surveyed  sixty 
Marion  County.  ]  four  lots  in  the  above  named  Town.  Given 

I  under  my  hand  this  2nd  day  of  September  1847. 

CLAIBORNE  HALL,  C.  S.  M.  C. 
APPENDIX  E 

To  show  what  Americans  think  of  the  choice  and  situation 
of  our  present  residence,  I  shall  select  from  much  testimony 
only  the  following  extract  from  a  letter  post-marked  New 
York  and  written  to  me  by  the  Eev.  Dr.  Thomas  De  Witt, 
well-known  in  Holland. 

New  York,  Jan.  27,  1848. 
My  dear  Friend ! 

I  was  pleased  to  receive  your  letter,  giving  information  concerning 
your  settlement  and  [60]  Colony.  From  all  that  I  have  observed,  and 
heard,  I  have  no  doubt  that  you  have  made  a  judicious  and  advan- 
tageous location.  In  the  rapidly  growing  population  of  the  fine  State 
of  Iowa,  and  being  so  near  the  recently  selected  seat  of  Government, 
your  settlement  must  be  most  eligibly  situated  and  bids  fair  to 
attain  soon  a  more  than  usual  degree  of  comfort  and  prosperity  at 
so  early  a  period  from  its  commencement.  With  the  growth  of 
your  Colony  I  trust  you  will  receive  and  enjoy  the  blessing  of  the 
King  of  Zion  in  your  spiritual  interests,  and  gratefully  realize  that 
He  has  led  your  way  across  the  Ocean  to  this  land  of  civil  and  re- 
ligious liberty,  and  He  will  here  enlarge  and  establish  you  in  tem- 
poral peace  and  prosperity,  and  still  more  in  spiritual  peace  and 
prosperity.  I  have  felt  a  deep  interest  in  the  recent  emigration 
from  Holland,  have  watched  it  with  prayerful  interest,  and  rejoice 
in  the  fair  prospects  opening  to  your  Colony.  .  .  . 


572    ICTfrA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

I  am  anxious  to  hear  from  you,  and  trust  that  on  the  receipt  of 
this  you  will  write  to  me  informing  me  how  you  are  continuing  to 
do  in  your  Colony.  Our  Church  feels  a  deep  interest  in  you  and 
the  Colony  with  which  you  are  associated,  and  (we)  bear  you  be- 
fore the  throne  of  grace  in  our  prayers. 

A  number  of  Holland  families,  who  have  reached  here  late  in  the 
fall  or  beginning  of  winter  sojourn  in  the  City,  and  [61]  furnish 
an  opportunity  for  me  to  attend  the  wants  of  some  worthy  poor 
and  afflicted.  My  best  regard,  and  that  of  my  family  to  Mrs. 
Scholte,  and  believe  me  to  be 

Yours  truly  in  Christian  bonds 

THOMAS  DE  WITT. 
Rev.  H.  P.  Scholte. 

APPENDIX  F 

AN  ACT 
TO  ORGANIZE  THE  TOWNSHIP  OF  LAKE  PRAIRIE  IN  THE  COUNTY 

OF  MARION 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State 
of  Iowa,  That  townships  seventy-six  and  seventy-seven,  of  range 
eighteen  west  of  the  5th  principal  meridian,  in  the  County  of 
Marion,  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  set  off  and  organized  into  a 
separate  township  by  the  name  of  Lake  Prairie. 

Section  2.  The  first  Township  election  therein,  shall  be  held  at 
the  house  of  H.  P.  Scholte  in  said  township,  on  the  first  Monday  in 
April  next,  at  which  time  and  place  the  white  male  inhabitants  of 
said  township  above  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  shall  elect  two 
Justices  of  the  Peace,  two  Constables,  and  such  other  Township 
Officers  as  are  required  by  the  act  for  the  organisation  of  town- 
ships, approved  17th  February  1842,  and  such  School  Officers  as 
are  required  by  law  to  be  elected  at  the  township  elections. 

[62]  Section  3.  The  powers,  duties  and  manner  of  qualifications 
of  such  justices  of  the  peace  and  other  officers,  shall  be  such  as  are 
provided  by  the  general  laws  of  this  State. 

Section  4.     This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and 


COMING  OF  THE  HOLLANDERS  TO  IOWA        573 

after  its  publication  in  the  Iowa  City  Standard  and  Iowa  Capital 
Reporter  published  at  Iowa  City. 

J.  B.  BROWNE, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Rep's. 

THOMAS  HUGHES, 
President  of  the  Senate. 
Approved 
Jan.  22,  1848. 

ANSEL  BRIGGS. 
Secretary's  Office,  Iowa. 
Iowa  City,  Jan.  28  1848. 

I  hereby  certify  that  the  above  is  a  true  copy  of  the  original  act 
on  file  in  this  office. 

ELISHA  CUTLER  JR. 

Secretary  of  State. 

As  regards  the  accompanying  map  of  Iowa,  I  have  only 
to  add  that  it  does  not  show  all  towns  in  the  State,  but  it 
serves  only  to  show  the  surveys  for  the  general  land-office ; 
therefore  this  map  includes  only  that  portion  of  the  State 
which  had  then  been  surveyed;  those  surveys  now  extend 
much  farther  north  and  west.  This  map  ends  with  Eange 
19,  the  newly-located  State  capital  lies  in  Eange  20,  Town- 
ship 78.  I  have  inserted  only  the  name  Pella  [63]  so  that 
everyone  may  see  that  it  is  situated  pretty  near  the  State 's 
center.  Every  little  square  is  a  township. 

The  map  of  the  two  townships  which  contain  our  lands  is 
a  reduced  copy  of  maps  in  the  land-office  and  shows  more 
accurately  the  situation  of  our  colony.  The  dots  represent 
the  houses  which  were  here  when  I  purchased  the  farms. 
Everybody  can  see  therefore  that  there  is  still  room  for 
more.  If  wealthy  Netherlanders  wish  to  be  assured  of  more 
land  in  the  future,  I  am  always  in  a  position  to  satisfy  their 
desires  and  to  send  them  title-deeds.  One  can  still  obtain 
land  in  our  neighborhood,  and  the  average  price  is  not  more 
than  three  or  four  dollars,  including  the  Government  price 


574    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

of  $1.25 ;  but  attention  is  being  so  generally  directed  toward 
this  State,  and  the  population  is  increasing  so  rapidly  that 
this  price  will  be  doubled  in  a  short  time.  I  believe  I  have 
said  enough  for  the  present,  and  with  confidence  offer  what 
I  have  written  to  the  serious  consideration  of  the  reader. 


PELLA,  MARION  COUNTY,  IOWA. 
16  MARCH  1848 


H.  P.  SCHOLTE,  V.  D.  M. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS 

AMERICANA 
GENERAL  AND   MISCELLANEOUS 

Ginn  and  Company  are  the  publishers  of  a  volume  of  Readings 
on  American  State  Government,  compiled  by  Paul  S.  Reinsch. 

A  League  of  Peace  is  the  title  of  an  address  by  Andrew  Carnegie 
which  has  been  printed  in  pamphlet  form  by  the  New  York  Peace 
Society. 

In  the  August  number  of  the  American  Federationist  may  be 
found  an  article  entitled  Dr.  Gladden  on  Trade  Unionism,  by 
Samuel  Gompers. 

The  Statistical  Abstract  of  the  United  States  for  1910  issued  by 
the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  contains  the  usual  amount 
of  valuable  information. 

The  first  part  of  Jesse  Macy's  The  English  Constitution,  which 
deals  with  the  nature  of  the  constitution,  has  been  published  in 
separate  form  by  the  Macmillan  Company. 

A  pamphlet  containing  a  memorial  to  Carroll  Davidson  Wright, 
by  Horace  G.  Wadlin,  has  been  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Sta- 
tistics of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts. 

The  Annual  Magazine  Subject-Index  for  1910,  published  by  the 
Boston  Book  Company,  is  a  valuable  index  to  periodicals  among 
which  are  the  publications  of  the  various  state  historical  societies. 

In  the  September  number  of  the  Journal  of  the  United  States 
Cavalry  Association  may  be  found  some  Notes  on  Lee,  by  R.  H. 
Beadon;  and  a  lecture  on  the  Boy  Scouts,  by  Sir  Robert  Baden- 
Powell. 

A  pamphlet  issued  in  April  by  the  World  Peace  Foundation, 
which  has  its  headquarters  in  Boston,  bears  the  title,  Sir  Edward 

575 


576    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Grey  on  Union  for  World  Peace,  and  contains  an  extract  from  a 
speech  in  the  House  of  Commons.  Another  pamphlet  published  in 
July  consists  of  a  List  of  Arbitration  Treaties,  compiled  by  Denys 
P.  Myers. 

An  extensive  monograph  on  The  Dutch  Republic  and  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  by  Friedrich  Edler,  has  recently  appeared  as  a 
number  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical  and 
Political  Science. 

Volume  five  of  Biographical  Sketches  of  the  Graduates  of  Yale 
College  ivith  Annals  of  the  College  History,  by  Franklin  Bowditch 
Dexter,  contains  sketches  of  the  lives  of  graduates  in  the  classes 
from  1792  to  1805. 

In  an  article  on  The  New  History,  which  appears  in  the  May- 
June  number  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  James  Harvey  Robinson  makes  a  special  plea  for  historical 
treatises  which  will  aid  in  solving  current  problems. 

In  The  National  Civic  Federation  Revieiv  for  July  there  is  out- 
lined A  Broad  Program  of  Constructive  Work  which  is  being  car- 
ried on  through  the  Federation.  There  is  also  an  article  on  Organ- 
ized Labor  and  the  National  Civic  Federation,  by  Samuel  Gompers. 

The  June  number  of  the  Bulletin  of  the  New  York  Public  Li- 
brary contains  an  account  of  the  exercises  attendant  upon  the  open- 
ing of  the  new  building  of  the  New  York  Public  Library  on  May 
23,  1911,  together  with  the  addresses  delivered  on  that  occasion. 

The  Bulletin  of  the  American  Economic  Association  for  July 
consists  of  a  Hand  Book  of  the  American  Economic  Association, 
containing  a  statement  of  the  purposes  of  the  Association,  the  con- 
stitution, a  list  of  members,  and  the  minutes  of  the  twenty-third 
annual  meeting. 

In  an  article  on  The  Effect  of  Commission  Plan  of  Government 
on  Public  Libraries  which  appears  in  the  July  number  of  Public 
Libraries,  Alice  S.  Tyler,  Secretary  of  the  Iowa  Library  Commis- 
sion, points  out  the  necessity  of  a  greater  realization  of  the  educa- 
tional duties  of  the  municipality  under  the  new  plan  of  government. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  577 

The  second  volume  on  Workmen's  Insurance  and  Compensation 
Systems  in  Europe,  which  is  included  in  the  Twenty -fourth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor,  has  been  issued  from  the 
Government  Printing  Office.  The  countries  concerned  in  this  vol- 
ume, which  completes  the  study,  are  Great  Britain,  Italy,  Norway, 
Russia,  Spain,  and  Sweden. 

A  brief  sketch  of  Early  English  and  Other  Foreign  Ships  at  New 
Amsterdam  is  to  be  found  in  the  March  number  of  The  New  Nether- 
land  Register.  The  article  which  opens  the  April-May  number  is 
entitled  New  Amsterdam  Becomes  New  York.  In  both  numbers 
are  continuations  of  William  Becker  Van  Alstyne's  Pioneers  and 
Founders  of  New  Netherland. 

The  August  number  of  The  Editorial  Review  contains  the  usual 
number  of  articles  on  current  topics.  Schedule  K  of  the  Tariff,  by 
Sereno  E.  Payne;  The  Injustice  of  the  Wool  Schedule,  by  Josiah 
H.  Shinn;  The  Administration  of  our  Immigration  Laws,  by  Max 
J.  Kohler;  and  Inland  Waterways,  by  J.  Hampton  Moore,  are 
illustrations  of  the  class  of  articles  included  in  this  number. 

Pamphlets  published  by  the  American  Association  for  Interna- 
tional Conciliation  during  July,  August,  and  September  are:  The 
United  States  and  Latin  America  at  the  Hague,  by  William  I.  Hull ; 
an  address  on  International  Arbitration,  by  Sir  Charles  Fitzpat- 
rick;  The  Emotional  Price  of  Peace,  by  Edward  L.  Thorndike;  and 
a  Letter  to  the  Apostolic  Delegate  to  the  United  States  of  America, 
by  Pope  Pius  X. 

In  the  September  number  of  The  American  Economic  Review 
may  be  found  several  articles  among  which  may  be  mentioned: 
Organized  Labor's  Attitude  Toward  Industrial  Efficiency,  by  John 
R.  Commons;  Rates  for  Public  Utilities,  by  J.  Maurice  Clark; 
Recent  Tax  Reforms  in  Ohio,  by  Ernest  L.  Bogart;  Taxation  in 
Illinois,  by  John  A.  Fairlie;  and  Cooperation  in  California,  by 
Ira  B.  Cross. 

The  first  hundred  pages  of  the  American  Labor  Legislation  Re- 
view for  June  are  devoted  to  an  analytical  table  of  the  laws  in  the 
various  States  relating  to  the  health,  comfort,  and  safety  of  em- 


578    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

ployees  in  factories.  Then  follow  a  number  of  brief  articles  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  The  Prevention  of  Accidents,  by  Leonard 
W.  Hatch ;  and  Scientific  Standards  in  Labor  Legislation,  by  John 
and  Irene  Andrews. 

Sophonisba  P.  Breckinridge  and  Edith  Abbott  contribute  a 
fourth  installment  of  their  study  of  Chicago  Housing  Conditions 
in  the  July  number  of  The  American  Journal  of  Sociology.  Her- 
bert G.  Lull  writes  on  Moral  Instruction  Through  Social  Intelli- 
gence. Victor  S.  Yarros  traces  The  Course  of  Social  Reform  and 
Political  Psychology,  and  the  final  contribution  is  The  Classification 
of  Social  Phenomena,  by  Edward  Gary  Hayes. 

G.  P.  Watkins  is  the  writer  of  an  article  on  Street-Railway  Rates, 
with  Especial  Reference  to  Differentiation,  which  is  the  opening 
contribution  in  The  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics  for  August. 
Other  articles  are :  The  Paper  Industry  in  Its  Relation  to  Conserva- 
tion and  the  Tariff,  by  Roscoe  R.  Hess;  The  German  Imperial  Tax 
on  the  Unearned  Increment,  by  Robert  C.  Brooks;  and  Tenancy  in 
the  North  Central  States,  by  Benjamin  H.  Hibbard. 

The  second  chapter  of  J.  Maitland  Anderson's  scholarly  study  of 
The  Beginnings  of  St.  Andrews'  University  is  to  be  found  in  the 
July  number  of  The  Scottish  Historical  Review.  A  brief  discussion 
of  The  English  Thanksgiving  Service  for  King  James'  Delivery 
from  the  Goivrie  Conspiracy ,  by  F.  C.  Eeles;  and  an  article  on 
Spanish  Reports  and  the  Wreck  at  Tobermory,  by  Julian  Corbett, 
are  other  contributions  in  this  number. 

Speeches  by  a  large  number  of  men  of  national  and  international 
reputation  are  published  in  the  Report  of  the  Seventeenth  Annual 
Lake  Mohonk  Conference  on  International  Arbitration.  The  status 
and  needs  of  the  international  peace  movement,  an  international 
court,  the  churches  and  international  peace,  business  and  inter- 
national arbitration,  and  the  protection  by  the  United  States  of 
the  rights  of  aliens  are  among  the  general  subjects  discussed. 

The  Tragedy  of  Andersonville :  Trial  of  Captain  Henry  Wirz,  the 
Prison  Keeper  is  the  title  of  a  volume  of  over  five  hundred  pages 
written  by  N.  P.  Chipman,  the  Judge  Advocate  of  the  Military 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  579 

Court  which  tried  Wirz.  The  volume  contains  a  good  description 
of  the  Court  and  the  trial,  together  with  a  mass  of  testimony  rela- 
tive to  the  conditions  in  the  prison  at  Andersonville  and  the  cruel 
treatment  of  prisoners  by  Henry  Wirz.  There  are  several  illus- 
trations. 

Land  Reliefs  that  are  True  to  Nature,  by  George  Carroll  Curtis, 
is  an  article  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  American  Geographical  Society 
for  June.  The  New  Home  of  the  American  Geographical  Society  is 
described  in  the  July  number.  Articles  in  the  August  number  are : 
Progressive  Development  of  Resources  in  the  Lake  Superior  Region, 
by  Lawrence  Martin;  A  Review  of  the  Waterway  Problem,  by 
Robert  Marshall  Brown ;  and  The  Discoverer  of  the  Philippines,  by 
John  Denison  Champlin. 

An  article  on  The  Canadian  Navy  and  Imperial  Unity,  by  Theo- 
dore H.  Boggs,  is  the  opening  contribution  in  The  American 
Political  Science  Review  for  August.  French  Colonial  Expansion 
in  West  Africa,  the  Sudan,  and  the  Sahara,  by  Norman  Dwight 
Harris;  Central  Utilities  Commissions  and  Home  Rule,  by  Bal- 
thasar  H.  Meyer;  The  Working  of  the  State-Wide  Referendum  in 
Illinois,  by  C.  0.  Gardner;  and  Constitutional  Developments  in 
Foreign  Countries  During  1910,  by  W.  F.  Dodd,  are  other  articles. 

Articles  of  political  interest  in  the  July  number  of  The  American 
Review  of  Reviews  are:  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  Britain's  Greatest 
Colonial  Premier,  by  Alexander  Harvey;  and  Germany's  Fight  for 
Power,  by  Frederic  Courtland  Penfield.  W.  T.  Stead  writes  on 
The  British  Empire  and  the  Federation  of  the  World  in  the  August 
number.  Undenuood,  of  Alabama,  Democracy's  New  Chieftain,  by 
Robert  Wickliffe  Woolley ;  and  Frenchman  and  German  in  Africa, 
by  Edgar  Allen  Forbes,  are  articles  in  the  September  number. 

The  Year  Book  of  the  Pennsylvania  Society  for  1911,  edited  by 
Barr  Ferree,  opens  with  an  account  of  the  annual  dinner  given  on 
January  21,  1911,  in  honor  of  the  President  of  the  United  States. 
Among  the  speakers,  whose  addresses  are  printed  in  the  volume, 
were  President  Taft,  James  M.  Beck,  Joseph  H.  Choate,  Andrew 
Carnegie,  John  K.  Tener,  and  John  A.  Dix.  The  volume  also  has 


580    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

sections  devoted  to  Pennsylvania  anniversaries,  monuments,  memo- 
rials, and  books  during  the  year  1910,  and  there  are  numerous  illus- 
trations. 

Among  the  articles  in  The  Survey  during  the  past  quarter  are: 
Getting  Down  to  Tax  in  Pittsburgh,  by  Shelby  M.  Harrison;  and 
the  first  installment  of  a  study  of  Syrians  in  the  United  States,  by 
Louise  Seymour  Houghton,  succeeding  chapters  of  which  appear  in 
subsequent  issues,  (July  1)  ;  Workmen's  Compensation,  by  Miles 
M.  Dawson  (August  5)  ;  Our  Polling  Places,  by  Louis  H.  Pink 
(August  19)  ;  Training  for  Public  Service,  by  Alexander  Johnson 
(August  26)  ;  Piedmontese  on  the  Mississippi,  by  Alexander  E. 
Cance  (September  2)  ;  and  Industrial  Dispute  or  Revolution,  by 
Edward  T.  Devine  (September  9). 

Historic  Indian  Blankets,  by  Chalmers  Lowell  Pancoast;  Devel- 
opment of  the  American  Negro,  by  Leigh  Raymond  Pratt;  and  the 
second  installment  of  A  Re-Analysis  of  The  Causes  of  the  War  of 
18 12,  by  Howard  T.  Lewis,  are  contributions  in  the  June  number  of 
Americana.  Josiah  C.  Pumpelly  is  the  writer  of  a  discussion  of 
Nicholas  Herkimer  and  the  Battle  of  Oriskany  which  appears  in 
the  July  number.  Among  the  articles  in  the  August  number  are : 
Mine  La  Motte,  Oldest  Lead  Mine  in  America,  by  Birdie  Haile  Cole ; 
Cave  and  Cliff -Dwellings  of  the  Southwest,  by  Katherine  Sumner; 
and  Hinton  Rowan  Helper  and  his  Book,  by  William  S.  Pelletreau. 

In  an  article  entitled  Millennial  of  European  Foundations  of  the 
American  Nation,  in  the  second  number  of  The  Journal  of  American 
History  for  1911,  Herman  0.  Fjelde  states  some  facts  relative  to 
the  founding  of  Normandy  by  Rollo  in  the  year  911,  and  traces  the 
relations  between  the  Vikings  and  American  institutions.  Mabel 
Thacher  Rosemary  Washburn  discusses  the  Hereditary  Foundations 
of  America's  Greatest  Commoner  —  Lincoln.  A  number  of  Historic 
Attempts  to  Annex  Canada  to  the  United  States  are  described  by 
Elizabeth  Wager-Smith.  Log  of  a  Voyage  to  America  in  First  Days 
of  the  Republic,  written  in  1794  by  Ralph  Eddowes;  and  an  account 
of  Historic  Border  Disputes  Betiveen  States  of  the  Middle  West,  by 
George  Cowles  Lay,  are  other  contributions  in  this  number.  The 
last  named  article  deals  with  boundary  controversies  between  Ne- 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  581 

braska  and  Iowa,  Missouri  and  Nebraska,  Kentucky  and  Missouri, 
Indiana  and  Kentucky,  Iowa  and  Illinois,  Kansas  and  Colorado, 
and  is  concerned  chiefly  with  changes  in  boundaries  caused  by  the 
shifting  of  river  courses. 

The  fourth  chapter  in  the  series  of  articles  on  Anglo-American 
Philosophies  of  Penal  Law  appears  in  the  July  number  of  the 
Journal  of  the  American  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and  Crimi- 
nology, and  is  devoted  to  a  discussion  of  The  Philosophy  of  Respon- 
sibility, by  F.  H.  Bradley.  Some  European  Comments  on  the 
American  Prison  System  are  presented  by  Ugo  Conti  and  Adolphe 
Prins.  Another  article  is  one  on  Criminal  Justice  in  Kansas,  by 
William  E.  Higgins.  Among  the  articles  in  the  September  number 
are:  An  English  View  of  the  American  Penal  System,  by  Sir 
Evelyn  Ruggles-Brise ;  and  Mayor  Gay  nor  fs  Police  Policy  and  the 
"Crime  Wave"  in  New  York  City,  by  Arthur  W.  Towne.  In  each 
number  there  is  a  digest  of  Judicial  Decisions  on  Criminal  Law  and 
Procedure,  prepared  by  Chester  G.  Vernier  and  Elmer  A.  Wilcox. 

Risks  in  Modern  Industry  is  the  general  topic  to  which  the  July 
number  of  The  Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science  is  devoted.  The  numerous  articles  deal  with  such 
phases  of  the  subject  as  industrial  insurance  and  retiring  allow- 
ances, industrial  accidents  and  their  prevention,  legal  and  consti- 
tutional questions  involved  in  employers'  liability  and  workmen's 
compensation,  and  legislation  concerning  employers'  liability  and 
workmen's  compensation.  Among  the  writers  are  Franklin  Mac- 
Veagh,  F.  Spencer  Baldwin,  Charles  Nagel,  John  Mitchell,  Florence 
Kelley,  Samuel  McCune  Lindsay,  William  Draper  Lewis,  Charles 
P.  Neill,  and  Miles  M.  Dawson.  The  supplement  to  this  number  of 
the  Annals  is  entitled  Uniform  Child  Labor  Laws,  and  contains  the 
proceedings  of  the  seventh  annual  conference  of  the  National  Child 
Labor  Committee. 

WESTERN 

The  Isaac  Haskins  Family  History  and  Genealogy  is  a  pamphlet 
compiled  by  Charles  R.  Green  of  Olathe,  Kansas. 

Hugh  Potter  Baker  is  the  writer  of  a  dissertation  on  Die  Prarien 


582    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

in  Zentralnordamerika  und.ihr  Wert  fur  Forstkultur,  which  is 
published  in  pamphlet  form. 

Bulletin  number  forty  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  American  Eth- 
nology of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  consists  of  part  one  of  a 
Handbook  of  American  Indian  Languages,  compiled  by  Franz  Boas, 
with  the  assistance  of  Roland  B.  Dixon,  P.  E.  Goddard,  John  R. 
Swanton,  and  others. 

The  Industrial  Accident  Board  created  by  the  legislature  of  the 
State  of  Wisconsin  at  its  last  session  has  issued  a  pamphlet  entitled 
Workmen's  Compensation  Act.  It  contains  the  text  of  the  act,  to- 
gether with  an  analysis  of  the  act  by  the  legislative  committee 
which  submitted  it,  and  the  forms  and  rules  of  the  Industrial  Acci- 
dent Board. 

Morals  in  Trade  and  Commerce,  by  Frank  B.  Anderson;  The 
Serfs  of  Chile  and  Their  Emancipation,  by  Bernard  Moses;  The 
Problem  of  the  Law  School,  by  William  Carey  Jones ;  and  an  Ad- 
dress at  the  Dedication  of  the  Boalt  Memorial  Hall  of  Law,  by 
Charles  S.  Wheeler,  may  be  found  in  the  July  number  of  The 
University  of  California  Chronicle. 

Among  the  papers  in  volume  four,  number  three  of  the  Bulletin 
of  the  Minnesota  Academy  of  Science  are  the  following :  Conserva- 
tion of  the  Future  Lumber  Supply,  by  T.  B.  Walker;  The  Prairie 
Flora  of  Southwestern  Minnesota,  by  L.  R.  Moyer ;  Hennepin  at  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  by  N.  H.  Winchell ;  and  an  Historical  Sketch 
of  the  Minnesota  Academy  of  Science,  by  Harlow  Gale. 

Bulletin  number  forty-four  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  consists  of  a  monograph 
on  the  Indian  Languages  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  and  their 
Geographical  Distribution,  by  Cyrus  Thomas,  assisted  by  John  R. 
Swanton.  Bulletin  number  fifty-one  is  devoted  to  a  discussion  of 
the  Antiquities  of  the  Mesa  Verde  National  Park:  Cliff  Palace,  by 
Jesse  Walter  Fewkes. 

Edwin  Cassander  Manning,  President  of  the  Kansas  State  His- 
torical Society,  is  the  author  of  a  volume  of  Biographical,  Historical 
and  Miscellaneous  Selections,  covering  the  years  from  1838  to  1911, 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  583 

which  has  been  privately  printed  by  the  Torch  Press  of  Cedar 
Rapids.  The  autobiography,  which  covers  the  first  ninety  pages  of 
the  volume,  contains  an  entertaining  account  of  the  author's  early 
years  in  New  York,  his  removal  to  Iowa  in  1852,  and  his  subsequent 
life  in  the  West,  principally  in  Kansas.  The  remainder  of  the  book 
is  taken  up  with  sketches  on  historical  and  political  subjects,  ac- 
counts of  personal  experiences,  and  literary  selections. 

John  Wilson  Townsend,  the  writer  of  many  articles  on  various 
phases  of  Kentucky  history,  is  the  author  of  a  pamphlet  bearing 
the  title,  Lore  of  the  Meadowland.  Three  biographical  sketches 
make  up  the  contents.  Horace  Holley,  LL.  D.,  The  Third  President 
of  Old  Transylvania  is  the  subject  of  the  opening  sketch.  Ken- 
tucky's Dunbar,  Joseph  Seamon  Cotter,  and  Rev.  London  Ferrill, 
Kentucky's  Greatest  Negro  Preacher,  are  the  men  of  whom  Mr. 
Townsend  writes  in  the  last  two  sketches. 

Pursuant  to  an  act  of  the  Sixty-sixth  General  Assembly  of  Indi- 
ana approved  on  March  5,  1909,  the  Indiana-Vicksburg  Park 
Commission  has  published  a  volume  entitled  Indiana  at  Vicks'burg, 
compiled  by  Henry  C.  Adams,  Jr.  The  volume  contains  a  record  of 
tablet  inscriptions  and  park  inscriptions,  the  report  of  the  siege 
and  surrender  of  Vicksburg  by  General  Grant,  brief  sketches  of 
the  various  Indiana  regiments  engaged,  and  other  material  relative 
to  the  part  taken  by  Indiana  men  in  the  siege. 

Timothy  Flint:  Pioneer,  Missionary,  Author,  Editor,  1780-1840, 
by  John  Ervin  Kirkpatrick,  is  a  late  book  of  western  interest. 
Timothy  Flint  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1780  and  there  he  spent 
his  boyhood  and  youth.  The  years  from  1802  to  1815  were  spent  in 
the  ministry  in  New  England,  and  in  the  latter  year  he  accepted 
a  call  to  missionary  work  in  what  was  then  looked  upon  as  the  far 
west  —  namely,  the  Ohio  Valley.  Thereafter  for  several  years  Ken- 
tucky, Ohio,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  other  western 
Commonwealths  or  Territories  were  the  scenes  of  his  labors,  and 
he  spent  some  time  in  travel  in  Europe.  He  died  in  Reading, 
Massachusetts,  the  place  of  his  birth,  in  1840.  Mr.  Kirkpatrick  has 
written  a  readable  and  apparently  critical  biography,  which  will 


584    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

be  a  welcome  addition  to  tlje  literature  of  western  history.  The 
paper  and  print  are  excellent,  as  is  usually  the  case  with  publica- 
tions issued  by  The  Arthur  H.  Clark  Company. 

The  John  Carter  Brown  Library  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
has  issued  a  handsome  brochure  entitled  San  Francisco  Bay  and 
California  in  1776,  prepared  by  Irving  Berdine  Richman.  The 
brochure,  as  indicated  on  the  title  page,  contains  three  maps 
"with  outline  sketches  reproduced  in  facsimile  from  the  original 
manuscript  drawn  by  Pedro  Font,  Chaplain  and  Cartographer  to 
the  expedition  led  by  Juan  Bautista  de  Ansa  which  made  the  over- 
land journey  from  northern  Mexico  to  the  California  coast  during 
the  winter  of  1775-1776".  The  book  is  a  fine  specimen  of  the  best 
in  the  art  of  printing  and  binding.  The  edition  is  limited  to  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  copies. 

Original  Papers  number  four  published  in  March  by  the  Wis- 
consin History  Commission  consists  of  a  monograph  on  The  Chat- 
tanooga Campaign  with  Especial  Reference  to  Wisconsin's  Partici- 
pation Therein,  by  Michael  Hendrick  Fitch.  The  three  chapters 
are  devoted  to  the  preliminary  campaign,  the  Chickamauga  cam- 
paign and  battle,  and  the  occupation  and  battles  of  Chattanooga, 
respectively.  In  another  volume  of  this  series  which  appeared  in 
May,  Ethel  Alice  Hum  tells  of  Wisconsin  Women  in  the  War  Be- 
ticeen  the  States.  The  life  and  sacrifices  of  Wisconsin  women,  both 
at  home  and  in  the  hospitals  at  the  front  during  the  war,  are  de- 
scribed in  an  interesting  manner. 

A  unique  volume  is  one  entitled  Essays  in  American  History 
Dedicated  to  Frederick  Jackson  Turner.  The  ten  essays  here  pre- 
sented were  written  by  former  students  of  Professor  Turner  at  the 
University  of  Wisconsin  and  dedicated  to  him  in  honor  of  his 
election  to  the  presidency  of  the  American  Historical  Association. 
Six  of  the  ten  essays  very  appropriately  are  on  subjects  in  western 
American  history,  namely:  Some  Activities  of  the  Congregational 
Church  West  of  the  Mississippi,  by  Lois  Kimball  Mathews;  Oregon 
Pioneers  and  American  Diplomacy,  by  Joseph  Schafer;  Some  Prob- 
lems of  the  Northwest  in  1779,  by  James  Alton  James;  Kansas,  by 
Carl  Lotus  Becker;  Federalism  and  the  West,  by  Homer  C.  Hock- 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  585 

ett ;  and  Independent  Parties  in  the  Western  States,  1873-1876,  by 
Solon  Justus  Buck.  The  remaining  essays  are:  Virginia  and  the 
Presidential  Succession,  1840-1884,  by  Charles  Henry  Ambler;  The 
Southern  Whigs,  1834-1854,  by  Ulrick  Bonnell  Phillips;  The  Be- 
ginnings of  Spanish  American  Diplomacy,  by  William  Spence  Rob- 
ertson; and  Some  Notes  on  the  Study  of  South  American  History, 
by  Paul  Samuel  Reinsch.  It  should  be  noted  that  many  others  be- 
sides the  writers  of  the  essays  contributed  toward  this  splendid 
tribute  to  Professor  Turner. 

IOWANA 

The  McCollister  Family,  1799-1911,  is  a  pamphlet  containing  a 
brief  genealogical  outline  which  is  of  Iowa  interest. 

The  June  number  of  The  Iowa  Alumnus  is  devoted  to  an  account 
of  the  commencement  of  1911  and  contains  considerable  information 
concerning  alumni  of  the  State  University. 

A  brief  paper  of  historical  interest  which  appears  in  volume 
seventeen  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Iowa  Academy  of  Science  is 
written  by  L.  S.  Ross,  and  consists  of  an  Historical  Sketch  of  Early 
Health  Regulations  in  Iowa. 

The  September  number  of  Midland  Schools  contains  a  tribute  to 
Professor  Samuel  Calvin,  Teacher  and  Scientist,  by  A.  M.  Deyoe; 
and  an  editorial  comment  on  John  Gabbert  Bowman,  New  President 
of  the  State  University  of  Iowa. 

The  concluding  installment  of  Thomas  Carr's  article  on  The 
Swastika,  its  History  and  Significance  is  printed  in  the  July  num- 
ber of  The  American  Freemason.  In  the  September  number  may 
be  found  an  editorial  review  under  the  heading,  Freemasonry  and 
the  French  Revolution. 

Special  Taxes  and  the  Railroad's  Rules  Laid  Down  by  the  Su- 
preme Court  is  the  subject  given  a  court  opinion  which  is  printed 
in  the  August  number  of  Midland  Municipalities,  where  may  also 
be  found  a  brief  discussion  of  Industrial  Fines,  by  C.  N.  Marvin. 
A  Protest  Against  the  Common  Drinking  Cup,  by  Paul  T.  Robarts ; 
The  Iowa  State  Tax  Commission,  which  is  a  reprint  of  a  newspaper 

VOL.  ix — 39 


586    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

editorial ;  and  an  account  o£  the  New  York  Conference  on  the  Loan 
Shark  are  among  the  contents  of  the  September  number. 

United  America  a  Possibility,  by  R.  J.  Farthing;  The  Land  of 
the  Nephites,  by  H.  A.  Stebbins;  and  What  the  Government  has 
Done  and  is  Doing  for  the  Indian,  by  Sadie  Burke,  are  articles  in 
Autumn  Leaves  for  July.  John  Zahnd  is  the  writer  of  a  sketch  on 
Biography  in  the  August  number. 

The  Capture  and  Destruction  of  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  Feb- 
ruary 17,  1865,  is  a  pamphlet  which  contains  some  personal  recol- 
lections of  H.  C.  Arthur,  who  was  Aide-de-camp  to  General  Belknap, 
commanding  Crocker's  Iowa  Brigade.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  a 
large  palmetto  flag  captured  at  Columbia  at  this  time  is  now  in  the 
possession  of  The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa. 

Looking  Backward  is  the  subject  of  an  address  delivered  by  G.  L. 
Tremain  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Iowa  Bankers '  Association  in 
June,  1911,  which  is  printed  in  the  July  number  of  The  Northwest- 
ern Banker.  The  address  contains  some  facts  concerning  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Iowa  Bankers'  Association.  Iowa's  Amazing  Finan- 
cial Growth  is  described  in  a  brief  sketch  in  the  August  number. 

The  Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Department  of  Finances  and 
Municipal  Accounts,  which  contains  much  valuable  information 
concerning  Iowa  cities  and  towns,  is  printed  and  bound  in  somewhat 
different  form  than  before  and  contains  much  material  not  included 
in  the  former  reports.  In  an  appendix  there  is  a  directory  of  the 
principal  city  and  town  officials,  together  with  extracts  from  Iowa 
municipal  law. 

A  two  volume  History  of  Jackson  County,  loiva,  written  by  James 
W.  Ellis,  is  an  addition  to  the  list  of  works  dealing  with  the  history 
of  the  counties  of  Iowa.  The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  historical 
material,  opening  with  a  brief  survey  of  the  most  important  events 
in  the  history  of  the  State.  Turning  then  to  Jackson  County  the 
author,  assisted  by  various  other  writers,  tells  of  the  geology,  the 
Indian  tribes,  and  the  settlement  of  the  county.  The  military,  po- 
litical, social,  and  economic  phases  of  county  history  also  receive 
their  share  of  attention;  while  those  chapters  containing  accounts 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  587 

of  such  incidents  as  the  Bellevue  War  and  other  criminal  episodes 
in  the  early  days  are  of  especial  interest.  The  second  volume  is 
given  over  to  biographical  sketches  of  prominent  citizens  of  the 
county.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  company  which  published  the 
volumes  did  not  provide  an  adequate  index,  in  order  that  the  valu- 
able facts  and  information  gathered  by  Mr.  Ellis  might  be  made 
more  accessible  to  the  student. 

The  First  Biennial  Report  of  the  Iowa  State  Board  of  Education 
is  a  volume  of  over  four  hundred  and  fifty  pages.  It  contains  re- 
ports of  the  work  and  finances  of  the  State  University,  the  College 
of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts,  and  the  State  Teachers'  College, 
together  with  recommendations  for  the  extension  of  the  work  of  the 
various  institutions.  It  also  furnishes  some  idea  of  the  workings  of 
the  Board  of  Education  during  the  first  two  years  oT  its  existence. 

SOME  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS  BY  IOWA  AUTHORS 

Baker,  Hugh  Potter, 

Die  Prdrien  in  Zentralnordamerika  und  ihr  Wert  fur  Forst- 
kultur.    Munchen :  K.  Hof buchdruckerei  Kastner  &  Callwey. 
1911. 
Bell,  Hill  McClelland, 

An  Orthoepy  and  Orthography.    Des  Moines:  Huntwell  Pub- 
lishing Co.    1911. 
Botsford,  George  Willis, 

A  History  of  the  Ancient  World.    New  York:  The  Macmillan 

Co.    1911. 
Brown,  Charles  Reynolds, 

The  Modern  Man's  Religion.    New  York:  Teachers'  College. 

1911. 
Devine,  Edward  Thomas, 

Economic  Function  of  Woman.    New  York:  Teachers'  College. 

1911. 
Dillon,  John  F., 

Commentaries  on  the  Law  of  Municipal  Corporations.  (Re- 
vised and  enlarged  edition.)  Boston:  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
1911. 


588    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Downer,  Harry  E., 

Boy  and  His  Job.    Davenport:  Contemporary  Club.    1911. 
Ellis,  James  W., 

History  of  Jackson  County.    Chicago :  S.  J.  Clarke  Publishing 

Co.    1910. 
Evermann,  Barton  Warren, 

Notes  on  a  Cyprinodont  from  Central  Peru.     Washington: 

Government  Printing  Office.    1911. 
Ferber,  Edna, 

Dawn  O'Hara,  the  Girl  who  Laughed.    New  York:  Frederick 

Stokes  &  Co.    1911. 
Fitch,  George, 

At  Good  Old  Siwash.    Boston :  Little,  Brown  &  Co.    1911. 
Fitzpatrick,  T.  J., 

Rafinesque:  A  Sketch  of  his  Life  with  Bibliography.     Des 

Moines:  The  Historical  Department  of  Iowa.    1911. 
Garst,  Laura  De  Lany, 

In  the  Shadoiv  of  the  Drum  Tower.    Cincinnati :  Christian  Mis- 
sionary Society.    1911. 
Horack,  Frank  E., 

The  Government  of  Iowa.    New  York:  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

1911. 
Hughes,  Rupert, 

Miss  318;  a  Story  in  Season  and  Out  of  Season.    New  York  and 

Chicago :  Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.    1911. 
Kirbye,  J.  Edward, 

Puritanism  in  the  South.    Boston :  Pilgrim  Press.    1911. 
McCabe,  Olivia, 

The  Rose  Fairies  and  Other  Stories.    Chicago :  Rand,  McNally 

&  Co.    1911. 
McGee,  W  J, 

Soil  Erosion.    Washington :  Government  Printing  Office.    1911. 
Macy,  Jesse, 

The  English   Constitution.      (Revised  edition.)      New  York: 

The  Macmillan  Co.    1911. 
Miner,  William  Harvey, 

The  Iowa.    Cedar  Rapids :  The  Torch  Press.    1911. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  589 

Pelzer,  Louis, 

Henry  Dodge.     Iowa  City:  The  State  Historical  Society  of 

Iowa.    1911. 
Pillsbury,  Walter  Bowers, 

The  Essentials  of  Psychology.    New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co. 

1911. 
Bichman,  Irving  Berdine, 

San  Francisco  Bay  and  California  in  1776.    Providence:  The 

John  Carter  Brown  Library.    1911. 
Sabin,  Edwin  Legrand, 

The  Circle  K;  or,  Fighting  for  the  Flock.    New  York :  Thomas 

Y.  Crowell  Co.    1911. 
Thanet,  Octave  (Alice  French), 

Stories  That  End  Well.    Indianapolis:  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 
1911. 

SOME  RECENT  HISTORICAL  ITEMS  IN  IOWA  NEWSPAPERS 

The  Register  and  Leader 

The  Real  Pioneers  of  Des  Moines  and  Polk  County,  July  2,  1911, 

and  succeeding  issues. 

Mrs.  Eunice  Jewett  Thrift  —  Des  Moines '  First  White  Woman  Resi- 
dent, by  George  A.  Jewett,  July  9, 1911. 
Eugene  F.  Ware  —  Distinguished  Soldier  and  Author,  by  J.  S. 

Clark,  July  9, 1911. 
Iowa  Woman  Who  Helped  Make  Colorado,  by  Florence  L.  Clark, 

July  9,  1911. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Peter  A.  Dey,  July  12,  1911. 
Story  of  the  " House  by  the  Side  of  the  Road"  and  its  Work,  July 

16,  1911. 
Biographical  Sketch  of  A.  B.  Cummins,  by  L.  F.  Andrews,  July  16, 

1911. 

When  Garfield  Went  to  School  to  Mrs.  L.  F.  Coffin,  July  23,  1911. 
Some  of  the  Indian  War  Relics  at  the  State  Museum,  July  23,  1911. 
J.  H.  Long  Family,  Prominent  among  Des  Moines  Pioneers,  by  L.  F. 

Andrews,  July  23,  1911. 
W.  M.  Boone,  Descendant  of  Daniel  Boone,  July  30,  1911. 


590    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

Hon.  T.  B.  Perry,  One  of  the  Pioneer  Teachers  of  Polk  County, 
July  30,  1911. 

Reunion  of  First,  Second,  and  Third  Iowa  Veterans  on  Anniversary 
of  Battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  August  6,  1911. 

William  Porter  —  Pioneer  Newspaper  Man  of  Iowa,  by  L.  F.  An- 
drews, August  13,  1911. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Stewart  Goodrell,  August  14,  1911. 

Mormon  Monument  at  Pisgah,  Iowa,  August  20,  1911. 

Josiah  Sheldon  Wheeler  —  Prominent  Iowa  Bank  President,  Au- 
gust 27,  1911. 

Organization  of  Association  of  Iowa  Pioneers,  September  2,  1911. 

The  Last  Curtain  Rings  Down  on  Historic  Foster's  Opera  House, 
September  3,  1911. 

Story  of  Pocahontas,  an  Incident  in  Civil  War  History,  September 
3,  1911. 

Killing  of  Henry  County  Man  Fifty  Years  Ago  Explained,  Septem- 
ber 8,  1911. 

Joseph  Odren  —  An  lowan  who  had  a  Prominent  Part  in  the  Cap- 
ture of  Jefferson  Davis,  September  17,  1911. 

Colonel  John  P.  Irish  Visits  the  Scenes  of  his  Early  Political  Ca- 
reer, September  24,  1911. 

The  Burlington  Hawk-Eye 

Twenty  Years  Ago,  (In  each  Sunday  issue.) 

Van  Buren  County's  Historic  Court  House,  July  9,  1911. 

The  Pioneer  Ross  Family  in  Burlington  and  Southern  Iowa,  July  9, 

1911. 

Black  Hawk's  Chieftaincy,  by  Reuben  Gold  Thwaites,  July  9,  1911. 
William  Bales  —  The  Youngest  Civil  War  Recruit,  July  16,  1911. 
Sketch  of  Life  of  "Diamond  Joe"  Reynolds,  July  16,  1911. 
Buffalo  Bill  Belongs  to  Burlington  and  to  Iowa,  July  16,  1911. 
Seeking  for  Mormon  Trail,  July  16,  1911. 
Services  of  Mrs.  M.  M.  Green  as  Nurse  during  Civil  War,  July  23, 

1911. 
How  W.  C.  Brown  Reported  a  Base  Ball  Game  in  Iowa,  July  30, 

1911. 
Civil  War  Reminiscences,  by  W.  P.  Elliott,  July  30,  1911. 


SOME  PUBLICATIONS  591 

Old  Settlers'  Day  at  Fairfield,  August  5,  1911. 

Ezra  Meeker  in  Burlington,  August  17,  1911. 

Marking  of  the  Oregon  and  Santa  Fe  Trails,  August  20,  1911. 

Captain  William  Hamilton  Hall,  Once  Business  Manager  of  the 

Burlington  Hawk-Eye,  August  20,  1911. 
Annual  Reunion  of  Pioneers  of  Salem,  August  27,  1911. 
The  End  of  An  Epoch  —  Address  at  Meeting  of  Fremont  Voters 

Association,  September  24,  1911. 

The  Dubuque  Telegraph-Herald 

Iowa  Furnished  Youngest  Soldier  in  the  Civil  War,  July  16,  1911. 

Battle  of  Blue  Mills,  by  P.  W.  Crawford,  July  23,  1911. 

Sketch  of  Life  of  Thomas  J.  Ryan,  July  29, 1911. 

Early  Day  Floods  and  Present  Ones,  July  30,  1911. 

The  Fight  at  Davis'  Bridge,  by  P.  W.  Crawford,  July  30,  1911. 

Fighting  Cavalry  at  Monroe,  Mo.,  by  P.  W.  Crawford,  August  6, 

1911. 
The  Battle  at  Pittsburg  Landing,  by  P.  W.  Crawford,  August  13, 

1911. 

Before  the  Battle  of  Corinth,  by  P.  W.  Crawford,  August  20,  1911. 
In  Camp  at  Hamburg,  by  P.  W.  Crawford,  August  27, 1911. 
Census  Figures  for  Iowa,  September  3,  1911. 

The  Evacuation  of  Corinth,  by  P.  W.  Crawford,  September  3,  1911. 
Julien  Dubuque  as  Known  by  an  lowan,  September  10,  1911. 
Story  of  Upper  Iowa  University,  September  10,  1911. 
Visit  of  Colonel  John  P.  Irish  to  Dubaque,  September  15,  1911. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES 

PUBLICATIONS 

Rafinesque:  A  Sketch  of  his  Life  with  Bibliography  is  a  two  hun- 
dred and  forty  page  volume  by  T.  J.  Fitzpatrick  recently  published 
by  the  Historical  Department  of  Iowa. 

The  principal  article  in  the  July  number  of  The  Medford  His- 
torical Register  is  a  discussion  of  The  Ancient  Name  "Menotomy" 
and  the  River  of  That  Name,  by  J.  Albert  Holmes. 

A  new  volume  in  the  Kentucky  Historical  Series  is  devoted  to  a 
sketch  of  General  Zachary  Taylor  and  the  Mexican  War,  by  Ander- 
son Chenault  Quisenberry.  The  volume  contains  much  information 
concerning  the  part  taken  by  Kentucky  men  in  the  Mexican  War. 

The  following  articles  in  the  Year-Book  of  the  Swedish  Historical 
Society  of  America  for  1910  are  of  historical  interest:  Personal 
Memories  of  Brigadier-General  C.  J.  Stolbrand,  by  Joseph  Esbjorn 
Osborn ;  Civil  War  Reminiscences,  by  John  A.  Anderson ;  and  Om 
"Kensington-Stenen",  by  0.  A.  Linder. 

The  Parian  is  the  title  of  an  article  by  A.  L.  Van  Antwerp,  de- 
scribing a  group  of  buildings  in  the  City  of  Mexico,  which  may  be 
found  in  the  July-August  number  of  the  Records  of  the  Past. 
Other  articles  are :  Shellmounds  at  San  Francisco  and  San  Mateo, 
by  A.  L.  Kroeber;  and  Aryan  Origin  of  the  Aztecs,  by  Thomas  S. 
Denison. 

Among  the  contributions  in  the  Records  of  the  American  Catholic 
Historical  Society  for  June  are :  Catholics  in  Colonial  Virginia,  by 
Martin  I.  J.  Griffin ;  a  brief  note  on  Great  Britain  and  the  Catholics 
of  the  Illinois  Country,  1763-1774;  and  A  Eulogy  of  Christopher 
Columbus,  by  Cardinal  Taschereau. 

The  second  volume  of  the  Minutes  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the 
Province  of  New  York,  edited  by  Victor  Hugo  Paltsits,  State  His- 

592 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  593 

torian  of  New  York,  is  comprised  of  Collateral  and  Illustrative 
Documents  for  the  period  of  the  administration  of  Francis  Love- 
lace, 1668-1673.  An  analytical  index  will  appear  in  volume  three. 

Two  monographs  make  up  the  July  number  of  The  Quarterly  of 
the  Texas  State  Historical  Association.  The  first  and  most  ex- 
tended is  a  discussion  of  The  Aguayo  Expedition  into  Texas  and 
Louisiana,  1719-1722,  by  Eleanor  Claire  Buckley.  The  Jumano  In- 
dians in  Texas,  1650-1771,  is  the  subject  of  a  brief  paper  by  Herbert 
E.  Bolton. 

Volume  two  of  the  Annual  Report  of  the  American  Historical 
Association,  containing  the  second  part  of  the  Diplomatic  Cor- 
respondence of  the  Republic  of  Texas,  edited  by  the  late  George  P. 
Garrison,  has  been  distributed.  The  correspondence  with  the  United 
States  is  here  concluded,  and  in  addition  the  volume  contains  the 
correspondence  with  Mexico  and  Yucatan. 

Dr.  Oswald  Seidensticker  und  die  deutsch-amerikanische  Ge- 
schichtsforschung  is  the  title  of  an  article  by  H.  A.  Rattermann 
which  appears  in  the  Deutsch-Amerikanische  Geschichtsbldtter  for 
July.  Dem  Andenken  Benjamin  Franklins  and  Eine  in  Amerika 
geborene  Dichterin  Deutschlands:  Susanna  von  Bandemer,  geboren 
Franklin  are  other  articles  by  the  same  writer. 

The  April- June  number  of  The  Quarterly  Publication  of  the  His- 
torical and  Philosophical  Society  of  Ohio  contains  some  further 
Selections  from  the  Torrence  Papers,  edited  by  Isaac  Joslin  Cox. 
The  contents  consist  largely  of  letters  from  the  correspondence  of 
Thomas  Sloo,  Jr.  A  few  pages  are  devoted  to  the  minutes  of  the 
meetings  of  the  Illinois  Canal  Commissioners  from  February  18, 
1823  to  September  10,  1824. 

The  first  three  numbers  of  volume  two  of  the  Publications  of  the 
Academy  of  Pacific  Coast  History  appeared  in  July.  The  first 
number  contains  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  pages,  and  is  en- 
titled The  Portola  Expedition  of  1769-1770:  Diary  of  Vicente  Vila. 
The  editor  is  Robert  Selden  Rose.  Number  two  contains  a  second 
installment  of  the  Papers  of  the  San  Francisco  Committee  of 
Vigilance  of  1851,  edited  by  Porter  Garnett.  The  third  number  is 


594    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

devoted  to  the  Expedition  to  San  Francisco  Bay  in  1770:  Diary  of 
Pedro  Pages,  edited  by  Herbert  Eugene  Bolton. 

The  fifth  chapter  of  Henry  A.  M.  Smith's  discussion  of  The 
Baronies  of  South  Carolina  appears  in  The  South  Carolina  His- 
torical and  Genealogical  Magazine  for  July,  and  is  devoted  to  the 
Seewee  Barony.  Other  contributions  are:  a  continuation  of  the 
Journal  of  the  Campaign  to  the  Southward,  May  9th  to  July  14th, 
1778,  by  John  Faucheraud  Grimke;  and  an  article  on  The  First 
Shot  on  Fort  Sumter,  by  Robert  Lebby. 

The  Historical  Collections  of  the  Essex  Institute  for  July  opens 
with  an  article  on  The  Physicians  of  Topsfield,  with  Some  Account 
of  Early  Medical  Practice,  by  Henry  Follansbee  Long.  Other  con- 
tributions are  a  letter  from  John  Jenks  of  Salem  to  Cotton  Tufts  of 
Wei/mouth,  and  continuations  of  Marblehead  in  the  Year  1700,  by 
Sidney  Perley;  and  The  Houses  and  Buildings  of  Groveland, 
Massachusetts,  by  Alfred  Poore. 

Two  articles  dealing  with  Charles  Sealsfield's  descriptions  of  life 
in  America  early  in  the  nineteenth  century  are  printed  in  the 
January-April  number  of  the  German-American  Annals.  Otto 
Heller  writes  in  German  on  Seals field-Funde;  while  Preston  A. 
Barba  presents  a  similar  discussion  in  English  on  Sealsfield 
Sources.  Another  contribution  in  this  number  of  the  Annals  is  the 
Journal  of  Du  Roi  the  Elder,  translated  by  Charlotte  S.  J.  Epping. 

C.  F.  Huch  is  the  writer  of  two  valuable  articles  which  appear  in 
the  twenty-first  number  of  the  Mitteilungen  des  Deutschen  Pionier- 
Vc reins  von  Philadelphia.  The  first  article  deals  with  the 
Anschluss  dcr  Deutschen  Philadelphias  an  die  republikanische 
Partei  in  Jahre  1856.  The  second  treats  of  the  Beteiligung  der 
deutschcn  Eepublikaner  Philadelphias  an  der  President enwahl  im 
Jahre  1860.  Both  articles  are  contributions  to  the  early  history  of 
the  Republican  party. 

The  opening  contribution  in  the  July  number  of  The  New  Eng- 
land Genealogical  Register  is  a  biographical  sketch  of  Almon  Dan- 
forth  Hodges,  Jr.,  by  William  T.  R,  Marvin.  The  list  of  names 
contributed  by  Albion  Morris  Dyer  and  headed  First  Ownership  of 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  595 

Ohio  Lands  is  concluded  in  this  number.  Two  interesting  articles 
are:  A  Short  History  of  the  Origin  and  Development  of  Convey- 
ancing, by  William  T.  A.  Fitzgerald;  and  Bells  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege, by  Arthur  H.  Nichols. 

The  extract  from  The  Randolph  Manuscript  published  in  the 
July  number  of  The  Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography 
consists  of  a  letter  of  instructions  issued  to  Lord  Culpeper  on 
November  7,  1682.  Among  the  Miscellaneous  Colonial  Documents 
may  be  noted  the  record  of  the  appointment  of  justices  for  Tran- 
sylvania in  1775.  Perhaps  the  contribution  of  greatest  western 
interest  in  this  number  is  a  Letter  of  Rev.  James  Maury  to  Philip 
Ludwell,  on  the  Defence  of  the  Frontiers  of  Virginia,  1756,  con- 
tributed by  Worthington  Chauncey  Ford. 

Jonas  Viles  is  the  author  of  a  valuable  article  on  Population  and 
Extent  of  Settlement  in  Missouri  Before  1804,  which  appears  in  the 
July  number  of  the  Missouri  Historical  Review.  The  account  of  an 
interesting  episode  which  occurred  in  the  West  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  is  given  by  Frederick  J.  Teggart  under  the  heading, 
The  Capture  of  St.  Joseph,  Michigan  ~by  the  Spaniards  in  1781. 
Other  contributions  are:  Christ  Church  Parish,  Boonville,  Cooper 
County,  Missouri,  by  S.  W.  Ravenel;  and  Livingston  County,  Mis- 
souri, by  L.  T.  Collier. 

Lawrence  C.  Wroth  is  the  writer  of  an  article  on  A  Maryland 
Merchant  and  his  Friends,  which  opens  the  September  number  of 
the  Maryland  Historical  Magazine.  Charles  Chaille  Long  presents 
a  sketch  of  Associations  and  Associators  in  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. A  number  of  Stamp  Act  Papers,  taken  from  the  Society's 
collections,  are  of  interest,  as  are  .also  the  Minutes  of  the  Board  of 
Patuxent  Associators.  The  Letters  and  Documents  printed  in  this 
number  are  taken  largely  from  the  official  correspondence  of  Gov- 
ernor Thomas  H.  Hicks  relative  to  the  raid  on  Harper's  Ferry. 

The  tenth  volume  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  New  York  State  His- 
torical Association  contains  the  usual  number  of  valuable  historical 
contributions.  Space  forbids  the  mention  of  more  than  a  few  of 
the  more  extended  articles  and  papers.  A  series  of  articles  by 


596    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

George  F.  Bixby  are  printed  Tinder  the  heading,  The  History  of  the 
Iron  Ore  Industry  on  Lake  Champlain.  James  Austin  Holden 
presents  some  New  Historical  Light  on  the  Real  Burial  Place  of 
George  Augustus  Lord  Viscount  Howe,  1758.  One  hundred  pages 
are  devoted  to  a  discussion  of  The  Black  Watch  at  Ticonderoga,  by 
Frederick  B.  Richards. 

A  number  of  valuable  articles  are  to  be  found  in  volume  four  of 
the  Proceedings  and  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada. 
The  following  may  be  mentioned  as  illustrative:  La  Baie  d' Hudson, 
by  L.  A.  Prud'homme;  Les  Britons  en  Canada,  by  M.  Benjamin 
Suite;  Les  Archives  du  Canada  a  venir  a  1872,  by  J.  Edmund  Roy; 
Nova  Scotia  Under  English  Rule;  from  the  Capture  of  Port  Royal 
to  the  Conquest  of  Canada,  by  W.  0.  Raymond ;  The  Fenian  Raid 
of  1866  and  Events  on  the  Frontier,  by  Barlow  Cumberland ;  Har- 
rison and  Procter,  by  E.  A.  Cruikshank;  and  Place-Names  in  North- 
ern Canada,  by  James  White. 

A  brief  address  on  Anthony  Wayne,  delivered  by  Charles  Henry 
Hart  on  the  occasion  of  the  presentation  of  a  portrait  of  General 
Wayne  to  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  is  printed  in  The 
Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography  for  July.  Some 
Letters  of  James  Logan  to  Thomas  Penn  and  Richard  Peters  tell  of 
conditions  in  Pennsylvania  in  1733.  The  Orderly  Book  of  General 
John  Peter  Gabriel  Muhlenberg,  March  26-December  20,  1777,  is 
concluded  in  this  number.  Other  articles  are :  Who  was  the  Mother 
of  Franklin's  Son?,  by  Charles  Henry  Hart;  A  Philadelphia 
Schoolmaster  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  by  Joseph  Jackson ;  and 
Isaac  Wilson,  Head-Master,  by  Charles  H.  Browning. 

The  April  and  July  numbers  of  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Quarterly  are  combined  in  one.  The  opening  contribu- 
tion is  an  article  on  Logan  —  The  Mingo  Chief,  which  was  found 
among  the  Draper  manuscripts  in  the  library  of  the  State  His- 
torical Society  of  Wisconsin.  The  Kendal  Community  is  the  sub- 
ject of  a  sketch  by  Wendall  P.  Fox.  Archer  Butler  Hulbert's  ad- 
dress on  The  Ohio  River  deals  with  the  importance  of  that  great 
waterway  in  the  making  of  the  Nation.  Birthplace  of  Little  Turtle, 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  597 

by  Calvin  Young ;  and  The  Cincinnati  Municipal  Election  of  1828, 
by  Mary  Baker  Furness,  are  brief  articles;  and  there  is  an  ex- 
tended discussion  of  Oberlin's  Part  in  the  Slavery  Conflict,  by 
Wilbur  Greeley  Burroughs. 

The  July  number  of  the  Journal  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical 
Society  opens  with  an  article  on  the  Monetary  System  of  Nouvelle 
France,  by  Charles  M.  Thompson.  J.  F.  Steward  traces  the  course 
of  the  Sac  and  Fox  Trail.  A  number  of  letters  from  the  cor- 
respondence of  James  Rood  Doolittle  of  Wisconsin  are  contributed 
by  Duane  Mowry.  Among  the  other  articles  may  be  mentioned 
An  Author  at  His  Residence  —  Professor  John  Russell,  of  Bluff 
Dale,  by  John  Reynolds;  Mr.  Lincoln's  Visit  to  Waukegan  in  1860, 
by  J.  Seymour  Currey;  The  Danville  and  Fort  Clark  Road,  by  J. 
0.  Cunningham;  and  The  Old  Indian  Trail,  Sangamon  County, 
Illinois,  from  the  papers  of  the  late  Zimri  A.  Enos.  An  account  of 
the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  Evans- 
ton-Chicago,  May  17,  18,  1911,  is  also  to  be  found  in  this  number. 

Reconstruction  is  the  dominant  subject  of  discussion  in  the  ar- 
ticles which  appear  in  the  eleventh  volume  of  the  Publications  of 
The  Mississippi  Historical  Society,  edited  by  Franklin  L.  Riley. 
There  are  six  papers  by  different  authors  dealing  with  the  history 
of  Reconstruction  in  various  counties  of  the  State  of  Mississippi. 
In  addition  there  are  several  other  interesting  contributions. 
Franklin  L.  Riley  discusses  The  Mississippi  River  as  a  Political 
Factor  in  American  History,  and  is  the  writer  of  a  brief  descrip- 
tion of  the  Demarcation  of  the  Mississippi-Louisiana  Boundary 
from  the  Mouth  of  Pearl  River  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Other  ar- 
ticles which  may  be  mentioned  are :  The  Beginning  of  a  Neiv  Period 
in  Mississippi,  by  G.  H.  Brunson ;  The  French  Trading  Post  and  the 
Chocchuma  Village  in  East  Mississippi,  by  H.  S.  Halbert ;  Marking 
the  Natchez  Trace,  by  Mrs.  Dunbar  Rowland;  and  General  Jack- 
son's Military  Road,  by  William  A.  Love. 

Publication  Number  Fourteen  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  So- 
ciety has  been  distributed.  It  is  a  volume  containing  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  for  the  Tear  1909. 
Aside  from  a  few  pages  devoted  to  proceedings,  and  lists  of  officers, 


598    lOyTA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


committees,  and  members,  the  volume  is  filled  with  papers  read  at 
the  annual  meeting.  The  papers  are  of  a  high  order  and  deserve 
more  extended  notice  than  can  be  given  in  the  following  selection 
of  titles:  Efforts  to  Divorce  Judicial  Elections  from  Politics  in 
Illinois,  by  Oliver  A.  Harker;  The  Winter  of  the  Deep  Snow,  by 
Eleanor  Atkinson  ;  How  Mr.  Lincoln  Received  the  News  of  his  First 
Nomination,  by  Clinton  L.  ?Conkling  ;  Rock  River  in  the  Revolution, 
by  William  A.  Meese  ;  Augustin  Mottin  de  la  Balm,  by  Clarence  M. 
Burton;  The  Sieurs  de  St.  Ange,  by  Walter  B.  Douglas;  and  De- 
troit the  Key  to  the  West  During  the  American  Revolution,  byi 
James  Alton  James. 

In  addition  to  the  usual  proceedings,  reports,  and  lists  of  officers 
and  members,  volume  five  of  the  South  Dakota  Historical  Collec- 
tions, edited  by  Doane  Robinson,  contains  an  extensive  Capital  and 
Capitol  History  of  South  Dakota,  occasioned,  no  doubt,  by  the  com- 
pletion of  the  new  capitol  building  of  that  State  in  1910.  The 
account  includes  articles  written  by  different  men,  together  with 
documentary  material  in  the  shape  of  legislative  acts  and  resolu- 
tions. There  is  also  an  illustrated  description  of  the  new  capitol. 
The  volume,  moreover,  contains  a  number  of  papers  and  addresses, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned:  President's  Biennial  Address,  by 
Robert  F.  Kerr,  which  traces  the  causes  for  the  progress  and  de- 
velopment of  South  Dakota  ;  The  Big  Winter,  1880,  by  C.  S.  Ams- 
den  ;  A  Buffalo  Hunt,  by  Thomas  L.  Riggs  ;  an  address  delivered  at 
the  Dedication  of  Log  School  House  Monument,  Vermillion,  August 
25,  1909,  by  Doane  Robinson;  Dakota  Campaigns,  by  John  Pattee; 
and  A  Sioux  Indian  View  of  the  Last  War  with  England,  by  Doane 
Robinson. 

ACTIVITIES 

The  Oklahoma  Historical  Society  held  its  annual  meeting  on 
June  3rd.  Practically  the  only  change  in  the  list  of  officers  was 
occasioned  by  the  resignation  of  Lou  Whorton  as  Secretary.  Frank 
D.  Northrup  was  chosen  as  his  successor. 

The  Biennial  Report  of  The  State  Historical  and  Natural  History 
Society  of  Colorado  for  the  years  1909  and  1910  reveals  nearly  two 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  599 

thousand  accessions  of  historical  books  and  pamphlets,  besides  a 
creditable  number  of  manuscripts,  maps,  pictures,  and  ethnological 
objects. 

The  Missouri  Historical  Society,  which  has  its  headquarters  in 
St.  Louis,  will  be  given  rooms  in  a  building  which  will  be  erected 
in  Forest  Park,  the  site  of  the  St.  Louis  Exposition  of  1904.  The 
present  quarters  of  the  Society  are  crowded  and  the  change  will  be 
of  great  advantage  in  every  respect. 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  Connecticut  Historical  Society  con- 
tains the  reports  presented  at  the  annual  meeting  on  May  23,  1911, 
and  lists  of  officers  and  members.  The  report  reveals  an  increase 
of  thirty-four  in  membership  and  nearly  thirteen  hundred  acces- 
sions to  the  library  during  the  year. 

During  the  year  ending  May  1,  1911,  the  Essex  Institute  added 
to  its  library  over  two  thousand  four  hundred  volumes  and  over 
nine  thousand  pamphlets.  An  interesting  feature  of  the  work  of 
the  Institute  is  its  restoration  of  a  seventeenth  century  house,  the 
success  of  which  is  largely  due  to  the  generous  aid  of  private 
citizens. 

The  Legislative  Reference  Department  which  has  for  some  time 
been  operated  by  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Nebraska  was,  at 
the  last  session  of  the  legislature  of  that  State,  erected  into  a  more 
independent  institution  affiliated,  however,  with  certain  depart- 
ments in  the  State  University.  The  Department  has  been  given 
broad  powers,  including  the  drafting  of  bills,  and  is  reasonably 
well  provided  with  funds  for  carrying  on  the  work.  Freedom  from 
political  influence  is  assured  by  the  fact  that  the  director  is  chosen 
by  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University. 

The  twenty-sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeo- 
logical and  Historical  Society  was  held  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  on  May 
31,  1911.  Two  changes  were  at  this  time  made  in  the  constitution 
of  the  Society :  the  class  of  members  known  as  Corresponding  Mem- 
bers was  eliminated,  and  the  Governor  of  Ohio  was  made  ex-officio 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Society.  The  following 
officers  were  elected:  President,  G.  Frederick  Wright;  First  Vice 


600    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

President,  G.  F.  Bareis;  Second  Vice  President,  D.  J.  Ryan;  Secre- 
tary and  Editor,  E.  0.  Randall;  Treasurer,  E.  F.  Wood;  Curator 
and  Librarian,  W.  C.  Mills. 

Several  acts  of  interest  to  historical  workers  were  passed  by  the 
General  Assembly  of  Illinois  at  its  last  session.  An  appropriation 
of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  was  made  for  the  pur- 
chase of  Starved  Rock  and  the  adjacent  property.  A  commission 
was  created  to  erect  a  monument  to  Governor  Ninian  Edwards  on 
the  site  of  old  Fort  Russell,  near  Edwardsville,  and  five  thousand 
dollars  were  appropriated  for  that  purpose.  Another  commission, 
with  a  similar  appropriation,  was  created  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
sidering plans  for  a  building  to  house  the  State  Department  of 
Education,  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  the  Illinois  State 
Historical  Library,  and  other  allied  institutions.  A  bill  for  the 
purchase  of  the  site  of  old  Fort  Charters  was  vetoed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor because  of  a  defect  in  the  bill,  which  will  doubtless  be  cor- 
rected at  the  next  session  of  the  legislature.  The  Illinois  State 
Historical  Society  deserves  congratulation  for  securing  so  much 
beneficial  legislation. 

THE  STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OF  IOWA 

Miss  Anna  Van  der  Zee  has  been  appointed  Stenographic  As- 
sistant for  the  Society  for  the  ensuing  year. 

Mr.  Clifford  Powell  will  continue  as  General  Assistant  in  the 
Society  during  the  coming  year  and  will  have  charge  of  the  Library 
in  the  evenings. 

Dr.  Frank  E.  Horack,  the  Secretary  of  the  Society,  is  the  author 
of  a  text-book  on  The  Government  of  Iowa  which  has  been  pub- 
lished by  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Dr.  John  E.  Brindley,  the  author  of  the  two  volume  History  of 
Taxation  in  Iowa  which  was  published  a  year  ago  by  the  Society, 
lias  been  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Tax  Commission  created  by  the 
Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly.  The  commission  will  make  a 
thorough  investigation  of  the  Iowa  revenue  system  and  make  rec- 
ommendations to  the  legislature  at  its  next  session. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  601 

Dr.  Louis  Pelzer,  who  for  several  years  occupied  the  position  of 
Eesearch  Assistant  in  the  Society  and  who  for  the  past  two  years 
has  held  the  chair  of  history  in  the  Montana  State  Normal  College, 
has  been  appointed  Assistant  Professor  in  Western  American  His- 
tory in  the  State  University  of  Iowa. 

Professor  Frank  H.  Garver,  who  for  many  years  has  occupied 
the  chair  of  history  and  political  science  in  Morningside  College, 
has  accepted  a  similar  position  in  the  Montana  State  Normal  Col- 
lege at  Dillon,  Montana.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Professor 
Garver  has  for  several  years  been  connected  with  the  Society  as 
Research  Assistant  and  has  written  a  number  of  monographs  deal- 
ing with  phases  of  county  history. 

The  following  persons  have  recently  been  elected  to  membership : 
Mr.  Judson  Keith  Deming,  Dubuque,  Iowa;  Mr.  Lauren  Chase 
Eastman,  Clinton,  Iowa;  Mr.  Henry  W.  Grout,  Waterloo,  Iowa; 
Mr.  J.  C.  Hagler,  Des  Moines,  Iowa;  Mr.  H.  L.  Hampton,  Webster 
City,  Iowa;  Mr.  Ira  T.  Hawk,  Adel,  Iowa;  Mr.  Geo.  F.  Henry, 
Des  Moines,  Iowa ;  Mr.  F.  C.  Hubbell,  Des  Moines,  Iowa ;  Mr.  Henry 
S.  Merrick,  Ottumwa,  Iowa;  Mr.  Wm.  Milchrist,  Sioux  City,  Iowa; 
Mr.  Herbert  C.  Ring,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa;  Mr.  S.  E.  Thompson, 
Bedford,  Iowa;  Mrs.  C.  N.  Voss,  Davenport,  Iowa;  Mr.  E.  S. 
Ballord,  Davenport,  Iowa;  Mr.  Justin  Barry,  Walker,  Iowa;  Mr. 
W.  A.  Brindley,  Madison,  Wisconsin;  Mr.  James  Ellis  Gow,  Cedar 
Rapids,  Iowa;  Miss  Joanna  C.  Hoering,  Davenport,  Iowa;  Mr. 
Frank  Shane,  Eldon,  Iowa;  Mr.  T.  M.  Simonton,  Oskaloosa,  Iowa; 
Mr.  Leon  0.  Smith,  Paullina,  Iowa;  Mr.  M.  W.  Frick,  Rockwell 
City,  Iowa;  Miss  Florence  Nadler,  Davenport,  Iowa;  and  Mr. 
David  Williams,  Keosauqua,  Iowa.  Mr.  Edward  H.  Litchfield  of 
New  York  City  has  been  elected  to  life  membership. 

On  the  evening  of  August  10,  1911,  a  dinner  was  given  at  the 
home  of  the  Superintendent,  Benj.  F.  Shambaugh,  in  honor  of  the 
appearance  of  Mr.  Irving  B.  Richman's  volume  on  California 
Under  Spain  and  Mexico,  issued  by  the  Houghton  Mifflin  Company, 
and  Dr.  Louis  Pelzer 's  biography  of  Henry  Dodge,  published  by 
The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa.  Besides  the  host  and  hostess 
and  the  two  authors  in  whose  honor  the  dinner  was  given  those 

VOL.  ix — 40 


602    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

present  were:  Professor  Jesse  Macy  of  Grinnell  College;  Mr. 
Euclid  Sanders,  President  of  the  State  Historical  Society ;  Mayor 
George  W.  Koontz  of  Iowa  City;  Dr.  John  C.  Parish  of  Montclair, 
Colorado;  Dr.  John  E.  Brindley  of  Ames;  Dr.  E.  H.  Downey  of 
Kenyon  College,  Gambier,  Ohio;  Dr.  Dan  E.  Clark  of  Iowa  City; 
Mr.  Jacob  Van  der  Zee  of  Iowa  City;  Professor  0.  B.  Clark  of 
Drake  University,  Des  Moines;  Dean  Carl  E.  Seashore  of  the  State 
University  of  Iowa;  Professor  Frank  H.  Garver,  now  of  Montana 
State  Normal  College,  Dillon,  Montana;  Professor  Frank  E. 
Horack  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa ;  Mr.  Clarence  R.  Aurner  of 
Iowa  City;  Mr.  John  Springer  of  Iowa  City;  Professor  Paul  S. 
Peirce  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa;  Professor  L.  B.  Schmidt 
of  Ames;  Mr.  Henry  J.  Peterson  of  the  State  Teachers'  College, 
Cedar  Falls;  Mr.  Clifford  Powell  of  Red  Oak;  and  Mr.  Louis  T. 
Jones  of  Penn  College,  Oskaloosa.  As  was  indicated  in  the  July 
number  of  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS  a  majority 
of  these  men  spent  the  summer  at  Iowa  City  doing  research  work 
under  the  direction  of  the  Society.  Indeed,  this  group  of  students, 
dominated  by  common  aims  and  ideals,  may  be  said  to  constitute  an 
"Iowa  School  of  Research  Historians  and  Political  Scientists". 

M.  w.  DAVIS 

The  Board  of  Curators  of  The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa 
lost  its  oldest  member  on  August  18,  1911,  in  the  death  of  Mr. 
M.  W.  Davis  at  his  home  in  Iowa  City  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight 
years. 

Mr.  Davis  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  the  oldest  merchant  in 
Iowa  City,  having  been  engaged  in  the  drug  business  in  that  city 
for  over  fifty  years.  He  came  to  Iowa  from  Williamsport,  Ohio, 
where  he  was  born  and  where  his  boyhood  years  were  spent. 

Mr.  Davis 's  service  to  the  people  of  Iowa  was  rendered  through 
The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa,  of  which  he  was  a  Curator 
from  1865  to  1883  and  again  from  1898  to  the  date  of  his  death, 
and  Secretary  from  1883  to  1903.  During  the  early  period  in  the 
history  of  the  Society  when  the  members  were  few,  the  financial 
support  inadequate,  and  the  small  but  valuable  collection  of  books 
and  relics  housed  in  various  out  of  the  way  places,  Mr.  Davis  more 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETIES  603 

than  any  other  one  man  was  responsible  for  keeping  the  breath  of 
life  in  the  organization.  He  persistently  and  successfully  resisted 
all  attempts  to  disband  the  Society  or  remove  it  from  Iowa  City, 
and  he  devoted  much  of  his  time  and  energies  without  remunera- 
tion to  the  care  and  upbuilding  of  the  library  of  the  Society.  His 
faithful  and  unassuming  labors  to  preserve  for  future  generations 
the  history  of  the  State  of  Iowa  are  deserving  of  recognition  and 
remembrance  alongside  of  those  whose  deeds  have  been  more  con- 
spicuous. 

PETER   A.    DEY 

Peter  Anthony  Dey,  President  of  The  State  Historical  Society 
of  Iowa  from  September  8,  1900,  to  July  7,  1909,  passed  away  at 
his  home  in  Iowa  City  on  July  11,  1911.  Mr.  Dey  was  born 
January  27,  1825,  at  Romulus,  Seneca  County,  New  York.  His 
education  was  received  in  Seneca  Falls  Academy  and  Geneva  Col- 
lege (now  Hobart  College),  his  graduation  from  the  latter  institu- 
tion occurring  in  1844. 

For  more  than  twenty  years  following  his  graduation  from  col- 
lege, or  until  1868,  Mr.  Dey  was  engaged  as  a  civil  engineer  in  the 
location  and  construction  of  railways  and  canals.  The  Erie  Rail- 
road along  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  Rivers  and  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canals,  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the 
Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  were  all  enterprises  with  which  he 
was  connected  during  the  first  years  of  his  engineering  experience. 
Later  he  was  placed  in  supervision  of  the  survey  and  construction 
of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railroad,  and  it  was  while 
serving  in  this  capacity  that  he  removed  to  Iowa,  making  his  head- 
quarters at  Iowa  City.  The  route  for  this  road  across  the  State  of 
Iowa  was  surveyed  for  the  most  part  under  his  direction.  Later 
he  made  a  survey  of  a  route  for  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  from 
the  Missouri  River  to  Salt  Lake  City,  and  it  is  to  be  noted  to  his 
credit  that  certain  portions  of  the  route  which  were  rejected  at  the 
time  by  the  railroad  company  have  since  been  adopted. 

In  1868  Mr.  Dey  severed  his  connection  with  the  Rock  Island 
road  and  in  the  following  year  entered  the  field  of  banking  as  the 
President  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Iowa  City,  a  position 


604    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

which  he  held  for  nearly  ten  years.  From  1872  to  1884  he  was  a 
member  of  the  commission  which  superintended  the  erection  of  the 
present  State  capitol  building.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  Railway 
Commissioner  by  Governor  Gear,  and  for  seventeen  years  he 
served  the  people  of  Iowa  in  this  capacity.  In  1895  he  was  again 
chosen  president  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Iowa  City,  and  he 
devoted  the  remaining  years  of  his  life  to  the  duties  of  this  office. 

For  twenty-four  years,  from  1886  to  1910,  Mr.  Dey  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Curators  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of 
Iowa.  During  these  years  his  wise  counsel  and  his  faithfulness  in 
the  performance  of  his  duties  were  potent  factors  in  the  develop- 
ment and  growth  of  the  Society.  It  was  largely  through  his  efforts 
that  the  Society  secured  its  present  fire-proof  quarters. 

Peter  A.  Dey  will  long  be  remembered  as  a  man  of  sterling  in- 
tegrity, of  wide  experience,  of  broad  interests,  and  of  faithful 
service  in  each  position  to  which  he  was  called. 


NOTES  AND  COMMENT 

The  sixteenth  biennial  reunion  of  Crocker's  Iowa  Brigade  was 
held  at  Sigourney  on  September  6  and  7,  1911. 

Andrew  J.  Baker,  who  was  Attorney-General  of  Iowa  from  1885 
to  1889,  died  at  Centerville,  Iowa,  on  April  23,  1911. 

Columbus  Day,  October  12th,  has  been  established  as  a  legal 
holiday  in  Texas  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  approved  March  10, 
1911. 

Mrs.  Samuel  J.  Kirkwood,  wife  of  Iowa's  War  Governor,  recent- 
ly celebrated  her  ninetieth  birthday.  She  still  resides  in  the  old 
home  on  Kirkwood  Avenue  in  Iowa  City. 

The  legislature  of  "Wisconsin  at  its  last  session  passed  a  law  im- 
posing penalties  for  forging  or  reproducing,  with  intent  to  deceive, 
any  archaeological  object.  Another  law  makes  it  a  misdemeanor 
to  deface  or  destroy  any  Indian  mound  or  burial  place  located  on 
property  belonging  to  the  State. 

On  March  21,  1911,  at  Sedalia,  Missouri,  occurred  the  death  of 
Daniel  Bartlett,  who  was  born  at  Boonville,  Missouri,  in  1801.  Mr. 
Bartlett  was  undoubtedly  among  the  first  Americans  born  west  of 
the  Mississippi  River  and  his  record  is  a  notable  one. 

The  American  Association  for  Labor  Legislation  held  a  confer- 
ence at  the  Auditorium  Hotel  in  Chicago  on  September  15  and  16, 
1911.  Among  the  general  subjects  discussed  at  this  conference 
were  standardization  for  accident  prevention,  administration  by 
commissions,  and  uniform  reporting  of  industrial  injuries. 

Mrs.  Phoebe  A.  Lucas,  who  died  at  her  home  in  Iowa  City  on 
September  8,  1911,  was  related  to  a  number  of  the  builders  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Iowa.  Her  husband,  E.  W.  Lucas,  was  a 
Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Fourteenth  Iowa  Infantry  during  the 
Civil  War  and  was  the  son  of  Robert  Lucas,  the  first  Governor  of 

605 


606    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 

the  Territory  of  Iowa.  Moreover,  she  was  a  sister-in-law  of  Samuel 
J.  Kirkwood,  Iowa's  War  Governor,  and  of  Ezekiel  Clark,  whose 
name  is  prominent  in  the  financial  and  political  annals  of  the  State. 

A  " Centennial  Commission"  consisting  of  Charles  L.  Jewett, 
Charles  W.  Fairbanks,  Joseph  M.  Cravens,  Frank  M.  Kistler,  and 
Demarchus  C.  Brown,  has  been  organized  in  Indiana  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  the  legislature.  The  object  of  the 
commission  is  to  select  a  site  and  approve  plans  for  a  memorial 
building  to  celebrate  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  admis- 
sion of  the  State  of  Indiana  in  1916. 

On  September  22,  1911,  occurred  the  death  of  Warner  Lewis 
Clark,  said  to  be  the  oldest  pioneer  of  Scott  County,  Iowa.  He  was 
born  near  Mt.  Carmel,  Illinois,  on  November  14,  1822,  and  in  1827 
his  family  took  up  their  abode  on  Rock  Island,  where  they  re- 
mained until  1833,  when  they  removed  to  the  newly  opened  Black 
Hawk  Purchase  in  what  is  now  Iowa.  As  a  lumberman  and  an 
operator  of  steamboats  Mr.  Clark  was  closely  connected  with  the 
early  settlement  of  Iowa. 

At  Des  Moines  on  September  1,  1911,  during  the  State  Fair, 
there  was  organized  an  Iowa  Old  Settlers'  Association.  Member- 
ship in  the  organization  is  open  to  persons  living  in  Iowa  on  or  be- 
fore December  31,  1876,  and  to  their  descendants.  There  are 
various  classes  of  membership  according  to  the  number  of  years  of 
residence  in  Iowa.  The  following  officers  were  elected  for  the  com- 
ing year:  Alonzo  Abernethy,  President;  Edgar  R.  Harlan,  Secre- 
tary; A.  R.  Corey,  Treasurer;  B.  F.  Osborn,  Superintendent.  In 
addition  to  these  officers  there  are  the  following  Vice  Presidents, 
one  from  each  Congressional  District;  Lot  Abraham  of  Mt.  Pleas- 
ant, James  W.  Ellis  of  Maquoketa,  Clifford  Ham  of  Dubuque,  J.  H. 
Sweeney  of  Osage;  Bernard  Murphy  of  Vinton,  P.  B.  Perry  of 
Albia,  Frank  De  Ford  of  Valley  Junction,  I.  N.  Clark  of  Leon, 
John  Ward  of  Audubon,  J.  P.  Conner  of  Denison,  and  George  D. 
Perkins  of  Sioux  City. 


CONTRIBUTORS 

FEANK  EDWAKD  HOBACK,  Assistant  Professor  of  Political 
Science  in  the  State  University  of  Iowa.  Secretary  of  The 
State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa.  Born  in  Iowa  in  1873. 
Graduated  from  the  State  University  of  Iowa  in  1897.  Stud- 
ied in  Germany.  Received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  Author  of  Constitutional  Amend- 
ments in  Iowa,  The  Organization  and  Control  of  Industrial 
Corporations,  The  League  of  Iowa  Municipalities,  A  Brief  His- 
tory of  the  Political  Science  Club,  Primary  Elections  in  Iowa, 
and  The  Government  of  Iowa. 

CLIFFORD  POWELL,  General  Assistant  in  The  State  Historical 
Society  of  Iowa.  (See  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND 
POLITICS  for  January,  1911,  p.  149.) 

JACOB  VAN  DEB  ZEE,  Research  Associate  in  The  State  His- 
torical Society  of  Iowa.  Born  at  St.  Anna  Parochie,  Friesland, 
The  Netherlands,  February  9,  1884.  Graduated  from  the 
State  University  of  Iowa  in  1905.  Rhodes  Scholar  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  1905-1908.  Author  of  Roads  and  Highways 
of  Territorial  Iowa,  Proposed  Constitutional  Amendments  in 
Iowa,  1836-1857,  Amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  Proposed  in  the  State  Legislature  of  Iowa,  1845- 
1909}  and  Proposed  Constitutional  Amendments  in  Iowa,  1857- 
1909. 


607 


AN    INDEX 

TO    THE 

IOWA   JOURNAL   OF   HISTORY  AND   POLITICS 

VOLUME   NINE 

1911 


609 


INDEX 


NOTE  —  The  names  of  contributors  of  articles  and  writers  of  book-reviews 
in  THE  IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS  are  printed  in  SMALL  CAPI- 
TALS. The  titles  of  books,  articles,  and  papers  referred  to  are  printed  in  italics. 


Abatement,   503 

Abbott,  Edith,  article  by,  309,  578 

Abel,  John  D.,  164,  165 

Abercrombie,  John  Sexton,  article  by,  320 

Abernethy,  Alonzo,  606 

Abernethy,  George,  295 

Abolitionists,  speeches  by,  260 

Abraham,   Lot,   606 

Aby,  Prank  Stanton,  papers  and  reports 
by,  66,  67 

Acadian  Land,  The  History  of  King's 
County,  Nova  Scotia,  Heart  of  the,  307 

Accidents,  The  Prevention  of,  578 

Accounting,   Uniform,   314 

Ackworth,   Iowa,   sketch  of,   128 

Actor,  Recollections  of  an  Old,  460 

Adams,  Charles  Francis,  article  by,  118, 
304 

Adams,   Henry,   contribution  by,    133 

Adams,  Henry  C.,  Jr.,  book  compiled  by, 
583 

Adams,   Henry   L.,    329 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  205,  215,  226,  227, 
253,  256,  277,  279,  283,  288;  treaty 
ordered  by,  213;  treaty  proclaimed  by, 
213;  refusal  of,  to  surrender  to  Georgia, 
214;  treaty  submitted  to  Senate  by,  214; 
defiance  of  authority  of,  216,  217;  ap- 
peal of,  to  Congress,  217;  land  cession 
secured  by,  217;  extract  from  oration 
of,  234,  235;  extract  from  diary  of, 
236;  speech  of,  251,  252,  273,  274; 
diary  of,  276 

Ada-we-ge-shik,   436 

Adjutant  General,  duties  and  compensa- 
tion of,  506 

Advertising,  Principles  of,  315 

Aerial  Jurisdiction,  443 

Africa,  Frenchman  and  German  in,  579 

Africa,  South,  The  Union  of,  120 

African  Crusade  of  the  Fifteenth  Century, 
Prince  Henry  of  Portugal  and  the,  134 

Agrarian  Changes  in  the  Middle  West,  306 


Agricultural  products,  variety  of,  in  Iowa 
District,  17 

Agriculture,  act  relative  to,  523 

Aguayo  Expedition  into  Texas  and  Louisi- 
ana, 593 

Aish-ke-boge-kozhe,  408,  410,  412,  417, 
418,  436;  speech  by,  428,  429 

Aitkin,  William  A.,  435 

Alabama,  Indian  lands  in,  197;  Indian 
land  cessions  in,  204;  reference  to,  211, 
219,  251,  263,  266,  280;  boundary  be- 
tween Georgia  and,  216;  attitude  of,  to- 
ward Creeks,  217;  removal  bill  favored 
by,  230 ;  demand  of,  for  removal  of 
Creeks,  247;  memorial  from,  252;  In- 
dian depredations  in,  255 

Alabama,  Department  of  Archives  and  His- 
tory of,  publication  by,  327 

Alabama  History  Journal,  327 

Alamo,  Heroes  of  the,  442 

Alamo,  Micajah  Antrey,  a  Soldier  of  the, 
457 

Alba  Quercus,  the  Veteran  of  the  Ozarks, 
126 

Albany  (New  York),  530,  557;  descrip- 
tion of  hotel  in,  535 ;  experiences  of 
Scholte  in,  535,  536 

Albert,   Henry,  papers  and  reports  by,  67 

Albert  Lea    (Minnesota),  30 

Aldrich,   Charles,    147 

Alexander,  William  L.,  sketch  of,  317 

Alford,  Julius  C.,  255 

Alien,  The,  311 

Alien,  The  Relation  of  the,  to  the  Admin- 
istration of  the  Civil  and  Criminal  Law, 
117 

Alimony,   law  relative  to,    523 

Allcock,  T.,  member  of  Wirz  court,  52 

Allegan   County    (Michigan),   567 

Alleghanies,   18 

Allen,  D.  C.,  article  by,  120 

Allen,   Stephen  H.,   article  by,   307 

Alliot,   Paul,   document  written  by,   444 

Allison,  William  B.,  4,   10 


611 


612    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Allison,  William  H.,  work  by,  462 

Alumnus,  The,  contents  of,   123,  447,  *585 

Alvarez,   Minister,  letter  from,  444 

Alvord,  Clarence  Walworth,  papers  edited 
by,  134;  discussion  by,  138,  140 

Ambler,   Charles  Henry,   article  by,   585 

Amendment  of  State  Constitutions,  Judicial 
Control  over  the,  119 

America,  comparison  between  conditions  in 
Holland  and,  557-560 

America,  Log  of  a  Voyage  to,  in  First 
Days  of  the  Republic,  580 

America,  United,  a  Possibility,  586 

America  and  Germany,  Some  Impressions 
of,  446 

America  and  Peace  in  the  Orient,  447 

American,  The,  456 

American  Citizenship,   308,   309,   441 

American  Diplomacy,  Oregon  Pioneers  and, 
584 

American  Federationist,  contents  of,   575 

American  Historical  Association,  annual 
meeting  of  Pacific  Coast  Branch  of,  136; 
joint  session  of  Ohio  Valley  Historical 
Association  and,  138;  annual  meeting 
of,  139;  annual  report  of,  461;  hand- 
book of,  461;  index  to  publications  of, 
461;  president  of,  584 

American  Historical  Association,  Annual 
Report  of  the,  131,  593 

American  Historical  Association  at  In- 
dianapolis, The  Meeting  of,  459 

American  Historical  Review,  The,  contents 
of,  134,  459 

American  history,  social  aspects  of,   140 

American  History,  Essays  in,  Dedicated  to 
Frederick  Jackson  Turner,  584,  585 

American  History,  Guide  to  Study  of,  438 

American  History,  The  Journal  of,  con- 
tents of,  120,  310,  580,  581 

American    Indians,    mounds  built  by,    320 

American  Indians  North  of  Mexico,  The 
Handbook  of,  442 

American  Nation,  Millenial  of  European 
Foundations  of  the,  580 

American  Republic,  Journey  to  the  North- 
ern Regions  before  the,  310 

American  Revolution,  Battlefields  of  the, 
Original  Orderly  Books  Written  on  the, 
310 

American  Revolution,  Original  Manuscript 
of  a  Witness  of  the,  310 

American  Revolution,  The  Dutch  Republic 
and  the,  576 

American  Society  for  the  Judicial  Settle- 
ment of  International  Disputes,  pamph- 
let published  by,  303,  439 

American  Society  for  the  Judicial  Settle- 
ment of  International  D  input  es,  The 
Washington  Meeting  of  the,  443 


American  State  Government,  Readings  on, 
575 

American  Unity,  Defense  of  American 
Commerce  and  the  Spirit  of,  310 

Americana,  general  and  miscellaneous,  114, 
303,  438,  575;  western,  121,  311,  445, 
581 

Americana,  contents  of,  116,  307,  308,  441, 
442,  580 

Americanizing  Influence  of  the  Foreign 
Press  in  America,  The,  320,  321 

Americans,  number  of,  among  settlers,  364; 
attitude  of,  toward  Hollanders,  533,  534, 
536-538,  547,  554;  comparison  of  Hol- 
landers with,  545,  546 ;  generosity  of, 
546;  ability  of,  to  live  with  little  money, 
552 

Amerikanischen  Geschichte,  Der  deutsche 
Schulmeister  in  der,  131 

Ames,   A.   L.,   329 

Ames,  Joseph  S.,  article  by,   132 

Amsden,   C.  S.,   article  by,  598 

Amsterdam   (Holland),  528 

Anatomy,  Andreas  Vesalius,  the  Reformer 
of,  125 

Ancient  Documents  and  Records,  320 

Ancient  History,  conference  on,   139 

Anderson,   Archer,    328 

Anderson,   Edward  X.,   report  by,    67 

Anderson,  Frank  B.,  article  by,  582 

Anderson,  J.  Maitland,  article  by,  440,  578 

Anderson,   John  A.,  article  by,   592 

Anderson,  Joseph,  article  by,   306 

Anderson,   Melville  Best,   124 

Anderson,    Sidney,   sketch  of,    127 

Andersonville :  Trial  of  Captain  Henry 
Wirz,  the  Prison  Keeper,  The  Tragedy 
of,  578,  579 

Andersonville  and  the  Trial  of  Henry  Wirz, 
by  JOHN  HOWARD  STIBBS,  33 

Andersonville  Prison,  visit  of  Gue  to,  33 ; 
Iowa  men  in  cemetery  at,  33;  keeper  of, 
33;  suffering  at,  33;  location  of,  35; 
erection  of,  35;  description  of,  35,  36; 
guard  of,  36;  unsanitary  conditions  in, 
36,  37;  scarcity  of  fuel  in,  37;  number 
of  prisoners  in,  37;  crowded  condition 
of,  37;  testimony  concerning  conditions 
at,  38-43;  investigation  of,  by  Jones,  38; 
report  of  Jones  on  conditions  in,  38-40; 
surgeons  on  duty  at,  40;  death  register 
at,  41;  cause  of  deaths  at,  41,  44,  45; 
character  of  food  at,  41-43 ;  number 
of  deaths  in,  43,  44 ;  commandant  at, 
45 ;  movement  of  Kilpatrick  toward,  45 ; 
order  to  fire  on  prisoners  in,  46 ;  con- 
struction of,  46 ;  Wirz  placed  in  com- 
mand of,  46 ;  cruelty  of  commandant  at, 
47 ;  official  knowledge  of  conditions  at, 
47-49 


INDEX 


613 


Andrew,  A.  Piatt,  article  by,  119 
Andrews,  Alice  Lorraine,  article  by,  446 
Andrews,   Charles  A.,  article  by,   308 
Andrews,    Irene    Osgood,    articles   by,    443, 

578 

Andrews,  John,  article  by,  578 
Andrews,  L.  F.,  articles  by,  127,  128,  129, 

316,  317,  450,  451,  589,  590 
Andrews,     Launcelot    Winchester,     meeting 
called  by,   57;   reference  to,   58,   65;   pa- 
pers and  reports  by,   67-71 
Andros,  Frederick,  517 
Anglo-American  Philosophies  of  Penal  Law, 

581 

Annals  of  Iowa,  contents  of,   135 
Annapolis,  Demonts  Tercentenary  at,  132 
Annotations,    absence    of,    in    early    codes, 

507 

Annuities,  effect  of,  on  Indians,  267,  268 
Ansa,  Juan  Bautista  de,  583 
Anthony,  Oscar  William,  papers  by,   71 
Anthracite   Regions,   Great,    of   the   Middle 

West,  Discovery  of  the,  310 
Anthropological    Papers    of    the    American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  contents  of, 
114,   311,  312,  445 
Anthropology  of  Central  and  Smith  Sound 

Eskimo,  Contributions  to  the,  445 
Antiquarian,    American,    The,    contents    of, 

122,  454 
Antiquarian  Society,  American,  Proceedings 

of  the,  contents  of,  133,  454 
Antiquarian  Society,  American,  The  Manu- 
script Collections  of  the,  453 
Antiquities    of    Central    and    Southeastern 

Missouri,   121 

Antitoxin  department,  creation  of,  481 
Anti-Trust    Act,    The    Supreme    Court    and 

the,  120 
Antrey,   Micajah,   a  Soldier  of  the  Alamo, 

457 

Apache  Indians,   attacks  of,  282 
Apache  Relations  in  Texas,  1718-1750,  323 
Apostolic  Delegate  to  the  United  States  of 

America,  Letter  to  the,  577 
"Appeal,  The",  and  its  Influence,  441 
Appellate  Judge,  The  Office  of  the,  122 
Arabia  and  the  Arabs,  List  of  Works  Re- 
lating to,  439 

Arbitration  Treaties,  List  of,  576 
Archaeological    Bulletin,    The,    contents    of, 

320 

Archaeological    Institute    of    America,    gen- 
eral secretary  of,    144 

Archaeological   objects,    act  to   prevent  for- 
gery of,  605 
Archaeology,  American,  An  Unknown  Field 

in,  122 

Archaeology,    Committee    on,    work    recom- 
mended by,   463 


Archaeology,  The  Relation  of,  to  History, 
456 

Archaeology,  School  of  American,  summer 
school  held  by,  461 

Archaeology  and  Ethnology,  American, 
University  of  California  Publications  in, 
contents  of,  121,  446 

Archer,  William  S.,  285 

Archives,  French,  manuscripts  in,  relating 
to  Mississippi  Valley,  140,  145 

Archives,   Spanish,  work  in,   144 

Archives  of  Iowa,  Public,   141 

Archivists,   conference  of,   140 

Archivists  and  Librarians,  International 
conference  of,  140 

Arizona,  first  white  man  in,  331 

Arizona,   Territory  of,    116 

Arizona  and  Colorado,  The  Caves  and 
Ruins  of,  122 

Arkansas,  advance  of  pioneers  into,  196; 
reference  to,  262,  268,  584;  character 
of  Indians  in,  265;  bounty  lands  in, 
271;  settlements  in,  281 

Arkansas,  Territory  of,  lands  in,  ceded  to 
Indians,  207;  remonstrance  from,  208; 
controversy  over  boundary  of,  208,  209 ; 
removal  of  Choctaw  Indians  from,  209 ; 
reference  to,  211,  240;  intrusion  upon 
Indian  lands  in,  219;  opposition  to  re- 
moval of  Indians  to,  223 ;  establishment 
of,  406 

Arkansas  Historical  Association,  book  pub- 
lished by,  136 

Arkansas  River,  252;  plan  for  military 
posts  on,  272 ;  removal  of  Indians  be- 
yond, 300 

Armstrong,   Florence,   article  by,    128 

Armstrong,  Major,   232 

Army,  United  States,  assignment  of  Lea 
to,  4;  reduction  of,  243,  244;  need  for 
increase  of,  247;  demand  of  West  for 
increase  of,  248;  increase  of,  urged  by 
Benton,  249,  265;  bill  for  increase  of, 
262,  264,  299;  distribution  of,  in  West, 
263;  attitude  of  Clay  and  Calhoun  to- 
ward, 269 

Army  Bill,   speeches  on,   269 

Army  of  the  Potomac,  Extracts  from  a 
Journal  Kept  During  the  Earlier  Cam- 
paigns of  the,  323 

Army  Nurses  of  the  Civil  War,  The  Na- 
tional Association  of,  439 

Arner,  Albert  Levi,  65 ;  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  71,  72 

Arrosmith,  Abner,  elections  at  house  of,  157 

Art  and  Love,  449 

Arthur,   H.  C.,  pamphlet  by,   586 

Articles  of  Confederation,   502 

Ashburton,  Lord,  arrival  of,  in  Washing- 
ton, 285;  treaty  made  by,  285 


614    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Ashe,  Samuel  A.,  article  by,  119 

Ashton,  Edgar,  329 

Askin,  John,  letters  by,   326 

Associations  and  Associators  in  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  595 

Atakapa,  440 

Athens  and  Hellenism,  134 

Atkinson,  Eleanor,  article  by,  598 

Atkinson,   Henry,   246 

Atlanta,  The  Battle  of,  and  Other  Cam- 
paigns, Addresses,  etc.,  124,  125 

Atlantic  Monthly,  The,  reprint  from,  304 

Augusta    (Iowa),   388 

Aulard's  Political  History  of  the  French 
Revolution,  441 

Aurner,  Clarence  Ray,  142,  332,  472,  602; 
history  of  township  government  in  prep- 
aration by,  467 

AURXER,  CLARENCE  RAY,  The  Establish- 
ment and  Organization  of  Townships  in 
Johnson  County,  155 

Austin,  Stephen  F.,  removal  of  remains  of, 
from  Peach  Point  to  State  Cemetery, 
323 

Austin:  Stephen  F.,  A  Memorial  Address, 
323 

Austin,  Stephen  F.,  The  Release  of,  from 
Prison,  135 

Austin,  The  City  of,  from  1839  to  1865, 
135 

Austria,   305 

Austria,  Negotiations  with,  American  Com- 
mercial Conditions,  and,  459 

Austria  and  Germany,  John  A.  Kasson 
minister  to,  147 

Autumn,  description  of,  in  early  Iowa,  15 

Autumn  Leaves,  contents  of,  123,  446,  586 

Aztecs,  Aryan  Origin  of  the,  592 

Babcock,  Kendric   C.,    address  by,    122 

Baber,   George,   article  by,   322 

Baconian  Club,  organization  of,  57;  first 
officers  of,  57,  58;  charter  members  of, 
58;  changes  in,  58;  method  of  conduct- 
ing meetings  of,  58-60;  classes  of  mem- 
bership in,  59 ;  character  of  papers  read 
before,  60 ;  increase  in  membership  of, 
60;  record-books  of,  60,  61;  example 
followed  by,  61;  constitution  of,  61-65; 
list  of  officers  of,  65,  66;  list  of  papers 
and  reports  before,  66-113 

Baconian  Club  of  Iowa  City,  The,  57 

Had   Boy    (Indian  Chief),   436 

Baden-Powell,  Sir  Robert,  article  by,  575 

Baender,  Fred  George,  papers  and  reports 
by,  72 

Baensch,   Emil,  article  by,  320,  321 

Baie  d'Hudson,  La,  596 

Bailey,  Bert  Heald,  book  by,  314 

Bailey,    Marsh   W.,    328 


Bain,  Harry  Foster,  book  by,  125 

Baker,  Andrew  J.,  death  of,  605 

Baker,  E.  D.,  experiences  of  surgeon  with 
brigade  of,  323 

Baker,  General,  sketch  of  life  of,  127 

Baker,   Henry  Moore,   article  by,   310 

Baker,  Hugh  Potter,  book  by,  581,  582, 
587 

Baker,   Richard  Philip,  papers  by,    72 

Baldwin,    Charles,    329 

Baldwin,   F.   Spencer,   581 

Baldwin,  Simeon  E.,  330 

Baldwin,  W.  W.,  142 

Bales,  William,  war  record  of,  590 

Ball,  Daniel  S.,   167 

Ball,  James  Moores,  book  by,   125 

Ballier,  John  F.,  member  of  Wirz  court,  52 

Balloon  Hoax,  The  First,  459 

Ballord,  E.   S.,   601 

Ballot  Laws,  American,  1888-1910,  303 

Balm,  Augustin  Mottin  de  la,  598 

Baltimore  (Maryland),  return  of  Lea  to, 
11;  appointment  of  bishop  of,  319; 
meeting  of  reform  league  at,  330;  ar- 
rival of  Hollanders  at,  533 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  survey  of,  by 
Lea,  4 

Baltimore  in  1846,   456 

Bancroft  Papers  on  the  Mecklenburg  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  133 

Bandemer,  Susana  von,  geboren  Franklin, 
593 

Banditti,  story  of,   in  early  Iowa,   316 

Bank,  Central,  of  the  United  States,  Se- 
lected Articles  on  a,  127 

Bank,  National,  Hamilton's  Report  upon 
the  Constitutionality  of  a,  133 

Bank  Examinations,  Efficiency  and  Limita- 
tions of,  312 

Bank  of  the  United  States,  Selected  Ar- 
ticles on  a  Central,  115 

Banker,  The  Northwestern,  articles  in,  586 

Banker  and  the  Farmer,  The,  313 

Banker  in  Literature,  The,   125 

Bankers'  Association,  Iowa,  annual  meet- 
ing of,  586 

Banking,  American,  The  Extension  of,  in 
Foreign  Countries,  119 

Banking  and  Finance,  313 

Banking  Board,  The  State,  123 

Banking  Problems,  119 

Banking  System,  National,  Proposals  for 
Strengthening  the,  117 

Banking  System,,  The  Canadian,  and  its 
Operation  Under  Stress,  119 

Banks,  State  and  Federal  Control  of,   119 

Banks  of  Des  Moines,  A  History  of  the,  124 

Barba,  Preston  A.,  article  by,  594 

Barbour,  James,  treaty  negotiated  by,  214; 
debate  on  treaty  made  by,  214,  215; 


INDEX 


615 


ratification  of  treaty  made  by,  216;  In- 
dian policy  of,  218;  reference  to,  219, 
220,  224,  236,  237,  238;  report  by,  221; 
mission  of,  to  England,  223;  successor 
to,  223 ;  proposal  of,  to  grant  Indian 
citizenship,  276 

Barbour,  Violet,  article  by  ,459 

Bareis,   G.   F.,   600 

Barker,  E.  C.,  462 

Barlow,  William  Edward,  65,  66;  papers 
and  reports  by,  72 

Barnes,  W.  A.,  40 

Barr,  G.  Walter,  article  by,  317 

Barrett,   Edward  Newton,   72,   73 

Barrow,  Willard,  map  made  by,  24 

Barry,  Commodore  John,  Some  Passages 
in  the  Life  of,  114 

Barry,  Justin,  601 

Bartholdt,   Richard,   address  by,   455 

Bartlett,  Daniel,  death  of,  605 

Bartlett's,  Henry,  Diary  to  Ohio  and  Ken- 
tucky, 1805,  324 

Barton,   Senator,  letters  from,   457 

Barton,  Silas  R.,  address  by,   123 

Bassett,  John  S.,  book  by,  438 

Bates,   Frank  G.,   136 

Bates,  Isaac  C.,  233 

Bates,  John  C.,  40 ;  testimony  of,  concern- 
ing Andersonville,  42,  45 

Baton  Rouge,   268 

Battle  of  Atlanta,  The,  and  Other  Cam- 
paigns, Addresses,  etc..  125 

Batts,  R.  L.,  462 

Bauer,  George  Neander,  papers  by,  73 

Baury,  Louis,  article  by,  307 

Bawden,  H.  Heath,  paper  and  report  by, 
73 

Baxter,  James  Phinney,  work  edited  by, 
323 

Baxter  Manuscripts,  The,  323 

Bayard,  Richard  H.,  286 

Beach,  Richard  H.,  article  by,  134 

Beadon,  R.  H.,  article  by,  575 

Beall,  John  T.,  President  Lincoln  and  the 
Case  of,  442 

Beaman,  D.  C.,  article  by,  135 

Bear's  Heart,  436 

Beavis,  Arthur,  papers  by,   73 

Beazley,  C.  Raymond,  article  by,  134 

Bechtel,  George  M.,  466 

Beck,  James  M.,  579 

Beck,  William  Edmund,  paper  by,  73 

Becker,  Carl,  article  by,  459 

Becker,  Carl  Lotus,  article  by,  584 

Becker,  Frederick  Jacob,  paper  by,  73 

Beckman,  F.  W.,  article  by,  450,  451 

Beebe,  Avery  N.,  article  by,  134,  321 

Beeler,  Fred,  328 

Begg,  Russell  Burns  Haldane,  paper  by,  73 

Belgium,  305 


Bell,   Hill  McClelland,  book  by,  587 

Bell,  John,  229,  233,  271,  298 

Bell,  J.  D.,  394 

Bell,  William  Bonar,  paper  by,  73 

Bellevue,  fight  of  banditti  at,  316 

Bellevue  (Nebraska),  5 

Benedict,  C.  R.,  466 

Benedict,  H.  Y.,  article  by,   323 

Benjamin,  Marcus,  sketch  by,  319 

Bennett,  Captain,  paper  by,  113 

Benson,   John  H.,   392 

Benton,  Thomas  Hart,  206,  208,  210,  215, 
217,  229,  243,  246,  249,  254,  263,  264, 
267,  275,  279,  287,  291;  bill  amended 
by,  216;  opposition  of,  to  factory  sys- 
tem, 245 ;  increase  of  army  urged  by, 
247,  249,  265;  plan  of,  for  suppression 
of  Seminoles,  256-260;  debate  on  reso- 
lution by,  261;  bills  reported  by,  262; 
information  concerning  Indians  given  by, 
262,  263;  bill  introduced  by,  269,  270, 
271,  288,  292;  need  of  frontier  protec- 
tion urged  by,  282 ;  efforts  of,  in  behalf 
of  Oregon,  283,  284;  warning  given  by, 
292,  293;  letters  from,  457 

Benton    County,    470 

Bergin,  Alfred,   article  by,   460 

Bernard,  Luther  Lee,   article  by,   118,   309 

Berrien,   John   M.,   215,    285 

Betts,  George  Herbert,  book  by,  314 

Beveridge,   Albert  J.,   article  by,   443 

Beveridge,  Senator,  of  Indiana,  117 

Beyer,  Mary  Queal,  article  by,  135;  refer- 
ence to,  142 

Bibliographical  Society  of  America,  reprint 
from  papers  of,  453 

Biegler,  Philip  Sheridan,  66;  paper  by,   73 

Bierring,  Walter  Lawrence,  66;  papers  and 
reports  by,  73,  74 

Big  Cloud,  436 

Big  Frenchman,  436 

Big  Grove  precinct,  157 

Big  Grove  Township,  establishment  of, 
158;  first  election  in,  158;  reference  to, 
159;  change  in  boundaries  of,  161; 
data  relative  to,  193 

Big  Mouth,  speech  by,  418,  419;  reference 
to,  436 

Big  Sioux  River,   359 

Bigelow,   John,   article  by,    118 

Billington,  Mrs.  Addie  B.,  articles  by,  128, 
129,  317,  450 

Bingham,  Hiram,  article  by,  120,  305 

Biographical,  Historical  and  Miscellaneous 
Collections,  582,  583 

Biography,  586 

Bird,  Francis  H.,  article  by,  441 

Birds  of  Iowa,  Two  Hundred  Wild,  314 

Birdsall,  R.  W.,   142 

Bison  River,  20 


616    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Bivins,  Ebenezer,   165 
Bixby,  George  F.,  article  by,  596       • 
Bjorenson,  P.  O.,  142 
Bjorkman,  Edwin,  article  by,  117 
Black  Hawk,  31,  451;  lesson  of  defeat  of, 
246;   meeting  of  Pike  with,   343;   chief- 
taincy of,  590 
Black  Hawk,  The  Burial  and  Resurrection 

of,   458 

Black  Hawk,  The  Sword  of,  135 
Black  Hawk  County,   increase  in  represen- 
tation of,  476 

Black  Hawk  Purchase,   13,  20,  570 
Black  Hawk  War,   5,   246,   261;   treaty  at 
close   of,    13;    Indian's   side   of,    31;    be- 
ginning of,   245 ;  suppression  of,  247 
Black  Oak  Grove,  568 
Blackburn,  M.  M.,  letter  by,  123 
Blackfoot  Indians,  The  Social  Life  of  the, 

445 

Blackiston,  A.  Hooton,   article  by,  453 
Blackmar,   Frank  W.,  article  by,  442 
Blacks  and  mulattoes,   act  relative  to,  504 
Blackstone  —  The    Lawyer    and    the    Man, 

122 

Bladensburg,  Battle  of,  323 
Blair,  Mr.,   12 

Blair  Building,  The  Old,  446 
Bliem,   Milton  J.,   462 
Blondeau,  interpreter  for  Pike,  344 
Bloomington    (now  Muscatine),    343 
Blue  Book,  The,  496;  legislative  history  of, 
514-519;    committee    for    compilation    of, 
517;   opposition   of  newspapers   to  meth- 
od   of    compiling,    517-519;    printing    of, 
519,    520;    size    of,    520;    title    page    of, 
520;    contents  of,    521-524;    approval  of, 
524;    delay    in    printing    of,    524,    525; 
criticism  of,  525-527 

Blue  Book,  The  Old,  496;  discussion  of, 
498-514;  preparation  of,  by  Judges,  499, 
500;  controversy  over  printing  of,  500, 
501;  character  of,  501,  513,  514;  con- 
tents of,  501-507;  title  page  of,  502;  de- 
lay in  publication  of,  507,  508;  pay- 
ment for  printing  of,  509,  510;  adoption 
of,  by  people  of  Oregon,  510-512,  514; 
reprint  of,  512 
Blue  Mills,  battle  of,  591 
Boalt  Memorial  Hall  of  Law,  Address  at 

the  Dedication  of  the,  582 
Board   of    Health,    antitoxin    department   in 
connection     with,      481;      certificates     to 
nurses   issued  by,   482 
Boas,   Franz,   book  compiled  by,   582 
Boats,     act     requiring    life    preservers     on, 

480,   481 

Boehm,    Walter    Martinus,    paper    and    re- 
ports by,   74 
Boerner,   E.   L.,   57 


Bogart,  Ernest  L.,  article  by,  577 
Boggs,  Lilburn  W.,  26 
Boggs,  Theodore  H.,  article  by,  579 
Bolton,  Frederick  Elmer,  book  by,   125 
Bolton,   Herbert   E.,    144;    work  of,    in   ar- 
chives, 331;  article  by,  593;  diary  edited 

by,   594 

Bombaugh,  Charles  C.,  article  by,  323 
Bond,  Beverly  W.,  Jr.,  article  by,  323 
Bonga,  Stephen,  421,  437 
Boone,    Daniel,    24,    379;     descendant    of, 

589 
Boone,    Nathan,    information   furnished  by, 

24;  services  of,  24;  reference  to,  31 
Boone,  W.  M.,  sketch  of  life  of,  589 
Boone  (Iowa),  7;  mound  near,  25 
Boonville,  Cooper  County,  Missouri,  Christ 

Church  Parish,  595 
Booster  club,  318 
Booth,  T.  E.,  sketch  of,  316 
Border    Disputes    Between    States    of    the 

Middle  West,  Historic,  580 
Boston,    headquarters    of   peace   foundation 

at,  438;  visit  of  Scholte  at,  535 
Boston  Book  Co.,  index  published  by,  575 
Bostwick,   H.   G.,   568 
Bosworth,   Louise  Marion,   article  by,   441; 

reference  to,  466 
Botany  Notes,  Montana,  315 
Both  Ends  of  the  Sky,  436 
Botsford,   George  Willis,  book  by,   587 
Boudinot,   Elias,   John   Cleves   Symmes   to, 

324 
Bouldin,  James  W.,  extract  from  speech  of, 

278,   279 
Bounty  lands,  bill  providing  for,  271;  rush 

of  settlers  to,  301 
Bovay,  Alvin  Earl,  sketch  of,  326 
Bowdoin  College,  297 

Bowman,    Charles    Henry,    papers    and    re- 
ports by,   74 

Bowman,  John  Gabbert,  447,  585 
Bowman's    Expedition    Against    Chillicothe, 

135 

Boy  and  His  Job,  588 
Boy  Scouts,  575 

Boyd,  David  French,   article  by,   122,   321 
Boyd,  William  K.,  article  by,  119 
Boyle,  James  E.,  article  by,   122,  123 
Braddock's    Campaign,    A.     Comparison    of 

Some  of  the  Source  Material  on,  464 
Bradley,   F.   H.,   article  by,   581 
Brady,  William  J.,   papers  by,   74 
Bragg,  E.   S.,  error  relative  to,  49,  50 
Brandon,  Gerard  C.,  article  by,  307 
Brandow,  John  H.,  article  by,   326 
Breckenridge,  Mrs.  John,  book  by,  314 
Breckenridge,  John  C.,   49 
Breckenridge,     Sophonisba    P.,    article    by, 

309,   578 


INDEX 


617 


Brewer,   Daniel,   392 

Brewer,  Luther  A.,  12;  book  by,  314 

Bridge  companies,  486,  489 

Bridges,  building  and  repair  of,  477;  graft 

in  connection  with  building  of,  489 
Bridgman,  Arthur,   12 
Brierly,  James,  resolution  by,  499 
Briggs,  Ansel,  573 

Brigham,  Johnson,  book  by,   125,  328,   465 
Brindley,  John  E.,  book  by,  140,  314,  328, 

466;   paper  by,   314;   appointment  of,  as 

Secretary  of  Tax  Commission,  600,  601; 

reference  to,   602 
Brindley,  W.  A.,    601 
Brinson,  William,  328 
British  and  Hessians,  ravages  of,   310 
British    Columbia   and    the    Pacific    States, 

East  Indian  Immigration  to,  443 
British  Election  Address,  The,  308 
British  Electoral  System,  Barriers  Against 

Democracy  in  the,  441 
British  Empire,   362 
British  Empire  and  the  Federation  of  the 

World,  The,  579 

British  Isles,  pioneers  born  in,   361 
British    traders,    visit    of    Pike    with,    350, 

351;  correspondence  of  Pike  concerning, 

351-353;   investigation   of,   by  Pike,    357 
Brockett,  Calvin,  sketch  of  life  of,  316 
Bronte,  Charlotte,  sketch  of  life  of,  128 
Brookins,  C.  T.,  sketch  of,   129 
Brooks,  John  Nixon,  contribution  by,  459 
Brooks,  Phillips,   The  Notable  Pedigree   of 

Wendell  Phillips  and,  322 
Brooks,  Robert  C.,  article  by,  578 
Brown,  Judge  Alexander,  135 
Brown,  Charles  E.,  article  by,  134,  456 
Brown,    Charles    Reynolds,    book    by,    125, 

587 

Brown,  Demarchus  C.,   606 
Brown,  Edwin  H.,  Jr.,  article  by,  456 
Brown,    Fay   Cluff,    paper   and   reports   by, 

75 

Brown,  James,  of  Middletown,  Conn.,  320 
Brown,  John  Franklin,  book  by,  315 
Brown,  Maud,  report  by,  75 
Brown,  Robert  Marshall,   article  by,  579 
Brown,   W.  C.,  baseball  game  reported  by, 

590 

Brown,  William  Garrott,  article  by,  117 
Brown,  W.  J.,   329 
Browne,  Jesse  B.,   573 
Browning,  Charles  H.,  article  by,  596 
Bruce,  Andrew  Alexander,   article  by,   122, 

308 

Bruff,  James  B.,  142 
Brunson,  G.  H.,  article  by,  597 
Brunswick  (Illinois),  568 
Brussels,  conference  at,  140 
Bryan,  Beauregard,  462 

VOL.  IX — 41 


Bryan,  James  Wallace,  article  by,  120 

Bryant,  Frank  Egbert,  article  by,  311 

Bryant,  John  C.,   466 

Bryant,  T.  J.,   142 

Bryant,  Thomas  Julian,  article  by,  457 

Bryant's  Station  and  its  Founder,  William 
Bryant,  457 

Bryden,  Charles  Lazarus,  66;  papers  and 
reports  by,  75 

Bucham,  R.  K.,  book  by,  438 

Buchanan,   James,    264,    287 

Buchanan-Pakenham  Treaty,   289 

Buck,  Solon  J.,  paper  by,  463,  585 

Buck,  William  T.,   172 

Buckley,  Eleanor  Claire,  article  by,  593 

Buckner,  Alexander,  246 

Buffalo  (Indian  Chief),  409,  421,  436; 
speech  by,  411,  412,  413,  416,  417,  422 

Buffalo,  description  of,  by  Lea,  6,  7 

Buffalo  (New  York),  meeting  of  Political 
Science  Association  at,  468;  reference 
to,  557 

Buffalo  Bill,  590 

Buffalo  Historical  Society,  Manuscripts  in, 
131 

Buffalo  Historical  Society  Publications, 
contents  of,  324,  325 

Buffalo  Hunt,  A,  598 

Buffalo  River,  20 

Bulk  Sales  Bill,  485 

Bullock,  Motier  A.,  reports  by,  75 

Bunker  Hill,  Fighters  and  Spectators  at, 
319,  320 

Bunker  Hill  Monument  Association,  Pro- 
ceedings of  the,  contents  of,  319,  320 

Burge,  Albertus  Joseph,  papers  and  reports 
by,  75 

Burial  Customs,  Australia,  Further  Notes 
on,  114 

Burke,  Sadie,  article  by,  586 

Burlington,  12,  400,  401;  description  of, 
22;  naming  of,  130;  arrival  of  Pike  at 
site  of,  341;  description  of  site  of,  341, 
342 ;  Territorial  convention  at,  385 ;  pro- 
ceedings of  Territorial  convention  at, 
385,  394-398;  convention  called  to  meet 
at,  387;  meeting  of  citizens  of  Des 
Moines  County  at,  387,  388;  approval 
of  action  of  meeting  at,  390,  392;  memo- 
rials from  convention  at,  399-407;  sketch 
of,  before  War,  452;  meeting  of  legisla- 
ture at,  498;  act  relative  to,  503;  Ezra 
Meeker  in,  591 

Burlington,  Iowa,  Old  Zion  Church,  135 

Burlington  Boat  Club,  452 

Burlington  Railroad  Company,  lives  spent 
in  service  for,  128 

Burlington  Hawk-Eye,  The,  historical  ar- 
ticles in,  129,  317,  451,  452,  590;  article 
by  Newhall  in,  568-570 


618    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Burnett,  Edmund  C.,  article  edited  by,  459 

Burnley,  Albert  Triplett,  135 

Burnley,  Martha  A.,  sketch  by,   135 

Burr,  S.  J.,  524 

Burroughs,  Wilbur  Greeley,  article  by,  597 

Burrows,  Gen.  John,   An  Autobiographical 

Sketch  of  the  Life  of,  133 
Burt,      Armistead,      settlement     of     militia 

claims  secured  by,  299,  300 
Burton,   Clarence  M.,   article  by,   598 
Burton,  Emma  B.,  article  by,  124 
Burton,  Elder  Joseph  E.,  A  Biography  of, 

124 
Burying  Ground,  The  Oldest,  in  the  County, 

313 

Bnsh,   Bertha  E.,  book  by,   125 
Bushnell,  Daniel  P.,  413,  420,  435,  437 
Butler,   Nicholas  Murray,   address  by,   440 
Butler,  Pierce,  328 
Butler,  William  O.,   259 
Byers,  M.  H.,   10 

Byers,  S.  H.  M.,  sketch  of  life  of,   128 
Byington,  O.  A.,  article  by,  313 
Bynum,   Jesse  A.,   extract  from  speech   of, 

256 

Cabin  Club  of  Cedar  Falls,  cabin  of,  450 

Caboose  cars,  act  regulating  construction 
of,  480 

Caldwell,  Van,  394 

Calhoun,  John  C.,  205,  211,  220,  236,  237, 
238,  242,  243,  249,  266,  267,  275,  277, 
279,  285,  286,  287,  288,  289,  291,  294; 
plan  of,  for  Indian  territory,  210;  atti- 
tude of,  toward  Indian  hostilities,  249, 
250;  extract  from  speech  of,  267,  268; 
accusations  against,  269 ;  attitude  of,  to- 
ward western  defense,  269 ;  attitude  of, 
toward  Oregon  bill,  285,  286,  290 

Califf,  Joseph  M.,  papers  and  reports  by, 
75,  76 

California,  purchase  of,  275;  bill  to  or- 
ganize Territory  of,  294;  reference  to, 
297,  366,  368,  369,  371,  374,  376,  379, 
583 ;  bill  for  Indian  land  cessions  in, 
298;  travel  to,  299;  settlements  in,  301; 
letters  from  gold  seekers  in,  327;  short 
ballot  movement  in,  330,  331 

California,  Coast  Ranges  of,  An  Extension 
of  the  Known  Area  of  Pleistocene  Gla- 
ciation  to  the,  439,  440 

California,  Cooperation  in,  577 

California,  Phonetic  Constituents  of  the  Na- 
tive Languages  of,  446 

California,  The  Languages  of  the  Coast  of, 
446 

California,  University  of,  Publications  in 
American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology, 
121,  446 

California,    University    of,    Publications    in 


Economics,  contents  of,  444 

California  Chronicle,  University  of,  con- 
tents of,  122,  445,  446,  582 

California  in  1776,  San  Francisco  Bay  and, 
583,  589 

California  Labor  Legislation,  A  History  of, 
444 

California  Under  Spain  and  Mexico,  449, 
601 

Call,  Leona,  sketch  of  life  of,  129 

Calvin,  Samuel,  58,  65,  66 ;  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  76-78;  sketch  of  life  of,  448, 
450,  469,  585 ;  successor  to,  appointed, 
468 

Campaign  of  1777,  The,  304 

Campaign  to  the  Southward,  Journal  of 
the,  455,  594 

Campbell,  J.  A.,  48 

Campbell,   John,   A.  L.,    329 

Campbell,   Scott,  421,  437 

Campbell,   Thomas  J.,   articles  by,   457 

Canada,  pioneers  born  in,  361;  reference 
to,  365,  374,  375,  381,  382 

Canada,  Historic  Attempts  to  Annex,  to  the 
United  States,  580 

Canada,  Les  Archives  du,  a  venir  a  1872, 
596 

Canada,  Les  Britons  en,  596 

Canada,  Place-Names  in  Northern,  596 

Canada,  Review  of  Historical  Publications 
Relating  to,  115 

Canada's  Tariff  Policy,  443 

Canadian  Banking  System,  The,  and  its 
Operation  Under  Stress,  119 

Canadian  fur  traders,  244 

Canadian  Navy  and  Imperial  Unity,  The, 
579 

Canadian  Northwest,  The  Beginnings  of 
the  Free-Trade  Movement  in  the,  139 

Canadian  Missionaries  and  the  Holy  Eucha- 
rist, First,  457 

Cance,   Alexander  E.,   article  by,   306,  580 

Candidates,   nomination  of,   477 

Cannon,   Newton,  praise  of  militia  by,   244 

Cantey  Family,   132 

Cap  and  Gown,  The,   125 

Capen,  Edward  Warren,  article  by,  442 

Capital,  National,  The  Bid  of  the  West  for 
the,  460 

Capital  and  Capitol  History  of  South  Da- 
kota, 598 

Capital  Commission,  547,  570 

Capital  Punishment  Be  Abolished,  Should, 
440 

Cardwell,   P.   P.,   165 

Carlin,  Thomas,   458 

Carnegie,  Andrew,  330,  579;  address  by, 
575 

Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  works 
published  by,  462 


INDEX 


619 


Caroline   affair,    265 

Carondelet,  Baron  de,  report  by,  444 

Carpentier,    Franklin    B.,    contribution    by, 

324 

Carr,  Clark  E.,  address  by,  462 
Carr,  Thomas,  article  by,  312,  447,  585 
Carroll,  B.  F.,  curators  appointed  by,  328; 

bill  vetoed  by,  489 
Carroll,  Mitchell,  144 
Carter,  Grin  N.,  address  by,  464 
Carter,  Theodore  G.,  article  by,   120 
Cartier,   Jacques,   A    Recently   Found   Por- 
trait Medallion  of,  326 
Casey  Prairie,  388 

Cass,  Lewis,  removal  of  Indians  urged  by, 
200;  treaty  made  by,   200;   reference  to, 
228;   Indian  policy  of,   238,   239;  report 
by,    261;    letter    from,    to    Senate,    262; 
estimates  of  number  of  Indians  by,  262 
Catfish   (name  of  early  Iowa  town),  23 
Catholic   Documents,   History   of   the   Chip- 
pewa  Nation  as  Told  by  Themselves  and, 
454 

Catholic   Historical  Researches,  The  Amer- 
ican, contents  of,    114 

Catholic  Historical  Society,  American,  Rec- 
ords of  the,  319,  455,  592 
Catholic   Historical    Society,    United   States, 

book  published  by,  457 
Catholic  Mission  Work,  Recollections  of  the 

First,  in  Central  Missouri,  321 
Catholic   Revolutionary  Notes,    114 
Catron,  Justice,  decision  by,  28 
Catt,  Carrie  Chapman,   article  by,   447 
Catterall,  Ralph  C.  N.,  article  by,  134 
Cavalry  Association,  United  States,  Journal 

of  the,  contents  of,   118,   304,   438,   575 
Cavalry  in  the  War  of  Independence,  118 
Cavalry  in  the  Civil  War,  The,  443 
Cave  and  Cliff-Dwellings  of  the  Southwest, 

580 

Cave  Life  to  City  Life,  From,  119 
Caves,  The,  and  Ruins  of  Arizona  and  Col- 
orado, 122 

Cayuse  War  Claims,  settlement  of,  300 
Cedar   County,    155;    Old   Settlers'   Associa- 
tion of,  465 

Cedar  Rapids,  directory  published  in,   130 ; 
Lutheran    Church    at,     312;     old     Blair 
building  at,  446 ;  reference  to,  470 
Cedar  Rapids  Republican,  articles  in,   130 
Cedar    Township,     establishment    of,     159; 
first   election    in,    159;    data    relative   to, 
193 

Cedar  Valley  Seminary,  trustee  of,  470 
Celts,  362,  365 
Cement  Concrete  Paving,  446 
Census  of  1910,  United  States,  taking  of,  303 
Central    Utilities    Commissions    and    Home 
Rule,  579 


Cha-che-que-o,  436 

Chama  Basin,  New  Mexico,  Explorations 
in,  453 

Chamberlain,  Lowell,  sketch  of  life  of,   128 

Chambers,  John,  524 

Chambers  Independent  Church,  The  Early 
History  of  the  Ninth  Presbyterian 
Church  and  the,  320 

Champlin,  John  Denison,  article  by,  579 

Champoeg  (Oregon),  meeting  of  settlers  at, 
510 

Chancellorsvitte  Campaign,  The,  118 

Chandler,  D.  T.,  report  by,  47;  removal  of 
Winder  recommended  by,  47,  48;  testi- 
mony of,  48,  49 

Chandler,  Elizabeth  W.,  article  by,  310 

Channing,  Edward,   454 

Channing  and  Hart,  revised  edition  of  book 
by,  438 

Chapman,   Mr.,   161 

Chapman,  W.  W.,  386 

Charles  II.,  letter  from,  324 

Charlotte   (Vermont),   146 

Charter  Day  Address,  445 

Chase,  Charles  P.,  article  by,  446 

Chasm,  The,  315 

Chattahoochee  River,  214 

Chattanooga  Campaign  with  Especial  Ref- 
erence to  Wisconsin's  Participation 
Therein,  The,  584 

Chautauqua  in  Iowa,  origin  of,   128 

Che-a-na-quod,   436 

Cheney,  J.  W.,  article  by,   130 

Cherington,  P.  T.,  article  by,  309 

Cherokee  County,   380 

Cherokee  Indians,  197,  199,  208,  224,  267, 
268;  treaty  with,  200,  204,  207,  276; 
controversy  over  removal  of,  200;  en- 
croachments upon  lands  of,  201;  land 
held  by,  202 ;  character  of,  202 ;  pros- 
perous condition  of,  203 ;  refusal  of,  to 
cede  land,  204;  population  of,  204;  atti- 
tude of  Monroe  toward,  205 ;  problem  in 
connection  with,  206,  207;  lands  ceded 
to,  207;  removal  of,  from  Arkansas,  209; 
grievance  of  Georgia  against,  211;  claim 
made  by,  211;  illegal  seizure  of  land  of, 
211;  remarks  of  McLane  relative  to,  211, 
212;  number  of,  in  Georgia,  217;  juris- 
diction over  lands  of,  222 ;  opposition  to 
emigration  of,  223;  attitude  of  Jackson 
toward,  227,  228;  means  for  removal  of, 
230;  priority  of  claim  of,  232;  civiliza- 
tion of,  233;  attitude  of  Georgia  toward, 
233,  234,  235;  petition  of,  to  Supreme 
Court,  237;  end  of  controversy  with, 
272-281;  memorial  from,  272;  investi- 
gation of  treaty  with,  272,  273;  neces- 
sity of  surrender  by,  274,  275;  amount 
of  money  paid  to,  275;  plan  of  Clay  rel- 


620    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


ative  to,  275;  removal  of,  to  West,  276, 
277;  increased  interest  in,  279;  petitions 
against  removal  of,  280;  charges  of  in- 
justice to,  280;  crossing  of  Mississippi 
by,  281;  extinguishing  of  land  titles  of, 
282;  laws  of,  311;  missionary  among, 
311 

Cherokee*  "West"  1794  to  1839,  311 

Cheshire,  Thomas  A.,  491 

Chicago,  railroad  to,  18;  pamphlet  pub- 
lished by  City  Club  of,  445;  meeting  of 
historical  association  at,  327,  462;  ref- 
erence to,  557;  conference  at,  605 

Chicago,  Son  of  "Old  Gold"  for  Mayor  of, 
447,  448 

Chicago  and  North  Western  Railway  Sys- 
tem, A  History  of  the,  445 

Chicago  Convention  of  1860,  Massachusetts, 
the  Germans,  and  the,  462 

Chicago  Historical  Society,  papers  in  pos- 
session of,  145,  325,  461;  pamphlets  pub- 
lished by,  453 ;  plan  of,  to  commemorate 
centennial,  461;  meeting  held  in  building 
of,  463  ;  reception  by,  464 

Chicago  Historical  Society's  Collection,  The, 
contents  of,  325 

Chicago  Housing  Conditions,  309,   578 

Chicaqua  River,  20 

Chickamauga,   584 

Chickasaw  Indians,  197,  199,  221,  267, 
268 ;  failure  of  negotiations  with,  220 ; 
treaty  with,  227;  civilization  of,  233; 
extinguishing  of  land  titles  of,  282 

Chidlaw,  B.  W.,  pamphlet  by,  456 

Chief  of  the  Earth,  436 

Chihuahua,  need  for  protection  of  trade  of, 
282 

Child  Labor  Committee,  National,  confer- 
ence of,  581 

Child  Labor  Laws,  Uniform,  581 

Child  Problems,  315 

Childhood,  Memories  of,  123 

Chile,  The  Serfs  of,  and  Their  Emancipa- 
tion, 582 

Chillicothe,  Bowman's  Expedition  Against, 
135 

Chilton,  R  H.,  48 

Chipman,  N.  P.,  33;  record  and  character 
of,  52;  book  by,  578,  579 

Chippewa  Indians,  197;  meeting  of  Pike 
with,  350;  council  of  Pike  with,  354; 
boundary  between  Sioux  and,  410,  413, 
434;  necessity  of  peace  between  Sioux 
and,  411;  boundaries  of  land  cession  de- 
sired from,  423;  treaty  with,  433-437; 
boundary  between  Menominees  and,  434 

Chippewa  Indians,  Proceedings  of  a  Coun- 
cil with  the,  408 

Chippewa  Legends,  122 

Chippewa  Music,   121 


Chippewa  Nation,  History  of  the,  as  Told 
by  Themselves  and  Catholic  Documents, 
454 

Chippewa  River,  desire  of  government  for 
land  on,  409;  reference  to,  422,  429, 
433,  434 

Chitimacha,  440 

Choate,  Joseph  H.,  579 

Choate,  Rufus,  285,  288 ;  opposition  of,  to 
grants  to  settlers,  286 

Choctaw  Indians,  197,  199,  208,  221,  267, 
268;  lands  assigned  to,  207;  treaty  with, 
209;  intrusion  upon  lands  of,  219;  fail- 
ure of  negotiations  with,  220 ;  civiliza- 
tion of,  233;  extinguishing  of  land  titles 
of,  282 

Chouteau,  Pierre,  461 

Christian  Intelligencer,  articles  from,  565- 
568 

Christian  Register,  reprint  from,  304 

Christie,  Robert,  516,  517 

Christy,  Robert  T.,  sketch  of  life  of,  451 

Christy,  William  D.,  sketch  of  life  of,  450 

Chumash  and  Costanoan  Languages,  The, 
121 

Church,  The  First  Great  Mission  of  the,  446 

Church  and  the  City  Community,  The,  442 

Church  History,  Endowing,  131 

Cilley,  Jonathan,  extract  from  speech  of, 
255,  256 

Cincinnati  Municipal  Election  of  1828,  The, 
597 

Circle  K;  or,  Fighting  for  the  Flock,  The, 
589 

Circus  men  born  in  Iowa,  316 

Cities,    acts  relative  to,    478 

Citizenship,  American,   308,   309 

City,  The  Drift  to  the,  in  Relation  to  the 
Rural  Problem,  442 

City  Community,  The  Church  and  the,  442 

City  Government,  The  Commission  Plan  of, 
309,  310 

City  Life,  From  Cave  Life  to,  119 

City  Trend  of  Population  and  Leadership, 
123,  308 

Civic  Federation  Review,  The  National, 
contents  of,  114 

Civic  Responsibility,  119 

Civics,   History  and,   discussion   of,    139 

Civil  Government,  Readings  in,  114,  126 

Civil  Service  Reform  League,  National,  an- 
nual meeting  of,  330 

Civil  Townships,  precursors  of,  156;  estab- 
lishment of,  158,  159,  160 

Civil  War,  service  of  Lea  during,  9;  ar- 
ticles relating  to,  30;  close  of,  49;  mem- 
ories of,  130 ;  commemoration  of  begin- 
ning of,  327;  anniversary  of,  450;  rem- 
iniscences of,  452,  590 ;  Samuel  Calvin 
in,  469;  youngest  soldier  in,  591 


INDEX 


621 


Civil  War,  Gettysburg:  The  Pivotal  Battle 
of  the,  438 

Civil  War,  Personal  Recollections  of  the, 
464 

Civil  War,  Photographing  the,  443 

Civil  War,  The  Cavalry  of  the,  443 

Civil  War  Reminiscences,  592 

Civil  War  statistics,  errors  found  in,  451 

Civilization,   advance  of,  300,  301 

Civilized  Life,  Beginning  of,  Can  we  Ob- 
tain any  Definite  Knowledge  of  the,  454 

Claiborne,  William  C.  C.,  letters  by,  445 

Claim  Association,  description  of,  19 ;  ref- 
erence to,  496 

Claims,  price  of,  570 

Clapp,  E.  J.,  article  by,  308 

Clark,  Dan  E.,  paper  by,  139,  141;  book 
in  preparation  by,  467;  reference  to,  602 

Clark,  Ezekiel,   606 

Clark,  Florence  T.,  article  by,  589 

Clark,  George  Rogers,  papers  of,  137,  462, 
463 

Clark,  George  Rogers,  and  Detroit,  460 

Clark,  I.  N.,  606 

Clark,  J.  Maurice,  article  by,  577 

Clark,  James  M.,  392,  393,  395,  398 

Clark,  J.  S.,  article  by,  450,  589 

Clark,  John,  Pioneer  Preacher  and  Founder 
of  Methodism  in  Missouri,  457 

Clark,  John  M.,  account  by,  326 

Clark,  Leander,  papers  of,  465 

Clark,  Lewis  and,  on  Iowa  soil,  313 

Clark,  Luther  W.,  462 

Clark,  Olynthus  B.,  article  by,  460,  467; 
reference  to,  466,  602 

Clark,  Warner  Lewis,  sketch  of  life  of,  606 

Clark,  William,  choice  of,  for  exploration, 
336 

Clark  Company,  Arthur  H.,  book  published 
by,  444,  445,  584 

Clark  County,  Ohio,  The  Indian  Trails  in, 
320 

Classis  of  Illinois,  meeting  of,  567;  resolu- 
tions of,  relative  to  Hollanders,  567,  568 

Clay,  Clement  C.,  254,  259,  280 

Clay,  Henry,  243,  244,  248,  249,  258,  266, 
267,  277;  attitude  of,  toward  militia, 
243;  accusations  against,  269;  attitude 
of,  toward  Indians,  274,  275;  plan  of, 
for  dealing  with  Cherokees,  275 

Clay,  abundance  of,  in  Iowa  country,   16 

Claypool,  John,  395 

Clayton,  John  M.,  232,  236;  memorial  pre- 
sented by,  272 

Clayton,  Thomas,   294 

Clear  Creek  precinct,  157;  petition  from,  158 

Clear  Creek  township,  establishment  of, 
161;  first  election  in,  162;  change  in 
boundaries  of,  164,  166,  167,  168;  pe- 
tition from,  164;  data  relative  to,  193 


Clement,  Edward  Henry,  sketch  by,  320 
Cliff-Dwellings,    Cave    and,    of    the    South- 
west, 580 

Clifton,  Will  L.,  329 
Clinton,  Governor  George,  Public  Papers  of, 

index  to,  453 
Coal,   abundance  of,  in  Iowa  country,   16; 

tax  for  prospecting  for,  477 
Coal  Beds,  The  Formation  of,  439 
Cobb,  Howell,  charges  against,  50;  verdict 

against,  51 

Cobb,  Thomas  WM  215 
Cocagne,  children  of,  534 
Cocaine,  act  relative  to  sale  of,  481,  482 
Cochrane,  William  B.,  papers  by,  79 
Cockburn's  Plan,  Admiral,  456 
Cocke,   John,   210,   221,   224;   bill  reported 

by,   219 
Code,    definition  of,   494,    495;    methods   of 

making,    495 ;    recommendation  of  Lucas 

relative    to,    498 ;    resemblance    of   Terri- 
torial laws  to,  501   (see  also  Blue  Book) 
Codes    of   Iowa   Law,    History    of    the,    by 

CLIFFORD  POWELL,  493 
Codification  of  law,  movement  toward,  493 ; 

task  of,  494 
Coffin,  Mrs.  L.  F.,  589 
Coggeshall,  Mary  J.,  article  by,  447 
Cohen,  Mendes,  461 
Cohen,  M.  H.,  466 
Cole,  Birdie  Haile,  article  by,  580 
Cole,  Edward,  Indian  Commissioner  in  the 

Illinois  Country,   134 
Cole,  Judge,  eulogy  by,  450 
Coleman,  Christopher  B.,  paper  by,  462 
Coleman,  William  C.,  article  by,  441 
Colgrove,  Kenneth,  acknowledgments  to,  3; 

reference  to,   332,  465 
COLOROVE,  KENNETH  W.,  The  Attitude  of 

Congress    Toward    the    Pioneers    of    the 

West,  196 

Collections,  Notes  Concerning  New,  114 
College,  The  American,  122 
College  Purpose  and  College  Failures,  312 
Collett,  Samuel  W.,  paper  by,  79 
Collier,  L.  T.,  article  by,  595 
Collingsworth,   Mr.,   232 
Collins,   Varnum   Lansing,   contribution  by, 

310 
Collins,   William  H.,   One   of  the  Founders 

of  the  Illinois  Historical  Society,  Life  and 

Labors  of,  462 
Colonial   Dames   of  America,    Iowa    Society 

of,  prize  offered  by,  3 
Colonial     Documents,     Miscellaneous,     324, 

458,   595 
Colonial  Wars  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 

Society  of,   publication  by,   319 
Colorado,    581 ;    woman  who   helped  make, 

589 


622    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Colorado,  Arizona  and,  The  Caves  and 
Ruins  of,  122 

Colorado,  The  Need  of  a  State  Tax  Com- 
mission in,  445 

Colorado,  The  State  Historical  and  Natural 
History  Society  of,  Biennial  Report  of, 
598,  599 

Colorado  Canon,  Physiography  of  the  Great, 
454 

Colorado  Studies,  The  University  of,  con- 
tents of,  445 

Colton,  J.  H.,  maps  made  by,  24 

Columbia  (South  Carolina),  Iowa  soldiers 
at,  317 

Columbia,  South  Carolina,  The  Capture  and 
Destruction  of,  586 

Columbia  Law  Review,  contents  of,  119, 
120,  308,  309,  441 

Columbia  River,  bill  for  armed  occupation 
of,  283;  plan  for  chain  of  forts  to,  284; 
number  of  Indians  along,  292;  Indian 
outbreaks  on,  293 

Columbia  University  Studies  in  History, 
Economics,  and  Public  Law,  contents  of, 
115 

Columbus,  Christopher,  A  Eulogy  of,  592 

Columbus  Day,  establishment  of,  as  holi- 
day, 605 

Colyer,  Walter,  paper  by,   462 

Comanche  Indians,  attacks  of,   282 

Coming  Home  Hollowing,  436 

Commerce,  American  Defense  of,  and  the 
Spirit  of  American  Unity,  310 

Commerce,  Nature  and  Scope  of  the  Power 
of  Congress  to  Regulate,  308 

Commerce,  The  Railroad  Bill  and  the 
Court  of,  120 

Commerce,  Trade  and,  Morals  in,  582 

Commerce  and  Industry,  Conciliation 
Through,  in  South  America,  118,  119 

Commerce  and  Labor,  Department  of, 
pamphlet  issued  by,  575 

Commerce  at  Sea  and  Taxation  and  Arma- 
ments, The  Capture  and  Destruction  of, 
119 

Commerce  Counsel,  office  of,  created,  485; 
powers  and  duties  of,  485 

Commercial  Arithmetic,  Inductive,  315 

Commercial  Conditions,  American,  and  Ne- 
gotiations with  Austria,  459 

Commercial  Legislation  Before  1789, 
American,  305 

Commission  Government,  Municipal  Owner- 
ship Under,  124 

Commission    plan    of    city    government,    test 

of,  317;  amendments  to,  478 
Commission  Plan  of  City  Government,  The, 

309,   310 

Commission  Plan  of  Government,  The  Ef- 
fect of,  on  Public  Libraries,  576 


Commission  Plan  of  Municipal  Govern- 
ment, Selected  articles  on  the,  449 

Commissioner,  The  (Indian  Chief),  421, 
436 

Common  Law,  494;  breaking  away  from, 
504 

Commons,  John  R.,   article  by,  577 

Commonwealth  Conference,  Second  Annual, 
proceedings  of,  311 

Comparative  Reports  and  Uniform  Ac- 
counting, Need  of,  314 

Conciliation,  International,  in  the  Far 
East,  119 

Conciliation  Through  Commerce  and  In- 
dustry in  South  America,  118,  119 

Confederacy,  service  of  Lea  in  army  of,  9; 
conspiracy  on  part  of,  35 

Confederacy,  The  Last  Hope  of  the,  135 

Confederate  Army,  Glimpses  of  the,  443 

Confederate  government,  knowledge  of  con- 
ditions at  Andersonville  on  part  of,  47 ; 
commander  of  prisons  under,  49 ;  con- 
spiracy on  part  of,  50,  51;  records  of, 
145 

Confederate  States  Government,  A  List  of 
the  Official  Publications  of  the,  439 

Congregational  Church,  the  First,  of  Coun- 
cil Bluffs,  Iowa,  History  of,  123 

Congregational  (Circular)  Church,  Regis- 
ter of  the  Independent  or,  455 

Congregational  Church  West  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, Some  Activities  of  the,  584 

Congress,  discussion  of  Iowa-Missouri 
boundary  in,  28 ;  removal  policy  advo- 
cated in,  199;  attitude  of,  toward  re- 
moval policy,  201;  debates  on  Militia 
Claims  in,  202,  203;  appropriations  by, 
203,  204,  253,  254,  256;  Indian  prob- 
lem referred  to,  206;  bill  for  Indian  ter- 
ritory in,  210,  211;  refusal  of,  to  take 
up  Indian  problem,  2 14 ;  appeal  of 
Adams  to,  217;  debate  on  Georgia  con- 
troversy in,  217;  discussion  of  removal 
policy  in,  218-226;  failure  of,  to  adopt 
removal  policy,  220,  222;  attitude  of, 
toward  Jackson,  228 ;  Indian  commis- 
sion appointed  by,  238;  reduction  of 
army  by,  243 ;  neglect  of  frontier  in, 
245 ;  praise  of  western  people  in,  245 ; 
message  of  Jackson  to,  246;  discussion 
of  Florida  Indian  War  in,  247-260; 
memorial  to,  252 ;  refusal  of,  to  increase 
army,  253;  Cherokee  question  in,  272; 
attitude  of,  toward  Cherokees,  273-275; 
petition  of  Cherokees  refused  by,  276; 
failure  of,  to  legislate  for  Oregon,  290, 
291-294;  rebuke  to  wrangle  in,  294; 
attitude  of,  toward  Indians,  301;  di- 
vision of  opinion  in,  302;  efforts  to  se- 
cure compensation  for  Pike  from,  358; 


INDEX 


623 


resolutions  requesting  action  by,  386, 
387;  committees  to  prepare  memorials 
to,  395,  396;  memorials  to,  from  Terri- 
torial convention,  399-407;  power  of,  to 
charter  interstate  commerce  corporations, 
441;  acts  of,  494 

Congress,  Nature  and  Scope  of  the  Power 
of,  to  Regulate  Commerce,  308 

Congress,  The  Attitude  of,  Toward  the  Pi- 
oneers of  the  West,  by  KENNETH  W. 
COLGROVE,  196 

Congress,  The  Exclusive  Power  of,  over 
Interstate  Commerce,  309 

Congress,  The  Legislative  Power  of,  Under 
the  Judicial  Article  of  the  Constitution, 
305 

Conkling,   Clinton  L.,   article  by,   598 

Connecticut,  360,  362,  366,  367,  368,  371, 
374 

Connecticut  Historical  Society,  Annual  Re- 
port of  the,  599 

Connecticut  Historical  Society,  Collections 
of  the,  contents  of,  454 

Connecticut  State  Library,  136 

Conner,  Jacob  Elon,  report  by,   79 

Conner,  J.  P.,  606 

Conover,  Charles  H.,  Lewis  and  Clark  lit- 
erature owned  by,  461 

Conover,  Charles  Tallmadge,  article  by,  310 

Conservation  Commission,  Iowa  State 
Drainage,  Waterways  and,  Report  of  the, 
313 

Conservation  of  the  Future  Lumber  Sup- 
ply, 582 

Conservation  Policy,  The  Public  and  the, 
117 

Constitution,  The  English,  575 

Constitution  of  Iowa,  amendment  to,  476; 
reference  to,  494 

Constitution  of  United  States,  proposed  in- 
come tax  amendment  to,  480;  reference 
to,  494,  502,  521 

Constitutional  Developments  in  Foreign 
Countries  During  1910,  579 

Constitutional  Law  in  1909-1910,  120 

Constitutions,  State,  Judicial  Control  over 
the  Amendment  of,  119 

Constructive  Work,  A  Broad  Program  of, 
576 

Contagion  of  Character,  The,  449 

Conti,   Ugo,   article  by,   581 

Continental  Congress,  1774-1789,  Journals 
of  the,  116 

Continuous  Voyage,  The  Doctrine  of,  303 

Contracts  and  Legal  Ethics,  Laws  as,  114 

Convention  of  1827,  286 

Convention  of  1837,  call  for,  387;  pro- 
ceedings of,  394-398 

Convention  of  1837,  The  Territorial,  385 

Converse,  John  Heman,  131 


Conveyancing,  A  Short  History  of  the 
Origin  and  Development  of,  595 

Conway,  Henry,  208 

Conway,  William  B.,  criticism  of,  by 
Lucas,  507,  508;  reference  to,  511 

Cook,  George  Cram,  book  by,  315 

Cooke,  Frederick  H.,  article  by,  308 

Cooper,  General,  48 

Cooper,  Hugh  L.,  sketch  of  life  of,  317 

Cooper,  John,  sketch  of  life  of,   128 

Cooper,  Peter,  128 

Corbett,  Julian,  article  by,  578 

Corbin,  Alberta  L.,  article  by,  446 

Corey,  A.  B.,  606 

Corey,  Deloraine  Pendre,  455 

Coriell,  William  W.,  390,  437 

Corinth,  battle  of,  591;  evacuation  of,  591 

Cornell  College,  135 

"Corner  Stone"  Resolution,  The,  134 

Coronado,   331 

Coronado's  March  Across  the  High  Plains, 
441,  442 

Coroners,  act  relative  to,  523 

Corporate  Franchises,  Taxation  of,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, 308 

Corporate  Privilege  Against  Self-Incrim- 
ination,  441 

Corporation,  World,  116 

Corporation  Tax,  Partial  Unconstitution- 
ally with  Special  Reference  to  the,  308 

Corporations,  Commentaries  on  the  Law  of 
Municipal,  587 

Corporations,  Foreign,  Constitutional  Lim- 
itations upon  State  Taxation  of,  441 

Corrupt  Practices  at  Elections,  445 

Corsicana   (Texas),  removal  of  Lea  to,  9 

Cosson  Law,  Supervisors  subjected  to,  477; 
County  Attorney  subjected  to,  483 

Costanoan,  The  Chumash  and,  Languages, 
121 

Cotter,  Joseph  Seamon,  Kentucky's  Dun- 
bar,  583 

Cotter,  W.  H.,  166 

Cotton,  John,  454 

Cotton,  M.  D.,  John,  Journal  of,  322 

Couch,  M.,  395 

Council  and  General  Court,  Minutes  of  the, 
458 

Council  Bluffs,  removal  of  Dodge  to,  145; 
reference  to,  284;  railroad  from  Du- 
buque  to,  548 

Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  History  of  the  First 
Congregational  Church  of,  123 

Counties,  acts  relative  to,  503,  504 

Country  and  River-side  Poems,  315 

County,  road  fund  of,  487 

County  Attorney,  476;  duties  of,  477;  list 
of  liquor  licenses  secured  by,  483 

County  Attorneys  of  Iowa,  An  Open  Letter 
to,  314 


624    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


County  Auditor,  list  of  liquor  licenses  filed 
with,  483 

County  Commissioners,  division  of  county 
by,  156;  petitions  to,  158;  civil  town- 
ships established  by,  158,  159,  160;  suc- 
cessor to,  164 

County  Engineer,  bill  for  creation  of  office 
of,  489 

County  government,  acts  relative  to,  477, 
504 

County  Judge,   164,   170 

County  Surveyor,  office  of,  abolished,  477, 
486 

Court  of  Appeals  Decision,  The,  441 

Courts,  decisions  of,  494;  acts  relative  to, 
522 

Courts,  Jurisdiction  of,  over  States,  The 
Development  of  the  American  Doctrine 
of,  439 

Cowles,  La  Monte,   329 

Cox,  Isaac  J.,  article  by,  135,  139,  460, 
462 ;  pamphlet  by,  453 ;  papers  edited 
by,  593 

Cox,   Thomas,  resolution  by,   516 

Craig,  Walter  F.,   328,    329 

Cravens,   Joseph,  M.,   606 

Crawford,  P.  W.,  articles  by,  591 

Cream,  regulation  of  sale  of,   482 

Creek  Indians,  197,  199,  252,  267,  268; 
controversy  over  removal  of,  200;  en- 
croachments upon  lands  of,  201;  land 
held  by,  202 ;  character  of,  202 ;  pros- 
perous condition  of,  203 ;  refusal  of,  to 
cede  land,  204;  treaties  with,  204,  212, 
214,  227;  population  of,  204;  attitude 
of  Monroe  toward,  205 ;  grievance  of 
Georgia  against,  211;  end  of  controver- 
sy with,  212-217;  desire  of  whites  for 
lands  of,  213;  illegality  of  treaty  with, 
213;  refusal  of,  to  cede  land,  214;  lands 
ceded  by,  215,  217;  appropriations  for 
treaty  with,  216;  violation  of  treaty 
with,  216;  attitude  of  Alabama  toward, 
217;  defeat  of,  by  Jackson,  226;  de- 
mand for  removal  of,  247;  threatened 
hostilities  of,  247 ;  appropriations  for 
suppression  of,  253 ;  extinguishing  of 
land  titles  of,  282 

Crime,  Growth  of,  The  Influence  of  News- 
paper Presentations  upon  the,  118 

Crime,  The  Correction  and  Prevention  of, 
306 

Crime  and  Punishment,  307 

Crimes,  act  defining,   505 

Criminal  code,   505 

Criminal  Justice  in  Kansas,  581 

Criminal  Justice  in  Wisconsin,  The  Ad- 
ministration of,  440 

Criminal  Law,  The  International  Union  of, 
440 


Criminal  Law,  The  Unequal  Application  of 

the,  307 
Criminal   Law   and   Criminology,    American 

Institute  of,  annual  meeting  of,   144 
Criminal  Law  and  Criminology,  Journal  of 
the   American   Institute    of,    contents   of, 
117,  307,  440,  466,  581 
Criminal  Law  and  Procedure,  Judicial  De- 
cisions on,  581 

Criminal  Law  and  Procedure,  Needed  Re- 
forms in,  307 

Criminal  Trials,  Public  Defense  in,  307 
Criminals,    act    to    prevent   procreation    of, 

484 

Criminals,  State's  Guardianship  over,  307 
Criminals,  The  Classification  of,  117 
Crittenden,    John   J.,    259,    266,    267,    285, 

288 

Crocker's  Iowa  Brigade,  reunion  of,   605 
Crosley,   G.  WM  article  by,   127 
Cross,  Ira  B.,  article  by,  577 
Crow  Wing  River,  423,  433 
Cruikshank,   E.  A.,   article  by,   596 
Crum,  William,  statement  by,   525 
Crum,  W.  E.,    142 

Cuba,   Captain-general  of,  letter  to,   444 
Culpeper,   Lord,   324;   letter  of  instructions 

to,  595 

Culver,  Francis  B.,   article  by,   323 
Culverts,  building  and  repair  of,  477 
Cumberland,  Barlow,  article  by,  596 
Cumberland,  The  First  Historian  of,  118 
Cummins,    A.    B.,    biographical    sketch    of, 

589 

Cunningham,  J.  O.,  article  by,  597 
Cunningham,    William    J.,    article    by,    117, 

440 

Cupar,  Abbot  and  Convent  of,  1220,  Char- 
ter of  the,  306 

Currency  Reform,  The  Need  for,  306 
Current,  Against  the,   127 
Currey,  J.  Seymour,  article  by,  597 
Currier,  Amos  Noyes,  reports  by,  79 
Curtis,  Edward  S.,  picture  by,  324 
Curtis,   George  Carroll,   article  by,   579 
Curtis,   Samuel  R.,    10,    52 
Cusachs,  Gaspar,  328 
Cut  Ear,  436 

Cuthbert,    Alfred,    275,    280 
Cutler,   Elisha,    Jr.,    573 
Cutler,  H.  Gardner,  article  by,  120 
Cyanide  Practice,  More  Recent,  125 
Cyprinodont  from  Central  Peru,   Notes   on 

a,  588 
Cypress  Barony,   455 

Dairy   and    Food    Commissioner,    State,    act 

relative  to,  482 ;  duty  of,  486 
Dakota,  recollections  of,   318 
Dakota  Campaigns,  598 


INDEX 


625 


Dakotah  Indians,  418 
Dale,  Robert  Burdette,  report  by,  69 
Dandy,  The  (Indian  chief),  421,  436 
Daniels,  W.  M.,  book  revised  by,  114 
Danish,  number  of,  among  settlers,  364 
Danville  and  Fort  Clark  Road,  The,  597 
Davenport,  George,  hunt  for  slayers  of,  451 
Davenport,  T.  W.,  article  by,  322 
Davenport,  treaty  made  on  site  of,  13 ;  ref- 
erence   to,    22 ;    description    of,    by    Lea, 
22,  23;  library  association  at,  144 
Davenport  Academy  of  Science,  The,  12 
Davenport  and  Scott  County  in  Iowa,  Die 

Deutschen  in,  131 
Davis,   Erode  B.,   142 
Davis,  George  T.,   168 
Davis,  Horace,  article  by,   133 
Davis,   James,    26,    394,    395,    398;    resolu- 
tions by,  397,  398 

Davis,   Jefferson,    30,    31,    38,    45;    charges 
against,  50;  verdict  against,  51;  bill  in- 
troduced by,   299;  part  of  Iowa  man  in 
capture  of,   590 
Davis,  M.  W.,  death  of,  602 ;  sketch  of  life 

of,  602,  603 

Davis'  Bridge,  fight  at,  591 
Dawes,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  G.,  reception 

held  by,  464 

Dawn  O'Hara,  The  Girl  who  Laughed,  588 
Dawson,  Miles  M.,  article  by,  580,  581 
Dawson,  Thomas  C.,  sketch  of,  450 
Day,  H.  G.,  20,  30,  31 
Dayton,  William  L.,  287 
Dean,  Lee  Wallace,  papers  by,  79 
Debater's  Handbook  Series,  115 
Declaration  of  Independence,  502,  521 
Decres,     Minister,     instructions     from,     to 

French  officials,  445 
Deemer,  Horace  E.,  512 
Defective  classes,  legislation  relative  to,  484 
De  Ford,  Frank,  606 
Delavane  House  (Albany),  535 
Delaware,  363 

Delaware  Indians,  land  ceded  by,  200 
Delegate    to    Congress,    provision    for    elec- 
tion of,   508 

Doming,  Judson  Keith,   601 
Democracy,  Barriers  Against,  in  the  Brit- 
ish Electoral  System,  441 
Democracy,  The  German  Social,   117 
Democracy,  The  Public  Domain  and,   115 
Demoine  County,    18 

Demonts  Tercentenary  at  Annapolis,  132 
Deneen,  Charles  S.,  message  of,  330 
Denison,  Thomas  S.,  592 
Denmark,  305,   361,  374 
Dennis,  Bryan,  election  at  house  of,  162 
Densmore,  Frances,  article  by,   121 
Dependency   Law    of   Iowa,    The   Contribu- 
tory, 440,   466 


Dependent  classes,  legislation  relative  to, 
484 

Des  Moines,  first  railroad  at,  128;  capital 
of  state,  129;  removal  of  Kasson  to,  146; 
earliest  street  cars  of,  316;  women  hon- 
ored by,  450;  reference  to,  468,  528; 
act  for  benefit  of,  482 ;  first  white  wom- 
en in,  589;  pioneers  of,  589 

Des  Moines,  A  History  of  the  Banks  of, 
124 

Des  Moines,  The  Story  of,  124 

Des  Moines  College,  origin  of,  129 

Des  Moines  County,  proceedings  of  meet- 
ing of  citizens  of,  385-389;  call  for  meet- 
ing of  people  of,  387,  388;  delegates 
from,  to  convention,  394;  reduction  in 
representation  of,  476 

Des  Moines  Plan,  Working  of  the,  124 

Des  Moines  rapids,  399,  400 

Des  Moines  River,  expedition  up,  6-8;  de- 
scent of,  by  Lea,  8 ;  Lea's  report  on,  8 ; 
description  of,  by  Lea,  9-11,  20;  basis 
of  appropriations  for,  10 ;  reference  to, 
14,  21,  30,  343,  399,  543,  544,  548,  554, 
570;  rapids  at  Great  Bend  of,  27;  con- 
troversy over  rapids  in,  27;  arrival  of 
Pike  at,  340 ;  purchase  of  land  on,  by 
Dutch,  542 ;  improvement  of,  547 

Des  Moines  River,  Report  on  the,  descrip- 
tion of,  9-11 

Des  Moines  Valley,  book  on,  547 

Detroit,   197,  268 

Detroit,  George  Rogers  Clark  and,  460 

Detroit  the  Key  to  the  West  During  the 
American  Revolution,  598 

Deutsch-Amerikaner  und  die  deutsche  Rev- 
olution, Die,  321 

D eutsch-Amerikanische   Geschichtsbldtter, 
contents  of,  131,  320,  321,  455,  593 

D  eutsch-Amerikanische  National- Bund,  Der, 
455 

Deutsch-Amerikanischen  Zentral-Bundes  von 
Pennsylvanien,  Elfte  Staats-Konvention 
des,  131 

Deutschen  in  der  Politik  im  Staate  Indiana, 
321 

Devine,  Edward  T.,  article  by,  306,  307, 
580;  book  by,  587 

Devitt,  E.  P.,  contribution  by,   319 

De  Witt,  Thomas,  letter  to  Scholte  from, 
571,  572 

De  Wolf,   Sherman  W.,  329 

Dexter,  Franklin  Bowditch,  book  by,  576 

Dey,  Peter  A.,  appreciation  of,  142,  143 ; 
sketch  of  life  of,  589,  603,  604;  death  of, 
603 

Deyoe,  A.  M.,  article  by,  585 

Dhu,  Roderick:  His  Poetical  Pedigree,  118 

Dickens,  Charles,  in  Illinois,  134 

Dickey,  Francis  W.,  330 


626    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Dickey,  Judge  Theophilus  L.,  and  the  First 
Murder  Trial  in  Kendall  County,  321* 

Dieckmann,  George  P.,  paper  by,  113 

Dietz,  Mrs.  J.  J.,  report  by,  79 

Dilatush,  Supervisor,   171 

Dillon,  John  F.,  book  by,  587 

Diocese  of  Sudor,  The  Scottish  Islands  in 
the,  440 

Diplomatic  Affairs  and  International  Law, 
1910,  309 

Diplomatic  History,  American,  with  refer- 
ence to  Latin  America,  conference  on, 
139 

District  Judges,  number  of,  476 

Ditzen,  Henry  E.  C.,  article  by,  440,  466 

Divorce,  law  relative  to,   523 

Divorce  in  Scotland,  The  History  of,  118 

Dix,  John  A.,  579 

Dixon,  Roland  B.,  582 

Documents,  Collateral  and  Illustrative,  310 

Dodd,  Edward  Lewis,  paper  by,  79 

Dodd,  William  E.,  paper  by,  463 

Dodd,  W.  F.,  article  by,   119,   144,   579 

Dodds,  J.  H.,  article  by,   129 

Dodge,  Grenville  M.,  book  by,  124,  125; 
reference  to,  145 ;  sketch  of  life  of,  450 

Dodge,  Henry,  orders  to  Lea  by,  5;  biog- 
raphy of,  141,  328;  approval  of  admin- 
istration of,  391,  397;  council  called  by, 
408;  address  by,  409,  410,  421-423,  427, 
428,  429,  430;  peace  between  Indians 
urged  by,  411;  reference  to,  413,  420, 
421,  430,  431,  432,  435;  treaty  with 
Chippewas  made  by,  433-437;  code  rec- 
ommended by,  497 

Dodge,  Henry,  465,  589,  601 

Dodge,  Nathan  Phillips,  book  by,  123  ;  ref- 
erence to,  142 ;  sketch  of  life  of,  145 

Dolliver,  Jonathan  P.,  sketches  of  life  of, 
128,  129,  130,  146 

Domestic  Relations,  Social  Control  of  the, 
442 

Dominian,  Leon,  article  by,  131 

Doniphan,  Alexander,  sketch  of  life  of,  120 

Doniphan  expedition,  letters  from  members 
of,  327 

Doolittle,   Eric,  papers  and  reports  by,   79 

Doolittle,  James  Rood,  of  Wisconsin,  597 

Dorcas,  Herbert  C.,  article  by,  448 

Dorchester  Heights,  A  Hero  of,  320 

Doty,  Luther,   166 

Douglas,  Richard  L.,  article  by,  460 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  western  character  of, 
284;  reference  to,  287,  299;  bill  intro- 
duced by,  290,  291,  294;  resolution  by, 
298;  settlement  of  militia  claims  secured 
by,  299,  300 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  Abraham  Lincoln  and, 
as  Lawyers,  464 

Douglas,  Walter  B.,  article  by,  460,  598 


Dousman,  Hercules  L.,  435,  437 

Dow,  J.  E.,  article  by,  114 

Dowd,  Jerome,  442 

Downer,  Harry  E.,  book  by,   588 

Downey,  E.  H.,  book  by,  466;  reference  to, 

602 

Downing,  James  E.,  article  by,  451 
Dragoons,  First  United  States,  Lea  ordered 
to  join,  5;  march  of,  9;  description  of 
country  traversed  by,  11;  reference  to, 
24;  route  of,  25;  story  of  march  of,  29; 
journal  of  march  of,  29,  30;  formation 
of,  31 

Drainage,  Waterways  and  Conservation 
Commission,  Iowa  State,  Report  of  the, 
313 

Draper  manuscripts,  135 
Drew,  Oilman  Arthur,  report  by,  79 
Drinking  Cup,  A  Protest  Against  the  Com- 
mon, 585 
Druggists,   filling  of  application  blanks  by, 

483 ;  sale  of  liquor  by,  483 
Drugs,  act  relative  to  sale  of,  481,  482 
Drum  Tower,  In  the  Shadow  of  the,  588 
Dryden  Barbour  Family,  Traer,  Iowa,  Fam- 
ily History   and  Genealogy   of   the,   446, 
448 

Dryzer,  Frank  Moses,  report  by,  80 
Dube,  Jean  Baptiste,  421,  437 
Dubuque,  Julien,  visit  of  Pike  at  mines  of, 

343,  344;  article  relative  to,  591 
Dubuque,  lead  industry  at,  16,  17;  descrip- 
tion of,  by  Lea,  23;  first  settlers  at,  198; 
events  in,  during  1910,  318;  by-laws  of 
miners  at,  496;  railroad  to  Council 
Bluffs  from,  548 

Dubuque    County,    18,    380,    383;    proceed- 
ings of  meeting  of  citizens  of,   385,   390, 
391 ;     resolution     favoring     division     of, 
387;  delegates  from,  to  convention,  394 
Dubuque,  directory  of,  452 
Dubuque   Telegraph-Herald,   The,  historical 

articles  in,  130,  318,  452,  591 
Dudley,  Charles  E.,  229 
Dunbar,  John  B.,  article  by,  460 
Duncan,  Alexander,  287 
Dunn,  Arthur  Wallace,  article  by,  443 
Dunn,  Edward,  462 
Dunn,  Samuel  O.,  pamphlet  by,  304 
Dunn,  William  Edward,  article  by,  323 
Dunning,  William  A.,   article  by,   134 
Dupont,  William,  election  at  house  of,  160 
Duras,  Victor  Hugo,  article  by,  442 
Du  Roi  the  Elder,  Journal  of,  594 
Dutch,     number    of,     among    settlers,     364; 
history  of,   in  preparation,   466 ;    colonies 
of,  in  Michigan  and  Iowa,  528;  prepara- 
tion    for     settlement     by,     528-538;     re- 
semblance of,  to  Pilgrims,  537;  purchase 
of   land    by,    541;    rejoicing   of,    at   pur- 


INDEX 


627 


chase  of  land,  543 ;  character  of  land 
purchased  by,  543-545 ;  survey  of  lands 
purchased  by,  550  (see  also  Hollanders) 

Dutch  Republic  and  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, The,  576 

Dutton,  Jerome,  letters  by,   135 

Dyer,  Albion  Morris,  article  by,  320,  455, 
456,  594 

Earth  and  Sky  Every  Child  Should  Know, 

127 

East,  right  of,  to  dispose  of  Northwest,  286 
East     Lucas     township,     establishment    of, 
174;  change  in  boundaries  of,  175,  176; 
data  relative  to,  194 
Eastman,  Clarence  Willis,  report  by,  80 
Eastman,  Lauren  Chase,  601 
Easton,    Burton    Scott,    paper    and    reports 

by,   80 
Easton    (Pennsylvania),    childhood  of   Pike 

at,  337 
Eaton,   Arthur   Wentworth  Hamilton,   book 

by,  307 

Eaton,  John  H.,  Indian  territory  urged  by, 
238;  successor  to,  238;  treaty  negotiated 
by,  272,  277 
Eaton,  Willard  Lee,  sketch  of  life  of,  469, 

470 

Eaves,  Lucile,  monograph  by,  444 
Eberhart,  Governor,  490 
Economic    Association,     American,     annual 

meeting  of,  442,  443 
Economic     Association,     Bulletin     of     the 

American,  contents  of,  442,  443,  576 
Economic    Association,    Handbook    of    the 

American,  576 

Economic  History  and  Philology,  309 
Economic  legislation,  485,  486 
Economic  Review,  The  American,   contents 

of,  442,  443,  577 
Economic  Significance  of  a  Comprehensive 

System  of  National  Education,  443 
Economics,  The  Quarterly  Journal  of,  con- 
tents of,  117,  309,  440,  578 
Economy  and  Efficiency,  Bureau  of,  330 
Eddowes,  Ralph,  article  by,  580 
Edgerton,  James  A.,  article  by,  443 
Edinburg,    1745,    Siege    of,    Letters    from 
Francis  Kennedy  to  Baron  Kennedy  Rel- 
ative to  the,  118 

Edinburgh  in  1544  and  Hertford's  Inva- 
sion, 306 

Editorial  Review,  The,  contents  of,   577 
Edler,  Friedrich,  monograph  by,  576 
Edmands,  John,  article  by,  320 
Edmundson,  D.  G.,  142 
Education,  act  relative  to,  522 
Education,  Iowa  State  Board  of,  First  Bi- 
ennial Report  of  the,  587 
Education,     Practical     Home     and    School 


Methods  of  Study  and  Instruction  in  the 
Fundamental  Elements  of,  125 
Education,  Principles  of,  125 
Education,  Relations  of  the  State  Board  of, 

to  the  Public  School  System,  123 
Education   for   the   Iowa   Farm  Boy,    313, 

314 

Educational  commission,  488 
Educational  Department  Bulletin,   contents 

of,   120,  303 

Educational    Things,    Some    Personal    Con- 
clusions about,  121 
Edwards,  F.  M.,  328 
Edwards,  James  G.,  500 
Edwards,    Ninian,    county    established    by, 

463 ;  monument  to,  600 
Edwardsville     (Illinois),     monument     near, 

600 

Eeles,  L.  C.,  article  by,  578 
Egdahl,  Anfin,  paper  and  reports  by,  80 
Eisenach  (Germany),  465 
El  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  (New  Mexico),  sum- 
mer school  held  at,  461 
Elbert,  John  D.,  524 
Elder  Brother   (Indian  chief),  417,  436 
Eldorado    township,    school    district    organ- 
ized in,  470 

Election  Address,  The  British,  308 
Election    precincts,    establishment    of,    156, 

157 

Electric  Railway  Transportation,  306 
Eliot,  Charles  W.,  article  by,  120 
Elkhorn  River,  145 
Elliott,  Francis  Perry,  book  by,  448 
Elliott,    John,   report  by,   202;    Indian   ter- 
ritory favored  by,   211 

Elliott,  T.  C.,  journals  edited  by,   136;   ar- 
ticle by,  322 
Elliott,   W.   P.,    article  by,    130,    317,    452, 

590 

Ellis,  George  W.,  article  by,  443 
Ellis,  Henry  G.,  article  by,  119 
Ellis,  James  W.,  book  by,  586,  588;  refer- 
ence to,  606 

Ellwanger,  Ella  H.,  sketch  by,  457 
Ellwood,  Charles  A.,  article  by,  117 
Elmer,  Surgeon  Ebenezer,  of  the  New  Jer- 
sey Continental  Line,  Extracts  from  the 
Journal  of,  459 
Eltinge,  Leroy,  article  by,  438 
Ely,  Hanson  Edward,  report  by,  80 
Ely,  Henry  S.,  142 

Emerick,  Charles  Franklin,  article  by,  306 
Emerson,  F.  V.,  article  by,  305,  440 
Emerson,  J.,  437 
Emerson,  J.  G.,  article  by,  447 
Emery,  D.  A.,  329 

Emigrants,  hopes  and  fears  of,  284;  dan- 
ger to,  in  Oregon,  287;  bill  for  protec- 
tion of,  288 


628    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Emigration,  retreat  of  Indians  before,  200; 
extension  of,  to  Rocky  Mountains,  286 

Emotional  Price  of  Peace,  The,  577 

Employer's  Liability  Commission,  establish- 
ment of,  480;  reference  to,  488 

Enabling  Act,  Violation  by  a  State  of  the 
Condition  of  its,  119 

Encyclopedia,  Practical  American,  449 

England,  George  Allan,  article  by,  117 

England,  mission  of  Barbour  to,  223 ;  de- 
fiance of,  283;  act  of  hostility  toward, 
285;  reference  to,  361,  367,  374,  377, 
381 

England,  Emigrants  from,  455 

Engle,  Peter  H.,  394,  396,  398 

English,  number  of,  among  settlers,  364; 
preference  of,  for  Ohio,  376 

English  Constitution,  The,  575,  588 

English  Constitutional  Crisis,  The,  119 

English  language,  desirability  of  knowledge 
of,  by  foreigners,  532,  533 

Engvall,  Ernest  M.,  329 

Eno,  Henry,  395,   396 

Enos,  Zimri  A.,  597 

Epping,  Charlotte  S.  J.,  translation  by,  594 

Ericson,  Honorable  C.  J.  A.,   123 

Erie  canal,  influence  of,  325 

Erosion,  Soil,  588 

Essex  Institute,  activities  of,  599 

Essex  Institute,  Historical  Collections  of 
the,  contents  of,  132,  321,  454,  594 

Estes,  Clarence,  report  by,  80 

Estournelles  de  Constant,  Baron  de,  pamph- 
let by,  304 

Ethnology,  Bureau  of,  American,  bulletin 
published  by,  121,  440,  442,  445,  582 

Ethnology,  The  Prehistoric,  of  a  Kentucky 
Site,  311,  312 

Etzel,  John  L.,  142 

Europe,  migrations  from,  301;  pioneers 
born  in,  361;  emigrants  from,  402;  ref- 
erence to,  584 

Europe,  Workmen's  Insurance  and  Com- 
pensation Systems  in,  305,  577 

European  Foundations  of  the  American  Na- 
tion, Millenial  of,  580 

European  History,  Modern,  conference  on, 
139 

Evans,   George,   233,  235 

Evanston  (Illinois),  meeting  of  historical 
associations  at,  139,  327,  461,  462; 
mayor  of,  462 

Evanston  Club,  luncheon  tendered  at,  464 

Evanston  Historical  Society,  meeting  in 
rooms  of,  463 

Evarts,  Jeremiah,  articles  by,  230 

Everett,  Edward,  217,  233,  251,   275 

Everett,  Horace,  report  by,  239;  bill  intro- 
duced by,  241,  243;  reference  to,  242, 
2f>7 


Evermann,  Barton  Warren,  book  by,  588 
Executive  Department,  acts  relative  to,  476 
Express    companies,    investigation    of    rates 
charged  by,  485 

Factory  system,  abolition  of,  244 

Fages,  Pedro,  Diary  of,  594 

Fairbanks,  Arthur,  book  by,  315 

Fairbanks,  Charles  W.,   606 

Fairchild,  H.  C.,  468 

Fairfield,  Receiver  of  Public  Lands  at,  539; 

visit  of  Scholte  at,  539-541;  old  settlers' 

day  at,  591 

Fairfield  Ledger,  The,  article  in,  123 
Fairfield  Tribune,  article  in,  313 
Fairies  and  Other  Stories,  The  Rose,  588 
Fairlawn  Barony,  132 
Fairlie,  John  A.,  article  by,  577 
Fairview,  570 
Fairview   (Illinois),  568 
Fales,   Joseph  T.,   390,   394;   resolution  by, 

398 
Falls   of    St.   Anthony,    arrival   of   Pike   at, 

348 
Farm  Accounting  for  the  Practical  Farmer, 

448 

Farm  Boy,  Iowa,  Education  for  the,  316 
Farmer,  The  Banker  and  the,  313 
Faro  layouts,  possession  of,  prohibited,  483, 

484 

Farrand,  Max,  work  edited  by,  438 
Farthing,  R.  J.,  article  by,  586 
Father   (Indian  chief),  409 
Faucett,  J.  M.,  report  by,  80 
Faust,  A.  B.,  article  by,   131 
Faville,   Malinda  Cleaver,   article  by,   123 
Fay,  E.  K.,  395 

Feather,  The  (Indian  chief),  436 
Federal  Convention,  Records  of  the,  438 
Federal    Government,    Statistical    Work    of 

the,  116,  308 

Federal  Incorporation,  441 
Federal  liquor  licenses,  list  of,  483 
Federalism  and  the  West,  584,  585 
Feeble-minded  persons,   act  to  prevent  pro- 
creation of,  484 
Feldman,    Mr.    and  Mrs.   August,   sketch   of 

lives  of,   318 
Felkner,  Henry,  517 
Fenian  Raid   of   1866   and  Events   on  the 

Frontier,  The,  596 
Fenton,  Frances,  article  by,  118 
Ferber,  Edna,  book  by,  588 
Ferguson,  William  S.,   article  by,   134 
Ferree,  Barr,  book  edited  by,  579,  580 
Ferries,  laws  relative  to,  503 
Ferrill,   Rev.   London,   Kentucky's   Greatest 

Negro  Preacher,  583 
Ferris,  George  L.,  article  by,  317 
Ferris,  Ida  M.,  article  by,  319,  460 


INDEX 


629 


Fessenden,  Francis,  member  of  Wirz  court, 

52 
Fessenden,  William  Pitt,  52 

Fewkes,  Jesse  Walter,  article  by,  445,  582 

Ficke,  Arthur  Davison,  book  by,  125 

Field,  Alexander  Pope,  458 

Field,  David  Dudley,  493 

Fiereaince,   408 

Filson  Club  Publications,  contents  of,  322 

Finance,  Banking  and,  313 

Finances  and  Municipal  Accounts,  Third 
Annual  Report  of  Department  of,  586 

Finkelnburg,  Gustavus  A.,  article  by,  460 

Fire  Marshal,  establishment  of  office  of, 
481;  powers  and  duties  of,  481 

Fires,  investigation  of  causes  of,  481 

First  Day  (Indian  chief),  436 

Fish,  Carl  Russell,  article  by,  456;  com- 
pilation by,  462 

Fisheries,  New  England,  A  History  of  the, 
439 

Fisheries  of  British  North  America,  The, 
and  the  United  States  Fishermen,  132 

Fiske,  John,  facts  concerning  migrations 
pointed  out  by,  359,  360,  384 

Fitch,   George,  book  by,  588 

Fitch,  Michael  Hendrick,  monograph  by, 
584 

Fitzgerald,  William  T.  A.,  article  by,  595 

Fitzpatrick,  Sir  Charles,  address  by,  577 

Fitzpatrick,  T.  J.,   12;  book  by,  588,  592 

Five  Mile  Bill,  485,  489 ;  defeat  of,  490 

Fjelde,  Herman  O.,  article  by,  580 

Flack,  Horace  E.,  article  by,  443,  444 

Flat  Mouth,  408,  436;  speech  by,  410,  412, 
428,  429 

Fleming,  Burton  Percival,  paper  by,  80 

Fleming,  R.  J.,  466 

Flint:  Timothy,  Pioneer,  Missionary,  Au- 
thor, Editor,  1780-1840,  584 

Flint  (early  Iowa  town),  388 

Floods,  description  of,  591 

Florida,  Indian  troubles  in,  197,  247,  248, 
255,  256,  280;  necessity  for  protection 
of,  249,  256;  reference  to,  251,  263;  en- 
couragement to  settlers  in,  257-260; 
close  of  Indian  war  in,  260;  effect  of 
hostilities  in,  265;  purchase  of,  275 

Florida,  West,  The  American  Intervention 
in,  139 

Florida  Indian  War,  outbreak  of,  247;  dis- 
cussion of,  in  Congress,  247-260;  causes 
of,  258;  reference  to,  262 

Flour,  act  relative  to  marking  of  packages 
of,  486 

Floyd,  Charles,  burial  of,   313 

Floyd,  John,  occupation  of  Oregon  urged 
by,  244 

Fond  du  Lac,  Indian  chiefs  from,  409,  436 

Font,  Pedro,  583 


Food   Commissioner,    State   Dairy    and,    act 

relative  to,  482;  duty  of,  486 
Forbes,  Edgar  Allen,  article  by,  579 
Forbes,  William  H.,  437 
Ford,  Arthur  Hillyer,  papers  by,  80 
Ford,  Thomas,  458 
Ford,   Governor   Thomas  A,,   Study   of  the 

Administration  of,  458 
Ford,  Worthington  C.,  article  by,  133,  454; 

reference  to,  595 
Fordhams    and   La   Serres   of   the   English 

Settlement  in  Edwards  County,  Illinois, 

The,  462 

Foreign  Press  in  America,   The  American- 
izing Influence  of  the,  320,   321 
Foreigners,   exploitation   of,    532,    533    . 
Foreigners,  The  Rout  of  the,  127 
Forest,  The  Pioneer  and  the,  460 
Forsyth,    John,    attitude   of,    toward   militia 

claims,  203;  reference  to,  206,  211,  221, 

231,   242,   272 
Fort  Chartres,  bill  for  purchase  of  site  of, 

600 

Fort  Clark  Road,  The  Danville  and,  597 
Fort  Dearborn  massacre,  plan  to  commem- 
orate centennial  of,  461 
Fort   Dearborn   Massacre,    Some   Notes    on 

the,  463 
Fort  Des  Moines,   arrival  of  Lea  at,   5,   9 ; 

reference  to,  6,  30;  return  of  Lea  to,  8; 

description  of,  by  Lea,   22 
Fort  Dodge,  death  of  Dolliver  at,  146 
Fort  Donnelson,  52 
Fort  Gibson,  arrival  of  Lea  at,  5 ;  reference 

to,  30 

Fort  Howard,  196 
Fort  Madison,   description  of,   by  Lea,   22; 

arrival  of  Pike  at  site  of,  341;  choice  of 

site  of,  for  fort,  341;  reference  to,  399 
Fort  Russell,  monument  on  site  of,  600 
Fort    Snelling,    271,    431;    arrival    of    Pike 

near  site  of,  347;  treaty  with  Chippewa 

Indians  near,  408 
Fort  Sumter,  First  Shot  on,  594 
Fortier,  Alcee,  328 
Fortification  Bill,  debate  on,  261;  reference 

to,  270 

Forts,  strength  of,  244 
Foster,  J.  G.,  tribute  to,  317 
Foster,  John  W.,  330 
Foster,  Thomas  F.,  speech  of,  234,  235 
Foster's  Opera  House,  closing  of,  590 
Fothergill,  Gerald,  article  by,  455 
Founders,  The  Last  of  the,  123 
Four  Lakes  Indians,  Notes  on  the,  456 
Fowke,  Gerard,  article  by,  121 
Fox,  George  L.,  address  by,  308 
Fox,  Wendell  P.,  article  by,  596 
Fox  Indians,  trading  post  for,  suggested  by 

Pike,   340;   village  of,   342;    Iowa's  first 


630    I6WA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


settler  member  of  tribe  of,  450^  burial 
customs  of,  458 

Foxes,  The  Sauka  and,  in  Franklin  and 
Osage  Counties ,  Kansas,  319 

Foy,  Frank,  book  by,  448 

Frame,  Andrew  J.,  article  by,  119 

France,  spoliation  payments  from,  261;  ref- 
erence to,  305,  361,  374 

Franklin,  State  of,  3 

Franklin's  Son,  Who  was  the  Mother  of, 
596 

Franklins,  Benjamin,  Dem  Andenken,  593 

Franzen,  M.  Florence,  466 

Freeman,  President,  inauguration  of,  312 

Freeman,  American-Born,  First  Community 
of,  and  Its  Dominion,  120 

Freemason,  The  American,  contents  of,  312, 
447,  585 

Freemasonry,  American,  Beginnings  of,  447 

Freemasonry,  The  Universalist  Church  and, 
446 

Freemasonry  and  the  French  Revolution, 
585 

Free-Trade  Movement,  The  Beginnings  of 
the,  in  the  Canadian  Northwest,  139 

Frelinghuysen,  Theodore,  231,  237;  amend- 
ment by,  236 

Fremont  township,  election  in,  167;  organ- 
ization of,  167;  data  relative  to,  193 

Fremont  Voters  Association,  meeting  of, 
591 

French,   Augustus  C.,   458 

French,  establishment  of,  in  Louisiana, 
145;  number  of,  among  settlers,  364 

French  Canadians,  number  of,  among  set- 
tlers, 364,  365;  reference  to,  379,  383; 
settlements  by,  381;  character  of,  381; 
small  showing  made  by,  382 

French  Colonial  Expansion  in  West  Africa, 
the  Sudan  and  the  Sahara,  579 

French  Family,  A  Brief  History  of  the,  135 

French  Revolution,  Aulard's  Political  His- 
tory of  the,  441 

French  Revolution,  Freemasonry  and  the 
585 

French  Revolution,  Two  Glasgow  Merchants 
and  the,  306 

French  Trading  Post  and  the  Chocchuma 
Village  in  East  Mississippi,  The,  597 

Frenchman  and  German  in  Africa,  579 

Frick,  M.  W.,  601 

Friedenberg,  Albert  M.,   article  by,   321 

Fritsch,  W.  U.,  article  by,  321,  455 

Frontier,  conditions  on,  in  1820,  196-201; 
location  of,  201,  281;  motives  for  re- 
moval of  Indians  from,  224,  225 ;  army 
for  protection  of,  244,  299 ;  relaxation  of 
control  on,  244 ;  neglect  of,  by  Congress, 
245;  relation  of  slavery  to  troubles  on, 
252;  plans  for  defense  of,  261-272;  need 


for  defense  of,  261,  262,  282;  character 
of  population  on,  263,  264;  feeling  of 
insecurity  regarding,  265 ;  accumulation 
of  Indians  on,  265;  difficulty  in  securing 
relief  on,  266;  contraction  of,  268;  de- 
fense of  settlers  on,  283 ;  change  in  loca- 
tion of,  300;  hardships  of  settlers  on, 
392 

Frontier,  Letters  on  the  Defense  of  the,  133 
Frontiersmen,   rations  furnished  to,  248 
Fry,  Jacob,  elections  at  house  of,  157 
Fry,  William,  election  at  house  of,  163 
Fugitive  Slave  Law  of  Ohio,  322 
Fugitives  from  justice,  act  relative  to,  523 
Fuhrmeister,   Christopher,    172 
Fuller,   Ezra  B.,  article  by,   118 
Fulmore,  Z.  T.,  sketch  by,  135 
Funk,  A.  B.,  491 

Funk,  Henry  Daniel,  book  by,  311 
Fur  trade,  resources  of,  286 
Fur-Trade  on  the  Upper  Lakes,  1778-1815, 

The,  326 

Fur  traders,  need  for  protection  of,  284 
Furness,  Mary  Baker,  article  by,  597 

Gaither,  Nathan,   229 

Gale,  Harlow,  article  by,  582 

Galesburg  (Illinois),  331 

Galveston  (Texas),  Lea  as  City  Engineer 
of,  9;  battle  of,  31 

Galvin,  John  M.,  142 

Gamble,  Hamilton  Rowan,  and  the  Pro- 
visional Government  of  Missouri,  133 

Gambling  devices,  possession  of,  prohibited, 
483,  484 

Game,  abundance  of,  in  Iowa  country,   17 

Gardner,  C.  O.,  article  by,  579 

Garfield,  James  A.,  school  days  of,  589 

Garland,  Hamlin,  book  by,   125,  315 

Garland,  Rice,  264 

Garnett,  Porter,  book  edited  by,  593 

Garrison,  George  P.,  book  edited  by,  593 

Garrison,  George  Pierce,  323 

Garst,  Laura  De  Lany,  book  by,  588 

Garst,  Warren,  491 

Garver,  Frank  II.,  history  of  county  gov- 
ernment in  preparation  by,  467;  refer- 
ence to,  472,  602;  appointment  of,  to 
Montana  State  Normal  College,  601 

GARVER,  FRANK  HARMON,  The  Settlement 
of  Woodbury  County,  359 

Gaston,  J.  J.,  328 

Gaynor's,  Mayor,  Police  Policy  and  the 
Crime  Wave  in  New  York  City,  581 

Gear,  John  H.,  death  of,  146 

Gear  homestead,  sketch  of,  452 

Geary,  J.  W.,  member  of  Wirz  court,  51 

Gehon,  Francis,  390 

Genealogies,  American  and  English,  in  the 
Library  of  Congress,  303 


INDEX 


631 


General  Assembly,  members  of,  furnished 
with  work  on  taxation,  328;  increased 
compensation  of  members  of,  476;  acts 
and  resolutions  of,  494,  572,  573 

General  Assembly,  Thirty-third,  date  of  ad- 
journment of,  475 

General  Assembly,  Thirty-fourth,  number  of 
acts  passed  by,  475 ;  comparison  of,  with 
predecessors,  475;  character  of  acts 
passed  by,  478,  479;  important  bills  not 
passed  by,  488-490;  censure  of,  490;  es- 
timate of  work  of,  490-492 

General  Assembly  of  Iowa,  The  Work  of  the 
Thirty-fourth,  by  FRANK  EDWARD  Ho- 
RACK,  475 

General  Land  Office,  Lea's  report  to,  26 

Geographic  Environment,  The  Influence  of, 
438 

Geographic  Influences  in  American  Slavery, 
305,  440 

Geographical  Society,  Bulletin  of  the  Amer- 
ican, contents  of,  118,  305,  439,  440,  579 

Geographical  Society,  The  New  Home  for 
the  American,  579 

Geography,  Scientific :  the  Relation  of  Its 
Content  to  Its  Subdivisions,  118 

Geography  and  Some  of  its  Present  Needs, 
118 

Geometry,  Projective,  316 

Geometry,  Railroad  Field,  126 

George,  Russell  D.,  papers  and  reports  by, 
84 

George  Washington  University,  468 

Georgia,  Indian  lands  in,  107,  199,  202; 
controversy  over  removal  of  Indians 
from,  200;  beginnings  of  Indian  contro- 
versy in,  201-207;  reference  to,  201,  211, 
214,  221,  251,  263,  266,  268,  274; 
frontier  in,  201;  land  ceded  to  United 
States  by,  202,  204;  militia  claims  advo- 
cated by,  202,  203 ;  Indian  problem  con- 
fronting, 203,  204,  206,  207;  need  of 
whites  for  more  land  in,  203,  204;  In- 
dian land  cessions  in,  204,  215,  217; 
number  of  Indians  in,  204,  217;  memo- 
rial from  legislature  of,  205,  252 ;  griev- 
ances of,  against  Indians,  211;  desire  of 
people  of,  for  Creek  lands,  213;  adher- 
ence of,  to  Indian  Springs  treaty,  213, 
214;  refusal  of  Adams  to  surrender  to, 
214;  boundary  between  Alabama  and, 
216;  opposition  of,  to  Indian  treaty,  216; 
defiance  of  President  by  officers  of,  216, 
217;  Indian  legislation  opposed  by,  222, 
223 ;  opposition  to  removal  of  Cherokees 
from,  223;  removal  bill  favored  by,  230, 
231;  efforts  of,  to  expel  Indians,  232; 
sovereignty  of,  admitted,  233;  attitude  of, 
toward  Cherokees,  233,  234,  235;  Indian 
depredations  in,  255;  surrender  of  Cher- 


okee   lands    in,    272;    end    of    Cherokee 
troubles  in,  276;  effort  to  disparage,  280 
German,  Frenchman  and,  in  Africa,  579 
German  American  Annals,  contents  of,  131, 

594 

German  Imperial  Tax  on  the  Unearned  In- 
crement, The,  578 

German  Social  Democracy,  The,  117 
Germans,  migrations  of,  301;  number  of, 
among  settlers,  364;  preference  of,  for 
New  York,  376;  coming  gf,  to  America, 
533;  reference  to,  534;  attitude  of  Amer- 
icans toward,  537 

Germans,  Massachusetts,  the,  and  the  Chi- 
cago Convention  of  1860,  462 
Germany,  305,  361,  367,  374,  377,  381 
Germany,   America   and,   Some   Impressions 

of,  446 
Germany,    Tendencies    Toward    Ministerial 

Responsibility  in,  310 
Germany's  Fight  for  Power,  579 
Geronimo  Campaign,  The,  of  1885-6,  118 
Gettysburg:  The  Pivotal  Battle  of  the  Civil 

War,  438 
Geyer,  Ellen,  329 

Ghe-bish-ghe-kon,  421;  speech  by,  422 
Ghent,  W.  J.,  article  by,  441 
Gibson,  Clarence  B.,  book  by,  125 
Giddings,  Franklin  H.,  article  by,  442 
Giddings,  Joshua  R.,  attack  on  slavery  by, 

258;  book  by,  260 
Giesecke,    Albert    Anthony,    book    by,    305; 

article  by,  441 
Gift  Wife,  The,  126 
Gila  trail,  297 

Gilbert,  J.  Allen,  papers  and  reports  by,  80 
Gilchrist,  James  Grant,  58,  65 ;  papers  and 

reports  by,   80-84 
Gill,  Charles  G.,  328 
Gill,  Eliza  M.,  article  by,  131 
Gillespie,    Henry   L.    F.,    pamphlet  by,    446, 

448 
Gillette,  John  Morris,   article  by,   123,   308, 

442 

Gillette,  King  Camp,  book  by,  116 
Gillin,  John  L.,  article  by,  118 
Ginn,   Edwin,  pamphlet  by,  438 
Ginn  and  Company,  book  published  by,  575 
Gladden,  Dr.,  on  Trade  Unionism,  575 
Glasgow    Merchants,    Two,    in    the    French 

Revolution,   306 
Glaspell,   Susan,  book  by,   448 
Goddard,   P.  E.,   582 
Goebel,  Julius,  work  edited  by,   327 
Goetsch,  Henry  Max,  papers  by,  84 
Gold,  act  relative  to  articles  made  of,  486 
Golden,   Ethel,  report  by,   84 
Goldenweiser,  A.  S.,  article  by,   119 
Goldenweiser,  E.  A.,  article  by,  306 
Goldsborough,  E.  Ralston,  article  by,  320 


632     IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Gompers,   Samuel,  article  by,  575,  576 

Good,  J.  I.,  article  by,  320,  455 

Goodnow,  Frank  J.,  article  by,   305,  443 

Goodrell,  Stewart,  sketch  of  life  of,  590 

Goodyear,  Lloyd  E.,  book  by,  448 

Goodyear,   Samuel  Horatio,  book  by,  315 

Gordon,  Charles  Edward,  papers  and  re- 
port by,  84 

Gordon,  Henry  Evarts,  book  by,  448 

Goumean,  Francois,  436 

Government,  difficulty  of  securing  land 
from,  540 ;  surveys  by,  in  Iowa,  543 
(see  also  United  States) 

Government,  American  State,  Readings  on, 
575 

Government  officials,  courtesy  of,  to  Scholte, 
530 

Government  of  Iowa,  The,  588,  600 

Government  Printing  Office,  book  issued  by, 
305 

Government  Service,  Opportunities  in  the, 
123 

Governors'  Letter-Books,  136,  458 

Gow,  James  Ellis,  601 

Gown,  The  Cap  and,  125 

Gowrie  Conspiracy,  The  English  Thanks- 
giving Service  for  King  James'  Delivery 
from  the,  578 

Grafenried,  Christoph  von,  American  ad- 
ventures of,  327 

Graham  Township,  establishment  of,  167; 
first  election  in,  167;  data  relative  to,  193 

Graham,  Wallace,  article  by,  132 

Grand  jury,  act  relative  to,  476 

Grand  River,   567 

Grandville    (Michigan),    567 

Grant,   U.   S.,   583 

Grant,   Mr.,    350 

Grantland,    Seaton,   279 

Gratiot,  Charles,  461 

Grayson,   Peter  W.,  letter  by,   135 

Great  Britain,  act  of  hostility  to,  286;  pro- 
tection to  settlers  by,  286;  ratification  of 
Oregon  convention  with,  289;  reference 
to,  577 

Great  Britain,  Distribution  of  Income  in, 
and  Incidence  of  Income  Tax,  309 

Great  Britain  and  the  Catholics  of  the  Illi- 
nois Country,  592 

Groat  Lake  region,   fur  trade  in,   325 

Great  Lakes,   5,    196 

Great  Mequoquetoia  River,  21 

Greek  Religion,  A    Handbook  of,   315 

Greeley  and  Lincoln,   452 

Green,  Charles  R.,  pamphlet  by,  446,  448, 
581 

Green,  Mrs.  M.  M.,  services  of,  as  nurse, 
590 

Green  Bay,   196 

Greenbrier  County,  Early  Settlers  in,  458 


Greene,  Evarts  Boutell,  book  edited  by,  458 

Greenough,  Charles  Pelham,  contribution 
by,  133 

Gregory,  Charles  Noble,  paper  by,  303;  ref- 
erence to,  330 ;  resignation  of,  468 

Gregory,  Charles  Noble,  447 

Grey,  Sir  Edward,  on  Union  for  World 
Peace,  575,  576 

Griffin,  Martin  I.  J.,  article  by,  592 

Griffin,  W.  L.,  article  by,  320 

Grimes,  James  W.,  resolution  by,  499;  ref- 
erence to,  500,  509 

Grimke,  John  Faucheraud,  journal  kept  by, 
455,  594 

Grimwood,  C.  M.,  568 

Grinnell  College,  efforts  to  raise  fund  for, 
330 

Grinnell  College  and  Public  Affairs,  312 

Grinnell  Review,  The,  contents  of,  123,  312, 
446 

Groat,  George  Gorham,  article  by,  117 

Grocery,  definition  of,  522,  523 

Grout,  Henry  W.,  601 

Grove,  William  Barry,  Letters  of,  132 

Groveland,  Massachusetts,  The  Houses  and 
Buildings  of,  132,  321,  454,  594 

Guam,  439 

Guatemala,  ruins  in,  453 

Gue,  Benj.  P.,  visit  of,  to  site  of  Anderson- 
ville  Prison,  33 

Guffey,  James  G.,  388 

Guide,  Map  and,  for  River  to  River  Road, 
126 

Guijarro,  Louis  Garcia,  article  by,   116 

Guild,  Curtis,  article  by,  319,  320 

Guildhall    (London),   conference  at,   303 

Gulf  of  Mexico,   5 

Gull  Lake,  Indian  chiefs  from,  408,  436 

Gunn,  P.  E.,  paper  by,   139 

Gunn,   Selskar  Michael,  report  by,  84 

Gurney,  E.  R.,  article  by,  313 

Gustafson,   A.   C.,   466 

Guthe,  Karl  Eugen,  66;  papers  and  reports 
by,  84 

Guthrie,  Charles  J.,  article  by,   118 

Guthrie,  W.  B.,  sketch  by,  447 

Hackleman,    Abner,   517 

Hafer,  John,  sketch  of,  451 

Hagler,  J.  C.,  601 

Hague,  The  United  States  and  Latin  Amer- 
ica at  the,  577 

Haile,  William,  resolution  by,  219;  refer- 
ence to,  220,  221 

Halbert,  H.  S.,  article  by,  597 

Hale,   Oscar,   466 

Half-Breed  Tract,  description  of,  21;  in- 
vestigation of,  by  Dutch,  539 

Half-breeds,  desire  for  justice  to,  416;  pro- 
vision for,  427 


INDEX 


633 


Halifax  and  the  Capture  of  St.  Pierre  in 
1793,  132 

Hall,  Charles  EM  329 

Hall,  Claiborne,  description  of  Pella  by, 
570,  571 

Hall,  James,  394 

Hall,  James  A.,  329 

Hall,  William  Hamilton,  591 

Hall,  Governor  Willard  Preble,  321 

Hallock,  Charles,  article  by,  122,  454 

Ham,  Clifford,  606 

Hamburg,  in  camp  at,  591 

Hamilton's,  Alexander,  Place  in  History, 
442 

Hamilton's  Report  upon  the  Constitution- 
ality of  a  National  Bank,  133 

Hamlin,  L.  Belle,  note  by,  456 

Hammond,  M.  B.,  article  by,  117,  309,  440 

Hampton,  H.  L.,  601 

Hampton  Settlements  on  Long  Island,  His- 
torical Sketches  of  the,  441 

Hanawalt,  William  Cyrus,   sketch  by,  312 

Hanna,  J.  W.,  142 

Hannegan,  Edward  A.,  287,  293 

Harbert,  A.  N.,  acknowledgments  to,  3 ; 
reference  to,  4,  10,  12,  20,  31  ' 

Harcourt,  Helen,  article  by,  308 

Hardin,   William,   168 

Hardin  township,  establishment  of,  168; 
first  election  in,  168;  reference  to,  169; 
data  relative  to,  193 

Harker,  Oliver  A.,  article  by,  598 

Harlan,  Aaron  Ward,  sketch  of  life  of,  451 

Harlan,  Edgar  R.,  article  by,  451;  refer- 
ence to,  606 

Harlan,  James,  biography  of,  328,  465 

Harmar's  Expedition,  General,  324 

Harper's  Ferry,  correspondence  relative  to 
raid  on,  595 

Harrington,  C.  O.,   142 

Harris,  G.  W.,  394 

Harris,  Norman  D wight,  article  by,  579 

Harris,  W.  Hall,  461 

Harrison,  J.  M.,  390 

Harrison,  Shelby  M.,  article  by,  580 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  land  cessions  se- 
cured by,  199;  removal  policy  urged  by, 
199 

Harrison  and  Procter,  596 

Harrodsburg  (Kentucky),  457 

Harrodsburg  and  Neighborhood  Since  1775, 
Education  in,  322 

Hart,  Albert  Bushnell,  pamphlet  by,  304; 
reference  to,  468 

Hart,  Channing  and,  revised  edition  of 
book  by,  438 

Hart,  Charles  Henry,  address  by,  596 

Hart,  W.  O.,  328 

Hartman,  S.  J.,  article  by,  123 

Hartwell,  John  L.>  election  at  house  of,  167 


Harvard,  Life  at,  a  Century  Ago,  133 

Harvard  College,  Bells  of,  595 

Harvard  Law  Review,  reprint  from,  303 

Harvard  University,  donation  to,  144 ;  Bu- 
reau of  Research  in  Municipal  Govern- 
ment established  at,  468 

Harvey,  Alexander,  article  by,  579 

Haskins,  Isaac,  Family  History  and  Gen- 
ealogy, 581 

Haslun,  James,  568 

Hassell,  Susan  Whitcomb,  book  by,  448 

Hastings,  S.  C.,  395;  resolution  by,  397, 
398 

Hastings,  Warren,  253 

Ha-taw-wa,  436 

Hatch,  Leonard  W.,  article  by,  578 

Haunted  Pajamas,  The,  448 

Hawaii,   439 

Hawk,  Ira  T.,  601 

Hawkins,  John,  elections  at  house  of,  156 

Hayes,  Alfred,  Jr.,  article  by,  308 

Hayes,  Edward  Cary,  article  by,  578 

Hayes,  James,  sketch  of  life  of,  316 

Hayes,  Samuel,  142 

Haynes,  Charles  E.,  277;  extract  from 
speech  of,  278 

Haynes,  George  H.,  article  by,  441 

Haynes,  Philo,  election  held  at  house  of, 
159 

Hays,  Charles  L.,   142 

Head,  B.  G.,  40 

Health,  public,  acts  relative  to,  481,  482 

Health  Regulations  in  Iowa,  Historical 
Sketch  of  Early,  585 

Healy,   "Mike",  sketch  of  life  of,  450 

Healy,   Robert,   329 

Healy,  Thomas  D.,  491 

Heaton,  Hiram,  article  by,  129,  313 

Heinz,  Flora,  book  by,  449 

Heizer,  Edward  P.,  sketch  of  life  of,  317 

Hellenism,  Athens  and,  134 

Heller,  Otto,  article  by,  594 

Helper,  Hinton  Rowan,  and  his  Book,  580 

Hempstead,  Stephen,  390,  499 

Hemsted,  S.  H.,  172 

Henderson,  General  Thomas  J.,  313 

Henderson,  General  Thomas  J.,  Life  and 
Services  of,  458,  459 

Henderson,  O.  J.,  466 

Henderson  family,  founder  of,  316 

Henderson's  Transylvania  Colony,   120 

Hendricks,  William,  229 

Henkels,  Stan.  V.,  contribution  by,  133 

Hennepin  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  582 

Henni's,  Bishop,  Visitation  of  Wisconsin 
Indians,  114 

Henry,  George  F.,  601 

Henry,  Patrick,  201 

Henry,  Patrick,  Jefferson's  Recollections  of, 
133 


VOL.  IX 42 


634    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Henry   County,   proceedings   of   meeting   of 

citizens    of,     385,     393,     394;     delegates 

from,  to  convention,  395 ;  explanation  of 

murder  in,  590 
Hepler,  A.  W.,  article  by,  317 
Herbertson,  A.  J.,  article  by,   118 
Herkimer,  Nicholas,  and  the  Battle  of  Oris- 

kany,  580 

Herndon,  Lincoln  and,  126,  130 
Herr,  Horace  Dumont,  book  by,  315 
Herriott,   F.   I.,   article  by,    135;  paper  by, 

462 
Herron,    John,    Art    Institute,    reception    at, 

140 
Hertford's    Invasion,    Edinburgh    in    1544 

and,  306 
Hesper,  315 

Hess,  Roscoe  R.,  article  by,  578 
Hessians,  British  and,  ravages  of,  310 
Hibbard,  Benjamin  H.,  article  by,  578 
Hickenlooper,  Thomas,  329 
Hicks,   Thomas  H.,   correspondence  of,   595 
Higbee,   Frederick  Goodson,  papers  by,  85 
Higgins,  G.  H.,   568 
Higgins,  William  E.,   article  by,  581 
Higginson,  T.  W.,   contribution  by,   133 
Iliffh     School     Development,     Self -Directed, 

122 

High  schools,  normal  courses  in,   488 
Highway  Commission,   State,  489 
Hill,  Benjamin  Thomas,  article  by,   133 
Hill,  Edwin  A.,  sketch  by,  320 
Hill,  Jack  Brunt,  report  by,  85 
Hill,  James  L.,  article  by,  123 
Hill,  J.  W.,  142 
Hill,   L.   S.,   142 

Hill,  Robert  T.,  monograph  by,  115 
Hillis,  Newell  Dwight,  book  by,  449 
Hirst,   F.  W.,   article  by,    119 
Historical    Department    of    Iowa,    12;    book 

published  by,  592 
Historical     Societies,    publications    of,     131, 

319,    453,    592;    activities    of,    136,    327, 

461,   598;   state  and  local,  conference  on, 

139 
Historical     Societies,     Proceedings     of     the 

Fifth  Annual  Conference  of,   131 
Historical  Societies  of  the  State,  Report  of 

the  Committee  upon  the  Establishment  of 

Closer  Relations  Between  the,  326 
Historical  Spirit,  The,  122 
Historical  Writing  in  America,  The  Present 

State  of,  454 
History,   reading  of,   452 
History,  Journal  of,  contents  of,   124 
History,  Literature  and,  The  Correlation  of, 

308 

Histor)/,  The  New,  576 
History,    The    Relation    of,    to    the    Newer 

Sciences  of  Mankind,   140 


History,    The    Study    of,    as    Corrective    of 

Economic  Eccentricity,  326 
History  and  Civics,  discussion  of,   139 
History  of  the  Ancient  World,  A,  587 
History   Teacher's   Association,    North   Cen- 
tral, meeting  of,  461 
Hitchcock,    Albert    S.,    papers    and    reports 

of,  85 

Hixon,  Arthur  Warren,  paper  by,  85 
Hockett,  Homer  C.,  article  by,  584,  585 
Hodder,  Frank  H.,  article  by,  457 
Hodge,    Frederick    Webb,    article    by,    133; 

book  edited  by,  442 
Hodges,  Almon  Danforth,  Jr.,  594 
Hodges,  William  Romaine,  book  by,   121 
Hoering,  Joanna  C.,  601 
Hogs,  penalty  for  stealing,  505 
Holand,  Hjalmar  Rued,  article  by,  131 
Holbrook,    Mrs.    Parker    K.,    work    of,    for 

women's  hall  at  S.  U.  I.,  450 
Holden,  James  Austin,   article  by,  596 
Holdsworth,  W.  S.,  article  by,  120 
Hole    in    the    Day,     408,     417,    424,    436; 

speech  by,  418 

Holland,  persecution  in,  528,  556;  years 
of  emigration  from,  528;  United  States 
Minister  to,  529,  530;  character  of  fields 
in,  531;  character  of  products  of,  com- 
pared with  Iowa,  544,  545 ;  highways  of, 
546 ;  comparison  of  conditions  in,  with 
conditions  in  Iowa,  553,  557-560;  ad- 
vice to  people  of,  by  Scholte,  560-565; 
emigrants  from,  568,  569 
Holland  Land  Co.  and  Canal  Construction 

in  Western  New  York,  The,  324,  325 
Hollander,  Jacob  H.,  article  by,  304,  440 
Hollanders,  settlement  of,  in  Michigan, 
530;  character  of  land  desired  by,  531; 
hesitancy  of,  to  go  to  Michigan,  532 ; 
means  of  transportation  for,  532 ;  at- 
tempts at  exploitation  of,  533;  attitude 
of  Americans  toward,  533,  534,  536-538, 
547,  554;  arrival  of,  at  St.  Louis,  534; 
deaths  among,  534 ;  religious  life  among, 
534-536,  554-557;  preaching  among,  in 
Albany,  536;  drowning  of,  in  Lake  Mich- 
igan, 538;  condition  of,  at  Pella,  545, 
546,  551-557;  comparison  of,  with  Amer- 
ican settlers,  545,  546 ;  settlement  of,  at 
Pella,  548-551;  desire  of,  to  become 
American  citizens,  552 ;  position  of,  in 
American  political  life,  559;  advice  to, 
by  Scholte,  560-565;  need  of  work  for, 
563,  564;  attitude  of  Governor  of  Mich- 
igan toward,  565-567;  character  and 
needs  of,  in  Michigan,  566,  567;  resolu- 
tions of  Classis  of  Illinois  relative  to, 
567,  568;  description  of  colony  of,  569, 
570;  attitude  of  De  Witt  toward,  571, 
572  (see  also  Dutch) 


INDEX 


Hollanders,  The  Coming  of  the,  to  Iowa, 
translated  by  JACOB  VAN  DEB  ZEE,  528 

Holley,  Horace,  LL.  D.,  The  Third  Presi- 
dent of  Old  Transylvania,  583 

Holmes,  J.  Albert,  article  by,  592 

Hoist,  Bernhart  Paul,  book  by,  125,  449 

Holt,  Henry,  and  Company,  book  published 
by,  438 

Holt,  Joseph,  review  of  Wirz  verdict  by, 
53,  54 

Holton,  F.  A.,  paper  by,  85 

Hoi  way,  Ruliff  S.,  article  by,  439,  440 

Holzknecht,  J.  J.,  article  by,  114 

Home  Rule  for  Cities,  124 

Honore",  Louis,  land  grant  to,  26 

Hooker,  John  H.,  article  by,  453 

Horack,  Frank  E.,  paper  by,  140,  447; 
book  by,  588,  600 ;  reference  to,  602,  607 

HOEACK,  FRANK  EDWARD,  The  Work  of 
the  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly  of 
Iowa,  475 

Horses,  penalty  for  stealing,  505 

Horton,  Alexander,  article  by,  456,  457 

Horton,  A.,  Life  of,  and  Early  Settlement 
of  San  Augustine  County,  456,  457 

Hospital  for  Inebriates,  regulation  of  in- 
mates of,  484 

Hough,  Emerson,  books  by,  125,   126 

Houghton,  Louise  Seymour,  article  by,  580 

Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Co.,  book  published 
by,  122,  312 

"House  by  the  Side  of  the  Road",  589 

Houser,  Gilbert  Logan,  66;  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  85,  86 

Housing  Conditions  in  Chicago  Back  of  the 
Yards,  309 

Howard,  General  Volney  Erskine,  135 

Howard,  George  Elliott,  article  by,  442 

Howard,  William  A.,   165 

Howe,  Mark  Antony  De  Wolfe,  article  by, 
133 

Howe,  Minnie,  report  by,  86 

Howe,  George  Augustus  Lord  Viscount, 
New  Historical  Light  on  the  Real  Burial 
Place  of,  596 

Howell,  H.  R.,  142 

Hrdlicka,  Ales,  article  by,  445 

Hubbard,  Henry,  229 

Hubbell,  F.  C.,  601 

Hiibner,  Leon,  article  by,  321,  322 

Huch,  C.  F.,  article  by,  321,  455,  594 

Hudson,   Sydney  D.  Moore,   article  by,  441 

Hudson  Bay  Company,  287 

Huebinger,  Melchoir,  book  by,   126 

Huff,  E.  M.,  568 

Hughes,  M.  L.  B.,  393 

Hughes,  Rupert,  book  by,  126,  588 

Hughes,  Thomas,  573 

Hughes  and  Williams,  laws  printed  by, 
519;  reference  to,  520 


Hulbert,  Archer  B.,  paper  by,  139,  464 

596;  article  by,  320 
Hull,  William  I.,  article  by,  577 
Human   monstrosity,    exhibition   of,   prohib- 
ited, 483 

Humanist  Society,  61 
Humphreys,  A.  H.,  169 
Hunt,  Alfred  Onias,  papers  by,  86 
Hunt,  Gaillard,  books  edited  by,  116 
Hunter,  E.  H.,  sketch  of  life  of,  450 
Hunter,  W.  F.,  329 
Hunting,  Warren  B.,  article  by,   308 
Hurd,  Charles  Edwin,  320 
Hurlburt,  Rollo  F.,  article  by,  135 
Hum,  Ethel  Alice,  article  by,  584 
Huron  Indians,  priests  among,  457 
Hussey,  Tacitus,   article  by,   124 
Hutchins,  S.,  article  by,  130 
Hutchinson,  James  Elder,  report  by,  86 
Hutchinson,  Woods,  paper  by,   86 
Hutchinson,  Z.  H.,  reports  by,  86 
Hutton,  W.,   390 

Ice  cream,  definition  of,  482 

Ida  County,  380 

Idiots,  act  to  prevent  procreation  of,  484 

Idleman,  Finis,   142 

Illinois,  25,  211,  266,  340,  360,  362,  363, 
365,  366,  367,  368,  369,  370,  371,  372, 
374,  376,  377,  378,  379,  382,  383,  486, 
581;  Indian  lands  in,  197;  cession  of 
Indian  land  in,  200;  sympathy  with  peo- 
ple of,  246;  praise  for  militia  of,  246; 
message  to  legislature  of,  330;  removal 
of  Lincoln  to,  330;  commission  form  of 
government  in,  331;  unoccupied  areas 
in,  539;  encouragement  of  emigration  of 
Hollanders  to,  568 ;  acts  of  legislature  of, 
600 

Illinois,  A  Letter  from,  Written  in  1836, 
134 

Illinois,  Charles  Dickens  in,  134 

Illinois,  Die  Deutschen  in,  131 

Illinois,  Efforts  to  Divorce  Judicial  Elec- 
tions from  Politics  in,  598 

Illinois,  Elfte  Jahresversammlung  der 
Deutsch-Amerikanischen  Historischen  Ge- 
sellschaft  von,  455 

Illinois,  Newspapers  and  Periodicals  of, 
326,  327 

Illinois,  Taxation  in,  577 

Illinois,  Territory  of,  establishment  of,  406 

Illinois,  The  Working  of  the  State-Wide 
Referendum  in,  579 

Illinois  Canal  Commissioners,  minutes  of 
meetings  of,  593 

Illinois  Central   Railway,   380 

Illinois  College,  professor  at,   307 

Illinois  Constitution,  The  Preamble  and 
Boundary  Clauses  of  the,  453 


636    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Illinois  Country,  Edward  Cole,  Indian  Com- 
missioner in  the,  134 

Illinois  Country,  Great  Britain  and  the 
Catholics  of  the,  592 

Illinois  Historical  Society,  Life  and  La- 
bors of  William  H.  Collins,  One  of  the 
Founders  of  the,  462 

Illinois  newspapers,  list  of,  137 

Illinois  State  Constitutions,  The  Develop- 
ment of  the,  462 

Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  act  cre- 
ating, 459 

Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  Collec- 
tions of  the,  contents  of,  326,  327,  458 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  annual 
meeting  of,  327,  462,  463,  597;  special 
meeting  of,  327;  new  building  for,  600 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  Journal  of 
the,  contents  of,  134,  321,  458,  459,  597 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  Publica- 
tion Number  Fourteen  of  the,  contents 
of,  597,  598 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  Transac- 
tions of  the,  597 

Immigrant,  American  History  and  the,  134 

Immigrant  Rural  Communities,   306 

Immigrants  in   Cities,  306 

Immigration  Commission,  The  Findings  of 
the,  306 

Immigration  Laws,  The  Administration  of 
our,  577 

Immoral  practices,  law  relative  to,   522 

Impressions  at  I.  S.  C.,  1880-1910,  123 

Income  Tax,  Incidence  of,  Distribution  of 
Income  in  Great  Britain  and,  309 

Income  Tax  amendment,  ratification  of, 
480 

Incorporations,   acts  dealing  with,   504 

Independence    (Missouri),  282 

Independent  Parties  in  the  Western  States, 
1873-1876,  585 

Indian,  My  Friend  the,   122 

Indian,  The,  and  his  Problem,  122 

Indian,  What  the  Government  has  Done 
and  is  Doing  for  the,  586 

Indian  Affairs,  Department  of,  239;  shift- 
ing of  scene  of,  282 

Indian  as  a  Diplomatic  Factor  in  the  His- 
tory of  the  Old  Northwest,  The,  453 

Indian  Blankets,  Historic,  580 

Indian  Bureau,   frauds  of,   249 

Indian  fighting,   account  of,    129 

Indian   fights,    story  of,    130 

Indian  Land  Troubles,  The,  and  How  to 
Solve  Them,  117 

Indian  Languages,  Handbook  of  American, 

582 

Indian  Languages  of  Mexico  and  Central 
America  and  their  Geographical  Distri- 
bution, 582 


Indian  mounds,  copper  objects  found  in, 
455 

Indian  Mounds  on  the  Pecatonica  River, 
A  Group  of,  456 

Indian  payments,  changing  of,  128 

Indian  relics  in  history  museum,  317,  451 

Indian  Reserve,   description  of,   21 

Indian  Springs,  treaty  made  at,  212,  215, 
272,  273;  illegality  of  treaty  at,  213; 
substitute  for  treaty  made  at,  214 

Indian  Territory,  proposals  for,  210,  218- 
226,  237-243;  establishment  of,  406;  di- 
vision of,  406 

Indian  Trail,  The  Old,  Sangamon  County, 
Illinois,  597 

Indian  Trails  in  Clark  County,  Ohio,  The, 
320 

Indian  Tribes  of  the  Lower  Mississippi 
Valley  and  Adjacent  Coast  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  440 

Indiana,  Indian  lands  in,  197;  cession  of 
Indian  land  in,  200;  reference  to,  211, 
266,  360,  362,  363,  365,  366,  368,  371, 
374,  406,  581;  centennial  of  statehood 
of,  327;  State  Library  and  Museum 
Building  of,  327;  revising  of  State  Con- 
stitution of,  468,  469;  plan  for  memo- 
rial building  in,  606 

Indiana,  Die  Deutschen  in  der  Politik  im 
Staate,  321 

Indiana,   Territory  of,    199 

Indiana  at  Vicksburg,  583 

Indiana  Historical  Society,  reference  to, 
327 

Indiana  State  Library,  work  of  Legisla- 
tive Reference  Department  of,  330 

Indianapolis,  meeting  of  historical  associ- 
ation at,  138,  139,  140;  meeting  of 
Teachers'  Association  at,  144 

Indians,  Iowa  country  in  possession  of, 
13 ;  land  ceded  by,  13 ;  removal  of,  from 
Keokuk's  Reserve,  21;  relations  between 
pioneers  and,  196,  197,  198;  encroach- 
ments upon  lands  of,  197,  198;  conflicts 
between  whites  and,  197;  land  in  pos- 
session of,  197;  plan  of  Jefferson  for 
colonization  of,  198,  199;  penalties  for 
intrusion  on  lands  of,  198 ;  failure  of, 
to  understand  treaties,  198;  desire  of 
South  for  removal  of,  199;  failure  of 
attempts  to  remove,  199 ;  retreat  of,  200, 
302;  beginnings  of  policy  of  removal  of, 
200,  201;  change  of  attitude  toward, 
201;  danger  from,  in  Georgia,  202;  at- 
titude of  Executive  Department  toward, 
204;  need  of  whites  for  land  of,  204; 
number  of,  in  Georgia,  204;  attitude  of 
Monroe  toward  removal  of,  205,  206 ; 
need  for  strong  measures  with,  205 ; 
need  for  general  plan  for  disposing  of, 


INDEX 


637 


207;  result  of  haphazard  policy  toward, 
209 ;  recommendation  of  district  for, 
209,  210;  bill  for  preservation  and  civ- 
ilization of,  210;  apathy  toward  removal 
of,  211;  unwillingness  of,  to  emigrate, 
215;  agitations  for  removal  of,  218-226; 
obstacles  to  removal  of,  219;  interfer- 
ence of  white  men  with,  220 ;  need  for 
definite  policy  relative  to,  220;  refuge 
of  criminals  among,  220,  221;  removal 
of,  from  Ohio,  221;  effect  of  mission- 
aries among,  223 ;  opposition  to  removal 
of,  223,  230;  recommendation  relative 
to  education  of,  224;  motives  for  remov- 
al of,  224,  225;  responsibility  of  pio- 
neers for  degradation  of,  225 ;  Jackson's 
experience  with,  226,  227;  removal  of, 
ordered  by  Jackson,  229;  bill  for  re- 
moval of,  229,  230;  arguments  for  and 
against  removal  of,  231,  232;  efforts  of 
Georgia  to  expel,  232;  validity  of  trea- 
ties with,  denied,  233;  obstruction  to 
civilization  by,  234;  claim  of,  to  land, 
234,  235;  signing  of  law  for  removal  of, 
236;  inadequacy  of  act  relative  to,  237; 
provision  for  commission  for,  238;  atti- 
tude of  Cass  toward,  238,  239;  act  to 
regulate  trade  with,  239,  240;  acts  rela- 
tive to  lands  of,  240 ;  Jackson's  knowl- 
edge of  character  of,  242 ;  need  for  pro- 
tection of,  242 ;  plan  to  grant  citizenship 
to,  242 ;  attitude  of  Congress  toward 
wars  with,  243-261;  trading  posts 
among,  244;  justification  for  extermina- 
tion of,  245,  246;  troubles  with,  in  Flor- 
ida, 247;  depredations  of,  248;  injustice 
to,  252 ;  influence  of  agents  over,  252, 
253;  fraud  against,  254;  imaginary 
wrongs  of,  254;  plan  for  suppression  of, 
in  Florida,  257-260;  intermarriage  of 
negroes  with,  258;  danger  from,  in 
Northwest,  261;  number  of,  in  West, 
262;  effect  of  removal  of,  264;  arms 
possessed  by,  265 ;  accumulation  of,  on 
frontier,  265;  character  of,  266;  weak- 
ened condition  of,  266,  267;  effect  of 
annuities  upon,  267,  268 ;  friendliness 
of,  268 ;  exaggeration  of  danger  from, 
270,  271;  expulsion  of,  from  New  Eng- 
land, 273,  274;  amount  of  money  paid 
to,  for  lands,  275;  efforts  of  Clay  in  be- 
half of,  275;  methods  of  government  in 
dealing  with,  275;  attitude  of  pioneers 
toward,  276;  expulsion  of,  from  South, 
279;  extermination  of,  in  Massachusetts, 
280,  281;  bill  for  pacification  of,  282; 
depredations  of,  in  South,  282;  bill  for 
supervision  of,  283,  285;  instigation  of,' 
by  traders,  287;  hostility  of,  in  Oregon, 
293;  Oregon  Territory  and,  295-300; 


recommendation  for  agencies  among, 
296;  bill  for  land  cessions  from,  in  Ore- 
gon, 298,  299;  removal  of,  to  West, 
300;  contraction  of  territory  of,  300, 
301;  attitude  of  Congress  toward,  301; 
enlargement  of  problem  of,  302 ;  efforts 
to  conciliate,  338;  information  concern- 
ing, secured  by  Pike,  344,  345,  357; 
councils  of  Pike  with,  345;  treaty  of 
Pike  with,  347,  348;  trade  of  British 
with,  351-353;  effect  of  Pike's  expedi- 
tion upon,  357,  358;  reference  to,  400; 
proximity  of,  to  Dutch  settlements,  531; 
Half-breed  Tract  reserved  for,  539 

Indians,  Myths  of  the  American,  as  Ma- 
terial for  Supplementary  Beading  in  our 
Secondary  Schools,  463 

Indians  of  New  Jersey,  The,  116 

Industrial  Accident  Board,  pamphlet  is- 
sued by,  582 

Industrial  Dispute  or  Revolution,  580 

Industrial  Efficiency,  Organized  Labor's  At- 
titude Toward,  577 

Industrial  Fines,  585 

Industrial  School,  acts  relative  to  children 
sent  to,  484 

Industry,  Risks  in  Modern,  581 

Infantile  paralysis,  act  requiring  quaran- 
tine of,  481 

Ingersoll,  W.  H.,  sketch  of  life  of,  128,  130 

Inghram,  Arthur,  499 

Inghram,  Z.  C.,  secretary  of  convention, 
391,  393 

Ingram,   Arthur,    386 

Ingwersen,  J.  H.,  address  by,  446 

Inheritance  tax  law,  changes  in,  479 

Initiative  and  Referendum,  The  Practical 
Operation  of  the,  445 

Inland  Waterways,  577 

Insane  persons,  act  to  prevent  procreation 
of,  484 

International  arbitration,  conference  on, 
330 

International  Arbitration,  577 

International  Conciliation,  American  Asso- 
ciation for,  pamphlets  published  by,  118, 
119,  304,  440,  577 

International  Congress,   144 

International  Copyright,  Twenty  Years  of, 
443 

International  Law,  American  Society  of, 
annual  meeting  of,  468 

International  Law,  1910,  Diplomatic  Af- 
fairs and,  309 

International  Law  Association,  conference 
of,  303 

International  Prejudices,  School  Books  and, 
304 

International  Tax  Association,  Fifth  Inter- 
national Congress  of,  468 


638    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Interstate  Commerce,  The  Exclusive  Power 
of  Congress  over,  309 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  Railway 
Rate  Theories  of  the,  309,  440 

Iowa,  nature  of  Lea's  contributions  to  his- 
tory of,  3 ;  origin  of  name  of,  3,  19,  20, 
130;  first  use  of  name,  19;  spelling  of 
name,  20,  31;  location  of  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of,  22;  Spanish  land  grants  in, 
26 ;  account  of  pioneer  life  in,  29 ;  ar- 
ticles on  early  history  of,  30;  soldiers 
from,  in  Andersonville  cemetery,  33 ; 
earliest  hanging  in,  127,  130;  railroad 
taxation  in,  314;  makers  of,  317;  short 
ballot  movement  in,  330,  331;  reference 
to,  340,  362,  374,  581;  boundary  of, 
crossed  by  Pike,  347,  355;  settlement  of 
eastern,  359;  settlement  of  western,  359; 
degrees  of  latitude  covered  by,  360;  free- 
dom of,  from  slavery,  364;  movements 
of  emigrants  to,  365,  367-375;  sources 
of  emigration  to,  366,  376,  377;  routes 
of  pioneers  to,  373-376,  377-379,  382, 
383;  early  senatorial  deadlock  in,  450; 
local  government  in,  477 ;  reasons  for 
decrease  in  population  of,  479 ;  publicity 
for,  492 ;  official  codes  in,  493 ;  private 
codes  in,  493 ;  laws  in  force  in,  494 ; 
methods  of  making  codes  in,  495 ;  first 
codes  in,  496 ;  first  suggestion  for  codi- 
fication of  laws  of,  496,  497;  population 
of,  in  1838,  506;  colony  of  Dutch  in, 
528,  564;  healthfulness  of,  531;  desire 
of  Dutch  to  investigate,  532  ;  unoccupied 
areas  in  538;  committees  of  investiga- 
tion in,  539;  comparison  between  Michi- 
gan and,  542 ;  surveyed  lands  in,  543, 
573;  site  for  new  capital  of,  543,  547; 
census  figures  of,  591 

Iowa  (proposed  town),  description  of,  22; 
reference  to,  23 

Iowa,  Early  Explorations  in,  29 

Iowa,  Municipal  Law  of,  314 

Iowa,  On  the  Way  to,  127,   141 

Iowa,  Play  Grounds  for,  447 

Iowa,  Primary  Elections  in,  447 

Iowa,  Tax  Reform  in,  Extracts  from  a  Pa- 
per on,  314 

Iowa,  Territory  of,  Lea  appointed  to  de- 
termine southern  boundary  of,  9 ;  act 
relative  to  boundary  of,  25 ;  establish- 
ment of,  25,  497;  claims  of,  concerning 
Des  Moines  rapids,  27;  act  of  legisla- 
ture of,  155 ;  memorial  requesting  estab- 
lishment of,  403-407;  codes  of,  493-527; 
laws  of  Wisconsin  extended  over,  497; 
first  code  of,  498-514;  act  for  appor- 
tionment of,  503 ;  laws  of,  adopted  by 
people  of  Oregon,  510-512,  514;  laws  of 
Wisconsin  and  Michigan  in  force  in, 


512;  agitation  for  revision  of  laws  of, 
514-519;  last  attempt  at  making  code 
in,  527 

Iowa,  The,  588 

Iowa,  The  Coming  of  the  Hollanders  to, 
translated  by  JACOB  VAN  DEB  ZEE,  528 

Iowa,  The  Contributory  Dependency  Law 
of,  440 

Iowa,  The  Government  of,  588,  600 

Iowa,  The  State  Historical  Society  of,  ac- 
tivities of,  140-143,  328,  329,  465-467, 
600-602 

loiva,  The  Work  of  the  Thirty-fourth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of,  by  FRANK  EDWARD 
HORACE,  475 

Iowa  Academy  of  Science,  Proceedings  of 
the,  article  in,  585 

Iowa  Alumnus,  The,  contents  of,  313,  447, 
448,  585 

Iowa  Authors,  recent  publications  by,  124, 
314,  448,  587 

Iowa  City,  22,  136,  156,  157;  population 
of,  172 ;  meeting  of  historical  association 
at,  460 ;  attendance  at  meeting  at,  465 ; 
naming  of,  503 

Iowa  City,  The  Baconian  Club  of,  57 

Iowa  City  church  bell,  search  of  Mormons 
for,  451 

Iowa  City  township,  establishment  of,  159 ; 
first  election  in,  159 ;  reference  to,  163 ; 
change  in  boundaries  of,  169,  170,  173, 
175;  petition  from  citizens  of,  172;  di- 
vision of,  172,  173;  reference  to,  174; 
data  relative  to,  193 

Iowa  City  University,  institution  known  as, 
313 

Iowa  country,  Lea's  first  view  of,  5 ;  Lea's 
description  of,  6,  7 ;  trips  of  Lea  to,  9 ; 
removal  of  Indians  from,  13,  300,  301; 
map  of,  by  Lea,  28,  29;  first  settlers  in, 
198 ;  camps  of  Pike  in,  342 ;  most  im- 
portant convention  held  in,  385 ;  memo- 
rial from,  relative  to  preemptions,  401- 
403;  neglect  of,  404;  acquisition  of,  by 
United  States,  404;  absence  of  govern- 
ment in,  404,  405;  attaching  of,  to  Mich- 
igan, 405 ;  division  of,  into  counties, 
405 ;  absence  of  courts  in,  405 ;  juris- 
dictions over,  495 

Iowa  County    (Wisconsin),   20 

Iowa  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, Eleventh  Annual  Conference  of  the, 
proceedings  of,  313 

Iowa  District,  description  of,  13;  coming 
of  miners  to,  13,  14 ;  climate  of,  14 ; 
description  of  seasons  in,  14,  15 ;  char- 
acter of,  15 ;  appearance  of,  16 ;  re- 
sources of,  16,  17;  agricultural  products 
of,  17;  population  of,  17;  character  of 
people  of,  17,  18;  commerce  of,  18;  or- 


INDEX 


639 


ganization  of,  18;  government  of,  19; 
first  use  of  name,  19 ;  description  of 
rivers  in,  20,  21;  description  of  towns 
in,  21-23 ;  map  of,  by  Lea,  24,  25 ;  ref- 
erence to,  402 

Iowa  Engineer,  The,  contents  of,  446 

Iowa  Farm  Boy,  Education  for  the,  313, 
314 

Iowa  History,  The  Contributions  of  Albert 
Miller  Lea  to  the  Literature  of,  by  CLIF- 
FORD POWELL,  3 

Iowa  Indians,  trading  post  for,  suggested 
by  Pike,  340 

Iowa  Lakes,  Streams,  and  Woodlands,  The 
Conservation  of,  447 

Iowa  Law,  History  of  the  Codes  of,  by 
CLIFFORD  POWELL,  493 

Iowa  Library  Association,  annual  meeting 
of,  144 

Iowa  Library  Quarterly,  contents  of,  123 

Iowa-Missouri  boundary,  appointment  of 
Lea  to  locate,  25,  26;  Lea's  report  on, 
25-29;  history  of  controversy  over,  26, 
27;  possibilities  in  settlement  of,  27; 
Lea's  recommendations  concerning,  28 ; 
settlement  of,  by  Supreme  Court,  28 ; 
Lea's  map  illustrative  of,  28,  29 

Iowa  Municipal  Law,  446 

Iowa  Old  Settlers'  Association,  organiza- 
tion of,  606 

Iowa  Pioneers,  Association  of,  590 

Iowa  River,  early  name  of,  20;  name  of 
State  derived  from,  20;  different  spell- 
ings of  name  of,  20;  description  of,  20, 
21;  Indian  reserve  on,  21;  reference  to, 
155,  156,  157,  158,  160,  161,  162,  163, 
166,  170,  173 ;  mouth  of  crossed  by 
Pike,  343 

Iowa  School  of  Research  Historians,  The, 
463 

Iowa  School  of  Research  Historians  and 
Political  Scientists,  602 

Iowa  State  College,   330 

Iowa  State  College  Engineering  Graduates, 
Some  Statistics  of,  446 

Iowa  State  Drainage,  Waterways,  and  Con- 
servation Commission,  Report  of  the,  re- 
print from,  447 

Iowa  State  History  Museum,  flints  rescued 
by,  450 

Iowa  Suffragists  and  their  Work,  The,  447 

lowana,    123,   312,   446,   585 

Iowa's  Amazing  Financial  Growth,  586 

Ireland,   361,   365,   367,   374,  381 

Irish,  John  P.,  visit  of,  to  Iowa,   590,   591 

Irish,  migrations  of,  301;  number  of, 
among  settlers,  364;  coming  of,  to  Amer- 
ica, 533;  reference  to,  534 

Iron  Ore  Industry  on  Lake  Champlain, 
The  History  of  the,  596 


Iroquois  Chief,  An,  457 
Iroquois  Indians,  last  great  chief  of,  457 
Iroquois  Stock,  Were  the  Outagami  of,  464 
Irving,    Washington:    Travels   in    Missouri 

and  the  South,  133 
Isaiah  as  a  Nature-Lover,  126 
Isthmus  of  Panama,  293 
Italy,  577 

Jackson,  Andrew,  treaty  made  by,  200; 
promise  of,  to  Choctaws,  207;  acquaint- 
ance of,  with  Indian  character,  226,  227; 
attitude  of,  toward  removal  policy,  226- 
237;  attitude  of,  toward  Cherokees,  227, 
228 ;  removal  of  Indians  ordered  by,  229 ; 
bill  signed  by,  236 ;  victory  of  removal 
policy  under,  236,  279;  resignation  of 
cabinet  of,  238;  attitude  of,  toward  In- 
dian territory,  241,  242;  comment  of,  on 
Black  Hawk  War,  246,  247;  reference 
to,  253,  273,  275;  last  annual  message 
of,  253;  reaction  against  Indian  policy 
of,  256;  message  of,  261;  treaty  submit- 
ted by,  272;  defense  of  administration  of, 
278 

Jackson,  Andrew,  A  Life  of,  438 

Jackson's  Military  Road,  General,  597 

Jackson,  Joseph,  article  by,  459,  596 

Jackson,  L.,  390 

Jackson,  W.  T.,  report  by,  86 

Jackson  County,  Iowa,  History  of,  586,  588 

Jacksonville  (Illinois),  college  at,  307;  ref- 
erence to,  331 

Jacobite  Songs,  306 

Jacobs,  Cyrus  S.,  secretary  of  convention, 
386;  reference  to,  388,  389,  394,  395, 
398 

Jamaica,  earthquake  at,  454 

James,  Edmund  J.,  monograph  by,  307, 
315;  address  by,  443 

James,  Herman  G.,  pamphlet  by,  453 

James,  James  A.,  paper  edited  by,  137; 
article  by,  460,  584,  598;  reference  to, 
465 

James,  Wittiam:  Builder  of  American 
Ideals,  117 

Jameson,  Charles  Davis,  papers  and  reports 
by,  87 

Jameson,  J.  Franklin,  address  by,  138;  ref- 
erence to,  454 

Jamison,  Isabel,  sketch  by,  321 

Jeancon,  J.  A.,  article  by,  320,  453 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  correspondence  between 
William  Wirt  and,  133 ;  plans  of,  for  re- 
moval of  Indians,  198,  199 ;  reference  to, 
220,  236,  275;  surprise  of,  at  Louisiana 
Purchase,  335;  good  statesmanship  of, 
335;  explorers  chosen  by,  336;  descrip- 
tion of  Louisiana  by,  444 

Jefferson's  Ordinance  of  1784,  324 


640    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Jefferson's  Recollections  of  Patrick  Henry, 
133 

Jefferson  County,  story  of  treasure  in,  128 ; 
history  of,  313 

Jefferson  County,  New  York,  A  Native  of, 
First  Organized  and  Named  the  Repub- 
lican Party,  326 

Jefferson  County  Old  Settler's  Association, 
123 

Jefferson  township  (Johnson  County),  es- 
tablishment of,  165  ;  first  election  in,  165  ; 
data  relative  to,  193,  194 

Jefferson  township    (Marion  County),   543 

Jeffrey :  Rosa  Vertner,  Noted  Kentucky 
Singer,  322 

Jenkins,  W.  L.,  393 

Jenks,  John,  of  Salem  to  Cotton  Tufts  of 
Weymouth,  594 

Jenner,   S.,    395 

Jew,  Justice  to  the,  438 

Jewish  Historical  Society,  American,  Publi- 
cations of  the,  contents  of,  321,  322 

Jews  and  Masonry  in  the  United  States  be- 
fore 1810,  The,  321 

Jews  in  Connection  with  the  Colleges  of  the 
Thirteen  Original  States  prior  to  1800, 
321,  322 

Jews  Who  were  Grand  Masters  of  Masons 
in  Various  States  of  this  Country,  321 

Jewett,  Charles  L.,  606 

Jewett,  George  A.,  article  by,  589 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  meeting  under 
auspices  of,  330 

Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  His- 
torical and  Political  Science,  contents  of, 
114,  115,  304,  439,  576 

Johnson,  Alexander,  article  by,  580 

Johnson,  Alvin  S.,  pamphlet  by,  440 

Johnson,  Eliza  L.,  466 

Johnson,  Joseph  French,  article  by,   119 

Johnson,  J.  W.,   article  by,   124 

Johnson,  Leora,  report  by,  87 

Johnson,  Richard  M.,  255,  262,  264 

Johnson,   Sylvanus,   170 

Johnson,  Sir  William,  Papers,  Extract  from 
the,  324 

Johnson  County,  establishment  of,  155 ;  or- 
ganization of,  155 ;  Congressional  town- 
ships in,  155 ;  townships  taken  from, 
155;  territory  added  to,  155,  156;  elec- 
tion precincts  in,  156,  157;  petitions  for 
civil  townships  in,  158,  159;  first  civil 
townships  in,  158,  159;  establishment  of 
townships  in,  159-176;  original  division 
of,  163 ;  maps  illustrative  of  townships 
in,  177-192 

Johnson  County,  The  Establishment  and 
Organization  of  Townships  in,  by  CLAR- 
ENCE RAY  AURNER,  155 

Johnston,   Alexander,  book  by,    114 


Johnston,  Charles  Hughes,  article  by,  446 
Joining  Lodges,  421 
Joliet  (Illinois),  331 

Jones,   George  W.,    31,    398;    expression   of 
confidence   in,   391;    approval  of  services 
of,  397;  biography  of,  466 
Jones,    Joseph,    investigation    of    Anderson- 
ville  by,  38;  report  of,  38-40;  corrobora- 
tion  of  statements  of,  40 
Jones,  Louis  T.,  602 
Jones,  Marcus  Eugene,  book  by,  315 
Jones,  William  Carey,  article  by,  582 
Jones  County  Calf  Case,  317 
Journal  of  History,  contents  of,  314 
Judges  of  Supreme  Court,  plan  for  revision 

of  laws  by,  516 

Judicial  department,  acts  relative  to,  476 
Judicial  Settlement,  The  Importance  of,  303 
Judson,  Harry  Pratt,  330 
Jumano  Indians,  The,  133 
Jumano  Indians  in  Texas,  The,  593 
Justices  of  Peace,  powers  of,  476;  act  rela- 
tive to,  522 

Ka-be-ma-be,  436 

Kahlke,  Charles,  report  by,   87 

Ka-ka-quap,  436 

Kalamazoo  River,  567 

Ka-nan-dwa-winza,  409,  436 

Kansas,  366,  581,  583 

Kansas,  584 

Kansas,  Criminal  Justice  in,  581 

Kansas,  First  Appearance  of,  at  a  National 
Convention,  460 

Kansas,  The  Boundary  Lines  of,  460 

Kansas,  The  Savks  and  Foxes  in  Franklin 
and  Osage  Counties  in,  319,  460 

Kansas,  The  Swedish  Settlements  in  Cen- 
tral, 460 

Kansas,  University  of,  school  of  education 
at,  446 

Kansas,  University  of,  The  Graduate  Maga- 
zine of  the,  contents  of,  121,  311,  446 

Kansas  District,  A  History  of  Manufactur- 
ing in  the,  460 

Kansas  History,  The  Significance  of,  460 

Kansas  River,  27 

Kansas  State  Historical  Society,  book  pub- 
lished by,  137;  report  of  Secretary  of, 
137;  work  on  Memorial  and  Historical 
Building  suspended  by,  137,  138 

Kansas  State  Historical  Society,  Collections 
of  the,  reprint  from,  319;  contents  of, 
459,  460 

Karslake,  William  Jay,  paper  by,  87 

Kasey's  (proposed  town),  23 

Kasson,  John  A.,  sketch  of  life  of,  146, 
147,  450 

"Kate  Sweeney",  wreck  of,  318 

Kaufmann,  Julius,  article  by,   321 


INDEX 


641 


Kay,  George  Frederick,  66 ;  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  87;  appointment  of,  as  State 
Geologist  of  Iowa,  468 

Kaye,  Percy  L.,  book  by,   114,   126 

Kearney,  Stephen  W.,  orders  received  by, 
5,  6;  order  book,  of,  10;  map  kept  by,  11 

Ke-che-wa-me-te-go,  436 

Kelley,  Florence,  581 

Kellogg,  Mrs.  Charity  Lothrop,  329 

Kellogg,  Paul  U.,  article  by,  119 

Kelly,  Harry  Eugene,  report  by,  87 

Kelly,  W.  M.,  article  by,  317 

Kemmerer,  Theodore  Wilbert,  report  by,  87 

Kendal  Community,  The,  596 

Kendall,  M.  A.,  article  by,  312 

Kendall  County,  Judge  Theophilus  L.  Dick- 
ey and  the  First  Murder  Trial  in,  321 

Kennedy,  Francis,  Letters  from,  to  Baron 
Kennedy,  Relative  to  the  Siege  of  Edin- 
burg,  1745,  118 

Kenner,  J.  G.,  394,  395 

Keno  layouts,  possession  of,  prohibited, 
483,  484 

Kensington  Rune  Stone,  Preliminary  Re- 
port to  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society 
on  the,  319 

Kensington  Rune  Stone,  Are  there  English 
Words  on  the,  131 

Kensington-Stenen,  Om,  592 

Kent,  Grace,  report  by,  88 

Kent  County    (Michigan),  567 

Kentuckians  in  Mexican  War,  roster  of,  457 

Kentucky,  freedom  of,  from  Indians,  201; 
conquest  of,  by  pioneers,  267 ;  removal 
of  Lincoln  from,  330;  reference  to,  363, 
384,  581,  584;  sketch  of  physicians  of, 
457;  trip  of  Walker  to,  458 

Kentucky:  Mother  of  Governors,  320 

Kentucky,  The  Prehistoric  Men  of,  322 

Kentucky  Historical  Series,  contents  of, 
320,  592 

Kentucky  Naval  Officer:  Rear  Admiral  Lu- 
cien  Young,  The  Heroic  Career  of  a,  322 

Kentucky  Singer,  Noted,  Rosa  Vertner  Jeff- 
rey, 322 

Kentucky  Site,  The  Prehistoric  Ethnology 
of  a,  311,  312 

Kentucky  State  Historical  Society,  The  Reg- 
ister of  the,  contents  of,  322,  457 

Kentucky's  Dunbar,  Joseph  Seamon  Cotter, 
583 

Kentucky's  Greatest  Negro  Preacher,  Rev. 
London  Ferrill,  583 

Kenyon,  William  S.,  sketch  of  life  of,  450 

Keokuk,  arrival  of  Lea  at,  5;  description 
of,  by  Lea,  21;  reference  to,  26,  451, 
548;  rapids  above,  27;  steamboat  service 
to,  546;  road  to  Pella  from,  546;  cost  of 
freight  to  Pella  from,  547:  arrival  of 
Hollanders  at,  549 


Keokuk's  Reserve,  description  of,  21 

Keosauqua,  27 

Keppel,  Mr.,  532,  542 

Kerr,  Hamilton  H.,  elections  at  house  of,  157 

Kerr,  Robert  F.,  address  by,  598 

Kewanee  (Illinois),  331 

Ke-wa-se,  421 

Kickapoo  Indians,  treaty  with,  200 

Kilpatrick,  General,  movement  of,  45 

King,  Charles,  article  by,  443 

King,  William  Fletcher,  135 

King,  William  R.,  208,  280 

King  James'  Delivery  from  the  Gowrie  Con- 
spiracy, The  English  Thanksgiving  Ser- 
vice for,  578 

King's  County,  Nova  Scotia:  Heart  of  the 
Acadian  Land,  The  History  of,  307 

Kingsley,  Alpha,   341 

Kingwood  (Virginia),  Dolliver  born  near, 
146 

Kinley,  David,  article  by,  443 

Kinnaman,  J.  O.,  article  by,    122,  454 

Kinney,  Chas.  N.,   142 

Kino,  Father,  chronicle  of,  331;  route  of, 
331 

Kiowa  Camps,  In,  460 

Kirbye,  J.  Edward,  book  by,  588 

Kirchwey,  George  W.,  article  by,  307 

Kirkpatrick,  John  Ervin,  book  by,  584 

Kirksville,  The  Battle  of,  321 

Kirkwood,  Samuel  J.,  606 

Kirkwood,  Mrs.  Samuel  J.,  birthday  of,  605 

Kis-ke-ta-wak,  436 

Kistler,  Frank  M.,  606 

Kitterman,  G.  W.,  sketch  of  life  of,  128 

Kleckner,  Emma  Robinson,  pamphlet  by, 
313,  315 

Klondyke  table,  possession  of,  prohibited, 
483 

Knee,  The  (Indian  Chief),  421,  436 

Knower,  Edward  C.,  paper  by,  88 

Knoxville,  548 

Knoxville  (Tennessee),  3;  education  of  Lea 
at,  4 ;  Lea  as  City  Engineer  of,  9 

Kohler,  Max  J.,  article  by,  577 

Kolpin,  N.,  article  by,  454 

Koontz,  George  W.,  602 

Korea,  The  Opening  of,  by  Commodore 
Schufeldt,  117 

Krebs,  William,  article  by,  447 

Kroeber,  A.  L.,  monograph  by,  121,  446, 
562 

Krone,  Charles  A.,  article  by,  460 

Kuntz,  Albert,  report  by,  88 

Kuntz,  N.  R.,  sketch  of,  451 

Labor,  Commissioner  of,  Annual  Report  of 

the,  305,  577 
Labor,  Judicial  Views  of  the  -Restriction  of 

Women's  Hours  of,  117 


642    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Labor,    Organized,    The    Relations    of,    and 

Technical  Education,  122 
Labor,   Organized,   and  the  National  Civic 

Federation,  576 
Labor  legislation,  480 
Labor     Legislation,     American     Association 

for,  meeting  of,   145,  605 
Labor  Legislation,  Scientific  Standards  in, 

578 

Labor  Legislation  in  Iowa,  History  of,  466 
Labor  Legislation  of  1910,   Tendencies   of, 

443 

Labor  Legislation  Review,  American,  con- 
tents of,  577,  578 

Labor's    Attitude,    Organized,    Toward    In- 
dustrial Efficiency,  577 
La  Crosse,  description  of  game  of,  356 
Ladd,  Scott  M.,  512 
Lading,  act  relative  to  bills  of,  485 
La  Harpe,  journal  of,  145 
Laidlaw,   Walter,   article  by,   442 
Lake  Albert  Lea,   7,  8 
Lake  Champlain,  Lake  George  and,  116 
Lake    Coutereille,    420,    422;    Indian   chiefs 

from,  421,  436 
Lake    de    Flambeau,    420,    422,    432,    433; 

Indian  chiefs  from,  421,  436 
Lake  Erie,  railroad  along  shore  of,   18 
Lake  George  and  Lake  Champlain,  116 
Lake  Huron,   196 
Lake     Michigan,     196;     disaster    on,     538; 

Dutch  colony  on,  566 

Lake  Mohonk  Conference  of  Friends  of  the 
Indians,  Report  of  Annual  Meeting  of, 
contents  of,  438,  439 

Lake   Mohonk   Conference   on  International 
Arbitration,  Opening  Address  at  the,  440 
Lake   Mohonk   Conference   on  International 
Arbitration,  Report  of  Annual  Meeting  of 
the,  115,  578 
Lake  Ontario,  360 
Lake  Pepin,   7 
Lake    Prairie   Township    (Marion    County), 

543;   act  relative  to,   553,   572,   573 
Lake  St.  Croix,  433 

Lake  Superior,  421,   422,  429,  433,   436 
Lake    Superior    Region,    Progressive    Devel- 
opment of  Resources  in  the,  579 
Lake  Winnibigoshish,   353 
Lakerim  Cruise,  The,  126 
Lamar,  Mirabeau  B.,  reference  to,   135 
Lambert,   Byron  James,  papers  and  reports 

by,   88 

Lambert,   John  Joseph,   66 ;   papers  and  re- 
ports by,  88 
Lancaster,    Cornelius,    election    at   house   of, 

162 

Lancaster,  Robert  A.,  Jr.,  328 
Land  Grant  Act  of  1812,  The  Origin  of  the, 
307,  315 


Land  Reliefs  that  are  True  to  Nature,  579 
Landis,  John  B.,  article  by,  310 
Landlord  and  tenant,  law  relative  to,  523 
Lands,  difficulty  of  Dutch  in  securing,  538 
Lands,    Undeveloped,    Effective    Occupation 

of,  118 

Lang,  Andrew,  contribution  by,  306 
Lange,  Alexis  F.,  article  by,  122 
Langton,  H.  H.,  book  edited  by,  115 
Langworthy,  L.  H.,  390 
Lanier,  Henry  Wysham,  article  by,  443 
Lapham,  Increase  Allen,  The  Centenary  of, 

456 

Laprade,  William  Thomas,  article  by,  119 
La   Pointe,    Indians  from,    413,    421,   436; 

trade  at,  420 

La  Salle's  Route  Down  the  Ohio,  134 
La  Serres,  The  Fordhams  and,  of  the  Eng- 
lish Settlement  in  Edwards  County,  Illi- 
nois, 462 
La  Trappe,  436 

Latin  America,  Political   and  Social  Prog- 
ress in,  441 
Latin  America,  The   United  States  and,  at 

the  Hague,  577 

La  Tourette,  Clara,  book  by,   126 
Laurier,    Sir    Wilfred,    Britain's    Greatest 

Colonial  Premier,   579 
Laussat,  letter  from,  444 
Law,   Civil  and  Criminal,   The  Relation  of 
the   Alien   to   the  Administration   of   the, 
117 

Law,  Judicial  Disregard  of,  119 
Law,  movement  for  codification  of,  493 
Law  and  the  Facts,  The,  309 
Law  School,  The  Problem  of  the,  582 
Lawler,  William  P.,  article  by,  307 
Law's  Governorship,  Jonathan,  Correspond- 
ence and  Documents  During,  454 
Lawyers,    English,    The    Place    of    English 

Legal  History  in  the  Education  of,  120 
Lay,  George  Cowles,  article  by,  580 
Lazell,  Frederick  J.,  book  by,  126 
Lea,  Albert  Miller,  nature  of  contributions 
of,  3,  31,  32;  birth  of,  3;  character  of, 
3 ;  education  of,  4 ;  military  commission 
of,  4 ;  engineering  experience  of,  4,  5 ; 
arrival  of,  at  Fort  Gibson,  5 ;  Indians 
paid  by,  5 ;  journey  of,  to  join  company, 
5;  arrival  of,  at  Fort  Des  Moines,  5; 
description  of  expedition  by,  6-8 ;  lake 
named  in  honor  of,  7 ;  resignation  of, 
from  army,  8 ;  book  published  by,  8 ;  re- 
turn of,  to  Iowa  country,  8,  9 ;  service 
of,  in  Confederate  army,  9 ;  financial 
ruin  of,  9 ;  removal  of,  to  Texas,  9 ;  basis 
of  contributions  of,  9 ;  report  on  Des 
Moines  River  by,  9-11;  map  drawn  by, 
10,  11,  24,  25;  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Ter- 
ritory by,  11-23;  report  on  Iowa-Mis- 


INDEX 


643 


souri  Boundary  by,  25-29;  minor  con- 
tributions of,  29-31;  journal  ascribed  to, 
29,  30;  death  of  son  of,  31 

Lea,  Albert  Hitter,  The  Contributions  of,  to 
the  Literature  of  Iowa  History,  by  CLIF- 
FORD POWELL,  3 

Lea,  Lida  L.,  22 

Lea  Springs  (Tennessee),  birth  of  Lea  at,  3 

Leacock,  Stephen,  article  by,  120 

Lead,  abundance  of,  in  Iowa  country,  16 

Lead  Mine  in  America,  Oldest,  Mine  La 
Motte,  580 

Leakin,  George  A.,  461 

Le  Brocheau,  409,  419,  436 

Lebby,  Robert,  article  by,  594 

Leclaire,  Antoine,  23 

Lee,  Jesse  W.,  142 

Lee,  Judge,  township  established  by,  164, 
165,  167;  changes  in  township  boun- 
daries ordered  by,  167 

Lee,  Notes  on,  575 

Lee,  Robert  E.,  9,  30;  charges  against,  50; 
lack  of  evidence  against,  51 

Lee  County,  delegates  from,  to  convention, 
395 ;  reduction  in  representation  of,  in 
legislature,  476 

Leech  Lake,  arrival  of  Pike  at,  353 ;  mis- 
take of  Pike  concerning,  353,  354;  de- 
parture of  Pike  from,  354;  Indian  chiefs 
from,  408,  436;  reference  to,  429,  436 

Leech  Lake  Band,  415 

Lees,  James  Henry,  reports  by,  88 

Leffler,  Isaac,  chairman  of  convention,  385, 
386;  reference  to,  389 

Leffler,  Shepherd,  resolution  by,  514 

Legal  Ethics,  Laws  as  Contracts  and,  114 

Legends,  Chippewa,  122 

Legislation,  Notes  on  Current,  443,  444 

Legislation,  Reciprocal,  117 

Legislation,  Review  of,  1907-1908,  120 

Legislative  department,  acts  relative  to,  476 

Legislative  Power  of  Congress,  The,  Under 
the  Judicial  Article  of  the  Constitution, 
305 

Legislative  Reference  Department,  work  of, 
in  Indiana  State  Library,  330 

Legislature,  University  Alumni  and  the,  313 

Legislatures  of  the  States,  The,  119 

Leland,  Waldo  G.,  calendar  of  manuscripts 
prepared  by,  145 

Lenox  College,  469 

Leonard,  Nathan  R.,  57,  58,  65;  papers 
and  reports  by,  88,  89 

Lester,  Clarence  B.,  article  by,  120 

Leupp,  Francis  E.,  article  by,  117;  book  by, 
122 

Lewis,  Dixon  H.,  229;  investigation  asked 
by,  252 

Lewis,  Howard  T.,  article  by,  580 

Lewis,  Isaac  N.,  517 


Lewis,  Meriwether,  choice  of,  for  explora- 
tion, 336 

Lewis,  Miles  K.,  election  at  house  of,  167 
Lewis,    Warner,    chairman    of    convention, 

390,  391 

Lewis,  William  Draper,  581 
Lewis,  W.  H.,  328 
Lewis  and  Clark  on  Iowa  soil,  313 
Libby,  Grin  G.,  paper  by,  138,  308,  463 
Liberia,  Political  Institutions  in,  443 
Liberty    township,    establishment    of,     162; 
first  election  in,    162 ;  reference  to,    163, 
168;  petition  from,  164;  data  relative  to, 
194 
Librarians,    Archivists    and,     International 

conference  of,  140 
Libraries,  public,  576 
Libraries,  Public,  The  Effect  of  Commission 

Plan  of  Government  on,  576 
Library  Growth  and  Library  Laws,  12.3 
Lieutenant  Governor,  compensation  of,  476 
Lillibridge,  William  Otis,  book  by,  126,  449 
Limestone,  abundance  of,  in  Iowa  country,  16 
Lincoln,    Abraham,    cousins    of,    in    Iowa, 
317;    saying    of,    317;    recollections    of, 
318;  marking  of  route  traversed  by,  330; 
sidelights  on,  458,  459 
Lincoln,  Abraham,  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas 

as  Lawyers,  464 

Lincoln:  Abraham,  His  Friendship  for  Hu- 
manity and  Sacrifice  for  Others,  311 
Lincoln,  Hereditary  Foundations   of  Amer- 
ica's Greatest  Commoner,  580 
Lincoln,    Mr.,    Received    the    News    of    his 

First  Nomination,  How,  598 
Lincoln,  President,   and   the   Case   of  John 

T.  Beall,  442 
Lincoln's,  Abraham,  Early  Connection  with 

the  Republican  Party,  462 
Lincoln  and  Herndon,  126,  130 
Lincoln's  Visit  to  Waukegan  in  1860,  597 
Lincoln,  Charles  Henry,   article  by,   453 
Lincoln,  Charles  Z.,  article  by,  326 
Lincoln,  Robert  T.,  sketch  of  life  of,  318 
Lincoln    (Nebraska),    meeting   of    historical 

association  at,  460 

Lincoln    township,     167;    establishment    of, 
171;  jurisdiction  over,  171,   172;  opposi- 
tion to  size  of,  172 ;  data  relative  to,  194 
"Lincoln  Way,  The",  route  known  as,  330 
Linder,  O.  A.,  article  by,  592 
Lindsay,   Samuel  McCune,   article  by,   117; 

reference  to,  581  , 

Linn,  Lewis  F.,  259,  261,  263,  264,  282; 
description  of  character  of  Indians  by, 
266;  extract  from  speech  of,  267,  268; 
plan  of,  for  fortifications,  271;  efforts  of, 
in  behalf  of  Oregon,  283-287;  western 
character  of,  284;  death  of,  287;  bill  in- 
troduced by,  512 


644    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Linn  County,  380 

Linn  County,  Iowa,  History  of,  314 

Liquor,  acts  relative  to  sale  of,  482,  483 

Lisa,  Manuel,  460 

Litchfleld,  Edward  H.,  601 

Literature  and  History,  The  Correlation  of, 

308 

Littig,    Lawrence   William,   papers    and   re- 
ports by,  89 

Little,  Charles,  sketch  by,  455 
Little  Family  in  the  Presbyterian  Church, 

The,  455 

Little  Frenchman,  436 
Little    Six,    speech    by,    416;    reference    to, 

436 

Little  Turtle,  Birthplace  of,  596 
Little  Wars  of  the  Republic,  308 
Livingston  County,  Missouri,  595 
Lloyd,  Walter  F.,  election  at  house  of,  165 
Loan  Shark,  New  York  Conference  on  the, 

586 

Local  government,  acts  relative  to,  477,  478 
Lockwood,  E.,  437 
Lodge,  Henry  Cabot,  article  by,  120 
Log    School   House    Monument,    Vermillion, 

Dedication  of,  598 
Logan,  Adjutant  General,  147 
Logan,  James,  Letters  of,  to  Thomas  Penn 

and  Richard  Peters,  596 
Logan  —  The  Mingo  Chief,  596 
Lone  Man,  436 

Long,  Charles  Chaille,  article  by,  595 
Long,    Henry    Follansbee,    sketch    by,    321, 

594 

Long,  J.  H.,  history  of  family  of,  589 
Longley,   Justice,   article  by,    132 
Longraoor,    W.    W.,    correspondence    copied 

by,  322 
Longworth,   Fred  Jameg,   paper   and  report 

by,  89 

Looking  Backward,  447 
Loon's  Foot,  409,  436;  speech  by,  419 
Loos,    Isaac  Althaus,   paper  and  report  by, 

89 

Looscan,  Adele  B.,  article  by,  457 
Lord,   John,    of   the   Isles,    and   Amie   Mac- 

Ruari,    The    Dispensation    for    the    Mar- 
riage of,  440 

Lore  of  the  Meadowland,  583 
Lorenz,   Charles  F.,  papers  and  reports  by, 

89 

Lorton,  John,   388 
Los    Angeles    Public    Library,    librarian    of, 

137 

Louden,  William,  466 
Loughridge,   Albert,   article  by,  451 
Louisa    County,    proceedings    of   meeting   of 

citizens    of,     385,     391-393;     satisfaction 

with  boundaries  of,   393 ;  delegates  from, 

to  convention,  395 


Louisburg,  events  in  connection  with  siege 
of,  310 

Louisiana,  establishment  of  French  in,  145 ; 
military  posts  in,  196;  occupation  of, 
196 ;  plan  to  remove  Indians  to  upper, 
198 ;  section  in  organic  act  of,  199 ;  ref- 
erence to,  240,  584;  purchase  of,  275, 
335;  settlements  in,  281;  choice  of  ex- 
plorers for,  336;  description  of,  by 
Thomas  Jefferson,  444 ;  treaty  of  cession 
of,  521 

Louisiana,  District  of,  495 

Louisiana,  Territory  of,  495 

Louisiana,  Historical  and  Political  Reflec- 
tions on,  444,  445 

Louisiana,  The  Aguayo  Expedition  into 
Texas  and,  593 

Louisiana-Texas  Frontier,  The  Significance 
of  the,  460 

Louisiana  Historical  Society,  meeting  of, 
328 

Louisiana  Under  the  Rule  of  Spain, 
France,  and  the  United  States,  444 

Louisville  Courier- Journal,  Henry  Waiter- 
son:  World-Famous  Editor  of  the,  457 

Louverture,  Toussaint,  Letters  of,  and  of 
Edward  Stevens,  134 

Love,  Don  L.,  address  by,  124 

Love,  William  A.,  article  by,  597 

Love  Under  Fire,  449 

Lovelace,  Francis,  administration  of,  310, 
593 

Lower  Mississippi  Valley,  Indian  Tribes  of 
the,  440 

Lowie,  Robert  H.,   article  by,    114 

Lowrie,  S.  Gale,  contents  of  pamphlet  com- 
piled by,  445 

Lowrie,  Walter,  208 

Lucas,  C.  L.,  article  by,  123,  312 

Lucas,   E.  W.,  605 

Lucas,  Phoebe  A.,  death  of,  605 

Lucas,  Robert,  26,  506,  605;  code  of  laws 
recommended  by,  498 ;  statement  by,  con- 
cerning printing  of  code,  507,  508 

Lucas  township,  establishment  of,  172,  173; 
polling  place  in,  173;  change  in  boun- 
daries of,  174;  division  of,  174;  data 
relative  to,  194 

Luckey,  John  E.,  329 

Ludington,  Arthur  C.,  article  compiled  by, 
303 

Ludwell,  Philip,  Letter  of  Rev.  James 
Maury  to,  595 

Lull,  Herbert  G.,  article  by,  578 

Lumber  business  on  the  Mississippi,  rise 
and  fall  of,  452 

Lumber  Supply,  Conservation  of  the  Future, 
582 

Lumpkin,   Wilson,   224,   233,   280 

Lunde  Family,  sketch  of,  451 


INDEX 


645 


Lutheran    Church,    First    English   Evangel- 
ical, Dedication  of  the,  312 
Lyon,  Alfred  M.,  sketch  of,  129 

Macalester  College,  A  History  of,  311 

McAllister,  M.  P.,  elections  at  house  of,  157 

Macbride,  Thomas  Huston,  58,  65 ;  papers 
and  reports  by,  89-91;  pamphlet  by,  447 

McCabe,  Olivia,  book  by,  588 

McCabe,  W.  Gordon,  328 

McCall,  S.  B.,  A  Biographic  Sketch  of,  312 

McClain,  Emlin,  reports  by,  91,  92;  appre- 
ciation by,  447;  criticism  of  revised  stat- 
utes by,  526,  527 

McCleary,  Judge  George,  168;  township  es- 
tablished by,  168;  township  boundaries 
changed  by,  169;  reference  to,  170 

McClintock,  John  Thomas,  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  92 

McClurg,  A.  C.,  and  Company,  book  pub- 
lished by,  438 

McCollister  Family,  The,  585 

McConnell,  J.  J.,  328 

McCormick,  Eliza  Jane,  marriage  of  Jacob 
Springer  to,  470 

McCoy,  Isaac,  220,  238,  242;  removal  pol- 
icy urged  by,  222 

McCue,  Mrs.  James  Halliday,  article  by, 
120 

McDaniel,  Charles  Foster,  book  by,  126 

McDermott,  Edward  J.,  article  by,  307 

MacDonald,  James  S.,  article  by,  132 

McDuffie,  George,  attitude  of,  toward  re- 
moval of  Indians,  225 ;  reference  to,  285 

McFall,  Mary,  sketch  of  life  of,  316 

McFarland,  Raymond,  book  by,  439 

McGaw,  Scott,  sketch  of  life  of,  451 

McGee,  E.  E.,  article  by,  450 

McGee,  Mrs.  F.  S.,  142 

McGee,  W  J,  paper  by,  113 ;  reference  to, 
460;  book  by,  588 

M'Gillis,  Hugh,  correspondence  between 
Pike  and,  351-353 

McGinnis,  V.  R.,  142 

McGovney,  Dudley  O.,  article  by,  308,  309, 
441 

McGregor,  site  for  fort  near,  selected  by 
Pike,  345 

McKamy,  John  A.,  329 

McKee,  James  R.,  article  by,  117 

McKenney,  Thomas,  report  by,  221,  222; 
tour  of,  222;  reference  to,  224 

Mackenzie,  Charles,  sketch  of  life  of,  128 

McKim,  Randolph  H.,  article  by,  443 

Mackinac,  traders  from,  342;  custom  house 
at,  352 

Mackinac  Register,  The,  contents  of,  325 

McKinley,  John,  231 

McLane,  Louis,  remarks  by,  relative  to 
Cherokees,  211,  212 


McLaughlin,  Andrew  Cunningham,  refer- 
ence to,  325,  465 

McLaughlin,  Dr.,  What  I  Enow  of,  and 
How  I  Know  It,  136 

McLaughlin,  James,  book  by,  122 

McLean,  John,  resolution  by,  219 

MacLean,  President,  Resignation  of,  313 

McMaster,  John  Bach,  454 

McMicken,  Hiram  B.,  166 

McMillan,  Thomas,  515,  517;  resolution  by, 
515 

Macmillan  Company,  book  published  by,  575 

MacMurray,  Arthur,  book  by,  126 

Macomber,  H.  W.,  sketch  of  life  of,  128 

Macon   (Georgia),  35 

Ma-cou-da,  436 

McRoberts,  Samuel,  article  by,   119 

MacRuari,  Amie,  The  Dispensation  for  the 
Marriage  of  John  Lord  of  the  Isles  and, 
440 

Mac  Veagh,  Franklin,  581 

McVey,  Frank  Lerond,  address  by,  122; 
article  by,  308,  460;  inauguration  of, 
445 

MacVicar,  John,  468 

Macy,  Jesse,  book  by,  575,  588;  reference 
to,  602 

Madison,  James,  205 

Madison  papers,  145 

Madison  County  (Illinois),  plan  to  cele- 
brate centennial  of,  463 

Madison  County  Historical  Society,  annual 
meeting  of,  328 

Madison  township,  establishment  of,  170; 
first  election  in,  171;  data  relative  to, 
194 

Madrid  Register-News,  article  in,   123,  312 

Magazine  Subject-Index,  Annual,  for  1910, 
575 

Magee,  Thomas,  article  by,  117 

Ma-ge-go-be,  speech  by,  419,  420,  424-427; 
reference  to,  430,  431,  436 

Ma-go-bai,  speech  by,  430,  431 

Magowan,  Charles  Scott,  papers  and  reports 
by,  91 

Mahanomah,  314 

Mahoning  Presbyterian  Church,  Some  Note- 
worthy Features  in  the  Annals  of  the,  455 

Mahood,  John  Wilmot,  book  by,  449 

Mail,  resolution  relative  to  abuses  in  con- 
nection with,  387,  388,  389,  392;  re- 
marks of  Mason  relative  to,  388 

Maine,  362,  368,  374 

Maine,  Documentary  History  of  the  State 
of,  323 

Maine  Boundary  Dispute,  The  Settlement  of 
the,  308 

Maine  Historical  Society,  publication  by, 
323 

Ma-je-ga-bo,  speech  by,  415,  416 


646    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Malhiot,  Francois  Victor,  journal  written 
by,  325 

Maloney,  Thomas,  article  by,  124 

Man  That  Stands  First,  436 

Manchester,  446 

Mangold,  George  B.,  book  by,  315 

Man-go-sit,  409,  436;   speech  by,   419 

Manhard,  E.  E.,  142 

Mankind  Advancing,  Is,  441 

Mann,  Charles  Edward,  sketch  by,  455 

Mann,  Moses  Whitcher,  article  by,  453 

Mannhardt,  Emil,  article  by,  131 

Manning,  Edwin  Cassander,  book  by,  582 

Manring,  B.  F.,  article  by,  136 

Manslaughter,  definition  of,  505 

Manufacturers  Association,  Iowa  State,  486 

Manufacturing,  act  for  encouragement  of, 
486 

Manufacturing,  A  History  of,  in  the  Kansas 
District,  460 

Manuscripts  Division,  Library  of  Congress, 
papers  acquired  by,  145 

Map  and  Guide  for  River  to  River  Road, 
126 

Marat,  The  Credibility  of,  134 

Marblehead  in  the  Tear  1700,  132,  321, 
454,  594 

Marburg,  Theodore,  article  by,  303,  443 

Margry's  Documents,   136 

Marion  County,  proposal  for  removal  of 
county  seat  of,  548;  settlement  of  Hol- 
landers in,  570;  reference  to,  571,  572, 
574 

Markens,   Isaac,  article  by,  442 

Market,  means  of  getting  cattle  to,  451 

Marks,  C.  R.,  381 

Marquardt,  George  W.,  sketch  of  life  of, 
451 

Marriages,  law  relative  to,  523 

Marshall,  Carl  Coran,  book  by,  315 

Marshall,   Charles  H.,   article  by,   443 

Marshall,  John,  opinion  by,  234 

Marshall,  Thomas  Maitland,  article  by, 
456 

Marshall,  Thomas  R.,  constitution  origin- 
ated by,  469 

Marshall   (early  Iowa  town),  388 

Martin,   Carroll  B.,   465 

Martin,   Ethyl  E.,  472 

MARTIN,  ETHYL  EDNA,  The  Expedition  of 
Zebidon  Montgomery  Pike  to  the  Sources 
of  the  Mississippi,  335 

Martin,  George  W.,  book  edited  by,  459, 
460;  article  by,  460 

Martin,  John,  article  by,  119 

Martin,  Lawrence,  article  by,  579 

Martin's,  Judge,  Version  of  the  Mecklen- 
burg Declaration,  119 

Martzolff,  Clement  L.,  article  by,  121,   134 

Marvin.  C.  N.,  article  by,  585 


Marvin,  William  T.  R.,  article  by,  594 

Maryland,  363 ;  attempts  to  suppress  Qua- 
kers in,  458 

Maryland,  The  Quit  Rent  in,  323 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine,  contents  of, 
323,  456,  595 

Maryland  Historical  Society,  annual  meet- 
ing of,  461 

Maryland  Merchant  and  his  Friends,  A,  595 

Maryland  Peace  Society,  quarterly  pub- 
lished by,  303 

Maryland  Quarterly,  contents  of,   303 

Maryland  under  the  Commonwealth,  439 

Mason,  Charles,  address  by,  388;  resolu- 
tion by,  389;  reference  to,  500;  opinions 
written  by,  507 

Mason  and  Dixon  line,  290,  364 

Mason  County  (Kentucky),  Fox  Farm  in, 
311 

Masonic  Library,  The,   12 

Masonry,  The  Jews  and,  in  the  United 
States  before  1810,  321 

Masons,  Grand  Master  of  Iowa  Grand 
Lodge  of,  470 

Massachusetts,  extermination  of  Indians  in, 
280,  281;  exploiting  of  Oregon  by,  286; 
reference  to,  360,  362,  366,  368,  371, 
374 

Massachusetts,  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  Com- 
monwealth of,  pamphlet  published  by, 
575 

Massachusetts,  Taxation  of  Corporate  Fran- 
chises in,  308 

Massachusetts,  the  Germans,  and  the  Chi- 
cago Convention  of  1860,  462 

Massachusetts  Coast,  The  Salt  Marshes  of 
the,  321 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Proceed- 
ings of  the,  contents  of,  133 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society  Collections, 
contents  of,  454 

Massachusetts  Municipal  League,  organiza- 
tion of,  468 

Mather,  Cotton,  273;   diary  of,  454 

Mather,   Increase,   454 

Mathers,  The  Libraries  of  the,  133 

Mathews,  Lois  Kimball,  article  by,  584 

Matteson,  David  M.,  index  by,  461 

Matteson,  Joel  A.,  458 

Matthews,   Brander,  article  by,  443 

Matthews,  R.  H.,  paper  by,  114 

Maury,  Rev.  James,  Letter  of  to  Philip  Lud- 
well,  595 

Mauss,  C.  F.,  142 

Maxim,  Hiram,   128 

Mayflower's  Message  to  America,  The,   120 

Maysville,  Kentucky,  Fox  Farm  near,  311 
Maytag,  Fred  L.,  491 

Meade,  George  Gordon,  anniversary  of,  cel- 
ebrated, 459 


INDEX 


647 


Meader,  John  R.,  article  by,  308,  442 

Meadowland,  Lore  of  the,  583 

Measures,  inspection  of,  486 

Mechanics,  act  relative  to,  503 

Mecklenburg  Declaration,  Judge  Martin's 
Version  of  the,  119 

Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence, 
Bancroft  Papers  on  the,  133 

Medbury,  Charles  S.,  book  by,  449 

Medford,  Stage-Coach  Days  in,  131 

Medford  Began  to  Grow,  How,  319 

Medford  Historical  Register,  The,  contents 
of,  131,  319,  453,  592 

Medford  Landmark,  An  Old,  453 

Medford  Milkmen,  319 

Medicine  dance,  description  of,  347 

Medieval  history,  conference  on,  140 

Meek,  Basil,  article  by,  324 

Meeker,  Ezra,  591 

Meese,  William  A.,  article  by,  321,  598 

Meigs,  Mr.,  treaty  made  by,  212 

Meikle,  Henry  W.,  article  by,  306 

Menominee  Indians,  197,  282;  councils  of 
Pike  with,  355;  boundary  between  Chip- 
pewas  and,  434 

Menotomy,  The  Ancient  Name,  592 

Mercer,  W.  W.,  329 

Merriam,  Charles  E.,  sketch  of,  447,  448 

Merriau,  F.  S.,  142 

Merrick,  George  B.,  address  by,  464 

Merrick,  Henry  S.,  601 

Merriman,  Roger  Bigelow,  article  by,  459 

Merritt,  Fred  D.,  paper  by,  92 

Merritt,  General  Wesley,  304 

Mesa  Verde  National  Park:  Cliff  Palace, 
Antiquities  of,  582 

Meservy,  Edwin  C.,  article  by,  311 

Meskwaki  Indians,  Indian  Agent  for,  465 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Trinity,  453 

Mexican  archives,  provision  made  for  in- 
dexing of,  331 

Mexican  Recognition  of  Texas,  The,  134 

Mexican  War,  292,  295 

Mexican  War,  General  Zachary  Taylor  and 
the,  457,  592 

Mexico,  252,  552,  583;  possibility  of  war 
with,  268;  need  for  protection  of  fron- 
tier of,  282;  work  in  archives  of,  331; 
correspondence  between  Texas  and,  593 

Mexico,  American  Indians  North  of,  The 
Handbook  of,  442 

Mexico,  California  Under  Spain  and,  601 

Mexico,  Gulf  of,  Indian  Tribes  of  the  Ad- 
jacent Coast  of  the,  440 

Mexico  and  Central  America,  Indian  Lan- 
guages of,  and  their  Geographical  Distri- 
bution, 582 

Mexico's  Centennial  Celebrations,  116 

Meyer,  Balthasar  H.,  article  by,  579 

Meyers,  F.  M.,  329 


Miami  Indians,  197,  282 
Miami  River,  lands  on,  323,  324 
Michigan,  197,  218,  281,  360,  363,  366, 
368,  369,  371,  374,  406;  colony  of 
Dutch  in,  528,  530,  564,  565;  reasons 
for  rejection  of,  by  Scholte,  530-532; 
treatment  of  Hollanders  in,  538;  return 
of  Keppel  from,  542 ;  comparison  be- 
tween Iowa  and,  542,  543 ;  attitude  of 
Governor  toward  Dutch  in,  565-567;  ex- 
tract from  message  of  Governor  of,  565- 
567 

Michigan,  Territory  of,  State  government 
established  in,  19;  Indian  lands  in,  197; 
reference  to,  200,  211,  495;  experience 
of  Cass  in,  238;  controversy  over  boun- 
dary of,  400;  establishment  of,  406;  pop- 
ulation of,  406,  407;  laws  of,  extended 
over  Wisconsin,  497;  laws  of,  extended 
over  Iowa,  512;  act  repealing  laws  of, 
514 

Michigan,  The  Prehistoric  Finds  of,  455 
Michigan    Pioneer    and    Historical    Society, 

The,  book  translated  by,  136 
Michilimackinack,  196,  244 
Middle  West,  Agrarian  Changes  in  the,  306 
Middle  West,  Great  Anthracite  Regions  of 

the,  Discovery  of  the,  310 
Middle  West,  Historic  Border  Disputes  Be- 
tween States  of  the,  580 
Middleton,  Thomas  C.,  work  edited  by,  455 
Middletown,  Conn.,  James  Brown  of,  320 
Midland    Municipalities,    contents    of,     124, 

314,  446,  447,  585,  586 
Midland  Schools,  contents  of,  123,  312,  585 
Midwestern,  The,  contents  of,  124,  447 
Migrations,  Early,  to  the  Middle  West  and 

Massacres  on  the  Frontier,  120 
Milchrist,  William,  601 

Military  Commission    (Wirz  Trial),   person- 
nel of,  49-52 
Military   Expenditures,    The   Expansion    of, 

440 

Military  Grants  in  the  United  States,  307 
Military  posts,  Pike  instructed  to  select  lo- 
cation for,  338;  site  for,  selected  by  Pike, 
341,  345 

Military  Prisons,  Superintendent  of,  45 
Military  road,  bill  for  construction  of,  262, 

265 

Militia,  Clay's  attitude  toward,  243;  praise 
of,  by  Cannon,  244 ;  attitude  of  Jackson 
toward,  246;  appropriation  for  payment 
of,  297;  organization  of,  in  Territory, 
505,  506;  acts  relative  to,  523 
Militia  Claims,  debate  on  subject  of,  202, 

203 

Milk,  regulation  of  sale  of,  482 
Mille  Lac,  Indian  chief  from,  408,  436 
Miller,  Hon.  James  H.,  459 


648    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Miller,  Justice  Samuel  F.,  and  his^  First 
Circuit  Court,  135 

Miller,  W.  A.,  article  by,  124 

Milligan,  William,  chairman  of  convention, 
391,  393 

Millis,  H.  A.,  article  by,  443 

Mills,  N.  W.,  129 

Mills,.  O.  H.,  article  by,  127,  128,  129,  130, 
317;  reference  to,  451 

Mills,  W.  0.,  600 

Milwaukee,  bureau  established  in,  330;  col- 
lection taken  for  Hollanders  at,  538 

Milwaukee,  Plymouth  Church,  Quarter  Cen- 
tennial of  Judson  Titsworth  as  Minister 
in,  121 

Milwaukee's  Socialistic  Government,   117 

Mine  La  Motte,  Oldest  Lead  Mine  in  Amer- 
ica, 580 

Miner,  William  Harvey,  book  by,  588 

Miners,  coming  of,  to  Iowa  country,  13,   14 

Mines  and  mining,  act  relative  to,  480 

Minffo  Chief,  Logan,  the,  596 

Ministerial  Responsibility  in  Germany, 
Tendencies  Toward,  310 

Minneapolis,  347 

Minnesota,  7,  25,  366,  368,  369,  371,  374, 
379;  bill  signed  by  Governor  of,  489 

Minnesota,  Southwestern,  The  Prairie  Flora 
of,  582 

Minnesota  Academy  of  Science,  Bulletin  of 
the,  contents  of,  582 

Minnesota  Academy  of  Science,  Historical 
Sketch  of  the,  582 

Minnesota  Academy  of  Social  Sciences,  Pa- 
pers and  Proceedings  of,  121 

Minnesota  Historical  Society,  Preliminary 
Report  to  the,  on  the  Kensington  Rune 
Stone,  319 

Minnesota  River,    347 

Minto,  John,  recollections  by,   136 

Miss  318;  A  Story  in  Season  and  Out  of 
Season,  588 

Mississippi,  unsettled  condition  of,  196, 
197;  Indian  lands  in,  197,  199;  refer- 
ence to,  211,  219;  efforts  to  secure  re- 
moval of  Indians  from,  220 ;  sympathy 
for  Indians  in,  221;  Indian  legislation 
opposed  by,  223  ;  removal  bill  favored  by, 
230 

Mississippi,  Piedmontese  on  the,  580 

Mississippi,  Rhine  and,  River  Terminals,  308 

Mississippi,  Some  Activities  of  the  Congre- 
gational Church  West  of  the,  584 

Mississippi,  The  Beginning  of  a  New  Pe- 
riod in,  597 

Mississippi,  The  Expedition  of  Zebulon 
Montgomery  Pike  to  the  Sources  of  the, 
by  ETHYL  EDNA  MARTIN,  335 

Mississippi,  The  French  Trading  Post  and 
the  Chocchuma  Village  in  East,  597 


Mississippi,  University  of,  Bulletin  of  the, 
contents  of,  306 

Mississippi,  Upper,  Early  Forts  on  the,  139, 
141 

Mississippi  Historical  Society,  Publications 
of  the,  articles  in,  597 

Mississippi-Louisiana  Boundary,  Demarca- 
tion of  the,  597 

Mississippi  River,  6,  7,  10,  14,  16,  21,  199, 
200,  201,  224,  227,  228,  232,  237,  240, 
245,  247,  252,  268,  339,  345,  399,  400, 
423,  429,  433,  497,  570;  map  of  country 
west  of,  11;  description  of  country  west 
of,  11,  12;  crossing  of,  by  miners,  14; 
commerce  on,  18 ;  railroad  to,  18 ;  de- 
scription of,  20;  rapids  in,  21,  27;  pro- 
posed town  on,  22 ;  outposts  along,  196 ; 
pioneers  west  of,  196;  crossing  of,  by 
pioneers,  198 ;  plan  to  remove  Indians 
west  of,  198-201;  removal  of  Delawares 
west  of,  200;  lands  west  of,  ceded  to 
Indians,  207;  proposal  for  Indian  Ter- 
ritory west  of,  218;  obstacles  to  removal 
of  Indians  west  of,  219;  escape  of  crim- 
inals to,  220,  221;  bill  for  removal  of 
Indians  west  of,  229,  230;  removal  of 
Cherokees  west  of,  276,  277,  281;  settle- 
ments on,  281;  shifting  of  scene  of  In- 
dian affairs  across,  282 ;  military  posts 
on,  286;  retreat  of  frontier  across,  300, 
302;  desire  of  Americans  to  control,  335; 
effect  of  control  of,  335,  336;  Pike  or- 
dered to  explore,  338;  first  United  States 
citizen  to  explore,  340 ;  crossing  of  rap- 
ids of,  by  Pike,  340;  difficulty  in  reach- 
ing source  of,  346,  350;  trading  posts 
on,  351;  error  of  Pike  concerning  source 
of,  353,  354;  plan  for  council  with  In- 
dians of,  354;  descent  of,  by  Pike,  354- 
357;  effect  of  Pike's  exploration  of,  357, 
358;  States  east  of,  362,  363;  resolu- 
tions relative  to  Territory  west  of,  386, 
387,  392;  convention  of  people  west  of, 
394;  memorial  relative  to  preemptions 
west  of,  401-403;  memorial  asking  for 
new  Territory  west  of,  403-407;  desire  of 
government  for  Indian  land  east  of,  409 ; 
first  American  born  west  of,  605 

Mississippi  River,  Old  Steamboat  Days  on 
the,  464 

Mississippi  River  as  a  Political  Factor  in 
American  History,  The,  597 

Mississippi  Valley,  manuscripts  in  French 
archives  relating  to,  140,  145 ;  tragedy 
of  eastern  part  of,  220 ;  removal  of  In- 
dians from,  282 ;  fur  trade  in,  325 ;  liter- 
ature of  history  of,  465 

Mississippi  Valley,  Some  Materials  for  the 
Social  History  of  the,  During  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  463 


INDEX 


649 


Mississippi  Valley  and  Internal  Improve- 
ments, The,  464 

Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association, 
mid-year  meeting  of,  138,  139;  president 
of,  141;  annual  meeting  of,  327,  461, 
463-465 

Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association, 
Proceedings  of  the,  460 

Mississippi  Valley  in  American  History, 
The  Significance  of  the,  460 

Missouri,  Lea  appointed  to  determine  north- 
ern boundary  of,  9 ;  reference  to,  25, 
211,  240,  262,  340,  362,  364,  365,  366, 
368,  371,  374,  379,  383,  581,  584;  con- 
troversy over  northern  boundary  of,  25 ; 
act  admitting,  26;  land  in,  ceded  by  In- 
dians, 27;  claims  of,  concerning  Des 
Moines  rapids,  27;  advance  of  pioneers 
into,  196;  character  of  population  of, 
263,  264;  defense  of  people  of,  266; 
plan  for  bounty  lands  in,  271;  settle- 
ments in,  281;  protection  of  trade  of, 
282;  trails  leading  from,  282;  boundary 
commissioners  appointed  by,  400 ;  admis- 
sion of,  as  State,  400 ;  protest  against 
action  of,  400,  401;  history  of,  457 

Missouri,  Central,  Recollections  of  the  First 
Catholic  Mission  Work  in,  321 

Missouri,  Central  and  Southeastern,  An- 
tiquities of,  121 

Missouri,  Methodism  in,  John  Clark,  Pio- 
neer Preacher  and  Founder  of,  457 

Missouri,  Mormon  Troubles  in,  124 

Missouri,  Provisional  Government  of,  Ham- 
ilton Rowan  Gamble  and  the,  133 

Missouri,  State  Historical  Society  of,  trus- 
tee of,  137 

Missouri,  Territory  of,  act  creating,  26;  ref- 
erence to,  495 

Missouri,  Zustande  in  einer  kleinen  Stadt 
von,  vor  50  Jahren,  321 

Missouri  before  1804,  Population  and  Ex- 
tent of  Settlement  in,  595 

Missouri  Boundary,  action  on  subject  of, 
by  convention,  385;  memorial  on  subject 
of,  385,  399,  401;  resolution  relative  to, 
386,  387,  392,  397;  committee  on  memo- 
rial relative  to,  396,  397 

Missouri  Cemeteries,  Monumental  Inscrip- 
tions in,  321 

Missouri  Compromise,  Side  Lights  on  the,  457 

Missouri  Compromise  line,  proposal  for  ex- 
tension of,  293 

Missouri  Historians,  Two,  457 

Missouri  Historical  Review,  contents  of, 
133,  321,  457,  595 

Missouri  Historical  Society,  letters  in  pos- 
session of,  327;  new  home  for,  599 

Missouri  Historical  Society  Collections,  con- 
tents of,  460,  461 


Missouri  River,  map  of  country  east  of,  11; 
reference  to,  27,  197,  252,  268,  282, 
285,  359,  548;  troops  stationed  on,  196; 
plan  for  military  posts  on,  272;  military 
posts  on,  286;  settlements  on,  300;  re- 
moval of  Indians  beyond,  300;  choice  of 
explorers  for,  336;  travel  by  way  of,  379 

Missouri  River,  The  Spanish  Forts  at  the 
Mouth  of  the,  460 

Mitchell,  John,  581 

Mitchell  County,  County  Attorney  of,  470 

Moffit,  John  T.,  329 

Moline   (Illinois),  331 

"Molly  Pitcher",  Woman  Known  as,  Inves- 
tigation into  American  Tradition  of,  310 

Monetary  Commission,  the  National,  Prob- 
lem Before,  119 

Money,  The  Development  of  the  Theory  of, 
from  Adam  Smith  to  David  Ricardo,  440 

Moneys  and  credits,  taxation  of,  317;  ex- 
emption of,  479 

Monnet,  Julian  C.,  article  by,  119 

Monona  County,   380 

Monroe,  James,  200,  205,  210,  220,  226, 
236,  237,  267,  269;  Indian  policy  of, 
205,  206;  attitude  of,  toward  removal 
policy,  207-211;  Indian  territory  recom- 
mended by,  209,  210;  Indian  treaty  sub- 
mitted by,  212 

Monroe,  battle  of,  591 

Monroe  City,  capital  located  at,  570 

Monroe  Doctrine,  reference  to,  441 

Monroe  precinct,  157 

Monroe  township,  establishment  of,  160; 
first  election  in,  160;  reference  to,  162, 
166;  division  of,  165;  data  relative  to, 
194 

Montana,  366,  368,  369,  371,   374,  379 

Montana  Botany  Notes,  315 

Monticello,  The  Sage  of,  312 

Montrose,  old  fort  near  site  of,  5 ;  reference 
to,  340 

Mont-so-mo,  436 

Mooney,  James,  article  by,  460 

Moore,  J.  Hampton,  article  by,  577 

Moore,  Surgeon  General,  report  of  Jones 
to,  38 

Moorehead,  Warren  K.,  book  by,  312 

Moral  Instruction  Through  Social  Intelli- 
gence, 578 

Morals,  public,  acts  relative  to,  482-484 

Moravian  Records,  136 

Morawetz,  Victor,  article  by,  120 

Morgan,  Jonathan,  388,  389 

Morgan,  William,  386 

Mormon  Church,  History  of  the,  116,  442 

Mormon  Monument  at  Pisgah,  590 

Mormon  Trail,  search  for,  590 

Mormon  Troubles  in  Missouri,  124 

Mormons,  search  of,  for  church  bell,  451 


VOL.  ix — 43 


650    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Morningside   College   Bulletin,   contents   of, 
312 

Morrill  Act  of  1812,  307 

Morse,  Jedidiah,  220 

Morsman,  M.  J.,  172 

Mortgage  Recording  Tax,  The,  306 

Mortgages,  act  relative  to,  523 

Morton,    Jennie   C.,   series   edited  by,    320; 
paper  by,  324 

Moses,  Bernard,  article  by,  582 

Moses,  Montrose  J.,  article  by,  443 

Moss,  James  K.,  resolution  by,  514 

Mossman,  Hugh,  466 

Motor  vehicles,  act  for  registration  of,  487 

Mott,  G.,  member  of  Wirz  court,  51 

Mott,  John  R.,  sketch  of  life  of,  451 

Mound  Builders,   reference  to,   322 

Mt.  Carmel   (Illinois),  606 

Mount  Pleasant,  meeting  at,  393 

Mowry,  Duane,  article  by,  134,  597 

Moyer,  L.  R.,  article  by,  582 

Mueller,  H.  A.,  328 

Muhammadanism,  Works  Relating  to,   439 

Muhlenberg,    John    Peter    Gabriel,    Orderly 
Book  of,  596 

Miihlenbergs  Ingendjahre,  Peter,  455 

Mulattoes,   act  relative  to,   504 

Mulct  Law,   483 

Mumma,    Morton   C.,    142 

Municipal  Accounting,  124 

Municipal  Accounting,    Uniform,    124 

Municipal   Congress,   Commissioner   General 
of,  468 

Municipal  Congress  and  Exposition,   Amer- 
ican  International,   468 

Municipal    Corporations,    Commentaries    on 
the  Law  of,  587 

Municipal  Law   of  Iowa,  314 

Municipal  legislation,    character  of,   478 

Municipal    Ownership     Under    Commission 
Government,   124 

Municipal  Review    1909-1910,   309 

Municipalities,  Nebraska,  League  of,  124 

Murder,   statutory  definition  of,   505 

Murdering  Yell,   436 

Murphy,   Bernard,   606 

Murrow,   David  B.,   sketch  of,   450 

Muscatine,     22,     343 ;     early    proposal     for 
town  on   site   of,    23 

Muscatine   County,    delegates   from,    to   con- 
vention,   395 

Munc,  Chippewa,   121 

Muskhogean,   440 

Musquakie  Indians,  man  scalped  by,  317 

Mussey,   Henry  Raymond,    article  by,    306 

Muster,  An  Old-Time,   131 

Myers,  Denys  P.,  pamphlet  by,  576 

Myers,   J.   L.,   395 

Myers,  J.  M.,  393 

Myers,  Percy  C.,  reports  by,  92 


Naboth,  vineyard  of,   213 

Na-can-ne-ga-be,  speech  by,  411 

Nadin,  speech  by,  410,  411,  413,  414,  420 

Nadler,  Florence,  601 

Nagel,  Charles,  581 

Napoleon    (extinct  town),   155 

Na-qua-na-bic,   409,   436 

Nash,  Isaac,  sketch  of  life  of,  129 

Na-ta-me-ga-bo,    436 

Natchez,  440 

Natchez  Trace,  Marking  the,  597 

Nation  in  the  Making,  A,  308 

National  Civic  Federation,  Organized  La- 
bor and  the,  576 

National  Civic  Federation  Review,  The, 
contents  of,  576 

National  Education,  The  Economic  Signif- 
icance of  a  Comprehensive  System  of,  443 

Natural  Resources,  A  Rational  System  of 
Taxing,  308 

Natural  Resources,  The  Conservation  of,  460 

Naturalization,  act  relative  to,  502,  521; 
omission  of  acts  relative  to,  508 

Nature,  Reflections  of,  with  Affection 
Taught,  125 

Naudin,  409,  436 

Nauvoo  (Illinois),  340 

Navaho  National  Monument,  Arizona,  Pre- 
liminary Report  on  a  Visit  to  the,  445 

Navy,  use  of,  for  protection  of  Oregon,  296 

Na-wa-ghe-wa,    421,   436 

Neal,   Robert  W.,   article  by,    121 

Near,  Irvin  W.,  sketch  by,  326 

Nebraska,  365,  366,  368,  369,  370,  371, 
374,  379,  580,  581;  Legislative  Refer- 
ence Department  in,  599 

Nebraska  History,  Outline  of,  454 

Nebraska  History,  Summary  of,  454 

Nebraska  Municipalities,  League  of,  124 

Nebraska  State  Historical  Society,  book 
published  by,  454 

Needham,  Charles  W.,  article  by,  309 

Negro,  American,  Development  of  the,   580 

Negus,   Charles,   statement  by,   524,   525 

Neill,   Charles  P.,   581 

Neilson,   George,  article  by,   118,  440 

Nephites,  The  Land  of  the,  586 

Netherlands,  The,  troubles  in,  529 

Neutral  Strip,  24 

New  Amsterdam,  A  Notable  Visit  to,  305 

New  Amsterdam,  Early  English  and  Other 
Foreign  Ships  at,  577 

New  Amsterdam  Becomes  New  York,  577 

New  Echota,  treaty  with  Cherokees  at, 
276,  279,  280,  281;  debate  on  treaty  of, 
277;  debate  on  appropriation  for  treaty 
of,  277-279 

New  England,  Indians  in,  201 ;  expulsion 
of  Indians  from,  273,  274;  reference  to, 
324,  360,  584 


INDEX 


651 


New     England,     Descendants     of    Edward 

Small  of,  305 
New  England  Fisheries,  A  History  of  the, 

439 
New   England  Historical   and   Genealogical 

Register,    The,    contents    of,     320,    455, 

456,    594,   595 
New   England   Historical   and   Genealogical 

Society,    proceedings    at    annual   meeting 

of,  455,  456 
New  Hampshire,  360,  362,   365,  366,   368, 

369,  371,  374 
New  Jersey,  short  ballot  movement  in,  330, 

331;  reference  to,  360,  363 
New  Jersey,  The  Indians  of,  116 
New     Jersey     Continental     Line,     Extracts 

from   the   Journal   of   Surgeon   Ebenezer 

Elmer  of  the,  459 

New    Jersey    Governorship,    Woodrow    Wil- 
son and  the,  118 

New  Mexico,  282;   settlement  in,  299 
New  Mexico,  Territory  of,  bill  to  organize, 

294 
New   Netherlands,   Pioneers   and   Founders 

of,  115,   305,   577 
New  Netherland  Register,  The,  contents  of, 

115,    305,    577 
New   Orleans,    196,    244,    546;    defense   of, 

226;    battle    of,    328;    plan    of    Jefferson 

to   purchase,    335;    Paul   Alliot   deported 

from,  444 

New  Party,  Will  There  be  a,  443 
New  York,  railroad  from,    18;   Indians  in, 

201;    English    Governor    of,    310;    short 

ballot  movement  in,   330,   331;   reference 

to,    360,    361,    362,    363,    364,    365,    366, 

367,  368,  370,  371,  372,  374,  376,  377, 

378,  382,  383,  494,  536;  codification  of 

law  in,  493 
New  York,  Central,  Location  of  the  Towns 

and  Cities  of,  118 

New  York,  New  Amsterdam  Becomes,  577 
New    York,    Province    of,    Minutes    of    the 

Executive  Council  of,  310,  592 
New  York,  The  Governors  of,  326 
New  York,  Thomas  Paine's  Last  Days  in, 

116 
New  York,  Western,  The  Holland  Land  Co. 

and  Canal  Construction  in,  324,  325 
New  York   City,    18,   530,   532,    557,    571; 

activity    at,    533;    preaching    of    Scholte 

in,    536;    ownership    of    Iowa    land    by 

people  in,  539 
New    York    City,    Mayor    Gaynor's    Police 

Policy  and  the  "Crime  Wave"  in,  581 
New  York  Peace  Society,  pamphlet  printed 

by,  575 
New  York  Public  Library,  Bulletin  of  the, 

contents  of,  439,   576 
New  York  Public  Library,  The,  443 


New  York  State,  Commission  Government 
Association  of,  organization  of,  468 

New  York  State,  The  Executive  Relation- 
ship of,  to  Historical  Scholarship,  326 

New  York  State  Historical  Association, 
Proceedings  of  the,  contents  of,  326, 
595,  596 

New  York  State  Library,  bulletin  pub- 
lished by,  303 ;  destruction  of,  by  fire, 
469 

Newberry,   Byron  W.,   329 

Newberry,  Frank  John,  papers  by,  92 

Newell,  Joseph,  517 

Newhall,  J.  B.,  map  made  by,  24;  book  by, 
547;  description  of  Pella  by,  568-570 

Newport  township,  establishment  of,  162; 
first  election  in,  162;  change  in  boun- 
daries of,  164,  169,  170;  division  of, 
167;  data  relative  to,  194,  195 

Newspaper  Files,  Old,  133 

Newspaper  Presentations  upon  the  Growth 
of  Crime,  The  Influence  of,  118 

Newspapers,  recent  historical  items  in, 
127,  316,  450,  589 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals  of  Illinois, 
326,  327 

Newstead,  The  Fort  of,  A  Roman  Outpost 
on  Tweedside,  306 

Newton,  Joseph  Fort,  book  by,  126 

Newton   (Iowa),   175 

Nichols,  Arthur  H.,  article  by,  595 

Nichols,   Ernest  B.,  papers  by,   92 

Nicollet,  J.  N.,  lake  named  by,  7;  refer- 
ence to,  437 

Nicolls,  Richard,  administration  of,  310 

Non-Suability  of  the  State  in  the  United 
States,  The  Doctrine  of,  115 

Normal  courses,   act  providing  for,  488 

Normandy,   founding  of,   580 

North,  Indian  frontier  in,  201 

North  American  Review,  The,  contents  of, 
117 

North  Carolina,   266 

North  Carolina,  Federalism  in,  132 

North  Carolina,  Historical  Commission  of, 
work  published  by,  327;  sum  appropri- 
ated for  building  for,  461 

North  Carolina  Historical  Commission,  Ad- 
dresses by  the,  453 

North  Carolina  Historical  Commission,  Bi- 
ennial Report  of  the,  contents  of,  319 

North  Carolina  Historical  Commission, 
Publications  of  the,  contents  of,  453 

North  Dakota,  Co-operation  in,  123 

North  Dakota,  University  of,  The  Quar- 
terly Journal  of  the,  contents  of,  122, 
123,  308,  445 

North  Dakota  Magazine,  contents  of,   445 

Northern  Regions,  Journey  to  the,  before 
the  American  Republic,  310 


652    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Northrup,   Frank  D.,   598  . 

Northwest,  danger  from  Indians  in,  261; 
distribution  of  army  in,  263;  appeal  for 
defense  of,  263;  trail  to,  282;  barren 
plains  of,  283 ;  right  of  East  to  dispose 
of,  286;  exaggerations  of  danger  in, 
288;  defenseless  condition  of,  292;  first 
Delegate  to  Congress  from,  297 

Northwest  Company,  relations  between 
United  States  and,  351;  reference  to, 
352 

North  West  Fur  Company,  journal  written 
for,  325 

Northwest  in  1779,  Some  Problems  of  the, 
584 

Northwest  Ordinance,  restrictions  of,  ex- 
tended to  Oregon,  294 

Northwest  Territory,  relations  with  Indians 
in,  199 

Northwestern  Banker,  The,  contents  of, 
123,  312,  313,  446,  586 

Norton,  W.  H.,  papers  by,  113 

Norway,  577 

Notes  and  comment,   144,   330,  468,   605 

Nouvelle  France,  Monetary  System  of,   597 

Nova  Scotia:  Heart  of  the  Acadian  Land, 
The  History  of  King's  County,  307 

Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society,  Collections 
of  the,  contents  of,  132 

Nova  Scotia  Under  English  Rule,  596 

Noyes,  A.  A.,  sketch  of  life  of,  316,  318 

Nurses,  certificates  required  of,  482 

Nutting,  Charles  Cleveland,  60,  65;  papers 
and  reports  by,  92-96 

Oakleaf,  J.  B.,  address  by,   311 

O-be-gwa-clans,    436 

Oberlin's  Part  in  the  Slavery  Conflict,   597 

Ocha-sua-sepe  River,  433 

Ocmulgee  River,  201,  202 

Odren,  Joseph,  part  of,  in  capture  of  Jef- 
ferson Davis,  590 

Ofner,  J.  B.,  article  by,  307 

Ogden,  Peter  Skene,  Fur  Trader,  322 

Ogden  Jotirnals,  The  Peter  Skene,   136 

O-ge-ma-ga,    421,    436 

Ogg,   Frederick   A.,    discussion   by,    139 

Ogilvie,  Carolyn  M.,  reference  to,   124 

Ohio,  201,  266,  360,  362,  363,  365,  366, 
368,  369,  370,  371,  372,  374,  376,  377, 
378,  382,  383,  584;  removal  of  Indians 
from,  221;  short  ballot  movement  in, 
330,  331;  controversy  over  boundary  of, 
400;  description  of  state  of,  456;  Welsh 
minister  in,  456 

Ohio,  A  Century  of  Steamboat  Navigation 
on  the,  139 

Ohio,  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society 
of,  The  Quarterly  Publication  of  the, 
contents  of,  593 


Ohio,  La  Salle's  Route  Down  the,  134 

Ohio,  Recent  Tax  Reforms  in,  577 

Ohio,  The  Quarterly  Publication  of  the  His- 
torical and  Philosophical  Society  of,  con- 
tents of,  323,  324,  456,  593 

Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Quar- 
terly, contents  of,  134,  324,  596,  597 

Ohio  Country,  Between  the  Tears  1783  and 
1815,  The,  121 

Ohio  Declaration  of  Independence,  The,  134 

Ohio  Lands,  First  Ownership  of,  320,  455, 
456,  594,  595 

Ohio  River,  12,  200 ;  reports  on  steamboat- 
ing  on,  138 

Ohio  River,  The,  596 

Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical 
Society,  book  edited  by,  136;  activities 
of,  599,  600 

Ohio  University,  Legal  History  of,  121 

Ohio  University,  the  Historic  College  of  the 
Old  Northwest,  121,  134 

Ohio  Valley,  conference  on  historical  pub- 
lication work  in,  138;  journey  from 
Wales  to,  456;  reference  to,  584 

Ohio  Valley  Historical  Association,  annual 
meeting  of,  138 

Ohio  Valley  in  American  History,  The  Place 
of  the,  324 

Ojibway  Indians,  419,  421 

Ohle,  Ernest  Linwood,  paper  by,  96 

Oklahoma,  5 

Oklahoma  Historical  Society,  annual  meet- 
ing of,  598 

Okoboji,  career  of  boatmaker  of,  451 

Old  Man    (Indian  chief),  421 

Old  Man's  Creek  precinct,   157 

Old  Man's  Garden:,  In  an,  Poems  of  Hu- 
mor, 316 

Old  Northivest,  Ohio  University,  the  His- 
toric College  of  the,  121,  134 

Old  Northwest,  The  Indian  as  a  Diplomatic 
Factor  in  the  History  of  the,  453 

Old  Northwest  Corner,  27 

"Old  Northwest"  Genealogical  Quarterly, 
The,  contents  of,  322 

Old  soldiers'  tax  exemption,  increase  of,  479 

Old  Zion  Church,  exercises  at  site  of,   130 

O'Leary,  R.  D.,  article  by,  311 

Olmsted,  Frederick  Law,  307 

Omaha,  removal  of  Dodge  to,   145 

Onondaga  Historical  Association,  Publica- 
tions of  the,  contents  of,  453 

Oppenheim,   Samuel,  article  by,  321 

Optometry,  regulation  of  practice  of,  482 

Orderly  Books,  Original,  Written  on  the 
Battlefields  of  the  American  Revolution, 
310 

Ordinance  of  1787,  502,  521 

Oregon,  military  occupation  of,  urged,  244 ; 
defense  of,  281-294,  283;  trail  to,  282; 


INDEX 


653 


need  for  protection  of  emigrants  to,  282 ; 
special  advocate  for,  283 ;  bill  to  extend 
jurisdiction  over,  284;  omission  of  com- 
promise on  boundary  of,  285;  exploiting 
of,  by  Massachusetts  enterprise,  286; 
prediction  of  emigration  to,  286;  Ben- 
ton's  bill  for  protection  of,  288;  inadvis- 
ability  of  making  State  of,  288;  bill  reg- 
ulating trade  with  Indians  in,  289 ; 
ratification  of  final  adjustment  of  ques- 
tion of,  289;  jurisdiction  of  United 
States  over,  289,  290;  power  of  Congress 
to  provide  government  for,  290 ;  relation 
of  slavery  question  to,  290,  291,  293, 
294,  295;  attitude  of  Polk  toward,  291- 
294;  defenseless  condition  of,  292;  be- 
ginning of  Indian  hostilities  in,  293 ; 
need  for  troops  in,  293;  Territorial  gov- 
ernment provided  for,  294,  295;  Gov- 
ernor of  temporary  government  in,  295 ; 
navy  used  for  protection  of,  296 ;  settle- 
ments in,  301 ;  effect  of  acquisition  of, 
302 ;  information  for  emigrants  to,  322 ; 
adoption  of  Iowa  laws  by  people  of,  510- 
512,  514 

Oregon,  University  of,  conference  held  at, 
311 

Oregon,  Financial  History  of  the  State  of, 
136,  322 

Oregon,  "People's  Rule"  in,  441 

Oregon  Convention,  abrogation  of,  288; 
reference  to,  290 

Oregon  Historical  Society,  The  Quarterly 
Journal  of  the,  contents  of,  136,  322 

Oregon  Pioneers  and  American  Diplomacy, 
584  * 

Oregon  plan  for  electing  United  States 
Senators,  489 

Oregon  Territory,  Chief  Justice  of,  136; 
bill  for  establishment  of,  283;  discus- 
sion of  Indians  and,  295-300;  proclama- 
tion of  Organic  Act  of,  297;  Delegate 
from,  297,  298;  bill  for  Indian  land  ces- 
sions in,  298,  299;  bill  for  survey  of 
lands  in,  299;  needs  of,  supplied  by  Con- 
gress, 300 

Oregon  Trail,  guardians  of,  282;  barren 
country  crossed  by,  283 ;  recommenda- 
tions for  military  posts  along,  284;  bill 
for  guarding  of,  288;  weak  defenses  of, 
292 ;  reference  to,  293,  297 ;  marking  of, 
591 

Oregon  Trail,  The,  133 

Organic  Law  of  Territory  of  Iowa,  502, 
519 

Orient,  America  and  Peace  in  the,  447 

Orient,  Western  Influence  in  the,  Sociolog- 
ical Appraisal  of,  442 

Orislcany,  Nicholas  Herkimer  and  the  Bat- 
tle of,  580 


Orthoepy  and  Orthography,  An,  587 

Osage,  mayor  of,  470 

Osage  Indians,  land  ceded  by,  27 

Osborn,  B.  F.,  606 

Osborn,  Joseph  Esbjorn,  article  by,  592 

Osborne,  A.  W.,  article  by,  314,  446 

Osborne,  Naboth,  article  by,  452 

Oskaloosa,  5,  568,  570 

Oskaloosa,  Greater,  The  Story  of,  124 

Ottawa  Indians,   197 

Ottawa   County    (Michigan),    Dutch   colony 

in,  566 ;  reference  to,  567 
Outagami  of  Iroquois  Stock,  Were  the,  464 
Overijssel   (Holland),  538 
Overkamp,  G.  H.,  554 
Overkamp,  I.,  554 
Overton,  Judge,  232 

Owen,   Robert  Goldsborough,   report  by,   96 
Owen,  Thomas,  periodical  edited  by,  327 
Oxford    township,    establishment    of,     166; 

first  election  in,   166,   167;  reference  to, 

167;  data  relative  to,  195 
Ozarks,  Quercus  Alba,  the  Veteran  of  the, 

126 
Ozawickanebik,  408 

Pacific  Coast  History,  Publications  of  the 
Academy  of,  contents  of,  593,  594 

Pacific  Ocean,  discovery  of  route  to,  336 

Packard,  A.  D.,  169 

Paden,  Joseph  E.,  address  by,  462;  lunch- 
eon given  by,  464 

Pa-ga-we-we-wetung,  436 

Pa-goona-kee-zhig,  408,  424,  436;  speech 
by,  418 

Paine,  Clarence  S.,  465 

Paine's,  Thomas,  Last  Days  in  New  York, 
116 

Pakenham,  General,  226 

Palmer,  Lewis  E.,  article  by,   119 

Palmer,  Truman  G.,  eulogy  by,  451 

Paltsits,  Victor  Hugo,  book  edited  by,  310, 
592 ;  article  by,  326 

Pammel,  Louis  Hermann,  book  by,  126, 
449 

Pan-American  Union,  The,   116 

Pan-American  Union,  Bulletin  of  the,  con- 
tents of,  116 

Pancoast,   Chalmers  Lowell,  article  by,  380 

Paper  Industry  in  Its  Relation  to  Conser- 
vation and  the  Tariff,  The,  578 

Pa-qua-a-mo,   436 

Pardoning  Power,  Nature  and  Limits  of 
the,  117 

Parian,  The,  592 

Parish,  John  C.,  book  in  preparation  by, 
466;  reference  to,  602 

Parker,  David  W.,  work  by,  462 

Parker,  J.  W.,  394,  395,  398,  499 

Pannalee,  Julius  H.,  article  by,  116,  308 


654    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Parmalee,  Maurice,  article  by,  307;  refer- 
ence to,  442 

Parr,  Governor  John,  Memoir  of,  132 

Parrish,  Randall,  book  by,  126,  449 

Parrott,  General,  8,  31 

Parsons,  Louis  Alexander,  report  by,  96 

Parvin,  T.  S.,  8 

Pa-se-quan-gis,  421,   436 

Patch  of  Blue,  A  Little,  127 

Patrick,  George  Thomas  White,  60,  65;  pa- 
pers and  reports  by,  97,  98 

Patriotism,  Applied,  447 

Pattee,  John,  article  by,  598 

Patten,  Henry  J.,  automobiles  provided  by, 
464 

Patten,  Simon  N.,  article  by,  441 

Patterson,  Louise  Hillard,  article  by,  310 

Patterson,  William,  517 

Patton,  W.  H.,   394 

Patuxent  Associators,  Minutes  of  the  Board 
of,  595 

Paul,  George  H.,  papers  of,  137 

Paul,  J.  Balfour,  article  by,  306 

Paullin,  Charles  Oscar,  article  by,   117 

Pawnees,  Massacre  of  the  Villazur  Expedi- 
tion by  the,  on  the  Platte,  460 

Pay-a-jig,  speech  by,  413,  415,  423,  436 

Payne,  J.  D.,   393,  394,  395 

Payne,  Sereno  E.,  article  by,  577 

Peabody,  George,  and  his  Services  to  the 
State,  323 

Peabody    (Massachusetts),   145 

Peace,  A  League  of,  575 

Peace,  Woman  and  the  Cause  of,  304 

Peace,  World,  Sir  Edward  Grey  on  Union 
for,  575,  576 

Peace  and  the  Professor,  304 

Peace  Congress,  National,  meeting  of,  330 

Peace  Foundation,  The  World,  438 

Peace  Movement  Practical,  The,  303 

Pearce,  James  Newton,  paper  by,  98 

Pecatonica  River,  A  Group  of  Indian 
Mounds  on  the,  456 

Peckham,  James,  book  by,  457 

Peirce,   Paul  S.,   602 

Pekin  (Illinois),  meeting  at,  567;  refer- 
ence to,  568 

Pelican  River,  433 

Pella,  coming  of  Dutch  to,  528;  purchase 
of  land  in  vicinity  of,  541,  542;  char- 
acter of  land  in  vicinity  of,  543-545; 
location  of,  544,  548;  condition  of  Hol- 
landers at,  545,  551-557;  means  of  ac- 
cess to,  546-548 ;  cost  of  freight  from 
Keokuk  to,  547;  settlement  of  Holland- 
ers at,  548-551;  laying  out  of,  549,  550; 
local  government  for  colony  at,  553 ;  es- 
establishment  of  post  office  at,  554;  reli- 
gious life  at,  554-557;  church  and  school 
house  at,  555 ;  pioneer  character  of,  562 ; 


description  of,  by  Newhall,  568-570; 
price  of  claims  in  vicinity  of,  570;  de- 
scription and  plan  of,  570,  571;  attitude 
of  De  Witt  toward  colony  at,  571,  572; 
reference  to,  574 

Pella,  Eene  Stem  uit,  528 

Pelletreau,  William  S.,   article  by,  580 

Pelot,  J.  C.,  report  of,  concerning  Ander- 
sonville,  42,  43 

Pelzer,  Louis,  acknowledgments  to,  3;  book 
by,  141,  328,  465,  589,  601;  appoint- 
ment of,  to  State  University  of  Iowa,  600 

Penaca   River,   21 

Penal  Law,  Anglo- American  Philosophies 
of,  581 

Penal  System,  American,  An  English  View 
of  the,  581 

Penfield,  Frederic  Courtland,  article  by, 
579 

Penn,  Thomas,  and  Richard  Peters,  Letters 
of  James  Logan  to,  596 

Penn  township,  establishment  of,  161;  first 
election  in,  161;  reference  to,  162; 
change  in  boundaries  of,  170;  data  rela- 
tive to,  195 

Pennsylvania,  short  ballot  movement  in, 
330,  331;  reference  to,  360,  362,  363, 
364,  365,  366,  367,  368,  369,  371,  372, 
374,  376,  380,  382;  phase  in  early  his- 
tory of,  459 

Pennsylvania,  Historical  Society  of,  open- 
ing of  new  building  of,  137;  proceedings 
of  banquet  given  by,  459 

Pennsylvania,  Historical  Society  of,  The 
Formal  Opening  of  the  New  Fireproof 
Building  of  the,  132,  133 

Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Bi- 
ography, The,  133,  459,  596 

Pennsylvania  Society,  Yearbook  of  the,  for 
1911,  579,  580 

Pennypacker,    Samuel  W.,   article  by,   459 

Penobscot  Expedition,  reference  to,  323 

Penshallow,   Samuel,  454 

Pension  Bill,  Proposed,  312 

Pensions,  Old  Age,  The  Constitutionality 
of,  443 

People,  The  Will  of  the,  447 

Peoria  (Illinois),  331,  389 

Pepper,  Charles  M.,  article  by,   119 

Perez,  Don  Manuel,  461 

Perez,  Don  Manuel,  Letter  of,  to  the  Peo- 
ple of  Sainte  Genevieve,  460 

Perkins,  Charles  Elliott,  memorial  to,  130 

Perkins,  George  D.,   606 

Perley,  Sidney,  article  by,  132,  321,  454, 
594 

Perrin,  John  W.,  article  by,   117 

Perry,   P.   B.,   606 

Perry,  T.  B.,  491;  sketch  of  life  of,  590 

Perry's  Victory,  Significance  of,  135 


INDEX 


655 


Persons,  W.  H.,  commandant  at  Anderson- 
ville,  35 

Peru,  534 

Pe-she-ke,  409;  speech  by,  411,  412,  413, 
416,  417 

Pe-shig,  424 

Peters,  Absalom,  568 

Peters,  Alfred  Charles,  paper  by,  98 

Peters,  John  H.,  sketch  of  life  of,  451 

Peters,  Madison  C.,  book  by,  438 

Peters,  Richard,  Letters  of  James  Logan  to 
Thomas  Penn  and,  596 

Peters,  William  E.,  article  by,   121 

Peterson,  Henry  J.,  602 

Peyton,  Bailie,  253 ;  extract  from  speech  of, 
256 

Pe-zhe-ke,  436 

Pe-zhe-kins,  436 

Philadelphia,  Lea's  book  published  at,  12; 
balloon  ascension  at,  459 

Philadelphia,  Baptismal  Registers  of  Holy 
Trinity  Church,  455 

Philadelphia,  Mitteilungen  des  Deutschen 
Pionier-Vereins  von,  articles  in,  594 

Philadelphia,  Philosophical  Society  of,  ref- 
erence to,  459 

Philadelphia,  The  Beginnings  of  Russo- 
Jewish  Immigration  to,  322 

Philadelphia  Catholic  Historical  Briefs,  455 

Philadelphia  Schoolmaster  of  the  Eight- 
eenth Century,  A,  596 

Philbrick,  Philetus  H.,  58;  papers  by,  98 

Philippine  Legislature,  The  Extraordinary 
Session  of  the,  and  the  Work  of  the  Phil- 
ippine Assembly,  120 

Philippines,  439 

Philippines,  The  Discoverer  of  the,  579 

Philips,  John  F.,  article  by,  133,  321 

Phillips,  David  E.,  articles  by,  322 

Phillips,  John  Burt<Jn,  article  by,  445 

Phillips,  Ulrick  Bonnell,  article  by,  585 

Phillips  Brooks,  The  Notable  Pedigree  of, 
322 

Philology,  Economic  History  and,  309 

Philosophical  Club,  61 

Philosophical  Society,  Proceedings  of  the 
American,  contents  of,  114,  439,  576 

Philosophy  of  Responsibility,  The,  581 

Physiological  Chemistry,  Laboratory  Manual 
of,  315 

Pickett  papers,  145 

Piedmontese  on  the  Mississippi,  580 

Pierce,  Frank  G.,  article  by,  124 ;  letter  by, 
314 

Pierce,  James  M.,  329 

Pike,  John,  337 

Pike,  Zebulon  (father  of  Zebulon  M.  Pike), 
337 

Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery,  importance  of 
explorations  of,  337;  birth  of,  337;  edu- 


cation of,  337;  military  life  of,  337,  338; 
choice  of,  for  exploration,  338;  journal 
of  expedition  of,  338,  339;  departure  of, 
from  St.  Louis,  339;  enthusiasm  of,  340; 
passings  of  rapids  by,  340;  visit  of,  on 
site  of  Montrose,  340,  341;  stop  of,  at 
site  of  Fort  Madison,  341;  location  of 
fort  at  site  of  Burlington  recommended 
by,  341,  342;  wanderings  of  hunters  un- 
der, 342,  343 ;  mouth  of  Iowa  River 
passed  by,  343;  meeting  of,  with  Black 
Hawk,  343 ;  visit  of,  at  Dubuque  mines, 
343,  344 ;  interpreter  secured  by,  344 ; 
information  concerning  Indians  received 
by,  344,  345 ;  arrival  of,  at  Prairie  du 
Chien,  345 ;  fort  near  McGregor  recom- 
mended by,  345 ;  new  boats  secured  by, 
345 ;  departure  of,  from  Prairie  du 
Chien,  345;  hopes  of,  345,  346;  council 
of,  with  Wabasha,  346,  347;  northern 
boundary  of  Iowa  crossed  by,  347;  coun- 
cil of,  near  site  of  Fort  Snelling,  347, 
348;  arrival  of,  at  Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
348;  winter  quarters  built  by,  349;  dis- 
couragement of,  349,  350;  difficulties  met 
by,  350;  meeting  of,  with  Chippeway  In- 
dians, 350;  visit  of,  at  British  trading 
post,  350,  351 ;  correspondence  of,  con- 
cerning British  traders,  351-353;  Leech 
Lake  reached  by,  353 ;  mistake  of,  con- 
cerning source  of  Mississippi,  353,  354; 
preparation  of,  for  homeward  journey, 
354;  council  of,  with  Chippeway  Indians, 
354;  departure  of,  from  Leech  Lake, 
354;  descent  of  river  by,  355,  357;  coun- 
cil of,  with  Menominee  Indians,  355; 
return  of,  to  Wabasha's  village,  355 ;  re- 
turn of,  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  356 ;  Indian 
game  described  by,  356;  return  of,  to  St. 
Louis,  357;  value  of  reports  of,  357;  ef- 
fects of  expedition  of,  357,  358;  failure 
to  secure  compensation  for,  358 

Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery,  The  Expedition 
of,  to  the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi,  by 
ETHYI,  EDNA  MARTIN,  335 

Pilgrim  Foundation  of  American  Civiliza- 
tion, America's  Heritage,  120 

Pilgrims,  landing  of,  234,  273,  274;  re- 
semblance of  Dutch  to,  537 

Pilgrims  of  Iowa,  sketch  of,  129 

Pillsbury,  Walter  Bowers,  book  by,  589 

Pine  River,  21;  land  on,  bought  by  Lea,  22 

Pink,  Louis  H.,  article  by,  580 

Pioneer  and  the  Forest,  The,  460 

Pioneer  days,  crimes  of,  316 

Pioneer  life,  account  of,  29 

Pioneers,  relations  between  Indians  and, 
196,  197,  198;  impatience  of,  to  secure 
land,  198;  defense  of,  219,  245,  254, 
283;  responsibility  of,  for  degradation  of 


656    IOWA  JOURNAL  OP  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Indian,  225;  army  for  protection  of, 
244;  protection  of,  from  Indians,  148; 
relation  of,  to  Indian  hostilities,  249; 
encouragement  to,  in  Florida,  257-260; 
wilderness  conquered  by,  267;  attitude 
of,  toward  Indians,  276;  sale  of  Indian 
lands  to,  282;  caravans  of,  284;  need 
for  protection  of,  301,  302 ;  original 
homes  of,  369;  western  location  of  for- 
eign-born, 371;  routes  of,  to  Iowa,  373- 
376,  377-379,  382,  383 

Pioneers,  An  Ode  to  the,  446 

Pioneers,  The  History  of  the  West  and  the, 
137,  319 

Pioneers  and  Founders  of  New  Netherland, 
115,  305 

Pioneers  of  the  West,  The  Attitude  of  Con- 
gress Toward  the,  by  KENNETH  W.  COL- 
GROVE,  196 

Pisgah,  Mormon  monument  at,  590 

Pish-ka-ga-ge,  421,  436;  speech  by,  432; 
speech  signed  by,  433 

Pittsburg,  preaching  by  Scholte  at,  536 

Pittsburg  Centennial,  discussion  of,   138 

Pittsburg  Landing,  battle  of,  591 

Pittsburg  Survey,  service  performed  by,  330 

Pittsburgh,  Getting  Down  to  Tax  in,  580 

Pittsburgh  City  Plan,  The,  307 

Plains,  Across  the,  in  1850,  135 

Planters,  sale  of  Indian  lands  to,  282 

Pleasant  Valley  township,  establishment  of, 
160;  first  election  in,  160;  reference  to, 
167;  division  of,  171;  jurisdiction  of, 
over  Lincoln  township,  171,  172 ;  oppo- 
sition to  division  of,  172 ;  data  relative 
to,  195 

Pleistocene  Deposits  in  Warren  County, 
Iowa,  315 

Pleistocene  Glaciation,  An  Extension  of  the 
Known  Area  of,  to  the  Coast  Ranges  of 
California,  439,  440 

Plover  Portage,  423,  434 

Plumb,  A.  G.,  paper  by,  464 

Plumbe,  John,  map  made  by,  24 

Plumbe,  John,  Jr.,  390;  secretary  of  con- 
vention, 390,  391 

Plymouth  County,  380 

Pocahontas,  story  of,  590 

Poe,   Arthur,    142 

Poinsett,  Joel  R.,  report  by,  271,  284 

Poisonous  Plants,  A  Manual  of,  126,  449 

Poker  table,  possession  of,  prohibited,  483 

Police  Duty,  Uncle  Sam  on,  443 

Political  and  Social  Progress  in  Latin- 
America,  441 

Political  and  Social  Science,  The  Annals  of 
the  American  Academy  of,  contents  of, 
119,  306,  441,  581 

Political  Cohesion,  Causes  of  the  Lack  of, 
in  Spanish  America,  120 


Political  Psychology,  The  Course  of  Social 
Reform  and,  578 

Political  Science,  Law  and  Education,  Find- 
ing List  of  the  Social  Sciences,  116 

Political  Science  Association,  American, 
meeting  of,  140,  144,  145,  309,  468 

Political  Science  Association,  Proceedings 
of  the  American,  reprint  from,  447 

Political  Science  Club,  61 

Political  Science  Quarterly,  contents  of, 
117,  305,  306,  411 

Political  Science  Review,  The  American, 
contents  of,  120,  309,  443,  444,  579 

Politics,  History  of  American,  114 

Politics,  The  New,  117 

Polk,  James  K.,  221,  300;  message  of,  rel- 
ative to  Oregon,  288,  289;  attitude  of, 
toward  Oregon,  291-294;  Oregon  bill 
signed  by,  294;  extract  from  diary  of, 
295;  extract  from  message  of,  296 

Polk,  James  K.,  The  Diary  of,  During  his 
Presidency,  325 

Polk  diary,   145 

Polk  papers,  145 

Polk  County,  pioneers  of,  589;  pioneer 
teacher  of,  590 

Potting  Places,  Our,  580 

Poole,  Reginald  L.,  article  by,  440 

Poor  houses,  act  relative  to,  523 

Poore,  Alfred,  article  by,  132,  321,  454,  594 

Poore,  Charles  Delos,  papers  and  reports 
by,  98 

Pope,  Nathaniel,  321 

Pope  Pius  X,  letter  by,  577 

Population  and  Leadership,  City  Trend  of, 
123,  308 

Porritt,  Edward,  article  by,  441 

Porter,  Alexander,  263,  264 

Porter,  Peter  B.,  Indian  policy  of,  223,  224 

Porter,  William,  sketch  of  life  of,  590 

Porto  Rico,  439 

Portola  Expedition,  The,  593 

Portugal,  Prince  Henry  of,  and  the  African 
Crusade  of  the  Fifteenth  Century,  134 

Potosi,  305 

Pottawatomie  Indians,  197,  222 

Pottawattamie  County,  380,  383 

Poultry  and  Squabs,  Money  in,  448 

Powell,  Clifford,   149,  465,  600,  602,  607 

POWELL,  CLIFFORD,  The  Contributions  of 
Albert  Miller  Lea  to  the  Literature  of 
Iowa  History,  3  ;  History  of  the  Codes  of 
Iowa  Law,  493 

Prairie,  distribution  of,   16 

Prairie  and  Other  Stories,  A  Breath  of,  449 

Prairie  du  Chien,  196,  281,  342,  346;  ar- 
rival of  Pike  at,  345 ;  importance  of, 
345 ;  departure  of  Pike  from,  345 ;  re- 
turn of  Pike  to,  356;  treaty  made  at, 
413,  420 


INDEX 


657 


Prairie  flora  of  Southwestern  Minnesota, 
582 

Prairie  Rose,  A,  125 

Prdrien  in  Zentralnordamerika  und  ihr 
Wert  fur  Forstkultur,  Die,  581,  582,  587 

Prairies,  act  relative  to,  523 

Prairies,  The,  448,  449 

Pratt,  Leigh  Raymond,  article  by,  580 

Pratt,  Thomas  H.,  article  by,  314 

Preemptions,  action  of  convention  on  sub- 
ject of,  385 ;  memorial  on  subject  of,  385, 
401-403;  resolution  relative  to,  386,  392, 
393;  committee  on  memorial  relative  to, 
396 

Prehistoric  Earthworks  in  Wisconsin,  324 

Prehistoric  Men  of  Kentucky,  The,  322 

Presbyterian  Church,  Ninth,  The  Early  His- 
tory of,  and  the  Chambers  Independent 
Church,  320 

Presbyterian  Historical  Society,  Journal  of 
the,  contents  of,  131,  320,  455 

Prescott,  Arthur  T.,  328 

President-Choosing  —  Old  Ways  and  New, 
443 

President  of  United  States,  memorial  to, 
205 

Presidential  Succession,  1840-1844,  Vir- 
ginia and  the,  585 

President's  New  Tear  Receptions,  Then  and 
Now,  The,  308 

Preston,  William  C.,  254,  259,  264 

Price,  A.  D.,  sketch  by,  457 

Priests  of  North  America,  Pioneer,  457 

Primary,  The  Iowa,  and  Its  Workings,  140 

Primary  election  law,  modifications  of,  476, 
477 

Prince's  Annals  and  Its  Notable  List  of 
Subscribers,  322 

Princeton,  battle  of,  310 

Prins,  Adolphe,  article  by,  581 

Printer,  Public,  recommendation  for  ap- 
pointment of,  508 

Printers,  old  time,  130 

Prison  Congress,  The  International,  at 
Washington,  119 

Prison  System,  American,  Some  European 
Comments  on  the,  581 

Procter,  A.  G.,  article  by,  460 

Procter,  Harrison  and,  596 

Professor,  Peace  and  the,  304 

Progress,  The  Ideals  of,  441 

Prohibitionists,  Third  Party,  failure  of,  317 

Prohibitory  amendment  campaign  of  1882, 
memories  of,  317 

Prohibitory  law,  increase  in  penalties  for 
violation  of,  483 

Propaganda  Documents,  319 

Proskauer,  Joseph  M.,  article  by,  441 

Protestant  Missions,  The  Earliest  Account 
of,  320,  455 


Prud'homme,  L.  A.,  article  by,  596 
Psychology,  The  Essentials  of,  589 
Psychology  of  Religion,  The,  450 
Psychology  of  War,  438 
Puant  Indians,  356 

Public  Domain  and  Democracy,  The,  115 
Public  health,  acts  relative  to,  481,  482 
Public  Health  Movement,  The,  316 
Public  morals,  acts  relative  to,  482-484 
Public  Policy,  The  Relation  of  Social  The- 
ory to,  442 

Public  safety,  acts  providing  for,  480,  481 
Public  Service,  Training  for,  580 
Public  Speaking,  Practical  Lessons  in,  126 
Public  Utilities,  Rates  for,  577 
Public  Utilities  Bill,  defeat  of,  489 
Publicity,  department  of,  478 
Pueblos,  Ancient,  Newly  Discovered  Ruins 

of  the,  320 

Pulaski  County,  Kentucky,  Notes  from,  320 
Pumpelly,  Josiah  0.,  article  by,  441,  580 
Punishments,  act  defining,  505 
Purchase  Price,  The,  125 
Pure  food  acts,  482 
Puritanism  in  the  South,  588 
Putnam,  Capt.  Jeremiah,  Revolutionary  Or- 
derly Book  of,  132,  321 
Putnam's   Sons,   G.   P.,  book  published  by, 

116,   121 

Pyramids   of  San   Juan  Teotihuacan,   The, 
131 

Quaife,   Milo  Milton,   work  edited  by,   325, 

461;  paper  by,  463 

Quaker  communities,  reference  to,  128 
Quakers  in  Maryland,  attempts  to  suppress, 

458 
Quarantine,    infantile   paralysis   subject   to, 

481 

Que-we-shan-shez,  speech  by,  418,  419 
Queen  Anne's  County,  First  Free  School  in, 

456 

Quick,  J.  Herbert,  book  by,  449 
Quincy   (Illinois),  331 
Quinn,  Patrick,  421 
Quirigua,  ruins  of,  453 
Quisenberry,  Anderson  Chenault,  article  by, 

457;  book  by,  592 
Quit  Rent  in  Maryland,  The,  323 

Rabbit,  The  (Indian  warrior),  436 

Raccoon  Forks,  6,  8,  30,  400,  568 

Raccoon  River,  10 

Race,  A  Vanishing,  324 

Race  Distinctions,  The  Constitutionality  of, 

308 

Race  Suicide,  A  Neglected  Factor  in,  306 
Races  Congress,  The  First  Universal,  440 
Racial  Element  in  Social  Assimilation,  The, 

442 


658    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Radisson,  Pierre  Esprit,  457 

Raids,  Rides  and,  Long  Distance,  118 

Railroad  Bill,  The,  and  the  Court  of  Com- 
merce, 120 

Railroad  Commissioners,  new  office  in  con- 
nection with,  485 

Railroad  Field  Geometry,  126 

Railroad  Rate  Controversy,  Economic 
Phases  of  the,  116 

Railroad  Rate  Legislation,  124 

Railroad  Taxation  in  Iowa,  314 

Railroad  Trainmen,  Standardizing  the 
Wages  of,  117 

Railroad's  Rules,  Special  Taxes  and  the, 
585 

Railroads,  extension  of,  westward,  18 ;  in- 
vestigation of  rates  charged  by,  485 

Railroads,  American,  The  Federal  Regula- 
tion of,  443 

Railroads,  Operation  of,  Scientific  Manage- 
ment in  the,  440 

Railroads  and  the  People,  The,  304 

Railway  Library,  1909,  The,  115 

Raihvay  Problems,  Current,  304 

Railway  Rate  Theories  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission,  117,  309,  440 

Railway  Speculation,  309 

Railway  Statistics  of  the  United  States  for 
1910,  438 

Rafinesque:  A  Sketch  of  his  Life  with  Bib- 
liography, 588,  592 

Ralph,  fugitive  slave  case  of,  507 

Ralston,  Robert,  394,  395,   398 

Ralston,  W.  C.,  329 

Ramsdell,  Charles  W.,  reference  to,  135, 
462 

Randall,  E.  O.,   136,  600 

Randolph,  John  H.,  393,  394 

Randolph  Manuscript,  The,  132,  324,  458, 
595 

Ransom,  Matt  W.,  Addresses  at  the  Unveil- 
ing of  the  Bust  of,  453 

Rates  for  Public  Utilities,  577 

Rat's  Liver,  408,  436;  speech  by,  418 

Rattermann,  H.  A.,  articles  by,  593 

Ravenal,   S.  W.,   article  by,  595 

Raymond,  William  Gait,  66 ;  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  98;  book  by,  126 

Raymond,  W.  O.,  article  by,  596 

R-che-o-saw-ya,   436 

Read,    George  Windle,   papers  by,    98 

Reading    (Massachusetts),   584 

Reciprocity,  Timber  Conservation  as  Re- 
lated to,  443 

Recitation,    The,   314 

Records  of  the  Past,  contents  of,  131,  319, 
453,  592 

Red  Cedar  Lake,  Indian  chiefs  from,  436 

Red  Deer's  Rump,  410,  411 

Red  Lake,  Indian  chief  from,  436 


Red   River,   troops  located  on,   263 ;    refer- 
ence to,  268 
Reed,  Thomas  B.,  220;  extract  from  speech 

of,  220,  221 

Reed,  William  Howell,   article  by,   304 
Rees,  Thomas,   338 
Reform,  Leadership  in,  442 
Regiment,  Second,  history  of,  129 
Register  and  Leader,  The,  historical  articles 

in,  127,  316,  317,  450,  451,  589 
Reid,  Harvey,  death  of,   147;  sketch  of  life 

of,   147,    148 

Reid,  W.  Max,  book  by,  116 
Reilly,  John  Franklin,  paper  by,  98 
Reinsch,  Paul  Samuel,  article  by,  309,  441 

585;  book  compiled  by,  575 
Reinulle,  Joseph,  345 
Religion,  The  Modern  Man's,  587 
Religion,  The  Social  Basis  of,  307 
Religious    History,    American,    Unpublished 

Materials     for,     Chiefly     in     Protestant 

Churches,  462 

Religious  Question  in  Spain,  The,  116 
Remington,  Roe,  paper  by,   98 
Removal  policy,   early  history  of,    198-201; 

Monroe  and,  207-211;  agitations  for  gen- 
eral,    218-226;     Jackson    and,     226-237; 

consequences    of,    264;    eulogy    on,    275; 

success    of,     under    Jackson,     279;     con- 
summation of,   282 
Reprints  and  Translations,  304 
Republic,  Little  Wars  of  the,  442 
Republican   Party,    A    Native    of   Jefferson 

County,  New  York,  First  Organized  and 

Named  the,  326 
Republican  Party,  The  Second  Birth  of  the, 

134 
Republican     State     Convention     in     1884, 

chairman  of,   146 
Republican  State   Convention,  Des  Moines, 

The,  135 
Republics,     American,     The     International 

Bureau  of  the,   116 
Republikaner  Philadelphias,  Beteiligung  der 

deutschen,    an    der    Prasidentenwahl    im 

Jahre  1860,  594 
Republikanische     Partei     in     Jahre     1856, 

Anschluss    der    Deutschen    Philadelphias 

an  die,  594 

Reuss,  F.  X.,  work  transcribed  by,   455 
Review  of  Reviews,  The  American,  contents 

of,    117,    118,   443,   579 
Revised  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa, 

1842-1843    (see  Blue  Book,  The) 
Revolution,   Sons  of  the  American,  work  of, 

in  Iowa,  447 
Revolution,    Die    D eutsch-Amerikaner    und 

die  deutsche,  321 

Revolution,  Industrial  Dispute  or,  580 
Revolution,  The  Last  Bloodshed  of  the,  323 


INDEX 


659 


Revolutionary  Orderly  Book  of  Capt.  Jere- 
miah Putnam  of  Denver*,  Mass.,  in  the 
Rhode  Island  Campaign,  321 
Reynard  Indians,   356 
Reynolds,  "Diamond  Joe",  sketch  of  life  of, 

590 

Reynolds,  Eli,  395 
Reynolds,  John,  article  by,  597 
Rhine  and  Mississippi  River  Terminals,  308 
Rhode  Island,  360,  363 
Rhode  Island  Campaign,  Revolutionary  Or- 
derly Book  of  Capt.  Jeremiah  Putnam  of 
Danvers,  Mass.,  in  the,  321 
Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  136 
Rhodes,  Charles  Harker,  article  by,  460 
Ricardo:  David,  A.  Centenary  Estimate,  304 
Ricardo,    David,    The    Development    of   the 
Theory  of  Money  from  Adam  Smith   to, 
440 

Rice,  G.  G.,  book  by,  123 
Rich,  Joseph  W.,  monograph  by,   141,  315 
Richards,  Frederick  B.,  article  by,  596 
Richardson,  David  C.,  328 
Richardson's  Road,  Joseph,  459 
Richman,    Irving    B.,    book   by,    449,    583, 

589,  601 

Richmond,  Mary  E.,  article  by,  441 
Richmond    (Virginia),  condition  of  prisons 
near,   35;  reference  to,  45,  47,  49;  cap- 
ture of,  47 ;  meeting  of  International  Tax 
Association  at,  468 
Rides  and  Raids,  Long  Distance,  118 
Ridley,  Esther  A.,  sketch  of,  451 
Rigdon,  Sidney,  Biography  of,  124 
Riggs,  Thomas  L.,  article  by,  598 
Riley,  Franklin  L.,  article  by,  597;  volume 

edited  by,  597 
Rinearson,  John  J.,  393 
Rinearson,  Isaac  H.,  392 
Rinearson,  S.  J.,  395 
Ring,  Herbert  C.,  601 
Rio  del  Norte,  282 
Ripley,  E.  R.,  article  by,  304 
Ripley,  William  Z.,   article  by,   309 
Riprow  (name  of  early  Iowa  town),  23 
Riverland  Grant,  History  of  the,  123 
Riverland  Troubles,  Days  of  the,  123 
Rivers,  description  of,  by  Lea,  20,  21 
River-side  Poems,  Country  and,  315 
Road  legislation,  478,  486,  487 
Roads,     act    making    provision    for,     477 ; 
graft  in  connection  with  work  on,   489 ; 
laws  establishing,   503 
Roads,  Other  Main-Traveled,  125 
Robarts,  Paul  T.,  article  by,  585 
Robbins,  Asher,  231,  232 
Robbins,  E.  Clyde,  book  by,  115,  127,  449 
Roberts,  Brigham  H.,  article  by,  116,  442 
Robertson,     James    Alexander,     article    by, 
120;  book  edited  by,  444,  445 


Robertson,  John,  259 

Robertson,  Joseph  M.,  517 

Robertson,  Thomas  B.,  article  by,  458 

Robertson,  William  Spence,  article  by,   585 

Robinson,  Clement  F.,  article  by,  306 

Robinson,    Doane,    volume   edited   by,    598 ; 

article  by,  598 

Robinson,  H.  E.,  paper  by,  457 
Robinson,    James   Harvey,    article   by,    441, 

576 

Rockafellow,  J.  B.,  142 
Rock  Island,   13,   14;   early  inhabitants  of, 

606 

Rock  Island  (Illinois),  331 
Rock  Island  Railroad  in  Iowa,  director  of 

survey  for,  145 ;  reference  to,  176 
Rock  River,  crossing  of  rapids  of,  343 
Rock  River  in  the  Revolution,  598 
Rockwood,   Elbert  William,   60,   66;   papers 

and  reports  by,  99,  100;  book  by,  315 
Rocky  Mountains,  210;  emigration  to,  286 
Rodenbough,  Theodore  F.,  article  by,  443 
Rogers,  Julia  E.,  book  by,  127 
Rogers,  Dr.  Seth,  War  Letters  of,  133 
Rogers,  Thomas,  515;  resolution  by,  516 
Rolla,  580 

Roman  and  Other  Italian  Archives,  Guide 
to  the  Materials  for  American  History  in, 
462 

Roman  Catholicism  a  Danger,  Is,  447 
Roman  Outpost  on  Tweedside:  The  Fort  of 

Newstead,  A,  306 
Romulus  (New  York),  603 
Roncovieri,  Alfred,  article  by,  122 
Roosevelt,    Theodore,    article    by,    119;    ad- 
dress by,  445 

Root,  Elihu,  article  by,  303,  441;  refer- 
ence to,  330 

Root,  Ralph*  Eugene,  reports  by,  100 
Rorer,  David,  386,  394,  396 
Rose,  J.  H.,  394 

Rose,  Robert  Seldon,  diary  edited  by,  593 
Rosemary,  Mabel  Thacher,  article  by,  580 
Rosewater,  Victor,  article  by,  443 
Ross,  Edward  A.,  442 
Ross,    John,    memorial   from,    237;    protest 

of  faction  under,  277 
Ross,  Joseph  B.,  article  by,  306 
Ross,  L.  S.,  article  by,  585 
Ross  family,  sketch  of,  318,  452,  590 
Rosseau,  Pierre,  345 
Rossler,  Gotleb,  petition  from,  165 
Roulette    wheel,    possession    of,    prohibited, 

483 

Rowland,   Dunbar,   discussion  by,    139;   re- 
port by,  139,  140 ;  reference  to,  145 
Rowland,  Mrs.  Dunbar,  article  by,  597 
Roy,    G.    G.,    40;   testimony   of,    concerning 

Andersonville,  40,  41 
Roy,  J.  Edmund,  article  by,  596 


660    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Royal  Society  of  Canada,  Proceedings,  and 

Transactions  of  the,  articles  in,  596 
Ruggles-Brise,  Sir  Evelyn,  article  by,  581 
Bum  River,  422 

Runnels,  John  S.,  sketch  of  life  of,  128 
Rural  Problem,   The  Drift   to   the   City   <n 

Relation  to  the,  442 
Ruser,  Helen  E.,  142 
Rusk,  Thomas  J.,  299 
Russell,  A.  F.,  394 
Russell,   Frank,    65;   paper   and  report  by, 

100 

Russell,  John  B.,  519 

Russell,  Professor  John,  of  Bluff  Dale,  597 
Russell  and  Reeves,  code  printed  by,   500; 

payment  of,  for  printing  laws,  509,  510; 

reference  to,   511 
Russia,  577 
Russo-Japanese  War,  The  Literature  of  the, 

459 
Russo-Jewish   Immigration   to   Philadelphia, 

The  Beginnings  of,  322 
Ryan,  D.  J.,   600 

Ryan,  David,  sketch  of  life  of,  317 
Ryan,  Oswald,  article  by,  309,  310 
Ryan,  Thomas  J.,  sketch  of  life  of,  591 
Ryner,  W.  H.,  article  by,  320 

Sabin,   Edwin  Legrand,  book  by,  589 

Sabine  River,  guard  stationed  on,  196; 
reference  to,  271 

Sac  and  Fox  Indians,  Iowa  country  in  pos- 
session of,  13;  treaty  with,  21;  refer- 
ence to,  24,  197 

Sac  and  Fox  Trail,  597 

Sac  Indians,  meeting  of  Pike  with  agent  of, 
340 ;  village  of,  340,  342 ;  trading  post 
for,  suggested  by  Pike,  340;  council  of 
Pike  with,  340,  341;  burial  customs  of, 
458 

Sacajawea,  sketch  of  life  of,   130 

Sachse,  Julius  F.,   article  by,   447 

Safety,  public,  acts  providing  for,  480,  481 

Sa-ga-ta-gun,   436 

St.  Andrews  University,  The  Beginnings  of, 
440,  578 

St.  Ange,  The  Sieurs  de,  598 

St.  Anthony,  Hennepin  at  the  Falls  of,  582 

St.  Clair,  Arthur,  precinct  named  in  honor 
of,  470 

St.  Clair  township,  school  district  organized 
in,  470 

St.  Croix  River,  desire  of  government  for 
land  on,  409;  Indian  chiefs  from,  409, 
436;  reference  to,  422,  423,  433 

St.  Joseph,  Michigan,  The  Capture  of,  by 
the  Spaniards  in  1781,  595 

St.  Louis,  5,  268,  293,  342,  346,  354,  533, 
546;  products  marketed  at,  18;  arrival 
of  Lea,  at,  26;  meeting  of  Political  Sci- 


ence Association  at,  140,  144,  145;  re- 
moval of  Kasson  to,  146 ;  departure  of 
Pike  from,  339;  return  of  Pike  to,  357; 
meeting  of  Economic  Association  at,  443 ; 
founder  of,  461;  letters  from  Hollanders 
at,  532;  arrival  of  Hollanders  at,  534; 
deaths  at,  534;  treatment  of  Dutch  in, 
538;  investigation  of  land  near,  539; 
return  of  Scholte  to,  542 ;  return  of  com- 
mittee to,  543 ;  departure  of  Hollanders 
from,  548 ;  arrival  of  Hollanders  from, 
550;  return  of  Hollanders  to,  551;  re- 
vival at,  556 

St.  Louis,  the  Story  of,  Under  Three  Flags 
or,  460 

St.  Louis  Meetings,  The,  306 

St.  Louis  River,  need  of  custom  house  at 
mouth  of,  351 

St.  Mary's  River,  268 

St.  Peters,  treaty  made  at,  433 

St.  Peter's  River,  268,  433 

St.  Pierre,  Halifax  and  the  Capture  of,  in 
1793,  132 

Ste.  Genevieve    (Missouri),   sketch  of,   130 

Sainte  Genevieve,  Letter  of  Don  Manuel 
Perez  to  the  People  of,  460 

Salem,  reunion  of  pioneers  at,  591 

Salem  (Massachusetts),  execution  of  witch- 
es at,  454 

Salem,  The  Court  Houses  in,  454 

Salisbury,   Stephen,   133 

Salt  Creek  Circuit,  Church  Records  of,  458 

Sampson,  Henry  E.,  article  by,  124 

Sampson,  Martin  Wright,  reports  by,  101 

San  Augustine  County,  Life  of  A.  Horton 
and  Early  Settlement  of,  456,  457 

San  Francisco  and  San  Mateo,  Shellmounds 
at,  592 

San  Francisco  Bay,  Expedition  to,  in  1770, 
594 

San  Francisco  Bay  and  California  in  1776, 
583,  589 

San  Francisco  Committee  of  Vigilance,  Pa- 
pers of  the,  593 

San  Francisco  Fire,  Effect  on  Real  Estate 
Values  of  the,  117 

San  Francisco  Labor  Movement,  Sketch  of 
the,  444 

San  Mateo,  Shellmounds  at  San  Francisco 
and,  592 

San  Pedro  (California),  297 

Sanborn,  Martha,  book  by,   449 

Sanders,  Euclid,  602 

Sandham,  William  R.,  appreciation  by,  459 

Sandwich  (Illinois),  school  at,  taught  by 
Dolliver,  146 

Sandy  Lake,  trading  post  on,  350;  Indian 
chiefs  from,  409,  436 

Sangamon  County,  Illinois,  The  Old  Indian 
Trail,  597 


INDEX 


661 


Sangamon  County,  Independent  Military 
Companies  of,  321 

Sanitary  Commission,  United  States,  The 
Heroic  Story  of  the,  304 

Santa  F6  Trail,  establishment  of,  282;  bill 
for  improvement  of,  282 ;  reference  to, 
297;  marking  of,  591 

Sauerberg,  C.  G.,  329 

Sauks  and  Foxes  in  Franklin  and  Osage 
Counties,  Kansas,  The,  319,  460 

Saul  to  Bethlehem,  From  the  Throne  of,  449 

Saum,  James,  329 

Saunders,  William  E.  G.,   329 

Savage,  A.  C.,  329 

Savage,  James,  article  by,  455 

Savage,  John,  article  by,  442 

Savage,  Thomas  Edmund,  reports  by,   101 

Saylor,  Charles  F.,  eulogy  of,  451 

Scales,   inspection  of,  486 

Scarborough's  Report,  Colonel,  458 

Schaeffer,  Charles  Ashmead,  papers  by,  101 

Schafer,  Joseph,  article  by,  584 

Schaper,  W.  A.,  book  edited  by,  121 

Schaub,  F.  L.,  report  by,   101 

Schmidt,  Joseph  H.,  recollections  by,  321 

Schmidt,  L.  B.,  article  in  preparation  by, 
467;  reference  to,  602 

Schmidt,  Otto  L.,  address  by,  463 

Schrabisch,  Max,  article  by,  116 

Scholte,  Henry  Peter,  association  formed 
by,  528;  pamphlet  by,  528;  interest  of, 
in  home  country,  528,  529;  problems 
confronting,  529;  courtesy  of  officials  to, 
530;  reason  for  rejection  of  Michigan  by, 
530-532 ;  experience  of,  with  sharpers, 
532 ;  desire  of,  for  arrival  of  friends, 
533 ;  visit  of,  in  Boston,  535 ;  experi- 
ences of,  in  Albany,  535,  536;  preaching 
by,  536;  investigations  of,  at  Fairfield, 
539-541;  purchase  of  land  by,  541,  542; 
return  of,  to  St.  Louis,  542;  account  of 
settlement  and  conditions  at  Pella  by, 
543-557;  allegiance  to  Holland  renounced 
by,  557;  grief  of,  over  conditions  in  Hol- 
land, 557-559;  advice  to  Hollanders  by, 
560-565 ;  education  of,  569 ;  letter  from 
De  Witt  to,  571,  572;  election  at  house 
of,  572;  reference  to,  574 

School  Books  and  International  Prejudices, 
304 

School  legislation,  487,  488 

School  System,  the  Public,  Relations  of  the 
State  Board  of  Education  to,  123 

School  Treasurer,  bill  to  abolish  office  of, 
490 

Schools,  act  requiring  fire  drills  in,  481; 
law  relative  to,  523 

Schufeldt,  Commodore,  The  Opening  of  Ko- 
rea by,  117 

Schultz,  J.  N.,  568 


Sciences  of  Mankind,  Newer,  The  Relations 
of  History  to  the,  140 

Scisco,  L.  D.,  article  by,  441,  442 

Scotland,  The  History  of  Divorce  in,  118 

Scott,  Franklin  William,  work  edited  by, 
326,  327 

Scott,  Harvey  W.,  article  by,  136 

Scott,  Kate  M.,  booklet  by,  439 

Scott,  Martin,   437 

Scott,  Winfield  M.,  treaty  made  by,  13,  281 ; 
reference  to,  246,  431 

Scott's  Purchase,  13,  20 

Scott  County  in  Iowa,  Davenport  und,  Die 
Deutschen  in,  131 

Scott  township,  establishment  of,  160;  first 
election  in,  160 ;  petition  from,  163 ; 
change  in  boundaries  of,  163,  164 ;  data 
relative  to,  195 

Scottish  Burgh  Records,  440 

Scottish  Historical  Review,  The,  contents 
of,  118,  306,  440,  578 

Scottish  Islands  in  the  Diocese  of  Sudor, 
The,  440 

Scouts,  Boy,  575 

Seahorn,  James,  election  at  house  of,  165 

Seals,  law  relative  to,  504,  505 

Sealsfield,  Charles,  description  of  life  in 
America  by,  594 

Seals field-Funde,  594 

Sealsfield  Sources,  594 

Searls,  R.  S.,  392 

Seashore,  C.  E.,  66,  602;  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  101,  102 

Secession  of  Virginia,  The  Influence  of  In- 
dustrial and  Educational  Leaders  on  the, 
119 

Secession  Winter  of  1860-61,  Great,  133 

Secretary  of  State,  classification  of  laws  by, 
475 

Secretary  of  Territory,  publication  of  code 
directed  by,  501;  criticism  of,  by  Lucas, 
507,  508;  reference  to,  519,  521 

Sedalia    (Missouri),    605 

Seddon,  James  A.,  48,  49 ;  charges  against, 
50;  verdict  against,  51 

Sedlasky,  Ferdinand  J.,  book  by,   127 

Seewee  Barony,  594 

Segregation  Ordinance,  The  Baltimore,  308 

Seidensticker,  Dr.  Oswald,  und  die  deutsch- 
amerikanische  Geschichtsforschung,  593 

Seminole  Indian  War,  hero  of,  230 ;  close 
of,  243,  260;  action  of  Congress  relative 
to,  248;  cause  of,  252;  arguments  in  de- 
bates on,  254;  speech  of  Giddings  rela- 
tive to,  258  (see  also  Florida  Indian 
War) 

Seminole  Indians,  subduing  of,  197;  refer- 
ence to,  224,  252;  campaign  of  Jackson 
against,  226;  cost  of  subduing,  247;  bills 
for  suppression  of,  249,  253 ;  cause  of 


662    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


hostilities  of,  249;  appeals  for  justice  to, 
255;  continuance  of  hostilities  with,  256; 
bill  for  removal  of,    258;    refuge   of   ne- 
groes with,  258;  effect  of  war  with,  261 
Semple,  Ellen  Churchill,  book  by,  438 
Senators,    United    States,    Oregon   plan   for 

election  of,  489 

Separatist  congregation,  persecution  of,  528 
Settlements,   advance  of,  in  West,   197;   ob- 
stacle in  way  of,  203 ;  extent  of,  281 
Settlers,  intrusion  of,  on  Indian  lands,  219; 
encouragement   to,    in    Florida,    257-260; 
defense  of,   283 ;   bill  for  grants   of  land 
to,    283,    299;    bill    giving   protection    to, 
286;  opposition  to  donations  to,  286;  ex- 
posed condition  of,   292 ;   right  of,  to  In- 
dian lands,   299;  rush  of,  to  West,  301; 
data  concerning  birth  and  movements  of, 
361-383;     hardships    of,    392;    memorial 
asking  right  of  preemption  for,  401-403 
Settlers,  Early  —  Fathers  and  Sons,  124 
Severance,  Frank  H.,  book  edited  by,   324, 

325 
Seville,  document  from  General  Archives  of 

the  Indies  at,  460 
Sexton,  Pliny  F.,  address  by,  114 
Sha-go-bai,  409,  436;   speech  by,   416 
Shambaugh,   Benj.   F.,   acknowledgments  to, 
3;  reports  by,  102;  address  by,  137,  319, 
328,  463;  meeting  presided  over  by,  138; 
reference  to,  141,  465,  601 
Shane,  Frank,  601 
Sharon    township,     establishment    of,     169 ; 

data  relative  to,   195 
Sharpe,  Gazelle  Stearns,  book  by,  127 
Shaw,  Leslie  M.,  senator  appointed  by,   146 
Sha-wa-ghe-zhig,  436 
Sha-wa-nig-na-nabe,  speech  by,  419 
Sheboygan    (Michigan),   538 
Sheing-go-be,  speech  by,  419 
Shelby,  Gov.  Isaac,  Correspondence  of,  322 
Sheldon,  Letters  of  Wadsworth  and,  to  Gov- 
ernor French,  458 
Shepard,  Walter  J.,  article  by,  310 
Sherman,    W.    T.,    campaigning   with,    130; 

sketch  of  life  of,  451 

Sherman,  General  W.  T.,  as  a  College  Pres- 
ident, 122,  321 
Shiloh,  Battle  of,  Personal  Recollections  of 

the,  460 

Shiloh,  The  Battle  of,   141,   315 
Shimek,    Bohumil,    60,    66 ;    papers   and   re- 
ports   by,    102,    103;    pamphlet   by,    447, 
448,  449;  article  by,  460 
Shin-go-be,   409,   436 
Shinn,  Josiah  H.,  article  by,  577 
Ship  of  Souls:  A  Group  of  Poems,  316 
Shipley,  Maynard,  article  by,  440 
Ships,  Early  English  and  Other  Foreign,  at 
New  Amsterdam,  577 


Shiras,  Oliver  Perry,  134,  135 

Sho-ne-a,  436 

"Short  Ballot",  movement  toward,  330,  331 

Short  Ballot  Cities,  The  Story  of  the,  303 

Short  Ballot  Organization,  pamphlet  pub- 
lished by,  303 

Showerman,  Grant,  pamphlet  by,  304 

Shrimp,  William,   170 

Shuff,  Henry,  article  by,  314 

Sibley,  H.  H.,  437 

Sieg,  Lee  Paul,  papers  and  reports  by,  103 

Sigourney,  reunion  at,  605 

Sill,  George  G.,  568 

Silver   (Indian  warrior),  436 

Silver,  act  relative  to  articles  made  of,  486 

Simonton,  T.  M.,  601 

Simpson,  Charles  Gamble,  report  by,  103 

Sims,  Alfred  Varley,  66;  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  103 

Sinclair,  R.  S.,  142 

Singe wald,  Karl,  monograph  by,  115 

Singing  Mouse  Stories,  The,  126 

Sioussat,  St.  George  L.,  conference  report- 
ed by,  131 

Sioux  City,  population  of,  359 ;  founding 
of,  359 

Sioux  City,  313,  315 

Sioux  City  Journal,  The,  articles  in,  318 

Sioux  Indian  View  of  the  Last  War  with 
England,  A,  598 

Sioux  Indians,  24,  356,  432;  trading  post 
for,  suggested  by  Pike,  340 ;  councils  of 
Pike  with,  346-348;  treaty  with,  347; 
boundary  between  Chippewas  and,  410, 
413,  434 ;  necessity  of  peace  between 
Chippewas  and,  411 

Siwash,  At  Good  Old,  588 

Six  Pay-a-jig,  409 

Skunk  River,  6,  543,  570;  early  name  of, 
20;  saw  mill  on,  551 

Sky,  Earth  and,  Every  Child  Should  Know, 
127 

Slaughter  County,  change  of  name  of,  503 

Slavery,  relation  of,  to  frontier  troubles, 
252;  relation  of,  to  Indian  troubles,  258; 
attacks  upon,  260 ;  discussion  of,  in  con- 
nection with  Oregon,  290,  291,  293,  294, 
295 

Slavery,  American  Geographic  Influences 
in,  440 

Slavery,  Geographical  Influences  in  the  Dis- 
tribution of,  305 

Sleijster,   Mr.,   530 

Slicer,  Thomas  R.,  article  by,  326 

Sloan,  Robert,  article  by,  135 

Sloane,  W.  M.,  book  revised  by,  114 

Slocum,  Charles  Elihu,  book  by,  121 

Sloo,  Thomas,  Jr.,  correspondence  of,  593 

Sloo,  Thomas,  Jr.,  a  Typical  Politician  of 
Early  Illinois,  462 


INDEX 


663 


Small,  Albion  W.,  442 

Small,  Edward,  of  New  England,  Descend- 
ants   of,    and    the    Allied    Families    with 
Tracings  of  English  Ancestry,  305 
Smith,  A.,  395 

Smith,  Alexander  Hale,  Biography  of,  314 
Smith,  Arthur  George,  65,   66 ;  papers  and 

reports  by,  103,  104 
Smith,  A.  L.,  article  by,  308 
Smith,  A.  M.,  article  by,  132 
Smith,  Adam,  The  Development  of  the  The- 
ory  of  Money  from,   to   David   Ricardo, 
440 

Smith,  Mrs.  Agnes  W.,  142 
Smith,  Charles  Leonard,  reports  by,  104 
Smith,  Franklin  Orion,  reports  by,  104 
Smith,  Harlan  I.,  article  by,  122,  311 
Smith,  Heman  C.,  article  by,  124 
Smith,  Henry  A.  M.,  article  by,  455,  594 
Smith,  Inez,  article  by,  446 
Smith,  James  Robert,  paper  by,  462 
Smith,  John,  election  at  house  of,   162 
Smith,  Justin  H.,  article  by,  134 
Smith,  Leon  O.,   601 
Smith,  Robert  H.,  article  by,  309 
Smith,   Thomas  H.,   142 
Smith,  T.  Watson,  article  by,   132 
Smith,  Vida  E.,  article  by,  314 
Smith,  William  R.,  408 
Smith,  Mr.,  treaty  made  by,  212 
Smith  family,  Polk  County,  sketch  of,  451 
Smithers,  William  W.,  article  by,   117 
Smoke,  act  relative  to,  in  cities,  482 
Snake  River,  Indian  chiefs  from,  409,  436 
Snead,  Thomas  L.,  book  by,  457 
Snow,  Alpheus  Henry,  pamphlet  by,  439 
Snyder,  J.  F.,  article  by,  134,  458 
Social  Assimilation,  The  Racial  Element  in, 

442 

Social  Basis  of  Religion,  The,  307 
Social   Control,   The   Transition   to   an   Ob- 
jective Standard  of,  118,  309 
Social   Control    of   the   Domestic   Relations, 

442 

Social  Groups,  The  Rivalry  of,  309 
Social      Intelligence,      Moral      Instruction 

Through,  578 
Social    Phenomena,    The    Classification    of, 

578 
Social    Reform    and    Political    Psychology, 

The  Course  of,  578 
Social  Sciences,  Political  Science,  Law,  and 

Education,  Finding  List  of,  116 
Social  Theory,   The  Relation   of,   to  Public 

Policy,  442 
Social  Unrest,  The  Breaking  of  Bonds:   A 

Drama  of  the,  125 
Social  Work,  Opportunities  for  Service  in, 

446 
Socialistic  Government,  Milwaukee's,  117 


Sociological  Appraisal  of  Western  Influence 
in  the  Orient,  442 

Sociology,  The  American  Journal  of,  con- 
tents of,  118,  309,  442,  578 

Sociology  of  Sects,  A  Contribution  to  the, 
118 

Sokolski,  A.  M.,  article  by,  116 

Soldier's  Orphan's  Home,  provision  for 
children  sent  to,  484 

Soldiers'  Roster  Board,  Iowa,  resolutions 
at  meeting  of,  147 

Solon,  elections  held  at,  157 

Songa-ko-nig,  436 

Songa-komok,  408 

Songs,  New,  for  Old,  316 

Soniat,  Charles  T.,  328 

Sonora,  need  for  protection  of  trade  of,  282 

Soper,  E.  B.,  466 

Sounding  Sky,  436 

South,  advance  of  pioneers  in,  196 ;  re- 
moval policy  favored  by,  199 ;  tour  of, 
by  McKenney,  222 ;  law  for  removal  of 
Indians  from,  236;  Indian  troubles  in, 
247;  expulsion  of  Indians  from,  279; 
disappearance  of  frontier  in,  300 

South,  Puritanism  in  the,  588 

South  Africa,  Union  of,  308 

South  Africa,  An  Unwritten  Chapter  in  the 
History  of,  308 

South  America,  Conciliation  Through  Com- 
merce and  Industry  in,  118,  119 

South  America,  The  Promotion  of  Trade 
with,  443 

South  American  History,  Some  Notes  on  the 
Study  of,  585 

South  Atlantic  Quarterly,  The,  contents  of, 
119 

South  Carolina,  266;  alliance  between 
West  and,  269 

South  Carolina,  The  Baronies  of,  132,  455, 
594 

South  Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical 
Magazine,  The,  contents  of,  132,  455,  594 

South  Dakota,  short  ballot  movement  in, 
330,  331;  reference  to,  379 

South  Dakota,  Capital  and  Capitol  History 
of,  598 

South  Dakota  Historical  Collections,  con- 
tents of,  598 

South  Danvers  (Massachusetts),  Dodge 
born  at,  145 

South  Feather,  speech  by,  419 

South  Pass,  283,  284 

Southard,  Samuel  L.,  254 

Southern  Problems,  Three  Studies  of,  119 

Southern  Whigs,  The,  1834-1854,  585 

Southwest,  acquisition  of,  302 

Southwest,  Cave  and  Cliff-Dwellings  of  the, 
580 

Southwestern  Railroad,  35 


664    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Sowing:  The,  A  "Yankee's"  View  of  Eng- 
land's Duty  to  Herself  and  to  Canada, 
126 

Spain,  land  grants  made  by,  26;  reference 

to,  577 

Spain,  The  Religious  Question  in,  116 
Spain  and  Mexico,  California  Under,  601 
Spanish   America,    Causes   of   the   Lack   of 

Political  Cohesion  in,  120 
Spanish   American   Diplomacy,   The   Begin- 
nings of,  585 

Spanish  explorations,  chronicle  of,  331 
Spanish  Forts  at  the  Mouth  of  the  Missouri 

River,  The,  460 
Spanish   Kingdoms,   The  Cortes   of   the,   in 

the  Later  Middle  Ages,  459 
Spanish  Reports  and  the  Wreck  at  Tober- 

mory,  578 
Spanutius,    Frederick   William,   papers   and 

reports  by,    104 

Sparrow    (Indian  warrior),   436 
Speaker  of  the  House,  compensation  of,  476 
Speculators,    responsibility    of,    for    Indian 

hostilities,  249,   250 

Spedden,  Ernest  R.,  monograph  by,  114 
Spencer,  Ambrose,  233 
Spencer,  Joab,  article  by,  457 
Spencer,  John  C.,  report  by,  284 
Spencer,  Richard  H.,  461 
Speranza,  Gino  C.,  article  by,   117 
Spielman,   J.   G.,   sketch  by,   447,   448 
Spillane,   Edward  P.,  sketch  by,  457 
Spirit  Lake  Massacre,  452 
Spoliation  Claims,  261 
Sprague,  O.  M.  W.,  article  by,  117 
Sprague,    Peleg,   231;    amendment  by,   236 
Spring,  description  of,  in  early  Iowa,  14,  15 
Springer,   Arthur,   329 
Springer,    Francis,    presentation   of  portrait 

of,  452 
Springer,    Jacob,    142;    sketch    of    life    of, 

470,   471 
Springer,     John,     papers     and    reports    by, 

104;  reference  to,  602 
Springfield    (Illinois),    331 
Spruce    (Indian    chief),    409,    436;    speech 

by,  419 

Spunk   (Indian  chief),   436 
Sprunt,      James,      Historical     Publications, 

The,  contents  of,   132 
Spurrier,   Samuel,   172,  173 
Stambaugh,   S.  C.,  437 
Stamp  Act  Papers,  595 
Stanard,  William  G.,  328 
Stanton,  E.  W.,  329 
Starbuck,  Edwin  Diller,  papers  and  reports 

by,   105;   book  by,   450 
Starch,  Daniel,  paper  and  reports  by,   105 ; 

book  by,  315 
Starr,  Emmet,  book  compiled  by,  311 


Starved  Bock,  plan  to  purchase,  463 ;  ap- 
propriation for  purchase  of,  600 

State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa,  The,  ac- 
tivities of,  140-143,  328,  329,  465-467 

State  Museum,  Indian  relics  in,  589 

State  Sovereignty,  criticism  of,  232 

State  We  Live  In,  The,  446 

State  University,  Entrance  Requirements 
and  Attendance  at  the,  448 

State  University  of  Iowa,  resignation  of 
dean  of  law  college  of,  468 

State's  Guardianship  over  Criminals,  307 

States,  North  Central,  Tenancy  in  the,  578 

States,  The  Development  of  the  American 
Doctrine  of  Jurisdiction  of  Courts  over, 
439 

States  Rights,  relation  of,  to  Indian  prob- 
lem, 231 

Statistical  Abstract  of  the  United  States, 
for  1910,  575 

Statistical  Society,  American,  145 

Statistical  Work  of  the  Federal  Government, 
116,  308 

Statute  Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Iowa, 
1838-1839,  The  (see  Blue  Book,  The 
Old) 

Stead,  W.  T.,  article  by,  579 

Steamboat  Navigation  on  the  Ohio,  A  Cen- 
tury of,  139 

Stebbins,  H.  A.,  article  by,  586 

Steiner,  Bernard  C.,  article  by,  119;  mono- 
graph by,  439 

Steiner,  Edward  A.,  book  by,   127 

Stephenson,   Martha,   article  by,   322 

Steuben  Statue,  Address  Delivered  at  the 
Unveiling  of  the,  455 

Stevens,  Edward,  Letters  of  Toussaint 
Louverture  and  of,  134 

Stevens,  E.  Ray,  article  by,  440 

Stevens,  Frank  E.,  sketch  by,  458 

Stevens,  H.  Morse,  paper  by,  140 

Stevenson,  John  J.,  article  by,  439 

Steward,  J.  F.,   article  by,  597 

Steward,  Honorable  Lewis,   134 

Stewart,   George  Walter,  report  by,   105 

Stewart,  R.  A.,  paper  by,  464 

Stewart,  Robert  Laird,  article  by,  455 

Stewart,  William,  388 

Stewart,  William  B.,  sketch  of  life  of,  450 

Stibbs,  John  Howard,  military  record  of, 
33,  149-151;  reference  to,  52,  329; 
sketch  of  life  of,  317 

STIBBS,  JOHN  HOWARD,  Andersonville  and 
the  Trial  of  Henry  Wirz,  33 

Stiles,  Warren,  elections  at  house  of,  156; 
reference  to,  157 

Stillwell,  Leander,  article  by,  460 

Stipp,  H.  H.,  329 

Stockbridge,  Henry,  Sr.,  paper  by,  456; 
reference  to,  461 


INDEX 


665 


Stockman,  Lawson,  Recollections  of  a  Pio- 
neer of  1859  :,  136 

Stoddard,  "Mother",  sketch  of  life  of,  451 
Stolbrand,    G.    J.,    Personal    Memories    of 

Brigadier-General,  592 
Stone,  Alvan,  Extracts  from  the  Memoir  of, 

821 

Stone  Age  in  North  America,  The,  312 
Stonebraker,  B.  E.,  466 
Stories  That  End  Well,  589 
Storrs,  Henry  B.,  opposition  of,  to  removal 

of  Indians,  223 ;  reference  to,  233 
Storrs,  William  L.,  229 
Stout,  A.  B.,  article  by,  324,  456 
Street  cars,   earliest,   of  Des   Moines,   316; 

act  requiring  power  brakes  on,  480 
Street  Railway  in  Des  Moines,  account  of, 

129 

Street-Railway  Bates,  with  Especial  Refer- 
ence to  Differentiation,  578 
Stromsten,    Frank    Albert,    66;    paper    and 

reports  by,  105 
Strong  Ground,  408,  417,  436 
Struthers,  J.  R.,  395,  398 
Stuart,  Henry  Waldgrave,  papers  by,   105 
Stull,  O.  H.  W.,  521,  524,  525 
Sullivan,   John   0.,   boundary   surveyed  by, 

27,  28 

Suite,  M.  Benjamin,  article  by,  596 
Sulzberger,  David,  article  by,  322 
Summer,  description  of,  in  early  Iowa,  15 
Sumner,  Katharine,  article  by,  580 
Supervisors,   Board  of,   duties  assumed  by, 

171;  acts  affecting  powers  and  duties  of, 

477;  reference  to,  486,  489 
Supreme    Court,    The,    and   the    Anti-Trust 

Act,  120 
Supreme  Court  of  United  States,  boundary 

determined  by,   28;   appeal  of  Cherokees 

to,  237,  272 

Surplus  Revenue  Distribution  Bill,  270 
Survey,   The,   contents   of,    119,    306,    441, 

580 

Swalm,  Albert  W.,  paper  by,  113 
Swan  Lake,  171 

Swan  River,  Indian  chiefs  from,  408 
Swanton,    John    R.,    monograph    by,    440; 

reference  to,  582 
Swastika,  its  History  and  Significance,  The, 

312,  447,  585 
Swazy,  E.  A.  M.,  499 
Swea  City,  8 
Sweden,  577 
Swedish     Historical     Society     of    America, 

Year  Book  of  the,  contents  of,  592 
Swedish    Settlements    in    Central    Kansas, 

The,  460 

Sweeney,  J.  H.,  606 
Swem,   Earl   G.,   12;   bibliography  by,   303, 

304 


Swift,  Eben,  sketch  by,  304 

Swift,  Lucius  B.,  article  by,  117 

Swiss,  number  of,  among  settlers,  364 

Switzerland,  361,  374 

Sycamore  Shoals  and  its  Monument,  131 

Symmes,   John  Cleves,   circular  written  by, 

323,  324 
Symmes,    John   Cleves,    to   Elias   Boudinot, 

letter  from,  324 
Syracuse,  New  York,  historical  material  in 

historical  building  at,  453 
Syrians  in  the  United  States,  580 

Taft,  William  Howard,  address  by,  579 

Taiaiake,  Jean  Baptiste,  457 

Talbot,  E.  S.,  paper  by,  113 

Tales  Come  True,  127 

Taliaferro,  Law,  437 

Talleyrand,  letter  from,  444 

Tama,  murder  case  at,  318 

Tama  County,  Meskwaki  Indians  in,   465 

Tama  Indians,  injustice  to,  317 

Taney  Town,  388 

Tanner,  H.  S.,  book  printed  by,  12 

Tappan,  Benjamin,  259,  260 

Ta-qua-ga-nai,   421,   436 

Tarhe  —  the  Crane,  324 

Tariff,  Schedule  K  of  the,  577 

Tariff,  The  Paper  Industry  in  Its  Relation 
to  Conservation  and  the,  578 

Tariff  Policy,  Canada's,  443 

Tariffs  Should  Not  be  Made,  How,  443 

Tarr,  Ralph  S.,  article  by,  118  « 

Taschereau,  Cardinal,  article  by,  592 

Taussig,  F.  W.,  443 

Tax  commission,  establishment  of,  479;  ref- 
erence to,  480,  488 ;  secretary  of,  601 

Tax  Commission,  The  Iowa  State,  585 

Tax  ferrets,  reference  to,  317;  employment 
of,  prohibited,  479 

Tax  on  the  Unearned  Increment,  The  Ger- 
man Imperial,  578 

Tax  Reform  in  Iowa,  Extracts  from  a  Pa- 
per on,  314 

Tax  Reforms  in  Ohio,  Recent,  577 

Tax  System,  Unit,  124 

Taxation,  acts  relative  to,  479,  480 

Taxation,  Past  and  Present  Sticking  Points 
in,  122,  460 

Taxation,  State,  of  Foreign  Corporations, 
Constitutional  Limitations  upon,  441 

Taxation  in  Illinois,  577 

Taxation  in  Iowa,  History  of,  140,  314, 
328,  466 

Taxation  of  Corporate  Franchises  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, 308 

Taxes,  Special,  and  the  Railroad's  Rules, 
585 

Taxes,  Who  Pays  the,  in  Growing  Cities, 
119 


VOL.  ix — 44 


666    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Taxing  Natural  Resources,  A.  Rational  Sys- 
tem of,  308 

Taylor,  E.  L.,  article  by,  134 

Taylor,  G.  A.,  contribution  by,  324 

Taylor,  General  Zachary,  and  the  Mexican 
War,  457,  592 

Taylor,  Hawkins,  395 

Teacher,  The  Happy,  124 

Teachers,  The  Training  of,  for  Secondary 
Schools  in  Qermany  and  the  United 
States,  315 

Teachers'  Association,  North  Central  His- 
tory, program  under  auspices  of,  139; 
annual  meeting  of,  144,  327 

Teachers  of  History  in  Teachers'  Colleges, 
conference  on,  140 

Teachers  for  rural  schools,  training  of,  488 

Teas,  George  W.,  386 

Teas,  Joseph  B.,  resolution  by,  516;  refer- 
ence to,  517 

Technical  Education,  Organized  Labor  and, 
The  Relations  of,  122 

Tedford,  W.  H.,  329 

Teeters,  Wilbur  John,  66;  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  105,  106 

Teggart,  Frederick  J.,  article  by,  595 

Templeton,  J.  W.,  article  by,  458,  459 

Tenancy  in  the  North  Central  States,  578 

Tener,  John  K.,   579 

Tenicke,  Matthew,  160 

Tennessee,  5,  365,  366,  368,  369,  370,  371, 
374,  379;  Indian  lands  in,  199;  con- 
quest of,  by  pioneers,  267 

Tennessee  River,  survey  of,  4 

Terrell,  Alex.  W.,  article  by,  135,  323 ;  ref- 
erence to,  462 

Territorial  Convention  of  1837,  proceedings 
of,  394-398 

Territorial  Convention  of  1837,  The,  385 

Territorial  Papers  in  Government  Archives 
at  Washington,  Calendar  of,  462 

Testimony,  Expert,  Needed  Reforms  in  the 
Law  of,  307 

Tetes  des  Morts  River,  21 

Teutons,  362,  365 

Texas,  memorials  for  independence  of,  248 ; 
troops  on  frontier  of,  263;  unprotected 
condition  of  frontier  of,  264;  advance  of 
settlements  to,  281;  settlement  in,  299; 
expulsion  of  Indians  from,  300;  annex- 
ation of,  302 

Texas,     1718-1750,     Apache    Relations    in, 

323 
Texas,    Diplomatic    Correspondence    of    the 

Republic  of,  461,   593 
Texas,  The  Jumano  Indians  in,  593 
Texas,  The  Mexican  Recognition  of,   134 
Texas,  The  Southwestern  Boundary  of,  456 
Texas  and  Louisiana,  The  Aguayo  Expedi- 
tion into,  593 


Texas  During  the  Reconstruction,  The 
State  Finances  of,  135 

Texas  Library  and  Historical  Commission, 
Some  Historical  Activities  of  the,  456 

Texas  State  Historical  Association,  annual 
meeting  of  the,  462 

Texas  State  Historical  Association,  The 
Quarterly  of  the,  contents  of,  135,  323, 
456,  457,  593 

Thacher,  Thomas  A.,  article  by,   117 

Thanet,  Octave,  book  by,  589 

Theology,  The  New,  127 

Thirty  Tears  Ago  at  K.  U.,  311 

Thomas,  Cyrus,  monograph  by,  582 

Thomas,  Mrs.  Irene,  sketch  of  life  of,  452 

Thomas,  Lorenzo,  member  of  Wirz  court, 
51 

Thomas,  William  H.  R.,  392 

Thompson,  Charles  Manfred,  article  by, 
458,  597;  book  edited  by,  458 

Thompson,  Gilbert,  319 

Thompson,  Slason,  book  by,  115,  438 

Thompson,  S.  E.,  601 

Thompson,  Waddy,  bill  by,  258 

Thompson,  Wiley,  attitude  of,  toward  In- 
dians in  Georgia,  203 

Thomson,  J.  Maitland,  article  by,  440 

Thornburg,  Amos,  40 

Thorndike,  Edward  L.,  article  by,  577 

Thrift,  Eunice  Jewett,  sketch  of  life  of,  589 

Thurston,  Samuel  R.,  early  life  of,  297, 
298;  character  of,  298;  success  of,  as 
Delegate,  298 ;  information  furnished  by, 
298;  settlement  of  militia  claims  secured 
by,  299,  300;  reference  to,  300 

Thwaites,  Reuben  Gold,  137,  465;  book 
edited  by,  325,  326;  article  by,  590 

Ticonderoga,  A  Memorial  Tablet  at,  320 

Ticonderoga,  The  Black  Watch  at,  596 

Ticonderoga  Expedition  of  1775,  The,  326 

Ticonderoga  Historical  Society,  pamphlet 
issued  by,  320 

Ticonderoga  Pulp  and  Paper  Company,  tab- 
let presented  by,  320 

Tilton,  A.  C.,  136 

Tilton,  John  Littlefield,  book  by,  315 

Timber,  distribution  of,  16 

Timber  Conservation  as  Related  to  Reci- 
procity, 443 

Tippecanoe,  245 

Tipton,  John,  bill  introduced  by,  241;  ref- 
erence to,  242,  243,  246;  extract  from 
speech  of,  245,  246 

Tipton,  meeting  of  Old  Settlers'  Association 
at,  465 

Titsworth,  Judson,  Quarter  Centennial  of, 
as  Minister  in  Plymouth  Church,  Mil- 
waukee, 121 

Tobermory,  Spanish  Reports  and  th* 
Wreck  at,  578 


INDEX 


667 


Tolstoi's  "Resurrection",  119 

Tompkins,  Winslow  Casady,  sketch  of  life 
of,  129 

Toole,  William  L.,  393,  395 

Tools-point,  570 

Tops  field,  The  Physicians  of,  594 

Torgeson,  Alfred  C.,  329 

Toronto,  University  of,  Studies,  contents  of, 
115 

Torrence  Papers,  Selections  from  the,  593 

Tower,  Walter  S.,  article  by,  118 

Towne,  Arthur  W.,  article  by,  581 

Towns,  George  W.,  speech  of,  255 

Towns,  description  of,  by  Lea,  21-23;  acts 
relative  to,  478 

Townsend,  John  Wilson,  discussion  by, 
139 ;  book  by,  320 ;  article  by,  322,  583 

Township  government,  acts  relative  to,  477, 
478 

Township  trustees,  County  Attorney  to  ap- 
pear in  behalf  of,  477,  478;  care  of 
roads  by,  486,  487 

Townships,  law  relative  to,  523 

Townships  in  Johnson  County,  The  Estab-^ 
lishment  and  Organization  of,  by  CLAR- 
ENCE RAY  ATJKNEE,  155 

Trade,  The  Changing  Position  of  Amer- 
ican, 117 

Trade  and  Commerce,  Morals  in,  582 

Trade  and  intercourse  acts,    197,    198 

Trade  Crosses,  Silver,  456 

Trade  Union  Label,  The,  114 

Trade  Unionism,  Dr.  Gladden  on,  575 

Trading  post,  site  of,  chosen  by  Pike,  340 

Traer,  Iowa,  Family  History  and  Geneal- 
ogy of  the  Dryden  Harbour  Family,  446 

Transportation,  exploitation  of  foreigners  in 
connection  with,  532,  533;  improvement 
in  means  of,  547 

Transportation,  Electric  Railway,  306 

Transportation,  The  Cheerful  Giver  of,  441 

Transylvania,  Old,  Horace  Holley,  LL.  D., 
The  Third  President  of,  583 

Transylvania  Colony,  Henderson's,  account 
of,  120 

Transylvania  Company,  advertisement  by 
agent  of,  458 

Trapper,  The   (Indian  chief),  424 

Treason,  505 

Treaties,  Arbitration,  List  of,  576 

Treaties  Between  the  United  States  and 
Other  Powers,  115 

Tremain,  G.  L.,  address  by,  586 

Trenton  (New  Jersey),  323;  birth  of  Pike 
at,  337 

Trespassing  animals,  act  relative  to,  523 

Trewin,  James  H.,  article  by,  123 

Trimble,  David,  attitude  of,  toward  frontier 
protection,  244 

Troth,  Mira,  article  by,  313 


Troup,  Governor,  opposition  of,  to  Presi- 
dent, 213,  216,  217;  boundary  line  sur- 
veyed by,  216;  reference  to,  229 

Trudeau,  Zenon,  26 

True,  Frank  T.,  article  by,  314 

Truth,  Defense  of  the,  127 

Tuberculosis,  disinfection  in  case  of  death 
from,  481 

Tudor,  Edward,  165 

Tufts,  Cotton,  of  Weymouth,  John  Jenks  to, 
594 

Tunican,  440 

Turkey  River,  21 

Turner,  Asa,  sketch  of  life  of,  316 

Turner,  Jonathan  B.,  307 

Turner,  Frederick  Jackson,  address  by, 
140,  324;  reference  to,  201,  584,  585; 
article  by,  460 

Turner,  Frederick  Jackson,  Essays  in 
American  History  Dedicated  to,  584,  585 

Turney,  Dillon,  466 

Tuttle,  Julius  Herbert,  article  by,  133 

Tweedside:  The  Fort  of  Newstead,  A  Ro- 
man Outpost  on,  306 

Twenty-fifth  Iowa  regiment,  veterans  of,  129 

Two  Lodges  Meeting,  436 

Tyler,  Alice  S.,  article  by,  576 

Tyler,  John,  attitude  of,  toward  frontier 
protection,  284;  extract  from  message  of, 
289 

Tyler,  Lyon  G.,  328 

Typewriting,  Commercial  Art,  126 

Unconstitutionality,  Partial,  with  Special 
Reference  to  the  Corporation  Tax,  308 

Underbill,  Lora  Altine  Woodbury,  geneal- 
ogy prepared  by,  305 

Underwood,  of  Alabama,  Democracy's  New 
Chieftain,  579 

Unincorporated  Peoples  and  Peoples  Incor- 
porated with  Less  than  Full  Privileges, 
441 

Union  soldiers,  conspiracy  to  destroy  lives 
of,  35,  53 

Union  township,  establishment  of,  165 ;  first 
election  in,  165 ;  change  in  boundaries  of, 
165,  166,  167,  168,  169,  174,  175;  ref- 
erence to,  166;  data  relative  to,  195 

United  States,  land  ceded  to,  27,  197,  202, 
204;  obligation  of,  to  remove  Indians, 
205;  responsibility  for  Indian  troubles 
in,  206;  promises  of,  to  Cherokees,  207; 
Indian  country  in,  240;  reduction  of 
army  of,  243;  payment  of  spoliation 
claims  to,  261;  bill  for  increase  of  army 
of,  262;  distribution  of  army  of,  263; 
methods  of,  in  dealing  with  Indians, 
275;  jurisdiction  of,  over  Oregon,  289, 
290;  purchase  of  Louisiana  by,  335;  re- 
lations between  Northwest  Company  and, 


668    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


351;  British  trade  among  Indians  in, 
351-353;  pioneers  born  in,  361;  boun- 
daries of  Indian  land  cession  desired  by, 
423 ;  treaty  between  Chippewas  and,  433- 
437;  treaties  of,  494;  emigration  of 
Dutch  to,  528;  arrival  of  Scholte  in, 
529;  support  of,  by  Dutch,  554;  oath  of 
allegiance  to,  taken  by  Hollanders,  569; 
correspondence  between  Texas  and,  593 

"United  States,  Historic  Attempts  to  Annex 
Canada  to  the,  580 

United  States,  Statistical  Abstract  of  the, 
for  1910,  575 

United  States,  Syrians  in  the,  580 

United  States,  The  Doctrine  of  Non-Suabil- 
ity of  the  State  in  the,  115 

United  States,  Treaties  Between  the,  and 
Other  Powers,  115 

United  States  and  Latin  America  at  the 
Hague,  The,  577 

UniversaUst  Church  and  Freemasonry,  The, 
446,  448 

University  Alumni  and  the  Legislature,  313 

University  of  Illinois,  monograph  published 
by,  307 

University  of  Iowa,  State,  organization  of 
Baconian  Club  at,  57;  formation  of 
learned  societies  at,  61;  president  of,  447 

University  of  Iowa,  State,  Bulletin  from  the 
Laboratories  of  Natural  History  of  the, 
448 

University  of  Mississippi,  Historical  Cata- 
logue of  the,  306 

University  of  Pennsylvania,  book  published 
by,  305,  439 

Updegraff,  Thomas,  sketch  of  life  of,  128 

Upper  Gelderland   (Holland),  538 

Upper  Iowa  University,  trustee  of,  470 ; 
story  of,  591 

Utilities  Commissions,  Central  and  Home 
Rule,  579 

Utrecht  (Holland),  formation  of  Associa- 
tion at,  528;  newspaper  published  by 
Scholte  at,  569 

Vagrants,   act  defining,   484 

Valentine,  Edward  V.,  328 

Valle  papers,  letter  taken  from,  460 

Van  Alstyne,  William  Becker,  article  by, 
577 

Van  Antwerp,  A.  L.,  article  by,  592 

Van  Antwerp,   Harmen,  437 

Van  Antwerp,  Ver  Planck,  409,  433,  437, 
539 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  Lea  appointed  com- 
missioner by,  25;  reference  to,  243,  279; 
attacks  on,  256 

Van  Buren  County,  sketch  of  settlers  in, 
128;  delegates  from,  to  convention,  394; 
court  house  of,  590 


Van  der  Veer   (Illinois),  568 

Van  der  Weyde,  William  M.,  article  by,  116 

Van  der  Zee,  Anna,  600 

Van  der  Zee,  Jacob,  book  in  preparation 
by,  466;  reference  to,  602,  607 

VAN  DER  ZEE,  JACOB,  The  Coming  of  the 
Hollanders  to  Iowa,  528 

Van  Hamel,  J.  A.,  article  by,  440 

Van  Hyning,  J.,  article  by,  317,  450 

Van  Laer,  A.  J.  F.,  report  by,  140 

Van   Raalte,   Rev.,   532,   566 

Van  Steenderen,  Frederick  Charles  L.,  re- 
ports by,  106 

Van  Stienberg,  B.,  142 

Vaughn,    Howard,    329 

Veblen,  Andrew  Anderson,  58,  65,  66;  pa- 
pers and  reports  by,  106-108 

Veblen,  Oswald,  book  by,  316 

Verendrye,  New  Light  on  the  Explorations 
of,  138 

Vermont,  360,  361,  362,  364,  366,  371, 
372,  374,  376,  377,  382 

Verner,  S.  P.,  article  by,  118 

Vernier,  Chester  G.,  digest  prepared  by, 
581 

Vesalius,  Andreas,  the  Reformer  of  Anat- 
omy, 125 

Vicksburg,  Indiana  at,  583 

Vikings,  580 

Vila,  Vicente,  Diary  of,  593 

Viles,  Jonas,  article  by,  595 

Villazur  Expedition,  Massacre  of  the,  by 
the  Pawnees  on  the  Platte,  460 

Vincent,  George  E.,  article  by,  309 

Vineyard,  Miles  M.,  411,  435;  reference  to, 
437 

Vinton,  Samuel  F.,  223,  275;  extract  from 
speech  of,  225;  attitude  of,  toward  Flor- 
ida Indian  War,  250,  251 

Violette,   E.  M.,   article  by,   321 

Virginia,  cessation  of  Indian  troubles  in, 
201;  reference  to,  362,  363,  364,  366, 
367,  368,  371,  374,  379,  384 

Virginia,  Bibliography  of  the  Conventions 
and  Constitutions  of,  303,  304 

Virginia,  Colonial,  Catholics  in,  592 

Virginia,  Letter  on  the  Defense  of  the 
Frontiers  of,  595 

Virginia,  Secession  of,  The  Influence  of  In- 
dustrial and  Educational  Leaders  on  the, 
119 

Virginia  and  the  Presidential  Succession, 
1840-1884,  585 

Virginia  Historical  Society,  annual  meet- 
ing of,  328 

Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and  Biogra- 
phy, The,  contents  of,  132,  324,  458,  595 

Virginia    State  Library,   volumes   in,    117 

Virginia  State  Library,  Bulletin  of  the, 
contents  of,  116,  303,  304,  439 


INDEX 


669 


Visioning,  The,  448 

Vocal  Expression  in  Speech,  448 

Vogdes,  Charles  B.,  papers  by,  108 

Volunteer  Bill,  269 

Volunteer  Soldiers  of  1861,  The,  443 

Von   Ende,    Carl   Leopold,    66;   papers   and 

reports  by,  108 
Voorhes,  J.  G.,  568 
Voris,  D.  E.,   142 
Voss,  Mrs.  0.  N.,  601 

Wabasha,  council  of  Pike  with,  346,  347; 
pipe  of,  354;  return  of  Pike  to  village  of, 
355 

Wa-be-be-me-ke,  421,   436 

Wabesapinica  River,  21 

Wa-boo-jig,  436 

Wa-bose,  436' 

Wadboo  Barony,  455 

Wadlin,   Horace  G.,  pamphlet  by,   575 

Wadsworth  and  Sheldon,  Letters  of,  to  Gov- 
ernor French,  458 

Wafford  Settlement,  Cherokee  claim  relative 
to,  211 

Wage  of  Women  Workers,  The  Living,  441 

Wager-Smith,  Elizabeth,  article  by,  580 

Wages  of  Railroad  Trainmen,  Standardiz- 
ing the,  117 

Wagstaff,   Henry  McGilbert,  book  by,   132 

Wah-tap  River,  434 

Wait,  Francis  A.,  article  by,  319 

Wales,  journey  from  Ohio  Valley  to,  456 

Walker,  Margaret  Coulson,  book  by,   127 

Walker,  Percy  H.,  papers  and  reports  by, 
108 

Walker,  Robert,  election  at  house  of,   160 

Walker,  Robert  J.,  264 

Walker,  Robert  J.,  Imperialist,  463 

Walker,  Thomas,  extracts  from  journal  of, 
458 

Walker,  Thomas  B.,  article  by,  443,  582 

Wallace,  A.  H.,  329 

Wallace,  Charles  M.,  article  by,  124 

Wallace,  Henry,  sketch  of  life  of,  127;  ar- 
ticle by,  313 

Wallace,  H.  C.,  paper  by,  313,  314;  book 
by,  316;  reference  to,  329 

Wallace,  Lew,  member  of  Wirz  court,  51 

Wallace,  William  H.,  393,  395,  398,  516, 
517 

Walpole's  Horace,  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of 
George  the  Third,  459 

Walworth,  George  H.,  515,  517 

Wambaugh,  Eugene,  article  by,  120;  refer- 
ence to,  330 

Wa-me-te-go-zhins,  436 

Wandell,  Charles  W.,  an  Open  Letter  of, 
to  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
314 

Wapello,  meeting  of  citizens  at,  391 


Wapello  County,  increase  in  representation 
of,  476 

War,  Psychology  of,  438 

War  Times,  reminiscence  of,   130 

War  of  1812,  activities  of  Indians  during, 
202 ;  reference  to,  456 

War  of  1812,  A  Re-Analysis  of  the  Causes 
of  the,  580 

War  of  Independence,  Cavalry  in  the,  118 

Ward,  Duren  J.  H.,  paper  and  report  by, 
109 

Ward,  John,  606 

Ware,  Eugene  F.,  sketch  of  life  of,  589 

Waring,  Edmund  H.,  article  by,  130,  135 

Warren,  John  Collins,  address  by,  319 

Warren,  Lyman  M.,  413,  420,  421,  435, 
437 

Warren,  W.  A.,  394,  395;  resolution  by, 
398 

Warren  County,  Iowa,  Pleistocene  Deposits 
in,  315 

Wars,  Indian,   121 

Wars  of  the  Republic,  Little,  442 

Wash-ask-ko-kowe,  408,  436;  speech  by, 
418 

Washburn,  Augustus,  sketch  of  life  of,  129 

Washburn,  Cephas,  letters  by,   311 

Washington,  George,  recommendation  of, 
244 

Washington's  Retreat  Through  Westchester 
County,  326 

Washington  (D.  C.)>  12;  meeting  of  Amer- 
ican Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and 
Criminology  at,  144;  death  of  Kasson  at, 
146;  treaty  made  at,  214,  216;  Cherokee 
delegaiton  at,  237;  regulation  of  Indian 
affairs  from,  242 ;  messengers  from  Ore- 
gon to,  293;  conference  held  at,  330; 
attack  on,  456 ;  meeting  of  International 
Law  Society  at,  468 ;  courtesy  of  of- 
ficials at,  530 

Washington  County,  changes  in  boundaries 
of,  155,  156;  reference  to,  503 

Washington   (Illinois),  568 

Washington  (Kentucky),  311 

Washington  (state),  short  ballot  movement 
in,  330,  331 

Washington  township,  establishment  of, 
163 ;  first  election  in,  163 ;  change  in 
boundaries  of,  164,  169;  petition  from, 
164;  reference  to,  168;  data  relative  to, 
195 

Water,  distribution  of,  16 

Waters,  N.  W.,  article  by,  130 

Waterway  Problem,  A  Review  of  the,  579 

Waterways,  Inland,  577 

Watkins,  Albert,  work  prepared  by,   454 

Watkins,  G.  P.,  article  by,  578 

Watson,  Samuel  N.,  papers  and  reports 
by,  109 


670    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


Watterson:  Henry,  World-Famous  Editor 
of  the  Louisville  Courier- Journal,  45? 

Watts,  W.  B.,   394,  395 

Way,  R.  B.,  paper  by,  464 

Wayne,  Anthony,  land  cessions  secured  by, 
199 

Wayne,  Anthony,  596 

Wayne,  James  M.,   233 

Wa-zau-ko-ni-a,  436 

Wealth,  schemes  to  gain,  316 

Wealth,  Buried,  The  Lure  of,  307 

Weardale,  Lord,  pamphlet  by,  440 

Weatherly,  Ulysses  G.,  article  by,  442 

Weaver,  J.  B.,  Jr.,  329 

Webb,  Robert  C.,  sketch  of  life  of,  128 

Webber,  Mabel  L.,   article  edited  by,  455 

Weber,  Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer,  report  by,  462 

Webster,  Daniel,  214,  232,  237,  248,  253, 
258,  275,  277,  279,  280 

Webster- Ashburton  Treaty,    285 

Webster-Hayne  debate,   232,  233 

Weeks,  Gailord  D.,  paper  by,   109 

Weights,   inspection  of,   486 

Weimar,  Carl,   121 

Weld,  Laenas  Gifford,  60,  65 ;  papers  and 
reports  by,  109-111;  book  by,  127;  ad- 
dress by,  141 

Wells,  Roy  Titus,  papers  and  reports  by, 
111 

Welsh,  number  of,  among  settlers,  364 

Welsh  pamphlet,  translation  of,  456 

Welsh  settlements  in  America,  history  of, 
456 

Wen-ghe-ge-she-guk,   436 

We-non-ga-be,   421 

West,  knowledge  of  Lea  concerning,  5 ;  in- 
formation concerning,  gained  by  Lea, 
11;  rush  of  settlers  to,  11;  military 
frontier  in,  196 ;  opposition  to  removal 
of  Indians  to,  223;  federal  aid  for  civil- 
izing Indians  in,  224;  sympathy  with, 
225;  law  for  removal  of  Indians  from, 
236;  proposals  for  Indian  territory  in, 
237-243;  confusion  in  Indian  affairs  in, 
238;  necessity  for  permanent  reserva- 
tions in,  239;  obstacle  to  expansion  of, 
240;  regulation  of  Indian  affairs  of,  242; 
change  in  Indian  problem  in,  244;  praise 
of  people  of,  245 ;  demand  of,  for  in- 
crease of  army,  248 ;  fraud  in  treaty  for 
removal  of  Indians  to,  254;  removal  of 
Indians  to,  258,  260,  277;  plans  for  de- 
fense of  frontier  in,  261-272;  proposal 
for  military  posts  in,  262 ;  number  of 
Indians  in,  262  ;  distribution  of  army  in, 
263;  bill  for  military  posts  in,  265;  al- 
liance between  South  Carolina  and,  269; 
plan  for  fortifications  in,  271;  shifting 
of  scene  of  Indian  affairs  to,  282;  cara- 
vans on  way  toward,  284;  bill  for  Indian 


agencies  in,  285;  rush  of  settlers  to,  301; 
Indian  history  of,  302;  opening  of,  to 
Americans,  336;  interest  of  Hollanders 
in,  530;  spread  of  gospel  in,  537 

West,  American,  Anniversary  in  the,  120 

West,  Detroit  the  Key  to  the,  During  the 
American  Revolution,  598 

West,  Federalism  and  the,  584,  585 

West,  Middle,  Early  Migrations  to  the,  and 
Massacres  on  the  Frontier,  120 

West,  The  Attitude  of  Congress  Toward  the 
Pioneers  of  the,  by  KENNETH  W.  COL- 
GROVE,  196 

West,  The  Bid  of  the,  for  the  National  Capi- 
tal, 460 

West,  the  Great  American,  Builders  of,  120 

West  Africa,  the  Sudan,  and  the  Sahara, 
French  Colonial  Expansion  in,  579 

West  and  the  Pioneers,  The  History  of  the, 
137,  319 

West  Indies,  Privateers  and  Pirates  of  the, 
459 

West  Lucas  township,  establishment  of, 
174;  change  in  boundaries  of,  175,  176; 
data  relative  to,  194 

West  Point,  education  of  Lea  at,  4 ;  educa- 
tion of  Chandler  at,  48 

West  Virginia,  362,  363 

Westchester  County,  Washington's  Retreat 
Through,  326 

Western  Influence  in  the  Orient,  Sociolog- 
ical Appraisal  of,  442 

Western  Reserve  University,  instructor  in, 
330 

Western  States,  1873-1876,  Independent 
Parties  in  the,  585 

Westfal,  John  Van  Etten,  papers  by,  111 

Wet  Month,  436 

We-we-shan-shis,  436 

Wharton,  I.  P.,  paper  by,  462 

Wheeler,  Charles  S.,  address  by,   122,  582 

Wheeler,  Josiah  Sheldon,  sketch  of  life  of, 
590 

Whigs,  1834-1854,  The  Southern,  585 

Whipple,  Wayne,  article  by,  316 

White,  Edward  S.,  142 

White,  Hamilton,  book  by,   127 

White,  Henry,  article  by,  441 

White,  Hervey,  books  by,  316 

White,  Hugh  L.,  4,  228,  231,  232,  239, 
275,  277;  importance  of  bill  of,  230;  in- 
quiry conducted  by,  273 

White,   James,   article  by,    596 

White,  Joseph  M.,  224 

White,  Mr.,  paper  by,  113 

White  Crow,  421,  436;  speech  by,  432 

White  Fisher,  436 

White  Thunder,  421,  436 

Whiteis,  William  Robert,  papers  and  reports 
by,  111 


INDEX 


671 


Whiteside,  J.  A.,  letter  to,  273 

Whitney  Good  Eoads  Bill,  defeat  of,  489 

Whittier  (Iowa),  sketch  of,  128 

Whittlesey,  Charles,  499 

Whorton,  Lou,  598 

Wickham,  Henry  Frederick,  papers  and  re- 
ports by,  111 

Wiener,  Leo,  article  by,  309 

Wilcox,  Elmer  A.,  digest  prepared  by,  581 

Wilcox,  William  Craig,  report  by,   111 

Wilde,  Richard  H.,  233 

Wilder,  Frank  Alonzo,  papers  and  reports 
by,  112 

Wilkinson,  A.  W.,  466 

Wilkinson,  James,  commission  to  Pike  from, 
337;  connection  of,  with  Burr  conspir- 
acy, 337;  orders  to  Pike  from,  338;  let- 
ter from  Pike  to,  346,  347,  348;  refer- 
ence to,  354,  358 

Wilkinson,  W.  S.,  328 

Willemjes,  term  applied  to  Hollanders,  533 

William  I.,  528 

William  II.,  552 

Williams,  David,  601 

Williams,  Henry  Smith,  paper  by,  112 

Williams,  Jesse,  map  made  by,  24 

Williams,  Joseph,  500 

Williams,  Mabel  Clare,  papers  and  reports 
by,  112 

Williams,  S.  N.,  paper  by,  113 

Williams,  George  H.,  The  Late,  322 

Williams,  Judge  George  H.,  An  Estimate  of 
the  Character  and  Services  of,  136 

Williamson,  N.  D.,  568 

Williamson,  Oliver  R.,  article  by,  134 

Williamsport   (Ohio),   602 

Willis,  H.  Parker,  article  by,  306 

Wilson,  A.  D.,  568 

Wilson,  George  Grafton,  article  by,  443 

Wilson,  Isaac,  Head-Master,  596 

Wilson,  James,  article  by,  118,  306 

Wilson,  Mason,  388 

Wilson,  Thomas  S.,  390,  500 

Wilson,  William  Bowly,  461 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  address  by,  309 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  and  the  New  Jersey  Gov- 
ernorship, 118 

Wilson  and  Keesecker,  519 

Wilson's  Creek,  battle  of,  590 

Winchell,  N.  H.,  paper  by,  464,  582 

Wind  (Indian  chief),  409,  436;  speech  by, 
410,  411,  414,  420 

Winder,  John  H.,  commandant  at  Ander- 
son ville,  36;  record  of,  45;  character  of, 
45,  46,  47;  famous  order  of,  45,  46; 
recommendation  for  removal  of,  47,  48; 
death  of,  49 ;  failure  to  remove,  49 ;  pro- 
motion of,  49;  reference  to,  53 

Winder,  W.  S.,  order  to,  46;  prison  erect- 
ed by,  46 


Windham,  election  held  at,   168 

Winkler,  E.  W.,  article  by,  456 

Winnebago  and  the  Mounds,  The,  456 

Winnebago  Indians,   197 

Winter,  description  of,  in  early  Iowa,  14 

Winter,  1880,  The  Big,  598 

Winter  of  1880,  experiences  in,  130 

Winter  of  the  Deep  Snow,  The,  598 

Winterset,  meeting  of  historical  society  at, 
328 

Winthrop,  John,  visit  of,  to  New  Amster- 
dam, 305 

Wirt,  William,  correspondence  between 
Thomas  Jefferson  and,  133 

Wirz,  Henry,  survivor  of  court  which  tried, 
33,  34;  monument  to,  34;  witnesses  at 
trial  of,  38;  command  of  prison  assigned 
to,  46 ;  deadline  'established  by,  46 ;  per- 
sonnel of  court  which  tried,  49-52 ;  ac- 
tions of  court  which  tried,  50,  51;  fair- 
ness of  verdict  against,  53;  charges 
against,  53;  review  of  verdict  against, 
53,  54;  evidence  of  murder  by,  54,  55; 
cruelty  of,  56;  treatment  of  prisoners  by, 
579 

Wirz,  Captain  Henry,  the  Prison  Keeper, 
Trial  of,  578,  579 

Wirz,  Henry,  Andersonvitte  and  the  Trial 
of,  by  JOHN  HOWARD  STIBBS,  33 

Wirz  Commission,  evidence  presented  be- 
fore, 35 

Wisconsin,  25,  218,  266,  281,  360,  363, 
365,  366,  368,  369,  371,  372,  374,  376, 
377,  378,  379,  382,  530;  treatment  of 
Hollanders  in,  538;  act  of  legislature  of, 
605 

Wisconsin,  Collections  of  the  State  His- 
torical Society  of,  contents  of,  325,  326 

Wisconsin,  Prehistoric  Earthworks  in,  324 

Wisconsin,  Proceedings  of  the  State  His- 
torical Society  of,  reprint  from,  319 

Wisconsin,  State  Historical  Society  of,  an- 
nual meeting  of,  137 

Wisconsin,  The  Administration  of  Criminal 
Justice  in,  440 

Wisconsin,  The  Early  Harbor  History  of, 
464 

Wisconsin,  Territory  of,  description  of,  11, 
12;  reference  to,  13,  19,  433,  495;  act 
of  legislature  of,  155 ;  action  of  conven- 
tion relative  to  division  of,  385;  memo- 
rial for  division  of,  385,  403-407;  reso- 
lution relative  to  division  of,  386,  391, 
392 ;  approval  of  call  for  convention  in, 
390;  convention  of  people  of,  394;  com- 
mittee on  memorial  relative  to  division  of, 
396;  memorial  from  people  of,  relative  to 
Missouri  boundary,  399-401;  memorial 
of  people  of,  relative  to  preemptions,  401- 
403;  condition  of  people  of  western  part 


672    IOWA  JOURNAL  OF  HISTORY  AND  POLITICS 


of,  404-406;  establishment  of,  405;  evils 
caused  by  size  of,  405,  406;  division  of, 
497;  laws  of,  extended  over  Iowa,  497, 
512;  provision  for  code  in,  498;  print- 
ing of  laws  of,  500;  act  repealing  laws 
of,  514 

Wisconsin  Archaeological  Society,  State 
Field  Assembly  of  the,  134 

Wisconsin  Archeologist,  The,  contents  of, 
456 

Wisconsin  Fur-Trader's  Journal,  1804-05, 
A,  325 

Wisconsin  History  Commission,  monograph 
published  by,  583,  584 

Wisconsin  Indians,  Bishop  Henni's  Visita- 
tion of,  114 

Wisconsin  Industrial  Commission,  The  Pro- 
posed, 441 

Wisconsin  Legislative  Reference  Depart- 
ment, pamphlet  published  by,  445 

Wisconsin  River,  196,  345,  423,  433,  434 

Wisconsin  Territory,  Notes  on,  publication 
of,  8 ;  reference  to,  10,  29 ;  description  of, 
11-23;  full  title  of,  12;  owners  of  copies 
of,  12 

Wisconsin  Women  in  the  War  Between  the 
States,  584 

Wisconsin's  Participation  Therein,  The 
Chattanooga  Campaign  with  Especial  Ref- 
erence to,  584 

Wisdom,  Clara,  character  of,  3 

Wise,  Henry  A.,  253,  277 

Wissler,  Clark,  article  by,  445 

Wolesensky,  Edward,  report  by,  112 

Wolf,  L.  R.,   172 

Woman,  Economic  Function  of,  587 

Woman  and  the  Cause  of  Peace,  304 

Woman  suffrage,  arguments  for,  447 

Woman's  Suffrage  Bill,  490 

Women  Workers,  The  Living  Wage  of,  441 

Women's  Hours  of  Labor,  Judicial  Views  of 
the  Restriction  of,  117 

Wood,  E.  P.,  600 

Woodbury  County,  location  of,  359 ;  char- 
acter of,  359;  period  of  settlement  of, 
359;  inquiry  blanks  sent  to  old  settlers 
of,  360,  361;  analysis  of  data  concerning 
early  settlers  of,  361-384 

Woodbury  County,  The  Settlement  of,  by 
FRANK  HARMON  GARVER,  359 

Woodruff,  Clinton  Rogers,  article  by,  309 

Woods,  James  W.,  389 

Woods,  John,  221,  223 

Woods,  Roma  Wheeler,  sketch  of,   129 

Woodward,  Sherman  Melville,  66;  papers 
and  reports  by,  112 

Wool  Schedule,  The  Injustice  of  the,  577 

Woof  Trade  of  the  United  States,  Some  As- 
pects of  the,  309 

Woolley,  Robert  Wickliffe,  article  by,  579 


Worcester,  Annual  Meeting  of  Antiquarian 

Society  held  in,  454 
Workmen's  Compensation,  580 
Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  582 
Workmen's    Insurance    and    Compensation 

Systems  in  Europe,  305,  577 
World,  Federation  of,  The  British  Empire 

and  the,  579 
World  Corporation,  116 
World    Peace    Foundation,    pamphlets    pub- 
lished by,  575,  576 
Worley,  L.  O.,  142 
Worshipping  congregations,  act  relative  to, 

503,  506,  522 
Worthing,  Archie  Garfield,   66;  papers  and 

reports  by,   112 
Wounded  Man,  421 
Wright,  Carroll  Davidson,  575 
Wright,  George,  142 
Wright,  G.  Frederick,  599 
Wright,  Purd  B.,  137 
Wrightman,  G.  A.,  329 
Wrong,  George  M.,  book  edited  by,  115 
Wroth,  Lawrence  C.,  article  by,  595 
Wijckoff,  J.  S.,  568 
Wyckhoff,  Rev.,  535 
Wyer,  Malcolm  Glenn,  paper  by,  113 
Wylie,  E.  G.,  article  by,   124,  447 
Wylie,    Robert   Bradford,    66;    papers    and 

reports  by,  112,  113 

Ya-banse,  436 

Tale  College,  Biographical  Sketches  of  the 

Graduates  of,  with  Annals  of  the  College 

History,  576 

Tale  Review,  The,  contents  of,  116,  308 
Yale  University  Press,  book  issued  by,  438 
Yankees,  number  of,  among  settlers,   364 
Yarros,  Victor  S.,  article  by,  578 
Yellow  Robe,  436 
Yellow  Snake,  408 
Tellowstone  Nights,  449 
Young,  Bennett  H.,  monograph  by,  322 
Young,  Calvin,  article  by,  596,  597 
Young,  F.  G.,  article  by,  136,  322 
Young,  John  A.,  142 
Young,  Josiah  T.,  sketch  of  life  of,  127 
Young,  Lafayette,  sketch  of  life  of,  317 
Toung,  Lucien,  Rear  Admiral,  The  Heroic 

Career  of,  322 
Young  Buck,  436 
Young  Buffalo,  436 
Yucatan,     correspondence     between     Texas 

and,  593 

Zahnd,  John,  article  by,  586 

Zeller,  E.  R.,  328 

Zetagathian    society,    anniversary    of,    450 ; 

reference  to,  452 
Zollinger,  Gulielma,  book  by,  127 


JL 


F 

616 
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v.9 


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