Full text of "The Iowa journal of history and politics"

See other formats

^^^

m^^^

Wmtzfpy^,...>i

Class

Rook

Ar.r.

-1-

G£^i

-go

THE IOWA JOUENAL OF HISTORY
AND POLITICS

THE

IOWA JOURML

HISTOEY AND POLITICS

EDITOR

BENJAMIN F. SHAMBAUGH

VOLUME XVIII
1920

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA
IOWA CITY, IOWA
1920

CONTENTS
Number 1 — January 1920

Historical Survey of the Militia in Iowa, 1865-1898

Cyril B. Upham 3

The Internal Grain Trade of the United States, 1850-1860

Louis Bernakd Schmidt 94

Some Episodes in the History of the Founding of the Medical
College of the State University of Iowa

Jno. p. Irish 125

Some Publications 130

Western Americana 134

lowana 136

Historical Societies 147

Notes and Comment 156

Contributors 160

Number 2 — April 1920

Special Municipal Charters in Iowa, 1836-1858

George F. Robeson 163

Northwestern Iowa in 1855 J, L. Ingalsbe 271

Gen. Lew. Wallace at Shiloh : How He Was Convinced of an

Error after Forty Years Joseph W. Rich 301

Some Publications 309

Western Americana 313

lowana 313

Historical Societies 324

Notes and Comment 330

Contributors 331

vi CONTENTS

Number 3 — July 1920

The Soldier Vote in Iowa in the Election of 1888

Donald L. McMurry 335

Some Materials for the Study of Iowa Archeology

Chakles R. Keyes 357

Some Significant Aspects of the Agrarian Revolution in the

United States Louis Bernard Schmidt 371

The Westward Movement of the Wheat Growing Industry in

the United States Louis Bernard Schmidt 396

Historical Survey of the Militia in Iowa, 1898-1916

Cyril B. Upham

413

Some Publications

441

Western Americana

445

lowana

447

Historical Societies

461

Notes and Comment

470

Contributors

473

Number 4 — October 1920

A Review of the Work of the Iowa Code Commission

Jacob Van der Zee

477

Indexing the Compiled Code Jacob Van der Zee

534

Some Publications

552

Western Americana

555

lowana

556

Historical Societies

567

Notes and Comment

574

Contributors

578

THE

IOWA Journal

Historycovd Politics

JANUARY 1920

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE fflSTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

lowc^ City lowav.

Xat«r«d DMMbOT 30 1002 it lews dty l^mi M Me«iid-dMi awttw vmiin Ml af OMflNW «t V«% It StM

IN P.. SHAMBAUGH
Associate Editor, JOHN C. PARISH

Vol XVIII

JANUARY 19SO

No. 1

CONTENTS

Historical Survey (•!' the Militia in Iowa, 1865-1898

Cyril B. Upham

The Internal Grain Trade of the United States, 1860-1860

Louis Bernard Schmidt

Some Episodes in the History of the Founding of the
Medical College of the State University of Iowa

Jno. p. Irish

Some Publications ......

Western Americana ......

lowana ......,,

Historical Societies .....

Notes and Comment ......

Contributors .......

125
130
134
136
147
156
160

THE IOWA JOUENAL OF flISTOBY AND POLITICS

PUBLISHBD Q17ABTXSLT

AT IOWA. OITT

SUBBOBIPTIOK PBIOB: $2.00 SlKOLB NUUBBB: 50 CBH9I

Addreu aU ConMOMnicatiotiM to
Thb Statb HunnioAii Sogibt7 Iovta Orar Iowa

THE IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

JANUARY NINETEEN HUNDRED TWENTY

VOLUME EIGHTEEN NUMBER ONE

VOL. xvm — 1

IN F.. SHAMBAUGH
Associate Editor, JOHN 0. PARISH

Vol XVIII JANUARY lO^^O No. I

CONTENTS

Historical Survey of the Militia in Iowa, 1865-1 S98

Cyeil B. Upham 3

The Internal Orain Trade of tlie United States, 1850-1860

Louis Bernard Schmidt 94

Some Episodes in the History of the Founding of the
Medical College of the State University of Iowa

Jno. p. Irish 125

Some Publications 130

Western Americana 134

lowana . . . 135

Historical Societies 147

Notes and Comment 156

Contributors ....... 160

THE IOWA JOUfiNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Pttblxshbb Qvartsblt

ATJDW1.0KrT
SUBBOKIPTIOK PBIOB: $2.00 SlNflLB HOVBBB: 50 CBMTS

AddreM all Communioationt to
TfiB Statb HunoBioAL SooDnrr Io^a OvFt lowi.

THE IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

JANUARY NINETEEN HUNDRED TWENTY

VOLUME EIGHTEEN NUMBER ONE

VOL. xvm — 1

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE MILITIA IN IOWA

1865-1898

[This paper covers the period between the Civil War and the Spanish-
American War and is a continuation of the Historical Survey of flic Militia in
Iowa, 1838-1865, which appeared in The Iowa Journal ov History and
Politics for July, 1919. For a discussion of the various meanings of the term
militia see the editor's note to the former article. — Editor.)

In the history of the Iowa militia the Civil War marks
a rather definite dividing line. Before that time there
was meaningless and conflicting legislation, loose organiza-
tion, and an almost complete lack of records. While leg-
islation remained for some time unsatisfactory and organ-
ization faulty, nevertheless what there was of either can
be determined; for, thanks to the untiring work and in-
sistence of General Baker, there are printed reports of the
Adjutant General's office from the year 1861. True it is
that the Adjutant General at times reported companies of
militia w^hich had passed out of existence; but inaccurate
reports are better than no reports, for inaccuracies may be
detected.

The period from the Civil War to the Spanish- American
War saw the beginning of the National Guard in Iowa and
its development into an efficient and effective fighting force
capable of taking its place in the first line of the battle
troops of the country. This period may be divided into
three sections: from the close of the Civil War to 1878;
from 1878 to 1892 ; and from 1892 to the war with Spain.

The first period corresponds in general with the admin-
istration of Nathaniel B. Baker as Adjutant General ; dur-
ing most of the second period William L. Alexander was

4 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

the occupant of that important office; but in the third no
one man stands out with equal prominence.

It seems strange that after each conflict in our history
the nation has undergone a reaction against things military
— at least popular interest has dwindled. This was the
case after the Civil War. The heightened military spirit
of war time was followed by a general apathy with regard
to military affairs. It was not until late in the century
that Congress began to manifest any degree of interest in
the militia, and not until 1903 was a comprehensive measure
passed which dealt with the situation with any degree of
adequacy.

In Iowa conditions were much as in other parts of the
country. For over a decade little was done in the way of
militia legislation or organization. The law of 1864 and
sections of other earlier acts which had not been repealed
formed a conglomerate mass of legislation which was, to a
large extent, neither understood nor enforced. During
these years the Adjutant General was busied, for the most
part, with straightening up matters connected with the
Civil War, completing rosters of Iowa soldiers, and answer-
ing queries as to Iowa men in the service.

War time legislation contemplated the organization of the
entire militia of the State — that is, all able-bodied men
between the ages of eighteen and forty-five — into com-
panies. Battalions and regiments might be formed at the
discretion of the Governor. But the thousand companies
of 1865 had dwindled to almost none at the end of the Civil
War decade, and general apathy coupled with the fact that
the Adjutant General was overworked kept the companies
as detached units throughout the first decade. Indeed, it
was only in the last year of General Baker's life that any
semblance of regimental organization took place.

The period from 1878 to 1892 may be called the formative

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 5

period of the National Guard as we have it to-day. An
organization was effected, some strides toward efficiency
were made, and the militia began to assume shape ; but only
after the reorganization in 1892, when the Federal govern-
ment began to take an active interest, did the National
Guard approach the standards of a trained military force.

The evolution of the militia throughout this period stands
out clearly, although the development was extremely slow.
Things agitated for in the sixties and seventies by General
Baker came to pass in the nineties. Indeed, practically no
development took place which had not been urged by that
worthy soldier and statesman.

The story of the militia exhibits a series of trials, errors,
and successes — of changes and counter-changes — with a
continuous attempt to secure sufficient appropriation to
make effective work possible. Not the least interesting
chapter of the story is the attitude toward the Guard as
an aid to civil authority.

Notwithstanding the fact that little attention was paid
to the militia immediately following the Civil War, some
interest was manifested by the persons in authority. Gov-
ernor William Milo Stone, in his first biennial message de-
livered to the Eleventh General Assembly on January 8,
1866, called the attention of the legislators to the "neces-
sity of immediately erecting a building for the safe-keeping
of ordnance stores belonging to the State, and the preser-
vation of our military records. ' ' ^ The General Assembly
in 1864 had made an appropriation of five thousand dollars
for the erection of an arsenal ''at or near the City of Des
Moines, in which to store and secure the arms, equipments
and munitions of war belonging to the State of Iowa, said
Arsenal building to be built under the direction of the Ad-

iShambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol

in, p. 61.

6 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

jutant General of the State." The ''necessary and proper
grounds" were to be ''obtained without expense to the
State."- But, said the Governor, the "advances in prices
so far increased the value of labor and materials beyond
the estimate upon which the appropriation was based, that
the Adjutant General deemed it advisable to defer the work
for the further consideration of the General Assembly. ' '

He continued: "We have now under our control about
18,000 stands of arms and several pieces of artillery besides
a large amount of ordnance stores, which can only be pre-
served from deterioration by having a suitable building
in which to place them. In addition to this, the importance
of a safe depository for the records of the Adjutant Gen-
eral's office must not be overlooked. These records contain
the original rolls and all the documents of various kinds
pertaining to the enlistment, service and discharge of Iowa
soldiers, the destruction of which would be an irretrievable
loss to the State. We now have none but rented buildings
for this purpose, costing about $1,000 annually, and without
any adequate security against fire. A fire-proof building
of sufficient capacity for all these purposes could be erected
at a moderate cost, and it should be done without unneces-
sary delay. " ^

The Eleventh General Assembly responded to the appeal
of the Governor and made an appropriation of twenty-five
thousand dollars for the erection of a fire-proof arsenal.*
This Assembly also passed an act providing that "all offi-
cers, non-commissioned officers, and privates who have
served in the United States service for the period of two
years, or more, and have been honorably discharged there-

2 Laws of Iowa, 1864, p. 76.

aShambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Gorernors of loua, Vol.
Ill, pp. 61, 62.

iLatvs of Iowa, 1866, p. 123. r

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 7

from, be and are hereby exempt from all duty under the
military laws of this State" except that in time of public
danger they might be called upon by the Governor.^ This
exemption included the majority of those men in the State
who would normally have been subject to militia duty. Al-
though it seems only logical that they should have been ex-
empted from such training, their reluctance to serve did
much to prevent effective organization of the militia.

In his annual report covering the year 1867 the Adjutant
General again brought to the attention of the Governor the
need of a revision of the militia law and a reorganization
of the militia. Indeed, throughout the period of his service
General Baker continually insisted upon the advisability
of an adequate militia. He now proposed that a few com-
panies of the militia be organized, that they drill regularly,
and be paid for their service. A part of his report reads
as follows:

Jf a regiment could be organized in each Congressional District,
with companies judiciously scattered over the limits of each district,
under laws which compelled company-drills for a sufficient number
of days that would make the members of the organization skilled in
the handling of arms and proficient in company-movements, and a
regimental-muster once in each year for regimental-drill and evolu-
tions, we should soon find organizations of which we should be
proud, emulation for superiority in the qualities that would make
good soldiers, a body of men ready to move effectually and promptly
when an emergency demanded, and as before stated in relation to
well-drilled companies, the nucleus around which volunteere could
rally in case of greatest dangers to the State or nation, and instruc-
tors who could educate the new recruits for new regiments.

To do this, the companies should be compelled to drill at least
ten days in each year, and the regimental-muster should continue
at least three days. The officers should be selected from our experi-
enced veterans of the late war, and officers and soldiers should be
armed and equipped by the State, and should be well paid for their

■"' Laws of Iowa, 1S66, p. 132.

8 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

time and services. A tax of one dollar on each voter in the State
would pay all the expenses of such organizations, provided the
minimum of the companies was fixed at a low rate.

It is useless to urge upon a portion of the people of this State
the importance of maintaining an active and efficient militia, and
ask them to expend ten or fifteen days each year in that service
without compensation. If the State requires a thoroughly-drilled,
respectable and efficient militia, it can, in my opinion, only be
obtained by proper compensation to the members who compose the
organizations. It has been hoped that Congress would have acted
in this matter long since, under the provision of the United States
Constitution "to provide for organizing, arming and disciplining
the militia"; but as the remembrance of our late great danger is
gradually becoming only mere historj^ and no warning to a large
number of our people, there is a strong probability that we sliall
hear no more from Congress until some other danger threatens, and
we find ourselves almost as unprepared to act as many of the States
were at the beginning of the rebellion — without arms, without
equipments, without organizations, and without discipline.

Some will object to the plan I have proposed, on account of its
expense, but it is the opinion of many statesmen and soldiers, that
if the State militia had been properly organized at the North at the
commencement of the rebellion, and larger forces, properly drilled
and efficiently armed, and under the command of good officers,
could have been moved to the front without such delay as did occur,
the rebellion would have been crushed in a very short period, and
immense sums of money and rivers of blood would have been saved
to the nation,^'

Immediately after the close of the Civil War, Adjutant
General Baker began his efforts to secure the publication
of a roster of the Iowa soldiers in that conflict. '*I have
. . . . prepared an alphabetical list of all the officers
and soldiers who served in Iowa Regiments during the late
rebellion", he reported in January, 1868. "I have made
no distinction between officers and soldiers, merely giving
the name, the arm of the service, the company, and the page

6 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1868, pp. 4, 5.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 9

of the roster of the regiment in which the history of the
person is recorded. Maine has published a work like this
and the publication of this list would be of great value not
only to the soldiers and their families in the State, but to
the relatives of our soldiers in all parts of the Union. It
would enable any person to find at a glance whether or not
any claimant of service in an Iowa Regiment was really
such. It would enable those at a distance in other States,
who only know that a son or brother or father served in an
Iowa Regiment to find out the desired information by mere
reference to the book, \and if the book was published and
distributed in the same way and style as my reports here-
tofore have been, would enable every county clerk and
township clerk to answer a question, in relation to the sub-
ject, without correspondence with this Department."^

The arsenal which was authorized to be constructed un-
der the direction of General Baker, G. L. Godfrey, B. F.
Allen, and J. W. Cattell ^ was apparently completed during
1867, for General Baker made the following statement in
1868 in his report to the Governor: ''In accordance with
your orders, on completion of the Adjutant-General's of-
fice building at Des Moines, I removed the records of the
office with the quartermaster stores to that place, and on
the 15th day of December last opened the office of adjutant-

' This may seem out of place because it does not have to do directly with the
militia, but when it is remembered that the searching through those records for
friends and relatives was for some years one of the important duties of the
Adjutant General, and that even to-day a special clerk is maintained for that
purpose, its importance in this connection must be recognized. And after all,
nothing having to do with the office of Adjutant General can be said to be out
of place in a survey of the militia. This statement of the Adjutant General is
the beginning of the long continued effort to have published this list of Iowa
Civil War soldiers, which finally culminated in the publication of the Roster
wid Becord of loiva Soldiers, by the State in IQll.— Eeport of the Adjutant
General of Iowa, 1868, pp. 3, 4.

8 Laivs of Iowa, 1866, p. 123.

10 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

general in the building provided by the State. The re-
moval and rearrangement of the documents and books of
the department have occupied nearly two months. ' ' ^ The
men in charge of the construction were to report to the next
General Assembly making a detailed statement of the ex-
penditures.^*^ It was necessary for the Twelfth General
Assembly to make appropriations of nine thousand five
hundred dollars to complete the building and grounds.^^

Indeed, the Governor had reported to the General Assem-
bly that the building had cost some $4000 more than the
special appropriation made for its erection, although the
commissioners had performed their duties faithfully and
economically, and constructed the only fire-proof building-
belonging to the State. He recommended that an addi-
tional appropriation be made sufficient to meet this de-
ficiency, and also to put the arsenal and grounds in proper
condition. The Governor gave due credit to General Ba-
ker and his work as Adjutant General in the statement that
* * the affairs of this office, from the beginning of the late war
to the present time, have been conducted ^^ith distinguished
ability and have reflected great credit upon the officer in
charge. " ^^

By an act of March 2, 1867, the word '* white" was
stricken out of the Federal militia law, thus including ne-
groes among those subject to military duty.^' Even before
this the General Assembly of Iowa had proposed a similar
change in the section on the militia in the State Constitu-
tion. The resolution by which this amendment was pro-

9 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1868, p. 9.

10 Laws of Iowa, 1866, p. 123.

11 Laws of Iowa, 1868, p. 141.

12 Shamhangh 's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, VoL
III, p. 130.

13 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XTV, p. 423.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA U

posed was approved April 2, 1866. In accordance with the
provision for the amendment of the Iowa Constitution, this
resolution had to be passed by the next General Assembly
in 1868 and approved by a majority of the voters before
it became effective. At the general election in 1868, by a
vote of 105,515 to 81,050, the electors voted to include per-
sons of color in the militia. ^^

The military staff of the Governor during war times had
contained several aids, special aids, and temporary officers.
By January 1, 1869, the number had returned to normal.
In addition to the Adjutant General, who was also In-
spector General and Acting Quartermaster General, with
the rank of Brigadier General, there were four special aids-
de-camp, ranking as Lieutenant Colonels, and a military
secretary ranking as Captain. These five officers were com-
missioned June 3, 1868. There was no definite term fixed
for any of these officers ; but Adjutant General Baker — af-
ter his appointment by Governor Kirkwood in July, 1861,
and January, 1862 — had been reappointed every two years
(by Governor Stone in January, 1864, and January, 1866,
and by Governor Merrill in 1868) so by custom the term had
come to be two years. Each Governor usually picked his
own friends for aids, and thus they changed with the ad-
ministration. Captain William H. Fleming was military
secretary for some years.

In his report as Acting Quartermaster General for the
year 1868, General Baker reported that a very large portion
of the expenses of the Quartermaster General's Depart-
ment was incurred in securing the arms and equipment
belonging to the State, which prior to the war, and more
particularly during and since the war, had been scattered
along the southern, western, and northwestern borders. He

14 Laws of Iowa, 1866, p. 106, 1868, p. 94; Sliambangh's Messages and Proc-
lamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. Ill, p. 452.

12 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

continued: ^'A large number of the arms and many of the
accoutrements, etc., were lost, stolen, or destroyed, or had
been ruined by being stored in cellars and in damp store-
houses, without any attention to their repair or care, during
the last few years. Many individuals who had years since
become responsible for the safe keeping or return of arms,
had died — some of them in the service — and many had re-
moved from the State. On some of the returned muskets I
have expended, in accordance with law, a considerable
amount, for their care and repair. I shall have to complete
the collection, and after collection, I think it would be best to
dispose of them by sale, public or private, reserving only
two or three thousand stand of arms, of best patterns, with
accoutrements, for an emergency. The demands of the Mi-
litia for arms, under the present law, will not be very
extensive." ^^

Again in January, 1870, General Baker reported that the
' ' lack of vitality in our present militia system would indi-
cate that no great amount of expenditure would be needed
in the distribution, care, or repair of arms."^^ To save
unnecessary expense he sold most of the unserviceable ord-
nance stores owned by the State thus obviating the neces-
sity for the workshop authorized by the Twelfth General
Assembly, and turned $6,665.23 back into the State Treas-
ury. ^^

General Baker reported in 1870 that he had seen no
occasion to change his opinion of the militia and the militia
law of the State, and repeated the statements he had made
in 1867 and 1868. "I know that some will urge against
any militia organization," added Mr. Baker, ''that we have
veteran officers and soldiers among us who would be ready,

^'^ Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1869, p. 6.
T<i Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1870, p. 36.
^'Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1870, p. 38.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 13

in an emergency, to organize, drill, and prepare for the field,
volunteers who might be called for. There is where a great
mistake would be found. The tactics have changed, rules
and regulations have been altered, and one of our veteran
officers or soldiers would have now about as much to learn
as many did at the commencement of the late rebellion.
Besides the lack of knowledge, the need of practice would
be evident, if we 'called for' volunteers to-day, among the
best of the veterans which Iowa ever furnished. We could
furnish as good and brave men as ever faced an enemy,
but drill and discipline and practice would be wanting." ^^
The chief duties of the Adjutant General continued to
be connected with Civil War affairs. According to General
Baker, "The principal business of the Adjutant-General's
office proper during the past year has been like several
preceding ones, answering the inquiries of officials and late
officers and soldiers of the volunteer service, or their repre-
sentatives, or heirs, or their agents, relative to enlistment,
muster, credit, discharge, absences, etc., of soldiers. There
has also been a great demand for certificates of service,
where discharges have been lost. A large portion of one
clerk's time has been occupied in entering on the roster
the location of the graves of the dead in Iowa regiments
who have been re-interred in national cemeteries. This has
required an examination of about five thousand printed
pages furnished by the United States." Again General
Baker stressed the importance of preserving the records
and made the following recommendation: ''Some of the
correspondence and records of this Department made at
an early stage of the late war should be copied, in order
that they may be preserved. Many of the rosters of regi-
ments should either be re-copied or re-bound. The constant
use of some of the volumes for eight or nine years has much

IS Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1870, p. 41.

14 IOWA JOURNAL OP HISTORY AND POLITICS

worn the binding and considerably defaced the record. ' ' ^^
From 1864 to 1878 interest in the militia was at a low ebb
and there is no militia legislation of any importance. True,
a ''bill for an act to reduce the military establishment of
the State to a peace footing" was reported by the Com-
mittee on Military Affairs in the House of Representatives
in 1870 as being ''prejudicial to the interests of the State"
and it was recommended that the bill be not passed.^^ But
this was in effect mainly a refusal to set the seal of approval
upon an accomplished fact.

The Code Commissioners of 1873, when preparing the
Code of 1873 included twenty sections in the title on mi-
litia. These were compiled mainly from the law of the
Tenth General Assembly enacted in 1864. Two sections
were from the Revision of 1860 and two from the Acts of
the Eleventh General Assembly — one abolishing the office
of Assistant Adjutant General,-^ and one exempting Civil
War veterans. In accordance Avith the amendment to the
Constitution, the word "white" was omitted from the sec-
tion specifying who should compose the militia. As an
evidence of the lack of interest in the militia at this time
witness the fact that title VIII of the Code of 1873, relating
to the militia, is the only one which was not amended by
the General Assembly after it was reported by the Code
Commissioners.-^ In 1874 and 1876 bills were introduced
in the General Assembly to better provide for the organiza-
tion and establishment of the State militia, and to make
appropriations therefor; but they were adversely reported
by the committee and did not pass.--^

la Eeport of the AdjtitaiH General of Iowa, 1870. p. 41.

20 House Journal, 1870, pp. 94, 495.

21 Laws of Iowa, 1866, p. 42.

^2Eouse Journal (Adjourned Session), 1873, pp. 221, 288.
23 House Journal, 1874, p. 506, 1876, p. 102.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 15

That few new companies of militia were being organized
at this time is evidenced by the small number of arms issued
during the period. In 1868 the arms scattered throughout
the State were for the most part what had been issued to
border companies during the Civil War, and included six
cannon, one hundred ninety-four Austrian rifled muskets,
two hundred eighty-seven Garibaldi rifled muskets, one hun-
dred forty French rifled muskets, five hundred seventy En-
field rifled muskets, six Prussian rifled muskets, one thou-
sand and ninety United States muskets, sixty-four Prussian
muskets, and two hundred eleven rifles of sundry patterns,
and some sixty-six thousand two hundred forty cartridges.
In the way of accoutrements there were at this time, cones,
screw-drivers, wipers, vises, ball screws, tumbler punches,
tompions, cartridge boxes and plates, cartridge box belts
and plates, waist belts and plates, cap pouches and picks,
bayonet scabbards, and gun slings.-*

Forty Enfield rifled muskets were issued in 1869 to Cap-
tain F. Olmsted of Des Moines for the use of the Zouaves
of that city. In 1870 these were exchanged for Springfield
breech-loading rifles, and eighty rifles w^ere issued to the
State Agricultural College Company.^^ In 1871 rifles were
furnished to some seven companies,^^ in 1872 to six more
companies,-' in 1873 to eight companies,-^ and in 1874 to
eight companies.2^ In 1875 there were issued to new com-
panies five hundred forty Springfield rifles and seven hun-
dred Enfields, and to old companies seventy-two Spring-
fields.^^ In 1877, five hundred forty-four Springfields and

2i Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1869, p. 18.

^^Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1870, p. 44, 1871, pp. 8. 9.

26 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1872, p. 6, 1874, p. 13.

27 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1873, p. 10.
^s Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1874, p. 13.

29 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1875, p. 13.

30 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1876, pp. 20, 21.

16 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

five hundred seventy-six Enfields were issued, in exchange
for which sixty-one Springfields and four hundred sixty-
eight Enfields were returned by companies who had held
them.^^

Adjutant General Baker continued his efforts for a better
militia. In 1872 he wrote: ''I have expressed my views
in relation to our present Militia System in my reports of
1867, 1868, and 1870. It is needless for me to repeat them
now. I firmly believe that the State should have a better
militia law, and a well organized military force. Neglect
in this matter will repeat, in the future, the history of the
past, not only in relation to this State, but as regards the
whole nation. ' ' He called attention to the need for modern
arms to arm the militia, and again explained the desirability
of publishing the Civil War records.^^

In the report of the Adjutant General rendered under
date of January 1, 1873, a roster of the organized militia
companies then in existence is included for the first time.
The majority of them had been organized during the year
or two preceding the report. There were at this time some
nineteen separate independent organizations in various
parts of the State. Since this is the first list given since
the Civil War, it may be said to mark the beginning of the
organized militia of the period. The names of the com-
panies, their location, and arms were as follows:

Name of Company

Location

Arms

Olmsted Zouaves

Des Moines,
Polk County

Springfield B. L.
rifles

Vinton Zouaves

Vinton,

Benton County

Springfield B. L.
rifles

Lawler Battery

Lavrler,

Chickasaw County

1 6-pounder cannon

3] Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 53.
.'2 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1872, p. 18.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA

Name op Company

Location

Arms

McGregor Artillery

McGregor,

Clayton County

1 6-pounder cannon

Clinton Artillery

Clinton,

Clinton County

1 6-pounder cannon

Battery A, Cresco Artillery

Cresco,

Howard County

1 6-pounder cannon

Baker Light Horse Cavalry

Iowa City,

Johnson County

Spencer carbines

Council Bluffs Light Artillery

Council Bluffs,
Pottawattamie
County

1 6-pounder cannon

Iowa College Company

Grinnell,

Poweshiek County

Springfield B. L.
rifles and 1
12-pounder cannon

Iowa State Agricultural
College Company

Ames,

Story County

Enfield rifles, Spring-
field B. L. rifles,
and 1 12-pounder
cannon

Fort Dodge Battery

Fort Dodge,

Webster County

1 12-pounder cannon

Keosauqua Artillery

Keosauqua,

Van Buren County

1 12-pounder cannon

Crocker Veteran Guards

Des Moines,
Polk County

Springfield B. L.
rifles

Pocahontas Eifles

Rolfe,

Pocahontas County

Enfield rifles

Burlington Guards

Burlington,

Des Moines County

Springfield B. L.
rifles

Humboldt County Eiflea

Rutland,

Humboldt County

Enfleld rifles

Panora Zouaves

Panora,

Guthrie County

Enfield rifles

Anamosa ArtUlery

Anamosa,

Jones County

1 12-pounder cannon

Keokuk Veteran Guards

Keokuk,
Lee County

Springfield B. L.
rifles 33

In 1874 some eleven additional independent companies
were reported. The various villages in Howard County

33 Beport of the Adjutant General of loxva, 1873, pp. 7, 8.

VOL. xvin — 2

18 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

had cooperated in the formation of the Howard County
Regiment. Company A was located at Cresco, Company B
at Lime Springs, Company C at Florenceville, Company F
at Busti, Company Gr at Howard Center, Company H at
Riceville, Company I at Pond Valley, and Company K at
Chester. Each company had a Captain, First Lieutenant,
and Second Lieutenant. Regimental headquarters were at
Cresco, and the regimental officers were Colonel, Lieutenant
Colonel, Major, Adjutant, Quartermaster, and Surgeon.
This was the only organized regiment at this time, and con-
stituted the first regimental organization attempted since
the Civil War.

It was during 1873 that the State militia was called out
for the first time to preserve the public peace. On the
morning of Monday, November 17, 1873, Governor Cyrus
C. Carpenter received a telegram from some of the most
prominent men in Council Bluffs, stating that a prize fight
was to be staged in that vicinity the following day, that
several hundred *' roughs" had congregated in that city
and Omaha to witness the fight, and that the civil authori-
ties were powerless to stop it. The Governor was re-
quested to send a military force 'Ho prevent the disgrace
to the State and their city." To this request Governor
Carpenter replied that if the sheriff informed him officially
of his inability to execute the law, aid would be forthcom-
ing. This the sheriff did, and Governor Carpenter issued
orders to the Adjutant General to forward a military comr
pany to Council Bluffs. This company was to report to,
and be under the orders of, the sheriff of Pottawattamie
County.

General Baker quickly got together detachments of the
Olmsted Zouaves and the Crocker Veteran Guards, enough
to form a company, placed them under command of Colonel
Olmsted, and arranged for their transportation that after-

HISTORICAL SURVEY OP MILITIA IN IOWA 19

noon to Council Bluffs over the Rock Island Railway. The
men, fully armed and equipped, were ready to move at
three o 'clock p. m. In a report made later to the Adjutant
General, Colonel Olmsted gave the following account of his
difficulties :

We went, as I understand it now, to Council Bluffs, to stop the
Allen-Hogan prize fight. You assured me of the support of the best
men in Council Bluffs. You and I thought from the telegrams of
the sheriff to the Governor, endorsed by some of the best men of
Council Bluffs, that the civil authorities of Pottawattamie county
could not maintain order.

You told me that the Governor would never have sent forward
troops like those under my command, many of them veterans of the
late war, unless he was satisfied by the sheriff's requisition and the
endorsement of Judge Baldwin and other prominent citizens of
Council Bluffs, that the force was necessary.

We had the offer of aid from Capt. C. E. Provost, of the Council
Bluffs artillery, but while you ordered them under my command, if
necessary, I did not need them and declined his prompt oft'er.

We were ready for duty at about half-past ten A. M., on the
18th of November, subject to the order of the sheriff of Pottawat-
tamie county, when the train arrived from Omaha, loaded in my
opinion with "roughs," and men who wished to see the Allen-
Hogan fight. The sheriff should have taken possession of that train
and all the paraphernalia of the fight, but he did nothing. He
could have arrested, in my opinion, participators in the fight at any
rate, and there were evidences enough for him to do that, but he
was not backed by the moral influence or the good advice of a single
m^n who induced the Governor to order you to send forward my
command. He was therefore weak and wavering. He would do
nothing, and I then telegraphed to you ; and I had to send a mile to
a telegraph station, for the railroad telegraph office was closed. "•■*

The telegram read: ** Trains now loading with roughs
bound for the fight. Sheriff Dougherty does not wish to
take the responsibility of following them. What shall I do ?
Answer immediately. ' ' This message, it was thought, was

^* Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1874, pp. 26, 27.

20 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

held until the train had left. General Baker, when he re-
ceived it, telegraphed Colonel Olmsted to *'Do nothing out-
side of orders of sheriff." This was in accordance with
the order of Governor Carpenter the day before. ''But
upon reading this dispatch", says the Governor, *'I saw
that the matter had taken a turn not anticipated when I
made the order, and I therefore without hesitation wrote
a dispatch telling Colonel Olmsted *to prevent the fight
without regard to sheriff or anybody else, ' and sent my pri-
vate secretary to the telegraph office with it, in order to be
sure that it was sent without delay. Upon his arriving at the
office, however, he found that the train had reached its des-
tination near Pacific City, in Mills County, and that the
fight was over. The cause of the failure to prevent this
lawless encounter was not in any lack of discipline, or of
readiness to obey orders on the part of the military com-
pany, but it grew in part out of the sheriff's confusion as
to the law and the 'overt act' owing to the difference of
opinion which he heard among lawyers." ^^

Almost immediately the sheriff dismissed the military
forces, and they returned to Des Moines. Adjutant Gen-
eral Baker reported:

Col. Olmsted and the officers and men of the Olmsted Zouaves,
and Capt. Davis and his officers and men of the Crocker Veteran
Guards, performed their whole duty promptly. I wish I could say
as much of certain officials and citizens of Pottawattamie county.

Officers and soldiers called out on such occasions should be paid
at higher rates than now provided by law. ]\Iost of the men called
out on such emergencies come from the workshops, and offices, in
towns where efficient companies are maintained, and in nearly
every case the private does not receive one-fifth of the amount he
would have been paid had he remained at his usual labor.

Governor Carpenter also mentioned the pay of the militia

35 Shambaugh 's Messages and Proclamations of lite Governors of Iowa, Vol.
IV, pp. 44, 45.

HISTOKICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 21

ill his message to the General Assembly. ''An increase of
compensation", he declared, "seems to be advisable in case
of those who may be called on for active duty ... To
be required to quit one's business, perhaps on peremptory
notice, in order to do military duty for the protection of
community, ought to command better pay than 44 cents a
day and subsistence. Active militia under our law obtain
no immunities bj^ reason of service, as in some other States
where a term of years in a military company exempts from
jury duty and poll-tax ; hence the more reason for a better
compensation for active service. "^^

The Code of 1873 had left the laws relating to the militia
in confusion. The section relating to the duties of the Quar-
termaster General as to the care and preservation of arms
was included, and expenses were directed to be paid by the
Adjutant General; but the law which had given authority
to the Adjutant General to obtain money from the State
for this purpose was not included in the Code and hence
was repealed. **I am," said the Adjutant General, ''or-
dered to perform certain duties, and deprived of the means
to enable me to obey." The law also prescribed that the
Adjutant General should perform the duties of Paymaster
General; but those duties were not defined, and no provi-
sion was made for paying troops, should occasion arise.
Then, too, the revised laws had been so carelessly arranged
that the Governor was deprived of the four aids who
had formed his staff, but retained the four special aids. As
a result, the Governor's staff for a few years was a curious
mixture of aids and special aids.

In 1874 the Adjutant General again appealed for more
clerical help and authorization to copy the Civil War rec-

36 Shambaugh 's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of loiva, Vol.
IV, p. 44.

22 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ords, and, if possible, to publish them. With regard to
appropriations for expenses he wrote:

I have been notified by the City of Des Moines to build a side-
walk on the north side of the arsenal. I have no money to expend
for that purpose. But it does appear to me that the State should
make an appropriation sufficient to comply with the laws, and par-
ticularly so, when the City of Des Moines gave to the State one-
quarter of a block on which the offices of the Adjutant-General of
the State and the arsenal were erected, I think that an appropria-
tion should be made, so that a good stone side-walk could be con-
structed on the north and east side of the quarter block. Such a
side-walk will be the cheapest and best when all matters are con-
sidered.

In the seven years' use of the arsenal floor, it has been much
worn and injured and there is need of its repair. It should now be
floored with good oak plank. I ask that you will recommend a
sufficient appropriation to meet the expenses of proper repairs.^"^

Governor Carpenter called the attention of the law-mak-
ing body to this report of the Adjutant General in the fol-
lowing words: ''The militia law of the State needs re-
vision. The present statute, enacted originally in a time
of war, contemplated a thorough organization of the entire
militia. The occasion that called forth such an enactment
having passed away, there is now no disposition to enforce
its stringent provisions. Hereupon I ask, for the sugges-
tions of the Adjutant-General, whose attention has unavoid-
ably been drawn to the inadequacy of the present law, the
careful consideration of the General Assembly ....
The code making no provision for the expenses of the quar-
termaster department of the State, I recommend the pass-
age of a statute similar to the former one upon the subject,
or a permanent appropriation therefor. I also suggest an
enlarged allowance to this officer for clerk-hire. I would

37 Beport of the Adjutant General of loica, 1874, pp. 37, 38.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 23

commend to your attention other recommendations of the
Adjutant-General in relation to his oilQce. ' ' ^^

The Fifteenth General Assembly appropriated one thou-
sand dollars for clerk-hire in the Adjutant General's office
for the biennium, and a like amount for the expenses of the
Quartermaster's office.^*'

There seems to have been an increased interest in militia
companies at this time and new organizations sprang up
all over the State. Between January 1, 1875, and January
1, 1876, twenty-seven new companies were organized and
armed. In 1876, also, there is listed for the first time the
University Battalion of the State University, composed of
six companies armed by the United States. The Adjutant
General reported at this time that he was unable to furnish
arms to the companies of the Howard County Regiment.

In his report for 1876, the Adjutant General repeated his
recommendations and suggestions of former years. Be-
cause no heed had been paid to them by the General As-
sembly, they continued to be pertinent. ''At the last ses-
sion", he reported to the Governor, ''the General Assembly
in effect and result gave this office $500 per year for Quar-
termaster expenses and $500 for Adjutant General 's clerk.
These offices cannot be managed with any such allowances.
There should be in the Adjutant General's office a good
clerk with a salary of $1200 per year, and the appropriation
for Quartermaster General's office should be restored to
the old law prior to the Code. I lost my old and experi-
enced clerk, Maj. Bourne, in 1874, by the legislation above
referred to. An Adjutant General and Quartermaster Gen-
eral must have good and experienced clerks at all times in
their offices, and particularly so on all days of celebration,

38 Shambaugh 's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of lo'va, Vol.
rV, pp. 43, 44.

39 Laws of loiva, 1874 (Private, Local, and Temporary), p. 65.

24 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

association, &c., and when large numbers desire to examine
records, flags, trophies, &c."

General Baker found the lack of a seal for his office em-
barrassing at times. During 1874 and 1875 his clerks is-
sued from four to five hundred certificates to soldiers who
had lost their discharges. ^'In some cases," he said, ''a
fastidious U. S. Land Officer has sent back certificates for
my seal to be attached. I have no seal. I therefore had to
procure the certificate of the Secretary of State, under the
seal of the State, that the Adjutant-General of the State
had no seal. . . .

"Some states have allowed their Adjutant-Generals to
charge fees for certificates to soldiers. I have received
many sums as fees for certificates, but they have always
been returned. I did not deem it proper for me to receive
the same, and no law of the State authorized me to accept
the same, and I trust the State of Iowa will never allow any
public officer to receive in any way a fee for any paper,
document or certificate showing the service of an Iowa
soldier. The State can well afford to pay her public officers
a proper compensation without accepting from the poor
private a little pittance to fill up a salary. ' ' *^

It was the conviction of General Baker that more en-
couragement should be given to the newly organized militia
companies and he expressed this opinion in the following
words :

It seems hardly just, while Title VIII of the Code is the law of
the State, to compel the organization of companies and at the same
time make no provision for their transportation, armories, drill
rooms and other contingencies. The number of company organiza-
tions in this State will be found in prior pages. Many of these
companies will compare favorably with those of any State, but the
best companies have taken care of their arms, uniformed themselves,
provided armories and drill rooms, and paid their own expenses,

40 Report of the Adjutant General of loiva, 1876, p. 46.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 25

and nearly all by their own exertions and contributions. I hope the
next General Assembly will appropriate to each well organized,
drilled and disciplined company five hundred dollars per annum
towards the payment of these expenses. It would be only justice
and would encourage all the best companies in the State. Some of
them must disband unless some aid is extended.

I further recommend that there be a sutBcient appropriation
made to purchase for each well organized company in the State'
from five to ten copies of Upton's Tactics.^ ^

The Governor approved these suggestions of the Adju-
tant General and urged action by the legislature. He also
suggested that it *' would reduce expense, and at the same
time bring out this report [of the Adjutant General] in
time for the use of the General Assembly, which is the
chief object of its issuance, if the law should be so amended
as to require it to be made biennially." The General As-
sembly responded with a slight increase in the amount al-
lowed to the Adjutant General for clerk hire.'*^ Provision
was also made for a change in the date of the report of the
Adjutant General. Instead of January 1st of each year,
it was now to be "on or before the first day of November
preceding each regular session of the general assembly."'*^

The report to the Governor dated January 1, 1876, was
the last one to be made by General Baker. On the morning
of September 13, 1876, after long suffering, Nathaniel Brad-
ley Baker, for over fifteen years Adjutant General of Iowa,
entered the great unknown. Undoubtedly his labors for
the public and his entire forgetfulness of self hastened the
end. The story of General Baker for the years 1861-1876
is the story of the Iowa troops. Appointed in July, 1861,
by Governor Kirkwood because of his great executive abil-

41 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1876, p. 25.

*2 Shambaugh 's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of loiva, Vol.
IV, p. 128; Laws of Iowa, 1876, p. 132.

43 Laws of Iowa, 1876, p. 154,

26 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ity, he made manifest his peculiar fitness for the place, and
he was continued in office under Governors Stone, Merrill,
and Carpenter, and again under Governor Kirkwood. Iowa
was one of the leaders in the race among western States in
"prompt organization and response to all calls of the Na-
tion for troops, and in the correctness of detail and record,
none surpassed the work of General Baker "."^^

The great lasting monument to the work of General Baker
is the complete record of the Iowa soldiers in the Civil War,
kept under his direction and containing practically every-
thing concerning the military career of the more than eighty
thousand Iowa soldiers. It was not printed, however, until
1911. Mention must be made, too, of one activity of Gen-
eral Baker not directly connected with his duties as Ad-
jutant General. In 1872, when the northwestern part of
the State was devastated by the invasion of grasshoppers,
General Baker, by common consent, took charge of the re-
lief movement. His organizing, executive mind meant
much in this work.

On the first day of October, 1876, John H. Looby was
appointed Adjutant General by Governor Samuel J. Kirk-
wood. His first report was submitted one year later, three
months before the regular session of the Seventeenth Gen-
eral Assembly. He had found, upon taking charge of the
office, a considerable accumulation of official business, and
his first concern was to dispose of that. Next he turned his
attention to the reorganization of the militia. Indeed,
while Adjutant General Baker had been vitally interested
in military matters, his office was greatly pressed with
matters which were largely survivals of the Civil War, and
during the last few years of his incumbency the regular
militia had received little creative supervision. There is
truth in the claim that the first effective organization of

44 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, pp. 73, 74.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 27

the militia following the Civil War was by John H. Looby
in 1876-1877.

When Adjutant General Looby took up his duties, the
records of his office showed a militia organization com-
prising in the aggregate ' ' two hundred and eighteen officers
and two thousand and forty privates and non-commissioned
officers." A thorough investigation, however, ** discovered
the fact that a considerable number of the companies had
completely failed ; that some had not mustered for a year,
and that others had given up their company organization
entirely." Mr. Looby directed his efforts to thoroughly
reorganizing the three existing regiments, receiving in this
work the cooperation of the officers and men of the active
commands. At the time of his report in October, 1877,
there were "six full regiments of infantry, two battalions
of four and seven companies each, with one regiment of
light artillery fully organized, and taking an active interest
in the work of acquiring that perfection of drill that marks
the perfect soldier. ' ' The battalion of four companies was
the University Battalion at Iowa City, listed as a part of the
National Guard until 1894. In addition to those named
above there were three unattached organizations : the Tabor
Cadets at Tabor College, the State Agricultural College
Cadets, and the Looby State Guards, a company of colored
troops at Des Moines. By this time the organized militia-
men in the State numbered about four thousand.

That there was confusion in the militia records is evi-
denced by the fact that in the roster of January 1, 1876, in
General Baker's last report, William W. White appears as
Captain of Battery A of the Cresco Artillery and also as
Lieutenant Colonel of the Howard County Regiment.

The militia under General Baker had been made up of a
considerable number of independent companies, not organ-
ized into battalions and regiments, and having no relation

28 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

to one another. Each was a separate and complete unit in
itself. The reason for this may have been the inadequacy
of the legislation in the Code of 1873. The militia was re-
quired to organize into companies, but it was discretionary
with the Governor as to whether or not the companies
should be formed into battalions or regiments. Perhaps
the officials during this period could see no good purpose
to be served by regimental organization. Possibly during
the years following the Civil War, interest in the militia
was not sufficient to warrant such organization.

At any rate, the organization of the militia into regiments
as in the present familiar system had its beginning under
Oeneral Looby in 1876-1877. Indeed, he attempted to form
brigades, but inasmuch as legislation did not authorize such
units, these orders were revoked.

Under Adjutant General Looby the military staff of the
Governor was completely filled. Four aids-de-camp and
four special aids-de-camp were commissioned as well as a
military secretary. Instead of the Quartermaster General
authorized by law, an Assistant Inspector General was
appointed.

By General Orders No. 1, dated January 15, 1877, Gen-
eral Looby changed the name of the active militia organ-
ization from "State Guard" to "National Guard, State of
Iowa, ' ' thus conforming to the name given by nearly all the
States having militia organizations. This is the first time
the name National Guard was officially applied to the Iowa
militia.

The regiments of the new National Guard were, with a
few minor exceptions, supplied with a complete staff of
officers, including a Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major, Ad-
jutant, Quartermaster, Surgeon, Assistant Surgeon, and
Chaplain. Indeed, the Fourth Infantry had in addition a
non-commissioned staff made up of a sergeant-major, a

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 29

commissary sergeant, an ordnance sergeant, a quartermas-
ter sergeant, a hospital steward, and a drum major. The
Fourth Infantry outdid the others in another respect also :
in addition to its companies A-K of infantry, it included
Company A, First Cavalry, probably because this organi-
zation was located at Dubuque. The First Light Artillery,
composed of twelve batteries, was also completely organ-
ized and officered. Each battery was attached to some one
of the infantry regiments and each regiment had a band.

But what became of the Howard County Regiment under
this new organization? Even its paper strength dwindled,
for only two companies from Howard County can be lo-
cated — Company D of the Sixth Infantry, and Battery D
of the First Light Artillery. And here there seems to be
a scarcity of officers : Company D has no First Lieutenant
and it appears that the Second Lieutenant of Company D
and the First Lieutenant of Battery D are the same man.

''It is the intention", wrote the Adjutant General, "to
make our Regimental organizations adjust themselves to
the formation of Congressional Districts. So far as has
been possible this has been done, and as the organization of
companies proceeds this intention will be fully carried out.
There are now active organizations in forty-nine out of
ninety-nine counties, but applications have been made for
arms from a number of other counties, which could not be
granted because the arms were not on hand to be issued.
Forty stand of arms is the limit of arms issued to any one
company, at present, which rule will not be changed save
only in great public exigency. ' '

About half of the arms in use were improved Springfield
breech-loaders, and about half Enfields. The Enfields were
reported to be "in as good condition as muzzle-loading guns
can be for military purposes", but it was urged that they
be sold and the others procured as speedily as possible.

30 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

''If the arms and accoutrements could be procured", con-
tinued the Adjutant General, ''the National Guard of the
State could be swelled very quickly to at least ten or twelve
ten-company regiments, and comprising, too, the very best
elements of our people. Nearly $10,000 is now due the
State from the General Government under the Militia Act
of May 8, 1792. This amount can be drawn only in arms,
accoutrements, and war munitions; and while the occasion
is ripe for the more complete organization of the Militia of
the State, all means should be afforded for the immediate
equipment of all good companies offering. ""^^^

General Looby reported that so far as he had been able
to visit and observe the existing organizations, they ex-
hibited ''a fine proficiency in the manual of arms and com-
pany movements, and bid fair to make themselves thor-
oughly familiar with the whole duty of the soldier. "^^

Some idea of the work done in the office of the Adjutant
General at this time may be gained from his report for 1877.
Enquiries concerning matters of interest to individual Iowa
soldiers were received almost daily. The most important
business of the year was tabulated as follows :

Certificates of military service issued 189

Commissions issued 252

General Orders issued 4

Special Orders 59

Other certificates 57

Letters received 1164

Letters answered 1147

Verification of some two hundred discharges of Iowa sol-
diers was also made. The policy of General Baker not to
charge fees for these services was continued.

^n Bevort of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, pp. 9, 51.
i^ Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 13.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 31

General Looby called the Governor's attention to the need
for a seal for his office; he urged the recopying of old rec-
ords, asked for sidewalks, new floor, and repairs to the
roof of the arsenal building, all of which had been urged
for years.

One sentence in the report of the Adjutant General de-
serves special attention. ''There are to-day," he wrote,
"at the ser\ice of the State, in case of emergency, nearly
four thousand well officered, well armed men, ready at all
times to aid the civil power in enforcing respect for the
majesty of the law.""*" At this time and for some years
later the idea was prevalent that the chief utility of the
militia was to quell labor disputes or aid the civil author-
ities in any way necessary.

In the summer of 1877 had occurred the great railroad
strikes in the eastern part of the country, centering in West
Virginia. The disturbance grew until it assumed almost
the character of a general uprising. In many States it was
found necessary to call out the militia to suppress riots,
and even to call on the Federal government for aid. The
situation affected Iowa slightly but not seriously. The
strike broke out in both the eastern and western parts of
the State, and ' ' on some of the roads, trains were prevented
from moving, and traffic impeded." Governor Newbold is-
sued a proclamation "warning the disaffected of the con-
sequences of unlawful action, and advising peaceable ad-
justment of all difficulties."^^

The Governor was repeatedly asked, unofficially, to call out
the military power to suppress lawlessness, "but in no case
did the local authorities admit their inability to maintain

*T Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, pp. 4, 11.

48 Shambaugh 's Messages and Proclamations of the Govern-ors of Iowa, Vol.
IV, p. 332.

32 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

quiet in their own jurisdiction."*^ That there might be
no delay in mobilizing the militia, if found necessary, Gov-
ernor Newbold directed General Looby to order command-
ants throughout the State to notify the members of their
commands to be prepared to receive orders for active ser-
vice. On July 26th, telegrams were sent to each of the
Colonels to be prepared to move at a moment's warning.

Every preparation was made for supplying the troops
with ordnance stores, and Companies A and G, Third In-
fantry, and Battery M, First Light Artillery, were placed
on duty at the arsenal. Fortunately there was no necessity
for mobihzation, and on July 31st all commands were or-
dered relieved.

*'The National Guard of Iowa", wrote General Looby,
''deserves great credit for the prompt and ready response
made to the call upon them, and while not ordered into
line, they were ready for duty whenever called. The old-
time promptness of Iowa regiments during the war, has
been continued in our National Guard organizations, and
should unfortunate circumstances call them to the sterner
duties of a soldier's life, they will be found doing their duty
manfully and successfully."^^

General Looby used the occasion to press his request for
aid for the militia. "The occurrences in the East, and in
the West, during the summer of 1877", he advised, "have
shown the wisdom of aiding the militia to keep up their
organizations. ... In our own state the militia was
not called into the field, but ordered into readiness. All com-
mands were prompt in response and they would have fully
and bravely performed all duty incumbent upon them. It
cannot be questioned that the knowledge of the fact that

49 Shambangh 's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, VoL
IV, p. 332.

50 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 15.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 33

regiments were organized, armed and equipped, with men
in command, from the commander-in-chief down, who would
not quail at the performance of imperative duty to the peo-
ple and to the State, had the great effect in quieting the
sentiment of communistic destruction blatant in some
quarters. "'^^

The new Adjutant General was firm in his opinion that
legislation must be enacted not only to perfect the organ-
ization of the National Guard, but also to appropriate
money for its use. '*As the Iowa law now stands," his
1877 report reads, '*no aid of any character whatever, is
granted to the militia. The officers and men must pay for
their ow^n uniforms, they must pay freight charges on arms
shipped to them from the Arsenal they must tax themselves
to meet all contingent expenses for rent of armories, for
ammunition, and for all other expense — and do all this
for the privilege of standing as a reserve power in the
hands of the Executive for the enforcement of law where
the civil power proves inefficient or powerless. It is a large
tax upon the pocket as well as upon patriotism to expect
our citizen soldiery to give their time, their money and
their lives, perhaps, without any aid or recognition of their
services in a practical, businesslike way — a patriotism that
does not promise to keep together our present active or-
ganizations very long. There is. a limit to the efforts of
citizen soldiery where they are compelled to bear the whole
brunt of expense, save the arms, which are issued to the
State by the Federal Goverment for the militia, and cost
the State nothing. "^2

The suggestions of the Adjutant General were heartily
endorsed and relayed to the General Assembly by the Gov-
ernor. * ' The present militia law ' ', his message reads, ' ' origi-

51 Seport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, pp. 4, 5.

52 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 5.

VOL. XVIII 3

34 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

nally enacted during the war, contemplates the organization
of the entire militia of the State. This was found imprac-
ticable, even under the pressure of war, and is of no utility
whatever now. I recommend its repeal, and the enactment
in its stead of a law that will encourage those so disposed to
organize themselves into companies, regiments, and, if
thought best, brigades and divisions. We have some very
good military companies at present, but they have a con-
stant struggle for existence, because of the small encourage-
ment they receive from the state." The Governor recom-
mended the exemption of militiamen from jury and road
duty, at least, and that such other inducements be held out
as would ''facilitate the formation of military companies."
He also urged a large increase of the appropriation for the
Quartermaster's department.^"

Another source from which pressure was brought to bear
upon the legislature was the organized militia itself. In
January, 1877, the field and staff officers of the Fourth
Regiment held a meeting at McGregor, and adopted a series
of resolutions, asking all commanding officers from all parts
of the State to meet in convention at Dubuque on June 5th
and 6th. This meeting was held and it is reported that
there were "active and intelligent representatives present
from the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth
Regiments of Infantry, the First Artillery, and University
Battalion, with representatives from several unattached
organizations."^^

The Adjutant General was present and gave his support
to the meeting. Governor Newbold wrote a letter which
was read at the convention and throws some light upon
the militia situation in Iowa at that time. Apparently the

•"'3 Shambaugh 's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol.
IV, p. 332.

5* Seport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 18.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 35

militia was not considered by him as a means of prepared-
ness for time of war. He wrote in part :

I take advantage of the occasion .... to express my sym-
pathy with the object of your coming together ; and I hope as an
ultimate result of your deliberations, for the enactment of a more
practicable militia law than the one at present on the statute book.

This was passed in a time of war, while it was thought necessary
in view of dangers menacing our borders, and of apprehended in-
ternal commotions, to organize the entire militia of the State. Ac-
cordingly, the statute contemplates the placing of all persons liable
to military duty into companies and regiments; and provides that
they shall be regularly drilled, &c. The necessity that seems to
demand such a system no longer prevails, and the system was long
since found to be impracticable in anything like its full extent,
while its provisions can, with difficulty, be made applicable to such
a military organization as that which has grown up under it, or
rather in spite of it, and which accords much more with the genius
of the people.

I have no desire to foster any undue development of tlie martial
spirit; neither have I much faith in the teaching which says, "In
time of peace prepare for war." Warlike feelings are aroused too
easily to permit their incitement by constant military preparations.
Indeed it may, I think, be truthfully said that the people which
prepare for war never enjoy peace. The latter, to be profound,
must not meditate war.

But the constitution and laws of the United States, and the
constitution of our own State, contemplate, if they do not require,
the keeping up of a military organization of some sort, and to give
us an organization and a system which might enable us to carry out
the object of all the constitutional provisions referred to, should be
the aim of any new legislation ; in other words enable those who
desire to do so to organize themselves into citizen soldiery in an
effectual manner, and at the same time to release those who have no
such desire from the requirements to do military duty in the time of
peace. In all proper measures toward the accomplishment of this
object, be assured of my hearty cooperation, as you have my best
wishes for a harmonious, profitable session.^'^

05 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 18.

36 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The convention discussed the militia situation thoroughly
and formally expressed their conclusions in the following
resolutions :

The National Guard, State of Iowa, in convention assembled, de-
clare that they regard a well organized militia of Iowa as the just
pride of our growing commonwealth ; its glory in peace and defense
in war; and that we demand of our law-making power such legisla-
tion as will place it on a footing commensurate with Iowa in the
family of States, and with her glorious record.

That the militia companies comprising the regiments organized
under the Adjutant-General's orders, find the expense for uniforms,
rents of armories and transportation, a burden too heavy to be
borne, and crippling to their efforts at proper organization.

That the members of this military convention firmly believe that
a volunteer militia organization is a benefit and an honor to our
State ; that the school of the soldier, the discipline and movements
of companies and regiments, are taught and learned at less expense
to the General Government than any other arm of the public ser-
vice ; that Iowa, for a meagre appropriation, can be sure of a drilled
and experienced soldiery prepared for emergencies; that our State
does not offer, in its militia law or otherwise, adequate compensa-
tion for the maintenance of the various companies and regiments ;
therefore, be it

Resolved, By this convention, that we earnestly and untiringly
urge the passage of a law by the next general assembly of Iowa, to
designate five days in each year for the assemblage and drill of the
militia, and that a compensation be paid each member of our State
militia of $2.00 per day for such service.

Resolved, That it is the sense of this convention that when we
return to our respective homes we will use our influence for the
nomination and election of such men to represent us in the legis-
lature as will vote for the law we desire.

Resolved, That the presence at this convention of the Adjutant-
General of Iowa, is an assuring sign that his heart is with us ; that
the perfection of our Iowa militia is the object of his personal pride
and ambition, and that we thank Governor Newbold for the willing-
ness exhibited and promptness shown to complete the creditable
organization of our State militia, and that his warm approval of

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 37

the purposes of this convention entitles him to the sincere support
of the Iowa soldiery.

Resolved, That we view in Senators Allison and Kirkwood un-
qualified friends of the soldier, who showed their patriotism and
fidelity in times that tried men 's souls, and that we respectfully ask
them to give us their potent aid in the accomplishment of our ob-
ject, and that a co-operation with our two Senators on the part of
the several members of the House of Representatives will be a fresh
occasion for our continued approval and support. ^*^

In addition the convention asked Governor Newbold to
rescind the order whereby the militia were required to
pay cost price for ammunition furnished them, and, in lieu
therefor, to "issue an order requiring the Adjt. General
to issue 1,000 rounds of fixed ammunition, to be expended
only at target practice agreeable to Wingate 's system ; and
that company commanders be required to report each prac-
tice to his regimental commander, and he in turn to the
Adjutant-General and that once a year the Adjutant-Gen-
eral publish a list of the best shots made, with the name of
the company in which made and individual by whom
made."^^

In the matter of uniform, the convention recommended :

1. That the dark blue coat and light blue pants of the regular
army be adopted as the basis.

2. That each regiment adopt such mode of trimming as it may
choose, and use either the regular hat or cap.

3. That companies now uniformed be allowed to retain their
present ones; but that when they renew their uniforms, they pro-
cure that of the remainder of their regiment.

4. That field and staff officers use only the uniform used by
officers of the same rank in the United States army.^^

A standing committee was appointed and instructed to

■•6 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 20.
•'■'7 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 21.
^» Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 21.

38 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

prepare a military law for the government of the Guard
for presentation to the next session of the General Assem-
bly, and 'Ho do and to perform all acts necessary to urge
its adoption."^® The law as enacted in 1878 is probably
largely the result of the efforts of this committee.

The Seventeenth General Assembly enacted the first mili-
tia legislation of any importance since the Civil War. Not
only did they appropriate $5,486.21 for the payment of
the troops called into readiness to suppress the threatened
riots of 1877, but they drew up a new and somewhat com-
prehensive Military Code.

This Military Code, enacted as chapter 125 of the Acts
of the Seventeenth General Assembly, in 1878, although
repealed at the following session, deserves analysis because
it was the first statutory organization of the National Guard
after the Civil War and because the law of 1880 was largely
based on this chapter.

Under this law the inactive military force, comprising
all able-bodied male citizens between the ages of eighteen
and forty-five years of age, was continued, and it was made
the duty of township assessors to make annual returns to
the county auditor of the persons within the township who
were subject to military duty. This force might be ordered
out for active service, by draft if necessary, ' ' to execute the
laws, suppress insurrection or repel invasion, or when a
requisition shall be made by the president of the United
States for troops".^"

It was provided that, except in time of war or public
danger, the active militia should not exceed one regiment
of infantry for each congressional district, and one regi-
ment of cavalry and one regiment of artillery for the State
at large. For the first time the law designated the active

5a Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1877, p. 21.
80 Laws of loua, 1878, pp. 78, 108, 132.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 39

militia as ''Iowa National Guard" thus following the new
terminology^ of the Adjutant General's office. It was to be
recruited by volunteer enlistments for a term of three years.
The forms of enlistment papers and oaths were prescribed.
The whole State comprised one division of not more than
two brigades, to be commanded by one Major General and
two Brigadier Generals. The Governor, as Commander-
in-Chief, assigned regiments, battalions, and companies
as he saw fit.

The staff of the Commander-in-Chief was increased to
include '*an adjutant-general, an inspector-general, a quar-
termaster-general, a commissary-general, and a surgeon-
general, and such other officers as he may think proper to
appoint. "^^ This left the matter of aids and special aids
to the discretion of the Governor. The rank of the Adju-
tant General was increased from Brigadier General to
Major General and his pay, in time of peace was made one
thousand dollars per year. His duties as Adjutant General
and as Quartermaster General were outlined. He was given
power to appoint an ordnance sergeant to take care of the
arsenal and grounds.

General officers were to be elected but di^asional, brigade,
and regimental officers, designated in the law, were to be
appointed and commissioned by the Governor upon the rec-
ommendation of the divisional, brigade, or regimental
commander. Provision was also made for a regimental
non-commissioned staff. Company and field officers were
to be elected as provided by the State Constitution, and all
were to serve for a term of three years. Procedure in
elections was outlined.

Under this law a regiment was to consist of not less than
eight nor more than ten companies ; a battalion of not less
than two nor more than seven companies. Companies were

«i Laws of Iowa, 1878, p. 109.

40 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

to consist of ^*a captain, a first lieutenant, a second lieuten-
ant, five sergeants, eight corporals, two musicians, and
not less than forty nor more than sixty-four privates and
non-commissioned officers". Artillery companies were not
to exceed twenty privates to each gun and were to have four
commissioned officers each. Companies, battalions, and
regiments could make by-laws for their own regulation;
but the organization, equipment, discipline and military
regulations must conform strictly to the regulations for
the government of the Regular Army of the United States.
Indeed, the fatigue uniform of the army was prescribed,
and commissioned officers must adopt the prescribed army
uniform for officers of the same grade.

Members of the Iowa National Guard were exempted
from jury duty and from head or poll tax during their
period of service. Uniforms, arms, and equipment of mem-
bers were exempted from suits, distresses, executions, or
sales for debt or payment of taxes, unless assessed by court
martial. In all cases except treason, felony, or breach of
the peace, militiamen were to be privileged from arrest
during attendance at drills, parades, encampments, and
elections of officers, and in going to and returning from the
same.''^

One of the great defects in the training of the militia up
to this time had been the infrequency, indeed, almost the
entire absence of regular company drill. The new legisla-
tion sought to remedy this. It provided that the command-
ing officer of each regiment or battalion might order month-
ly or semi-monthly, day or evening drills, by companies,
from October to April, inclusive, the members, however,
receiving no compensation. Although this was only a be-
ginning, nevertheless it marks a positive step forward.

There was a feeling at this time, also, that summer en-

«i2 Laws of Iowa, 1878, Ch. 125.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 41

campments would greatly increase the knowledge and effi-
ciency of the Guard, besides attracting recruits. So it was
provided that the Guard might parade for drill three or
five days annually, by company or regiment. Members at-
tending would receive subsistence at the rate of thirty-three
and one-third cents per day, and transportation to and from
the place of rendezvous, at a rate not to exceed one and
one-half cents per mile each way.®^ Target practice was
to be conducted at these encampments, and for that purpose
each company was to be issued one thousand rounds of
ammunition.

Various penalties for misfeasance, malfeasance, and non-
feasance were imposed, and the organization and procedure
of courts martial were outlined. Attendance at drill was
made compulsory, and absence rendered a person subject
to a fine which might be collected by a civil officer upon a
warrant, in the same manner as in civil actions.

Appropriations under this act were very meagre. Fifty
dollars was to be allowed each company for the payment of
armory rent, fires, and lighting. In addition, five thousand
dollars was appropriated for the biennium to meet the re-
quirements of this act which were not otherwise provided
for, and for payment for the transportation of arms, am-
munition, and ordnance stores from the State arsenal to
the various regimental and company headquarters of the
Iowa National Guard, and for the purchase of a seal for
the Adjutant General's office. Thus at last the Adjutant
General was to have a seal.

Noble Warwick was appointed Adjutant General on June
'27, 1878, and resigned in August of the same year. William
L. Alexander was appointed September 1, 1878, and served
over eleven years, until October 9, 1889. Too much credit
can not be given General Alexander for his faithful service

»?'Laws of Iowa, 1878, p. 112.

42 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

during this period. The Guard reaped the benefits of the
long terms of Nathaniel B. Baker and William L. Alexan-
der.

Proceeding under the provisions of the new Military
Code, the Adjutant General reorganized the militia to corre-
spond therewith. By the time of the report rendered in
October, 1879, the division and two brigades were complete-
ly organized and officered; one regiment of cavalry, one of
artillery, and nine of infantry were formed and drilling.
All appointments to the Governor's staff had been made,
including five aids-de-camp and eight special aids-de-
camp.®^

There were altogether over five thousand enlisted men
and officers enrolled at this time, armed for the most part
with Springfield breech-loading rifles. Some of the regi-
ments, however, had not a full complement of companies
since it was deemed more advisable to organize and arm
new companies with a view to the final just distribution of
the force, than to fill up regiments. The Second, Third,
Fifth, and Eighth Infantry Regiments, with three com-
panies from the cavalry, and five batteries from the artil-
lery, together with the Glenwood Guards and Looby Guards
made up the First Brigade, while the remaining regiments
of infantry and companies of cavalry and artillery formed
the Second Brigade. The arrangement was arbitrary, fol-
lowing no geographical lines whatever.''^

The year 1879 saw general activity and widespread in-
terest in military matters throughout the country. Two
national conventions of the National Guard were held, one
at New York City in January, with seventeen States rep-
resented ; and one at St. Louis in September, with fourteen
States represented. In Iowa, a State militia convention

f'4 JReport of the Adjutant General of loica, 1879. p. 13.
f^^ Beport of the Adjutant General of lotca, 1879. p. 48.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 43

was called for May 14tli at Marshalltown. One of the de-
clared objects of the convention was 'Ho demonstrate to
the people of the State, and to the gentlemen who are aspir-
ing to the Legislature, that the National Guard of Iowa is
alive, and deserves to have encouragement. It is absolute-
ly necessary to our maintaining an existence as militia that
the next Legislature should make a reasonable appropria-
tion for our benefit. A large convention will attract the
attention and insure us the respect always accorded to an
organization which shows itself to be numerous, wide
awake, and powerful. ' '^^ The convention was composed of
all the commissioned officers and three enlisted men from
each organized company.

The law of 1878 contemplated annual encampments, but
the appropriation was too small to support them. Camps
were conducted, however. The Fourth Regiment was in
camp at Dubuque from October 14 to October 16, 1878.
The Dubuque Herald tells at length of the company and
battalion drills, dress parades, and the sham battle which
attracted great crow^ds. In 1879 the Fourth Infantry, Sixth
Infantry, and the command formerly known as the First In-
dependent Battalion each held a three day encampment at
their own expense. "Earnest encouragement and substan-
tial aid" were given these "financially hazardous under-
takings" by the citizens of Independence, Osage, and Mar-
shalltown, where they were held. "Camps of this kind,
while not without good results," wrote General Alexander,
"are too often open to the consciousness of each man hav-
ing a financial interest in the affair, and a consequent desire
to have a voice in the management to the extent of the
capital invested." His constructive recommendation was
as follows:

I deem it of vital importance that annual encampments be held,
66 Eeport of the Adjutant General of loua, 1879, p. 6.

44 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

as contemplated hy the law. In no other way can such useful infor-
mation be imparted. The men being brought together, habituated
to the duties of the camp and field, held under rigid discipline, the
requirements of camp life being performed with the exaction of
active service, will derive more practical benefit in the allotted five
days than during a year of the ordinary instruction.

Should it not be deemed advisable to assemble the entire Guard
annually, there might each alternate year be an encampment of
officers and non-commissioned officers.

The work of the Adjutant General's office continued to
increase, and his report again emphasized the necessity of
clerical assistance. It was again proposed that the faded
out war records be copied. He also suggested that there
be a " rigid, unannounced inspection ' ' of the arms in posses-
sion of the companies throughout the State.

The big defect in the Iowa National Guard at this time
was the lack of support. The military law was, in its essen-
tial features, a good law. Experience showed that minor
changes were desirable, but the greatest lack was the want
of an appropriation. The General Assembly of Illinois had
adopted the Iowa law almost ^\ithout change.

The militiamen were required to provide their own uni-
forms. The Adjutant General wrote, of this situation:
**Some have uniforms for a portion of the men, some a
portion of a uniform for each man, and some, to the morti-
fication of both themselves and the public, are compelled
to wear on all occasions of drill and parade, clothing wholly
unmilitary. . . . It is quite desirable . . . that the
troops of the State should be provided with suitable State
military clothing, and regiments enabled to have a uniform-
ity of appearance."

To have the companies depend on their respective com-
munities or on assessments on individual members for
existence fostered "a spirit tha,t yields very unreadily to
discipline, and while the command is as yet, in the main,

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 45

far in advance of what might be expected in this particular,
there have occurred instances of disregard of authority
highly injurious, and calculated to unfit, rather than pre-
pare, men for that strict observance of law and orders,
without which all military organizations become disgrace-
fully ineffective. Whatever force, then, the State main-
tains, it should on its part provide with all the essentials,
and in return insist on such proficiency in soldiery quali-
ties on the part of the members of its Guard as will make
them creditable and effective."*^'

With regard to the size of the organized militia General
Alexander commented : ' ' One especially happy feature of
the present law is its limiting the active force to eleven
regiments : many years will elapse before this number will
need to be increased." He also suggested that the militia
returns from the counties might just as effectually be made
biennially instead of annually.

Governor Gear seconded the suggestions of the Adjutant
General as to uniforms, encampments, and appropriations,
and recommended, in addition, that the pay of the Adjutant
General be increased to $1500.*^^

The Eighteenth General Assembly passed two appropria-
tion acts for the militia. One, cliapter 86, was for $931.6-1:
for the payment of certain companies who rendered aid in
the anticipated riots of 1877. The other, chapter 205, was
for $54.48 to Company C, Fifth Regiment, for duty per-
formed during February, 1880, in guarding the Albia Coal
Company's works.

In addition, the entire military title of the Code w^as re-
vised. Perhaps the best explanation of the reasons for this
new enactment is found in the following paragraph from
the report of the Adjutant General for 1881 :

67 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1879, p. 4.

68 Shambaugh 's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol.
V, p. 30.

46 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The Military Committee of the Eighteenth General Assembly
found a force in the State that had been enlisted under chapter 125,
laws of the Seventeenth General Assembly, with the understanding
that they were to receive the benefits promised by this law, when in
reality there was practically no appropriation to meet its require-
ments. The amount necessary to do this was larger than the com-
mittee deemed advisable to recomraend. The first question, there-
fore, to consider was how much ought to be appropriated for mili-
tary purposes. It was finall}' ascertained that little or no opposition
would be made to an annual appropriation of $20,000, but the sum
would not sustain more than half the companies already organized ;
therefore a new law must be framed that would work a reduction
of the force to an extent that it could be supported by the amount
agreed upon. To effect this reduction and do no injustice to com-
panies that had enlisted and maintained themselves at no small
expense, with the understanding that the law of 1878 was operative,
was something of a problem. The final solution was a provision
against the organization of any new companies of any description,
the mustering out of the cavalry and artillery regiments, and exact-
ing such requirements of existing infantry companies as was
thought would work the voluntary disbandment of the requisite
number. The wisdom of abandoning the artillery and cavalry has
been attested b}^ similar action on the part of several of the older
States. The subject was among the first brought forward at the
annual meeting of the National Guard Association of the United
States in Philadelphia in March last, and the weight of opinion was
that the money required to sustain these branches of the service
could be used with better results in promoting the greater efficiency
of infantry.*'"

The most striking features in the revision were the de-
crease in the size of the Guard and the increase in the ap-
propriation for support. Instead of one division with the
divisional commander and staff, the Guard was now to be
composed of two brigades only. The number of regiments
was restricted to nine and these were to be of infantry only.
The enlistment period of the men and the term of office for
the officers were increased to five years. The salary of the

68 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1881, pp. 3, 4.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 47

Adjutant General was increased to $1500. Provisions were
made for brigade or regimental bands.

Annual encampments under the new law might be by
brigade as well as by company or regiment. Transporta-
tion and subsistence were provided for. Although artillery
companies in Iowa were abolished by this law, it was pro-
vided that there should be issued for target practice "fifty
pounds of powder to each company" of artillery instead of
** forty rounds of ammunition to each gun" as heretofore.
Cavalry companies, too, could draw ammunition. The law
was patchwork: new provisions were inserted, but lack of
a general revision left contradictions and inconsistencies.

The dress uniform of the United States army was sub-
stituted for the fatigue uniform, and an annual clothing
allowance of four dollars per man was authorized. Small
sums were doled out to brigade, regimental, and company
headquarters to pay for stationery and office incidentals.
Fifty dollars annually was again allowed to each company
for armory rent. The Governor was allowed to authorize
such clerical assistance in the office of the Adjutant Gen-
eral as he thought wise. He was also given the power of
disbanding any company when it should fall below a proper
standard of efficiency, as revealed by special inspection.
Minor changes were made in the commissioned staff and
non-commissioned staff, and more importance was attached
to the medical staff.

Aside from the increased appropriation — $20,000 per
annum — two other sections of importance may be noted.
One was to the effect that *4t shall not be lawful for any
body of men whatever, other than the regularly organized
volunteer militia of this state and the troops of the United
States, to associate themselves as a military company or
organization, or to drill or parade within the limits of this
state without the license of the governor thereof, which li-

48 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

cense may at any time be revoked: Provided, that nothing
herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent social
or benevolent organizations from wearing swords." This
provision has remained in the law verbatim down to the
present time.

The second innovation permitted the sheriff to call out
the militia. The law reads: **In case of any breach of
the peace, tumult, riot, or resistance to process of this state,
or imminent danger thereof, it shall be lawful for the sheriff
of any county to call for aid upon the commandant of any
military force within his county, immediately notifying the
governor of such action; and it shall be the duty of the
commandant upon whom such call is made, to order out in
aid of the civil authorities the military force, or any part
thereof, under his command. ' '

A schedule of the compensation for officers and enlisted
men when called out in time of insurrection or invasion was
included, which provided the following sums for every day
actually on duty : '^

To each general, field and staff officer $4.00

To every other commissioned officer 2.50

To every non-commissioned officer 2.50

To every other enlisted man 1.50

Efficiency was stimulated by the provision in the law of
1880 that "all companies not acceptably uniformed within
four months after the passage of this act shall be consid-
ered below the proper standard of efficiency within the
meaning of this section, and shall be disbanded. When
any company shall be disbanded under the provisions of
this section, its place in its regiment shall not be supplied
by the acceptance of another company, nor shall any new
company be accepted into the national guard until the first

70 Laws of Iowa, 1880, pp. 61-70.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 49

day of May, 1882, nor until authority for this purpose shall
be given by the general assembly. ' '

The law relative to the reduction of the infantry or-
ganizations left forty-six companies, which were combined
into six regiments, three in each brigade. The consolida-
tions were made gradually, so that no officer was mustered
out before the expiration of his term. ''To make the ap-
propriation pay", wrote the Adjutant General, ''just what
the law contemplates; viz., the expense of encampments,
four dollars per man as clothing allowance and sixty
dollars to each company for armory rent and head-
quarter allowance, the companies have to be kept to near
their minimum strength. No legislation could be more
fatal to the Iowa National Guard, than that which would
permit any material increase of it without a corresponding
increase in the appropriation."'^^

Apparently the consolidation of regiments had not taken
place at the time of the summer encampments in 1880, for
the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Regiments
held camps at Fairfield, Postville, Red Oak, Charles City,
and Marshalltown, respectively. Only five regiments were
encamped so that funds might be at hand in 1881 to enable
the entire command to camp together. "I visited each of
these camps," wrote General Alexander, "and found them
in much better condition than I had expected, and going
through their daily programme of camp duties with an
earnestness truly commendable. The picnic idea that works
such injurious results in militia camps had gained no hold,
and officers and men were thoroughly imbued with the
spirit that they were called together for work and not for
a holidy or season of useless parade. There was room for
criticism, but considering how recently the force had been
reorganized, the encampments of 1880 were creditable and

71 Beport of the Adjutant General of lotca, 1881, p. 4.
voT.. xvin — 4

50 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

productive of good results. They were the first ones held
in the State where the expense was not borne by the parties
holding them, and gave the Guard the first evidence that the
State would really carry out its part of the contract, and
keep faith with it according to the provisions of the law."'^^

In accordance with chapter 74 of the Acts of the Eight-
eenth General Assembly, General Orders No. 1 was issued
April 7, 1880, by which all officers and enlisted men of the
First Regiment of Cavalry and the First Regiment of Ar-
tillery were mustered out and honorably discharged from
the service of the State."^^ Companies desiring to maintain
an independent organization could retain their ordnance.
The size of companies was restricted by providing that
clothing allowance and encampment expenses should not be
allowed to unarmed members. Companies not uniformed
and in condition to pass inspection by July 20, 1880, were
to be disbanded.

On September first, General Orders No. 3 disbanded
thirty-seven companies as **not having chosen to uniform
and remain in the service". The remaining companies
were later reassigned and relettered, and vacancies among
commissioned and non-commissioned officers were ordered
filled."^^ At an election held May 19, 1881, Lyman Banks,
of Muscatine was made Brigadier General of the First Brig-
ade, and Charles S. Bentley, of Dubuque, Brigadier General
of the Second Brigade. The Governor at this time in-
creased the number of his special aids-de-camp to twenty.'^

The encampment of 1881 was for five days, commencing
October 3rd. Both brigades camped together at Camp Ba-

72 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1881, p. 5.

''3 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1881, p. 43.

r* General Orders No. 4, June 25, 1881, in the Eeport of the Adjutant Gen-
eral of Iowa, 1881, p. 46.

""• Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1881, p. 11.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 51

ker, near Des Moines. General Orders No. 9, under date
of September 15, 1881, tlie first general order for a camp
in Iowa, is here reproduced :

STATE OF IOWA,
General Orders Adjutant-General's Office,

No. 9 Des Moines, September 15, 1881.

The following orders, relative to encampment, to be held at Des
Moines, commencing October 3d, are published for the information
and guidance of all concerned :

I. The camp will be known and designated as Camp Baker.

II. During the encampment, the two brigades, though quartered
near together will preserve their brigade formation.

III. An inspection by the officers of that department will be
made at some period during the camp, preparatory to the annual
payment for clothing allowance. The orders governing the last
pajTuent are yet in force, and will be observed in this. Blank rolls
have been forwarded, and company commanders will cause them to
be carefulh' prepared, and bring with them all of the three copies
completed, ready for the Inspector.

IV. Blank requisitions for armory rent have been forwarded,
and will be completed and returned at once, so that payment can
be made without delay.

V. Uncooked rations will be issued, and that the men may have
all the conveniences possible, each brigade, regimental, and company
commander, will have constructed a strong, substantial mess-chest.
These chests should have a lid hung on good hinges, and closing
with a suitable padlock. Compartments should be made with spe-
cial reference to packing, in a convenient manner, all the table
ware, cooking utensils, etc., needed. These articles can thus be
brought to camp by individual members of companies in quantities
far in excess of what could be obtained in any other manner. An
allowance of five dollars will be made for every mess-chest con-
structed according to the spirit of this order.

VI. Good wall tents have been provided that will accommodate
from six to eight men each. Company headquarters will be allowed
two tents; regimental headquarters four, and brigade headquarters
six.

VII. It would be well for brigade quartermasters and commis-
saries, regimental quartermasters and commissary-sergeants, to be

52 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

in Des Moines early Friday morning, September 30th, and to all
such whose immediate commanders so order, transportation will be
furnished.

VIII. Company commanders will ascertain as nearly as possible
the number of men they will bring to encampment, and report 6//
mail direct to this office, so that it may reach here not later than
September 24th, at which time orders for transportation will issue.

IX. No men not uniformed will be furnished transportation,
except such as are employed as cooks or sen-ants.

X. For the transportation of horses and extra baggage, a car
will be run from each brigade and regimental headquarters. Forage
for horses will be provided while in camp.

XI. No part of the command will be moved earlier than the
afternoon or night of October 2d, but an effort will be made to have
the entire force in camp as early on the 3d as possible.

XII. To settle questions of rank that may arise, it is ordered
that where an officer has served one term of enlistment, and has
been recommissioned to the same office, he shall take rank as given
him by his first commission.

XIII. No expense will be incurred or bills contracted without
being submitted to this office for approval.

XIV. The following named officers are detailed for duty at these
headquarters during encampment :

Lieutenant-Colonel J. Rush Lincoln, 1st Regiment.

" " Charles B. Rounds, Aid-de-Camp, Comman-

der-in-Chief.
** " M. T. V. Bowman, Aid-de-Camp, Comman-

der-in-Chief.
They will be obeyed and respected accordingly.
By order of the Governor:

W. L. Alexander, Adjutant-general'^

Continuous rains seriously interfered with preparation
for this camp and with work during the time of the en-
campment. The men made the most of the situation, how-
ever, and ''although put to a test that would have been
something of a trial even to veterans, proved themselves
possessed of true soldierly qualities."'"^

^0 Heport of the Adjutant General of loica, 1881. p. 48.
T! Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1881, p. 80.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 53

The only legislation in 1882 affecting the National Guard
in any way was a law providing that the report of the Ad-
jutant General (along with those of other officers) should
be rendered ''on or before the fifteenth day of Aug-ust,
preceding the regular sessions of the general assembly
and should be for the biennial fiscal term June 30 to June
30."'^ Hence the next report of Adjutant General Alex-
ander was made June 30, 1883.

During the year 1882 the organization of the National
Guard remained the same — forty-six companies — but the
details of discipline, drill, and equipment were given atten-
tion. The new and improved McKeever cartridge boxes
were issued early in the year. Heretofore the State had
been able to issue very little ammunition, but in 1882, it
was announced that the maximum permitted by law would
be issued.^^ All companies were armed with Springfields,
usually in good condition. Each company was supplied
with a copy of revised Army Regulations.

The annual encampment of 1882 was by brigades instead
of all together. The First Brigade camped at Muscatine
from July 3rd to 8th, and the Second Brigade at Waterloo
June 19th to 24th. ' ' These cities were selected on account
of their being favorably located for concentrating the com-
mands, and by reason of the liberality of their citizens in
offering prizes for the best drilled companies, and contrib-
uting toward the incidental expenses of the camps. " ^"^ In
his report on this encampment the Adjutant General sug-
gested that it might be a ''matter of economy for the State
to secure two permanent camping-grounds, one in the south
part and one in the north part of the State." ^^

78 Laws of Iowa, 1882, p. 170.

79 General Orders No. 1, 1882, in the Report of the Adjutant General of
Iowa, 1883, p. 57.

80 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1883, p, 4.

81 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1883, p. 6.

54 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The Adjutant General also suggested having a skeleton
camp for officers and non-commissioned officers, conducted
perhaps in cooperation with or under the direction of Reg-
ular Army officers and drill sergeants. He also reported
that the feeling was general that the men should have some
compensation for the time spent in camp. '*In no way
could discipline be more improved", declared General
Alexander, 'Hhan by giving some pay for this service, even
though it be but little."

The ''picnic spirit" had apparently come into evidence
in some quarters for an order was issued that ''Company
commanders will see that no enlistments are made of re-
cruits whose desire is simply to attend the encampments,
and who do not wish to do that for any of the purposes for
which encampments are ordered.

"Caution in this direction would not be so urgent if every
man met the penalty of his own acts, but as the misconduct
of anyone wearing the State uniform falls in some measure
upon the entire Guard, the men who stand by their com-
panies during the entire year, doing their duty and having
a soldierly pr.de in doing it, must have the protection above
indicated. ' ' ^^

This spirit had not yet begun to mar the camps seriously,
however, an J they were regarded as a distinct success.
This was in great measure due to the infrequent changes
in the commanding officers of brigades and regiments.
"These officers, all of whom were in active service during
the war, and none of whom have been officers in the Na-
tional Guard for less than five years, nor in their present
grades less than two years; have acquired such a fund of
military information as to make their services almost
invaluable. ' ' ^^

82 General Orders No. 3, 1882, in the lieport of the Adjutant General of
Iowa, 1883, p. 59.

»3 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1883, p. 5.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 55

The annual expenses of the Guard at this time were
chiefly for three purposes : about $8,500 for clothing allow-
ance, about $9,000 for encampments, and about $1500 for
armory rents. ^^ The encampment expense was reported
as much smaller than that in other States at this time.
Allowance for armories was not sufficient, and in many
towns, the companies had to make up a larger amount. An
ingenious method of raising money for such purposes was
suggested as being practiced in Michigan. Companies were
each permitted to enroll one hundred and fifty contributing
members, each to pay into the company treasury ten dollars
as annual dues, and in return to be exempt from jury duty
and poll tax, the same as active members.

The National Guard, in June, 1883, still consisted of
forty-six companies. The only increase recommended by
General Alexander was the addition of two companies.
On the question of replacements, however, he wrote as
follows :

There is now, however, an urgent necessity for authority to re-
place with new organizations companies that fall below the proper
standard of efBciency. The law that prohibits this M^as needed
when it was enacted; because it was the only way open to reduce
the force, and reduction had to be accomplished before the Guard
could have a creditable existence. Iowa was among the first states
to abandon artillery and cavalry and to reduce its infantry so that
the State could support it. Almost all the older states have adopted
the same policy; and the disposition to decrease the numbers and
increase the efficiency is now everywhere evident. The present law
has worked the reduction its framers contemplated; and now that
this is done, there no longer exists the need of the provision pre-
venting the acceptance of a new company that is good, in place of
an old one that is bad. Notwithstanding the law against new com-
panies, as the Guards have steadily improved, and continued to
grow in favor, applications to form them have been received at tlie
rate of one each week.

s^Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1883, p. 11.

56 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Therefore, if the provision above suggested is made, it must be
hedged about with such guards and checks as will guarantee to the
State the admission of companies organized by men who under-
stand the nature of their obligation when they take it, and who are
willing and competent to perform it. No new company should be
organized at a town that is not certainly able to maintain it, nor
should a company be accepted until it uniforms itself, is provided
with an armory, and presents the requisite number of men both
morall}' and physically up to the standard that Iowa is making her
Guard.

Our companies have usually about forty active members. They
can, under the present law, be increased to sixty-four and the addi-
tion of that number of recruits would not long effect the efficiency
of the force; thus while the State maintains but about twenty-three
hundred men, should it demand it, it could, almost immediately
and without legislation, have the ser^ace of thirty-three hundred.*^

General Alexander also urged that the system of annual
clothing allowance be discontinued, and that uniforms be
issued in kind to all militiamen. He urged annual inspec-
tions of each company at its own armory, and the prepara-
tion of books comprising State regulations, principles of
discipline and tactics, as well as sets of company books
and forms.

The preparation of a book containing the names and
present addresses of the ex-ofificers of Iowa regiments was
suggested by the Adjutant General. He requested that
the time of making his report be again fixed at October 1st,
thereby permitting a report on the encampment for the
current year. The needs of the National Guard were stated
briefly as being: ''first, a uniform, and pay for time at en-
campments; second, permission to organize two new com-
panies, and to disband inefficient ones and organize new
ones in their stead ; third, an appropriation that will permit
inspections, the preparation of a Code of regulations, the
issuing of company books and tactics, increased amount of

85 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1883, pp. 3, 4.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OP MILITIA IN IOWA 57

armory rents, a more liberal expenditure at encampments,
and that will relieve the officers and men of the continual
expense to which they are now subjected. " ^"^

This biennium saw the beginning of what later grew into
the Signal Corps of the Iowa National Guard. Captain
James Rush Lincoln, of Company A, First Regiment, had
drilled a detachment of his men in signals, and given the
matter, according to the report of the Adjutant General,
^'such thorough attention as to have organized, entirely
without State aid, a signal corps that would be a credit to
any State. The members of this corps deserve great credit
for so industriously studying this branch of the service
when it is not even recognized by the Military Code. ' ' ^'^

The encampment of 1883 was by brigades also. The First
Brigade camped at Fairfield commencing Monday, August
13th, and the Second Brigade at Cedar Falls, commenc-
ing August 27th.-^^ The annual camps were usually in-
spected and the troops reviewed by the Governor. Usually
prizes were offered for the best drilled companies. Thus
the companies taking prizes at the 1883 encampments
helped make up the escort at the inaugural ceremonies in
1884.

In his message of January 15, 1884, Governor Sherman
•commended the National Guard in the following words :

The Iowa Militia is a splendid organization, worthy to be com-
pared with that of any other of the states. I have a profound
admiration for the devotion of the officers and men, who have so
willingly given time and money, far beyond the amount allowed by
the State, to the up-bnilding of the Guard, until at last, their pro-
ficiency has compelled even the warm endorsement of officers of the
United States Army. It was my fortune to attend tEe encampment
•of both brigades, and I hazard nothing in saying that the general

«G Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1883, p. 13.

ST Beport of the Adjutant General of loiva, 1883, p. 12.

^s Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1883, p. 60.

58 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

behavior of the men was not only in the highest degree creditable
to the State, but also their correctness in drill, and in fact in all the
maneuvers of field and garrison, could scarcely be equalled by vet-
eran troops.

The Guard is made up from among the best young men in the
State, whose enthusiastic devotion thereto is worthy all commenda-
tion. In the main, the officers are veterans of the great conflict,
who take justifiable pride in instructing the men in the arts of war.
The force is not a large one for such a State as Iowa, comprising,
as it does, but six regiments, and the expense of maintaining it has
been very moderate indeed.

The various recommendations of the Adjutant-Gfeneral, relative
to new companies, new uniforms, and other mattere equally meri-
torious, are worthy your favorable consideration. The only way to
maintain a Guard worthy the State is to encourage the members
through reasonable appropriations for necessary legitim.ate ex-
penses. I have found a great majority thereof willing to devote
their time to make the organization what it should be, but \ery few
can afford to spend money for such purpose.

After careful examination of the expenditures made during the
past term, I am satisfied the same were for legitimate purposes, and
within both the spirit and letter of the law, and, inasmuch as the
same has proved insufficient for this lawful purpose, and has com-
pelled a considerable expenditure of private funds, intended to the
advantage of the work, I earnestly recommend such increase of the
appropriation as will relieve the officers and men the necessity of
personal contributions.

I am proud of the Iowa National Guard. It is worthy the en-
dorsement of the General Assembly, and I confidently trust will
receive at your hands that encouragement entitled to so creditable
an organization. It is not too much to say, that in appearance,
discipline, and standing, the Guard will favorably compare with
that of any other of the states. I was gratified to notice that the
President of the United States, in his last message to Congress,
spoke most favorably of the state militia organizations, and I trust
that our o\\ti State, now one of first in the sisterhood, will prove
herself equal to her position, and make such provision for her vol-
unteer militia as will entitle us to maintain our prominence. "While
I am opposed, under our system of government, to a large standing
army, believing the same to be inimical to the best interests of the

HISTORICAL SURVEY OP MILITIA IN IOWA 59

country', I am in favor of an adequate volunteer force, skilled in
the arts of war, that may be relied upon, should circumstances
demand the services of armed troops."^^

Only three acts relating to the National Guard were
enacted by the General Assembly in 1884. One of these
authorized the Adjutant General to turn over the Enfield
rifles and accoutrements owned by the State to the G. A. R.
Another provided for the preparation of a roster of all ex-
soldiers, sailors, and marines then resident in Iowa. Two
thousand dollars was appropriated for this purpose.

The third law of 1884 amended the Military Code. By
providing for six regiments only, the seal of approval was
set upon an accomplished fact. Eight companies were fixed
as a regimental strength. Most important of all, though,
was the section providing that for the time spent in an-
nual encampment, each officer and soldier should receive
$1.50 per day. An additional annual appropriation of
$15,000 was made.^^ Then, too, the law was so amended as
to allow the Adjutant General to disband inefficient com-
panies and accept new ones in their places. There was
now a proper limit as to the number of companies that
might be enlisted and there was authority to compel a
proper standard of efficiency. The policy of keeping com-
panies at a minimum of forty members prevailed generally.

In 1882 the entire Guard had camped as a unit; in 1883
the encampment was by brigades; and in 1884 it was de-
termined to make a trial of camping by regiments. Ac-
cordingly six camps were held. The first camp began on
August 11th and the last on September 15th. Jewell
Junction, Washington, Newton, Manchester, Creston, and
Mason City were selected as camp sites.

89 Sharabaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol.
V, pp. 271-273.

90 Laws of Iowa, 1884, Chs. 65, 122, 172.

60 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The summer camp was now an established procedure in
Iowa. The annual inspection, and muster for pay and
clothing allowance occurred on the last day of each en-
campment. New problems came up for solution each year,
but the officers were gaining experience in conducting the
camps. Not only did the men have training in drill tactics
and guard duty, but the clerical routine was also empha-
sized. ''Special attention is enjoined with regard to the
use of morning reports, and ration returns," reads a Gen-
eral Order of 1884. ''While it is the intention to issue
rations in abundance, the commissary must not be regarded
as a place where supplies are indiscriminately dealt out to
all comers, at all times, and in quantities limited only by
the desire of the applicant. The National Guard of Iowa
is old enough, and has been in camp often enough, to get
rid of its unmilitary features in the quartermaster and
commissary departments. ' ' ^^

Orders for 1884 provided that "within thirty days after
encampment, regimental commanders will forward, for pub-
lication in biennial report of this office, a detailed report,
setting forth each day's proceedings, and such a record of
the part taken by each company as to give it and its officers
their full measure of credit. ' ' ^- Compliance with this or-
der must have been unsatisfactory for such reports were
not published until 1890.

In some cases, companies divided the annual clothing al-
lowance among the men instead of using it to renew worn-
out uniforms. Being paid, as it was, at the end of encamp-
ment, this money was in a way regarded as compensation
for that service.^^

On the whole, however, the camps were regarded as very

91 Seport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1885, pp. 63, 64.

92 Seport of the Adjutant General of loira, 1885, p. 64.
ssSeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1885. p. 68.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 61

successfuL Indeed, the Adjutant General reported in 1885
that their success was ''far greater than the strongest ad-
vocates of them had dared to hope for; and they had the
hearty approval of both officers and men. They gave an
opportunity for regimental officers to show their executive
ability, and put regimental staffs to the test. Such marked
improvement was noted everywhere that it was determined
to hold the camps of 1885 in the same manner. Our ex-
perience leads me to the conclusion that the regimental
camp is the elementary one and affords the best opportunity
for the basis of instruction in drill, guard duty, discipline
and kindred military duties. Two regimental encampments
of each command will have imparted to both officers and
men such familiarity with their respective duties that I am
confident they can in the future be camped by brigades and
be entirely free from the unmilitary features that, I regret
to say, were painfully apparent at our last brigade en-
campments. The provision by the Twentieth General As-
sembly for the payment of officers and men alike of the
nominal sum of $1.50 per day for the time spent in camp,
has proved to be the wisest legislation ever enacted in the
interest of the Iowa National Guard, and the good results
of it will become more and more apparent each year.
While it cannot be considered full compensation for the lost
time from business, yet it greatly relieves hardworking
young men to whom the time spent in camp was formerly
a total loss from the year's earnings. Very many com-
panies, possibly the majority of them instead of using the
pay for time spent in camp for the personal benefit of the
members, place it in the company treasury and use it for
clothing, armory rent, and in the purchase of equipments
that the State ought to furnish. ' ' ^

Some of the companies were ordered under arms in 1884

^*Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1885, p. 4.

62 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

in anticipation of labor troubles. Companies B and C of
the Second Regiment were held in readiness to settle min-
ing difficulties at What Cheer. Company A, First Regi-
ment, and companies A and H of the Third Regiment, were
mobilized in anticipation of mine troubles at xingus, and a
detail from Company A, Third Regiment, was called upon
to enforce the orders of the Governor relative to State
Auditor J. L. Brown. ''In all of the above cases", wrote
the Adjutant General, ''the companies merit the high com-
pliment of having turned out with great promptness and
with more members present than ever before in their his-
tory ; and of having conducted themselves so in accordance
with strict military discipline as to lose sight of all feature
of the controversy tending to their being ordered on duty,
and to devote themselves solely to the execution of their
orders. "^^

General Alexander, in 1885, again urged that the State
issue uniforms in kind. For several years he had had a
plan for securing blankets, blanket-bags, and canteens from
the Rock Island Arsenal. He was finally successful, and in
1885, forty of each of these articles of United States regu-
lation equipments were issued to each company. ^^ More
allowance for armory rent was urged, and instruction in
target practice was suggested as worthy of more attention.
The report of the Adjutant General continued to be filled
with matters relating to the Civil War. Another appeal
was made for a change in the time of making reports.
Governor Sherman, too, in his message to the legislature,
said he could not ' ' too strongly urge the claims of the Iowa
National Guard". He asked especially for an increase in
appropriations for armory rents.^"

9'i Seport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1885, p. 8.

^^ Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa. 1887, p. 68.

9" Shambaugh's Mesftages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol.
V, p. 366.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 63

The encampments of 1885 were again held by regiments.
The Secretary of AYar was requested to assign an officer
of the Regular Army to assist in the instruction of the sev-
eral regiments during the annual encampments, and to
make a report of their condition to the Adjutant General
of the Army. Lieutenant C. J. T. Clarke, of the Tenth
United States Infantry was detailed for this duty and his
report is well worth consideration. His appointment came
too late for him to visit the First Regiment, but he was an
unofficial visitor at the camp of the Second Regiment, and
officially attended all of the others. His observations read
in part as follows :

The Iowa National Guard is composed of fine material in point
of physique and in moral qualifications ; but a higher standard for
its compan}^ officers is essential, and should be required. While I
found most of the gentlemen occupying these positions well-informed
as to their duties and painstaking in performing them, ever seeking
information and never failing to profit by any given them, I regret
to say there were many among them who were ignorant of the
simplest duties of a commissioned officer. Wherever the best com-
panies in point of drill and discipline were found, there also were
the competent, best informed, and best instructed officers. The
material in the ranks could not be better. An increase in the
efficiency of the company officers is what should be aimed at. In
the colonels and field officers I found the gentlemen of military
experience, most of them having served during the rebellion. They
were well informed as to their duties, and are men of inestimable
worth to the National Guard. The regimental staff departments
were, in the main, ably conducted by officers well chosen for the

positions I am informed that most of the companies

have facilities at home for target practice, and that, as a conse-
quence, many good shots are to be found in the Guard. The State
allows one thousand rounds of ammunition a year for this purpose.
I earnestly recommend that this be increased, and that proper at-
tention be paid the subject at all succeeding encampments. The
skirmish drill is of greatest importance, and would be a very im-
portant factor in any future war; for this reason I cannot too

64 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

earnestly suggest that necessary time and attention should be de-
voted to it. Guard duty being of paramount importance, and the
time at the camp much too limited for the men to become even
fairly posted in its duties, instruction ought to be given in company
armories; this would be of great benefit to an organization on get-
ting into camp. As the time at camp is usually well taken up by
company and battalion drills, the school of the soldier should be
attended to at home. Especially is the ''setting up exercises" im-
portant. A man may be well drilled in the manual and company
drill, but unless he has the position and can stand as a soldier
should, he can hardly be termed one, and will appear far from well
in the ranks. Too little attention is paid to military courtesies in
the interchange of salutes at the different encampments. This be-
ing a recognized and essential feature of discipline, should not be
neglected. I am satisfied, though, that this resulted more from
want of proper instruction than from any other cause. I consider
five days in camp every year much too short a time. From many
conversations upon this subject with different members of the
Guard, I am convinced an extension of the time to at least seven
days would be acceptable to all, and at the same time accrue to the
advantage of the State, which would be very manifest when its
troops are called upon for active service. To have some portion of
the regular troops at these encampments would, I am sure, be
appreciated by the militia, and work many good results. I would
especially call the attention of officers and guides to the importance
of a thorough knowledge of theoretical tactics. If they are well
informed in the subject, battalion drills will be found easy enough,
as it is only essential that the privates should be properly posted in
company drill to do their part well. The behavior of the men at the
encampment was excellent. Although the camps had drinking
saloons in their vicinities, I heard of no trouble or disturbance from
this or any other cause while with the different regiments. To its
Adjutant-General, W. L. Alexander, more than any one else, is the
State indebted for the present good condition and fine organization
of its militia. The General is most zealous and efficient in the dis-
charge of his duties, and I personally owe him many thanks for
much valuable information and aid in carrying out my instructions.
In closing this report, I desire to thank the officers and men of
the Guard for their uniform kindness and courtesy while at their
camps ; at all of these I was handsomely entertained, was furnished

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 65

a horse, and was given all possible assistance in furthering the
execution of my orders.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

C. J. T. Clarke.
Second Lieutenant, Tenth Infantry."*

Target practice and competitive drilling for prizes were
features of the 1885 camp.

Brigade encampments were ordered for 1886. The First
Brigade camped on the fair grounds at Oskaloosa, where
daily trotting and racing ** marred the comfort of the camp
by raising clouds of dust." The Second Brigade camped
*'in the grounds of an abandoned beer garden about two
miles from Marshalltown. " There were no competitive
drills at these camps, but the Federal inspecting officer was
asked to pick out the two best companies in each brigade,
and they were each furnished the latest pattern of new
Springfield breech-loading rifles.

An evil which is in evidence for years afterward is indi-
cated in the General Orders which authorized the 1886 en-
campment. "The number of men", reads the order, ''who,
from various causes, find it impossible to go to camp until
their comrades have quarters nicely arranged, and who find
urgent business at home as soon as they have had a little
visit with the boys, seems to be on the increase. Leave
such men at home."^^

The report of Colonel Richard I. Dodge, of the Eleventh
United States Infantry, the Federal inspecting officer, was
so thorough and so fearless that it can not be passed over
without excerpts. In part he said:

There are a few companies in the Iowa National Guard whose
marvelous perfection in all company exercises equals, if it does not
surpass, the very best crack companies of militia of the Eastern

ssBeport of the Adjutant General of loiva, 1887, pp. 84, 85.
^9 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1887, pp. 86, 90.

VOL. xviii — 5

66 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

States. Of the forty-seven companies at least ten would do credit
on drill to any Regular regiment of the Army. There are few com-
panies which in instruction and drill are scarcely better than the
"umbrella and cornstalk" militia of ante helium days. The instruc-
tion and performance of the larger majority of companies lies be-
tween these extremes.

The material of rank and file is generallj' most excellent; indeed
it is difficult to believe that better can be found in any State or
country. ... A man is elected captain by the votes of the men
of the company. These are given, as a rule, without regard to his
fitness for the position, but from personal popularity, the issue
least likely to result in a good choice. Having once gained tlie posi-
tion, the captain elected on personal and social grounds will natur-
ally try to retain it by still being the "good fellow" and as easy as
possible on "the boys;" the company becomes a mere machine for
the advancement of the personal or political aims of the captain,
and any military idea or obligation repugnant to this is ignored.
The militia will never be what it ought to be — the grand standing
army of the nation — until the present system is superseded by
something better. If the election of officers by the rank and file
be regarded as absolutely necessary to the system, the State should
make an advance by requiring that the elected officers be examined
as to militarj^ knowledge, qualification, and general fitness by a
board of competent officers. . . .

Discipline was fairly maintained in both encampments. Men
ran the guards and spent the night in town, shirking duty next day
on plea of sickness, but the general result was much better than
could have been expected, and this is due more to the general tracta-
bility and sense of honor of the men than to Rny fear of punish-
ment. . . .

There is no attempt at target practice as it is understood in the
U. S. Army. The State allowance to each company is but one thou-
sand cartridges a year, which, if distributed among all the enlisted
men would give each but two or three shots in the j^ear. Recog-
nizing the uselessness of this as practice, the present custom is to
make up teams of six men from each company on the principle of
the "old time" shooting matches, the men known to be the best
shots being selected for the teams. During the encampment these
teams shoot in competition with each other, the team making the
best score winning the prize. . . .

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 67

There is no better material for soldiers in the world than is fur-
nished by the State of Iowa. The gross deficiency of some com-
panies is due to their isolation, to the laxity of the code, and to an
indisposition (amiable but unmilit^ry) on the part of the higher
authorities to interfere with them. There are companies in the
Iowa Militia that in mechanical perfection of drill are the peers of
any company in the world. There are other companies so deficient
as to be utterly unworthy the name of soldiers. The State has full
power to rectify this. A good army cannot be created by the per-
sonal popularity- or political influence of its officers. It must be
above (or below) these influences. Work, knowledge, ability, must
be its pass-words. These, backed by proper legislative action, will
insure to the little army of Iowa a proud place in the grand army
of the States.

Even in this official paper I cannot refrain from the expression
of my full appreciation of all the kindness and courtesies heaped
upon me during my visits to these camps by all concerned.

To General Wright, General Beeson, and their staffs, I offer my
very sincere thanks, not only for their personal kindness and hospi-
tality, but for the full opportunity afforded me for thoroughly
acquainting myself with the working of the machinery of the Iowa
National Guard.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Richard I. Dodge,
Col. nth U. S. Infantry. ■>■''''

There was some difference of opinion as to whether en-
campment by regiments or brigades was preferable. Both
systems had been tried out. ''The expense is nearly the
same," wrote the Adjutant General, ''with a slight differ-
ence in favor of regimental camps. The varying conditions
of the guard are such that sometimes the regimental camps
are most successful and at other times the brigade camps
seem best. The officers and men show the same desire to
learn in all camps, and but for the large number of new
men coming in each year, and the loss of old ones, by re-
moval or expiration of term, there would be no question

100 Beport of the Adjutant General of Imva, 1887, pp. 91, 92, 93. 94, 98.

68 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

but that the brigade camp would be attended ^^^th the best
results ".1^1

The Adjutant General seconded the suggestion of Colonel
Dodge that the time spent in camp be lengthened. He re-
iterated his requests in the matter of uniforms, armory-
rent, and inspections. Urging the importance of target
practice he said: "Many companies have given this sub-
ject much attention, and our marksmen have brought credit
to Iowa when in competition with the best shots in the
country, including the highest grade of marksmen from the
United States Army. I am aware that rifle practice, car-
ried to the extent it has been in the United State Army and
in some of the States, has worked bad results. But to the
end that we may have a system that will give every mem-
ber of a company some training in this very essential
branch of military instruction, I am of the opinion that a
department of rifle practice should be established and thor-
ough work on the range required. ' '

In 1887 the annual Federal appropriation for militia
purposes throughout the United States was increased to
$400,000. This was the first increase since 1808, when the
appropriation had been fixed at $200,000 annually. It was
not again increased until 1900, when it was placed at
$1,000,000 annually.

There was very little call for guard duty in connection
with the civil administration during the biennium 1885-
1887. xVlthough some of the Guard had been warned to
hold themselves in readiness for duty, the only active ser-
vice performed was by companies A and E of the Third
Regiment. The occasion was in the city of Des Moines on
March 9 and 10, 1885, in response to the call of the sheriff
of Polk County. A mob sought to release a prisoner from
the county jail, and had carried their intentions so far as

101 'Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1S87, pp. 3, 4.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 69

to slightly wound, with pistol shots, two of the sheriff's
deputies. Capt. H. W. Parker, with Company A, cleared
the court house yard and kept it clear until the excitement
subsided and the sheriff and deputies were able to protect
the jail and court house. As a result of the affair the
Adjutant General suggested that a more prompt method
of paying members of the Guard for active service be
adopted.i«2

The camps in 1887 were by brigades — the First Brigade
at Ottumwa and the Second Brigade at Waverly. Inspec-
tion was by Lieutenant Colonel E. C. Mason, Acting In-
spector General for the United States Army. His report
was similar to earlier reports. He was much impressed
with the personnel of the Guard concerning which he made
the following comment: ''The cheerful obedience of the
troops, the alacrity with which they responded to the calls
of duty — not only under the favorable conditions attending
the Waverly encampment, where the weather was cold
enough for the most active exercise, but under the very try-
ing circumstances of intense heat and blinding storms of
dust that prevailed during the encampment of the First
brigade at Ottumwa — impressed me with the feeling that
the material of the Guard was excellent — a body of men
capable of being moulded, by drill, discipline, and the stern
experience that comes from active service in the field, into a
splendid corps of soldiery. "^^^

On the other hand. Colonel Mason reported that the forms
of courtesy and discipline were slightingly attended to, and
guard duty was indifferently done. While the general quiet
and good order of the camps was noticeable, yet discipline
in other respects was not as strict as it should have been.
It was a rare thing for a soldier to recognize the presence

102 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1887, p. 7.

103 Eevort of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1889, p. 106.

70 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

of an officer, either by standing at attention or giving the
customary salute. In his opinion too much familiarity
existed between the officers and the men ; for good discipline
required that, while under the colors, the social equality
of civil life should give way to the reserve and arbitrary
distinctions of the military system. For this reason he re-
commended that company and regimental officers should
not mess with their men.^***

It seemed impossible to make the men understand the
importance of guard duty. *'The average guardsman
thinks he is only playing soldier," asserted the inspector,
''and, unless under the immediate eye of his officer, or on
some conspicuous post, is inclined to make an unwelcome
duty as easy as possible. Hence, I was not surprised to
find, in my quiet walks about the camps during the night, a
sentry here and there off post, comfortably seated at the
foot of a tree, and, if not asleep, at least oblivious to his
surroundings. ' '^^^

Colonel Mason suggested the advisability of having a
battalion of regular infantry take part in the annual en-
campments of the Gruard. "From my experience with the
militia in years past", he wrote, ''I was entirely unpre-
pared to find the National Guard on such a high plane of
discipline and general efficiency as I find it in the State of
Iowa. The guard of that State is worthy of the support
and confidence of the people, for it is a body of soldiers
of which any State might be proud." ^^^

In 1888 Governor Larrabee reported the Guard as ''rap-
idly coming to a substantial Jbasis, taking more pride in
its full army equipment and ability to subsist itself, and in
all its training to follow the methods of the United States

104 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1889, p. 106.
^05 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1889, p. 107.
106 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1889, p. 110.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 71

army, rather than in taking on the showy, holiday appear-
ance once so prevalent." He urged a law providing for
payment of the guardsmen when called into the service of
the State.i'^^ And, indeed, the legislature of that year,
came very near passing some important military legislation.
Senate File No. 271 provided for an extension of the sum-
mer encampment to a maximum of eight days. Armory rent
was to be increased to $125, with $75 for each band, and
twenty thousand dollars was to be appropriated for a uni-
form fund. This bill passed the Senate but was lost in
the House in the last days of the session by a vote of 42
to 42. The Adjutant General urged the passage of this
identical bill in 1890.i««

In 1888 a return was made to the system of camps by
regiments, largely due to new railroad legislation which
made it necessary for the Guard to pay double the former
rate. Camp sites were selected where transportation
charges could be kept at a minimum.

The reports made on the encampments of 1888 were, in
general, complimentary, but the criticism with regard to
the ** setting up" of the soldiers was repeated. The dis-
parity in uniforms gave the Guard a "ragamuffin" appear-
ance. It was recommended that all use the fatigue instead
of the full dress uniform, and that all dress alike.

The behavior of the troops in camp was described in the
following words:

It was the best possible indication of the healthy moral tone and
intelligent character of the young raen composing the Guard. I
saw no cases of drunkenness and heard no violent or abusive talk in
any camp. There may have been cases of absence without leave at
night, and there were some instances of boyish "skylarking" after

10^ Shambaugh 's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iou:a, Vol.
VI, p. 57.

108 Eeport of tlie Adjutant General of Iowa, 1889, p. 5.

72 ]OWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

taps, but as a rule their conduct in camp was admirable and onglit
to be a matter of pride in the State.^*^^

Again in 1889 encampments were by regiments. This
year, upon request, the Secretary of War detailed two com-
panies of the Second United States Infantry to camp with
each regiment of the National Guard for purposes of dem-
onstration and instruction.ii^

In addition Captain H. H. Ketchum of the Twenty-second
United State Infantry spent the month of July holding
regimental schools of instruction, principally in small arms
firing, for the benefit of the officers of the respective regi-
ments. The officers of the regular troops encamped with
the Iowa Guard declared it to be ''ably commanded, well
officered, and the material of the rank and file of the very
best ; the discipline and behavior of the troops in the camps
were very good; no disorders of any kind; no cases of
drunkenness, nor noisy conduct was observed in any of the
camps." The experiment of having regulars present was
a success. The officers began to fraternize, the men caught
the spirit, and the friendly commingling increased until it
developed into enthusiasm.^ ^^

On October 9, 1889, William L. Alexander, Adjutant Gen-
eral of Iowa for slightly more than eleven years, resigned to
accept a commission as Captain in the United States Army.
The Iowa Guard was indeed fortunate to have this capable
soldier in charge for so long a time during this formative
period. Byron A. Beeson became Adjutant General and
continued in office until May 1, 1890, when George Greene
was appointed. General Greene served in this capacity
for four years.

Governor Larrabee in 1890 again commended the Nation-

108 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1889, p. 120.

110 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1889, p. 125.

111 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1889, pp. 98, 99,

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 73

al Guard to the General Assembly, asking specifically for a
law requiring all railroads to transport its members at a
rate not exceeding one cent a mile.^^^

Pursuant to a call issued by Adjutant General Beeson,
a number of commissioned officers of the Guard assembled
at Des Moines, on February 28, 1890, and formed a National
Guard Association, for ''the promotion of the welfare of
the National Guard of the State, by the diffusion of military
information and other kindred subjects, and to the promo-
tion of the social intercourse of its members." All officers
of the State Guard were eligible. The following January
a second meeting was held at which ''a number of valuable
military papers were read and discussions of professional
interest ensued." ^^^

The year 1890 also saw cooperation between the militia
organizations of Michigan, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana,
Wisconsin, and Iowa. The Military Rifle Association of
the National Guard of the Northwest was organized and an
inter-State rifle competition was decided upon as an annual
event. The first meeting was to occur at the Wisconsin
rifle range in September, 1890.^^^ The men from Iowa
were to be selected at the summer encampment, from spe-
cially drilled teams.

The encampments of 1890 were conducted on a mixed sys-
tem. The First Brigade camped as a unit. The Second
Brigade camped by regiments.

In an attempt to eliminate one abuse of these camps it
was ordered that "no substitutes will be taken to camp and
commanding officers of companies who issue clothing, arms,
and equipment to any man not regularly enlisted in the

ii2Shainbaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol.
VI, p. 151.

113 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, p, 14.

11-* Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, p. 157.

74 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Iowa National Guard, and permit him to go into camp will
subject themselves to trial by court-martial." ^^^

Two battalions of the Second United States Infantry were
detailed to assist with the instruction and the larger force
naturally proved more beneficial. Colonel Wheaton stated
in his report that the most agreeable relations existed be-
tween the officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates
of the National Guard and of the Regular Army, and after
evening parade, when the daily routine and incessant camp
duties were accomplished, the officers frequently exchanged
visits. **It is a pleasure", said Colonel Wheaton, "to note
the evident friendly feeling between the State and Regular
companies exhibited at all our camps; many of our non-
commissioned officers and privates renewed old friendships
and made new ones during our month's tour."^^^

Officers seemed to take their duties lightly while at camp.
Colonel Beeson of the First Regiment reported in 1890 that
his attention was repeatedly called to the fact that officers
did not appear to appreciate the responsibility of their
positions. He emphasized this criticism in the following
words :

Send an orderly to company headquarters for an officer and nine
chances out of ten he would return and report none there.

If some one asked for one of the field or staff, more than likely
no one knew where he was. This will not be tolerated in the future.
An officer should never leave his post of duty — his place of bu.si-
ness — without having some one there to tell where he had gone and
when he might be expected to return.

I do not mention the above to single out, for with one or two
exceptions the rule Avas general. Shoulder straps will honor no
man who has not the ability' and desire to honor them. They mean
responsibility. ^ ^"

It is interesting to observe the various opinions of the

^^a Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, p. 176.

"0i?f7>ort of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891. p. 87.

1^'! Heport of the Adjutant General of lotca, 1891, pp. 93, 94.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 75

commanding and inspecting officers with regard to the so-
cial features and recreational opportunities of camp life.
Colonel Beeson wrote in 1890:

The social feature of a camp like ours should receive attention.
A chaplain, with the natural acquirements (as well as educated),
can arrange a program for evening entertainments that makes
camp life pleasant, profitable, and serves to furnish a pastime for
the men that keeps them in camp rather than down town. The
presence of ladies at headquarters adds to the moral influence of
the camp and to the general impressions received by visitors that
are of inestimable value.

The religious service in the morning is a valuable feature of tlie
daily routine. Men feel better after having paid their respects to
an all ruling Providence and thanking Him for the blessings and
privileges enjoyed, they feel that the day's work has been well be-
gun,^i**

There was apparently held at Kansas City, Missouri, in
1890, an inter-State drill and encampment, for Company
C, Second Regiment, was given permission to be absent
from its post from May 31st to June 10th and to leave the
State fully equipped for the purpose of attending. Per-
mission was granted the National Guard of all States to
enter and pass through Iowa, fully armed and equipped,
for the purpose of attending this affair. ^^®

Much attention was now being given to small arms firing.
Instructors and inspectors were appointed liberally. Uni-
form regulations were prescribed. The Signal Corps, too,
under Colonel James Rush Lincoln, Chief of Engineers,
and Chief Signal Officer, received considerable attention.
The medical department was also beginning to be empha-
sized. The manual of guard duty of the Regular Army
was adopted. It was urged that there be a "Code of
Regulations" prepared and published for the government

118 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, p. 94.

119 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, p. 163.

76 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

of the National Guard. Permanent camps were again
urged by the Adjutant General.^^*^

The National Guard and the Regular Army were being
drawn closer and closer together. The Guard was making
a determined effort to measure up more nearly to the stand-
ards of the regulars — and the Federal government was
aiding them by a liberal assignment of Eegular Army
troops to militia camps for purposes of instruction. ''It
is a source of gratification," wrote General Greene in 1891,
' ' to observe the growing spirit of good will evinced by the
War Department for the State troops, as evidenced by the
recent regulations by which experienced officers of the army
are annually detailed for service with them during the field
encampments. This custom has already had the effect of
elevating the tone of the State service, as the feeling has
become general that when the United States government,
through that department exclusively devoted to the pro-
fession of arms, recognizes the utility, the merit and the
trustworthiness of the citizen soldiery, and takes especial
pains to manifest its appreciation, by acts of substantial
and cheerful courtesy, it is due not only to the recipients
of these courtesies, but to the government itself, that the
former should demonstrate by every increasing efficiency,
that these official attentions are not undeserved." ^-^

In order that the National Guard might more closely
approximate the organization of the Regular Army, it was
urged that the forty-eight companies be consolidated into
four three-battalion regiments, of twelve companies each,
and that two troops of cavalry and two batteries of ar-
tillery be authorized.

Camps in 1891 were for four days only because of the
small amount of money available. Lack of funds also kept

J20 Heport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, p. 10.
121 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, p. 6.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA

i i

the War Department from detailing regular troops for
participation in maneuvers. Inspecting officers, however,
were assigned from the Eegular Army.^^- One very suc-
cessful feature of the camps in 1891 was a practice march
by the Third Regiment from Indianola to Des Moines,

Captain Ketchum of the Twenty-second United States
Infantry, who inspected the camps in 1890, had emphasized
the importance of small arms firing and criticised the par-
simony of the State in this particular. His report reads
in part as follows : ' ' The State allows them a very small
supply of ammunition, compared with other States. This,
of course, is another drawback to their proper advancement
as proficient soldiers, for what is a soldier good for if he
knows nothing of his arm or how to use it? He might as
well be armed w^ith mop handles and broomsticks. One
soldier, an intelligent young fellow, while on the target
range at the point of aiming asked me : 'Where shall I aim.
Captain, along the side of the barrel or on top I ' He closed
both eyes, pulled the trigger, and the old rusty, dirty, fifty
calibre nearly took him from his feet." ^^^

In 1891 "in conformity with repeated recommendations
of officers of the Army and inspectors of the State Service"
annual company inspections in their home armories were
instituted. This was found a much more thorough and
satisfactory system than the brief inspection possible in
camp.

Another important event of 1891 was the appointment
of a board to prepare a code of regulations for the govern-
ance of the Iowa National Guard.^^^

Adjutant General Greene counted it "a great pleasure"
to be able to report that no part of the Guard had been

122 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, p. 222.
i-^^Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, pp. 126, 208.
124 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1891, p. 228.

78 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

called into active service during the biennium ending Sep-
tember 30, 1891. Company E, First Regiment, had been
warned to be ready for duty in the protection of property
in the yards of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway at
Clinton, threatened by some forty discharged switchmen,
but their services were not needed. '*It is worthy of spe-
cial mention," says Colonel Frank W. Mahin, ''that at no
drill or parade since the original organization of the com-
pany has there been so large an attendance as appeared in
response to this summons to possible sanguine conflict." ^-^
The first legislation of any importance since 1878 was
enacted in 1892, when extensive amendments were made to
the Military Code. By chapter 31 of the Acts of the
Twenty-fourth General Assembly, the National Guard be-
came the first line of defense — the first to be called out in
case of a requisition for troops by the President. The in-
active militia was to be called upon to volunteer, or be
drafted only in case of the insufficiency of the National
Guard.126

A new system of drill regulations was adopted by the
War Department on October 3, 1891, and to conform with
these Federal regulations more closely, the organization
of the Guard was changed to include ''four regiments of
infantry, and at the discretion of the commander in chief,
of two batteries of artillery and two troops of cavalry",
as recommended by the Adjutant General. The enlistment
term was again fixed at three years, with re-enlistments for
one, two, or three years at the soldier's election.

There was added to the Governor's staff a Judge Advo-
cate General, a General Inspector of Small Arms Practice,
a Chief of Engineers, a Chief Signal Officer, and an Assist-
ant Adjutant General. The time of the report of the Ad-

125 Report of the Adjutant General of loua, 1891, pp. 13, 14.

126 Laics of Iowa, 1892, Ch. 31.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 79

jutant General was changed to December 1st. Engineer
and signal officers and instructors in small arms practice
were also added to the various states.

Regiments could now include a maximum of twelve com-
panies. Furthermore the commander-in-chief was given
power to change at any time the organization of regiments,
battalions, or companies so as to conform more nearly to
the organization prescribed by the United States army.
One State band of 36 pieces and four regimental bands of
-.4- pieces each were authorized.

The time of summer camps was increased to not more
than ten days, and a graduated scale of pay for this service
was instituted. Detail for special duty was authorized with
expenses and compensation therefor. Provision was made
for schools of instruction as well as inspections. The sec-
tion relating to uniforms was amended by deleting the word
^Mress" leaving it "the uniform of the army of the United
States".

The act of 1892 allowed the State to issue uniforms in
kind or to pay the four dollars annual clothing allowance.
The allowance for armory rents was raised to $100 per
company. Ten thousand dollars additional per annum was
the increase in appropriation granted by the Twenty-fourth
General Assembly.

The reorganization of the National Guard necessitated
by this revision of the Military Code, was effected by trans-
forming the six eight-company regiments of infantry into
four three-battalion regiments of twelve companies each.
This change was made April 30, 1892, under the authority
of General Orders No. 8, dated April 18, 1892. The com-
panies were re-assigned so that for the first time the reg-
iments were rather definitely localized, each in a corner
of the State. All of the regimental Colonels and Lieutenant
Oolonels resigned to facilitate the reorganization, and new

80 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

elections were ordered. For the most part, the resigning
officers were reelected. The Dubuque and Davenport bands
were continued in service, the others were mustered out.
Later the Centerville band was reorganized and a new one
organized at Sioux City. The State band, it appears, was
never organized. The First Brigade was made up of the
Second and Third Regiments, with headquarters at Cen-
terville ; the Second Brigade of the First and Fourth Reg-
iments, with headquarters at Cedar Rapids.

Although the organization of cavalry and artillery was
authorized by law, the appropriation was not sufficient to
warrant it. Temporary organizations, however, were ef-
fected at several points throughout the State, prepared for
muster in State service as soon as conditions would permit.
Indeed, military spirit ran high, and frequent applications
were received from all sections of the State for the organi-
zation of new companies. During the biennium immedi-
ately following the new militia legislation eight companies
were disbanded and others secured to take their places.

The entire force of the Iowa National Guard was now
armed with Springfield rifles, calibre 45, and the General
Assembly in 1892 provided that their old arms and accoutre-
ments might be distributed to high schools and colleges
desiring the same. It is a significant fact that the demand
far exceeded the supply.^^^

The interest in small arms firing and target practice was
general and the officials encouraged it. In the inter-State
rifle meet in 1892, held at Fort Sheridan, ^'lowa men won
four individual prizes, the Iowa team took second place
and made a better score than ever before." ^^^ Lieutenant
Sharpe reported that the results achieved in the past two

127 LaiLS of Iowa, 1892, Ch. 32.

128 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893, p. 94.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 81

years had amply justified all the expense of time and
money devoted to target practice.^^^ '^ Special incentives
to increased activity have developed", reported General
Greene, "as the troops have become fully equipped with
the improved rifles and from the increased facilities af-
forded by more liberal allowance of ammunition the issue
of skirmish targets, gallery targets for armory instruction,
re-loading tools, etc., and by the award of badges and but-
tons to meritorious marksmen. A majority of the com-
panies are now provided with rifle ranges which admit of
practice at known distances, but the difficulty in securing
safe ranges for practice in skirmish firing is so great
that the progress in that branch of range work is greatly
retarded."

Competitions were conducted between company teams in
connection with the encampments of the Third and Fourth
Regiments during the season of 1892, and at the camp of
the Fourth Eegiment during 1893, and profitable results
were reported.^^^

In 1892 the First and Second Regiments were detailed
for a tour of duty in connection with the World's Fair at
Chicago. The Third and Fourth Regiments camped with
a battalion of regulars for seven days at Sioux City. Prior
to their service at Chicago the First Regiment had camped
at Clinton on July 4th and 5th with expenses paid by the
city. The detail of officers of the United States Army for
duty with the National Guard as inspectors and instructors
and the assignment of detachments of regular troops to par-
ticipate in State encampments had now become an estab-
lished policy with the War Department, and was certainly
productive of good results.^^^ It was suggested that an

^29 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893, Appendix, p. 115.

130 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893, p. 17.

131 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893, p. 11.

VOL. XVIII — 6

82 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

army officer be permanently detailed as a member of the
Governor's staff, a proposal which was effected soon there-
after.i=^2 indeed, in the winter of 1892-1893, some six of-
ficers and twelve non-commissioned officers were assigned
to the Iowa National Guard as instructors.^^^

In 1893 the First and Second Regiments were excused
from camp, but paraded for drill at their company stations
five days each. The Third and Fourth Regiments camped.
Company rifle competitions were now important features
of the annual encampments. State rifle teams were usually
picked from these competitions and they shot some eight
or ten days on the State range before going to the inter-
State match.

The Medical Department and Signal Corps were now
coming to the front and really amounting to something
because of systematic instruction. The code of regulations
for all branches had been completed. Lieutenant Sharpe
in his report bore testimony to ''the very efficient admin-
istration of military affairs .... under the manage-
ment of Adjutant General Greene. Educated at a military
academy, and having been long identified with the National
Guard, General Greene's tireless energy in behalf of the
troops, shows him to be the right man in the right place. ' ^^^*

Inspector General Lincoln's reports were always full of
constructive criticisms and ideas for the betterment of the
service. The men, he thought, could not be better than
their officers, and it was for the officers to set the example.
He discussed this responsibility in the following words:
''The so-called social features of our camp life, and which
give such a variety to the duties of the officer, it is to be
feared is introducing into the guard habits that have a

132 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893, p. 11.

133 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893, Appendix, p. 99.
i^i Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893, Appendix, p. 117.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 83

tendency to greatly hinder the enforcement of a true mil-
itary discipline, if not enticing into the service men who
seem to value the social as far above the military duties of
the service. The fact that ' lights out ' is to be obeyed alone
in the company quarters, whilst officer's row is to remain
illuminated until late at night, has a powerful influence in
leading the enlisted men to seek amusements until a late
hour, and the morning is too apt to bring both officers and
men from their tent in a slovenly manner to a tardy re-
veille if not altogether omitted, and in poor physical con-
dition for the labors of the day. Again, the lack of obedi-
ence to orders among the enlisted men can be traced in too
many instances to a failure in obedience to superior author-
ity of those above them, emphasized, too, by an unlimited
amount of improper criticism upon the work and ability
of superiors." ^^^

National Guard companies rendered valuable aid at the
time of the Pomeroy cyclone in 1893. Not only were they
an aid to the civil authorities in the protection of property,
but they also were active in relief work, caring for the in-
jured, improvising refuges for the homeless, and feeding
the entire town. Guard duty was especially trying at this
time, because the scarcity of men made necessary ten hour
shifts on guard, instead of the customary three hours on
and six hours off.

One other danger called out Company I, Third Regiment,
in November, 1893. It was rumored that there was to be
an attempted lynching at Bedford. The presence of the
militia prepared for trouble prevented any breach of the
peace. General Greene used this incident to point a moral.
''In the above incident", he wrote, "it is a fact worthy of
note that the moral effect of the mere presence of the troops
was alone sufficient to preserve law and order and to pre-

135 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893. Appendix, p. 147.

84 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

vent conflict between the disturbing element and the civil
authority. No higher compliment could be paid to the
officers and men, or to the efficiency of the State troops;
nor can a stronger argument be advanced in favor of a
well-regulated military force prepared at all times to assist
the civil authority in maintaining the supremacy of the law
and protecting the lives and property of the citizens of the
State. "136

On February 1, 1894, John E. Prime was appointed Adju-
tant General. The organization, however, changed little
during these years, except that a few minor changes were
made by the General Assembly in 1894. The regimental
staff was increased by the addition of a regimental commis-
sary, engineer and signal officer, signal sergeant, and acting
hospital steward. Provision was made, too, for the enlist-
ment of four men each to the signal and hospital corps.
The regimental commissary was provided to relieve the
overworked quartermasters. The work of quartermaster
was becoming important enough to be maintained sepa-
rately. Indeed, the National Guard Association in 1893
adopted a resolution to the effect that the duties of the Ad-
jutant General's department and Quartermaster General's
department were too great to be performed by one chief;
that they should be separated, and "that the best interests
of the Guard will be conserved by the law, being made to
require that the Adjutant-General and the Quartermaster-
General be selected from the two political parties casting
the largest number of votes at the election preceding their
appointment." ^^^

The Twenty-fifth General Assembly ended a long con-
tinued controversy by giving the Adjutant General a place
in the capitol building. Shortly after this a Regular Army
officer was permanently detailed to the Governor's staff.

136 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893, p. 24.

137 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1893, p. 13.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 85

'^That the service is attracting the favorable attention of
our citizens", wrote General Prime in 1895, "is evidenced
by the spirited contest that takes place among the pro-
gressive and enterprising cities and towns of the state,
whenever a vacancy occurs in the number of companies
authorized by law, and the numerous applications and let-
ters received by this department for authority to organize
new companies. ' ' ^^^ Companies were being regularly mus-
tered out for inefficiency, and others accepted in their
places.

In 1894 the Guard camped by regiments and in 1895 by
brigades. It was fast developing into a body of well
trained troops. Brigadier General Wright wrote at the
end of camp in 1895 : ' ' The uniform good conduct of the
command during the tour of duty was the remark and pride
of every old officer in the service, in fact it was almost a
realization of the fondest anticipations of the early organ-
izers of the guard. With the growing necessity for a strong
reserve police force in the state, the guard is coming into
favor with all classes of good citizens, and no other organi-
zation excites the patriotic pride of loyal people like a
marching column of young soldiers. " ^^'^

Inspector General Lincoln asserted in his report : * ' our
guard has stepped from off the stage as exhibition soldiers,
and has become in fact a body of soldiers not alone in name,
but in ability to efficiently perform the various duties de-
manded in real service. ' ' ^^^ He was continually urging
stricter requirements for officers, and appointments because
of ability as shown by examination. It was largely through
his efforts that there was established at Ames in 1895, an
officers ' school which became an annual affair. Attendance

138 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1895, p. 5.

139 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1895, p. 150.

140 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1895, p. 169.

86 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

was small at first but gradually increased until most of the
Guard officers were in attendance.

In 1895 a State rifle range was acquired. A tract of
eighty acres between Cedar Rapids and Marion was leased
for ten years at a yearly rental of two dollars per acre,
and a range was constructed according to the most ap-
proved models, under the direction of a Regular Army
officer.^^^ A new departure in National Guard organiza-
tions in 1895 was a corps of bicyclers unofficially organized
by Major Lyman.^^^

The Guard saw more service in aid of civil authorities
in 1894 and 1895, perhaps, than during any other biennium.
Iowa did not escape from the disorders, strikes, and threat-
ened breaches of the peace which followed the great wave
of industrial depression which swept over the country in
1893-1894. In every instance, the calls ''were responded
to with a promptness that could scarcely be excelled by
regular troops in garrison ' '.^^^ The * ' occasional soldiers ' ',
thus called out ' ' commanded order, suppressed lawlessness,
protected life, property and labor, restored confidence and
peace to the alarmed and distracted communities, and in
every case, by their determined and soldierly bearing ac-
complished the purpose for which they were ordered out
without firing a shot or engaging in serious conflict, thus
forcibly illustrating the necessity and value of maintaining
and amply supporting a thoroughly organized, well in-
structed and properly equipped body of citizen soldiery, the

1*1 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1895, pp. 75, 76, 77.

142 Seport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1895, Appendix, p. 83.

Indeed, it is claimed that "the first practical use of bicycle corps for mili-
tary purpose in the United States" was in Iowa in 1894 "in the transmission
of intelligence by couriers from commanding officer at Chautauqua to the
Adjutant-General at the transfer depot" in Council Bluffs, at the time of the
arrival in Iowa of Kelly's contingent of Coxey's so-called Industrial Army. —
Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1895, Appendix, p. 55.

143 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1895, p. 6.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 87

moral effect of whose existence and presence will uphold
law, prevent conflict and maintain order and good govern-
ment." i**

In January, 1894, Company L, of the Third Regiment,
assisted the sheriff of Pottawattamie County in suppressing
a mob and preventing a lynching. In April of the same
year numerous companies were sent to Council Bluffs to
preserve order when the Pacific contingent of Coxey's army
under General Kelly arrived in Iowa. In April and May,
1894, four companies were dispatched to Muchakinock and
Evans, mining camps near Oskaloosa, to protect miners who
refused to go out on strike. In July, 1894, a strike of rail-
way employees broke out at Sioux City in sympathy with
the strike of that year at Pulknan. Here almost a regiment
of the Guard was called into service, and in addition a
gatling gun detachment. In April, 1895, Company E,
Second Eegiment, was called for service in aid of the
sheriff of Appanoose County, to protect miners at Cincin-
nati, Iowa, who refused to strike.

The question was raised as to the authority of the State
to pay, out of the general funds of the State, claims for
pay and subsistence of troops during these tours of service.
The Executive Council approved them and ordered them
paid, but the Auditor of State refused to issue warrants on
the State Treasurer in payment of the claims. He con-
tended that they should be paid out of the funds appro-
priated for the use of the National Guard.

Since the principle involved in this contention was con-
sidered vital to the very existence of the National Guard,
and it was believed that all doubt should be removed at
the earliest possible moment, mandamus proceedings were
begun against the Auditor of State, in the district court of
Polk County to compel him to issue the warrants. The

^**Jieport of the Adjutant Gmeral of Iowa, 1895, p. 6.

88 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

case was carried to the Supreme Court and by unanimous
opinion of the full bench, the warrants were ordered is-
sued.i^^

As a result of this controversy, when the Military Code
was revised in 1896, a section was included providing that
''when in actual service of the state, in case of riot, tumult,
or breach of the peace, or imminent danger thereof, pur-
suant to the order of the Governor, they shall receive the
same compensation, transportation, subsistence, and. quar-
ters [as in time of insurrection or invasion] out of the state
treasury, and for such services rendered upon the call of
the sheriff they shall receive the same compensation, trans-
portation, subsistence, and quarters from the treasury of
such county, claims being audited and allowed in the former
cases by the executive council and in the latter by the board
of supervisors at its next session. " ^■*'^

The Twenty-sixth General Assembly also increased the
annual appropriation to $45,000. Eailroads were author-
ized to give reduced rates to the National Guard when in
the service of the State. This did not bring about brigade
camps, however, for they were held by regiments in 1896
and 1897. Tours of duty at the State rifle range, however,
were for four days by brigade, with details of four men
from each company, together with range officers and coach-
es, making an aggregate of about 120 officers and enlisted
men present in each camp.

The annual encampments still retained features of the
picnic spirit. Indeed, it appears that it was becoming more
picnic-like than formerly. It was reported of the Second
Regiment in 1897 that the "general discipline of the camp
was fair." The report continued: ''Several of the com-
panies of this regiment have adopted a combination Indian

145 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1895, pp. 43, 44.

146 Laws of Iowa, 1896, Ch. 102, Sec. 51.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 89

whoop and college class yell that gave a visitor at camp the
impression that one-half of the command was drunk, or
enroute to an insane asylum. I have no doubt that this
inane, unsoldierly thing is what caused the imaginative
newspaper reporters of Ottumwa to wire the leading papers
of the state and Chicago that the men of the Second regi-
ment were a lot of hoodlums and a disgrace to the state;
that street cars were stopped to allow ladies to get off be-
fore reaching their destination because of insulting lan-
guage of the men; that police officers were insulted and
threatened with bodily injury, I investigated these reports
and found there was no truth in them. Captain Caughlan,
an official of the street car company, stated that none of
their cars were stopped on account of the bad conduct of
the men and their traffic was in nowise interfered with.
The chief of police had not heard of any of his men being
abused or threatened by men of the regiment. "^^'^ And
it was said of the camp of the Fourth Regiment : ' ' that no
disturbance occurred was partially due to the fact that the
liberal-minded mayor of Ft. Dodge had given instructions
to the policemen not to molest the men on the slightest
provocation, but to allow them to enjoy themselves as long
as they did not proceed too far in their merriment. "^^^
Entertainments for the men were held nearly every evening
during camp in all parts of the neighboring cities.^*^

The officers, especially, were inclined to consider parade
for drill a family vacation. Many of them took their wives
and children with them. There were "too many women
and children in camp, eating at the expense of the com-
panies and the state, causing men to complain of short
rations" was the report in 1897. "Women and children

'^i'! Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1897, p. 98.

148 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1897, p. 104.

149 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1897, p. 90.

90 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

living in the company officers ' tents, in such close proximity
to the men, is not decent. ' ' ^^^

There was a genuine effort at this time to make the Na-
tional Guard a really efficient force. It was urged that ex-
aminations for officers be made an absolute requirement.
The officers' school at Ames had developed a course of
instruction invaluable to the Guard officers. It was divided
into five departments : Tactics, Law, Engineering, Hygiene,
and Strategy. There had been worked out a regular course
of study, so that the men need not take the same course in
successive years.^^^ There was at this time too, a deter-
mined effort to improve the character of the enlisted per-
sonnel by requiring a higher physical standard for enlist-
ments.1^2

At the special session of 1897 the Code of 1897 was
adopted. The new Military Title of the Code allowed an
armory rent of $200 to each company, without increasing
the total appropriation, and provided for the reorganiza-
tion of the staff. ''The military establishment in the
state", it was said, "was getting top-heavy with staff offi-
cers and rank for those who perform no duty, except o]i
ceremonial and social occasions. "^^^

The Adjutant General was reduced in rank from Major
General to Brigadier General. The number of his aids,
of which he had thirty-seven in 1897, was fixed at seven.
The brigade staff was reduced to ''two aids, with rank of
first lieutenant" instead of the more than a dozen Majors
and Lieutenant Colonels who had composed it. The regi-
mental staff was also reduced to "consist of an adjutant,
with rank of captain; a chaplain, with rank of captain;

150 Beport of the Adjutant General of loica, 1897, p. 109.

i^i Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1897, Appendix, pp. 155-159.

152 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1897, Appendix, p. 65.

'i^s Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1897, p. 9.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 91

a quartermaster, with rank of first lieutenant; a commis-
sary of subsistence, with rank of first lieutenant; and an
adjutant with rank of first lieutenant for each battalion. ' '^-^^
Many of the officers taken from these staffs were included
however in the enlarged medical and staff departments to
be maintained as separate units. ^^^

Colonel William H. Powell, of the Ninth United States
Infantry, praised the Guard in 1897 for its development
over former years. *'0n the whole", he wrote, "I regard
the National Guard of Iowa as an exceedingly efficient body
of men, which with thirty days ' drilling would render them
prepared to take position in any line of battle. " ^^'^ That is
exactly what they were required for very shortly thereafter.

Melvin H. Byers was made Adjutant General, February
1, 1898, succeeding Henry H. Wright who had been ap-
pointed two years before. The National Guard of Iowa at
this time comprised two brigades of infantry, each with two
regiments of twelve companies, each regiment divided into
three battalions of four companies each, making a total of
forty-eight companies and four regimental bands, in all,
2,369 officers and enlisted men.

Adjutant General Byers anticipated the call for troops
made by the President in April, 1898, and had the Iowa
National Guard prepared for mobilization. Eigid physical
examinations were held, companies were filled up with men
who could go if called, and reserve members were held sub-
ject to call. The State fair grounds were secured for a
possible mobilization camp.

The call of April 23, 1898, was for 125,000 volunteers.
The Iowa companies were already assembled in their ar-
mories awaiting orders to move, each provided with two

154 Code of 1S97, Sees. 2176, 2178.

155 Code of 1897, Sec. 2181.

156 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1897, Appendix, p. 143.

92 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

days' rations. Trains were in readiness to move them to
Des Moines. Late in tlie day of the 25th of April, the tele-
gram came asking Iowa for three regiments of infantry
and two batteries of light artillery. All four regiments of
the Iowa Guard reported at Camp McKinley on April 26,
1898.

Difficulty was encountered in the fact that the call was
for three regiments while there were four regiments on
hand. Upon application, the order was changed on April
30, 1898, to four regiments of infantry. Accordingly the
entire force of infantry was mustered into the service of
the United States.

The designation of the new regiments was made a con-
tinuation of the numbers of the Iowa regiments engaged in
the Civil War. Thus the First Eegiment of the Iowa
National Guard became the Forty-ninth Iowa Infantry Vol-
unteers, which was mustered into service June 2, 1898 ; the
Second Regiment became the Fiftieth Iowa Infantry Volun-
teers, which was mustered in on May 17, 1898; the Third
Regiment became the Fifty-first Iowa Infantry Volunteers,
which was mustered in on May 30, 1898; and the Fourth
Regiment was mustered in on May 25, 1898, as the Fiftj^-
second Iowa Infantry Volunteers.

Delay in mustering the troops into the United States
service was due to the fact that it was necessary to secure
permission from the War Department for the change in
quota. Moreover, under the second call, of May 25, 1898,
for 75,000 volunteers, it was necessary for Iowa to raise
1968 additional recruits to bring the four regiments up to
war strength. Recruiting officers were stationed in dif-
ferent parts of the State, and in a few weeks the regiments
were filled to the new maximum.

In addition to these four infantry regiments, Iowa fur-
nished also two batteries of light artillery, a signal corps,

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 93

and a company of colored immunes for this conflict. Only
two of the infantry regiments saw service outside the coun-
try. The Fifty-second Regiment remained at Chickamauga
Park, Georgia, and the Fiftieth Regiment spent the sum-
mer at Camp Cuba Libre. The Forty-ninth Regiment, how-
ever, went to Cuba and the whole regiment, on January 1,
1899, participated in the ceremonies attendant upon the
evacuation of Havana by the Spaniards. The Fifty-first
Regiment took part in a number of the engagements of
the Philippine expedition. Only one man of the entire four
regiments was killed in battle while one hundred and twen-
ty-five died of typhoid fever.^^^

When the four National Guard regiments were mustered
into the United States service, all the members of these
organizations were given honorable discharges from the
Guard. This included not only those mustered into the
United States service but also all officers and enlisted men
who failed to volunteer in the United States service, and
all who were rejected upon physical examination. Thus,
in 1898, Iowa was left without a National Guard. There
was a movement to organize a new Guard but it was decided
to keep the places open for the troops upon their return to
the State. Following the Spanish-American War, the
veteran regiments returned to State service, and the Guard
underwent a general reorganization. ^^^

Cyril B. Upham

The State Historical Society of Iowa
Iowa City Iowa

157 Iowa and War, No. 5, pp. 25, 26.

^58 Beport of the Adjutant General of loua, 1899, pp. 5-14, 19.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE OF

THE UNITED STATES

1850-1860 1

The internal grain trade of the United States during
the period ending with 1860 ^ rested upon a territorial di-
vision of labor among the three great sections of the Union
— the South, the East, and the West — which were in turn
dependent upon foreign commerce. The South devoted
itself "chiefly to the production of a few staples, turning
out a great surplus of them for export and depending upon
the other two sections for much of its agricultural produce,

1 For a guide to the study of the agricultural history of the United States,
see the writer's Topical Studies and Beferences on the Economic History of
American Agriculture (McKinley Publishing Company, Philadelphia, 1919).

- For a review of internal trade and transportation in the United States be-
fore the Civil War, see especially Day's History of Commerce (New Edition,
1914), Ch. XL VIII; Johnson's History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of
the United States, Vol. I, Chs. XIII, XIY ; Way's The Mississippi Valley and
Internal Improvements, 1825-1840, in the Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley
Historical Association, Vol. IV, pp. 153-180; Cotterill's Southern Bailroads
Kind Western Trade, 1840-1850, in The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
Vol. Ill, pp. 427-441; Gephart's Transportation and Industrial Development
in the Middle West in The Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXXIV, Chs. I-
VIII; Meyer's History of Transportation in the United States before 1860;
Bogart and Thompson 's Readings in the Economic History of the United
States, Ch. XVI; Callender's Selections from the Economic History of the
United States, Ch. VIII; De Bow's Industrial Resources of the Southern and
Western States (3 vols.) ; Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agri-
culture, pp. cxxix-cxxxiv, cxliv-clxix; Report on the Internal Commerce of the
United States (Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department), 1887, pp. 178-
223. The last named reference presents an historical sketch of the Mississippi
River trade from its earliest beginnings to 1860.

For maps showing navigable rivers, canals, and railroads in the United
States in operation in 1840, 1850, and 1860, see Meyer's History of Transpoi-
tation in the United States before 1860, plates 1 to 5 inclusive following page
654; Day's History of Commerce (Ncav Edition, 1914), pp. 504, 507, 508, 512,
513.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE 95

nearly all of its manufactures, and to a large extent for the
conduct of its commerce. Both its exports and imports
were carried largely by northern shipping, went through
northern ports, and were either actually in the hands of the
northern merchants or j&nanced by northern capital. The
northwest devoted itself chiefly to agriculture, depending
at first entirely upon the South for its markets, but grad-
ually acquiring after 1840 a home market in the northeast
and a foreign one in Europe. New England and the Mid-
dle States were devoted principally to commerce and manu-
factures by which they were enabled to supply the needs
of the other two sections, depending at first upon their
own farmers for their agricultural supplies and later draw-
ing them partly from the southern seaboard slave states
and partly from the northwest, especially from the region
about the Great Lakes.

"The great streams of commerce which resulted from
this territorial division of labor were, first, the trade on
the western rivers consisting principally of agricultural
produce sent down the river to the planters — little south-
ern produce was brought back except sugar and molasses
from Louisiana; second, there was a large coasting trade,
consisting of manufactures sent from northern to southern
ports with return cargoes of southern staples for the sup-
ply of the northeastern states or for export, supplemented
by some food supplies for New England; third, there was
the trade of the seaboard cities with the West, made up
for the most part of manufactures, imported and domestic,
sent westward over the canals to the Ohio or the Lakes,
and intended to supply the western farmers or to be for-
warded down the rivers to the planters of the southwest.

''Like the trade of the western rivers this trade between
East and West was in the early times principally a move-
ment of goods in one direction; for as already remarked,

96 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

little western produce found its way to the East until
toward the end of the period. The Erie and Pennsylvania
canals carried manufactures to the West but their east
bound tonnage nearly all originated east of Buffalo and
Pittsburg. The West paid for its manufactures from the
proceeds of its sales of produce to the South in exactly
the same way that New England and the Middle Colonies
in the eighteenth century had paid for theirs by sales of
produce to the West Indies. After 1850 the western pro-
duce sent east to tide water from the lake region became
larger in amount than that which went down the rivers. ' ' ^
The westward movement of population into the Missis-
sippi Valley after the War of 1812 and the improvement of
transportation facilities by the introduction of steamboat
navigation on the western rivers, the construction of canals,
and the extension of railroads into the region beyond the
Allegheny mountains made possible that territorial division
of labor which fostered the growth of a mutual economic
dependence between geographic sections and the estab-
lishment of a predominant type of industry in each. That
is to say, there was developed a rapidly growing tendency
for each section to restrict its economic activities more
exclusively to the production of those commodities for
which it was best adapted. In this way each section pro-
duced a surplus of given commodities which were offered
in exchange for the surplus commodities of other sections.
Thus, there was developed that economic differentiation
and mutual interdependence between sections which enabled
the manufacturing and commercial East ^ to supply the

3 Calender's Selections from the Economic History of the United States, p.
274.

* The East, or the manufacturing-commercial section, includes two groups of
States: (1) the New England States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode
Island, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont; and (2) the Middle Atlantic
States of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware.
These two groups are also properly designated as the North Atlantic States.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE 97

South and West with merchandise, clothing, shoes, tools,
and machinery, and the large quantities of imported ar-
ticles required by these two sections; while the plantation
South ^ was able to furnish the East with cotton for its
factories and for export to Europe, at the same time sup-
plying the North generally with sugar and molasses. The
food-producing West,*^ on the other hand, was the region
upon which the South and East were both becoming in-
creasingly dependent for the breadstuffs and meat which
constituted the leading products entering into the internal
trade of the country.

It is the aim of this paper to review the significant fea-
tures of the internal grain trade of the United States dur-
ing the decade preceding the Civil War. These pages will
be followed later by somewhat more detailed studies of the
thirty-year period extending from 1860 to about 1890 which
witnessed a complete revolution in American agriculture.
This revolution made the United States the leading cereal
producing and exporting country in the world and marked
the emergence of those complex problems of distribution

5 The South, or the planter section, includes Virginia, Nortli Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi. Tennessee, Texas, Louisiana,
and Arkansas.

fi The West, or grain growing section, during this period, includes Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky. Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota,
and Kansas. It will be noted that Kentucky is listed as a western grain
growing State.

While the "East" or the "North Atlantic Section" is a fixed term, being
understood to include the six New England and the five Middle Atlantic States,
the terms ' ' South ' ' and ' ' West ' ' are more or less elastic, depending upon the
period and the subject under consideration. These three sections have been
defined in accordance with the classification adopted by the Superintendent of
the United States Census of 1860 in the report on agriculture. It will, there-
fore, be understood that this grouping of States is used in these pages. The
Far Western States are omitted altogether from consideration in this paper,
since they do not play an important role in the internal grain trade until after
the Civil War when the trans-continental railroads bridged the gap between
the Mississippi Valley and the Pacific Coast.

VOL, xvm — 7

98 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

which to-day demand serious attention as the United States
enters upon a period of reconstruction. The decade of the
fifties prepared the stage for this great transformation
which was hastened by the Civil "War and completed be-
fore the close of the century. The present paper is there-
fore intended to furnish an historical background for these
studies.

The internal grain trade had by 1860 become one of the
leading economic interests binding the sections of the
country together. Said the Superintendent of the United
States Census of 1860: ''The grain trade of the United
States, viewed in all its features, is one of the chief marvels
of modern commercial history. To trace its rise and prog-
ress would be almost to complete a record of the develop-
ment of this entire continent, for it has been the leading
agency in the opening up of seven-eighths of our settled
territory. First, in the march of civilization, came the
pioneer husbandman, and following close on his footsteps
was the merchant; and after him were created in rapid
succession our ocean and lake fleets, our canals, our won-
derful network of railroads, and, in fact, our whole com-
mercial system.

''The grain merchant has been in all countries, but more
particularly in this, the pioneer of commerce, whether we
refer to the ocean or the inland trade, and not till he was
established could other commercial adventurers find a foot-
hold. The commercial history of the United States is based
mainly on breadstuffs — staples always marketable at some
quotation wherever the human family dwells. . . .

"Commencing at an early period with the scant products
of the Atlantic States, the grain trade was gradually pushed
up the Hudson river as far as navigation would permit;
and where that ceased, the Erie canal commenced and car-
ried it to the Great Lakes. It was on the completion of

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE 99

this great achievement that the real history of the grain
trade of the United States began. Then it was that our
'inland seas' became the highway of a commerce which
has already a magnitude surpassing that of many of the
oldeyt European nations. Then it was that the vast ter-
ritory west of the lakes, hitherto the home of the 'red man',
and the range for the buffalo, became the attractive field
for the enterprising pioneers of industry and civilization,
who laid the foundations of what are now seven large and
flourishing States of the Union, peopled by a population
vigorous and hardy, and well calculated to succeed either
in arts of peace or war.

''At the same time, the grain trade was steadily pro-
gressing up the Mississippi river into the heart of the west,
and on whose banks were built large and flourishing cities,
the great depots for nearly a quarter of a century for
the products of the rich valley of that river.

"The grain trade has progressed, year after year, from
small beginnings, till now it has become one of the leading
interests of the country, and among the most important in
its influence on the world, as on it depends much of the
peace, happiness, and prosperity, not only of the people
of the United States, but also of many of the kingdoms of
Europe." '

A study of the grain trade of the United States shows
that the production of corn has always exceeded that of
wheat — amounting, as a matter of fact, to considerably
more than half of all the other cereals (wheat, oats, barley,
rye, and buckwheat) combined. As an article of commerce
corn has not, however, been as important as wheat. The
reasons for this are, first, that wheat is the most important
breadstuff, constituting the article of prime necessity in
the food consumption of the American people, and, second,

" Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, pp. cxxxv, cxxxvi.

100 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

that wheat is especially well adapted to the requirements
of commerce. It has therefore occupied the leading place
in the grain trade of the United States since the beginning
of the Colonial era. Corn does not possess these advan-
tages. It is better adapted to the local markets for feed-
ing purposes, going to the ultimate consumer largely in
the form of beef, pork, poultry, and dairy products. Even
so, however, corn forms an important article of commerce,
second only to wheat in the list of cereals. Thus while
primary emphasis should be given to wheat in a study of
the grain trade of the United States considerable attention
should be accorded to corn. Oats rank third in impor-
tance among the cereals ; and barley comes next ; with rye
and buclrvs'heat occupying positions of minor significance
in the grain trade.

A comparison of wheat production by geographic sec-
tions for the decades ending with 1850 and 1860 shows that
the six New England States in 1850 with a population of
2,728,000 produced 1,091,000 bushels of wheat, or two-fifths
of a bushel per capita ; in 1860 these States with a popula-
tion of 3,135,000 produced 1,083,000 bushels, or three-
eighths of a bushel per capita. In 1850 the five Middle
Atlantic States with a population of 6,573,000 produced
35,067,000 bushels, or five and one-third bushels per capita ;
in 1860 these States with a population of 8,258,000 produced
30,503,000 bushels, or three and two-thirds bushels per cap-
ita. The eleven Southern States in 1850 with a population
of 7,349,000 produced 17,796,000 bushels, or two and one-
half bushels per capita ; in 1860 these States with a popula-
tion of 9,103,000 produced 31,442,000 bushels, or three and
one-half bushels per capita. On the other hand, in 1850 the ten
Western grain growing States with a population of 6,380,-
000 produced 46,076,000 bushels, or seven and one-fourth
bushels per capita; in 1860 these States with a population

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE 101

of 10,219,000 produced 102,251,000 bushels, or ten bushels
per capita. The whole United States in 1850 with a popu-
lation of 23,192,000 produced 100,486,000 bushels, or four
and one-third bushels per capita; while in 1860 the entire
country with a population of 31,443,000 produced 173,105,-
000 bushels, or five and one-half bushels per capita.^

A similar study of the corn production of the United
States for this period shows that the New England States
in 1850 produced 10,176,000 bushels, or four bushels per
capita; in 1860 they produced 9,165,000 bushels, or three
bushels per capita. The Middle Atlantic States in 1850
produced 61,414,000 bushels, or nine bushels per capita;
in 1860 they produced 75,399,000 bushels, or the same num-
ber of bushels per capita as in 1850. The eleven Southern
States in 1850 produced 238,210,000 bushels, or thirty-
three bushels per capita; in 1860 they produced 282,-
627,000 bushels, or thirty-one bushels per capita. In 1850
the ten Western States show the relatively high return of
280,881,000 bushels, or forty-four bushels per capita, which
in 1860 (including the returns from Nebraska which were
now reported for the first time) was increased to 470,190,000
bushels, or forty-five bushels per capita. The entire corn
crop of the United States in 1850 amounted to 592,071,000
bushels, or twenty-six bushels per capita, which in 1860
was increased to 838,772,000 bushels, or a slight fraction
over the per capita production of 1850.^

Although oats are of less significance as an article of com-
merce than either wheat or corn, it should be noted that the
New England States produced about the same quantity of
oats per capita as of corn ; but while there was a per capita
decrease in corn production from 1850 to 1860, the same
period shows a per capita increase in the production of

» Eighth Cenms of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, pp. xxix-xxxiii.
9 Eighth Cenmis of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, pp. xlvi-li.

102 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

oats from three to three and one-half bushels. The Middle
Atlantic States produced more oats in proportion to the
number of people than any other section, the increase from
eight to eight and one-half bushels being more than suffi-
cient to offset the slight decrease in the production of corn
but by no means enough to make up for the great decrease
in the production of wheat. On the other hand, the South-
em and the Western States both show decreasing returns
for this period, the oats production of the Southern group
declining from four and one-half bushels per capita in 1850
to only two bushels in 1860 ; while that of the Western group
decreased from seven and one-half bushels per capita in
1850 to six and one-half bushels in 1860. The country as
a whole shows a per capita decline in oats production from
a little more than six bushels to less than five and one-half
bushels.^'^ Other cereals — barley,^^ rye,^- and buckwheat^-'

— occupy a very subordinate position in American agricul-
ture as compared with wheat, corn, and oats, as shown by
reference to Table I which gives the amount per capita of
the different kinds of grains produced in the United States
by geographic sections for the decennial years 1850 and
1860.

If the three principal breadstuffs — wheat, rye, and corn

— be grouped together it will be found that New England
in 1850 produced 12,837,000 bushels, or less than five bushels
per capita, which was decreased by 1860 to 11,674,000
bushels, or less than four bushels per capita, or a decrease
in proportion to population of twenty-seven per cent. The
Middle Atlantic States in 1850 produced 105,859,000 bushels,
or sixteen bushels per capita, which in 1860 was increased to

10 Eighth Census of the United States, 1<S60, Agriculture, pp. Ixiv-lxvii.
''1 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, pp. Ixviii-lxxi.

12 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, pp. lix-lxi.

13 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, pp. Ixxi-lxxriv.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE

103

118,069,000 bushels — representing a decline to about four-
teen bushels per capita, or a decrease in proportion to the
number of inhabitants of nearly twelve per cent. In 1850

Table I

j — — -

Amount Per Capita Expressed in Bushels op the Different Kinds of
Grain Produced in the United States by Geographic Sec-
tions FOR the Decennial Years 1850 and 1860 1-*

SlfiCTIOXS

Wheat

Corn

Oats

New England States
Middle States
Southern States
Western States
Pacific States
United States and
Territories

1850

1860

1850

I860

1850

I860

0.40
5.75
2.47
7.25
3.09

4.33

0.34
3.75
3.49
9.75
13.87

5.44

3.70

9.11

30.83

44.14

2.18

26.04

2.90

9.04

30.83

45.27
2.55

26.12

2.95
8.20
4.46
7.55
0 . 40

6.32

3.43
8.65
2.18
G.51
4 . 00

5.49

Sections

Barley

Rye

BUCKWHKAT

New England States
Middle States
Southern States
Western States
Pacific States
United States and
Territories

1850

I860

1850

]860

1850

laoo

0.15

0.56

0.001

0.11

0.05

0.22

0.38
0.54
0.02
0.43

7.88

6.40

0.57
1.57
0.13
0.19
1.001

0.64

0.42
1.47
0.24
0.49
0.10

0.66

0 . 22

0.96
0.03
0.25
0.002

0.38

0.30
1.40
0.05
0.41
0.07

0.56

the Southern States produced 258,916,000 bushels, or thirty-
five bushels per capita, which in 1860 was increased to
316,272,000 bushels, or the same amount per capita as in
1850. The Western States in 1850 produced 328,212,000
bushels, or fifty-one bushels per capita, which in 1860 was
increased to fifty-six bushels per capita, or a per capita

14 The statistics here given are taken from a table in the Eighth Censua of
the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. cxxix.

104 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

increase of ten per cent. For the whole United States the
production of wheat, r^^e, and corn amounted in 1850 to
706,746,000 bushels, or over thirty bushels per capita, which
in 1860 was increased to 1,033,000,000 bushels, or nearly
thirty-three bushels per capita — an increase in proportion
to population of eight per cent.^^

If all the cereals listed in Table I be combined, it ^\ill
be found that the per capita production of New England
in 1850 amounted to only 7.99 bushels, which in 1860 de-
clined to 7.77 bushels, thus showing a decline of .22 bushels
per capita. The Middle Atlantic States produced 26.15
bushels in 1850 and 24.85 bushels in 1860, showing a de-
crease of 1.30 bushels per capita. In 1850 the Southern
States produced 37.92 bushels and 36.81 bushels in 1860,
which shows a decrease of 1.11 bushels per capita. The
Western States, on the other hand, show an increase of from
59.62 bushels in 1850 to 62.96 bushels in 1860, or an increase
of 3.34 bushels per capita, which was more than enough to
make up for the decreased production of the East and
South.i«

The foregoing analysis by geographic sections of the per
capita production of the six leading cereals — wheat, corn,
oats, rye, barley, and buckwheat — shows the extent to
which the manufacturing-commercial East and the cotton-
growing South had by 1860 given way to the food-producing
West in the production of grain, thus illustrating that ter-
ritorial division of labor — mentioned at the beginning of
this paper — which determined the general character of the
internal trade during this period.

But a small proportion of the wheat produced in the
United States before 1860 was exported. Of the 100,486,-
000 bushels produced in 1850, only 7,536,000 bushels were

15 Eighth Censtis of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, pp. Ixi-lxiii.

16 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, pp. Ixi-lxiii.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE 105

exported, leaving 92,486,000 bushels, or four bushels per
capita, for home consumption; while of the 173,105,000
bushels produced in 1860, only 17,213,000 bushels were ex-
ported, leaving 155,892,000 bushels, or five bushels per
capita, for home use.^'^ While the production and export
of wheat varied from year to year, due to seasonal varia-
tions and foreign market fluctuations, the years 1850 and
1860 were comparatively normal years, hence the wheat
available for home consumption, amounting to four bushels
in 1850 and five bushels in 1860, represents a fair average
for the ante-bellum period. The increase of one bushel per
capita for home consumption during the decade shows a
growing tendency on the part of the people to consume
more wheat as transportation and milling facilities were
improved.

Assuming an even distribution of wheat consumption
throughout the country, it will be seen that in 1860 New
England had a deficit of four and five-eighths bushels of
wheat per capita, the Middle Atlantic States of one and
one-third bushels, and the Southern States of one and one-
half bushels ; while the Western grain growing States had
a surplus of five bushels per capita. The East and the
South were therefore placed in a dependent relation to the
West which was able alone to furnish the wheat needed to
supply the growing deficits of these two sections. The
dependence of the East was still further accentuated by the
fact that this section consumed more wheat than the five
bushels per capita average for the entire country.^^ This
may reasonably be assumed for the following reasons:

1^ Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. cxliv; Annual
Seport of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1868, pp. 47, 48.

18 This statement is supported by Governor Andrew of Massachusetts in a
message to the State legislature in which he described the dependence of New
England on western wheat. His remarks are quoted in the Eighth Census of
the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p, cxlv.

106 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

first, the Atlantic States were settled primarily by the Eng-
lish who for centuries had been consumers of wheat in their
island state, and who upon emigrating to America gave
special attention to providing themselves with this food-
stuff; second, the milling industry was concentrated for
the most part in the East, thus affording this section an
advantage over the other sections in using wheat as a bread-
stuff ; and, third, the East was provided with better means-
of transportation which facilitated the distribution of both
wheat and flour among the people concentrated largely in.
the towns and cities on the seacoast and the rivers.

While these considerations lead to the conclusion that
the East consumed more than five bushels per capita, it
is reasonable to assume that the South used less than this
amount. It is an established fact that corn rather than
Avheat was the principal breadstuff of the negro population.
The same may be said to have been largely true of the
white non-slaveholding population of the back country, liv-
ing remote from the channels of the wheat trade and de-
voted principally to the raising of corn and hogs. The
slave holding population, too, was accustomed to using corn,
though principally dependent on wheat, as a breadstuff.
Even to-day it is conceded that the South generally con-
sumes more corn than the North. These considerations
justify the assumption that the South must have consumed
less than the general average of five bushels per capita for
the whole nation, thus lessening its dependence on the West.
But even so, it is estimated that the South purchased an
average of 10,000,000 bushels of wheat annually from the
North in the decade ending with 1860 " — which amount
added to the wheat production of this section in the latter
year, would give the South four and one-half bushels per
capita for domestic use.

1" Fife's Social and Industrial Conditions in the North during the Civil War,
nott' 1, p. IS.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE 107

Tlio pioneer West for obvious reasons, (among which
may be mentioned the type of settlers, the conditions of
frontier life, and the comparative absence of the facilities
enjoyed by the East for using wheat as a breadstuff) may
be assumed not to have exceeded five bushels per capita
for home use; though as transportation and market facil-
ities were developed and the milling industry was moved
westward, this section, showing a decided preference for
wheat, increased its per capita consumption of this article.

As already explained, corn as an article of commerce is
of less significance than wheat. Consequently, even a
smaller proportion of the amount produced has been ex-
ported. Of 592,071,000 bushels produced in 1850, only
6,595,000 bushels were exported; while of the 838,772,000
bushels produced in 1860, but 15,449,000 bushels were ex-
ported.^ By far the greater proportion of corn was there-
fore consumed at home. But corn is largely an animal
food, reaching the ultimate consumer mainly in the form
of meat, dairy, and poultry products. In determining the
actual extent to which the East and the South were de-
pendent on the West in respect to this article, it therefore
becomes necessary to consider the corn-growing industry
in relation to the live-stock, dairy, and poultry industries.
But even so, the East and the South, as the United States
Census of 1860 shows, were fast becoming dependent on
the West for com as well as for live stock and live stock
products. Thus while corn goes to market principally in
the form of the latter, and has an important relation to the
live stock markets, its importance as an article of com-
merce only will be considered in this paper.

The rise and development of the internal grain trade of
the United States may really be said to date from the com-

^0 Eighth Census of the United States, 1S60, Agriculture, p. cxliv; Annual
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 18(:)8, pp. 49, 50.

108 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

pletion of the Erie Canal in 1825. This new avenue to the
West stimulated the westward flow of the tide of immigra-
tion from the Eastern States and from Europe into the fer-
tile prairie country along the Great Lakes frontier, at the
same time opening up a route for the direct shipment of
western grain to the East. Before that date the only outlet
for western products was the Mississippi Eiver. The South
therefore had become the market for the surplus grain and
live stock of the Upper Mississippi Valley, not only con-
suming increased amounts of this surplus as it devoted
more attention to the raising of the staple plantation pro-
ducts, but also exporting great quantities to the Eastern
States and to Europe. New Orleans thus had become the
great export trade center.

The completion of the Erie Canal, however, and the con-
struction of the Welland Canal in 1833, connecting Lake
Erie with Lake Ontario, opened two avenues to the Atlantic
Coast : one by way of the Hudson River to New York City
and the other by way of the St. Lawrence River direct to
Great Britain and the continent of Europe. As the set-
tlement of the Great Lakes region proceeded, the amount
of grain diverted to the eastward steadily increased. The
development of the canal system ^^ in the thirties and
forties, followed by the rapid extension of railroads into
the Middle West^^ in the fifties gave a further stimulus
to the westward movement, at the same time diverting
more and more of the western surplus grain from the
southern to the eastern routes and trade centers.

The Mississippi River no longer enjoyed a monopoly of

-1 For an account of the development of waterways and canals in New York,
Pennsylvania, and the Middle West, see Meyer's History of Transportation in
the United States lefore UCO, Chs. VII, VIII, IX.

22 For an account of the extension of railroads into the West before the
Civil War, see Meyer's History of Transportation in the United States before
1860, Ch. XVI; Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1885, pp. 195, 196.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE

109

the western surplus grain trade. But this fact should not
be interpreted to mean that there was a decrease in the
grain and flour traffic on that highway of commerce, for
this traffic was maintained at a generally high level until
the opening of the Civil War decade. This is shown in
Tables II and III by the receipts of grain and flour at St.
Louis and New Orleans for the eleven-year period (1850
to 1860 inclusive).

Table II

Eeceipts of Flour and Grain at St. Louis 23

(Compiled from statistics of St. Louis Chamber of Commerce)

Years

Flour (Barrels)

Wheat (Bushels)

Corn (Bushels)

1850

306,463

1,794,721

1852

132,050

1,645,387

755,258

1854

192,945

2,126,272

1,784,189

1856

323,446

3,747,224

938,546

1858

387,451

3,83.5,759

892,104

1860

443,196

3,-555,878

4,209,794

Years

Oats (Bushels)

Rye (Bushels)

Barley (Bushels)

1850

1852

848,850

91,662

1854

1,777,873

114,160

1856

1,132,932

44,210

127,210

1858

1,690,010

45,900

290,350

1860

1,789,234 ' 158.974

29] ,130

Table II shows that the grain and flour receipts of St.
Louis maintained a high level throughout this period;
while Table III shows that the receipts of New Orleans
likewise remained steady until 1858, after which there was
a sharp decline in the wheat and flour receipts, though this

23 The statistics given here are taken from a table in the Eighth Census of
the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. clvi.

110 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

decrease was in part offset by an increase in the corn and
oats receipts.

Table III

Eeceipts of Flour and Graix at New Orleans 24

(Compiled from statistics of New Orleans price current)

Years

Wheat (Barrels axd Sacks)

Flour (Barrels)

1850

57,508

591,986

1852

64,918

927,212

1854

184,943

874,256

1856

869.524

1,120.974

1858

401.275

1.538.742

1860

13,116

965.860

CORX

Oats (Barrels and

Years

Shelled (Sacks)

In- Ear (Barrels)

Sacks)

1850

1,114,897

42,719

325,795

1852

1,397,132

163.008

463,273

1854

1,740,267

48,404

586,451

1856

1,990,995

41.924

587,180

1858

1.289,665

62,405

0G8.649

1860

1,722,039

36,092

659,550

Table IV

Exports of

Flol-r and Grain from New

Orleans to Foreign Ports ^-^

(Compiled

from oflScial

documents)

Year ExDi-Vf;

Flour

Wheat

Corn

Rye, Oats.

June 30th

(Barrels)

(Bushels)

ETC. (Value)

1856

251,501

1,096,733

2,941,711

$67,892

1857

428,436

1,353,480

1,034,402

2.172

1858

474,906

596,442

1.134,147

885

1859

133,193

107,031

111,522

1,029

1860

80,541

2.189

224,382

1,943

2* The statistics given here are taken from a table in the Eighth Census of
the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. clvi.

25 The statistics given here are taken from a table in the Eighth Census of
the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. clvii.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE m

But, while the grain and flour traffic of the Mississippi
Eiver continued to be in a flourishing condition from 1856
to 1860, the same period witnessed the total collapse of
New Orleans as an export grain and flour center, as shown
V Table IV.

The foregoing tables show: first, that in 1860 New Or-
leans was no longer of any importance as an exporting
center for the grain and flour of the West destined for the
Eastern States and for Europe; and second, that the Mis-
sissippi Eiver continued, in the absence of north and south
railroads, which were not constructed until after the Civil
War, to be the great highway of commerce for grain and
flour, not to mention the other surplus products which the
South, as already pointed out, was purchasing in increas-
ing amounts from the grain and live stock kingdom which
was being founded in the North Central region. That is
to say, while the rapidly growing export trade was being
shifted from the western rivers to the eastern canals and
railroads, the interior trade of the Mississippi Valley con-
tinued to remain steady, showing no marked signs of being
disturbed by the changing routes for the export trade.
Steamboats conducted a huge traffic on the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi rivers, carrying large consignments of wheat, corn,
flour, pork, bacon, poultry, hogs, horses, and mules down
the river and returning up-stream with cargoes of sugar,
molasses, cotton, and tobacco.-*^

Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, Nashville, Memphis, and
New Orleans were prosperous trade centers in this north
and south traffic. So extensive was this intra-valley trade
that it gave the two sections a consciousness of economic

26 The fact that the Mississippi River trade, though greatly increased, repre-
sented a far smaller proportion of the total traffic of the Valley, which had
grown enormously but had been largely diverted by the railroads, is discussed
in the Annual Report on the Internal Commerce of the United States, 1887, p.
215.

112 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

interdependence, of solidarity and contentment, which had
a potent bearing on the relation of the West to the South
and East respectively during the first two years of the war
period.

Thus, while the intra-valley trade had by 1860 developed
to such proportions as to create between the West and the
South a consciousness of economic solidarity, a rapidly
growing volume of western grain and flour destined for
the Atlantic seaboard and for exportation was being di-
verted from the southern to the eastern routes. This traf-
fic consisted largely of the surplus grain grown in the
ever- widening area of cereal production in the new western
prairie country skirting the Great Lakes frontier. That
there was a remarkable growth in the volume of this trade
is shown by a study of the receipts of the primary grain
and flour markets situated along the highways of commerce.

Table V

Shipments South and East from Cincinnati 2t

Articles

1857-1858

1858-1859 1

Shipped
South

Shipped
East

Shipped
South

Shipped

East

Flour (bbls.)
Wheat (bu.)
Corn (sacks)

162,565

30,446

1,927

445,650

601,214

17,225

17,569
1,182
3,707

544,570

270,531

24,796

Articles

1859-1860

Shipped South

Shipped East

Flour (bbls.)
Wheat (bu.)
Corn (sacks)

92,919
11,341
23,640

385,389

310,154

25.227

Among these primary markets Cincinnati may be men-
tioned as illustrating to a marked degree the change that

27 The statistics given here are taken from a table in the Eighth Census of
the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. clviii.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE

113

was taking place in the general direction of the internal
grain trade. As the chief distributing point on the Ohio
Biver, it occupied a strategic position with reference to the
intra-valley trade. By 1857, however, it had already be-
come of greater significance as a distributing point for
eastward shipments. This is shown by Table V which
gives the comparative amounts of wheat, wheat-flour, and
corn shipped south and east respectively for the three-year
period ending with 1860.

The importance of Cincinnati as a primary grain market
was due chiefly to the flour trade. Thus while the wheat
shipments in 1859-1860 amounted to 321,000 bushels, the
flour shipments totalled 478,000 barrels. The great bulk
of both the wheat and flour was diverted eastward over the

Table VI

Eeceipts of Flouk and Grain

AT Buffaloes

Floue

Wheat

Corn

Oats

Years

(Barrels)

(Bushels)

1850

1,103,039

3,681,347

2,593,378

357,580

1852

1,299,513

5,549,778

5,136,746

2,596,231

1854

739,756

3,510,782

10,108,983

4,401,739

1856

1,126,048

8,465,671

9.633,277

1.733,382

1858

1,536,109

10,671,550

6,621,668

2,275,241

1860

1,122,335

18,502,649

—

11,386,217

1,209,594

Years

Barley
( Bushels)

Rye
(Bushels)

Total Flour and
Graix (Bushels)

1850

3,600

12,059.559

1852

497,913

112,251

20,390,504

1854

313,885

177,006

22,252,235

1856

46,327

245,810

25,753,907

1858

308,371

125,214

27,812,980

1860

262,158

80,822

37,053,115

28 The statistics given here are taken from a table in the Eighth Census of
the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. cxlviii.

VOL. xvin — 8

]]4 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

canals and railroads, while only a relatively small remain-
ing portion entered the intra-valley trade. The corn ship-
ments were negligible but growing.

Buffalo, however, had for a number of years been the
most important transit trade center for western grain. As
early as 1840 the total grain receipts of this trade center
amounted to 4,062,000 bushels. Five years later the total
receipts were 5,582,000, but in 1846 they suddenly mounted
to 13,366,000 bushels. The receipts continued to rise with
slight fluctuations until 1856 when the figure of 25,754,000
bushels was reached. The next five years witnessed an
increase of over 11,000,000 bushels as shown by Table VI
which gives the receipts of flour and the different kinds
of grain for the decennial period ending with 1860.

The gro^\i;h of the grain trade on the Great Lakes was
very rapid. West of Buffalo were Cleveland and Toledo,
the two leading lake cities of Ohio. The Ohio Canal be-
tween Portsmouth and Cleveland, (completed in 1832), di-
verted the surplus grain of Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and
Southern Ohio, which had formerly gone down the Missis-
sippi River, to the eastern routes. In 1842 the shipments
of farm products from Cleveland were valued at $4,431,000,
which was equal to the value of shipments from New Or-
leans. By 1846 the wheat and flour receipts of Buffalo were
equal to the receipts of New Orleans.--' Toledo for many
years shipped more grain by way of the Great Lakes than
any other city except Chicago, the receipts coming in from
Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, and later from Illinois and
Missouri. By 1859 Toledo's grain receipts amounted to
6,467,000 bushels, which in 1860 were increased to 14,505,000
bushels.^^ Detroit was another important grain market on

2^ Annval Bepnrt on the Internal Commerce of the United States, 1857. pp.
210, 211.

30 Eighth Census of the United States, 1S60, Agriculture, p. cxlix.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE

115

the Great Lakes. It was the market for the grain and
flour of Michigan and the forwarding point for the large
shipments that came from Chicago.

As the frontier became settled and grain raising devel-
oped in the interior, other primary markets were estab-
lished on the highways of commerce. Among these was
Chicago whose receipts far exceeded those of her competi-
tors. The first consignment of grain, amounting to 78
bushels of wheat, was shipped from Chicago in 1838. This
was rapidly increased until 1846 when the shipments
amounted to 1,600,000 bushels. Corn, oats, and rye ship-
ments were then added to supplement wheat and flour. The
decade of the fifties witnessed a marvellous expansion of
the grain and flour trade as shown by Table VII.

Table VII

Shipments of Flour and Grain from Chicago si

(Compiled from statistics of the Board of Trade)

Flour and Wheat

Corn

Oats

(Bushels)

1850

1,387,989

262,013

186,054

1852

941.470

2,757,011

2,030,317

1854

2,644,860

6,837,899

3,239,987

1856

9,419,365

11,129,668

1,014,547

1858

10,909,243

7,493,212

1,498,134

1860

15,892,857

13,700,113

1,091,098

Rye

Barley

Total Flour and Grain

(Bushels)

1850

22,872

1,858,928

1852

17,315

127,028

5.873,141

1854

41.158

148,421

12.902,320

1856

590

19,051

21,583,221

1858

7,569

132,020

20,040.178

1) 1860

156.642

267,749

31,109.059 1

31 Eightii Cenmis o^ the United States, I860, Agriculture, p. cxlix.

116 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

By 1860 Chicago had achieved significance as the fore-
most primary grain market, the total shipments in that year
amounting to 31,000,000 bushels, more than half of which
consisted of wheat and flour.

Table VIII

Shipments of

Flour and Grain from Milwaukee 32

(Compiled from statistics of Chamber of Commerce)

Years

Flour (Barrels)

(Wheat (Bushels)

Corn (Bushels)

1850

100,017

297,578

5,000

1852

92,995

564,404

2,220

1854

145,032

1,809,452

164,908

1856

188,455

2,761,979

218

1858

298,688

3,994,213

43,958

1860

457,343

7,568,608

37,204

Oats

Bye

Barley

Total Flour and

Years

(Bushels)

Grain (Bushki^s)

1850

2,100

15,270

820,033

1852

363,841

54,692

322,621

1,772,753

1854

404,999

113,443

331.339

3,549,301

1856

5,443

10,398

3,720,313

1858

562,067

5,378

63,178

6,162,234

1860

64,682

9,735

28,056

9,995,000

Milwaukee meanwhile had forged ahead to third place
among the primary grain markets of the western lake region
with good prospects in 1860 of superseding Toledo, which
held second place. The grain shipments from this trade
center amounted to 133,000 bushels in 1845 and to 1,076,000
bushels in 1848. After 1850 the Milwaukee grain and flour

32 The statistics given here are taken from a table in the Eighth Census of
the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. cl. Racine was the grain center next
in importance on Lake Michigan. For a time it tried to secure the bulk of the
grain and flour trade which centered in Milwaukee, but was forced to yield to
its competitor. Other Lake Michigan ports were Kenosha, Waukegan, She-
boygan, Port Washington, Green Bay, Manitowoc, St. Joseph, and Michigan
City.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE

117

shipments increased rapidly, as shown by Table VIII, ris-
ing from 3,720,000 bushels in 1856 to 9,995,000 bushels in
1860.

Thus, by 1860 the internal grain trade of the United
States had become centered in five great primary markets :
St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee, Toledo, and Cincinnati.
These cities had become the centers where the vast surplus
quantities of grain and flour were concentrated for ship-
ment to the East and South for home consumption and to
the Atlantic seaboard for exportation to Europe. Toledo
had become the primary market for Ohio and Indiana, Chi-
cago for Illinois, and Milwaukee for Wisconsin; while St.
Louis continued to be the primary market for a vast portion
of the Upper Mississippi River region, and Cincinnati the
principal distributing center on the Ohio River, though the

Table IX

New

York Receipts of Flour and Grain at Tide-water by the ||

Erie and

Champlain Canals 33

Years

Flour (Barrkls)

Wheat (Bushels)

roKx (Bushels)

1850

3,256.077

3,670.754

3,228,056

1852

3,464,108

6,754,946

5,411.643

1854

1,249,453

3,523,800

12,839,572

1856

1.130,509

11,776,332

9.587,714

1858

1.898,908

8.324.966

6,660,893

1860

1,149,100

11,176.000

14,155,500

Years

Oats (Bushels)

Barley (Bushels)

Rye (Bushels)

1850

2,469,637

1,744,867

472,305

1852

3,857.487

2.280,485

279,314

1854

5.353,125

1,895,208

184,332

1856

6,960,412

2,082,832

1,285,535

1858

5,180,312

3,058,417

461,786

1860

6,490,900

2,967,600

332,100

33 The statistics given here are taken from the Annual ^Report of the New
York Produce Exchange, 187S-187S, p. 391.

118 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

territories surrounding the two last named cities were al-
ready being invaded by the railroads.

New York City had achieved the distinction of being the
foremost grain market in the whole country ; while Buffalo,
by virtue of its strategic position between Lake Erie and
Lake Ontario and at the western terminus of the Erie Ca-
nal, had become the great transit trade center for the west-
ern grain and flour, the bulk of which was destined for that
great eastern commercial metropolis.

Table IX shows that the total grain and flour receipts
of New York City via the Erie and Champlain canals and
the Hudson River — already considerable in 1850 — had in-
creased from 27,866,000 bushels in that year to 41,122,000
bushels in 1860, the receipts of the latter year consisting
of 11,176,000 bushels of wheat, 1,149,000 barrels of flour,
14,156,000 bushels of corn, 6,491,000 bushels of oats, 2,968,-
000 bushels of barley, and 332,000 bushels of rye. The
total receipts of New Orleans in the same year amounted
to only 5,199,000 bushels.^* It will be seen, therefore, that
the total grain and flour receipts of New York City in 1860
via the water routes were equal to eight times the receipts
of New Orleans in the same year. Thus had New York
City left New Orleans far behind in the competitive race for
western grain and flour, though what New Orleans lost in
the products of the Upper Mississippi Vallej^ she more than
inade up in the growth of her cotton trade in which she
gained the ascendency.^ ^

Philadelphia and Baltimore, which had been the leading
trade centers of the East before the Erie Canal gave the
ascendency to New York, had again become active competi-
tors for the western trade. Threatened wdth the further

34 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, pp. clvii, clviii.

35 Annual Seport on the Internal Commerce of the United States, 1887, pp.
209-215.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE 119

loss of trade by the competition of the New York canals
and railroads, the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore and Ohio
railroads were built, the former being completed to Pitts-
burgh in 1852 and the latter to Wheeling in 1853. Philadel-
phia and Baltimore now had the advantage of shorter dis-
tances and more direct routes into the trans-Allegheny
West, which enabled them to win back a portion of the trade
hitherto lost to New York; though the latter city was des-
tined to remain far in the lead. Boston had also entered
the field upon the completion of the Western Railroad to
Albany in 1841. In the meantime, New York had strength-
ened its hold on western trade by the building of the New
York Central and the Erie railroads, the former making
through connections with the lakes in 1850 and the latter
reaching Dunkirk in 1851. New York was connected with
Chicago by a direct rail route in 1853, and with St. Louis
in 1855.s«

Thus the decade of the fifties witnessed the beginning of
the competition between the railroads and the water routes
for the western grain and flour traffic which, however, was
not finally decided in favor of the railroads until the sev-
enties. The extent to which the water routes controlled
this traffic at the opening of the Civil War period is shown
by a comparison of the grain and flour receipts by all routes
for the year 1860, which was a normal year in the develop-
ment of the water and rail traffic. It will be seen by ref-
erence to Table X that Buffalo had become the great transit
trade center for the shipment of grain and flour, which were
sent eastward via the Erie Canal and Hudson River to
New York City. Rochester, Oswego, and Cape Vincent
on Lake Ontario, and Ogdensburg and Montreal on the St.
Lawrence River were other shipping points east of Buffalo

36 Johnson's History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United
States, Vol. I, pp. 228, 237.

120 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

which received considerable quantities of grain and flour
from the Northwest and Canada via the Lakes for the sea-
board, the shipments being sent either southward from
Rochester and Oswego via the Erie Canal and the Hudson

Table X

Movement of Grain and Flour from the West to the East by all

THE EOUTES for THE YEAR 1860 37

Received at

Flour
(Barrels)

Wheat
(Bushels)

Corn

(Bushels)

Other

Grain

(Bushels)

Western Termi-
nus B. & O.
Railroad

Western Termi-
nus Penn.
Railroad

Dunkirk

Buffalo

Suspension
Bridge

Oswego

Ogdensburg

Cape Vincent

Montreal

Rochester

352,413

426,660

542,765

1,122,335

650,000
121,185
248,200
28,940
608,309
5,250

500,888
18,502,649

9,651,564
565,022
203,878

2,686,728
425,765

644,081
11.386,217

5,019,400

867,014

73,300

138,214

126,393

SG4.160

8,843

1,552,574

1.875.000

1,959,642

48,211

186,597

915,648

10,725

Total

4,106,057

32.536.494

18,128,226

7,547,793

River to New York, or eastward to Montreal and thence
via the St. Lawrence River to the coast for exportation
to Europe or shipment down the Atlantic seaboard. The
volume of western grain carried eastward, via the railroads,
was small, indeed negligible, as shown by the receipts at
the western termini of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Penn-
sylvania, the Erie, and the New York Central railroads.
Thus, while Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore diverted
a considerable amount of western produce via the railroad

37 The statistics given here are taken from a table in the Eighth Census of
the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. cli.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE 121

from New York, the latter city was destined to retain the
unquestioned leadership. This is shown by a comparison
of the total receipts of western products at tide water by
the various routes for the year 1860. The total receipts for
that year amounted to 21,348,000 tons, of which 16,769,000
tons were shipped via the Erie Canal, 1,496,000 ^ia the New
York Central Railroad, 1,367,000 tons via the Erie Railroad,
804,000 tons via the Pennsylvania Railroad, and 913,000
via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.^**

The preeminence of New York is also shown by the rela-
tive magnitude of the wheat and corn exports — including
Avheat and corn flour reduced to bushels — from these cities
to foreign countries in 1860. New York exported 9,148,000
bushels, Boston 839,000 bushels, Philadelphia 1,390,000
bushels, and Baltimore 2,081,000 bushels, while New Or-
leans in the same year exported but 590,00 bushels.^^

It will therefore be seen that by 1860 a revolution had
begun in the internal grain trade of the United States.
The old theory that "trade Avill follow the rivers" had in
some respects been disproved. The artificial channels of
trade — the canals and the railroads — had tapped the
West, diverting its products in rapidly increasing quanti-
ties eastward across the continent to the Atlantic seaboard.
The comparative ease with which the growing surplus grain
and flour of the Upper Mississippi Valley was diverted
from the southern to the eastern routes is readily under-
stood when the relative advantages of the latter over the
former are considered.

It has already been shown that the Atlantic seaboard
States were becoming almost entirely dependent on the
West for an adequate supply of breadstuffs needed for

38 A discussion of the tonnage of breadstuflfs reaching New York City by the
various routes in 1860 is found in Callender's Selections from the Economic
History of the United States, pp. 342, 343.

39 An7iual Beport on the Internal Commerce of the United States, 1882, p. 39.

122 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

home consumption, not to mention the fact that Great
Britain after the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 afforded
a promising and indeed growing market for American
wheat. Before the direct routes between the East and the
West were established, western grain destined for the East
was sent down the Mississippi Eiver to New Orleans and
thence re-shipped around the Atlantic Coast to the various
ports which served as distributing points for the seaboard
States as well as export centers for trans-shipments of
grain and flour to Europe, The risks thus incurred were
heavy. The river traffic was none too safe, and coastwise
traffic was hazardous to say the least. For this reason
the merchants were never certain that a given consign-
ment would be received. The time required to make this
journey was another serious disadvantage, the uncertainty
of river navigation often causing vexatious and ruinous
delays. Consequently, it was natural that as soon as ca-
nals and railroads were projected from the East into the
cereal kingdom of the West, that portion of the western
surplus which was destined for the East would pass over
the shorter, quicker, and safer routes. Moreover, it had
already been demonstrated that New York City possessed
superior advantages and facilities as the great importing
as well as exporting center of the country. And, finally,
the westward movement of the plantation type of agricul-
ture made New Orleans the great export trade center for
cotton, sugar, and tobacco to the virtual exclusion of the
products of the North Central States.^^

But while the competition between the eastern and the
southern routes had already resulted in a victory for the
former it must be remembered that the South had become

*o The comparative advantages of the eastern over the southern routes are
summarized by the Superintendent of the United States Census of 1860 in his
report on the grain trade, printed in the Eighth Census of the United States.
1860, Agriculture, p. clvii.

THE INTERNAL GRAIN TRADE 123

a market for vast quantities of western grain and flour,
as well as meat and dairy products, which found their way
into the Cotton Kingdom, thus accentuating the economic
dependence of this section on the West. The significance
of this fact must be kept in mind in a study of the internal
grain trade during the decade of the Civil War which for
several years virtually closed the long-established intra-
valley routes of trade, thus suddenly leaving the West with
a rapidly accumulating surplus of farm products which for
a time depressed the market. The West charged the East
\vith using its influence at Washington to continue the block-
ade of the Mississippi River, which had given the eastern
routes a monopoly of the western grain trade and afforded
them an opportunity to charge exorbitant rates, of which
they quickly took advantage.^^

Meanwhile, the extension of railroads into the Middle
West gave rise to keen commercial rivalry between the
cities located on the highways of commerce. St. Louis and
Chicago in the West were just beginning to develop an
active competition as primary market centers which con-
tinued to the close of the century; while New York, Phila-
delphia, and Baltimore in the East developed a rivalry
which began with the completion of the Erie Canal, and
included Boston after the building of the Western Railroad.
The commercial rivalry between these and a host of minor
cities was expressed in the competition between transpor-
tation routes for the western traffic destined for eastern
and European markets. This competition between canals
and railroads, and in turn among the railroads themselves,
became keen in the sixties and seventies resulting in the
rapid extension of railway facilities, the establishment of
uniform gauges and consolidation of roads into through

*i The effect of the blockade of the Mississippi Eiver on the trnde and agri-
culture of the West during the Civil War period will be considered in a subse-
quent paper.

124 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

lines, and the improvements of terminal facilities, including
elevators and warelionses.^^ Thus did the decade of the
fifties inaugurate those changes and tendencies which were
to dominate the internal grain trade of the United States to
the close of the century.

Louis Beknard Schmidt

The Iowa State College of

Agriculture and Mechanic Arts

Ames Iowa

42 The methods of handling grain for export and for interior transportation
are discussed in the Annual Beport of the New Yorlc Produce Exchange, 1873-
1874, p. 508.

SOME EPISODES IN THE HISTORY OF THE FOUNDING

OF THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF THE STATE

UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

[The following brief account was written by Jno. P. Irish, who had a part
in the founding of both the Law College and the Medical College of the State
University of Iowa. Two letters by the same writer with regard to the found-
ing of the Law College are printed in The Iowa Journal of History and
Politics, Vol. VIII, pp. 553-557.— Editor.]

Though the present interests and occupies men, and the future
fixes their attention, the past, the field of the beginning of things,
always fascinates. When we witness the remarkable development
of the two great professional colleges of the University of Iowa, the
Colleges of Law and Medicine, we think of their distant beginnings
and of their early struggles, and would know how they came to be.

I have alread}^ written of the founding of the Law College, and
of the causes that led to it. In dealing with it and with the Medical
College I have to deal with my own part in the origin of both. M}^
activities were inspired by a determination that Iowa should have
a great University, and that it should not be starved to death by a
combination of the many denominational colleges and academies of
the State, whose managers mistakenly assumed that their place
would be more secure if the University were ■weakened or even de-
stroyed. There was a combat and its field was the primitive Iowa
of a half century ago. The rescue of the University from its low
condition required a call upon the taxpayers for support, and thist
put a strong weapon into the hands of its enemies. Its denomi-
national rivals were supported by the voluntary contributions of
the sects they represented. They drew nothing from the public
revenues, and they were not to be blamed for using this as an argu-
ment that made a very powerful appeal to the taxpayers.

When I introduced the bill for the first appropriation to the
University out of the State treasury, I was accused of intending to
establish ''an aristocracy of learning," at the expense of the tax-
payers. After this opposition was overcome in the legislature, and
the appropriation measure was passed, I w^as elected by the legis-
lature a Trustee of the University. Believing that the battle for

125

126 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

the institution was only begun, I sought to strengthen it by se-
curing the support of the professions of law and medicine through
the establishment of a Department for each. In the case of the
Medical Department there were peculiar difficulties in the way. In
Keokuk was an established medical school, knovrn as a branch of
the State University. Its principal was Dr. Hughes, a powerful
man, of attractive personality, and with great personal and polit-
ical influence. He was able to enlist in his fighting force the gradu-
ates of his school and others of the profession all over the State.

LTnder these circumstances it was evident that the founding of a
Medical Department would be a far more difficult undertaking tluin
the creating of the Law Department.

The first steps were taken in my office. The Trustees of the
University were Hon. Samuel Merrill, Governor of the State, Dr.
James C. Black, President of the University, and Coker F. Clark-
son. R. M. Burnett, H. C. Bulis, C. W. Slagle, C. W. Hobart, L. W.
Ross, and John P. Irish.

The aim at the meeting in my office was to present to them a
complete programme.

At the meeting were Dr. W. F. Peck, Prof. Gustavus Hinrichs,
and myself. The Faculty then selected was :

Hon. Jno. F. Dillon, Professor of Medical Jurispnidenee

Prof. Hinrichs, Chemistry

Dr. W. F. Peck, Surgery

Dr. P. J. Farnsworth, Materia INIedica

Dr. J. H. Boucher, Anatomy

Dr. W. S. Robertson, Theory- and Practice

Dr. J. F. Kennedy, Obstetrics

Dr. W. D. Middleton, Physiology

Dr. J. C. Shrader, Diseases of women and children.
Dr. Kennedy did not qualif}', and in 1871 Dr. Clapp took the place
of Dr. Boucher as Professor of Anatomy.

After long discu.ssion and the disclosure of many misgivings, the
Trustees endorsed this programme and the Department was found-
ed. Much opposition, some of it very virulent, appeared in many
parts of the State, and it was evident that the venture was to have
a stormy road to go.

But at the opening a satisfactory number of students enrolled
and the professoi-s entered upon their work with zeal and industry.
From the beginning the master spirit was Dr. Peck. He was

THE FOUNDING OF THE MEDICAL COLLEGE 127

yoimg, vigorous, and had liad a large experience as an army sur-
geon during the Civil War. He had a rare capacity for leadership,
for he always knew what to do next. Recalling that time of stress
and strain, I am sure that the Department would have been wrecked
oarly, without his courage and influence.

By the close of the year 1870 it had fought its way to calmer
conditions, when suddenly it was struck by an almost fatal blow.

On the night of the 31st of December, 1870, I was roused from
sleep in my room in the old Clinton House by a number of medical
students, who told me that a grave in the local cemetery had been
violated, that the cadaver was in the Department dissecting room
and the sheriff was getting out a search warrant to break in and
recover it. Instantly I saw that if it were found there the Depart-
ment would be destroyed. I told the students to send one of them
on horseback to the copse west of the University, and for the rest to
pass the body out of the window of the dissecting room, consign it
to the horseman and for him to ride into the country and conceal
it in a safe place.

It was midnight, with a keen winter air. From my open window
I heard the horse leave the stable and go to the rendezvous, and in
due time heard his hoof beats cross the bridge and die away on the
hard road west of the river. Within twenty minutes a crowd fol-
lowed the sheriff down Clinton street, across the campus to the
rooms of the Department in the old South Hall. Not sharing their
disappointment at finding nothing, I retired and slept.

The body was that of a much respected elderly lady, a friend of
mine, and the incident filled me with conflicting emotions. At that
time there was no law in Iowa nor any western state, legalizing the
possession of the human cadaver for dissection. In organizing the
Department I had stipulated that such material should not be
taken from the local graveyards. Yet the material must be had,
for the surgeon must dissect the dead or mangle the living.

The next day the town was in a turmoil and I was the object of
most heated and abusive attacks. The relatives of the dead lady
sought me to say that if I would have the body returned, the inci-
dent would end as far as they were concerned. But I said they
might later claim that I had guilty knowledge of the violation of
the grave. This they solemnly promised not to do, and I dismissed
them with the promise to try. Next I ordered the undertakers
Nixon & Doe, in the old Metropolitan Hall building, where the

128 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Hotel Jefferson now stands, to put a coffin at their back door at
twenty minutes to twelve that night and take it in at twenty
minutes after twelve. I then sent a letter to every one of the med-
ical students ordering the body returned and put in that coffin,
pledging them that no one would observe or disturb them. This
was in order that I might not know who returned it. ^ly instruc-
tions were obeyed. The body was again prepared for burial and
duly returned to its sepulchre.

Then many leading papers of the State took up the sensation and
demanded the abolition of the Medical Department and were re-
enforced by the influence of Dr. Hughes and many members of the
profession. In 1871, I was nominated for the third time for the
legislature. In the midst of my campaign I was arrested for body-
snatching, gave bail, and went on with my fight. The opposition
went to the people asking if they wanted to be represented by a
body-snatcher ?

I proceeded to educate the people upon the needs of medical and
surgical training and promised that if elected I would promote a
bill for a law to legalize the use of the human cadaver for dis-
section. I was elected and in the ensuing session promoted the bill,
that I believe is still the law of Iowa, and that has immensely bene-
fited humanit}^ by legalizing dissection. The student out of his
present abundance of opportunity will look back upon all this as
upon the dark ages.

But the pursuit did not end. A bill was introduced to legislate
me off the Board of Trustees of the University by a reorganization.
After beating this five times in the House, it finally passed by one
vote and my official connection with the University ceased. A
further attempt was made in the new Board to abolish the Medical
Department, but it was beaten by the vote of Dr. Thatcher, who
became President of the University upon the resignation of Dr.
Black.

Now what was saved when the Medical Department was saved?
All of the splendid results of its subsequent history; all of the
benefit to suffering humanity by the University hospitals; all of the
inestimable boon to deformed and distorted infancy conferred by
the recent foundation for the treatment of deformity. There was
saved an equipped Department to take advantage of bacteriology,
and the splendid discoverj^ by Lister of aseptic and antiseptic
surgery ; of the safety of laparotomy, of the use of the X-ray.

THE FOUNDING OF THE MEDICAL COLLEGE 129

Of that Board of Trustees I am the only survivor. Of that first
Faculty' only Hinriehs and Clapp are yet living. But their works
do follow them, and the University enjoys the solid support of the
great healing profession of the State.

In all of the foregoing I have, of necessity, had to deal with my
own part in this history. When I promoted the bill legalizing dissec-
tion, its opponents charged that I had not only established at Iowa
City "an aristocracy of learning," to the impoverishment of the
people, but now I proposed to follow them into the poor house and
cut up their dead bodies, like slaughtered hogs. All this was faced
by a stead}^ and relentless discussion of the beneficence of surgery
and its life saving office. If such an argument were powerful then,
how irresistible is it now, vdth the safe expansion of surgery over
fields wherein it would have been fatal then?

Verily Dr. Peck survives himself, and he should be commemorated
by a tablet at the scene of his labors.

Jno. p. Irish

VOL. xvm — 9

SOME PUBLICATIONS

A History of the United States from Hayes to McKinley, 1877-
1896 is the eighth volume in the series written by James Ford
Rhodes.

A recent number of the Proceedings of the American Antiqua-
ria7i Society contains an article by Albert Bushnell Hart entitled
The Worship of Great -Grandfather, and one on Roger's MichiUi-
mackinac Journal, by William L. Clements.

The Committee on Practical Training for Public Sei-vice of the
American Political Science Association has issued in pamphlet form
a Proposed Plan for Training Schools for Public Service.

The Seventeenth Report of the Public Archives Commission of
the American Historical Association, edited by Victor H. Paltsits,
appears as a reprint from the Annual Report of the American His-
torical Association, 1916.

A supplement to the National Municipal Revieiv for November,
1919, contains a monograph by A. E. Buck on Administrative Con-
solidatio7i in State Governments. Chester Collins Maxey is the
author of A Little History of Pork which appears in the December
issue.

Laiv and Order, by Felix Frankfurter, Industrial Partnership, by
John I\Ianning Booker, The Commercial Basis of Peace, by William
.S. Culbertson, The Menace of Localism, by Florence Finch Kelly,
and Except America!, by Wilbur C. Abbott, are among the contri-
butions in the January, ]920, number of The Yale Revieiv.

The Railroad Problem is the general subject discussed in The
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
for November, 1919.

The American Colonization Society 1817-1840, a monograph by
Early Lee Fox, appears as a recent number of the Johns Hopkins
University Studies in Historical and Political Science.

130

SO.AIE PUBLICATIONS 131

Part one of bulletin number sixty, issued by the Bureau of Amer-
ican Ethnology, is a Eandhooh of Aboriginal American Antiquities,
by W. H. Holmes. Bulletin number sixty-five contains a monograph
on Archeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona, by Alfred
Vincent Kidder and Samuel J. Guernsey. Prehistoric Villages,
Castles, and Towers of Southwestern Colorado, by J. Walter
Fewkes, appears as bulletin number seventy.

The Colleges in War Time and After, by Parke Rexford Kolbe,
is an account of the contributions of higher educational institutions
during the war and the changes in policy which have followed the
period of military activities. The volume contains a discussion of
the Students' Army Training Corps and a list of the units estab-
lished in the various States.

Ojihwa Texts, collected by William Jones, and edited by Truman
Michelson, is a large volume published recently as part two of vol-
ume seven of the PuUications of the American Ethnological
Society.

Perhaps no other single division of the American Expeditionary
Force is so widely known throughout the United States as the
Forty-second or Rainbow Division.- Iowa was represented by the
Third Regiment of the Iowa National Guard which became the One
Hundred and Sixty-eighth Infantry, and lowans will, therefore,
find The Story of the Rainhow Division, by Raymond S. Tompkins,
an interesting volume.

The W^ar Department has recently issued a volume entitled The
War with Germany: A Statistical Sumnuiry, by Leonard P. Ayres,
which gives a graphic presentation of the magnitude of the war
activities of the United States.

Emmett J. Scott is the author of a volume entitled The American
Negro in the World War. Of special interest to Iowa readers is the
chapter on the Officers' Training Camp for Colored Men held at
Fort Des Moines, Iowa, in the summer of 1917.

In addition to papers on the Italian phase of the World War,
The Journal of American History for April-June, 1919, contains
continuations of personal narratives: Recollections of Ninety-Five

132 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Years in Connecticut and the Anthracite Regions of Pennsylvania,
by William Henrj' Richmond, and An American Sea Captain in the
Revolution.

The American City, for October, 1919, contains a short paper on
Ten Essentials for the Health of Rural Children which presents
some interesting data as to the health of children in country schools.

Railroad Valuation hy the Interstate Commerce Commission, by
Homer B. Vanderblue, Price Fixing and the Theory of Profit, by
Kemper Simpson, and Deits, Revenues and Expenditures, and Note
Circulation of the Principal Belligerents, by Louis Ross Gottlieb,
are three of the contributions in The Quarterly Journal of Eco-
nomics for November, 1919.

Three articles relating to the World War found in The National
Geographic Magazine for December are: The Romance of Military
Insignia, by Robert E. Wyllie ; American Decorations and Insignia
of Honor and Service; and Celebrating Christmas on the Meuse, by
Clifton Lisle.

The University of Toronto has recently issued the twenty-second
volume of the Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada
covering the years 1917 and 1918.

North Carolina's New Educational System, by Eugene C. Brooks,
The Present Status of Tax Reform in North Carolina, by C. Chilton
Pearson, Democracy or Disaster, by William Thomas Laprade, Our
Place in the World, by Olin D. Wannamaker, and Reconstruction
and Education in South Carolina, by Edgar W. Knight, are among
the contributions to The South Atlantic Quarterly for October,
1919.

An Adventure in State Insurance, by A. J. Pillsbury, American
Minimum Wage Laws at Work, by Dorothy W. Douglas, The Cost
of the War and How It was Met, by Edwin R. A. Seligman, and
The Income Tax as Applied to Dividends, by Carl C. Plehn, are
four of the papei-s which appeared in The American Economic
Review for December, 1919,

Effects of the War on Money, Credit and Banking in France and
the United States, a monograph by B. M. Anderson, Jr., appears as

SOME PUBLICATIONS 133

number fifteen of the Preliminary Economic Studies of the War,
published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Ernest L. Bogart is the author of Direct and Indirect Costs of the
Great World War, which constitutes number twenty-four of this

The issue of Special Libraries for September, 1919, contains the
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention of the Special Lihra-
lies Association for June 24-26, 1919. The October number con-
tains a number of articles on industrial libraries. Among these are
the following: The Functions of the Industrial Library, by E. D.
Greenman; The Library of the National Workmen's Compensation
Service Bureau, by Estelle L. Liebmann ; and a List of References
on Labor Turnover, by Katherine Warren.

American Publicity in Italy, by Charles E. Merriam, Effects of
the League of Nations Covenant, by Quincy Wright, Suffrage Pro-
visions in State Constitutions, by Kirk H. Porter, and Constitution-
ality of Merit System Legislation, by Ben A. Ameson, are articles
which appear in The American Political Science Review for No-
vember, 1919. Thomas Reed Powell writes the first installment of
Constitutional Law in 1918-1919; Charles Kettleborough contrib-
utes Legislative Notes and Reviews; F. W. Coker is the compiler of
the Notes on Municipal Affairs; and Frederic A. Ogg gives a sum-
mary of Foreign Governments and Politics.

Among the papers found in the Americam. Anthropologist for
April-June, 1919, are the following : The Serpent Mound of Adams
County, Ohio, by Charles C. Willoughby ; A Sketch of Eastern Da-
kota Ethnology, by Alanson Skinner; and A Uniform Blank of
Measurements to be Used in Recruiting, A Plea for the Standard-
ization of Anthropological Methods, by Fabio Frassetto. In the
July-September number J. E. Pearce writes of Indian Mounds and
Other Relics of Indian Life in Texas; A. L. Kroeber contributes an
article On the Principle of Order in Civilization as Exemplified by
Changes in Fashion; Albert B. Reagan describes Some Games of the
Bois Fort Ojibwa; and George Langford writes of The Kankakee
River Refuse Heap Evidence of a Unique and Primitive Culture in
the Southwestern Chicago Area.

134 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

With the First Division, by R. A. Newhall, and The Great Loy-
alty in America, by W. E. Dodd, are two of the articles published
in The Historical Outlook for October, 1919. There is also a Sum-
mary of War Legislation of the Sixty-Fifth Congress, by L. F.
Stock. The November number contains an article by V. S. Clark
on The German Press and the War; C. H. Levermore writes of
Anglo-American Diplomatic Relations; C. 0. Davis presents A
Course in World History; and H. E. Bourne contributes A Source
Study for College Classes. In the December number is a sui-vey of
ten years progress in history teaching under the caption A Decade
of History Teaching and Historical Activities.

The Revenue Act of J 918, by Robert Murray Haig, How Women
Vote, by William F. Ogburn and Inez Goltra, Rise and Progress of
the Merit System, by Everett P. Wheeler, and concluding install-
ments of The Expansion of Europe, by William R. Shepherd, and
Price Fixing in the United States during the War, by Lewis IT.
Haney, are among the papers included in the September, 1919,
issue of the Political Science Quarterly. The supplement for this
number contains the Record of Political Events from August 1,
1918, to July 31, 1919, compiled by Elmer D. Graper and Harry J.
Carman. The December number contains, among others, the fol-
lowing papers: The Flexihility of Prices, by Henry L. Moore;
Absenteeism in Labor, by Paul H. Douglas ; and The New York In-
come Tax, by Edwin R. A. Seligman.

WESTERN AMERICANA

A monograph by John William Lloyd on Co-operative and Other
Organized Methods of Marketing California Horticultural Products
has been published as the March, 1919, number of the University of
Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences.

The University of California Chronicle for October, 1919, con-
tains several articles and addresses on topics of current interest.
Among these the following may be noted : French and American
Peace Idealism, by Charles Cestre ; The League of Nations and the
Peace of the World, by Thomas H. Reed; University Ideals, by Joel
H. Hildebrand; and Bolshevism, by David P. Barrows.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 135

The October, 1919, issue of The Graduate Magazine of the Uni-
versity of Kansas contains a letter from the retiring chancellor,
Frank Strong, in which there is much information concerning the
history of the University. In the December number are several
tributes to Dean James Woods Green.

Volume nine of the University of California Publications in His-
tory contains a monograph b}^ Charles Henry Cunningham on
The AudieticM in the Spanish Colonies, as Illustrated by the Audi-
encia of Manila.

Benjamin M. Read is the author of A Treatise on The Disputed
Points of ths History of New Mexico.

Volumes three and four of the Spain in the West Series, edited
by Herbert Eugene Bolton, contain Kino's Historical Memoir of
Pimeria Alta, 1683-1711.

The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine ior October,
1919, contains an article by Charles W. Dahlinger on A Place of
Great Historic Interest; Pittsburgh's First Burying-ground, and
an address by Eobert M. Ewing on the Life and Times of William
Findley.

The September 30, 1919, number of El Palacio contains a de-
scription of the Santa Fe Fiesta given as a welcome to the returned
service men of that region. In the issue for November 30th is a
paper written by Mary Austin on New Mexico Folk Poetry.

The October number of The Ohio Bulletin of Charities and Cor-
rection contains the program and announcements for the twenty-
ninth annual session of the Ohio Welfare Conference held at Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, November 18-20, 1919.

Linguistic Families of California, by Roland B. Dixon and A. L.
Kroeber, and Calendars of the Indians North of Mexico, by Leona
Cope, are monographs published recently in the University of Cali-
fornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology.

Some Menomini Place Names in Wisconsin, hy Alanson Skinner,
and Recent Mound Explorations in Shawano County, by tlie same
author, are among the contributions to The Wisconsin Archaeologist
for August, 1919.

136 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Truman Miehelson is the author of Some General Xotes on the
Fox Indians published in the Journal of the Washington Academy
of Sciences, October 4 and 19, 1919. A bibliography on the Fox
Indians by the same author is found in the issue for November 19th.

The December number of Lihrary Notes and News, published by
the Minnesota Department of Education, contains an article on
Hihhing's Traveling Library, by Charlotte H. Clark, and one on
Librarians as Educators, by Harriet A. Wood.

The October number of The Quarterly Journal of the University
of North Dakota contains a number of papers on North Dakota's
part in the World War. Among these are the following: North
Dakota's Contribution of Men, by Luther E. Birdzell; North Da-
kota's Contribution Thru the Liberty Loan, by Samuel Torgerson ;
The Work of the Welfare Organizations, by Howard E. Simpson;
The Work of the Red Cross, by N. C. Young ; Home Service Work
of the Red Cross, by Frank J. Bruno; The Work of North Dakota's
Physicians and Nurses, by F. R. Smyth; The Work of the Institu-
tions of Higher Education, by Orin G. Libby ; The Public Schools
and the War, by M. Beatrice Johnstone; Various Secondary War
Activities of the State, by Vernon P. Squires ; and War Experiences
of a University Student as a Doughboy, by Wesley R. Johnson.

lOWANA

Hospitals of the 42nd Division is the title of a paper published
in The Journal of the Iowa State Medical Society for October. This
contains valuable information concerning the losses of the One
Hundred and Sixty-eighth Infantry.

The Journal of History for October, 1919, contains a continua-
tion of the Statements of Joseph Smith, edited by Heraan Hale
Smith, and a third installment of Early Days on Grand River and
the Mormon War, by Rollin J. Britten.

The Iowa Law Bulletin resumed publication in November, 1919.
In this issue appeared the following articles : Progress in Code Re-
vision, by James H. Trewin ; Unwholesome Food as a Source of
Liability, by Rollin M. Perkins ; and loiva Applications of the Last
Clear Chance Doctrine, by Herbert F. Goodrich.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 137

Housing Survey of Iowa Mining Camps, by C. S. Nichols, aud
The Iowa Registration Law for Engineers, by R. W. Cnim, are two
of the articles in The Iowa Engineer for October, 1919.

The Johnson County Honor Roll, compiled by Dick Dreyer, con-
tains the portraits and service record of the men from that county
in the World War.

The Iowa Bureau of Labor Statistics has issued a Directory of
Manufacturing Establishments as bulletin number one.

Tributes to Henry Wallace, a collection from the press and from
letters, has recently been published by the Wallace Publishing Com-
pany. Henry Wallace was born March 19, 1836, and died Febru-
ary 22, 1916. He was for many years a prominent figure in Iowa
in agricultural and political affairs.

A Report of Tama County Activities in the Women's Committee
C. N. D., by Mrs. Elmer E. Taylor, has been printed in pamphlet
form.

The Iowa Library Quarterly for October-December, 1919, eon-
tains a report of the meeting of the Iowa Library Association at
Waterloo, October 7-9, 1919. The Child and the Book, by Clarence
Marsh Case, — one of the papers read at the meeting — is printed
in this number.

The Minutes of the Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Synod
of Iowa, 1919, has recently appeared in book form.

Iowa Conservation for July-September, 1919, contains the pro-
ceedings of the summer convention at McGregor, July 27-31, 1919 ;
an address, by William L. Harding, on lotva Should Conserve Her
Natural Resources; and a sketch of The Palisades of the Cedar
River, by B. L. Wick. There is also a biographical sketch of
Eugene Secor.

In the Iowa Magazine for September, 1919, Woodworth Clum
makes a plea for the preservation of spots of Tiistorical interest
under the title Fort Atkinson, A Pigsty. The article contains a
brief history of the fort and some illustrations of the buildings as
they appear to-day. In the issue for October-November, is found a

338 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

description of The Devil's Backbone — in loiva, also by Woodworth
Clum, and a paper entitled loivans a Factor in Washington, by John
Snure. A biographical sketch of John Burke, by John Snure, ia
found in the December issue of this magazine under the caption
lowan Handles $3,700,000,000.

Beginning with the November, 1919, number, The Grinnell Be-
view appears in an enlarged form with a new cover design. In
addition to college news, the editors hope to make this periodical
an organ through which contributions of literary^ and inspirational
value may be presented to the public. The opening number eon-
tains editorials on Amencanizaiion and the League of Nations; an
article on Undefended Art, by Lord Dunsany ; poems by Arthur
Davison Ficke, Frank Thone, and R. D. Jameson ; and a biograph-
ical sketch of Jesse Macy, by Clara E. Millerd. In the December
issue are the following contributions: Military Training as Educa-
tion, by Robert Y. Kerr; Intervention in Mexico, by Loi A. R.
Nykl ; Benny Adams' Mother, by Vesta Thark Nixon ; and Amerk,a
and Armenia, by J. PI. T. Main.

Iowa's Research and Welfare Station for Normal Children, by
Bird T. Baldwin, Encouragement of Writing, by John C. Parish,,
and An Eventful Day in the Quillayute Country, by Homer R.
Dill, are three papers found in the October number of The loiva
Alumnus. In the November number Frederick W. Crone contrib-
utes an article on The Iowa Memorial Union, Edith M. Prout^r
writes of Women in the Law, John Hoffman Dunlap describes The
New Hydraulic Laboratory, and W. Earl Hall has a short paper
entitled News not Views. The December issue contains two poems
— loiva's Saving Crew, by Bertha M. H. Shambaugh, and A Mend-
er of Soles, by Katherine Buxbaum. There is also a paper by
Hardin Craig on A Literary Revival.

The Association of the Fourth Division has begun the publication
of a bi-monthly magazine known as Ivy Leaves, of which Henry
W. Stiness is the editor. The first number appeared in October,
1919, and is designated as the Des Moines number, since the Divi-
sion is now stationed at Camp Dodge. Among the papers included
in this issue is one on Camp Dodge — Then and Now and a descrip-

SOME PUBLICATIONS 139

lion of the welcome to the Fourth Division under the title Des
Moines Greets the 4th Division.

A volume of the pioneer experiences of William H. Ingham has
recently appeared under the title Ten Years on the Iowa Frontier.
In addition to biographical and personal information the book con-
tains chapters on the following subjects of general historical inter-
est : St. Paul in 1850-51, Across Iowa in 1854, First Visit to Kos-
suth County, An Indian Traveling Companion, Capturing Baby
Elk, Hunting Buffalo in low^a, Last View of Umpashotah, Big Elk
Antlers, The Storms of 1856-57, Rescuing the Johnsons, The Mas-
sacre at the Lakes, and The Massacre at New Ulm. Mr. Ingham
was bom in New^ York, November 27, 1827, and came to Iowa in
1850. His life from that date until his death in 1914 was a part of
the history of Iowa and his story of early pioneer days is thus a
valuable addition to Iowa pioneer histor3^

SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS BY IOWA AUTHORS

Aldrich, Bess Streeter,

The Mason Family Now on Exliiditioi (The American Maga-
zine, November, 1919).
Benton, T. H., (Joint author)

Soil Survey of Henry County, Iowa. Washington: Govern-
ment Printing Office. 1919.
Brainerd, Eleanor Hoyt,

Our Little Old Lady. Garden City (N. Y.) : Doubleday, Page
& Co. 1919.
Brown, Charles Reynolds,

The Story Boohs of the Early Hehreus. Boston : Pilgrim

Press. 1919.
Yale Talks. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1919.
Buckner, Chester Arthur,

Educational Diagnosis of Individual Pupils. New York: Co-
lumbia University. 1919.
Butler, Ellis Parker,

The First Day of School (The Red Cross Magazine, October,
1919).

140 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The H. C. 0. L. Hits Billy Brad (The Red Cross Magazine,
September, 1919).
Devine, Edward Thomas,

Winnipeg and Seattle (The Survey. October 4, 1919).
Frederick, John Towner,

Orchard (Poetry, October, 1919).
Gallaher, Ruth Augusta,

Fort Des Moines in Iowa History. Iowa City : The State His-
torical Society of Iowa. 1919.
Garland, Hamlin,

My Neighbor, Theodore Roosevelt (Everybody's Magazine, Oc-
tober, 1919).
Hansen, Marcus Lee,

The Writing of War History in Iowa. Iowa City : The State
Historical Society of Iowa. 1919.
Hoover, Herbert Clark,

Economic Situation in Europe (World's Work, November,
1919).
Horn, Ernest,

Economy in Learning in Relation to Economy of Time (Na-
tional Education Association, Proceedings and Addresses,
1918).
How Leadership in Making New Adjustments in Education
Must Be Provided (National Education Association, Pro-
ceedings and Addresses, 1918).
Homaday, William Temple,

Old Fashioned Yerses. New York : Clark and Fritts. 1919.
Citizens of the Jungle (Mentor, October 1, 1919).
World's Horned Heads (Scientific American, October 4, 1919).
Hueston, Ethel,

Leave It to Doris. Indianapolis : The Bobbs-Merrill Co. 1919.
Jennings, Walter Wilson,

Origin and Early History of the Disciples of Christ. Cincin-
nati: The Standard Publishing Company. 1919.
Judy, Arthur M.,

Some Fundamental Aspects of Democracy: Davenport: The
Contemporary Club. 1918,

SOME PUBLICATIONS 141

Knipe, Emilie Benson, and Knipe, Alden Arthur,

A Cavalier Maid. New York : Macmillan Co. 1919.
]\radsen, Iver N., (Joint author)

High School Students' Intelligence Ratings According to the
Army Alpha Test (School and Society, October 4, 1919).
Miehelson, Truman,

Some General Notes on the Fox Indians (Journal of the Wash-
ington Academy of Sciences, October 4 and 19, and Novem-
ber 19, 1919).
Parish, John Carl,

Historical Activities in the Trans-Mississippi Northwest, 1917-
1919 (The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, December,
1919).
Parrish, Randall,

Comrades in Peril. Chicago : A. C. McClurg & Co. 1919.
Patrick, George Thomas White,

The Psychology of Daylight Saving (The Scientific ]\lonthly,
November, 1919).
Porter, Kirk Harold,

A History of Suffrage in the United States. Chicago : The

University of Chicago Press. 1918.
Suffrage Provisions in State Constitutions (The American Po-
litical Science Review, November, 1919).
Richardson, Anna Steese,

Waiting for Orders (Woman's Home Companion, October,

1919).
Why Don't They Settle Down (W^oman's Home Companion,
November, 1919).
Rockwood, Elbert William,

A Laboratory Manual of Physiological Chemistry (Fourth Edi-
tion). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. 1919.
Ross, Edward Alsworth,

Institutional Competition (American Journal of Sociology,
September, 1919).
Sabin, Edwin Legrand,

Building the Pacific Railway. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott
Co. 1919.

142 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Lost with Lieutenant Pike. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott
Co. 1919.
Sehlesinger, Arthur Meier,

The Khaki Journalists, 1917-1919 (The IMississippi Valley Hi.?-
torieal Review, December, 1919).
Smith, Mrs. Lewis Worthington,

The Lamp of Heaven. Boston: Four Seas. 1919.
Starch, Daniel,

MetJwds in Constructing Handwriting Scales (School and So-

ciety, September 13, 1919).
Revision of the Starch Writing Scale (School and Society,
October 25, 1919).
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur,

Solving the Prohlem of the Arctic (Harper's Magazine, Octo-
ber, 1919).
Steiner, Edward A.,

Sanctus, Spiritus & Co. New York: George H. Doran & Co.
1919.
Sylvester, Mrs. Reuel Hull, (Joint author)

High School Students' Intelligence Eatings According to the
Army Alpha Test (School and Society, October 4, 1919).
Taylor, Alonzo Englebert,

Observations on the Peace (The Atlantic Monthly, October,

1919).
Results of the Blockade upon Germany (World's Work, Octo-
ber, 1919).
Views of a Layman on Bolshevism (The Saturday Evening
Post, December 6, 1919).
Wade, Martin J.,

Shall We Have a School of Americanism. Washington: Gov-
ernment Printing Office. 1919.
Warner, H. W. (Joint author),

Soil Survey of Buena Vista County, Iowa. Washington : Gov-
ernment Printing Office. 1919.
Willsie, Houore,

The Forbidden Trail. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
1919.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 143

SOME RECENT HISTORICAL ITEMS IN IOWA NEWSPAPERS

Seventy-five-yeaf-old sale bill, in the Keota Eagle, October 2, 191 9.

Some documents of the Eastman family, in the Eldora Herald,
October 2, 1919.

The Spirit Lake Massacre result of Cooper's novels, in the Sioux
City Journal, October 4, 1919.

Sketch of the life of Judge I. W. Keller, in the Des Moines Capital,
October 5, 1919.

The Spirit Lake and ^Minnesota massacres, by L. P. McCain, in the
Estherville RepuUican, October 8, 1919.

An old family Bible, by A. B. Funk, in the Des Moines Register,
October 9, 1919.

Southeastern Iowa during early da.vs of the Civil War, in the
Keosauqua Repuhlica/n, October 9, 1919.

Some old residences of Guthrie Center, in the Stuart Herald, Octo-
ber 10, 1919.

Sketch of the life of Mrs. Sophia Lotts, in the Des Moines Register,
October 13, 1919.

Sketch of the life of Andrew M. Kams, in the Burlington Haivk-
Eye, October 14, 1919.

Some reminiscences of Iowa men, in the Sioux City Journal, Octo-
ber 15, 1919.

Sketch of the life of T. B. Hotchkiss, in the Roclivell City Advocate,
October 16, 1919.

Old Fort Atkinson, in the Davenport Democrat, October 16, 1919,
the DuTjuque Journal, October 21, 1919, the Decorah Repul)-
lican, October 23, 1919, the Cresco Times, October 29, 1919,
and the New Hampton Gazette, December 3, 1919.

Early days at Ackworth, by Samira Craven, in the Indianola Ad-
vertiser-Trihune, October 23, 1919.

Sketch of the life of Judge A. S. Blair, in the Cedar Falls Record,
October 25, 1919, the Dubuque Journal, October 29, 1919, the
Monticello Times, October 29, 1919, and the Manchester Press,
October 30, 1919.

Legend of Indian battle, in the Boone News-Republican, October 28,
1919.

144 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Side-lights on the dispute over the county seat of Linn County, in
the Cedar Rapids Republican, October 29, 1919.

Sketch of the life of F. M. Thompson, in the Forest City Independ-
ent, October 30, 1919.

Recollections of early days, by W. H. Fee, in the Cherokee Times,
November 4, 1919.

The early history of Iowa, in the Chaiiton Herald-Patriot, Novem-
ber 6, 1919.

Sketch of the lives of Mr. and Mrs. William Cobb, in the Bedford
Times-Republican, November 6, 1919.

Some relics of a pioneer family, in the Mount Vernon Hawkeye,
November 6, 1919.

Early schools in Grove Township, Pottawattamie County, in the
Carson Critic, November 6, 1919.

Death of Push-e-ton-e-qua, last Indian chief in Iowa, in the Fort
Maddson Democrat, November 12, 1919, the Toledo Chronicle,
November 13, 1919, the Belle Plaine Gazette, November 27,
1919, and the Marengo Republican, December 3, 1919.

Burial place of Chief Wapello, in the Sigourney Review, November
12, 1919.

Location of Artillery Grove, in Wayne County, in the Leon Re-
porter, November 13, 1919.

Early settlers of Red Oak, in the Red Oak Express, November 13,
1919.

Service flags of Clarinda, in the Clarinda Journal, November 13,
1919.

Sketch of the life of Mrs. Elizabeth Dennis, "The Last of the
Thirty-Eighters ", in the Des Moines Register, November 16,
1919.

]\Iaking hay in 1848, in the Carson Critic, November 20, 1919.

Historical mounds in the vicinity of Keosauqua, in the Keosauqua
Democrat, November 23, 1919.

Biographical sketch of I. N. Kramer, in the Cedar Rapids Repub-
lican, November 23, 1919.

How the draft la\s^ worked, by F. S. Smith, in the Nevada Repre-
sentative, November 24, 1919.

Indian relics found in Decatur County, in the Boone Democrat,
November 24, 1919.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 145

A Civil War reminiscence, by C. E. Fuller, in the Keosauqua Re-
publican, November 27, 1919.

Sketch of the life of J. H. Monroe, "the drummer boy at Shiloh",
in the Des Moines Tnhune, November 27, 1919,

The story of the Duhuque Visitor, in the Dubuque Journal, Novem-
ber 30, 1919, and the Des Moines Register, December 7, 1919.

The Old Capitol, in the Centerville lowegian, December 2, 1919.

Sketch of the life of Laenas G. Weld, in the Burlington Hawk-Eye,
December 2, 1919.

The work of Nicholas Perrot, in the Dubuque Herald, December 8,
1919.

Recollections of pioneer days in Marengo, by John N. May, in the
Marengo Republican, December 3, 1919.

Marengo in 1851, by Jacob Shaffer, in the Marengo Republican,
December 3, 1919.

Some political reminiscences, by G. M. Shaw, in the Marengo Re-
publican, December 3, 1919.

Heating problems of pioneer days, in the Cedar Rapids Republican,
December 6, 1919.

Historical sketch of Congregational Church at Danville, in tlie
Burlington Hawk-Eye, December 7, 1919.

Indian springs at Fertile, in the Waterloo Tribune, December 7,
1919.

John C. Calhoun and the admission of Iowa, in the Ced<ir Rapids
Republican, December 9, 1919.

Land patent made to John Johns, in the Madrid Neivs, December

11, 1919, and the Boone News-Republican, December 16, 1919.
Early days at Logan, in the Logan Observer, December 11, 1919.
Pioneers of Bremer County in the Waverly Independent, December

12, 1919.

When prairie chickens were plentiful, in the Des Moines Register,
December 14, 1919.

Fifty years ago in Mills County, in the Glenwood Opinion, Decem-
ber 18, 1919.

Sketch of the life of Frank Curtis, in the Swea City Herald, De-
cember 18, 1919.

Early documents of Mills County, in the Gleiiivood Opinion, De-
cember 18, 1919.

voii. XVIII — 10

146 JOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Chronicles of Pacific City, in the Glemvood Opinion, December 18,

1919.
Double lynching in Mills County, in the Glemvood Opinion, Dceeiri-

ber 18, 1919.
Life in Mills County sixty-seven years ago, in the Glemvood

Opinion, December 18, 1919.
District court blotter of the fifties, in the Council Bluffs Nonpareil,

December 21, 1919.
How Osage and Ocheyedan were named, in the Des Moines Register,

December 21, 1919.
From sta^e to bus line, in the Des Moines Register, December 21,

1919.
Christmas in camp during the Civil War, by W. F. Gilbert, in the

Burlington Hawk-Eye, December 25, 1919.
In memory of George D. Perkins, in the Des Moines Capital, De-
cember 26, 1919.
Steamboat traffic on the Mississippi River, in the Fort Madison

Democrat, December 29, 1919.

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

PUBLICATIONS

Scraps of Paper is the title of a paper published in The Medford
Historical Register for July, 1919. This article refers to hotel
charges in 1805.

The "Old Fort," and Gamp-Site, by Reginald Pelham Bolton, is
one of the papers found in The Netv-York Historical Society Quar-
terly Bulletin, for October, 1919.

The Connecticut Historical Society has recently issued its Annual
Report covering the meeting on May 27, 1919.

The Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of His-
torical Societies, reported by Augustus Hunt Shearer, is reprinted
from the Annual Report of the American Historical Association
for 1916.

In addition to the proceedings of the thirty-fourth annual meet-
ing of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, the
October, 1919, issue of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical
Quarterly contains a paper by C. L. Martzolff on Lutheranism in
Perry County, Ohio.

Early Indianapolis, a monograph by Mrs. Laura Fletcher Hodges,
forms a recent number of the Indiana Historical Society Publica-
tions.

The July-September, 1919, issue of Nebraska History and. Record
of Pioneer Days contains a report of The Fort Atkinson Centennial,
held on October 11th, at Fort Calhoun near Omaha, Nebraska.
There is also an article by Albert Watkins on Why Fort Atkinson
^Was Established.

Under the title Side-lights on Booth in Oklahoma, the October,
1919, issue of Historia presents an account of a man reported to be
the real John Wilkes Booth. There is a continuation of an article
from the July number, More About Houston in Oklahoma.

147

148 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Henry Hastings Sibley and the Minnesota Frotitier, by Wilson
P. Shortridge, and War History Work in Minnesota, by Franklin
F. Holbrook, are the two articles which appear in the Minnesota
History Bulletin for August, 1919.

A continuation of San Domingo Refugees in Philadelphia, by
Jane Campbell, is found in the September number of the Records
of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia.

The Year Book of The Holland Society of New York, for the
year 1919, has recently been distributed by the Society.

Among the articles found in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts
Historical Society, volume fifty-two, are the following : The Period-
ization of History, by Ephraim Emerton, and A Course of History
at Harvard College in the Seventies, by Lindsay Swift.

The Twenty-first Biennial Report of the Board of Directors of the
Kansas State Historical Society for 1917-1919 has recently been
published.

Judge John Erskine's Test Oath Decision in the Case Ex Parte
William Law and The Case of George Mcintosh are two articles
which appear in the September, 1919, number of The Georgia His-
torical Quarterly.

Paul de Saint Pierre, the First German- American Priest of the
West, by John Rothensteiner, is one of the articles found in The
Catholic Historical Review for July-October, 1919.

The Beginnings of Prohibition, by Lucius C. Hatch, is one of the
articles published in the issue of Americana for October, 1919. This
is the story of the first prohibitory laws of ]\Iaine.

The Journal of The Preshyterian Historical Society for Septem-
ber, 1919, contains continuations of Eighteenth Century Preshy-
terianism in Western Pennsylvania, by William Wilson McKinney,
and the History of the Preshytery of New Brunswicli, by George H.
Ingram. The Dinry of the Rev. Seth Williston, edited by John
Quincy Adams, is completed in this issue.

The Life of General Ely S. Parker, by Arthur C. Parker, has
recently appeared as volume twenty-three of the Buffalo Historical

HISTOKICAL SOCIETIES 119

Society Publicatwns. General Parker attained distinction both
among the Indians and the whites; he was the last grand sachem of
the Iroquois; and served as General Grant's military secretary
during the Civil War.

The Edris and Virginia Berkley Memorial Collection of Wash-
ington Prints, by Henry J. Berkley, and another installment of the
Extracts from the Carroll Papers are among the contributions in
the Maryland Historical Magazine for September, 1919. Bohert
Smith and the Navy, by George E. Davies, Some Early Colonial
Marylanders, by McHenrj^ Howard, Extracts from the Carroll Pa-
pers, Extracts from, the Dulany Papers, and a third installment of
In Memoriam, compiled by John C. Fell, are among the papers
found in the December number.

An introductory chapter of James W. Fannin, Jr., in the Texas
Revolution, by Ruby Cumby Smith, Border Troubles Along the Rio
Grande, 1848-1860, by J. Fred Rippy, The Somerville Expedition
to the Rio Grande, 1842, by Sterling BroM^n Hendricks, and the
eighth installment of the Minutes of the Ayuntamiento of San
Felipe de Austin, 1828-1832, edited by Eugene C. Barker, are pa-
pers found in the October, 1919, issue of The Southwestern His-
torical Quarterly.

A Forgotten Trail, by James H. ^McManus, The Kensington Rune
Stone, by H. R. Holand, Historic Spots in Wisconsin, by W. A.
Titus, Observations of a Contract Surgeon, by William F. Whyte,
and a fourth installment of The Story of Wisconsin, 1634-1848, by
Louise Phelps Kellogg, are article which appear in The Wisconsin
Magazine of History for December, 1919.

The three papers which appear in the Indiana Magazine of His-
tory for September, 1919, are as follows: Pioneer Experiences in
Pennsylvania, Kentuclty, Ohio and Indiana, 1766-1836, a memoir
by Spencer Records; Journal of Ehenezer Mattoon Chamberlain
1832-5, edited by Louise Fogle; and Indiana in the Mexican War,
by R. C. Buley. The last mentioned article is continued in the
December number, which also contains a Memoir of Colonel Isaac
White, by George Fauntleroy White, and a paper on The New
Albany-Salem Railroad — Incidents of Road and Men, by George
Carter Perring.

150 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Missourians in Service, bj' Harvey C. Clark, Major Benjamin
Hollidmj, by Anna Lee Brosius Korn, The Followers of Duden, by
William G. Bek, One Hundred Years of Medicine in Missouri, by
H. W. Loeb, Inefficiency of Water Transportation in Missouri — A
Geographical Factor in the Development of Railroads, by Sam T.
Britton, Shelby's Expedition to Mexico, by John N. Edwards, and
a fourth article on Early Days on Grand River and the Mormon
War, by Rollin J. Britton, are contributions found in The Missouri
Historical Review, for October, 1919.

In The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society for September,
1919, are the following papers and articles: The Pioneer, by Joseph
N. Teal; Qualities of the Oregon Pioneers, by Frederick V. Holmau:
The British Side of the Restoration of Fort Astoria, by Katherine
B. Judson; and a sixth installment of The Federal Relations of
Oregon, by Lester Burrell Shippee.

The Indiana Centennial, 1916, edited by Harlow Lindley, has
recently appeared as one of the volumes in the Indiana Historical
Collections. As the title implies, the volume is a record of the cele-
bration of the one hundredth anniversary of Indiana's admission
as a State, and it includes an account of the settlement of Indiana,
a report of the work of the Indiana Historical Commission, descrip-
tions of the various programs, and a number of addresses.

The American Historical Review for October, 1919, contains two
brief papers on topics of current interest : Notes on the Beginnings
of Aeronautics in America, by George E. Hastings, and The Collec-
tion of State War Service Records, by Franklin F. Holbrook. The
issue for January, 1920, contains an address by William R. Thayer,
president of the American Historical Association, on Fallacies in
History. Slavery and the Beginnings of Industrialism in the Amer-
ican Colonies, by ]\Iarcus W. Jernegan, is another article found in
this number.

New Orleans, A Treasure House for Historians, by Clarence
Wyatt Bispham, The Emblematic Bird of Louisiana, by Stanley
Clisby Arthur, Celebration of the Founding of New Orleans, by
Charles Barret, with a translation by Grace King, A Sketch of Gen-

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 151

cral G. T. Beauregard, hy R. T. Beauregard, Women of the Sixties,
by Florence Cooney Tompkins, Historical Notes on the Commerce
and Agriculture of Louisiana, 1720-1766, by Charles Gayarre, and
Reminiscences of Days That Are Gone, by F. B. McDowell, are
articles published in The Louisiana Historical Quarterly for July,
1919.

A continuation of A Tour in 1807 Down the Cumherland, Ohio
and Mississippi Rivers from Nashville to Neiv Orleans, by John R.
Bedford, is to be found in the Tennessee Historical Magazine for
July, 1919. Other articles in this number are the following: Por-
trait of General Robert Armstrong, by Robert Ewing; The Battle
of Shiloh, by T. M. Hurst; and an article on The Management of
Negroes Upon Southern Estates — An Echo of Slave Days in the
Southland.

The October number of the Historical Collections of the Essex
Itistitute contains the follo\ving papers and articles : A Genealogical-
Historical Visitation of Groveland, Mass., in the Year 1863, by
Alfred Poore ; Some Account of Steam, Navigation in New England,
by Francis B. C. Bradlee ; and a continuation of Beverly in 1700,
by Sidney Perley. In the issue for January, 1920, Francis B. C.
Bradlee contributes a paper on The Dreadnought of Netvhury Port,
and there is a fourth chapter of Beverly in 1700, by Sidney Perley.

Western Travel, 1800-1820, by Harlow Lindley, The French
Council of Commerce in Relation to American Trade, by Ella Lonn,
The United States Factory System for Trading with the Indians,
1796-1822, by Roj^al B, Way, and Historical Activities in Canada^
1918-1919, by Lawrence J. Burpee, are the four articles which ap-
pear in The Mississippi Valley Historical Review for September,
1919. In the number for December are the following articles and
papers: New Light on Don Diego de Penalosa, by Charles W.
Hackett ; The Last Meeting of the Confederate Cabinet, by James
E. Walmsley; The Khaki Journalists, 1917-1919, by Arthur M.
Schlesinger; and Historical Activities in the Trans-Mississippi^
Northwest, 1917-1919, by John C. Parish.

152 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ACTIVITIES

The Indiana History Conference met at Indianapolis on Decem-
ber 10-11, 1919, under the auspices of The Society of Indiana
Pioneers. The program covered both State and local history.

At a meeting of the Historical Society of Marshall County held
at Marshalltown on October 3, 1919, President J. H. T. Main of
Grinnell College gave an address on "America and Its Overseas
Obligations ' '.

The Ohio Valley Historical Association held its twelfth annual
meeting at Berea College, Kentucky, on October 16-18, 1919.
Wilbur H. Siebert was elected president and Elizabeth Crowther
secretar3\

The Kentucky State Historical Society has issued a supplement
to Catalogue No. 5, giving information concerning the Society and
its work.

The thirty-fifth annual meeting of the American Historical Asso-
ciation held at Cleveland, Ohio, on December 29-31, 1919, was the
first for two years, the thirty-fourth having been omitted. Edward
Channing of Harvard University was chosen president of the Asso-
ciation for the ensuing year, and John Spencer Bassett of Smith
College was made secretary.

The Nebraska State Historical Society, in conjunction with vari-
ous other organizations, prepared a program for the celebration of
the one hundredth anniversary of the arrival of United States sol-
diers in Nebraska and the establishment of Fort Atkinson which,
from 1819-1827, was the most western post garrisoned by United
States troops. The celebration was held near Omaha on October
11, 1919. Albert AVatkins delivered an address on the Historical
Significance of the Fort Atkinson Cefitennial Celehration, Col. G. L.
Townsend spoke on The Sixth Infantry Regiment, and Col. B. W.
Atkinson described The Founders of Fort Atkinson.

At the annual meeting of the American Historical Association
which convened at Cleveland, Ohio, on December 29-31, 1919, there
was held a joint session of the Conference of Historical Societies
and the National Association of State War History Organizations.

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 153

The preservation of war material was discussed by Wallace H.
Cathcart, of the Western Reserve Historical Society. Frank H.
Severance of the Buffalo Historical Society, and Frank M. Gregg
of Cleveland. The publication of war material was discussed by
Arthur K. Davis, of the Virginia War History Commission, and
Benj. F. Shambaugh of The State Historical Society of Iowa.
George S. Godard of the Connecticut State Library was chosen
chairman of the Conference of Historical Societies for the year
1920, and John C. Parish of The State Historical Society of Iowa
was made secretary,

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA
Fort Des Moines in loiva History, by Ruth A. Gallaher, and The
Writing of War History in Iowa, bj' ]\Iarcus L. Hansen, are two
numbers recently added to the Iowa and War series published by
The State Historical Society of Iowa. An index number completes
this series of pamphlets. A number of volumes covering Iowa's
part in the World War in a comprehensive form are now being pre-
pared for publication by the Society.

The following persons have recently been elected to membership
in the Society: Mr. W. H. Antes, West Union, Iowa; Mr. Allan F.
Beck, Mason City, Iowa ; Mr. Hugh S. Bell, Clear Lake, Iowa ; Mr.
Sauer C. Bell, Waterloo, Iowa ; Mrs. Jennie I. Berry, Cedar Rapids,
Iowa ; Mr. James L. Cameron, Eldora, Iowa ; Mrs. Floyd L. Cham-
berlain, Waterloo, Iowa; Miss Helen Clapp, West Union, Iowa;
Miss Florence L. Clark, McGregor, Iowa; Mr. Woodworth Clum,
Davenport, Iowa; Mr. E. E. Dotson, Colfax, Iowa; Mr. M. 0. Fonts,
Independence, Iowa; Dr. Q. C. Fuller, Milford, Iowa; Mrs. B. B.
Grifi&th, Harlan, Iowa; Miss Mabel Huebsch, Le Mars, Iowa; Mrs.
Mary H. S. Johnston, Humboldt, Iowa; Miss Mabel H. Kenea,
Clarinda, Iowa; Mr. Ralph H. King, Primghar, Iowa; Mr. Robert
L. Leach, Adel, Iowa; Mr. Arthur H. McKechnie, Nevada, Iowa:
Mrs. Blanche F. Miller, Tipton, Iowa; Mrs. Evelyn S. O'Dea, Des
Moines, Iowa ; Miss Bertha K. Sargent, Grundy Center, Iowa ; Mr.
Chester B. Schouten, Keokuk, Iowa ; Mr. Alfred C. Smith, Clinton,
Iowa; Mr, Heman Hale Smith, Lamoni, Iowa; Mrs. Ida B. Smith,
Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; Mr. Lome F. Smylie, Missouri Valley, Iowa ;
Mr. Earl W. Vincent, Guthrie Center, Iowa ; Mrs. T. W. Watkins,

154 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Montgomery, Iowa; Mrs. Elizabeth Springer Whipple, Wapello,
Iowa; Mr. David R. Witter, Council Bluffs, Iowa; Mr. H. C. Adams,
Algona, Iowa; Mr. E. P. Adler, Davenport, Iowa; Mr. Chester N.
Ambler, Odebolt, Iowa; Mr. F. W. Annis, Osage, Iowa; Dr. David
E. Beardsley, Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; Mr. M. L. Beazley, Washta,
loAva ; Mr. F. F. Benedict, South English, Iowa ; Mr. N. J. Breekner,
West Union, Iowa; Mi-s. Fred S. Brown, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Mr.
Paul Brown, Indianola, Iowa ; Mr. John Burianek, Jr., Cedar Rap-
ids, Iowa; Mr. Rush C. Butler, Chicago, Illinois; Mr. C. D. Car-
penter, Webster City, Iowa; Mr. Howard J. Clark, Des Moines,
Iowa; Mr. L. C. W. Clearman, Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. James H.
Cochrane, Bella, Iowa; Mr. Gardner Cowles, Des Moines, Iowa;
Mr. Raym. L. Davison, Wapello, Iowa; Mr. Sidney J. Dillon, Des
Moines, Iowa; Mr. W, J. Doyle, Davenport, Iowa; Rt. Rev. T. W.
Drumm, Des Moines, Iowa ; Miss Flora Dunlap, Des i\Ioines, Iowa ;
Mr. John M. Ely, Cedar Rapids, loAva; Mr. E. H. Estey, West
Union, Iowa; Mr. Burt Forbes, Laurens, Iowa; ]\Ir. F. H. French,
Davenport, Iowa ; Mr. L. D. Frisbee, Sheldon, Iowa ; ]Mr. 0. F.
Fryer, Fairfield, Iowa ; Mr. J. G. Gamble, Des IMoines, Iowa ; Mr.
Warren Garst, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. W. M. Gewehr, Sioux City,
Iowa; ]\Ir. C. G. Greene, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Mr. Orville C. Greene,
Clarinda, Iowa ; Miss Mae Gustafson, Des Moines, Iowa ; ^Mr. Chas.
R. Hannan, Jr., Council Bluffs, Iowa; Mr. Wm. C. Harbaeh, Des
Moines, Iowa ; ]\Ir. Horace G. Hedges, Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; jVlr.
L. H. Henrj", Sioux City, Iowa; Mr. Henry B. Holsman. Guthrie
Center, Iowa; Mr. Charles E. Hughes, Belle Plaine, Iowa; Mr.
Forest Huttenlocher, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. Milo I. Johnson,
Laurens, Iowa; Mr. Reson S. Jones, Des. Moines, Iowa; Mr. Chas.
W. Kline, Waterloo, Iowa; Mr. N. G. Kraschel, Harlan, Iowa; Miss
Lillian Leffert, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. D. E. Lomas, Villisca, Iowa;
Mr. D. L. McMurry, Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. W. E. Mitchell, Council
Bluffs, Iowa ; Mr. Joe H. Morris, Albia, Iowa ; ]\Ir. George A. Mullin,,
Cedar Rapids, Iowa; i\Ir. E. B. Mj^ers, Sheldon, Iowa; Mr. C. M.
Parker, Cedar Falls, loAva; Mr. John L. Peterson, Webster City,
Iowa; Mr. J. C. Pryor, Jr., Council Bluffs, Iowa; Miss Hazel Put-
nam, Woodbine, Iowa; Mr. W. C. Ramsay, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr.
Harry M. Reed, Independence, Iowa; ]Mr. H. F. Rouey, West
Union, Iowa ; Mr. D. L. Ross, Council Bluffs, Iowa ; Dr. Fred C.

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 155

Sage, Waterloo, Iowa; ]Mr. E. R. Sayles Guthrie Center, Iowa; Mr.
Earl Smith, Mason City, Iowa ; Mr. Frank S. Smith, Nevada, Iowa ;
Mr. R. A. Stevenson, Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. Roe P. Thompson, Des
Moines, Iowa; Dr. C. F. Wahrer, Fort Madison, Iowa; Mr. E. W.
Waterbury, New York City; Mr. Frank G. Weeks, Carson, Iowa;
^Irs. Mary E. Wheelock, Eldora, Iowa ; Mr. G. R. Ahrens, Belle
Plaine, Iowa; Mr. Walter E. Anderson, Clarinda, Iowa; Mr. E. L.
Balz, Mason City, Iowa; Mr. James E. Blythe, Mason City, Iowa;
Mr. C. 0. Button, Sheldon, Iowa; Mr. Frank Ephraim Chesley,
Goldsboro, North Carolina; Mr. J. H. Cline, West Union, Iowa;
Mr. Geo. A. Crane, Dexter, Iowa; Mr. J. C. Dennison, Bellevue,
Iowa ; Mr. John W. Dilts, Randolph, Iowa ; Mr. M. H. Drif traier,
Clarinda, Iowa ; Mr. Fred M. Enders, Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; ^Ir.
H. II. Epperson, Sioux City, Iowa; Mr. B. F. Fast, Villisca, Iowa;
Mr. Hugo Gebert, Denison, Iowa; Dr. Ed A. Hanske, Bellevue,
Iowa ; Mr. W. B. Hays, Centerville, Iowa ; Mr. Allen Edward
Hickey, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. F. M. Hopkins, Guthrie Center,
Iowa ; Mr. R. S. Howell, Des Moines, Iowa ; Mr. Vernon Johnson,
Sidney, Iowa ; Mr. Geo. Kuhns, Des Moines, Iowa ; j\Ir. F. ]\I. Laird,
Tabor, Iowa; Mr. William E. Lamb, Evanston, Illinois; Mrs. Lewis
R. Lewis, Fonda, Iowa ; Mr. Norman A. Madson, Bode, Iowa ; Mr.
Calvin Manning, Ottumwa, Iowa ; Mr. C. W. Mitchell, Sidney,
Iowa; Mr. T. E. Moen, Inwood, Iowa; I\Ir. Albert B. Moore, Ames,
Iowa ; Mr. Alfred C. Mueller, Davenport, Iowa ; Mr. Frank W.
Mueller, Davenport, Iowa ; Mr. T. L. Myers, Guthrie Center, Iowa ;
Mr. John W. Neasham, Ottumwa, Iowa; ]Mr. E. G. Nourse, Ames,
Iowa ; Mr. L. Oransky, Des IMoines, Iowa ; ]\Ir. F. D. Peet, Iowa
Falls, Iowa ; Mr. L. R. Roberts, Adel, Iowa ; Mr. Fred W. Schneider,
West Union, Iowa; Mr. Clarence C. Sehrier, Indianola, Iowa; Mr.
Leon H. Smalley, Hamburg, Iowa ; Mr. John E. Stansbury, Cedar
Rapids, Iowa ; Mr. George B. Stewart, Fort Madison, Iowa ; Mr.
Leo D. Thoma, Fairfield, Iowa; Mr. Robert Tipton, Belle Plaine,
Iowa; Mr. John P. Wallace, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. Nelson W.
Wehrhan, Tabor, Iowa ; Mr. Leonard H. Wells, Minneapolis. Min-
nesota ; and Mr. G. C. Wyland, Avoca, Iowa. The following per-
sons have been enrolled as life members: Mr. E. E. Clark, Des
Moines, Iowa; and Mr. C. W. Wassam, Iowa City, Iowa.

NOTES AND COMMENT

The thirty-fourth annual reunion of the Van Buren County Vet-
eran Association was held at Keosauqua, on October 2, 1919. James
A. Fowler was reelected president and R. R. McBeth was again
chosen secretary.

An old settlers reunion was held at Fairfield, on October 1, 1919.
The following officers were elected : Russell Smith, president ; B. T.
Raines, vice president; and Wra. L. Long, treasurer.

A meeting of the old settlers of Dickinson County was held at
Milford, on October 25, 1919, and an organization known as the
Old Settlers Association of Dickinson County was formed. Gunder
Mattheson was elected president and J. F. Ewen secretary- of the
Association.

The annual reunion of the Twenty-fifth Iowa Infantry was held
at Burlington on October 7 and 8, 1919. Only eighty-seven of the
original 1136 men are now living and only thirty-six of these were
able to attend the meeting. Col. D. J. Palmer, the. former com-
mander of the regiment, gave the principal address.

The twenty-second annual convention of the League of Iowa
Municipalities was held at Muscatine on September 16-18, 1919.
R. S. ]McNutt, mayor of ]\Iuscatine, gave the address of welcome
and Ben P. Poor presented the work of the League. Frank G.
Pierce submitted the report of the secretary-treasurer.

The thirty-first annual reunion of the Eighteenth Iowa Infantrj^
was held at Chariton, on October 7 and 8, 1919. Wm. E. Beardsley
was chosen president and R. M. Adams vice president.

A history of Wright County's part in the war has recently been
placed on sale by the publishers, Osten Sacken & Jones.

A bulletin has been issued by the Iowa Press and Author's Club
commending The Midland for its contributions to the literature of
the Middle West.

156

NOTES AND COMMENT 157

The Seventeenth Iowa Veteran Infantry held a reunion at Pella,
on October 23, 1919. Only twelve of the original 1045 men an-
swered the roll call at this meeting. John A. Crozier was elected
president and Alec Trimble vice president for the ensuing year.

The Adams County Veterans Association held its annual reunion
at Coming on October 4, 1919. Samuel Brown and Col. Claude M.
Stanley were the prinqipal speakei-s.

The war history of Calhoun County has been completed and will
soon be printed. Efforts are also being made to complete the Buena
Vista County war history. The volumes on MarsMll Cminty in the
World War are now being distributed.

The association of pioneers known as the Hawkey e Natives is
planning a State- wide organization to include societies in every
county of Iowa. The objects of the society are social and historical.
The association is now incorporated with headquarters at Burling-
ton, in Des Moines County. A second Hawkeye Natives society for
Lee County is now being considered.

The Wisconsin War History Commission, organized in October,
1919, with John 0. Gregory as secretary, is planning the publication
of a history of the Thirty-second Division to be compiled under the
supervision of General Haan. An official history of Wisconsin's
part in the World War is also under w'ay.

The fourteenth annual reunion of the Hornet 's Nest Brigade was
held at Perry, on October 22 and 23, 1919. This is the brigade
which distinguished itself at the battle of Shiloh and vrhich included
the Second, Seventh, Eighth, Twelfth, and Fourteenth Iowa regi-
ments. Col. D. J. Palmer was reelected commander of the brigade
and a vice president was chosen from each of the regiments. J. E.
Kent was reelected secretary and treasurer. Stanley Trevarthen
and Lieut. W. R. Polonius gave addresses on patriotic subjects.

JESSE MACY

Professor Jesse Macy died at Grinuell, on November 2, 1919.
He was bom in Henry County, Indiana, on June 21, 1842, and came
to Iowa while a child. In 1870 he was graduated from Iowa College,
now Grinnell College, and became an instructor in that institution

158 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

the following year. He was made Professor of Political Science in
1888 and served in this capacity until 1912. Professor j\Iacy was
among the first to realize the importance of teaching civil govern-
ment in the schools. In addition to his work as an instructor,
Professor Macy found time to publish a large number of books on
government and political science. Among these the following may
be mentioned : Civil Government in Iowa; The English Constitution;
Political Parties in the United States, 1846-61; and The Anti-
Slavery Crusade. Although of Quaker origin, Mr. jNIacy served
during the Civil War in hospital and non-combatant service and in
the World War he was outspoken in his opposition to the German
government.

PUSH-E-TON-E-QUA

Push-e-ton-e-qua, the last Indian chief in the United States rec-
ognized as such by the government, died at his home on the reserva-
tion near Toledo, on November 6, 1919. He was buried on a hill
overlooking the Iowa River, with funeral rites due a chief. The
funeral oration was delivered in the Indian language by John Jones,
one of the younger men of the tribe.

Push-e-ton-e-qua vs^as born near Marengo — probably in 1842, the
very year the Sac and Fox Indians ceded their Iowa lands to the
whites. In 1847 he went to Kansas with the other members of the
tribe, but returned to Iowa about 1858 with some of the homesick
Indians who had determined to live in their beloved Iowa. In 1882,
he became the chief of the Meskwakis and has continued in that po-
sition until his death, although his right to the office has been con-
tested by other claimants. Push-e-ton-e-qua was acquainted with
many of the influential men of the locality and at Washington.
Progressive in some things, he was yet steadfastly attached to the
Indian customs and his death removes one of the picturesque figures
in the history of Iowa.

LAENAS G. WELD

Laenas Gifford Weld, whose death occurred at Pullman, Illinois,
on November 29, 1919, was one of the distinguished men of Iowa.
He was bom at Sherwood, Michigan, on December 30, 1862, and

NOTES AND COMMENT 159

was graduated from the State University of Iowa in 1888. After
two years experience in the Burlington high school, Mr. Weld re-
turned to the University in 1886 as assistant professor of mathe-
matics. In 1889 he became head of the department and served in
this position until 1911. In addition to his departmental work he
served as Dean of the Graduate College from 1900-1907, Director
of the School of Applied Science from 1903-1905, and Dean of the
College of Liberal Arts from 1907-1910. In 1911 Mr. Weld became
the Director of the Pullman Free School of Manual Training,
founded at Pullman, Illinois, under a bequest of George ^I. Pullman.

CONTRIBUTORS

Cyril Bryce Upham, Instructor in Political Science in The
State University of Iowa. (See The Iowa Journal of His-
tory AND Politics for January, 1919, p. 152.)

Louis Bernard Schmidt, Associate Professor of History in
the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
( See The Iowa Journal op History and Politics for October ,^
1912, p. 593.)

KiO

STATE HISTOBICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

EwAm.tffiBKD ST Law in thb Tub 18S7

iNOOkPOBATKD : 1867 AND 1893

LooATXD AT Iowa Oitt Iowa

LOWB
J. KIBKWOOD

r. H. LEE

FORMER PRESIDENTS
JAME8 W. GEIMES, First President
W. PENN CLABKE
EOBEBT HUTCHINSON
M. J. MOBSMAN
WILLIAM G. HAMMOND

GEORGE G. WEIGHT
JOSIAH L. PICKAKD
PETER A. DET

OFFICERS

BENJAMIN R SHAMBAXIGH Sup»nrann)iNT

EUCLID 8ANDEBS

..PBunmi*

PAUL A. KOBAB.

.TBHAaraai

BOARD OF CURATORS

Bleated »y the SooUty

Appointed by the Governor |

J. W. BlOH

-A-r. AlXW. ■/>■■;. •;■

J. J, MoOOMNZUi

EUCUD SAin>l«8

Hbmbt ALBma

Mabsh W. BAiutir

John T, Mofitp

Abthub J. Oox

S. A. SwisHn

J. P. Ckuxsmbakk

Btbon W.

NXWBIBKT

Ma»vin H. Drr

Chas. B. PnaoBw |

Gso.

E. QuxB

J. B.

WXAV»

MEMBERSHIP

Any person may become a member of Thb Stats Histobioal Socism' o?
Iowa npon election by the Board of Curators and the payment of an entrance fee
of $3.00.

Membership in this Society may be retained after the first year upon the
payment of $3.00 annually.

Members of the Society shall be entitled to receive the quarterly and all other
publications of the Society during the continuance of their membership.

Address all Communications io

The Statb Historioal Sooett Iowa City Iowa

THE

JOURINAL

Storj'eaxd Politics

iblisKcd Quarterly by

ORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

at City lowev

Iowa M iecond-clMB matter under act of OcE{n"eM of Jvij 16 ISfri

*JOHN C. PARISH

Vol XVIIl

xVPRII.

1920

s,...

'ial Munici

CONTEI>

1836-1858
Geoege F.

)al Oharters in Towa,

Rqbp:son

Northwestern Iowa in 1855 J. L. Inoalsbe

Gen. Lew. Wallace at Shiloh: How he was Convinced of
an Error after Forty Years Joseph W. Kich

Some Publications .....

We.sttMu Americana ......

lowana ........

Historical Societies ....

Notes and Comraent

Contributors .......

163

271

SOI

309
313
313
324

330
331

THE IOWA JOUEML OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

PUBLISHUD QUAETEELY
' AT IOWA CITT
UB SCEIPTION PSIOi: $$1.0 0 SiNGLI NOMBKB: 50 CiNTI

Address all Communications to
The State Historical Sooikty Iowa Cray Iowa

THE IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTOEY AND POLITICS

APRIL NINETEEN HUNDRED TWENTY

VOLUME EIGHTEEN NUMBER TWO

VOL, XVIII — 11

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHAETEES IN IOWA

1836-1858

For several centuries the special charter method for the
incorporation of municipalities was followed both in Eng-
land and in America. During the nineteenth century, how-
ever, the evils of special legislation became so apparent
that the practice of granting special charters to municipal
corporations was prohibited by constitutional provision
in most of the Commonwealths of America.

The experience of Iowa relative to special charters is
similar to that of other States. Here special charters
were granted by the legislature during the period from
1836 to 1858. But in 1857 a clause was placed in the new
Constitution prohibiting special laws ''for the incorpora-
tion of cities and towns". During the period from 1836
to 1858 there were, however, two general incorporation acts
— one enacted by the Territorial legislature of Wisconsin
(which remained in force until 1840), and one enacted in
1847 by the Iowa State legislature which operated until the
enactment of the general incorporation law of 1858. Since
1858 most of the cities operating under special charters
have voluntarily given them up and have organized under
the general act. Only five cities still retain their special
charters.

The sixty charters and their amendments which were
voted to the special charter cities between 1836 and 1858
form the basis of this study. The aim has been to show
the outline of the government of the cities operating under
this plan. In this article no attempt has been made to

163

164 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

interpret the provisions of the charters nor to present the
decision of the courts relative thereto.

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

The people who settled in the Iowa country at the close
of the Black Hawk War^ came for the most part from the
older settled regions east of the Mississippi Eiver — es-
pecially from the jurisdictions which had been carved out
of the Old Northwest. In many instances the ideas of
political organization which they attempted to put into
operation in the newly opened country were not adapted
to the conditions of a frontier community.

A tendency to adopt the statute laws of other jurisdic-
tions has been especially noted in connection with the estab-
lishment of county and township government in Iowa. In
fact some of the earlier statutes providing government for
these local units were taken bodily and without discrimina-
tion from the early statutes of Ohio.^ The same lack of
discriminating judgment is clearly seen in the early laws of
Iowa relative to municipal government. Thus the practice
of granting special charters to cities and towns was adopted
from Wisconsin and Michigan without question,®

Nor was the granting of special municipal charters an
original idea with the pioneer lawmakers of Iowa ; neither
was it the creative work of the people of the States formed
out of the Old Northwest. Indeed, special municipal char-
ters were common in colonial times — a fact which suggests
their origin in England.'* It appears that the first English

1 Salter's Iowa: The First Free State in the Louisiana Purchase, p. 157.

sAumer's History of Township Government in Iowa, pp. 27-32. Little
discrimination seems to have been exercised in the selection of laws because
sections of the adopted law having to do with the duties of officers were copied
when these particular offices had not as yet been created.

3 See below, note 26.

4 Dillon's Municipal Corporations (5th edition), Vol. I, p. 24.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 165

charter for the incorporation of a city was granted in 1439
to the borough of Kingston-upon-Hull ;^ but the movement
for the incorporation of cities really began with the acces-
sion of the Tudors at the close of the fifteenth century.

The early English charters did not provide for the incor-
poration of the whole body of citizens, but only of the few —
the oligarchy — with whom the chief authority of the muni-
cipality rested. Thus, the granting of special privileges
to a few whom the King could control made his influence
over Parliament all the more potent owing to the fact that
many of its members were elected by the boroughs in which
the incorporated oligarchies were supreme. Moreover, the
purpose of these special municipal charters in England
seems to have been not to make the boroughs more indepen-
dent or to encourage self-government, but rather to coerce
them into harmony with the policy of the royal government
which leaned toward centralization.^ As late as 1830 the
English cities were under the control of the wealthy class.

The inhabitants of these chartered cities in England were
cfeprived of nearly all of the powers of local self-govern-
ment and were ruled by officers whom they were powerless
to change. Indeed, local governments were so unrepresen-
tative that it was useless to give them any of the new func-
tions of administration. The care of the poor, lighting,
and the paving of streets were functions discharged outside
the corporation itself. In fact the corporation ''embraced
only such matters as the care of municipal property, the
issue of police ordinances, and the discharge of certain
functions connected with the administration of justice."^
As a matter of fact the borough was not looked upon as a
local organization for the performance of governmental

5 Goodnow 's Municipal Government, p. 68.
cGoodnow's Municipal Government, pp. 68, 69.
7 Goodnow 's Municipal Government, p. 70.

166 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

functions within the municipal area : it was viewed, on the
one hand, as a juristic person with property of its own to be
made use of for the benefit of those entitled to it (who
were not many in number) and, on the other hand, as a
mere delegate of the state government, for which it acted
in matters of state rather than of local concern — as, for
example, in the administration of justice.^

From the mother country the early colonists brought to
America, along with the Common Law, the English form of
municipal government; and so the chartered borough be-
came an American institution. During the colonial period
twenty boroughs were chartered. The first of these was
New York, ''which dates its civic existence from 1653, be-
came an English municipal corporation in 1665, and re-
ceived its first charter in 1686."^ Sixteen of the other
charters granted during this period were similar to that of
New York and were modeled upon those existing in England
at that time.

Colonial municipal charters were granted by the provin-
cial governors of the colonies, in much the same way that
the English towns received their charters from the Crown
or Parliament. The principal authority was vested in the
council composed of the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and
assistants or councilmen as they were sometimes called.
This council acted as a single body, and in addition to the
usual administrative functions performed certain judicial
duties. ^^

Although the early colonial charters were in general like
those in England during the same period, there was one
important difference in organization: in only three of the
American cities was the governing authority made a ''close

sGoodnow's Municipal Government, pp. 70, 71.
9Fairlie's Municipal Administration, p. 72.
loFairlie's Municipal Administration, p. 73.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 167

corporation". In the three instances where the governing
authority was a close corporation, the aldermen and council-
men held their positions for life, and vacancies were filled
by the common council which thus became a self -perpetu-
ating body ; but with the exceptions noted the towns elected
their common council by popular vote, under a restricted
franchise, for a term varying from one year to life. The
mayor was either chosen by the aldermen from their own
number, as in the close corporation, or he was appointed
by the colonial governor. His term was invariably one
year, although reappointments were not uncommon. ^^

After the colonies had secured their independence the
State legislatures took upon themselves the authority of
granting charters to municipalities — a power hitherto
exercised by the colonial governor.^^ The first legislative
charters were very similar to those which had been granted
at an earlier time ; indeed, there were few if any important
developments in municipal organization and powers. The
close corporation, however, soon ceased to exist, and the
council was made an elective body. By the end of the
eighteenth century municipalities had come to be complete-
ly controlled by legislatures ; and not even existing charters
were '* recognized as barring any measure the legislature
might feel disposed to enact. "^^

The complete supremacy of the State legislatures over
cities marks an important epoch in the history of municipal
government in the United States. Whatever might have
been the motive in bringing about this situation the results
seem to have been unfortunate. This is evidenced by the
fact that the early charters granted by the legislature were
very narrow in the scope of the powers conferred upon

iiFairlie's Municipal Administration, pp. 73, 74.
i2Fairlie's Municipal Administration, pp. 77, 78.
IiFairlie's Municipal Administraiion, pp. 78, 79.

168 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

cities, and included only the right to ''exercise judicial
powers through the special courts that were established, the
right to issue police regulations, and the right to manage
the property with which the cities were endowed by the
charter ' '. Furthermore, the only income of the municipali-
ties was derived from fines or revenue from city property.
They had no taxing power, but usually had authority to
borrow money.^^

The extremely narrow field in which the cities were au-
thorized to operate resulted in repeated applications to the
legislature for relief and for an enlargement of power. The
State legislature having assumed the authority to grant
charters, the cities were powerless to act or exercise any
function not "expressly granted or necessarily implied"
by their charter, and in interpreting the provisions of char-
ters the courts have been very rigid.^^

In the earlier years the idea prevailed that a charter was
a contract that could not be altered without the consent of
the contracting parties. Following this interpretation the
State legislatures made only those changes in the charters
which were demanded by the petitioning cities ; but by 1850
this idea had apparently been abandoned, since the legis-
latures were then enacting special laws for incorporated
cities without their consent or approval — a practice which
was upheld by the courts.^^ This attitude of the State legis-
latures was most unfortunate since it led to an era of special
legislation the evils of which were clearly apparent almost
from the first. Such was the dissatisfaction that in many
States sections were inserted in the State Constitution
prohibiting the enactment of any special legislation.^^

14 Goodnow 's Municipal Government, p. 80.
isGoodnow's Municipal Government, pp. 80, 81.

16 Goodnow 's Municipal Government, p. 80.

17 Constitution of Iowa, 1857, Art. Ill, Sec. 30.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 169

Finally, in America an era of general incorporation acts
for cities and towns followed the English practice which
began in 1835. After prohibiting special legislation by
constitutional provision or amendment, some States abol-
ished ''all special charters, or all with enumerated excep-
tions" and enacted ^^ general provisions for the incorpora-
tion, regulation, and government of municipal corpora-
tion, "i^

In Iowa since 1857 incorporation of cities and towns
under a general law has been the rule, based upon a statu-
tory classification of municipalities. Cities and towns of
Iowa operating under special charter at the time of the
adoption of the present Constitution, although unaffected
by the general statute, were granted permission to give up
their charters and organize under the general law.^^ Even
though a city may be operating under a special charter, the
legislature in Iowa may pass laws affecting it in the same
manner that legislation may be enacted for any other class
of cities. ^*^ Although special legislation was prohibited by
the Constitution of 1857, statutes may be found which are
in reality special legislation. But such laws are framed in
general terms and the Supreme Court has not declared any
of them invalid. An illustration of this type of legislation
is the statute of 1902 which provides for the creation and
establishment of a board of police and fire commissioners in
cities having a population of more than sixty thousand — a
law which at the time could apply to only one city in the
State, namely, Des Moines. ^^

The first special charters granted to municipalities in the
Iowa country were enacted by the legislature of the original

18 Dillon's Municipal Corporations (5th edition), Vol. I, p. 96.

19 Code of 1S97, See. 631.

20 Code of 1S97, Sees. 933-1056.

21 Laws of Iowa, 1902, Ch. 31.

170 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Territory of WiscoDsin for the cities of Burlington and
Fort Madison.-^ Although they were approved on the
same day (January 19, 1838) and follow the same general
plan these charters differ greatly in detail. While both
charters provided for an annual election of officers by the
qualified voters, it appears that they differ as to the time
of holding election, the number of officers, and the quali-
fications of voters. The Burlington charter, strangely
enough, provided that the officers should "be commissioned
by the governor of the territory ".^^ Moreover the Fort
Madison charter permitted the council to appoint the sub-
ordinate officers. Both charters authorized the council to
levy taxes, but the basis for such levy was ad valorem in
the Burlington charter, while in the Fort Madison charter
the levy was on a percentage scale. Indeed the charter
granted to Burling-ton seems to have been very liberal since
the council was authorized to borrow money "for any public
purpose", and the people were given an opportunity to
vote on the acceptance of the charter. Both of these char-
ters contained the provision that ' ' any future legislature ' '
might alter, amend, or repeal "this act".

The first legislature of the Territory of Iowa, which
convened at Burlington in 1838, following the example of
the Wisconsin legislation, enacted special charters for
Bloomington (now Muscatine )2-' and Davenport.^'^ The
Bloomington charter was almost identical in its provisions
with the Fort Madison charter mentioned above — as were
also the charters of Salem, Farmington, Iowa City, and
Mount Pleasant which were granted at a later date. In-
deed, it appears that the statutes of the original Territory

22 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 470, 481.

23 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 471.

24 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 248.

25 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 265.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 171

of Wisconsin and of the State of Michigan not only fur-
nished the model, but also provided the content for the first
charters which were granted by the Territorial legislature
of lowa.^*'

At the second session of the Iowa Legislative Assembly,
in 1839-1840, the towns of Salem and Dubuque were voted
charters ; and in the following year Farmington, Nashville,
and Iowa City were permitted to incorporate under special
acts.2^ Davenport and Mount Pleasant were granted new
charters in 1842, and at the same session Fort Madison and
Keosauqua were authorized to incorporate under special
charters.^'^ During the next two regular sessions of the
Assembty no special charters were granted, although at
the session of 1843-1844 the Iowa City charter of 1841 was
revived and declared to be in full force.^^ Burlington
received a new charter in 1845, and in the following year
Dubuque was given a second charter.^*' Thus a total of

2« Compare the Laws of Michigan, 1835-1836, pp. 174-179, 179-184, 184-
188; Laios of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 481-485; Laivs of the
Territory of Iowa, 1838-1839, pp. 248-252.

Note also the similarity of the Laics of the Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840,
pp. 72-75, 1840-1841, pp. 33-36, 97-100, 1841-1842, pp. 14-16.

27 Eeferences to acts of the legislature granting special charters to munici-
palities named in the text are as follows: Salem, Laws of the Territory of
Iowa, 1839-1840, p. 72; Dubuque, Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840,
p. 124; Farmington, Latvs of the Territory of loiva, 1840-1841, p. 33; Nash-
ville, Laws of the Territory of Io%oa, 1840-1841, p. 88; Iowa City, Laws of the
Territory of Iowa, 1840-1841, p. 97. '

28 Eeferences to acts of the legislature granting special charters to munici-
palities named in the text are as follows: Davenport, Laws of the Territory of
Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 41 ; Mount Pleasant, Laws of the Territory of loiva, 1841-
1842, p. 14; Fort Madison, Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 74;
Keosauqua, Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 107.

29 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1843-1844, p. 156.

30 Eeferences to acts of the legislature granting special charters to munici-
palities named in the text are as follows: Burlington, Laws of the Territory
of Iowa, 1845, p. 73; Dubuque, Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1845-1846, p.
114.

172 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

thirteen special municipal charters were voted during the
period of the Territory of Iowa.

In the year 1847 Farmington and Dubuque were granted
new charters and the towns of Fairfield and Keokuk were
given their first charters by the General Assembly of the
State of lowa."^ Fort Madison^- was given a new charter
— the third and last for that city — at the extra session
in 1848. Keokuk^'^ received a second charter in 1849 and at
the same session Cedar Eapids was voted a first charter.^^
At the session of the legislature which convened at Iowa
City in 1850 municipal charters were enacted for seven
communities, namely, Bloomington (now Muscatine), Dav-
enport, Iowa City, Mount Pleasant, Guttenberg, Bellevue,
and Keosauqua.^'"^ Indeed, up to tliis time, at no session of
the Iowa legislature had so many charters been granted.
During the next two sessions charters were granted to
"Fort" Des Moines, Council Bluffs, Iowa City, Mount Plea-
sant, Bloomfield, Le Claire, Knoxville, Oskaloosa, and
Lyons ; and during the extra session of 1856 Mount Plea-
sant, Wapello, and Ottumwa were given charters."*^ In

31 E«ferenee to acts of the legislature granting special charters to munici-
palities named in the text are as follows: Farmington, Laws of Iowa, 1846-
1847, p. 95; Dubuque, Laws of Iowa, 184&-1847, p. 104; Fairfield, Laws of
Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 49; Keokuk, Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 154.

32 Laws of Iowa, 1848, p. 64.

33 Laws of Iowa, 1848-1849, p. 18.
3iLaws of Iowa, 1848-1849, p. 116.

35 References to acts of the legislature granting special charters to munici-
palities named in the text are as follo-ws: Bloomington, Laws of Iowa, 1850-
1851, p. 59; Davenport, Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 110; Iowa City, Laws of
Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 84; Mount Pleasant, Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 195;
Guttenberg, Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 100; Bellevue, Laius of Iowa, 1850-
1851, p. 206; Keosauqua, Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 142.

36 Eeferences to acts of the legislature granting special charters to munici-
palities named in the text are as follows: Des Moines, Laws of Iowa, 1852-
1853, p. 49; Council Bluffs, Laws of loiva, 1852-1853, p. 108; Iowa City, Laws
of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 99; Mount Pleasant, Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 136;

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 173

1857 Glenwood, Winterset, Sioux City, Centerville, Clinton,
Newton, Tipton, Maquoketa, Albia, Washington, Eddyville,
Des Moines, Burris City, Charles City, Camanche, and
Princeton received special charters.^'^

The number of special charters granted at the session
of 1856-1857 may be explained by the fact that the new
Constitution, which was to go into operation in September,
3 857, contained a provision which would prohibit the legis-
lature from enacting special laws ; and so the towns wishing
special charters besieged the legislature ''while there was
yet time ' '. Following the adoption of the new Constitution
in 1857, the General Assembly which met in 1858 passed a
general act^^ for the incorporation of cities and towns.
Thus the era of special municipal charters was brought to a
close. During the period from 1838 to 1858 forty cities and

Bloomfield, Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 9; Le Claire, Laws of Iowa, 1854-
1855, p. 20; Knoxville, Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 97; Oskaloosa, Laws of
Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 123; Lyons, Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 142; Mount
Pleasant, Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 18; Wapello, Laws of Iowa,
1856 (Extra Session), p. 52; Ottumwa, Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session),
p. 63.

37 Eeferences to acts of the legislature granting special charters to munici-
palities named in the text are as follows: Glenwood, Laws of Iowa, 1856-
1857, p. 33; Winterset, Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 41; Sioux City, Laws of
Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 51; Centerville, Laws of loxoa, 1856-1857, p. 107; Clinton,
Laios of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 132 ; Newton, Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 143 ;
Tipton, Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 159; Maquoketa, Laws of Iowa, 1856-
1857, p. 176; Albia, Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 208; Washington, Laws of
Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 219; Eddyville, Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 245; Des
Moines, Laios of lovja, 1856-1857, p. 281; Burris City, Laws of Iowa, 1856-
1857, p. 313; Charles City, Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 325; Camanche, Laws
of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 359; Princeton, Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 416.

38 Laws of Iowa, 1858, p, 343. It should be noted, however, that this was
not the first general incorporation act in the history of Iowa. In 1836 the
Legislative Assembly of the original Territory of Wisconsin passed such an
act — which remained in force until 1840. Again in 1847 the General As-
sembly passed a general incorporation act; but it is apparent that the larger
and more important municipalities did not take advantage of the provisions
of this legislation. Special charters were preferred.

174 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

towns had been granted special charters. Twenty-seven
towns had been granted one charter; eight towns had been
given two ; three towns had been given three ; and two towns
had received four. Altogether sixty municipal charters,^^
besides more than twice that number of amendments, had
been provided by special legislation.

SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON SPECIAL
CHARTERS IN IOWA

Since special legislation in Iowa was based upon his-
torical precedents it may be presumed that the general
characteristics of the Iowa legislation were similar to those
found in the statute laws of other States.

THE METHOD OF SECURING SPECIAL CHARTERS

Special municipal charters in Iowa were granted by the
legislature which alone had the power to create municipal
corporations. According to the early American practice
the legislature voted such charters only when requested by
the people of the local area. In England, however, espe-
cially during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the
Crown or Parliament granted special charters to local areas
not only when requested by the inhabitants but often in the
face of bitter opposition.'*^

The usual method of securing a special charter in Iowa
was for the inhabitants of a city or town to petition the
legislature in writing. In some instances, a delegation
from the locality was sent to the capital for the purpose of
presenting a charter which had previously been drafted
by a committee of citizens. The proposed charter was of

39 See Appendix, p. 267.

•to Dillon's Municipal Corporations (5th edition), Vol. I, p. 181.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 175

course introduced in tlie legislature by a member thereof.^^
Over the granting of municipal charters the legislature had
absolute control — it might frame or amend, accept or reject
any proposed charter. Following the introduction of a
charter bill there seems to have been little uniformity in the
procedure of either house of the legislature in reference
to its disposition. The proposed act was usually read the
first time by the title and ordered to be laid upon the table
and printed. At its second reading the bill was considered
in the committee of the whole, or it was referred to the
committee on judiciary or to the committee on incorpora-
tions or to the delegation from the county in which the city
or town in question was situated.^^ Final action was taken
on the charter bill after the third reading.

The special charter bills were usually passed without
much discussion — which seems to suggest that they were
not considered as very important legislation by the members
of the legislature. In this connection, however, it may be
noted that while the records do not show that a charter bill
ever failed to pass the legislature, three such bills were
vetoed — one by Governor Lucas and two by Governor
Grimes — on the ground of irregularities of enactment.^^

Even though the members of the legislature seem to
have been disposed to grant a charter to any municipality
that petitioned for one, the inhabitants of cities in a few
instances refused the charters which had been voted by the
legislature. Most of the charters contained a referendum
clause providing for a special election at which the quali-
fied voters could accept or reject the proposed instrument.

41 Council Journal, 1840-1841, p. 131.

i^ Council Journal, 1838-1839, pp. 55, 168, 173, 195, 1839-1840, p. 128,
1840-1841, pp. 172, 174.

*^ Senate Journal, 1856, p. 253; House Journal, 1856, p. 350; Council Jour-
nal, 1839, p. 150. The towns affected by these vetoes were Dubuque, Winter-
set, and Centerville.

176 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

In reality the same power was given to the voters by those
charters having no referendum provision: to reject the
charter it was only necessary for the people to refuse to
hold an election of officers. Just how many charters failed
to go into operation would be difficult to determine as the
town records are in not a few instances incomplete and
unsatisfactory, but that some of the charters granted by
the legislature did fail to become operative is a well known
fact.^-i

THE MUNICIPALITY AS A COEPOEATION

Municipalities incorporated by special or general acts of
the legislature have been held to be corporate bodies. In
fact most special municipal charters specifically declare
the inhabitants of the incorporated area to be a "body
politic and corporate ".^^ Although a few of the charters
granted to the cities and towns of Iowa simply provided
that the ' ' said city is made a body corporate, and is invested
with all powers and attributes of a municipal corporation",
most of these special instruments of municipal government
contained a specific grant of corporate powers. Indeed the
most usual and most comprehensive statement of the powers
of the corporation was made in these words :

That the mayor and aldermen .... shall be one body
politic in deed, fact, and name, with perpetual succession, to be
known and called by the name of the mayor and aldermen of the

city of ; and that they and their successors in office at all

times hereafter, by the name aforesaid, shall be able and capable in
law to have, purchase, take and receive, possess and enjoy lands,
tenements and hereditaments, goods, chattels, and effects; and the
same to grant, bargain and sell, alien, convey, demise and dispose

44 The city records show that the charters granted to Sioux City and Wash-
ington did not become operative and it is doubtful if the charters passed by the
legislature for Bloomfield and Salem ever went into effect.

45 Dillon's Municipal Corporations (5th edition), Vol. I, p. 94,

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTEES IN IOWA 177

of, to sue and be sued, to plead and be impleaded, in any court of
justice whatever, and to make and use one common seal, and the
same to alter and renew at pleasure.

In some instances the following provision was added :

And shall be competent to have, exercise and enjoy all the rights,
immunities, powers and privileges, and be subject to all the duties
and obligations incumbent upon and appertaining to a municipal
corporation, and for the better ordering and governing said city,
the exercise of the corporate powers of the same, hereby and herein
granted, and the administration of its fiscal, prudential and munic-
ipal concerns with the conduct, direction and government thereof
shall be vested in a mayor and board of aldermen.

According to John F. Dillon a corporation is an artificial
body created by a law with special powers, immunities, and
privileges. Thus it is clear that a corporation is a legal
institution, a legal entity, a legal person having a special
name and enjoying only such powers as the law provides.^*'
Furthermore, it may be pointed out that municipal corpora-
tions are voluntary, and that they are created as instru-
ments of local self-government rather than as administra-
tive agents of the State."*^ Indeed, the ''power of local
government is the distinctive purpose and the distinguish-
ing feature of a municipal corporation", even though these
corporations are to a considerable extent employed in the
administration of State law.^^

THE STATUS OF SPECIAL CHAETER CITIES IN IOWA

As already pointed out the municipalities in Iowa oper-
ating under special charters were corporations — public as
distinct from private, since all corporations created for the

4<5Patton's Home Bule in Iowa in the Iowa Applied History Series, Vol. II,
p. 117.

47 Dillon's Municipal Corporations (5th edition), Vol. I, pp. 58, 59.

48 Dillon's Municipal Corporations (5th edition), Vol. I, p. 59.

VOL. XVIII — 12

178 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

purpose of aiding in the administration of the civil govern-
ment of the State are pnblic in their nature. Moreover
these cities were municipal corporations, distinct from other
public corporations like counties, townships, school dis-
tricts, and road districts.^^

Special charters, being enactments of the legislature,
could by that body be changed, altered, or abolished at
pleasure. Indeed the special charter cities were absolutely
dependent upon the legislature. The fact of having a spe-
cial charter did not put them beyond the pale of legislative
control, notwithstanding the existence of a strong local
feeling against legislative interference.

Although these charters were quite similar in their funda-
mental provisions, each was a special grant from the legis-
lature and could be amended or repealed by the legislature
when in its judgment the necessity for such action arose, or
when such action was requested by the people of the munici-
pality. The people were powerless to change their munici-
pal government if the legislature failed to pass the desired
charter amendments — although it appears that in three
instances the city council had authority to alter the charter
with the approval of the qualified voters. ^^

Special charters seemed to have been designed primarily
for the purpose of "subordinate local administration" or
local self-government. It was thought that the local areas
could administer matters of local concern more satisfacto-
rily than could the State government. And it was believed
that the policies and laws of the State if administered by

40 Patton 's Home Mule in Iowa in the Iowa Applied History Series, Yol. II,
pp. 117, 118.

50 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 129, 1856-1857, pp. 148, 165.

The city council in one charter was given power to accept or reject an
amendment passed by the legislature. — Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p.
51.

SPECIAL ^lUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 179

the agencies of local government would be carried out in
a manner more in harmony with the wishes of the people
of a community.^^

THE POWERS OF SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

The powers of municipal corporations have been the sub-
ject of many judicial decisions. Indeed these decisions
make up the great body of the law of municipal corporations
which is applicable to special charter cities in Iowa.

In general it may be said that ''a municipal corporation
possesses and can exercise the folloiving poivers. and no
others: First, those granted in express ivords; second,
those necessarily or fairly implied in or incident to the
powers expressly granted; third, those essential to the ac-
complishment of the declared objects and purposes of the
corporation, — not simply convenient, but indispensable."'"^-
When doubt exists as to the possession of a particular pow-
er by a municipality the courts have always decided against
the corporation, denying the existence of the power. Thus
the powers of public as well as private corporations have
been strictly and rigidly construed. ^^

The powers exercised by the special charter cities in
Iowa may be divided into two general classes — those which
relate to health and good government in which all the in-
habitants have an equal interest and ought to have an equal
voice, and those which involve the expenditure of money
the burden of which must fall upon the property owners.
Although it is inevitable that the expenses of carrying out
both of these classes of governmental functions must be met
by the property owners as taxpayers, still these questions

51 Dillon's Municipal Corporations (Sth edition), Vol. I, pp. 30, 31.

52 Dillon's Municipal Corporations (5th edition), Vol. I, pp. 448, 449.

53 For a list of eases treating upon this question see Dillon 's Municipal Cor-
porations (5th edition), Vol. I. p. 450, note 1, p. 453, note 2.

180 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

are of vital interest to all the inhabitants of the city. Thus
every person is desirous of good sanitation, clean and well
paved streets, public parks and other local improvements,
and should have a voice in demanding and securing these
public necessities. Under the special charters public im-
provements not wholly within the power of the city council
were usually secured through petitions signed by the prop-
erty owners. Especially was this true in the matter of
street paving. But in those instances of public improve-
ment which necessitated the borrowing of money or the
issuance of bonds, all the voters regardless of property
qualifications were allowed to vote and so determine the
policy of the city.

SOME CONCLUSIONS EELATIVE TO SPECIAL CHAETER CITIES

The history of special municipal charters seems to show
that this form of special legislation has lacked definite, con-
structive purpose. In fact there seems to have been no
substantial reason for such legislation. A study of the
special charters granted in Iowa reveals no particular ad-
vantages which could not have been secured under a general
incorporation act. But the method of special charters,
being based upon historical precedent was followed without
question by the pioneer lawmakers ; and so the era of special
legislation continued down to 1857 when the new State
Constitution was adopted.

Ill

ELECTIONS IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

The elections of the special charter cities varied materi-
ally from those provided for by the general incorporation
acts. Indeed it is probable that no two charters contained
the same provisions relative to elections.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 181

TIME OF HOLDING ELECTIONS

Regular elections for the purpose of choosing officers
were as a rule held annually. Indeed, from this rule there
seems to have been but one exception — the Bloomfield
charter of 1855 which provided for biennial elections.^^
Monday was evidently a favorite time for holding elections,
since in nearly five-sixths of the charters that day was
designated. Usually elections were held upon the first
Monday of the month, although Saturday was chosen in a
few instances. While elections were held in nearly every
month, June seems to have been generally favored. Special
elections could be scheduled at any time by complying with
the provisions of the charter relative to the posting of
election notices.

MANNER OF CALLING ELECTIONS

The charters usually provided the manner of calling elec-
tions, whether regular or special. Upon the council, the
recorder, or the mayor devolved the task of posting notices.
During the early part of the period of special charter legis-
lation in Iowa it was usually the duty of the council to give
notice of elections; but after 1848 such duties were per-
formed by the mayor, although in a few charters this work
devolved upon the recorder.

Most of the charters provided that the notices of elections
should ''be posted in three of the most public places", or
published in a newspaper printed in the town, for at least
five days previous to the time set for the election. The
period required for the posting or publishing of notices
was not uniform — in some instances being extended to ten
days or two weeks. Notices of special elections had to be
posted at least thirty days previous to the time of voting.

54 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 9.

182 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The manner of calling elections was not always set forth
in the charter, but the council was given authority to deter-
mine the matter.

MAXXER OF CONDUCTING ELECTIONS

The charters usually provided the manner in which elec-
tions were to be held ; but some charters in the absence of
detailed regulations provided that elections should be con-
ducted "similar to those held in townships". Election
officials were named by the council, two methods being em-
ployed in their selection. During the earlier years two
councilmen were chosen as judges and the recorder was
made the clerk; but later, when the cities were usually di-
vided into wards, the election officials for each precinct were
chosen by the council from without their own number. In
a few instances, however, the clerks were the appointees of
the judges. Both the judges and the clerks of elections
were required by most of the charters to be legal voters in
the city.

As a rule the polls were required to be open from the
hours of nine or ten in the forenoon until five in the after-
noon, or from the hours of eight or ten until four; but in
no charter was provision made for opening the polls before
eight and in only one instance were they to be open until
six in the afternoon.^^ In some cities the polls were only
open from twelve (or one or two) until four or five o'clock.

EEGULAE AND SPECIAL ELECTIONS

Both regular and special elections were conducted in
the same manner, the returns being made to the city council
which was authorized to decide contested elections and the
qualifications and election of their own members. Special

55 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 36.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 183

elections were to be held for a variety of purposes, among
which the following may be noted: giving consent to an
increase in the tax levy, authorizing a levy of special taxes,
giving the council power to issue bonds or borrow money,
granting compensation to the council, accepting or rejecting
amendments, and for repealing the charter. For a decision
upon such questions a majority vote was usually necessary.

QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS

The qualifications of voters varied widely, with citizen-
ship as the only test required by all of the special charters.
In some instances, however, citizenship was not particularly
mentioned; but this qualification was in effect prescribed by
the requirement that one must be an elector in the county or
be a voter for members of the legislature. A period of resi-
dence within the city was usually required — the time vary-
ing from ten days in some charters to six months in others.
Moreover, more than one-half of the charters prescribed
that ''free, white, male citizens twenty-one years old", hav-
ing the necessary residence qualifications, should enjoy the
right to vote at all municipal elections. A property quali-
fication was required by one charter for those voting on the
question of levying taxes or borrowing money.^^'

POWERS OF ELECTORS

The powers of the electors in the special charter cities
were for the most part confined to the election of officers,
granting or refusing compensation to the councilmen, and
accepting the charter. In deciding questions other than
the election of officers a majority vote was usually neces-
sary, although in at least one instance ''a majority of three-
fifths of the qualified electors present" was required.^^ A

5c Laivs of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 129.

57 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1840-1841, p. 88.

184 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

few charters permitted the electors to vote on the accep-
tance of amendments, although the action of the legislature
was usually considered as final.^^ Amendments passed by
the council were in some instances allowed to be referred to
the electors for approval before becoming operative.^^ The
power of petitioning the legislature for amendments was
also permitted in two charters ;^'^ and in a few cases the
electors were allowed to vote on the repeal of their charter,
a majority being necessary to a decision.°^

The regulation of streets and nuisances, the admission of
out-lying lots, and the regulation of business not otherwise
provided for were questions which the electors were author-
ized in some instances to decide. During the early years
the electors were empowered to levy taxes not to exceed the
amount specified in the charter. ^^ And during the later
years of the same period the approval of the qualified voters
was necessary on matters of public policy, such as borrow-
ing money,®^ subscribing to the capital stock of transpor-
tation companies,^^ and the disposal of city property.

58 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 91, 1852-1853, p. 139, 1856-1857, pp. 148,
165, 398.

59 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 129, 1856-1857, p. 336.

60 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, pp. 16, 110.

61 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, pp. 88, 149, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 26, 1850-
1851, p. 108.

^2 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 476; Laws of the Ter-
ritory of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 250, 1839-1840, p. 73, 1840-1841, pp. 35, 98,
1841-1842, pp. 15, 120-121.

In some charters the council had the authority to levy the tax, but the
action had to be approved by the electors. — Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, pp. 156,
197, 1852-1853, pp. 91, 132, 1854-1855, pp. 10, 139, 1856-1857, pp. 158, 163,
284.

6s Lotus of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 476; Laws of the
Territory of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 250; Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, pp. 92, 156,
166-167, 213, 1852-1853, pp. 107, 115, 137, 1854-1855, p. 148, 1856 (Extra
Session), pp. 26, 71, 1856-1857, pp. 58, 158, 161, 253, 289.

diLaws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 399, 402.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 185

OFFICERS IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

The charters presented no clear distinction between offi-
cers which should be elected by the qualified voters and
those which ought to be appointed by council or mayor.

ELECTIVE OFFICERS

In the special charter cities the elective principle was
extended to nearly all of the important officers for which
any provision was made — the mayor and councilmen under
every charter being elected by the qualified voters of the
city. During the period from 1838 to 1858 the tendency
seems to have been to elect not only the mayor and council-
men, but also the recorder, the marshal, the treasurer, and
the assessor. In some instances such an unimportant offi-
cer as the wharfmaster was chosen by the people.*'^ Discre-
tion had to be exercised in some instances because a few
charters provided that the council could appoint subordi-
nate officers or could provide for their election by the people.

TERM OF ELECTIVE OFFICERS

The term of elective officers was usually one year ''and
until the successors are elected and qualified". Elections
were held anually, except in one instance f^ and all elective
officers except councilmen held their office for one year.^'
A few of the charters provided, however, that the council-
men should serve for two years, according to which plan
one was elected in each ward at every annual election.^^

65 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 60^ 1854-1855, p. 143, 1856-1857, pp. 134,
361.

66 Laivs of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 9,

67 For exceptions to this statement see Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 125,
1856 (Extra Session), pp. 20, 32, 1856-1857, pp. 100, 355.

68 Laws of lotva, 1850-1851, pp. 60, 85, 111, 1852-1853, p. 90, 1854-1855,
pp. 9, 143, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 31, 42, 1856-1857, pp. 113, 134, 177, 361.

186 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Some charters provided for the removal of officers by a vote
of the council — a two-thirds vote being necessary for such
removal. ^^

COMPENSATION OF ELECTIVE OFFICERS

As pointed out in another connection the councilmen as a
rule received no compensation unless allowed by the elec-
tors. But for his judicial duties the mayor was usually
paid such fees as were allowed justices of the peace for
performing similar services; while the recorder's compen-
sation was generally fixed by the council in such sum as
was ''deemed reasonable". The marshal, assessor, trea-
surer, and other elective officers w^ere compensated by the
council ; but most of the charters limited such fees or com-
pensation to the amount paid to township or county officers
performing a like service.

QUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTIVE OFFICEES

No definite plan seems to have been followed in prescrib-
ing the qualifications of elective officers. Residence in the
city was a usual requirement, but the period varied from
three months in some charters to three years in others.
The usual period of residence was one year. Furthermore,
all candidates for elective offices had to be ''legal and
qualified ' ' voters. In some charters both the residence and
electoral qualifications were required, and in many charters
elective officers had to be "citizens" of the city.'^^

VACANCIES IN ELECTIVE OFFICES

Vacancies in the elective offices arising by resignation,
removal from the city, death, or failure to qualify within

esLaws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 177, 1850-1851, p. 112, 1856 (Extra Session),
p. 32, 1856-1857, p. 358.

•!oLaws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 60, 1852-1853, p. 51, 1854-1855, pp. 136,
143, 1856-1857, pp. 133, 360.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 187

ten days from time of election were in most cases filled by
the council. But in some charters provision was made for
a special election to fill vacancies; and in one instance
vacancies, except those occurring in the board of aldermen,
were filled by the mayor.^^ The council was, however, the
usual agency for filling vacancies.

BOND OF ELECTIVE OFnCEES

Elective officers during the early part of the period under
review were usually not required to give bond. In no in-
stance were councilmen required to give any security for the
faithful performance of their duty, and in only a few cases
was a bond required of the mayor. But during the latter
years of the period, when the marshal, treasurer, assessor,
and recorder were elected by the people, a bond could be
required in such sum as the council deemed expedient. In
any event the council was given the exclusive power of
determining the sufficiency or validity of a bond.^^

OATH OF ELECTIVE OFFTCEES

An oath of office was generally required of every officer
whether elective or appointive. The oath was usually pre-
scribed in the charter and provision was usually made for
its administration by a particular officer such as a justice of
the peace, the mayor, or the recorder. Before entering
upon the duties of the office, and generally within ten days
from time of election, the candidate was required to take
an oath to support the Constitution and laws of the United
States, the Constitution and laws of the State (or Territory

71 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 97.

The council was given power in one instance to fill vacancies in its own
body. — Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 436.

72 In one charter the bond was approved by the mayor, — Laws of Iowa,
1846-1847, p. 99, The bond of the Clerk of the Court was fixed in one charter
at $5000.00.— Lmt's of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 355.

188 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

as the case might be), and to faithfully perform the duties
required of him by the charter or by law.

APPOINTIVE OFFICERS

Most of the special charters granted before 1850 provided
that the treasurer, assessor, marshal, and sometimes the
recorder, should be appointed by the city council. In some
instances the council was authorized to "provide for" the
election of officers, "prescribe their duties, term, and re-
move them at pleasure ' '. Thus it appears that the charter
intended that such officers should be appointed by the coun-
cil rather than elected by the people. Many charters, how-
ever, provided that subordinate officers (other than the
mayor, recorder, and councilmen) could be chosen by the
council or be elected by the qualified voters — the method
to be determined by the council.

In a few of the larger cities the charters authorized the
appointment of a city surveyor, a city supervisor, a city
engineer, and a solicitor."^^ Furthermore commissioners for
the purpose of assessing damages resulting from changing
streets were usually provided for. Their manner of ap-
pointment was not uniform — in some instances being cho-
sen by the council and in others by the marshal. The
amendment granted to the city of Keokuk in 1856 gave the
council power to appoint a school board, commissioners
for assessing damages, fire inspectors, fire wardens, and
engineers.^^

During the latter part of the period the charters usually
provided for the appointment by the council of health offi-
cers, a clerk of the market, street commissioners, election

'!3 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 474; Laws of loiva,
1850-1851, pp. 64, 88, 1852-1853, p. 103, 1854-1855, pp. 101, 147, 1856 (Extra
Session), pp. 35, 47, 67, 1856-1857, pp. 37, 46, 55, 138, 223, 249, 284, 317.

74 Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 47, 48.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 189

officials, and others J ^ Although the power of appointment
was usually vested in the council, in a few instances such
authority was exercised by the marshal or the mayor. As
a matter of fact the Farmington charter of 1847 authorized
the mayor to "nominate, and with the concurrence of the
Board of Aldermen, appoint all officers within the city,
which are not ordered by law or ordinance to be otherwise
appointed. ' '^^

TEEM OF APPOINTIVE OFFICERS

The term of appointive officers was as a rule one year.
Although the council was authorized to prescribe the term
for subordinate officers, the charters in most instances lim-
ited their term to *'one year and until the successors were
elected and qualified." While the term was fixed by ordi-
nance in about twenty charters, the tenure of officers was
usually dependent upon ' ' the pleasure ' ' of the council, and
removals for cause could be made at any time. Vacancies
were usually filled by the council.^ ^

COMPENSATION OF APPOINTIVE OFFICEES

The usual method of compensating subordinate officers
was the fee system — the amount in most instances being
determined by the council. A limitation was generally
placed upon this power of the council, which provided that
the compensation should not exceed the amount paid by the
township or the county for similar services. Some charters
provided that the marshal should receive the same fees as

75 The first charter providing for the appointment of such officers was the
one granted to Muscatine in 1851. — Laws of loioa, 1850-1851, p. 64.

76 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 97.

77 The only exception to this statement is found in the Farmington charter
of 1847.— Laws of loiva, 1846-1847, p. 97.

190 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

constables. The road supervisor was in one instance to be
compensated as provided by State lawJ^

QUALIFICATIONS OF APPOINTIVE OFFICERS

The qualifications of appointive officers were such as the
council deemed necessary — most of the charters containing
the provision that subordinate officers should "be subject to
such qualifications as the council may prescribe."

BOND OF APPOINTIVE OFFICEES

The important subordinate officers — namely, the treas-
urer, marshal, and assessors — were invariably required to
give security for the faithful performance of their duties.
But as indicated above, these officers were appointed only
during the early years of the period. Other appointive
officers might at the discretion of the council be required
to give bond. The amount of the bond was not fixed by
the charter, but should be '4n such sum as was deemed
sufficient ' ' by the council.

OATH OF APPOINTIVE OFFICEES

Appointive officers might be required to take an oath ' ' to
faithfully perform the duties of their office"; but in some
instances all officers of the corporation were compelled to
take the same oath. Furthermore a few charters provided
that "fines and penalties" might be enacted by the council
to enforce the oath which was administered by the justice
of the peace, the mayor, or the recorder. It must be re-
membered, however, that the oath as a qualification for
office was usually at the discretion of the council.

78 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 108.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 191

ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNCIL IN SPECIAL
CHARTER CITIES

The city council was by far tlie most important organ of
municipal government under the charters — a principle
which was probably carried over from the general incor-
poration acts. The organization of the council is vital,
since its exact character often forecasts the kind of work
it will perform.

COMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL

The council with one exception was composed of one
branch or house consisting of from three to fourteen alder-
men.''^ Between the years 1838 and 1847 the "aldermen"
or ''trustees" varied from three to five in number — al-
though Burlington 's charter of 1838 provided for eight, and
Dubuque's charter of 1840 allowed six councilmen w^hich
was increased to thirteen in 1846.^*^ But throughout the
latter part of the period the number of councilmen tended
to increase, owing to the ward system of representation.
As a matter of fact the council had the power to increase the
number of wards and in that way controlled the number of
aldermen.

In addition to the aldermen the council consisted of a
maj^or or president, and the recorder or clerk.® ^ The mayor
was always a member of the council, and the recorder was
so considered in most of the charters granted before 1847.
Indeed in three charters granted after that year the re-

79 The Des Moines charter of 1857 provided for fourteen councilmen — the
largest number of any special charter city. — Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 283.

80 Laii'S of the Territory of Wiscomin, 1836-1838, p. 471 ; Laus of the Ter-
ritory of loica, 1839-1840, p. 158; Laivs of Iowa, 1845-1846, p. 115.

81 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 481, 482.

192 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

corder was a member of the council, and as before bis
presence was necessary to a quorum.^^

ELECTIOX OF MEMBEES

Councilmen were generally elected annually by wards —
since most cities were divided into wards by their charter or
the power to establish wards was vested in the council.
But in cities not having the ward system councilmen were
elected at large. Vacancies in the council were generally
filled by a special election called for that purpose. In one
instance, however, if the vacancy occurred within thirty
days of the time of the next regular election, no special
election would be called.*^

TEEM OF MEMBEES

But little variation existed in the provisions of the char-
ters in regard to the term for which members of the council
were chosen. The charters, except in one instance, pro-
vided for annual elections ; and the term of members was
one year in about half of the cities.®^ In those municipali-
ties having the ward system, however, the term of council-
men was generally two years — one councilman being elect-
ed in each ward at the annual meeting.

QUALIFICATIONS OF MEMBEES

There was little uniformity in the charters with regard
to the qualifications of members of the council. A period
of residence was in most instances required — residence
not only in the State but also in the city and the ward from

82 Laws of Iowa, 1848-1849, p. 116, 1850-1851, p. 102, 1856-1857, p. 153.

^3 Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 43.

84 The term was one year ' ' and until the successors -were elected and quali-
fied". The exception referred to was the Bloomfield charter of 1855. — Laws
of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 9.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 193

which a member was elected. Furthermore, citizenship was
in many charters a specified qualification. Members were
often required to be citizens of the United States, residents
of the State for six months, and of the city for three months
next preceding the municipal election. Of the many other
qualifications of members of the council, the following may
be noted: must have "citizenship in the city"; must be
a legal voter ; must be twenty-one years old and a citizen of
the State; and must have the qualifications of electors for
members of the legislature.

Moreover, in most of the charters granted after 1850
members of the council were ineligible to any office within
the gift of the council during the term for which they were
elected; and they were prohibited from being 'interested
directly or indirectly, in the profit of any contract or job
for work" done for the city.®^

COMPENSATION OF MEMBERS

Compensation for members of the council was usually
not fixed by the charters, although as a rule it was provided
that the recorder should be paid such fees as were deemed
necessary by the council **not to exceed the amount paid
township officers for similar service". Moreover, for his
judicial duties the mayor was given the same compensation
as was accorded justices of the peace. But aldermen in
more than one-half of the cities were not paid, unless com-
pensation was allowed by the legal voters at a special
election called for that purpose.

From the general rule as above stated there were, how-
ever several exceptions. The Burlington charter of 1838

85 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1845, p. 77 ; Laws of Iowa, 1845-1846, p.
117, 1846-1847, p. 107, 1848-1849, p. 22, 1850-1851, pp. 65, 87-88, 147, 209,
1852-1853, pp. 51-52, 102, 111, 1854-1855, pp. 24-25, 100-101, 149, 1856
(Extra Session), pp. 27, 34-35, 56, 66, 1856-1857, pp. 36, 45, 54, 139, 154,
183, 211-212, 222, 248, 286, 316, 334, 346, 369, 421.

VOL. xvin — 13

194 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

provided that the council should receive no compensation;^^
and this same provision was contained in the Fort Madison
charter of 1842, which was amended in the following year
allowing one dollar for each meeting after January 1, 1844
— an amendment which was repealed in 1844.^'' Fort Madi-
son again affirmed the ' ' no compensation ' ' plan in 1848, but
in 1853 provided that one dollar per meeting might be
paid.®^ Burling-ton 's charter was amended in 1841 author-
izing 'Hhe mayor and aldennen .... to receive pay
not exceeding one dollar and fifty cents each, per day, for
each regular session. . . . there shall not be more than
one regular session in each month .... [and] no
regular session shall continue longer than two days."^^
This was changed in 1851 to one dollar per day, but was not
to exceed fifty dollars per year; while the maximum for
councilmen in Dubuque was fifty-two dollars per year.^"
A compensation of thirty dollars a year was allowed by the
Iowa City charter of 1855 and the Cedar Rapids charter of
1856.^^ The councilmen in the city of Davenport were
authorized to fix their own compensation by a two-thirds
vote of all the members elected.'^^ Both the aldermen and
the councilmen of Keokuk's bicameral council were to re-
ceive the same compensation.''^

BOND AND OATH OF MEMBERS

Members of the council — except the recorder in some in-
stances— were not required to give bond; but in a few

86 Latvs of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 474.

87 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1842-1843, p. 38, 1843-1844, p. 152.

88 Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 70, 1852-1853, p. 57.

89 Latvs of the Territory of Iowa, 1840-1841, p. 86.

90 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 82, 1852-1853, p. 92.

^■LLaws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 179, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 40.

92 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 99.

93 Imvs of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 302.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 195

charters the council was authorized to fix such fines and
penalties as seemed necessary for compelling the attend-
ance of absent members. Without exception members of
the council were required to take an oath before entering
upon the performance of their duties. In some instances
they were required to take an oath to support the Constitu-
tion and laws of the United States, the Constitution and
laws of the State (or Territory as the case might be), and
to faithfully perform the duties of their office. The exact
wording of the oath was not always given, nor was it al-
ways uniform. The oath was usually administered by a
justice of the peace, although any one so qualified was per-
mitted to administer oaths.

REMOVAL OF MEMBEES

Removal of councilmen was permitted by a few charters
if the proposition was supported by a two-thirds vote of the
whole number elected ;^^ but removal twice for the same of-
fence was prohibited in some instances. The revised char-
ter enacted for Dubuque in 1857 authorized the council to
remove any elective officer by a two-thirds vote of all the
members of the council; but any appointive officer was sub-
ject to removal by a majority vote.^^ In no charter were
the people given authority to remove officers.

MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL

The council was usually authorized to prescribe hy ordi-
nance the time of holding its regular meetings; and yet
in several charters the time was specifically designated.
The charters granted to Mount Pleasant in 1851 and 1855
provided that the "regular meetings .... shall be

94 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 177, 1850-1851, p. 112, 1856 (Extra Ses-
sion), p. 32, 1856-1857, p. 358.

95 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 358.

196 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

held on the first Monday in each month (except the April
meeting which shall be held on the second Monday in April)
and the board may provide by ordinance for calling special
meetings. "^° Another charter contained the provisions
that meetings must be held ''at least once each month, on a
time to be fixed by ordinance ",^^ Salem's charter of 1855
provided that ''the regular meetings .... shall be
held on the first Saturday in each month ",®^ while Glen-
wood's charter of 1857 authorized the council to "hold its
meetings as it sees fit, having fixed, stated times ".^^ Such
meetings were usually called as provided by ordinance.

The majority of the charters also authorized special meet-
ings of the council to be called in such manner as might be
prescribed by ordinance. In some instances, however, the
mayor was permitted to call special meetings and in others
a majority of the council could call such meetings; but
in either case notice had to be given to the individual
members, or the call must be posted in some public place
for a specified period previous to the time set for the
meeting.

Eecords of all meetings of the council were required to
be kept by the clerk, whose books were at "all reasonable
hours to be open to the inspection of the public" without
cost. Furthermore the meetings of the council were public
so that the people might at any time attend.

A quorum generally consisted of a majority of the mem-
bers, the mayor being included in every instance. More-
over, the recorder as well as the mayor was in many cases
required for a quorum. Some charters required a specific
number for a quorum — as in the Bloomington (now Mus-

96 Laios of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 196, 1854-1855, p. 137.
«7 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 127.

98 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 163.

99 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 37.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHAKTERS IN IOWA 197

catine) charter of 1839 which provided that "any three"
of the council ''shall be a board for the transaction of busi-
ness ".^^^^

The mayor, or president as he was sometimes called, was
the presiding officer of the council. In many instances,
especially during the latter part of the period, the council
was authorized to choose a president pro tern from its
own number, whose duty it was to perform the functions of
the mayor in his absence, A few charters allowed the oldest
councilman to preside in the absence of the mayor or presi-
dent pro tern.

POWERS OF THE COUNCIL IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES
The most important department of municipal govern-
ment under the special charters was that of the council.
Indeed, this was also true under the general incorporation
acts passed during the period. In the early charters, how-
ever, the powers granted to the council were very meager;
but during the latter part of the period the legislature seems
to have enlarged the powers and functions of the council.
As a matter of fact such an enlargement of power was neces-
sary in order that the growing municipalities might not be
unduly hampered. During the early years of the period
about the only reason for incorporation was to facilitate
the collection of taxes and the improvement of police regu-
lations. Money was needed for the improvement of the
rivers and wharves; and the preservation of order in the
river towns was not easily accomplished.

POWEE OVER ELECTIONS

The powers of the council over elections varied. In the
charters granted during early years of the period the quali-

100 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 248.

198 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

fied electors who assembled for the first election were
authorized to choose viva voce two judges and a clerk,^*^^
But at all subsequent elections the trustees or any two of
them were required to act as judges, and the recorder was
to be the clerk. With the exception of Dubuque's charter
of 1840/^2 the trustees and the recorder conducted munic-
ipal elections until 1841. Davenport's charter, enacted in
the next year, provided that the council should appoint all
election officials.^^^ From this time until 1858 these two
methods of securing election officials were of nearly equal
importance.^^*

Until 1849 another duty of the council in regard to elec-
tions was the posting of election notices. The charters
usually required such notices to be posted for a period of
ten days previous to the election. But following the Keo-
kuk charter of 1849 this duty was taken from the council
and in the remainder of the charters the mayor or the re-
corder gave notice. ^*^^

The first charter granted to an Iowa municipality pro-
vided that the council should locate the polling places. ^^^
Indeed this provision was incorporated in about twenty of
the special charters, and as a prescribed duty of the coun-
cil it continued throughout the period of special legislation.

Vacancies in the elective and appointive offices were gen-
erally filled by the council; and yet in about one-fourth of
the charters vacancies were filled by special elections.

101 See the early charters referred to in the Appendix, p. 267.

102 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840, p. 162.

103 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 42.

104 Judges of elections were, under one charter, to be appointed by the
council, and the judges in turn were to choose the clerk. — Laws of Iowa, 1848
(Extra Session), p. 65.

^05 Laws of Iowa, 1848-1849, p. 20.

106 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 474.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 199

Furtliermore, it appears that in most instances the council
was authorized to appoint subordinate officers not otherwise
provided for, or a special election could be called for the
purpose of choosing them. Two charters permitted the
council to decide contested elections ; and in a majority of
the cities operating under special charter the council was
authorized to be the judge of the election and qualifications
of its own members,'"'^

POWEE OVER WARDS

The council was authorized to "change, unite, or divide"
the wards, or any of them, whenever they deemed it neces-
sary for the best interests of the city. But in some of the
charters no provision was made for wards. The charter
granted to Charles City in 1857 allowed the council to di-
vide the city into wards when the population reached two
thousand.^^^

When a city or town was divided into wards by the provi-
sions of the charter, the councilmen were apportioned
among the precincts, although in two cases the council was
given power to re-apportion the representatives whenever
the interests of the city required it.^*^^ In a few instances
the council was given power to extend the corporate limits
of the municipality. ^^^

Special provision was sometimes made for the expend-
iture of road taxes in each ward in proportion to the amount
levied in those wards. ^^^ The Des Moines charter of 1857
authorized the council to call a special election in any ward

107 Laivs of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 96, 1850-1851, p. 112.

108 Laivs of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 326.

109 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840, p. 162 ; Laws of Iowa, 1850-
1851, p. 94.

110 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 171, 1856-1857, p. 353.

111 Lows of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 149, 293.

200 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

on a petition of twenty-five property holders residing
therein for the purpose of deciding the question of a tax
for improvements in a particular ward.^^^ A special tax
on a ward was also provided for by the amendment to the
Davenport charter in 1855.^^^ Neither of the general in-
corporation acts of this period provided for wards, nor was
the council given any power to create them under such leg-
islation.

POWER OVEE CITY OFFICEES

One of the most important functions of the council under
special charters was the control which it exercised over
city officers. While in no case was the council given spe-
cific authority to supervise the official conduct of subordi-
nates, yet in many indirect ways this in effect was accom-
plished. For example, a section frequently found in the
charters gave the council power "to appoint in such man-
ner as it determines and during pleasure, one or more street
commissioners, a clerk of the market, city surveyor, health
officers and such other officers as it deems advisable, and
may prescribe their duties, powers and qualifications ".^^^

Far more important than the authority to supervise the
conduct of officials was the council's power of appointment
and removal. While it is a recognized principle of govern-
ment that the power to appoint implies the power to re-
move, in many charters specific provision was made for the
removal by the council not only of appointive but also of
elective officers. The power of removal seems, however, to
have been specially directed against the officers whom the
council was authorized to appoint — their term being
usually dependent upon the ''pleasure of the council", but
not to exceed one year.

112 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 284.

113 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, pp. 85, 86.
11* See Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 64.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 201

The powers and duties of officers were generally pre-
scribed by the council — unless specifically enumerated in
the charter. But in no case could the council demand the
performance of duties which were contrary to the charter
or laws of the State. Many charters as a matter of fact
authorized the council to "fix fines and penalties" in order
to compel the faithful performance of duty. In the char-
ter granted to Maquoketa in 1857 it was provided that ''any
officer willfully neglecting or refusing to perform any du-
ties herein required of him, shall be punished by fine not
exceeding one hundred dollars, or imprisonment in the
county or city jail, not exceeding six months, or by both
such fine and imprisonment, and shall be subject to an ac-
tion for damages in behalf of any person or corporation,
aggrieved by such neglect or refusal ; and any conviction or
judgment under this section, shall work a forfeiture of any
office held by the person so convicted, and shall forever dis-
qualify him from holding office under this charter. "^^^ In
the amended charter granted to Dubuque in 1857 further
provisions of this character were set forth giving the coun-
cil power to provide the manner of preferring charges
against a city official and the council was authorized to re-
move any officer except the city judge.^^^

During the later years of the period the council was given
power to expel a member of its own body by a two-thirds
vote of the whole number elected. In one charter at least
this power was limited and could not be exercised against a
member twice for the same offense.^^''' The precedent for
the council's power to expel a member seems to have been
the general incorporation act of 1847.^^^

115 Laws of loiva, 1856-1857, p. 187.

116 Laivs of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 358.

117 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 112, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 32, 1856-
1857, p. 358.

118 Latvs of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 177.

202 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Subordinate officers were also under the control of the
council in the matter of compensation. The council under
most of the charters was given power to fix the fees of
officers not otherwise provided for, although such fees were
limited by the amount paid by townships for similar ser-
vices. This limitation, however, would apply to only a very
few city officers. Except the recorder and the mayor the
members of the council usually served without compensa-
tion although in at least one instance the council by a two-
thirds vote was authorized to determine the compensation
of councilmen.^^'' This was an exception to the general rule,
for in most cases the electors had absolute control of the
compensation of the council.

Vacancies in any office, except that of councilman, were
generally filled by the council, although in some instances
special elections were provided for such purposes. The
council also controlled the officers of the city by requiring
at their discretion a bond for the faithful performance of
their duty. The amount of the bond was with scarcely an
exception determined by the council; and city officers, ex-
cept councilmen, were in most instances liable to a bond.

POWEE TO LEVY TAXES

One of the primary reasons for the incorporation of
municipalities was to facilitate the levying and collecting of
taxes. Indeed, the importance of the taxing power as a
function of the council under special charters can best be
shown by the fact that every charter and more than one-
half of the amendments thereto conferred this authority in
specific terms. Every charter contained provisions for
levying and collecting taxes of a general nature, together
with special taxes of various kinds.

General taxes were usually limited by the charters, as

119 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 99.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 203

may be seen by the following pro\dsions selected at ran-
dom : "The mayor and aldermen shall have power to assess
and levy an annual tax, on all personal property in said
town, made subject to taxation by the laws of Iowa for
county purposes, not exceeding in any one year, one half
per centum on both real and personal estate and prop-
gj.^y»> 120 jj^ i^jjjg instance not only was the amount of the
tax limited, but the property subject to taxation was also
determined by State law. A similar provision was con-
tained in the Mount Pleasant charter of 1851 which pro-
vided that the ''mayor and councilmen shall have power to
levy by ordinance a tax on real and personal estate within
the limits of said corporation, not exceeding one-half of
one per centum in any one year".^-^

Although the wording of the charters granting to the
council the power of taxation was in most instances very
similar, the rate varied considerably. The majority of the
charters provided that the rate should not exceed one-half
per centum on the assessed valuation of the property sub-
ject to taxation; and the tax was usually on a percentage
basis. The Burlington charter of 1838, however, provided
that an ad valorem tax should be levied. In this case the
tax was limited to twenty-five cents per one hundred dollars
worth of property, unless increased by a petition of a ma-
jority of the property holders. ^-^ The charter granted to
Fort Madison upon the same day provided that the usual
''one-half per centum" tax should be levied.^^^ Dubuque's
charter of 1840 limited the rate to one-fourth per cent ; while
Bloomington's charter of 1849 allowed two per cent.^^^

^^0 Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 68.

121 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 197.

122 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 475.

123 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 483.

124 z,a«;s of the Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840, p. 160; Laws of Iowa, 1848-
1849, p. 68.

204 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

In one instance the charter fixed a lump sum beyond
which the council could not go unless a majority of the
electors in annual meeting favored it. Furthermore, in a
few cases it appears that the rate was limited to one and
one-half cents on the dollar, in others from three to ten
mills, and in others from twelve and one-half to twenty-five
cents per one hundred dollars worth of property /^^ From
this it would seem that local needs must have played an
important part in determining the rate of taxation in a
particular municipality. It is possible that the extravagance
of the council became burdensome to the people and that
attempts were made to check unnecessary expenditures.^^*'
The principle of having the electors sanction any increase
in the tax rate as provided by the charter was followed in
nearly every charter — although the method was usually
by special election and not by petition, as above mentioned.
In a few cases, however, the tax levy had to be submitted
to the voters for approval, even though the rate was equal
to or less than the limitation provided in the charter.^^^

Many charters authorized the council to collect all munic-
ipal taxes; but in several instances the road taxes and
school funds were paid to the proper city authorities by
county officers. A section from the Fort Madison charter
of 1838 — which seems to have been very closely followed
in the other charters — will show the power of the council
over the collection of taxes. It reads as follows: "It shall
be the duty of the president and trustees to make out a
duplicate of taxes, charging each individual therein an

125 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1843-1844, p. 152 ; Laws of Iowa, 1846-
1847, pp. 91, 113, 1854-1855, p. 170, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 24, 1856-1857,
p. 330.

126 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 485 ; Laws of the Ter-
ritory of Iowa, 1841-1842. p. 78, 1843-1844, p. 152; Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855,
p. 170.

127 Por an example of such a provision see Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 146.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 205

amount or tax in proportion to the real and personal estate
of such individual, within said town, which duplicate shall
be signed by the president and recorder, and delivered to
the marshal, or such other person as shall be appointed
collector, whose duty it shall be to collect the same within
such time and such manner as the ordinance shall direct. ' ' ^-^
The collector was generally appointed by and remained
under the control of the council.

A number of the charters failed to make any provision
for special taxes — which probably accounts for the number
of amendments dealing exclusively with this subject. Such
amendments were necessary owing to the recognized prin-
ciple that ''without a specific grant of power a city is help-
less."

The purposes for which special taxes might be levied
were as a rule expressly mentioned in the charters or in
the amendments. The majority of the special taxes men-
tioned were for the purpose of grading, paving, altering,
and improving the streets, and for other public works.
The people affected by the proposed improvement usually
gave their approval or disapproval at a special election or
by petition ; and if the sentiment of the people was unfavor-
able to the proposition, the project failed. In some in-
stances, however, the cost of the improvement was met in
part by the property owners affected and the remainder
was paid by the corporation. Sometimes the whole expense
was met by a special tax on the property benefited by the
improvement.

From these general rules there were, however, many ex-
ceptions. In one case a special tax was authorized for the
purpose of improving the streets, to be levied upon ''the
lots thus increased in value, not exceeding twelve per cent.
on the first assessment, provided such special tax shall not

128 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838. p. 484,

206 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

be more than one half of cost of such improvement ; the oth-
er half or more, as the case may be, to be paid by the corpo-
ration."^"*^ Another provision directed that the tax should
be assessed on ''all lots" situated along the street to be im-
proved, but such improvement must be petitioned for by
the owners of two-thirds of the lots.^^*^ In 1851 the city
council of Dubuque was given authority to levy a special
tax not to exceed one per cent for the improvement of the
harbor, although such levy w^as limited to two years.^^^
The authorities of Keosauqua in the same year were per-
mitted to levy a special assessment of not more than two
and one-half per cent for the purpose of erecting a bridge
across the Des Moines River, provided that three-fourths
of the voters favored the proposition.^^^

The approval of a special tax by the people was in some
instances unnecessary, since the council was given complete
power to levy and collect special assessments without the
consent of the voters or property owners. ^^^ In at least one
charter the council was authorized to levy a special tax and
to fix the amount ; but the improvement for which the levy
was made had to be approved by the electors.^^*

After 1850 the council was given power in several in-
stances to levy taxes for the support and maintenance of
public schools. The first provision of this kind was con-
tained in the charter granted to the city of Muscatine in
1851, the ninth section of which gives the council power to

129 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 121.

130 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1843-1844, p, 150.

131 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 142.

132 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 156.

133 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 85, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 45, 47, 1856-
1857, pp. 72, 240-241, 398.

134 This provision is found in an amendment enacted for Fort Madison in
1853.— Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, pp. 57, 58.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 207

''provide for the establishment and support of schools in
the city, when there has been a legal vote of the citizens in
favor thereof, and to provide for the government of the
same. "^-''^ Similar provisions were contained in the char-
ters enacted for Iowa City, Lyons, and Clinton.^^^

A number of the charters contained detailed provisions
exempting certain improvements from taxation at the dis-
cretion of the council or of the voters. The rates of assess-
ment w^ere in most instances dependent upon the amount
and kind of property included. ^^'^ Furthermore, land not
laid out into lots could not be taxed except as agricultural
lands or by the acre.^^^ A special tax on dogs was also al-
lowed by several of the charters.

In general it may be said that the charters contained
little in regard to poll taxes or road taxes, although the
towns operating under special charters constituted a road
district which extended from one to two miles from the cor-
poration limits. The council was usually authorized to
supersede the regular road supervisors and to assume their
duties ; but in order to facilitate administration the council
was given power to appoint one or more road overseers
who were responsible to the appointing authority.

Burlington's charter of 1838 provided that all poll taxes
should be applied to the repair of the streets and to no other
purpose,^'^'' and yet the charter granted to Fort Madison on
the same day allowed the council to assess two days labor
upon the streets for every male inhabitant above the age of
twenty-one and under fifty years. Moreover, the board was

135 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 64.

136 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 90, 1854-1855, p. 147, 1856-1857, p. 137.

137 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 103, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 59, 69, 1856-
1857, pp. 39, 57, 214, 225, 251, 319.

T-ss Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, pp. 175, 176, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 51.
139 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 475.

208 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

given authority to appropriate sucli other sums raised upon
the taxable property of the corporation as was deemed
necessary for the maintenance of the streets. ^"^^

Burlington's second charter, enacted by the Territorial
legislature of Iowa in 1845, gave the council power to col-
lect '4n money or labor, any sum not exceeding one dollar
annually, as a road tax, from each and every person liable,
by law, to pay such tax, or to labor on the highways ".^*^
This same pro^dsion was also incorporated in the next two
charters granted to Dubuque."^ In one instance the council
was permitted to ''require those persons having teams and
owing street labor to furnish the supervisor with the same,
providing for a fair and adequate allowance for the use
thereof"."^ The Davenport charter of 1851 gave the board
the power to require every male inhabitant in the city over
twenty-one j^ears of age to labor on the streets, not to ex-
ceed three days per year, and for refusal after notice to
forfeit one dollar a day for each day so refused."* From
this there seems to have been no age limit beyond which
such labor might not be required, as was also the case in
the Fort Madison charter mentioned above.

In some instances the persons liable to do work on the
roads by the laws of the State might be required by the
council to perform such labor. ^^^ Furthermore, the council
was authorized in a few cases *'to levy road taxes, not ex-
ceeding the amount allowed to be levied by the county court,

140 Lmvs of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 484, 485.

141 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1845, p. 81.

142 Laivs of the Territory of Iowa, 1845-1846, p. 121 ; Laws of Iowa, 1846-
1847, p. 111.

143 Lows of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 94.

i44l,aM;s of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 123.

145 Laws of lotva, 1850-1851, pp. 152, 177, 211, 1852-1853, pp. 106, 107,
1856 (Extra Session), pp. 39, 71, 1856-1857, pp. 40, 49, 58.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 209

and may provide" for the payment thereof. ^*° By two
charters a general tax, not to exceed three mills on the dol-
lar on all property liable to road tax in the city, was al-
lowed. The same charters prescribed a ''road poll tax not
exceeding three dollars for each resident under the age of
fifty years and over the age of twenty-one years, the collec-
tion and payment of said taxes to be made or enforced in
the same manner as other taxes in said city."^^^ From this
provision it would seem that women were liable for the pay-
ment of such taxes — although this could hardly have been
the interpretation placed upon the clause.

The authority to correct injudicious or erroneous assess-
ments being a necessary adjunct of the power to levy taxes,
the charters almost without exception permitted the coun-
cil to act as a board of equalization. In a few of the char-
ters in which no specific provision was made for equalizing
taxes, it was provided that the proceedings should "not be
more stringent or summar^^ than for the collection of state
and county taxes".

In general it may be said that the council had the power
to levy general and special taxes and to equalize them ; that
the assessor had the authority to assess the property, both
real and personal, upon which taxes were levied ; and that
the marshal as collector, or some one appointed by the
council, had the power to collect taxes by sale of property
if necessary. In other words the taxing powers of the city
council and its agents were complete.

FINANCIAL POWEES

The financial powers of the council consisted of adjusting
claims, auditing accounts, publishing financial reports, ap-

i46iaws of loiva, 1852-1853, p. 91, 1854-1855, p. 179, 1856 (Extra Session),
pp. 27, 40, 1856-1857, pp. 334, 352, 366.
^t'Laivs of loica, 1S56-1857, pp. 65, 142.

VOL. XVIII — 14

210 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

proving expenditures, issuing bonds, borrowing money, and
appropriating funds for various purposes. Provision was
usually made in the charters for the payment into the city
treasury of all money raised and collected by any tax,
license, penalty, fine, or forfeiture; nor could any money be
drawn therefrom except by the order of the council, signed
by the mayor and countersigned by the recorder — which
was to be taken as evidence of the regular passage or ap-
proval of such expenditure.

Furthermore, it was usually the duty of the council to
liquidate and settle all claims or demands against the cor-
poration, and to require all officers who were intrusted
with the collection or care of public money to render ac-
count to the council in such manner as the members thereof
might direct. The council was directed by almost every
charter to publish semi-annually — and if annually, at least
twenty days before the regular election — a complete state-
ment of the finances of the city, including a report of the
receipts and expenditures together with all debts due or
owing to and from the city. And the council was generally
given authority to pass all laws ''necessary and proper for
carrying out the foregoing powers."

Of all the financial powers granted to the council that of
borrowing money was probably the most important and the
most fully regulated. Although provisions of this character
were not usual in the charters enacted before 1850, still the
first charter granted to an Iowa town contained such a sec-
tion. Following the year 1850 nearly every charter con-
tained provisions allowing the council under certain re-
strictions to borrow money. Moreover, many amendments
were enacted by the legislature, either extending the power
of the council over such matters or granting it to those
cities whose charters contained no such authority.

As pointed out above, the Burlington charter of 1838

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 211

authorized the council to borrow money "for any public
purpose" whenever it seemed expedient. But this power
was limited by the requirement that the "nature and object
of the loan shall be stated and a day fixed for the electors
of the city to express their wishes. "^^^ Similar provisions
requiring a majority vote of the people were incorporated
in several of the charters passed during the later years of
the period.^^'^

Some of the charters designated the purpose for which
money could be borrowed. Public improvements and the
pa^dng and repairing of streets were particularly men-
tioned ; and in most instances the purpose of the loan must
be stated in the call for the special election. To this gen-
eral rule there were, however, many exceptions. For ex-
ample, the Charles City charter of 1857 empowered the
council to borrow money not to exceed ' ' two hundred thou-
sand dollars, and pledge the faith of the city for the pay-
ment thereof ".^^^ The purpose of the loan was not stated
in the charter, nor need it be voted upon, although the
question of borrowing had to be submitted to the voters.
The borrowing power of the council of Camanche was lim-
ited to ten thousand dollars for school purposes. ^^^ In
some instances the nature, object, and amount of the loan
must be submitted to the people for approval, and the

money could not be diverted from the object thus speci-
fied.1^2

Many charters provided that the borrowing of money
must be approved by a two-thirds majority of the electors.

148 Laivs of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 476, 477.

149 Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 57, 1854-1855, p. 180, 1856 -(Extra Session),
p. 40, 1856-1857, pp. 180, 320, 333, 368.

150 Lau-s of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 333.

151 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 365, 368.

152 For such a pro\'ision see Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 368, 369.

212 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Such a requirement was particularly conspicuous in the
charters granted during the later years of the period of
special legislation. Four charters in 1851, three in 1853,
and ten or more of the charters passed in 1857 contained
such provisions.^^^ As pointed out above, the purposes of
the loans varied: in some instances ''any purpose" was
specifically mentioned, and in others the matter was left
wholly to the discretion of the council.

To facilitate the borrowing of money cities operating
under special charters were in many instances authorized
to issue bonds. Particularly was this true when a city was
given power to subscribe to the capital stock of a railroad
company or a plank road company.^^* The amount of the
bonds was usually limited, as was also their duration and
the maximum rate of interest. From ten to twenty years
was the period generally specified and the interest rate was
in most instances left to the discretion of the council.^^^

Full discretion in the appropriation and distribution of
corporate funds was not always vested in the council.
The first charter containing a limitation in this matter was
the one enacted for Fort Madison in 1848, which provided
that "one half of the yearly revenue of the town for the
payment of the present debt of the corporation" shall be
appropriated by the mayor and aldermen, ''but in no case
shall they be allowed to make any contract, or incur any
liabilities more than the amount of the surplus money on
hand, and one half of the nett yearly revenue of the year
when the contract is made or liability incurred. "^^° A

i53Lat/;5 of Iowa, 1850-1851, pp. 64-65, 92, 156, 213, 1852-1853, pp. 53,
107, 115, 1854-1855, p. 148, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 26, 71, 1856-1857, pp.
41, 58, 72, 138, 158, 161-162, 226, 253, 289, 352.

154 io?(7s of loiva, 1850-1851, p. 166, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 75, 76, 1856-
1857, pp. 270, 399, 400, 402, 403, 447.

155 In one instance the rate was not to exceed ten per cent. — Laws of Iowa,
1856-1857, p. 399.

156 Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 72.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 213

number of the charters permitted the council to appropri-
ate money for the payment of all debts and expenses of the
city, although the method was left to their discretion. A
few charters allowed the board to appropriate ''such fines
and forfeitures as might be by them collected."

''An Act to provide for the repeal of the charter of Fort
Madison", passed by the legislature in 1847, provided that
"the Mayor and Board of Aldermen .... shall have
no power to appropriate any of the funds collected or to be
collected by them, other than for the payment of the officers
of said town, and the debts of the corporation now existing
and unpaid — that it shall be their duty to pay said debt or
debts as soon as they shall be enabled to do so".^^^ The
Des Moines charter of 1857 made it "necessary to secure a
two-thirds vote of ... . [the] council, to carry in the
affirmative any proposition involving appropriations for
any general purpose ".^^^

POWER OVER CITY PROPERTY

In almost every charter the corporate powers were enu-
merated in great detail. Included in such enumeration was
the authority of the council over city property. The form
in which this power was granted was stereotyped and read
as follows: the city shall have "also the power of pur-
chasing, using, occupying, enjoying and conveying real,
personal and mixed estate." Thus the council was given
authority to purchase and acquire property for the use and
benefit of the corporation ; and upon this power there were
no limitations, except such as might be inferred from the
restrictions above mentioned relative to the council 's power
to levy taxes and borrow money. But if funds were avail-
able there was nothing to prevent the purchase of such

157 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 149.

158 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 284.

214 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

property as tlie council deemed necessary. On the other
hand, in regard to the sale of city property such freedom
was in most instances limited.

Most of the charters required that the question of the
sale of city property be submitted to the voters in such
manner as the council deemed expedient, although in a few
instances the manner was specifically provided. Ten days ^
notice was usually required in one or more newspapers
printed in the city, or posted in three of the most public
places, setting forth the time, place, and purpose of the
election. In all cases the proposition had to be approved
by a majority of the qualified electors voting at the elec-
tion; and written or printed ballots were in most instances
specified.^ ^^ From this general rule there was, however, at
least one exception: Guttenberg's charter, amended in 1857,
provided that ''any lot or lots or piece of ground of the
town property for manufacturing purposes" may be sold
by the council without the consent of the people. Gutten-
berg was evidently bidding for factories, for in the same
amendment provision was made allowing the council to
lease or rent public landing lots for mill or warehouse
purposes.^^^

In addition to the power of purchasing property, the
charters in several instances conferred upon the council
the power of eminent domain. For example, the Maquoketa
charter of 1857 provided that ''the council shall have the
right to take and appropriate private property to the use of
said city, or destroy or remove the same when it shall be
necessary .... by paying to the owners the full
value thereof, to be ascertained by disinterested appraisers,
as shall be provided by ordinance. "^^^ The Charles City

159 Lows of the Territory of Iowa, 1845, p. 83, 1845-1846, p. 123; Laws of
Iowa, 1848-1849, p. 27, 1854-1855, p. 32, 1856-1857, pp. 349, 427.

160 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 157, 158.

161 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 179.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 215

charter of the same year provided that in ''every case the
said city shall be liable to make full compensation at the
fair cash value to the owners of all property, which shall
then be taken for public use".^''^

Private property taken by the corporation was used for
a variety of purposes — among which may be mentioned
streets and alleys, public parks and grounds, and public
buildings. As a matter of fact the council in several cities
had the power to erect and repair market houses, work
houses, hospitals, public halls, and city jails. ^^^ Moreover,
the improvement and regulation of public grounds was a
duty of the city council in a few cases.^^*

POWER OVER PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Before 1846 city councils in Iowa had no authority over
public schools ; but in that year the charter granted to Du-
buque contained a section providing that the ' ' council shall
have power whenever they deem it expedient, to provide for
the establishment and support of public schools within said
•city, and to pass all ordinances necessary and proper for the
good government of the same."^*^^ The same section was
incorporated in the new charter granted to Dubuque in the
following year as well as in the charters enacted for Keo-
kuk, Davenport, Keosauqua, Le Claire, and Des Moines. ^^^

In 1851 a new element was introduced in the charters re-
quiring the approval of the citizens on the question of
establishing schools ^^^ — although the next two charters

i62iflws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 337.

163 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 19, 1856-1857, pp. 288, 348.

164 Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 39, 60, 1856-1857, pp. 40, 49,
58, 115, 215, 226, 252, 320, 329, 333, 353.

^^5 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1845-1846, p. 121. See also Aurner's
History of Education in Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 16, 17.

160 Laivs of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. Ill, 1848-1849, pp. 25, 26, 1850-1851, pp.
116, 152, 1854-1855, p. 29, 1856-1857, p. 290,

i«7 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, pp. 64, 90, 1856-1857, p. 137.

216 IOWA JOUENAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

enacted in the same year followed the plan as expressed
in the Dubuque charter of 1846. ^'^^ Two charters provided
that the council should have "full control and authority
over the common schools in said city".^*^^

The charter granted to Maquoketa in 1857 contained a
comprehensive provision which reads as follows: "The
council may provide for the establishment and support of
public schools within the city, and may constitute and regu-
late the school districts therein, and may form school dis-
tricts embracing territory partly within and partly without
the limits of said city, whenever the school fund commis-
sioner, or other officer or officers having authority to form
or alter school districts, shall concur therein: Provided,
That the powers granted in this section shall only be exer-
cised in pursuance of a vote of the citizens and persons in-
terested in the exercise of said powers, and may provide by
ordinance for the government of any and all schools estab-
lished by said council. "^^^

The school district which was co-extensive with the city
of Dubuque was subject to the regulations of the council,
and yet the school fund commissioner was authorized to
alter the boundaries of the district. Moreover, the council
could levy a school tax not to exceed one-fourth of one per
cent and provide for the erection of buildings and for other
expenses.^ '^ Camanche's charter, enacted in the same year,
contained about the same provisions, although the district
was not subject to alteration by the school fund commis-
sioner.^^2

A very few of the charters authorized the council to ap-

168 Laios of lou-a, 1850-1851, pp. 116, 152.

1^9 Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 71, 1856-1857, p. 41.

170 Laws of loica, 1856-1857, pp. 179, 180.

171 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 354.
^T^Laivs of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 364, 365.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 217

point or provide for the election of a board of education
for the district. Furthermore, the council was allowed to
vest in such board the necessary power for the care and
management of public schools within the district, the em-
ployment of teachers, supervision of schools, and such other
duties as seemed necessary. The council in a few instances
was required to publish annually a complete school re-
port.^'^^ In two charters the council was granted all the
powers enumerated in chapter sixty-nine of the Code of

The power of the council to borrow money and levy taxes
for school purposes has been discussed above in the section
dealing with power to levy taxes and financial powers.

POLICE POWERS

Municipal corporations are created not only for the pur-
pose of administering local affairs but also to serve as
agents of the State. The powers which they exercise are
delegated to them. Many of these powers are known as
police powers. Thus under the police powers of the munic-
ipality, nuisances, health, fires, markets, liquor, and the
like, are regulated and controlled. In fact, while the exer-
cise of police power by a governmental agency is primarily
for the general welfare of the people, "it is well settled that
laws and regulations of this character, though they may
disturb the enjoyment of individual rights, are not uncon-
stitutional, though no provision is made for compensation
for such disturbances." Under the guise of police power
private property may not be appropriated for public use,
but its use and enjoyment may be regulated. If the owner
suffers injury, *'he is compensated for it by sharing in the

173 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, pp. 15, 16, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 45, 1856-
1857, pp. 354, 365.

174 Laws of lovoa, 1854-1855, p, 181, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 28.

218 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

general benefits which the regulations are intended and
calculated to secure. The citizen owns his property abso-
lutely .... still he owns it subject to this restric-
tion, namely, that it must be so used as not unreasonably to
injure others ".^^^

One of the police powers most frequently granted to the
council by the special charters was that of the regulation of
health — although during the later years of the period the
provisions of the charters were more comprehensive. As a
matter of fact, of the fourteen charters granted to munic-
ipalities in Iowa before 1846, only six contained provisions
in regard to the regulation and control of public health;
while of the forty-three charters enacted after that year, all
but seven of them contained specific sections authorizing
such regulation.

In general it may be said that about three-fourths of the
charters vested the municipal authorities with power to
regulate the health of the inhabitants, to fill up or drain
low-lying lots upon which stagnant water had collected,
and to prevent and abate nuisances. The council was also
authorized to ''pass all needful ordinances and by-laws",
and to appoint health officers to carry out the foregoing-
powers. The following provision — identical in most of the
charters — is typical of the council's power over health:
' ' The council may make all necessary ordinances in relation
to the cleanliness and health of the city, and may require
the owners of lots, on which water become [s] stagnant, to
drain or fill up the same; and in default thereof, after
reasonable notice, may cause the same to be done at the ex-
pense of the city, and assess the costs thereof on the specific
lots and cause them to be sold by the collector of the city, as
in the case of taxes ; and the owner may redeem from such
sale as in case of a sale for tax."^^^ In some instances the

175 Dillon's Municipal Corporations (5tli edition), Vol. I, pp. 553-555.

176 For such a provision see Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 104.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 219

council was authorized ''to cause all putrid substances,
either animal or vegetable, to be removed ".^^^

Provision was made in a few of the charters for the pro-
tection of the inhabitants of the cities against contagious
diseases, the council being authorized to pass quarantine
regulations. Burlington's charter of 1838 authorized the
council "to use all needful means to prevent the introduc-
tion of infectious diseases into said city".^^^ The next pro-
vision of this character is found in the Davenport charter
of 1851, authorizing the council "to make regulations to
prevent the introduction of contagious diseases into the
city, to make quarantine laws for that purpose, and to en-
force the same within five miles of the city".^'^® Similar
provisions were contained in an amendment to the Keokuk
charter in 1853, allowing the council "to make regulations
to prevent the introduction of paupers, or of contagious
diseases, into the city, also to make quarantine laws and
enforce the same within the city, and not to exceed four
miles beyond the city bounds ".^^*^ The jurisdiction of the
council for the enforcement of such regulations was limited
to three miles in the Mount Pleasant and Council Bluffs
charters ; while the Charles City charter contained no spe-
cific grant of power in such matters beyond the corporate
limits. ^^^

Hospitals were not generally provided for in the special
charters. In fact it was not until 1851 that any provision
was made for the establishment of hospitals. Davenport's
charter of 1851 authorized the council "to establish hospi-
tals, and make regulations for the government of the

177 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 289.

^78Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 472.

179 Latvs of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 117.

180 Latos of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 135.

181 LcMus of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 23, 1856-1857, pp. 115, 329.

220 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

same".^®- Dubuque's amendment in 1855 permitted the
council ''to erect, purchase, hold and regulate, hospi-
tals ".^^^ It may be noted that most of the towns whose
charters contained provisions for hospitals and quarantine
regulations were river towns — the early ports of entry
into the Iowa country.

Health officers for carrying out the health ordinances
were appointed by the council and were subject to such rules
and regulations as well as such compensation as the council
deemed necessary and proper.

Some of the charters contained other miscellaneous pro-
visions relative to certain trades and occupations which
may be classed as police power. Bakers and butchers were
subject to license and regulation by the council in the inter-
est of the health of the inhabitants of the city. Moreover,
in a few cases the sale of meats, fish, and poultry was pro-
hibited except in a market, which was generally under the
control of the council. Tenement houses, livery stables,
nuisances, and cemeteries and burials were usually under
the control and regulation of the council. Public wells
were also subject to the same authority.

Most of the charters contained specific provisions en-
abling the council to pass ordinances for preventing the
destruction of property by fire. As a matter of fact only
about ten charters failed to grant such power. Further-
more, the council was usually authorized to prohibit the
discharge of fire arms, to regulate the storage and sale of
gunpowder, and to organize fire companies and provide
them with all necessary fire extinguishing apparatus.

In order to carry out these provisions effectually the
council in most instances was given power to prevent by

182 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 117. For other provisions of a similar
character see Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 23, 1856-1857, pp. 115,
329, 348.

183 i^ows of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 19.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 221

ordinance the erection of any building of wood of more
than ten feet in height in any block if such construction was
by petition opposed by the owners of three-fourths of the
lots in the square or fractional square. Moreover the coun-
cil was authorized to condemn and cause to be removed any
building or addition to any building in such square, except
where the outer walls were composed of brick or stone and
mortar. In the Burlington amendment of 1853, however,
the council was authorized to give permission for the erec-
tion of buildings contrary to ordinance. This amendment
also provided that ''all judgments for the violation of any
ordinance passed by virtue of this section, shall be liens
upon the real estate, upon which such building is located,
and the same shall be sold to satisfy the execution. "^^^

Probably the most comprehensive statement of the power
of the council over fires was contained in an amendment to
the Keokuk charter in 1856 and reads as follows :

That the City Council for the purpose of guarding against the
calamities of fire, shall have power to prescribe the limits within
which wooden buildings shall not be erected, or placed, or repaired,
without the permission of the said Council, and to direct that all
and any buildings within the limits prescribed, shall be made or
constructed of fire-proof materials, and to prohibit the repairing or
rebuilding of wooden buildings within the fire limits, when the same
shall have been damaged to the extent of fifty per cent of the value
thereof, and to prescribe the manner of ascertaining such damage.
The City Council shall also have power to regulate the construction
of chimneys so as to admit chimney sweeps, and to compel the
sweeping and cleaning of chimneys, to prevent the dangerous con-
struction and condition of chimneys, fire places, hearths, stoves,
stove pipes, ovens, boilers and apparatus used in and about any
building or manufactory, and to cause the same to be removed or
placed in a safe and secure condition when considered dangerous.

To prevent the deposit of ashes in unsafe places, and appoint one
or more officers to enter into all buildings and inclosures, to discover

184 Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, pp. 84, 85.

222 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

whether the same are in a dangerous state, and to cause such as may
be dangerous to be put in safe condition.

To require the inhabitants to provide as many fire buckets, and
in such manner and time, as they shall prescribe, and to regulate the
use of them in time of fire. To regulate and prevent the carrying
on of manufactories dangerous in causing or promoting fire. To
regulate and prevent the use of fire works and fire arms. To compel
the o^^Tiers or occupants of houses or other buildings to have scut-
tles in the roofs, and stairs or ladders leading to the same.

To authorize the Mayor, Aldermen, Fire "Wardens, or other offi-
cers of said city, to keep away from the vicinity of any fire, idle and
suspicious persons, and to compel all officers of said city and other
persons to aid in the extinguishment of fires, and preservation of
property exposed to danger thereat.

To organize fire, hook, ladder and axe companies. — To provide
fire engines, and other apparatus for the extinguishment of fires.
To appoint during pleasure, Wardens and Engineers of the fire
department. To appoint during pleasure a competent number of
Firemen and prescribe their duties, and to impose fines and for-
feitures upon them, for the violation of the rules and regulations
prescribed, and generally to establish such regulations for the pre-
vention and extinguishment of fires, as the City Council deem
expedient.i®^

It seems that such elaborate and detailed provisions were
hardly necessary in order to give the council complete
power over fire prevention: but by this means the cities
were freed from judicial interference in the powers granted
by the legislature.

The power to license and the power to tax are based upon
different principles — the former being exercised for regu-
lative purposes, although in some instances it has been held
not to be unconstitutional for licenses to be issued for
revenue.

Most of the special charters, particularly during the later
years of the period, permitted the council "to regulate by

185 Zau'S of Iowa, 1S56 (Extra Session), pp. 48, 49.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 223

good and wholesome" laws all taverns, groceries, and other
places where spirituous liquors were sold. Moreover, the
council was given full and exclusive power to grant or re-
fuse licenses to taverns, inn keepers, and retailers of liquor
in quantities of less than one quart. Although the council
was given exclusive authority over the sale of liquor within
the corporation, most of the charters provided that the regu-
lations passed by the council should not be repugnant to the
laws of the Territory or the State.

The Bloomington (now Muscatine) amendment of 1842
gave the city council power to license the retailing of '^ ar-
dent spirits within the limits of the corporation; and the
proceeds of such licenses shall be appropriated, the one
half for the benefit of said corporation, and one half to be
paid into the county treasury. "^^^ But an amendment of
the Mount Pleasant charter passed in 1844 permitted the
council "to grant or withhold, at their discretion, all li-
censes for the retailing of ardent spirits .... and to
appropriate the proceeds .... for the benefit of said
corporation ".^^^

Keosauqua's charter of 1851 provided that the ''council
shall have power and it is hereby made their duty to regu-
late by good and wholesome laws and ordinances, all tav-
erns, ale, beer, cider and porter shops, and places where
spirituous or vinous liquors are sold in less quantities than
one gallon .... and the city council shall have full
and exclusive power to grant or refuse license to tavern
keepers ".^^^ Although the Oskaloosa charter of 1855 con-
tained no specific grant of power over the sale of liquor, the
council was authorized to "make any other ordinary, suit-

186 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 120.

187 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1843-1844, p. 103.

188 Laws of Iowa, 1S50-1851, p. 150.

224 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

able and proper police regulation" and under this provision
licenses could probably be issued to retailers of liquor.^^^

Furthermore, most of the charters permitted the council
to regulate and license all theatrical exhibitions, and public
shows and all exhibitions of whatever name or nature to
which admission was obtained on the pajonent of money,
but provision was made that no such license should extend
to any entertainment of a scientific or literary character.
Showmen, keepers and managers of theatrical exhibitions
and other entertainments for money or other reward, auc-
tioneers for the sale of horses and other domestic animals
at public auction in the streets, and keepers of ferries were
also generally subject to license and regulation. Moreover,
the council could exact such reasonable terms and conditions
as in their opinion the "peace, quiet, and good order of
society and the city may require"; and such licenses might
be suspended or revoked whenever the general welfare of
the city made such action necessary.

The council in Muscatine w^as authorized to ''impose li-
cense upon all persons exercising the business or calling of
an auctioneer, within the said city, in such sum as the said
council may determine, and upon such conditions as the said
council may see proper to affix." In addition the council
was given ''power to tax and regulate auctioneers in their
calling, and to require each .... to execute to the
said city a bond .... conditioned that he will render
a true account of all sales made by him, and promptly pay
over to the said city all taxes which may become due to the
said city from the sales so made by him as auctioneer ".^^"^

Broker and loan offices were also in several charters sub-
ject to regulation and license.^^^ The Davenport charter of

189 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 126.

190 iaws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 24, 25.

i«i Latvs of the Territory of lorca, 1845-1846, p. 121 ; Laws of Iowa, 1846-
1847, p. Ill, 1848-1849, p. 25, 1850-1851, pp. 117, 152, 1854-1855, p. 29,
1856 (Extra Session), p. 23, 1856-1857, pp. 330, 425.

SPECIAL I^rUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 225

1842 provided for licensing bakers ; and the price and weight
of bread might be regulated by the council.^^- Moreover,
Fort Madison's charter of the same year allowed the coun-
cil ''to prohibit the baking . . . . [of bread] for sale,
except by those licensed 'V^^ ^^^ the same provision was
incorporated in the next charter granted to Fort Madison
in 1848.19*

In 1853 an amendment containing a very comprehensive
grant of power relative to licenses was passed by the legis-
lature for the city of Keokuk. The council was given
authority ''to license, tax, and regulate agents or agencies
of foreign, insurance companies, hawkers or peddlers, and
pawnbrokers .... to regulate, license, or prohibit
butchers, and to revoke their licenses for malconduct in the
course of trade, and to reg-ulate, license and restrain, the
sale of fresh meats and vegetables in the city."^^^

But the Burlington amendment of the same year con-
tained a still more comprehensive section in which the coun-
cil was authorized "to grant or refuse license to sell mer-
chandize, real estate, money, and pawnbrokers, to storage
and forwarding or commission merchants, to lumber mer-
chants, auctioneers, to hawkers and peddlers, either of
wholesale or retail, to insurance, except mutual insurance
companies, to keepers of billiard tables, nine or ten-pin
alleys, bagatelle tables, or shuffle boards, to livery stable
keepers, and also for the running of carriages, or any other
vehicles for conveying persons or property, for hire; for
all public concerts, or exhibitions for the public entertain-
ment or amusement, and to require and receive for each
license such sums of money as they may deem expedient

192 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 43.

193 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 77.
19* iaif^s of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 67.

195 Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 135.

VOL. XVIII — 15

226 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

and just. And all judgments rendered for vioiaiions oi any
ordinance in relation to licenses, shall be liens upon all the
property used in violation of said ordinance, and the same
may be sold to satisfy the execution. " ^^'^

One charter made bankers and wagons subject to license
and regulation ; while another included eating-houses, hotel-
keepers, boarding-houses, ' ' bankers, dealers in money, war-
rants, notes and other evidences of indebtedness, and works
of all kinds. "^^' Still other charters provided for the regu-
lation of gambling-houses, baudy-houses, weights and meas-
ures, and for the inspection of coal, hay, beef, pork, flour,
butter, lard, and other provisions. A few charters made
provision for the regulation of the "character and size of
the foundation and other walls of buildings ' '.^®* The rates
charged for the carriage of persons and the drayage of
property were also in some instances under the control of
the council.

Most of the charters of the river towns provided for the
establishment, regulation, and licensing of ferries. The
first provision of this character was contained in the Fort
Madison charter of 1842, authorizing the council to estab-
lish one or more ferries across the Mississippi River and to
lease the same for one or more years. ^^^ Burlington's
charter, which was granted three years later, allowed the
council to license the keepers of ferries across the Missis-
sippi River and exact such ' ' sum or sums of money as they
shall think fit and expedient ' \^^^

The city of Bloomington (now Muscatine) was given ex-

196 Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 84.

197 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 179, 348.

198 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 117, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 23, 1856-1857,
pp. 116, 330, 349.

199 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 77.

200 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1845, p. 80.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 227

elusive authority to establish, operate, or lease ferries, but
if leased it should be for not more than ten years. In 1848
the charter was again amended, permitting the council to
fine any person who should ferry people or property across
the Mississippi River *'in any boat or vessel used for the
purpose of ferrying, with or without compensation there-
for, having no license, leave or permission from the Presi-
dent and Trustees". This act also contained provisions
for commencing the action and the details for recovering
the boat or vessel if it were condemned and forfeited to the
city.2«i

Keosauqua's charter of 1851 made possible the licensing
of the keepers of ferries and bridges across the Des Moines
River from the city to the opposite shore.^*'^ ^ similar pro-
vision was also contained in the Council Bluffs charter of
1857 relative to the ferries across the Missouri River.-"^
In a few instances provision was made for the establishment
and operation of free ferries.^^^

Municipalities are usually granted large powers in regard
to the prevention and abatement of nuisances in order to
promote the public health, safety, and convenience of the
inhabitants. Thus the cities operating under special char-
ters were in most instances given ^'the power to prevent
and abate nuisances". After 1845, however, the practice
seems to have been to enumerate certain definite and spe-
cific subjects which the council might regulate or prohibit.
For example, the Des Moines charter of 1857 authorized
the city council among other things ''to prevent and regu-
late the rolling of hoops, playing of ball, flying of kites, or

201 Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), pp. 37, 38.
20^ Laws of lotva, 1850-1851, p. 150.

203 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 113, 114.

204 Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 71, 1852-1853, p. 53, 1856-
1857, p. 289.

228 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

any other amusements or practice having a tendency to
annoy persons ".^^^

In general the powers of the council over nuisances were
as follows : to remove buildings dangerous to health or the
prevention of fire; to prohibit animals from running at
large (limited in some charters to certain seasons of the
year) ; to prohibit dogs from being kept within the city; to
prohibit the discharge of fire arms within the limits of the
corporation ; to regulate the storage and sale of gunpowder ;
to prevent racing and immoderate driving on the streets;
to regulate or prohibit gaming and gambling houses; to
prohibit disorderly houses; to prohibit fireworks in the
streets; to regulate or prohibit the sale of liquor, unless
such prohibitions were repugnant to State law ; and to pro-
hibit the keeping of swine within the city.

In order to enforce the city ordinances relative to the
matters above named the council was usually authorized to
''make all needful by-laws and ordinances to enforce the
foregoing powers". Two charters permitted the council
to levy a fine of five dollars on persons who allowed swine
to run at large, and such fine was to ''be paid to the person
making complaint. "^^^ According to other charters fines
varying from ten dollars to one hundred dollars might be
levied for the breach of city ordinances. A few charters
provided either a fine or imprisonment in the city or county
jail — the latter in most instances being limited to thirty
days, although in one case the term was not to exceed sev-
enty-five days.^^^ These fines could be worked out by per-
forming labor on the streets, the compensation in at least
one instance being limited to one dollar per day.^"^

205 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 288.
206Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 261, 271.

207 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1843-1844, p. 150.

208 Lows of the Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840, p. 159, 1841-1842, p. 108,
1843-1844, p. 150; Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 68, 1848-1849,
p. 27, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 22, 1856-1857, pp. 153, 187, 295, 317, 346, 363.

SPECIAL IVIUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 229

Special charter cities usually constituted one road dis-
trict, and the council was entrusted with the general care
and improvement of streets and alleys within the corporate
limits and of all roads leading from the city for a distance
of one or two miles. The city authorities were usually
given complete and exclusive jurisdiction over the road
district thus formed. Furthermore, the council was au-
thorized to appoint one or more road supervisors or com-
missioners and prescribe their duties.

In some instances general road taxes were levied by the
city council, although a few charters provided that such
taxes be levied and collected by the county officers and by
them paid into the city treasury.^^^ The council usually
had the power to open, establish, alter, and vacate streets,
and in a few cases they might extend streets through any
territory that was added to the city. In such cases, how-
ever, the corporation was made liable for full compensation
to the owners of property thus taken. Furthermore those
charters granting to the council the power of eminent do-
main usually made provision for the assessment of dam-
ages by a specially appointed board or commission-^i"^ In
one charter the council had the power to determine the dam-
ages by such method as they deemed proper.^^^

After 1846 the charters usually contained detailed pro-
visions permitting the council to vacate, improve, light,
grade, and pave streets and alleys. In regard to these
matters the early charters were brief and granted power
in very general terms. For example, the Burlington char-
ter of 1838 granted the council the power to make regula-
tions and ordinances for the "public improvement of said

209 For such provisions see Latvs of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 50,
1856-1857, p. 94.

210 See Laws of loiva, 1856-1857, pp. 179, 337, 352, 353.

211 See Laivs of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 337.

230 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

city"; and the Fort Madison charter of the same year
specified the power to "grade streets .... [and] to
open and keep in repair, streets, avenues, lanes, alleys,
drains and sewers". In the same act further provision
was made for the selection of a board or jury for the assess-
ment of damages arising from the opening of streets, and
for the levy and collection of labor to be performed upon
the streets.2^2

Many of the special charters also provided for changing
the grade of streets upon a petition of the owner or owners
of "two-thirds the value of the real propertj^ on both sides
of the street where the change is desired. "-^^ Further-
more, the council was usually given power to regulate and
improve streets and alleys and determine the width of side-
walks, provided that no private property be taken without
just compensation to be ascertained by a jury of freeholders
chosen by the council or marshal. Notice had to be given to
all persons whose property was to be appropriated, else the
whole proceeding was invalid. If damages against the city
were awarded they were to "constitute a valid claim . .
. . and may be sued for and collected as any other
claim. "214

In most instances, however, the board making the assess-
ment of damages arising from the opening or changing of
streets was directed to take into consideration the advan-
tages and disadvantages of such alterations and improve-
ments. From the decision of this damage board appeal
could be made to the district court, but its decision or judg-
ment was final.21^ The most comprehensive scheme for the

212 Lmcs of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 472, 483-485.

213 See Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 103, 147, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 38,
58, 1856-1857, pp. 39, 48, 56, 138, 180, 224.

inlaws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 352, 353.

215 Laws of low-a, 1856-1857, p. 397.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 231

assessment of damages was contained in an amendment to
the Burlington charter enact:ed in ISSl.-^*^ Damages of this
character were usually paid out of the general revenue of
the corporation, although in a few instances the council was
authorized to levy a special tax upon the real estate en-
hanced in value by the proposed change.-^'^

A few charters permit'ted the council to vacate any street
or alley ''upon the petition of two-thirds the value of the
real property on both sides of the street ' ' where the change
was desired. The Wapello amendment of 1857, however,
made the city liable for damages.-^^ The president and
trustees of Bloomington (Muscatine) were authorized to
permit ' ' any person owming all the lots in any block in said
town, to enclose and have the possession and use of the
alley of said block, so long as such person may own every
lot of such block. "219

The erection and regulation of bridges was generally
under the control of the council. In 1842 the city of Daven-
port received a charter giving the council the power ''to
erect and repair bridges". The same power was granted
in the Farmington charter of 1847, in the Fort Madison
charter of 1848, in the Davenport charter of 1851, and in
the amendments enacted for Dubuque in 1855 and 1857.-^°

Provision was usually made in the charters enacted dur-
ing the latter part of the period for the paving of streets

2i6iaM's of Iowa, 1850-1851, pp. 83, 84. For other provisions relative to
damages see Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 483, 484;
Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, pp. 84, 198, 1852-1853, pp. 53, 90, 133. 1854-1855,
pp. 76, 77, 139, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 47, 1856-1857, pp. 94-98, 119, 146,
179, 240, 241, 251, 352-353, 364, 397.

217 For such a provision see Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 240, 241.

21S Zaw's of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 71.

219 Laics of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 121.

2^0 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 43; Laws of Iowa, 1846-
1847, p. 98, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 67, 1850-1851, pp. 117, 157, 1854-1855,
p. 15, 1856-1857, p. 348.

232 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

and alleys, the construction of sidewalks, sewers, and pub-
lic wells, the erection of street lights, and the establishment
of night watches and police. The council was in most in-
stances authorized to require the owners of adjacent lots
to pave one-half of the width of the street or such paving
could be done by the city and the expense assessed upon the
lots. Such assessment had the effect of a special tax, and
the property could be sold by the collector in the same man-
ner as real and personal property for general taxes. The
expense of constructing sewers was generally met by an
assessment ''upon the property benefitted thereby".

For the care and improvement of streets and alleys the
council was authorized to levy a tax on the property within
the corporation. The amount of the tax was usually lim-
ited to three mills on the dollar's worth of such property.
Poll taxes were also provided for, varying from one to three
dollars. Special treatment has been given both road taxes
and poll taxes in a preceding section, so that further con-
sideration of them in this connection is unnecessary.

POWEE TO AMEND THE CHAETEE

Previous to 1855 the legislature retained the power to
amend the charters which it had enacted. In 1855 the city
council of Oskaloosa was given the authority to propose
amendments to the charter, and it was provided that the
proposed amendment should ''be submitted to the legal
voters at the annual election; and if a majority of the votes
cast for and against the amendment be for it, the amend-
ment shall thereupon become a part" of the charter of the
municipality.--^

Similar provisions were incorporated in the Newton and
Tipton charters of 1857.^-^ Thus, throughout the entire

221 Laii's of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 129.

222 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 148, 165.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 233

period of special legislation in Iowa only three municipali-
ties were authorized to amend or change their charters.

VII
THE MAYOR IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

The mayor, or president as he was sometimes called, was
always elected by the qualified voters of the city for a term
of one year — except in one instance when the term was
extended to two years.^^s Although none of the charters
definitely fixed or specified the compensation of the mayor,
as a member of the council he may be presumed to have
received whatever salary or fees were granted by the elec-
tors. The charters did, however, provide that for his ju-
dicial duties the mayor should receive the same compensa-
tion as was allowed the justices of the peace for similar
services.

The qualifications of the mayor varied widely, although
in most instances he was required to be a citizen and also a
resident of the city for a period of from one to three years.
A few of the charters required candidates for the office to
be twenty-one years of age, and in one case the necessary
age was twenty-five years.^-^ The bond of the mayor was
fixed at the discretion of the council, although one charter
provided that a bond of one thousand dollars should be re-
quired.22^ Furthermore, the mayor was required to take
an oath to support the Constitution of the United States
and the Constitution and laws of the State or Territory, as
the case might be, and to faithfully perform the duties of
his office.

Vacancies in the office of mayor, caused by death, resig-

223 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 9.

224 Lairs of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 471.

225 Laivs of Iowa, 1848-1849, p. 33.

234 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

nation, or removal from the city, were filled by special elec-
tion in most instances. A few charters, however, provided
that the council might choose one of their own members to
fill out the unexpired term. Temporary vacancies in the
oflSce were usually filled b}^ the senior trustee or by the
president pro tern; but such appointees could not perform
any of the mayor's judicial functions.

The duties which the mayor promised "to faithfully per-
form" were many and somewhat varied in their character.
He was always the presiding officer of the council and the
chief administrative officer of the city. In the council the
mayor usually voted in case of a tie, although during the
early years of the period the mayor and recorder voted
upon all measures and their presence was necessary to a
quorum. The duty of calling special meetings of the coun-
cil usually devolved upon the mayor, but in some instances
the call was subject to the approval of a majority of the
members.

The seal of the city was usually given into the custody of
the mayor, and the records of the municipality were like-
wise entrusted to his keeping. Furthermore, all by-laws,
ordinances, tax duplicates, commissions, and licenses, as
well as all orders of the council upon the city treasury re-
quired the signature of the mayor. Most of the charters
pro^^ded that the mayor should be the chief executive officer
of the council, the conservator of the peace, and the overseer
of the official conduct of all subordinate officers.

The mayor was usually required to publish all ordinances
at least six days before they went into operation, to issue
all processes against offenders, and according to most of
the charters to hear all trials for offences against the city
ordinances. He was ex officio justice of the peace and had
concurrent jurisdiction of offences against the State law
committed within the limits of the corporation. AA^en act-

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 235

ing in the capacity of a judicial officer lie was subject to the
same regulations as a justice of the peace.

A jury was not required in the mayor's court, although
a jury of six persons could be impanelled if requested by
one of the parties to a suit. The mayor was directed to keep
a record of all proceedings held before his court. Moreover,
in his administrative capacity, the mayor was authorized
to cause the neglect of subordinate officers to be punished.
In one instance the mayor was subject to indictment and
trial in the district court, and if convicted was liable to a
fine not to exceed two hundred dollars. Furthermore, he
was liable to removal from office by the court on the recom-
mendation of the jury.22<5 The amendment granted to the
Keokuk charter in 1856 provided that ' ' the Mayor ....
shall exercise no judicial functions whatever, but shall be
the executive officer of said city, and as such shall have the
right to remit fines and pardon offences committed against
the municipal ordinances and regulations of said city."--"
All judicial functions of the mayor were by this act con-
ferred upon the recorder 's court.

The Farmington charter of 1847 provided that "the may-
or shall nominate, and with the concurrence of the Board of
Aldermen, appoint all officers within the city, which are not
ordered by law or ordinance to be otherwise appointed. It
shall be his duty to enforce the laws of the State, and ordi-
nances of the city, -within the corporate limits thereof. He
may, with the advice of the Board of Aldermen, remove
from office any person holding office created by ordinance ;
he shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen in
any office, other than aldermen ".^^^ Such powers were,
however, the exception and not the general rule.

22<iLatcs of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 120.

227 Lmcs of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 43.

228 Latvs of loiva, 1846-1847, p. 97.

236 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

VIII
THE RECORDER IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

The recorder, or clerk as lie was sometimes called, was
generally elected by the qualified electors of the corpora-
tion, although a few charters permitted the appointment of
the recorder by the council and in one instance — that of
Farmington in 1847 — the mayor was authorized to ap-
point the clerk "with the consent of the Board of Alder-
men ".^^^

Except in one instance, the term for which the recorder
was chosen was one year.^^o The qualifications necessary
for the office varied in no essential particulars from those
of other elective officers — the council prescribing the quali-
fications of the clerk when filling the office by appointment.

The council was usually authorized to fix the compensa-
tion of the recorder in such sum as was by them deemed
expedient; but some of the charters provided that such
compensation should not exceed the amount paid by the
township or county for similar services. Moreover, the fee
system of compensation was generally employed. In no
charter was there provision for the payment of a salary.

During the first few years of the period the recorder
seems to have been exempt from giving a bond for the faith-
ful performance of his duty; but after 1846 the council was
usually authorized to require a bond from all subordinate
officers. The general rule, however, seems to have been to
leave the matter of bonds very largely to the discretion of
the council. At the same time a few charters required the

229 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 99.

Seven other charters authorized the council to appoint the recorder. — Laws
of Iowa, 1846-1847, pp. 156-157, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 66, 1848-1849,
p. 20, 1850-1851, pp. 85-86, 144, 1852-1853, p. 52, 1856-1857, p. 284.

230 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 9.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 237

recorder and other officers to give a bond, the amount of
which was under the control of the council.^^^

The recorder was generally required to take an oath of
office, as were the other officers of the corporation. Before
entering upon the duties of the office he was required to
take an oath to support the Constitution of the United
States and of the State and the laws passed under them.
He must promise to perform faithfully the duties of his
office.

Vacancies in the office of recorder were usually filled by
the council — except in a few cities where the charters re-
quired the filling of vacancies by special election. The re-
corder was permitted by several charters to appoint a
deputy whose duty it was to fill the office in the absence of
the recorder, but for the acts of the deputy the recorder
was responsible.

The charters, except in a few instances, did not specif-
ically enumerate the duties of the recorder, but provided
that the council should require the performance of duties
which were not inconsistent mth State law. Particularly
was this true under those charters which permitted the
council to appoint the recorder and prescribe his duties.

The duties which the recorder was generally required to
perform were the following : keep a true record of the pro-
ceedings of the council, attend all meetings, appoint a dep-
uty and be responsible for his acts, make out and sign tax
duplicates, attest the annual financial report of the city
council, countersign and publish all ordinances, keep ordi-
nances in a book provided for the same, keep a record of
elections and notify elected persons, post election notices,
call meetings of the council in the absence of the mayor,
sign all orders for money, and sign all bonds, contracts, and
deeds.

231 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 87, 1852-1853, pp. 102, 112, 1854-1855,
pp. 100, 125, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 34, 55, 1856-1857, pp. 211, 222, 327.

238 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Other duties of the recorder, not generally mentioned in
the charters or contained in amendments thereto, were as
follows: preside at the meetings of the council in the ab-
sence of the mayor or president pro tern; furnish rooms
and stationery for the use of the council ; preserve all pub-
lic papers and keep the seal of the corporation; keep the
accounts of the city ; record all oaths and administer them ;
serve ex officio as assessor (for the first time in 1838) ;2^2
make out a list of delinquent taxes and add them to the list
for the current year for collection; keep a record of the
returns oFthe city marshal and a list of all lots sold by him ;
keep a separate account of all money paid into the city
treasury for school purposes ; keep a record of the proceed-
ings of the commissioners and the amounts paid out of the
treasury at their order to compensate the owners of prop-
erty damaged by changing the grade of streets; make out
tax lists from the assessor's report; receive the purchase
money arising from the sale of lots for taxes; index city
ordinances in a separate volume; give notice in the news-
papers of assessments ; and make out a special tax list and
give it to the treasurer.

From the powers and duties mentioned above it is evi-
dent that the clerk was the recording officer of the city.
Some of the charters provided that he should act as as-
sessor or as treasurer — duties clearly outside the usual
sphere as laid down by the general incorporation acts of
the period. Indeed, the recorder may be considered second
in importance among the executive officers under the spe-
cial charter regime. Particularly during the early years
of the period, the recorder's presence was necessary to a
quorum in meetings of the council, and in many instances
he was authorized to vote on all measures. ^^^

232 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 473, 474.

233 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 481, 482.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHAHTERS IN IOWA 239

IX
THE TREASURER IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

The treasurer was usually elected by the qualified voters
of the city, although a few charters provided for his ap-
pointment by the city council. In a few instances the coun-
cil was authorized to ''provide for the election" of sub-
ordinate officers. The Burlington charter of 1838 — the
first to be granted to an Iowa town — provided for the
election of the treasurer ''by the free white citizens of said
city". This charter also required the treasurer and other
officers to "be commissioned by the governor of the terri-
tory ".-^^ The Fort Madison charter, approved on the same
day, permitted the council to "provide in said ordinances
for the election of a treasurer ".-^^

The provision of the Davenport charter of 1839 clearly
means that the council should appoint the treasurer, since
it grants that power in specific terms.^^'^ Indeed, about
ten of the charters seem to have copied this provision from
the act mentioned above.^^^ The Centerville charter of 1857
did not provide for a treasurer. In fact one mayor, six
councilmen, and one marshal were the only officers men-
tioned, although the duties of a recorder were prescribed.--^ ^^
The term of the treasurer was for one year, except in a
single instance. The qualifications of the treasurer were
the same as those of the other subordinate officers. He was
invariably required to give bond in such sum as the council
might prescribe. Moreover, the oath which he was required

234 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 471.

235 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 483.

236 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 266.

^^T Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 266, 1839-1840, pp. 93,
161, 1840-1841, pp. 35, 98, 1841-1842, pp. 15, 43, 76; Laws of Iowa, 1846-
1847, p. 50, 1856-1857, pp. 145, 161.

238 Laivs of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 108, 109.

240 IOWA JOUENAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

to take was usually left to the discretion of the council.
His compensation was in no instance a specified sum, but
was to consist of such fees as the council deemed necessary.
Indeed, the provision of the charters relative to subordinate
officers was usually as follows: the council "shall have
power .... to prescribe their duties and decide their
qualifications and period of service, fix their fees and com-
pensation, and require them to take an oath or affirmation
faithfully to discharge the duties of their respective of-
fices, and may request of them security for the perform-
ance of their official duties." Vacancies were generally
filled by the council, although a few charters prescribed
that all vacancies should be filled at a special election called
for that purpose.

As may be seen from the quotation given above, the
charters usually authorized the council to prescribe the
duties of subordinate officers. Particularly was this true in
those instances in which they were chosen by the council.
Furthermore, when subordinate officers were elected by the
qualified voters the council was often permitted to require
any additional duties not inconsistent with State law. But
in general it may be said that the duties of the treasurer
were not specifically enumerated.

The Burlington charter of 1838 provided that "the duties
of said marshal, recorder, and engineer of the streets shall
be defined by the mayor and aldermen in common coun-
cil", but no provision was made for any duties of the treas-
urer. Although a treasurer was elected, the charter pro-
vided ' ' that the city marshal be ex-officio collector for said
city ".2^® Just what the status of the treasurer was under
this charter would be difficult to determine.

The first charter to enumerate the duties of the treasurer
was the one granted to Dubuque in 1840, which provided

239 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, pp. 471, 474.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 241

that he ''shall receive and safely keep all moneys which
may come into his hands, and when he receives moneys from
the marshal, collector or clerk, he shall give a receipt for
the same, he shall, once in every three months, make out a
list of all moneys by him received and paid ont, and make a
complete settlement with the board, he shall not purchase,
buy or in any way trade for any city orders at a less value
than the amount called for by the same, he shall give to the
board a bond with security to their satisfaction, and be in
all things governed by the by-laws and ordinances. "^^'^

Dubuque's new charter, granted seven years later, pro-
vided that the treasurer should ''perform such duties and
exercise such powers as may be lawfully required ....
by the ordinances of said city."^^^ Fort Madison's revised
charter, enacted in the following year, provided for the
appointment of "a marshal, who shall be assessor, collector
and treasurer", whose duties were prescribed by the coun-
cil.24-

In some of the charter amendments provision was made
for particular duties of the treasurer. He was authorized
to pay the interest on the loan to a plank road out of the
dividends which the city had received ;2*^ to give receipts
for all money paid to the corporation; to register and
countersign all outstanding demands on the treasury and
report the same to the council ;^^^ to keep a separate account
of the school moneys paid into the treasury and pay no
money therefrom except for the specific purpose for which
it was appropriated or collected i^^^ and to receive the

240 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840, p. 161.

241 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 106.

-i- Laics of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 66.

243 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 166.

244 Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 92.

245 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 16.

VOL. xvin — 16

242 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

money arising from the redemption of property sold for
taxes.^^*'

The amendment to the Cedar Rapids charter in 1856 pro-
vided that the duties of treasurer and collector should be
performed by the same person.^^' One charter provided
that ''it shall be the duty of the treasurer to receive and
safely keep, without using or lending, any and all money
which may come into his possession by virtue of his office,
and shall pay none out, except by order of the council,
signed by the mayor and countersigned by the recorder;
he shall keep a book in which he shall keep a correct ac-
count of all money by him received, and from whom re-
ceived, and on the pa^Tuent of money, the order shall be
delivered up to the treasurer, to be cancelled, and shall be
his voucher on settlement; he shall make settlement with
[the council] whenever required so to do by the counciL"-^^
In one instance he was authorized to collect the special tax
resulting from the benefits of certain changed streets.^^'^

Although the authority to sell real estate for the non-
payment of taxes on property within the municipal cor-
poration was usually given to the marshal, in the Des
Moines charter of 1857 this power was conferred upon the
treasurer. Furthermore, upon the payment of a fee of one
dollar he was required to issue a deed to the purchaser,--^'^
Again, the revised charter enacted for the city of Du-
buque in 1857 made it the duty of the treasurer "to take
charge of and keep the funds and monies of the city; he
shall keep the same in three separate funds, to be denomi-
nated the 'general fund,' the 'road fund,' and the 'school

216 Laus of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 151.

2*'^ Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 31.

218 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p, 162.

249 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 242.

230 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 292.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 243

fund,' and shall pay out money only upon orders from the
city council, signed by the mayor and attested by the re-
corder, and countersigned by the auditor, or upon orders
from the board of education under authority of ordinance,
which orders shall specify the fund drawn upon. He shall
keep an account with each fund, and shall from time to time
report Ms receipts and expenditures, as required by tlie
city council. "251

THE ASSESSOR IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

The assessor, like the recorder and treasurer, was usually
an elective officer, although he was in several instances ap-
pointed by the council. His term was for one year, except
in the Bloomfield charter of 1855 — although the assessor
was not specifically mentioned. The first charter granted
to an Iowa municipality did not provide for an assessor as
such but consolidated the offices of recorder and assessor-^-
— a principle which was copied in a few of the charters of
later years. But in one instance the marshal was ex officio
assessor, collector, and treasurer.^^^

The compensation of the assessor was usually fixed by
the council, as was also the amount of his bond — when one
was required. A period of residence was required in most
instances, and the candidate had to be a legal voter of the
city. An oath of office was prescribed at the discretion of
the council. Vacancies were generally filled by appoint-

251 Laivs of loiua, 1856-1857, p. 351.

One charter provided for an auditor who should keep "a full and fair
exhibit of the finances of the city, its revenues, expenditures, indebtedness
and audits. He shall countersign all orders on the treasuiy .... and shall
perform such other duties as the council niay by ordinance or resolution
require. ' ' — Laivs of loiva, 1856-1857, p. 351.

252 Lmvs of the Territory of WisconsiJi, 1836-1838, pp. 473, 474.
25zLaws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 66,

244 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ment, although special elections were provided by some
charters. In general the provisions relative to the assessor
were in no essential particulars different from those affect-
ing the other subordinate officers.

The duties and powers of the assessor, like those of the
other subordinate officers, were usually not enumerated in
the charters, but the council was authorized to "prescribe
their duties". The Fort Madison charter of 1838 allowed
the board to appoint two assessors — a provision that was
copied in several of the later acts.^^"* The Dubuque charter,
enacted two years later, provided for the appointment of
one or more assessors who should assess the property with-
in the city ''in such manner and under the same regulations
as are or may be provided by law for the assessment . .
. . of county taxes ".^^^

During the next eight years th-e charters or their amend-
ments contained relatively little in regard to the duties of
the assessors. In 1849, however, an amendment to the
Bloomington charter contained a section which reads as
follows: "the assessors, in making out an assessment of
real estate within said town, for corporation purposes, shall
return the assessed value of the same irrespective of im-
provements thereon. "2^® This amendment raised the tax
rate from one and one-half to two per cent — which would
seem to indicate that the city wished to increase its revenue
and at the same time make the assessments by the assessor
legal.

The Muscatine charter of 1851 limited the power usually
granted to the assessor by providing that "the latest county
assessment roll shall form the basis of the assessment, but

25i Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 483; Laws of the
Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840, p. 93, 1840-1841, p. 35.

255 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840, p. 160.

256 Laics of loiva, 1848-1849, p. 68.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 245

the city assessor may add thereto any property omitted,
assessing the same himself. "^^^ Similar provision was
contained in the Lyons charter of 1855, but the word ' ' coun-
ty" was omitted,^ ^^

In the Mount Pleasant charter of 1856 the assessor was
authorized to determine the value of property ''either di-
rect or by duplicate from the township assessment". He
was permitted to add thereto any property omitted and also
all additional taxable property. Furthermore, he was re-
quired to return the assessment roll to the city recorder.^^^
In one instance the assessor was required to "make just
and true assessment of the taxable property ".^^° The city
council of Council Bluffs was authorized to levy a tax on
real estate and personal property within the city subject to
county taxes, "including money at interest or on deposit,
not exceeding five mills on the dollar". Furthermore, it
was made the duty of the assessor before the first day of
July in each year "to list and value all the taxable property
above specified .... and he shall .... have
all the power and authority conferred upon county asses-
sors by law ". "On the first Monday of July, he shall attend
at some public place, to hear the complaints of any person
concerning [considering] himself aggrieved by his assess-
ment, and may, if he deems proper, correct the same. Im-
mediately thereafter, he shall make his returns to the city
council ".^"^^ The council, however, was also given the pow-
er to correct and confirm the assessment roll — complete
authority in the matter not being given to the assessor.

In one case the assessor was required to make the re-

257 Laivs of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 66.

258 Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 150.

259 Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 24

260 Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 35.

261 Law* of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 116, 117.

246 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTOEY AND POLITICS

turns of the taxable property in each ward separately in
order to form a basis for appropriating money to be ex-
pended in eacli.2°2 Special duties such as those just men-
tioned were the exception rather than the rule. Their
enumeration hardly seems necessary since the council in-
variably had the power to prescribe the duties of the
assessor.

THE MARSHAL IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

The marshal was usually elected by the qualified voters
of the city, although during the early years of the period it
was not uncommon for the council to appoint him as well as
the other subordinate officers. His compensation was gen-
erally fixed at such sum as the council deemed necessary —
a few charters requiring that his compensation should be
the same as that of the township constable. The term of
the marshal was one year, except in the Bloomfield charter
of 1855.

The marshal was required to take an oath to faithfully
perform the duties of his office, and in some cases he was
required to take an oath to support the Constitution of the
United States and of the State of Iowa and the laws enacted
under them. His bond was to be in such sum and under
such regulations as the council might prescribe. Further-
more, he was usually required to be a legal voter of the
city. Vacancies in the office, as in the case of other sub-
ordinate officers, were usually filled by the council, although
a few charters provided for special elections for that pur-
pose.

The marshal was the peace officer of the city, being
authorized to arrest all offenders against the ordinances or
the peace of the citizens and perform such other duties as

262 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 149.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 247

were imposed upon him by the council. Moreover, he was
the executive officer of the mayor 's court and was required
to execute and return all processes directed to him by the
mayor in the name of the mayor and aldermen.

Indeed, as an executive officer his duties were similar to
those of a constable in a township, some of the charters
providing that he should have the same power and be sub-
ject to the same regulations as constables. In other in-
stances he was vested with the same rights within the city
as the sheriff had in counties ; and with the consent of the
council he could appoint one or more deputies and re*quire
the aid of citizens in, the performance of his duties.^^^

The Farmington charter of 1847 provided for a ''city,
constable" who was given the same power and ''duties
within said city, as the constables in the different town-
ships".^^* Similar provision was contained in the Keokuk
charter of 1848, giving him the same power as constables
over "matters of a criminal nature arising under any law
of the State ".^^^ This charter was amended in 1851 with
the provision that "in all suits and prosecutions before
the mayor where the city of Keokuk is a party, the marshal
of said city, or any constable of Jackson township, shall
have power to serve subpoenas, or other process ".^^^ Du-
buque's revised charter of 1857 made it the "duty of the
city marshal to attend the meetings of the city council, to
execute its orders, to arrest and bring before the proper
court, with or without warrant, all whom he shall find in
the actual violation of any ordinance, and to perform such

263 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1839-1840, p. 160; Laws of Iowa, 1850-
1851, pp. 62, 87, 1852-1853, pp. 102, 110, 1854-1855, pp. 100, 145, 1856 (Extra
Session), p. 26, 1856-1857, pp. 154, 162, 182, 211, 221, 247, 294.

264 Lows of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 99.

265 Laws of Iowa, 1848-1849, p. 27.

266 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 94.

248 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

other duties as may be devolved upon him by law or ordi-
nance. "^^"^

In a few instances the marshal was authorized and re-
quired to execute notices to elected persons — a duty which
was usually performed by the recorder as clerk of elections.
Moreover, one charter required the marshal to act as as-
sessor and treasurer.26s

Not only was the marshal in most instances the ministe-
rial officer of the mayor's court, but he was also ex officio
collector of the taxes of the corporation ; and yet the office
of collector was separately provided for in a few instances.
The first charter granted to an Iowa municipality provided
that ''the city marshal be ex-officio collector ".^^^^ But the
second charter approved upon the same day provided that
after the tax duplicates had been delivered to the marshal
he should ' ' collect the same within such time and such man-
ner as the ordinance shall direct. And the said collector
shall have power to sell personal estate, and for the want
thereof, to sell real estate, for the non-payment of taxes
within said town, and in the case of real estate, the said
collector shall prosecute the sale in the same manner . .
. . as is provided by law for the sale of real estate by
sheriffs ".2^«

Before collecting taxes by sale of property the marshal
was usually required to give notice of the assessment of the
tax. Such regulations varied in the charters as to the
period of such notification but the general provision may
be illustrated by the following quotation from the Keokuk
charter of 1847 :

No real estate shall be sold for the non-payment of such taxes,
287 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 351.

268 Lait7s of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 66.

269 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 474.

270 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 484.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 249

unless the assessment of such tax or taxes shall have been duly noti-
fied by publication for at least six consecutive weeks before the day
when the said taxes are payable, in some newspaper published in
said city, or by notice posted for the same length of time in some
public place in each ward thereof, nor unless the intended sale of
such real estate shall have been notified in the same manner and
for the same length of time prior to such sale.^'^i

The marshal was usually required to make a personal
demand of every resident charged with a tax, and if the
taxes were not paid within a certain specified time, the
property of such delinquents could be sold ; and he was re-
quired to give "to each purchaser at such sale a certificate,
containing the number of the lot ... . the price paid
therefor, and the day of sale, and at the expiration of the
time hereinafter limited for the redemption thereof" ;2^-
and if the same was not redeemed, the marshal (sometimes
the mayor) would issue a deed to the purchaser. The pe-
riod of redemption was usually two years, and the rate of
interest charged by the corporation varied from ten to fifty
per cent — the latter rate being the one usually charged.
The sales were to be conducted as at a public auction and
the marshal was authorized to sell the property to the bid-
der who would take the least quantity of land in order to
satisfy the taxes and cost of the sale.

In addition to the foregoing powers the marshal was in
many instances authorized to summon a jury of disinter-
ested freeholders, varying in number from three to twelve,
for the purpose of ascertaining the value of property taken
by the city and determining damages arising from the
changes made in the grade of streets.^^^

271 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, pp. 158, 159,

272 Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session) , p. 69.

273 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 250, 1839-1840, p. 94, 1840-
1841, pp. 35, 98, 1841-1842, p. 15; Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 251.

250 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

XII

THE STREET COMMISSIONER IN SPECIAL CHARTER
CITIES

The street commissioner, or road overseer or supervisor
as he was sometimes called, was usually chosen by the city
council, although in a few instances he was elected by the
qualified voters.^^* The term of the commissioner was not
to exceed one year and the council was authorized to pre-
scribe the term and to require his resignation at any time.

The qualifications, compensation, bond, and oath of the
commissioners — there were often two — were prescribed
by the council. Vacancies in the office were filled by ap-
pointments of the council. Indeed, the street commissioner
was completely under the control and subject to the regu-
lations of the city council.

The charters usually gave the street commissioners
authority to supervise the work which was done upon the
streets and roads within the district. Moreover, all money
appropriated for the repair and grading of streets was to
be expended under his supervision, subject to such regula-
tions as the council saw fit to impose — some charters re-
quiring him to report whenever in the opinion of the council
it was deemed expedient.

As a rule the duties of the commissioner were not specif-
ically enumerated by the charters — only general provi-
sions being set forth. The council was authorized to re-
quire any duties not inconsistent with the laws of the State.
In a few instances the street commissioner was authorized
to ''act as though appointed by the county commission-
ers. "^'^

2-!iLaws of the Territory of Wisconsiii, 1836-1838, p. 471; Latvs of loiva,
1854-1855, p. 29, 1856-1857, pp. 419, 425.

275 Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 268, 1841-1842, pp. 46, 79;
Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 70.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 251

The Keokuk charter of 1847 required the road overseer
to ** collect a road tax from all inhabitants of the said city
liable to work upon the roads, in the same manner as is now
provided by law for supervisors of road districts in the sev-
eral townships. "^^"^ An amendment of the Fort Madison
charter enacted in 1851 provided that the ' ' supervisor shall
be responsible to the authorities .... in the same
manner that supervisors of townships are responsible".-'^

In one instance the supervisor's usual powers were lim-
ited by the provision that he ' ' shall not have the disposal of
any funds raised or appropriated by the city council, and
shall in no way interfere with the grade of streets, or with
any drains, culverts, bridges, side-walks, pavements or
sewers established by the council, and shall, when repairing
or working upon any streets where a grade has been estab-
lished, conform to and expend the labor as far as possible,
in accordance with such grade. "^^^

In general, however, the street commissioner was given
control over the streets and alleys of the municipal cor-
poration and all roads leading therefrom for a distance of
from one to two miles. In fact, his duties were not unlike
those of the road overseer in the townships, although the
city council was usually given complete supervisory power
over his actions.

XIII

THE CITY ATTORNEY IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

In only about four or five of the charters was provision
made for a city attorney, or solicitor or prosecutor as he
was sometimes called. The Burlington charter of 1838,
enacted by the Territorial legislature of Wisconsin, pro-

276 Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 159; also Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 138.

277 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 167,

278 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 186,

252 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

vided that ''the common council shall appoint a city solic-
itor, whose duty it shall be to prosecute in behalf of said
city, and who shall from time to time be allowed such com-
pensation for his services as the common council shall deem
just and proper. "^''^

While the Fort Madison charter of the same year, ap-
proved on the same day as that of Burlington, contained
no specific provision for an attorney, it did allow the council
to "provide in said ordinances for the election of . . . .
other subordinate officers, which may be thought necessary,
for the good government and well being of said town".
Furthermore, the council was authorized "to prescribe
their duties, declare qualifications, and determine the pe-
riod of their appointment, and the fees they shall be entitled
to receive for their services, and to require of them to take
an oath or affirmation, faithfully and impartially to dis-
charge the duties of their respective offices, and may re-
quire of them such security, for the performance of the
duties of their respective offices, as shall be thought neces-
sary. "^^"^ Provisions of this character were contained in
most of the charters of the period, in accordance with which
a city attorney could have been appointed for any of the
special charter cities.

The next charter in which specific provision was made
for a city attorney was that granted to Fort Madison in
1848. Section twenty-three provided that "the mayor and
aldermen shall have authority to appoint an attorney for
the prosecution and defense of suits in the corporation
name, but in the prosecution of suits for breaches of, and
penalties accruing under the town ordinances, he shall be
entitled to no fee or fees, except such as he may by ordi-
nance be entitled to recover of the defendant upon his con-

279 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 474.

280 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin^ 1836-1838, p. 483.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 253

viction."^^^ In the following year the Fort Madison char-
ter was amended so as to provide that the "prosecuting
attorney, shall be allowed the same fees as ... .
prosecuting attorneys for the counties are allowed for sim-
ilar services, to be taxed in no case when the mayor and
aldermen are plaintiffs against the corporation. "^^^

From 1845 until 1855 none of the charters specifically
authorized the election or appointment of an attorney ; but
in 1855 the Bloomfield charter — the briefest one enacted
during the period — provided that '4n order to carry out
the regulations and enforce the ordinances of said town,
the Councilmen may appoint a Prosecutor for the town, or
employ one at their own discretion, "^^s This charter was
amended in the following year at the extra session of the
legislature. Section three of the act authorized the council
to ' ' appoint a Prosecuting Attorney for said town, and pay
him from the Treasury of the corporation such sum as may
be reasonable. "2^*

The revised charter of Dubuque of 1857 also provided for
a city attorney who was to be elected by the qualified
voters of the city for a period of one year and until a suc-
cessor was elected and qualified. He, as well as all city
officers, was required to "take an oath or affirmation to
support the constitution of the United States and of the
State of Iowa, and faithfully and impartially to perform
the duties of the offices to which they may be elected or
appointed, and when required by the council shall ....
give bonds ' '. Furthermore, he was required to be a citizen
of the State and a qualified voter of the city. A vacancy

28iLaivs of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), pp. 71, 72.

282 Laws of loica, 1848-1849, p. 137.

283 Laws of loica, 1854-1855, p. 10.

284 Laws of loica, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 52.

254 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

in the oflfice was to be filled by the council until the next
regular election.^^^

The charter further provided that '4t shall be the duty of
the city attorney to appear for the city in the city court and
all other courts ; to take charge of the legal business of the
city; to give his written opinion whenever called upon by
the city council; to give legal advice to all officers of the
city, and to perform such other duties as may be devolved
upon him by law or ordinance. "^^°

XIV

THE OTHER SUBORDINATE OFFICERS IN SPECIAL
CHARTER CITIES

The charters usually provided for the election or appoint-
ment of other subordinate officers, who were in most in-
stances not specifically named. In general the duties, fees,
period of appointment, qualifications, bond, and oath of
such officers were subject to the regulations of the council.

The first charter containing provisions for such officers
was the one granted in 1838 to Fort Madison. Here the
council was authorized to provide by ordinance ''for the
election of ... . other subordinate officers, which
may be thought necessary, for the good government and
well being of said town; to prescribe their duties, declare
qualifications, and determine the period of their appoint-
ment, and the fees they shall be entitled to receive for their
services, and to require of them to take an oath or affirma-
tion, faithfully and impartially to discharge the duties of
their respective offices, and may require of them such se-
curity, for the performance of the duties of their respective
offices, as shall be thought necessary. "^^^

285 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 344, 345, 346.

286 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 351, 352.

287 Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin, 1836-1838, p. 483.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 255

The Muscatine charter of 1851 permitted the council "to
appoint in such manner as it determines and during pleas-
ure, one or more street commissioners, a clerk of the mar-
ket, city surveyor, health officers and such other officers as
it deems advisable, and may prescribe their duties, powers
and qualifications, and may provide for the election of any
of those officers by the citizens. "^®^ Similar provision was
contained in most of the charters granted during the later
years of the period, although in a few instances all officers
were made elective.

Several charters provided for a wharf -master. This was
an elective officer and subject to the same regulations and
qualifications as the other more important elective offi-
(,gj.g 289 jjjg duties were not enumerated in the charters,
which made it necessary for him to be subject to such regu-
lations, not inconsistent with the laws of the State, as the
council deemed necessary to prescribe.

In the 1856 amendment to the Cedar Rapids charter pro-
vision was made for city supervisors. Just what the nature
of these officers was is not clear. The section containing
this provision is almost identical with that of the Muscatine
charter mentioned above — with the exception that the
words ' ' city supervisors ' ' are substituted for ' ' city survey-
or ".^^^^ The Sioux City charter of 1857 contained a similar
provision — only one supervisor being authorized.-'^ ^ In
the Des Moines charter of the same year this officer was
designated as a "city engineer".-''^

288 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 64.

289 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 60, 1854-1855, p. 143, 1856-1857, pp. 134,
361.

^90 Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 35; see also Laws of Iowa, 1856-
1857, p. 317.

291 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 55.

2^2 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 284.

256 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

THE JUDICIARY IN SPECIAL CHARTER CITIES

The special charter cities as corporations had the "power
to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded" ; and they were
authorized to pass ordinances and to enforce obedience to
them by the levy of fines and forfeitures. In order to effec-
tually carry out these powers courts were established in
most of the cities, and these tribunals were usually pre-
sided over by the mayor or a justice of the peace.

THE JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE MAYOR

The first instrument to authorize the mayor to exercise
judicial functions was the Farmington charter of 1847,
which provided that ''the mayor shall be ex officio a con-
servator of the peace throughout the city; he shall have
the powers and jurisdiction vested in justices of the peace,
in matters of a criminal nature, and shall receive the same
fees as ... . justices of the peace for like ser-
vices ' '.2^3 The Keokuk charter of 1848 permitted the mayor
''to issue all needful process to arrest any offenders against
the criminal laws of the State, and shall proceed to try said
person or persons by the same rules that govern justices of
the peace. ' ' This charter further provided ' ' that all trials
for the violation of the by-laws, ordinances and regulations,
shall be in a summary manner, and that no person shall for
an}^ otf ence, be deprived of his or her liberty, or be fined in
any sum not less than one, nor more than fifty dollars, un-
less convicted by a jury of six citizens of said city qualified
to vote ".204

In the Muscatine charter of 1851 the mayor was vested
with "exclusive original jurisdiction of cases arising under

203 Laws of loua, 1846-1847, p. 97.
2SiLaii-s of Iowa, 1848-1849, p. 27.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 257

the ordinances of tlie city; with criminal jurisdiction of
offences against the laws of the state committed within the
city, and with civil jurisdiction limited to the city, in the
same manner as that of justices is or may be limited to their
townships". Furthermore, it was provided that "appeals
to the district court in the same county shall be allowed
from the judgment and decisions of the Mayor in the same
cases, time and manner as they are at the time allowed by
law from those of other justices, and they shall be tried in
the same manner. "^^^

Similar provision was also incorporated in the Iowa City
charter of 1851;-^^ but the amendment granted in the same
year to the Keokuk charter provided that "in the trial of
causes before the mayor of said city, it shall not be neces-
sary to impanel a jury, unless it shall be demanded by one
of the parties to such suit, before it is submitted to the
mayor." The act further provided that "when imprison-
ment shall constitute a portion or all the punishment of
offenders against the by-laws and ordinances of said city,
such offenders on conviction, may be committed to the city
calaboose or county jail at the discretion of the mayor ".^^^

In 1851 a new charter was enacted for the city of Daven-
port the provisions of which relative to the judicial func-
tions of the mayor were as follows :

He shall by virtue of his office be a justice of the peace for said
city .... and shall have power and authority to administer
oaths, issue writs and processes under the seal of the city, to take
depositions, the acknowledgments of deeds, mortgages and all other
instruments of writing, and certify the same under the seal of the
city, which shall be good and valid in law, he shall have exclusive
jurisdiction in all cases arising under the ordinances of the eor-

295 Laws of Imva, 1850-1851, p. 61.
zoeLaivs of loica, 1850-1851, p. 86.
207 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 94.

VOL. xvin — 17

258 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

poration, and concurrent jurisdiction with all other justices of the
peace in all civil and criminal cases within the county of Scott,
arising under the laws of the state ; and shall receive the same fees,
and compensation, for his services in similar cases. He shall also
have such jurisdiction as may be vested in him by ordinance of the
city in and over all places within five miles of the boundaries of the
city, for the purpose of enforcing the health, quarantine ordinances
and regulations thereof and the protection of cemeteries or grave
yards and enclosures.

Provision was also made in this charter for a bond, and
for the removal of the mayor upon the recommendation of
the jury if convicted of '' palpable omission of duty, or shall
willfully and corruptly be guilty of oppression, mal-conduct
or partiality, in the discharge of the duties of his office".
The mayor could be fined, if convicted, a sum not exceeding
two hundred dollars.-^^

The Keosauqua charter of 1851 further provided that
"the same right of appeal or writ of certiorari from the
judgment of said mayor in civil cases, shall be allowed as is
now or hereafter may be authorized by law from the judg-
ment of justices of the peace within this State ".-^^ Two
years later the Keokuk charter was amended providing that
*' persons charged with public offences before the said may-
or, shall have the same rights and remedies as they are
entitled to by law in criminal proceedings before justices
of the peace. "^''^

In a few instances the mayor was given ' ' exclusive juris-
diction over all crimes committed in the corporate limits of
said town, which have heretofore been punishable before
Justices of the Peace ".^*^^ A jury of six citizens qualified
to vote was usually necessary in order to levy a fine of more

208 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, pp. 120, 121.

299 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 147.

300 Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 136.

»oi See Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 9, 1856-1857, p. 361.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 259

than fifty or one hundred dollars. Change of venue from
the mayor's court to the courts of justices of the peace was
allowed and specifically provided for in at least one in-
stance.^"^ Furthermore, almost every charter provided
that the mayor should not be disqualified from acting in his
** judicial capacity by any proceedings being in the name or
in behalf of the city."

THE RECORDER'S COURT

A recorder 's court was established in the city of Keokuk
in 1856. The recorder, who presided over this court, was
to be elected by the qualified voters of the city for a period
of two years. Furthermore, he was required to take the
usual oath of office and to furnish a bond of one thousand
dollars to be approved by the mayor and also a bond to be
approved by the county judge. His compensation was to
be the same as allowed justices of the peace for similar ser-
vices and ' ' such additional compensation as the City Coun-
cil shall from time to time, by ordinance determine; but
said compensation shall not be increased or diminished, so
as to affect the person then in office, during the term for
which he is elected."

The act provided that this court ' ' shall have within said
City of Keokuk, all the jurisdiction, both civil and crim-
inal, with the rights, powers and authority of a Justice of
the Peace, and all the judicial authority, rights and powers
now by law or by city ordinance vested in the Mayor of said
City; and that after the said Eecorder shall be elected and
qualified as hereafter directed, the Mayor of the said city
shall exercise no judicial functions whatever, but shall be
the executive officer of said city, and as such shall have the
right to remit fines and pardon offences committed against
the municipal ordinances and regulations of said city."^^^

302iows of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 51, 52, 1856-1857, p. 109.
303 Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 43, 44.

260 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

A similar provision was also incorporated in the Council
Bluffs charter of ISST.^^*^^

THE CITY COUKT

The revised charter enacted in 1857 for the city of Du-
buque provided for a city court. The detailed provisions
of the act relative to this institution are as follows :

Sec. 28. There shall be and is hereby established in the city of
Dubuque a court, to be denominated the city court; which court
shall be a court of record and have a seal, and the officers thereof
shall be a judge, clerk, and the city marshal. Said court shall hold
a session every day during the year, except Sundays, the fourth of
July, Thanksgiving day, Christmas day and New Year's day; but
its session shall be divided into monthly terms, commencing on the
first Monday of each month. It shall be held at some suitable place
to be provided by the city councU.

Sec. 29. The judge of the city court shall be elected at the an-
nual election in said city for city officers, and shall hold his office
for a term of four years ; he shall be a qualified elector of said city,
and learned in the law ; he shall take and subscribe in writing the
same oath required by the judges of the supreme and district
courts, and file the same with the recorder, and shall likewise be
commissioned by the mayor. His salary shall be fixed by the city
council, and shall not exceed fifteen hundred dollars per annum,
payable out of the city treasury.

Sec. 30. The clerk of said court shall be elected at the annual
election; shall be a qualified voter of said city and shall hold his
office for the term of two years; he shall give bond to the city of
Dubuque in the sum of five thousand dollars, with a condition in
substance the same as required by law of the clerk of the district
court, and on the back thereof shall subscribe the same oath, re-
quired of the clerk of the district court. His salary shall be fixed
by the city council, and shall not exceed one thousand dollars per
annum payable out of the city treasury.

Sec. 31. The powers, duties and responsibilities of the judge,
clerk and marshal in said court, shall correspond to those of the

soi Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 114.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 261

judge, clerk and sheriff in the district court, and the authority of
the process of said court shall have the same extent and limitation
as that of the district court, and may be served by the city marshal
or by any sheriff; but the marshal shall not have power to serve
process, other than subpoenas, beyond the limits of said city.

Sec. 32, Said court shall have jurisdiction of all offences and
suits under eitj^ ordinances, and shall have general jurisdiction
concurrent with the district court in all civil cases, and shall have
concurrent jurisdiction with justices of the peace in all criminal
cases. In civil cases the defendant must reside, or if a non-resident
of the State, must be found in the city of Dubuque, or in cases of
attachment of property where the defendant is not served, or in
cases where the suit is brought to obtain possession of personal
property, or to enforce a lien or mortgage, or when it relates to
real property, such property or some part thereof must lie in said
city, or some part of the personal property must be found therein ;
when by its terms a contract is to be performed in the city of Du-
buque, suit for the breach thereof may be brought in said court.
Suit may be brought in divorce cases in said court, if the plaintiff
resides in said city. Appeal from the city court lies directly to
the supreme court of the State of Iowa.

Sec. 33. The rules and regulations of law which govern the
district court, shall govern the city court as far as applicable. In
order to provide juries for said court, the clerk thereof, at least
ten days prior to the commencement of each term, shall issue a
venire to the marshal, who shall, within five days thereafter, sum-
mon twenty-four jurors, qualified electors of said city, and other-
wise qualified to serve as jurors in the courts of this State, to ap-
pear in said court on the second day of the next term thereof. The
jurors summoned for any term may be dismissed as soon as the
docket of jury cases for that term is disposed of ; and if a jury shall
afterwards be required to try any cause coming before the court
for such term, a special venire shall issue. If a jury cannot be ob-
tained otherwise, talismen may be summoned by the marshal from
the city or the bystanders. If any juror fail to appear in obedi-
ence to summons, he may be brought into court by attachment, and
if he fail to show reasonable excuse, he may be fined as for con-
tempt, in any sum not more than ten dollars and costs. No man
shall be required to serve as regular juror at more than one term in

262 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

any one year. When a jury is demanded, a jury fee of three dol-
lars shall be taxed among the costs.

Sec. 34. Actions for the violation of city ordinances shall be
brought in the name of the State of Iowa, for the use of the city of
Dubuque. The proceeding shall be by information sworn to, which
shall be filed with the clerk of the city court, or with any justice of
the peace having his office within said city, whereupon said clerk or
justice of the peace shall issue a warrant for the apprehension of
the accused. But the city council may by ordinance provide that
certain designated officers may arrest any person actually found
violating any ordinance, and commit them for trial without war-
rant ; the trial shall be in a summary manner, and without the inter-
vention of a jury, unless demanded by the defendant.

Sec. 35. The fees in the city court shall be the same as in the
district court, and the same, and all fines and forfeitures shall be
accounted for by the clerk of said court to the city of Dubuque,
and shall be paid into the city treasury as often as the city council
may direct. The fees of the marshal and other officers serving the
process and executing the orders of said court, belong and are pay-
able to the officers serving the same.

Sec. 36. In case of the absence or disability of the city judge,
the criminal business pending in the city court shall be transferred
to some justice of the peace having jurisdiction of the subject mat-
ter, by a delivery to him of all papers relating to the same, who
shall proceed to dispose of the same as If the prosecution had orig-
inally commenced before him; and all civil business shall be con-
tinued as in like cases in the district court.^*^^

XVI

SPECIAL CHARTERS AND THE GENERAL INCORPORA-
TION ACT OF 1858 — A COMPARISON

The general incorporation act for cities and towns en-
acted in 1858 — the year following the adoption of the
present Constitution which prohibited the special incor-
poration of municipalities by legislative act — contained
one hundred and thirteen sections, covering forty-seven

305 Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, pp. 355-357.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 263

pages in the printed statutes. This law is by far the most
detailed and comprehensive act relative to cities and towns
ever enacted in lowa.^*'^

Elections under the general act, instead of being held at
any time as under the special charters, were to occur on the
first Monday in March of each year. These elections were
to be conducted and regulated in a manner similar to
other elections for State and county purposes — a provision
not unlike that contained in most of the charters. Special
elections were to be held for filling vacancies in the council
and in some of the other important offices.

Municipal offices under the general act varied but little
from those provided for under special charters. The
mayor was in both cases the chief executive officer. The
number of councilmen varied in the different classes of
cities, while under the special charters the number ranged
from three to fourteen. The general law also provided for
cities of the first and second class such officers as an auditor,
city engineer, police judge, and city attorney — officers
which by a few of the special charters were authorized for
some of the larger cities. The term of officers was usually
one year under the charters, but under the general act
the term was two years for the most important positions.

The powers granted to municipalities by the general act
were very similar to those conferred upon special charter
cities. Power was granted to pass ordinances and by-laws
for the preservation and promotion of the safety, health,
prosperity, order, comfort, and convenience of the citizens
and for the improvement of the morals of the community
and its inhabitants. Regulations for the prevention and
removal of nuisances, the control of slaughter-houses, bur-
ial of the dead, and the filling and draining of low-lying
lots were authorized. Extensive licensing power was also

306 Laivs of Iowa, 1858, pp. 343-390.

264 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

granted. Furthermore, cities were permitted to pave,
clean, repair, and light the streets and to furnish water and
sewer facilities. The organization of fire companies —
their support and regulation — was also authorized. The
council was allowed to provide penalties for the breach of
the peace, but such penalties were limited to one hundred
dollars or thirty days in jail.

One of the most important differences between the pro-
visions of the general act of 1858 and those of the special
charters was in the restrictions placed upon the taxing
and borrowing power. The general act limited the rate of
taxation to ten mills on the dollar and an additional one
mill tax for the creation of a sinking fund for the gradual
extinguishment of the bonds or funded debts of the cor-
poration; while under the charters the rate was generally
much higher, being two per cent in some instances.^'' '^

The borrowing power of municipalities under the general
act was limited to four per cent of the value of the taxable
property ; while under the charters the limit was relatively
much higher, since even very small towns were permitted
to contract debts in a lump sum without reference to the
value of the property of the corporation.^"^^ Charles City
was at one time authorized to issue bonds to the amount of
two hundred and fifty thousand dollars and Dubuque to
the amount of five hundred thousand dollars for the purpose
of subscribing to the capital stock of railway companies.

Another difference between the general law and the char-
ters is seen in the collection of municipal taxes. In the
former the county treasurer was the collector; while in the
latter the city collector, who was usually the marshal, col-
lected all the taxes due the corporation and paid them into
the city treasury. ■^'^^ Again, the general act did not provide

307 Laws of Iowa, 1858, pp. 384, 385.

308 Laws of Iowa, 1858, p. 385.

309 Laws of Iowa, 1858, p. 385.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 265

for the regulation or support of public schools as did many
of the special charters — particularly after 1846.

Section. Ill of the general act provided a means whereby
the people of any municipal corporation could amend their
charter or act of incorporation.^"' Thus after the adoption
of the general law municipalities were in this particular
more free from legislative control than they were under
the special charter regime.

In conclusion it may be said that the general incorpora-
tion act did not materially add anything to the government
of cities and towns which had not already been granted to
some of the municipalities under the charters. On the
other hand, the liberality of the general act encouraged its
acceptance within a comparatively few years by most of
the special charter cities. It is evident, however, that some
of those municipalities, whose charters were particularly
liberal and satisfactory to the inhabitants, would not adopt
the general act as long as the necessity for the change was
not imminent.

XVII
A GENERAL SUMMARY

During the period from 1836 to 1858 there were sixty
special charters granted to forty cities and towns of Iowa.
The first two charters were enacted by the Territorial legis-
lature of Wisconsin for the towns of Burlington and Fort
Madison. During the Iowa Territorial period, 1838-1846,
there were fourteen charters granted by the Legislative
Assembly; while during the remainder of the period, 1846-
] 858, forty-four municipal charters were voted by the G-en-
eral Assembly.

Many cities and towns received more than one charter.
Of the forty municipalities receiving special charters, twen-

sio Laius of Iowa, 1858, p. 390.

266 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ty-seven received but one, eight received two, three received
three, and two received four charters. Furthermore, there
were about ninety amendments enacted by the legislature
remedying defects which arose in the actual administra-
tion of the charters or granting additional powers. In
addition to these amendments there were a great number of
special acts passed relative to cities and towns — acts
changing the name of the town, vacating town plats, and
legalizing acts.

The amount of special legislation seemed to increase with
each successive legislature from 1836 to 1846. The last
session of the legislature in which special laws could be
enacted — just previous to the adoption of the present
Constitution — was the most prolific in the granting of
special charters. During this session, 1856-1857, there were
enacted sixteen municipal charters and about forty special
laws relative to particular cities and towns. Indeed, about
two hundred and sixty pages of the four hundred and seven-
ty pages of the laws for that session are filled with special
legislation for particular municipalities.

It appears that there was little if any attempt to limit
the granting of special charters to towns because of the
lack of population. But in general it seems that the muni-
cipalities which were granted charters were among the
important ones of that time, in location if not always in
population. The important cities and towns of Iowa dur-
ing the early years were to be found, for the most part,
along the rivers. This is but another illustration of the
tendency of peoples everywhere — inland settlements being
of a later development. Indeed, twenty-four of the forty
special charter cities were located upon rivers, several of
which were navigable in the early days. More than half
of these towns were upon the banks of the Mississippi
River. Moreover, the special charter cities were grouped
in the southeastern part of the State.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 267

The population of these river towns grew rapidly and
perplexing questions arose relative to the control of docks,
ferries, ships, shipping, vending, and traffic which must be
governed and controlled by municipal authorities. Thus
arose a need for a more flexible form of city government
than was provided by the general incorporation acts of
the period. These matters were of local importance only,
and the enactment of special charters and special legislation
was considered as the easiest, if not the only method of
settling them.

Geokge F. Eobeson
West High School
Des Moines Iowa

APPENDIX

EEFEEENCES TO SPECIAL CHAETEES FOE IOWA TOWNS

Albia, Monroe County : Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 208.

Bellevue, Jackson County : Laivs of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 206.

Bloompield, Davis County : Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 9.

Bloomington (now Muscatine), Muscatine County: Laws of the
Territorij of loiva, 1838-1839, p. 248 ; Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p.
59.

Burlington, Des Moines County : Laws of the Territory of Wis-
consin, 1836-1838, p. 470 ; Laws of the Territory of lotva, 1845, p.
73.

BuRRis City, Louisa County : Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 313.

Camanche, Clinton County : Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 359.

Cedar Rapids, Linn County : Laivs of lotva, 1848-1849, p. 116 ;
Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 29.

Centerville, Appanoose County: Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p.
107.

Charles City, Floyd County : Laivs of lotva, 1856-1857, p. 325.

Clinton, Clinton County : Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 132.

Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County: Laivs of Iowa, 1852-
1853, p. 108.

268 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Davenport, Scott County : Laws of the Territory of loiva, 1838-
1839, p. 265; Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 41;
Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 110.

Des Moines, Polk County: Laivs of Iowa, 1852-1853, p. 49;
Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 281.

Dubuque, Dubuque County: Laws of the Territory of Iowa,
1839-1840, p. 124; Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1845-1846, p.
114 ; Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 104 ; Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857,
p. 343.

Eddyville, Wapello County : Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 245.

Fairfield, Jefferson County : Laws of loiva, 1846-1847, p. 49.

Farmington, Van Buren County : Laws of the Territory of Iowa,
1840-1841, p. 33 ; Laivs of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 95.

Fort Madison, Lee County : Laws of the Territory of Wisconsin,
1836-1838, p. 481 ; Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1841-1842, p. 74;
Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 64.

Glenwood, Mills County : Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 33.

Guttenberg, Clayton County : Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 100.

Iowa City, Johnson County: Laws of the Territory of Iowa,
1840-1841, p. 97; Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 84; Laws of Iowa,
1852-1853, p. 99.

Keokuk, Lee County : Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 154 ; Laws of
Iowa, 1848-1849, p. 18.

Keosauqua, Van Buren County : Laics of the Territory of Iowa,
1841-1842, p. 107 ; Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 142.

Knoxville, Marion County: Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 97.

Le Claire, Scott County : Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 20.

Lyons, Clinton County : Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 142.

Maquoketa, Jackson County: Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 176.

Mount Pleasant, Henry County : Laws of the Territory of Iowa,
1841-1842, p. 14 ; Laws of loiva, 1850-1851, p. 195 ; Laws of Iowa,
1854^1855, p. 136; Lau's of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 18.

Nashville, Lee County: Laivs of the Territory of Iowa, 1840-
1841, p. 88.

Nev^ton, Jasper County: Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 143.

OSKALOOSA, Mahaska County : Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 123.

Ottumwa, Wapello County: Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Ses-
sion), p. 63.

Princeton, Scott County: Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 416.

SPECIAL MUNICIPAL CHARTERS IN IOWA 269

Salem, Henry County : Laivs of the Territory of loiva, 1839-1840,
p. 72 ; Laivs of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 162.

Sioux City, "Woodbury County: Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 51.

Tipton, Cedar County : Laivs of lotva, 1856-1857, p. 159.

Wapello, Louisa County: Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session),
p. 52.

Washington, Washington County : Laius of loiva, 1856-1857, p.
219.

Winterset, Madison County: Latvs of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 41.

EEFERENCES TO AMENDMENTS TO THE SPECIAL CHAETERS

Bloomfield, Davis County: Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session),
p. 51, 1856-1857, p. 67.

Bloomington (now Muscatine), Muscatine County: Laws of the
Territory of lotva, 1840-1841, p. 13, 1841-1842, p. 120, 1845-1846,
p. 61; Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 37, 1848-1849, p. 68,
1852-1853, p. 137, 1854-1855, p. 76, 1856 (Extra Session), p. 49,
1856-1857, pp. 24, 149.

Burlington, Des Moines County : Laws of the Territory of Iowa,
1838-1839, p. 71, 1840-1841, p. 86 ; Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 91,
1848 (Extra Session), p. 17, 1848-1849, pp. 33, 146, 1850-1851, p.
80, 1852-1853, p. 84, 1854-1855, pp. 56, 211, 1856-1857, pp. 128,
240, 261.

Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County: Laws of Iowa, 1854-
1855, p. 3, 1856-1857, pp. 112, 270.

Davenport, Scott County : Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1843-
1844, p. 149; Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 88, 1848-1849, p. 44,
1852-1853, p. 117, 1854-1855, p. 83, 1856-1857, p. 92.

Dubuque, Dubuque County: Laws of the Territory of Iowa,
1840-1841, p. 11, 1842-1843, p. 27; Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra
Session), p. 74, 1850-1851, pp. 46, 142, 1852-1853, p. 89, 1854-
1855, pp. 15, 175, 1856-1857, pp. 270, 339.

Fairfield, Jefferson County: Laws of loiva, 1848 (Extra Ses-
sion), p. 26, 1850-1851, p. 107, 1856-1857, p. 28.

Farmington, Van Buren County: Laws of the Territory of Iowa,
1842-1843, p. 23, 1843-1844, p. 113; Laivs of Iowa, 1848 (Extra
Session), p. 9, 1850-1851, p. 177.

Fort Madison, Lee County : Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1842-
1843, p. 38, 1843-1844, p. 152 ; Laivs of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 149,

270 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

1848-1849, p. 137, 1850-1851, p. 166, 1852-1853, p. 57, 185^1855,
p. 169, 1856 (Extra Session), pp. 18, 73.

GuTTENBERG, Clayton County: Laivs of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 45,
1856-1857, p. 152. '

Iowa City, Johnson County: Laivs of the Territory of Iowa,
1843-1844, p. 158; Laics of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 179, 1856 (Extra
Session), p. 61, 1856-1857, p. 435.

Keokuk, Lee County: Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p.

61, 1848-1849, p. 18, 1850-1851, p. 93, 1852-1853, p. 132, 1856
(Extra Session), p. 42, 1856-1857, pp. 18, 301, 396, 399, 402.

Keosauqua, Van Buren County : Laws of the Territory of Iowa,
1842-1843, p. 44, 1845-1846, p. 102.

Lyons, Clinton County: Laws of Iowa, 1856 (Extra Session), p.

62, 1856-1857, p. 65.

Mount Pleasant, Henry County : Laws of the Territory of Iowa,
1842-1843, p. 32, 1843-1844, p. 103 ; Laws of Iowa, 1852-1853, p.
39, 1856-1857, p. 201.

OSKALOOSA, Mahaska County : Laivs of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 60.

Ottumwa, Wapello County: Laivs of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 85.

Salem, Henry County: Laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1842-
1843, p. 40 ; Laws of Iowa, 1854-1855, p. 162.

Wapello, Louisa County: Laws of Iowa, 1856-1857, p. 71.

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855

[The following account of experiences in northwestern Iowa in the summer
of 1855 was written in its present form about fifteen years ago by J. L.
Ingalsbe, a pioneer sur^'eyor, and is printed here with almost no editorial
modification. Attention is called in the footnotes to an occasional confusion,
by the writer, of certain individuals and events, due to the lapse of fifty years
between the incidents and their final narration. These errors, however, do not
destroy the value of the narrative, which presents a clear picture of the experi-
ences of an early surveying party, and reflects the uncertain and perilous con-
dition of the northwestern border throughout the fifties. — John C. Parish]

On the 25th of April, 1855, I was one of a party of sur-
veyors starting from the City of Dubuque, Iowa, for the
northwestern part of the State, at that time a territory
nearly one hundred miles square, almost an unknown coun-
try save to hunters, trappers and nomadic Indians.

We numbered I think sixteen men, two ''gangs" of six
men each, with extra men in case of sickness or disability.

One party was led by Williamson G. Allen of Prairie
P. 0. Lewis Co., Missouri and the other by myself. Four
years previously Warner Lewis Surveyor Gen'l. of Iowa
and Minnesota had sent out a strong party under Alexander
Anderson of Dubuque, one of his best surveyors to prose-
cute the townshipping of this region. They were unfortu-
nately surrounded by a prairie fire and burned out, teams,
wagons, camp equipage, provisions, field notes and records
of survey. Charles Lewis the General's son lost his life,
some of the men escaped to Sioux City, then only a small
collection of shanties. I think it was never known how
many lived or died, or to whence they scattered.^

1 Warner Lewis was not Surveyor General in 1851 but took that ofiice, for the
district of "Wisconsin and Iowa, in 1853. The Territory of Minnesota was at
that time included in the above land district. The report of George B. Sargent,

271

272 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

At the time of which I write Anderson was living in
Dubuque, his face badly scarred, one or both ears I think
burned off and I understood that no communication passed
between him and Mr. Lewis, the General blaming him for
the death of his son. We had orders to trace surrounding
or adjacent surveys, learn the location and extent of defi-
ciencies, repair damages and carry on the survey so far as
we chose or the seasons should allow. We traveled slowly
with loaded teams passing through Anamosa, Cedar Rap-
ids, Marengo, Newton, Des Moines and Adel, then pushed
northward to our work.

Des Moines contained only a few rude soldier's barracks,
deserted and rotting, surrounded by a few cabins occupied
by settlers. A miserable old scow capable of floating only
one team, aiforded us the only means of passage. After
passing Adel we saw no settlers, but I think we heard the
name of Panora, and that there were settlers well up on
Coon River.

I was attacked with fever soon after leaving Dubuque
and lay helpless in a '' Prairie Schooner" drawn by oxen,
and could barely walk when we reached the beginning point
of our work, three weeks later. Our method was nothing
more or less than to find a well marked township corner
and from this trace previous markings so far as any could
be discovered and then proceed with new work. One pleas-
ant afternoon in June while engaged in the search for evi-
dences of the previous survey, I halted on a bit of high
rolling prairie and while waiting the arrival of my chain-
men that I might make record of the topography, I was

Surveyor General for Wisconsin and Iowa in 1851, mentions surveying work in
progress in northwestern Iowa and lists Alexander Anderson as holding a
contract during that summer for a survey of township lines which was not
completed at the time of the report. — Senate Documents, 1st Session, 32nd
Congress, No. 1, Part III, pp. 72, 81. None of the reports, however, for the
years from 1850 to 1855 mention the catastrophe which Ingalsbe describes.

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 273

carefully leveling and adjusting my solar instrument and
sighting back along the trailing party as they were strung
out possibly nearly a mile. I felt something under my feet
which upon examination proved to be a handful of iron
tally pins used by surveyors. Further search revealed the
chain with the remainder of the pins near the other end.
Here then must be where the party were burned. From the
position of the chain they had been going in the same direc-
tion we were and we were not more than ten or twelve feet
off their course. We found no other relics of the camp or
equipage, and at the close of the seasons work we returned
the chain and pins to Gen'l Lewis at Dubuque. I am aware
that usually it is not well to anticipate or depart from the
chronological order in narration but in this case I may be
allowed to state that during the next year while engaged in
surveys on the head of either the Mermaton or the Little
Osage Rivers in Kansas, I met a settler who was one of the
unfortunate party and I learned that he escaped to the Mis-
souri river but never returned to Iowa. He gave me quite
a full account of the affair up to the time of the fire. He
told me that there was a boy with them and that when too
late to start a back fire for safety, they found themselves
surrounded by the smoke and flames he threw the boy on the
back of a pony and saw the pony run into a swampy low
place and falling, the boy went over his head and the man
thought possibly both might have survived.

As to himself the man gave me no particulars save that
he came through alive and appeared quite unwilling to
speak of the matter at all. As to the Iowa survey. We con-
tinued our work making good progress for several weeks
averaging thirty miles a day usually, although about the
third week the men began to suffer from what was called
''splint" an inflamation of the cartilages of the ankles.
I think I was the only man of the party who failed to give

VOL. XVITI — 18

274 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

up, but there were a number of days on which I was very
lame. It seemed to me that I could actually hear the cords
of my ankles "squeak" as I walked and to catch ones toe
under a bit of tangling grass was absolute torture. Even
the leader of the other gang a fiery little red haired Mis-
sourian but with "grit" sufficient for two big men, had to
ride in one of the wagons for a week. We knew that the
Indians beyond the Missouri were growing troublesome but
to what extent we did not know. Coming out by the south-
ern route we did not pass through Fort Dodge, which was
the only military post in that region.

Being in the service of the Government we were entitled
to military protection if needed, but in ordinary movements
then, infantry would not average over twelve miles per day,
and that by no means answered our purpose. Major Web-
ster commandant of the fort sent word to us that if we met
with hostiles he would protect us, and he had at least a
small force of cavalry .^ One day I ran my party through
Old Wabasha's band moving on their summer hunt. He
was I believe friendly to the whites but "Red Wing" be-
yond the Missouri was hostile. Wabasha was at that time
said to be past eighty years of age and was the only Indian
I ever met for whom I had any respect. Gray Eagle a
young buck attached to the band and aspiring to the leader-
ship I sized up as likely to cause trouble presently. During
the interview with Wabasha an old squaw stole a ham bone
from one of the wagons and started off with it concealed
under her blanket. Detected by one of the men, the matter
was reported as I stood talking with the old chief. He at

2 There is no Major Webster who can be identified with Fort Dodge. Very
probably the writer had in mind Major William Williams. Fort Dodge, as a
government post, had been abandoned in 1853, but the sutler, William Wil-
liams, had remained at the fort and in the troublous summer of 1855 was
acting, under authority of Governor Grimes, as an agent for the organization
of defense against the Indians. It was he who, as Major, headed the relief
expedition after the Spirit Lake Massacre of 1857.

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 275

once had the culprit brought before him and taking the fag
end of a rawhide lariat he gave her a genuine flogging.
The old fellow swung that rawhide with the skill and vigor
of a Mexican mule driver, bringing the dust out of the dirty
old blanket in fine style, and finally sending the offender
back to replace the purloined soup bone. In doing so she
dextrously slipped an entire ham beneath her clothing and
again started off. I caught the eye of the cook by a warn-
ing shake of the head, adding ' ' sotto-voce " ' ' Not a word —
Not a word ". ' ' If he sends her back again who knows but
she will pack off team, wagon and the entire outfit". I
have never been fully clear in my own opinion of that trans-
action. The thrashing was genuine without doubt, but
whether a large well cured ham might or might not be in
that market considered legal tender for such a "walloping"
and entitle the old chief to a finger in the toast, I am not
certain.

We were pushing on north and west entirely beyond any
communication with civilization and possibly a week after
the events mentioned a solitary Indian came to me as I was
swinging on ahead of my chainmen at what was called the
''Surveyor's lope" and partly in mixed English and Indian
and partly by expressive pantomine he endeavored to turn
me back. He would point eastward ''Good-Good-Much
Good", pointing west "Bad-Bad-big Bad" making motions
as if to push me back. Failing to arrest our advance he
finally sat down by one of our monuments and remained
motionless as the post by which he sat until we lost sight of
him in the distance. I will here state that an Indian hates
a surveyor worse than he does a settler or even a soldier.
"When the surveyor has passed over the land measuring it
off into parcels guided by his shining instruments, setting
his monuments at the intersections of his trails the Indian
feels a superstitious dread to step inside those bounds.

276 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The figures and letters on the posts and surrounding trees,
the chisseling on the stone, the hasty notes and scrawling
diagrams made by the surveyor and then stuffed into his
field wallet form a combination which the imagination of
the Indian magnifies into some misterious ''bad medicine"
whose ills he must not dare to invoke. At the time of the
occurrence I had no reason to suppose this Indian to have
any other motive than his own unwillingness to abandon his
hunting ground.

Eeaders who shall choose to follow up this narrative can
judge for themselves. Toward the latter part of June we
found our stock of provisions growing short, in some of the
essentials and as we were continually pushing farther from
any source of supply ''Uncle Jack" Parker contractor on
this job, decided that teams must go out to Fort Dodge for
supplies. On the 20th. or 21st. of June I came in from the
east setting corners on the north bounds of what is now
Buena Vista Co and set a township monument between the
towns Barnes, Douglass, Herdland & Lee, as now desig-
nated, finishing as the sun dropped below the western hori-
zon.^"* Our camp was then on the southerly bank of the
Inyan Yankey, near the township line striking this corner.
At that time in all that region if any timber existed it would
only be on the eastern or southerly side of water, so in this
case our tents and wagons were close by this little stream
for the concealment afforded by the strip of low timber pro-
tected by the stream from the western fires. At daylight
on the next morning Mr. Parker decided that he with as-
sistants and teams must start out for more supplies. The
distance to the Fort [Fort Dodge], our nearest point, was
said to be by the trail over seventy-five miles. He wished
to keep one gang at work and this would leave but one man

3 The townships of Barnes and Lee are in Buena Vista County and the
townships of Douglas and Herdland are in Clay County.

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 277

to guard and watch the camp with its store tents, imple-
ments and records. No one seemed willing to stay. My
crew pulled the most chain in a day and he prefered that T
keep in the field, but finally turned to me, "Well Captain, I
am not anxious for the job, but I'll stay if you say so".
Our tents were quite well concealed in the low timber and
there was to be no noise or smoke, no stirring out in day-
light, or anything to attract notice. The Captain wanted
my rifle, he had been shooting elk with it and had become
attached to it. It was a big muzzle loading gain twist built
specially for me by Nelson Lewis of No. 50 Congress St.
Troy, N. Y. I do not remember the guage of the bore, but
the barrel was thirty-two inches in length and weighed ten
lbs. by itself. On the plains it was called "Old knock 'em
down". After all were started I should be alone for a week
probably. It was well known that the Indians were growing
hostile and that lawless bands were roaming about and
with the stores in our tents a life would not be safe if dis-
covered, even by Indians professedly friendly. I had abun-
dant time in which to work out several difficult problems in
our work, consult logarithms cotangents &c., as I had no
interruptions save by "Sport" a Spanish bird dog and he
must be kept mostly muzzled for silence. I have never
known mosquitoes so persistent and troublesome as at that
time, I could not sleep. Build a smoke of willow bark in
the tent and drive them out and when almost suffocated I
lay with my head close to the bottom of the tent and raised
it ever so little, a stream of the wretches would pour in de-
stroying all effect of the fumigation. I think it was on the
night of the 28th. that desperate from the torment and loss
of sleep I resolved to go out to the higher ground where
there might be sufficient wind to drive away the troublesome
creatures. An old panther with I think, a couple of cubs
had been squalling around for a night or two, attracted

278 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

doubtless by the scent of our meat, aud when I was ready
to start I called Sport as I thought that laying by me, he
would give the alarm if she came too near us. I found that
he would not leave the tent. Taking with me a double bar-
relled shot gun belonging to one of the men, and well
charged with buckshot, I buttoned the tent and started off
in a southerly direction for higher ground. Presently I left
the mosquitoes behind and as I stumbled about in the
darkness I happened on a flat rock, laid down and was soon
asleep. Wakening somewhat before daylight I went back
to the tents and found all in good order save a very badly
scared dog.

A panther is a very cautious animal, suspicious of all new
arrangements, but I had no intention to sleep on that rock
the second night. This day was rainy and soon after noon
the surveying party came in and owing to the violence of the
storm we did not attempt any cooking. When the afternoon
had nearly passed, the rain became less violent and about
this time a party of Indians were seen coming down the
creek, how many we did not determine. Several came into
our tents rummaging over our provisions chopping open a
lot of cans of various articles, drank a jug of vinegar and
were angry because it was not whiskey. Finding a whet
stone they sharpened their knives. One appeared to be in
authority having on the uniform of a soldier and finding
the fowling piece, pretended to wish to buy it, and asked of
me the privilege of trying it. Getting no permission from
me he persisted and got leave from some one or took it
without any one's consent and fired it at a target. As the
darkness came on he ordered our cooks to build a fire and
give him and his comrads something to eat, I ordered them
not to start any fire and we had nothing cooked. I had no-
ticed that the gun had been thrown down beneath blankets,
sacks of flour and other storage and although I was sus-

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 279

picious of treacliery I did not deem it best to manifest the
fact. My revolver was in my belt and I stepped out and
filled the empty chambers. Presently at a signal from the
chief the Indians giving their characteristic yell, sprang on
their ponies and started for our teams which were hobbled
and grazing perhaps fifty yards away, down the stream.
Scarcely a minute elapsed before the Indians were firing
into our teams, but I had started nearly as soon as they and
was running with my colts pistol in my hand. Allen came
running behind me and caught my hand in the endeavor to
wrest the pistol from me. I held on saying *^ You won't hit
them from here in the darkness" ''Wait let's run right
among them ' '. He insisted and knowing that in the strug-
gle neither of us would effect anything I let go my grasp
and continued running. I had no weapon but a Bowie knife,
but I was fairly raving. I was in no humor to use a pistol,
it seemed too tame a weapon. I wanted to grapple with the
villains, the idea of an ancient battle axe flashed across my
mind. I wanted to see the blood run and hear the bones
crack. Allen was behind blazing away, the balls singing by
me as I ran, and as I was nearly among them the Indians
having I suppose emptied their guns, scampered away
across the creek and over the bluffs beyond. We returned
to the camp and found the men badly frightened. We held
a hurried consultation and as we had only the shotgun, my
revolver and a couple of axes for weapons, for I think eight
men, I proposed that two of us should start at once for
help. All agreed to this as the best plan, but no one wished
to go. ''Well, I proposed the trip, if no one else will go I
will" "The messenger will be taken first no doubt". I
wished if I left that Allen should remain so I selected Gus
Carter a Kentuckyian, a strong active fellow able I thought
to endure more than I could, and he had more experience
than I. We had eaten nothing since morning and we took a

280 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

slice of raw pork and a bit of bread as large as one 's hand
and our blankets. As we started some of the men were
sniveling "Never shall get out of here" "All be killed &c."

I took my revolver from my belt handing it to Allen say-
ing "Its a good one Bill, if you don 't return it, sell it for
all you can". I thought there was a damp streak down his
cheek but in the darkness I might have been mistaken.

He looked steadily at me for a minute and then it was
"Jim-in-y Christopher", spoken slowly sylable by sylable
at first, but at the end explosively. I think this was his only
profanity for all occasions. As we reached the level prairie
I noticed carefully the bearing of the wind and took my
course as I expected to find a surveying gang at some point
eighteen or more miles away, depending upon what part of
their work they might chance now to be. I think it must
have been in the region of Clear Lake, at least, I do not
think we crossed the Cedar in our search for them. As we
proceeded I halted in every low place and looked back.
Eain was still falling and when the sky was lighted by
flashes I could discern objects along the horizon distinctly.
We had traveled possibly five miles when I thought I dis-
covered moving objects following our trail. Waiting for a
succeeding flash I was sure of it, ' ' Gus, there are certainly
two of the devils after us" "Now if I had my revolver I
don't believe both of us would go on foot to Fort Dodge"
"But what shall we do" "I don't know" "You don't
know"? "Well then I do" "Come on". Turning square
off to the right we ran perhaps a half mile. I directed
Carter not to come in my trail, but some distance at one side
and finally we lay down. Indian ponies will follow a recent
trail through grass and weeds nearly as well as dogs, be-
cause the entanglements being separated the traveling is
easier. In the darkness and rain cowering low to the earth
I made a solemn promise to myself that come what might.

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 281

never again would I be canglit in such case destitute of
means of defense. I kept that promise, but how little we
sometimes know what is best for us may appear presently.
We remained quiet for some time and then resumed our
course as nearly as I could judge in the darkness. Presently
we detected a dark streak through the grass and feeling
carefully with my hands I found that something had passed
along toward our right. ''Very well we will lay dov/n
again, they will not look for us here". After a time we
started on again, finding another trail leading toward our
left, we stopped again but finally got apparently beyond
their search. We traveled on in the darkness, no star by
which to guide our course, uncertain of the passage of time
and I dared not light a match to see my watch. I had been
traveling with the wind on my right cheek, and I was now
growing suspicious. ' ' Carter do you notice this wind grow-
ing colder?" "No I guess not" "Well, I do, I think the
wind is turning to come from the north and if we continue
to guide by it we shall go back among those scoundrels".
We then lay down and I watched till I could see the light
growing in the east and then traveled on. I thought once
after daylight that I saw riders at a distance but it might
have been elk as they were then plenty in all that territory.
In the course of the forenoon we found work done by the
party for whom we were searching, following it up we found
their camping ground vacant, evidently abandoned. We
found no signs of violence and whether they had been driven
off or had left of their own accord we never knew. With
no food we could scarcely hope to reach Fort Dodge alive.
The chances of meeting parties of land or game hunters at
this season of the year were too remote to be considered
and to follow the trail of this surveying party would be
folly, for either homebound or fleeing they would be light
loaded and out travel us in our weakened condition. There

282 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

were at this time of course no maps of this region save
those drawn by guess, and they were poor things for starv-
ing men to depend upon. I had traversed the township in
which Storm Lake lay and two ranges east and four west
of it, and given the lake its present name and it seems must
have recorded the topography of the tributaries of Coon
River, but did not know to what stream they belonged. I
had heard that there were settlers well up on that river, and
believed that to strike south-west, find and follow down it,
was our best course. We traveled hard all that day in the
rain reaching what we supposed to be Coon River, followed
it down, and when too dark to travel well we went into the
bottom land that bordered the stream and with our knives
cut grass, spreading it on the ground, then spreading our
blankets upon it, piled on more grass and finally crawled be-
tween the blankets, having traveled according to the marked
corners passed, sixty-five miles since daylight in the morn-
ing. When I awoke the sun was shining brightly. Sabbath
morning July 1st., 1855.

I dreaded to stir for I knew that with exercise our hunger
would be almost unbearable. Presently Carter awoke and
rising we commenced to shake the water from our steaming
blankets. Roused by the noise a small herd of elk sprang
up less than a hundred yards from us and raced away
across the prairie toward the east. With our sodden shoes
on, chafed and bleeding feet, we strapped our heavy blan-
kets across our shoulders and started on. Happening upon
some half grown sand hill cranes, Carter cut a handful of
clubs and vainly tried to kill one. With a pin for a hook,
fastened to a strip of willow bark by ravelings from my
clothing I sought with like success to catch fish from the
stream. "Hold on Gus. Hold on, that's no use. Only
tiring ourselves out. Its just go out or die, that's all there
is of it, Come on". Toward noon Carter became exhausted,

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 283

lost both reason and courage, lay down, threw away his
shoes because they hurt his feet, declared he might as well
die there as anywhere, &c., &c. I tied on his shoes and
pestered him to make him angry and chase me, but even
this failed of effect. Wildly muttering in disjointed sense-
less speech, he sank in perfect collapse. Fearing his death
at any moment I dragged him to a stunted oak standing
alone not far away and after tying my blanket to an over-
hanging limb pushed on alone. Perhaps a couple of miles
farther, I came upon quite an abrupt elevation affording a
good view southward. Seating myself to rest and recon-
noitre I soon discovered in the distance a cluster of specks,
which certainly moved. Were they elk or horses or cattle ?
Did they belong to white people or were they Indian ponies ?
Watching intently I saw a smaller speck moving out from
the edge of timber toward the herd, and holding my hands
to shade my eyes from the strong sunlight I caught a bright
flash. I sprang to my feet with the thought "Indians don't
carry bright tin dishes". It was quite a distance down to
the objects and time would be required for a trip down and
back. Could I save Carter now? I went back to the oak
tree much quicker than I came. He was sleeping but I
roused him with ' ' Come Gus brace up and come on. There 's
help ahead. We shall get out of this all right yet". He
was stiff, sore and very weak, but said if he had a drink of
water he might be able to go. I took his shoes and ran
down to the stream bringing them filled with water, giving
him a drink and bathing his face with the remainder I got
him on his feet and with some assistance he staggered
along for awhile and presently as he became limbered up
went alone. We came upon a wagon trail, leading into the
timber and following it soon discovered a cabin. A middle
aged German woman was there alone. We told her we were
hungry and she said her son was out hunting for deer, but

284 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

she was frying balls of corn meal dough from a large brown
earthen pitcher in a kettle of hot deer 's tallow. I ate for a
few moments and became sensible that this was about the
worst possible food for men in our condition and I stopped.
The woman made us understand that about three miles
below there was a setlement of several cabins. I gave her
some silver coins which she unwillingly took and as Carter
declared he would ' ' eat what he wanted if it killed him ' ' I
said "Gus you fool, come out of here" In spite of his
struggling resistance I hauled him through the low door-
way and out to the wagon trail. ''Now sir get on to your
feet and come with me or I will thrash you within an inch
of your life ' '. The German woman meanwhile berating me
evidently to the extent of her vocabulary both German and
English. It was dark when I got him to the settlement
where we found several families and a number of men. I
wanted a horse to carry me to the fort, but they positively
refused to allow me to proceed before I had at least one
night's rest. I laid on a puncheon floor, slept a little.
Some travelers came in bringing the tidings that Captain
Parker with his teams had left the Fort Dodge trail some
twenty-five or thirty mile back, and had gone north on
that afternoon. A terrific thunderstorm burst over us
about midnight and I lay wondering what might be the
condition of my comrads at our camp. Soon after day-
light I had hired a white horse and a good saddle and with
a number of men, some mounted and some with wagons in
one of which Carter rode, we were pushing northeast to find
Parker. He had been a soldier in the Black Hawk War
and at one time commandant at Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin,^
and subsequently one of the first settlers at Dubuque. I

4 Fort Atkinson was built in 1840 on the Turkey Eiver in northeastern Iowa.
It was garrisoned at one time by Company A, Ist Iowa Volunteer Dragoons,
under command of Captain John Parker. — Annals of Iowa (Third Series),
Vol, rV, pp. 449, 451.

{

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 285

am unable to recollect at what time we had struck his trail
and overhauled him, but it was arranged that he with the
help and arms they had, should make all possible haste to
our camp and if the men were alive or still undisturbed he
should maintain the defense until I could bring help from
the fort, but if all was lost, or the opposition too strong he
should fall back and meet me on my return. I wheeled oif
and started for Fort Dodge alone, striking the trail west
of where it passed betw^een the Twin Lakes and rode into
the fort in the evening as the soldiers were having a bonfire
and preparing to celebrate the fourth on the morrow.
Major Webster '^ heard my report and at once issued or-
ders and declared that he would have a hundred mounted
men ready for a start at sunrise. Soon after midnight the
Major roused me to say that he had learned that he had
no authority to take troops so far from the fort. I sug-
gested calling for volunteers. "No, he dared not spare
them". "Then furnish me what arms I can carry with
which to arm our own men". He would not even do that.
If I ever abused a man by language I did then and if I did
not abuse him it was because I was not competent and
failed of my intention. I wonder I was not put in the guard
house, I certainly deserved it, and I could only account for
the failure by surmising that somebody felt guilty and
considered that I told the truth, and from some manifesta-
tions among the soldiers I suspected it might have been a
difficult job to do. Obtaining writing materials I wrote a
letter to a brother in Cleveland, Ohio, and he indiscreetly
handed it to the Editor of the "Plaindealer". It was pub-
lished and that copy of the paper must of a certainty have
established its right to the title. I saddled my horse and
started back reaching the Coon cabins at night. I think
that must have been what is now "Sac City" and was said

5 See footnote 2 above.

286 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

to be sixty miles from tlie fort. If so the trail must have
been indirect. I passed that night in a settler's cabin
standing a short distance west of a log bridge crossing
the stream where the owners whose name I can not recol-
lect and a young man from the east, a school teacher named
Henry Evans were keeping bachelor's hall, and in the
morning Evans started with me northward, no tidings
having arrived from there. Now following the township
line I had previously run and after darkness had set in and
we were within three or four miles of the end of our journey
we came upon the trail of several wagons going in a south-
erly direction. "What should this signify ? Had Capt. Par-
ker abandoned the camp and was he steering toward Storm
Lake and were we missing the connection? After a short
deliberation I said to Evans "We are now so near the camp
that we can learn the state of affairs there and if necessary
get out before daylight, while if this trail is not that of our
people, we shall be loosing valuable time by following it
now. Let us push on". When we had passed on some
distance I heard a bell away off diagonally on our right.
"That's our bell as sure as fate, but what is it attached
to and why is it there, where there is neither timber or
water?" I decided to investigate the bell business at once.
Proceeding in a direction to bring us nearly on a line be-
tween the bell and the point where I had left the camp, I
directed Evans to lay down and covering him with one of
my blankets which was white, that I might more readily find
him I said to him "Now, if I am not back here in two hours,
get out of here before daylight. Pull for Coon River, get
into the timber and keep quiet till night and then work
on down".

I could still hear the bell at intervals and started toward
it. I made my approach with great caution peering into
the darkness and listening intently for any indication of

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 287

either friends or foes, certainly supposing that I was crawl-
ing defenseless and alone into an Indian camp. Arriving
nearer I could discern what appeared to be cattle, nearer
still and I was quite certain that they were three of our
oxen heads up and apparently wild as deer and I thought
all hoppled. ' ' Guess I had best not disturb them farther ' '
"Somebody besides me may be watching also". No sight
or sound indicated the presence of any living thing save
the cattle. I was fairly puzzled and finally fearing that
Evans might leave his place I drew off as silently as I had
approached and finding him we started toward where I
had left the camp. We soon came upon the trail made by
the oxen and coming from the same direction in which we
were going, and even in the dim light then approaching I
could see that they had plunged along in struggling jumps
despite their hopples. Coming from a southeastern di-
rection in my anxiety I had left Evans some distance behind
and as I reached a point from which I could overlook the
little valley in which we had camped, a breeze which in that
country frequently precedes the sun, was driving away
the fog which had settled along the stream during the night
and I recognized the place at once. There was the green
grassy valley and the strip of timber only. I knew that the
store tents if still there would not be visible from where I
stood, but I had left some of our wagons in front, and where
was Parker and his crowd? Had he been driven back and
was it his trail I had struck last night? Worse than all
as the fog passed off and the light became stronger I saw
that the small trees standing near the spot were loaded
and black with buzzards and what I had not before noticed
there were great numbers of the odious birds floating in
spiral circles as high as the eye could distinguish them. I
hope in mercy never again to experience such moments.
No language can approach a description of the anguish

288 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

and I shall not attempt it, nor do I after fifty years wish to
rake it up.

^'Whence comes this" ''At whose door does this horrid
goblin stand?" ''Did I go wrong in my planning or have I
failed in execution ? ' '

I had gone beyond the realm of fear, hope, ambition,
desire, or fear of consquences. One more duty only re-
mains. I will know the fate of my comrads or leave my
bones face forward on their trail. A rustling in the grass
announced the approach of Evans and added more poig-
nancy to my suffering. I regretted having brought him
here. I desired no company. I wished to meet my fate
alone. Without a turn, a look or any sign of recognition
I started forward with a steady deliberate swing, looking
neither to the right or left, in fact scarcely regarding any-
thing, had a swarm of savages raised their yell from that
strip of timber, I doubt if it would have changed my move-
ments a particle. I had gone beyond all that. When I
had passed possibly half way diagonally across the flat,
there came the bark of a dog. It was Sport's yelp, and
wheeling short toward the point from which the sound came,
there were tents and wagons corraled on a bare smooth
elevation back in a recess of the bluffs south of the stream
and partly behind me on my left. Uncle Jack's tactics
were visible in the little piles of dirt surrounding the camp,
where he had caused the rifle pits to be dug. Probably I
did not move a muscle, but it seemed to me that I had raised
from the ground and was sailing through the air, as signal-
ing to Evans to change his course I started straight for the
new camp. Sport met me on the way almost overrunning
me in his haste and as I was near the foot of the rising
ground one of the tents was unbuttoned and Uncle Jack
nearly "sans" everything but dragging his clothing behind
him and kicking his shoes along the ground ahead, appeared

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 289

roaring "Hey — Hello here he comes. Roll out boys Roll
out I knowed he'd fetch in an begad I telled ye so tew I did"
Theer hain't redskins nuff on this yer hull damn perrary
tew stop that thar critter, not by a doggoned sight, less so
be they kill's im" &c., &c. Uncle Jack in his bluff hearty
way was a staunch friend and a bitter enemy, and a treach-
erous act or a trespass was to him like a red rag to a
mad bull, and when I recounted my experience with Major
Webster the old war-horse was furious, but after awhile
cooled down to this "Wall 'taint no great harm so fur
anyhow" "Ye see when them varmints they sent arter
you come in the next morning an didn't ketch ye, by goll
the hull passel on 'em skedadled in a tarnal hurry". "Bill
watched 'em with a glass an he says there was a bilin grist
on 'em up the creek a piece, an the way they got out was a
caution cuss 'em". We learned that the chief who came
into our tents was Inkpaduta a vagabond leader of a band
of renegades from several bands or tribes. He was the
moving element in the massacre of a thousand whites at
Spirit Lake, Minnesota in 1862 and only got his deserts
after that.^

At the time of which I write Genl. Harney was on a cam-
paign against the Sioux beyond the Missouri and Capt
Pitcher was moving across Iowa with reinforcements for
Harney. I never knew what route Capt. Pitcher took or
how near he passed by us and I do not think he knew of our
presence in the region nor do I know whether he visited
or drew any forces from Fort Dodge. If so that might have
been why Major Webster was so unwilling to afford us

6 Here the writer has confused two incidents, the Spirit Lake Massacre which
occurred in northern Iowa in 1857 and involved the killing of aboiit forty
whites, and the Outbreak of 1862 in southern Minnesota, in which over a
thousand settlers were killed by the Sioux under Little Crow. Inkpaduta, who
perpetrated the Spirit Lake Massacre, was never brought to punishment by the
United States government.

VOL. xvin — 19

290 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

help, but if Pitcher had been at the fort I should certainly
have been informed of it when there. At all events it is
evident that Inkpaduta had knowledge or strong suspicions
of help coming, and knowing that we started hungry and
without rations it is reasonable to suppose he feared we
knew where it was, and deemed it best to get away quickly.
I have aften wondered if Wabasha sent that Indian who
warned me back. If so that Indian risked his life for had
the Eed Wing bands or Inkpaduta 's cut throat gang known
his errand he would have been scalped without mercy. It
was during this campaign I think that Genl. Harney
cornered an entire village of hostiles in a ravine at Ash
Hollow and gave them such a trouncing practically wiping
out the whole business, bucks, squaws and pappooses.
Greeley through the Tribune rang the changes '^ brutal"
'' butchery" "merciless slaughter" "a disgrace to a ci\il-
ized nation" &c., in his usual vigorous style. Harney had
I think a couple of short brass mountain howitzers and I
suppose his gunners did peel the turf from that ravine
beautifully. Very few plainsmen have any sympathy for
an Indian and I have sometimes thought that if Horace
Greeley had enjoyed the means of information afforded by
some of my experience with them, he would if not in the
columns of his paper, possibly have occasionally in private
conversation hurled anethemas in that squeaky falsetto
equal to anything ever known in the private sanctum of
The Tribune. Witness the recompense for the chivalry of
Genl. Canby and his surgeon in the Modoc camp and fate
of Meeker the N. C. M. of the Tribune, who gave up his life
for his kindness to the White River wretches.'^ I have
strayed too far and too long from the surveyors camp on

7 General Edward K. S. Canby was killed in California, in 1873, by tlie Modoc
Indians while in conference with them regarding a treaty of peace. N. C.
Meeker, who had charge of the White Eiver Agency in northwestern Colorado,
was killed by the Utes in 1879.

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 291

the Inyan Yankey and will only add in extenuation that I
lately stood reverently by a grave in the old cemetery in
the rear of the brick house occupied in revolutionary times
by Albert Baker in the village of Sandy Hill, Washington
Co, N. Y. and read of a man whom I never saw
Major Matthew S. Pitcher U. S. A.
Died Sept. 17 1858. Ae. 48 yrs.
and the circumstance has stirred recollections long past
but not forgotten.

We spent the day about the camp almost before we were
aware of the passage of the time, and that night I slept as
I never slept before. I was half reclining against a tent
pole when I forgot all my troubles and was only aroused
by the clatter of the cooks around the fire, at daylight on
the next morning. Attempting to rise I found that my
comrads had covered me with blankets sufficient to nearly
smother me. On a second effort my stiffened limbs went
groggy and I landed on one knee and one hand after a
staggering plunge toward the entrance of the tent. All
hands were at their breakfast and I was not observed and
remained quiet.

Uncle Jack and Allen were presently heard talking and
supposing me to be still sleeping they were complimenting
me. I had already heard all I wanted of that and poking
my head under the bottom of the tent called out, as though
just awakened "Now Bill Allen tell me straight, were you
popping at me the other night or at those damned Indians ' '.
Allen was on his feet instantly his red hairs bristling, every
feature of his freckled face an interrogation point. ' ' Why ' '
Receiving no reply he pulled the blankets from over me,
ran his hands over my arms, shoulders, and down to my
feet, rolled me carefully over and finally set back on his
heels as if waiting for an explanation ''Well now I'll tell
you Bill the fact is I've been knocking round pretty busily

292 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

for about a week, not paying much attention to myself and
I have been thinking that if you were cracking away at me
down there probably I am all right, but if you were gunning
for Inkpaduta perhaps I had best institute an examination".
The men over at the fire set up a roar. It required some-
time for Uncle Jack to see the point, but when he got it
fairly he laid back rolling his ponderous corporosity back
and forth, kicking his short chubby legs in the air, till
positively exhausted then getting his breath he would

scream ''Bill — Bill — Oh ^Bill". Allen regarded me

for an instant with an attempt at a grin and failing in that,
tried to speak but could only stamp off among the wagons
pretending to be in high dudgeon and muttering about mak-
ing ' ' sich a doggoned fuss ' '. I never obtained any further
information save what I have recounted. I was of the
opinion at that time and am still that had the two or more
Indians who were detailed to capture Carter and myself,
succeeded or had we killed one or both of them, our whole
party would have been cut off, but our escape put a new
face on the matter, disconcerted their plan and lacking the
desire for vengeance that would have been roused by a loss
of some of their number they preferred to haul off and await
a future chance for operating without so much uncertainty.
I think an Indian of fifty years ago was much like a panther
in one respect at least. If acting aggressively on his own
motion he lies in ambush unknown to his prey, he can make
one dash with great ferocity, if this fails or develops un-
known difficulties he is "all abroad" almost never known
to rally effectively. Latterly they have been learning from
the whites, led by chiefs educated by our Government fur-
nished by traders with better arms than our own soldiers,
sometimes and results have been modified. We continued
our work without any special annoyance from hostile In-
dians till we were within three townships of the north

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 293

boundary of the state. Our provisions were again nearly
exhausted by reason of the number of men we had with us
for several weeks after the outbreak and we deemed it best
to work quite close together for greater safety, but this
interfered seriously with the progress of our work and it
was decided to close up for the season and we returned to
Dubuque.

I doubt if those now living on the ground we traversed
during that summer can realize its condition, at that time.

We learned of no settlers north of the ''Coon Settle-
ments". When we returned we struck timber at the "Liz-
zard Forks" said to be twelve miles above Fort Dodge.
There was a settler 's cabin and a young man ' ' batching it ' '
and a bit of cultivation started. As we passed eastward I
noticed one day a large train halted, perhaps one half mile
south of the trail we were following, but paying no special
attention to it we passed on, without stopping. Sometime
previously I had been in Elyria, Ohio, and there became a
member of "The Ohio Emmigration Association", a Com-
mittee from which were then in the west seeking a location,
when each member must within a certain time, build and
occupy a cabin on land assigned to him, &c., &c.,

I subsequently learned that the encampment mentioned
was composed of the members of this Association and be-
came what is now the City of Waterloo, Black Hawk Co.
Iowa. The Secretary of the Association had lost all tidings
of me and I had lost my inheritance. At that time, and I
presume no essential change has since been made, the sur-
veys of the public lands were let by contract at some price
per mile, as agreed on. A contractor must produce a re-
sponsible party to go on his bond for double the amount
of his contract, that the work shall be done correctly within
the time specified, four per cent being kept back to pay an
Inspector for passing over the work and report, before
the contractor could draw his pay.

294 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The regular charge paid by contractors for their outfit
was then four per cent a month demanded by firms who
furnished supplies to be paid for when the contractor re-
ceived his pay from the Government.

Subdividing townships into sections might be done w^ith
a magnetic instrument but all beyond that must be done
\\ith a Solar instrument. Subdividing or sectionizing prai-
rie was done at $3.00 per mile as the chain run. Township-
pers received $4.00 for prairie and in more difficult country
a higher rate in both cases. On standard parallels and
meridians requiring greater skill and care $25.00 per mile
was often paid. Standard parallels or correction lines
were located twenty-four or more miles apart as circum-
stances might require.

One set of corners were marked on correction lines as
much more than six miles apart as the meridians starting
north from these corners would be less than six miles
asunder on reaching the next correction line. Thus the
towns and sections would contain as nearly as possible the
requisite amount of land, owing to the convergency of me-
ridians and the curvature of parallels.

The U. S. Deputy Surveyor should be competent to cal-
culate these elements correctly at any point of his work.
In one case a surveyor following alongside my work on
closing up to the correction line and failing to strike the
correction corners supposed himself to be in error, and as
a last resort, measured across from my corners and thus
located his own, manifestly wrong for in so doing he dis-
regarded the convergency of meridians entirely. In each
Surveyor General's office there was always kept a standard
measure of length which at sixty degrees of tempera-
ture was precisely of the proper length and every sur-
veyor on going out on a contract must have all his chains
agree with this standard and he must keep one measure

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 295

not used, and must adjust on each morning all chains em-
ployed on the survey noting the amount of correction needed
on each day's work. A U. S. Dept. Surveyor is a confiden-
tial Agent of our Government who is sent to pass over
territory acquired by treaty, purchase or otherwise, to
define and locate its boundaries, extent and capabilities,
prizing it in three qualities, mapping and taldng notes of
soil, minerals, timber, streams, locations for water power,
bridges, &c., in fact bringing in the first definite information
received of the new territory. All surveyors chains were
of iron wire with the ends of links and the connecting rings
simply bent around and these links and rings by reason of
the constant pulling were continually opening, rendering
the chain too long. The links at each end of the chain had
from one to two inches of thread cut on the wire and the
brass handles could be screwed up to that extent, and when
the thread had all been used in bringing the chain to the
proper length we must then drive the wire through the
handle to shorten the chain and bend the wire to hold it
there. When farther shortening was required we would
with a tally pin pry open and take out a ring. These opera-
tions soon destroyed the accuracy of our chains by render-
ing the terminal links too short and created a fruitful source
of error. I wrote to my friends W. M. & L. E. Gurley of
Troy N. Y. requesting them to make for me a chain of light
steel wire with all bends and rings flattened instead of round
form and all joints brazed. They made be a chain of No. 10
steel wire which was much lighter and stronger than the old
style of chain. I afterward had them make me a chain in
the same style of steel wire No. 14 and those chains are
now correct after so many years of use, and are without
doubt the original chains of that style.

We frequently employed two sets of chainmen on difficult
or important surveys starting one chain in advance and

296 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

the other following but starting from a point not the same
as that from which the first chain was started and known
only by the surveyor himself.

Solar instruments were then made only I think by William
S. Young of Philadelphia and Burt & Bailey of Detroit,
Michigan, with plain open sights. A St. Louis Instrument
maker named Nutz made at least one with two telescopes
end for end, one above the other and collimated in the same
plane. I went to his shop, did not like the instrument and
coming east I brought a new Solar of the usual form direct
from the Avorks of Burt 8z Bailey, took it to the Gurley's at
Troy N. Y. and designed and superintended the construction
of the first telescopic Solar Transit and wrote the instruc-
tions for its use as printed for years in their Manual.

Northwestern Iowa was then and had been a favorite
hunting ground for the Indian tribes of the western territo-
ries. I had seen a band of mounted braves start out in the
morning and at a distance not to alarm the game, surround
a herd of elk, then gradually closing up from all directions,
one rider would dash at full speed in chase of the flying
herd, which as it approached the surrounding circle of
guards would be turned back, a fresh rider and pony pur-
suing the chase, in a couple of hours or more the whole
band of Indians could ride among the exhausted game and
cut their throats without leaving their seats on their also
exhausted ponies.

Then the lazy hunters would lay down and the squaws
must move the village with its tent poles, skin coverings,
papooses and dogs to the vicinity, skin, dress and prepare
the meat, collect wood or buffalo chips, rosin weed or some
combustible, for fuel, provide for a gluttinous carouse for
their brutal lords, till the place became too offensive for
even an Indian to endure it, when after starving for several
days they would repeat the foray in some other locality.

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 297

Horses and mules hate the smell of an Indian as much as
they do that of a bear, and if a village was at any time on
the move between us and the wind, our teams would not
fail to notify us by their uneasiness. If any reader not
disposed to credit my written testimony, can imagine an old
decayed buffalo skin, wet and dried a hundred times accen-
tuated by other odors likely to be acquired by years of use
under such circumstances, then multiply the result by the
several hundred in the fragrant procession, the final result
may possibly indicate an antidote to ''Hiawatha" or
"Ramona".

At some time during that summer it became necessary for
us to communicate with another party at quite a distance
across country, and taking a saddle horse I set out one
morning for the trip. Anticipating a full days ride I was
going at only a fair gait, being quite too experienced a
horseman to crowd my mount so early in the day, when
with an audible snap something struck the leather cover of
one of my stirrups. My horse sprang as though from the
stroke of a whip, and rounding up to look back I saw the
head of a large snake waving back and forth over the grass.
Almost spontaneously my revolver came out of its holster,
but my horse was dancing, pawing and snorting in such
terror that I could get no chance for a shot. There was
nothing save large rosin weeds to tie to, I dared not trust
to my picket pin, and the best I could do was to face about
at a distance and shove my horse straight ahead with the
spur till he was raising to bolt, when shoving the snaffle
rein savagely across his neck to the right, thus bringing
his head sharply round to the left, I upset his calculations
leaving him for an instant, balancing on his hind feet which
gave me my only chance for a quick shot. I repeated this
maneuver till presently at the crack of the pistol the vil-
lainous head lopped and there was what looked like a very

298 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

large animated corkscrew rolling about in the grass and a
very badly frightened horse bounding in rabbit like jumps
to get away from the spot. I have no definite idea of the size
of my game but it must be quite a snake that can rap his
jaws on a horseman's stirrup.

As soon as I could quiet my horse sufficiently for the pur-
pose I hauled up and filled I think four chambers of my
revolver then with a look at my watch and a glance at the
sun, I was casting about to determine my course, thinking
''Well — quite a circus" "Yes, and now I think of it — I
wonder what about the spectators".

I knew that roving bands of Indians were liable to appear
at any time or place and that riding as I had been, not
rapidly and continually in one direction, in plain sight at
least on each roll of prairie passed, I was liable to be
flanked on one or both sides by an enemy knowing each
sag in the surface, each strip of high reedy grass, and the
distance direction, entrance and outlet of every ravine.
Short deliberation decided like this — ''Lucky for me the fool
killer is not on hand this morning, but if I'm followed I will
try and pull some of them up in sight, even if I run into a
hornests nest doing it."

I started at a sharp gallop nearly at an angle of ninety
degrees from my former course and almost opposite to the
route I intended to pursue. Riding thus for possibly a
mile a lo^v vista opened before me, ending not far off in a
steep gully bordered on each side by stunted oak trees and
hazel bushes. I dashed into the head of this and wheeling
short about rode carefully back till by rising in the stirrups
I could just overlook the surrounding prairie and shoving
the rim of my hat between my thigh and saddle I sat still,
save rising quite often to w^atch. A raven soon flew past
and alighting on a dead branch behind me and well down the
ravine commenced his signal croak at regular intervals.

NORTHWESTERN IOWA IN 1855 299

I wanted no better watcher on that side. For a thne I
saw nothing stirring in my front but presently I detected
flocks of birds rising from the prairie, nearly in the direction
I intended to go. Watching closely I could see something
on the ground, coming nearly toward me and the birds were
continually flying to each side of it, and soon a large wolf,
loped past the entrance of my ravine and on the brink of
the bluff, halted and turning about seated himself on his
haunches scanning the route by which he came.

I thought now if my horse will only keep quiet I will
watch this exhibition awhile for my own information. That
is a timber wolf a regular old gray back and he knows his
business. He has not run far for he has now closed his
mouth and stopped lolling. He does not like the bright
sunshine and he was not routed up from the hot dry prairie.
He was lying shaded by the bushes at the head of some val-
ley like this, watching for game that might be passing in
or out.

It was not hunters or trappers that drove him out for
none would be here at this season of the year, and if they
were, he would only trot off a short distance and lay down
and watch them. He was hustled out so quickly that he has
not fully made up his mind what it was that scared him and
he is now trying to study it out.

Discovering no farther manifestations, I started out
swerving temporarily from my course in order to follow
somewhat near the route by which the wolf had come I
soon came upon another valley quite similar to the one I
had left and it seemed to lead in about the same direction.
Not stopping to look for trails, I swung off to my former
course with the thought "Yes, sir, — Yes, sir, exactly". I
had it right the first time trying". "A small party of
Indians saw me fooling with that confounded snake, and
when I started on another track in such haste thev rushed

300 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

down this valley to head me off where the valleys come
together". ''Well if they stay there till I come they will
need their supper."

I have no doubt they found my trail and whether or how
far they followed it I never learned, but if they had con-
tinued to where I drove my picket pin at dark, they would
have found the latter part of that trail quite too hot for
their comfort, unless in greater numbers than I conjectured.

J. L. IXGALSBE

GENERAL LEW. WALLACE AT SHILOH: HOW HE

WAS CONVINCED OF AN ERROR AFTER

FORTY YEARS

A very interesting autobiography of General Lew. Wal-
lace appeared in 1906. It was a posthumous publication,
General Wallace having died in February, 1905.^ The sketch
of his early life is not only interesting in itself, it is also
entertainingly written so that the reader wants to know
what is recorded on the next page, and the next, and so on
indefinitely. Very naturally the author has given much
space to his part in the Civil War, his service beginning
within a few hours after the firing on Fort Sumter and
continuing to the close. Having had a brief experience in
the Mexican War with a lieutenant's commission, the way
was open to him for immediate preferment, and he was
appointed Adjutant General, by Governor Morton of Indi-
ana, almost before the sound of the first gun had died away.
He was in command of a regiment within a few weeks, and
commanded a brigade at Fort Donelson, in February, 1862.
A few weeks later he commanded the Third Division in the
Army of the Tennessee and participated in the battle of
Shiloh, April 7, 1862. He received the commission of Major
General before the close of his thirty-fifth year and a few
days before the battle of Shiloh.

General Wallace's division consisted of three brigades of
three regiments each, two batteries of five guns each, and
two squadrons of cavalry, and it was a part of the advance
in the expedition up the Tennessee under command of Gen-
eral Smith. The division was stationed at Crump's Land-

1 Lew Wallace: An Autobiography. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1906.

301

302 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Map Showing General Lew. Wallace's March to the Battle of Shiloh

GENERAL LEW. WALLACE AT SHILOH 303

ing, six miles below Pittsburg Landing, on the west side of
the river.- Soon after landing at Crump's, Wallace sent
his second brigade west on the Purdy road to Stony Lone-
some, and his third brigade to Adamsville, still farther west
on the same road and five miles from Crump 's Landing, all
within easy marching distance of Pittsburg Landing, by the
most direct road. Eeceiving orders from General Grant at
11 :30 o 'clock to march to the battle field, the march began
from Stony Lonesome, according to Wallace, at precisely
noon, over the Shunpike road toward the crossing of Owl
Creek, near the right of the army as it was at the opening
of the battle. The third brigade moved out from Adams-
ville a little later and joined the column on the march.
Unfortunately, Wallace had chosen the longer road to the
field. In his autobiography he writes: ''The going was
swift and without incident. Past the old overshot mill, past
Snake Creek, past Clear Creek, and no enemy — not a shot.
. . . . The last file of the rear-guard had put Clear
Creek behind it, and the guard itself was stepping long and
fast. One o'clock and thirty minutes by the watch ".^

About a half hour later — ''A few minutes after two
o'clock", to quote again — Wallace was overtaken by a
third courier. At this point the column was halted and be-
gan the counter-march for Pittsburg Landing by the River
Road and Wallace's Bridge over Snake Creek. The third
brigade from Adamsville fell in behind the second after the
counter-march began, according to Wallace himself, so that
his rear-guard could not have "put Clear Creek behind it"
at "one o'clock and thirty minutes by the watch". It was
at least four miles away. The head of the column even had
not crossed Clear Creek, which Wallace had mistaken for
Owl Creek, which was still four miles ahead, when the
counter-march began. So much was Wallace out of correct

2 Lew Wallace : An Autobiography, Vol, I, p. 485.

304 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

reckoning. And this is the more strange because, only a few
days before, "Somewhere in the last week of March", in
company with Major Hayes and his company of cavalry, he
had ridden over the entire road from Stony Lonesome to
Pittsburg Landing and back.^

Evidently General Wallace wrote the account of the
march from Stony Lonesome to the field of battle, and of
other events connected therewith, long after the events,
trusting to memory. Though never doubting the accuracy
of his memory, he seems to have thought it worth while to
verify his recollections, before the publication of his auto-
biography, by visiting and going over the grounds where
the events occurred so many years before. So, in Novem-
ber, 1901, General Wallace, in company with several friends,
visited the Shiloh Field, for the purpose of verifying his
recollections and, presumably, for the purpose of correcting
errors due to a treacherous memory. The General was con-
vinced of some errors, but he forgot to tell about it in his
autobiography.

Major D. W. Eeed, then Secretary and Historian of the
Shiloh Military Park Commission, in a letter to the writer,
gives an account of that visit and describes in detail the
careful survey made by the General and his friends, in
company with the Secretary-Historian, in passing over
every foot of the line of march from Stony Lonesome to
Pittsburg Landing, on that Sunday, April 6, 1862. The
letter, now for the first time in print, is given in the pages
immediately following.

J. W. Rich
The State Historical Society of Iowa
Iowa City Iowa

5 Lew Wallace: An Autobiography, Vol. I, p. 453.

GENERAL LEW. WALLACE AT SHILOH 305

War Department,

Shiloh National Military Park Commission,

Pittsburg Landing, Tenn.

February 13, 1909
My Dear Comrade Rich:

Answering yours of 9th instant just received. You evidently
quote from, General Lew. Wallace's Autobiography: "The last
file of the rear-guard had put Clear Creek behind it at 1 :30 p. m. "

There are discrepancies in the records concerning this march of
the command of General Wallace that cannot be explained or
reconciled except on the theory that memory of events of long ago
is not alwaj^s reliable. General Wallace's account of this march
shows that his memory of the events of the march has been re-
freshed or revived since he wrote his official report dated April 12,
1862, Vol. X, pages 169-177.'* His map, accompanying that re-
port, makes no note of bridges across Snake Creek at the Over-
shot Mill, but indicates that his division was marching towards the
bridge at the mouth of Owl Creek (now known as Wallace Bridge)
when he was turned back to a road and bridge of which he had no
knowledge and which he describes as at mouth of Snake Creek.
Rowley, page 180, makes Wallace say: "None of us know the
River Road of which you speak". There never was a bridge near
the mouth of Snake Creek as indicated on the Wallace map marked
"D". The map further shows that General Wallace thought, when
he made his report, that he turned back before he reached Snuke
Creek, not after he crossed Clear Creek. The McPherson map,
page 183, is a correct map of the country and shows McPherson 's
idea of the place where he found General Wallace's command.

In November, 1901, General Wallace came here for the purpose
of taking notes to verify his autobiography statements as to the
Battle of Shiloh. Accompanying him was Captain Brown, of
Thompson's Battery, Captain Wood, 11th Indiana, Captain Ensley,
44th Indiana and several others. General Wallace had with him
a map which he had prepared for his autobiography^, which showed
his head of column at the Owl Creek Bridge Avhere Sherman's
right line rested Sunday morning. He asked to have a marker
placed there to show that fact. I said to him : "We cannot do that,
General, because it is not true that your advance reached that point

iWar of the Eeiellion: Official Records, Series I, Vol. X, Part I, pp. 169-
177.

VOL. XVIIT — 20

306 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

on Sunday." "Your cavalry did not get within four miles of that
place."

The General was aroused at once and felt like arguing the point,
but was told that it was useless to argue the matter ; that the best
way was to go together to the other end of the route and follow the
trail and see if we could not find the place where the column was
turned back. To this he readily agreed.

The next day, November 20, 1901, a party consisting of, as shown
by our record: "General Wallace, Major Reed, Captain Brown,
Captain Wood, Captain Ensley, Mr. Thompson and Mr. Large"
visited the camps of Wallace's division at Crumps, Stony Lone-
some and Adamsville and then followed the trail of the division as
it marched towards the battlefield April 6, 1862.

It was agreed that on that march the Cavalry, under Major
Hayes, was the advance guard followed by Smith's 1st Brigade in
the following order: 24th Indiana, Thompson's Battery, 11th Indi-
ana, 8th Missouri and then Thayer's (2nd) Brigade. I note that
in autobiography, page 465, it is stated that Thayer's brigade fol-
lowed the 24th Indiana. This is undoubtedly an error, for on page
471 it is stated that the first brigade was in advance : ' ' Colonel
Smith led them". In another place the reason for the counter-
march, instead of about facing the column, was that the first brigade
might be in front.' McPherson, page 182, Vol. X, says that the
1st brigade was in front.^ In any event, they all agreed that Capt.
Brown, in command of Thompson's Battery, [and] Captain Wood
were near the head of the column and were to show the road. When
the party arrived at the top of the ridge, overlooking the valley of
Clear Creek, Captain Brown said: "This is the place where my
battery turned around". After some study they all agreed that
the Cavalry was nearly or quite down to the creek but that the
Infantry and Artillery countermarched from the ridge before en-
tering the valley. The point from which the column turned back
is marked "Smith" on the map of General Wallace's march. I
think you have a copy of that map. In any event the place is about
half a mile north of Clear Creek and about two miles from the
Overshot mill. The two brigades and two batteries must have occu-
pied the road all the way from "Smith" back to the Overshot mill,

^ Lew Wallace: An Autoiiograpliy, Vol. I, pp. 465, 471; see also p. 469,
footnote.

c War of the EebelUon : Official Eecords, Series T, Vol. X, Part I, p. 182.

GENERAL LEW. WALLACE AT SHILOH 307

for, members of the 3rd brigade, leaving Adarasville at 2 p. m., — •
Whittlesey's report — say that they came up to the rear of Thay-
er's brigade at the mill and waited there an hour or more for the
first and second brigades to countermarch and string out on the
direct road to Pittsburg Landing. General Wallace says : ' ' While
making this change of direction, the 3rd brigade came up and took
its place."

After locating the point, "Smith", as the place from which he
turned back. General Wallace said: "Now Major, you will give it
up that my Cavalry was down there at Owl Creek, won't you?"
My reply was: "I admit that your Cavalry was doubtless at the
creek in our front, but that is not Owl but Clear Creek, four miles
this side of Owl". The General could not be convinced that his
cavalry had not reached Owl Creek, until we had continued the
journey all the way to that crossing, and had interviewed several
citizens along the way, among them Captain T. A. Johnson, C. S.
A., who when asked if he knew where General Wallace's command
turned back, when on its march to the battle field, April 6, 1862,
replied: "Yes I know about that. I was in command of a Cavalry
company detailed to watch General Wallace's movements. I was
at Clear Creek and saw the head of column turn back, the cavalry
following as rear guard. As soon as I was sure that all had gone
back, I reported the fact to the Infantry force that was guarding
Owl Creek bridge and it was relieved and sent to the front".
After a second interview with Captain Johnson, lasting all the next
forenoon, General Wallace was convinced and said: "Major Hayes
surely reported to me that he reached Owl Creek bridge. I see
now that his report was wrong and that I have been wrong for
nearly forty j^ears. I will see that the error is corrected in my
forthcoming autobiography." In making such correction, he has
evidently put Clear Creek at the wrong end of his column. The
head did possibly reach that creek but his rear guard was at that
time back at Adamsville and did not cross Snake Creek until after
dark, and then at the lower crossing.

I note that the General suggests, in autobiography, that at the
time he was turned back, he had it in mind that it would be a good
plan to continue the march and attack the Confederates in the rear.
This seems to be an afterthought inconsistent with his official re-
port, pages 170 and 175, Vol. X, in which he says if the march had

308 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

been continued my army would have been entirely cut off and be
liable to be cut to piecesJ

Wliile at Sbiloh, in 1901, General Wallace suggested that if he
had kno-WTi the exact conditions of the Confederate forces it might
have been a good plan to have continued his march and attacked the
enemy in the rear. But when he came to the swamp, absolutely
impassable, except over a narrow corduroy road nearly half a mile
long, had it pointed out to him that this road was defended by two
full regiments and a battery of artillery, he admitted that it would
have been impossible for his division to have forced the crossing.

I note another curiosity in the autobiography. Nowhere in any
of the reports is there any mention of a name for the bridge over
Snake Creek, other than Snake Creek Bridge. No one, during War
times seems to have heard of it by any other name. When General
Wallace was here in 1901, Mr. Thompson said to him: *'We have
good authority for calling this 'Wallace Bridge'. It was first so
named before the war because a man named Wallace lived near it.
It was again so christened when W. H. L. Wallace rebuilt it just
before the battle, and again christened when General Lew. Wallace
crossed it on his way to the field. ' '

The General several times referred to the matter as a coincident
that he was glad to hear about, his expressions indicating that he
had never before heard that the bridge was called Wallace. He
now, in his book, recites that General Smith in giving him his
orders gave particular instructions about "Wallace Bridge" and
refers to it frequently as of his knowledge in 1862.

This is interesting in one way, as it shows that this part of the
autobiography was written, or at least modified after his visit here
in 1901.

I am sure this more than answers your questions and is doubtless
uninteresting but as I was looking up my notes and found that I
had never put the record of the General 's visit in writing, I thought
it [would] be of use sometime to have it. I keep copy.

Very truly yours,

D. W. Reed

TfVar of the Eetellion: Official Becords, Series I, Vol. X, Part I, pp. 170,
175.

SOME PUBLICATIONS

Native Villages and Village Sites East of the Mississippi, a mono-
graph by David I. Bushnell, Jr., is published as bulletin sixty-nine
of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

Climatic Cycles and Evolution, by Griffith Taylor, and The New
Boundaries of Austria are two of the papers published in The
Geographical Bevieiv for December, 1919.

A List of the Washington Manuscripts from the Year 1592 to
1775, prepared by John C. Fitzpatrick, has been published by the
Library of Congress.

The OUigation of Contracts Clause of the United States Con-
stitution, a monograph by Warren B. Hunting, has been published
as a recent number of the Johns Hopkins University Studies in
Historical and Political Science.

Washington Five and Eight 0 'Clocks, by Vernon Kellogg, and
An Anglo-American Entente, by George McLean Harper, are two
of the papers published in The Tale Review for April.

The January issue of Americana contains the following articles :
The Moravians in Northampton County, Penn., by William N.
Schwarze; and The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute,
by Winfield Scott Downs.

The Young Women's Christian Association has issued in book
form the report of the work of the Social Morality Committee of
the War Work Council of the Association during the World War.

A volume on The Army and the Law, by Garrard Glenn, has been
published by the Columbia University Press.

Our War with Germany, by John Spencer Bassett, is a brief
history of the war activities of the United States, and its part
in the World War. Although the writer acknowledges that no one
*'at this time can expect to produce a completely reliable history

309

310 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTOEY AND POLITICS

of the war", this volume is a valuable addition to the present day
historical collections.

The Smith College Studies in History for October, 1919-January,
1920, consists of a monograph by Margaret Woodbury on Piiblic
Opinion in Philadelphia, 1789-1801.

Louis Bernard Schmidt has compiled a volume entitled Topical
Studies and References on the Economic History of American
Agriculture. A paper by the author on The Economic History of
American Agriculture as a Field for Study is also included.

The Liberal Republican Movement, a dissertation by Earle Dud-
ley Ross, presents much interesting information concerning the
political alignment during the period following the Civil War.

The Diary of Bartlett Yancey Malone, edited by William What-
ley Pierson, Jr., and The Provincial Agents of North Carolina,
by Samuel James Ervin, Jr., are the two articles published in a
recent issue of The James Sprunt Historical Puhlications.

The New American Thrift is the general subject covered by the
contributions to The Annals of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science for January. The March number contains a
collection of papers on Bonds and the Bond Market.

The University of Toronto has begun the publication of a new
quarterly journal. The Canadian Historical Review, which is to
supplant The Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada,
issued annually since 1896. The first number of the new periodical
contains two articles: Canada and the Imperial War Cabinet, by
George M. Wrong; and Notes on the Quebec Conference, 1864,
edited by A. G. Doughty.

The Negro in Education, by Loretta Funke, The Negro Migration
to Canada after 1850, by Fred Landon, and The Relations of Ne-
groes and Indians in Massachusetts, by C. G. Woodson, are three
of the contributions to the January issue of The Journal of Negro
History.

The South' s Labor Problem, by Monroe N. Work, Samuel J.
Tilden and the Revival of the Democratic Party, by Earle Dudley

SOME PUBLICATIONS 311

Ross, and the concluding installment of Reconstruction and Educa-
tion in South Carolina, by Edgar W. Knight, are among the papers
and articles published in the January number of The South Atlan-
tic Quarterly.

The Thirty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of American
Ethnology contains the following papers: Uses of Plants by the
Indians of the Missouri River Region, by j\Ielvin Randolph Gil-
more ; Preliminary Account of the Antiquities of the Region between
the Mancos and La Plata Rivers in Southwestern Colorado, by Earl
H. ]\Iorris; Designs on Prehistoric Hopi Pottery, by Jesse "Walter
Fewkes; and The Hawaiian Romance of Laieikaivi, by Martha
"Warren Beckwith.

The United States Cavalry Association has resumed the pub-
lication of the quarterly periodical formerly the Journal of the U.
S. Cavalry Association. The name now adopted is The Cavalry
Journal. The April number — the first to appear since that for
April, 1918 — contains the following papers and articles : A Mes-
sage to the Cavalry, by John Joseph Pershing ; The Cavalry School
and Its New Functions, by G. H. Cameron ; Review of Our Cavalry
Situation, by Le Roy Eltinge; and The Future of Cavalry, by A. J.
Tittinger.

Quaint and Historic Forts of North America is the title of an
attractive volume by John Martin Hammond, It is "an account
of the most famous fortfications of North America" and provides
"a cross section of the military history of the continent". Among
the forts described which are of particular interest in the study
of Mississippi Valley history are the following: Fort Michilli-
mackinac, Fort Holmes, Fort Massac, Fort Jackson, Fort St. Philip,
Fort Snelling, Fort Laramie, The Alamo, Fort Phil Kearney, Fort
Leavenworth, Fort Fetterman, Fort Bridger, Fort Keogh, and Fort
Douglas. Numerous ilustrations add to the interest of the volume,
and a short index is provided.

How American Aviators Were Trained, by H. Bingham, and
Teaching Current Events, by J. L. Stockton, are two of the papers
found in The Historical Outlook for January, The February num-
ber contains an article by R. V. B. Magoffin on Morale Work in an

312 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Army Camp; ]\I. P. Robinson writes of Virginia's Historical Labo-
ratory; Edward C. Page contributes a paper entitled More about
the Working Museum of History; and Edith M. Clark gives an
account of The History Curriculum since 1850. C. A. Coulomb is
the compiler of the report of the Cleveland meeting of the Ameri-
can Historical Association. In the number for March are the
following papers: Committee on Public Information, by Guy S.
Ford; History Situation in Colleges and Universities, 1919-1920,
by A. M. Schlesinger; and Evolution of Our Calendar, and a
Perpetual One, by B, M. Jaquish.

The American Political Science Review for February contains
the following articles and papers : Present Tendencies in American
Politics, by Henry Jones Ford; Revolutionary Communism in the
United States, by Gordon S. Watkins; The New German Consti-
tution, by "Walter James Shepard ; American Government and Poli-
tics, by Lindsay Rogers; a second installment of Constitutional
Law in 1918-1919, by Thomas Reed Powell; Legislative Notes and
Reviews, by Charles Kettleborough ; Foreign Governments and
Politics, by Frederic A. Ogg; and Notes on International Affairs,
by Charles G. Fenwick.

The War With Mexico, by Justin H. Smith, is a two volume work
covering a much debated period of American history. The large
amount of material used and the clear and vivid presentation of
the facts selected from these sources make these volumes both valu-
able and interesting. In his search for the real causes of the
Mexican War, the author comes to the conclusion that "an episode
that has been regarded both in the United States and abroad as dis-
creditable to us, appears now to wear quite a different complexion.
Such a result, it may be presumed, will gratify patriotic Americans,
but the author must candidly admit that he began with no purpose
or even thought of reaching it." Copious notes, a bibliography
of sources, and an index add to the usefulness of these attractive
volumes.

The 88th Division in the World War of 1914-1917, published by
authority of the commanding general of the division, Major Gener-
al William Weigel, is the story of the National Army division

SOME PUBLICATIONS 313

which was trained at Camp Dodge. The volume is divided into
four parts: the training period at Camp Dodge, the history of
the division in France, the period following the armistice, and a
roster of the officers and men of the division who served in the
American Expeditionary Forces. This publication will be of his-
torical interest to lowans not only because the Eighty-eighth
Division was trained in Iowa, but because of the large number of
Iowa men included in the organization.

WESTERN AMEEICANA

The Housing Situation in the United States, by Clinton Rogei*s
Woodruff, is one of the papers published in Texas Municipalities
for January.

The History of Cumulative Voting and Minority Representation
in Illinois, 1870-19 W, a monograph by Blaine F. Moore, constitutes
the June, 1919, number of the University of Ulinois Studies in
the Social Sciences.

The Michigan Historical Commission has published Prize Essays
Written by Pupils of Michigan Schools in the War History Contest
for 1918-19 as bulletin number eleven in their pamphlet series.

A Service List of the University of North Dakota, compiled by
Mabel Randolph, appears in the January number of The Quarterly
Journal of the University of North Dakota.

The January issue of The Commonwealth Review of the Univer-
sity of Oregon contains a monograph by Richard Ward Montague
on An Experiment m Wage Adjustment, and a short article on
Achievement of the Democracy the People Have Set Their Hearts
Upon, by F. G. Young.

lOWANA

The twenty -fifth volume of the Proceedings of the Iowa Academy
of Science has recently appeared. It contains the report of the
thirty-second annual session of the Academy, held at Ames in
April, 1918.

Historical Sketch and Alumni Record of Iowa Wesleyari College

314 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

is the title of a volume of over four hundred pages recently issued
by alumni of the college.

The Fuel Frohlems in loiva During the World War is the title
of a booklet prepared by Charles Webster, formerly State Fuel
Administrator for Iowa.

A collection of documents has recently been issued by the Ex-
tension Division of the State University of Iowa under the title
Great CJiarters of Americanism.

The Tiventy Eighth Annual Report of the Associated Charities
of Des Moines for the Year 1919 has recently appeared in pam-
phlet form.

The State University of Iowa has published the Barhados-An-
tigua Expedition, by C. C. Nutting, as a recent number of the
Studies in Natural History.

The Constitution of the State of Iowa and Amendments from
1857 to 1919 irith Historical Introduction is the title of a pamphlet
recently issued by the Secretary of State.

The Constitution of the United States, by Martin J. Wade, and
Bradford — Iowa's Deserted Tillage, by Howard Clark Brown,
are two articles of historical interest in the February issue of The
Iowa Magazine.

Nonnegotiahle Bills and Notes, by Herbert F. Goodrich, and
Unwholesome Food as a Source of Liability, by Rollin M. Perkins,
are the two papers which appear in the January number of the
loiva Law Bulletin.

The March number of Ivy Leaves, the publication issued at
Camp Dodge by the Association of the Fourth Division, contains
a contribution by Frank E. Lyman, Jr., on Iowa and the Wars.
According to these statistics Iowa has furnished a total of 194,609
men for military service at various times and of these men, 16,638
are reported to have lost their lives in service.

The January number of the Journal of History contains the
following articles and papers : Description of Historic Places in
Nauvoo, by Mark H. Siegfried; The Cowdery Genealogy, by Heman

SOME PUBLICATIONS 315

Hale Smith; Official Statements of Joseph Smith, compiled by
Heman Hale Smith; and a fourth installment of Early Days on
Grand River and the Mormon War, by Rollin J. Britton. The
last named article is continued in the issue for March. In this
number there is also an Autobiography of Henry A. Stehhins.

Honor rolls of a number of counties have already appeared and
others are being compiled. Among the volumes which have re-
cently been distributed are the war records of Butler, Cass, Floyd,
Johnson, Scott, Wapello, Washington, and Webster counties.
These are not complete histories of the war activities of the counties
but contain lists of the names of the men and women who were
in the military or naval service or participated in civilian war
work. Photographs are usually included and in many cases are
the special feature.

An Academic Danger, by Charles Bundy Wilson, LaJ:e Calvin,
an Extinct Glacial Lake, by Walter Henry Schoewe, Generals or
What-Notsf, by Charles S. Howard, and Trade and Industrial Edu-
cation for Girls and Women, by Anna Lalor Burdick, are short
papers which appear in the January issue of The Iowa Alumnus.
The number for February contains a sketch of early days in Iowa
City, entitled On the Frontier, by Grace Partridge Smith, and a
story, His Mother's Son, by Frances B. Strain, On the Trail of
Victory, by Stephen Hayes Bush, is a vivid description of life at
the front which appears in the issue for March.

The January issue of The Grinnell Review contains several short
papers on current topics. Among these are : Some Preliminaries to
the Definitio7i of Americanism, by Horace M. Kallen; and Two
Methods of Reform, by Johan J. Smertenko. The Herring Lady, a
story by Edward A. Steiner, and You and I, a poem by Thomas E.
M. Hefferan, are also included in this number. The issue for Febru-
ary contains a symposium on The Independent College, and the first
installment of Industrial Relations, by John R. Commons.

SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS BY IOWA AUTHORS

Aldrich, Bess Streeter,

Across the Smiling Meadow (Ladies' Home Journal, February,
1920).

316 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Ginger Cookies (Ladies' Home Journal, January, 1920).
Marcia Mason's Lucky Star (The American Magazine, March

1920).
The Theatrical Sensation of Springtown (The American Maga-
zine, December, 1919).
Baldwin, Bird Thomas,

Distribution of School Training of Wounded Soldiers (School

and Society, December 6, 1919).
Physical Growth of School Children. Iowa City: The State
University of Iowa. 1919.
Brisco, Norris A.,

The College of Commerce and Business (The Organizer, Febru-
ary, 1920).
Brown, Charles Reynolds,

Religion of a Layman: a Study of the Sermon on the Mount
(Biblical World, November, 1919).
Brown, Howard Clark,

Bradford — lotca's Deserted Village (The Iowa Magazine,
Februarjr, 1920).
Burdick, Anna Lalor,

Trade and Industrial Education for Girls and Women (The
Iowa Alumnus, January, 1920).
Bush, Stephen Hayes,

American Soldiers in French Universities (Educational Re-
view, January, 1920).
On the Trail of Victory — "La Division Marocaine Donne"
(The Iowa Alumnus, March, 1920).
Butler, Ellis Parker,

False Retentions or Something (World Outlook, November,

1919).
I Wish I Had Not Been a Well-Frog (The American Magazine,

March, 1920).
Potting Marjatta (Collier's Weekly, January 17, 1920).
Swatty. Chicago : Houghton Mifflin Co. 1920.
Carver, Thomas Nixon,

The Relation of Thrift to Nation Building (The Annals of the

SOME PUBLICATIONS 317

American Academy of Political and Social Science, Janu-
ary, 1920).
Clum, Woodworth,

Hooking Tip the "Forty-Eighters" (The Iowa Magazine,

March, 1920).
Radicalism in Our Universities (The Iowa Magazine, February,
1920).
Colgrove, Kenneth,

Diplomatic Procedure Preliminary to the Congress of West-
phalia (American Journal of International Law, July, 1919).
Craig, Hardin,

English and Commerce (The Organizer, March, 1920).
Devine, Edward Thomas,

Chicago Meeting (The Survey, January 10, 1920).
Competition in Exchanges (The Survey, February 28, 1920).
Individual and Family Welfare (The Survey, January 10,

1920).
Stimulation (The Survey, February 14, 1920).
Their Abundance (The Survey, January 3, 1920).
To the President (The Survey, December 27, 1919).
Fackler, Clarence W.,

A Phase of Modern Banhing (The Organizer, February, 1920).
Ferber, Edna,

The Dancing Girls (Collier's Weekly, March 13, 1920).
Old Lady Mandle (Collier's Weekly, January 17, 1920).
Garland, Hamlin,

Coming of Sir Oliver Lodge (Touchstone, January, 1920).
Hillis, Newell Dwight,

Rehuilding Europe ifi the Face of World-wide Bolshevism.
New York: Fleming H. Revell Co. 1920.
Hoover, Herbert Clark,

Ills We Inherit from the War (The Woman's Home Com-
panion, March, 1920).
Memorandum on the Economic Situation (The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, January,
1920).

318 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Safety of New-horn Democracies (Forum, December, 1919).

Unto the Least of These (Sunset, February, 1920),
Hough, Emerson,

Round Our Toivn (The Saturday Evening Post, Februaiy 14,

21, April 3, 1920).

The Soul Child (The Saturday Evening Post, March 27, 1920).
Howard, Charles S.,

Generals or What-Nots? (The Iowa Alumnus, January, 1920).
Hrbkova, Sarka B.,

Czechoslovah Short Stories. New York: Slavia Society. 1920.
Jessup, Walter A.,

Meeting Bolshevism in the Schools (The Iowa Magazine,
March, 1920).
Nutting, Charles Cleveland,

Barhados-Antigua Expedition. Iowa City : The State Univer-
sity of Iowa. 1919.
Paramore, Robert T.,

A Public Utilities Commission for Iowa (The Organizer, March,
1920).
Parrish, Randall,

The Mystery of the Silver Dagger. New York: George H.
Doran Co. 1920.
Piper, Edwin Ford,

Ballads (Poetry, January, 1920).
Proudfoot, Andrea Hofer,

Trolley Lines. Chicago : R. F. Seymour. 1919.
Reed, James A.,

Herbert Hoover and the League of Xations. Washington:
Government Printing Office. 1920.
Reitz, Henry Lewis,

The Probable Future of the Interest Bate (The Organizer,
March, 1920).
Richardson, Anna Steese,

After-the-War Club Woman (The Woman's Home Companion,
February, 1920).

SOME PUBLICATIONS 319

Two Hundred Percent American (The Woman's Home Com-
panion, April, 1920).
When You Make Over a House (The Woman's Home Com-
panion, February, 1920).
Eoberts, George E.,

// We Divided All the Money (The American Magazine, March,
1920).
Sabin, Edwin Legrand,

Boys' Book of Frontier Fighters. Philadelphia: Jacobs &

Co. 1919.
Christmas Error (St. Nicholas, December, 1919).
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier,

History Situation in Colleges and Universities, 1919-1920
(The Historical Outlook, March, 1920).
Schmidt, Louis Bernard,

Topical Studies and References on the Economic History of
American Agricidture. Philadelphia : McKinley Pub. Co.
1919.
Schoewe, Walter Henry,

Lake Calvin, an Extinct Glacial Lake (The Iowa Alumnus,
January, 1920).
Seashore, Carl Emil,

The Psychology of Musical Talent. Boston: Silver, Burdett
Co. 1919.
Seerley, Homer Horatio,

American Teacher in Politics (Educational Review, January,
1920).
Smertenko, Johan J.,

Two Methods of Reform (The Grinnell Review, January,
1920).
Smith, Grace Partridge,

On the Frontier (The Iowa Alumnus, February, 1920).
Smith, Lewis Worthington,

A Vase from Nippon (Contemporary Verse, January, 1920).
Roofs (Contemporary Verse, January, 1920).

320 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Steiner, Edward A.,

The Herring Lady (The Grinnell Review, January, 1920).
Stevenson, Russell A.,

The Functions of Cost Accounting (The Organizer, March,
1920).
Strain, Frances B.,

His Mother's Son (The Iowa Alumnus, March, 1920).
Taylor, Alonzo Englebert,

Austria's Present Plight and Dismal Failure (The Review of

Reviews, December, 1919).
Hoover's Fifth Tear (Sunset, January, 1920).
How Many Are Destitute in Europe (The Saturday Evening

Post, February 21, 1920).
Vieu's of a Layman on Bolshevism (The Saturday Evening

Post, January 3, 10, and 17, 1920).
Why Sugar Is Scarce and High (The Saturday Evening Post,
March 6, 1920).
Wade, Martin J.,

The Constitution of the United States (The Iowa Magazine,
February, 1920).
Whitney, Nathaniel R.,

Scanning the Business Horizon (The Organizer, February',
1920).
Williams, ]\Iabel Clare,

Vihration Rate of the Tail of a Rattlesnake (Science, January
2, 1920).
Wilson, Charles Bundy,

An Academic Danger (The Iowa Alumnus, January", 1920).

SOME RECENT HISTORICAL ITEMS IN lOW^l NEWSPAPERS

German gun at Mason City, in the LaJce Mills Graph ic, January 7,

1920.
Spirit Lake since the early days, by A. B. Funk, in the Spirit Lake

Beacon, January 8, 1920.
How Anamosa got its name, in the Lision Herald, January 8, 1920.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 321

When boating was the style, in the McGregor Times, January 8,
1920.

Christmas in Civil War time, in the Uoch Rapids Review, January
8, 1920.

Indian battle ground in Worth County, in the Carroll Times, Janu-
ary 8, 1920.

Reminiscences hj J. D, Herrick, in the Waverly Independent, Jan-
uary 9, 1920.

Tribute to the Iowa Band, in the Eddyville Tribune, January 9,
1920.

The winter of 1873, in the Grinnell Herald, January 9, 1920.

How Osceola was named, in the Osceola Sentinel, January 15, 1920.

Early history of Adair County, by William Wilson, in the Green-
field Free Press, January 15, 1920.

lowans in Chicago, in the Cedar Rapids Gazette, January 16, 1920.

Early days in Coon Rapids, in the Coon Rapids Enterprise, Janu-
ary 16, 1920.

List of lowans who received military honors in the World War, in
the Des Moines Register, January 18, 1920.

The old pony express, in the Boone Neivs-Republican, January 27,
1920.

Sketch of the life of John H. Peters of Manchester, in the Cedar
Rapids Gazette, January 31, 1920.

How Cascade, Winterset, Anamosa, and Steamboat Rock were
named, in the Bes Moines Register, February 1, 1920.

Pictures of Burlington, in the Burlington Haivk-Eye, February 1,
1920.

Sketch of the life of George D. Perkins, in the Rock Rapids Review,
February 5, 1920.

Early railroad experiences, in the Keota Eagle, February 12, 1920.

Campaign badge of Lincoln, in the Des Moines Register, Febru-
ary 12, 1920.

Sketch of the life of Nathaniel French, in the Davenport Times,
February 14, 1920.

VOL. XVIII — 21

322 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Some Bethlehem history, in the Centerville loivegian, February 13,

1920.
Sketch of the life of W. B, Southwell, in the Burlington Eawk-Ey^;

February 17, 1920.
Quaker marriage license, in the Malvern Leader, February 19, 1920.
John Brown in Iowa, in the Muscatine Journal, February 19, 1920,
Sketch of the life of Jacob Shuey Bowersox, by George Bennett, in

the Iowa City Citizen, February 20, 1920.
Some facts about the State Line Democrat, in the Centerville Jour-
nal, February 24, 1920.
History of the State University of Iowa, in the Daily lowan, Febru-
ary- 25, 1920.
A visit to old Bradford, by Howard Clark Brown, in the Nashua

Reporter, February 26, 1920.
Some early history of Franklin County, by W. J. Shroyer, in the

Hampton Chronicle, March 4, 1920.
The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Order of the Eastern Star at

St. Charles, in the Winterset Neivs, March 4, 1920.
Sketch of the life of George Vesey Punteney, a centenarian of

Cresco, in the Cresco Plain Dealer, March 5, 1920.
Summary of recent events in Jefferson County, in the Fairfield

Tribune, March 5, 1920.
Fiftieth anniversary of the Cedar Rapids Republican, in the Sioux

City Journal, March 10, 1920.
The downfall of Red Rock, in the OsJcaloosa Herald, March 13,

1920.
Sketch of the life of Charles T. Griggs, in the Burlington Hawk-

Eye, March 14, 1920.
"The Green Tree hotel" at Le Claire, one of Iowa's famous trees,

in the Burlington Haivk-Eye, March 14, 1920, the Des Moines

1920.
Indian duel on site of State University campus, in the Des Moines

1920.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 323

Feud between Push-e-ton-e-qua and Peter Old Bear, in the Grinnell
Register, March 15, 1920.

Sketch of the life of Thomas Campbell, in the Emmetshurg Demo-
crat, March 17, 1920.

The first battle of the Eighteenth Iowa Infantry, by N. W. Kendall,
in the Chariton Leader, March 18, 1920.

The "Gray Beard Regiment", in the Osceola Sentinel, March 18,
1920.

The early history of Adair County, in the Stuart Herald, March 19,
1920.

Sketch of the life of Thomas Jefferson Stule, in the Sioux City
Journal, March 22, 1920, the Le Mars Sentinel, March 23,
1920, and the Spencer Reporter, March 24, 1920.

The naming of Marengo, in the Marengo RepuUican, March 24,
1920.

Breaking prairie with ox teams, in the Osceola Sentinel, March 25,
1920.

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

PUBLICATIONS

Medford a Century Ago — 1819 is one of the papers published
in The Medford Historical Register for December, 1919.

The Catholic Church in America in 1819, by J. Wilfrid Parsons,
and Eusebio Kino, by Thomas J. Campbell, are two articles which
appear in The Catholic Historical Review for January.

The January issue of the Rhode Island Historical Society Collec-
tions contains the following papers : The Inscribed Rocks of Narra-
gansett Bay, by Edmund B. Delabarre, and The Scotch Prisoners
at Block Island, by G. Andrews Moriarty, Jr.

A Sketch of the Life of James Habersham, by William Bacon
Stevens, and Two Georgia Patriots: Abraham Baldwin and James
Jackson, are papers found in The Georgia Historical Quarterly for
December, 1919.

The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law, by H. E. Mengert, and
Ohio's German-Language Press and the Peace Negotiations, by Carl
Wittke, are the two contributions in the January number of the
Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly.

The Quarterly Publication of the Historical and Philosophical
Society of Ohio for October-December, 1919, contains the annual
report of the Society.

Recollections of Early Times on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Rail-
road, by Thomas L. Eodgers, and A Country Boy Begins Life in
Pittsburgh, by Henderson George, are two of the articles published
in the Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine for January.

In The Quarterly Journal of the Oregon Historical Society for
December, 1919, are the following contributions: The Northwest
Boundaries, by T. C. Elliott ; a continuation of Katharine B, Jud-
son's British Side of the Restoration of Fort Astoria; and a seventh

324

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 325

installment of The Federal Relations of Oregon, by Lester Burrell
Shippee.

The first installment of The Development of the Free PuUic
High School in Illinois to 1860, a monograph by Paul E. Belting,
appears in the Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society for
October, 1918. The First Official Thanksgiving in Illinois, by
Isabel Jamison, and Lawyers of Montgomery County, Illinois, by
Amos Miller, are among the shorter articles included in this number.

An Experiment of the Fathers in State Socialism, by Milo M.
Quaife, The Early History of Jonathan Carver, by William Brown-
ing, A Physician in Pioneer Wisconsin, by John C. Reeve, Further
Discoveries Concerning the Kensington Rune Stone, by H. R.
Holand, and continuations of The Story of Wisco7isin 1634-1848,
by Louise Phelps Kellogg, and Historic Spots in Wisconsin, by
W. A. Titus, are the chief contributions to The Wisco7isin Magazine
of History for March. Among the documents included in this
number is A Journal of Life in Wisconsin One Hundred Years
Ago, by Willard Keyes.

Bulletin number twenty-five of the Publications of the North
Carolina Historical Commissiori contains the Proceedings of the
State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina.
Among the addresses included are the following: England and the
Birth of the American Nation, by William Thomas Laprade ; The
Converging Democracies of England and America, by William E.
Dodd ; Anglo-American Diplomatic Relations During the Last Half
Century, by Charles H. Levermore ; and Social and Political Ideals
of the English-Speaking Peoples, by George A. Wauchope.

A second installment of Steamboats and Their Captains on South-
ern and Western Waters, by Ella Hutchinson Ellwanger, History
of the Trappists in Kentucky, by Edmund M. Obrecht, and a chap-
ter of the History of Woodford County, by William E. Railey, are
three of the contributions to the January number of The Register
of the Kentucky State Historical Society.

Little Bonne Femme Church, by E. W. Stephens, The Osage War,
by Robert A. Glenn, Missourians Abroad — Leigh C. Palmer, by

326 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

J. Willard Ridings, The Followers of Duden, by William G. Bek,
Shelby's Expedition to Mexico, by John N. Edwards, and a fifth
article on Early Days on Grand River and the Mormon War, by
RoUin J. Britton, are the papers which appear in The Missouri
Historical Review for January\

Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, by A. K. Christian, and Gali and
Rodriquez Cermenho: Exploration of California, by Charles E.
Chapman, are two of the articles published in the January number
of The Southwestern Histoncal Quarterly. There are also continu-
ations of James W. Fannin, Jr., in the Texas Revolution, by Ruby
Cumby Smith, and the Mimites of the Ayuntamiento of San Felipe
de Austin, 1828-1832, edited by Eugene C. Barker.

The four numbers of the Proceedings of the New Jersey His-
torical Society for 1919 were issued in one volume. Among the
articles contained in this number are the following: The Shifting
of Intelligence During the Past One Hundred Years, by Walter T.
Marvin; Early Settlements and Settlers of Pompton, Pequannoc
and Pompton Plains, by Garret C. Schenck; and the Journal of a
Trip to Kentucky in 1795, by Lewis Condict.

The Michigan History Magazine for October, 1919, contains the
following papers and articles: Michigan and the Great War, by
George L. Lusk; President Andrew Johnson at Albion, by 0. E.
McCutcheon; Michigan Agriculture and the Food Supply During
the War, by Mrs. Dora Stockman; Indian Wars and Warriors of
Michigan, \yy Norman B. Wood; Michigan State Federation of
Women's Clubs and. the Great War, by ]\Irs. Florence I. Bulson:
War Work of the American Red Cross of Michigan, by Sidney T.
Miller; Lewis Cass and the Saginaw Treaty of 1819, by Henrj^ E.
Naegely; and Essential Conditions of Permanent World Peace, by
Harry Hartman.

ACTIVITIES

The Buffalo Historical Society has published in pamphlet form
the reports of the president and secretarj^ submitted at the annual
meeting on January 6, 1920.

Mrs. Jennie C. Morton, regent and secretary-treasurer of the

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 327

Kentucky State Historical Society, died at Frankfort, Kentucky,
January 9, 1920, at the age of eighty-two. Mrs. Morton was the
founder and editor of The Register of the Kentucky State His-
torical Society.

The State Historical Society of Missouri held its annual meeting
at Columbia, March 6, 1920, to commemorate the centennial of the
signing of the Missouri Enabling Act by President James Monroe.

The Jefferson County Historical Society held its quarterly meet-
ing at Fairfield, March 3, 1920. All officers of the society were re-
elected, as follows : T. L. James, president ; Ralph W. Lamson, vice
president; Hiram Heaton, secretary; Cranmore Oage, treasurer.

The Tennessee Historical Committee is making preparations for
the erection of the Memorial Hall, Library, and Capitol Annex for
which bonds to the amount of $2,200,000 were authorized by the
legislature in 1919. The new building is to be located near the
eapitol. The committee is also engaged in the collection of his-
torical materials.

Charles Burleigh Galbreath, State Librarian of Ohio, has re-
cently been selected as Secretary of the Ohio Archaeological and
Historical Society, taking the position left vacant by the death of
Emilius 0. Randall.

Joseph Schafer, formerly Professor of History at the University
of Oregon, is the new Superintendent of the Wisconsin State His-
torical Society. Mr. Schafer will take over much of the executive
work while Mr. Milo M. Quaife will devote his time to the editorial
and research work.

In the recent death of Thomas McAdory Owen, the State of
Alabama has lost an efficient and enthusiastic archivist and his-
torian. It was largely due to the work of Mr. Owen that the Ala-
bama State Department of Archives and History was established
in 1901, and he has been the editor of the publications of the de-
partment. In addition to this service Mr. Owen was the author of
a number of books and articles on Alabama history and was an
active member of several historical societies, and was one of the
founders and the tirst president of the Alabama Library Asso-
ciation.

328 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

The following persons have recently been elected to membership
in the Society: Dr. Edwin C, Bock, Fairfield, Iowa; Rev, J. J.
Boylan, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. W. P. Brady, Des Moines, Iowa;
Mr. A. D. Claussen, Laurens, Iowa; Miss Estella Gordon, Center-
ville, Iowa; Miss Grace S. Harsh, Creston, Iowa; Mr. James R.
Locke, Bedford, Iowa; Rev. Luigi G. Ligutti, Des Moines, Iowa;
Mr. W. C. Rathke, Glen wood, Iowa; Mr. Clarence I. Spencer, Des
Moines, Iowa; Mr. Jesse F. Stevenson, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. G. E.
Sutton, Cromwell, Iowa; Mr. Oscar Wenstrand, Red Oak, Iowa
Mr. Ben H. Wilson, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; Mr. Sanford Zeigler, Jr.
Fairfield, Iowa; Mr. J. Leonard Callanan, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr
John D. Denison, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. G. W. Dulany, Jr., Chi
cago, Illinois; Mr. E. McKinley Eriksson, Iowa City, Iowa; Mr
James C. France, Tipton, Iowa; Mr. L. E. Harbach, Des Moines
Iowa; Mrs. Carrie G. Hunter, Newton, Iowa; Mr. Edwin R. Jack-
son, Council Bluffs, Iowa; Mr. Herbert C. Jepsen, Goose Lake,
Iowa; Mr. Wm. S. Johnson, Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. Don B. Shaw,
Des Moines, Iowa; Mr, Geo. F. Skinner, Clinton, Iowa; Mr. F, A.
Spencer, Des Moines, Iowa ; Mrs. Frank B. Thrall, Ottumwa, Iowa ;
Mr, Geo. M. Van Evera, Des Moines, Iowa ; Mr. Arthur T. Wallace,
Des Moines, Iowa ; Mr. Frank Warner, Des Moines, Iowa ; Mr. C. G.
Allyn, Mt. Ayr, Iowa: Mr. C. R. Barnes, Shenandoah, Iowa; Mr.
Henry C, Beard, Mt. Ayr, Iowa ; Mr, W. H, Blair, Lamoni, Iowa ;
Mr. Memnon J. Carter, Ossian, Iowa ; Mr. C. S. Cathcart, Odebolt,
Iowa; Mr, Frank Cole, Davenport, Iowa; Mr. Wayne G. Cook,
Davenport, Iowa; Mr. Roy E. Cubbage, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr.
E. J. Curtin, Decorah, Iowa ; Mrs. Kate S. Eno, North wood, Iowa ;
Mr. Geo. W. Gates, Marble Rock, Iowa ; Mr. Chester Alfred Gibson,
Iowa City, Iowa ; Mr. William C. Grisier, Jefferson, Iowa ; Dr. A. L.
Hageboeck, Davenport, Iowa; Mrs. Jansen Haines, Des Moines,
Iowa; Dr. J. T. Haller, Davenport, Iowa; Mr. William H. Hart,
Sac City, Iowa ; Mr, D, H. Hedrick, Battle Creek, Iowa ; Mr, L. H,
Henry, Charles City, Iowa ; Mr, Laf e Hill, Nora Springs, Iowa ;
Mr. J. F. Hinkhouse, Hopkinton, Iowa; Mr, C. H, Kenyon, New
Hampton, Iowa ; Mr, M. H. Kepler, Northwood, Iowa ; Mr, Roy U.

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 329

Kinne, Storm Lake, Iowa; Dr. James V. Lankelma, Pella, lovva;
Mr. Karle C. Latta, Paton, Iowa; Mr. Richard C. Leggett, Fairfield,
Iowa; Mr. F, D. Letts, Davenport, Iowa; Mr. J, C. Lobbes, Pella,
Iowa ; Mr. J. H. McCord, Spencer, Iowa ; Mr. W. H. McHenry, Des
Moines, Iowa; Mr. Charles S. Macomber, Ida Grove, Iowa; Mr.
Homer A. Miller, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. Chas. H. J. Mitchell,
Storm Lake, Iowa ; Mr. G. F. Mitchell, Coin, Iowa ; Rt. Rev. Theo-
dore N. Morrison, Davenport. Iowa; Mr. Roy "W. Murray, Cedar
Rapids, Iowa; Mr. E. C. Nelson, Royal, Iowa; Mr. S. E. Rowe,
Bloomfield, Iowa; Mr. Will. M. Sanger, Blanchard, Iowa; Mr. E.
M. Sharon, Davenport, Iowa; Mr. F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr, Iowa;
]\Ir. H. J. Snover, Battle Creek, Iowa ; Mrs. H. W. Spaulding, Grin-
nell, Iowa; Mr, William M. Storey, Storm Lake, Iowa; Mr. H. R.
Tillotson, Stockport, Iowa; Mr. William M. Walker, Keosauqua,
Iowa; Mr. C. F. Wennerstrum, Chariton, Iowa; Mrs. C. E. Withe-
row, Thurman, Iowa; Mr. Carl J. Wohlenberg, Holstein, Iowa;
Mr. Craig T. Wright, Des Moines, Iowa. The following persons
have been enrolled as life members of the Society: Mr. John C.
Parish, Iowa City, Iowa; Dr. Henry Albert, Iowa City, Iowa; Mr.
Marvin H. Dey, Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. Geo. E. Grier, Iowa City,
Iowa; Mr. J. M. Lindly, Winfield, Iowa.

Mr. W. 0. Coast and Major Morton C. Mumma have been elected
to the Board of Curators of The State Historical Society of Iowa to
fill the vacancies resulting from the resignations of Mr. Euclid
Sanders and Mr. J. W. Rich. Mr. Sanders has been a member of
the Board since July, 1905, and Mr. Rich since July, 1903.

NOTES AND COMMENT

The Hawkeye Natives of Burlington have launched a campaign
for a fund to be used to erect a memorial or museum building, in
which will be located the headquarters for the society in the county.

The twenty-first annual conference of the Iowa Society of the
Daughters of the American Eevolution was held at Clinton, March
17-19, 1920.

Company F of the Fifty-first Iowa Infantry held a reunion at
Oskaloosa, February 17-19, 1920. The officers of the company
were : Jesse J. Ellsworth, president ; Harry Carlon, vice president ;
Lon Fritch, secretary; and "W. H. Keating, treasurer. The regi-
ment to which this company belonged served in the Philippine
Islands from December 7, 1898, until October 22, 1899, although
the war service began June 5, 1898, and the company was not de-
mobilized until November 6, 1899.

It is proposed to establish a State park at Blue Lake in Monona
County. Between 600 and 700 acres of land in the vicinity of the
lake belong to the State and this area together with the lake itself
would include some 1500 acres. Dr. L. H. Pammel suggests that
the proposed reservation be named the Lewis and Clark Park in
commemoration of the fact that these explorers camped three times
at Blue Lake.

The fifty-eighth annivei-sary of the battle of Fort Donelson was
celebrated at Bloomfield, February 14, 1920. The Second Iowa
Infantry, which distinguished itself in this battle, was recruited
largely from this section of the State.

The annual meeting of the Iowa Conservation Association was
held at Ames, March 19 and 20, 1920. Mrs. L. B. Schmidt ap-
pealed for more interest in the marking of historical spots. The
following officers for the ensuing year were elected: Henry S.
Conard, president; S. Bickel, vice president; G. B. McDonald,
secretary; and G. E. Himes, treasurer.

330

CONTEIBUTORS

George Faeeington Eobeson, Teacher of History, West Des
Moines High School. Born at Lohrville, Iowa, July 25, 1888.
Graduated from the Iowa State Teachers College in 1915.
Received the degree of Master of Arts from the State Uni-
versity of Iowa in 1916.

Joseph W. Eich, Member of the Board of Curators of The
State Historical Society of Iowa. (See The Iowa Journal op
History and Politics for January, 1908, p. 159.)

331

^^B

HRlSTOKlCAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

^^^^^^B"

ESTABLISHB) Bt liAW XN TEX YUM. 1857

^^^^^^^^B*;

IMOOSPOBATSD : 1867 AND 1892

^^^^B

LocATiD AT Iowa City Iowa

^^^H;

FORMER PRESIDENTS

mmn

JAMES W. GRIMES, First President

^M^ttmi

W. PENN CLARKE GEORGE G. WRIGHT

H J. KIRKWOOD

ROBERT HUTCHIN80N J03IAH L. PICKABD

H H. LEE

M. J. MORSMAN PETER A. DET

WILLIAM G. HAMMOND

OFFICE ES

; BENJAMIN F. SHAMBAUQH SUPtW

[NTENDIMT

. ..PtBSmMT

UCLTD SAXDEBS

i.tJL A, KORAB...

. . .TiiAnmB

BOARD OF CURATORS

^ Elected by

the Society Appointed hy th« Gov«rHor

W. Rich

Henky G. Walkeb A. F. Allbm

J. J. MCOONKMA 1

ifrCLTD SANDEES

HEWftY Albebt Mahsh W. Bailey

John T.

MbmT

ITHUB J, Cox / !■

^■BklSUXB J. P. CltUIJUUUMK

Byron W. NiwanaT |

IBVIN H. DE7 'fl

^^HMvc BrrroHKa CnAsucs J. Tultom

Cbas. E.

PICKBTT

I GEO/'i

■1:

Weaves

IVtElVIBERSHIP

Any person may become a member of The State Historical Socibti' of
)WA upon election by the Board of Curators and the payment of an entrazice fee

ship in this Society may be retained after tlie first year upon the
3.00 annually.

of the Society shall be entitled to receive the quarterly and all other

of the Society during the continuance of their membership.

Address all Communications to
The State Historical Society Iowa City Iowa

THE

mvA Journal

i storj^aixd Pol itics

JULY 1920

iblisKed Queo^e^by

pRICALSOCimOFIOVViV

fw&. City loAvev

u.. ' 'iifi— un-mmr-r— r — n— ^— ^

Uw M MMoandMB lutter vmim Ml 9i flwHiUM «l it^ttWH

EDITOR
BENJAMIN P. SHAMBAUG
Associate Editor, JOHN C. PARISH

Vol XVIIl

JXJILY 19SO

No. 3

CONTE

The Soldier Vote in Iowa iu the Election of 188S

Donald L, McMueby

Some Materials for the. Study of Iowa Archeology

Charles R. Keyes

Some Significant Aspects of the Agrarian Revolution in
the United States Louis Bebna

The Westwai-d Movement of the Wheat Growii

in the United States Louis BKENARo'Scri^intt

Historical Survey of tlie Militia i

Some Publications
Western Americana
lowana

Historical Societies

Notes and Comment

Contributors

PHAM

335
357

413
441
445
447
461
470
473

THE IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

PtrBl.X8HBD(^UAftTEBLY

AT IOWA crrr

Sdbsobiptiok Pbiox: #2.00, SlHOLi Nuubsb: SO Csktb

Address ail Communications to

THff State Histoeical Sociktt Iowa City Iowa

THE IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

JULY NINETEEN HUNDRED TWENTY
VOLUME EIGHTEEN NUMBER THREE

VOL. XVIII — 22

THE SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN THE ELECTION

OF 18881

During the late eighties there were nearly a million and a
half survivors of the Union armies who lived and voted
principally in the Northern States. ^ These men and their
sympathizers constituted an element known in political par-
lance as ' ' the soldier vote ' '. Debates in Congress, the press,
party platforms, and campaign text-books contain evidence
that politicians considered this voting element to be an
important one, especially during the eighties and early
nineties.^ The presidential election of 1888, coming at
about the middle of this period and following close upon
a series of events which had brought the soldier element of
the country very distinctly before the public, is perhaps the
best election that can be selected for the study of the subject.
Iowa offers an excellent opportunity for this study, being

1 This paper was read at the annual meeting of the Mississippi Valley His-
torical Association at Greencastle, Indiana, April 29, 1920,

2 An estimate made by the Commissioner of Pensions gives 1,246,089 in
1890. — House Executive Documents, 51st Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 13, pp.
20, 21. The Census of 1890 gives a smaller number, but it did not claim to
have complete returns. — Compendium of the Eleventh Census of the United
States, 1890, Pt. Ill, pp. 572-586.

3 For examples of discussions of the soldier vote and of the connection be-
tween pensions and politics in Congress, see Congressional Record, 48th Con-
gress, 2nd Session, p. 486, 49th Congress, 1st Session, pp. 825, 1797, 1986,
2045. The national party platforms show the greatest interest in this subject
during the period from 1884 to 1896, when most of the minor parties have
pension planks. Stanwood's A History of Presidential Elections (Fourth Edi-
tion), pp. 384, 389, 394, 395, 404, 426, 435, 444, 460, 466, 478. For examples
of material in campaign text books see Bepublican Campaign Text Book for
1884, pp. 108-126; The Campaign Text Boole of the Democratic Party of the
United States for the Presidential Election of 1888, pp. 268-303.

335

336 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

in a region where soldiers were numerous and where Civil
War issues still survived.

More than twenty years after the mustering out of the
Union armies the Civil War tradition in Iowa remained
very strong. The newspapers of the years 1887 and 1888
kept the memories of the war constantly before their read-
ers; war stories and reminiscences, the incidents of camp
life or campaigns, and the activities of prominent veterans
all helped to accomplish this result.* Washington cor-
respondents and headline writers, in their desire to interest
the public, frequently placed emphasis on pensions or other
matters of interest to the soldiers. Cleveland's vetoes of
private pension bills received much attention. Judging
from the amount of newspaper space devoted to it, the death
of General John A. Logan, the ''soldier senator" from the
neighboring State of Illinois, was one of the prominent
events of the year. Logan was sincerely mourned not so
much because he had been a Senator and an honest man as
because he had been a Union general, and because, in Con-
gress and out, he had been the friend of his old comrades of
the "late war".^ The bill to pension Mrs. Logan was fol-
lowed with interest, and like Cleveland's pension vetoes it
became a matter for party controversy.^

On Decoration Day the patriotic people turned out to
honor the soldier dead. Those who watched the parade saw
of course the band, the fire department, perhaps a militia
company or two, and the other incidentals. But above all
they saw the old soldiers themselves, not only the ones who

iClintoii Weelly Herald, December 1, 1887, May 31, 1888, June 14, 1888;
The Spirit Lake Beacon, January 28, March 11, 1887; Fayette County Union,
January 1, March 1, June 7, 14, July 12, 1887.

5 Clinton WeeTcly Herald, January 13, 1887 ; Fayette County Union, January
1, 1887; The Iowa State Begister (Des Moines), January 1, 2, 4, 1887.

6 The Iowa State Begister (Des Moines), January 6, 1, 13, 19, February 2,
18, March 4, 1887.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 337

were able to march, but also the ''disabled soldiers in car-
riages", many with crutches or empty sleeves. To many of
those who had lived through the depression and bitterness
of the war, these men, even the ones who had fallen into evil
ways, must have seemed to be the very personification of
patriotism and sacrifice, to whom a grateful people owed
more than mere verbal appreciation. Those who heard the
speeches, or read them in the next issue of the local paper,
were reminded of the danger to the country in 1861 and of
the heroic services of the soldiers. Sometimes they heard
condemnations of the government which allowed some of
its defenders to die in the poor house, and gave only a little
to the men to whom it owed everything."^

Meetings of old soldiers' organizations kept up not only
the class consciousness of the veterans themselves but also
a consciousness on the part of the public that the class ex-
isted. During 1887 and 1888 papers reported reunions of at
least eight organizations of Iowa soldiers besides the Grand
Army of the Republic.^ Upwards of forty thousand sur-

7 Most of the newspapers give long and detailed accounts of the Memorial
Day exercises. See editorials in the Clinton WeeTcly Herald, May 19, 1887;
The Iowa State Begister (Des Moines), June 1, 1887. State Senator Woolson,
in a Memorial Day speech at Oskaloosa, said that the soldiers were the nation's
preferred creditors, and that justice required the use of the surplus to keep
them out of the poorhouse. — The Iowa State Begister (Des Moines) , June 2,
1887. About half of Commander Fegan's speech at Clinton was on the duty
of the country to pay more pensions. — Clinton WeeTcly Herald, June 7, 1888.
See also The Iowa State Begister (Des Moines), May 31, 1887.

8 The following organizations are noted: Crocker's Iowa Brigade, Clinton
Weekly Herald, June 9, 1887; Northwest Iowa Soldiers and Sailors, The Spirit
Lal-e Beacon, September 14, 1888, October 12, 1888; Iowa Ex-Prisoners of War
Association, Clinton Weekly Herald, February 24, 1887; First Iowa Veterans,
Cli7iton Weekly Herald, July 28, 1887; Twentieth Iowa Infantry, Clinton
Weekly Herald, October 11, 1888; Seventh Iowa Cavalry, Clinton Weekly Her-
ald, August 4, 9, 1887; Eastern Iowa Veteran Association, Clinton Weekly
Herald, August 9, September 6, 1888; Ninth Iowa Infantry and Third Iowa
Battery Veteran Volunteers, The Cedar Falls Gazette, October 5, 1888.

338 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

vivors of the Union armies lived in Iowa in the late eighties.^
They were about one-tenth as numerous as the voters in the
presidential election of 1884, and more numerous than the
Eepublican majority over the opposition in most of the
State elections since the war.^"^ In 1888 more than twenty
thousand lowans received military pensions from the United
States government.^^ Nearly eighteen thousand of the vet-
erans were members in good standing of the Department of
Iowa, Grand Army of the Eepublic.^^ The Sons of Vet-
erans and the Woman's Eelief Corps fostered the preserva-
tion of the same sentiments.

The Grand Army of the Eepublic was by far the greatest
of the old soldiers' organizations. The publicity given to
its part in Memorial Day exercises and to its State and
national encampments and other activities kept it well ad-
vertised. It played an important part in the social life of
the community. ^^ The Grand Army Advocate, published in
Des Moines, gave it a means of expression. The order ex-
erted a powerful influence toward keeping the old issues
alive. One of its objects was to preserve the memories of
the war. Its loyalty, said an article quoted in an Iowa
paper, ''was proven on a hundred battlefields, and is the
great leading principle which the Grand Army not only ad-

9 There were 39,862 in 1887, according to a list prepared by the Adjutant
General of the State. — The Iowa State Eegister (Des Moines), January 26,
1887; Fayette County Union, February 15, 1887. As this list was compiled from
information collected by the assessors, who had ditTiculty in getting the infor-
mation, it was no doubt as incomplete as the census of 1890.

10 The figures for the elections for State officers prior to 1884 are given in
Fairall's Mamial of Iowa Politics, Vol. I.

11 Clinton Weekly Herald, October 4, 1888.

12 Journal of the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Anmial Encampment, De-
partment of Iowa, Grand Army of the Eepublic, p. 18.

13 For examples of accounts of social activities of the Grand Army of the
Eepublic, ' ' soldier sociables ' ', etc., see The Iowa State Eegister (Des Moines) ,
January 2, 7, 1887; Clinton Weekly Herald, February 24, June 9, 1887; The
Spirit Lake Beacon, March 11, 18, 25, 1887.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 339

heres to, but which it will force all others to adhere to, as it
did in 1861. It is an organization of minute men which the
country can call upon at any time and the members of which
are drilled and tried in the only method which has ever
proved effectual in dealing with traitors to the flag."^^
This sentiment of loyalty to the flag in the Civil War gener-
ation had a distinctly sectional and sometimes a partisan
turn. When embodied in a compact organization which was
backed by a powerful public sentiment, it w^as a thing for
politicians to conjure with.

The Grand Army claimed to be a thoroughly non-political
organization. It had strict rules against the use of the
order or of its insignia for partisan purposes.^^ Many' of
its ablest leaders endeavored earnestly to keep it out of
party politics and they had usually succeeded in keeping it
within the bounds of non-partisan propriety so far aS of-
ficial action was concerned.^ ^ But the very nature and com-
position of the order made it inevitable that it should have
political importance. Composed of ex-Union soldiers, it
was distinctly sectional. In Iowa, a strong Republican
State, its membership was overwhelmingly Republican. As
an organization to protect the interests of the old soldiers,
it was interested in pension and bounty legislation. Its
membership included many men who were prominent in
public life and whose political advancement was assisted by
the votes of their comrades. When sectional or Civil War
issues played an important part in elections, and when pen-

1* Article on the Grand Army of the Republic in the Chicago Inter Ocean,
quoted in the Clinton WeeTcly Herald, September 2, 1886. — Compare remarks of
Judge Advocate Given in the Journal of the Twelfth Annual Encampment,
Department of loiva, Grand Army of the Bepublic, pp. 102, 103.

15 Beath's History of the Grand Army of the BepuMic, p. 30.

isBeath's History of the Grand Army of the Eepuhlic, pp. 101, 120,' 147,
242; Journal of the Twelfth Annual Encampment, Department of Iowa, Grand
Army of the Bepublic, p. 42 ; The Des Moines Leader, April 23, 24, 1887.

340 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

sions became a party question, it was inevitable that tlie
Grrand Army of the Eepublic should be directly or indirectly
a powerful political influence.

Several events of the year 1887 showed the reaction of
the Grand Army to the type of political questions in which
it was especially interested. The offense which President
Cleveland had given by his vetoes of private pension bills
was intensified by his veto of the ''dependent bill". This
bill proposed to pension all honorably discharged soldiers
who were disabled and dependent upon others for support,
regardless of whether the disability was due to military
service.^"^ The veto was the subject of hot controversy.
On the one hand there was the strong sentiment that a debt
of gratitude ^^ was due to the soldiers, that they had a spe-
cial claim upon the treasury,^^ and that no Union veteran
ought to be allowed to go to the poor house.^*^ On the other
hand was the belief that the pension system was extrava-
gant, that it was permeated by fraud, and that its extension
was due not so much to the needs of deserving soldiers as to
the activity of politicians who had an eye for the soldier
vote and to the work of the Washington pension attorneys.^*
Many believed with Cleveland that the country had done its
duty by the soldiers when it pensioned those who had re-
ceived injuries in the war, and that anything beyond this
savored of class legislation. Leading Republican news-

i"'' The Iowa State Begister (Des Moines), February 3, 1887; Fayette County
Union, February 8, 22, 1887.

18 Congressional Eecorcl, 49th Congress, 1st Session, pp. 1792, 4460, 4504,
6024.

19 Hart's National Ideals Historically Traced, p. 281; editorials in The Iowa
State Register (Des Moines), January 2, 1887; Clinton WeeMy Herald, Febru-
ary 24, 1887; The Spirit Lake Beacon, February 18, 1887.

20 Congressional Record, 49th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 739 ; Clinton WeeMy
Herald, September 27, 1888; Harper's Weekly, January 29, February 12, 19,
1887; The Nation, February 17, 1887.

21 The Des Moines Leader, February 10, 11, 18, 19, 22, 1887.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 341

papers in most parts of the country supported the veto.-^
But in Iowa editors divided along party lines. The Repub-
lican papers, which claimed to represent the majority, bit-
terly attacked Cleveland as a soldier hater and a Southern
sympathizer. 2^ Cleveland had furnished ammunition for
the latter charge by signing the bill granting service pen-
sions to survivors of the Mexican War, a large number of
w^hom were Southerners.

Democratic papers supported the President or remained
silent. The Des Moines Leader thought that the President
had ' ' acted the part of a patriot. " ' ' He knows ' ', it contin-
ued, ''the kind regard in which all soldiers are now held by
non-soldier citizens of all parties. . . . The feeling of
respect for the soldier — indeed of absolute awe — grows
with time, instead of diminishing. . . . But while this
fact is ever constant in the mind of every citizen, it does
not at this time justify anything which tends to weaken the
country as a whole, and the soldiers along with it, or beget
fraud. "^^ This was from what the Republican Iowa State
Register had called the "chief Copperhead paper of
Iowa. "2^ It is not surprising, therefore, that the Register
ran such headlines as "The Devil in Print" and "Democ-
racy Shows its Cloven Foot" when it quoted the Chicago
Times. The latter paper, in commenting upon Cleveland's
"righteous veto of the pauper pensions iniquity", thanked

22 The Des Moines Leader, February 18, 19, 22. 1887, quotes a number of
Eepublican and independent newspapers which support the veto.

23 The Iowa State Begister (Des Moines), February 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 1887;
Clinton Weekly Herald, February 17, 1887; The Spirit LaTce Beacon, February
18, 1887. If any of the Republican papers of the State had supported the veto,
Democratic papers such as The Des Moines Leader would hardly have failed to
comment upon the fact.

24 The Des Moines Leader, February 16, 1887.

25 The Iowa State Begister (Des Moines), February 26, 1887.

342 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

God that ' ' the claim agents, the demagogues, the dead beats
. . . . and deserters and coffee coolers and bounty
jumpers, composing our great standing army of volunteer
mendicants have been defeated !"^^

In April, 1887, the Department of Iowa, Grand Army of
the Eepublic, held its annual encampment at Dubuque. The
report of tlie committee on resolutions discussed the claims
of the soldiers in some detail ; the soldiers were not ready
to apologize for having saved the nation ; they would never
yield the claim that the men of the Union armies were ' ' su-
perior in every claim of remembrance and gratitude upon
the Government to those who fought to destroy the Union";
the nation could not be too generous with its saviors, and
the United States could afford to be generous ; and no sol-
dier should be in the poor house. The report expressed
disapprobation of Cleveland's veto of the dependent bill
and regret that in vetoes of private bills the President
could treat the distress of the veterans with levity. The
resolutions voted by the encampment thanked the Senators
and Representatives who had stood by the soldiers, and
added ''That whereas there is marked differences of
opinion as to the rights of Union veterans before the coun-
try, we believe (other things being equal) preference should
be given to them by the people in selecting representatives
to the National legislature."-" At the informal ''campfire
meeting", speeches were made denouncing Cleveland and

26 Chicago Times, February 26, quoted in TTie loica State Register, Marcli 9,
1887. The Dubuque Herald asserted that the better class of soldiers, "not the
professional ones", were opposed to the dependent bill. The State Register
admitted that although the Herald was Democratic, it had hitherto been a fair
and liberal paper, but it now attacked the Herald for approving the veto in
order "to be loyal to the administration of President Cleveland at whatever
cost"; and it defied it to point out any reputable soldiers who were opposed
to the bill. — The Iowa State Register (Des Moines), February 16, 1887.

27 Journal of the Thirteenth Annual Encampment, Department of Iowa,
Grand Army of the Republic, pp. 99-102.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 343

General Braxton Bragg, who had led the supporters of the
veto in the House of Representatives. ^^

General J. M. Tuttle, who was elected Department Com-
mander,^^ soon created a furor by his vigorous expression
of opinion in regard to certain arrangements w^hich were
made for the National Encampment of the Grand Army of
the Republic at St. Louis. A committee which had been ap-
pointed to make arrangements for the meeting was com-
posed, according to the statement made by General Tuttle,
of eight Grand Army men, five ''ex-rebels", and five
civilians, the majority of the whole being Democrats.^*^
A sub-committee invited President Cleveland to come to St.
Louis at the time of the encampment. It was suspected that
this was a political move to make it appear that the Grand
Army endorsed the President. When Tuttle heard of the
invitation he insisted that the Grand Army of the Republic
had not invited Cleveland. He later said that a Republican
President, or any other man prominent in politics would
not have been invited if he was not a member of the order.
This was in line with the avowed policy of the Grand Army
of the Republic to avoid any official action of a partisan
nature. But Tuttle 's animus against Cleveland was clear
and his language was quite picturesque. If the invitation
was accepted, he said not more than half the posts would be
there, and if they did come they would snub or insult Cleve-
land.^^ It was also said that the Iowa general complained

28 Clinton WeeTcly Herald, April 28, 1887; The Spirit Lalce Beacon, April 29,
1887.

29 Tuttle had been recommended for this position as one of the three or four
greatest soldiers of Iowa by The Iowa State Begister, March 22, 1887. For
opposing views of Tuttle as an exponent of the ' ' bloody shirt ' ', see The Iowa
State Begister (Des Moines), May 24, 1887, and Iowa City Post, August 8,
1888.

30 The loiva State Begister (Des Moines), June 5, 1887.

31 St. Louis Glohe-Democrat, quoted in The Iowa State Begister (Des
Moines), June 5, 1887.

344 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

of the large number of Democrats who had joined the
Grand Army of the Eepublic to boom Cleveland.^^

''The rebel press of the South", said the Clinton Weekly
Herald, "is vigorously abusing Gen. Tuttle . . . for
expressing his mind in unmistakable terms about the polit-
ical scheme to have President Cleveland in St. Louis. . . .
Let the rebel press howl. Gen. Tuttle talks just right. "^^
All the Grand Army posts of Des Moines united in endors-
ing Tuttle 's action in resolutions which concluded: "That
if Grover Cleveland and his friends must insist upon using
the prestige of the Grand Army of the Republic to obtain
an audience, that he send a substitute ; and, if possible, the
person who represented him in the army during the war.
While we respect the office he fills we must still be allowed
to say that we have no kind feelings of its present soldier-
hating occupant. "^^ Grand Army posts and other soldier
organizations throughout the State passed similar resolu-
tions in support of Tuttle 's action.^^ Cleveland declined the
invitation.^®

The protest against Cleveland's pension vetoes might be
interpreted as due to purely selfish class interest of the sur-
vivors of the war, to a desire to receive financial benefits
from a copiously filled treasury, which led them to convince
both themselves and others that their services had not yet

S2 Fayette County Union, July 26, 1887.

33 Clinton Weelly Herald, June 16, 1887. The Iowa State Begister, describ-
ing the resentment of the soldiers at the officiousness of the Democratic poli-
ticians -who had issued the invitation, said that the veterans proposed "to re-
sist it and not be put in the spaniel-like attitude of kissing the hand of the
Copperhead who has smitten them and their dead and living comrades -with
the most brutal language in the public papers ever Avritten by a President of
the United States". — The Iowa State Begister (Des Moines), June 4, 1887.

34 Clinton WeeUy Berald, June 16, 1887.

35 TTie Iowa State Begister (Des Moines), June 11, 1887; Clinton Weekly
Herald, June 16, July 14, 1887.

36 Clinton Weekly Herald, July 14, 1887.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 345

been properly appreciated or remunerated. That there was
a powerful force behind these attacks in addition to any
motive of self-interest was shown by the sudden resurgence
of the war spirit and of war prejudices at an act of
President Cleveland which involved no financial interest
whatever.

Shortly after the St. Louis episode, Cleveland issued an
order for the return to the Southern States of a number of
captured Confederate battle-flags which were in the posses-
sion of the War Department.-"^^ When the order was known,
all the smouldering sectionalism in the North blazed out.
In the words of Senator James F. Wilson of Iowa, Cleve-
land, in issuing ''that unlawful and unpatriotic order", had
''touched the wrong note on his partisan keyboard, and
started Hail Columbia instead of Dixie, as he intended. "^^
It was editorially suggested that it was time to send the war
debt back to the South, and that the next thing would be to
"humbly beg pardon of the South for capturing those
flags. "^^ Governor William Larrabee, according to the re-
port, was prepared to use all legal means to resist the
order.^*^ At a Grand Army reception in Brooklyn, General
Lucius Fairchild, Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army
of the Eepublic, uttered the terrible malediction "May God
palsy the hand that wrote the order, may God palsy the
brain that conceived it, and may God palsy the tongue that
dictated it.'"^^ The Iowa State Register expressed the
opinion that in this "wonderfully thrilling appeal to the
nation in the name of the Union soldiers, "^^ Fairchild

37 Eichardson 's Messages and Papers of the Fresidents, Vol. VIII, p. 578.

38 Clinton Weelly Herald, August 25, 1887.

39 Clinton Weekly Herald, June 23, 1887.

40 The loiva State Eegister (Des Moines), June 17, 1887.

41 Clinton WeeMy Herald, June 23, 1887.

42 The Iowa State Register (Des Moines), June 16, 1887.

346 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

''came up to a great occasion with all the greatness de-
manded. "^^

When the Grand Army National Encampment met in the
formerly ''rebel" city of St. Louis, some surprise was
expressed in Iowa that there were no distressing or exciting
incidents arising from the Tuttle and Confederate flag epi-
sodes. A resolution to censure Cleveland was voted down.
Commander-in-Chief Fairchild quoted that part of the
Grand Army of the Republic constitution which forbade the
use of the organization for partisan purposes, and said
that so far as he knew this rule had been observed. He dis-
cussed the pension question at great length, endorsing the
dependent bill as a present necessity, though intimating
that he might not be ultimately averse to a general service
pension.^^

In its three round battle with Cleveland, the Grand Army
of the Republic had appeared as the principal organ for ex-
pressing the will of the soldiers. If the Republican press
in a strongly Republican State was a fair indication of pub-
lic sentiment, the greater part of the people of Iowa en-
dorsed the demands of the veterans and believed in giving

43 The Iowa State Register (Des Moines), June 17, 1887.

Senator Sherman said: "If the president thinks this is a trifling matter he
will be greatly mistaken. The sentiment of patriotism is stronger than party
ties." — Clinton Weekly Herald, June 23, 1887. Senator Evarts described the
return of the flags as "rank treason". — Clinton Weekly Herald, July 7, 1887.
The Dennison Eeview insisted that the Union soldiers had not "shown proper
self -appreciation, " and that they were too tolerant of encouragement to the
rebel South. "This is not a matter of getting office or pensions — it is far
above and beyond that. It is an insistence that the memory of the dead shall
not be defiled". It concluded that the Grand Army of the Republic ought to
resent these insults. — Quoted in The Spirit Lake Beacon, July 22, 1887.
Cleveland rescinded the order on the ground that action by Congress was neces-
sary before it could be legally executed. — Eichardson's Messages and Papers
of the Presidents, Vol. VIII, p. 579. The flags were returned without protest
in 1905. — Rhodes 's History of the United States from Hayes to McKinley,
p. 304.

44 Clinton Weekly Herald, October 6, 1887.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 347

them what they wanted. In this sense appeals to the sol-
dier vote were appeals to all that part of public opinion
which thought and felt in terms of the Civil War. Public
sentiment approved or acquiesced in the efforts of inter-
ested parties to get more pensions or civil service positions
for the soldiers, and it voted them into office.

The Iowa Department of the Grand Army of the Eepublic
had resolved that soldiers should be preferred in elections
to office. This idea was widespread among other citizens
than the soldiers. The death of Logan focussed public at-
tention upon the soldier delegation in the Senate of the
United States, where ex-Confederates far outnumbered the
Union veterans.^^ It was said to be the duty of Iowa which
had sent eighty thousand soldiers into the field, to elect a
successor to Senator Wilson who would represent them.
This led some who professed to be perfectly satisfied with
Wilson except for the fact that he had no military record,
to suggest candidates with military records who could rep-
resent the blue in the Senate chamber.^^ That a military

45 The St. Louis Eepuilican spoke of the irreparable loss which the Eepub-
licap party in the West had suffered by the death of Logan, claiming that no
other Republican could influence this region as he did. "Senator Sherman, of
Ohio, is the ablest of the Western republicans, .... but he has no war
record as Logan had to attract the ex-soldiers. . . . Logan's death leaves
a vacancy in the Grand Army of the Eepublic, in the still mightier host of
union veterans scattered over the land, which Sherman and Farwell and Windom
and all the other statesmen and politicians of the party cannot fill. ' ' — Quoted
in The Des Moines Leader, January 29, 1887. The Leader complained that the
Republicans, who claimed to love the soldiers, had difficulty in finding soldiers
"capable of taking proper care of the interests of corporations", and that
they therefore elected civilians. — The Des Moines Leader, January 15, 1887.
On the "Southern brigadiers" in the Senate, see editorials in The Iowa State
Register (Des Moines), January 27, 28, 1887.

46Briggs's William Peters Heplurn, p. 140; The Iowa State Register (Des
Moines), January 8, 12, 21, 23, March .3, 1887; Clinton WeeMy Eerald, January
20, 1887. The Spirit Lale Beacon, which favored Wilson, insisted that the
* ' soldier for Senator ' ' boom was not engineered by the soldiers at all, but that
the veterans were satisfied with Wilson 's record. — The Spirit LaJce Beacon,
February 18, 1887.

348 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

record was a reason why a candidate should receive votes
was taken for granted. A strong point in favor of the
Eepublican State ticket in 1886 was that all the candidates
were soldiers except one, and he was only seven years old
when the war began.^'^ The soldiers, it was claimed, ought
to vote for Professor H. W. Sawyer for State Superintend-
ent because ' ' he wore the blue with honor, and was almost
mortally wounded" in 1863.^^

With this sort of feeling prevalent, it was to be expected
that soldiers would be found holding elective offices out of
all proportion to their numbers. The Iowa City Post, a
Democratic paper, during the few months preceding the
election of 1888 published a series of brief biographies of
prominent political leaders most of whom were running for
office. Of thirty men described, fourteen had been Union
soldiers, one had fought in the Confederate army, and fif-
teen were without military records. The Republicans
showed a higher proportion of military records than the
Democrats.^^ Of twelve ''possible presidents" whose
chances at the Republican National Convention of 1888 were
discussed by the Clinton Weeldy Herald, half the number
had been soldiers.-'^^ In the Twenty-second General Assem-
bly, twenty-one of the fifty State Senators and thirty-five of
the one hundred State Representatives had military rec-
ords.^^ In the Iowa delegation to Congress, the soldiers

47 Clinion WeeMy Herald, September 2, 1886.

48 Fayette County Union, November 1, 1887. An apparently common attitude
in regard to a military record as a qualification for office is reflected in the
editorial paragraph: "The views of Gen. Bate, United States Senator-elect
from Tennessee, on public questions are not generally known, but it is remem-
bered that he had three horses shot under him at Chickamauga. " — Clinton
WeeTcly Herald, February 3, 1887. See also The Spirit Lake Beacon, August
31, 1888; The Fort Bodge Messenger, August 30, 1888.

49 Iowa City Post, July, August, September, October, 1888, passim.

50 Clinton WeeMy Herald, March 8, 1888.

51 Iowa Official Register, 1888, pp. 60-67.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 349

fared better. The Congressional directories, beginning
with the 47th Congress which was elected in 1880 and end-
ing with the 50th Congress which was elected in 1886,
showed only one Iowa delegation to the House of Repre-
sentatives in which the soldiers were not a majority. Of
the twenty-eight individuals whose names appear in these
delegations, only thirteen had military records, but the
tenure of the soldiers was more permanent; they accumu-
lated until in the 50th Congress eight of the eleven were
Union veterans.

As it was held to be the duty of the voters to elect soldiers
to office, so it was considered to be the duty of the adminis-
tration to appoint them to civil service positions. In this
respect each party claimed to have outdone the other, and
produced statistics to support its claim.'"*- Preference for
veterans was a prominent phase of the civil service question
as it appeared in the party discussion in Iowa.

War issues and the veterans were prominent in the party
conventions of 1888. When the Democratic National Con-
vention met at St. Louis, correspondents of the Republican
Iowa newspapers looked for and claimed to have discovered
signs of disloyalty. There was only one Union soldiers'
organization in the parade. It was reported that when the
band played '^ Dixie", it was enthusiastically applauded by
the convention; that when it played '* America", there was
no response except from the gallery ; but that when it played
''God Save the Queen", it was encored.^^ Both of the can-
didates were ''civilians". "No soldier need apply was

52 For the Eepublican side of the argument see : Clinton WeeTcly Herald,
July 28, September 29, 1887, May 31, October IS, 1888 ; The Iowa State Reg-
ister (Des Moines), January 7, February 26, April 2, 1887; The Cedar Falls
Gazette, October 19, 1888; The Spirit Lake Beacon, February 24, August 17,
1888. For the Democratic side see: Fayette County Union, September 13,
1887; Iowa City Post, October 24, 1888; Cedar Bapids Standard, October 18,
1888.

53 Quoted in Clinton Weekly Herald, June 14, 1888.

VOL, xvni — 23

350 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

substantially the notice served upon Black, Vilas and
Stevenson at St. Louis," said the Clinton Weekly Herald.^^
The pension resolution merely endorsed the party's record.
''While carefully guarding the interests of the tax-payers
and conforming strictly to the principles of justice and
equity," it said, the Democratic party ''has paid out more
for pensions and bounties .... than was ever paid
before during an equal period. "^^

The Eepublican National Convention voted to give two
hundred tickets to the Grand Army of the Republic. Half
of the leading candidates for the Presidency were soldiers. ^^
The pension plank of the platform declared that the grati-
tude of the loyal people should make it impossible that any
Union veteran should "become an inmate of an almshouse,
or dependent upon private charity;" that "in the presence
of an overflowing treasury, it would be a public scandal to
do less for those whose valorous services preserved the
Government." It denounced Cleveland's pension vetoes
and the action of the Democratic House of Representatives
which refused to consider pension legislation.^^ A news-
paper condensation of the platform paraphrased this plank
in the sentence: "We believe that nothing is too good for
the soldiers who risked their lives to save our country ".^^

The Iowa State platforms were similar to the national
platforms in their appeal to the soldiers.^^ At the Repub-
lican State Convention the temporary chairman. General
Tuttle, delivered a speech which was described as relating
chiefly to "pensions and protection." He advocated the

54 Clinton Weekly Herald, June 14, 1888.

ss Stanwood 's A History of Presidential Elections (Fourth Edition), p. 435.

se Clinton Weekly Herald, June 21, 28, 1888.

57 Stanwood 's A History of Presidential Elections (Fourth Edition), pp.
444, 445.

58 New York Press quoted in The Spirit Lake Beacon, July 27, 1888.

59 Clinton Weekly Herald, May 10, August 30, 1888.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 351

reduction of the surplus by payment of pensions to airhon-
orably discharged soldiers.'^^^ This speech and the platforms
showed a respect in which the Republicans had their op-
ponents at a disadvantage. If the protectionist Republi-
cans spent money for pensions, they would reduce the
surplus without reducing the tariff, and at the same time
gain soldier votes. The Democratic tariff reformers wanted
to reduce the surplus by revising the tariff downward. As
the party of economy, the Democracy must be more parsi-
monious in pension expenditures. It was hard to satisfy
both soldiers and free traders.

In the canvass for votes which followed the conventions
both parties claimed to be friends of the soldiers, favoring
pensions and veteran preference in the civil service.*^ ^

The presidential candidates afforded opportunity for
odious comparisons. The Cleveland of the campaign was
composed of two distinct personalities. Viewed through
Democratic glasses there was the conscientious and firm
statesman who desired to do full justice to the veterans, but
who detested fraud and who believed that the pension roll

60 Clititon WeeUy Herald, August 23, 30, 1888.

61 Eepublican papers printed statements of the votes on important pension
bills which had been before Congress, from the Arrears Act of 1879 to the
dependent bill of 1887, to show that the Republican party was responsible for
all the important pension laws, and that the Democrats were responsible for
the failure of bills that had not passed. — Clinton Weekly Herald, September 6,
1888; The Cedar 'Falls Gazette, October 5, November 2, 1888. It was claimed
that on the eve of the election, Democratic pension claimants were being prom-
ised that their claims would be taken care of if they would vote the Democratic
ticket. — The Iowa State Register (Des Moines), November 2, 1888. Demo-
cratic papers claimed that although the Republicans said more about their love
of the soldiers, Democrats did more for them. — The Des Moines Leader, Janu-
ary 21, February 1, May 25, 1887; Fayette County Union, May 31, July 12, 26,
August 2, 9, 30, 1887. Efforts were made to prove that nearly all the Union
soldiers during the war were Republicans. — Clinton WeeJcly Herald, December
8, 1887. It was also claimed that they were not all Republicans by any means.
— The Des Moines Leader, November 3, 1888 ; The Fort Dodge Messenger,
September 20, 1888.

352 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

should be "The Eepublic's roll of honor". He was the
soldier 's true friend, and although he had vetoed many un-
deserving claims, he had signed more pension bills than any
Republican President.'^^ Republicans depicted Cleveland as
a sort of ogre who heartlessly vetoed bills for the relief of
needy veterans and their helpless dependents, occasionally
mocking their misery by cruel sarcasm.^^ He favored reb-
els at the expense of patriots. ^^ Instead of going to the
front during the war, he had hired a substitute, whom he
later allowed, with base ingratitude, to die in a poor house.^^
Soldiers and other patriots should have a poor opinion of a
President who failed to pay his respects to the tomb of
Lincoln when he made a tour of the West, and who went
fishing on Decoration Day.*^^

Republican papers described a scene at the national en-
campment of the Grand Army of the Republic which showed
how the soldiers reciprocated Cleveland's alleged hostility.
A dispatch was received from the President declining an
invitation to be present. Some one wanted to know if he
had sent a substitute. A motion was made to refer the tele-
gram to the Committee on Pensions. A comrade inquired
who had invited him. The Commander-in-Chief and the
other officers did not know. This pleasant announcement

62 Article by Jos. W, Kay in Grand Army Beview, quoted in Iowa City Post,
October 24, 1888. See also Iowa City Post, July 25, September 19, 1888;
Fayette County Union, January 18, 1887.

63 The Spirit Lake Beacon, June 15, August 3, 1888 ; The Fort Dodge Mes-
senger, August 16, October 18, 1888; Clinton Weelcly Herald, September 20,
1888.

6* The Spirit Lake Beacon, August 17, 1888 ; Clinton Weekly Herald, October
18, 1888. See note 56.

65 Clinton Weekly Herald, July 14, August 4, 1887, September 20, October 25,
1888; The Anamosa Eureka, October 11, 1888,

66 The Anamosa Eureka, October 20, 1887; Clinton Weekly Herald, June 23,
October 20, 1887.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 353

was followed by shouts and applause such as had ''not been
heard in a Grand Army meeting for some years "."^^

In pleasing contrast to the Eepublican version of Cleve-
land was General Benjamin Harrison, "the typical volun-
teer soldier of America ".^^ In his letter accepting the
nomination he stated that he was ''heartily in sympathy
with the declaration of the convention upon the subject of
pensions," and that he favored veteran preference in ap-
pointments.*^^ He was constantly called upon by delegations
of soldiers who assured him of their support^" In his
speech to the delegates of the National Association of Ex-
Prisoners of War his sympathetic allusions to their suffer-
ings caused many of his hearers to weepJ^ General Sher-
man said that ' ' every man who fought for the preservation
of their government" ought to vote for Harrison and
Morton J 2 The Democrats had not the materials with which
to construct a second Harrison whose malignity toward the
soldiers would offset that of the second Cleveland.

In Iowa, as elsewhere, the tariff was clearly the principal
issue in the election of 1888. The persistent harping upon
the soldiers, the Southern election frauds, the ' ' Confederate

^T The Fort Dodge Messenger, September 27, 1888; Clinton WeeTdy Herald,
September 20, 1888,

^s The Fort Dodge Messenger, July 5, 1888; compare The Spirit Lake
Beacon, June 29, 1888.

69 Clinton WeeUy Herald, September 13, 1888.

70 Clinton WeeMy Herald, July 5, August 30, September 20, 27, October 4, 11,
25, 1888.

71 Clinton WeeJcly Herald, September 20, 1888.

72 The Spirit LaTce Beacon, July 6, 1888 ; Clinton WeeMy Herald, June 28,
1888. In a statement of the reasons why the Republican should win, the first
item was that there was no soldier on the Democratic ticket; other reasons
were that Thurman was a Copperhead and Harrison was a soldier. — Albany
Journal quoted in The Spirit Latce Beacon, July 20, 1888. "A soldier of the
Union army is to lead the republican party against a Copperhead. Rally
'round the flag boys!" — The Fort Dodge Messenger, July 5, 1888.

354 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

brigadiers ' ' or other old issues can. be explained partly by
the absence of clear cut new lines of party division. The
dominating interest in the tariff became clearer as the elec-
tion approached, forcing other questions back to a position
of less importance. But the soldiers were by no means for-
gotten on the eve of the election. Editors who had devoted
their main efforts toward the education of the public to an
appreciation of protective tariffs or the necessity of re-
ducing them, took pains to remember the veterans when
their ballots were about to be cast."^^ The Clinton Weekly
Herald printed a letter purporting to have been written, by
a savior of the country who explained that the failure to do
justice to the veterans was due to Southern rebels in Con-
gress, abetted by an Executive opposed to pension legisla-
tion. ''Comrades," he urged, "let every soldier be at the
polls Tuesday and vote for his own interests, and the work
will be done."^*

The work was done to his satisfaction. Harrison carried
Iowa with a majority over Cleveland of more than 30,000."^^
Ten of the eleven Representatives elected were Republicans.
Eight of the Republicans were soldiers."^ ^

When the results of the voting were known, editors dis-
cussed the meaning of the Republican victory. To The Iowa
State Register it meant three things: (1) a rebuke to free
trade ; (2) a rebuke ''to the unpatriotic course of the admin-
istration toward union soldiers and their dependent wives
and children. No man who insults the defenders of the
union as Mr. Cleveland has wantonly done, can ever be pres-

73 T/ie loiva State Begister (Des Moines), November 2, 3, 1888; The Cedar
Falls Gazette, November 2, 1888; The Des Moines Leader, November 4, 1888.

■74 Clinton WeeTcly Herald, November 1, 1888.

75 The Iowa Offlcial Begister, 1889, p. 192.

T 6 Congressional Directory, 51st Congress, 1st Session, pp. 39-42; Clinton
WeeTcly Herald, November 15, 1888.

SOLDIER VOTE IN IOWA IN 1888 355

ident a second time;" (3) a protest against prostitution of
public service for partisan purposes J ^ Since discussions of
the civil service in Iowa had emphasized Cleveland's re-
moval of Union soldiers to make room for ex-Confederates,
the third point like the second related to the soldier ques-
tion. "No more vetoes of deserving soldiers' pensions,
after next March ",^^ and "Free Trade, Pension Vetoes and
Humbug Reform Did the Business"; were the comments of
other papers."^

A vigorous appeal had been made in the election both to
the soldiers' emotions and to their interests. The survival
of the Civil War tradition twenty-three years after the con-
clusion of the military operations show^s the near relation-
ship of the history of the soldier vote on its sentimental side
to the history of the "bloody shirt". The material inter-
ests of the veterans were affected both by pensions and
like legislation and by appointments to office. The latter
makes the soldier question overlap the civil service issue.

It is impossible to determine with accuracy in a given
election which way the soldiers voted ; it is equally impos-
sible to tell how many of them voted as they did because
they were soldiers, or because they heeded the demonstra-
tions by which either party offered to prove itself the vet-
eran's best friend. Even if these things could be tabulated,
it would by no means tell the whole story. In addition to
the soldier vote proper, there was the sympathetic vote
composed of those who believed that the veterans deserved
special favors of the government and the public. This class
may have been much more numerous than the soldiers
themselves. The blandishments of the politician were in-
tended to attract both.

77 Quoted in The Fort Dodge Messenger. November 15, 1888.

78 Clinton Weekly Herald, November 15, 1888.

79 The Spirit Lake Beacon, November 9, 1888,

356 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

In the absence of more exact statistical information, there
are several rather clear indications of the strength of the
soldier vote in the larger sense of the term. Editors, whose
business was to interest and influence the public, and plat-
form writers and political speakers, whose business was to
know what could attract votes, clearly attached great im-
portance to it. The large proportion of soldiers among
those nominated or elected to office shows the extent to
which the estimates of editors and politicians were correct.
The Republicans were able to offer the greater inducements
to the soldiers and their sympathizers. They won the elec-
tion by a majority only three-fourths as great as the num-
ber of soldiers in the State. It is probably no exaggeration
to say that the soldier question in its various phases was
more important in determining the result of the election of
1888 in Iowa than any other issue except the tariff.

Donald L. McMtjrby

The State Uniyeesity of Iowa
Iowa City Iowa

SOME MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF IOWA
ARCHEOLOGY

The present paper aims not so much to show what has
already been done in the field of Iowa archeology as to
suggest some of the possibilities of future study. Brief
reference, however, to the trend of investigations in the
past will show the necessary background for future work
and contribute to a better appreciation of present problems.

Research in Iowa antiquities was most general and active,
at least in so far as this resulted in published papers, during
the seventies, eighties, and early nineties of the last cen-
tury. The work centered in the Davenport Academy of
Sciences or was inspired pretty largely from that source.
Important discoveries in the way of curved-base pipes,
copper axes, inscribed tablets, and other objects, mostly
from the mounds of Scott and Louisa counties, made the
Davenport Academy known nationally, even internation-
ally, and aroused to activity a considerable part of the sci-
entific talent of the State. The contributors to the early
volumes of the Proceedings; of the Academy formed a no-
table group indeed : C. E. Putnam, R. J. Farquharson, John
Gass, Wm. H. Holmes, Charles E. Harrison, W. H. Pratt,
Frederick Starr; and it is impossible not to feel in their
papers and discussions the inspiration under which they
worked.

Aside from these writers directly connected with the
Davenport Academy, a rather numerous body of students
was carrying on the traditions of mound investigation in
nearly all parts of the State, and the results of their re-
searches, in part at least, reached the public through vari-

357

358 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ous avenues of publication. T. H. Lewis reported and
described a large group of effigy mounds near North Mc-
Gregor;^ W J McGee surveyed a second group of effigies
near Farley ; - Clement L. Webster investigated extensively
the mounds of Cerro Gordo, Floyd, and Chickasaw coun-
ties;^ S. B. Evans reported on the mounds of the Des
Moines Valley and elsewhere;* Charles Negus supplied
much new information on the mounds of Jefferson and
other counties;^ the antiquities of Mills County received
the attention of Seth Dean;^ and the evidences of man's
antiquity in Iowa were examined by Professor Samuel
Calvin."^

In two notable papers published in 1897, Professor Starr
lists these and many other papers having to do with Iowa
antiquities, and gives a brief but definite summary of their
contents.* The bibliography catalogues two hundred and

1 Lewis's Effigy Moimds in lotva in Science, Vol. VI (1885), No. 146.

2 McGee 's The Artificial Mounds of NortJieastern Iowa, and the Evidence of
the Employment of a Unit of Measurement in their Erection, in The American
Journal of Science and Arts (Third Series), Vol. XVI (1878), pp. 272-278.

3 Webster's Ancient Mounds and Earth-icorks in Floyd and Cerro Gordo
Counties, Iowa, in the Annual Eeport of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887,
Pt. I, pp. 575-589; Webster's Indian Graves in Floyd and Chickasaw Counties,
Iowa, in the Annual Beport of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887, Pt. I, pp.
590-592; Webster's Ancient Mounds at Floyd, Iowa, in the American Natural-
ist, Vol. XXIII (1889), pp. 185-188; Webster's Aboriginal Bemains Near Old
ChicTcasaw, Iowa, in the American Naturalist, Vol. XXIII (1889), pp. 650-655.

4 Evans's Notes on Some of the Principal Mounds in the Des Moines Valley
in the Annual Beport of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879, pp. 344^349.

5 Negus's Antiquities in The Annals of Iowa (First Series), Vol. V, pp. 840-
841; Negus's The Biver of the Mounds in The Annals of Iowa (First Series),
Vol. XII, pp. 253-268.

6 Dean's Antiquities of Mills County, Iowa, in the Annual Beport of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1881, pp. 528-532.

7 Calvin 's Prehistoric Iowa in Iowa Historical Lectures, 189S, pp. 5-29.

8 Starr's Bibliography of Iowa Antiquities in the Proceedings of the Daven-
port Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. VI, pp. 1-24; and Starr's Summary of
the Archaeology of Iowa in the Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Nat-
xiral Sciences, Vol. VI, pp. 53-124.

THE STUDY OF IOWA ARCHEOLOGY 359

twenty-four titles, and the summary, covering sixty-nine
pages of the Proceedings, affords a very satisfactory view
of Iowa archeology from the beginning to the date of publi-
cation. Intended by their author more as the foundation
for future research than as a retrospect of past accomplish-
ments, these two papers were, nevertheless, the summary
and, in a sense, the valedictory of an epoch that had closed.
The fact that during the years 1903-1906 some excellent
work in mound surveys and investigations was done in
Johnson, Iowa, and Dickinson counties by Dr. Duren J. H.
Ward, under the direction of the State Historical Society
of Iowa, can not change this essential truth.^ The early
members of the Davenport Academy had passed away or
were scattered, and the work of Dr. Ward, for the State
Historical Society, was too soon interrupted by his removal
from the State. That the interest of the State, however,
was aroused by the work of Dr. Ward, is evidenced by the
fact that the General Assembly in 1904, in restating the
purposes of the State Historical Society of Iowa, added as
a function, the *' carrying out of a systematic and scientific
anthropological survey of the state. "^*^ The interest was
sufficient, furthermore, to lead to the organization, in Octo-
ber, 1903, of the Iowa Anthropological Association.

9 The following articles by Dr. Ward ^v^itten in connection with, and as a
result of, the investigations mentioned were published by the State Historical
Society of Iowa; Ward's Historico-Anthrofiological Possibilities in Iowa in
the Iowa Journal op History and Politics, Vol. I, pp. 47-76; Ward's
Anthropological Instruction in Iowa in the Iowa Journal of History and
Politics, Vol. I, pp. 312-328; Ward's Some Iowa Mounds — An Anthropolog-
ical Survey in the Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. II, pp. 34-
68; Ward's The Problem of the Mounds in the Iowa .Journal of History and
Politics, Vol. Ill, pp. 20-40. The investigation and relics of the Okoboji
Mounds in Dickinson County were discussed in detail at the second yearly
meeting of the Iowa Anthropological Association at Iowa City in 1905. The
proceedings of this meeting are reported by Dr. Ward in the Iowa Journal of
History and Politics, Vol. Ill, pp. 422-458.

^0 Laws of Iowa, 1904, Ch. 117.

360 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Nevertheless, though fine work had indeed been done,
Iowa had not proved itself ready as yet to undertake and
support a really comprehensive archeological survey, not
even of the mounds, the one type of antiquities with which
the earlier writers had been chiefly concerned. A rough
analj'-sis of the titles listed in Professor Starr's bibliog-
raphy will be useful as showing the direction taken by the
researches of this first epoch. Of the two hundred and
twenty-four papers, one hundred and ninety-seven are con-
cerned with the mounds or their contents; of the other
twenty-seven, eight treat of the modern Indian tribes, two
deal with the lodge circles of the Missouri Valley, five with
rock inscriptions, seven with shell heaps or kitchen middens,
four with implements found in so-called '4oess" deposits,
and one with five artifacts of supposedly paleolithic type
from near Bonaparte, the exact origin not indicated. Dr.
Ward's work also had to do with the mounds or with the
present-day Indian tribes. These facts are striking and
show that the writers of Iowa archeological history have
generally held that any reconstruction of the prehistoric
past depends primarily on mound exploration. One need
not wonder too much at this, for it was not the Iowa schol-
ars alone who for two generations lived under the influence
of such works as Squier and Davis's famous report ''The
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley ".^^ The
antiquities revealed by this work, great enclosures with
earthen ramparts, great mounds that produced wonderful
treasures in sculptured stone, wrought copper implements
and ornaments, broad knives of obsidian and chalcedony —
were not these surely the products of a greater and more
cultured people than any the white man had met upon the
American continent? Thus a vanished race of mound
builders became fixed in the imagination and in the liter-

T-''- Smitlisonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. I (1848).

THE STUDY OF IOWA ARCHEOLOGY 361

ature of the new people who occupied the lands and upset
the cultures of the old.

Nevertheless, facts and observations gradually under-
mined the theory that the mound builders were a separate
people, and tended to establish the red man as the one race
that had occupied the Western World and whose very di-
verse monuments remain throughout the two Americas.
But if the American Indian built the mounds, and if it is his
past that we are studying, then not the mounds only be-
come, but everything that this past produces becomes, the
object of our quest: the mounds, the cave deposits, the vil-
lage and camp sites with their hearth stones, lodge circles,
workshops, garden beds, cornfields, and kitchen middens,
the cemeteries, the remnants of old trails, the innumerable
objects of his use, most of which never found their way into
the mounds — all these things become the real subject mat-
ter of American archeology. With this new assumption —
and nothing about or within the mounds justifies any other
— the whole question of mounds and mound builders is
seen in a new perspective and the whole subject of Amer-
ican archeology acquires a new unity and a new breadth.

The mounds are important. I should desire to be the
last one to derogate anything from the fruitful and in-
spiring work done upon them. Iowa, at least, would
scarcely be known as a field for archeological research ex-
cept for the past interest in mound exploration and the
important finds which happily resulted from the excava-
tions. The fact remains, however, that while the mounds
occupied the focus of attention other resources of our
archeology remained comparatively untouched or received
no consideration whatever. At best any reconstruction of
the life of Iowa's prehistoric man is difficult and likely to
remain fragmentary. Our climate does not favor the sur-
vival during long periods of time of articles, for example,

362 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

of wood, fabric, or even bone. If it were necessary to de-
pend entirely on the mounds for our reconstruction, only a
fraction of what may possibly be learned would ever come
to light. Whole classes of mounds contain no deposits
whatever. Moreover, only a part of the ancient burials
were made in mounds, and of this part the majority were
unaccompanied by the objects with which the living had to
deal. Furthermore, so far as Iowa, at least, is concerned,
whole categories of artifacts have never been found repre-
sented in the mounds at all. The spade has been called the
chief instrument of archeological research; it probably is
such, as a rule. In Iowa, however, the plow has rather the
best of it, with its work followed up by the dash of spring
rains and the wash of swollen streams. Some further con-
siderations will, I believe, make this clear.

Before attempting to discuss the resources of Iowa
archeology, I would hasten to say that I pretend to know
these only in part. Iowa is a big State and no one, so
far as I know, has ever comprehended its archeological pos-
sibilities as a whole. My own knowledge is somewhat inten-
sive only in the region of the middle Iowa and Cedar rivers.
Outside of this area my conceptions are based on a limited
amount of field work in Hancock County and in the Mc-
Gregor region, on the inspection of many locally collected
materials in various parts of the State, on correspondence,
and of course on the published literature already men-
tioned. Lack of materials from many localities, or rather
lack of acquaintance with any materials, necessarily limits
my view of the field and renders many of the general state-
ments in this paper more or less tentative.

It will be safe to say, however, that in its archeology, as
in its biology, Iowa is a meeting ground of North and South,
East and West. The materials available quite definitely
connect us with culture areas extending far beyond our

THE STUDY OF IOWA ARCHEOLOGY 363

boundaries and, inasmuch as we almost surely have some
native and original developments in addition, the whole
situation presents features as amazing in their complexity
as they are fascinating in their detail. For the purpose of
a brief summary of features, four rather distinct culture
areas may be tentatively recognized : the McGrregor or Up-
per Mississippi, the Davenport or Lower Mississippi, the
Plains, and Lower Iowa. Definite boundary lines are, of
course, -lacking and there is overlapping of types in these
regions, both in respect to the earthworks and the artifacts ;
nevertheless, typical showings of the antiquities from each
area are distinct enough and even a novice could scarcely
confuse them.

The McGregor region is first of all distinguished by a
wonderful series of effigy and linear mounds, doubtless a
westward extension of the Wisconsin tradition. On the
Iowa side the effigies lie in groups, or in connection with
mounds of other types, along the Mississippi terraces and
bluffs from the Minnesota line to at least the vicinity of
Farley. The forms represented are generally the bird and
the bear, though a few bison occur, and possibly several
long-tailed specimens may be panther or otter. There are
some scores of these effigy mounds, probably a few hundred
in all. The number of linears is apparently smaller. Of
the mounds with circular bases, or corneals, there are many
hundreds, both along the Mississippi and its various tribu-
taries. These have not been very productive of relics, and
the linears and effigies produce none at all, except those due
to chance intrusion. A few large enclosures with embank-
ments and ditches occur on the Upper Iowa. These are
now, I believe, nearly cultivated out of existence. The
other earthworks, however, especially the linear and effigy
mounds, are generally in a good state of preservation and
the chief problem concerning them is to keep them as they

364 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

are. In so far as the National Park project fails to do this,
the State should take a hand. Adequate surveys and illus-
trations of the remarkable mound groups of this region are
still lacking, though Mr. Ellison Orr, of Waukon, is getting
this work well in hand.

The field relics of the McGregor area, the chipped flint
implements, the celts, and the grooved axes, are neither
especially numerous nor of especially fine workmanship.
The axes are generally of the all-around grooved type, the
least specialized of the various ax forms. The products of
the village sites and cemeteries on the other hand, espe-
cially those on the terraces of Turkey and Upper Iowa riv-
ers, are noteworthy and will hardly fail to attract consider-
able attention when they become generally known. These
consist, in part, of large and fine arrow-shaft grinders of
sandstone, large knives and spearheads of dark brown
chalcedony, gorgets, pipes, and pottery vessels. At least
one engraved tablet of catlinite and one boatstone of diorite
have also been found. The pottery of the Upper Iowa, a
part of which has been described in a notable paper by Mr.
Orr,^' is abundant and comparatively well preserved, the
smaller vessels coming from the cemeteries and the larger
ones, up to sixteen inches or more in diameter, from the
village sites. The curved stone pipes, largely from the cem-
eteries and rather numerous for this class of artifacts, are
of great variety of form and fineness of finish. They are
of three types, at least, the straight-based monitor, the
efiigy, and the smaller-sized red catlinite calumet. Seven
collections of McGregor area materials, containing about
four thousand specimens of all kinds, are known to me, and
of these only the pottery of Mr. Orr's collection has ap-
peared in the literature of Iowa archeology.

12 Orr's Indian Pottery of the Oneota or Upper Iowa Hiver in Northeastern
Iowa in the Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science for 1914, Vol. XXI,
pp. 231-239.

THE STUDY OF IOWA ARCHEOLOGY 365

The antiquities of the Davenport area represent a culture
very much in contrast with that which we have just consid-
ered. Effigj^ and long linear mounds appear to be quite
lacking and some of the conical sepulchral mounds are here
richly productive, a fact on which rests the fame of the
Davenport Academy collections. These contain no less than
thirty-four pipes of the so-called mound builder type, the
type with curved platform base surmounted either by a
plain bowl or an animal effigy; no less than thirty-three
copper axes, several still covered in part by the cloth in
which they were wrapped; several hundred copper and
shell beads; three inscribed tablets; some miscellaneous
copper and bone implements. The only other large find of
relics like these, like the pipes especially, was that made by
Squier and Davis near Chillicothe, Ohio, during the forties
and, as most of this found its way to England, these Scott
and Louisa county collections are, I believe, the largest and
most important of their kind to be found in any American
museum. The time has perhaps come when these relics
should be reexamined and fully illustrated by methods
which were not known to the workers of the seventies and
eighties. In antiquities not found extensively in the mounds
(chipped implements, grooved axes, hammerstones, and
celts) the Davenport Academy has also rich series which
have scarcely appeared in the literature. Of these some
three thousand specimens are on exhibit and many more are
in storage. I have no knowledge of other collections of
scientific value in this area. A large collection in Muscatine
was unfortunately left without data at the death of its
owTier. Many mounds along the Mississippi are still un-
opened and may possibly be still preserving objects as im-
portant as those which produced the furor of forty years
ago.

The Plains area of Iowa is known to me only through the

VOL. xvm — 24

366 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

scant literature, three small collections of material and a
number of scattered objects — some one thousand speci-
mens in all. Mounds of the conical type are numerous,
especially along the bluffs of the Missouri, though the level
country is also well supplied. A fine group, for example,
stands on some vacant lots in Webster City. So far as I
know, the mounds have produced but few relics, though ap-
parently sepulchral in purpose. A mound near West Oko-
boji Lake was thoroughly explored by Dr. Ward and his
party and found to contain about thirty burials, both
ancient and modern.^^ Lodge circles so-called — excava-
tions over which the lodges of the Plains Indians were
erected — exist from at least as far south as Glenwood to
the Dakota line, and with these are sometimes associated
stone circles and boulder effigies. The last represent ani-
mals or reptiles of large dimensions and are made of boul-
ders sunk nearly flush with the present surface. The most
characteristic implements found appear to be the granite
hammerstones and mauls. The grooved axes are not highly
specialized, as a rule, and many of them are made of the
more friable materials, as granite and hornblende schist.
Some of finely polished greenstone come from the Emmets-
burg region, but these, too, lack high specialization of form.
The materials available are really too scant, however, for
very safe generalization.

The Lower Iowa area includes, for present purposes, the
valleys of the middle Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines rivers.
Probably that part of lower Iowa lying west of the Des
Moines River nearly to the Missouri also belongs to this
area, but the few artifacts examined permit of no confident
statement. Mounds are very numerous, standing generally
on both the terraces and bluffs of the rivers, and are mostly

13 A discussion of these remains may be found in the Iowa Journal of
History and Politics, Vol. Ill, pp. 427-444.

THE STUDY OF IOWA ARCHEOLOGY 367

of the conical type in groups or rows of from two or three
to twenty mounds each. Dr. Ward listed three hundred
mounds on the Iowa between Iowa City and West Amana, a
distance of about thirty miles ; seventy-one are distributed
along the Cedar within six miles of Mt. Vernon; eighty-
four stand within the township in which Cedar Rapids is
located ; and there is no reason to believe them less numer-
ous in other localities. Many show no traces at all of
burials, others contain a small heap of bones which were
clearly deposited as such, some only a few burned stones
and pieces of charcoal ; very few have produced any imple-
ments or ornaments. A small number of elliptical mounds
exist, but real linears and effigies have not come to light.
Nevertheless, few areas in this or any State have produced
more of the work of the primitive Americans than has this
Lower Iowa area.

The materials located and, for the most part, examined
come from about Moscow to Vinton on the Cedar River,
Lone Tree to a little above Marshalltown on the Iowa, and
Keosauqua to Boone on the Des Moines. From the Cedar
River ten fairly large collections of from two hundred to a
thousand specimens each are known, and forty-six smaller
collections — some six thousand objects in all. From the
Iowa River there are twenty larger and one hundred forty-
four smaller collections with a total of over twenty-two
thousand specimens. Only one Des Moines River collection
is known to me, but its contents are from widely distributed
localities and are probably typical; it contains about two
thousand specimens. Of the total of more than thirty thou-
sand artifacts, less than one hundred are mound products ;
the others are either turned up from the fields or are exca-
vated from cellars, cisterns, railroad cuts, or, more pur-
posefully, from the Indian cemeteries, wherever it is pos-
sible to locate these. The great majority are from the hilly
country next to the rivers themselves. The farmer and the

368 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

farmer's boys and girls are generally the collectors of these
materials and most of them remain at this time in their
hands. Some of the collections are catalogued; some are
not ; all possess scientific value as long as anyone still lives
who knows the details of their history.

What now are these field and cemetery materials'? One
might answer, in brief, that they include most of the forms
of chipped and ground stone found in the upper Mississippi
Valley, but with certain classes, such as flint hoes and
spades, discoidals, and boatstones, conspicuously absent;
while other forms, such as chipped arrowheads, spear-
heads, knives, drills, and scrapers, ground celts and
grooved axes, are developed in a variety of forms and fine-
ness of materials hardly surpassed, and possibly not
equaled, elsewhere. Without straining at over-nice dis-
tinctions in form I have thus far listed over one hundred
types of chipped implements and over fifty of celts and
grooved axes. Not satisfied with mere purposes of utility,
the flint workers and ax makers of lower Iowa simply
played with their art, now chipping deep and narrow
notches in their flint implements, now beveling and twist-
ing their blades, or concaving, convexing, or indenting their
bases, now cutting on their celts and axes unnecessary
facets and angles, little depressions and protuberances, and
then frequently bringing to a high polish the whole imple-
ment, even the grooves and the flattened or rounded poll —
all this apparently rather to satisfy the taste of the master
craftsman than to fashion an article of use. In the matter
of grooved axes especially, I believe that lower Iowa is
likely to prove the classic region of highest development.
Not in form only, but also in materials used and in the
range of sizes, did the ancient artisan show his interest in
the grooved ax. He rarely chose granite as his material,
but rather the finer and tougher diorite or diabase, and
sometimes even hematite, porphyry, flint, and qUartz. An

THE STUDY OF IOWA ARCHEOLOGY 369

ax of four ounces weight was not too small to claim his
attention, nor did he wince at a small boulder which would
give him a finished product weighing thirty-two pounds.
In other forms of artifacts too the Iowa workman was in-
clined to choose harder and more refractory materials than
were ordinarily used for related forms elsewhere. We do
not have a large number of banner stones and perforated
gorgets, but nearly all of those found are of diorite, por-
phyry, quartz, or hematite; only two specimens are of the
soft banded slate common in the States east of the Missis-
sippi. Other antiquities must be merely mentioned: the
rather numerous small hematite celts; the stone balls and
hammerstones ; the few arrow-shaft grinders, gouges, pes-
tles, mortars, plummets, birdstones, and pipes; the small
amount of copper ; the large number of pottery fragments
— for entire vessels are scarce — from the village sites and
cemeteries; the camp and village sites themselves in their
sightly situations along the rivers; the cemeteries on the
sandy terraces of streams, where occasionally the wash of
high waters may disclose them. These are some of the
materials for future study; there are many others that
resist ready classification.

Further materials from the State at large, though in
comparatively small amount, exist in the collections of
various public institutions. The Historical Department at
Des Moines has most of these, about two thousand five hun-
dred specimens, representing a large variety of forms.
Small collections, though important, are preserved in the
American Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the
American Indian, the Peabody Museum of American Arche-
ology^, the Andover Museum of American Archeology, the
Smithsonian Institution, and the Field Museum. Accord-
ing to present information, these have a total of about one
thousand Iowa specimens.

It would be of doubtful value to attempt any further de-

370 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

tailed summary. Nor is it necessary to emphasize the fact
that the materials known to any one person must be only a
fraction of those that really exist. New earthworks or new
artifacts, in collections little or big, nearly always come to
light whenever a day or two can be spent in the field. As
new tracts are cleared and come under cultivation, new
relics are found, though at the same time more groups of
mounds join the vast numbers of those that the plow has
leveled.

It is this gradual wastage of some of the resources of
study, as well as the fact that only a small portion of the
rich supply of materials is publicly owned and thus perma-
nently preserved, that raises the question of the future of
Iowa archeology. Fortunately we now have a State law
under which it will be possible to preserve many of the
earthworks, either within the limits of State parks or as
separate prehistoric monuments. And I believe it has be-
come clear now that, although a certain amount of mound
excavation is still desirable and necessary, the chief prob-
lem of the earthworks in our day is one of preservation.
Fortunately, moreover, the many local collections of mate-
rial have thus far largely escaped that commercialization
which has been the bane of scientific collecting and study in
nearly every other State. A few Iowa collections have been
sold outside of the State and scattered without data as
mere ''relics", but these cases are not numerous. Gener-
ally the owners of materials have the feeling that their col-
lections should remain in the State and numbers of them
would be glad to see their possessions put to some con-
structive use. The time would seem to be propitious for
some centralization of interests for the purpose of research
in the archeology of Iowa and the permanent preservation
of the materials with which such research is concerned.

Chaeles E. Keyes

Cornell College
Mount Vernon Iowa

SOME SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF THE AGRARIAN
REVOLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES

The economic history of American agriculture may be
divided into four distinct periods : first, the foundations of
American agriculture from 1607 to 1783 ; second, the west-
ward movement of pioneer and planter into the Mississippi
Valley from 1783 to 1860; third, the agrarian revolution and
the opening of the Far West from 1860 to 1890; and fourth,
the reorganization of agriculture from 1890 to the present.^
It is the aim of this paper to review some of the more signif-
icant aspects of the third period.

By the agrarian revolution is meant the transformation
of agriculture from a primitive, pioneer, largely self-suf-
ficing type of industry into a modern business organized on
a scientific, capitalistic, commercial basis. The principal
factors contributing to this revolution in the United States
were: first, the existence of a vast public domain and the
policy of the government favoring its rapid transference to
private ownership; second, the growth of population and
immigration; third, the introduction of farm machinery;
fourth, the extension of transportation facilities ; fifth, the
growth of domestic and foreign markets; and sixth, the
development of various agencies for the promotion of scien-
tific knowledge relating to agriculture. The revolution in
agriculture which these and other contributing agencies
brought about extends from 1860 to the last decade of the
century .2 By 1890 the various elements entering into this

1 This plan of division is substantially in accordance with that adopted in the
writer's Topical Studies and References on the Economic History of American
Agriculture (McKinley Publishing Company, Philadelphia, 1919).

2 The agrarian revolution in England took place in the period from 1760 to
1825; in France from the Eevolution to 1860; and in Germany from 1860 to
1900. For a brief discussion of the agricultural revolution in these countries

371

372 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

revolution were in working operation. While the agencies
bringing about a transformation in agriculture had already
been set in motion in the fifties, the real significance of these
forces was not apparent until the Civil War which hastened
the changes and tendencies that were destined to produce a
revolution in our whole economic development.'^

THE LIBERAL LAND POLICY OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Among the factors contributing to the revolution in agri-
culture, the existence of the public domain and the jDolicy of
the government favoring its rapid transfer to private own-
ership commands primary consideration. The public do-
main originally included all the territory of the continental
United States except the thirteen original States and the
States of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Texas. This represents
an area of 1,442,200,320 acres, or about three-fourths of the
entire land area of the country which amounts to 1,903,-
289,600 acres. Of this vast heritage the government had by
1860 disposed of 394,089,000 acres, thus leaving for future
disposition an area amounting to 1,048,111,000 acres, the
greater portion of which lay in the States and Territories
west of the Mississippi Kiver.'*

The period of rapid disposal of the public lands dates
from the enactment of the Homestead Law in 1862. Ac-
see Ogg 's Economic Development of Modern Europe, Chs. VI, IX. As England,
France, the United States, and Germany underwent a revolution in agriculture
during the nineteenth century, so Canada, Australia, Russia, and the leading
Latin-American countries have already beg-un to undergo a similar revolution in
the twentieth century.

3 For a brief survey of the economic revolution in the United States after
1S60, see Johnson's History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United
States, Vol. I, Ch. XV. The economic revolution is characterized by two
closely related lines of development: the revolution in industry; and the revo-
lution in agriculture, which for historical purposes may conveniently be treated
as distinct phases of economic history.

* The statistics used in this paragraph are taken from the Annual Eeport of
the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1860, p. 25, 1914, p. 47.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 373

cording to the provisions of this law any person had the
right to locate upon 160 acres of unappropriated public land
in any of the States and Territories in which there was such
land subject to entry at a United States land office, to live
upon the same for a period of five years, and upon proof of
a compliance with the law, to receive a patent therefor free
of cost or charge for the land. Full citizenship was re-
quired in obtaining final title. In case the settler desired to
obtain a title for his land before the expiration of the five-
year period, he might do so by paying the regular purchase
price of $1.25 or $1.50 an acre, as the case might be, '^on
making proof of settlement and cultivation as provided by
existing laws granting preemption right ' '. This latter pro-
vision was known as the commutation of a homestead. The
Homestead Law therefore made it possible for every able-
bodied person to become a land-owner upon actual settle-
ment and cultivation; at the same time the land laws
secured to the proprietor perfect title, absolute ownership,
complete control, and easy sale or transfer. The oppor-
tunity to own a homestead on such liberal terms was eagerly
seized by thousands of settlers and millions of acres of
virgin land were added to the farming area of the country.^
The rapid alienation of the public lands was still further

■5 The number and area of entries under the Homestead Act by States and
Territories from 1862 to 1880 inclusive is given in Donaldson's PtiMic Domain
(Washington, 1884), pp. 351-355. The total number of entries during this
period was 469,782, including an area of 55,667,045 acres.

' ' The homestead law is noAv the approved and preferred method of acquiring
title to the public lands. It has stood the test of eighteen years, and was the
outgrowth of a system extending through nearly eighty years, and now, within
the circle of a hundred years since the United States acquired the first of her
public lands, the homestead act stands as the concentrated wisdom of legisla-
tion for settlement of the public lands. It protects the Government, it fills the
States with homes, it builds up communities, and lessens the chances of social
and civil disorder by giving ownership of the soil, in small tracts, to the occu-
pants thereof. It was copied from no other nation's system. It was originally
and distinctively American, and remains a monument to it's originators." —
Donaldson's Public Domain (Washington, 1884), p. 350.

374 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

encouraged by the Preemption Law of 1841 which still re-
mained on the statute books, the Timber Culture Law of
1873, and the Desert Land Law of 1877, which together with
the right granted under the Homestead Law, enabled any
person to secure title to 1,120 acres of government land;^
while large quantities of timber, coal, and mineral lands
could be acquired under various other acts. These methods
of disposing of land to individuals were supplemented by
huge grants to railroads and to the States for various pur-
poses — grants which were immediately opened for sale at
reasonably low prices to the incoming settlers.

This legislation favored the rapid disposition of the pub-
lic domain which characterized the period from 1860 to 1890
during which the government disposed of 461,894,000 acres.
The entire area of the public domain alienated from 1785 to
1890 therefore amounted to 855,983,000 acres. "^ This repre-
sents an area twenty-four times the area of Iowa and, to-
gether with the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Texas
which are not included in the list of public land States, com-
prises the great agricultural empire of the Mississippi Val-
ley and the major portion of the lands of the Pacific Coast
States. The number of farms was increased from 2,044,000
in 1860 to 4,565,000 in 1890 and the number of acres in farms
was increased during the same period from 407,213,000 to
623,219,000 ; while the average number of acres in each farm

6 This was changed in 1891 by a law which provided that the maximum
amount of agricultural land which could be entered by one person under these
laws was 320 acres.

7 Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1890, p. 121.
This report shows that the entire area of vacant public land (both surveyed and
unsurveyed) remaining undisposed of and therefore subject to private entry in
1890 amounted to 586,217,000 acres. Subtracting this area from the 1,048,-
111,000 acres remaining unsold and unappropriated in 1860, it is found that
the area disposed of during the period from 1860 to 1890 amounted to
461,894,000 acres to which should be added the 394,089,000 acres disposed of
before 1860 which gives a total area of 855,893,000 acres of public land which
had been alienated by 1890.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 375

was reduced from 199 to 137. The greatest expansion in the
agricultural area took place in the North Central States in
which the number of farms increased from 772,165 in 1860
to 1,923,822 in 1890 and the number of acres in farms in-
creased during the same period from 107,900,000 to 256,-
587,000.^ The natural result of the policy of the government
favoring the rapid transfer of the public domain to private
ownership was therefore a great expansion in the farming
area of the country by the addition of 2,511,000 farms em-
bracing an area of 216,006,000 acres — a fact which is of
primary significance in the study of the agricultural devel-
opment of this period.

THE GROWTH OF POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION

The population of continental United States doubled dur-
ing this period, increasing from 31,443,000 in 1860 to 62,-

8 These statistics are taken from tables in the Twelfth Census of the United
States, 1900, Vol. V, pp. xvii, xix, xxi. These tables give the number of farms,
the number of acres in farms, and the average number of acres per farm for
the entire United States and for each of the several geographic divisions.
These divisions and the States composing each, according to the United States
Census Reports of 1890 and 1900, are:

(1) The North Atlantic Division comprising; (a) the six New England
States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire,
and Vermont; and (b) the three Middle Atlantic States of New York, Pennsyl-
vania, and New Jersey.

(2) The South Atlantic Division comprising the eight States of Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
and Florida. The District of Columbia is also included in this division.

(3) The North Central Division comprising the twelve States and Terri-
tories of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, Iowa, Minne-
sota, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota.

(4) The South Central Division comprising the eight States of Kentucky,
Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

(5) The Western Division comprising: (a) the eight mountain States and
Territories of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Ne-
vada, and Idaho; and (b) the three Pacific States of California, Oregon, and
Washington.

376 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

995,000 in 1890^ — an increase equal to that of the previous
two hundred and fifty years. One third of this increase was
composed of foreign immigrants numbering 10,374,000/'^
who came in to recruit the labor forces of the country.
Population continued to move westward as it had before
1860;^^ and the agricultural States of the Mississippi Val-
ley were rapidly filled wdth settlers;^- while the Pacific
Coast States were added to the agricultural empire which
was being founded in the Central West. The abundance of
new and cheap land led to the emigration of great numbers
of people from New England and other eastern States into
the North Central States. To this section was also attracted
a large proportion of the immigrant population which was,
as a rule, thrifty, industrious, and experienced in European
methods of agriculture.^^ The population of these States
increased from 8,097,000 in 1860 to 22,410,000 in 1890 — the
largest numerical increase of any of the several geograph-
ical divisions of the country — while the number of inhab-
itants in the South Central States during the same period

9 Thirteenth Cenms of the United States, 1910, Vol. I, p. 24.

10 Hall 's Immigration, p. 9.

11 For a study of the westward movement in American history before 1860,
see the writer's Topical Studies and References on the Economic History of
American Agriculture (McKinley Publishing Company, Philadelphia, 1919),
Topic XII.

12 For maps showing the distribution of rural population outside of the
municipalities having 8,000 or more inhabitants for the decennial years 1790 to
1910, see the Statistical Atlas of the United States (Washington, 1914),
Plates 3 to 15 inclusive. See also Thirteenth Census of the United States,
1910, Vol. I, pp. 56, 57, for tables giving the distribution of rural and urban
population in the United States for the decennial years 1880 to 1910 inclusive.
In 1860, forty and six-tenths per cent of the population lived on farms ; in 1880,
this had been increased to forty-four; and in 1900, this population had
been decreased to thirty-nine and two-tenths per cent. — King's Wealth and
Income of the People of the United States, p. 16.

13 The influence of foreign immigration on the agricultural development of
the United States is a subject worthy of historical study. See, for example,
Faust's The German Element in the United States, Vol. II, Ch. II.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 377

increased from 5,799,000 to 11,170,000; and in the Pacific
Coast States from 444,053 to 1,888,000.^^

THE INTRODUCTION OF FARM MACHINERY

No less significant as a factor in the agricultural revolu-
tion was the introduction into general use of improved
labor-saving machinery and the consequent transformation
in the methods of farming. Although most of the epoch-
making machines — notable among which were the plow,
the corn-planter, the two-horse cultivator, the mower, the
reaper, and the steam thresher — had been invented in the
period ending with 1860, and although the application of
this machinery had spread to a considerable extent in the
fifties,^^ it was not until the decade which witnessed the
Civil War that agricultural machinery was popularized
and brought into widely extended use. The withdrawal of
hundreds of thousands of men from the farm to enlist in the
army greatly stimulated the use of machinery while the war
was in progress. Improved plows, cultivators, mowers,
reapers, and threshing machines, and other labor-saving de-
vices, including the substitution of horse-power and steam-
power for manual labor, overcame the conservatism of the
farmers, who, before the war when labor was plenty and
cheap, had failed to appreciate the advantages of labor-
saving machinery. Confronted with the alternative of los-

1* These statistics are taken from a table in the Thirteenth Census of the
United States, 1910, Vol. I, pp. 30, 31. This table gives the distribution of
population of the United States by States and by geographic divisions, to-
gether with the rank of each, for the decennial years from 1790 to 1910 in-
clusive.

15 ' ' The year 1850 practically marks the close of the period in which the only
farm implements and machinery other than the wagon, cart, and cotton gin,
were those which, for want of a better designation, may be called implements of
hand production. The old cast-iron plows were in general use. Grass was
mowed with the scythe, and grain was cut with the sickle or cradle and threshed
with the flail. ' ' — Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. V, p. xxix.

378 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ing their crops for want of labor the farmers became
thoroughly interested in these new inventions, only to be-
come convinced of their utility when they saw it demon-
strated that a reaper operated by one man could cut from
ten to twelve acres of wheat in a day, whereas one man with
a grain cradle was able to cut only an acre and a half or two
acres in the same length of time.

New implements and machines of many kinds were intro-
duced into widespread and general use. The value of farm
machinery in use increased from $246,118,000 in 1860 to
$494,247,000 in 1890. The North Central States showed the
greatest advance in the use of farm machinery, the value of
which increased during this period from $72,817,000 to
$232,225,000. The Western States ranked next with an in-
crease of from $449,000 to $30,366,000. The North Atlantic
States showed an increase of from $73,825,000 to $116,-
868,000 and the South Atlantic States of from $34,046,000
to $36,444,000 ; while the South Central States showed a de-
crease of from $72,283,000 to $58,344,000— the values of the
last two named groups of States reflecting the disastrous ef-
fects of the Civil War on Southern agriculture.^*^ The use of
improved labor-saving machinery not only made possible
the cultivation of a much larger area of land but it also
added greatly to the productivity of each unit of land and
of labor, the productive capacity of an individual farmer
being multiplied more than twelvefold in the period from
1830 to 1880.^^ With the introduction of this machinery
into general use and the consequent improvement in the

16 These statistics are taken from tables in the Twelfth Census of the United
States, 1900, Vol. V, pp. xxix, xxx.

17 For the importance of farm machinery as a factor in the agricultural revo-
lution, see Quaintance's Influence of Farm Machinery on Production and Labor
in Puhlications of the American Economic Association (Third Series), Vol. V,
No. 4, pp. 1-103. See also Brewer's Eeport on Cereal Production in the United
States in the Tenth Census of the United States, 1880, Vol. Ill, pp. 148-150.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 379

methods of farming which this machinery made possible,
agriculture passed definitely into the commercial stage in
which the products were raised primarily for the market
and only incidentally for the use of the farmer and his
family.

THE EXTENSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FACILITIES

But the revolution in agriculture would have been impos-
sible had it not been for the marvellous extension and devel-
opment of the transportation system which made it possible
for the agricultural West to dispose of its surplus products
in the distant markets of the East and South and of West-
ern Europe. Before 1850 the only avenues for the disposal
of these products w^ere the two great waterways of the
country: the Mississippi River with its navigable tributa-
ries; and the Great Lakes with their eastern connections,
the Welland Canal and the St. Lawrence River and the Erie
Canal and the Hudson River. ''Although the West pos-
sessed these two unrivalled waterways, yet there were but
few localities which could choose between the two. . . .
To the settler near the lakes, the Eastern route was the only
available highway, and to the farmer living near the banks
of the Mississippi the river was the only possible route. "^^
The early railroads in the Middle West were not regarded
as competitors of the waterways but as tributaries to them;
for it was believed that the waterways would continue to be
the principal avenues of transportation.

The rapid extension of railroads throughout the country
after 1850 was destined, however, to effect profound
changes in the whole course and conditions of internal
trade. In 1850 there were but 9021 miles of railroad in the

18 Tunell's The Diversion of the Flotir avd Grain Trafic from the Great Lakes
to the Bailroads in The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. V, p. 340.

380 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

United States, nearly all of which had been built in the
Atlantic seaboard States. In 1860 there were 30,626 miles
in operation distributed about equally among the three great
sections of the country : the East, the South, and the West.
The rate of construction was halted somewhat during the
Civil War but immediately after the war the entire country
was seized with a mania for railroads. In 1870 there were
52,922 miles of track in use. In 1880 this mileage was in-
creased to 93,922 miles, and finally reached 166,654 miles in
1890 — an increase more than five times that of 1860.^^

The entire country was spanned with a net work of rail-
roads. The North Central States were well supplied with
railway facilities; many new lines were added in the South;
thousands of miles of track were built in the Eastern States ;
and five transcontinental railroads were completed, thus
bringing the Pacific Coast States into close economic rela-
tions with the Mississippi Valley and the manufacturing-
commercial East.-*^

Great improvements accompanied this development in
rail transportation among which should be mentioned the
reduction of grades and curves, improved drainage and bal-
lasting, better bridges, the introduction of steel rails, the
improvement of rolling stock, the adoption of uniform
gauges, the consolidation of connecting roads into trunk
lines, the construction of terminal facilities, and scientific
rate-making. These improvements, in connection with the

19 These statistics are taken from tables in the Statistical Abstract of the
United States, 1902, pp. 404, 405.

20 For a brief historical sketch of transportation in the United States, see
Ripley's Eailroads: Bates and Regulation, Ch. I. See also Annual Report on
the Internal Commerce of the United States (Bureau of Statistics, Treasury
Department, Washington), 1876, maps 1 to 12 inclusive, showing various rail-
road lines at that time. The succeeding reports for the years 1877 to 1886
inclusive, also contain good maps showing rail routes for this period. The
report for 1884 contains a complete railroad map of the United States showing
the Pacific railroads in colors.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 381

advantages afforded by rapid transit and reduced risks,
tended to increase the value of the railroads as commercial
highways so that by the close of the decade of the seventies
the railroads had become effective competitors of the water-
ways in the transportation of western agricultural, pro-
ducts to the seaboard.^^ The introduction of the iron steam-
ship on the ocean after 1860 and the formation of combina-
tions between railroad and steamship lines, which made pos-
sible the shipment of products on through bills of lading
from interior points to the markets of Europe, further in-
creased the importance of the railroads as carriers of west-
ern agricultural products.

The development of railway and ocean transportation
was accompanied by improvements in the facilities for com-
munication which served to bring all sections of the country
and the nations of western Europe into close business rela-
tions. Of these the telegraph was the most important agen-^
cy for the rapid dissemination of information without which
the organization and management of the modern commer-
cial system would have been impossible. This was further
supplemented by the improvement of the postal system, the
growth of newspapers and trade journals, the invention and
extension of the telephone system, the organization of pro-
dace exchanges, and the modern system of banking and
exchange, all of which agencies performed incalculable ser-
vices in commercial operations. ^^

THE GROWTH OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN MARKETS

The most distinctive feature of the revolution in agri-
culture, however, was the growth of domestic and foreign

21 For a discussion of these improvements, including a consideration of the
theory of railroad rates and the rate-making practice, see Ripley's Eailroads:
Bates and Regulation, Chs. II, III, IV, V.

22 The agencies governing the organization and management of internal trade
are discussed in Johnson's History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the
United States, Vol. I, Ch. XVII.

VOL. xvni — 25

382 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

markets. The westward movement of population into the
Mississippi Valley, the application of labor-saving ma-
chinery to agriculture, and the development of the trans-
portation system made possible that territorial division of
labor which enabled each section to devote itself more ex-
clusively to the production of those commodities for which
it was best adapted: the East to manufacturing and com-
merce, the South to the raising of cotton and other staple
plantation products, and the West to the production of food.
Thus there was developed that economic differentiation and
mutual dependence between geographic sections which had
already begun to characterize the economic development of
the United States during the ante-bellum period,^^ and
which became more greatly accentuated after 1860.^^ Each
section occupied a position of dependent relationship to the
other two sections : the East became to a very large degree
dependent upon the food-producing West^^ for the bread-
stuffs and meat which were needed to furnish its rapidly

23 Johnson's History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United
States, Yol. I, Ch. XIV. See also the writer's article on The Internal Grain
Trade of the United States, 1850-1860, in The Iowa Jotjrnal of History and
Politics, Vol. XVIII, pp. 94-106.

2* See Johnson's History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United
States, Vol. I, Chs. XV, XVI.

25 New England had by 1860 become almost entirely dependent on western
grain. This fact was emphasized by Governor Andrew of Massachusetts in a
message to the State legislature in which he said:

' ' The annual consumption of purchased flour by New England, ... is
something near 3,500,000 barrels, or more than one barrel to each inhabitant.
In the year 1862, more than 800,000 barrels of western and northern flour were
sold in Boston for domestic consumption, or three-fourths of a barrel for each
person in Massachusetts.

' ' I venture to afSrm that the consumption of western agricultural products
within the six States of New England, including flour, grain and animal food,
used for the support of man and the forage of cattle, swine, and horses, during
the year 1863, reached the value of $50,000,000, the proportion of which taken
by Massachusetts exceeded $20,000,000. ' '— Eighth Census of the United States,
1860, Agriculture, p. cxlv.

See also Report of the Select Committee on Transportation Routes to the Sea-

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 383

growing population with an adequate supply of food-
stuffs; while the South continued to purchase large quan-
tities of produce from that section.^^

But rapidly as the home market expanded, the increase
in the volume of production was considerably greater, thus
giving rise to an annual product far in excess of the needs
of the country, but for which there fortunately existed a
growing demand abroad. The development and expansion
of the facilities for the transportation and handling of
bulky products and the reduction of freight rates ^'^ trans-
formed the local into the world market, the effect of which
was twofold: first, it stimulated the production of food in
the great agricultural regions which now had access to the
markets of the world; and, second, it subjected the agri-
cultural systems of the western European countries to a
severe strain of competition which compelled large numbers
of the rural population to abandon farming. As a result,
they either migrated to the industrial centers to enlist in
the army of wage-earners or emigrated to the New World,
by far the greater proportion of them settling in the United
States which furnished unequalled opportunities for the
making of an independent living. The countries of Europe
thus became the natural market for the breadstuffs and live

hoard (Washington, 1874), pp. 12-14. This report shows that in 1872 the
Atlantic seaboard States offered a home market for 104,877,000 bushels of
western grain of which 41,132,000 bushels were shipped to the New England
States and 63,745,000 bushels were sent to the Middle and South Atlantic States.

26 The Gulf States in 1872 afforded a home market for 33,784,000 bushels of
western grain. — Heport of the Commitiee on Transportation Boutes to the Sea-
board (Washington, 1874), p. 13.

27 The cost of transporting wheat from Chicago to New York by lake and
rail was reduced from 25 cents a bushel in 1869 to 8.5 cents a bushel in 1890;
while the rate from New York to Liverpool was reduced from 13.4 cents to 4.9
cents a bushel during the same period. The total cost of transporting wheat
from Chicago to Liverpool was therefore reduced from 38.4 cents a bushel in
1869 to 13.4 cents in 1800. These statistics are taken from a table in the
Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1902, p. 416.

384 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

stock products, and the cotton and tobacco which entered
into the export trade of the United States. The most im-
portant market for these commodities was Great Britain
which after the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 became
rapidly transformed from an agricultural into an industrial
nation largely dependent on foreign nations for an adequate
supply of foodstuffs and raw materials.-^ The nations of
continental Europe were second in order of dependence;
while the non-European countries of South America, the
West Indies, Canada, China, Australia, and South Africa
came next. These countries all furnished markets that ab-
sorbed the surplus agricultural products which the United
States had available for export. Meanwhile Russia, India,
Australia, Canada, and Argentina became strong compet-
itors of the United States for this trade.

The chief item entering into the export trade of the
United States was the breadstuff s of the West ; while cotton
occupied second place ; and live stock and animal products
ranked third. During the Civil War, while the southern
market was temporarily closed, wheat and flour exports,
already considerable before 1860, were suddenly expanded
from 17,213,000 bushels in 1860 to 61,700,000 bushels in
1862 and continued at a high level during the next two
years, thereafter declining for a time but advancing again
as a consequence of the rapid increase in grain production
and the enlargement of European demands for bread-
stuffs.29 From 1867 to 1872 wheat and flour exports
amounted to an annual average of 35,500,000 bushels, or

28 For a discussion of this subject, see the writer's article on The Influence
of Wheat and Cnttnn on Anglo-American Belations during the Civil War in The
Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XVI, pp. 400-439, See also
Ogg's Economic Development of Modern Europe, Chs. VIII, XII.

29 For statistics showing the quantity of wheat and flour exported from the
United States from 1830 to 1868, see tables in the Annual Report of the Com-
missioner of Agriculture, 1868, pp. 47, 48.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 385

15.53 per cent of the entire crop ; from 1873 to 1878 an an-
nual average of 73,400,000 bushels, or 24.59 per cent of the
entire crop, was exported; from 1879 to 1883 this was in-
creased to an annual average of 157,600,000 bushels, or
34.91 per cent of the total crop. Although there was a de-
crease in the average annual exports after that date, the
amount of wheat and flour exported continued at a high
level to the end of the century.-''^

While the volume of corn production has been consider-
ably greater than that of wheat, the proportion entering
into domestic and foreign commerce has been considerably
less. The reasons for this are : first, that corn is not as well
adapted to the requirements of commerce as wheat, pos-
sessing greater bulk and less value and being more sus-
ceptible of injury during transportation ; and second, that a
very decided prejudice has always existed in the United
States and the western countries of Europe against the use
of corn as a breadstuff. Even so, however, corn exports
showed a rather remarkable increase for this period, in-
creasing from an annual average of 14,200,000 bushels, or
1.54 per cent of the total crop for the period 1867-1872, to
52,800,000 bushels, or 4.51 per cent for the period 1873-
1878, and finally reaching 73,400,000 bushels, or 4.90 per
cent of the entire crop from 1879-1883. From 1884-1893
there was a decline in the average amount exported; but
this was followed by a rapid increase which for the period
1894-1899 amounted to an annual average of 127,400,000
bushels, or 6.56 per cent of the entire crop.^^

Cotton was a close rival of grain in the list of exports.

30 These statistics are taken from a table in the Monthly Summary of Com-
merce and Finance (Bureau of Statistics. Treasury Department), January,
1900, p. 1998. See also Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1902, p. 345.

31 These statistics are taken from a table in the Monthly Summary of Com-
merce and Finance (Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department), January,
1900, p. 1996. See also Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1902, p. 344.

386 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

While the amount exported during the Civil War decade
was decreased from 3,744,000 bales in 1860 to 2,206,000
bales in 1870, the exports quickly regained and finally sur-
passed their former level, amounting in 1880 to 3,885,000
bales and finally reaching 4,950,000 bales in 1890. The fol-
lowing decade witnessed an even more rapid growth in the
production and export of cotton. Throughout the period
from 1865 to the close of the century, the annual amount of
cotton exported was from 59.2 per cent to 82.5 per cent of
the entire cotton crop of the United States.-''^

Live stock and animal products, which heretofore had
occupied but a very subordinate position in the foreign
trade of the United States, now assumed an important place
in the list of exports ranking next to breadstuffs and cotton.
The live stock and packing industries produced more than
the home market was able to absorb. Consequently, large
quantities of beef and pork products were available for the
growing demand abroad. The entire export trade in provi-
sions increased from $54,016,000 in 1865 to $136,265,000 in
1890, the principal item being pork, the value of which dur-
ing this period increased from $26,522,000 to $85,281,000;
while the remainder consisted of beef and dairy products.
The value of live stock exports meanwhile increased from
$244,000 to $47,057,000.33

The total value of all agricultural exports of the United
States was increased from $256,561,000 in 1860 to $361,-
188,000 in 1870, finally reaching $685,961,000 by 1880, but

32 These statistics are taken from a table in Hammond 's The Cotton Indus-
try in Publications of the American Economic Association (New Series), No.
1. 1897. The table is printed as part of Appendix I. Compare with tables in
the Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance (Bureau of Statistics, Treas-
ury Department), March, 1900, pp. 2550, 2553; also Statistical Abstract of the
United States, 1917, p. 534.

33 These statistics are taken from a table in the Monthly Summary of Com-
merce and Finance (Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department), February,
1900, p. 2309.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 3^7

declining to $642,751,000 in 1890, and then increasing again
to $835,858,000 in 1900.^^ This rapid expansion in exports
enabled the United States by 1880 to become the foremost
surplus cereal and live stock producing country in the world
— a position which this country had long since attained and
continued to hold with reference to cotton and tobacco.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGENCIES FOR THE PROMOTION OF
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE RELATING TO AGRICULTURE

Of fundamental significance, finally, as a factor in the
agrarian revolution was the development of the various
agencies for the promotion of scientific knowledge relating
to agriculture. While interest in scientific agriculture
dates back to the beginning of the national period of our
history, this interest was shared by but a comparatively
small number of progressive farmers,^^ while the great
mass of the rural population followed the rule of tradition,
custom, and superstition which prevailed throughout the
pioneer period. The reasons for this general reluctance to
apply scientific principles to the practice of farming were :
first, that it was easier and more economical to acquire and
cultivate new land than to institute intensive methods on
the older land; second, farmers possessed very meager
knowledge as to the proper treatment of soils and plant
life, even the most intelligent farmers, including the scien-
tists themselves, knowing very little about such matters;
and third, the great majority of farmers were averse to new
ideas and methods which they regarded as ''book farming'*
and therefore as entirely impracticable. This attitude is to
be explained largely by the fact that the farmers of the pio-
neer period, accustomed to a life of isolation and separa-

34 These statistics are taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United
States, 1902, p. 538.

35 See, for example, Haworth's George Washington: Farmer (Indianapolis,
1915).

388 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

tion from their f ellowmen, were naturally very independent
and extremely individualistic, relying on their own initi-
ative and taking pride in following their own peculiar meth-
ods of farming when it would have been easier and less
expensive for them to seek and follow the advice and experi-
ence of others.^®

The introduction of scientific agriculture during the sec-
ond half of the nineteenth century effected a revolution in
the methods of farming which in turn had a tremendous
influence on the agricultural development of the United
States. The reasons for the adoption of scientific methods
may be briefly summarized.

1. The rapid disposal of the public domain after 1862
soon brought the nation to the end of the free land era and
it was no longer possible to acquire new agricultural lands
for nothing, with the result that intensive farming then be-
came necessary.^ ^

2. The transformation of agriculture from the pioneer
into the commercial stage brought the farmer into closer
relations with the business world. The new conditions thus
created broadened the farmer's outlook and awakened him
to a realization of his educational needs and opportunities.
Moreover, this period witnessed the rise of a new genera-
tion of farmers who were ready to abandon old methods of

36 For a study of pioneer agriculture in the United States before 1860, see
the writer's Topical Studies and Beferences on the Economic History of Amer-
ican Agri&iiUure (McKinley Publishing Company, Philadelphia, 1919), Topics
VI, IX, Xrv. See also Topic XX on Pioneer Life and Ideals.
. 37 " Intensive farming in the strict sense may mean any or all of the follow-
ing methods:

l! The simple application of more labor in the preparation of the soU and
the handling of the crop.

2. The use of more capital in connection with a given quantity of labor, thus
(enabling the same labor to prepare the soil more thoroughly and care for the
crops more efficiently.

3. The application of more scientific methods to the improvement and main-
tenance of the fertility of the soil". — Carver's Principles of Rural Economics,
pp. 166, 167.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 389

farming and adopt new ones, once their utility had been
demonstrated. Agriculture thus liberated from the fetters
of custom and tradition, was prepared to enter upon a new
era of scientific development.-"^*

3. This led to the establishment of agencies for the pro-
motion of scientific knowledge relating to agriculture.
Among these should be mentioned: first, the Federal and
State departments of agriculture; second, the agricultural
colleges and experiment stations, including rural extension
work; third, farmers' organizations; and, fourth, the agri-
cultural press. The limits of this paper will permit only a
brief reference to the functions of these agencies in the edu-
cation of the farmer along scientific and practical lines. ^^

The Federal Government first took an active interest in
the promotion of agriculture in 1839, when, on the recom-
mendation of the Commissioner of Patents, an appropria-
tion of $1000 was made for the ^'collection of agricultural
statistics, investigations for promoting agriculture and
rural economy, and the procurement of cuttings and seeds
for gratuitous distribution among the farmers ".^^ The
work was gradually developed by the Patent Office, through
its agricultural division, until 1862 when the Department of
Agriculture was established. The functions of this Depart-
ment as defined by law were ''to acquire and diffuse among
the people of the United States useful information on sub-
jects connected with agriculture in the most general and

38 For a good brief description of the pioneer self-sufficing agriculture of
half a century ago in New England as contrasted with modern commercialized
agriculture see Welch's The Farmer's Changed Condition in The Forum, Vol.
X, 1891, pp. 689-700. See also Butterfield's Chapters in Sural Progress, Ch.
IV, contrasting the new farmer with the old.

39 See the writer's Topical Studies and Eeferences on the Economic History
of American Agriculture (McKinley Publishing Company, Philadelphia, 1919),
Topics XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII.

40 Poore 'a History of the Agriculture of the United States in the An7iual
Beport of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1866, p. 524.

390 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

comprehensive sense of that word, and to acquire, propa-
gate, and distribute among the people new and valuable
seeds and plants".'*^

The Department grew slowly at first, owing to inadequate
moral and financial support ; but as the need for a scientific
knowledge relating to agriculture developed, the functions
of this department were gradually expanded and the de-
mand for bulletins and reports on many special subjects
was increased. By 1889 the Department had finally
achieved sufficient dignity to be raised to the rank of a cab-
inet office. Thereafter the work of this Department was
rapidly developed until it became the leading government
agency of its kind in the world for the promotion of scien-
tific research relating to all lines of agricultural develop-
ment, including plant and animal life, crop production,
insect pests, trade and commerce, irrigation, statistics,
quarantine, and road-making — almost everything, indeed,
affecting the interests of those engaged in the raising and
marketing of agricultural products. Some idea of the
functions of this Department may be gained by reference
to the following bureaus into which it has been divided:
office of the secretary, weather bureau, animal industry,
chemistry, plant industry, forest service, soils, crop esti-
mates, entomology, biological survey, public roads and rural
engineering, accounts and disbursements, library, horticul-
ture, markets and rural organization. States relation ser-
vice, and publications.^^ The Department of Agriculture
has always taken an added interest in movements for the
education of the farmer, and it has disseminated a very
large amount of useful information on subjects relating to
agriculture.

41 Annual Beport of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1862, p. 3.

42 The work of the United States Department of Agriculture is reviewed in
the annual reports of the department from 1862 to the present and in the year-
books from 1894 to the present. See especially the yearbook of the Department
for 1899.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 391

Supplementing tlie United States Department of Agri-
culture are the State departments, most of which have been
established since 1860.^=^ The functions of these may be
defined in general terms as follows : the collection, publica-
tion, and distribution of crop statistics ; the holding of State
and district fairs; the conducting of farmers' institutes;
the enforcement of laws relating to live stock and human
foods; the control of insect pests and fungus diseases
in orchards, nurseries, and vineyards; the enforcement
of quarantine laws against animal diseases ; the operation
of experimental farms ; the distribution of seeds and plants ;
and the preparation and publication of annual reports,
journals, and bulletins.^"*

The same year in which the Federal Department of Agri-
culture was established marks also the passage of the Land
Grant College Act providing for the establishment of col-
leges of agriculture and mechanic arts.^° According to the
provisions of this law, each State received 30,000 acres of
public land for each Representative and Senator to which
the State was entitled in Congress under the apportionment
of 1860. The interest on the money derived from the sale of
this land was to be appropriated for ''the endowment, sup-
port, and maintenance of at least one college where the
leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific
and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach
such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and
the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the
States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the

43 Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, pp. 328-339,

44 The functions of the varioiis State (iepartments of agriculture vary -with the
different States. In some States the department of agriculture is combined
with other departments.

45 See the writer's article on The Origin of the Land Grant Act of 1862 in
The Iowa Homestead (Des Moines), March 11, 1920.

392 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in
the several pursuits and professions of life."*^

The Land Grant Act of 1862 was the most important spe-
cific enactment ever made for the promotion of scientific
knowledge relating to agriculture in the United States. It
gave a great stimulus to the movement, already inaugurated
before 1860, for the establishment of State supported insti-
tutions of learning devoted to ''the liberal and practical
education of the industrial classes". Many States accepted
the conditions of the grant soon after the passage of the
Act. By 1887 there were forty-eight institutions in the
United States receiving the benefits of this grant.^^

The land grant colleges underwent a period of slow de-
velopment during the first twenty-five years of their exist-
ence. It was a period of organization and of discussion as
to what the character of these institutions should be in
order to fulfil the purpose of the act and to meet the needs
of "the industrial classes" in the respective States.
Courses in the study of the sciences were yet to be devel-
oped, teachers in these subjects were to be trained, and the
system of elective studies was to be organized ; while gradu-
ate courses of instruction and research remained to be de-
veloped later. It was therefore impossible to develop
technical courses in agriculture until the sciences were
placed on a sound basis with adequate equipment and well
trained teachers in charge of these courses. The most im-
portant functions of the land grant colleges during this
period were therefore, first, the establishment and perfec-
tion of instruction in the natural sciences ; and, second, the
development of technical courses suited to the needs of
farmers and mechanics. At the same time, they gave in-
struction in a variety of general subjects, thus developing a

46 Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, p. 412.

47 True's Education and Research in Agriculture in the United States in the
Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1894, p. 98.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 393

broader view of Avhat constitutes a liberal education.
Finally, they rendered a valuable service in preparing
teachers and scientists who later rose to eminence in the
work of technical instruction, as well as in scientific and
practical investigations.-^^

The natural outgrowth of this development was the ex-
periment station. The first regularly organized experiment
station in the United States was established by the State of
Connecticut in 1875. Other States followed until by 1887
there were seventeen stations in operation in fourteen
States. In that year. Congress passed the Hatch Act pro-
viding for the establishment and maintenance of experi-
ment stations as departments of the land grant colleges in
all the States and Territories. The experiment station thus
became an integral part of the agricultural college; while
its work has formed the basis of all instruction relating to
the science of agriculture. In addition to this, it has per-
formed a valuable service in the publication and dissemina-
tion of bulletins on a variety of subjects of great interest
and importance to the farmer.^^

By 1890, the land grant colleges were beginning to
achieve a place of influence and prestige among the better
colleges and universities of the country. Since that year
these institutions have undergone a rapid growth and de-
velopment along three clearly defined lines : first, teaching ;
second, research and experimental work; and, third, exten-
sion work. The development of this threefold function has
made the land grant college, in cooperation with the United
States Department of Agriculture, a powerful factor in the
transformation of agriculture from a primitive, pioneer

48 See True 's Education and Besearch in Agriculture in the United States in
the Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1894, pp. 92-99.

49 True's Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States in the Year-
hooTc of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1899, pp. 513-548.

394 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

occupation into a modern business organized on a scientific
basis.^

The rise and growth of f arm.ers ' organizations with their
social, educational, commercial, and political functions
should also be briefly mentioned as one of the important
agencies for the diffusion of knowledge relating to the
practice of farming. The revolution in agriculture gave
rise to complex problems of production, distribution, and
exchange which were of fundamental interest and impor-
tance to the farmers. As agriculture became more inter-
woven with the fabric of our national economy, these prob-
lems became more and more acute. It was therefore nat-
ural that the farmers should follow the example of other
economic groups and organize for the promotion of their
interests. This period, consequently, witnessed the forma-
tion of many organizations which may be divided into two
general groups: first, those serving some special end or
industry, as, for example, the cooperative creamery associ-
ations and the farmers' elevator companies; and second,
those which sought to unite the farmers as a class, among
which organizations may be mentioned the Granger, Green-
back, and Populist movements. ^^ These various organiza-
tions — local, State, and national — performed a great
service in the education of the American farmer. They
aided in breaking down the barriers which had heretofore
separated the farmers from their fello^vmen, developed in
the farming population a feeling of class consciousness,
taught valuable lessons in cooperation, and finally became
an important agency for the dissemination of the new ideas

50 See, for example, the history of the Iowa State College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts in Aurner's History of Education in Iowa, Vol. IV, pp. 193-
311.

«i See Butterfield's History of Farmers' Social Organisations in Bailey's
Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, pp. 289-297; and Buck's The
Agrarian Crusade (The Chronicles of America Series, Vol. XLV).

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 395

and methods in farming which were being advanced by the
agricultural colleges and experiment stations.

Of inestimable importance, finally, as an agency for the
promotion of scientific knowledge relating to agriculture
was the agricultural press.^^ It would be difficult, indeed,
to estimate the influence of the agricultural press on the
development of scientific farming in the United States.
From the beginning it has dealt with an infinite variety of
subjects ; it has been one of the most efficient agencies for
the popularization of the results of scientific experiments
conducted by the agricultural colleges and experiment sta-
tions; and it has accorded much space in its advertising
columns to ways and methods of improving the practice of
farming. These considerations justify the conclusion that
the agricultural press was one of the most significant fac-
tors in bringing about the transformation of agriculture
from the pioneer into the modern commercial stage.

Louis Bernakd Schmidt

The Iowa State College of

Agriculture and Mechanic Arts

Ames Iowa

52 For a list of the principal agricultural papers published in the United
States during this period, see Buck's The Granger Movement, pp. 321-335
(Harvard Historical Series, Vol. XIX).

THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT OF THE WHEAT

GROWING INDUSTRY IN THE

UNITED STATES 1

Agriculture was the primary industry of the Colonial
period. With the establishment of permanent settlements
in America and the accompanying need for food the colo-
nists usually first planted fields of maize according to the
methods taught them by the Indians in order that they
might have an adequate supply for the ensuing winter.
While these crops were still growing, new land was cleared
and made ready for the next year's seeding. Gradually
other crops were introduced, principally the cereals, which
proved most adaptable to the climate and seasons of the new
world. Among these products, wheat was soon widely and
extensively grown, because of its importance as a food
product and because of the demand for it, both in the do-
mestic and foreign markets.

The wheat growing industry was at first confined to New
England and the Middle Atlantic Colonies and chiefly to
the latter section for there the yields were better than those
secured in New England. In New York, the yields some-
times amounted to from thirty to forty bushels an acre,
while a product of from twenty to thirty bushels an acre
was quite usual. Similar yields were secured in Pennsyl-
vania and New Jersey.^

1 The writer is indebted to Mr. B. B. Hickenlooper of Blockton, Iowa, a
graduate student in the Department of History at the Iowa State College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts during the summer of 1920, for assistance in
the preparation of this paper.

2 Bogart and Thompson 's Beadings in the Economic History of the United
States, p. 32.

396

THE WHEAT GROWING INDUSTRY 397

As the population increased, however, a greater area was
devoted to the raising of wheat, thus creating a surplus for
which there was a growing foreign demand. Wheat there-
fore became the most important export crop of the Middle
Atlantic Colonies. The chief foreign markets were Spain
and Portugal, although considerable quantities of wheat
were also shipped to the West Indies.^ By 1729 the wheat
exports from Pennsylvania amounted to 74,800 bushels,
while the flour exports amounted to 35,438 barrels.* At the
close of the Colonial period wheat formed one of the chief
articles entering into the foreign commerce of the Amer-
ican Colonies.

During the early national period, extending from the
Revolution to the close of the War of 1812, the wheat ex-
ported from the United States was grown chiefly in the
Atlantic States. The quality of the wheat produced was
good. The milling industry, established in the Colonial
period, had been rapidly developed; but these States soon
reached the high tide in wheat production, for wheat farm-
ing had gradually decreased the fertility of the soil with the
result that the yields declined. Moreover, as population
and immigration increased, the movement westward was be-
gun on an unprecedented scale. The frontier line was ex-
tended to the Mississippi Valley, entering Ohio and the
immediately adjoining States beyond. In the New England
States there remained an increasing population which was
changing rapidly from agricultural to manufacturing pur-
suits. The result was that the States which had hitherto
been exporting wheat and other grains now became depend-
ent on the West for an adequate supply of breadstuffs.^

3 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. exl.

4 Eighth Censiis of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. exl.

5 See Turner's Else of the New West, Che. II, III (The American Nation
Series, Vol. XIV).

VOL. XVIII — 26

398 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The most serious problem now confronting the nation was
that of transportation. The westward movement of popu-
lation and cereal production continued but transportation
facilities eastward were inadequate. Agricultural products
possessed relatively low value and great bulk, thus prac-
tically preventing eastward shipments by the means then
available for the cost of transportation made it impossible
to ship wheat overland more than 150 miles.^ Tucker of
Virginia stated in 1818, that even in the tidewater country
where he lived it cost one bushel of wheat to send two to
market.'^ This was almost prohibitive, hence wheat grow-
ing was restricted very largely to the regions readily acces-
sible to markets by the waterways of the country.

Grain shipments for the Eastern States were therefore
sent down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers — the natural
outlet for the agricultural products of the West — to the
Gulf ports. They were then reshipped to the Atlantic Coast
States or to Europe. On the other hand, manufactured arti-
cles destined for the West were shipped over the Pennsyl-
vania Turnpike and the Old National Road, for these prod-
ucts possessed relatively high value and less bulk than the
products of agriculture and thus could bear transportation
charges, though the rates were high. The South received
increasing quantities of wheat and other food products from
the West while its manufactured products were supplied by
the North Atlantic States. The South thus came to depend
more and more on its exports of cotton and tobacco with
which it paid its indebtedness to the West and East respec-
tively for the necessities supplied by them. In this manner

6 McMaster 's History of the People of the United States, Vol. Ill, pp. 463,
464.

7 Turner's Bise of the New West, p. 100 (The American Nation Series, Vol.
XIV).

THE WHEAT GROWING INDUSTRY

399

there was developed the triangular system of internal trade
which characterized the period from 1815 to the Civil War,®
This urgent need for better transportation facilities soon
led to the building of the Erie Canal which was completed
in 1825 and at once became an important outlet for western
grain. But this did not immediately affect the region west
of Ohio. In 1835 Ohio was the only western State exporting
grain eastward by way of the Erie Canal. In that year
Ohio exported by way of this route 1,355,000 bushels of
wheat and 86,000 barrels of flour.^ Michigan followed next,
exporting in 1843 by way of the Great Lakes and Erie
Canal 106,000 bushels of wheat and 263,000 barrels of
flour.^*^ The first grain shipment eastward from the west-

Table I

Ten Leading Wheat Producing States m 1839 ^i

Per Cent of

THE

States

Bushels

Entibe Wheat

Crop

Ohio

16,571,661

Pennsylvania

13,213,077

New York

12,286,418

Virginia

10,109,716

Kentucky

4,803,152

Tennessee

4,569,692

Indiana

4,049,375

Maryland

3,345,783

Illinois

3,335,393

Michigan

2,157,108

8 See the writer's article on The Internal Grain Trade of the United States,
1850-1860, in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XVIII, pp.
94-124.

9 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. cxlvi.

10 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. cxlvi.

11 These statistics are taken from a table in Brewer's Beport on the Cereal
Production of the United States, p. 62, in the Tenth Census of the United
States, 1880, Vol. III. See also Ttvelfth Census of the United States, 1900,
Vol. VI, p. 92.

400 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

em shore of Lake MicMgan was made in 1838 wlien Chicago
shipped 78 bushels of wheat.^^

By 1840 the wheat growing industry had definitely en-
tered the Mississippi Valley. This is shown by Table I
which gives the ten leading wheat producing States in 1839,
ranked in order of their importance, and includes the num-
ber of bushels of wheat and the per cent of the entire crop
produced by each. Ohio had by this time advanced to first
place in wheat production; while Pennsylvania, New York,
and Virginia followed in due order. Kentucky and Ten-
nessee were next in the list, with Indiana, Illinois, and
Michigan already coming into prominence. Maryland still
produced enough wheat to be considered among the first ten.

During the forties wheat growing continued to move west-
ward, as shown by Table II which gives the ten leading
wheat producing States in 1849. This table shows that
while Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia still re-
tained the lead in production, Pennsylvania now ranked

Table II

Ten Leading Wheat Producing States in 1849 ^^

Per Cent of the

States

Bushels

Entire Wheat Crop

Pennsylvania

15,367,691

15.3

Ohio

14,487,351

14.4

New York

13,121,498

13.1

Virginia

11,212,616

11.2

Illinois

9,414,575

9.4

Indiana

6,214,458

6.2

Michigan

4,925,888

4.9

Maryland

4,494,680

4.5

Wisconsin

4,286,131

4.3

Missouri

2,981,652

3.0

12 Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Agriculture, p. cxlvii.

13 These statistics are taken from a table in the Twelfth Census of the United
States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 92.

THE WHEAT GROWING INDUSTRY

401

first, while Ohio which was first in 1839 was reduced to
second place. New York and Virginia followed in cor-
responding order. Of the States comprising the first ten in
1839 two were eliminated by 1849 — Kentucky and Ten-
nessee which had held fifth and sixth places, respectively.
Illinois rose from ninth place in 1839 to fifth place in 1849
and Indiana passed from seventh to sixth place; while
Michigan, which ten years before was tenth in order of pro-
duction, advanced to the seventh place, previously held by
Indiana. Maryland still retained eighth place. Wisconsin
and Missouri by 1849 produced enough wheat to be ranked
ninth and tenth, respectively. This shows the tendency of
wheat production to advance steadily northwestward. Of
further significance in arriving at this conclusion is the fact
that whereas the center of wheat production in 1840 was
about the western boundary line of Pennsylvania, by 1850
it had moved westward to a point fifty-seven miles east-
northeast of Columbus, Ohio."

Table III

Ten Lf.aoing Wheat Producing States in 1859 1^

Per Cent of the

States Bushels

Entire Wheat Crop

Illinois

23,837,023

13.8

Indiana

16,848,267

9.7

Wisconsin

15,657,458

9.1

Ohio

15,119,047

8.7

Virginia

13,130,977

7.6

Pennsylvania

' 13,042,165

7.5

New York

8,681,105

5.0

Iowa

8,449,403

4.9

Michigan

8,336,368

4.8

Kentucky

7,394,809

4.3

14 Tiuelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 32.

15 These statistics are taken from a table in the Twelfth Census of the United
States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 92,

402 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The next decade witnessed a rapid movement of popula-
tion into the North Central States and the extension of the
wheat producing area, as shown by Table III. It will be
seen by this table that Illinois had now pushed to the head
of the list and that Indiana and Wisconsin occupied second
and third places, respectively, while Ohio had been reduced
from second to fourth place. Pennsylvania dropped from
first to sixth place. New York from third to seventh, and
Virginia from fourth to fifth place. Pennsylvania, New
York, and Virginia thus gave place to Illinois, Wisconsin,
and Ohio, respectively, these States, together with Indiana,
constituting the four leading wheat growing States. Iowa
came in to replace Maryland which dropped out and Penn-
sylvania took the place of Indiana which now became, as
shown before, one of the first four. Kentucky again entered
the list and assumed tenth place in rank, replacing Missouri
which was eliminated. By 1860 the center of wheat pro-
duction had moved westward to a point eighteen miles
north by east of Indianapolis, Indiana.^^

Several factors made possible the rapid extension of
wheat farming into this region. One of these was the devel-
opment of transportation facilities. In 1850 there were
9021 miles of railroad in the country, only one-ninth of
which extended into the trans-Allegheny West. The success
of the Illinois Central Eailroad, completed to Galena by
1850, greatly stimulated railway building in the fifties. By
1860 there were 30,626 miles of railroad in the United
States. The North Central States had more than one-third
of this mileage, while the North Atlantic States claimed
second place. Ohio ranked first with 2946 miles and Illinois
second with 2790. Indiana had more than 2000 miles,
while Pennsylvania and New York both exceeded that fig-
ure. By 1860 railroads had penetrated every State east of

16 Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 32.

THE WHEAT GROWING INDUSTRY 403

the Mississippi River and the States immediately west of
the river, particularly in the North Central region, which
were just beginning a period of rapid railway development.
In the North Atlantic States, also, railways were improved
and extended to connect with the western roads, so that
improved means of communication between all parts of the
country were being rapidly developed. ^^

The new and improved facilities for the transportation of
agricultural products were instrumental in stimulating
wheat production in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and the immedi-
ately adjoining States to the west and north. Regions were
now opened up to wheat growing which heretofore had been
unable to give attention to this product owing to the com-
parative lack of transportation facilities and the high cost
of sending the wheat to market.

Another factor favoring the extension of wheat farming
was the increasingly liberal land policy of the government.
The preemption system with the squatter's right of first
purchase at the $1.25 an acre minimum had a stimulating
effect on the westward movement and caused great num-
bers of people to emigrate to the new lands. By 1860 the
total area of land disposed of by the Government under
various acts to individuals and to the States amounted to
394,089,000 acres, the greater portion of which lay in the
public land States east of the Mississippi River and in the
first tier of States west of the Mississippi.^^

The invention and introduction of improved farm ma-
chinery constituted another important factor in the exten-
sion of the wheat raising area. Among these inventions
was the reaper which could cut from ten to twelve acres of
grain in a day, whereas one man with the aid of the grain-
cradle could cut only an acre and a half or two acres in the

17 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1893, p. 272.

18 Annual Report of the General Land Office of the United States, 1860, p. 25.

404 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

same length of time.^^ During the fifties improved imple-
ments and machinery began to be brought into general use.
By 1860 the total value of farm machinery in the United
States amounted to $246,118,000.2«

Finally, the growth of the domestic markets in the rap-
idly developing manufacturing centers of the East and the
expansion of foreign markets, especially in England after
the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, developed a strong
demand for wheat which was reflected in good prices, all of
which stimulated specialization in wheat farming.^ ^

These are the forces which hastened the rapid movement
of the wheat growing industry into the North Central re-
gion, which, with its favorable soil and climate, was soon to
become the great wheat emporium of the world. The effect
of these forces did not, however, become apparent until
after 1860 when a revolution in agriculture took place,^^
one of the significant features of which was the further ex-
tension of wheat farming and increased specialization in
that industry.

The influence of these factors on the westward movement
of wheat production is shown in Table IV which gives the
ten leading wheat growing States in 1869. This shows that
wheat production had now become firmly established in the
North Central States. Illinois still retained first place,

19 See Casson's The Bomance of the Beaper; and Thwaites's Cyrus Hall
McCormiclc and the Beaper in the Proceedings of the State Historical Society
of Wisconsin, 1909, pp. 234-259.

=0 Twelfth Cens^is of the United States, 1900, Vol. V, p. 698,

21 See, for example, Thompson 's Bise and Decline of the Wheat Growing
Industry in Wisconsin, Pt. I, Ch. I, Pt. II, Chs. I, II (Bulletin of the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, Economies and Political Science Series, Vol. V, No. 3, 1909).
See also Hibbard's History of Agriculture in Bane County, Wisconsin, Pt. I,
Ch. VI (Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, Economics and Political Sci-
ence Series, Vol. I, No. 2, 1904).

22 See the writer's article on Some Significant Aspects of the Agrarian Bevo-
lution in the United States in the present issue of The Iowa Journal of
History and Politics.

THE WHEAT GROWING INDUSTRY
Table IV

405

Ten Leading Wheat Producing States in 186923

Per Cent of the

States

Bushels

Entire Wheat Crop

Illinois

30,128,405

10.5

Iowa

29,435,692

10.2

Ohio

27,882,159

9.7

Indiana

27,747,222

9.6

Wisconsin

25,006,344

8.9

Pennsylvania

19,672,967

6.8

Minnesota

18,866,073

6.6

California

16,676,702

5.8

Michigan

16,265,773

5.6

Missouri

14,315,926

5.0

while Iowa advanced from eighth to second place, thus
superseding Indiana which dropped to fourth place. Ohio
rose from fourth to third place; while Wisconsin dropped
from third to fifth place, replacing Virginia which together
with New York and Kentucky were eliminated from the
first ten. Michigan and Pennsylvania still held the same
rank as before; while two States west of the Mississippi,
Minnesota and California, took their place for the first
time as leaders in wheat production. Thus, by 1870, all the
eastern States except Pennsylvania had fallen below the
rank of tenth, being replaced by the North Central States of
Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and by the extreme
western State of California. In further evidence of the
westward march of wheat it is shown that in 1839 no State
west of the Mississippi was classed among the first ten ; in
1849 Missouri ranked tenth and was the only one in this
region; in 1859 Michigan and Iowa became competitors;
and by 1869 four States west of the Mississippi had risen
to positions among the first ten. All of the foremost wheat

23 These statistics are taken from a table in the Twelfth Census of the United
States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 92.

406 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

producing States except Pennsylvania and California were
within the Mississippi Valley. Moreover, the center of
wheat production had by 1870 moved to a point eighty-two
miles northeast of Springfield, Illinois.^^

By 1880 other western States came into prominence as
wheat growing States, while several of the older States
dropped out of the list of the first ten as shown by Table V.

Table V

Ten Leading Wheat Producing States in 18792 5

Per Cent of the

States

Bushels

Entire Wheat Crop

Illinois

51,110,502

11.1

Indiana

47,284,853

10.3

Ohio

46,014,869

10.0

Michigan

35,532,543

7.7

Minnesota

34,601,030

7.5

Iowa

31,154,205

6.8

California

29,017,707

6.3

Missouri

24,966,627

5.4

Wisconsin

24,884,689

5.4

Pennsylvania

19,462,405

4.2

It will be noted, in comparing the first ten wheat producing
States in 1879 with those of 1869, that Illinois still retained
first place ; while Indiana replaced Iowa as second and Iowa
took the place formerly held by Pennsylvania which now
dropped to tenth place. Ohio retained third place; while
Michigan advanced from ninth to fourth place. Pennsyl-
vania was reduced from sixth to tenth place, and Minnesota,
California, and Missouri stepped up in the ranks of the first
ten, occupying fifth, seventh, and eighth places, respectively.
The number of Atlantic States included in the list of the
first ten was therefore reduced from three in 1859 to one in

24 Twelfth Census of the United States. 1900, Vol. VI, p. 32.

25 These statistics are taken from a table in the Twelfth Census of the United
States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 92.

THE WHEAT GROWING INDUSTRY 407

1879 and that State occupied tenth place. And whereas but
one State west of the Mississippi River was included in the
leading ten in 1859, by 1879 four trans-Mississippi States
had entered the ranks of this group. The center of wheat
production, furthermore, had by 1880 moved to a point
sixty-nine miles northwest of Springfield, Illinois.^^

It will also be noted that there was a very marked in-
crease in the number of bushels of wheat produced in the
States composing **the big ten". This is explained largely
by the extension of the area devoted to wheat farming,
especially in the newer States. Wheat farming is particu-
larly well adapted to frontier conditions where there is
usually a scarcity of labor. It is, moreover, an extensive
type of agriculture. The specialization of wheat growing
in the first ten wheat producing States in 1879 was also
favored by the following forces : the importance of wheat as
an article of commerce; the liberal land policy with free
homesteads after 1862; the popularization of improved
farm machinery, including the twine-binder which came into
use near the close of the seventies ; the tremendous influx of
European immigration which set in on an unprecedented
scale after the Civil War to supply the labor forces needed
to recruit agriculture, industry, and commerce; the rapid
extension and development of a network of railway trans-
portation facilities ; and the great and growing demand for
western grain, particularly wheat, to supply the East, the
South, and Europe, which were becoming more and more
dependent on the virgin West for foodstuffs. By 1879 the
North Central States had become the great surplus cereal
producing region of the world.

During the succeeding two decades the influences which
have been noted became further marked. The westward
march of wheat continued, leaving the older settled regions

2e Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 32.

408 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

confronted with the necessity of introducing a more diversi-
fied as well as a more intensified system of farming, such as
prevails to-day, for example, in the State of Iowa.

By 1889 the Northwest began to assert its claim to leader-
ship in the production of wheat as shown by Table VI. The
rapid advance of Minnesota, in the production of wheat

Table VI

Ten Leading Wheat Producing States in 18892^

Per Cent of the

States

Bushels

Entire Wheat Crop

Minnesota

52,300,247

11.2

California

40,869,337

8.7

Illinois

37,389,444

8.0

Indiana

37,318,798

8.0

Ohio

35,559,208

7.6

Kansas

30,399,871

6.5

Missouri

30,113,821

6.4

North Dakota

26,403,365

5.6

Michigan

24,771,171

5.3

Pennsylvania

21,595,499

4.6

from fifth place in 1879 to first place in 1889 and the fact
that Pennsylvania, still remaining at the bottom of the list,
was the only eastern State to rank among the first ten,
shows to what a great extent wheat was becoming a
western product. California forged ahead from seventh
to second place, thus bringing the Pacific Coast to the front
as a wheat producing region. Illinois dropped from first to
third place, Indiana from second to fourth place, and Ohio
from third to fifth place. Wisconsin dropped out alto-
gether, its place being taken by Michigan which dropped
to ninth place. Kansas replaced Iowa, and North Da-
kota entered the list ranking eighth. Thus by 1890 the

27 These statistics are taken from a table in the Twelfth Census of the United
States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 92.

THE WHEAT GROWING INDUSTRY

409

Northwest, as represented by Minnesota and North Dakota,
was beginning to assert its claim as the great wheat pro-
ducing area of the country. Meanwhile, the center of wheat
production had moved westward to a point one hundred and
thirty-eight miles south by east of Des Moines, Iowa.-®

Table VII

Ten Leading Wheat Producing States in 18992 9

Per Cent of the

States

Bushels

Entire Wheat Crop

Minnesota

95,278,660

14.5

North Dakota

59,888,810

9.1

Ohio

50,376,800

7.6

South Dakota

41,889,380

6.4

Kansas

38,778,450

5.9

California

36,534,407

5.5

Indiana

34,986,280

5.3

Nebraska

24,924,520

3.8

Missouri

23,072,768

3.5

Iowa

22,769,440

3.5

By the end of the century the wheat belt had moved def-
initely into the western group of the North Central States,
as shown by Table VII which gives the first ten wheat pro-
ducing States for 1899. Minnesota retained first place and
Illinois dropped out altogether. North Dakota ranked sec-
ond, thus taking the place of California, now reduced to
sixth place, while Indiana dropped from fourth to seventh
place. Ohio recaptured third place while South Dakota
entered the list taking the place of Indiana. Kansas came
up to fifth place which had previously been held by Ohio.
Nebraska was added, taking eighth place. Missouri was
reduced to ninth place, while Iowa again produced enough

28 Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 32.

29 These statistics are taken from a table in the Ttvelfth Census of the United
States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 92.

410 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

wheat to be included in the list, ranking tenth. Wisconsin
and Pennsylvania dropped out altogether.

By 1900 the North Atlantic group of States were no
longer represented in the list of the first ten wheat pro-
ducing States and only two States — Ohio and Indiana —
in the East North Central group remained in the list. Four
new States of the West North Central group had been added
— the two Dakotas, Kansas, and Nebraska — thus giving
this region seven of the ten leading wheat producing States,
with California making a total of eight out of the first ten
in the region beyond the Mississippi River. The center of
wheat production had now moved to a point seventy miles
west of Des Moines.-^"

The following decade witnessed a further extension of
the wheat belt due to the continued operation of the forces
already described. Table VIII gives the first ten wheat
producing States for 1909. In comparing the wheat pro-
duction of 1909 with that of 1899 it is found that North
Dakota advanced from second to first place, thus crowding

Table VIII

Ten Leading

Wheat Producing States in 1909^1

Pee Cent of the

States

Bushels

Entire Wheat Crop

North Dakota

116,781,886

17.0

Kansas

77,577,115

9.9

Minnesota

57,094,412

8.3

Nebraska

47,685,745

6.9

South Dakota

47,059,590

6.9

Washington

40,920,390

5.9

Illinois

37,830,732

5.5

Indiana

33,935,972

4.9

Ohio

30,663.704

4.5

Missouri

29,837,429

4.3

30 Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 32.

31 These statistics are taken from a table in the Thirteenth Census of the
United States, 1910, Vol. V, pp. 590, 591.

THE WHEAT GROWING INDUSTRY 411

out Minnesota which, however, still held a high place as
third in the list. Kansas rose from fifth to second place
while Ohio dropped from third to ninth place. Nebraska
rose from eighth to fourth place, taking the place of South
Dakota which dropped to fifth. Washington entered the
list occupying sixth place, superseding California which
dropped out altogether. Illinois reentered the list as sev-
enth, while Indiana dropped from seventh to eighth place.
Missouri dropped from ninth to tenth place and Iowa was
eliminated altogether.

A study of the preceding tables shows the tendency of
the wheat growing industry to become concentrated in the
West North Central States, or what James J. Hill termed
''The Great Northwest". Only three States east of the
Mississippi remained in the list of the first ten wheat pro-
ducing States and not one of these showed a material in-
crease in wheat production. While Iowa dropped out of the
list altogether, Missouri showed a substantial increase.
North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska, however,
showed an increased production of wheat nearly double that
returned by the United States census of 1900, and the entry
of Washington emphasized the importance of the Pacific
Coast as a wheat producing region.

Finally, the relative importance of the nine geographic
divisions of the country in the production of wheat for the
years 1899 and 1909 is shown by Table IX. This shows that
in 1909 the seven West North Central States — Minnesota,
North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and
Missouri — produced 384,092,000 bushels of wheat; while
the five East North Central States — Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Wisconsin, and Michigan — produced 121,098,000 bushels,
or less than one-third of that produced by the West North
Central group. Moreover, the first group showed an in-
crease of 77,490,000 bushels of wheat or 25.3 per cent over
the amount returned by the census of 1900 ; while the second

412 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

group showed a decrease of 3,601,000 bushels or 10.1 per
cent less than the returns of 1900. All other divisions re-
cord a lower production for 1909 than for 1899, except the
Mountain States, which include Montana, Wyoming, Idaho,
Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Oregon, and New Mexico.

Table IX

Wheat Production by Geographic Divisions

FOR THE Years 1899 and 190932

1899

1909

Per Cent op

Division

Bushels

Increase

West North Central

306,602,028

84,092,121

25.3

East North Central

134,698,890

121,097,675

—10.1

Pacific

72,230,570

59,580,347

—17.5

Middle Atlantic

32,947,945

29,717,833

—9.8

Mountain

18,084,360

29,654,968

64.0

South Atlantic

31,902,857

26,650,768

—16.5

West South Central

35,046,935

17,096,127

—51.2

East South Central

26,854,542

15,374,422

—42.7

Neiv England

166,125

114,998

—30.8

It will therefore be seen from the foregoing considera-
tions that the North Central States during the first decade
of the present century, as in the late decades of the nine-
teenth century, far outstripped the remaining sections of
the country in the production of wheat. This further points
to the conclusion that for many years to come the Missouri-
Mississippi Eiver system is destined to remain the home of
the wheat growing industry in the United States. Mean-
while, the westward movement of the wheat growing indus-
try has brought the Canadian Northwest to the front as a
worthy competitor. Louis Beknaed Schmidt

The Iowa State College op

Agricltlture and Mechanic Arts

Ames Iowa

32 These statistics are taken from a table in the Thirteenth Census of the
United States, 1910, Vol. V, p. 590. The minus sign before the per cent indi-
cates decrease.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE MILITIA IN IOWA

1898-1916

[This paper covers the period from the Spanish- American War to the recent
mustering of the Guard into Federal service for border duty in 1916. Articles
dealing with the earlier periods in the history of the militia in Iowa appear
under a similar title in the Iotva Journal of History and Politics for July,
1919, and January, 1920. — Editor]

During the Spanish- American War the entire National
Guard of Iowa was either mustered into Federal service or
discharged, so that for a time Iowa was without an organ-
ized militia of any kind. Technically, of course, all mem-
bers w^ere discharged from the Guard: those who volun-
teered for United States service were given honorable dis-
charges as of the dates of muster-in of their respective
regiments; those who failed to volunteer and those who
were rejected upon physical examination were also honor-
ably discharged from the service of the State. ^

Almost immediately many applications were received
for the organization of Guard companies to take the place
of the ones which had '* volunteered to do battle for their
country and flag." The Governor and Adjutant General
decided that the vacancies created by the companies volun-
teering were to be ''kept sacred for them until their re-
turn. "^

The Fiftieth and Fifty-second regiments were mustered
out of United States service in October and November of
1898 and were reorganized into National Guard companies
and regiments, retaining their company and regimental
designations and, largely, their w^ar-time personnel.

1 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1899, p. 9.

2 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1899, p. 2,

VOL. xvin— 27 413

414 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

There seemed to be a distinct feeling throughout the
State that the National Guard was a valuable instrument of
protection, and should be encouraged. The presence of war
had emphasized the importance of the organization and the
sentiment was general that it should be perpetuated. ' ' The
state has every reason to be proud of its gallant soldiers in
the Spanish and Philippine wars, ' ' wrote Inspector General
Lincoln in 1899, "but advantage should be taken of all
learned by experience in the field, and old errors should be
eliminated from the guard so we may be better trained for
future call to service."^

The Fiftieth and Fifty-second regiments camped during
the summer of 1899 — the Fiftieth regiment at Burlington
and the Fifty-second at Clear Lake. Troop A, of cavalry,
which had been organized at Des Moines late in 1898,
camped with the Fifty-second regiment. Rain interfered
with this camp, but drills and ceremonies were executed
nevertheless and the conduct of the men was excellent.
The after-war spirit, however, broke loose in the camp of
the Fiftieth regiment, and, while ceremonies and drill were
well attended to, discipline was poor. The use of liquor was
said to be ''entirely too free" and there were reported
raids on private property in the vicinity of camp. Indeed,
the Assistant Inspector General called the attention of the
visiting staff officers ' ' to the fact that their tour of duty, or
visit at the camp, is not for the purpose of absorbing liquor,
but to learn the duties of their departments".^

It was suggested after the encampment of 1899 that the
Guard be encamped thereafter by brigades. ' ' The late war
proved", it was said, "how greatly we need officers com-
petent from experience to handle successfully large bodies

3 Eeport of the Adjuta7H General of lotva, 1899, pp. 14, 515.

4 Be'port of the Adjutant General of loica, 1899, p. 517.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 415

of troops."^ The criticism was made, also, that too much
time was spent in useless parades and ceremonies. "What
need of even such a thing as a practice review? Forma-
tions for attack may well be substituted for ceremonies."^

Several of the recommendations of the Adjutant General
in his report for 1899 are worthy of mention. He wanted
the system of election of National Guard officers abolished
for he was of the opinion that Iowa would never have a well
disciplined Guard as long as the enlisted men were allowed
to elect their own officers. This, he thought, was the great-
est weakness in the organization of the State troops.

A permanent camp ground and target range owned by
the State was urged as a necessity. It was also proposed
that the State use its influence to secure legislation by the
Federal government making State troops national in fact as
well as in name. Finally, it was suggested that ' ' the enlist-
ment oath be such as to include any and all service under
the general government."^

By November 30, 1899, the time of the Adjutant Gen-
eral's report, three companies of the Forty-ninth regiment
and one company of the Fifty-first regiment had been re-
organized. Reorganization proceeded rapidly so that all
four regiments were soon filled up and all camped in 1900.
Enlistments in the Iowa National Guard were now in ac-
cord with the Regular Army standard, as laid down in
Tripler's Manual.^

The legislation of 1900 repealed the Code section which
provided for the organization of the Guard into two brig-
ades, leaving the regiment as the highest unit. Thus there
were left no general officers of the Guard aside from staff

5 Report of the Adjutant General of Toica, 1S99, p. 515.

6 Eeport of the Adjntant General of Iowa, 1899, p. 515.

7 Eeport of the Adjiitant General of Iowa, 1899, pp. 20, 21.

8 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1899, p. 19, 1901, p. 4,

416 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

officers. The salary of the Adjutant General was increased
to $2000 and he was given a record clerk at a salary of
$1200. When State troops were employed in Federal ser-
vice, the compensation of the Adjutant Greneral was to be
that of a Colonel in the Eegular Army. He was also to act
as Quartermaster General at such times. The grade of
regimental quartermaster was changed from First Lieu-
tenant to Captain.

The organization of the company, troop, and battery was
changed somewhat. An infantry company could now have
a first sergeant, quartermaster sergeant, and two cooks, in
addition to the duty sergeants and corporals earlier author-
ized. Troops and batteries were allowed a farrier, black-
smith and saddler, but no veterinarian. In the medical and
staff departments the changes were mostly occasioned by
the abolition of brigades, thus making unnecessary brigade
staff officers.

A new departure in militia legislation in Iowa was the
following provision : ' ' That there shall also be paid to each
officer and soldier for attendance at company drill at the
company station, the sum of ten cents per hour and not
exceeding twenty cents in any one week, provided, that from
any money due any officer or soldier for attendance at com-
pany drills shall be deducted the sum of ten cents per hour
and not exceeding twenty cents in any one week for absence
without leave from any such drills."^

A measure for the benefit of Spanish- American War vet-
erans was promulgated as General Order No. 3, on March
23, 1900. By it all former members of the Iowa National
Guard who had volunteered and had been mustered into
United States service, as well as those who had passed the
physical examination and had volunteered for United States
service, but for whom there had been no opportunity to

9 Laws of Iowa, 1900, Chs. 72, 73.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 417

serve because of the difference in organization of the Iowa
National Guard and the volunteer regiments, and who had
joined the Guard upon its reorganization, were given a rec-
ord of continuous service.^*^

In June, 1900, orders were issued providing for the or-
ganization of a Signal Department and a Medical Depart-
ment of the Iowa National Guard. The Signal Department
was to consist, in addition to the commissioned officers au-
thorized by the Code, of four sergeants, eight corporals, and
twenty-eight privates, to be taken proportionately from the
four regiments. The enlisted men of the Medical Depart-
ment were to be four hospital stewards, twelve acting hospi-
tal stewards, and twenty-four privates similarly recruited.^^

Encampment in the summer of 1900 was by regiment;
but in 1901 the Forty-ninth regiment and the Fiftieth regi-
ment camped together at Dubuque, and the Fifty-first regi-
ment and the Fifty-second regiment camped together at
Council Bluffs, thus forming two provisional brigades. In
both years Troop A of cavalry was assigned to camp with
the Fifty-first regiment of infantry.. Summer camps were
by this time no experiment. Some were more successful
than others because some officers were more conscientious
than others. Always there were faults to correct and al-
ways there were things that might be improved. They
proved themselves ''experimental soldiers" in 1900 by fly-
ing the flag from a box kite instead of a pole, which was
said to be ''more novel than military ".^^

At the close of the camps of 1901 the Inspector General
wrote that there were "three things our camps can dispense
with to the good of the service, viz: Sutlers, Y. M. C. A.,
and women.

10 Eeport of the Adjutant General of loiva, 1901, Appendix, p. 14.

11 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1901, Appendix, pp. 39, 40.

12 Eeport of the Adjutant General of loica, 1901, Appendix, p. 74.

418 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

''There is nothing the sutler sells the men would not be
better without. The ration is sufficient for the authorized
enlisted force in camp and does not need to be eked out with
poor ices, ice cream, and so-called 'soft drinks' that are
worse than slops and ruinous to the stomach.

' ' The Y. M. C. A. are not required in camp to either han-
dle mail or advertise themselves on elaborate letter-heads
erroneously printed. It should be part of camp instruction
for a command to care for its own mail. In the short
week of camp it is not really necessary to write many letters
and the men should be taught to look out for themselves in
regard to writing materials, stamps, etc.

"As to women living in camp, it is a difficult subject to
properly treat. But if they do not know or care that they
are a nuisance, underfoot, and a detriment to the good work
and benefits expected of camp, they have so far unsexed
themselves as to be for once on an equality with men and
should be plainly ordered to stay out of camp. They be-
come a nuisance as soon as they leave home with a com-
mand, crowding the cars to the discomfort of the men, and
in camp they not only crowd the grounds, but eat to the
detriment of the company messes, and I have never heard
of their 'chipping in' to help out the mess . . . .
Camps should not be made a military picnic. "^-^

In 1900 the first State rifle meet since 1897 was held. It
seemed certain now that the militia was soon to be outfitted
with the "Krag" rifle used by the Regular Army, or with
some other high power rifle, and for this reason it was
again urged that a permanent State Eifle Range be acquired
and owned by the State.^^

During the biennial period ending November 30, 1901, six
companies of infantry were mustered out and five com-

13 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1901, p. 73.

14 Report of the Adjutant General of loiva, 1901, Appendix, p. 56.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 419

panies in other cities accepted in their places. Another was
being organized at the time of the Adjutant General's re-
port. Troop A of cavalry was also mustered out in August,
1901.^^ Every year or almost every year saw some com-
panies mustered out because of inefficiency or failure to
maintain minimum strength. All men enlisting in Guard
companies were now required to pass a physical examina-
tion; but it was alleged that the examining physicians did
not always do their work carefully. Some companies still
perpetuated the idea of the militia being a social organiza-
tion by maintaining recruiting committees and voting on
candidates for membership.^f" Indeed, the cavalry equip-
ment of the State was in the possession of a private riding
club.i^

The Twenty-ninth General Assembly in 1902 included a
signal company in the authorized organization of the
Guard, prescribed its personnel, and abolished the office of
regimental signal officer. Deputy Surgeons were made
Deputy Surgeons General, and Assistant Inspectors of
Small Arms Practice became Assistant General Inspectors
of Small Arms Practice. It was required that aids to the
Governor must hereafter be men who had served in the reg-
ular or volunteer service of the United States or in the Iowa
National Guard one year. It was prescribed that the duties
of the Quartermaster General were to be performed by the
Adjutant General, although the list of staff officers still
included a Quartermaster General.

The Code of .1897 provided that National Guard troops
when in the service of the United States should receive from
the State the same compensation and subsistence that the
army of the United States received. The words ^'from the

15 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1901, pp. 3, 4.

16 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1901, Appendix, pp. 74, 76.

17 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1901, p. 76.

420 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

state" were stricken out in 1902. Eeenlistments in the
Guard must now be made within thirty days to insure a
record of continuous service. The armory allowance was
increased from $200 to $300 and the annual appropriation
for Guard expenses from $52,200 to $57,350.18

A new departure so far as Iowa was concerned was au-
thorized when this General Assembly enacted a law pro-
viding that at the discretion of the Governor there might be
organized a naval force to be designated "Naval Militia"
to consist of one ship's crew and commissioned officers
therefor. It was provided, however, that said naval militia
must be organized and equipped "without expense to the
state of Iowa, or to the appropriation for the maintenance
of the Iowa national guard, or the appropriation made by
the general government to aid the national guard of the
several states. "^^^ As a matter of fact, this law never was
made effective, because the "Naval Militia" was never
organized.

The signal company authorized by law was organized in
Bes Moines in April, 1902.-« During 1902 and 1903 eight
infantry companies and one regimental band were mustered
out — all but one upon the recommendation of the Inspector
General's department — and others accepted to take their
places.-^

General Orders No. 19, under date of November 26, 1902,
changed the designation numbers of the four regiments.
The Forty-ninth regiment became the Fifty-third, the Fifti-
eth became the Fifty-fourth, the Fifty-first became the
Fifty-fifth, and the Fifty-second became the Fifty-sixth.
The State, furthermore, was divided up into four military

18 Laws of Iowa, 1902, Chs. 88, 89.

19 Laws of Iowa, 1902, Ch. 90.

20 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1903, p. 95.

21 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1903, p. 4.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 421

districts and counties were designated as being in certain
districts.-^

The Guard camped in 1902 and ]903 by regiments. In
the latter year the Fifty-fifth regiment went to Fort Riley,
Kansas, for maneuvers with Regular Army troops. It had
with it at this time detachments from the other regiments
to bring its rifle companies up to the required strength.
The Fifty-fourth regiment took part the same year in the
dedicatory ceremonies of the Louisiana Purchase Exposi-
tion in St. Louis. Company A, Fifty-third regiment, did
strike duty at Dubuque in the month of June, 1903, in con-
nection with a street car strike.-^

The well-known ''Dick Bill", passed by Congress to in-
crease the efficiency of the militia, became a law in 1903. ^^
It was under the provisions of this act that the Fifty-fifth
regiment had maneuvered with the Regular Army in 1903
at Fort Riley, Kansas.

In 1904 the General Assembly made a number of changes
in the militia law, some of them necessitated by the legis-
lation of Congress. Thus it was allowed that in lieu of
encampments State troops might be sent to participate in
maneuvers with the Regular Army for not more than fifteen
days a year. The law as to payment for active service was
rewritten and made clear and definite. Larger power over
the men at encampments was given the commander-in-chief.
Greater restrictions were set up on the selling of liquor
near camp grounds used for drill, target practice, or other
duty.

The regimental staffs, commissioned and non-commis-
sioned, underwent minor alterations. So, too, did the or-

22 Eeport of the Adjutant General of loiva, 1903, pp. 200, 201.

23 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1903, pp. 6, 7,

24 For a discussion of the terms of this bill see The Iowa Journal of His-
tory AND Politics, Vol. XVII, p. 308.

422 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ganization of the bands. Company organization now
included an artificer. The medical and staff department
sections of the Code were rewritten but not materially
changed. The Governor was again authorized to appoint
an Assistant Adjutant General with the grade of Major
upon the recommendation of the Adjutant General.^^

The annual appropriation was increased to $70,000 to
take care of the added expense incident to payment for com-
pany drill. The provision for pay was also extended to in-
clude target practice as well as company drill. An addi-
tional emergency appropriation of $10,000 was made to pay
a deficit in running expenses. It was still further provided
that when the act pending at that time in Congress by which
some $20,545.70 was to be given to Iowa in payment of
Spanish War claims, was passed, the money should be ex-
pended for a permanent State camp ground.-^

In July, 1904, this permanent camp ground was pur-
chased. It comprised a quarter section of land adjoining
the Fort Des Moines Military Eeservation, five and a quar-
ter miles south of the city of Des Moines. Provisional bri-
gade camps were held here in 1904 and regimental camps in
1905. Improvement of the grounds was hindered by lack
of funds, but a few temporary buildings were erected and
the entire tract was seeded. Indeed, it was recommended
that a practice march combined with maneuvers take the
place of the 1906 encampment, in order that the new growth
of grass might be undamaged, and a perfect sod be
formed.^"^

No sooner did the permanent State camp ground become
an actuality than many of the Guard officers decided it was
a mistake to have one — that camping in the same place

25 Laws of Iowa, 1904, Ch. 77.

'26 Laws of Iowa, 1904, Chs. 77, 151, 152.

27 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1905, pp. 13, 14, 66.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 423

every year was the wrong principle. One reason for dis-
satisfaction was the poor transportation facilities between
Des Moines and the camp. The street railway company
showed no disposition to cooperate with the military in this
respect. "I would therefore recommend", wrote the In-
spector General in 1905, ''that if this condition is not
changed and ample and satisfactory facilities are not pro-
vided or guaranteed by them before the next annual en-
campments, that the present camp grounds be disposed of
by sale or other\\dse and the permanent camp be located
elsewhere."-* This was not an objection to the system of a
permanent camp, but merely to its location.

But other officers thought the system a failure. Lieuten-
ant Colonel Hubert A. Allen, in command of the Fifty-
third regiment, wrote in 1905, "I am convinced after two
years camping at the permanent camp grounds at Des
Moines, that a permanent camp ground located at Des
Moines, is a detriment to the Guard for various reasons
among which I might mention the following: Anything
that tends to dampen the enthusiasm of the members to-
ward attending camp is detrimental. That there is very
little desire among men who have attended one camp at the
permanent camp ground to attend another is well known to
most company commanders, at least in the 53rd Regiment.

"I find that the best companies are those who have the
earnest and hearty support of their home communities, that
if their weekly drills are attended by their home citizens it
has a very encouraging and beneficial effect upon the com-
pany. Why shouldn't the same thing hold true in camp.
If there are large crowds out to see the drills, is there not
an incentive for the men to make their most creditable ap-
pearance and do their best work. . . .

"Camps have been and should be a great inducement to

28 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1905, p. 72.

424 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

men to join and others to stay in. If a permanent camp
fails to do this we should revert to the old method of 'pass-
ing it around. ' .... In my way of thinking a yearly
encampment in different cities give the officers and men
standing and influence in every such encampment in a dif-
ferent city and adds that much to the constituency to the
guard .... and after all we are much more depend-
ent upon the state of Iowa than upon the National Govern-
ment and the State must stand back of our future
growth. "29

But Adjutant General William H. Thrift, who had been
appointed February 1, 1905, favored the permanent ground.
'*I am decidedly in favor of the State Camp Grounds," he
wrote, ''and believe it would be a serious mistake should
the Guard return to the old system of holding their en-
campments in regimental districts, as has been suggest-
ed."3''^

Again in 1906 the legislature made a number of changes
in the militia laws. It was enacted that when the Guard was
ordered into service, it was to be "as organized and offi-
cered" unless otherwise directed in the requisition. The
time within which a guardsman might re-enlist and have a
record of continuous service was extended to ninety days.
Some changes were made relative to the Governor's staff.
The Quartermaster General was required to act as Commis-
sary General. The provision for a Military Secretary was
left out. It was directed that the staff might be appointed
and commissioned by the Governor, or detailed from the
Guard, or might consist of United States Army officers de-
tailed for duty by the War Department. Such officers
might be assigned grade in the Guard up to Colonel. Regi-
mental hospital detachments consisting of a first class

29 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1905, pp. 75, 76.
^0 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1905, p. 14.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 425

sergeant, two sergeants, one cook, and twelve to fifteen
privates were authorized.

The duties of the Adjutant Cleneral were prescribed, and
it was provided that when in United States service he was
to receive the pay and allowance of a Brigadier General.
The ten day limit on camps was abolished. The Code sec-
tion prohibiting compensation for company drill was re-
pealed, having been repealed by implication before when
such pay was authorized. Accountable officers were here-
after to give bond and it was made the duty of the Attorney
General to prosecute actions on such bonds.

Inspections by Eegular Army officers were authorized;
and schools of instruction were to be maintained if suffi-
cient funds were available. It was further provided that
four regimental rifle ranges might be designated, and that
$2000 might be spent for the acquisition and construction of
each ; that $200 might be spent annually for the rental and
maintenance of such regimental ranges ; and that each com-
pany might receive $100 annually for the maintenance of a
company range, ''when sufficient funds are available be-
yond other requirements".

One hundred dollars annually was allowed each regimen-
tal headquarters, each company commander, and each regi-
mental band, for postage, stationery, and clerk hire, as well
as $10 each to the Surgeon General, the General Inspector
of Small Arms Practice, and each regimental Inspector of
Small Arms Practice. Armory rent was increased to $600
for each company or band and $100 was allowed for each
regimental hospital detachment. The Assistant Adjutant
General was given a salary of $1500 annually in time of
peace. The total annual appropriation for the National
Guard was increased from $70,000 to $82,000,^^ still $18,000
short of what the Adjutant General asked.^^

31 Lmvs of Iowa, 1906, Ch. 91,

32 Eeport of the Adjtitant General of Iowa, 1905, p. 12.

426 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Again in 1905 there was a sentiment expressed against
sutlers and the Y. M. C. A. ''The selling of privileges,
especially for a sutler 's quarters, ' ' wrote the Colonel of the
Fifty-sixth regiment, ''I think very detrimental to the dis-
cipline and health of the regiment.

"This regiment, having a competent as well as an experi-
enced Chaplain, could in my judgment do away with Y. M.
C. A. quarters, as I can see no advantage and possibly some
disadvantages. This being a school of instruction in Mili-
tary duties instead of religion. "^^

Field service in 1906, as had been recommended by the
Adjutant General, consisted of practice marches with
maneuvers for three of the regiments. The Fifty-third
regiment marched from Dubuque to Maquoketa, the Fifty-
fourth from Muscatine to Davenport, and the Fifty-fifth
from Red Oak to Atlantic. The Fifty-sixth regiment ma-
neuvered at Fort Riley, Kansas, with regular troops. The
First Signal Company had been mustered out June 1, 1906,
for failure to retain the required standard of efficiency.
Prior to the practice marches there was held a school of
instruction for officers.^*

Due to the change in the j^ears of meeting of the General
Assembly, a change was made in the time the Adjutant Gen-
eral should submit his report, so that General Thrift's next
report was made in December, 1906. At that time all in-
fantry regiments were full, no changes having been made
since the previous report. The minimum strength of com-
panies was fifty enlisted men and three officers. Each regi-
ment had a hospital corps and a band. Fvery company but
one had had rifle practice on its company range, and every
company had been inspected by Federal officers. All in all,
the Guard was an efficient organization.

33 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1905, p. 85.

34 Eeport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1906, pp. 4, 96, 97.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 427

The legislation of 1906, in repealing section 7 of chapter
77, of the laws of 1904 had abolished the offices created by
said section 7, according to an opinion given by the Ad-
jutant General, and hence it was held that the tenure of
office of the Commissary General, Military Secretary, Dep-
uty Surgeon General, four Regimental Surgeons, eight
Regimental Assistant Surgeons, Assistant Inspector Gen-
eral, four Regimental Inspectors of Small Arms Practice,
and the Engineer Officer had terminated on April 12, 1906,
the day chapter 91 of the acts of the Thirty-first General
Assembly became law; and they were accordingly given
honorable discharges from the service of the State. Major
Surgeons were also instructed to muster out the enlisted
men of their department.

Another section of chapter 91 of the laws of 1906 recre-
ated some of these offices, and also provided for a hospital
detachment for each regiment. These were regarded as
new offices, and must be filled by new appointments, accord-
ingly each regimental commander w^as ordered to make
recommendations for one Major Surgeon, two Assistant
Surgeons, one Quartermaster Commissary officer for each
battalion, and an officer to serve as Regimental Inspector of
Small Arms Practice. Major Surgeons were to make the
required enlistments in the Hospital Corps.^'"^

The Thirty-second General Assembly did not materially
change the militia law. The most important military act of
this Assembly was one increasing the annual appropriation
to $100,000. The law which paid guardsmen for attending
company drill was repealed and instead a lump sum of $500
was authorized to be given to companies showing good at-
tendance at drills. Lesser sums were authorized for bands
and hospital corps. The incidental expense money for

35 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1906, pp. 93, 94.

428 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

bands was reduced to $50 and that for staff officers was in-
creased to $50.^^

It was in 1907 that the Roster and Record of Iowa Sol-
diers, for which Adjutant General Nathaniel B. Baker had
pleaded so earnestly, was authorized. Still another law of
1907 made it possible to sell the permanent State Camp
Grounds and buy a new one, the new site to be "adjacent to
a rifle range to be acquired for the use of the guard by the
United States."'"

In 1907 all regiments participated together in field ma-
neuvers at Des Moines. In 1908 the Fifty-third and Fifty-
fourth regiments went to Fort Riley, Kansas, while the
Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth held regimental encampments at
Clarinda and Spirit Lake respectively. Considerable atten-
tion was being given at this time to small arms firing.
Smith W. Brookhart had been appointed General Inspector
of Small Arms Practice in January, 1907. Iowa teams were
competing successfully in the national and inter-State rifle
meets. The new rifle range was completed in October, 1907,
eleven miles north of the city of Des Moines. The Guard
was now armed with Springfields, and each company put
considerable emphasis on target practice.^^

The members of the Guard were making a strenuous at-
tempt now to be real soldiers. Every effort was put forth
to merit the approval of the Federal government. The Cap-
tain of a Davenport company was courtmartialed for dis-
obedience of orders in not stopping a prize fight. Objection
was made that the first sergeant of Company L, 56th In-
fantry, lived in South Dakota, and held a commission as
aid on the staff of the Governor of South Dakota, and hence
was not properly even a member of the Iowa National

36 Law;s of Iowa, 1907, Ch. 117.

S7 Laws of Iowa, 1907, Chs. 223, 241.

ss Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1908, pp. 6, 8.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 429

Guard. The Iowa Eifle Association was a big help in get-
ting people interested in the Guard. The Division of Militia
Affairs was created in the War Department in 1908, and
there was active cooperation between State and nation.
Federal officers inspected the Guard regularly. The com-
pany minimum had now been set by Congress at fifty-eight
enlisted men and three officers, which minimum must be
reached by the State by January, 1910.

A statement made in 1908 by one of the inspecting officers
corroborates the opinion of those who argued for the doing
away with the permanent camp ground at Des Moines. * ' It
is the duty of the state," he wrote, *'to consider the indi-
vidual as well as the public welfare. For many members of
the guard, the summer encampment or maneuver is the only
outing they have and the state should, therefore, select
places for encampments and maneuvers which, while af-
fording reasonable advantages from a military standpoint,
would also give the soldier, when not engaged in military
work, an opportunity for enjoyable recreation. This year's
camp of the 56th regiment at Spirit Lake was ideal in that
respect. There the men when off duty could swim, fish, row,
and engage in other outdoor sports desirable for young
men. "^^

The Thirty-third General Assembly, in 1909, repealed all
former militia laws^^ and enacted an entirely new Military
Code. Under it the militia was extended to include ' ' every
able-bodied male of foreign birth, who has declared his in-
tention to become a citizen, who is between the ages of 18
and 45 years," as well as male citizens between those ages.

The new law was very compact, yet so elastic as to allow
the Governor to change the organization of the Guard from

z^ Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1908, pp. 8, 228, 239, 318, 368,
457.

*o This enactment removed the authorization for Naval Militia.

VOL. xvni — 28

430 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

time to time, so as to conform to the requirements for the
organized militia under the laws of the United States. In-
deed, it was made mandatory for him to so do.

The four regiments of infantry were continued, a ma-
chine gun company was authorized as well as a medical
department consisting of a medical corps and a hospital
corps. The term of general, field, and line officers was made
eight years. The Governor's staff was to be made up of an
Adjutant General, an Assistant Adjutant General, and
twelve Aids. The salary of the Adjutant General was made
$2200 in peace time, and the same as that of a Brigadier
General in war time. Divisional, brigade, and regimental
staffs were provided. Thus while the law did not specif-
ically provide for brigades, or a division, it implied that
such were to be organized.

A significant provision in this law was one which allowed
the President of the United States to call the National
Guard for service outside the United States. The time limit
on the annual encampments was removed. Armory rent
was increased to $800 annually for each company, with $500
for each band and $300 for each hospital corps ; and armo-
ries were made exempt from taxation. Incorporation of
companies was made allowable, and the annual appropria-
tion for the entire Guard was increased to $140,000.^^

In accordance with this law, a brigade was organized on
July 5, 1909, consisting of four infantry regiments. The
Medical Department was made a separate organization.
Plans were made for creating a field hospital company and
an ambulance company. Officers were commissioned and
assigned to the Adjutant General's Department, the Judge
Advocate General's Department, the Quartermaster's De-
partment, the Subsistence Department, the Ordnance De-
partment, the Engineer Corps, and the Signal Corps, but

41 Laws of Iowa, 1909, Ch. 131.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 431

these organizations were not further perfected. Eegimen-
tal organizations were changed to conform to War Depart-
ment regulations. Machine gun companies could not be
organized because of a change in the model of gun for this
branch of service. This reorganization was spoken of as a
''remarkable change in the National Guard of this State,"
the most remarkable feature of which was "the stride taken
toward efficiency and an assumption of the organization of
the United States Army."^^

This reorganization was effected largely by Greneral Or-
ders No. 13, published on June 25, 1909, which established
offices, corps, and departments, presented tables of organ-
ization, provided for election of officers and made some
assignments.^^

Encampments in 1909 were by regiment. Two troops of
United States Cavalry were detailed for duty with each
camp. In 1910, the First Brigade, less one regiment (Fifty-
fourth Infantry) maneuvered with troops from the United
States Army at Camp McCoy, near Sparta, Wisconsin.
The Fifty-fourth Infantry went into regimental camp at
Iowa City in conjunction with two troops from the Sixth
United States Cavalry.^^

By General Orders No. 9, issued under date of April 29,
1910, the State Camp Ground eleven miles north of Des
Moines was named Camp Dodge, in honor of Major Gren-
ville M. Dodge.

Iowa showed up particularly well in the national rifle
shoot in 1910. In the skirmish, the most important part of
the national match, Iowa made the high run. This feat put
Iowa in third place in the national match. The Marine
Corps tied with Iowa in points, but for technical reasons

42 Seport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1910, pp. 3, 4,

43 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1910, pp. 246-253.

44 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1910, p. 8.

432 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

was ruled out. It was the first time an Iowa team had won
a place.^^

Eegimental camps were held in 1911. Only one regiment,
however, the Fifty-sixth Infantry, to which was attached
the Field Hospital, camped at the State Camp Ground at
Camp Dodge. In 1912 the entire First Brigade was ordered
in maneuver camp with one squadron from the Sixth United
States Cavalry at Iowa Falls.

Adjutant General Guy E. Logan, who had been commis-
sioned on February 1, 1909, reported in December, 1912,
that the only change in organization since the last report
was the organizing of a Field Hospital, completely equipped
with operating tables, surgical instruments, tentage, and
the like. There had also been received full equipment for
four machine gun companies, but the companies had not
been organized. There had, of course, been the usual num-
ber of companies mustered out and others mustered in to
take their places.

Iowa guardsmen won two places on a team of eight
marksmen who represented the United States in the
Olympic games. Lieutenant Colonel Smith W. Brookhart,
too, was selected to captain the rifle team which competed
in the Palma match with Canada in 1912. The Guard, un-
doubtedly animated by rumors of possible Mexican service,
was reaching a high plane as a potential fighting force.
Colonel William T. Chantland, who terminated his active
command of the Fifty-sixth Infantry in 1912, made an in-
teresting commentary on this development: ''It seems en-
tirely useless," he wrote, ''to compare the Guard when I
entered it in 1892, with it now, twenty years after, in 1912.
It is not at all the same institution. At that time it was, at
its best, a well-drilled, half military, half display institu-

45 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1910, pp. 335, 373. But see
Beport of the Adjutant General of loiva, 1912, p. 7.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 433

tion. Now, at its best, it is a well-equipped military insti-
tution nearly, if not quite, ready to take the field for active
service. Officers and non-commissioned officers now are
devoting every bit of spare time and energy to the study of
the problem of field service, equipment, sanitation, main-
tenance and efficiency. In other words, now the force is in
dead earnest for the ultimate object of its existence, namely,
to put the greatest number of effective men oti the firing
line, in the highest state of efficiency, when needed. "^^

Colonel Chantland had some very definite ideas, too, as to
the summer encampments, which are worth repeating. He
wrote :

I conceive in general the object of an encampment of the Na-
tional Guard to be fourfold:

(1) To ascertain, by the experience in camp and field, how
nearly the commands are fit for actual service on short notice.

(2) To provide remedies as fully as possible for the then and
there ascertained deficiencies.

(3) To provide general instruction for officers and men, more
particularly in the field work and of a nature which it is impossible
for the organizations and officers to receive at the home stations of
troops stationed, as our Iowa troops are, with only one or two com-
panies at a post, and where the larger units are combined only
once a year at such camp.

(4) Through encampment and its different work, to add such
interest and variety to the life of a National Guard soldier as will
enable the company commander throughout the year to recruit up
and maintain his organization in the steady grind of the year's
work, and to maintain it during all of said time in a fairly efficient
condition.

I hold that encampment to be most successful which does most
in each of these lines. It may be suggested that such a statement
is merelj^ another way of saying that that camp is most successful
which does the most work. That is error. In my judgment a camp
may be a very hard working camp and yet if it fails distinctly in

46 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1912, p. 118.

434 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

any one factor enumerated, it will be of no lasting or substantial
benefit to the organizations participating.

Frankly, I believe that National Guard camps whose routines are
so crowded with work as not to enable the men to complete their
schedule of work and incidental duties properly in an ordinary
8-hour work day, will, if persisted in, do more harm than good to
the National Guard service. It will kill the esprit which enables
the company commanders to recruit.

And, just as frankly, I believe that so-called "joint camps of
instruction," to which arbitrary, ungentlemanly, and for the most
part merely ordinarily efficient junior officers are sent by the Fed-
eral authorities, constitute merely a useless expense on the Federal
Government for such officers ' traveling expenses. No regular army
officer, of whatever rank or ability, who is either unacquainted or
out of sympathy with the problems with which the National Guard
has to deal can be of valuable service at such camps of instruction.
No better example of the truth of this could be afforded than the
details to this encampment. With the exception of two or three
officers who were splendidly interested and efficient, those at this
camp, from the senior officer detailed, fall within one or both of the
named classes. How the War Department expects to send officers
•with letters of warning and prejudice, to an encampment of the
National Guard of a sovereign State, and expect to get results of
value either to itself or the State, is beyond comprehension. , . ,

Instead of benefit, I believe distinct harm comes of the sending
of such officers. For it is shock and disappointment to National
Guard officers to find that what we have had so thoroughly instilled
into us by our superiors, and particularly by the Brigade Com-
mander of the Iowa Guard, viz., that the first qualification of being
an officer in the regular service was to be a gentleman, was error or
had marked exceptions; likewise to discover that the claimed in-
dispensable attribute of thorough courtesy or at least full respect
to all superiors, was sorely lacking, might well have done much to
break down discipline in the Guard, but for the continual example
that was before us of the forbearance and restraint exhibited by our
own Commander under continually, peculiarly exasperating and
trjdng conditions which the situation brought about. And an in-
explicable thing about it all was that such situation continued after
a seemingly plain and clear understanding and modus operandi
had been agreed upon.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 435

The net result of the situation was to firmly convince me that the
value of so-called "joint camps of instruction" must depend en-
tirely upon the harmony in which the officers of the Regular and
Guard service work. The distinction between such result at this
camp and those at which Colonel Boughton and the officers with
him were present with the Iowa Guard, enforces me in this conclu-
sion. Colonel Boughton seemed not only fully to understand the
problem of the National Guard, but to be in full sympathy with the
efforts being put forth and work being done by every officer and
man of the Guard. In this camp, on the other hand, a splendid,
well thought out and progressive plan of work devised by our able
Brigade Commander, was so disarranged by designed interference
as to make the work done fragmentary and of greatly reduced
value.

I therefore recommend that no Iowa troops be hereafter sent to
such so-called "joint camps of instruction" until after full knowl-
edge of the kind and character of the so-called instructors that are
to be present on duty with our troops.'*'^

It may be that this letter is the expression of a personal
opinion only and not representative of the attitude of the
Guard as a whole ; but it is evidence that not all guardsmen
sanctioned unqualifiedly the system of joint camps ; and it
shows that there were some drawbacks as well as some
advantages.

Twice during 1911 the Guard participated in tours of riot
duty. Early in April companies B, C, D, and I, of the
Fifty-fourth Infantry, together with the 2nd Detachment
Hospital Corps, were ordered to take command of the situ-
ation in Muscatine where a buttonmakers strike was in
progress. After maintaining order for some four days,
they were relieved from duty. Again, late in the same
month companies C, D, and I were again called out, this
time, it is reported, upon request of the strikers. A few
days later Company M replaced Company C. The 2nd De-
tachment Hospital Corps was on duty during all the time

iT Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1912, pp. 119, 120.

436 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

that troops were on duty. Early in May the situation set-
tled and troops were again relieved. ''During all of such
service the troops performed their duty in an orderly, sol-
dierly manner, absolutely enforcing law and requiring order
at all times and should be highly commended for such ser-
vice as the conditions were in a state of anarchy. No favor
was shown to anyone. The rich, the poor, the employer and
the employe were made to obey the same rule. All sales or
deliveries of liquor, fire arms, dynamite and explosives of
every nature were prohibited and to all appearances we had
the hearty support of all good, law-abiding citizens. "^^

The Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 1913 repealed that
section of the militia law passed in 1909 which permitted
sheriffs to call upon a militia company for aid in case of
riot. Allowance for armory rent was increased to one thou-
sand dollars per company and the total Guard appropria-
tion was increased to one hundred and fifty thousand dol-
lars.'^^

Adjutant General Logan reported in December, 1914, that
the changes in the organization of the Guard for the bien-
nium consisted in the organization at Clinton of one battery
of field artillery, fully uniformed for field service and fully
equipped with the latest model guns and equipment by the
United States; and the reorganization of the former regi-
ments of infantry into one brigade consisting of three regi-
ments—the Fifty-third, Fifty-fourth, and Fifty-fifth —
and one separate regiment — the Fifty-sixth. Staff corps
and departments were reorganized to meet the requirements
of the War Department, and the policy of retirement at the
age of sixty-four was adopted.

Encampment was by regiment in 1913 at various Iowa
cities. In 1914 the First Brigade, the Fifty-sixth Infantry,

48 Report of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1912, pp. 7-9.
40 Laws of Iowa, 1913, Chs. 181, 182.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 437

and the Field Hospital maneuvered at Camp Dodge with
Regular Army troops. The usual small arms firing prac-
tice was encouraged and the usual success in shooting
matches resulted. Company M, Fifty-fifth Infantry, and
Company F, Fifty-sixth Infantry, did duty as guards at the
State Fair in 1914.^«

The ''.Dick Bill" of 1903 marked the beginning of an
earnest Federal interest in the militia of the States. One of
the most important schemes for the betterment of the Na-
tional Guard was inaugurated by the Division of Militia
Affairs a few years after the passage of the act. This was
known as the Tactical Divisional Plan. Under it, it was
designed to divide the country into geographical divisional
districts, each district to have its Guard formed into a tac-
tical division. In the perfection of this plan, it was discov-
ered that there was an excessive organization of infantry
to the neglect of auxiliary troops. A general reorganiza-
tion was necessary, whereby this defect might be remedied.
Circular No. 8, issued by the Division of Militia Affairs in
August, 1913, (which, it has been claimed, "stands next in
importance to the organic Organized Militia act") supple-
mented by Circular No. 19, Division of Militia Affairs, De-
cember 29, 1914, directed this reorganization.^^

The Thirty-sixth General Assembly, which met in 1915,
enacted some militia legislation to comply with the new
organization thus outlined. By chapter 94, the National
Guard of Iowa was reduced from four regiments of infantry
to three. The annual appropriation was increased from
$150,000 to $165,000. Allowance for armory rental was in-
creased, as was also the amount allowed each company as
expenses for drill.

The grade of the Assistant Adjutant General was changed

50 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1914, pp. 3-7.

51 War Department Annual Eeports, 1917, Vol. I, p. 850.

438 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

from Colonel to Major. The terms of the Adjutant General
and Assistant Adjutant General were fixed at four years,
the first four year period to begin on July 4, 1915. The
commissions of divisional, brigade, and regimental staff
officers were made effective for eight year terms. Addi-
tional provisions were enacted as to absence without leave
and trial therefor ; and the sheriff or any peace officer was
thereby required to arrest and turn over any such enlisted
men absent without leave, whenever so requested by a com-
pany commander.^2

In reorganizing the Iowa Guard the exact recommenda-
tions and requirements of the War Department were fol-
lowed out. It was necessary, of course, to break up one of
the infantry regiments. Colonel Ralph P. Howell gave fa-
cility to the situation by agreeing to surrender his command
and allow the individual companies of his regiment to be
transferred to auxiliary troops or to other regiments.

Accordingly General Orders No. 12 was issued on July 3,
1915, outlining a complete new organization for the Guard
in Iowa. It was thought best at this time to change the
designation of infantry regiments to First, Second, and
Third. The general organization now comprised one bri-
gade of infantry consisting of three complete regiments,
one squadron of cavalry (four troops), one battalion of
field artillery (three batteries), one engineer company, one
field hospital company, and one ambulance company, as well
as three provisional machine gun companies. Staff corps
and departments comprised an Adjutant General's depart-
ment, a Judge Advocate General's department, a Quarter-
master Corps, a Medical department, and an Ordnance de-
partment.^^

All Iowa troops were ordered on a ten day tour of camp

52 Laws of Iowa, 1915, Chs. 94, 96, 137, 139, 171.

53 Seport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1916, pp. 493, 499.

HISTORICAL SURVEY OF MILITIA IN IOWA 439

duty in the summer of 1915 immediately after reorganiza-
tion. Regimental infantry camps were held at Iowa City,
Clear Lake, and Camp Dodge. There was a cavalry camp
at Iowa City; and field artillery batteries, the field hospital
company, and the ambulance company went to camps of
instruction with regular troops at Camps Robinson and
McCoy in Wisconsin.

On June 18, 1916, the Secretary of War sent a telegram
to Grovernor Harding, ordering him to call into the service
of the United States all of the Iowa Guard. Organization
commanders were instructed to assemble their commands
in the armories and commence drill and instruction until
further orders. As soon as the necessary arrangements
could be made, the troops were moved into Camp Dodge and
placed in command of Brigadier General Hubert A. Allen.
All troops were in camp before the arrival of the Senior
Mustering Officer.

Some difficulty was experienced by the fact that the mus-
tering officer required the men to take an additional oath
before they would be accepted for Federal service. This
oath did not specify any length of service and many of the
men were reluctant to take it. The decision of the War
Department that the oath was not necessary came too late
to be of any benefit.

All in all about a month was spent at Camp Dodge before
the trip to the border. All Iowa troops were assigned to
duty at Brownsville, Texas, with the exception of the squad-
ron of cavalry which was assigned to duty at Donna,
Texas.54

The later history of the National Guard of Iowa is the
story of their muster out of Federal service after the border
hitch, their almost immediate muster back into the Federal
service upon the entrance of the United States into the

54 Beport of the Adjutant General of Iowa, 1916, pp. 7, 9, 10, 44, 45.

440 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

"World War, and the present organization of a new Na-
tional Guard. The story of the Iowa guardsmen on the
border should be chronicled, and the story of Iowa troops
in the World War should be told. They are, in a sense, of
more importance than a tracing of legislation and organiza-
tion. But they hold no place in an historical survey, and so,
as in the case of the Civil War and the Spanish- American
War, we leave the glorious record of Iowa soldiers while in
Federal service to other chroniclers.

Cykil B. Upham

The State Historical Society of Iowa
Iowa City Iowa

SOME PUBLICATIONS

The Modern Commonwealth, 1893-1918. By Ernest Ludlow
Bogart and John Mabry Mathews. Springfield : Illinois Centennial
Commission, 1920, Pp. 544. Plates. This volume constitutes the
fifth in the series entitled The Centennial History of Illinois and
brings the history of the State down to the present. The material
is grouped into twenty-one chapters, as follows: population; the
growth of education, art, and letters; agricultural changes; prod-
ucts of the farm; manufactures; trade and transportation; water
transportation and roads; labor organization and legislation; con-
stitutional amendment and revision; the governor; State officers,
boards, and commissions; administrative services; civil service and
civil service reform ; the State legislature ; the State judiciary ;
suffrage, parties, and elections; the enforcement of State law; the
panic of 1893 and the banks; State finances; State taxation; and
Illinois and the Great "War. Of these, the chapter dealing with
education was written by Henry B. Fuller, while Arthur C. Cole
supplied the chapter on the war. An appendix containing statistics
relating to Illinois, a bibliography and an index add to the useful-
ness of the volume.

Since the period covered is so recent this account is naturally a
picture of the State as it is to-day as well as a history; and this
aspect is especially important in the chapters dealing with the eco-
nomic and political affairs which present a great deal of information
as to present day conditions. Arrangement, of course, is largely a
matter of opinion but one would expect to find the chapters on
finance and taxation following the other discussions of economic
questions rather than separated from them by the various chapters
on political activities. In comparison with the attention given to
the economic and political development of Illinois it seems, also,
that the treatment of education — particularly the public schools,
public libraries, and newspapers — is inadequate.

441

442 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

New Jersey in the Revolution, by Charles E. Shriner, is one of
the articles published in the April issue of Americana.

The Library of Congress has recently issued a List of References
on the Treaty -Making Power, compiled by Herman H. B. Meyer.

Negro Migration During the War, a monographic study by
Emmett J. Scott, has recently appeared as number sixteen of the
Preliminary Economic Studies of the War, published by the Car-
negie Endowment for International Peace.

The "War Department has recently issued a Catalogue of Official
A. E. F. Photographs Taken iy the Signal Corps, U. S. A., prepared
by the Historical Branch, War Plans Division, General Staff.

Notes on Cochiti, Neiv Mexico, a monograph by Noel Dumarest,
appears in the Memoirs of the American Anthropological Associa-
tion, for July-September, 1919. The October-December number
for the same year contains a monograph by Frank G-. Speck on
Penohscot Shamanism.

Among the papers to be found in The American Economic Re-
view for June are the following: Fiscal Aspects of State Income
Taxes, by Alzada Comstock; and War Profits and Excess Profits
Taxes, by Carl C. Plehn.

San Carlos Apache Texts, a monograph by Pliny Earle Goddard,
has been published as a recent number of the Anthropological
Papers of The American Museum of Natural History.

Three of the papers published in Historii for April are the fol-
lowing : The League of Nations and the Prollem of Sovereignty, by
Lord Robert Cecil; The War and the Industrial Revolution, by P.
Mantoux; and Historical Criticism., by A. F. Pollard.

When the Father of Waters Goes on a Rampage, by Hugh M.
Smith, is one of the papers published in the April issue of The Na-
tional Geographic Magazine.

The Medford Historical Register for ]\Iarch is termed the Turn-
pike Number. Among the papers is a brief history of the ]\Iedford
Turnpike Corporation, by John H. Hooper.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 443

The Spanish Story of the Armada, by W. P. Ker, and Clerical
Life in Scotland in the Sixteenth Century, by James Balfour Paul,
are two of the articles published in The Scottish Historical Review
for April.

The United States Department of Agriculture: A Study in Ad-
ministration, by William L. Wanlass, is a monograph issued recently
in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political
Science,

The New German Constitution, by Ernst Freund, Forecasting
the Crops of the Dakotas, by Henry L. Moore, Durkheim's Political
Theory, by Harry E. Barnes, The Burdens of Preparedness and
War, by S. Leon Levy, and a first installment of A System of Fed-
eral Grants-in-Aid, by Paul H. Douglas, are the papers which are
published in the June issue of the Political Science Quarterly.

The Groivth of Canadian National Feeling, by W. S. Wallace,
The Struggle over the Laws of Canada, 1763-1733, by William
Smith, The First Canadian War-time Prohibition Measure, by W.
R. Riddell, and A Plea for a Canadian National Library, by Law-
rence J. Burpee, are contributions to the June number of The Ca-
nadian Historical Review.

Our Exexplored Counties is the title of a paper, by H. S. Gilbert-
son, begun in the April number of The American City and continued
in the issue for May. In the April number there is also a list of the
city manager municipalities of the various States.

The American Cotton Association, by Robert P. Brooks, Pre-
serving North Carolina's World War Records as a State Enterprise,
by Robert Burton House, Price Inflation: Its Beneficiaries and Its
Victims, by William H. Glasson, and Problems of Democracy, by
Clark S. Northup, are some of the contributions to the April issue
of The South Atlantic Quarterly.

The Development of the Negro Public School System in Missouri,
by Henry S. Williams, Religious Education in Negro Colleges and
Universities, by David H. Sims, and The Aftermath of Nat Turner's
Insurrection, by John W. Cromwell, are the three papers to be
found in The Journal of Negro History for April.

444 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The Future Russian Constitution as Seen iy Russian Liberals, by
S. A. Korff, Some Phases of the Federal Personnel Problem, by
Lewis Mayers, and Political Geography and State Government, by
W. F. Dodd, are some of the contributions to The American Polit-
ical Science Review for May. Charles Kettleborough writes the
Legislative Notes and Revietvs, Robert E. Cushman reports on
Judicial Decisions on Public Law, and Frederic A. Ogg contributes
Foreign Governments and Politics.

Two of the contributions found in the American Anthropologist
for October-December, 1919, are A Buffalo Siveatlodge, by George
Bird Grinnell, and The Future of the American Negro, by George
S. Painter, In the issue for January-March, 1920, Clark "Wissler
writes of Opportunities for Coordination in Anthropological and
Psychological Research, A. A. Goldenweiser contributes an article
on A New Approach to History, and A. L. Kroeber presents a dis-
cussion of Totem and Taboo: An Ethnologic Psychoanalysis.

Government Organization in War Time and After, by "William.
Franklin Willoughby, is one of the volumes in a series entitled
Problems of War and of Reconstruction of which Francis G. Wick-
ware is the editor. Probably few Americans realize the complexity
and the multiplicity of the agencies which made up "the govern-
ment" during the war. Mr. Willoughby has presented a brief but
comprehensive account of the organization of the government for
the war and the solution of the problems resulting from the war.
The control of publicity, finance, industry, trade, transportation,
food, and fuel are described; chapters are included on the control
of aliens, aircraft construction, and war risk insurance.

Among the problems resulting from the war is that of returning
the millions of soldiers to a peace status. The Place of Agriculture
in Reconstruction, by James B. Morman, Assistant Secretary of the
Federal Farm Loan Board, is an attempt to present the possibilities
of inducing these men to take up agriculture. The volume includes
chapters on foreign schemes of land settlements for soldiers, a pol-
icy of land settlement for the United States, rural credits, and the
relation of agriculture to national welfare. An index completes
the volume.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 445

John Bach McMaster has published the first volume of The
United Statea in the World War, carrying the narrative down to
the peace debate at the close of 1917. Since the war had been in
progress in Europe for nearly three years .before the United States
became a belligerent, the story of its relation to the war during this
early period must deal largely with the international affairs, propa-
ganda, and relief work which received so much attention at this
time. The declaration of a state of war, the organization of the
American army, and the various attempts to bring about peace be-
fore the American armies became effective in battle are also de-
scribed in this volume. Mr. McMaster has succeeded in presenting
the salient facts relative to the beginning of the war and the early
activities of the United States in a judicial and interesting style.

Procurement of Quartermaster Supplies During the World War,
by A. L, Scott, The Bias of History, by B. C. B. Tighe, Concerning
Historical Portraits, by M. L. Bonham, Jr., and Supervised Studn/
in History, by E. W. Rugg, are four articles which appear in The
Historical Outlook for April. The May issue contains the following
articles: Experiences of a Y. M. C. A. Secretary in Russia, by T. P.
Martin ; John Dickinson, Statesman and Patriot, by D. C. Shilling ;
The Personality of Bobespierre, Source Study for College Classes,
by H. E. Bourne; The Socialized Recitation, by Bessie L. Pierce;
Recent Tendencies in the Social Studies, by D. C. Knowlton; alid
Methods of Checking Collateral Reading, by A. S. Barr. The five
papers in the June number are the following : Intelligence Work at
First Army Headquarters, by John C. Parish ; A Potential Solution
for the Irish Question, by Edith E. Wa-re; Course in General His-
tory from the Sociologists' Standpoint, by R. L. Finney; Psycho-
logical vs. Chronological Order in the Teaching of History, by A. I.
Gates ; and Character and Value of Standardized Tests in History,
by Earle W. Rugg.

WESTERN AMERICANA

The Annual Report of the Board of Curators of the Louisiana
State Museum for 1919, was issued in January, 1920.

A Journal of an Expedition on the Frontier, by Benjamin Dens-
voL. xvni — 29

446 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

more, is to be found in the Minnesota History Bulletin for Novem-
ber, 1919.

The War History Department of the California Historical Survey
Commission has issued an outline for a State or a county war his-
tory under the caption California in the War.

The Wisconsin Archeologist for January contains the following
articles and papers : Save Aztalan, by Publius V. Lawson and S. A.
Barrett; The Preservation of Archeological and Historical Sites in
Ohio, by Charles E. Brown ; A Visit to Aztalan in 1838, by V. C.
Porter ; Prehistoric Cannibalism in America, by A. N. Somers ; and
Algonkian Artifacts, by Charles E. Brown.

The Autobiography of a Winnebago Indian, by Paul Radin, The
Cahuilla Indians, by Lucile Hooper, and The Medical History of
Ishi, by Saxton T. Pope, are three monographs recently published
as numbers in the University of California Publications in Amer-
ican Archaeology and Ethnology.

The Function of Educational Institutions in Development of Re-
search, by John C. Merriam, and The Farm Labor Problem, by R.
L. Adams, are two of the papers found in the April number of The
University of California Chronicle.

Two monographs — The Michigan Fur Trade, by Ida Amanda
Johnson, and The Pere 3Iarquette Railroad Company, by Paul
Wesley Ivey — have been published as volume five of the series
issued by the University of Michigan.

The Office of the University President, by Frank L. McYey, Some
Difficidties and Joys of the College President, by Melvin A. Bran-
non, A Scientist in the Clouds, by A. Hoyt Taylor, Solving the
Problems in the New Field, by James Ernest Boyle, The University
Man in ''T" War Work, by Wallace Nelson Stearns, and Scientific
Methods in Economics, by George Milton Janes, are papers included
in The Quarterly Journal of the University of North Dakota for
April.

The Constitutional History of the Louisiana Purchase, 1803-
1812, by Everett Somerville Brown, has recently been issued as
volume ten of the University of Calif orni<i Publications in History.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 447

Although the author has limited his study chiefly to that part of
the Louisiana Territory which later became the State of Louisiana,
this monograph is of much interest to students of Mississippi Valley
and general American history because of the information it con-
tains concerning the debate on the first acquisition of territory by
the newly established United States. The volume is also a valuable
contribution to the constitutional history of the United States since
it presents rather fully the debates on the various questions of con-
stitutional and international law which developed out of the pur-
chase of Louisiana.

lOWAN-A

The Honor Boll of Chickasaw County, Iowa, has been issued by
E. J. Feuling of the New Hampton Tribune.

The Iowa Odd Fellow for May fifteenth contains a Synopsis of
the I. 0. 0. F., by D. I. Kleckner, including a short account of the
history of the order in Iowa.

Linn County Soldiers and Sailors Serving Our Flag is the title
of a memorial volume issued by the Soldiers' and Sailors' Club of
Marion, Iowa.

Frank B. Howe, T. H. Benton, M. Y. Longacre, and A. H. Meyer,
are compilers of a Soil Survey of Linn County, Iowa.

The Iowa Association of Fire Insurance Agents has published in
pamphlet form the addresses delivered before the Association by
Emory H. English and Henry E. Sampson.

After an interval of over four years the Annals of Iowa has re-
sumed publication with the issue of April, 1920. The two articles
which appear in this issue are 31 a j or William Williams' Journal of
a Trip to Iowa in 1849, and Bev. Daniel Lane and His Keosauqua
Academy, by J. "W. Cheney.

Two of the articles in The Iowa Alumnus for April are the fol-
lowing : Music and the University, by Philip Greeley Clapp, and An
American Impression of Italy, by John Scholte Nollen. The May
issue contains an article by Jasper Ross Boyd on My Sojourn in the
Far East, a paper by Muriel E. Bailey entitled Among Alaska's

448 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Islands, and one by Charles J. Traxler under the caption The Peony
Arrives. The issue for June is the Commencement Number and
includes the following papers: Iowa's Sixtieth Commencement, by
Grace Partridge Smith; Of Things Classical, by B. L. Ullman; and
The Extra-Curricular Curriculum, by W. F. Russell.

Two Wars: One Issue, by Jesse Macy, The New Summons to the
American College, by Henry Bruere, and a continuation of Indus-
trial Relations, by John R. Commons, are three papers which ap-
pear in the March number of The Grinnell Review. The April issue
contains an article by Frank 0. Lowden on Business Methods in
Government, and Cecil F. Lavell writes of Recent Tendencies in
Social Criticism. A Remedy for Inflation, by George E. Roberts,
The Common Man: An Unrealized Social Asset, by Charles E.
Payne, and Democracy in Japan, by Alois Richard Nykl, are in-
cluded in the June number.

The three articles found in the Iowa Law Bulletin for March are
the following: The Uniform Conditional Sales Act in Iowa, by H.
Claude Horack; Self -Criminating and Self -Disgracing Testimony
Code Revision Bill, by D. 0. McGovney, and A Conciliation Law for
Iowa, by Herbert F. Goodrich. May a Promissory Note he PayaUe
in Foreign Money f, by Rollin M. Perkins, and Enforcement of a
Foreign Equitable Decree, by Herbert F. Goodrich, are the two
articles included in the number for May.

The January-March number of Iowa Conservation contains a re-
port of the annual convention of the Iowa Conservation Association
held at Ames, March 19, 20, 1920. In addition there are the follow-
ing papers: Iowa's First State Park: The Devil's Bachhone, by
George Bennett, and National Park for Mississippi Valley, by Flor-
ence L. Clark.

SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS BY lOV^^A AUTHORS

Abbott, Keene,

Anchored (Ladies' Home Journal, March, 1920).
Wine 0 ' the Winds. Garden City, N. Y. : Doubleday, Page &
Co. 1920.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 449

Adams, Henry Carter,

InterTiutional Supervision Over Foreign Investments (Amer-
ican Economic Review, March, 1920).

Aldricli, Bess Streeter,

Tillie Cuts Loose (The American Magazine, April, 1920).
Atheam, "Walter Scott,

American Religious Education Survey (Missionary Review,
March, 1920).

Bailey, John Tyley,

Our Thirtieth Reunion (The Iowa Alumnus, June, 1920).
Bailey, Muriel E.,

Among Alaska's Islands (The Iowa Alumnus, May, 1920).
Batcher, Ralph R.,

Loop Antenna for Submarines (The Iowa Engineer, March,
1920).

Bender, Wilbur H.,

Vocational Education as a Factor in Community Building
(Proceedings of the Twentieth Iowa State Conference of
Social Work, 1919).

Benjamin, Gilbert C,

Labor and the War: Labor Conditions in Great Britain (The
Organizer, April, 1920).

Labor and the War: Labor Conditions in France (The Organ-
izer, May, 1920).

American Labor and the War (The Organizer, June, 1920).

Bennett, George,

Iowa's First State Park: The Devil's Backbone (Iowa Conser-
vation, January-March, 1920).

Benton, T. H. (Joint author).

Soil Survey of Linn County, Iowa. Washington: U, S. De-
partment of Agriculture. 1920.

Betts, George Herbert,

La Mente y su Educacion (Translated from English into Span-

450 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ish by A. M. Fernandez de Ybarra). New York: D. Apple-
ton & Co. 1920.

Bixler, Ingram,

How the Country Bank Can Serve (The Northwestern Banker,
May, 1920).

Bosch, C. E. (Joint author),

The Storage of loiva Coal (The Iowa Engineer, April, 1920).

Boyd, Jasper Ross,

3Iy Sojourn in the Far East (The Iowa Alumnus, May, 1920).

Briley, Beulah B.,

Rural Credit (The Organizer, June, 1920).

Brown, Charles Reynolds,

Religion of a Layman (Biblical World, November, 1919-March,
1920).

Brown, Dale,

Something Wrong With Philip (People's Magazine, April,
1920).

Brown, Howard Clark,

lowans Who Study Birds and Snakes (The Iowa Magazine,
April, 1920).

Burnett, Judson 0.,

The Railroad Situation (The Organizer, May, 1920).
Butler, Ellis Parker,

How It Feels to Be Fifty. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. 1920.
How's Your Climate? Have You Got It With Youf (The

American Magazine, April, 1920).
Netv Poet of Nature (Bookman, April, 1920).
Campbell, Macy,

The First National Conference on the Consolidated School
(Midland Schools, January, 1920).
Canfield, F. A.,

The Lahor Union as a Stabilizing Force in Industrial Readjust-
ment (Proceedings of the Twentieth Iowa State Conference
of Social Work, 1919).

SOME PUBLICATIONS 451

Carver, Thomas Nixon,

Some Probable Results of a Balanced Industrial System (Amer-
ican Economic Review, March, 1920).

Chamberlin, Harold,

Crippled Cheer (The Iowa Magazine, June, 1920).

Clapp, Philip Greeley,

3Iusic and the University (The Iowa Alumnus, April, 1920).

Clark, Florence L.,

Iowa Woman Famed as Bird Scientist (The Iowa Magazine,

June, 1920).
National Park for Mississippi Valley (Iowa Conservation, Jan-
uary-March, 1920).

Colegrove, C. P.,

The Preparation of Teachers for Consolidated Rural Schools
(Midland Schools, April, 1920).

Colegrove, Kenneth,

New England Town Mandates (The Publications of the Colo-
nial Society of Massachusetts, Vol. XXI, December, 1919).

Craine, Clara L.,

Children and the Visiting Nurse (Proceedings of the Twentieth
Iowa State Conference of Social Work, 1919).

Dawson, A. F.,

Seeing Our Way Through (The Northwestern Banker, June,
1920).

Devine, Edward Thomas,

North Dakota — the Laboratory of the Non-partisan League

(The Survey, March 6, 1920).
To Presidential Candidates (The Survey, April 17, 1920).
To the Presidents of the Constituent Companies of the United

States Steel Corporation (The Survey, March 13, 1920).

Deyoe, Albert M.,

The Solution of the Rural and the Small Town School Prob-
lem (Midland Schools, January, 1920).

Dick, George S.,

The Consolidated School (Midland Schools, January, 1920).

452 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Earle, Roscoe K.,

The Importance of City Planning (American Municipalities,
May, 1920).

Ely, Hanson E.,

The Attack on Cantigny (National Service, April, 1920).

Evans, W. R.,

Combat Radicalism With Better Housing (The Iowa Magazine,
June, 1920).

Ferber, Edna,

Half Portio7is. Garden City, N. Y. ; Doubleday, Page & Co.
1920.

Ficke, Arthur Davison,

Embarkation (The Grinnell Review, March, 1920).
History (The Grinnell Review, March, 1920).

Frederick, John Towner,

Weaving (Poet Lore, December, 1919).

Galer, Laura B.,

The Paroled Girl (Proceedings of the Twentieth Iowa State
Conference of Social , Work, 1919).

Garland, Hamlin,

Theodore Roosevelt (Mentor, February 2, 1920).

The Spirit World on Trial (MeClure's Magazine, April, 1920).

Gillin, John L.,

The Peace Time Program of the American Red Cross (Pro-
ceedings of the Twentieth Iowa State Conference of Social
Work, 1919).

Glaspell, Susan,

Nervous Pig (Harper's Magazine, February, 1920).

Goodrich, Herbert F.,

Enforcement of a Foreign Equitable Decree (Iowa Law Bul-
letin, May, 1920).

Gordon, F. G. R.,

Socialism and the Working Class (The Iowa Magazine, April,
1920).

SOME PUBLICATIONS 453

Wealth Distribution in the United States (The Iowa Magazine,
June, 1920).

Griffith, Helen Sherman,

Poor Little Sara (The Delineator, April, 1920).

Hart, Hornell,

Social Work and Socialized Research (Proceedings of the
Twentieth Iowa State Conference of Social Work, 1919).

Hart, William R.,

Care of Parking and Trees (American Municipalities, May,
1920).

Henderson, Rose,

The Open Air Theater (The Designer, May, 1920).

Hill, Gershom H.,

How to Secure Mental Hygiene in Farmers' Families (Proceed-
ings of the Twentieth Iowa State Conference of Social Work,
1919).

Holbrook, Weare,

The Middle Years (The Midland, April, 1920).

Hoeye, F. M.,

The Training School, the Paroled Boy and the Public (Pro-
ceedings of the Twentieth Iowa State Conference of Social
Work, 1919).

Holsman, Henry K.,

Ari Education (The Grinnell Review, March, 1920).

Hoover, Herbert Clark,

So7ne Notes on Agricultural Readjustment and the High Cost
of Living (The Saturday Evening Post, April 10, 1920).

Hough, Emerson,

Round Our Town (The Saturday Evening Post, April 3, 1920).

Hughes, Rupert,

What's the World Coming to? New York: Harper Bros. 1920.
Hutchinson, Woods,

The Child's Play. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1920.

454 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Community Hygiene. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. 1920.
A Handlooh of Uealth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1920.
Long WaJi'e of John Barleycorn (The Saturday Evening Post,
March 20, 1920).

Johansen, F. "W.,

A State Aid Policy for Iowa Schools (Midland Schools, April,
1920).

Kay, George F. (Joint author),

The Origin of Gumhotil (The Journal of Geology, February-
March, 1920).

Keller, J. 0.,

Primary Wage System (The Iowa Engineer, April, 1920).

Kenyon, William S.,

Making Am.ericans of Aliens (The Iowa Magazine, April,
1920).

Kepford, A. E.,

Report of Committee on Health (Proceedings of the Twentieth
Iowa State Conference of Social Work, 1919).

Kerr, Mrs. W. B., (Rose 0 'Grady)

Brothers (The Midland, January-March, 1920).

King, W. N.,

Motor Transportation on Iowa Highways (The Organizer, May,
1920).

Kouba, R. R.,

The Snhmarine (The Iowa Engineer, March, 1920).

Lavell, Cecil F.,

Recent Tendencies in Social. Criticisms (The Grinnell Review,
April, 1920).

Lockman, Tom D.,

A Vieiv of a Federal Reserve Riding (The Northwestern Bank-
er, April, 1920).

Lowden, Frank Orren,

Business Government (The Saturday Evening Post, March 13,
1920).

SOME PUBLICATIONS 455

Business Methods in Government (The Grinnell Review, April,

1920).
Budget System in Illinois (The Review of Reviews, March,

1920).
The High Cost of Business Inefficiency in American Oovern-

ment (Current Opinion, May, 1920).

Luscombe, Donald A.,

Advertising to Retard Business (The Organizer, April, 1920).
MeClenahan, P. E.,

Our Nation and the Public School (The Iowa Magazine, June,
1920).

McNider, C. H.,

We Must Put on the Brakes at Once (The Northwestern Bank-
er, June, 1920).

McPeak, Ival,

Welfare Administration in Minneapolis (The American City,
May, 1920).
Macy, Jesse,

Two Wars: One Issue (The Grinnell Review, March, 1920).
Mahone, Leslie W.,

A History of Concrete Pavement (The Iowa Engineer, March,
1920).
Maruth, John 0.,

Some Phases of Modern Advertising (The Organizer, April,
1920).

Miller, Leland W.,

American Railroad Securities (The Organizer, June, 1920).

Mott, John Raleigh,

Growth of the Interchurch Movement (Missionary Review,
March, 1920).

Nelson, W. B. (Joint author),

The Storage of Iowa Coal (The Iowa Engineer, April, 1920).

Newton, Joseph Fort,

The Religious Basis of a Better World Order. New York:
Fleming H. Revell Co. 1920.

456 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

NoUen, John Scholte,

An American Impression of Italy (The Iowa Alumims, April
1920).

Nykl, Alois Richard,

Democracy in Japan (The Grinnell Review, June, 1920).

Palmer, Ada M.,

The Problem of Organization for Social Welfare in Iowa (Pro-
ceedings of the Twentieth Iowa State Conference of Social
Work, 1919).

Pammel, L. H.,

Retreat on the Iowa River at Steamboat Rock, Eldora and Iowa

Falls (The Iowa Magazine, May, 1920).
State Parks in loiva (Scientific Monthly, May, 1920).

Parish, John C,

Intelligence Work at First Army Headquarters (The Historical
Outlook, June, 1920).

Payne, Charles E.,

The Common Man: An Unrealized Social Asset (The Grinnell
Review, June, 1920).

Pearce, J. Newton (Joint author),

The Origin of Gumbotil (The Journal of Geology, February-
March, 1920).

Perkins, J. R.,

The Potential Prisoner (Proceedings of the Twentieth Iowa
State Conference of Social Work, 1919).
Perkins, RoUin M.,

May a Promissory Note be Payable in Foreign Money (Iowa
Law Bulletin, May, 1920).
Perry, Anne Louise,

Dead Fires (The Grinnell Review, March, 1920).

Pierce, Bessie L.,

The Socialized Recitation (The Historical Outlook, May, 1920).

Pierce, James M.,

loiva Farmers* Attitude Toivard Industrial Labor (American
Federationist, May, 1920).

SOME PUBLICATIONS 457

Powell, W. H.,

Shall We Teach Patriotism or Treason? (The Iowa Magazine,
May, 1920).

Pye, Chas. H.,

Up With the Schools — Down With Bolshevism (The Iowa
Magazine, May, 1920).
Keid, Thomas B.,

Camp Grounds for Lincoln Highway Tourists (The American
City, May, 1920).

Eich, Joseph W.,

Gen. Lew. Wallace at Shiloh: How He Was Convinced of an
Error after Forty Years (The Iowa Journal of History and
Politics, April, 1920).

Roberts, George E.,

A Remedy for Inflation (The Grinnell Review, June, 1920).
Supremacy of the Economic Law. New York: The National
City Bank. 1920.
Robeson, George Farrington,

Special Municipal Charters in Iowa, 1336-1858 (The Iowa
Journal of History and Politics, April, 1920).

Rohrbaugh, Lewis G.,

A Day in the Life of a University Pastor (Northwestern Chris-
tian Advocate, May 5, 1920).
Ross, Edward Alsworth,

Ossification (American Journal of Sociology, March, 1920).

Russell, W. F.,

The Extra-Curricular Curriculum (The Iowa Alumnus, June,
1920).

Schmidt, Louis Bernard,

Origin of Land Grant Act of 1862 (The Iowa Homestead,
March 11, 1920).

Smertenko, Clara M.,

The Fetish of the Spontaneous (The Grinnell Review, April,
1920).

458 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Smith, Grace Partridge,

loiva's Sixtieth Commencement (The Iowa Alumnus, June,
1920).
Smith, H. P.,

How Far Can Teachers' Organizations Go and Be Professionalf
(Midland Schools, April, 1920).
Spaulding, Forrest B.,

For Sailors They Be Honest Men (The Library Journal, April
1,1920).
Thomsen, Peter Henrik,

Self -Discovery (The Grinnell Review, April, 1920).
Thone, Frank,

To a Gardener (The Grinnell Review, April, 1920).
Traxler, Charles J.,

The Peony Arrives (The Iowa Alumnus, May, 1920).
Tillman, B. L.,

Of Things Classical (The Iowa Alumnus, June, 1920),
Uriek, A. L,,

Answering the Labor Shortage Lie (The Northwestern Banker,
June, 1920).

Phases of Industrial Unrest (The Organizer, May, 1920).
Van Pelt, Hugh G.,

Hoic to Feed the Dairy Cow (Second Edition). Waterloo:
Fred L. Kimball Co. 1919.
Wallace, Henry A.,

Agricultural Prices. Des Moines: Wallace's Farmer. 1920.
WaUeser, Joseph,

The Proprietor (The Grinnell Review, April, 1920).
Ward, Charles Frederick,

French and Spanish for Commerce (The Organizer, April,

1920 :>.

Wassam, Clarence W.,

Corn is King (The Organizer, May, 1920).
Weller, C. H.,

The Making of an American (The Iowa Magazine, May, 1920).

SOME PUBLICATIONS 459

Williams, George W.,

Banking in BolsJieviJc Rnssia (The Northwestern Banker, April,
1920).
Wilson, Arlen J.,

The Liberty Loan Controversy (The Organizer, May, 1920),
Witte, Max E.,

Concerning the Degenerate (Proceedings of the Twentieth
Iowa State Conference of Social Work, 1919).
Woodruff, J. A.,

History and Development of the Consolidated School in Iowa
(Midland Schools, January, 1920).

SOME RECENT HISTORICAL ITEMS IN IOWA NEWSPAPERS

Pioneer steamboating on the Des Moines River, by William C.

Morris, in the Keosauqua Repvhlican, April 1, 1920.
Frontier sketches, in the Burlington Saturday Evening Post, April

3 to June 26, 1920.
Steamboating on the Des Moines River from 1837 to 1862, by

Tacitus Hussey, in the Burlington Saturday Evening Post,

April 3 to June 26, 1920.
Sketch of the career of W. W. Dodge, in the Burlington Hawk-

Eye, April 4, 1920.
Early days in Burlington, by W. F. Gilbert, in the Burlington

Eawk-Eye, April 4, 1920.
The Cedar River Valle}^, by Freeman R. Conaway, in the Cedar

Rapids Repu'blican, April 4, 1920.
A colossal swindle — Boone and the Keokuk, Des Moines, and Min-
nesota Railroad, by C. L. Lucas, in the Madrid Register-News,

April 15, 1920.
Iowa of early days and to-day, in the Keokuk Gate City, April 17,

1920.
A tourist's manual for the upper Mississippi River, by Fred A.

Bill, in the Burlington Saturday Evening Post, April 17 to

June 26, 1920.
How Nora Springs got its name, in the Greene Recorder, April 28,

1920.

460 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

"Deer Lick", by Hiram Heaton, in the Fairfield Ledger, April 28,

1920.
Pioneer days, by L. 0. McKinley, in the Chariton Leader, April 29,

1920.
Sketch of the life of Jonathan Chapin Hall, in the Keokuk Gate

City, May 1, 1920, and the Des Moines Register, May 3, 1920.
The massacre at Jackson, Minnesota, by Mrs. Halstein Olson, in the

Estherville Democrat, May 5, 1920.
The forty-third anniversary of the town of Reinbeek, in the Rein-
heck Courier, May 14, 1920.
Iowa's part at Vieksburg, by George W. Brown, in the Iowa City

Citizen, May 18, 1920.
Sketch of the life of Captain Dan Matson, in the Burlington Hawk-
Eye, May 19, 1920.
Sketch of the life of George Guye, in the Winterset Madisonian,

May 19, 1920.
Sketch of the life of Mary C. Collins, missionary to the Indians, in

the Ottumwa Courier, May 28, 1920.
Sketch of the life of William Henry Milliman, in the Exira Journal,

June 10, 1920.
Reminiscences of early Erametsburg, by J. C. Bennett, in the

Emmetslurg Reporter, June 10, 1920.
Early court scenes in Boone County, by C. L. Lucas, in the Madrid

News, June 17, 1920.
Recollections of Mason City, by James J. Montague, in the Mar-

shalltown Times-RepuUican, June 17, 1920.
Sketch of the life of John L. Bleakly, in the Marshalltown Times-

RepuUican, June 18, 1920.

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

PUBLICATIONS

Francis Lovelace, Governor of New York, 1668-1673, by J. Hall
Pleasants, is one of the papers included in the July number of The
Neiv York Genealogical and Biographical Record.

Rhode Island Samplers, by George L. Miner, Rhode Island in
1750, written by James Birket at that time, and The Last Cruise of
the Privateer Yankee, by Wilfred H. Munro, are three of the papers
published in the Rhode Island Historical Society Collections for
April, 1920.

An account of the welcome to Cardinal Mercier on his recent visit
to America is included in the Records of the American Catholic
Historical Society of Philadelphia.

The New-York. Historical Society Quarterhf Bulletin for April
contains an article by Caroline Ransom Williams on The Place of
the New York Historical Society in the Growth of American In-
terest in Egyptology.

The Western Reserve and the Fugitive Slave Law, a monograph
by William C. Cochran, has been issued as Publication No. 101 of
the Collections of The Western Reserve Historical Society.

A fifth installment of Beverly in 1700, by Sidney Perley, and a
continuation of Some Account of Stea-m Navigation in New Eng-
land, by Francis B, C. Bradlee, are two of the papers included in
the Historical Collections of the Essex Institute for April.

The American Catholic Historical Association, by Peter Guilday,
is one of the contributions to The Catholic Historical Review for
April.

Volume fourteen of the Historical Records and Studies, pub-
lished by the United States Catholic Historical Society, contains a
number of articles of general interest. Among these are the follow-
ing: Know Nothingism in Rochester, New York, by Frederick J,

VOL. XVIII — 30

461

462 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Zwierlein; The James Dudley Morgan Collection of L' Enfant Pa-
pers, by Margaret B. Downing; The Mission to Liberia, by John
Kelly; and The Jesuits in South America, by John F. O'Hara.

The Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly for April is a
memorial number in honor of Emilius Oviatt Randall, the editor
and secretary of the Society from 1895 until his death on December
18, 1919.

The First Laurel of Jefferson Davis, by Mrs. J. H. Kenzie, and
Journal of John Sevier, by John H. De Witt, are two of the papers
found in the Tennessee Historical Magazine for October, 1919.
The minutes of an early temperance society at Nashville, Tennessee,
an account of the battle of Fort Donelson by General John B. Floyd,
and a Davidson political circular of 1843 are also included.

Beverdy Johnson Papers m the Library of Congress, by Bernard
C. Steiner, a further installment of Extracts from the Carroll Pa-
pers, and a continuation of Some Early Colonial Marylanders, by
McHenry Howard, are among the contributions to the March num-
ber of the Maryland Historical Magazine.

The April issue of The American Historical Review contains an
account of the meeting of the American Historical Association, at
Cleveland, Ohio, December 29, 31, 1919. In addition there are
three articles : Russia and the Dual Alliance, by Laurence B. Pack-
ard; The Purchase of Alaska, by Frank A. Colder; and The Miners'
Laws of Colorado, by Thomas M, Marshall.

The Washington Historical Quarterly for January contains a
paper by F. W. Howay on The Voyage of the Hope: 1790-1792, a
brief account of the Pioneer and Historical Societies of Washington,
by Victor J. Farrar, and a continuation of the article by Edmond
S. Meany on the Origin of Washington Geographic Names.

The January-June issue of The Quarterly Publications of the His-
torical and Philosophical Society of Ohio contains the first install-
ment of the papers of John Stites Gano, relating to military affairs
in Ohio between 1792 and 1817. Much information concerning the
early Ohio militia is included.

Two of the articles in the ]\Iarch number of the Journ<il of The
Presbyterian Historical Society are the following : A Historic Nine-

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 463

teenth Century Character, by "Wm. P. White, and The Introduction
of the English Lan-guage into the Services of the Collegiate Dutch
Church of New York City, by Charles E. Corwin.

A continuation of The Story of Wisconsin, 1634-1848, by Louise
Phelps Kellogg, Another Vieiv of the Kensington Rune Stone, by
Rasmus B. Anderson, Early Life in Southern Wisconsin, by David
F. Sayre, Historic Spots in Wisconsin, by W. A. Titus, and The
Career of Edward. F. Lewis, by Franklin F. Lewis, are the articles
in the June number of The Wisconsin Magazine of History.

The three articles which appear in The Quarterly of the Oregon
Historical Society for March are the following : Pacific University,
by Henry L. Bates; Spain and England's Quarrel Over the Oregon
Country, by F. G. Young ; and The Log of the Princesa hy Estevan
Martinez, by Herbert Ingram Priestley,

Cortlandt Parker, 1813-1907, by Edward M. Colie, and Lafayette
in Neiv Brunswick in 1824 are among the papers found in the April
issue of the Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society. The
July number contains an account of the seventy-fifth anniversary
of the society and a paper by William H. Benedict on New Jersey as
It Appeared to Early Observers and Travelers.

The Archives of Louisiana, by Henry Plauche Dart, Letters, in
Journal Form, Written to Bon Estevan Miro, Ex-Governor of
Louisiana, hy Don Joseph Xavier de Pontalha in 179.2, translated
by Heloise Hulse Cruzat ; Lafitte, the Louisiana Pirate and Patriot,
by Caspar Cusachs; and The Flags of Louisiana, by Milledge L,
Bonham, Jr., are among the papers and articles published in The
Louisiana Historical Quarterly for October, 1919.

A continuation of Paul E. Belting's The Development of the
Free Public High School in Illinois to 1860 appears in the Journal
of the Illinois State Historical Society for January, 1919. George
Washington, Land Speculator, by Ada Hope Hixon, Indian Corn,
Genesis of Reid's Yellow Dent, by William Reid Curran, and The
Cannon-Starks Indian Massacre and Captivity, by Milo Custer, are
other contributions in this number.

The March number of The Mississippi Valley Historical Review

464 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

contains the following papers and articles : Isaac Shelby and the
Genet Mission, by Archibald Henderson; Steamtoating on the Up-
per Mississippi After the Civil War: A Mississippi Magnate, by
Lester B. Shippee ; Diplomacy of the United States and Mexico Re-
garding the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 1848-1860, by J. Fred Rip-
pey; and Daniel Wolsey Voorhees, 'by Henry D. Jordan.

A New England Temple of Honor, by James Phinney Baxter, is
one of the papers in the April number of The New England His-
torical and Genealogical Register. A supplement contains the Pro-
ceedings of the New England Historic Genealogical Society for
1920.

The Moravians and Their Missions Among the hidians of the
Ohio y alley, by Charles "W, Dahlinger, and How Caspar Reel, Revo-
lutionary Soldier, Pushed His Way Across the Alleghany Moun-
tains, by Isabel Naysmith Newmyer, are two articles which appear
in the Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine for April.

Minnesota Geographic Names, by Warren Upham, is issued as
volume seventeen of the Collections of the Minnesota Historical So-
ciety. The book contains a very large number of facts concerning
places, names, and persons, and is a distinct contribution to the
State history of Minnesota.

The Michigan History Magazine for January contains the follow-
ing papers and articles: The University of Michigan and the Train-
ing of Her Students for the War, by Arthur Lyon Cross; Fort
Gratiot and Its Builder, Gen. Charles Gratiot, by William L. Jenks;
Pioneer Reminiscences of Delta County, by Mrs. Mary K. Brennan ;
The True Story of Edison's Childhood and Boyhood, by Caroline
Farrand Ballentine ; Report of War Work of the Daughters of the
American Revolution of Michigan from April, 1915, to April, 1919,
by Mrs. William Henry Wait; The Treaty of Saginaw, 1819, by
Fred Dustin; Rise and Progress of Hope College, by Ame Ven-
nema; and Influence of the French Inhabitants of Detroit Upon Its
Early Political Life, hy Leigh C Cooper.

The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society for May
contains the following papers and articles: "Above and Beyond the
Call of Duty", by Fred P. Caldwell; The First Kentucky Cavalry,

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 465

v. S. A., by A. C. Quisenberry; '^Spring Hill", Oldham County,
Ky., by Alice Elizabeth Trabue; ''Old Toivn Park", Harrodshurg,
by Mary A. Stephenson ; and continuations of Famous Steamboats
and their Captains on Western and Southern Waters, by Ella
Hutchison Ellwanger; and Woodford County, by W. E. Railey.

The Southwestern Historical Quarterly for April contains the
following papers: Miraheau Buonaparte Lamar, by A. K. Chris-
tian; Sebastian Vizcaino: Exploration of California, by Charles E.
Chapman; a third installment of James W. Fannin, Jr., in the
Texas Revolution, by Ruby Cumby Smith; and a continuation of
the Minutes of the Ayuntamiento of San Felipe de Austin, 1828-
1S32, edited by Eugene C. Barker.

Mary Semple Scott is the editor of the History of Woman Suf-
frage in Missouri, compiled by a number of women, published in
The Missouri Historical Eevietv for April-June. In addition this
issue contains the following articles and papers : Early Exploration
and Settlement of Missouri and Arkansas, by Cardinal L. Goodwin;
Major Emory S. Foster, by George S. Grover; Recollections of
Thomas H. Benton, by John A. Oliphant; a third installment of
The Followers of Duden, by William G. Bek; and a continuation of
Shelby's Expedition to Mexico, An Umvritten Leaf of the War, by
John N. Edwards. The series of articles on Early Days on Grand
River and the Mormon War, by Rollin J. Britton, is concluded in
this number.

The Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Associ-
ation is a new historical magazine which made its first appearance
in October, 1919. Articles and papers relating to New York history,
book reviews, and a section on notes and queries make up the jour-
nal. The first issue contains an article by Carl Becker on John Jay
and Peter Van Schaack, an account of Captain Job Wright's Com-
pany of Willett's Levies at Ballston in 1782, by Hugh McLellan,
Minutes of the Presbytery of New York, 1775-1776, edited by Dixon
R. Fox, and Letters of Van Twiller, edited by A. J. F. Van Laer.
In the issue for January, 1920, are the following articles : Daniel D.
Tompkins, by C. M. Dow; John W. Taylor, by D. S. Alexander;
New York and the National Banking System, by A. Barton Hep-
burn; Some TJnprinted Minutes of the Albany Common Council, by

466 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

E. W. Root ; and Minutes of the Presbytery of New York, 1776, by
Dixon R, Fox, which is continued in the April mimber. In addi-
tion this number contains the following articles: Thomas Paine,
by James A. Roberts; The Lost Island of Luisa, by J. H. Innes;
and Letters of Nicasius de Sille, 1654, by A. J. F. van Laer.

ACTIVITIES

The Hawkeye Natives of Burlington held a meeting at that place
on April 7, 1920.

A meeting of the Jefferson County Historical Society was held
at Fairfield on June 11, 1920. C. W. Gage, ninety-two years of age,
told of the first school in Fairfield eighty-one years ago. The Soci-
ety decided to have monthly meetings and programs in the future.

The Kentucky State Historical Society is to occupy the old cap-
itol building at Frankfort as soon as the necessary repairs and
changes have been completed. An attempt is being made to collect
the furniture which was used in this building in early days and
restore it to the old capitol.

The annual meeting of the Madison County Historical Society
was held at Winterset, April 27, 1920. An address was given by
John C. Parish of the State Historical Society on "The Story of
Iowa" and papers were read by Judge Lewis on "A Winterset
Heroine of Civil War Times ' ', by Blair Wolf on the * ' Hoover Fam-
ily in Cedar County", and by H. A. Mueller on J. B. Orman,
formerly Governor of Colorado, who lived for a number of years in
Madison County. The Society has received several letters and
books from Mrs. Edwin H. Conger. Mr. Conger, a former resident
of Madison County, was Minister from the United States to China
at the time of the Boxer Uprising in 1900. The following officers
were chosen for the ensuing year: president, H. A. Mueller; vice
president, J. B. Anderson; secretary, E, R. Zeller; executive com-
mittee, W. R. Gentry, Blair Wolf, Henry Hawk, and Ed. Hyder.

The thirteenth annual meeting of the Mississippi Valley His-
torical Association was held at Greencastle, Indiana, on April 29,
30, and May 1, 1920. One of the papers read which is of particular
interest to lowans was The Soldier Vote of Iowa in the Election of
1888, by Donald L. McMurry of the State University of Iowa.

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 467

One session was devoted to papers commemorating the landing of
the Pilgrims, another to addresses relating to Lincoln, and the last
session to the subject of Americanization and citizenship. The
subject of the president's address, by Milo 'M. Quaife, was Jonathan
Carver and the Carver Grant. At the business session Chauncey S.
Boucher of Ohio State University was chosen president and Mrs.
Clara S. Paine was reelected secretary-treasurer.

The National Association of State War History Organizations
met on April 6 and 7, 1920, at Washington, D. C. Two conferences
were held in the assembly room of the Department of the Interior
in which brief statements were given by representatives from the
various governmental departments at Washington and from other
organizations with respect to records and information bearing upon
the history of the World War. Business sessions were held in the
rooms of the Department of Historical Eesearch of the Carnegie
Institution of Washington. Plans were made for the continuation
of the work of Dr. Mereness in the investigation and survey of
materials for the history of the World War in the archives at
Washington, Officers for the ensuing year were chosen as follows :
president, James Sullivan ; vice-president, Arthur Kyle Davis ; sec-
retary-treasurer, Albert E. McKinley; executive committee, Arthur
Kyle Davis, Albert E. McKinley, Benj. F. Shambaugh, Karl Singe-
wald, and James Sullivan.

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

Cyril B. Upham, a member of the State Historical Society of
Iowa and a frequent contributor to its publications, has left Iowa
City, where he has held the position of instructor in the State Uni-
versity of Iowa, to take a position in the National City Bank of
New York City.

The following Curators of the State Historical Society of Iowa
were recently appointed by Governor W. L. Harding: A. F. Allen
of Sioux City, J. P. Cruikshank of Fort Madison, C. J. Fulton of
Fairfield, John M. Grimm of Cedar Rapids, John M. Lindly of Win-
field, John T. Moffit of Tipton, W. F. Moore of Guthrie Center,
C. E. Pickett of Waterloo, and H. 0. Weaver of Wapello.

The list of men who are carrying on research work during the

468 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

summer months for the State Historical Society includes the fol-
lowing : Professor H. H. Preston of Oberlin College, Professor Ivan
L. Pollock of the Iowa State Teachers College, Professor Louis B.
Schmidt of the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts, Professor Jacob Van der Zee, Professor John E. Briggs, and
Earl S. Fullbrook of the State University of Iowa, and Professor
Heman Hale Smith of Graceland College.

A new venture has been undertaken by the State Historical So-
ciety of Iowa in the form of a monthly magazine devoted to the
history of Iowa. It will supplement the Iowa Journal of History
and Politics by presenting historical materials in brief and less
technical form. The first number will be issued in July, 1920.
The new magazine will bear the title The Palimpsest, a name sug-
gested by the palimpsests of early times — manuscripts of parch-
ment or other material from which one writing had been erased to
make room for another. The erasure v;as not ahvays complete or
permanent, and dim and fragmentary characters remained half
hidden by the later record. From these the original text might
often be restored. So the history of Iowa may be likened to a
palimpsest which holds the records of successive generations.
Fragments rescued from the dimness of the past will be gathered
and the story reconstructed and presented in short articles and
narratives in the pages of the magazine. The Palimpsest will be
edited by John C. Parish, Associate Editor of the Society.

The following persons have recently been elected to member-
ship in the Society: Dr. J. E. Anderson, Paton, Iowa; Mr. Scott
Bonar, Bloomfield, Iowa; Mr. S. A. Burgess, Lamoni, Iowa; Mrs.
J. K. Dysart, Ottumwa, Iowa: Mr. Jos. T. Finnegan, Early, Iowa;
Mr. Alex Fitzhugh, Des Moines, Iowa ; ^Mr. H. H. Green, Waterloo,
Iowa ; Mr. I. C. Hastings, Garner, Towa ; Mr. Fred W. Hill, Ham-
burg, Iowa ; Mr. Louis J. Krensky, Carroll, Iowa ; Mrs. Jennie Lane,
Osceola, Iowa; Mr. Ray Latham, Ida Grove, Iowa; Mr. Buell Mc-
Cash, Bloomfield, Iowa ; Mr. Kirk H. Porter, Iowa City, Iowa ; Mr.
Starr G. Wilson, Emmetsburg, Iowa ; Mr. C. D. Baldwin, Cascade,
Iowa; Mr. George S. Banta, Manchester, Iowa; Mr. Emil H. Bilharz,
Audubon, Iowa ; Mr. Charles Browne, Monmouth, Iowa ; Mr. W. A.
Caldwell, Oskaloosa, Iowa ; Mr. L. V. Carter, Lawn Hill, Iowa ; Mr.

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 469

L. R. Clements, Harvey, Iowa ; Mr. H. A. Darting, Glenwood, Iowa ;
Mr. Clyde H. Doolittle, Delhi, Iowa ; Mr. Frank W. Elliott, Daven-
port, Iowa; Mrs. Ellis R. Engelbeck, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. R. 0.
Garber, Adair, Iowa; Mrs. Albert E. Glazier, Fort Madison, Iowa;
Mr. B. Greteman, Carroll, Iowa; Mr. Harry B. Griffith, Harlan,
Iowa ; Miss Esse V. Hathaway, Des Moines, Iowa ; Mr. J. A. Heng,
Spencer, Iowa; Mrs. H. S. Hollingsworth, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr.
A. D. Huff, Eldon, Iowa; Mrs. Mary E. Irish, Des Moines, Iowa;
Mr. Robt. E. Johnson, Marshalltown, Iowa; Mr. A. B. Judson,
Balfour, Iowa; Mr. W. B. Kerr, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. Fred Mc-
Culloch, Belle Plaine, Iowa; Mrs. L. C. McHenry, Des Moines,
Iowa; Mr. Reed H. Mcllree, West Union, Iowa; Mr. Richard F.
Mitchell, Fort Dodge, Iowa ; Mr. L. W. Powers, Denison, Iowa ; Mr.
S. J. Rice, Scotch Grove, Iowa; Dr. F. J. Swift, Maquoketa, Iowa;
Mr. Thomas H. Thompson, Garner, Iowa ; Mr. G. F. Tincknell, Alta,
Iowa; Mrs. I. H. Tomlinson, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. Laurence I.
Truax, Guthrie Center, Iowa; Mr. Foster W. Wilson, Rockwell
City, Iowa; Miss Blanche Wingate, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. Hy. J.
Zimmerman, Amana, Iowa; Mrs. J. N. Beck, Glidden, Iowa; Mr.
Ernest W. Brown, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. W. W, Comstock, West
Union, Iowa; Mr. Emory W. Curtis, Chariton, Iowa; Mrs. Mabel
Duree, Centerville, Iowa ; Mr. Tracy Garrett, Burlington, Iowa ;
Mrs. Louise Miller Henely, Grinnell, Iowa ; Mr. H. B. Morgan,
Baxter, Iowa; Mr. Lewis J. Neff, Walnut, Iowa; Mrs. Chas. H.
Warrington, Jefferson, Iowa; and Mrs. Frederick W. Weitz, Des
Moines, Iowa. Mr. 0. K. Patton, of Des Moines, Iowa, has been en-
rolled as a life member of the Society.

NOTES AND COMMENT

The Iowa Academy of Science held its annual meeting at Iowa
City, April 23 and 24, 1920. A portrait of Samuel Calvin, a char-
ter member of the Academy, was presented to the Historical De-
partment of Iowa. The officers elected for the ensuing year were:
president, Nicholas Knight ; secretarj^, Jas. H. Lees ; and treasurer,
A. 0. Thomas.

John C. Parish, Associate Editor of the State Historical Society,
delivered an address on "The Story of Iowa" before the annual
meeting of the Madison County Historical Society at Winterset,
Iowa, on April 27, 1920. Mr. Parish was one of the nine charter
members who organized the society sixteen years ago.

Professor Clarence W. Alvord, for many years Professor of His-
tory at the University of Illinois and Editor of the Illinois Historical
Collections, has accepted a position as Professor of American His-
tory at the University of Minnesota and takes up his new work in
the fall of 1920.

A movement for the marking of historic sites at Ames and in that
vicinity is under the direction of Mrs. Louis B. Schmidt who is a
member of the State historic spots committee of the Iowa Conserva-
tion Association.

George W. Guye, who died at Winterset on May 18, 1920, was
one of the early settlers of Iowa. He was born in Tennessee in 1826
and came to Madison County in 1846, entering the first tract of land
in that county. Mr. Guye was also one of those who voted on the
Iowa Constitution of 3846. He was a life member of the Madison
County Historical Society.

At a meeting of the Iowa Press and Authors' Club held at Des
Moines, June 5, 1920, the following officers were installed: Esse V.
Hathaway, president ; Mrs. James D. Le Cron, first vice president ;
Verne Marshall, second vice president ; Blanche Wingate, secretary ;
and "W. B. Kerr, treasurer.

470

NOTES AND COMMENT 471

A picnic for old settlers and their friends was held at Hawarden
on June 18, 1920. The address was given by "W. D. Boies. Mrs.
David Brunskill was chosen president for the ensuing year and
J. E. Gearhart was named secretary.

The Division of Anthropology and Psychology of the National
Research Council has announced the appointment of committees
for the year beginning July 1, 1920. The Committee on the
Archaeological Survey of the States of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and
Missouri is composed of R. B. Dixon of Harvard University,
Berthold Laufer of the Field Museum of Natural History, and C. E.
Seashore of the State University of Iowa. One thousand dollars
has been assigned to this committee for the expenses of the organ-
ization and supervision of the project.

A portrait of Jonathan Chapin Hall was presented to the Iowa
Supreme Court on May 4, 1920. W. W, Baldwin made the presen-
tation and the portrait was accepted by Judge Benjamin I. Salinger.
Judge Hall was born at Batavia. New York, in 1808, and came to
Iowa in 1839 and began the practice of law. He was a member of
the constitutional conventions of 1844 and 1857 and was a member
of the State Supreme Court during 1854-1855. He was also a
member of the Eighth General Assembly. He died in 1874.

The Navy Appropriation Bill which recently passed Congress,
directs the Bureau of Navigation to furnish to the various States
and Territories, statements of the service of all persons who served
in the Navj^ during the World War, from these States and Terri-
tories, and an appropriation is made to cover the expense of this
work. This is the result of a vigorous campaign made during the
past year by those interested in the history of the World War.
Particularly conspicuous in the effort to obtain this legislation was
Lieutenant Colonel Frank E. Lyman, Secretary-Director of the
Iowa Roster Commission who was chairman of the committee ap-
pointed with this end in view by the National Association of War
History Organizations.

.JOSEPH W. RICH

Joseph Warford Rich, for many years a patron of educational
and historical interests in the State, died at his home in Iowa City,

472 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

on June 12, 1920, He was born at Marcellus, New York, on Sep-
tember 21, 1838, but came to Iowa early in life. In October, 1861,
be enlisted as a private soldier in Company E of tbe Twelfth Iowa
Infantry and with this volunteer regiment served during the spring
and summer of 1862 in various engagements. The most notable of
these was the Battle of Shiloh in which the Twelfth Iowa was one of
the four regiments which held the ground designated by the Con-
federates as the "Hornet's Nest". On Christmas day, 1862, he was
discharged from the hospital at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, on a
surgeon's certificate of disability.

After recovering his health he taught school for some time and
during the years 1867 to 1870 was a student at the State University
of Iowa. Here he was a pupil of Miss Ellen Moore, whom he mar-
ried in 1868. In 1871 he became editor and part owner of the
Vinton Eagle and for about sixteen years continued as its editor.
From 1886 to 1892 he was a member of the Board of Regents of the
State University of Iowa, and in 1892 became Librarian of that
institution, serving in this capacity until 1898.

The scope of his interests is somewhat indicated hy the fact that
for a long period of j^ears he was a Director of the Iowa City State
Bank, a Trustee of the Public Library of Iowa City, and a Curator
of the State Historical Society of Iowa. The latter position he occu-
pied from 1903 to 1920 and interested himself in all phases of the
work of the Society.

He was an indefatigable student of Civil "War history and con-
tributed numerous articles to the Iowa Journal of History and
Politics. In 1911 his book on The Battle of Shiloh was published
by the State Historical Society of Iowa. It was the product of a
long and careful study of the engagement, and historians and mili-
tary critics have pronounced it to be the "best published account of
that dramatic conflict".

CONTRIBUTOES

Donald LeCeone McMuery, Associate in History at the
State University of Iowa. Born at Winona, Minnesota, March
2, 1890. Received the degree of B. A. from Beloit College in
1911 and the degree of M. A. from the University of Wisconsin
in 1913. Instructor in History at Vanderbilt University,
1914-1917. Instructor in History at Brown University, 1918-
1919.

Chaeles Eeuben Keyes, Professor in Cornell College, Mt.
Yernon, Iowa. Attended the public schools of Mt. Vernon
and received a B. Ph. degree from Cornell College in 1894 and
an M. A. degree from Howard University in 1898. Attended
various German universities. Author of numerous articles on
scientific and literary subjects.

Louis Beenaed Schmidt, Professor of History in the Iowa
State College of Agriculture and Mechanics Arts. (See The
Iowa Journal of History and Politics for October, 1912,
p. 593.)

Cyeil Beyce Upham, Instructor in Political Science in The
State University of Iowa. (See The Iowa Journal of His-
tory AND Politics for January, 1919, p. 152.)

473

ESTABUSfflU) BfT LAW m THK TlSAB 1857

Ikcobposatkd: 1867 akd 1893
Located AT Iowa City Iowa

tKE

FORMER PRESIDENTS

JAMES W. GRIMES, First President
EGBERT HUTCHINSON
M. 3. MOBSMAN
WtLLIAM G. HAMMOND
GEORGE G. WEIGHT

JOSIAH L. PIOKAEU
PETER A. DEY
EUCOLID SANDERS

OFFICEES

5NJAMIN F. SHAMBAUGH SuPBBnrrtaroJBNT

Acting President

, Tmeasubkb

lRd op curators

Appointed iy the Governor

Eft A, P. AxuiK John M, Lindly

M. DUTOHBR J. P* C^UmSHANK JOHK T. MOFFH?

Si Olmra CEum^sa J. Fulton W. f. Mooeb

lORTOK C. MUMMA JOHN M. GKIMM CHAS. E. PiCKETT

Coast H. O. Weaves

MEMBERSHIP

>me a member of The State Historical Societi op
Board of Curators and the payment of an entrance fee

jiety may be retained after the first year upon the

ty shall be entitled to receive
ji^y during the continuance of

Address all Communications to

■State Historical Society Iowa City

OCTOBER 1920

miowA

FCP

^^^H

■i

oadsr Mt ii Oongnm of J«Sr !• ^***

Vol XVIII

E DI TO It
BENJAMIN F. SnAMB^tJ(5ir
Associate Editor, JOHN C. PARISH

OCTOBER 19SO

No. 4

A L\'\ ii'v, (>! tlie \\ (>i'k of the Jowa Code Commission

Jai;(»r Vax OKI! Zi:e

liuh \iug the Compiled Code
Sutjie Publications

Wpstcns Ameriraiia

J'-wana
]]ist,orie;i] Societies
j\i>1e- ;iij(i < 'oiiiiiit'iit
Contributoi's

jACuii Yax der Zee

477

584
552
555
556

5<w
574

578

i-oi>i/rt;;ii.t 19S0 by The State Historical Society of Ic

\ L

THE IOWA JOl RXAI. OF HISTORY AND POLITJCS

Published Quaktehly
at iowa ctty

&UES0E1PTI0N PEICBt $2.00 S I K<J L B N 17 M B B E : 60 C«NTl

Address all C&mmunieaiions to
TitK fiTAr»,Hisi05iCiL Sncirrr Iowa City Iow^a

THE IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

OCTOBER NINETEEN HUNDRED TWENTY

VOLUME EIGHTEEN NUMBER FOUR

VOL. XVIII — 31

A EEVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE IOWA CODE
COMMISSION

Six different times since the year 1838, when the Terri-
tory of Iowa was organized, have the people of this Com-
monwealth seen their statute law collected and committed
to a single book known as a ''code" to the end that such
law when presented in a logical, concise, and orderly man-
ner-might be clear and simple even to the ordinary citizen.^
The last and bulkiest of these volumes, the Code of 1897,
was barely off the press when the legislature added a book
of several hundred new laws and repeated the performance
at every session thereafter. So confusing and time-con-
suming were these volumes of session laws issued since
1897 that their contents have been consolidated three times
in the form of supplements to the code, each one in turn
being rendered obsolete by its successor. After the com-
pilation of the Supplement of 1913, the statute law again
assumed a condition bordering on chaos; and when the
Thirty-eighth General Assembly closed its session in 1919,
Iowa statute law had to be sought in the Code of 1897, the
Supplement of 1913, the Supplemental Supplement of 1915,
and the acts and resolutions of the Thirty-seventh and
Thirty-eighth General Assemblies.

Had the plan provided by law in 1915 been followed down
to date, there would be only three instead of five deposi-

1 The reader who desires to know the history of codification in Iowa previous
to the year 1914 should read a series of articles by Clifford Powell in The
Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vols. IX-XII. For shorter accounts
of the subject see Dan E. Clark's paper in Iowa Applied History, Vol. Ill, pp.
399-427, and Emlin MeClain's summary in the Iowa Law Bulletin, Vol. I, pp.
1-28.

477

478 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

tories of the law. The Supplemental Supplement pub-
lished in 1915 was a compilation of the statutes enacted in
that year under title, chapter, and section numbers cor-
responding to those of the two existing code volumes, the
intention being that subsequent legislation would be fitted
into it in like manner, thus resulting in a cumulative supple-
ment which would be reprinted every two years. This
scheme of taking care of the legislative output of each Gen-
eral Assembly, elaborately set forth in a law covering more
than two pages, contemplated the early publication of a
one-volume code and the use thereafter of but two volumes
of statute law — the code and a biennial cumulative supple-
ment.^ One of the first enactments of the Thirty-seventh
General Assembly in 1917, however, overthrew this plan
and caused a return to the old system of issuing a separate
volume of laws for every session of the legislature.
Whether this action was the result of accident, misunder-
standing, or ill-will it is not easy to determine ; but be that
as it may, when it was later discovered that the law cre-
ating a supplemental supplement had been killed, a bill to
revive it was sidetracked only because another measure was
confidently expected to provide for complete code revision.^

EECENT AGITATION FAVOEING EEVISION AND CODIFICATION

In his inaugural address of 1917 Governor Wm. L.
Harding, himself a practising lawyer before he assumed
the office of chief executive, showed that he was deeply im-
pressed by the welter of Iowa statutes. His own words*
addressed to the General Assembly were as follows :

What the people of this State want is fewer laws, plainly written,

2 Supplemental Supplement of 1915, p. XI and Sec. 224-i.

3 Laws of Iowa, 1917, Ch. 5, Sec. 11.

* Journal of the Senate, 1917, p. 121; Journal of the Bouse of Representa-
tives, 1917, p. 122.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 479

easily understood, and well enforced. They expect you to reduce
the number of laws ; expect you to put them in such shape as that
the average man may read as he runs, and patriotically obey. This
is a task too large for a single session. I therefore recommend that
a body be provided by this legislature, to report to the succeeding
one, in harmony with this thought, their findings for action.

Wlien our laws shall be reduced to readable limits, they will be
understood, and respected, and, so, easily enforced.

The Governor made rather more constructive recommen-
dations some time later in a message to the same body : he
suggested that a legislative committee take up the problem
of revising the laws for the raising of revenue ; that a sim-
ilar committee grapple with the problem of the overlapping
authority of State departments and officers ; and that there
be appointed "a small number of skilled and competent
persons, trained in the law, to edit the existing codes and
to clarify and simplify them."^ Legislators acquainted
with the situation were so generally in favor of the latter
suggestion that the Van Alstine Bill creating a commission
of five members to codify the laws and report to the Gen-
eral Assembly was passed by an overwhelming majority in
the Senate. Unfortunately the measure got caught in the
jam of the closing days of the session and failed to emerge
from the hands of the House Sifting Committee.^ So press-
ing was the need of imtangling the law that the Iowa State
Bar Association at its meeting in June, 1917,' went on rec-
ord urging immediate recodification.'^

Legislative consideration of this important subject was
resumed when the General Assembly met in January, 1919.
Indeed, the second bill introduced in each house provided
for a code commission ; later bills covered the same ground

5 Journal of the Senate, 1917, pp. 301, 302.

6 Senate File, No. 2. For the record of this bill see Journal of the Senate,
1917, p. 2033, and Journal of the Bouse of Bepresentatives, 1917, p. 2308.

f Proceedings of the Iowa State Bar Association, Vol. XXIII, pp. 51, 53.

480 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

in a somewhat different way; and eventually the measure
prepared by a Senate Judiciary Committee, slightly mod-
ified, obtained the right of way to enactment by practically
unanimous votes in both houses, obtained the Governor's
signature, and went into effect by publication on March
18th.® A brief digest or analysis of this act will reveal its
scope and character.

ACT OF 1919 CEEATING A CODE COMMISSION

The law provided for a commission of three members,
one of whom was to be the Supreme Court Reporter and
the others were to be selected by the Governor from a list
of five especially qualified persons recommended by the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. After subscribing to
an oath to support the constitutions of State and Nation
and to perform their duties faithfully and impartially ac-
cording to the best of their knowledge and ability, the com-
missioners were required to take up the work assigned to
them on or before April 1, 1919, at a compensation of $25.00
each for every day of eight hours actually employed, to-
gether with all necessary traveling expenses. This per diem
paid to the Supreme Court Reporter was in lieu of his reg-
ular salary ; and during his membership on the commission
he might employ an assistant to continue the work of re-
porting at the State 's expense for not more than $2000 per
annum. Vacancies for any cause were to be filled in the
same manner as the original appointments.

The commission was granted the following powers: to
obtain suitable rooms and supplies; to call upon the Su-
preme Court, State departments, and State officials for in-
formation and assistance ; to employ a chief clerk or stenog-
rapher at an expense of not more than eight dollars per day
when necessary and such other stenographers as were

s Journal of the Senate, 1919, pp. 629, 630, 864; Journal of the House of
Bepresentatives, 1919, pp. 778, 917; and Laws of Iowa, 1919, Cli. 50.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 481

needed at an expense of not more than five dollars per day
each; and in order to complete their work by January 1,
1920, to secure, with the approval of the Executive Council,
other additional assistants.

From the wording of the act it would seem that the legis-
lature lacked a clear conception of the nature of the duties
to be performed: its language in this respect leaves the
reader in reasonable doubt.^ In the first place, the law de-
clares that the '* commission shall carefully edit and codify
the laws of Iowa, omitting all laws or parts repealed, omit-
ting all laws of local or temporary character, and all anno-
tations and decisions, and collect such general laws of Iowa,
including such laws of the thirty-eighth general assembly,
printed and bound in one complete volume in such shape as
to be amended and adopted as the permanent code of the
state." In preparing this volume the commission was to
give new numbers to the sections of existing code publica-
tions, number the lines of sections, include a table of cor-
responding sections and ^n index of the principal words
without cross-references, and have the book completed and
printed on or before December 1, 1919.

A second duty of the commission is stipulated in the fol-
lowing words :

Accompanying said proposed code, the commission, and after its
discharge the code editor, shall submit a report to the legislature
calling attention by reference to section of the code, to all repealed
laws by section and reference to the session repealing same and
calling attention to such portions of the laws as may be found to be
conflicting, or redundant or ambiguous or such as otherwise require
legislative action to make clear; and shall include in such reports
the comments and recommendations of the commission or editor
upon the subject of any part of said code.

This report was to be completed and printed on or before
January 1, 1920.

9 The statute does not conform to the best standards of draftsmanship.

482 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The drafters of the law above outlined, realizing to some
extent what the effect of the code commission's work would
be, took occasion to devote another part of the law to laying
down new duties for the Code Editor after the commission
dissolved. It is clear from the provisions of the law that
the Code Editor will in the future be expected to advise the
legislature on the condition of Iowa statute law. Further-
more, he is required to edit and prepare for publication a
book of annotations of the code "to be printed in a separate
volume arranged in the same way as to divisions, titles,
chapters, and sections, as the edited code containing the
annotations of all statutes construed by the supreme court
of Iowa, and the federal courts, which book of annotations
shall continue to be edited by the code editor up to date
from time to time and printed, sold and distributed in the
same manner as the code." Unless the Supreme Court
should extend the time for good cause, the first book should
be completed on or before January 1, 1920 ;i*^ but after
every session of the General Assembly the Code Editor is
required to edit the code and the book of annotations so
that they ''may be printed from time to time as ordered by
the general assembly to meet all demands for the same. ' '

Another section of the act creating the commission speci-
fies that the slugs, monotj^e or linotype matter of the new
code shall be of the same style as the Supplemental Supple-
ment of 1915; that "they shall be preserved as the property
of the state so that by correction of same from time to time

10 Owing to the fact that the Supreme Court Eeporter served continuously in
the Tvork of codification and revision until the commission adjourned late in
February, 1920, the completion of the book of annotations was postponed to
July 1, 1920, by order of the Supreme Court and a second extension of time
was given until sixty days after the convening of the Thirty-ninth General
Assembly in 1921.

The present article does not include an account of the work of annotation
by Mr. Whitney and his assistant, O. K. Patton, because it is not a part of the
work of the code commission; but a brief report of their labors will no doubt
be published as a preface to the book of annotations.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 483

the code and book of annotations may be successively print-
ed as edited to date"; that the "linotype slugs set for the
supplemental supplement 1915, and now owned by the state,
shall be used for the code and book of annotations"; and
that the "printing of the code and book of annotations shall
be from electrotype plates and not from the linotype slugs
direct, and the electrotype plates need not be preserved."
The type face for both books is also described.

The remainder of the act covers the following matters:
the number of copies of the code to be printed ; the distribu-
tion of the code, the report, and the book of annotations;
the sale price of the code and the report ; the auditing and
payment of expenses growing out of the work of the com-
mission; and a blanket appropriation of money from the
State treasury.

When critically analyzed the whole act is seen to present
a curious mixture of law of a permanent nature and law of
a temporary nature, and combines under one title two dif-
ferent subjects : the creation and duties of the code commis-
sion and the duties of the Code Editor after the dissolution
of the commission, the work of each being distinct and inde-
pendent, although the one grows out of the other. The
most unique feature of the act, however, is the sentence
which declares "the great necessity for the adoption" of
the report of the code commission and requests the Gov-
ernor "to convene the legislature in extra session during
the month of January, 1920, or as soon thereafter as prac-
ticable, for the consideration of said report and code." By
going on record in this way it Avould appear that the legis-
lature sought not so much to thrust an obligation on the
Governor as to relieve him of the responsibility for calling
an extra session which would mean additional expense to
the taxpayers.

484 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

THE CODE COMMISSION

In accordance with the authority conferred by the legis-
lature Chief Justice Scott M. Ladd promptly submitted the
following list of nominees : W. A. Helsell of Odebolt, J. C.
Mabry of Albia, E. D. Perry of Des Moines, J. H. Trewin of
Cedar Eapids, and Chas. M. Waterman of Davenport.
Governor Harding appointed Mr. Mabry and Mr. Trewin,
who on March 19th, together with Supreme Court Eeporter
U. G. Whitney, took the oath of office. The commission im-
mediately organized with Mr. Trewin as chairman and Mr.
Whitney as secretary; E. F. McMahon was chosen chief
clerk; a staff of stenographers and other assistants was
employed ; the rooms of the Lieutenant Governor were occu-
pied as working-quarters ; and Mr. Whitney was placed in
charge of the work at the State House.

Since without aid the code commissioners could not hope
to complete the work within the time prescribed by the leg-
islature they exercised the power to employ additional as-
sistants : with the approval of the Executive Council they
engaged Ealph Maclean to assist Mr. Trewin at Cedar
Rapids, C. A. Bobbins to assist Mr. Mabry at Albia, and
0. K. Patton to assist Mr. Whitney at the State House.
Somewhat later the commission obtained the services of
Professor John E. Brindley^^ of Ames to aid in the com-
pilation and codification of the State's tax laws, Professor
J. Van der Zee of Iowa City to prepare an index, and
Professor H. C. Horack^^ ^f Iqwel City to analyze the uni-
form conditional sales act and show its effect on existing
law if adopted in Iowa. A few words about the commis-

11 Mr. Brindley is professor of economics in the Iowa State College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts. He has written a book on road legislation in Iowa
and a two-volume work on the history of taxation in Iowa.

12 Mr. Horack is professor of law in the State University of Iowa and also
secretary-treasurer of the Iowa State Bar Association.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 485

sioners and their regular assistants will not be out of place
in this connection.

Born in Carroll County, Virginia, in 1860, Jefferson C.
Mabry obtained his early training and education in Illinois,
later graduating from Carthage College at the age of
twenty-two. After being admitted to the Iowa bar at Bur-
lington the next year, he removed to Albia for the practice
of his profession and has been so occupied ever since with
the exception of the years 1891 and 1892 when he taught in
the law department of Drake University.^^ An attorney of
wide experience, Mr. Mabry has come to be recognized as a
specialist in railroad, mining, banking, and corporation
law.

Ulysses G. Whitney was born on a farm in Hardin Coun-
ty in 1864 and attended the rural schools. After teaching
for five years, he spent two years as a student at Cornell
College, then read law, and graduated from the law school
of Drake University in 1890. Upon being admitted to the
bar he opened an office at Sioux City; served ten years as
county attorney for Woodbury County; and became State
Eepresentative in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Gen-
eral Assemblies. Since January, 1915, Mr. Whitney has
held the positions of Supreme Court Eeporter and Code
Editor.^^ As Supreme Court Eeporter Mr. Whitney has
written the head notes for the opinions of the Supreme
Court contained in the last eighteen volumes of Iowa re-
ports which have been published under his supervision;
and as Code Editor he completed the Supplement of
1913, edited the Supplemental Supplement of 1915, and
brought out the session laws enacted subsequent to his ap-
pointment. Mr. Whitney is also the author of Whitney's

13 Cole and Ebersole's The Courts and the Legal Profession, Vol. II, p. 863.

lilowa Official Register, 1917-1918, p. 228; Brigham's Iowa, Its History
and Its Foremost Citizens, Vol. II, pp. 125, 126.

486 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Digest covering volumes 168 to 178 of the Iowa reports. In
recent years he has frequently been called upon to draft
bills for members and committees of the legislature ; and it
is well known that he assisted in the preparation of the
original draft of the important road legislation of 1919.

Born near Chicago, Illinois, in 1858, James H. Trewin
came to Iowa in 1872. His early education was in the com-
mon schools, in Bradford Academy (Chickasaw County),
Cedar Valley Seminary, and Lenox College at Hopkinton.
He engaged in teaching for about seven years, then studied
law in an office at Dubuque, Iowa, and was admitted to
practice in 1882, first opening an office at Earlville, Dela-
ware County, Iowa. He moved to Lansing, Iowa, in 1889
and to Cedar Eapids, Iowa, in 1902. Since admission to the
bar he has been in active general practice. Mr. Trewin 's
interest in the condition of the State's law began with his
membership in the lower house of the Twenty-fifth General
Assembly in 1894. At that time he championed codification
by fathering the bill which was passed creating a commis-
sion. At the next session of the legislature, as a member of
the Senate committee on code revision, he took an important
part in the consideration of the code commission's work. In
the extra session of 1897 he served on a joint committee
which had certain duties to perform in connection with the
publication of the code ; and when the Greneral Assembly had
adopted the proposed code piecemeal with numerous modifi-
cations, a committee of five legislators was appointed to su-
pervise the editing and preparation of the new Code of 1897
for the press and report to the session after a brief recess.
This committee organized under the chairmanship of Mr.
Trewin, and made reports on July 1, 1897, and to the Twen-
ty-seventh General Assembly in 1898. During the legislative
session of 1900 Mr. Trewin was a member of the joint com-
mittee to ''carefully revise and codify all the special assess-

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 487

ment laws, and such other laws in relation to the govern-
ment of municipal corporations, as may be by the committee
deemed necessary and expedient, and recommend such
changes therein as may be desirable." In the Twenty-
ninth General Assembly Mr. Trewin urged the publication
of the Code Supplement of 1902 and became a member of
t)ie legislative committee which supervised the editing.
Subsequent to his career in the Senate his advice has been
frequently sought by legislators who have introduced bills
dealing with the codification of the law. Mr. Trewin also
acted as the first president of the Iowa State Board of Edu-
cation from 1909 to 1914.1^

Caleb A. Eobbins of Winterset, a native of Kansas and
now fifty-two years of age, attended the rural and Winterset
schools, Valparaiso University, and the University of Iowa
law school. For nearly thirty years he has been active in
the practice of law. From 1911 until 1918 he filled the posi-
tions of special counsel and assistant under Attorneys-
general Cosson and Havner.

Ralph Maclean of Carroll was born at Columbus City in
1876, obtained an education in the schools of Atlantic, en-
gaged in nearly every phase of newspaper work, and has
practised law continually since 1912.

Odis K. Patton of Iowa City spent his youth in Story
and Marshall counties, Zearing being the place of his birth
in 1889. After graduation from the schools of Marshall-
town, he continued his studies at the University of Iowa
which granted him four degrees in arts and law — B. A.,
M. A., Ph. D., and LL. B.— the last in 1917. He had mean-
while devoted part of his time to the teaching of political

15 Gue's History of Iowa, Vol. IV, p. 266; The Iowa Journal of History
AND Politics, Vol. XI, pp. 365, 366, 387, 388, 409, 414, 416, 420, 431, 432,
434, 440. Mr. Trewin has been deeply interested in the simplifying of the law
by revision and codification and has thought and read a great deal on the
subject.

488 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

science in the same institution and to research for The
State Historical Society of Iowa. As related to the law of
Iowa his writings cover the following subjects: marriage
and divorce legislation, home rule in cities, the removal of
public officials, methods of statute-law making, and the
interpretation and construction of statutes.^^ Shortly after
beginning the practice of his profession at Sioux City in
1917, Mr. Patton enlisted in the army for service in the
World War.

Almost the first act of the code commission was the clear
and definite determination of what the General Assembly
intended its duties to be. Since the words of the statute
were not as illuminating as they might have been in this
matter, the commissioners addressed a communication to
the legislature with a view to explaining their understand-
ing of the statute in order that the General Assembly might
have an opportunity to set them right if they were mis-
taken. When no response of any kind was forthcoming,
the commissioners, acting on the theory that silence gives
approval, proceeded to carry out their own construction of
the functions hinted at in the law. Their interpretation of
the legislature 's intent deserves to be stated in full because
it clears up the not always apparent distinction between
''compilation" and ''codification" of the laws. The com-
mission's duties were assumed to be the following :^^

First, to prepare an orderly compilation of the laws, omitting all
laws of a local or temporary character, etc., and to cause the same
to be printed on or before December 1st, 1919, without any change
in wording;

Second, to prepare a report setting forth a codification of such
parts of the law, as, in the judgment of the commission, is necessary,
and that such codification shall be prepared in the form of bills as
substitutes for the sections or chapters codified, as the case may be ;

16 Iowa Applied History, Vols. II and III.

17 Journal of the Senate, 1919, pp. 1116, 1117.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 489

Third, to separately report such amendments to the laws as codi-
fied, as, in the judgment of the commission, are necessary and for
the public interest.

Realizing the magnitude of this program and the impos-
sibility of executing it thoroughly in the few short months
allowed, the commission also took occasion to inform the
General Assembly that the time was scarcely more than
would be necessary to complete the compilation, thus leav-
ing scant opportunity for the more important and difficult
work of codification. It did not hesitate, therefore, to ad-
dress the following appeal to the members of the legis-
lature : ^®

First, point out specifically all defects, conflicts, inconsistencies
and errors in the laws of the state which you have been able to
discover ;

Second, rewrite any section or sections of the law which, in your
judgment, can be made plainer and more concise, without change
in the meaning of the law ;

Third, make specific suggestions in the form of amendments to
sections, or substitutes for sections which in your opinion would
improve any of the laws of the state and be for the public benefit.
Mere general suggestions will be of small value because of the lack
of time to formulate them into amendments, but all specific sugges-
tions will be of great aid to the commission and much appreciated.

Impressed by the commission's complaint about its in-
ability to come through on schedule time, the Senate unan-
imously passed a joint resolution authorizing the Com-
mittee on Retrenchment and Reform to extend the period
not more than thirty days if necessary, but in the lower
house the Sifting Committee failed to report this measure
out. It is also worthy of note that on the day before final
adjournment the members of the legislature almost suc-
ceeded in reversing themselves in regard to a matter which

18 Journal of the Senate, 1919, p. 1117.

490 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

they believed on second thought would bring confusion to
the legal profession: the Senate Sifting Committee intro-
duced a bill to abandon the plan of renumbering the sections
of the code. Although this measure passed both houses by
unanimous votes the process of enactment missed comple-
tion before adjournment.^^ Had its duties been modified
to such an extent, not only would the code commission have
been effectively hobbled, but its progress and ultimate use-
fulness also would have been seriously impaired.

THE COMPILED CODE

First among the steps to be taken to put the State's store-
house of law in order was to discover and assemble the rules
of law enacted by the Iowa legislature. The code commis-
sion's task did not, of course, extend to the gathering of all
the law as set forth in the statute books and in the reported
decisions of the Supreme Court — an undertaking of such
tremendous proportions has never been essayed in Iowa,
although it has been accomplished in a few American
States ^*^ with doubtful advantage in the end. On the con-
trary, the code commission was to focus its attention on leg-
islation of a permanent and general nature only.^^ This
required the collecting of law from five official depositories :
the Code of 1897, the Supplement of 1913, the Supplemental
Supplement of 1915, and the two volumes of statutes enact-
ed by the General Assembly in 1917 and 1919. Some per-
manent legislation accidentally omitted from the books
above named was also unearthed by the commission.^^ The

^9 Journal of the Senate, 1919, p, 2166; and Journal of the Bourse of Bepre-
sentatives, 1919, pp. 2216, 2225.

20 California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Idaho.

21 Temporary appropriation and legalizing acts were omitted.

22 See Corn-piled Code, p. 2639. At the same time the new compilation lacks
the permanent law included in chapter 50, Laws of Iowa, 1919.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 491

statute law thus gathered up from the several sources ag-
gregated approximately 12,000 sections.

Inasmuch as a considerable fraction of this mass of legis-
lation consisted of repealing and amendatory statutes, the
next step was to cull out dead matter that had been accumu-
lating for over twenty years and at the same time to pre-
serve the living law in its entirety. Great care was required
to preserve existing statutes in the form in which the legis-
lature had left them. Sections of law amended or expressly
repealed by other sections were handled in the manner
authorized by the legislature. Obsolete law thus ferreted
out was then discarded, and authorized changes in the
wording of numerous sections in the Code of 1897 and its
supplements were also carried out. Thus, for example,
wherever the old law required the Executive Council to
audit specific claims against the State, the words ''State
board of audit" were substituted i^^ "State Normal
School" now appears as "State Teachers' College"; and
where certain State educational institutions once managed
by boards of trustees were later placed under the State
Board of Education, the name of the new board was substi-
tuted. Those who suppose that the mulct law has been
completely shelved by the recent prohibitory amendment to
the United States Constitution may be surprised to learn
that the Compiled Code retains those provisions of the old
law which impose a fine for the illegal sale of liquor : sixteen
sections providing for the collection of a tax for bootlegging
will now operate as a penalty in addition to the penalties
elsewhere laid down in the law.

This process of overhauling nearly 12,000 sections of law,
without changing their meaning or eliminating any portion
unless expressly authorized, resulted in the survival of a

23 This change was omitted in Compiled Code, Sees. 921, 4753.

VOL. xvin — 32

492 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

total of 9589 sections.^^ Even in cases where two or more
sections, as in the collateral inheritance tax law, or even
whole chapters like those dealing with drainage concern the
same subject, no matter whether certain provisions be re-
dundant or cumulative or plainly contradictory, the code
commission allowed the law to stand : in its preparation of
the Compiled Code it gave effect to express repeals, but
never took the liberty to omit sections repealed by implica-
tion.^^ By not assuming to sit as a court to interpret the
meaning of the law in such cases the commission steered a
safe course : not wishing to tamper with the law during the
first stage of its labors, it wisely reserved for the legisla-
ture the task of eradicating repetition or confusion in the
law as such elimination might be suggested in bills to be
drafted by the commission later. The Compiled Code ac-
cordingly presents all redundant or contradictory sections
either placed consecutively or in close proximity so that the
reader will be more likely to note the defects in the law.

It should be pointed out that the code commissioners en-
deavored to make their work of compilation a stepping-
stone to the more important work of revision and amend-
ment ; and so the Compiled Code is in no sense the result of
an attempt to codify Iowa statute law. Had the commis-
sion undertaken to effect any far-reaching changes in the
wording of the law, it would have laid the ground for cen-
sure and prejudice in the legislature where some members

24 Sometimes very lengthy sections were divided into several consecutive
shorter sections. See Compiled Code, Sees. 1978-1984, 8953-8957, 9001-9004,
9015-9018. On the other hand, vridely separated but related sections were occa-
sionally combined as paragraphs of the same section. For an illustration of
this see section 4516.

25 For instance, an old law required the immediate burning of hogs dying
from disease and forbade persons to deal in dead swine or to convey diseased
or dead diseased swine upon a public highway; but a very recent statute
legalized the utilization and disposal of all dead animals in a certain way for
scientific purposes. Since the old law is not expressly repealed, the commis-
sion had both statutes printed in the Compiled Code.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 493

are always ready and eager to take advantage of the sligM-
est excuse for criticism. Nowhere in the Compiled Code,
therefore, has the language of the law undergone any modi-
fication' except as authorized by the legislature.

When the clearing out of dead timber from the law had
been finished, the commissioners and their assistants began
the task of familiarizing themselves with the thousands of
sections which survived the ordeal. These sections, sepa-
rately pasted upon loose, large-size sheets of stiff paper,
were sorted according to subject-matter. In this phase of
the work, the old principles of classifying the law, pursued
in previous code publications of the State, served the gen-
eral purpose of lighting the commissioners on their way,
but gradually they evolved a different scheme of classifica-
tion by titles. The Code of 1897 consists of four parts:
Public Law, Private Law, Code of Civil Practice, and Code
of Criminal Procedure ; each is divided into titles ; and these
twenty-six titles are further subdivided into chapters. All
legislation enacted by the General Assembly since 1897 has
been fitted into this arrangement. A general survey of the
law as a whole convinced the code commission that it would
be unwise to pattern an up-to-date compilation after the
Code of 1897, and so a rearrangement was decided upon as
both necessary and proper.

A comparison of old and proposed title headings in par-
allel columns below reveals not only the scope and contents
of the Code of 1897 and the Compiled Code but suggests in
a superficial way the superiority of the latter in at least one
respect : simple and orderly arrangement. Indeed, the code
commission's analysis and proposed classification of the
law is more thorough and scientific than the one heretofore
prevailing. The omission of the archaic and useless word
*'0f" as the introductory word of titles is a decided
improvement.

494 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

COMPAEATIVE TaBLE OF CODE OF 1897 AND COMPILED CODE
(Figures in parentheses indicate the number of chapter subdivisions)

Titles in the Code of 1897

I. Of the Sovereignty
and Jurisdiction of
the State, and the Leg-
islative Department
(5)
II. Of the Executive De-
partment (9)

III. Of the Judicial De-
partment (15)

IV. Of County and Town-
ship Government (11)

V. Of City and Town
Government (14)
VI. Of Elections and Offi-
cers (12)
VII. Of the Revenue (4)
VIII. Of Roads, Bridges and
Ferries and the De-
struction of Thistles
(3)
IX. Of Corporations (13)
X. Of Internal Improve-
ments (9)
XI. Of the Militia (1)
XII. Of the Police of the
State (21)

XIII. Of Education (18)

XIV. Of Rights of Prop-
erty (11)

XV. Of Trade and Com-
merce (10)
XVI. Of the Domestic Rela-
tions (8)
XVII. Of the Estates of De-
cedents (5)

Titles

IN- THE Compiled

Code of 1919

Sovereignty and

Jurisdiction of the

State, and the Leg-

islative Department

(8)

Executive Depart-

ment (16)

III.

Military Code and

Related Matters (4)

IV.

Elections and Offi-

cers (29)

Regulations under

Police Power (24)

Public Health (15)

VII.

Dairy and Food De-

partment (14)

VIII.

Department of Ag-

riculture, Horticul-

ture, and Animal

Industry (22)

IX.

Charitable, Correc-

tional and Penal In-

stitutions (20)

Education (38)

XI.

Highways (18)

XII.

County and Town-

ship Government (24)

XIII.

City and Town Gov-

ernment (41)

XIV.

Taxation (22)

XV.

Certain Internal

Improvements (5)

XVI.

Common Carriers

(10)

XVIL

Corporations (6)

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION

495

XVIII.

Of Procedure in

XVIII.

Insurance (12)

Courts of Original

XIX.

Banks (5)

Jurisdiction (16)

XX.

Building and Loan

XIX.

Of Attachments, Gar-

Associations (1)

nishment, Executions,

XXI.

Trade and Com-

and Supplementary

merce (14)

Proceedings (4)

XXII.

PersonalProperty(2)

XX.

Of Procedure to Re-

XXIII.

Real Property (12)

verse, Vacate, or Mod-

XXIV.

Certain Special

ify Judgments (3)

Liens (7)

XXI.

Of Procedure in Par-

XXV.

Legalizing Acts (7)

ticular Cases (18)

XXVI.

Domestic Relations

XXII.

Of Justices of the

(10)

Peace and Their

XXVII.

Justices of the

Courts (1)

Peace (1)

XXIII.

Of Evidence (1)

XXVIII.

Courts of Record of

XXIV.

Of Crimes and Pun-

Original Jurisdic-

ishments (15)

tion (8)

XXV.

Of Criminal Proce-

XXIX.

General Provisions

dure (50)

Relating to Civil

XXVI.

Of the Discipline and

Practice and Pro-

Government of Jails

cedure (17)

and Penitentiaries (2)

XXX.

Estates of Dece-
dents (6)

XXXT.

Particular Actions

(32)

XXXII.

Supreme Court (3)

XXXIII.

Criminal Law (63)

XXXIV.

Criminal Procedure

(47)

A study of the foregoing table explains in some measure
what the code commission has done in its compilation of the
law. Twenty-one of the old title headings, some slightly
altered, have been carried over into the Compiled Code;
and of the remaining five, Title III has been broken up into
new ones covering ''Courts of Record of Original Juris-
diction" and ''Supreme Court", and Titles XIX, XX,
XXIII, and XXVI have been quite properly reduced in

496 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

importance to the status of chapters under other titles. It
is to be noted, moreover, that eleven subjects formerly rele-
gated to chapters have now been raised to the prominence
of titles. The introduction of several new titles and nearly
300 new chapter headings represents an outstanding de-
parture from the style of the Code of 1897 and is justified
on two grounds: first, if the General Assembly approves
them, the statute law of Iowa thus arranged can not be so
easily thrown into confusion by subsequent amendments by
the legislature; and secondly, when the General Assembly
meets to pass upon the commission's 253 bills for the
amendment, revision, and codification of certain portions
of the law, the task of comparing existing and proposed
provisions will be considerably simplified and greatly facili-
tated because neither the chapters affected nor the bills pro-
posed are especially lengthy.

Legislative activity during the twenty-two years which
have elapsed since the publication of the Code of 1897 had
so enormously developed certain aspects of Iowa statute
law that the code commission found the time ripe for the
invention and adoption of several important new title head-
ings. Title XII ''Of the Police of the State" had come to
be a sort of general receptacle for legislation that could not
be classified otherwise, and so the commission broke it up
and distributed its contents elsewhere. Some of it relating
to the State board of health, medicine, surgery, nursing,
embalming, pharmacy, and dentistry afforded the nucleus
for a new title on ''Public Health". Another chapter be-
came the starting-point of an important new title on the
' ' Dairy and Food Department ' '. Two chapters on domestic
animals and the State veterinary surgeon and a chapter in
the old Title IX on agricultural and horticultural societies
and stock breeders and dairy associations, and other stat-
utes, all relating to a field in which the State has gained

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 497

distinction, were combined under '^ Department of Agri-
culture, Horticulture and Animal Industry". What re-
mained of the old Title XII and similar but widely scat-
tered State regulations for the protection of the people
were then compiled as ''Regulations under Police Power".
Another new title was manufactured out of the State's
charitable, correctional, and penal institutions. Other im-
portant subjects deemed worthy of separate titles were com-
mon carriers (formerly under "Internal Improvements"),
insurance, banks, building and loan associations, personal
property, and certain special liens. The commission also
brought together all general legalizing acts which affect
notaries public and acknowledgments, judgments and de-
crees, real property, corporations, cities and towns, bonds,
and certain elections.

Having separated the statute law into appropriate titles
without slavishly following the scheme of classification in
the Code of 1897, the commission effected another improve-
ment by arranging the titles in a more logical order. For
instance, the new work devotes the last eight titles to
subject-matter relating to the courts and their procedure
now scattered throughout the old compilation. This means
that in the future lawyers, county attorneys, and judges
will know simply that all rules of law concerning the prac-
tical or procedural side of their daily activity can be found
at the end of the code, related matters being bunched to-
gether. The officers of our courts will be compelled, of
course, to familiarize themselves with the new arrangement
and discard the old: having known for over twenty years
that they could find separate titles for execution, attach-
ment, garnishment, and proceedings auxiliary to execution,
general principles of evidence, and procedure to reverse,
vacate, or modify judgments, they must now learn that these
matters are more logically placed under ''General Provi-

498 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

sions Eelating to Civil Practice and Procedure" and ''Par-
ticular Actions". A few minutes of study should commend
to any practitioner the admirable arrangement of the last
eight titles of the Compiled Code: of course, many members
of the bar who have memorized the numbers of frequently
consulted sections will grieve because the new section num-
bering ruins their ability, acquired in over twenty years of
practice, to turn to the law without consulting the index.

The number and the headings of titles having been deter-
mined, the next step in the process of preparing the Com-
piled Code was the orderly and logical grouping of title
contents. By common consent each code commissioner was
assigned the special task of arranging certain titles, his
final product to be submitted to his colleagues individually
and to the commission as a whole for criticism. It was only
by such a division of labor that the commissioners could
hope to have the compilation ready for distribution by De-
cember 1, 1919. To assemble related subject-matter and
thus improve upon existing code volumes, which frequently
offer together incongruous, unrelated statutory provisions
in a most illogical and tantalizing manner, required no little
exercise of discrimination.

As rapidly as titles were chapterized, beginning with
Title I, the sections received numbers and the loose sheets
on which they were pasted were strung together and tied
into strong binders for future handling and safekeeping.
In the end four sets of the new compilation were made up
in this ponderous form, one set for each of the commission-
ers and the indexer. If the Compiled Code was to be
printed and bound by the date specified by the General As-
sembly, there was no time to lose in getting copy ready for
the press. The new compilation, therefore, underwent a
large amount of editorial supervision: besides arranging
the 34 titles and 565 chapters in logical order and selecting

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 499

appropriate, headings, the commissioners also supplied
each of the 9589 sections of the law with proper catchwords
at the beginning and bracketed historical references at the
end. After July 1, 1919, copy for the Compiled Code flowed
to the printer without interruption and soon galley proof
was being sent to the different commissioners for correc-
tions. Final proof, however, came from the office at Des
Moines where Mr. Whitney, qualified by experience as Su-
preme Court Eeporter and Code Editor for several years,
had charge of a staff of clerks, proof-readers, and stenog-
raphers for the routine duties connected with the work. It
is estimated that the process of compiling the law alone
consumed four months.

In appearance the Compiled Code as printed and bound
by The Homestead Company of Des Moines makes a rather
bulky quarto volume of 2945 pages. Title headings might
well have appeared in larger type than chapter headings.
The number and catchwords of each section, not as in pre-
vious code publications, now occupy a separate line and
stand out in black-face well above the body of the section
which is given in clear, readable type on paper of good
quality. For easy reference the lines of each section are,
moreover, consecutively numbered in the lefthand margin
of the page. Bracketed and abbreviated below each section
is the reference by the use of which the original enactment
can be found in previous statute books of the State, such as
the Code of 1851, the Revision of 1860, the Code of 1873,
the Code of 1897, the supplements to the code, and the ses-
sion law volumes of 1917 and 1919. These historical refer-
ences enable the reader to trace the development of a par-
ticular section of the law back to its original form.

Allotting two or more extra lines and spacing to the catch-
words and historical references of each of the 9589 sections
has made the Compiled Code much bulkier than it would

500 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

have been had they been joined to the beginning and end of
each section; but the usefulness of the volume has been very-
much enhanced by these new visualizing devices. An occa-
sional editorial note is inserted whenever the language of a
section needs to be explained for the user's enlightenment.^^

Besides the commission's introductory statement ad-
dressed to the Governor and the General Assembly, the
volume includes a topical index by titles and chapters and,
immediately follomng the body of the law, an eighty-four-
page table showing in consecutive numerical order all sec-
tions of existing law in one column, amendments and repeals
in a second, and corresponding Compiled Code sections in a
third column. The user of the new volume who knows exist-
ing law familiarly by section numbers, some of them used
for twenty-three years, and wants to learn where the code
commission has placed them, is by means of this table en-
abled to locate quickly what he seeks.

A closer examination of the contents of the Compiled
Code reveals the fact that the code commission followed a
few simple rules: sections once beginning with ''That"
have been rid of the superfluous word; and those time-
honored friends of legislative draftsmen, the words "pro-
vided that", have been everywhere changed to a simple
''but". It would not be surprising if some sections in their
new positions are really out of place. Close inspection, for
instance, makes it clear that section 5009 reads intelligibly
and logically only after 4959, and section 5010 after 5239.
Section 8603 logically follows 8716; sections 8685, 8691,
8692, and 8693 logically belong in the title on trade and
commerce; sections 1061-1067 on fire escapes belong after
chapter 6 of Title V; 8050-8055 on property stolen or em-
bezzled should come after chapter 19 of Title V; and sec-
tions 8967-8980 on impeachment properly deserve a berth

26 See notes subjoined to sections 1810, 1814, 1936, of the Compiled Code.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 501

after chapter 21 of Title IV. Nevertheless, very few mis-
takes are discoverable, and none of these are vital except
perhaps the first one above enumerated. As the result of
an oversight on the part of proof readers, paragraphs 22,
23, and 24 were omitted from section 1478 ; and the section
referred to in 3760 should have been 3342 instead of 3134.
In the course of time users of the new volume may possibly
uncover accidental omissions of law of a permanent nature.

In distributing 9589 sections of law among 565 chapters
and arranging the latter under thirty-four titles, the code
commission has followed one general rule, namely: wher-
ever possible, subject-matter should be placed after the
official body administering the law. Thus, the laws relating
to bees and nursery stock are found under ** Agricultural
College" in Title X because the State apiarist and State
entomologist are members of its faculty ; and the State bac-
teriological laboratory, the psychopathic hospital, and the
children's hospital belong under ''State University" in the
same title instead of in Title VI on public health. The
soldiers' orphans' home and the juvenile home, however,
are managed by the Board of Control and would appear to
belong more properly in Title IX on ''Charitable, Correc-
tional and Penal Institutions" than in the title on "Edu-
cation ' '.

After devising a scheme for the classification of the
subject-matter of the Compiled Code, it was not always pos-
sible for the commission to carry out the scheme, especially
when two possible arrangements presented themselves.
Some might argue that if the last eight titles were to be
reserved for the courts and their procedure, mayors' and
police courts might have been given a place in the title de-
voted to the justice of the peace court, whereas they consti-
tute a chapter in the title on "City and Town Government"
in the new compilation. Similarly, municipal courts might

502 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

have appeared in the same title ; but now they are grouped
in Title XXVIII on ''Courts of Record of Original Juris-
diction".

The extent to which related subject-matter may be as-
sembled is also well illustrated in the case of law dealing
with taxation: general provisions are found in a separate
title, including State tax levies, but sections of law which
confer taxing authority upon local government agencies
like cities and towns, counties, townships, school districts,
and drainage districts have been allowed to stand in the
titles covering those large subjects. If the extraction of
tax law wherever it occurs in such places had been under-
taken, important parts of the law would have been sepa-
rated from their context and orderly arrangement might
have been seriously disrupted.^^

That there was a limit to the plan of allocating branches
of the law to separate titles is proved by the difficulties en-
countered by the commission when it made an attempt to
collect the criminal law. County attorneys and judges will
discover that Title XXXIII is not all-inclusive so far as this
big subject is concerned. When it is realized that very
many chapters of the Compiled Code, such as those on rail-
roads, warehousemen, bills of lading, and the new housing
law, somewhere contain provisions penalizing persons
guilty of the violation of ''any of the foregoing provisions"
or "the provisions of this chapter", it must be clear that
these chapters would have been dismembered if the crim-
inal features had been extracted and relegated to a single
title somewhere else.^® Of course, a title embracing the
State 's entire penal code would have been desirable ; but to
accomplish that is the work of codification, not of simple

2T The index to the Compiled Code combines references to all phases of such
subjects under appropriate index headings.

28 See Mr. Mabry 's remarks in Froceedings of the Iowa State Bar Associa-
tion, 1919, p. 30.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 503

compilation, and would require long, laborious considera-
tion of all those penal sections of the law which incorporate
by mere reference hundreds of other sections which are not
penal. Under the circumstances, however, there is one
place in the Compiled Code where one may be expected to
go for an indication of all criminal offences and that is the
index under ''Criminal Law" with eleven pages of refer-
ences. It should be noted in passing that the new title on
criminal law with its sixty-three chapters, each devoted to
a separate offence or class of offences and some only a sec-
tion or two in length, represents a simpler and better classi-
fication than the old title of the Code of 1897 with fifteen
chapters under such general, nondescript headings as ''Of-
fenses against property" and "Offenses against public pol-
icy". Moreover, in a few instances where sections seemed
to embrace too much (particularly in Titles XXXIII and
XXXIV), the commission has seen fit to split them into
appropriate sections of moderate length without, of course,
affecting the meaning. A good example of this is the flag
desecration law: one section (a solid page and a half)
seventy-one lines long is now converted into five sections.^^
One part of the Compiled Code will be hailed by the hun-
dreds of local ofiicials in the State and that is Title XIII on
city and town government — the most voluminous title in
the book. So far as the process of compilation permitted,
it makes a satisfactory municipal code. It is worthy of
note that the last chapter is in fact the first step in the
direction of codifying the law relating to cities under spe-
cial charters. In the Code of 1897 and its supplements,
besides a chapter on this subject, there are scattered sec-
tions conferring powers upon cities and towns "including
cities under special charters". The commission has every-

20 Compiled Code, Sees. 8837-8841. Sections 1978-1984 were formerly
2727-a96. See also sections 8953-8959,

504 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

where removed the words quoted, and out of them in every
case has constructed a short new section for the chapter
dealing with such cities. A typical instance of this method
of handling the law may be indicated here. A section^^ of
the old law reads as follows :

That there is hereby created and established a board of police
and fire commissioners in cities with a population of eight thousand
or more in cities having a paid fire department and cities under
special charters, which, according to any state or national census
heretofore or hereafter taken, are shown to have a population of
more than twenty thousand.

In the Compiled Code this section^ ^ is made to read with-
out the first word and the words *'and cities under special
charters ' ', but the omission is accounted for in section 4307
which declares : ' ' Chapter five of this title is applicable to
cities acting under special charters ' '. The effect of the law
remains the same, but the form has changed: whereas all
the law on the subject appears in one section of the old code,
now it appears in the new compilation in two sections
widely separated. Omitting the same words from numer-
ous other sections of the old law and constructing new sec-
tions for insertion in chapter 41 on special charter cities
has resulted in the assembling of all the law applicable to
these cities.

If the uninitiated user of the Compiled Code happens to
know what the commission has done in chapter 41 of Title
XIII, he will use it as a handy codification of the law on the
subject; otherwise he may get into difficulty. Suppose he
should turn to the chapter on ** Municipal Court" to see if
such a tribunal may be established in special charter cities :
on consulting section 6840 (Title XXVIII, Chapter 1), he
will conclude that they may not, although section 4325 pro-

80 Supplement of 1.913, See. 679-a; Laws of Iowa, 1917, Ch. 195, Sec. 1.
31 Compiled Code, Sec. 3563.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 505

vides that ** Chapter one of title twenty-eight is applicable
to cities acting under special charters." The user might
argue, therefore, that the effect of a great many sections
which formerly included certain words to show what cities
were affected are now misleading because those words have
been omitted without informing the reader of that fact : he
can illustrate his point by showing that chapters 11, 14, 17,
19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 35, 37, and 38 of Title XIII contain no
reference whatever to special charter cities although all
are applicable, chapter 41 incorporating them by reference
in every case. This criticism is not really fatal because the
index, through which such information is usually obtained,
will cite the user to the law, and also because the people
who are most concerned are the inhabitants of Wapello,
Glenwood, Muscatine, and Davenport — the only cities in
the State to which chapter 41 is applicable.^ ^

To estimate the value of the Compiled Code it is neces-
sary to consider the purposes which it has served and will
serve. First of all, this compilation placed before the code
commission the whole body of the statute law in its present
form — with all its repetitions, ambiguities, inconsistencies,
and other imperfections. It thus afforded the commission
an easier approach to the more important and difficult
problem of converting the confused, chaotic body of the law
into an harmonious whole. The Compiled Code is, there-
fore, the first and indispensable step toward providing the
State of Iowa with an up to date code — it was employed by
the commission as the basis or ground work in the formula-
tion of bills to be considered by the General Assembly for
the improvement of the law.

In the second place, of the 2500 copies of the Compiled
Code issued at an expense of about $35,000, enough have

32 The people of Dubuque not long ago voted to abandon their special char-
ter in favor of the city manager plan of government.

506 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

been distributed free of charge to supply members of the
General Assembly, members of the code commission, judges
of the supreme, district, superior and municipal courts, all
State officials, the State Library, and the libraries at Iowa
City; and at a price of $3.00 per copy the compilation has
also been placed in the hands of persons who have ordered
it. These and other possible users are enabled to find within
the covers of a single book such matters as are otherwise
embraced in five books : State statutes, formerly badly scat-
tered and heaped on top of one another, have now been
printed in one volume wherein related provisions are
brought together and all the law appears in logical order.
Lawyers and judges especially will appreciate the great
value of such a work. But most important of all, when the
General Assembly undertakes the consideration of the code
commission's 253 proposed bills amending, revising, and
codifying certain portions of the law of Iowa, the Compiled
Code containing the law as it is will enable the members to
grasp more quickly the nature of those proposals. It will
be used for purposes of comparison by the members and
committees of the legislature and thus result, it is hoped, in
speeding up the business of the session — a saving of time,
therefore, the value of which can not be calculated in dol-
lars and cents. If the General Assembly acts favorably
upon the commission's report and existing law is modified
by alterations and additions, the publication of a new per-
manent code will be necessary at once and the Compiled
Code will then become a book chiefly of historic interest.
If the General Assembly believes that code revision is a job
too big for a regular session at a time when certain large
general needs and problems of the State are demanding
solution, the Compiled Code will serve some of the purposes
of a permanent code until the work of revision and codifica-
tion is accomplished. In any event the Compiled Code will

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 507

be scarcely more than a makeshift devised for the tempo-
rary convenience of those who want a handy compendium
of the law.

INDEX TO THE COMPILED CODE

Impressed by the importance of making the contents of
the new compilation of the laws readily accessible, and espe-
cially responsive to the complaints and suggestions of law-
yers in the State, the code commission took up correspond-
ence with law book publishers and asked not only for
criticisms of existing Iowa code indexes but also for the
suggestions and advice of experts as to a new one. Upon
being told, among other things, that the ideal indexer is not
easy to find because his work calls for much *' ox-like pa-
tience and, when well done, makes a heavy drain on the
nerves," after inquiry and consideration of the necessary
qualifications of an indexer, the commission employed J.
Van der Zee of Iowa City.^^

Immediately after his appointment on the 9th of April,
the indexer made a study of the indexes of important law
publications and particularly those in the more recent Iowa
code volumes with which the people are most familiar. The
knowledge of defects detected there was expected to be in-
valuable in the preparation of a superior code index in the
future. Altogether about one month was consumed in the
examination of the work of predecessors in the field; and
although this investment of time resulted in a fairly clear
notion of the main principles on which the index to the
Compiled Code should be constructed, the real problems in-
volved in indexing became apparent only after actual work
commenced: a sample index of several chapters submitted
to the code commission for inspection convinced the indexer

33 The commission 's indexer had acquired considerable experience indexing
the Proceedings of the Iowa State Bar Association, the Iowa Law Bulletin,
and publications of the State Historical Society of Iowa.

VOL. xvni — 33

508 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

that ''the tedious and sublunary task" of grasping and
holding the eel of legal science is more than ordinarily dif-
ficult. The General Assembly had given the commission
only one direction in regard to the compilation of an index :
the principal words in each section of the code should be
indexed alphabetically by giving "the number of section,
chapter or title as best adapted to find a section sought
without again referring to the index. "^^ The policy fol-
lowed with regard to the profuse employment of cross-
references in the index of 1915, the ''snake-chasing-its-
tail" or "ring-'round-a-rosy" index, was doubtless aimed
at in this provision.

The Compiled Code index of 293 pages — nearly two hun-
dred pages shorter than that of 1915 — gives effect to the
reasonable intent of the General Assembly. Law which
may be looked for under synonymous heads can be found
referred to in the index without extensive duplication of
index contents. Where a subject has been completely in-
dexed under one word and the law is briefly referred to
under another word covering the same subject, the reader
consulting the latter head is satisfied to find a general ref-
erence— otherwise a parenthetical note advises him to
turn to the former "for a more detailed index". If this
device had not been employed, the index might be as volu-
minous as the law itself. Nevertheless, the possibility of
using more synonyms was by no means exhausted.

The index has been prepared with the view of meeting
the needs of particular groups of people affected by the
law, namely: thousands of public officials, comparatively
fewer practitioners of law, and a considerable number of
laymen engaged in business, trade, and the professions.
Whether the index will adequately serve these classes only
time and constant use can demonstrate. The compiler has

34 Laws of Iowa, 1919, Ch. 50, Sec. 4.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 509

aimed to achieve a standard that calls for simplification of
arrangement, readiness of reference, and completeness of
detail. Space forbids a discussion of whether these pri-
mary requirements have been met. It suffices to say here
that those who have had occasion to run down particular
points of law in the new compilation must have noticed the
difference between its index and the one to which they have
tried to accustom themselves during the past five years.
Lawyers and judges especially will find themselves under
the necessity of re\dsing somewhat their procedure in the
search for provisions of Iowa statute law. A short preface
to the index, explaining clearly its plan of construction,
would not have been out of place : it would have served as a
guide or key to the method of using the index.^^

Perfection need hardly be looked for in an index of such
size — errors and omissions will undoubtedly be discovered
and it would not be at all surprising if its content and
structure should be subjected to sharp criticism many
times. Nevertheless, every critic of the index and the Com-
piled Code can well afford to be indulgent when he realizes
that most of their shortcomings are due to the rush which
attended the work of compilation at every step.^^

THE KEPORT OF THE CODE COMMISSION

After devoting approximately four months to the work
of compiling the laws of the State, the commission had not
quite a half year left for codification, amendment, and re-
vision. Thoroughly convinced that the time would be all
too short to permit a complete survey of the laws, the com-
mission almost immediately after its organization in March

35 Such a guide can be found in Scott and Beaman 's Index Analysis of the
Federal Statutes, prepared for the United States government.

36 A more detailed discussion of the making of the index of the Compiled
Code is given in an article entitled Indexing the Compiled Code, by Jacob
Van der Zee, in the present number of the Jouhnal.

510 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

sent out an urgent call for help. When it is realized that
the Compiled Code prepared by the commission contains
the Code of 1897 (which itself is very largely only a com-
pilation) and all legislation subsequently enacted, it is not
difficult to understand the condition of existing law: it
teems with conflicts, repetitions, and ambiguities, and
abounds in passages characterized by doubt, confusion, and
verbosity. It is not surprising, therefore, that the code
commissioners found themselves confronted by an over-
whelming task. Recognizing their own limitations under
the circumstances and desiring to make the new permanent
code ''the result, as nearly as may be, of the united efforts
of the people of the State ",^'^ they summoned to their as-
sistance all those persons and interests who were in a posi-
tion to volunteer specific amendments and revisions of the
law. Accordingly, fully 12,000 form letters or question-
naires asking suggestions for the improvement of the
statute law were addressed to State officers, boards, and
commissions ; judges of all courts of record ; county officers
and boards of supervisors; educational institutions and
experts; bankers; business and professional men; manu-
facturers, and chambers of commerce; farm, dairy, and
stock associations ; and practising lawyers.

The appeal to these sources for active cooperation in
producing as creditable a codification as was possible in the
limited time allotted brought a large volume of correspond-
ence. By the middle of May the commissioners had re-
ceived not only general suggestions as to necessary or

37 In referring to this feature Mr. Trewin declared: "We have adopted a
method in regard to code revision which, so far as we know, has never been
undertaken before. Rather than proceed in our supposed wisdom and possible
self-suflBcieney, we called upon the Bench and Bar and the people of Iowa to
help. These laws do not belong to the Commission and to the General Assem-
bly; they belong to all the people of Iowa, and they are all entitled to be
heard". — Proceedings of the Iowa State Bar Association, 1919, p. 25, See
also pp. 32 and 34.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 511

desirable changes in the laws but also the more valuable
sort of information that was specially invited, namely : spe-
cific references to defects, inconsistencies, conflicts, and
errors in the laws, and specific amendments to sections or
substitutes for sections. But the request to re-write sec-
tions of the law which could be condensed by eliminating
mere verbiage without change of meaning generally went
unheeded. Thus, a huge collection of useful suggestions
based on the experience and judgment of many men awaited
the attention and study of the commission when it was
ready to undertake to introduce order into the chaos em-
bodied in the Compiled Code.

In attacking the problems involved at this stage of their
labors the commission decided upon a policy that would
guarantee the most efficiency and conserve the most time.
The titles which each commissioner and his assistant had
put into shape for the Compiled Code were also assigned to
them for the more difficult and tedious process of polishing
up. It seemed clear at the outset, however, that it would be
futile to attempt to examine under the microscope each of
the 9589 sections of the compilation ; and so the commission
undertook, first, to codify only those parts of the compila-
tion which were best adapted to restatement in orderly,
clear, concise, and simple language; secondly, to cure the
more patent defects of form wherever amendments to that
effect could be accepted by the legislature without serious
question ; thirdly, to amend the substance of many sections
which deserved modification without proposing very sweep-
ing or radical changes or provoking controversial matters
in the General Assembly; and fourthly, to recommend a
small but indispensable amount of new legislation in order
to make existing law harmonious. To carry out this pro-
gram was felt to be preferable to the alternative plan of
selecting various complicated, involved and contradictory

512 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

passages in the law and informing the General Assem-
bly that they were in bad shape and needed attention.^^
Thus, the commission believed it would be of no value to tell
the legislature that the present drainage laws should be
repealed and a new statute enacted — something that every-
body has known for twenty years. To be of real service to
the State in such cases the commission decided to formulate
and present concrete proposals in the form of bills to rem-
edy undesirable conditions in the law, thus giving the legis-
lature something tangible to act upon.

"With regard to the mechanics of statute revision and
codification the commission followed one general plan.
Each member worked over the chapters or titles assigned
to him, amending and redrafting sections wherever he
thought necessary or codifying related subject-matter. The
tentative bill which emerged from his individual efforts
was then mailed to his colleagues to be carefully scrutinized
and criticised in writing or even restated by them and re-
turned to him for further consideration. Before his bill was
reduced to final form, it was gone over again and subjected
to the combined intelligence and judgment of all the com-
missioners meeting in joint session.^^ Thus, very fre-
quently the commissioners indulged in ruthless criticism of
each others ' bills before reaching unanimous agreements on
the form and contents of the final drafts.^*^

The evolution of the proposed bill relating to drainage
admirably illustrates the course of the commission in tight
places. Mr. Mabry who had charge of this extremely
troublesome subject began the work of revision as early as

38 Report of Code Commission, 1919, p. 1.

39 The minutes of sessions of the commission are preserved in a book kept by
the Supreme Court Eeporter, Mr. Whitney.

40 The manuscript copies of the bills which went through the commission's
mill in the way here described are still in possession of the individual commis-
sioners. They show an enormous amount of editing.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 513

the middle of April by holding conferences with drainage
lawyers, judges who had wide experience with drainage
litigation, and others who were vitally interested in clearing
the legal jungle now existing. Later, when a tentative bill
had been formulated after a very full discussion by the
entire commission, Mr. Mabry arranged another confer-
ence of the leading authorities on the subject together with
five members of the General Assembly and submitted the
measure to them at Fort Dodge for suggestions. Still later,
the bill was not regarded as a finished product until its
engineering provisions had been referred for thorough
weighing by an expert, W. G. Eaymond, dean of the College
of Applied Science of the University of Iowa. The drain-
age bill was thus threshed out and rewritten several times :
altogether Mr. Mabry in collaboration with the other com-
missioners spent nearly two months on this body of law.^^
In many respects the laws relating to State and local ad-
ministration also undervN'^ent a vast amount of the same
patient toiling. Conferences and discussions with adminis-
trative officials such as mine inspectors, the labor commis-
sioner, the industrial commissioner, the fish and game
wardens, railroad commissioners, the highway commission,
the dairy and food commission, the board of public health,
and the pharmacy commission proved invaluable whenever
tangles in the law had to be unraveled. In re-drafting the
mining laws coal operators and the legal department of the
United Mine Workers were also consulted, and the final
draft of the bill submitted to them seemed to meet the ap-
proval of all concerned. Repeated conferences with the
industrial commissioner, labor union officials, and large em-
ployers of labor resulted in a favorable re-draft of the
workmen's compensation law. The same may be said of

41 This explanation of Mr. Mabry 's procedure is taken from a letter to the
writer.

514 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

the bills dealing with the safety appliance and child labor
laws. In the hope of reducing the tax laws to some sort of
system Professor Brindley wrote for the suggestions of
county auditors and treasurers and met them for a confer-
ence at Muscatine. Mr. Trewin enlisted the interest and
support of the State Teachers' Association, county super-
intendents, the heads of State educational institutions, and
the chairmen of legislative committees, and from a confer-
ence at Cedar Kapids obtained very useful information
with reference to the school laws. At a State convention of
building and loan association representatives an important
amendment to the law was agreed upon. Most of the
twenty-eight recommendations of the State association of
county attorneys were adopted. The commissioners also
took advantage of an opportunity in June, 1919, to infect
the State bar association with enthusiasm for code revi-
sion.'*^ Moreover, the League of Iowa Municipalities was
requested to voice its opinions and did some excellent work
in connection with the codification of the law of municipal
corporations, although no radical changes were recom-
mended. The representatives of various insurance com-
panies also met to consider amendments to the insurance
laws.'^^ Thus, at every step, the code commission sought
and availed itself of the advice of those who were interested
in and directly affected by certain portions of the law and
always aimed to give them an adequate and reasonable
understanding of the bills proposed in its report.

The bills eventually prepared by the commission, 253 in
number, were separately printed, one thousand copies of
each were made, and as fast as they came from the press
they were forwarded to members of the General Assembly
who expected to be called into extra session some time after

42 Proceedings of the Iowa State Bar Association, 1919, pp. 23-34.

43 These facts were gathered from the correspondence of the commission.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 515

New Year's day, 1920: any preliminary study that legisla-
tors might devote to hills would help to advance matters
when final action should be taken by legislative committees
and by each house as a whole. Later, when all the bills had
been separately printed, they were bound together in a vol-
ume of 2050 pages entitled Report of the Code Commission,
thus making a permanent record of the commission's pro-
posals for the improvement of the statutory law of Iowa.

Each bill as drawn and submitted for passage by the
General Assembly conforms to the same general plan.
Taking the first bill as an example, the following features
are to be noted: at the top are the words "Code Commis-
sioners' Bill No. 1", and below that, the subject: "Form of
Bills". Then come certain blanks to be filled to indicate
the number of the bill either as a Senate or a House file, the
name of the introducer, the name of the committee to which
the bill is referred, and the date. On a separate line appear
the words "A Bill For", then the legislative title, next the
enacting clause, and lastly the enactment itself introduced
by the words "That sections forty-two (42) and forty-three
(43) of the compiled code of Iowa are amended, revised and
codified to read as follows ' '.

These formal features, common to all the bills, aim to
facilitate the handling of the code commission's proposals
in the legislature. Furthermore, at the bottom of each
section of a bill stands a bracketed reference note to indicate
whether the section codifies or revises the language of some
particular section or sections of the Compiled Code or pre-
sents a wholly new provision, thus enabling the General
Assembly to see at a glance what the code commission pro-
poses to have done to existing law. Where these references
show that changes in the law or new law are suggested,
specific reasons for such proposals are not set out because
the commission believed that the reasons would be ap-

516 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

parent on comparing the bills with corresponding portions
of the Compiled Code.^'^ There is one more advantage in
the way in which the commission's bills are drawn: when
the General Assembly has acted upon them, the Code Editor
will have no difficulty fitting the new laws into their proper
places for the purpose of making a well arranged perma-
nent code for the State.''^

BILLS OF THE CODE COMMISSION

Measures prepared for enactment by the legislature may
be weighed and criticised both as to form and substance.
The writer has neither the time nor the inclination to take
up each of the 253 bills comprising the code commissioners'
report and thus attempt to anticipate or help to decide the
results of the deliberations of committees of the General
Assembly. Do these bills conform to the best standards of
draftsmanship? Do their contents represent the fruit of
the highest wisdom and the ripest experience? These are
the questions which legislators must thresh out in the com-
mittee room and upon the floors of both houses when the
proper time comes. To undertake at this point a discussion
or scientific analysis of the bills drafted by the commission
as its contribution to the end that Iowa statute law may be
put in better shape is neither feasible nor necessary: the
writer would be engaged on an endless task if he should try
to do more than give a general idea of the nature of the
commission's proposals to codify, amend, and revise some-
what more than one-third of the sections of the Compiled
Code.

From the standpoint of the bill drafter and the codifier
it will be found that certain bills achieve a higher degree of

ii Report of the Code Commission, 1919, p. 1.

45 A brief commendation of the work of the code commission can be found in
the American Law Review for July-August, 1920, pp. 638, 639,

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 517

excellence than others. Those, for example, which deal
with primary elections (Bill No. 21), the conduct of elec-
tions (Bill No. 25), public health (Bill No. 63), the food and
drug department (Bill No. 64), charitable, correctional and
penal institutions (Bill No. 84), and drainage (Bill No.
185) show that existing law on such subjects has under-
gone a great amount of study and touching up. The same
may be said for the self-criminating and self-disgracing
testimony bill^^ and the bills relating to education and
municipal corporations. A model for draftsmen and code-
makers is the uniform limited partnership act (Bill No. 74)
but it is not the work of the code commission at all. Like
the uniform laws on conditional and fraudulent sales which
are also recommended, it is typical of the best work done in
the United States in the field of codification and drafting.
The commission's bills prove the truth of the well-known
rule that the longer a measure is polished the better the
final product.

It has been rumored that the commission's bills invite the
General Assembly to make a large number of changes in
substantive or lawyer's law, thereby upsetting court inter-
pretations that have freed many statutes from doubt; but
the commission has denied any intention to disturb or touch
well settled law of that kind. It does, however, advise a
great many changes in administrative law and the proce-
dure thereunder for the purpose of clarification and better
protecting the public interest. Of the total number of
nearly 5000 sections which make up the 253 bills, two-thirds
constitute a restatement of the law in different form; just
a few in excess of 1200 modify existing law; and 500 are
labeled "new". A glance at the titles reveals the fa'^^ that
scarcely more than a score of very short bills concern mat-

46 For an excellent discussion of this bill see D. 0. McGovney 's article in
Iowa Law Bulletin, Vol. V, pp. 175-199.

518 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

ters once found in the domain of the Common Law and that
all the others affect the body of administrative law, that is,
those statutes which lay down the powers and duties of
public officials and government regulations of private and
corporate affairs. A closer view of the contents of these
*' administrative " bills shows that the commission's re-
drafts of laws or parts of laws do not in the main call for
changes in substance but rather for changes in form and
for more logical arrangement : the commission has divided
long sections so as to make each proposed section treat of
but one subject or a single phase of a subject; it has pruned
away a great deal of surplus and redundant language ; and
it has tried to make the law speak in the simplest and most
concise English.

By far the largest proportion of the 1200 modifying sec-
tions and the 500 new sections of the proposed bills are
'^administrative" in character. Thus, of bill number 12
nearly one-half of the sections modify existing law on public
printing and binding, the State board of printing, and the
document editor. A similar modification of the existing
law is effected by nearly one-third of the sections of bill
number 54 on fish and game : by 149 out of 355 sections of
bill number 63 on public health ; by 48 of the 223 sections on
the food and drug department; by 39 of the 99 on animal
industry; by 22 of the 58 on estrays and trespassing ani-
mals; by 86 out of 519 sections of bill number 84 on char-
itable, correctional, and penal institutions ; by one-third or
more of the sections of bills on the board of educational
examiners, the county superintendent, school districts,
school meetings and boards of directors, compulsory edu-
cation, municipal street improvements and sewers, and
special charter cities ; and by 1 5 of the 30 sections dealing
with taxation and 10 of the 11 relating to the collateral in-
heritance tax. The complete re-draft of the State's drain-

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 519

age laws (Bill No. 185), a composite bill made from the two
statutes which have given rise to endless litigation and
expense, greatly hampering legitimate drainage projects
and at the same time fostering some that were not merito-
rious, requires modifications of existing law in 47 out of the
257 sections. The bills relating to water power improve-
ments, eminent domain, the board of railroad commission-
ers, the construction and operation of railways, electric
wires and transmission lines, interurban railways, certain
special liens, and municipal courts — all call for a consider-
able number of changes. The last thirty-five short bills
dealing chiefly with civil and criminal procedure in the
courts,*^ probate matters, and State police contain many
very important modifications of and additions to the law.
In concluding this cursory review of the commissioners'
bills some mention should be made of those which contain
the largest sprinkling of sections designated *'new". Par-
ticular attention is called to the first bill in the report ; the
earliest consideration by the General Assembly is asked for
it because it sets forth the procedure which the legislature
should follow in taking up the bills of the commission."^
Six of the eleven sections propose new law, a natural out-
growth of the work of the commission, and merely direct
the legislature with regard to the formal features of bills
to amend, revise, and codify the laws. Section 7 is espe-
cially noteworthy because it relates to bill-drafting and
aims at one evil of statute law-making: it requires that
sections of bills, where practicable, shall not exceed sixteen

4T A very good discussion of some of these proposals may be found in Pro-
ceedings of the Iowa State Bar Association, 1920, pp. 89-135. The Bar Associ-
ation spent one afternoon considering the report of its committee on law re-
form relative to court rules for conciliation, pleadings in equity actions, deposi-
tions, instructions to jurors, estates of decedents, security for witnesses in
criminal proceedings, and three proposals by the National Conference of Com-
missioners on Uniform Laws.

4R See also Iowa Law Bulletin, Vol. V, pp. 3-5.

520 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

lines in length. Of similar import are the last three sec-
tions of the third bill providing for a new legislative
' ' committee on bills ' ' enumerating its duties as a means of
preventing as far as possible the confusion into which Iowa
codes have been thrown by subsequent haphazard legis-
lation.

The bills which propose most of the additions to existing
law relate to the following subjects: absent voters, work-
men's compensation, the State fire marshal, the State board
of health, the food and drug department, instruction in
patriotism in the schools, the county attorney, drainage,
water power improvement, eminent domain, stop signs at
railway crossings, and certain special liens. Besides the
uniform agricultural seeds law (Bill No. 64, Ch. 11), the
uniform limited partnership act in 58 sections is recom-
mended ''to take the place of our archaic law on the sub-
ject." The code commission also pays a high compliment
to the uniform laws on conditional sales and fraudulent
sales, incorporates them in its report by reference, and
urges the State legislature to adopt such codifications, be-
cause like the negotiable instruments law already on the
statute book all these uniform laws represent years of work
by the ablest lawyers of the country. ^^ What effect the
adoption of the uniform conditional sales act would have
upon Iowa statutes and decisions is shown in an article by
Professor H. C. Horack who was engaged by the code com-
mission to make a thorough analysis. ^°

There is one bill in particular which has aroused more
interest perhaps than any other because it provides a plan
of reorganizing an important part of the State's adminis-
trative machinery by creating a new State board of health
and investing it with all the rights, powers, and duties now

49 Beport of the Code Commission, 1919, p. 2.
BO Iowa Law Bulletin, Vol. V, pp. 129-174.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 521

granted to the State boards of health, medical examiners,
dental examiners, and optometry examiners, State oil in-
spectors, and the pharmacy commission.^^ The abolition
of the offices above enumerated and the construction of a
real State board of health deprives the Governor of nearly
thirty appointments and confers upon the new board super-
vision over the administration of the housing law. Accord-
ingly, to make it clear that the code commission was moved
not by personal considerations but by a desire to serve the
public interest, the commissioners and their assistants have
frequently appeared at conventions of those most con-
cerned, until it is believed that all are convinced of the
reasonableness of the reorganization proposed in the bill.
One other code commission measure that has received the
commendation of those who are interested in the subject is
the bill permitting judges of district and municipal courts
to adopt and enforce rules for the settlement of certain
controversies involving claims of $100 or less by concilia-
tion and to appoint conciliators or themselves act as such.
The bill, if enacted into law, will tremendously affect that
large body of plain citizens who believe justice is too fre-
quently denied to them and who can not afford to pay the
expense of litigation in the form of lawyers ' fees and court
costs : under the proposed arrangement the parties to a dis-
pute will be brought face to face without counsel in a
private hearing where they can talk matters over and pos-
sibly reach a speedy settlement without resorting to the
courts.^2

EXTENSION OF THE TIME OF THE COMMISSION

In the midst of the important work of formulating bills
for the report to the General Assembly, the first of January,

51 See Eeport of Code Commission, 1919, Bill No. 63, Ch. 20.

52 This bill has attracted the attention of writers in The Journal of the

522 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

1920, arrived — the day on or before which the report of
the code commission was to be ready if the terms of the law
were to be complied with. The commissioners, however,
found it impossible to complete their labors within the
allotted time.^^ Deeming it contrary to public policy and
the best interests of the State to have the work stop, they
determined to continue until they could perform all the
duties prescribed. Since this decision necessitated the
auditing and payment of salaries and other necessary ex-
penses out of the State treasury and since the Executive
Council — believing the code commission to be legally dead
regardless of a contrary opinion rendered by Attorney-
General Havner — doubted its authority to approve bills
for expenses after the date fixed by law, the chairman of the
commission instituted an action of mandamus against the
Executive Council and the State's finance officers. This
friendly suit or test case, begun in the District Court for
Polk County on January 20th, was decided by Judge
Lawrence De Graff in favor of the commission three days
later, and on appeal to the Supreme Court was affirmed on
January 26th. Immediately after the decision of the Su-
preme Court was filed the Executive Council ordered the
payment of the bills covering legitimate code commission
expenses. Although the court promised to file an appro-
priate opinion later, in its decision Chief Justice Ladd took
occasion to emphasize the importance of having the com-
mission's work completed without delay.^^

A brief discussion of the arguments in the case may be

American Judicature Society, Vol. Ill, p. 153, and Iowa Law Bulletin, Vol. V,
pp. 200-205, 249-252. See also the discussion in Proceedings of the Iowa State
Bar Association, 1920.

53 The code commission had warned the Executive Council in a communica-
tion on November 25, 1919, of the physical impossibility of completing its
report by January 1, 1920. See also Report of Code Commission, 1919, p. 1.

54 The Des Moines Register, January 27, 1920.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 523

presented here lest the reasons for the court's decision be
misunderstood. The defendants maintained that the legis-
lature intended January 1st as the date of the dissolution
of the code commission and that the language of the statute
absolutely commanded the commission to cease work at that
time even though the work was not completed. If, there-
fore, the date stipulated was mandatory, the defendants
could not legally honor the commission's bills for expenses
and therefore lacked authority to pay out State funds.^^
The plaintiff contended that the General Assembly's direc-
tions as to time were not of the essence of the statute's
provisions prescribing the commission's duties; that it was
a well settled principle of law ' ' that even though mandatory
words are used, no statute will be held to be mandatory
when to do so is against public policy"; and that therefore
the legislature's prime object was to secure the report of
the commission as a basis for the amendment, revision, and
codification of the laws although the time needed to com-
plete the report should extend beyond the date fixed. The
plaintiff cited two Iowa cases applicable to the point at
issue and quoted the following words in favor of his con-
tention :

Provisions regulating the duties of pubhc officers, and specifying
the time for their performance, are in that regard generally direc-
tory. Though a statute directs a thing to be done at a particular
time, it does not necessarily follow that it may not be done after-
wards.s^

Judge Cooley's statement of the rule is also quoted by the
Iowa court with approval :

Those directions which are not of the essence of the thing to be

55 See Mr. Eamsay 's statement in The Des Moines Register, January 10,
1920.

56 Hubbell V. Polk County, 106 Iowa 618, at 621.

VOL. XVIII — 34

524 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

done, but which are given with a view merely to the proper, orderly,
and prompt conduct of the business, and by the failure to obey
which the rights of those interested will not be prejudiced, are not
commonly to be regarded as mandatory; and if the act is per-
formed, but not in the time or in the precise mode indicated, it will
still be sufficient, if that which is done accomplishes the substantial
purposes of the statute.^^

The code commission submitted its report on February 20,
1920, and adjourned. Mr. Whitney as Supreme Court Re-
porter at once turned to the only remaining task imposed
by chapter 50 of the laws of the Thirty-eighth General As-
sembly : the preparation of a book of annotations. He was
authorized by the Executive Council to retain Mr. 0. K.
Patton, his assistant on the commission, as assistant anno-
tator, and the Supreme Court issued an order giving him
until July 1, 1920, to complete the work.^®

EEFUSAL or THE GOVERNOE TO CALL AN" EXTEA SESSION OF
THE GENEEAL ASSEMBLY

It will be recalled that the act creating the code commis-
sion contained a request urging the Governor to summon a
special session of the General Assembly soon after January
1, 1920, so that the commission's bills might be examined
and passed upon and the State's new code might be com-
pleted for publication during the year. Governor Harding
on November 25, 1919, despatched a letter to members of
the legislature announcing his decision not to call them
together before March 15, 1920. On the same day the com-
mission informed the Governor that its report would be
ready on or about February 1st. Shortly after January
1st, when it was certain that the Governor opposed an early

57 Hawkeye Lumber Co. v. Board of Eeview, 161 Iowa 504, at 508.

58 A further extension of time has since been made, permitting the Supreme
Court Eeporter to continue the work of annotating until some date early in
1921.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 525

session of the General Assembly, the chairman of the com-
mission declared there was no reason why the legislature
might not have entered upon a consideration of the bills
already prepared while the commission was finishing the
work upon bills still remaining.^®

The interesting controversy which took place between
the Governor and the commission is too long to be re-
lated in this connection, and it is after all only incidental.
The public press took up the matter by publishing inter-
views^*^ with the men principally involved, but the merits of
this discussion do not concern us here.^^ Suffice it to say
that under date of March 6, 1920, the Governor issued a
seven-page printed letter as a final statement to the mem-
bers of the Thirty-eighth General Assembly, recalling his
recommendations in the past on the importance of code re-
vision and setting forth the reason why the work could wait
a little while longer. His conclusion is contained in the
following quotation:

The best thought of the hour is that in order to get back to nor-
B9 The Des Moines Begister, January 7, 1920.

60 For details the reader is referred to The Des Moines Begister, especially
the issues of January 7, 27, 28, February 9, 11, 23, 25, 27, 29, and March 8, 9,
1920.

61 That the practically unanimous opinion of the General Assembly in
March, 1919, in favor of a special session should have been thrust aside by the
chief executive was believed by many to be an unfortunate event. The Gov-
ernor, of course, only exercised his constitutional privilege. Had he called a
special session in response to the wishes of the people's representatives, he
could have pinned the responsibility on them although he might still have
deemed a special session unwise. If the members of the General Assembly
sincerely believed in the wisdom and necessity of an extra session and had
suspected the Governor's intention to thwart their wishes, they could have
made the consideration of code revision an absolute certainty by adjourning to
meet again when the code commission's report was ready: such an adjourn-
ment in April, 1919, would have obviated the necessity of the Governor 's calling
an extra session, but it would not have entitled the individual legislator to any
compensation in addition to that which he had been allowed by law for the
regular session, namely, $1000.

526 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

mal conditions in the business world, we should eliminate unneces-
sary or avoidable expenditures. If my memory serves me correctly,
it costs the State about $3000.00 a day each day the legislature is in
session. If the State wants the individual citizen to practice rules
of economy, it seems but proper that the State should set the
example. , . .

From all of the above information, I have concluded that the
work assigned to be performed under Chapter 50 was of such vol-
ume and is so delayed in its completion, that it will be impracticable
to call a special session for the purpose of revising the Code and
you are, therefore, notified that no session will be called for the
purpose of revision. If a session was called as late as July 1st, it
would be a physical impossibility to get the work completed and
have the result of your effort printed in time for the next regularly
convening legislature. I am satisfied in my own mind that a regu-
lar session can take up the work of revision with very little incon-
venience and with very little more time than would ordinarily be
required in a special session. I have taken occasion to go back
through the Senate and House Journals and I find that during the
first half of practically every session, running back for a period of
years, there has been but about two hours of session each day. The
report of the Commission is made in the form of bills. These will
be on the desks of the members, so that in regular session, after the
preliminaries of organization, there is no good reason why the
legislature cannot meet from six to ten hours a day in the work of
Code Revision. In such session, whatever of change in the way of
new law or amendment is desired, can be proposed at the time and
thus the work of the special session and regular session can be done
in the limit of time usually occupied in the regular session and at
a saving of about $300,000 to the state.

Thus the Thirty-ninth General Assembly when it assem-
bles in January, 1921, will be confronted by the important
and difficult problem of code revision.

THE FUTUEE OF CODE REVISION

At this time one can only speculate on how the Thirty-
ninth General Assembly will dispose of the problem of code
revision. If it believes that the time of a regular session

THE "WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 527

affords insufficient opportunity for business of such far-
reaching importance, it may proceed with the business of
legislation as usual and leave the work of codification and
revision to an extra session in the autumn of 1921 or the
early months of 1922.

On the other hand, should the legislature seriously con-
sider undertaking the Avork at the regular session in 1921
two things ought to be unmistakably clear: first, the mem-
bers should proceed at once to the business of the session,
consuming only such time as is absolutely necessary to the
efficient organization of the houses; and, second, in the
matter of code revision the schedule of bills offered in the
code commission's report should be closely adhered to, since
it contains enough to keep the members busy during the
whole session. The number of new or additional measures
proposed by the members should be reduced to a minimum.
To conserve time at the beginning of the session, the code
commission bills should be referred to the committees of
both houses for immediate attention ; and the new bills pro-
viding for State revenue and appropriations for the coming
biennium should be disposed of as quickly as possible.
Furthermore, it is clear that to act upon some of the code
commission's proposals and ignore others would be unfor-
tunate since some of the bills are interrelated, that is, so
drawn as to avoid needless repetition and to coordinate the
various parts of the code into a series of harmonious sec-
tions, chapters, and titles.

In the consideration of the problem which will confront
the Thirty-ninth General Assembly some helpful lessons
can be drawn from the unsuccessful effort of the Twenty-
sixth General Assembly in 1896 to accomplish the task of
code revision.®- At that time, after both houses and their
committees had shown great diligence throughout the entire

62 For a detailed account of the proceedings connected with the creation of

528 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

session, it became apparent that the regular legislative
business and code revision could not be completed together
by the date set and so the work on the code proposed by the
commission was abandoned shortly before adjournment.
The reasons for discontinuing the examination and discus-
sion of the code commission's report were fully stated:
first, the legislature had been compelled to consider 950
bills in addition to the proposed code ; second, code revision
had required the slow and laborious comparison of the pro-
posed code with the Code of 1873 and the acts of eleven
General Assemblies ; third, the code commission had recom-
mended numerous changes in existing law and doubts had
arisen as to the accuracy of certain parts of the report ; and
fourth, copies of the proposed code had been published and
distributed only a short while before the General Assembly
was called to consider it. Under the circumstances the leg-
islators could not swallow the complicated revision pro-
posed by the code commission along with 950 other meas-
ures : on the contrary, the General Assembly believed that
in such a contingency haste should be made slowly. Ac-
cordingly, at a special session in 1897 lasting about 114
days, the Twenty-sixth General Assembly took action which
was generally designed to restore as nearly as possible the
words of the old laws, although much new legislation was
also enacted, producing in the end the Code of 1897.

the Code of 1897 see The Iowa Journal op History and Politics, Vol, XI,
pp. 379, 385, 386, 405.

The experience of the Fourteenth General Assembly in dealing with the
problem of revision and codification was not unlike that of the Twenty-ninth
General Assembly. At its regular session in 1872 it was confronted with the
task of considering the report of a code commission. After many unsuccessful
attempts to seriously consider and dispose of the business of revision and codi-
fication the Fourteenth General Assembly finally resolved to meet in adjourned
session in January, 1873. The product of its labors in this adjourned session
was the Code of 187S. — For a complete account of the compilation and adop-
tion of the Code of 1S73 see Powell's The Code of 1873 in The Iowa Journal
OF History and Politics, Vol. XI, pp. 166-221.

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 529

The Thirty-ninth General Assembly will not be confront-
ed by the second and fourth obstacles which faced the
Twenty-sixth General Assembly because existing law is
now collected in the Compiled Code and the proposed re-
vision and codification will have been accessible to members
of the legislature for many months before they assume their
seats. Furthermore, much could be done to eliminate the
first obstacle, provided the legislature is able to limit the
number of bills arising in the houses themselves. There
would remain, then, the work of examining the code com-
mission's 253 bills affecting some 3600 of the 9587 sections
of existing law. Where the reasons for any proposed revi-
sion or codification are not clear on the face of a comparison
with existing law, the code commissioners might well be
called upon to appear in person and to supply the legislative
committees with the explanation of the changes recom-
mended.

Of the work accomplished by the code commission the
report consisting of 253 bills is of paramount importance :
it puts before the General Assembly in a concrete way the
matters which in the opinion of the commission deserve
most to be considered at the present time. Surely it is not
unreasonable to believe that the time has arrived when the
legislature should take an inventory of the stock of legisla-
tion now on the Iowa statute books, evaluate every single
portion, and on the basis of the code commission's sugges-
tions or those of any other competent authority improve or
even expand such law as we have in order that the whole
may be reduced to the best possible form.

There can be little doubt that the State at this time needs
some legislation not recommended by the code commission :
its report of 253 bills represents the efforts of a few men
laboring over a period of about eight months; and there-
fore neither finality nor perfection need be looked for in the

530 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

improvements which they propose, but they have at least
made a substantial beginning of codification and revision,
they have blazed the trail which the legislature can afford
to follow and perfect with satisfactory results to the people
of the State. The code commission does not offer for the
legislature 's consideration the work of a life time — on the
contrary it offers only such measures as go to the root of
the worst portions of the law.

Years could well be spent if a complete and thorough
codification and revision were to be accomplished in Iowa.
This is simply another way of saying that it is unwise for
the legislature to assign work of such magnitude to a few
men and then crack the whip over their heads to make them
hurry when the nature of the work does not admit of speed.
Only those who have been initiated into the mysteries,
dangers, and difficulties of law revision and codification
can know what a time-consuming occupation it really is —
only actual experience with the problems involved is needed
to prove that it is not a simple process of walking the
floor and dictating something to a stenographer : it is rather
the slow, deliberate, and concentrated study of the details
of the law and its effects in daily life coupled with an
ability to express its provisions clearly and logically in the
fewest possible words. The Iowa code commission did what
it could under severe limitations and was enthusiastic to do
more.

It should be added that when the General Assembly meets
to supply the finishing touches to their work, members of
the commission promise to file a supplementary report con-
taining the suggestions of individuals and organizations
not only relative to the bills already formulated but also to
many sections of the law not affected in the commission's
main report. The chairman of the commission personally
has been investigating ''Blue Sky" laws for the purpose of

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 531

submitting a bill that will aim to protect the people of Iowa
against fraud and deception.

THE FUTUEE OF IOWA CODE VOLUMES

"Whether the Thirty-ninth General Assembly adopts the
Compiled Code with the new section numbering as the
State's official permanent code without acting upon the
modifications recommended by the commission, or whether
it subjects the Compiled Code to the revision and codifica-
tion proposed by the commission and perhaps by individual
legislators as well and thus provides the State with a per-
manent code whose section numbers will necessarily differ
from those of the Compiled Code, one naturally raises the
inquiry as to how long the new code volume will remain
permanent. It is plain that as soon and as fast as the
legislature turns out new legislation the adopted code vol-
ume will not contain all the State's law. How is it possible
to avoid the dismay and confusion and expense to which
the State has been repeatedly put in the past? Are those
who frequently consult the law doomed to submit to the
periodic recurrent trouble and expense of codification and
revision, or can a plan be devised whereby every outpour-
ing of fresh statutes can be fitted into the existing code vol-
ume and their contents noted in its index? To regular
users the code becomes a faithful and constant companion
— the lawyer at any rate dogears his book and thoroughly
dislikes to part company with it when supplanted by a new
one.

There are at least five ways of caring for the biennial
output of new statutes after all old law has once been col-
lected in a single volume. They can be issued in a separate
book for each session, every statute to be given its own
chapter number and the index to be modeled after that of
the code. To obviate the necessity of consulting several

532 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

of these books after lapse of time the statutes in them might
be assembled every four or six years in code supplements
such as were compiled in Iowa on three different occasions
since 1897, all titles and chapters to be arranged in the
same order as in the code and sections of the law to be dis-
tributed among them and numbered to correspond to those
in the code. The scope of the index to the supplement
should also match that of the code. A third method of
making new legislation accessible is to fit it into a cumula-
tive supplement to the code. Given a trial in 1915 but dis-
continued in 1917, this plan requires a new supplement and
a new index to be prepared and published after every ses-
sion of the Genera] Assembly. A fourth scheme contem-
plates the publication of a new code volume every two
years, thus aiming to keep all the law together in one book.
Finally, it has been suggested that the expense of carrying
out the last three plans might be avoided by devising some
sort of loose leaf system of publishing the code and subse-
quent session laws, although the index would have to be
revised and republished every two years.

Space need not be taken here to discuss the advantages
and drawbacks of the various devices above enumerated —
each presents difficulties even to the superficial observer.
Suffice it to state, however, that no matter which of the five
plans is followed not one is capable of doing away with the
need of a thorough clean-up of the State's store-house of
law by periodic codification, revision, and consolidation.
So long as the General Assembly of the State continues to
turn out a more or less haphazard grist of new laws and
amendments and repeals of old laws at every session, this
process of periodically overhauling all the law can not be
escaped — although the members of the General Assembly
who introduce bills and the committees which consider bills
can greatly improve matters in the future by having the

THE WORK OF THE CODE COMMISSION 533

assistance of expert draftsmen who can tell the effect of
proposed legislation upon existing law and vested rights
and give advice on how to keep the law free from error,
obscurity, contradiction, and confusion. More care be-
stowed upon the law in its embryonic stages is the only
means so far discovered of guaranteeing the people against
the misunderstandings and useless litigation so frequently
caused by hasty and ill-considered legislation. Any code of
laws, no matter how near-perfect, is easily reduced to a
veritable chaos by heaping new statutes upon it, unless
those statutes have been comprehensively studied as bills
and carefully drafted so as not to produce undesired effects
upon existing law and the life of the people.

Jacob Van der Zee
The State Historical Society of Iowa
Iowa City Iowa

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE

[To Mr. J. Van der Zee, an experienced indexer, the important and difficult
task of preparing an adequate index to the Compiled Code was intrusted by
the Iowa code commission. A brief statement of his work for the commission
is included in A Beview of the Work of the Iowa Code Commission which ap-
pears in this number of the lowA Journal of History and Politics. In the
following pages he gives a fuller account of the Indexing of the Compiled Code.
— Editor.]

There can be no doubt, indeed it is almost axiomatic,
that a law book of any kind is only as good as its index,
because the users of such a volume obtain their information
mostly through the index ; and if the law which they seek is
indexed insufficiently or improperly or not indexed at all, it
is practically lost to them and they condemn the book. The
law in a code, therefore, is of much less value if it is not
readily accessible: and if the usefulness of the whole code
depends on that, the greatest care and the utmost consider-
ation may well be devoted to the compilation of an index.

Simply stated, every indexer 's goal should be the saving
of the time and energy of people who come to consult his
product. If no part of a book is to be thumbed and exam-
ined more than the index, the question always uppermost in
the compiler's consciousness should be how he can best
serve the purpose and convenience of readers. If an Iowa
code index is to help the people of the State frequently
during the period of its existence, it must be a time-saver,
for time is money — the more quickly it can send con-
sultants to the law they seek, the better it will conserve the
patience, temper, and time of the people who are to be
served. The main body of a law book may be the worst
kind of jumble and be thrown into the utmost confusion but

534

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE 535

if its index is properly prepared, the volume with all its
imperfections will still be quite useful.

Convinced of the importance of having a good index for
their compilation of the statute law of Iowa, the code com-
mission at once took up correspondence with various law
book publishers, asking not only for criticisms of existing
Iowa code indexes but also for the suggestions and advice of
experts as to a new one. Upon being told, among other
things, that the ideal indexer is not easy to find because his
work calls for ^ ' ox-like patience and, when well done, makes
a heavy drain on the nerves," after inquiry and consider-
ation of the necessary qualifications of an indexer, the com-
mission employed the writer of this article. Immediately
after his appointment, the indexer made a study of the
indexes of important law publications and particularly
those in the more recent Iowa code volumes because the
knowledge of defects detected there was expected to be in-
valuable in the preparation of a superior index for the
future. The following criticism, therefore, is intended to
bring out the main principles on which the index to the
Compiled Code was constructed.

The faults of the code indexes issued in Iowa during the
past twenty-five years ought not to be perpetuated. In re-
gard to the out-of-date index to the Code of 1897, the search-
er for information is justified in saying that it was always
most unsatisfactory because it was compiled to suit the con-
venience of the maker: he lightened his own task as much
as possible and in so doing failed to enlighten those whom
an index is supposed to aid. Under each index word or
head, for instance, references to sections are presented in
sequential order, that is, the same order as the sections
and the pages of the code to which they refer. Such an
index throws upon the user the burden of finding and group-
ing all references to related matters, and the effect of such

536 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

an arrangement is that the searcher must be prepared to
read every reference under the index head which he con-
sults in order to find the desired information. This would
not be a serious fault if only a few references were placed
under each index head, but where as frequently happens
(as under "Cities" and ''Taxation") the list of references
is stretched out at great length, the user might just as well
try to find a grain of wheat in a pile of chaff. The method
of indexing followed in 1897 is now regarded as archaic
and has been generally abandoned because it does not as-
semble related subject-matter. Indeed, the index of 1897 is
nothing more than a sort of appendage to the code, included
merely because it was customary to have an index and not
because it was a key to the law.

A glance at the content of index lines in the Code of 1897
reveals the greatest variety of wording. References most
frequently begin with prepositions — a practice no longer
regarded as either necessary or proper. Other lines end
with prepositions and carry the reader back to the index
head above, an arrangement which at least enables the user
to make sense out of what he reads. The repeated use of
prepositions at the end of lines in such a way, however, is
monotonous, superfluous, and quite unnecessary to the at-
tainment of simplicity and intelligibility of statement.

The index of 1897 contains numerous cross-references,
both when they follow immediately after the index head and
cite the reader to some other place and also when they ap-
pear in the list of references under an index head. It is
hard to see how the copious employment of cross-references
in any index can be dispensed with. In the first place, the
consultant who wishes to find a point of law may look under
any one of two or more index heads for his information.
If he does not find it under the head to which he turns, he is
told exactly by a cross-reference where to go and that

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE 537

should be to the more familiar legal head. Obviously the
same material need not be indexed under different index
heads of the same meaning, or the index would be swelled
to twice or three times its normal size. Compelling the
searcher to look elsewhere in the index under not more than
one other head is not unjustifiable, but to make him turn to
two or more index heads with the expectation of obtaining
desired information under each is just as provoking as it is
indefensible. Again, if the practitioner wants the code sec-
tions which deal with security for costs and naturally con-
sults ''Costs", he is well directed by one of many references
to see ''Security for Costs" where related provisions are
indexed. The important thing is that related propositions
be bunched somewhere in the index, and cross-references
may properly guide the consultant to that place. The index
of 1897 does not always meet this test. For instance, under
"Animals" several references are grouped beneath the
subheads "Estrays" and "Dogs", but upon turning to the
main index heads "Estrays" and "Dogs" we find the same
references repeated and some others in addition. It is diffi-
cult to see the need of duplicating or repeating index con-
tents in that way. It would have been sufficient and appro-
priate to give a section reference after the index head
"Estrays" and also a cross-reference to "Animals". This
criticism, however, is not a serious one and wholly beside
the point if no limits are set to the length of the index. It is
better that an indexer err on the side of profusion than on
the side of meagerness or insufficiency: a law book is rarely
criticised on the ground that its index is too complete.

Every section of the Code of 1897 has been referred to in
the index, but the index entries almost without exception
state the conclusions of the sections indexed — in other
words, the index is more in the nature of a prolonged table
of contents. The index entries are usually long because

538 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

they are attempts at brief summaries of the propositions of
law contained in the code. Index lines should be concise
and need not state conclusions : it is enough if they direct
one to the sections of the book where the propositions are
discussed.

An examination of the index of 1897 also reveals that the
analysis or general scheme of stating references under
many heads is often too intricate with too many sub-divi-
sions. Except perhaps in rare instances, a good readable
index should have no more than one indentation. To avoid
too much sub-division in the analysis of code matter under
a single head the index might have been supplied with more
numerous heads, each with as little matter under it as pos-
sible. This idea is to some extent well illustrated in many
parts of the index : it contains twenty different heads begin-
ning with the word ''School", instead of placing the same
material under the single head "Schools". All law that re-
lates to cities and towns might be classified under that head,
but the matter is distributed under very many heads, thus
effecting greater simplification and convenience than the in-
dex prepared in 191 5.

The foregoing criticism applies to the indexes of the code
supplements of 1902 and 1907, which were based on the old
index of 1897 for the reason that so many users had become
more or less acquainted with it and innovation was not
deemed advisable. The index of 472 pages issued in 1915
to cover the Code of 1.897 and its supplements represents an
important departure from its Iowa predecessors : the com-
piler adhered closely to the general plan of the Minnesota
code index. The index heads are printed in black face
capitals and references are to section numbers only. Best
of all, references appear in alphabetical order, the indexer
having attempted generally to bring the most pertinent or
suggestive word in the idea sought to be conveyed to the

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE 539

beginning of each index line. Subordination of such lines
to the index head is clearly indicated by a slight indentation,
and the essential words are nearly always nouns, although
this rule is frequently violated by making prepositions or
adjectives the initial words of index lines. The searcher
who comes upon such an arrangement without a definite
idea of what he wants too often will not stop long enough
to analyze the idea he seeks, and so he rapidly runs down
the column of alphabetical references in the hope that his
eyes may light on the matter sought. It is, nevertheless,
the opinion of the writer that the index of 1915 is more
satisfactory than the earlier ones.

The worst and most exasperating fault of the index of
1915 is the frequent resort, under index heads which cover
the larger topics such as ''Cities and Towns", first to an
alphabetical arrangement of the lines, then below them to
the insertion of bold-face sub-heads in alphabetical order,
and under these again subordinate divisions indicated by
small cap heads: this arrangement sprawled over sixty-
three pages mystifies the searcher. Where division and
sub-division are necessary, the same result could have been
more effectively secured by means of simply one alphabeti-
zation with indentations, such as the indexer followed under
"Supreme Court". The larger topical heads, moreover,
such as ' ' Schools ' ', might also have been broken up and the
references placed under many suitable heads as was done
in earlier indexes. Another fault which makes a heavy tax
on one's patience is that many index heads only partially
cover the material desired and then by means of cross-ref-
erences send the user to several other places. Turning, for
instance, to "Stock" one obtains only three references, but
cross-references tell the user to see several other index
heads. To consult all these for information about "Stock"
takes time and may be useless in the end. Cross-references

VOL. XVIII — 35

540 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

in such profusion are hard to justify. They can easily be
put in their alphabetical places among the references under
the index head either with citations or with directions to
specific index heads and sub-heads.

Having discovered the main defects of the indexes which
have recently served the people of Iowa as keys to their
store-house of law, the indexer of the Compiled Code also
studied similar work done for other States. In the desire
to accomplish a satisfactory piece of work, he gave some
thought to the possible utilization of the American Digest
Classification Scheme, but concluded that the contents of
the ordinary code of statute law differ so materially from
the contents of a volume of court decisions, particularly in
the fact that the former is predominantly administrative
law and the latter almost wholly concerned with individual
rights of person and property, that there is consequently a
wide variance between the two lists of heads or titles suit-
able for indexing the matters usually contained in two such
volumes of law.

This criticism may be offered of any code index compiled
along the lines of the American Digest Classification
Scheme: the user of the index would necessarily have to
keep the explanation of the scheme itself before him or at
least have it well enough in mind to be sure what he would
find included or excluded under a particular head. That
would be asking too much of thousands of users of the code
who are not practitioners of law, and it may be questioned
whether it is not even asking too much of the lawyer. Any
index constructed upon such principles must lack readiness
of reference unless the user is thoroughly acquainted with
these principles. It is submitted that familiarity with the
American Digest Classification Scheme can only be gained
by considerable study, and it is doubtful whether many
busy lawyers will go that far and, if they do, whether the

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE 541

effects of the study will remain with them long enough to
be of real practical value. The American Digest Classifi-
cation Scheme is cumbersome and complicated, although it
can be mastered by persons who are permanently engaged
in indexing and is probably of the greatest service to them
in overcoming the difficulties which they frequently encoun-
ter; but if their index is to be really serviceable to the user
he must know as much as they : he can know how to use it
only by knowing how they made it.

The real problems involved in the making of an index
became apparent only after the actual work of indexing the
Compiled Code commenced. The indexer was not slow in
reaching the conclusion that ''the tedious and sublunary
task" of grasping and holding the eel of legal science is
more than ordinarily difficult. The General Assembly had
given the commission only one direction in regard to the
compilation of an index : the principal words in each section
of the code should be indexed alphabetically by giving ''the
number of section, chapter or title as best adapted to find a
section sought without again referring to the index." The
policy followed with regard to the profuse employment of
cross-references in the index of 1915, the "snake-chasing-
its-tail" or "ring-'round-a-rosy" index, was doubtless
aimed at in this provision.

The Compiled Code index of 293 pages — nearly two
hundred pages shorter than that of 1915 — is believed to
give effect to the reasonable intent of the General Assembly.
Law which may be looked for under different heads in the
index can be found in different places without extensive
duplication of index contents. For instance, under "Agri-
cultural College" is a detailed index of the law on the sub-
ject, but if the user should turn to "College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts", he will not find the same index re-
peated but only a reference to the section numbers of the

542 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

general chapter of the code applicable, followed in paren-
thesis by the words **For a more detailed index see 'Agri-
cultural College' ". By this device the reader is always
given a reference to the law and sent on his way with some
feeling of satisfaction. A single subject in the law can thus
be indexed completely under one head while it may appear
under synonymous heads without necessitating undue dupli-
cation. If this rule had not been followed, the result might
have been an index almost as voluminous as the law itself.
Whatever the legislature may have had in mind, the entire
elimination of cross-references from an index is not reason-
ably possible unless the expense of paper and the excessive
length of the index are not taken into consideration at all.
Nevertheless, the indexer did not by any means exhaust the
possibility of using synonyms : for instance, where the in-
dex gives only the words of the law, such as ''Sabbath" or
"Illegitimate Children", it might have included also the
more familiar heads "Sunday" and "Bastardy".

For general purposes Iowa code law naturally falls into
three main divisions: administrative law, which covers
State and local government; substantive law, which pro-
vides rules for the every-day conduct of individuals and
corporations; and procedural law, which deals with court
procedure in civil and criminal actions. When one views
the law as a whole in this way, it is clear that the bulk of it
directly concerns thousands of public officials, while the
remainder affects the life of perhaps two thousand lawyers,
large commercial and professional classes, and the people
generally. In other words, the code will be consulted by an
army of State, county, district, city and town, township,
and school officials, by comparatively fewer practitioners,
and by a very considerable number of laymen engaged in
business, trade, or the professions. Bearing this fact in
mind, the indexer should group related matters in the index

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE 543

so as to make all the law on any topic readily accessible not
only to lawyers but to other classes of the population as
well. In the construction of an index he should, therefore,
always remember the needs of the particular people af-
fected by the law, and to serve them he should aim at three
primary requirements: simplification of arrangement,
readiness of reference, and completeness of detail. Does
the new index meet such a standard?

Simplification of arrangement is not so easy to achieve
as it might seem at first thought. Public ofiicials will look
for specific titles. State officers' titles and the titles of
State boards, commissions, and departments are not
grouped in one part of the index, each preceded by the ad-
jective ''State", but are scattered throughout the index,
each head beginning with the suggestive or key word of the
title so that we find such index headings as ' ' Secretary of
State"; ''Mine Inspectors, State"; "Railroad Commission-
ers, Board of"; "State Institutions, Board of Control of";
"Insurance Department, State"; and "Animal Health,
Commission of". Particular State institutions, moreover,
appear under such index heads as "Feeble-minded, Insti-
tution for"; "Insane, State Hospitals for"; "University,
State"; "Teachers' College, State"; and "Penitentiary
and Men's Reformatory". In cases where the user might
look under another head, the index is prepared to help, as
under the heads "Reform Schools"; "Hospitals, State";
and "Educational Institutions"; in which event references
and cross-references assist the user on his way. Index
heads on these institutions could have been further simpli-
fied if the locality had been added in parenthesis or as was
done under the head, "Hospital for Indigents at Iowa
City".

County institutions have been conveniently arranged
under "Counties" or separately as "County High

544 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Schools", ''County Hospitals", and so on. County officers
are all given as main index heads immediately after ' ' Coun-
ties": this arrangement is believed to be better than dis-
tributing their titles throughout the index, although, if the
user should turn to ''Sheriff", he will find one reference to
the chapter of law applicable and a cross-reference to a
more detailed index under "County Sheriff". The adjec-
tive "county" has been chosen as the key word for index
purposes, just as "district", "city", "school", and "town-
ship" were employed in order to group institutions and
officers administering the affairs of all such local areas.
Local officers in each particular case are better served by
finding each other associated in the index the same as in
the actual work of administration. The result of this ar-
rangement is that all law relating to each unit of local gov-
ernment has been given one place in the index with the
reference material distributed under all possible and neces-
sary main index heads. Thus, instead of putting all refer-
ences to the school law under the sole head "Schools", as
was done in the index of 1915, the law is now referred to
under nineteen separate heads such as "School Bonds",
"School Buildings and Grounds", "School Directors",
"School Districts", "School Elections", and so on. In
like manner, where the index of 1915 devoted sixty-three
pages to "Cities and Towns" and "Cities under Special
Charters" by including all officers and institutions under
those two heads, the new index breaks up the contents of the
municipal code and groups only twenty-one pages of refer-
ences under more than fifty heads — a simplification which,
it is believed, will appeal to municipal officers who have
hitherto been at a loss to locate the law. City park commis-
sioners, however, will be surprised that the index apparent-
ly treats them so slightingly: owing to the printer's care-
lessness in making up the column, most of the index on their

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE 545

powers and duties has been separated and misplaced imme-
diately above the index head.

In the arrangement of the index for public officials, a vast
body of law which is applicable in general terms to all
officers or certain large groups has been indexed under
general heads, so that the references there have not been
inserted under the titles of specific officers or institutions.
It is hard to see how this arrangement could have been
avoided without entailing an incalculable amount of labor.
Accordingly, particular public officials are placed under the
necessity of consulting also such general heads as
"Judges"; ''Office, Public"; ''Officers, Public"; "Eeports
of State Officers"; "State Boards, Commissions, and De-
partments"; "State Officers"; "State Institutions";
"State Funds"; "District Officers"; "County Officers";
"City Officers"; "Township Officers"; and "School Offi-
cers". Other subjects of interest to them are "Oaths",
"Bonds", "Accounts of Officers", "Vacancies in Office",
"Eemoval from Office", and "Warrants". It is clear that
if, whenever the law treats of generic matters, the indexer
should undertake to distribute each reference among index
heads covering specific matters, he would be engaged on the
endless and somewhat dangerous task of reaching and
stating conclusions of law that may in the end mislead the
reader. A public official, therefore, who needs to consult
the index for something must ask himself first whether he
seeks the generic or the specific — the arrangement of the
new index is unfortunately not so simple as to obviate the
need of certain mental processes on the part of users.

Simplification of arrangement has been sought not only
in the determination and statement of the main index heads,
but also in other respects. The index references are con-
cise, usually only one line long because the indexer has not
attempted to state conclusions of law; and the lines, ar-

546 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND PONTICS

ranged in alphabetical order, begin with the most important
or suggestive words of points of law to which the reader
wishes to refer. The difficulty about the latter arrangement
is no doubt that the user, in order to locate a reference
quickly, must try to choose in his mind the same word that
the indexer used, but it is the best arrangement thus far
discovered in index-making. Those index lines, moreover,
which describe matters to which the code makes several
references have been raised to the dignity of subheads and
stand out in black-face type to catch the reader 's eye — a
device employed with good effect in the index to the Code of
1897. In a few places where these subhead topics have been
further subdivided under sub-subheads, the arrangement
tends to become complicated and the effect is confusing
unless the user keeps his wits about him. Especially no-
ticeable is the frequency of division and sub-division under
such large titles as ''Civil Practice and Procedure" and
''Criminal Procedure", and it will require some study by
the lawyer or judge to discover to what length the indexer
has gone in his analysis of those branches of the law which
most concern them. Knowing and remembering what the
indexer has done in such and other cases the user ought to
encounter no more difficulty in finding his point than if the
subheads under such a large title had been scattered all
through the index as main heads. It is impossible to avoid
the conclusion that certain classes of users like lawyers and
judges, who consult the index frequently, if they would
understand it, must devote some time to its study (just as
they would to any other source of information) and remem-
ber how it is put together — that is not asking too much
although it is an honor not usually accorded to the humble
index by the busy man. What is true of learning in general
can be said of indexes to volumes of law in particular: there
is no royal road to their contents.

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE 547

At the commencement of his work the compiler of an
index of law may as well take for granted that most users of
indexes wish to find immediately what they want or else a
stormy time is promised. Has the law been rendered
readily accessible to them in the new index? This raises
the point whether a code index should be merely a list of
legal words or phrases, alphabetically arranged like a dic-
tionary, with all necessary references under each. In other
words, should a code index consist of a long series of short
indexes each of which is headed by some word familiar to
the student of law? Or is it not preferable to arrange
words which relate to the same general subject under such
large heads as ''Contracts"; ''Criminal Law"; "Civil
Practice and Procedure"; "Criminal Procedure"; "Dam-
ages"; "Corporations"; "Property, Real"; "Sales";
"Negotiable Instruments"; and the like? The new index
was constructed more on the latter principle, and many will
hold, therefore, that the plan does not conform to one pri-
mary requirement for a good index : readiness of reference.
For example, if the lawyer wants the law on "tender" and
looks under "Tender", he will be disappointed; but if he
turns to "Contracts", he discovers a subhead "Tender".
Again, if the judge seeks the law on "instructions" or
"verdicts", he will not find these as main index heads, but
the former under subhead ' ' Trials ' ' of either ' ' Civil Prac-
tice and Procedure" or "Criminal Procedure"; and the
latter as a special subhead of the same two heads.

If all the index references under large heads had been
repeated and duplicated under scores of other heads scat-
tered everywhere, as in the index of 1915, the arrangement
of the index would have been greatly simplified for those
who are ignorant of its present plan of construction. But
the compiler of the new index worked on the theory (per-
haps mistakenly) that all matters of procedural law had

548 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

better be bunclied under two headings and arranged chrono-
logically in the same order as the steps taken in every
cause of action, and that statutory rules of substantive law
should also be indexed under large headings. If this kind
of index treatment has resulted in some difficulty to lawyers
and judges, their training and knowledge of the law must
be relied upon to guide them through what they will at first
regard a wilderness ; nor should they forget that different
subjects of the law in their various ramifications necessarily
overlap each other and must, therefore, be looked for under
several different index heads.

A short preface to the index, explaining clearly its plan
of construction as described above, would not have been out
of place : on the contrary, such an explanation would serve
as a guide to the method of using the index. The omission
of such a general key, however, has been partially atoned
for by the insertion of parenthetical notes immediately be-
low index heads which deal with a score of subjects in the
code. Thus, a series of explanatory notes under ** Cities
and Towns" tells the reader what that head covers; and
another note under ''Criminal Law" shows how to use the
index there by stating that on account of the difficulty of
naming statutory offenses, numerous penal provisions of
the code must be found under the names of classes of per-
sons concerned or under the names of things the laws re-
lating to which have been violated.

If the new index meets the requirement of completeness
of detail, the compiler must have made the closest analysis
of each section of the code by saving every essential idea
conveyed. Public officials, State and local, have been par-
ticularly kept in mind and specific index references are
given to all their powers and duties. Where a section of the
new compilation incorporates another section by mere ref-
erence, the index gives the number of the former followed

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE 549

by tlie second in parenthesis. This is done especially in the
index on cities under special charters, thus saving the user
a considerable amount of time. Paragraphs of long sec-
tions are also indicated whenever they bear numbers or
letters. Had the State Constitution also been included in
the Compiled Code, the index to the State's whole "written
law" would have been more complete than it is. Extensive
use of the index, however, alone can tell whether it is as
full as it should be and whether, as the code commission
believes in its letter of transmittal to the Governor and the
General Assembly, ''the simplified and shortened index will
be satisfactory" to the thousands whom it is intended to
serve. If the Compiled Code is adopted as the official code
of the State in 1921, the index may have a considerable
time to live, but if as contemplated a new permanent code
takes its place in 1921, its usefulness will be very much cut
short. Even though one can not guarantee perfection in
the new index, which was intended as a temporary expedi-
ent, the principles on which it was constructed and specific
criticisms of its content and structure can be utilized in the
preparation of a better index when the time comes ; and it
is hoped that all errors and omissions may be reported to
the author.

In conclusion, to those who wish to know something of
the mechanics of index-making, it may be of interest to
indicate briefly the various steps pursued. Commencing
after the middle of May, when copy of the new compilation
began to come from the hands of the code commissioners,
and continuing until the second week of October the indexer
was busy writing references to the subject-matter of code
sections, one reference to a card. These references in long-
hand were then transferred by typewriter to other cards,
and as fast as code titles were finished the cards were ar-
ranged in alphabetical order and each title index was then

550 IOWA JOUENAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

typewritten and sent out, one copy to each commissioner.
Two assistants were depended upon to handle the cards
after they left the hands of the indexer. Nearly 50,000
cards were consumed in the work.

After the entire code had been subjected to such a process,
four weeks were devoted to revising and editing the cards
so that the completed index could be put into the best pos-
sible shape for transcribing on large sheets of paper. On
November 4th the card index was boxed up and shipped to
Des Moines; and after the indexer himself had gone over
the whole index once more, rearranging and adding mate-
rials and otherwise improving in order to obviate the neces-
sity of making alterations in the printer's galley proof, a
force of stenographers and proofreaders worked a week to
prepare final copy for the printer. With the aid of a copy-
holder the indexer then spent one week at the Homestead
Printing Company's plant reading galley and page proofs,
completing the work on November 21st.

The index of 293 pages represents, therefore, a little more
than six months of toil. Owing to the fact that the Com-,
piled Code was required by law to be ready for distribution
on December 1st, the indexer was under constant pressure
to speed up with the result that there was no opportunity
to subject the section numbers of the printed index to a
thorough verification before they finally went to press.
When the user of the index realizes that the references to
code sections had passed through the hands, eyes, ears, and
mouths of over a dozen different people before printing and
from six to eight weeks could have been used simply to ef-
fect a final verification, he need not be surprised if some
errors have crept into the finished product.

It will be well for any critic of the Compiled Code and its
index to remember that most shortcomings are due to the
brief time allowed for the work. If there is one thing more

INDEXING THE COMPILED CODE 551

than another that should be realized in connection with such
services as have just been performed for the State, it is
this: allowing only six or eight months for a task of such
magnitude has the effect of hurrying those whose chief
assets ought to be plodding patience and careful analysis of
everything that passes through their hands: in the very
nature of the case the mill can not well be adjusted to grind
quickly a grist that has always been supposed to be exceed-
ingly fine.

Jacob Van der Zee
The State Historical Society op Iowa
Iowa City Iowa

SOME PUBLICATIONS

The Illinois Country, 1673-1818. By Clarence Walworth Alvord.
Springfield: Illinois Centennial Commission. 1920. Pp. 524.
Plates, maps. With this volume in The Centennial History of Illi-
nois, published by the Illinois Centennial Commission, the history
of the State down to date is completed with the exception of the
years 1870 to 1893. Much of the material in the volume is of inter-
est to readers in all the States of the Mississippi Valley since it
deals with the early history of the West, Indian wars, and the first
American settlements. A bibliography in addition to numerous
foot notes and an index complete the volume.

Writings on American History, 1917, by Grace Gardner Griffin,
is the twelfth number in this bibliographical series.

Beginnings of the Church in Little Rock, by F. G. Holweck, is
one of the papers in the July number of The Catholic Historical
Review.

The Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City
of New York for June contains a series of addresses and papers on
Inflation and High Prices: Causes and Remedies, edited by Henry
Rogers Seager.

Volume six of the Journal of the National Institute of Social Sci-
ences is devoted to discussions of the general subject. Leadership in
a Democracy.

The War Department has recently published a Digest of Opinions
of the Judge Advocate General of the Army, covering the period
from April 1 to December 31, 1917.

In the August number of The National Geographic Magazine
Frederick W. Lawrence contributes an interesting article on The
Origin of American State Names.

552

SOME PUBLICATIONS 553

New Orleans in Early Bays, by Edna F. Campbell, is a short
article, of interest to students of Mississippi Valley history, which
appears in The Geographical Review for July.

Schooldays in the Twenties, a reminiscence by Charles Tylor of
educational experiences in England, is one of the contributions to
The Journal of the Friends Historical Society for January.

The Social Organization of the Kwakiutl, by Franz Boas, and
The Cidture Problem in Ohio Archaeology, by H. C. Shetrone, are
two of the papers in the April-June number of the American
Anthropologist.

Canada's Part in Freeing the Slave, by Fred Landon, is an article
of interest to Americans which is reprinted from the Ontario His-
torical Society Papers and Records, volume seventeen.

The Increasing Debt of History to Science, by Archer B. Hulbert,
Some Papers of Aaron Burr, by Worthington Chauncey Ford, and
a Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, by Clarence S.
Brigham, are three papers which appear in a recent number of the
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society.

Mr. Wilson and the Campaign, by William Howard Taft, and
Liberal or Reactionary, by Norman Hapgood, are two of the arti-
cles in The Yale Review for October.

The Czechs in America, by Thomas Capek, is one of the recent
volumes on the history of various racial groups in the United
States. In addition to the general information concerning the
Bohemians in the country as a whole, Iowa readers will find many
allusions to members of this race who are or have been prominent
in this State.

Fighting Adidt Illiteracy in North Carolina, by Fronde Ken-
nedy, Some Relations Between Soil, Climate and Civilization in the
Southern Red Hills of Alabama, by Roland M. Harper, and The
Importance of the Southern College to American Civilization, by
Paul Shorey, are three of the contributions to The South Atlantic
Quarterly for July.

The Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, a

554 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

monograph by Jesse S. Robinson, is published as a recent number
of the Johns EopJiins University Studies in Historical and Political
Science.

The Pluralistic State, by Ellen Deborah Ellis, and Special Munic-
ipal Legislation in Iowa, by Frank Edward Horack, are two papers
which appear in The American Political Science Review for August,
1920. Charles Kettleborough contributes the Legislative Notes and
Reviews; Robert E, Cushman reviews Judicial Decisions on Public
Law; Frederic A. Ogg writes of Foreign Governments and Politics;
and the Notes on International Affairs are by Charles G. Fenwick.

Letters of a New England Exile, by Caroline Clifford Newton,
Historic Ships, by ]\Iar%'' Lloj^d, and Romance in American History
are three contributions to the July number of Americana. Among
the papers in the issue for October are the following: Rewriting
Ameri-can History, by Charles W. Super ; Personal Characteristics
of Washington Irving, by Charles A. Ingraham ; and Myles Stand-
ish: Military Commander and Brave Defender of the Plymouth
Colony, by Amelia Day Campbell.

In The Cavalry Journal for July, Leonard "Wood contributes an
article on Cavalry's Role in the Reorganization; Randolph C. Shaw
writes on Diagnosing Desertions; and George E. ]\Iitchell continues
his account of The Rout of the Turks by Allenhy's Cavalry.

Two of the papers included in the September issue of The Amer-
ican Economic Revietv are the following: Price Ecojiomics versus
Welfare Economics, by Frank A. Fetter; and The Transportation
Act of 1920, by Edgar J. Rich. A short paper on Farm Land
Values in Iowa, by Howard H. Preston, is among the contributions.

The July number of The Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science contains a series of papers on Indus-
trial Stability. Lahor, Management and Production is the general
topic discussed in the issue for September.

The August number of The Searchlight contains a compilation by
Lynn Haines and Henry Raymond Mussey, entitled The Official
Truth About Harding. In the September number is a similar

SOME PUBLICATIONS 555

though much briefer account of Candidate Cox as a Congressman,
by the same authors.

After a brief suspension The American Indian Magazine re-
appears in an enlarged and more artistic form. The number is
dated August, 1920, and contains the following papers : The United
States versus The American Indian, by Mary Roberts Rinehart;
The Cliff Dtveller Housekeeper, by Walter Hough ; Tales from the
House in the Valley, by Stewart Culin ; The Indian and the Horse,
by Clark Wissler; and The Indian Knoll, by H. Newell Wardle.

WESTERN AMERICANA

John Tyree Fain is the compiler of Fain's Critical and Analyt-
ical Index and Genealogical Guide to Ramsey's Annals of Ten-
nessee.

A monograph on The Potairatomi, by Publius V. Lawson, is pub-
lished in the April number of The Wisconsin Archeologist.

A Centennial History of Indianapolis has been published under
the direction of the committee in charge of the Indianapolis cen-
tennial celebration. The exercises commemorating the founding of
the city were held at Indianapolis on June 5-9, 1920.

Illinois Constitutions, by Emil Joseph Verlie, has recently been
issued as volume thirteen of the Collections of the Illinois State
Historical Lihrary. The volume includes chapters on the Ordinance
of 1787, various Federal laws affecting early Illinois, and the Con-
stitutions of 1818, 1848, and 1870,

Three monographs recently issued in the University of California
Puhlications in American Archaeology and Ethnology are the fol-
lowing: Yuman Tribes of the Lower Colorado, by A. L. Kroeber;
Yurok Geography, by T. T, Waterman; and The Sources and
Authenticity of the History of the Ancient Mexicans, by Paul
Radin,

The July number of the Western Pennsylvania Historical Maga-
zine contains an account of The Flood of 1884 in the Allegheny
River at Pittsburgh and an address by Edward E, Robbins on the

VOL, XVIII — 36

556 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Life and Services of Colonel Henry Boqtiet. Colonel Boquet was
one of the leading characters in the West during the French and
Indian War.

lOWANA

Honor rolls have recently appeared for Buena Vista, Butler,
Cass, Floyd, Wapello, Washington, and Webster counties. These
war records contain a list of the names of the men and women from
each county who served in the World War together with their
photographs. Similar volumes for other counties are being com-
piled.

The memoirs of Stephen B. Hanks, for seventy-two years a pilot
and captain on the Upper Mississippi River, are to be published by
The Saturday Eveniyig Post of Burlington. The manuscript will
be edited by Fred A. Bill whose articles on the Mississippi River
have been appearing in the same paper.

Americari Municipalities for September contains the proceedings
of the convention of the League of Iowa Municipalities held at Des
Moines, August 17-19, 1920.

A Short Record of the loiva State College in the World War is
the title of a memorial pamphlet recently published by the War
Records Committee of Iowa State College of Agriculture and Me-
chanic Arts.

The MaJcing of the Burlington, an address by W. W. Baldwin,
has been published in pamphlet form. It is a brief sketch of the
history of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad.

A new monthly publication, Agricidtural Engineering: The Jour-
nal of the American Society of Agricidtural Engineers, has recently
appeared. It is edited at Ames, Iowa, and the first number of
volume one is dated September.

Wanted: An Interpreter of Iowa, by Austin P. Haines, is an arti-
cle of interest to lowans in the August number of The Grinnell Re-
view. The September issue contains, among others, an article by
J. M. Owen entitled Unwelcome Voices and one on The Crisis in
American Education, by John Hanson Thomas Main.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 557

Peter Anderson, by Frederick A. Smith, Distinguished Women
— Marietta Walker, by Vida E. Smith, The Centennial General
Conference of 1920, by Walter Wayne Smith, and a continuation of
the Official Statements of Joseph Smith, compiled by Heman Hale
Smith, are among the papers in the July number of the Journal of
History.

Western-Leander-Clark College, 1856-1911, by Henry W. Ward,
is one of the recent contributions to the educational history of Iowa,
Founded originally as a denominational college of the United
Brethren Church, this institution contributed its share to the up-
building of the State of Iowa. In 1906 the name was changed to
Leander Clark College in honor of Major Leander Clark who had
generously supported the school.

With the August-September issue the Iow<i Magazine returns to
the form used prior to February, 1920. This number contains the
following papers: Iowa's Master Fruit Breeder, by Belle Caldwell;
Luther College, Decorah, Iowa, by Oscar L. Olson; The Iowa
Teacher, by Chas. F. Pye; The West Bend, Iowa, Grotto, y How
1,200 Workers Keep Happy, by Melvin W. Ellis; Great Lakes-
Saint Lawrence Waterways Project, by R. H. Faxon ; The Summer
School of 1920, by Harold Foster; and an account of the Biennial
Convention of Women 's Clubs.

In 1917 the first volume of a Geshichte der Stadt Davenport und
des County Scott by Dr. August P. Richter was published at Dav-
enport, Iowa, Conditions prevented the issuance of a second vol-
ume in the German language and it seemed for a time that the
results of the investigations of the author, covering a period of
more than forty years, would be lost to the world. The publishers
of the Davenport Democrat, however, determined to give place in
the Sunday issues of their newspaper to this valuable record of
local history. Beginning with the issue for April 11, 1920, weekly
installments have been printed under the title A True History of
Scott County, Its People, Cities, Towns and Institutions. The early
history of the vicinity receives attention as a background for the
later story but the main purpose of the account is to record the

558 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

events of the period from the middle of the last century, since that
period has been much less adequately treated by historians. Dr.
Richter, from his long residence in Davenport, his experience for
many years as editor of Der Demokrat, and his indefatigable search
for materials, is exceptionally well qualified to write this account,
and the result is a very valuable presentation of Davenport and
Scott County history.

SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS BY IOWA AUTHORS

Adler, Betty,

Within the Year After. Chicago : M. A. Donahue Co. 1920.

Aldrich, Bess Streeter,

Father Mason Retires (The American Magazine, October,
1920).

Ashbaugh, E. J., (Joint author)

The Professional Equipment of Certain Iowa Teachers (Mid-
land Schools, May, 1920).

Atheam, Walter Scott,

Natio7ial System of Education. New York : George H. Doran
Co. 1920.

Baker, A. C,

Genealogy and History of the Wm. Baker, Andrus, Clark and
Adams Families. Decorah: Lutheran Publishing House.
1920.

Baldwin, Bird Thomas,

Administration and Scope of the Iowa Child Welfare Research
Station. Iowa City: State University of Iowa. 1920.

Bjorenson, P. 0.,

Don't Advertise Silk to a Calico Buying PuhUc (The North-
western Banker, August, 1920).

Butler, Ellis Parker,

A Jury of His Peers (Everybody's Magazine, September,
1920).

SOME PUBLICATIONS 559

Caldwell, Belle,

Iowa's Master Fruit Breeder (The Iowa Magazine, August-
September, 1920).

Crowley, Lillian Hall,

A Case of Doulle Graft (Successful Farming, September,
1920).

Crumbacker, "W. P.,

Freud's Theory of Psychology (Bulletin of State Institutions,
April, 1920).

Ellis, Melvin W.,

How 1,200 Workers Keep Happy (The Iowa Magazine, August-
September, 1920, and the Northwestern Banker, July, 1920).

Ferber, Edna, (Joint author)

$1200 a Year. New York : Doubleday, Page & Co. 1920.

Foster, Harold,

The Summer School of 1920 (The Iowa Magazine, August-
September, 1920).

Galer, Laura B.,

The Paroled Girl (Bulletin of State Institutions, April, 1920).

Gallaher, Ruth A.,

Benjamin Stone Bolerts (The Palimpsest, September, 1920).

Gordon, F. G. R.,

Plain Bill Jones Learns Something of Socialism (The Iowa
Magazine, August-September, 1920).

Graham, Robert D.,

The Science of Freemasonry. Cedar Rapids : Privately print-
ed. 1920.

Greene, H. A., (Joint author)

The Professional Equipment of Certain Iowa Teachers (Mid-
land Schools, May, 1920).

Haines, Austin P.,

Wanted: An Interpreter of Iowa (The Grinnell Review,
August, 1920).

560 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Hanson, Leslie,

European Situation Has Great Effect on Our Financial Con-
ditions (The Northwestern Banker, September, 1920).

Funds Are Being Diverted from Speculative Uses (The North-
western Banker, August, 1920).

Harding, William L.,

Re-mahing Country ScJiools in Iowa (The Review of Reviews,
August, 1920).

Hebard, Grace Raymond,

The Bozeman Trail. Cleveland : Arthur H. Clark Co. 1920.

Henderson, Rose,

Prairies (poem) (The Designer, October, 1920).

Hill, James L.,

The Worst Boys in Town. Boston : The Stratford Co. 1920.

Hise, George E.,

Assessments Against Railway Properties (Proceedings of the
Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the Iowa Engineering So-
ciety, 1920).

Horack, Frank Edward,

Special Municipal Legislation in Iowa (The American Polit-
ical Science Review, August, 1920).

Hyde, James Hazen,

Flowers from the Field of Franco- American Friendship. New
York : La France. 1920.

Johnson, Grijff,

Are Present Land Values Permanent? (The Northwestern
Banker, July, 1920).

Johnson, Wm. S.,

A Romance of the Forties (The Palimpsest, September, 1920).

Kastman, K. C,

The Memorial Bridge at Des Moines, Iowa (Proceedings of the
Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the Iowa Engineering So-
ciety, 1920).

SOME PUBLICATIONS 561

Kerr, W. B.,

Cooperating with the Newspapers (Bulletin of State Institu-
tions, April, 1920).

Keyes, Charles R.,

Some Materials for the Study of Iowa Archeology (The Iowa
Journal of History and Politics, July, 1920).

Klingaman, 0. E.,

The Need for a Constructive Social Program in Iowa (Bulletin
of State Institutions, April, 1920).

Knipe, Emilie B., and Alden Arthur,

A Mayflower Maid. New York : Century Co. 1920.

Lundin, Hilda G.,

The Influence of Jeremy Bentham on English Democratic De-
velopment. Iowa City: State University of Iowa. 1920.

McMurry, Donald L.,

The Soldier Vote in Iowa in the Election of 1888 (The Iowa
Journal of History and Politics, July, 1920).

Main, John Hanson Thomas,

The Crisis in Am,erican Education (The Grinnell Review, Sep-
tember, 1920).

Matlack, H. W.,

Music as a Liberal Art (The Grinnell Review, July, 1920).

Melhus, I, E., (Joint author)

Relation of the Barberry to Stem Rust in Iowa. Ames : Iowa
State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 1920.

Meredith, Edwin T.,

Do You Want to Go Hungry? (The Independent, July 10,

1920).
Speeding Up Our Food Production (The Forum, April, 1920).

Nixon, Vesta Tharp,

Wilyum Da Kaiser (The Grinnell Review, August, 1920).

Olson, Oscar L.,

Luther College, Decorah, Iowa (The Iowa Magazine, August-
September, 1920).

562 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Parisli, John C,

An Editorial Dialogue (The Palimpsest, August, 1920).
Palimpsests (The Palimpsest, July, 1920).
Three Men and a Press (The Palimpsest, August, 1920).
White Beans for Hanging (The Palimpsest, July, 1920).

Parrish, Randall,

Wolves of the Sea. New York : A. L. Burt Co. 1920.

Pond, A. M.,

Compulsory Registration and Commitment of the Feeble-
minded (Bulletin of State Institutions, April, 1920).

Preston, Howard H.,

Farm Land Values in Iowa (The American Economic Review,
September, 1920).

Federal Reserve Banks' System of Par Collection (The Jour-
nal of Political Science, July, 1920).

Price, Eliphalet,

The Trial and Execution of Patrick 0 'Conner at the Dubuque
Mines in the Summer of 1834 (The Palimpsest, September,
1920).

Pye, Chas. F.,

The Iowa Teacher (The Iowa Magazine, August-September,
1920).

Raymond, William G.,

Unto Caesar the Things That Are Caesar's (Proceedings of the
Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the Iowa Engineering Soci-
ety, 1920).
What Is Value for Rate Making Purposes? (The Railway Age,
August 27, 1920).

Richardson, Anna Steese,

Three Months From Now (The Woman's Home Companion,
August, 1920).

Roberts, George E.,

Increased Production Through Increased Saving As a Remedy
(Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the
City of New York, June, 1920).

SOME PUBLICATIONS 563

Ross, Edward Alsworth,

The Principles of Sociology. New York : Century Co. 1920.

Russell, Charles Edward,

Collective Bargaining in the President's First Industrial Con-
ference (The Annals of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science, July, 1920).

The Story of the Nonpartisan League; A Chapter in American
Evolution. New York : Harper Bros. 1920.

Schmidt, Louis Bernard,

Some Significant Aspects of the Agrarian Revolution in the
United States (The Iowa Journal of History and Politics,
July, 1920).
The Westward Movement of the Wheat Growing Industry in
the United States (The Iowa Journal of History and Politics,
July, 1920).

Seashore, Carl E.,

A Survey of Musical Talent in the PuUic Schools. Iowa City :
State University of Iowa. 1920.

Shambaugh, Benj. F.,

The Vision (The Palimpsest, July, 1920).

Shambaugh, Bertha M. H.,

Newspaper History (The Palimpsest, August, 1920).

Sinclair, Hazel D.,

Devices (Bulletin of State Institutions, April, 1920).

Smertenko, Johan J.,

The Trained Elephant at Chicago (The Grinnell Review, July,
1920).

Smith, Lewis Worthington,

Fires in the Urn (poem) (Contemporary Verse, October,
1920).

Stoner, Dayton,

The Scutelleroidae of Iowa. Iowa City: State University of
Iowa. 1920.

564 IOWA JOUKNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Taylor, Alonzo Englebert,

The Economic Consequences of the Peace (The Saturday
Evening Post, September 18, 25, 1920).

Upham, Cyril B.,

Historical Survey of the Militia in Iowa 1898-1916 (The Iowa
Journal of History and Politics, July, 1920).

Walker, C. C,

The Relation of Ophthalmology and Laryngology to Internal
Medicine (Bulletin of State Institutions, April, 1920).

Wyatt, Edith Franklin,

Conversational Poetry (The Yale Review, October, 1920).

SOME KECENT HISTORICAL ITEMS IN IOWA NEWSPAPERS

A true history of Scott County, by August P. Richter, running in
the Sunday editions of the Davenport Democrat.

First bridge over Cedar River at Cedar Rapids, in the Cedar Bap-
ids Gazette, July 1, 1920.

Anniversary of the establishment of the postofi&ce at Sioux City,
in the Sioux City Journal, July 1, 1920.

A tourist's manual and guide to the scenes, legends, and cities of
the upper Mississippi River by Fred A. BiU, in the Burlington
Saturday Evening Post, July 3, 17, 24, 31, August 7, 28, and
September 4, 1920.

Sketch of the life of Jas. Henry, the oldest man in Lee County, in
the Keokuk Gate City, July 8, 1920.

How towns of northern Iowa were named, in the Algona Advance,
July 8, 1920.

Sketch of the life of J. F. Breitenstein, in the Keokuk Gate City,
July 14, 1920.

Sketch of the lives of Mr. and Llrs. George W. Hana, for seventy-
five years residents of Black Hawk County, in the Waterloo
Trilune and the Waterloo Courier, July 16, 1920.

SOME PUBLICATIONS 565

Sketch of the life of Lot Abraham, in the Mt. Pleasant News, July
24, 1920.

The first frame house in the Upper Mississippi Valley, in the
Waukon Standard, July 28, 1920.

Early days in Audubon County, in the Exira Journal, July 29,
August 5, 12, 19, 26, 1920.

Skeletons found at Spirit Lake near the original Marble cabin, in
the Spencer Reporter, August 4, 1920, and the Cedar Rapids
Republican, August 6, 1920.

Fiftieth anniversary of Storm Lake, in the Storm Lake Tribune,
August 6, 1920, and Des Moines Register, August 11, 1920.

Petition for reincorporation of Manawa, in the Council Bluffs Non-
pareil, August 7, 1920.

Historical importance of Louisa County, in the Cedar Rapids Re-
publican, August 8, 1920.

Map of Iowa as it was sixty-five years ago, in the Sioux City Jour-
nal, August 9, 1920.

Keminiscences of the battle of Wilson 's Creek, in the Marshalltown
Times-Journal, August 12, 1920.

An lowan's account of the assassination of Lincoln, in the Nashua
Reporter, August 12, 1920.

Some landmarks of Madrid, by C. L. Lucas, in the Madrid News,
August 12, 1920.

Curiosities in Council Blufils history, by Charles H. Babbitt, in the
Council Bluffs Nonpareil, August 14, 1920.

The Tama Indians, in the Greene Recorder, August 20, 1920,

The Underground Eailway, by F. G. "Weeks, in the Council Bluffs
Nonpareil, August 22, 1920.

Sketch of the life of James Wilson, in the Des Moines Capital, and
the Waterloo Courier, August 26, 1920, the Des Moines Reg-
ister, August 26, 27, September 1, 1920, the Toledo Chronicle,
September 2, 1920, the Adel Record, and the Traer Star-
Clipper, September 3, 1920.

566 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The first State Fair, in the Des Moines Tribune, August 30, 1920.

The origin of the name * ' Iowa ' ', in the Des Moines Tribune, August
30, 1920.

Sketch of the life of Thomas L. Maxwell, in the Cormng Union-
Republican, September 1, 1920.

Sketch of the life of M. D. "Woodruff, in the Knoxville Express,
September 1, 1920.

Mrs. Samuel J. Kirkwood ninety-nine years of age, in the Daven-
port Democrat, September 1, 2, 1920, and the Cedar Bapids
Republican, September 2, 1920.

The Amish in Iowa, by J. D. Gingerich, in the Wellman Adva/nce,
September 2, 9, 1920.

Some facts in the life of Charles Shepherd, by Hiram Heaton, in
the Fairfield Tribune, September 3, 1920.

Selecting the site for the State capitol, by L. J. Wilson, in the Des
Moines Register, September 6, 1920.

Early history of Bremer County, by W. V. Lucas, in the Waverly
Independent, September 9, 1920.

Sketch of the life of Edgar W, Stanton, in the Ames Tribune, and
the Des Moines Tribune, September 13, 1920.

Steamboating after the Civil War, by Mike V. Foley, in the Belle-
vue Leader, September 24, 1920.

Pen picture of Keokuk, in the Keokuk Gate City, September 25,
1920.

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

PUBLICATIONS

The first installment of New Light on the Origins of the World
War, by Sidney B. Fay, is one of the papers in The American His-
torical Review for July. A contribution of particular interest to
students of Mississippi Valley history is An Unrecognized Father
Marquette Letter the text and translation of which are printed
under ** Notes and Suggestions" in this number, together with a
brief introduction by Clarence W. Alvord, The letter has been
previously printed but owing to errors in transcription the identity
of the writer with Father Marquette was not realized. It was
written from the Mississippi River at about the thirty-fifth parallel
of latitude, evidently in August, 1763, while Marquette and Jolliet
were returning from their trip to the mouth of the Arkansas River.
Professor Alvord 's identification of the letter as a Marquette manu-
script adds an interesting item to the bibliography of the expe-
dition.

A Bibliography of Syracuse History, compiled by Franklin H.
Chase, has recently been published by the Onondaga Historical
Association.

The July number of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical
Quarterly contains an article by C. B. Galbreath on Lafayette's
Visit to Ohio Valley States.

The Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, for the years
1917-1918, in addition to the various reports of the Society, con-
tains an address on Brigadier-General Jacoh Bayley, by Edwin A.
Bayley, and a paper on Early Poets of Vermont, by Pliny H.
White.

Volume eighteen of the Collections of the Connecticut Historical
Society contains a second installment of the Correspondence and

567

568 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Documents During Thomas Fitch's Governorship of the Colony of
Connecticut, 1754-1766.

A. J. Wall is the author of an article on The Statues of King
George III and the Honorable William Pitt Erected in New York
City 1770, which appears in The New-York Historical Society Quar-
terly Bulletin for July.

The State Historical Society of Wisconsin has recently issued the
Proceedings of the Society at its Sixty-seventh Annual Meeting,
held on October 23, 1919.

Among the articles which appear in The Canadian Historical
Review for September are the following: The Captains of Militia,
by Benjamin Suite; Who Was the Chevalier de la Yerendryef, by
A. H. de Tremaudan; and Canadian Opinion of Southern Seces-
sion, 1860-61, by Fred Landon.

The New Hampshire Historical Society has recently published in
pamphlet form The Umvritten History of the New Hampshire His-
torical Society Building, prepared by Charles Robert Corning,

The Georgia Historical Quarterly for March contains an account
of Oglethorpe's Treaty with the Loiver Creek Indians and a Eulogy
on Dr. Noble W. Jones, by John Grimes.

The Old Indian Road, by William B. Marye, is one of the papers
published in the Maryland Historical Magazine for June. This is
continued in the issue for September.

The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society for June con-
tains a paper by T. C. Elliott, entitled David Thompson and Begin-
nings in Idaho; Read Bain contributes an article on Educational
Plans and Efforts by Methodists in Oregon to 1860; and there is a
History of Oregon Normal Schools prepared by John C. Almack.

William Phineas Upham, a memoir by Robert S. Rantoul, and a
continuation of Some Account of Steam Navigation in New Eng-
land, by Francis B. C. Bradlee, are two of the papers published in
the Historical Collections of the Essex Institute for July.

The three articles which appear in The Mississippi Valley His-

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 569

torical Review for June are the following : Jonathan Carver and the
Carver Land Grant, by Milo M, Quaife ; Transportation and Traf-
fic on the Ohio and Mississippi Before the Steamboat, by "W. "Wal-
lace Carson; and The Ohio Valley in the Preliminaries of the War
of 1812, by Christopher B. Coleman.

The Minnesota History Bulletin for February contains an article
on American Democracy, by Carl Russel Fish, and one by Louis H.
Roddis on The Last Indian Uprising in the United States. There is
also a discussion of the Goodhue Press. The issue for May contains
only one extensive article — Recruiting Engineers for the World
War in Minnesota, by George W. McCree.

The July and October, 1919, issue of The Virginia Magazine of
History and Biography contains the following papers: Virginians
Who Have Died in the War for Liberty; a continuation of the
Minutes of the Council and General Court, 1624-1629; Virginia
Gleanings in England, by Leo Culleton; a further installment of
the Preston Papers; and Virginia in 1681-82.

The Question of Texan Jurisdiction in New Mexico Under the
United States, 1848-1850, by William Campbell Binkley; a con-
tinuation of Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamur, by A. K. Christian ; and
the eleventh installment of the Minutes of the Ayuntamiento of
San Felipe de Austin, 1828-1832, edited by Eugene C. Barker, are
papers which appear in The Southwestern Historical Quarterly for
July.

The Division as a Fighting Machine, by William G. Haan ; Mus-
coda, 1763-1856, by Joseph Schafer; Lincoln in Wisconsin, by
Julius E. Olson ; Historic Spots in Wisconsin, by W. A. Titus ; and
The Wisconsin Domesday Booh, by Joseph Schafer, are the five
articles published in the September issue of The Wisconsin Maga-
zine of History.

The January number of the Tennessee Historical Magazine con-
tains the following papers: Tennessee Scotch-Irish Ancestry, by
Blanche Bentley; The Conquest of the Old Southwest, by Sam'l C.
Williams ; Some Early Archeological Finds in Tennessee, by W. A.
Provine ; Why the First Settlers of Tennessee Were from Virginia,

570 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

by A. V. Goodpasture; and a continuation of the Journal of Gov-
ernor John Sevier (1790-1S15), edited hy John H. De Witt,

Governor George Clinton, by G. D, B. Hasbrouek, Rochester, the
City of Beginnings, by H. E. B. Dow, and Minutes of the Presby-
tery of New York, 1777-79, by Dixon R. Fox, are the three articles
published in The Quarterly Journal of the New York State His-
torical Association for July.

The Indiana Historical Commission has published as bulletin
number eleven the Proceedings of State History Conference, held at
Indianapolis, December 10 and 11, 1919. An address by Thomas
F. Moran on State History: Its Importance; How to Interest People
In It; How to Preserve It is included.

The Travail of Missouri for Statehood, by Walter B. Stevens,
Missouri in 1820, by Jonas Yiles, A Century of Journalism in Mis-
souri, by W. V. Byars, A Century of Missouri Literature, by Alex-
ander Nicolas DeMenil, A Century of Transportation in Missouri,
by Edward J. White, Labor and Industry in Missouri During the
Last Century, by Lee Meriwether, Social Customs and Usages in
Missouri During the Last Century, by Mary Alicia Owen, and
Social Reform in Missouri During the Last Century, by George B.
Mangold, are contributions printed in The Missouri Historical Re-
vieiu for October.

In addition to the minutes of the association, the Proceedings of
the Nineteenth Annual Session of the State Literary and Historical
Association of North Carolina, issued as bulletin twenty-six of the
Publications of the North Carolina Historical Commission, contains
a number of papers relating to the war history of North Carolina.
Among these are the following: Contributions of North Carolina
Women to the World War, by Archibald Henderson; Same Eco-
nomic Effects of the World War, by William H. Glasson ; and The
Preservation of North Carolina's World War Records, by Robert B.
House.

Temperance Movement and Legislation in Indiana, by Charles E.
Canup, A Pioneer Wedding, by Catherine Noble, Americanism 100
Years Ago, by Mary Boggs, Recollections of the Campaign of 1856,

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 571

by Edwin P. Harter, and a continuation of Indiana in the Mexican
War, by R. C. Buley, are articles which appear in the March num-
ber of the Indiana Magazine of History.

The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society for Sep-
tember contains a description of the "Old Capitol" which has now
become the home of the Historical Society. There is also a continu-
ation of the History of Woodford County, by William E. Railey,
and some information relating to Kentucky's part in the World
War.

The Reopening of the Russian-American Convention of 1824, by
Victor J. Farrar, Beginning of Mission Work in Alaska, by the
Presbyterian Church, by William Sylvester Holt, David Thomp-
son's Journeys in Idaho, by T. C. Elliott, John Work's Journal of
a Trip from Fort Colville to Fort Vancouver and Return in 1828,
by William S. Lewis and Jacob A. Meyers, and a continuation of
the Origin of Washington Geographic Names, by Edmond S. Meany,
are among the contributions to The Washington Historical Quar-
terly for April. The articles by T. C. Elliott and Edmond S.
Meany are continued in the July journal. In addition this number
contains Letters on the Northwest Fur Trade, by Samuel Eliot
Morison, and Shipbuilding in the Pacific Northwest, by Helen
Durrie Goodwin.

ACTIVITIES

The August meeting of the JeflPerson County Historical Society
was held at Fairfield on August 15, 1920. Reminiscences of early
days were related by various members. The meeting for September
was held at the same place on the seventeenth of that month.

The sixty-eighth annual meeting of the Wisconsin State His-
torical Society will be held at the Historical Library at Madison,
October 21st. Col. A. L. Conger will give an address on ''The
Military Education of General Grant".

The sixteenth annual meeting of the Missouri Historical Society
was held at Columbia on March 25th, 1920. An address by
President Walter B. Stevens on "Missouri Taverns", one by M.

VOL. XVIII — 37

572 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Maurice Casenave on the "Influence of the Valley of the Missis-
sippi on the Development of Modern France", and a humorous
talk entitled ''Corn Bread and Bacon" were among the contribu-
tions to the program, A pageant dealing with Missouri history
was presented. Walter B. Stevens was reelected president. Floyd
C. Shoemaker is the secretary of the Society.

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

Miss Jeanne E. Wier, Secretarj^ of the Nevada Historical Society,
visited the State Historical Society in August.

At the October meeting of the Board of Curators of The State
Historical Society of Iowa Mr. Marvin H. Dey was elected Presi-
dent of the Board and of the Society. Mr. Dey had for some
months served as Acting President, following the resi^ation of
President Euclid Sanders.

The following persons have recently been elected to membership
in the Society: Mr. B. C. Benham, Muscatine, Iowa; Mr. C. C.
Blevins, Des Moines, Iowa; Mr. Ardys J. Draper, Paullina, Iowa;
Mr. William T. Gilmore, Tipton, Iowa; Mrs. Thomas D. Healy,
Fort Dodge, Iowa ; Mr. A. M. Hotz, Iowa City, Iowa ; Mr. John R.
Johnston, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; Miss Elizabeth Jones, Ames, Iowa ; Rev.
Patrick N. McDermott, Woodbine, Iowa; Mr. Bert N. Mills, Des
Moines, Iowa; ]\Ir. Howard H. Preston, Seattle, Washington; Miss
Olive Stewart, Oakland, California; Mr. N. L. Stiles, Cherokee,
Iowa; Mr. Franklin D. Trueblood, Belle Plaine, Iowa; Miss
Gretchen C. Trumpp, Iowa City, Iowa ; Mr. C. D. Vance, Sehleswig,
Iowa ; Mr. H. Leslie Wildey, Graettinger, Iowa ; Dr. C. 0. Yenerich,
Rockford, Iowa ; Mr. Ross R. Bailey, Belle Plaine, Iowa ; Mr. Edson
W. Burgitt, Britt, Iowa; Mr. M. J. Haire, Fort Dodge, Iowa; Mrs.
James D. LeCron, Des Moines, Iowa ; ]\rrs. Veda ]\I. Long, Webster
City, Iowa; j\Ir. A. W. Peterson, Waterloo, Iowa; Mr. A. P.
Salgren, Clarinda, Iowa; Mr. H. W. Stafford, Ames, Iowa; Mr.
E. K. Anderson, St. Charles, Iowa; Mr. Samuel G. Bridges, Cedar
Falls, Iowa; Mrs. Charles J. Doepke, Ackley, Iowa; Mrs. L. J.
Hanson, Centerville, Iowa; Mr. J. H. McCarty, Stockport, Iowa;

HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 573

Mrs. W. B. Miller, Centerville, Iowa; Mrs. Flora L. Patterson,
Muskogee, Oklahoma; Mr. Frederick D, Powers, Cedar Rapids,
Iowa: Mr. F. A. Schuetz, Lawler, Iowa; Mr. Charles J. Spiker,
New Hampton, Iowa; Mr. F. D. Thielmann, Holstein, Iowa; Mr,
T. M. Watts, Holstein, Iowa ; and Mr. J. "W. Wellner, Battle Creek,
Iowa. The following persons were enrolled as life members of the
Society: Dr. G. W. Hinkle, Harvard, Iowa; Mr. Lewis Miles,
Corydon, Iowa; Judge John T. Moffit, Tipton, Iowa; and Mr.
Edward Peterson, Stratford, Iowa.

NOTES AND COMMENT

The State Board of Conservation has been asked to create a State
park in Louisa County along the Iowa River. A number of mounds
as well as the historical associations of the region are among the
advantages urged for the selection of this site.

A marker for the Old Mormon Trail near Lewis has been pro-
vided by the Daughters of the American Revolution and will be put
in place when the road grade is established.

The annual reunion of the Thirty-fifth Towa Infantry was held
at Muscatine on September 14 and 15, 1920.

The restoration and maintenance of Fort Atkinson in "Winneshiek
County has been suggested by L. H. Pammel.

The Iowa Engineering Society held its thirty-second annual
meeting at Fort Dodge, February 17-19, 1920.

A conference of all persons interested in State parks has been
called by L. H. Pammel, president of the State Board of Conserva-
tion. The meeting will be held at Des Moines on September 24th
and 25th.

The annual convention of the Iowa Library Association was held
at Des Moines, October 12-14, 1920, The following officers were
elected to serve for the succeeding year: Charles Sumner of Sioux
City, president; Callie Weider of Marshalltown, first vice presi-
dent: C. V. Findlay of Fort Dodge, second vice president; Mary
McCoy of Indianola, secretary; and Jessie Swem of Des Moines,
treasurer.

The League of Iowa Municipalities held its annual convention at
Des Moines, August 17-19, 1920. The officers for the coming year
are as follows : president, J. F. Rail ; vice president, H. H.
McCleery ; and secretary-treasurer, Frank G. Pierce.

574

NOTES AND COIVOIENT 575

The thirty-sixth annual meeting of the old settlers of Harrison
County was held at Magnolia on August G, 1920. Jake Motz was
selected as the president of the association for the following year
and A. M. Fyrando was reelected secretary.

Old settlers of Black Hawk County held their annual picnic at
Waterloo on August 28, 1920. J. C. Murtagh delivered the chief
address. A. J. Edwards was elected president ; Wm. P. Thompson,
vice president; J. C. Hartman, secretary; and Roger Leavitt,
treasurer.

Pioneers of Scott County held their sixty-fourth annual meeting
at Davenport on August 25, 1920, J. A, Hanley gave the address.
Rudolph Snyder was elected president of the Pioneer Settlers'
Association of Scott County for the following year, Bruce Seaman
was named vice president, and Henry Karwath and J. F. Kelly
were reelected secretary and treasurer.

A sketch of the two papers published by the firm of Kenea and
Lane is to be found in the PuhUshers' Auxiliary for July 31, 1920.
For many years J. P. Kenea and Edwin C. Lane were the editors of
The LaCygne Journal, a Kansas publication, and in 1893 they
founded the Clarinda Journal. They have been in partnership in
newspaper work a little over forty-five years, a rather unusual
record.

The Old Settlers' Association of Scott County held a business
meeting at Davenport on August 10, 1920. The following officers
were selected : Rudolph Hebbeln, president ; Otto Steckel, vice presi-
dent; and John Berwald, secretary -treasurer.

An historical pageant relating to the events in Plymouth County
was presented at Le Mars on September 16 and 17, 1920. In addi-
tion a program was given in honor of the World War veterans.
Hanford J. McNider was the chief speaker.

The annual pow-wow of the Meskwaki Indians at Tama began
August 5, 1920, and continued several days. The Historical De-
partment of Iowa at this time completed the motion picture record
begun three years ago and began the compilation of a record of
Indian names in Iowa.

576 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

The Old Settlers' Association of Tama County held its annual
reunion at Tama on September 6, 1920. F. A. Moscrip gave the
principal address. The following officers were chosen for the en-
suing year: Frank C. McClaskey, president; Isaac Vorhes, vice
president; Mrs. E. A. Rogers, secretary; and R. "W. Adair,
treasurer.

Truman H. Michelson, who for several years has been interested
in the history and language of the Fox Indians, spent some time
during the summer at the reservation in Tama County, He also
visited the State Historical Society at Iowa City for the purpose of
a conference concerning the study of the Indians of the State.

The Directors of the Mint have made arrangements for the dis-
tribution of the "Pilgrim half dollars" which have been issued to
commemorate the tercentenary of the landing of the Pilgrims. The
National Shawmut Bank of Boston has been designated as the dis-
tributing agent for the coins which will be sold for one dollar each.
The proceeds remaining after the cost of coinage is deducted will
be given to the Pilgrim Tercentenary Commission which will have
charge of the celebration of the anniversary in the United States.
Memorial services have already been held in Holland and England.

EDGAR WILLIAM STANTON

Edgar Wm. Stanton, for over fifty years connected with the
Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, died in New
York on September 13, 3 920. He was born in Waymast, Pennsyl-
vania, on October 3, 1850, and came to Iowa to attend the agri-
cultural college in 1870. Immediately after his graduation in 1872
he became instructor in mathematics and five years later he was
promoted to the position of professor. He served as secretary of
the board of trustees from 1873 until 1902. Professor Stanton
also served as dean of the faculty, acting president of the college,
and at the time of his death was vice president. From July, 1900,
until July, 1918, he was a member of the Board of Curators of the
State Historical Society of Iowa.

NOTES AND COMMENT 577

JAMES WILSON

James Wilson, who died at Traer, Iowa, on August 26, 1920, was
born in AjT^hire, Scotland, on August 16, 1835. Having emigrated
to America in 1852 the young man worked part of the time and
attended school whenever an opportunity offered. By industry
and economy he became the owner of a farm in Tama County, Iowa,
and in 1867 he was elected to the legislature as the representative
from that county. It was during this first session that he acquired
the sobriquet "Tama Jim" to distinguish him from another James
"Wilson in the House at the same time. He was twice reelected
and was chosen speaker of the House during the session of the
Fourteenth General Assembly. In 1872 and again in 1874 he was
elected to Congress from the Fifth District, After an interval
James Wilson again became a candidate for Congressman in the
election of 1882, but a contest arose and his opponent was finally
seated on the last day of the session.

In addition to his legislative experience, Mr. Wilson served his
community and State in various ways. For a time in 1882 he was a
member of the State Railroad Commission, he helped to edit the
Traer Clipper and wrote numerous articles on agriculture for vari-
ous papers in the State. He served also as regent of the State
University of Iowa and in 1891 became professor of practical agri-
culture at Ames and director of the State experiment station.

In March, 1897, he took his place as Secretary of Agriculture and
it is for this work that "Tama Jim" Wilson will be best remem-
bered. So successful was he that he was reappointed by President
Roosevelt and President Taft, serving sixteen years. During this
time the Department of Agriculture increased rapidly both in the
number of employees and in the scope of the work.

CONTRIBUTORS

Jacob Va:n^ dee Zee, Associate Professor in Political Science

at The State University of Iowa. (See The Iowa Journal of
History and Politics for January, 1913, pp. 142, 143.)

AN INDEX

TO THE

IOWA JOURNAL OP HISTORY AND POLITICS
VOLUME EIGHTEEN

1920

579

INDEX

Note — The names of contributors of articles in The Iowa Journal of
History and Politics are printed in small capitals. The titles of books,
articles, and papers referred to are printed in Italics.

Abbott, Keere, publications by, 448

Abbott, "Wilbur C, article by, 130

Abraham, Lot, sketch of life of, 565

Absent voters, bill concerning, 520

Academic Danger, An, 315, 320

Ackworth, early days at, 143

Across the Smiling Meadow, 315

Adair, R. "W., 576

Adair County, early history of, 321, 323

Adams, Henry Carter, 154; article by, 449

Adams, John Quincy, diary edited by, 148

Adams, R. L., paper by, 446

Adams, R. N., office of, 156

Adams County, Ohio, The Serpent Mound of,
133

Adams County Veterans' Association, re-
union of, 157

Adamsville, 303, 306, 307

Adel, surveying party at, 272

Adjutant General (Iowa), appointment of,
3, 4, 72, 84, 91; construction of arsenal
in charge of, 5, 6; duties of, 13, 14, 21,
44, 419, 425 ; appeal of, for assistance,
21, 22; reports of, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31,
53, 79, 419, 426; clerks for, 23, 25, 47;
opinions of, 33; pay of, 39, 45, 46, 47,
416, 425, 430; rank of, 39, 90, 437, 438;
recommendation of, concerning militia, 45,
46, 55, 56, 68, 415 ; recommendation of,
relative to camps, 53, 54, 61; recommenda-
tions of, concerning National Guard, 55,
56, 68 ; authority of, to disband militia,
59 ; office assigned to, in capitol building,
84; decision of, 413; department of, 438;
term of, 438

Adjutant General, Assistant, abolition of of-
fice of, 14 ; provision for, 78 ; rank of,
423; salary of, 425
Adler, Betty, book by, 558
Adler, E. P., 154

Administration, State, reorganization of, 520
Administrative law, changes in, 518
Advertising, Some Phases of Modern, 455

Aeronautics in America, Notes on the Begin-
nings of, 150

Agrarian revolution, definition of, 371

Agrarian Revolution in the United States,
Some Significant Aspects of the, by LouiS
Bkkxard Schmidt, 371

Agricultural College, code title relating to,
501; reference to, in index, 541, 542

Agricultural colleges, establishment of, 389

Agricultural Engineering: The Journal of
the American Society of Agricultural En-
gineers, first publication of, 556

Agricultural exports, increase in, 381-387

Agricultural Prices, 458

Agricultural Readjustment and the High
Cost of Living, Some Notes on, 453

Agricultural seeds law, bill concerning, 520

Agricultural statistics, appropriation for,
389

Agriculture, revolution in, 97, 98; periods
in, 371: development of, 371-395; in-
crease in machinery for, 377, 378, 379,
403, 404; scientific methods in, 387-395;
departments of, 389, 391; importance of,
in early times, 396 ; relation of, to na-
tional welfare, 444

Agriculture, American, Topical Studies and
References on the Economic History of,
319

Agriculture, Department of, establishment
of, 389, 590

Agriculture, Horticulture and Animal In-
dustry, Department of, title relating to,
497

Agriculture, The Economic History of Amer-
ican, as a Field for Study, 310

Agriculture, The Place of, in Reconstruc-
tion, 444

Agriculture, The United States Department

of: A Study in Administration, 443
Agriculture, Topical Studies and References
on the Economic History of American,
310

581

582 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, College of,
reference to, in index, 541, 542

Ahrens, G. R., 155

Aids-de-camp, appointment of, 11, 28, 42;
increase in number of, 50 ; provision for,
419

Aircraft construction, reference to, 444

Alabama, Some Relations Between Soil, Cli-
mate and Civilization in the Southern Bed
Hills of, 553

Alabama Library Association, founding of,
327

Alabama State Department of Archives and
History, establishment of, 327

Alamo, description of, 311

Alaska, The Purchase of, 462

Alaska's Islands, Among, 447, 448, 449

Albany Common Council, Some Unprinted
Minutes of the, 465, 466

Albert. Henry, 329

Albia, charter granted to, 173, 267

Albia Coal Company, militia guard for, 45

Alderman, part of, in levying taxes, 203 ;
power of. in borrowing money, 212, 213;
duties of, 235, 236

Aldrich, Bess Streeter, articles by, 139, 315,
316. 449, 558

Alexander, D. S., article by, 465

Alexander, William L., service of, as adju-
tant general, 3, 4, 41; opinion of, con-
cerning encampments, 43, 44, 49; opinion
of, concerning militia, 45, 62 ; general or-
ders issued by, 51, 52; report of, 53;
recommendations of, concerning National
Guard, 54, 55, 56; appreciation of work
of, 64; resignation of, 72

Algonkian Artifacts, 446

Aliens, control of. 444

Aliens, Making Americans of, 454

Allegheny River at Pittsburgh, The Flood of
1S84 in the, 555

Allen, A. F., 467

Allen, B. F.. construction of arsenal in
charge rf, 9

Allen, Hubert A., objection of, to permanent
camp ground, 423, 424; Iowa brigade
commanded by, 439

Allen, Williamson G., surveying party led
by, 271, 279, 280: mention of, 289

Allen-Hogan prize fight, militia called out
to prevent, 18, 19, 20

Allenby's Cavalry, The Rout of the Turks
by, 554

Allison, William B., appreciation of, 37

Allyn. C. G., 328

Almack, .John C, article by, 568

Alvord, Clarence W., reference to, 470; pub-
lications by, 552, 567

Ambler, Chester N., 154

America!. Except, 130

"America", lack of applause for, 349

"America and Its Overseas Obligations",

152
Am.erican, The Making of an, 458
American Antiquities, Handbook of Aborig-
inal, 131
American army, organization of, 445
American City, The, contents of, 132, 443
American College, The New Summons to the,

448
American Colonization Society, 1817-1840,

The, 130
American Decorations and Insignia of

Honor and Service, 132
American Democracy, 569
American Digest Classification Scheme,

study of, 540, 541
American Economic Review, The, contents

of. 554
A. E. F. Photographs, Catalogue of Official,

Taken by the Signal Corps, JJ. S. A., 442
American Government, The High Cost of

Business Inefficiency in. 455
American Government and Politics, 312
American Historical Association, meeting of,

152, 312. 462
American Historical Association, Annual Re-
port of the, reprint from, 130, 147
American Historical Association, Seven-
teenth Report of the Public Archives

Commission of the, 130
American Historical Review, The, contents

of, 150, 462, 567
A7nerican History, Rewriting, 554
American History, The Journal of, contents

of, 131, 132
American History, Writings on, 552
American Indian, The United States versus

the, 555
American Indian Magazine, The, contents

of. 555
American Labor and the War, 449
American Municipalities, contents of, 556
American Museum of Natural History,

archeological collection of, 369
American Religious Education Survey, 449
American State Names, The Origin of, 552
Americana, Western, 134, 313, 445, 555
Americana, contents of, 148, 309, 442, 554
Americanism, Great Charters of, 314
Americanism, Shall We Have a School of,

142
Americanism, Some Preliminaries to the

Definition of, 315
Americanism 100 Tears Ago, 570
Americanization, discussion of, 467

INDEX

583

Americaniration, 138

AmeS; militia company at, 17; officers' school
at, 85, 86. 90; meeting at, 313, 330, 448;
historic sites at, 470 ; publication edited
at, 556

Amish, settlement of, in Iowa, 566

Ammunition, request for, 37; lack of, 77

Annmosa, surveying party at, 272; naming
of, 320, 321

Anamosa Artillery, facts concerning, 17

Anderson, Alexander, surveying party led
by, 271. 272, 273

Anderson, B. N., Jr., monograph by, 132,
133

Anderson, E. K, 572

Anderson, ,T. B., 466

Anderson, J. E., 468

Anderiion, Peter, 557

Anderson, Rasmus B., article by, 463

Anderson, Walter E., 155

Andover Museum of American Archeology,
Iowa antiquities in, 369

Andrew. .Tohn A., statement by, 105 ; mes-
sage of, 382

Anglo-American Diplomatic Relations, 134

Anglo-American Diplomatic Relations Dur-
ing the Laxt Ualf Century, 325

Anglo-American Entente, An, 309

Angus, labor troubles at, 62

Animal industry, change in law relative to,
518

Animals, 228, 537

A nnols of Tovja, contents of, 447

Annis, P. W., 154

Annotations, provisions for book of, 482,
483, 524

Antfs, W. H., 153

Anthropological and Psychological Research,
Opportunities for Coordination in, 444

Anthropological Association, Memoirs of the
American, contents of. 442

Anthropological Papers of The American
M'l.ieum of Natural History, contents of,
442

Anthropologist, American, contents of, 133,
444, 553

Antiiaarian Society. Proceedings of the
American, contents of, 130, 553

Antiquities, collection of, 357, 367, 368,
369, 370; importance of, 361

Antiquities of the Region between the Man-
cm and La Plata Rivers in Southiuestern
Colorado, Preliminary Account of the, 311

.A.pi,<irist, State, laws relating to, 501

Appanoose County, labor difficulties in, 87

Appendix to article on special charter cities,
267-270

Appointive officers in special charter cities.

list of, 188, 189; term of, 189; compen-
sation of, 189, 190; qualifications of,
190; bond of, 190; oath of, 190

Appropriations, 41, 45. 46, 47, 88

Archeology, Some Materials for the Study of
loma, by Charles R. Kkyks, 357

Archeology, Some Materials for the Study of
Iowa, 561

Arctic, Solving the Problem of the, 142

Argentina, exports frcm, 384

Arizona, Archeological Explorations in
Northeastern, 131

Arlcansas, Early Exploration and Settlement
of Missouri and, 465

Arkansas River, reference to, 567

Armada, The Spanish Story of the, 443

Armenia, America and, 138

Armory, rent for, 47, 62, 425, 430, 436,
437; allowance for, 420

Arras, collection of, at close of Civil War,
11. 12; distribution of, 15, 16, 17; con-
dition of, 29, 30

Armstrong, General Robert, Portrait of, 151

Army Alpha Test, High School Students' In-
telligence Ratings According to the, 141
142

Army and the Law, The, 309

Army Headquarters, Intelligence Work at
First, 445

Army Regulations, issue of, 53

Arneson, Ben A., article by, 133

Arrears Act of 1879, vote on, 351

Arresr, militiamen exempt from, 40

Arrow-shaft grinders, 364

Arsenal, erection of, 5, 6, 9, 10; need of
repairs for, 22, 31

Art, Undefended, 138

Art Education, 453

Arthur, Stanley Clisby, article by, 150

Artifacts, 360, 362; collections of, 367, 368,
369

Artiti.-er, 422

Artillery, abolition of companies of, 47;
service of, in Spanish-American War, 92,
93: battery of, 436, 438

Ash Hollow, massacre at, 290

Ashbaugh, E. J., article by, 558

Assessors, election of, 185, 188, 243; com-
pensation of, 186; bond of, 187, 190;
term of, 243 ; qualifications of, 243 ; oath
of, 243 ; filling of vacancies in office of,
243, 244- duties of, 244-246; list of sol-
diers compiled by, 338

Associated Charities of Des Moines, Tvjenty-
Eighth Annual Report of the, for the
Year 1919, 314

Athearn, Walter Scott, publications by, 449,
55S

584 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Atkinson, B. W., address by, 152

Atlantic, march to, 426

Atlantic States, decrease in wheat produc-
tion in, 406, 407

Auctions, licensing of, 224

Audieneia in the Spanish Colonies, The, as
Illustrated by the Audien-Ha of Manila,
135

Auditing accounts, provision for, 209

Auditor of State, refusal of, to pay National
Guard expenses, 87, 83

Audubon County, early days in, 563

Austin, Mary, paper by, 135

Austin, Minutes of the Ayuntawiento of San
Felipe de, 1828-1833, 149, 326, 465, 569

Australia, agrarian revolution in, 372; ex-
ports to, 384

Austria, The New Boundaries of, 309

Austria's Present Plight and Dismal Fail-
ure, 320

Aviators, How American, Were Trained,
311

Axes, 357. 364, 366, 368, 369

Ayres Leonard P., book by, 131

Aztalan, A Visit to, in 1S38, 446

Aztalan, Save, 446

Babbitt, Charles H., historical sketch by,
565

Bacteriological laboratory. State, laws relat-
ing to, 501

Bailey, John Tyley, article by, 449

Bailey. Muriel E., paper by, 447, 449

Bailey, Ross R., 572

Bain, Read, article by, 568

Baker, A. C, book by, 558

Baker, Albert, house of, 291

Baker, Nathaniel Bradley, reports of, 3 ;
recommendation of, concerning militia, 7,
8, 13, 14. 16, 24, 25; construction of ar-
senal in charge of, 9 ; appointment of, as
adjutant general, 11; report of, 11, 12,
13 ; militia called out by, 18, 19 ; report
of, on prize fight episode, 20; death of,
25, 26; work of, on roster of soldiers in
Civil War, 26, 428

BaTcer, Wm., Andrus, Clark and Adams
Families, Genealogy and History of the,
558

Baker Light Horse Cavalry, facts concern-
ing, 17

Bakers, licensing of, 220, 225

Baldwin, Judge, militia requested by, 19

Baldwin, Abraham, and James Jackson:
Two Georgia Patriots, 324

Baldwin, Bird T., publications by, 138, 316,
558

Baldwin, C. D., 468

Baldwin, W. W., speech of, 471, 556

Ballads, 318

Ballentine, Caroline Farrand, article by, 464

Baltimore (Maryland), grain trade at, 118,
119, 120, 121, 123

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, grain trade
on, 119, 120, 121

Balz, E. L., 155

Bands, provision for, 47

Bankers, licensing of, 226

Banking, development of, 38

Banking, A- Phase of Modern, 317

Banks, Lyman, election of, as brigadier gen-
eral, 50

Banks, code title relating to, 495, 497

Banner stones, materials of, 369

Banta, George S., 468

Barbados- Antigua Expedition, 314, 318

Barberry, Relation of the, to Stem Bust in
Iowa, 561

Barker, Eugene C, articles by, 149, 326,
465, 569

Barley, production of, 99, 100, 102, 103;
receipts of, 109, 113; trade in, 115, 117,
118; shipments of, from Milwaukee, 116

Barleycorn, Long Wake of John, 454

Barnes, C. R., 328

Barnes, Harry E., paper by, 443

Barnes, surveying of, 276

Barr, A. S., article by, 445

Barret. Charles, article by, 150

Barrett, S, A., article by, 446

Barrows, David P., article by, 134

Bassett, John Spencer, office of, 152 ; book
by, 309, 310

Batcher, Ralph R., article by, 449

Bate, General, military record of, 348

Bates, Henry L., article by, 463

Battery, officers of, 416

Bawdy-houses, regulation of, 226

Baxter, James Phinney, paper by, 464

Baj'ley, Edwin A., address by, 567

Bayley, Brigadier-General Jacob, 567

Beard, Henry C, 328

Beardsley, David E.,-154

Beardsley, Wm. E., office of, 156

Beauregard, R. T., article by, 150, 151

Beauregard, General G. I., A Sketch of,
150, 151

Beazley, M. L., 154

Beck, Allan F., 153

Beck, Mrs. J. N., 469

Becker, Carl, article by, 465

Beckwith, Martha Warren, paper by, 311

Bedford John R., article by, 151

Bedford, attempted lynching at, 83

Beef, exports of, 386

Beeson, Byron A., 67; appointment of, as

INDEX

585

adjutant general, 72 ; officers criticised
by, 74; report of, concerning encamp-
ment, 75

Bek, William G., articles by, 150, 326, 465

Bell, Hugh S., 153

Bell, Sauer C, 153

Bellevue, charter granted to, 172, 267

Belligerents, Debts, Revenues and Expendi-
tures, and Note Circulation of the Princi-
pal, 132

Belting, Paul E., monographs by, 325, 463

Bender, Wilbur H., article by, 449

Benedict, F. F., 154

Benedict, William H., paper by, 463

Benham, B. C, 572

Benjamin, Gilbert G., articles by, 449

Bennett, George, article by, 322, 448, 449

Bennett, .T. C, reminiscence by, 460

Benny Adams' Mother, 138

Bentham, Jeremy, The Influence of, on Eng-
lish Democratic Development, 561

Bentley, Blanche, paper by, 569

Bentley, Charles S., election of, as brigadier
general, 50

Benton, T. H., publications by, 139, 447,
449

Benton, Thomas H., Recollections of, 465

Berea College (Kentucky), meeting held at,
152

Berkley, Henry J., article by, 149

Berry, Mrs. Jennie I., 153

Berwald, John, 575

Bethlehem, history of, 322

Betts, George Herbert, article by, 449

Beverly in 1700, 151, 461

Bickel, S., office of, 330

Bicyclers, addition of, to National Guard, 86

Bilharz, Emil H., 468

Bill, Fred A., manual published by, 459,
564; articles edited by, 556

Billiard tables, licenses for, 225

Bills, editing of, 512, 513, 514; printing of,
514. 515; plan of, 515, 516; estimate of,
516-521: drafting of, 519, 520

Bingham, H., paper by, 311

Binkley, William Campbell, paper by, 569

Birdzell, Luther E., paper by, 136

Birket, James, paper by, 461

Bispham, Clarence Wyatt, article by, 150

Bixler, Ingram, article by, 450

Bjorenson, P. O., article by, 558

Black, James C, connection of, with medical
college, 126; reference to, 350

Black Hawk County, pioneers of, 564, 575

Black Hawk War, settlement of Iowa after,
164

Blacksmith, 416

Blair, A. S., biographical sketch of, 143

Blair, W. H., 328

Bleakly, John L., sketch of life of, 460

Blevins. C. C, 572

"Bloody shirt", 355

Bloomfield, special charter of, 176, 267, 269;

provisions in charter of, 243, 246, 253 ;

anniversary celebrated at, 330
Bloomington (Muscatine), charter granted

to, 170, 172, 267, 269; quorum in council

at, 196, 197; provisions in charter of,

203, 223, 226, 227, 231, 244
Blue Lake, State park established at, 330
"Blue Sky" laws, investigation of, 530, 531
Blythe, James E., 155
Board of Control, institutions under, 501
Boas, Franz, paper by, 553
Boating, early history of, 321
Bock, Edwin C, 328
Body stealing, incident of, 127, 128
Bogart, Ernest Ludlow, publications by,

133, 441
Boggs, Mary, article by, 570
Bohemians, information concerning, 553
Boies, W. D., address bj', 471
Bolshevik Russia, Banking in, 459
Bolshevism, 134
Bolshevism, Tip With the Schools — Down

With, 457
Bolshevism, Views of a Layman on, 142,

320
Bolshevism, World-wide, Rebuilding Europe

in the Face of, 317
Bolshevism in the Schools, Meeting, 318
Bolton, Herbert Eugene, volumes edited by,

135
Bolton, Reginald Pelham, paper by, 147
Bonaparte, artifacts found near, 360
Bonar, Scott, 468
Bonds, issuing of, 210, 212
Bonds and the Bond Market, 310
Bonham, Milledge L., Jr., articles by, 445.

463
Bonne Femme Church, Litt.l', 325
Booker, John Manning, article by, 130
Boone, mounds near, 367; railroad in, 459
Boone County, early court scenes in, 460
Booth in Oklahoma, SldcUohts on, 3 47
Boquet, Colonel Henry, Life and Services of,

556
Boroughs, charters given to, 1(55, 166, 3 67
Borrowing money, power of city council over,

210, 211, 213, 264
Bosch, C. E., article by, 450
Boston (Massachusetts), gram trade at,

120, 121, 123
Boucher, Chauncey S., office of, 467
Boucher, J. H., appointment of, on medical
faculty, 126

586 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Boughton, Colonel, success of. in joint camp,
435

Boulders, effigies made of, ^66

Bourne, Major, resignation of, 'J3

Bourne, H. E., articles by. 134, 445

Bowersox, Jacob Shuey, sk-^tnh of life of,
322

Bowman, M. T. V., assignment of, to duty,
52

Boyd. Jasper Ross, article by, 447, 430

Boylan, J. J., 328

Boyle, Jamos Ernest, pape" by, 446

Bozernan Trail, The, 560

Bradford, visit to, 322

Bradford — Iowa's Deserted Tillage, 314,
316

Bradlee, Francis B. C, papers by, 151, 461,
568

Brady, W. P., 328

Bragg, General, denunciation of, 343

Brainerd. Eleanor Hoyt, book by, 139

Branon, Melvin A., paper by, 446

Breadstuffs, exports of, 384

Breckner, N. J., 154

Breitenstein, J. F., sketch of life of, 564

Bremer County, pioneers of, 145, 566

Brennan, Mrs. Mary K., 464

Bridges, S.imuel G., 572

Bridges, powers of councils over, 231

Brigades, abolition of, 415, 416: organiza-
tion of, 430, 436, 438

Briggs, John E., research work of, 468

Brigham, Clarence S., paper by, 553

Brilev, Betilah B., article by, 450

Brindley, John E., work of, in codification
of tax laws, 484, 514

Brisco, Norris A., article by, 316

British Side of the Restoration of Fort As-
toria, 324

Britton, Rollin J., article by, 136, 150, 315,
326, 465

Britton, Sam T., article by, 150

Brokers, licensing of, 224

Brookhart, Smith W., office of, 428; rifle
team in charge of, 432

Brooks, Eugene C, article by, 132

Brooks, Robert P., article by, 443

Brothers, 454

Brown, Captain, Wallace accompanied by,
30.5, 306; battery commanded by, 306

Brown, Charles E., article by, 446

Brown, Charles Reynolds, publications by,
139, 316, 450

Brown, Dale, article by, 450

Brown, Ernest W., 469

Brown. Everett Somerville, volume by, 446

Brown, Mrs. Fred S., 154

Brown, George W., article by, 460

Brown, Howard Clark, articles by, 314, 316,

322, 450
Brown, J. L., orders of governor concerning,

62
Brown, John, reference to, 322
Brown, Paul, 154
Brown, Samuel, speech by, 157
Browne, Charles, 468
Browning, William, article by, 325
Brownsville (Texas), Iowa troops at, 439
Bruere, Henry, paper by, 448
Bruno, Frank J., article by, 136
Brunskill, Mrs. David, office of, 471
Buck, A. E., monograph by, 130
Buckner, Chester Arthur, publication by,

139
Buckwheat, production of, 99, 100, 102, 103
Buena Vista County, war history of, 157,

556; surveying in, 276
Buena Vista County, Iowa, Soil Survey of,

142
Buffalo (New York), grain trade at, 113,

114, 119, 120
Buffalo, hunting of, in Iowa, 139
Buffalo Historical Society, reports of, 326
Buffalo Historical Society Publications, vol-
ume of, 148, 149
Buffalo Sweatlodge, A, 444
Building and loan associations, title relating
to, 495, 497; revision of laws concerning,
514
Buildings, regulations concerning, 221, 222,

226
Buley, R. C, article by, 149, 571
Bulls, H. C, connection of, with medical

college, 126
Bulson, Mrs. Florence I., article by, 326
Burdick, Anna Lalor, paper by, 315, 316
Burgess, S. A., 468
Burgitt, Edson W., 572
Buri.als, regulation of, 263
Burianek, John, Jr., 154
Burke, John, biographical sketch of, 138
Burlington, meeting at, 156, 466; granting
of charter to, 170, 171, 265, 267, 269;
provision in charter of, 203, 208, 210,
211, 219, 229, 230, 231, 239, 251, 252;
building regulations in 221; regulation of
ferries at, 226; pictures of, 321; Hawk-
eye Natives of, 330; camp at, 414; early
davs in, J59
Burlington, The MaMng of the, 556
Burlington Guards, facts concerning, 17
Burnett, .Tudson O., article by, 450
Burnett, R. M., connection of, with medical

college, 126
Burpee, Lawrence J., article by, 151, 443
Burr. Aaron, Some Papers of, 553

INDEX

587

Burris City, charter granted to, 173, 267

Burt and Bailey, solar instruments made by,
296

Bush, Stephen Hayes, articles by, 315, 316

Bushnell, David I., Jr., monograph by, 309

Business, Advertising to Retard, 455

Business Government, 454

Business Horizon, Scanning the, 320

Business Inefficiency in American Govern-
ment, The High Cost of, 455

Business Methods in Government, 448, 455

Busti, militia company at, 18

Butchers, licensing of, 220

Butler, Ellis Parker, articles by, 139, 316,
450, 558

Butler, Rush C, 154

Butler County, war record of, 315, 556

Button, C. O., 155

Buxbaum, Katherine, poem by, 138

Buzzards, 287

Byars, W. V., article by, 570

Byers, Melvin H., appointment of, as adju-
tant general, 91

Cadaver, theft of, 127, 128

Caesar the Things That Are Caesar's, TJnto,
562

Cahuilla Indians, The, 446

Caldwell, Belle, papers by, 557, 559

Caldwell, Fred P., article by, 464

Caldwell, W. A., 468

Calendar, Evolution of Our, and a Perpetual
One, 312

Calhoun, John C, reference to, 145

Calhoun County, war history of, 157

California, wheat growing in, 405, 406, 408,
409, 410, 411; code of, 490

California, Exploration of: Gali and Rodri-
guez Cedmenho, 326

California, Linguistic Families of, 135

Californa, The University of. Chronicle, con-
tents of, 134, 446

California, University of. Publications in
American Archeology and Ethnology, con-
tents of, 135, 446, 555

California, University of. Publications in
History, contents of, 135, 446

California Historical Survey Commission,
outline issued by, 446

California Horticultural Products, Co-opera-
tive and Other Organized Methods of Mar-
keting, 134

California in the War, 446

Callahan, J. Leonard, 328

Calvin, Samuel, archeological work of, 358;
portrait of, 470

Camanche, charter granted to, 173, 267;
provisions in charter of, 211, 216

Cameron, G. H., article by, 311

Cameron, James L., 153

Camp Baker, militia at, 51

Camp Cuba Libre, Iowa regiment at, 93

Camp Dodge, Fourth Division stationed at,

138; training at, 313; publication issued

at 314; naming of, 431; National Guard

mobilized at, 432, 439; militia at, 437,

439
Camp Dodge — Then and Now, 138
Camp ground, need of, 415; purchase of,

422; objections to, 422, 423, 429; sale

of, 428; naming of, 431
Camp McCoy (Wisconsin), Iowa regiment

at, 431, 439
Camp McKinley, mobilization of National

Guard at, 92
Camp Robinson (Wisconsin), Iowa Guard

at, 439
Campaign of 1856, Recollections of the, 570
Camps, account of National Guard, 414,

415, 417, 421, 423, 424, 428, 429, 431,

432, 433, 434, 436, 437, 439
Campbell, Amelia Day, article by, 554
Campbell, Edna F., article by, 553
Campbell, Jane, article by, 148
Campbell, Macy, article by, 450
Campbell, Thomas, sketch of life of, 323
Campbell, Thomas J., article by, 324
Canada, agrarian revolution in, 372; ex-
ports to, 384; wheat growing in, 412;

rifle match with, 432
Canada, Historical Activities in, 1918-1919,

151
Canada, Review of Historical Publications

Relating to, 132, 310
Canada, The Struggle over the Laws of,

17631783, 443
Canada and the Imperial War Cabinet, 310
Canada's Part in Freeing the Slave, 553
Canadian Historical Review, The, contents

of, 310, 443, 568
Canadian National Feeling, The Growth of,

443
Canadian National Library, A Plea for a,

443
Canadian Opinion of Southern Secession,

1860-61, 568
Canadian War-time Prohibition Measure,

The First, 443
Canby, Edward R. S., killing of, 290
Canfield, P. A., article by, 450
Cannibalism in America, Prehistoric, 446
Cannon-Stnrks Indian Massacre and Captiv-
ity, The, 463
Cantigny, The Attack on, 452
Canup, Charles E., article by. 570
Capek, Thomas, book by, 553

VOL. XVIII 38

588 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Carlon. Harry, office of, 330

Carman, HHrry J., paper by, 134

Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, series published by, 132, 133, 442

Carpenter, Cyrus C, militia called out by,
18, 19, 20; Baker reappointed by, 26

Carpenter, C. D., 154

Carroll Papers, Extracts from the, 149, 462

Carson, "W. Wallace, article by, 569

Carter, Mr., journey of, 292

Carter, Gus, experiences of, on surveying ex-
pedition, 279-284

Carter. L. V., 468

Carter, Memnon J., 328

Cartridge boxes, issue of, 53

"Carver, Jonathan, and the Carver Grant"
467

Carver, Jonathan, and the Carver Land
Grant, 569

Carver, Jonathan, The Early History of,
325

Carver, Thomas Nixon, articles by, 316, 451

Cascade, naming of, 321

Case, Clarence Marsh, paper by, 137

Casenave, M. Maurice, address by, 572

Cass, Lewis, and the Saginaw Treaty of
1S19, 326

Cass County, war record of, 315, 556

Cathcart, C. S., 328

Cathcart, Wallace H., discussion by, 153

Catholic Church in America in 1819, 324

Catholic Historical Association, The Ameri-
can, 461

Catholic Historical Review, The, contents of,
148, 324, 461, 552

Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia,
Records of the American, contents of,
148, 461

Catlinite, tablet of, 364

Cattell, J. W., construction of arsenal in
charge of, 9

Caughlan, Captain, defense of Guard by, 89

Cavalier Maid, A, 141

Cavalry, A Message to the, 311

Cavalry, The Future of, 311

Cavalry Association Journal of the V. S.,
change of name of, 311

Cavalry Journal, The, contents of, 311, 554

Cavalry School and Its New Functions, The,
311

Cavalry Situation, Review of Our. 311

Cavalry's Role in the Reorganization, 554

Cecil, Lord Robert, paper by, 442

Cedar Falls, encampment at, 57

Cedar Rapids, brigade headquarters at, 80 ;
rifle range near, 86 ; charter granted to,
172. 267, 269; provision in charter of,
242; subordinate officers of, 255; survey-

ing party at, 272; mounds near, 366,
367: conference at, 514; bridge over Ce-
dar River at, 564

Cedar Rapids Republican, anniversary of,
322

Cedar River, archeological research near,
362; mounds near, 366, 367; first bridge
over, 564

Cedar River, The Palisades of the, 137

Cedar River Valley, article on, 459

Celts, collection of, 364, 368

Cemeteries, regulation of, 220; relics from,
364, 367, 368

Centennial General Conference of 1920, The,
557

Centerville, band at, 80 ; charter granted to,
173, 267; veto of special charter bill for,
175 ; provision in charter of, 239

Cereals, trade in, 99, 100, 384-387; produc-
tion of, 102, 103, 104, 398

Cerro Gordo County, mounds in, 358

Certificates, fees for, 24; issuing of, 30

Cestre, Charles, article by, 134

Chains, description of, 294, 295

Chamberlain, Ebenezer Mattoon, Journal of,
1832-5, 149

Chamberlain, Mrs. Floyd L., 153

Chamberlin, Harold, article by, 451

Champlain Canal, grain trade on, 117, 118

Channing, Edward, office of, 152

Chantland, William T., comments by, on
National Guard, 432-435

Chaplain, need of, 75; duties of, 426

Chapman, Charles E., articles by, 326, 465

Charitable, correctional, and penal institu-
tions, code title relative to, 501; bill con-
cerning, 517, 519

Chariton, reunion at, 156

Charles City, encampment at, 49 ; charter
granted to, 173, 267; provisions of char-
ter of, 199, 211, 215; health regulations
for, 219; bonds issued by, 264

Charter, meaning of, 168

Charters, special, 163-270; amendment of,
232, 265

Charters of Americanism, Great, 314

Chase. Franklin H., bibliography compiled
bj-, 567

Cheney, J. W., articles by, 447

Chesley, Frank Ephraim, 155

Chester, militia company at, 18

Chicago (Illinois), Iowa National Guard at,
81; grain trade at, 115, 116, 117, 123,
383, 400; railroad to, 119; lowans in,
321

Chicago, The Trained Elephant at, 563

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad,
history of, 556

INDEX

589

Chicago Meeting, 317

Chicago Times, quotation from, 341, 342

Chickamanpa Park, Iowa regiment at, 93

Chickasaw County, mounds in, 358

Chickasaw County, Iowa, The Honor Boll
of, 447

Chief of Engineers, provision for, 78

Chief Signal Officer, provision for, 78

Child and the Book, The, 137

Child labor law, revision of, 514

Child Welfare Research Station, Adminis-
tration and Scope of the Iowa, 558

Children, Ten Essentials for the Health of
Rural, 132

Children and the Visiting Nurse, 451

Children's hospital, laws relating to, 501

Child's Play, The, 453

Chillicothe (Ohio), relics found near, 365

China, exports to, 384

Christ, Disciples of. Origin and Early His-
tory of the, 140

Christian, A. K., articles by, 326, 465, 569

Christmas Error, 319

Christmas on the Meuse, Celebrating, 132

Cincinnati, mining troubles at, 87

Cincinnati (Ohio), trade at 111, 112, 113,
117; conference held at, 135

Cities, government of 163-270; elections in,
263; laws concerning, 503, 504, 505

Cities and towns, reference to, in index, 539

Citizenship, discussion of, 467

City and town government, code title rela-
tive to, 501, 503

City attorney, election of, 251, 252, 253;
duties of, 254

City councils, powers of, 188, 189, 197-233 ;
organization of, 191-197; compensation
of, 202 (see also Councils)

City courts, discussion of, 260-262

City officers, powers of council over, 200-
202

City Planning, The Importance of, 452

City property, power of council over, 213-
215

City surveyor, appointment of, 200

Civil War, Iowa militia during, 3, 4; roster
of Iowa soldiers in, 8, 9, 26, 59; informa-
tion concerning Iowa soldiers in, 13, 14;
exemption of veterans of, from militia,
14; records of, 16, 21, 22; grain trade
during decade preceding, 97-124; grain
trade as a factor in, 123 ; early days of,
in southeastern Iowa, 143 ; reminiscence
of, 145; Christmas in camp during, 146,
321; episode in, 301-308; political ad-
justment following, 310; survival of is-
sues of, 336, 338, 347, 355; effect of, on
markets, 384

Civil practice and procedure, code title on,
497, 498; bills relating to, 519

Civilization, On the Principle of Order in,
as Exemplified by Changes in Fashion,
133

Civilization, The Importance of the Southern
College to American, 553

Claims, adjustment of, 209, 210

Clapp, Dr., appointment of, on medical fac-
ulty, 126; reference to, 129

Clapp, Helen, 153

Clapp, Philip Greeley, article by, 447, 451

Clarinda, service flags of, 144; camp at,
428

Clarinda Journal, publishers of, 575

Clark, Charlotte H., article by, 136

Clark, E. E., 155

Clark, Edith M., paper by. 312

Clark, Florence L., 153; articles by, 448,
451

Clark, Harvey C, article by, 150

Clark, Howard J., 154

Clark, Leander, reference to, 557

Clark, V. S., article by, 134

Clarke, C. J. T., report of, on National
Guard, 63, 64, 65

Clarkson, Coker F., connection of, with med-
ical college, 126

Claussen, A. D., 328

Clear Creek, 303, 305, 306, 307

Clear Lake, surveyors near, 280; camp at,
414, 439

Clearman, L. C. W., 154

Clements, li. R., 469

Clements, William L., article by, 130

Clerk of the market, appointment of, 188,
200

Cleveland, Grover, pension bills vetoed by,
336, 340, 341, 342; denunciation of, 342,
343, 350; invitation to, to visit St. Louis,
343, 344; order of, concerning Confeder-
ate flags, 345, 346; opinions concerning,
351, 352; opposition to, 352, 354, 355;
defeat of, in Iowa, 354

Cleveland (Ohio), grain trade at, 114;
meetings held at, 152, 312, 462

Cliff Dweller Housekeeper, The, 555

Climatic Cycles and Evolution, 309

Cline, J. H., 155

Clinton, Go>iernor George, 570

Clinton, labor troubles at, 78; Guard en-
campment at, 81; charter granted to, 173,
267; provision in charter of, concerning
taxation, 207; meeting at, 330; artillery
battery at, 436

Clinton Artillery, facts concerning, 17

Clinton Weekly Herald, candidates discussed
by, 344, 348, 354

590 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

"Close corporation", 166, 167

drib Woman, After-the-War, 318

Clum, Woodworth, articles by, 137, 138,
317; reference to, 153

Coast, W. O., reference to, 329

Cobb, William, biographical sketch of, 144

Cobb, Mrs. William, biographical sketch of,
144

Cochiti, New Mexico, Notes on, 442

Cochrane, James H., 154

Code, need of, 478-480; provision for com-
pilation of, 481; type to be used in, 482,
483 ; distribution of volumes of, 483 ;
number of copies of, 483 ; sections of,
490. 491, 492; preparation of index to,
534-551; list of persons who consult, 543

Code Commission, creation of, 479, 480;
compensation of, 480 ; powers and duties
of, 480-484, 488, 489, 490; report of,
481. 509-516; expenses of, 483, 522-524;
personnel of, 484-488: lack of time for
work of, 489, 521-524; division of work
by, 498, 511, 512, 513, 514; value of
Compiled Code to, 505 ; suggestions re-
quested by, 510, 511. 535; bills drafted
by, 514, 515; estimate of bills of, 516-
521 ; chnnge in time of report of, 521-
524; adiournment of, 524; request of, for
special session, 525

Code Conimiimion, A. Review of the Work of
the Iowa, by Jacob Van deb Zee, 477

Code Editor, duties of, 482, 483

Code of 1851, provisions of, concerning
powers of councils, 217; reference to,
499

Code of 1873, sections in, on militia, 14,
21; reference to, 499; study of, 528

Code of 1897, provisions of, concerning Na-
tional Guard, 419, 420; compilation of,
477, 486, 528; law from, 490; changes
in wording of, 491; subdivisions of, 493,
494, 495, 496; classification in, 497; ref-
erence to, 499; criminal law in, 503; in-
dex for, 535, 536, 537. 538, 546

Code revision, need of, 506, 514; plan of.
511, 512; prospects of, 526-531; plans
for 531-533

Code Revision, Progress in, 136

Code Revision Bill, Self-Criminating and

Self -Disgracing Testimony, 448
Code supplements (see Supplements)
Codes, number of, in Iowa, 477, 478 ; plans

for publication of, 531-533
Codification, agitation for, 478-480; provi-
sion for, 488
Coker, F. W., article by, 133
Cole, Arthur C, chapter of volume written
by, 441

Cole, Frank, 328

Colegrove, C. P., article by, 451

Colegrove, Kenneth, articles by, 317, 451

Coleman, Christopher B., article by, 569

Colie, Edward M., paper by, 463

Collateral inheritance tax, laws concerning,
492, 518

Collateral Reading, Methods of Checking,
445

College Classes, A Source Study for, 134

College President, Some Difficulties and Joys
of the, 446

Colleges in War Time and After, The, 131

Collegiate Dutch Church of New York City,
The Introduction of the English Language
into the Services of the, 463

Collins, Mary C, sketch of life of, 460

Colonies, municipal charters in, 166, 167;
importance of agriculture in, 396

Colorado, Prehistoric Tillages, Castles, and
Towers of Southwestern, 131

Colorado, The Miners' Laws of, 462

Colored immunes, service of, 93

Columbia (Missouri), meetings at, 327, 571,
572

Columbus (Ohio), center of wheat produc-
tion located near, 401

Commerce and Business, The College of,
316

Commissary General, 424

Commissions, issuing of, 30

Common carriers, title relating to, 494, 497

Common liaw, 166; changes in, 517, 518

Commons, John E., articles by, 315, 448

Commonwealth, The Modern, 1893-1918,
441

Communism, Revolutionary, in the United
States, 312

Companies, change in, 418, 419; muster out
of, 420

Company, officers of, 416

Compensation Law, The Ohio Workmen's,
324

Compiled Code, preparation of, 490-507;
laws included in, 492, 493 ; title headings
of, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498; change
in section numbers in, 498; editing of,
498, 499; printing of, 499; description
of, 499, 500; contents of, 500; mistakes
in, 500, 501 ; arrangement of sections in,
501. 502; sections in, relating to special
charter cities, 503, 504, 505 ; distribution
of, 505, 506; value of, 505-507, 529;
sale of, 506; making of index for, 507-
509, 541-549, 550; revision of, 509-516,
516-521: bills for revision of, 516-521;
future of, 531, 549

Compiled Code, Indexing the, by Jacob Van
DER Zee, 534

INDEX

591

Comrades in Peril, 141

Comstock, Alzada, paper by, 442

Comstock, W. W., 469

Conerd, Henry S., office of, 330

Conaway, Freeman R., article by, 459

Conciliation, bill providing for settlement of
disputes by, 521

Conciliation Law for Iowa, A, 448

Condict, Lewis, article by, 326

Confederate battle-flags, opposition to return
of, 345, 346

"Confederate brigadiers", 353, 354

Confederate Cabinet, The Last Meeting of
the, 151

Confederates, appointment of, 355

Conger, A. L., address by, 571

Conger. Edwin H., reference to, 466

Conger, Mrs. Edwin H., letters of, 466

Connecticut, Correspondence and Documents
During Thomas Fitch's Governorship of
the Colony of. 17541766, 567, 568

Connecticut, Recollections of Ninety-Five
Tears in, and the Anthracite Regions of
Pennsylvania, 131, 132

Connecticut Historical Society, Annual Re-
port of, 147

Connecticut Historical Society, Collections of
the, contents of, 567, 568

Conservation, State Board of, work of, 574

Consolidated School, The, 451

Consolidated School, The First National
Conference on the, 450

Consolidated School in Iowa, History and
Development of the, 459

Constables, provision for, 247

Constitution, United States, The Obligation
of Contracts Clause of the, 309

Constitution of Iowa, amendment to, con-
cerning militia, 11; special legislation
forbidden by, 168, 169; proposal to in-
clude, in code, 549

Constitution of the State of Iowa, The, and
Amendments from 1857 to 1919 with
Historical Introduction, 314

Coristitution of the United States, The, 314,
320

Constitutional Law in 1918-1919, 133, 312

Constitutions, State, Suffrage Provisions in,
141

Contracts, terms of, 293

Contracts Clause of the United States Con-
stitution, The Obligation of, 309

Contributors, 160, 331, 473, 578

Cook, Wayne G., 328

Cooley, Judge, statement of, quoted, 523

Coon Rapids, early days in, 321

Cooper, Leigh, G., article by, 464

Cope, Leona, monograph by, 135

Copperhead, 353

Corn, importance of trade in, 99, 100, 110,
115. 117, 118; production of, 101, 102.
103, 104, 107; consumption of, 106, 107;
shipments of, 107, 112, 116, 120, 385;
receipts of. 109, 113
"Corn Bread and Bacon", 572
Corn is King, 458

Com Laws, repeal of, 122, 384, 404
Corners, marking of, 294
Corning, Charles Robert, book by, 568
Corning, reunion at, 157
Corporations, municipalities as, 176, 177,

178. 179
Corwin, Charles E., article by, 463
Cosson, George, assistant to, 487
Cost Accounting, The Functions of, 320
Costs, reference to, in index, 537
Cotton, exports of, 384, 385, 386, 387
Cotton Association, The American, 443
Coulomb, C. A., report compiled by, 312
Council, election of, 166, 167; composition
of, 191, 192; organization of, in special
charter cities, 191-197; members of, 192-
195: meetings of, 195-197, 238; powers
of, 197-233; compensation of, 202
Council and General Court, Minutes of the,

1624-1699, 569
Council Bluflfs, militia sent to, 18, 19, 20;
Kelly's army at, 86, 87; charter granted
to, 172, 267, 269; power of council to
make health regulations for, 219; regula-
tion of ferries at, 227; tax levy in, 245;
recorder's court in, 260; militia camp at,
417: history of, 565
Council Bluflfs Artillery, oflfer of, 19
Council Bluffs Light Artillery, facts con-
cerning, 17
Conncilmen. election of, 185; term of, 185;
compensation of, 186, 202; filling of va-
cancies in office of, 187 ; expulsion of,
201
Counties, origin of laws concerning, 164
Counties, Our Unexplored, 443
Country Bank, How the, Can Serve, 450
Country Schools in loiva. Re-making , 560
County attorneys, bill concerning, 520
County institutions, reference to, in index,

543, 544
County superintendents, change in law rel-
ative to, 518
Court interpretations, 517
Courts, reference to, 146; discussion of,
256-262: code sections relative to, 497,
498. 501, 502; bill concerning, 521
Courts of Record of Original Jurisdiction,

code title concerning, 502
Cov>dery Genealogy, The, 314

592 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Cowles, Gardner, 154

Cox, Candidate, as a Congressman, 555

Coxey's Army, 86, 87

Craig, Hardin, papers by, 138, 317

Craine, Clara L., article by, 451

Crane, Geo. A., 155

Craven, Samira, article by, 143

Creseo, company at, 17, 18; centenarian of,

322
Creseo Artillery, Battery A of, 17; captain

of, 27
Creston, militia camp at, 59
Criminal law, provisions concerning, in

Compiled Code, 502, 503
Criminal procedure, bills relating to, 519
Crippled Cheer, 451
Crocker Veteran Guards, facts concerning,

17, 18, 19, 20
Cromwell, John Yif., article by, 443
Crone, Frederick W., article by, 138
Cross, Arthur Lyon, article by, 464
Cross references, use of, 508, 509, 536, 537,

538, 539, 540
Crowley, Lillian Hall, article by, 559
Crowtber, Elizabeth, office of, 152
Crozier, John A., office of, 157
Cruikshank, .L P., 467
Crum, R. W., article by, 137
Crumbacker, W. P., article by, 559
Crump's Landing, 301, 303, 306
Cruzat, Heloise Hulse, translation by, 463
Cuba, service of Forty-ninth Regiment in,

93
Cubbage, Roy E., 328
Culbertson, William S., article by, 130
Culin, Stewart, article by, 555
Culleton, Leo, article by, 569
Cumberland, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, A

Tonr in 1807 Down the, from Nashville

to New Orleans, 151
Cunningham, Charles Henry, monograph by,

135
Curvan, William Reid, article by. 463
Current Events, leaching, 311
Curriculum. The Extra-Curricular, 448, 457
Curtin. E. J., 328
Curtis, Emory W., 469
Curtis, Frank, biographical sketch of, 145
Cusaehs, Gaspar, article by, 463
Cushman, Robert E., articles by, 444, 554
Custer. Milo. article by, 463
Czechoslovak flhort Stories, 318
Czechs in America, The, 553

Dahlinger. Charles W., articles by, 135, 464
Dairy and Food Department, title relating

to, 496
Dairy Cow, How to Feed the, 458

Dakota Ethnology, A Sketch of Eastern, 133
Dakota^, Forecasting the Crops of the, 443
Damages, fixing of, 230, 231. 249
Dancing Girls, The, 317
Danville, history of Congregational Church

at, 145
Dart, Henry Plauche, article by, 463
Darting, H. A., 469
Daughters of the American Revolution, Iowa

Society of the, conference of, 330
Daughters of the American Revolution of

Michigan. Report of War Work of the,

from April, 1915, to April. 1919, 464
Davenport, band at, SO; charter granted to,

170, 171, 172, 268, 269; provisions of

charter of, 198, 200, 208, 224, 225, 239;

power of council in, 215, 219, 220;

bridges at, 231; mayor as judicial officer

in, 257, 258; culture area near, 363;

march to, 426; reunion of pioneers at,

575
Davenport. Qeshichte der Stadt, und des

County Scott. 557
Davenport Academy of Sciences, work of,

357, 365
Davenport area, antiquities of, 365
Davenport Democrat, articles in, 557, 558
Davies, George E., article by, 149
Davis, Arthur Kyle, discussion by, 153 ; of-
fice of, 467
Davis. C. O., article by, 134
Davis Jefferson, The First Laurel of, 462
Davison. Raym. L., 154
Dawson, A. F., article by, 451
Daylight ^Saving, The Psychology of, 141
Dead Fires, 456

Dean, Seth, archeological work of, 358
Decatur County, Indian relics found in, 144
Decoration Day, services on, 336, 337, 352
Decree, Enforcement of a Foreign Equitable,

448, 452
"Deer Lick", 460
Degenerate, Concerning the, 459
De Graff, Lawrence, decision by, 522
Delabarre, Edmund B., article by, 324
Delta County, Pioneer Reminiscences of, 464
De Menil, Alexander Nicholas, article by,

570
Democracies, Safety of New-born, 318
Democracies of England and America, The

Converging, 325
Democracy. Leadership in a. 552
Democracy, Problems of, 443
Democracy, Some Fundamental Aspects of,

140
Democracy the People Have Set Their

Hearts Upon. Achievement of the, 313
Democracy or Disaster, 132

INDEX

593

Democrat, Der, editor of, 558

Democratio National Convention, charges of

disloyal+y in, 349
Democratic party, pension policy of, 351
Democratic Party, Samuel J. lilden and the

Revival of the, 310
Democrats, denunciation of, 343

Denison, John D., 328

Denris, Mrs. Elizabeth, biographical sketch
of, 144

Dennison, J. C, 155

Dennison Review, return of Confederate
flags opposed by, 346

Densmore, Benjamin, article by, 445, 446

Dental examiners, law concerning, 521

"Dependent bill", veto of, 340, 342

DeWitt, John H., papers by, 462, 570

Des Moines, erection of arsenal at, 5, 6;
militia company at, 16, 17, 27; Camp
Baker located near, 51; militia called out
at, 68, 69; meeting of Guard officers at.
73; practice march to, 77; Camp McKin-
ley located at, 91, 92; special legislation
for, 169; charter granted to, 172, 173,
268: provisions of charter of, 199, 200,
227, 228, 242; power of council over
schools of, 215; subordinate officers of,
255; surveying party at, 272; center of
wheat production located near, 409, 410;
camp at, 423, 424, 428; meeting at, 470.
556, 574

Des Moines, Iowa, The Mem.orial Bridge at,
560

Des Moines Greets the 4th Division, 139

Des Moines Leader, The, Cleveland sup-
ported by, 341

Des Moines River, bridge across, 206; fer-
ries across, 227; mounds near, 366, 367;
steamboating on, 459

Des Moines Valley, mounds in, 358

Desert Land Law, effect of, 374

Desertions, Diagnosing, 554

Detroit (Michigan), grain trade at, 114,
115

Detroit, Influence of the French Inhabitants
of. Upon Its Early Political Life, 464

Devices, 563

Devil's Baclrhone. The, — In Iowa, descrip-
tion of, 188

Devine, Edward Thomas, articles by, 140,
317. 451

Dey, Marvin H., 329; election of, as pres-
ident of State Historical Society of Iowa,
572

Deyoe, Albert M., article by, 451

Dick, George S., article by, 451

Dick Bill, provisions of, 421, 437

Dickinson, John, Statesman and Patriot, 445

Dickinson County, meeting of old settlers of,
156; mounds in, 359

Dill, Homer R., paper by, 138

Dillon, John F., appointment of, on medical
faculty, 126; corporation defined by, 177

Dillon, Sidney J., 154

Dilts, John W., 155

Diplomatic Procedure Preliminary to the
Congress of Westphalia, 317

Diplomatic Relations, Anglo-American, 134

Diplomatic Relations, Anglo-American, Dur-
ing the Last Half Century, 325

Discharges, verification of, 30

Discipline, condition of, 69, 70

Diseases, efforts to prevent, 219

Disorderly houses, prohibition of, 228

Dissection, laws concerning, 127, 129

Division as a Fighting Machine, The, 569

"Dixie", applause for, 349

Dixon, Roland B., monograph by, 135 ; ref-
erence to, 471

Do You Want to Go Hungry?, 561

Dodd, William E., article by, 134; address
by, 325

Dodd, W. P., article by, 444

Dodge, Grenville M., camp named for, 431

Dodge, Richard I., report of, concerning Na-
tional Guard, 65, 66, 67

Dodge, W. W., sketch of career of, 459

Doepke, Mrs. Charles J., 572

Dogs, tax on, 207; keeping of, forbidden,
228; reference to, in index, 537

Domestic markets, increase of, 381, 382

Don Diego de Penalosa, Neiv Light on, 151

Donna (Texas), Iowa troops at, 439

Don't A dvertise Silk to a Calico Buying
Public, 558

Doolittle, Clyde H., 469

Dotson, E. E., 153

Dougherty, Sheriff, attitude of, in prize fight
dispute, 19, 20

Doughty, A. G., notes edited by, 310

Douglas, Dorothy W., paper by, 132

Douglas, Paul H., papers by, 134, 443

Douglass, surveying of, 276

Dow, C. M., article by, 465

Dow, H. E. B., article by, 570

Downing, Margaret B., article by, 462

Downs, Winfield Scott, article by, 309

Doyle, W. J., 154

Draft laws, information concerning, 144

Drainage, laws concerning, 492; evolution
of bill relating to, 512, 513, 517, 518,
519, 520

Draper, Ardys J., 572

Drays, regulation of, 226

Dreyer, Dick, honor roll compiled by, 137

Driftmier, M. H., 155

594 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Drill, provision for, 40, 41, 78; pay for,
416, 425, 427

Drumm, T. W., 154

Dubuque, meeting at, 34; National Guard
encamped at, 43, 417; band at, 80; char-
ter granted to, 171, 172, 268, 269; veto
of special charter bill for, 175; provisions
of charter of, 198, 201, 203, 206, 208,
215, 216, 240, 241, 242, 244, 253, 254;
power of council of, relative to hospitals,
220; bridges at, 231; duty of city mar-
shal at, 247, 248; city court in, 260-262;
bonds issued by, 264; surveying party
from, 271; early settler of, 284; encamp-
ment of G. A. R. at, 342; strike at, 421;
march from, 426; special charter aban-
doned by, 505

Dubuque Visitor, story of, 145

Duden, The Followers of, 150, 326, 465

Dulany, G. W., Jr., 328

Dulany Pavers, Extracts from the, 149

Dumarest, Noel, monograph by, 442

Dunkirk, grain trade at, 120

Dunlap, Flora, 154

Dunlap, John Hoffman, article by, 138

Dunsany, Lord, articles by, 138

Duree, Mrs. Mabel, 469

Durkheim's Political Theory, 443

Dustin, Fred, article by, 464

"Duty, Above and Beyond the Call of," 464

Dysart, Mrs. J. K., 468

Earle, Roscoe K., article by, 452

East, trade with, 95, 96, 97; list of States

included in, 97; consumption of wheat in,

106
East North Central States, wheat growing

in, 411, 412
East South Central States, wheat growing

in. 412
Eastern Star, Order of the, anniversary of,

323
Eastman family, documents of, 143
Economic Hintory of American Agriculture,

Torical Studies and References on the,

310, 319
Econoynic History of American Agriculture

as a Field for Study, The, 310
Economic Law, Supremacy of the, 457
Economic Review, The American, contents

of, 132, 442
Economic revolution, 372
Economic Situation, Memorandum on the,

317
Economic Situation in Europe, 140
Economic Studies of the War, Preliminary,

volumes in, 132, 133, 442
Economics, Scientific Methods in, 446

Economics, The Quarterly Journal of, con-
tents of, 132

Economy in Learning in Relation to Econ-
omy of Time, 140

Eddyville, charter granted to, 173, 268

Edison's Childhood and Boyhood, The True
Story of, 464

Editorial Dialogue, An, 562

Edris and Virginia Berkley Memorial Collec-
tion of Washington Prints, The, 149

Educacion, La Mente y su, 449, 450

Education, code title relative to, 501 ; bill
relating to, 517

Education, How Leadership in Making New
A djustments in, Must Be Provided, 140

Education, National System of, 558

Education, State Board of, first president
of, 487

Education, The Crixis in American, 556,
561

Educational Diagnosis of Individual Pupils,
139

Educational Examiners, Board of, change in
law relative to, 518

Educational Institutions in Development of
Research, The Function of, 446

Edwards, A. J., 575

Edwards, John N., articles by, 150, 326,
465

Effigies, forms of, 363, 366; location of, 363

Eighteenth Amendment, 4 91

Eighteenth Towa Infantry, reunion of, 156;
first battle of, 323

Eighth Infantry, National Guard, organiza-
tion of, 42 ; encampment of. 49

Eighth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 306

Eighty-eighth Division in the World War of
1914-1917, The, 312, 313

Election of 188S, The Soldier Vote in Iowa
in the, by Donald L. McMuery, 335

Election officials, appointment of, 188, 189

Elections, in special charter cities, 180-184;
time of, 185, 186, 263 ; powers of city
cotincils over, 197-199; bill concerning,
517

Elective officers in special charter cities, list
of, 185; term of, 185, 186; compensation
of, 186: qualifications of, 186; filling of
vacancies in, 186, 187; bond of, 187;
oath of, 187, 138

Electors, q^ialifications and powers of, in
special charter cities, 183, 184; borrow-
ing money to be approved by, 211, 212;
right of. to vote on schools, 215, 216

Eleventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, 306

Elk. hunting of, in Iowa, 139

Elliott. Frank W., 469

Elliott, T. C, articles by, 324, 568, 571

INDEX

595

Ellis, Ellen Deborah, paper by, 554

Ellis, Melvin W., papers by, 557, 559

Ellsworth, Jesse J., office of, 330

Ellwanger, Ella H., articles by, 325, 465

Et Palacio, contents of 135

Eltinge, Le Roy, article by, 311

Ely, Hanson E., article by, 453

Ely, John M., 154

Elyria (Ohio), emigration society at, 293

EmbaTkation, 452

Emerton, Ephraim, article by, 148

Eminent domain, bill relating to, 519, 520

Emmetsburg, reminiscences of, 460

Encampments, provision for, 41, 43, 47, 73,
74, 76, 77; locations of, 49; order con-
cerning, 50, 51, 52; description of, 53,
54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73; pay of soldiers during, 59,
61; increase in time spent at, recom-
mended, 68; conduct at, 85; criticisms
of, 88, 89, 90

Endnrs, Fred M., 155

Engelbeck, Mrs. Ellis R., 469

Engineers, company of, 438

Engineers, The Iowa Registration Law for,
137

England, special charters for cities in, 163,
164, 165, 166, 174; agrarian revolution
in, 371, 372; exports to, 404; educa-
tional experiences in, 553

England and America, The Converging De-
mocracies of, 325

England and the Birth of the American
Nation, 325

English, Emory H., address by, 447

English, consumption of vcheat by, 106

English and Commerce, 317

English-Speaking Peoples, Social and Polit-
ical Ideals of the, 325

Enlistment, oath of, 415; regulations con-
cerning, 420, 424

Eno, Mrs. Kate S., 328

Ensley, Captain, Wallace accompanied by,
305, 306

Entomologist, State, laws relative to, 501

Epperson, H. H., 155

Erie Canal, trade on, 96, 98, 108, 117, 118,
119, 120, 121, 123; building of, 399

Erie Railroad, building of, 119

Erikson, E. McKinley, 328

Erskine's, Judge John, Test Oath Decision
in the Case Ex Parte William Law, 148

Ervin, Samuel James, Jr., article by, 310

Essex Institute, nistorical Collections of the,
contents of, 151, 461, 568

Estey, E. H., 154

Estrays, change in law relating to, 518;
reference to, in index, 537

Ethnological Society, Publications of the
American, 131

Ethnology, Bureau of American, bulletins
of, 131

Ethnology, Bureau of American, Thirty-
third Annual Report of the, 311

Europe, exports to, 108, 122, 384; indus-
trial changes in, 383

Europe, Economic Situation in, 140

Europe, How Many are Destitute in, 320

Europe, The Expansion of, 134

European Situation Has Great Effect 07l
Our Financial Conditions, 560

Evans, Harry, journey of, 236-288

Evans, S. B., arcbeological work of, 358

Evans, "W. R., article by, 452

FJvans, Guard sent to, 87

Evarts, Senator, return of Confederate flags
denounced by, 346

Ewen. J. F., office of, 156

Ewing. Robert, article by, 151

Ewing, Robert M., address by, 135

Exchanges, Competition in, 317

Executive Council, expenses of National
Guard approved by, 87, 88; assistants for
code commission authorized by, 484 ; aud-
iting work of, 491; refusal of, to pay
code commission expenses, 522

Expenditures, powers of city council over,
210

Experiment stations, work of, 393 ; estab-
lishment of, 389

Fackler, Clarence W., article by, 317
Factory System for Trading with the In-
dians, The United States, 1796-1332, 151
Fain, John Tyree, book compiled by, 555
Fain's Critical and Analytical Index and
Genealogical Guide to Ramsey's Annals
of Tennessee, 555
Fairchild, Lucius, opposition of, to return

of Confederate flags, 345, 346
Fairfield, encampment at, 49, 57; old set-
tlers reunion at, 156; charters granted
to, 172, 268, 269; meeting at, 327, 466,
571; first school in, 466
False Retentions or Something, 316
Fannin, James W. Jr., in the Texas Revo-
lution, 149, 326, 465
Far East, My Sojourn in the, 447, 450
Farley, mounds near, 358, 363
Farm Labor Problem, The, 446
Farm Land Values in Iowa, 554, 562
Farm machinery, introduction of, 377, 378,

379; improvements of, 403, 404
Farmers, attitude of, toward labor-saving

machinery, 377-379
Farmers' organizations, 389, 394

596 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Farmington, charter granted to, 170, 171,
172, 268, 269; bridges at, 231; provision
in charter of, 235, 236; city constable
in, 247; mayor as a judicial officer in, 256

Farms, increase in number of, 374, 375;
machinery on, 377-379

Farnsworth, P. J., appointment of, on med-
ical faculty, 126

Farquharson, R. J., archeological work of,
357

Farrar, Victor J., articles by, 462, 571

Farrier, 416

Fast, B. F., 155

Father Mason Retires, 558

Faxon, R. H., paper by, 557

Fay, Sidney B., paper by, 567

Federal Qrants-in-Aid, A System of, 443

Federal Personnel Problem, Some Phases of
the, 444

Federal Reserve Banks' System of Par Col-
lection, 562

Federal Reserve Ruling, A View of a, 454

Fee, W. H., reminiscences by, 144

Feeble-minded, Compulsory Registration and
Commitment of the, 562

Fegan, Commander, speech of, 337

Fell, John C, papers compiled by, 149

Fenwick, Charles G., articles by, 312, 554

Ferber, Edna, stories by, 317; books by,
452, 559

Ferries, licensing of, 224; regulation of,
226, 227

Ferlile, Indian springs at, 145

Fetish of the Spontaneous, The, 457

Fetter, Frank A., article by, 554

Feuling, E. J., honor roll issued by, 447

Fever, prevalence of, 272

Fewkes, Jesse "Walter, articles by, 131, 311

Ficke, Arthur Davison, poem by, 138; ar-
ticle by, 452

Field hospital, provision for, 430; organiza-
tion of, 432; camp of, 437

Field Museum, Iowa antiquities in, 369

Fifth Infantry, National Guard, meeting of
officers of, 34; organization of, 42; pay-
ment to Company C of, 45 ; encampment
of. 49

Fiftieth Iowa Infantry, muster out of, 413 ;
reorganization of, 413 ; camp of, 414,
417; change of number of, to Fifty-
fourth, 420

Fiftieth Iowa Infantry Volunteers, mobili-
zation of, 92, 93

Fifty-first Iowa Infantry, reference to, 330;
reorganization of, 415; camp of, 417;
change of number of, to Fifty-fifth, 420

Fifty-first Iowa Infantry Volunteers, mobil-
ization of, 92, 93

Fifty-second Iowa Infantry, muster out of,
413 ; reorganization of, 413 ; camp of,
414. 417; change of number of, to Fifty-
sixth, 420

Fifty-second Iowa Infantry Volunteers, mo-
bilization of, 92, 93

Fifty- third Iowa Infantry, strike duty of,
421; march of, 426; camp of, 428, 431

Fifty-fourth Iowa Infantry, service of, 421;
march of. 426; camp of, 428, 431; strike
duty of, 435, 436

Fifty-fifth Iowa Infantry, camp of, 421,
428. 431; march of, 426; service of, at
Stale Fair, 437

Fifty-sixth Iowa Infantry, march of, 426;
camp of, 428, 429, 431, 432, 436, 437;
service of, at State Fair, 437

Fin.i.nce, powers of special charter cities rel-
ative to, 179, 180, 184; powers of city
councils over, 202-213

Findlay, C. V.. 574

Findley. William, Life and Times of, 135

Finnegan, Jos. T., 468

Finney. R. L., paper by, 445

Fire, powers of council relating to preven-
tion of, 228

Fire arms, discharge of, prohibited, 228

Fire companies, organization of, 264

Fire Marshal, State, bill concerning, 520

Fires, powers of council concerning, 217,
220, 221, 222

Fires in the TJrn, 563

Fireworks, 228

First Artillery, National Guard, meeting of
officers of, 34; muster out of, 50

First Brigade, regiments in, 42 ; election of
brigadier general of, 50 ; encampments
of, 53, 57, 65, 66, 67, 69, 431, 432, 436,
4.S7; composition of, 80

First Cavalry, National Guard, muster out
of, 50

First Day of School, The, 139

T'irst Division, With the, 134

First Independent Battalion, encampment
of, 43

First Infantry, National Guard, meeting of
officers of, 34; mobilization of Company
A of, 62 ; proposed mobilization of Com-
pany E of, 78; duty of, at Chicago, 81;
change of, to Forty-ninth Iowa Infantry
Volunteers, 92; organization of, 438;
camp of, 439

First Iowa Volunteer Dragoons, station of,
284

First Light Artillery, organization of, 29

Fish, Carl Russell, article by, 569

Fish and game, change in law relative to,
518

INDEX

597

Fitzhugh, Alex, 468

Fitzpatrick, John C, list prepared by, 309

Flag, law prohibiting desecration of, 503

Flags, dispute over, 345, 346

Fleming, "William H., appointment of, as
military secretary, 11

Flood of 18S4 in the Allegheny River at
Pittsburgh, The, 555

Florenceville, militia company at, 18

Flour, trade in, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115,
116, 117, 118, 120, 382, 384, 385

Floivera from the Field of Franco-American
Friendship, 560

Floyd, John B., article by, 462

Floyd County, war record of, 315, 556;
mounds in, 358

Fogle, Louise, journal edited by, 149

Foley, Mike V., article by, 566

Food, inspection of, 226

Food, Unwholesome, as a Source of Liabil-
ity, 136, 314

Food and drug department, bill relating to,
517, 518, 520

Food Production, Speeding Up Our, 561

Foodstuffs, demand for, 407

Forbes, Bnrt, 154

Ford, Guy S., paper by, 312

Ford, Henry Jones, article by, 312

Ford, "Worthington Chauncey, paper by, 553

Foreign Governments and Politics, 133, 312,
444, 554

Foreign markets, increase in, 383-387

Fort Astoria, The British Side of the Resto-
ration of, 150, 324

Fort Atkinson, history of, 137; references
to, 143, 234; proposal to restore, 574

Fort Atkinson, A Pigsty, 137

Fort Atkinson (Nebraska), celebration of
the establishment of, 152 : data concern-
ing, 152

Fort Atkinson, The Founders of, 152

Fort Atkinson Centennial, The, 147

Fort Atkinson Centennial Celebration, His-
torical Significance of the. 1^2

Fort Atkinson Was Established, Why, 147

Fort Bridger (Wyoming), description of, 311

Fort Calhoun (Nebraska), centennial of Fort
Atkinson held at, 147

Fort Des Moines (town), charter granted
to, 3 72; permanent camp near, 422

Fort Des Moines (post), officers' training
caiflp foi negroes held at, 131

Fort Des Moines in Iowa History, 140, 153

Fort Dodge, militia encampment at, 89; mil
itary post at, 274; trip to, for supplies,
276, 277, 280, 281, 284; attempt to se-
cure aid from, 285, 286, 289, 290; meet-
ing at, 513, 574

Fort Dodgf Battery, facts concerning, 17

Fort Donclson (Tennessee), battle of, 330,
462

Fort Douglas (Utah), description of, 311

Fort Fetterman (Wyoming), description of,
311

Fort Gratiot and Its Builder, Gen. Charles
Gratiot, 464

Fort Holmes (Michigan), description of,
311

Fort Jackson (Louisiana), description of,
311

Fort Keogh (Montana), description of, 311

Fort Laramie (Wyoming), description of,
311

Fort Leavenworth (Kansas), description of,
331

Fort Madison, charter granted to, 170, 171,
172, 265, 268, 269, 270; provisions in
charter of, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 225,
230, 239, 241, 244, 252, 253; limitation
of financial powers of council of, 212,
213; regulation of ferries by, 226; road
supervisor of, 251; subordinate officers
of, 254, 255

Fort Massac (Illinois), description of, 311

Fort Michilliraackinac (Michigan), descrip-
tion of, 311

Fort Ojibi'ja, Some Games of the Bois, 133

Fort Phil Kearney (Nebraska), description
of, 311

Fort Riley (Kansas), Iowa Guard at, 421,
426, 428

Fort St. Philip (Louisiana), description of,
311

Fort Sheridan (Illinois), inter-State rifle
meet at, 80

Fort Snelling (Minnesota), description of,
311

Forties, A Romance of the, 560

Forts of North Am.erica, Quaint and His-
toric, 311

"Forty-Eighters", Hooking Up the, 317

/orty-ninth Iowa Infantry, reorganization
of, 415; camp of, 417; change of number
of, to Fifty-third, 420

Forty-ninth Iowa Infantry Volunteers, mo-
bilization of, 92, 93

Forty-second Division, hospitals of, 136

Fostei'. Harold, paper by, 557, 559

Foster, Major Emory S., 465

Fourteenth General Assembly, experience of.
with code revision, 528

Foiirth Division, Association of the, publi-
cat'ons of 138, 314

Fourth Infantry, National Guard, staff of,
28, 29: meeting of officers of, 34; en-
campment of, 43, 49, 81, 82, 89; change
in designation of, 92

598 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Fouts, M. O., 153

Fowler, James A., office of, 156

Fox, Dixon R., articles by, 465, 466; refer-
ence to, 570

Fox, Early Lee, monograph by, 130

Fox Indians, bibliography on, 136; study
of, 576

Fox Indians, Some General Notes on the,
136, 141

France, James C, 328

France, agrarian revolution in, 371, 372

trance, Labor and the War: Labor Condi-
tions in, 449

France and the Vnited States, Effects of the
War on Money, Credit and Banking in,
132

Frankfort (Kentucky), old capitol building
at, 466

Frankfurter, Felix, article by, 130

Franklin County, early history of, 322

Frassetto, Fabio, paper by, 133

Frederick, John Towner, poems by, 140,
452

Free trade, 355

Freemasonry, The Science of, 559

Freight, reduction of cost of, 383

French. F. H., 154

French, Nathaniel, sketch of life of, 321

French and American Peace Idealism, 134

French and Spatiish for Commerce, 458

French Council of Commerce in Relation to
American Trade, The, 151

Fre^id's Theory of Psychology, 559

Freund, Ernst, paper by, 443

Friends Historical Society, The Journal of
the, contents of, 553

Frisbee, L. D., 154

Fritch, Lon, ofBce of, 330

Frontier, experiences on, 139 ; account of
surveying on, 271-300; extension of, 397;
sketches of, 459

Frontier, A Journal of an Expedition on
the, 445, 446

Frontier, On the, 315, 319

Frontier Fighters, Boys' Book of, 319

Fryer, O. F., 154

Fuel Problems in Iowa During the World
War, The, 314

Fugitive Slave Law, The Western Reserve
arcd the, 461

Fnllbrook, Earl S., research work of, 468

Fuller. C. E., reminiscence by, 145

Fuller, Henry B., chapter of volume writ-
ten by, d41

Fuller. Q. C, 153

Fulton, C. J., 467

Funds Are Being Diverted from Speculative
Uses, 560

Funk, A. B., reminiscence by, 143 ; article

by, 320
Funke, Loretta, article by, 310
Fur Trade, Letters on the Northwest, 571
Fyrando, A. M., 575

Gage, C. "W., story related by, 466

Gage, Cranmore, office of, 327

Galbreath, Charles Burleigh, office of, 327;
article by, 567

Galena (Illinois), railroad at, 402

Galer, Laura B., articles by, 452, 559

Gallaher, Ruth Augusta, publications by,
140, 153, 559

Gamble, J. G., 154

Gambling houses, licensing of, 226

Gano, John Stites, papers of, 462

Garber, R. O., 469

Gardener, To a, 458

Garland, Hamlin, articles by, 140, 317, 452

Garrett, Tracy, 469

Garst, "Warren, 154

Gass, John, archeological work of, 357

Gates, A. I., paper by, 445

Gates, Geo. W., 328

Gayarre, Charles, article by, 151

Gear, John H., recommendation of, concern-
ing militia, 45

Gcarhart, J. E., office of, 471

Gpbert, Hugo, 155

General Assembly, anthropological work
mentioned by, 359; proposed special ses-
sion of, for code revision, 483, 515, 524-
526; message of code commission to, 488:
copies of Compiled Code distributed to
members of, 506; value of Compiled Code
to, 506; prospects of code revision by,
526-531

General incorporation, provision for, 173

General incorporation acts, era of, 169; pro-
visi:)ns of, concerning wards, 200; dis-
cussion of, 262-265

General Inspector of Small Arms Practice,
provision for, 78; expenses of, 425; ap-
pointment of, 428

General Orders, issuing of, 30

Generals or What-Notsf, 315, 318

Gentry, "W. R., reference to, 466

Geographical Review, The, contents of, 309,
553

George, Henderson, article by, 324

Georgia Historical Quarterly, The, contents
of, 148, 324, 568

Georgia Patriots, Two: Abraham Baldwin
and James Jackson, 324

German Constitution, The New, 312, 443

German gun, reference to, 320

German-Language Press. Ohio's, and the
Peace Negotiations, 324

INDEX

599

German Press and the War, The, 134

Germans, settlements of, 284

Germany, agrarian revolution in, 371, 372

Germany, Our War with, 309, 310

Germany, Resvlts of the Blockade upon,
143

Germany, The War with : A Statistical Sum,-
■mary, 131

Gewehr, W. M., 154

Gibson, Chester Alfred, 328

Gilbert, W. F., article by, 459

Gilbertson, H. S., paper by, 443

Gillin, John L., article by, 452

Gilmore, Melvin Randolph, paper by, 311

Gilmore, William T., 572

Ginger Cookies, 316

Gingerich, J. D., historical sketch by, 566

Glaspell, Susan, article by, 452

Glasson, William H., articles by, 443, 570

Glazier, Mrs. Albert E., 469

Glenn, Garrard, book by, 309

Glenn, Robert A., paper by, 325

Glen wood, charter granted to, 173, 268;
reference to. 505

Glenwood Guards, 42

"God Save the Queen", encore for, 349

Godard, George S., office of, 153

Goddard, Pliny Earle, monograph by, 442

Godfrey, G. L., construction of arsenal in
(•harge of, 9

Goldenweiser, A. A., article by, 444

Golder, Frank A., article by, 462

Goltra, Inez, paper by, 134

Goodhue Press, 569

Goodpasture, A. V., paper by, 569, 570

Goodrich, Herbert F., articles by, 136, 314,
448, 452

Goodwin, Cardinal L., article by, 465

Goodwin, Helen Durrie, article by, 571

Gordon, Estella, 328

Gordon, F. G. R., articles by, 452, 453, 559

Gorgets, 364, 369

Gottlieb, Louis Ross, article by, 132

Government, Business Methods in, 448

Government Organization in War Time and
After, 444

Governor, report of, concerning arsenal, 10;
military staff of, 11, 28, 42, 78, 84, 419.
424, 430; militia called out by, 19; rec-
ommendations of, relative to militia, 25,
33. 34; orders of, to militia, 31, 32; au-
thority of, over National Guard, 47. 48,
430: decision of, 413; special session to
bf called by. 483 ; refusal of, to call spe-
cial sessiorf, 524-526

Graft. A Case of Double, 559

Graham, Robert D., book by, 559
Grain, importance of trade in, 98, 99, 112,

113. 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123.
exportation of, 382, 383, 400; routes fo'-
shipment of, 398

Grain Trade of the United States, The In,
ternal, 18501860, by Louis Bernard
Schmidt, 94

Grand Army Advocate, publication of, 338

Grand Army of tho Republic, rifles donated
to, 59; reference to, 337; importance of.
338: influence of, 338, 339; political bias
of, 339, 340; attitude of, toward pec
sions, 340, 341; invitation to Cleveland
opposed by, 343 ; national encampmen'
of, 343, 346; seats reserved for, 350; op
position of, to Cleveland, 352.

Grand Army of the Republic, Department
of Iowa, members of, 338; encampment
of, 342; soldier candidates favored by, 347

Grand River, Early days on, and the Mor-
mon War, 136, I50

Granger movement, 394

Grant, U. S., orders of, 303 ; military edu-
cation of, 571

Graper, Elmer D., paper by, 134

Grasshoppers, relief of sections devastate^
by, 26

Gratiot, Gen. Charles, Fort Gratiot and Its
Builder, 464

"Gray Beard Regiment", reference to, 323

Gray Eagle. Indians led by, 274

Great Britain, exports of grain to, 108, 122,
384

Great Britain, Labor Conditions in, 449

Great-Grandfather, The Worship of, 130

Great Lakes, trade on, 95, 98, 112, 114

Great Lakes — Saint Lawrence Waterways
Project, 557

Great Northwest, wheat growing in, 411

Greeley, Horace, defense of Indians by, 290

Green, H. H., 468

Green, James Woods, tributes to, 135

Green Bay (Wisconsin), grain trade at,
116

"Green Tree hotel", reference to, 322

Greenback movement, 394

Greencastle (Indiana), meeting at, 466

Greene, C. G., 154

Greene, George, appointment of, as adjutant
general, 72 ; report of, concerning Na-
tional Guard, 77, 78, 31 ; commenda-
tion of work of, 82 ; value of troops
pointed out by, 83, 84

Greene, H. A., article by, 559

Greene, Orville C. 154

Greenman, E. D., article by, 133

Gregg. Frank M., discussion by, 153

Oregory, John G., office of, 157

Greteman, B., 469

600 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Grier, Geo. E., 329
Griffin, Grace Gardner, book by, 552
Griffith, Mrs. B. B., 153
Griffith, Harry B., 469
Griffith, Helen Sherman, article by, 453
Griggs. Charles T, sketch of life of, 322
Grimes, James W., special charter bills ve-
toed by, 175
Grimes, John, article by, 568
Grimm, John M., 467
Grinnell, George Bird, article by, 444
Orinnell Review, The, contents of, 138, 315,

448, 55fi
Grisier, William C, 328
Groveland, Mass., A Genealogical-Historical

Visitation of, in the Tear 1S63, 151
Grover. George S.. article by, 465
Guard duty, disregard of, 70 ; manual of, 75
Guernsey, Samuel J., monograph by, 131
Guilday, Peter, article by. 461
Gulf States, export of grain to, 383
Gumbotil, The Origin of, 454, 456
Gunpowder, 228

Gurley, L. E., chain made by, 295
Gurley W. M., chain made by, 295
Gustafson, Mae, 154
Guthrie Center, old residences of, 143
Guttenberg, charter granted to, 172, 263,

270; provision of charter of, 214
Guye, George W., sketch of life of, 460, 470

Haan, General, volume compiled by, 157

Haan. William G., article by, 569

Habersham, James, A Sketch of the Life of,
324

Hackett, Charles W., article by, 151

Hageboeck, A. L., 328

Haig, Robert Murray, paper by, 134

Haines, Austin P., article by, 556, 559

Haines, Mrs. Jansen, 328

Haines, Lynn, compilation by, 554

Haire. M. J., 572

Half Portions, 452

Hall, Jonathan Chapin, sketch of life of,
460, 471 ; portrait of, 471

Hall, W. Earl, paper by, 138

Haller, J. T., 323

Ham, theft of, 274, 275

Hammond, John Martin, volume by, 311

Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute,
The. 309

Hana. George W., sketch of life of, 564

Hana, Mrs George W., sketch of life of,
564

Hnncock County, archeological work in, 362

Handwriting Scales, Methods in Construct-
ing, 142

Haney, Lewis H., paper by, 134

Hanks, Stephen B., memoirs of, 556

Han'ey, J. A., 575

Hannan, Chas. R., Jr., 154

Hansen, Marcus Lee, publications by, 140,
153

Hanske. Ed A.. 155

Hanson, Mrs. L. J., 572

Hanson, Leslie, articles by, 560

Hapgood, Norman, article by, 553

Harbach, L. E., 328

Harbach, Wm. C, 154

Harding, William L., address by, 137; tele-
gram to, 439; curators appointed by,
467; code revision recommended by, 478,
480; code commissioners appointed by,
484; refusal of, to call special session,
524-526; article by, 560

Harding, The Official Truth About, 554

Harney, William S., campaign of, 289, 290

Harper, George McLean, paper by, 309

Harper, Roland M., article by, 553

Harrison, Benjamin, opinions concerning,
353; vote for, in Iowa, 354

Harrison, Charles E., archeological work of,
357

Harrison County, reunion of old settlers in,
575

Harsh, Grace S., 328

Hart, Albert Bushnell, article by, 130

Hart, Hornell, article by, 453

Hart, William H., 328

Hart, William R., article by, 453

Hartor, Edwin P., article by, 570, 571

Hartman, Harry, article by, 326

Hartraan, J. C, 575

Harvard College, A Course of History at, in
the Seventies, 143

Hasbrouck, G. D. B., article by, 570

Hastings, George E., paper by, 150

Hastings, T. C, 468

Hatch, Lucius C, article by, 148

Hathaway Esse "V., 469, 470

Havana (Cuba), evacuation of, 93

Havner, H. M., assistant to, 487; opinion
of, 522

Hawarden, picnic at, 471

Hawk, Henry, reference to, 466

Hawkeye Natives, work of, 157; campaign
of, 330; meeting of, 466

Hay, the making of, 144

Hayes, Major, 304; cavalry commanded by,
306, 307

Hays, W. B., 155

Headquarters, appropriation for, 425

Health, powers of cities relative to, 179,
180, 217, 218, 219, 220, 263

Health, A Handbook of, 454

Health, Report of Committee on, 454

INDEX

601

Health, State Board of, bill concerning, 520,
521

Health officers, appointment of, 188, 200

Healr, Mrs. Thomas D., 572

Heaton, Hiram, office of, 327; articles by,
460, 566

Hebard, Grace Raymond, book by, 560

Hebbeln, Rudolph, 575

Hebrews, The Story Books of the Early,
139

Hedges, Horace G., 154

Hedrick, D. H., 328

Hefferan, Thomas E. M., poem by, 315

Hel&ell, W. A., nomination of, for code com-
mission, 484

Henderson, Archibald, articles by, 464, 570

Henderson, Rose, article by, 453 ; poem by,
560

Hendricks, Sterling Brown, paper by, 149

Henely, Mrs. Louise Miller, 469

Heng, J. A., 469

Henry, Jas., sketch of life of, 564

Henry, L. H., 154, 328

Henry County, Iowa, Soil Survey of, 139

Hepburn, A. Barton, article by, 465

Herdland, survey of, 276

Herrick, J. T)., reminiscences by, 321

Herring Lady, The, 315. 320

Hickey, Allen Edward, 155

High Cost of Living, Some Notes on Agri-
cultural Readjustment and the, 453

H. a. O. L., Hits Billy Brad, The, 140

High Prices, Inflation and: Causes and
Remedies, 552

High School, Free Public, The Development
of the, in Illinois to 1860, 325

High School Students' Intelligence Ratings
According to the Army Alpha Test, 141,
1J2

Higher Ediication, The Work of the Institu-
tions: of, 136

Hildebrand, Joel H., article by, 134

Hill, Fred W., 468

Hill, Gershom H., article by, 453

Hill, James J., name given by, 411

Hill, James L., book by, 560

Hill. Lafe, 328

Hillis, Newell Dwight, book by, 317

Himes, G. E., office of, 330

Hinkhouse, J. F., 328

Hinkle, G. "W.. 573

Hinrichs, Giistavus, service of, on medical
faculty, 126. 129

His Mother's Son, 315, 320

Hiso, George E., article by, 560

Historia, contents of, 147

Historic Nineteenth Century Character, A,
4G2. 463

Historical Activities in the Trans-Mississippi
Northwest, 1017-J919. 141, 151

Historical Criticism, 442

Historical Department of Iowa, archeologi-
cal collection of, 369; portrait presented
to, 470; work of, 575

Historical Outlook, The, contents of, 134,
311, 312, 445

Historical Portraits, Concerning, 445

Historical Records and Studies, contents of,
461, 462

Historical Societies, publications of, 147,
324, 461, 567; conference of, 152; activ-
ities of. 152, 326, 466, 571

Historical Societies. Proceedings of the
Thirteenth Annual Conference of, 147

Historical Society of Iowa, The State, activ-
ities of, 153, 328, 467, 572; interest of,
in archeology, 359; purposes of, 359; ap-
pointment of curators of, 467 ; election of
president of, 572

Historical Survey of the Militia in Iowa,
1865-1898, by Cyeil B. Upham, 3

Historical Survey of the Militia in Iowa,
1898-1916, by CrRiL B. Upham, 413

History, survey of progress in teaching, 134

History, contents of, 442

History, A New Approach to. 444

History, Character and Value of Standard-
ized Tests in, 445

History, Course in General, from the Sociol-
ogists' Standpoint, 445

History, Fallacies in, 150

History, Journal of, contents of, 136, 314,
557

History, Psychological vs. Chronological Or-
der in the Teaching of, 445

History, Supervised Study in, 445

History, The Bias of, 445

History, The Increasing Debt of, to Science,
553

History, The Periodization of, 148

History. Working Museum of. More about
the, 312

History Curriculum since 1850, The, 312

History Situation in Colleges and Universi-
ties, 1919-1920, 312, 319

History Teaching, A Decade of, and His-
torical Activities, 134

Hixon, Ada Hope, article by, 463

Hobart, C. W., connection of, with medical
college, 126

Hodges, Mrs. Laura Fletcher, 147

Hoeye, F. M., article by, 453

Hogs, disposal of bodies of diseased, 492

Holand, H. R., articles by, 149, 325

Holbrook, Franklin F., articles by, 148, 150

Holbrook, Weare, article by, 453

602 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Holland Society of New York, Tear Book of

The, publication of, 148
Bolliday, Major Benjamin, 150
Hollingsworth, Mrs. H. S., 469
Holman, Frederick, "V., article by, 150
Holmes, W. H., book by, 131; archeological

work of, 357
Holsman, Henry B., 154
Holsman, Henry K., article by, 453
Holt, William Sylvester, article by, 571
Holweck, P. G., paper by, 552
Homestead Company, The, code printed by,

499
Homestead Law, provisions of, 372, 373
Homesteads, effect of, 407
Honor rolls, compilation of, 315
Hooper, John H., paper by, 442
Hooper, Lucile, monograph by, 446
Hoover, Herbert Clark, articles by, 140,

317, 318, 453
Hoover, Herbert, and the League of Nations,

318
"Hoover Family in Cedar County", 466
Hoover's Fifth Year, 320
Hope College, Rise and Progress of, 464
Hopkins, F. M., 155
Horack, Frank Edward, articles by, 554,

560
Horack, H. Claude, article by, 448; work

of, for code commission, 484; conditional

sales act analyzed by, 520
Horn, Ernest, addresses by, 140
Hornaday, William Temple, publications by,

140
Hornet's Nest Brigade, reunion of, 157
Hospital Corps, enlistments in, 427; strike

duty of, 435, 436
Hospital detachments, organization of, 424,

425
Hospitals, powers of councils over, 219, 220
Hospitals of the 42nd Division, 136
Hotchkiss, T. B., biographical sketch of,

143
Hotels, charges of, 147
Hotz, A. M., 572

Hough, Emerson, articles by, 319, 453
Hough, Walter, article by, 555
House, Robert Burton, articles by, 443, 570
House, When You Make Over a, 319
Housing, Combat Radicalism With Better,

452
Housing law, administration of, 521
Housing Situation in the United States, The,

313
Housing Survey of Iowa Mining Camps,

187
Houston in Oklahoma, More About, 147
How It Feels to Be Fifty, 450

Howard, Charles S., paper by, 315, 318
Howard, McHenry, articles by, 149, 462
Howard Center, militia company at, 18
Howard County, militia companies in, 29
Howard County Regiment, formation of, 18;

lack of arms for, 23; officers of, 27; lack

of organization of, 29
Howay, F. W., paper by, 462
Howe, Frank B., book compiled by, 447
Howell, R. S., 155

Howell, Ralph P., resignation of, 438
How's Your Climate? Have You Got It

With You? 450
Hrbkova Sarka B., book bj', 318
Hudson River, grain trade on, 98, 108, 118,

119, 120
Huebsch, Mabel, 153
Hueston, Ethel, book bj', 140
Huff, A. D.. 469
Hughes, Dr., opposition of, to University,

126, 128
Hughes, Charles E., 154
Hughes, Rupert, book by, 453
Hulbert, Archer B., paper by, 553
Humboldt County Rifles, facts concerning,

17
Hunter, Mrs. Carrie G., 328
Hunting, Warren B., monograph by, 309
Hurst, T. M., article by, 151
Hussey, Tacitus, articles by, 459
Hutchinson, Woods, publications by, 453,

454
Huttenlocher, Forest, 154
Hyde, James Hazen, book by, 560
Hyder, Ed., reference to, 466
Hydraulic Laboratory, The New, 138
Hygiene, Community, 454
Hygiene in Farmers' Families, Hov) to Se-
cure Mental, 453

I Wish I Had Not Been a Well-Frog, 316

Idaho, code of, 490

Illegitimate children, reference to, in index,
542

Illinois, cooperation with militia of, 73 ;
grain from, 114; wheat growing in, 399,
400. 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408,
410, 411; railroads in, 402; history of,
441, 552 ; Federal laws affecting, 555

Illinois, Budget System in, 455

Illinois, Committee on the Archaeological
Survey of, 471

Illinois, The Centennial History of, volume
in, 441, 552

Illinois, The Development of the Free Public
High Srhool in, to 1860, 325, 463

Illinois, The First Official Thanksgiving in,
325

INDEX

603

Illinois, The History of Cumulative Voting

and Minority Representation in, 1870-

1919, 313
Illinois, University of. Studies in the Social

Sciences, contents of, 134, 313
Illinois Central Railroad, building of, 402
Illinois Constitutions, 555
Illinois Country, The, 1673-1818, 552
Illinois State Historical Library, Collections

of the, volume of, 555
Illinois State Historical Society, Journal of

the, contents of, 325, 463
Immigrants, number of, 376
Immigration, increase in, 397, 407
Implements, articles on, 360; reference to,

364; collections of, 365, 366, 368
Income Tax, The New York, 134
Income Tax as Applied to Dividends, The,

132
Income Taxes, Fiscal Aspects of State, 442
Incorporation acts, 163
Independence, militia encampment at, 43
Independent College, The, symposium on,

315
I. O. O. F., Synopsis of the, 447
Index, purpose of, 534; importance of, 534,

535; problems in making, 541; users of,

543; need of preface to, 548; steps in

compilation of, 549, 550
Index to Compiled Code, making of, 507-

509; arrangement of, 541
Indexcr, qualifications of, 535
Indexes, study of, 507
Indexing the Com,piled Code, by Jacob Van

DEE Zee, 534
India, wheat exports from, 384
Indian, warning of, 275
Indian and the Horse, The, 555
Indian battle, legend of, 143
Indian Corn, Genesis of Reid's Yellow Dent,

463
Indian duel, reference to, 322
Indian Knoll, The, 555
Indian Mounds and Other Relics of Indian

Life in Texas, 133
Indian Road, The Old, 568
Indian Uprising in the United States, The

Last, 569
Indian Wars and Warriors of Michigan,

326
Indiana, cooperation with militia of, 73 ;

grain from, 114; admission of, 150;

wheat growing in, 399, 400, 401, 402,

403, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410. 411
Indiana, Committee on the Achaeological

Survey of, 471
Indiana, I emperance Movement and Legis-
lation in, 570

Indiana Centennial, The, 1916, 150
Indiana Historical Collections, contents of

volume in, 150.
Indiana Historical Commission, work of,

150; bulletin published by, 570
Indiana Historical Society Publications, con-
tents of, 147
Indiana History Conference, meeting of, 152
Indiana in the Mexican War, 149, 571
Indiana Magazine of History, contents of,

149, 570, 571
Indiana Pioneers, The Society of, meeting

of, 152
Indianapolis (Indiana), meeting at, 152;

center of wheat production located near,

402 ; centennial celebration held at, 555 ;

history conference at, 570
Indianapolis, A Centennial History of, 555
Indianapolis, Early, 147
Indianola, practice march from, 77
Indians, trouble of surveyors with, 271-300;

description of, 296, 297; articles on,

360; missionary to, 460; names of, 575;

study of, 576
Indians North of Mexico, Calendars of the,

135
Indians of the Missouri River Region, Uses

of Plants by the, 311
Industrial Conference, Collective Bargaining

in the President's First, 563
Industrial Education, Trade and, for Girls

and Women, 315, 316
Industrial Partnership, 130
Industrial Relations, 315, 448
Industrial Revolution, The War and the,

442
Industrial Stability, 554
Industrial System, Some Probable Results

of a Balanced, 451
Industrial Unrest, Phases of, 458
Industrialism, Slavery and the Beginnings

of, in the American Colonies, 150
Infantry, reduction of organizations of, 49
Inflation, A Remedy for, 448, 457
Inflation and High Prices: Causes and

Remedies, 552
IXGAL.'SBE, J. L., Northwestern lovja in

185?, 271
Ingalsbe. J. L., experiences of, on surveying

trip, 270-300
Ingham, William H., pioneer experiences of,

139
Ingraham, Charles A., article by, 554
Ingram, George H., article by, 148
Inkpaduta, camp visited by, 289, 290, 292
Innes, J. H., article by, 466
Inspections, provision for, 77
Inspector General, report of, 417, 418, 423

VOL. x\^ii — 39

604 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Inspector General, Assistant, creation of of-
fice of, 28; report of, 414
Inspectors of Small Arms Practice, provision
for, 419

Institutional Competition, 141

Insurance, title relating to, 495, 497

Innurance, An Adventure in State, 132

Insurance companies, licenses for, 225

Intelligence, The Shifting of, During the
Past One Hundred Years, 326

Intelligence Work at First Army Headquar-
ters, 456

Intensive farming, methods of, 388

Interchurch Movement, Growth of the, 455

Interest Kate, The Probable Future of the,
318

Internal Grain Trade of the United States,
ISoO-lseo, The, by Louis Beenakd
Schmidt, 94

International Affairs, Notes on, 312, 554

Intoxicating liquor, licensing of sale of,
222-224, 228: fines for sale of, 491

Investments, International Supervision Over
Foreign, 449

Inyan Yankey, camp on, 276, 291

Iowa, early history of, 144, 459; admission
of, 145 ; special charters for cities in,
163-270; settlers in, 164; military service
of men of, 314; influence of soldiers in
election in, in 1888, 335-356; wheat
growing in, 401, 402, 405, 406, 409,
411; naming of northern towns of, 564;
early map of, 565 ; origin of name of, 566

Iowa, Committee on the Archaeological Sur-
vey of, 471

Iowa, The Soldier Tote in, in the Election
of 1S8S, 561

"Iowa, The Story of", 466, 470

Iowa, Wanted: An Interpreter of, 556, 559

Iowa Academy of Science, meeting of, 470

Iowa Academy of Science, Proceedings of
the, contents of volumes of, 313

Iowa Alumnus, The, contents of, 138, 315,
447, 448

Iowa and the Wars, 314

Iowa and War. contents of, 153 ; completion
of series of, 153

Iowa Anthropological Association, organiza-
tion of, 359

Iowa Archeology, Some Materials for the
Study of, 561

Iowa Association of Fire Insurance Agents,
publication of, 447

Iowa authors, recent publications by, 139,
315, 448, 558

Iowa Band, tribute to, 321

Iowa City, militia company at, 17; charter
granted to, 170, 171, 172, 268, 270; pro-

visions in charter of, 207; the mayor as
a judicial officer in. 257; sketch of early
days in ?>15; mounds near, 367; camp at,
431, 439; meeting at, 470
Iowa City Post, biographies published in,

348
Iowa Coal, The Storage of, 450, 455
Iowa Code Commission, A Review of the
Work of the, by Jacob Van dee Zee, 477
Iowa College Company, facts concerning, 17
loiva Conservation, contents of, 137, 448
Iowa Conservation Association, convention

of, 137, 330, 448
Iowa County, mounds in, 359
Iowa Engineer, The, contents of, 137
Iowa Engineering Societj', meeting of, 574
Iowa Falls, militia camp at, 432
loiva Frontier, Ten Years on the, 139
loira in the Election of 1888, The Soldier

Vote in, 466
Iowa Law Brilletin, contents of, 136, 314,

443
Iowa Library Association, meeting of, 137,

574
Iowa Library Quarterly, contents of, 137
Iowa Magazine, The, contents of, 137, 314,

557
Iowa Memorial Union, The, 138
Iowa National Guard, active militia desig

nated as, 39
Iowa newspapers, recent historical items in,

143, 320, 459, 564
Iowa Odd Fellow, contents of, 447
Iowa Press and Author's Club, bulletin is-
sued by, 156; meeting of, 470
Iowa Reports, editor of 433
Iowa Rifle Association, 429
Iowa Ri^er archeological research near, 362,

366, 367
loiva River at Steamboat Rock, Eldora and

Iowa Falls, Retreat on the, 456
Iowa Society of the Daughters of the Amer-
ican Revolution, conference of, 330
Iowa State Agricultural College Company,

facts concerning, 17
Iowa State Bar Association, code revision

endorsed by, 479, 514, 519
Iowa State College, issue of arms to, 15
loiva State College in the World War, A

Short Record of the, 556
Iowa State College of Agriculture and Me-
chanic Arts, War Records Committee of,
pamphlet published by, 556
Iowa State Medical Society, The Journal of

the, contents of, 136
Iowa State Register (Des Moines), opinion
of, on veto of pension bill, 341; Cleve-
land denounced by, 344 ; editorial in, con-

INDEX

605

cerning Confederate flags, 345 ; Republi-
can victory explained by, 354, 355
Iowa Teacher, The, 557, 562
Iowa Teachers, The Professional Equipment

of Certain, 558, 559
Iowa Wexleyan College, Historical Sketch

and Ahirnni Record of, 313, 314
Iowa Woman Famed as Bird Scientist, 451
lowan Handles $2,700,000,000, 138
lowana, 136, 313, 447, 556
lowans, military honors received by, 321
lowans a Factor in Washington, 138
lowans Who Study Birds and Snakes, 450
Iowa's First State Park: The Devil's Back-
hone, 448, 449
lowns Master Fruit Breeder, 557, 559
Iowa's Research and Welfare Station for

Normal Children, 138
Iowa's Saving Crew, 133
Iowa's Sixtieth Commencement, 448, 458
Irish, John P., election of, as trustee of
State University, 125 ; connection of,
with medical college, 125-129
Ikish John P., Some Episodes in the His-
tory of the Founding of the Medical Col-
lege of the State University of Iowa, 125
Irish, Mrs. Mary E., 469
Irish Question, A Potential Solution for the,

445
Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, The Amalga-
mated Association of, 553
Irving. Washington, Personal Characteris-
tics of, 554
Ishi, The Medical History of, 446
Italy, American Publicity in, 133
Italy, An American Impression of, 447, 456
Ivey, Paul Wesley, monograph by, 446
Ivy Leaves, first publication of, 138; con-
tents of, 138, 139, 314

Jackson, Edwin R., 328

Jackson (Minnesota), massacre at, 460

James, T. L., office of, 327

James Sprunt Historical Publications, The,

contents of, 310
Jameson, R. D., poem written by, 138
Jamison, Isabel, article by, 325
Janes, George Milton, paper by, 446
Japan, Democracy in, 448, 456
Jaquish, B. M., paper by, 312
Jay, John, and Peter Van Sehaack, 465
Jefferson County, events in, 322; mounds

in, 358
Jeflferson County Historical Society, meeting

of, 327, 466, 571
Jenks, William L., article by, 464
Jennings, Walter Wilson, book by, 140
Jepsen, Herbert C, 328

Jernegan, Marcus W., article by, 150
Jessup, Walter A., article by, 318
Jesuits in Soiith America, The, 462
Jewell Junction, militia camp at, 59
Johansen, P. W., article by, 454
Johns, John, land patent granted to, 145
Johns Hopkins University Studies in His-
torical and Political Science, contents of,

130, 309, 443, 554
Johnson, Griff, article by, 560
Johnson, Ida Amanda, monograph by, 446
Johnson, Milo I., 154

Johnson, President Andrew, at Albion, 326
Johnson, Reverdy, Papers in the Library of

Congress, 462
Johnson, Robt. E., 469
Johnson, T. A., statement by, 307
Johnson, Vernon, 155
Johnson, Wesley R., paper by, 136
Johnson, Wm. S., 328 ; article by, 560
Johnson County, war record of, 315;

mounds in, 359
Johnson County Honor Roll, 137
Johnston, John R., 572
Johnston, Mrs. Mary H. S., 153
Johnstone, M. Beatrice, article by, 136
Jones, Dr. Noble W., Eulogy on, 568
Jones, Elizabeth, 572
Jones, Reson S., 154
Jones, William, book by, 131
Jordan, Henry D., article by, 464
Journalism in Missouri, A Century of, 570
Judge Advocate General, provision for, 78;

department of, 438
Judge Advocate General of the Army, Digest

of Opinions of the, 552
Judges, copies of Compiled Code given to,

506
Judiciary in special charter cities, 256-262
Judson, A. B., 469

Judson, Katherine B., articles by, 150, 324
Judy. Arthur M., publication by, 140
Jury, exemption of militiamen from, 34, 40;

provision for, 258, 259
Jury of His Peers, A, 558
Justices of the peace, powers of, 258
Juvenile home, laws relative to, 501

Kallen, Horace M., paper by, 315

Kankakee River Refuse Heap Evidence of a
Unique and Primitive Culture in the
Southwestern Chicago Area, The, 133

Kansas, wheat growing in, 408, 409, 410,
411

Kansas, The Graduate Magazine of the Uni-
versity of, contents of, 135

Kansas City (Missouri), inter-State encamp-
ment at, 75

606 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Kansas State Historical Society, The Twen-
ty-first Biennial Report of the Board of
Directors of the, for 1917-1919, 148

Kansas University, information concerning
history of, 135

Karns, Andrew M., biographical sketch of,
143

Karwath, Henry, 575

Kastman, K. C, article by, 560

Kay, George P., article by, 454

Keating, W. H., office of, 330

Keller.I. W., biographical sketch of, 143

Keller, J. 0., article by, 454

Kellogg, Louise Phelps, papers by, 149, 325,
463

Kellogg, Vftrnon, paper by, 309

Kelly, Florence Finch, article by, 130

Kelly, J. P., 575

Kelly, John, article by, 462

Kelly's "Army", 86, 87

Kendall, N. W., article by, 323

Kenea, J. P., papers edited by, 575

Kenea, Mabel H., 153

Kenea and Lane, papers published by, 575

Kennedy Fronde, article by, 553

Kennedy, J. P., appointment of, on medical
faculty, 126

Kenosha (Wisconsin), grain trade at, 116

Kensington Rune Stone, Another View of
the, 463

Kensington Rune Stone, Further Discoveries
Concerning the, 325

Kensington Rune Stone, The, 149

Kent, J. E., office of, 157

Kentucky, grain from, 114; wheat growing
in, 399, 401, 403, 405; part of, in World
War, 571 ; old capitol building of, 571

Kentucky, Journal of a Trip to, in 1795,
326

Kentuclcy, Trappists in. History of the, 325

Kentucky Cavalry, The First U. S. A., 464,
465

Kentucky State Historical Society, publica-
tion of, 152; plans of, 466

Kentucky State Historical Society, The Reg-
ister of the, contents of, 325. 464, 465,
571; founder and editor of, 327

Kenyon, C. H., 328

Kenyon, William S., article by, 454

Kenzie, Mrs. J. H., paper by, 462

Keokuk, medical college at, 126; charters
granted to, 172, 268, 270; power of coun-
cil of, 188, 215, 219; provisions of char-
ter of, 198, 221, 222, 225, 235; city
marshal in, 247, 248, 249; road super-
visor of, 251; mayor as a judicial officer
in 256, 257, 258; recorder's court in,
259; pen picture of, 566

Keokuk, Des Moines, and Minnesota Rail-
road, reference to, 459

Keokuk Veteran Guards, facts concerning,
17

Keosauqua, mounds in vicinity of, 144, 367;
reunion at, 156; charter granted to, 171,
172, 268, 270; provisions in charter of,
206 ; power of council over schools in,
215; regulation of sale of liquor in, 223;
regulation of ferries at, 227; the mayor
as a judicial officer in, 258

Keosauqua Artillery, facts concerning, 17

Kepford, A. P., article by, 454

Kepler, M. H., 328

Ker, W. P., article by, 443

Kerr, Robert Y., article by, 138

Kerr, W. B., 469, 470; article by, 561

Kerr, Mrs. W. B., article by, 454

Ketchum, H. H., schools of instruction in
charge of, 72 ; Guard camps inspected by,
77

Kettleborough, Charles, papers by, 133, 312,
444, 554

Keyes. Charles Reuben, reference to, 473 ;
article by, 561

Keyes, Charles R., Some Materials for the
Study of Iowa Archeology, 357

Keyes, Willard, article by, 325

Khaki Journalists, The, 19171919, 142, 151

Kidder, Alfred Vincent, monograph by, 131

King, Grace, translation by, 150

King, Ralph H., 153

King, W. N., article by, 454

King George III, and the Honorable Wil-
liam Pitt, The Statues of, Erected in New
York City, 1770, 568

Kings, cities incorporated by, 165

Kingston-upon-Hull, incorporation of, 165

Kinne, Roy U., 328, 329

Kino, Eusebio, 324

Kino's Historical Memoir of Pimeria Alta,
16S3-1711, 135

Kirkwood, Samuel J., adjutant general ap-
pointed by, 11 ; Baker appointed by, 25,
26; Looby appointed by, 26; appreciation
of, 37

Kirkwood, Mrs. Samuel J., birthday of, 566

Kitchen middens, articles on, 360

Kleekner, D. I., article by, 447

Kline, Chas. W., 154

Klingaman, O. P., article by, 561

Knight, Edgar W., articles by, 132, 311

Knight, Nicholas, office of, 470

Knipe, Alden Arthur, publications by, 141,
561

Knipe, Emilie Benson, publications by, 141,
561

Knives, 364

INDEX

607

Knowlton, D. C, article by, 445

Knoxyjlle, charter granted to, 172, 268

Kolbe, Parke Rexford, book by, 131

Korff, S. A., article by, 444

Korn, Anne Lee Brosius, article by, 150

Kossuth County, first visit to, 139

Kouba, R. R., article by, 454

"Krag" rife, provision for, 418

Kramer, I. N., biographical sketch of, 144

Kraschel, N. Q., 154

Krensky, Louis J., 468

Kroeber, A. L., articles by, 133, 135, 444,

555
Kuhns, Geo., 155

Labor, division of, 94, 95, 96, 97
Labor, Absenteeism in, 134
Labor, lotva Farmers' Attitude Toward In-
dustrial, 456
Labor, Management and Production, 554
Labor and Industry in Missouri During the

Last Century, 570
Labor and the War, 449
Labor-saving machinery, introduction of,

337-379; use of, 382
Labor Shortage Lie, Answering the, 458
Labor Statistics, Iowa Bureau of, bulletin

issued by, 137
Labor troubles, service of Guard during, 62
Labor Turnover, List of References on, 133
Labor Union as a .Stabilizing Force in In-
dustrial Readjustment, The, 450
La Cygne Journal, The, 575
Ladd, Scott M., nominations of, for code

commission, 484; opinions of, 522
Lafayette in New Brunswick in 1824, 463
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States, 567
Lafitte, the Louisiana Pirate and Patriot,

463
Laird, P. M., 155
LaTce Calvin, an Extinct Glacial Lake, 315,

319
Lake Michigan, grain trade on, 116, 117
Lake Ontario, grain trade on, 119
Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte, 326, 465, 569
Lamb, William E., 155
Lamp of Heaven, The, 142
Lamson, Ralph "W., office of, 327
Land, tax on, 207
Land Grant Act, provisions of, 391, 392,

393
Land Grant Act of 1862, Origin of, 457
Land Values Permanent? , Are Present, 560
Landon, Fred, articles by, 310, 553, 568
Lane, Edwin C, papers edited by, 575
Lane, Mrs. Jennie, 468

Lane, Rev. Daniel, and Mis Keosauqua
Academy, 447

Langf'ird, George, article by, 133

Lankelma, .Tames V., 329

Laprade, William Thomas, 132, 325

Large, Mr., Wallace accompanied by, 306

Larrabee, William, recommendations of, con-
cerning National Guard, 70, 71 ; National
Guard commended by, 72, 73 ; opposition
of, to return of Confederate flags, 345

Last Clear Chance Doctrine, Iowa Applica-
tions of the, 136

Latham, Ray, 468

Latta, Karle C, 329

Laufer, Berthold, reference to, 471

Lavell, Cecil F., articles by, 448, 454

Law and Order, 130

Law College, founding of, 125, 126

Lawler Battery, facts concerning, 16

Lawrence, Frederick W., article by, 552

Laws, confusion of, 477; need of revision
of, 478-480; compilation of, 488, 489,
490; discarding of repealed, 491

Lawson, Publius V., articles by, 446, 555

Lawyers, index to code used by, 542

Lawyers of Montgomery County, Illinois,
325

Layman, Religion of a: a Study of the Ser-
mon on the Mount, 316

Leach, Robert L., 153

League of Iowa Municipalities, convention
of, 156; advice of, concerning municipal
laws, 514; meeting of, 574

League of Nations, 138

League of Nations, Herbert Hoover and the,
318

League of Nations, and the Peace of the
World, The, 134

League of Nations and the Problem of Sov-
ereignty, 442

League of Nations Covenant, Effects of the,
133

Leave it to Doris, 140

Leavitt, Roger, 575

Le Claire, charter granted to, 172, 268;
power of council over schools of, 215;
"The Green Tree hotel" at, 322

Le Cron, Mrs. James D., 470, 572

Lee, survey of, 276

Lee County, Hawkeye Natives society of,
157; pioneer of, 564

Lees, Jas. H., office of, 470

Leffert, Lillian, 154

Legalizing acts, code title relating to, 495,
497

Leggett, Richard C, 329

Legislative Assembly, special charters grant-
ed by, 170-270

Legislative Notes and Reviews, 133, 312,
444, 554

608 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Legislature, power of, over city govern-
ments, 167-270
Le Mars, pageant at, 575
L'Enfant Papers, The James Dudley Mor-
gan Collection of, 462
Letters, nnmber of. 30
Letts, F. D., 329

Levermore, C. H., articles by, 134, 325
Levy, S. Leon, paper by, 443
Lewis, Judge, paper by, 466
Lewis, Charles, death of, 271, 272, 273
Lewis, Edward F., The Career of, 463
Lewis, Franklin F., article by, 463
Lewis, Mrs. Lewis R., 155
Lewis, Nelson, gun made by, 277
Lewis, T. H., archeological work of, 358
Lewis, Warner, surveyors sent out by, 271,

272, 273
Lewis, William S., article by, 571
Lewis, Mormon Trail near, 574
Lewis and Clark, reference to, 330
Libby, Orin G., paper by. 136
Liberal or Reactionary, 553
Liberty Loan Controversy, The, 459
Librarians as Educators, 136
Libraries, articles on industrial, 133; copies

of Compiled Code given to, 506
Library, Industrial, The Functions of the,

133
Library Notes and News (Minnesota), con-
tents of, 136
Libr'iry of Congress, publication of, 442
Licenses, powers of councils to grant, 222,

223-227; power to issue, 263, 264
Liebmann, Estelle L., article by, 133
Liens, code title relating to, 495, 497
Lieutenant Governor, use of rooms of, by

code commission, 484
Ligutti, Luigl G., 328
Limo Springs, militia company at, 18
Lincoln, Abraham, campaign badge of, 321;

reference to, 352, 467; assassination of,

565
Lincoln, .James Rush, assignment of, to

duties, 52; signal corps organized by, 57;

signal corps directed by, 75 : report of,

concerning National Guard, 82, 83, 85,

414
Lincoln Highway Tourists, Camp Grounds

for. 457
Lincoln in Wisconsin, 569
Lindley, Harlow, publications by, 150, 151
Lindley, John M., 329, 467
Linguistic Families of California, 135
Linn County, dispute over the county seat

of, 144
Linn County, Iowa, Soil Survey of, 447,

449

Linn County Soldiers and Sailors Serving
Our Flag, 44.7

Liquor, powers of council concerning, 217;
use of, in camps, 414; prohibition of,
near camps, 421

Lisle, Clifton, articles by, 132

Literary Revival, A, 138

Literature, A Century of Missouri, 570

Little Crow, massacre by, 289

Little Osage River, survey on, 273

Little Rock, Beginnings of the Church in,
552

Live stock, exports of, 384, 386, 387

Liverpool (England), cost of transporting
wheat to, 383

Livery stables, regulation of, 220; licenses
for, 225

Lizzard Forks, settlement at, 293

Lloyd, John William, monograph by, 134

Lloyd, Mary, article by, 554

Loan offices, licensing of, 224

Lobbes, J. C, 329

Localism, The Menace of, 130

Locke, James R., 328

Lockman, Tom D., article by, 454

Lodge, Sir Oliver, Coming of, 317

Lodge circles, articles on, 360; location of,
366

Loeb, H. W., article by, 150

Logan, Guy E., report of, 432, 436

Logan, John A., death of, 336, 347

Logan, Mrs. John A., pension of, 336

Logan, early days at, 145

Lomas, D. E., 154

Lone Tree, mound near, 367

Long, Mrs. Veda M., 572

Long. Wm. L., office of, 156

Longaere, M. Y., book compiled by, 447

Lonn, Ella, article by, 151

Looby, John H., appointment of, as adjutant
general, 26; work of, as adjutant general,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34

Looby State Guards, 27, 42

Loop intenna for Submarines, 449

Lotts. Mrs. Sophia, biographical sketch of,
143

Louisa County, mounds in, 357; antiquities
in, 365: historical importance of, 565;
State park proposed for, 574

Louisiana, Historical Notes on the Com-
merce and Agriculture of, 1720-1766. 151

Louisiana, The A rchives of, 463

Louis-iana, The Emblematic Bird of, 150

Louisiana, The Flags of. 463

Louisiana Historical Quarterly, The, con-
tents of, 151, 463

Louisiana Purchase, The Constitutional His-
tory of the, 1803-1812, 446

INDEX

609

Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Iowa

guardsmen at, 421
Louisiana f!tate Museum, Annual Report of

the Board of Curators of the, 445
Louisville (Kentucky), trade at. 111
Lovelace, Francis, Governor of New Yorlc,

166S-1673, 461
Lowden, Frank O., articles by, 448, 454,

455
Lower Iowa area, 363, 366, 367
Loyalty in America, The Great, 134
Lucas, C. L., articles by, 459, 460, 565
Lucas, Robert, bill vetoed by, 175
Lucas. W. v., article by, 566
Luisa. The Lost Island of, 466
Lundin, Hilda G., book by, 561
Luscombe, Donald A., article by, 455
Lusk, George L., article by, 326
Luther College, Decorah, Iowa, 557, 561
Lutheranism in Perry County, Ohio, 147
L>Tnan, Major, bicyclers' corps organized

by, 86
Lyman, Frank E., Jr., article by, 314; office

of, 471
Lyons, charter granted to, 172, 268, 270;

provisions in charter of, 207, 245

Mabry, Jefferson C, appointment of, on code
commission, 4S4; biographical sketch of,
485: work of, on drainage bill, 512, 513

McBeth, R. R., office of, 156

McCain, L. P., articles by, 143

McCarty, J. H., 572

McCash, Buell. 468

McClaskey, Frank C, 576

McClcery, H. H., 574

McClenahan, P. E., article by, 455

McCord, J. H., 329

McCoy, Mary, 574

McCree, George W., article by, 569

McCulloch, Fred, 469

McCiitcheon, O. E., article by, 326

McDermott. Patrick N., 572

McDonald, G. B., office of, 330

McDowell, F. B., article by, 151

McGee, W J, mounds surveyed by, 358

McGovney, D. O., article by, 448

McGregor, meeting at, 34, 137; archeologi-
cal work near, 362, 363; study of mounds
near, 364

McGregor Artillery, facts concerning, 17

McHenry, Mrs. L. C, 469

McHenry, W. H., 329

Machinery, use of, in agriculture, 377-379;
improvement of, 403, 404, 407; value of,
404

Mcllree, Reed H., 469

Mcintosh, George, The Case of, 148

McKeehnie, Arthur H., 153
McKinley, Albert E., office of, 467
McKinley, L. O., article by, 460
McKinney, William Wilson, article by, 148
Maclean, Ralph, appointment of, as assistant

to code commission, 484; biographical

sketch of, 487
McLellan, Hugh, article by, 465
McMahou, E. F., appointment of, as chief

clerk of code commission, 484
McManus, James H., article by, 149
McMaster, John Bach, volume by, 445
McMurry, Donald L., 154, 473 ; articles by,

466. 561
MoMi KEY, Donald L., The Soldier Vote in

Iowa in the Election of 1888, 335
McNider, C. H., article by, 455
McNider, Hanford J., address by, 575
McNutt, R. S., address by, 156
Macomber, Charles S., 329
MePeak, Ival. article by, 455
MePherson, Mr. map by, 305
McYey, Frank L., paper bj', 446
Mncy, Jesse, biographical sketch of, 138,

157, 158; papers by, 448, 455
Madison (Wisconsin), meeting at, 571
Madison County Historical Society, meeting

of, 466, 470
Madrid, landmarks of, 565
Madsen, Iver N., article by, 141
Madson, Norman A., 155
Magnolia, old settlers' reunion at, 575
Magoffin, R. V. B., article by, 311
Mahin, Frank W., National Guard com-
mended by, 78
Mahone. Leslie W., article by, 455
Mail, distribution of, 418
Main, J. H. T., articles by, 138, 152, 556,

561
Maine, roster of soldiers from, 9; first pro-
hibitory laws of, 148
Maize, planting of, 396

Malone, Bartlett Yancey, The Diary of, 310
Man, The Common: An Unrealized Social

Asset, 448, 456
Manawa, reincorporation of, 565
Manchester, militia camp at, 59
Mangold, George B., article by, 570
Manning, Calvin, 155
Mantcux, P., paper by, 442
Manufacturing Establishments, Directory of,

137
Maquoketa, charter granted to. 173, 268;

provisions of charter of, 201, 214, 216;

march to, 426
Marblb cabin, reference to, 565
Marches, practice, 426
Marcia Mason's LucJcy Star, 316

610 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Marengo, pioneer days in, 145 : surveying

party at, 272; naming of, 323
Mai-ino Corps, shooting record of, 431, 432
Marion, rifle range near, 86
Marion, Soldiers' and Sailors' Club of, vol-
ume issued by, 447
Markets, powers of council concerning, 217;

growth of, 381-387
Marquette, An Unrecognized Father, Letter,

567
Marshal, election of, 185, 188. 246; compen-
sation of, 186, 189, 190, 246; bond of,
187, 190; duties of, 243, 246-249; oath
of, 246; qualifications of, 246; filling of
vacancies of, 246; term of, 246
Marshall, Thomas M., article by, 462
Marshall, Verne, office of, 470
Marshall County, meeting of the historical

society of, 152
Marshall County in the World War, 157
Marshalltown, militia encampment at, 43,
49, 65 ; convention at, 43, 152 ; mounds
near, 367
Martin, T. P., article by, 445
Martzolff, C. L., paper by, 147
Maruth, John O., article bj', 455
Marvin, "Walter T., article by, 326
Marje, William B., paper by, 568
Maryland, wheat growing in, 399, 400, 402
Maryland Historical Magazine, contents of,

149, 462, 569
Marylandcrs, Some Early Colonial, 149, 462
Mason, E. C, report of, on National Guard,

69, 70
Mason City, militia camp at, 59 : German

gnn at, 320; early days of, 460
Mason Family Now on Exhibition, The, 139
Massachusetts, message of governor of, 382
Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceed-
ings of the, contents of, 148
Mathews, John Mabry, volume by, 441
Matlack, H. "W., article by, 561
Matson, Dan, sketch of life of, 460
Matthcson, Gunder, office of, 156
Maxey, Chester Collins, article by, 130
Max^rell, Thomas L., sketch of life of, 566
May, John N., reminiscence by, 145
Mayers, Lewis, article by, 444
Mayflower Maid, A, 561
Mayor, election of, 185, 188, 233; term of.
185; compensation of, 186, 202, 223;
bond of, 187; financial powers of, 203,
212, 213; qualifications of, 233; filling
of vacancies in office of, 234; duties of,
234, 235; judicial functions of, 256,
257, 258, 259; provision for removal of,
258

Meauy, Edmond S., articles by, 462, 571
Meat, regulation of sale of, 220
Medford a Century Ago — 1S19, 324
Medford Historical Register, The, contents

of, ]47, 324, 442
Medford Tiirnpike Corporation, history of,

442
Medical college, attempt to abolish, 128
Medical College of the State University of
loiva. Some Episodes in the History of
the Founding of the, by John P. Ikish,
125
Medical Department, provision for, 82 ; or-
ganization of, 417, 430
Medical examiners, law concerning, 521
Medical students, cadaver stolea by, 127,

128
Medicine in Missouri, One Hundred Tears

of, 150
Meeker, N. C, murder of, 290
Melhus, I. E., book by, 561
Memorial Day, observance of, 336, 337
Memphis (Tennessee), trade at. 111
Mengert, H. R., article by, 324
Menomini Place Names in Wisconsin, Some,

135
Mercier, Cardinal, visit of, to America, 461
Meredith, Edwin T., articles by, 561
Mereness, Xewton D., research work of, 467
Merit System, Rise and Progress of the, 134
Merit System Legislation, Constitutionality

of, 133
Meriwether, Lee, article by, 570
Mermaton River, survey on, 273
Merriam, Charles E., article by, 133
Merriam, John C, paper by, 446
Merrill, Samuel, adjustant general appoint-
ed by, 11, 26; connection of, with medical
college, 126
Meskwaki Indians, pow-wow of, 575
Methodists in Oregon, Educational Plans

and Efforts by, to 1S60, 568
Metropolitan Hall, 127,. 128
Mexico, Intervention in, 138
Mexico, Shelby's Expedition to, 326, 465
Mexico, The War With, 312
Mexican Border, Iowa trops ordered to, 439
Mexican War, service pensions for sur-
vivors, of, 341
Mexican War, Indiana in the, 149, 571
Mexicans, The Sources and Authenticity of

the History of the Ancient, 555
Meyer, A. H., book compiled by, 447
Meyer, Herman H. B., list compiled by, 442
Meyers, Jacob A., article by, 571
Michelson, Truman, publications by, 131,
136, 141, 576

INDEX

611

Michigan, cooperation with militia of, 73 ;
laws derived from, 164, 171; wheat grow-
ing in, 399, 400, 401, 405, 406, 408, 411
Michigan, Indian Wars and Warriors of,

326
Michigan, The University of, and the Train-
ing of Her Students for the War, 464
Michigan, War Work of the American Red

Cross of, 326
Michigan Agriculture and the Food Supply

During the War, 326
Michigan and the Great War, 326
Michigan City (Michigan), grain trade at,

116
Michigan Fur Trade, The, 446
Michigan Historical Commission, bulletin of,

313
Michigan History Magazine, contents of,

326, 464
Michigan Schools, Prize Essays Written by
Pupils of, in the War History Contest for
1918-19, 313
Michigan State Federation of Women's

Clubs and the Great War, 326
Middle Atlantic Colonies, growth of wheat

in, 396, 397
Middle Atlantic States, list of, 96; produc-
tion of wheat in, 100, 103, 104, 105,
412; production of corn in, 101, 102,
103, 104; amount of oats produced in,
102, 103 ; amount of cereals produced in,
102, 103, 104; consumption of wheat in,
105; exports of grain to, 383
Middle States, products of, 95, 96, 97
Middle Tears, The, 453

Middleton, W. D., appointment of, on med-
ical faculty, 126
Midland, The, commendation of, 156
Miles, Lewis, 573

Milford, meeting of old settlers at, 156
Military Code, adoption of, 38, 42 ; revision
of, 59, 70, 88; amendments to, 73 V

Military courtesy, need of, 64 ; disregard of,

69
Military duty, exemptions from, 6, 7
Military Insignia, The Romance of, 132
Military law, 38

Military records, emphasis on, 348, 349
Military Rifle Association of the National
Guard of the Northwest, organization of,
73
Military Secretary, appointment of, 11, 28,

424
Military staff of governor, officers on, 11
Military title of Code of 1897, provisions

of, 90
Military Training as Education, 138

Militia, periods in history of, 3, 4; exemp-
tions from, 6, 7, 14; organization of, 4,
5, 7, 8, 14, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33;
inclusion of negroes in, 10, 11; lack of
legislation on, 14; need of, 16; roster of,
16, 17; calling out of, 18; pay of, 20,
21; need of new law for, 22, 23; increase
in interest in, 23; equipment needed for,
24; confusion in records of, 27; meeting
of officers of. 34; letter of Governor New-
bold concerning, 35; laws concerning, 38,
39, 40, 41, 46; convention of, 42, 43;
size of, 45; right of sheriff to call out,
48; disbanding of, 50; commendation of,
5i', 58, 59; cooperation of, 73; lack of,
in Iowa, 413; members of, 429 (see also
National Guard)
Militia, The Captains of, 568
Militia Affairs, Division of, 429, 437
Militia Code, provisions of, 429, 430
Militia in Iowa, Historical Survey of the,

1865-1898, by CYRIL B. IJPHAM, 3
Militia in Iowa, Historical Survey of the,

1803-1916, by Cykil B. Upham, 413
Miller, Amos, article by, 325
Miller, Mrs. Blanche F., 153
Miller, Homer A., 329
Miller. Leland W., article by, 455
Miller, Sidney T., article by, 326
Miller, Mrs. W. B., 573
Millerd, Clara E., biographical sketch by,

138
Milliman, William Henry, sketch of life of,

460
Mills, Bert N., 572

Mills County, prize fight in, 20 ; early docu-
ments of, 145; reminiscence of. 145:
lynching in, 146; early days in, 146;
antiquities in, 358
Milwaukee ("Wisconsin), receipts of grain

and flour at, 116, 117
Miner, George L., paper by, 461
Miners' Laws of Colorado, The, 462
Minivmm Wage Laws at Work, American,

132
Mining, revision of law relative to, 513,

514

Minneapolis, Welfare Administration in, 455

Minnesota, cooperation with militia of, 73 ;

Indian massacre in, 143; wheat growing

in, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411; State

history of, 464

Minnesota, Recruiting Engineers for the

World War in, 569
Minnesota, War History Work in, 148
Minnesota Frontier, Henry Hastings Sibley

and the, 148
Minnesota Geographic Names, 464

612 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Minnesota Historical Society, Collectiong of
the, volume in series of, 464

Minnesota History Bulletin, contents of,
148, 445, 446, 569

Miro, Don Estevan, Ex-Governor of Louis-
iana, Letters, in Journal Form, Written
to, by Don Joseph Xavier de Pontalba in
1792. 463

"Mississippi, Influence of the Valley of the,
on the Development of Modern France",
573

Mississippi, Native YiUages and Village
Sites East of the, 309

Mississippi River, grain trade on, 99, 108,
109, 111, 114, 122, 123, 398; blockade
of, 123 ; steamboat traffic on, 146 : ferries
across, 226; characteristic of towns on,
266, 267; tourist's manual for upper,
459, 564; articles on, 556

Mississippi Valley, immigration to, 96 ; trade
in. 111, 112, 121; movement of popula-
tion into, 382, 397; wheat growing in,
40(1; first frame house in upper, 565

Mississippi Valley, National Park for, 448,
451

Mississippi Valley, The Ancient Monuments
of the, 360

Mississippi Valley Historical Association,
meeting of, 466

Mississippi Valley Historical Review, The,
contents of, 151, 463, 464, 568, 569

Missouri, grain from, 114; wheat growing
in 400, 402, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410,
411; pageant dealing with history of,
573

Missouri, A Century of Journalism in, 570

Missouri, A Century of Transportation in,
570

Missouri, Committee on the Archaeological
Survey of, 471

Missouri, History of Woman Suffrage in,
465

Missouri, Labor and Industry in. During
the Last Century, 570

Missouri, Social Customs and Usages in,
During the Last Century, 570

Missouri, Social Reform in. During the Last
Century, 570

Missouri, The Development of the Negro
Public School System in, 443

Missouri, The Travail of, for Statehood, 570

Missouri and Arkansas Early Exploration
and Settlement of, 465

Missouri Knabling Act, centennial of, 327

Missouri Historical Review, The, contents
of, 150, 326, 465, 570

Missouri Historical Society, annual meeting
of, 571, 572

Missouri in 1820, 570

Missouri Literature, A Century of, 570

Missouri River, ferries across, 227; mounds

near, 366
Missouri State Historical Society, meeting

of, 327
"Missouri Taverns", 571, 572
MissGurians Abroad — Leigh C. Palmer,

325
Missourians in Service, 150
Mitchell, C. W., 155
Mitchell, Chas. H. J., 329
Mitchell, G. F., 329
Mitchell, George E., article by, 554
Mitchell. Richard F., 469
Mitchell, W. E., 154
Modoc Indians, murder by, 290
Moen, T. E., 155
Moffit, John T., 467, 573
Money. If We Divided All the, 319
Monona County, park in, 330
Monroe, J. H., biographical sketch of, 145
Monroe, James, reference to, 327
Montague, .Tames J., article by, 460
Montague, Richard Ward, monograph by,

313
Montana, code of, 490
Montgomery Cottnty, Illinois, Lawyers of,

325
Montreal (Canada), grain trade at, 119,

120
Moore, Albert B., 155
Moore, Blaine F., monograph by, 313
Moore, Heury L., papers by, 134, 443
Moore, W. F., 467

Morale Work in an Army Camp, 311, 312
Moran, Thomas F., address by, 570
Moravians, in Northampton County, Penn.,

The, 309
Moravians and Their Missions Among the

Indians of the Ohio Valley, The, 464
Morgan, H. B., 469
Morgan, The James Dudley, Collection of

L'Enfant Papers, 462
Moriarity, G. Andrews, Jr., article by, 324
Morison, Samuel Eliot, article by, 571
Morman, James B., volume by, 444
Mormon Trail, Old, marker for, 574
Mormon War, Early Days on Grand River

and the, 136, 150, 315, 326 465
Morris, Earl H., paper by, 311
Morris, Joe H., 154
Morris. "William C, article by, 459
Morrison, Theodore N., 329
Morton, Mrs. Jennie C, death of, 326, 327
Morton, Levi P., 353
Moscow, mounds near, 367
Moscrip, F. A., address by, 576

INDEX

613

Mosquitoes, 277

Motor Transportation on Iowa Highways,
454

Mott, John Raleigh, article by, 455

Motz, Jake, 575

Mound builders, study of, 360, 361

Mound Explorations, Recent, in Shawano
County, 135

Mounds, articles found in, 357, 359, 360;
investigation of, 357, 358, 359, 366;
study of, 362; kinds of, 365; burials in,
366; description of, 366, 367

Mount Pleasant, charter granted to, 170,
171. 172, 268, 270; provision in charter
of, 203, 245 ; power of council to make
health rt*gulations for, 299

Mt. Vernon, mounds near, 367

Mountain States, wheat growing in, 412

Muchikinock, National Guard sent to, 87

Mueller, Alfred C, 155

Mueller, Frank W., 155

Mueller, H. A., paper by, 466 ; office of, 466

Mulct Law, provisions of, retained, 491

Mullin, George A., 154

Munima, Morton C, reference to, 329

Municipal Affairs, Notes on, 133

Municipal Charters in Iowa, Special, 183S-
1858, by George F. Robeson, 163

Municipal Charters in lovja, 1836-1858,
457

Municipal corporations, status of, 177-179,
487; revision of laws concerning, 514,
537, 518

Mvinicipal courts, sections concerning, 501,
502, 504; bill relating to, 519

Municipal government, historical sketch of,
164-174

Municipal Legislation in Iowa, Special, 554,
560

Municipalities, incorporation of, 163-270;
methods of securing special charters for,
174-176; status of, as corporate bodies,
176, 177; powers of, 263-265; list of city
manager, 443

Municipalities, League of Iowa, convention
of, 556, 574

Munro, Wilfred H., paper by, 461

Murray, Roy W., 329

Murtagh, J. C, 575

Muscatine, militia encampment at, 53 ; con-
vention at, 156; provisions in charter of,
206. 207. 224, 244, 245; subordinate of
fleers of. 255; mayor as a judicial officer
in, 256, 257: collection of antiquities in,
365; march from, 426; strike at, 435
436; conference at. 514; reunion at, 57J

Museum of the American Indian, archeolog
ical collection of, 369

Music and the University, 447, 451
Mttsic as a Liberal Art, 561
Musical Talent, The Psychology of, 319
Musical Talent in the Public Schools, A

Survey of, 563
Muskets, distribution of, 15, 16, 17
Mussey, Henry Raymond, compilation by,

554
Myers, E. B., 154
Myers, T. L., 155
Mystery of the Silver Dagger, The, 318

Naegely, Henry E., article by, 326

Narragansett Bay, The Inscribed Rocks of,
324

Nashville, charter granted to, 171, 268

Nashville (Tennessee), trade at, 111; early
temperance society at, 462

Nat Turner's Insurrection, The Aftermath
of, 443

Nation and the Public School, Our, 455

National Association of Ex-Prisoners of
War, speech to, 353

National Association of State War History
Organizations, conference of, 152, 467

National Geographic Magazine, The, con-
tents of, 132, 442, 552

National Guard, beginning of, in Iowa, 3,
4, 5; adoption of name of, 28; organiza-
tion of, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,
53, 59, 78, 79, 80, 90. 91, 413, 415,
416, 417. 420, 421, 422, 426, 427, 428,
429, 430, 436, 437, 438; meeting of of-
ficers of, 34; resolutions of, 36, 37; pay of,
41, 48, 71, 73, 87, 88, 416, 419, 420,
421. 422, 425; conventions of, 42, 43;
size of, 45, 49, 55; legislation concerning,
53, 59, 421, 422, 424, 425, 426, 427,

429, 430, 436, 437, 438; expenses of,
55; needs of, 56, 57; commendation of,
57, 58, 59, 85, 91 ;description of, 63, 64,
65, 66, 67, 432-435: reports on, 69, 71,
72, 426; assistance of Federal govern-
ment to, 76, 77; school for officers of,
90; mobilization of, 91-93, 413, 439;
Iowa without, 93; attitude toward, 414;
camps for, 414, 415, 421, 422, 423, 424,
428, 429, 431, 432, 433, 434, 436;
selection of officers for, 415; change in
companies of, 419; reenlistments in, 420,
424; appropriations for, 422, 425, 427,

430, 436, 437; inspection of, 429
National Guard Association, formation of,

73 ; resolution adopted by, 84
National Municipal Review, contents of, 130
National Park, proposed, 364
National Research Council, Division of An-

614 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

thropology and Psychology of, -work of

committee of, 471
National rifle shoot, Iowa's part in, 431,

432
National Road, Old, trade on, 398
Natural History, Studies in, volume in series

of, 314
Natural Resources, Iowa Should Conserve

Her, 137
Nauvoo, Description of Historic Places in,

314
Naval Militia, provision for, 420, 429
Navigation, Bureau of, duties of, 471
Navy appropriation bill, provisions of, 471
Neasham, John W., 155
Nebraska, anniversary celebration held in,

152; wheat growing in, 409, 410, 411
NebrasJca History and Record of Pioneer

Days, contents of, 147
Nebraska State Historical Society, program

prepared by, 152
Neff, Lewis J., 469
Negro, The American, In the World War,

131
Negro, The Future of the American, 444
Negro Colleges and Universities, Religious

Education in, 443
Negro History, The Journal of, contents of,

310, 443
Negro in Education, The, 310
Negro Migration During the War, 44:2
Negro Migration to Canada after 1850, The,

310
Negro Public School System in Missouri,

The Development of the, 443
Negroes, inclusion of, in militia, 10, 11;

oiHeers' training camp for, 131
Negroes, The Management of, Upon South-
ern Estates — An Echo of Slave Days in

the Southland, 151
Negroes and Indians in Massachusetts, The

Relation of, 310
Negus, Charles, archeological work of, 358
Nelson, E. C, 329
Nelson. W. B., article by, 455
Nervous Pig, 452
New Albany-Salem Railroad, The — Incidents

of the Road and Men, 149
Neto Brunswick, History of the Presbytery

of, 148
New England, products of, 95, 96, 97, 396,

412: market for grain in, 382
New England, Some Account of Steam Nav-
igation in, 568
New England Historic Genealogical Society,

Proceedings of the, publication of, 464
New England Historical and Genealogical

New England States, list of, 96; wheat pro-
duction in, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105;
amount of oats produced in, 101, 102,
103 ; production of corn in, 101, 102,
103, 104; amount of cereals produced in,
102, 103, 104; consumption of wheat in,
105, 106; exports of grain to, 383; in-
crease in population of, 397

New England Temple of Honor, A, 464

New England Town Mandates, 451

New Hampshire Historical Society, publica-
tion of, 568

New Hampshire Historical Society Building,
The Unwritten History of the, 568

New Jersey, wheat growing in, 396

New Jersey as It Appeared to Early Observ-
ers and Travelers, 463

New Jersey Historical Society, anniversary
of, 463

New Jersey Historical Society, Proceedings
of the, contents of, 326, 463

Neiv Jersey in the Revolution, 442

New Mexico, A Treatise on The Disputed
Points of the History of, 135

Neiv Mexico Folk Poetry, 135

New Orleans, exports from, 108; receipts of
flour and grain at, 110, 111; grain trade
at, 114, 118, 122

New Orleans, A Treasure House for His-
torians, 150

New Orleans, Celebration of the Founding
of, 150

New Orleans in Early Days, 553

New Ulra, reference to massacre at, 139

New York, wheat growing in, 396, 399, 400,
401, 402, 405; railroads in, 402; history
of, 465

New York and the National Banking Sys-
tem, 465

New York Central Railroad, building of,
119

New York City, convention of National
Guard at, 42 ; incorporation of, 166 ;
grain market at, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122,
123, 383

New York Genealogical and Biographical
Record, The, contents of, 461

New York Historical Society in the Growth
of American Interest in Egyptology, The
Place of the, 461

New-York Historical Society Quarterly Bul-
letin, The, contents of, 147, 461, 568

Nevj York Income Tax, The, 134

New York State Historical Association, The
Quarterly Journal of the, contents of,
465, 466, 570

New York Tribune, 290

Newbold, Joshua G., proclamation issued by,

INDEX

615

31, 32; message of, concerning militia,
33, 34, 35

A'ewbwrj/ Port, The Dreadnought of, 151

Newhall, R. A., article by, 134

Nevrmyer, Isabel Naysmith, article by, 464

News not Views, 138

Neivspaper History, 563

Newspaper^;, attitude of, on veto of pension
bill. 341, 342

Xeivspaper.9, Bibliography of American,
1690-1820, 553

Newspapers, Cooperating with the, 561

Newton, Caroline Clifford, article by, 554

Newton, Joseph Fort, book by, 455

Newton, militia camp at, 59 ; charter granted
to, 173, 268; amendment of charter of,
232; surveying party at, 272

Nichols, C. S., article by, 137

Nixon, Vesta Tharp, articles by, 138, 561

Nixon and Doe, 127, 128

Noble, Catherine, article by, 570

NoUen, John Scholte, articles by, 447, 456

Nonnegotiable Bills and Notes, 314

Nonpartisan League;, The Story of the, A
Chapter in American Evolution, 563

Nora Springs, naming of, 459

North Atlantic States, list of, 96, 375; rail-
roads in, 402, 403 ; wheat growing in,
410, 412

North Carolina, part of, in World War, 570

North Carolina, Fighting Adult Illiteracy in,
553

North Carolina, Proceedings of the State
Literary and Historical Association of,
325. 570

North Carolina, The Present Status of Tax
Reform in, 132

North Carolina, The Provincial Agents of,
310

North Carolina Historical Commission, Pub-
lications of the, bulletin of, 325, 570

North Carolina Women to the World War,
Contributions of, 570

North Carolina World War Records, The
Preservation of. 570

North Carolina's New Educational System,
132

North Carolina's World War Records, Pre-
serving, as a State Enterprise, 443

North Central States, increase in farm area
of, 375; States included in, 375; rail-
roads in, 402, 403 ; wheat growing in,
404, 405, 407, 409, 411, 412

North Dakota, part of, in World War, 136;
wheat growing in, 408, 409, 410, 411;
code of, 490

North Dakota — the Laboratory of the Non-
partisan League, 451

North DaTcota, The Quarterly Journal of the
University of, contents of, 136, 313, 446

North Dakota, University of, A Service List
of the, 313

North Dakota's Contribution of Men, 136

North Dakota's Contribution Thru the Lib-
erty Loan, 136

North Dakota's Physicians and Nurses, The
Work of, 136

North McGregor, mounds near, 358

Northup, Clark S., article by, 443

Northwest Boundaries, The, 324

Northwestern Iowa in 1855, by J. L. In-
GALSBE, 271

Notes and Comment, 156, 330, 470, 574

Nourse, E. G., 155

Nuisances, powers of council over, 217,
220; abatement of, 227, 228, 263

Nutting, Charles Cleveland, book by, 314,
318

Nutz, Mr. instruments made by, 296

Nykl, Alois Richard, articles by, 448, 456

Nykl, Loi A. R., article by, 138

Oath, requirement of, 187, 188, 190, 439

Oats, production of, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103 ;
receipts of, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116,
117, 118

Obrecht, Edmund M., article by, 325

Ocheyedan, naming of, 146

O'Conner, Patrick, The Trial and Execution
of, at the Dubuque Mines in the Summer
of 1834, by Eliphalet Price, 562

O'Dea, Mrs. Evelyn S., 153

Of Things Classical, 448, 458

Offenses, against property, 503 ; against
public policy, 503

Officers (military), 28, 29; number of, 29,
415, 416: election of, 39, 40, 415; com-
pensation of, 48; roster of, suggested, 56;
association formed by, 73 ; criticism of
conduct of, 74, 82, 83, 89, 90; resigna-
tions of, 79, 80; school for, 85, 86, 90;
terure of, 427, 430, 438: discipline of,
428: assignment of, 430, 431

Officers (municipal), discussion of, 180-
255: account of, under general incorpora-
tion act. 263

Ogburr, William F., paper by, 134

Ogdensburg (New York), grain trade at,
119, 120

Ogg, Frederic A., articles by, 133, 312, 444,
554

Oglethorpe's Treaty with the Lower Creek
Indians, 568

O'Hara, John F., article by, 462

Ohio, grain trade from, 114; laws derived
from, 164; settlements in, 397; wheat

616 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

growing in. 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 405,
406, 408, 409, 410, 411; railroads in,
402; early military affairs of, 462

Ohio, Historical and Philosophical Society
of, annual report of, 324

Ohio, The Preservation of Archeological and
Historical Sites in, 446

Ohio, The Quarterly Publication of the His-
torical and Philosophical Society of, con-
tents of, 324, 462

Ohio and Mississippi Before the Steamhoat,
Transportation and Traffic on the, 569

Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, Recollec-
tions of Early Times on the, 324

Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quar-
terly, contents of, 147, 324, 462, 567

Ohio Archaelogical and Historical Society,
secretary of, 327

Ohio Archaeology, The Culture Problem in,
553

Ohio Bulletin of Charities and Correction,
The, contents of, 135

Ohio Canal, grain trade on, 114

Ohio Emigration Association, purpose of,
293

Ohio River, grain trade on, 95, 111, 113,
398

Ohio State Archaeological and Historical
Society, meeting of, 147

Ohio Valley, The Moravians and Their Mis-
sions Among the Indians of the, 464

Ohio Valley Historical Association, annual
meeting of, 152

Ohio Valley in the Preliminaries of the
War of 1812, The, 569

Ohio Welfare Conference, meeting of, 135

Ohio Workme7i's Compensation Law, The,
324

Ohio's German-Language Press and the
Peace Negotiations, 324

Oil inspectors. State, law concerning, 521

Ojibma Texts, 131

Old Capitol, article on, 145

"Old Fort", The, and Camp-Site, 147

Old Lady Mandle; 317

Old Northwest. Iowa laws drawn from, 16-4

Old Southwest, The Conquest of the, 569

"Old Town Park", Harrodshurg, 465

Oliphant, John A., article by, 465

Olmsted, F., guns issued to, 15 ; report of,
19, 20

Olmsted Zouaves, facts concerning, 16; call-
ing out of, 18, 19, 20

Olson, Mrs. Halstein, article by, 460

Olson, Julius E., article by, 569

Olson. Oscar It., papers by, 557, 561

Olympic games, Iowa marksmen at. 432

Omaha (Nebraska), celebration held at, 152

One Hundred and Sixty-eighth United States

Infantry, war history of, 131; losses of,
136

Onondaga Historical Association, publication
of, 567

OntaHo Historical Society Papers and Rec-
ords, reprint from volume of, 553

Ophthalmology and Laryngology, The Rela-
tion of, to Internal Medicine, 564

Oransky, L., 155

Orders, Waiting for, 141

Ordinances, enforcement of, 228; passing
of, 263

Ordnance stores, sale of, 12

Oregon, The Commonwealth Review of the
University of, contents of, 313

Oregon, The Federal Relations of, 150, 325

Oregon Country, Spain and England's Quar-
rel Over the, 463

Oregon Historical Society, The Quarterly of
the, contents of, 150, 324, 463, 568

Oregon Normal Schools, History of, 568

Oregon Pioneers, Qualities of the, 150

Orman, J. B., reference to, 466

Orr, Ellison, survey of mounds by, 364

Osage, militia encampment at, 43; naming
of, 146

Osage War, The, 325

Osceola, naming of, 321

Oskaloosa, militia encampment at, 65 ; labor
troubles at. 87; charter granted to, 172,
268, 270; regulation of sale of liquor in.
223. 224; amendment of charter of, 232;
reunion ct, 330

Ossification, 457

Oswego (New York), grain trade at, 119,
120

Ottumwa, encampment at, 69, 89; charter
granted to, 172, 268, 270

Our Little Old Lady, 139

Our Thirtieth Reunion, 449

Overshot Mill, 305, 306

Owen, J. M., article by, 556

Owen, Mary Alicia, article by, 570

Owen. Thomas McAdory, death of, 327

Owl Creek, 303, 305, 307

Oxen, 287, 323

Pacific City, prize fight at, 20; history of,

146
Pacific Railway, Building the, 141
Pacific States, production of wheat in, 103,
412; production of corn in, 103; amount
of oats produced in. 103 ; amount of bar-
ley produced in, 103 ; amount of buck-
wheat produced in, 103
Pacific University, 463
Packard, Laurence B., article by, 462
Pa?e, Edward C, paper by, 312
Paine, Mrs. Clara S., office of, 467

INDEX

617

Paini, Thomofi, 466

Painter, George S., article by, 444

Palimpsest, The, publication of, 468

Palisinpsests, 562

Falma match, Iowa marksmen in, 43'2

Palmer, Ada M., article by, 456

Palmer, 1"). J., address by, 156; office of,

157
Palmer, Leigh C. — Missourians Abroad,

Paltsits, Victor H., report edited by, 130
Pammel, L. H., reference to, 330, 574;
articles by, 456; conference called by,
574
Panora, reference to, 272
Panora Zouaves, facts concerning, 17
Panther, 277, 278
Paper, Scraps of, 147
Parades, criticism of, 415
Paramore, Robert T., article by, 318
Parish, John C, publications by, 138, 141,
151, 445, 456, 562; office of, 153; refer-
ence to, 329; address by, 466, 470; edi-
torial work of, 468
Parker, Arthur C, volume by, 148
Parker, C. M., 154
Parker, Cortlandt, 1818-1907, 463
Parker, General Ely S., The Life of, 148
Parker, H. W., company commanded by, 69
Parker, John, surveying party led by, 276,
277; facts concerning, 284, 285, 286; re-
ception of Ingalsbe by, 288, 289, 291
Parking and Trees, Care of, 453
Parks, 215

Paroled Girl, The, 452, 559
Parrish, Randall, books by, 141, 318, 562
Parsons, J. Wilfrid, article by, 324
Particular actions, title relating to, 498
Patrick, George Thomas White, publication

by, 141
Patriotism, bill concerning teaching of, 520
Patriotism or Treason, Shall We Teach?,

457
Patterson, Mrs. Flora L., 573
Patton, O. K., 469; annotations by, 482,
524; appointment of, as assistant to code
commission, 484; biographical sketch of,
487, 488
Paul, James Balfour, article by, 443
Pavement, A History of Concrete, 455
Paving, borrowing money for, 211; pro-
vision for, 231, 232; power of cities over,
264
Pay of militia, provision for, 48, 59, 61,
71, 73, 419, 420, 421, 422; dispute over,
87, 88
Paymaster General, adjutant general to act

as, 21
Payne, Charles E., articles by, 448, 456

Peabody Museum of American Archeology,

Iowa antiquities in, 369
Peace, Observations on the, 142
Peace, The Commercial Basis of, 130
Peace. The Economic Consequences of the,

564
Pearce, J. E., paper by, 133
Pearce, J. Newton, article by, 456
Pearson, C. Chilton, article by, 132
Peck, W. P'., service of, on medical faculty,

126, 127, 129
Peddlers, licensing of, 225
Peet, F. D., 155
Pella, reunion at, 157
Penal code, need of, 502, 503
Pennsylvania, canals of, 96 ; grain exports
from, 114, 397; wheat growing in, 396;
399, 400, 401, 402, 405, 406, 408, 410;
railroads in, 402
Pennsj/lvania, the Anthracite Regions of,
Recollections of Ninety-Five Years in Con-
necticut and, 131, 132
Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, Western,

contents of, 135, 324, 464, 555, 556
Pennsylvania Railroad, 119, 120, 121
Pennsylvania Turnpike, trade on, 398
Pensions, emphasis on, 336; number of, in
Iowa, 338; discussion over, 340, 341;
veto of bills for, 342, 355; amount of.
350; votes on, 351; attitude of parties
toward, 351, 352; declaration concern-
ing, 353
Peor.y Arrives, The, 449, 458
Pere Marquette Railroad Company, The,

446
Perkins, George D., tribute to, 146; sketch

of life of, 321
Perkins, J. R., article by, 456
Perkins, Rollin M., articles by, 136, 314,

448, 456
Perley, Sidney, articles by, 151, 461
Perring, George Carter, article by, 149
Perrot, Nicholas, work of, 145
Perry, Anne Louise, article by, 456
Perry, E. D., nomination of, for code com-
mission, 484
Perry, reunion at, 157
Pershing, John Joseph, article by, 311
Personal property, title relating to, 495, 497
Peter Old Bear, quarrel of, 323
Peters, John H., sketch of life of, 321
Peterson, A. W., 572
Peterson, Edward, 573
Peterson, John L., 154

Pharmacy commission, law concerning, 521
Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), grain trade at,

118, 119. 120, 121, 123
Philadelphia, Public Opinion in, 1789-1801,
310

618 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Philippine Islands, service of Fifty-first

Regiment in, 93; reference to, 330
Physical Growth of School Children, 316
Physiologicid Chemistry, A Laboratory Man-
ual of, 141
Pickett, C. E., 467

Pierce, Bessie L., articles by, 445, 456
Pierce, Prank G., report of, 156: reference

to, 574
Pierce, James M., article by, 456
Pierson, William Whatley, Jr., diary edited

by, 310
Pike, Lieutenant, Lost with, 142
Pilgrim half dollars, issue of, 576
Pilgrims, landing of, 467
Pillsbury, A. J., paper by, 132
Pioneer, The, 150
Pioneer days, article on, 460
Pioneer Experiences in Pennsylvania, Ken-
tucky, Ohio and Indiana, 1766-1336, 149
Pioneer Settlers' Association of Scott Coun-
ty, meeting of, 575
Pioneers, relics of, 144; heating problems

of, 145
Piper, Edwin Ford, poems by, 318
Pipes, collections of, 357, 365
Pitcher, Matthew S., 289, 290, 291
Pitt, Honorable William, The Statues of
King George III and the, E'rected in New
York City 1770, 568
Pittsburg Landing, 303, 304, 307
Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), railroad at, 119
Pittsburgh, A Country Boy Begins Life in,

324
Pittsburgh's First Burying-ground, A Place

of Great Historic Interest, 135
Plaindealer (Cleveland), letter published in.

2.S5
Plains area, 363, 365, 366
Plains Indians, lodge circles of, 366
Plants, Uses of, by the Indians of the Mis-
souri River Region, 311
Pleasants, J. Hall, paper by, 461
Plehn, Carl C. papers by, 132, 442
Pluralistic State, The, 554
Plymouth County, historical pageant in, 575
Pocp.hontas Rifles, facts concerning, 17
Poet of Nature, New, 450
Poetry, Conversational, 564
Police and fire commissioners, board of, 169
Police of the State, change in title relating

to, 496
Police powers, discussion of, 217-232; title

relating to, 497
Political and Social Science, The Annals of
the American Academy of, contents of,
130. 310. 554
Political circular, reference to, 462
Political Events, Record of, 134

Political Science Association, American,

pamphlet issued by, 130
Political Science in the City of New York,

Proceedings of the Academy of, contents

of, 552
Political Science Quarterly, contents of, 134,

443
Political Science Review, The American,

contents of, 133, 312, 444, 554
Politics, American, Present Tendencies in,

312
Politics, American Teacher in, 319
Polk County, militia called out in, 68, 69
Polk County District Court, suit decided by,

522
Poll tax, exemption of militiamen from, 40
Pollard, A. F., paper by, 442
Pollock, Ivan L., research work of, 468
Polonius, W. R., address by, 157
Pomeroy cyclone, relief work in, 83
Pond, A. M., article by, 562
Pond Valley, militia company at, 18
Pony express, reference to, 321
Poor, Ben P., reference to, 156
Poor Little Sara, 453
Poore, Alfred, article by, 151
Pope, Saxton T., monograph by, 446
Population, growth of, 375, 376, 377; west-
ward movement of, 397
Populist movement, 394
Pork, exports of, 386
Pork, A Little History of, 130
Porter, Kirk H., articles by, 133, 141, 468
Porter, V. C, article by, 446
Portugal, exports of wheat to, 397
Postal system, development of, 381
Postville, encampment at, 49
Potawatomi, The, 555
Pottawattamie County, militia requested by

sheriff of, 18, 19, 20; mob in, 87; early

schools in, 144
Pottery, collections of, 364
Potting Marjatta, 316

Powell, Thomas Reed, articles by, 133, 312
Powell. "W. H., article by, 457
Powell, William H., opinion of, concerning

Guard, 91
Powers, Frederick D., 573
Powers, L. W., 469
Powers of city councils, 197-233
Powers of special charter cities, 179, 180
Prairie chickens, number of, 145
Prairies, 560

Pratt, W. H., archeological work of, 357
Preemption Law, effect of, 374, 403
Preparedness and War, The Burdens of,

443
Presbyterian Church, Beginning of Mission

Work in Alaska by the, 571

INDEX

619

Presbyterian Historical Society, The Journal
of the, contents of, 148, 462, 463

Preshyterianism, Eighteenth Century, in
Western Pennsylvania, 148

Presbytery of New York, Minutes of the,
1775-1779, 465, 466, 570

President, influence of soldiers in election
of, in 1888, 335-356; authority of, to call
out Guard, 430

Presidential Candidates, To, 451

President's First Industrial Conference, Col-
lective Bargaining in the, 563

Preston, H. H., research work of, 468 ; ar-
ticles by, 554, 562; reference to, 572

Preston Papers, 569

Price, Eliphalet, articles by, 562

Price Economics versus Welfare Economics,
554

Price Fixing and the Theory of Profit, 132

Price Fixing in the United States during
the War, 134

Price Inflation: Its Beneficiaries and Its
Victims, 443

Prices, The Flexibility of, 134

Priestley, Herbert Ingram, article by, 463

Primary elections, bill concerning, 517

Prime, John R., appointment of, as ad-
jutant general, 84; report of, concerning
National Guard, 85

Princesa, The Log of the, by Estevan Mar-
tinez, 463

Princeton, charter granted to, 173, 268

Prisoner, The Potential, 456

Private property, regulation of use of, 217,
218

Privateer Yanlcee, The Last Cruise of the,
461

Prize fight, militia called out to prevent,
18, 19, 20, 428

Problems in the New Field, Solving the, 446

Proceedinns of the Davenport Academy of
Sciences, contributors to, 357; summary
in, 358

Production, Increased, Through Increased
Saving As a Remedy, 562

Prohibition. The Beginnings of, 148

Promissory Note be Payable in Foreign
Money, May a?, 448, 452, 456

Property, power of council over, 213-215;
sale of, for taxes, 248, 249

Proprietor, The. 458

Prosecutor (see City attorney)

Proudfoot, Andrea Hofer, book by, 318

Pronty, Edith M., article by, 138

Provine, W. A., paper by, 569

Provost, C. E., company of, 19

Pryor. J. C, Jr., 154

Psycopathic hospital, laws relating to, 501

Public buildings, 215

Public corporations, cities as, 177-179
Public domain, extent of, 372, 373, 374;

effect of disposal of, 388
Public health, title relating to, 495, 496,

501 : bill concerning, 517, 518
Public improvements, borrowing money for,

211
Public Information, Committee on, 312
Public land, disposal of, 372, 373, 374,

375, 403
Public Law, Judicial Decisions on, 444, 554
Public officials, index to code used by,

542, 543, 544, 545
Public printing, change in law relative to.

518
Public School, Our Nation and the, 455
Public schools (see Schools)
Public Schools and the War, The, 136
Public Service, Proposed Plan for Training

Schools for, 130
Public Utilities Commission for Iowa, A,

313
Publications, notes on recent, 130, 309,

441, 552
Publicity, control of, 444
Punteney, George Vesey, sketch of life of,

322
Purdy, road to, 303
Push-e-ton-e-qua, death of, 144; sketch of

life of, 158; quarrel of, 323
Putnam, C. E., archeological work of, 357
Putnam, Hazel, 154
Pye, Chas. F., papers by, 457, 557, 562

Quaife, Milo M., articles by, 325, 569; ref-
erence to, 327; address by, 467
Quaker marriage license, reference to, 322
Quartermaster Commissary, appointment of,

427
Quartermaster Corps, department of, 438
Quartermaster General, adjutant general to
'■erve as, 11, 12, 416, 419; expenses of,
23; duties of, 424
Quartermaster Supplies During the World

War, Procurement of, 445
Quebec Conference, Notes on the, 1864, 310
Quillayute Country, An Eventful Day in

the, 138
Quisenberry, A. C, article by, 464,465

Raccoon River, settlers on, 272, 293; trib-
utaries of, 282; cabins on, 285; mention
of, 288

Racine CWisconsin), grain trade at, 116

Racing, 228

liadicnlism, Combat, With Better Housing,
452

Padicalism in Our Universities, 317

Radii:, Paul, monographs by, 446, 555

VOL. XVTII 40

620 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Eailey, William E., articles by, 325, 465,

571
Railroad commissioners, bills relating to,

519
Railroad Problem, The, 130
Railroad Securities, American, 455
Bailroa^ Situation, The, 450
Railroad Valuation hy the Interstate Com-
merce Commission, 132
Railroads, strikes on, 31; increase in, 96,
128, 379-381, 402, 403, 407; early ex-
periences of, 321; bill relating to, 519,
520
Eaihoay Properties, Assessments Against,

560
Rainbow Division, The Story of the, 131
Raines, B. T., office of, 156
Rail, J. F., 574
Ramsey, W. C, 154

Randall, Emilius O., death of, 327; bio-
graphical sketch of, 462
Randolph, Mabel, list compiled by, 313
Rantonl, Robert S., memoir by, 568
Rate Malting Purposes?, What Is Value for,

562
Rathke, W. C, 328
Rations, provision for, 51
Rattlesnahe, Vibration Rate of the Tail of a,

320
Raymond, William G., drainage bill sub-
mitted to, 513; articles by, 562
Read, Benjamin M., book by, 135
Reagan, Albert B., article by, 133
Reaper, inyention of, 403, 404, 407
Recitation, The Socialized, 456
Record clerk, salary of, 416
Recorder (city), election of, 185, 138, 236;
term of, 185, 236; compensation of, 186,
202, 2P6; bond of, 187, 236, 237; oath
of, 237; filling of vacancies in office of,
237; duties of, 237, 238
Recorder's conrt, discussion of, 259, 260
Records, Spencer, reminiscence by, 149
Recruiting, A Uniform Blank of Measure-
ments to he Used in, A Plea for the
Standardization of Anthropological Meth-
ods, 133
Rfd Cross, Home Service Work of the, 136
Red Cross, The Peace Time Program of the

American, 452
Red Cross, The Work of the, 136
Red Cross of Michigan, War Work of the

American, 326
Red Oak, encampment at, 49 ; early settlers

of, 144 ; march from, 426
Red Rock, downfall of, 322
Rped, D. W,, Wallace's visit to Shiloh de-
scribed by, 304-308; letter of, 305, 306;
Wallace accompanied by, 306

Reed, Harry M., 154
Reed, .Tamos A., book by, 318
Reed, Thomas II., article by, 134
Reel, Caspar, Revolutionary Soldier, Pushed
His Way Across the Allegheny Moun-
tains, How, 464

Reeve, John C, article by, 325

References, multiplicity of, 536, 537, 538,
539, 540

R.'.form, Two Methods of, 315, 319

Regiments, number of, 46, 92

Regubir Army, regulations and uniforms of,
prescribed for National Guard, 40; par-
ticipation of, in militia training, 63, 64,
65, 70, 74. 76, 77, 81, 82, 421, 431,
434, 435, 437; officer from, on governor's
staff, 84; enlistment standards of, 415:
pay of, 419: officers of, assigned to Na-
tional Guard, 424 : inspections by officers
of, 425; criticism of joint camps with,
434, 435

Reid, Thomas B., article by, 457

Reinbeck, anniversary of, 460

Reitz, Henry Lewis, article by, 318

Religion of a Layman, 450

Religious Basis of a Better World Order,
The, 455

Religious Education Survey, American, 449

Reminiscences of Days That Are Gone, 151

Report of code commission, 509-516 (see
also Code Commission)

Republican Movement, The Liberal, 310

Republican National Convention, 1888, at-
titude of, towards soldiers, 350

Republican party, pensions supported by,
351; ma,1ority of, 354, 356

Republican State Convention, attitude of,
towards soldiers, 350

Republicans, predominance of, in G. A. R.,
339, 340 ; election of, in Iowa, 354

Retirement, provision for, 430

Retrenchment and Reform, Committee on,
489

Revenue Act of 1918, The, 134

Revievj of the Work of the Iowa Code Com-
mission, A, by Jacob Van der Zee, 477

Revision of 1860, reference to, 499

Revolution, A71 American Sea Captain in
the, 132

Rhode Island Historical Society Collections,
contents of, 324, 461

Rhode Ishmd in 17 nO, 461

Rhode Island Samplers, 461

Rhodes. James Ford, volume by, 130

Rice, S. J., 469

Rieeville, militia company at, 18

Rich, Edgsr J., article by, 554

Rich, Joseph W., letter to, 305-308; resig-

INDEX

621

nation of, 329; reference to, 331; article
by, 457; sketch of life of, 471, 472

Richardson, Anna Steese, articles by, 141,
318. 5G2

Richmond, William Heni-y, personal narra-
tives of, 131, 132

Richter, August P., publications by, 557,
558, 564

Riddell, W. R., article by, 443

Rjdingy, J. Willard, paper by, 325, 326

Rifle competitions, 82

Rifle meet, 418

Rifle range, acquisition of, 86, 425; use of,
38; need of, 418

Rifles, distribution of, 15, 16, 17, 59; pro-
vision for, 80

Rinehart, Mary Roberts, article by, 555

Hio Grande, Border Troubles Along the,
1848-1S60, 149

Bio Grande, The Somerville Expedition to
the. 1842, 149

Riots, fear of, 31, 32, 45; militia on duty
in, 435, 436; militia not to be called for,
436

Rippy. J. Fred, papers by, 149, 464

River Road, 303

River towns, conditions in, 226, 266, 267

Road duty, exemption of militiamen from,
34

Road overseers, appointment of, 207; ac-
count of, 250, 251

Road supervisors, compensation of, 190; ap-
pointment of, 207

Roads, power of council over, 229

Robbing, Caleb A., appointment of, as as-
sistant to code commission, 484; bio-
grapical sketch of, 487

Robbins, Edward E., address by, 555, 556

Roberts, Benjamin Stone, 559

Roberts, George E., articles by, 319, 448,
457, 562

Roberts, James A., article by, 466

Roberts, L. R.. 155

Robertson, "W. S., appointment of, on medi-
cal faculty, 126

Robeson, George Farrington, reference to,
331; article by, 457

Robeson, George Farrington, Special Mu-
nicipal Charters in Iowa, 1836-1858, 163

Robespierre, The Personally of. Source
Study for College Classes, 445

Robinson, Jesse S., monograph by, 554

Robinson, M. P., article by, 312

Rochester (New York), grain trade at, 119,
120

Rochester. New Torh, Know Nothingism in,
461, 462

Rochester, the City of Beginnings, 570

Rock inscriptions, articles on, 360

Rock Island Arsenal, military supplies from,
62

Rockwood, Elbert William, publication by,
141

Roddis, Louis H., article by, 569

Rodgers, Thomas L., article by, 324

Rogers, Mrs. E. A., 576

Rogers, Lindsay, article by, 312

Roger's Michillimackinac Journal, 130

Rohrbaugh, Lewis G., article by, 457

Rolfe, militia company at, 17

Romance in American History, 554

Roney, H. F., 154

Roofs, 319

Roosevelt, Theodore, 452

Roosevelt, Theodore, My Neighbor, 140

Root, E. W., article by, 465, 466

Ross, D. L., 154

Ross, Edward Alsworth, publications by, 141,
457, 563

Ross, Earle Dudley, articles by, 310, 311

Ross, L. W., connection of, with medical col-
lege, 126

Roster, publication of, 8, 9; compilation of,
13, 14, 59; work of N. B. Baker on, 26

Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, author-
ization of, 428

Rothensteiner, John, article by, 148

Round Our Town, 318, 453

Rounds, Charles B., assignment of, to duty,
52

Rowe, S. E., 329

Rugg, Earl W., articles by, 445

Rural and the Small Town School Problem,
The Solution of the, 451

Rural Children, Ten Essentials for the
Health of, 132

Rural Credit, 450

Rural credits, reference to, 444

Rural Schools, The Preparation of Teachers
for Consolidated, 451

Russell, Charles Edward, articles by, 563

Russell, W. F., papers by, 448, 457

Russia, agrarian revolution in, 372; wheat
exports of, 384

Russia, Experiences of a Y. M. G. A. Secre-
tary in, 445

Russia and the Dual Alliance, 462

Russian-American Convention of 1824, The
Reopening of the, 571

Russian Covjititittion as Seen by Russian
Liberals. The Future, 444

Rutland, militia company at, 17

Rye, production of, 99, 100, 102, 103; re-
ceipts of, 109, 113; trade in, 115, 116

Sabbath, reference to, in index, 542
Sahin, Edwin Legrand, publications by, 141,
142, 319

622 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Sac City, reference to, 285

Safety appliance law, revision of, 514

Sage, Fred C. 154, 155

Saginaw, The Treaty of, 1819, 464

Sailors They Be Honest Men, For, 458

St. Charles, anniversary of Order of Eastern

Star at, 322
St. Joseph (Michigan), grain trade at, 116
St. Lawrence River, grain trade on, 108.

119
St. Louis (Missouri), National Guard meet-
ing at, 42 ; receipts of flour and grain
at, 109, 111, 117, 123; railroad to, 119;
Cleveland invited to visit, 343, 344; G.
A. R. encampment at, 343, 346; Demo-
cratic convention at, 350; Iowa regiment
at, 421
St. Paul (Minnesota), reference to, 139
Saint Pierre, Paul de, the First German-
American Priest of the West, 148
Sale bill, 143
Salem, charter granted to, 170, 171, 269,

270
Sales Act in Iowa, The Uniform Conditional,

448
Salgren, A. P., 572
Salinger, Benjamin I., speech of, 471
Sampson, Henry E., address by, 447
San Domingo Refugees in Philadelphia, 148
Sanctus, Spiritus & Co., 142
Sanders, Euclid, resignation of, 329, 572
Sandy Hill (New York), 291
Sanger, "Will M., 329
Santa Fe Fiesta, description of, 135
Sargent, Bertha K., 153
Sargent, George B., work of, as surveyor

general, 271, 272
Saturday Evening Post, The (Burlington),

articles in, 556
Sawyer, H. W., military record of, 348
Sayles, E. R,, 155
Sayre, David F., article by, 463
Schafer, Joseph, office of, 327; articles by,

569
Schenck, Garret C, article by, 326
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, articles by, 142,

151, 312, 319
Schmidt, Louis Bernard, reference to, 160,
473; publications by, 310, 319, 457, 563;
resf.arch work of, 468
Schmidt, Lottis. Bernard, Some Significant
Aspects of the Agrarian Revolution in the
United States, 371
Schmidt, Louis Bernard, The Internal
Grain Trade of the United States, 1850-
1S60, 94
Schmidt, Louts Bernard, The Westward
Movement of the Wheat Growing In-
dustry in the United States, 396

Schmidt, Mrs. Louis B., 330, 470
Schneider, Fred W., 155
Schoewe, Walter Henry, paper by, 315, 319
School laws, revision of, 514
Schooldays in the Twenties, 553
Schools, right to borrow money for, 211;
powers of city council over, 215-217;
sup])ort of, in special charter cities, 265;
change in laws relative to, 518; reference
to, in index, 538, 539
Schools, A State Aid Policy for Iowa, 454
Schools, Up With the — Down With Bol-

sher.isni., 457
Schouten, Chester B., 153
Schrier, Clarence C, 155
Schuetz, F. A., 573
Schwarze, "William N., article by, 309
Scientific knowledge, application of, to farm-
ing, 387-395
Scientist in the Clouds, A, 446
Scotch Prisoners at Blocl- Island, The, 324
Scotland in the Sixteenth Century, Clerical

Life in, 443
Scott, A. L., article by, 445
Scott, Emmett J., publications by, 131, 442
Scott, Mary Semple, article edited by, 465
Scott County, war record of, 315; mounds
in, 357; antiquities in, 365; history of,
557, 564: reunion of pioneers of, 575
Scott County, Its People, Cities, Towns and
Institutions, A True History of, 557, 558
Scottish Historical Review, The, contents of,

443
Scutelleroidae of Iowa, The, 563
Seager, Henry Rogers, papers edited by,

552
Seal, lack of, for adjutant general, 24, 31;

provision for, 41
Seaman, Bruce, 575

Searchlight, The, contents of, 554, 555
Seashore, Carl Emil, books by, 319, 563;

reference to, 471
Second Brigade, organization of, 42, 80;
election of officers of, 50; encampment of,
53, 57, 65, 69
Second Infantry, National Guard, meeting
of officers of, 34; organization of, 42,
438; encampment of, 49, 439; service of,
at "What Cheer, 62; Company C of, at
inter-State encampment, 75 ; service of,
at Chicago, 81; mobilization of Company
E of, 87; criticism of, 88, 89; change of
designation of, 92 ; recruiting of, 330
Second United States Infantry, participa-
tion of, in militia encampment, 72, 74
Secor, Eugene, biographical sketch of, 137
Secretary of State, pamphlet issued by, 314
Secretary of "War, Iowa National Guard or-
dered into service by, 439

INDEX

623

Security for costs, reference to, in index,

537
freeing Our Way Through, 451
Seerley, Homer Horatio, article by, 319
Self-criminating and self-disgracing testi-
mony bill, editing of, 517
Self-Discovery, 458

Seligman, Edwin R. A., papers by, 132, 134
Senate, number of soldiers in, 347
Session laws, confusion of, 477; editing of,

485; reference to, 499
Seventeenth Iowa Veteran Infantry, reunion

of, 157
Severance, Frank H., discussion by, 153
Sevier, Governor John, Journal of, (1790-

1S15), 462, 570
Shaffer, Jacob, reminiscence by, 145
Shanibaugh, Benj. F., discussion by, 153 ;

reference to, 467; article by, 563
Shambaugh, Bertha M. H., poem by, 138;

article by, 563
Sharon, E. M., 329

Sharpe, Lieutenant, report of, as to rifle
meet, 80, 81; report of, concerning Na-
tional Guard, 82
Shaw, Don B., 328

Shaw, G. M., political reminiscences by, 145
Shaw, Randolph C, article by, 554
Shearer, Augustus Hunt, report by, 147
Sheboygan (Wisconsin), grain trade at, 116
Shelby, Isaac, and the Genet Mission, 464
Shelby's Expedition to Mexico, 150, 326, 465
Sheldon, F. E., 329
Shell heaps, articles on, 360
Shepard, Walter James, article by, 312
Shepherd, Charles, sketch of life of, 566
Shenherd, William R., paper by, 134
Sheriffs, authority of, to call out militia, 48,

43C
Sherman, Biiren R., National Guard com-
mended by, 57, 58, 59; recommendations
of, concerning militia, 62
Sherman, John. Cleveland criticised by,

346; qualifications of, 347
Sherman, William T., reference to, 305; Re-
publican candidates supported by, 353
Shetrone, H. C, article by, 553
Shilling, D. C, article by. 445
Shiloh, map of, 302; visit of Wallace to,

304-308
Shiloh, General Lew. Wallace at: How He
Was Convinced of an Error After Forty
Years, by J. W. Rich, 301
Shiloh. The Battle of, 151
"Shiloh, the drummer boy at", 145
Shipbuilding in the Pacific Northwest, 571
Shippee, Lester Burrell, articles by, 150,

325, 464
Ships, Historic, 554

Shoemaker, Floyd C, office of, 572

Shorey, Paul, article by, 553

Shortridge, Wilson P., article by, 148

Shows, licensing of, 224, 225

Shrader, J. 0., appointment of, on medical
faculty, 126

Shri-.ier, Charles E., article by, 442

Shrover, W. J., article by, 322

Shunpike road, 303

Sibley, Henry Hastings, and the Minnesota
Frontier, 148

Siebert, Wilbur H., office of, 152

Siegfried, Mark H., article by, 314

Signal company, organization of, 420; mus-
ter out of, 426

Signal Corps, organization of, 57, 75, 82;
service of, 92, 93

Signal Department, organization of, 417, 419

Simpson, Howard E., paper by, 136

Simpson, Kemper, article by, 132

Sims, David H., paper by, 443

Sinclair, Hazel D., article by, 563

Singewald, Karl, reference to, 467

Sioux, campaign against, 289

Sioux City, band at, 80; National Guard en-
campment at, 81: railroad strike at, 87;
charter' granted to, 173, 269 : failure of
special charter of, 176; subordinate of-
ficers of, 255; surveyors at, 271; estab-
lishment of the postoftice at, 564

Sixth Infantry, National Guard, meeting of
officers of, 34; encampment of, 43, 49

Sixth Infantry Regiment, The, 152

Sixth United States Cavalry, participation
of, in camp of National Guard, 431, 432

Skin;ier, Alanson, papers by, 133, 135

Skinner, Geo. F., 328

Slagle, C. W., connection of, with medical
college, 126

Slaughter-houses, regulation of, 263

Slavery and the Beginnings of Industrialisra
in the American Colonies, 150

Smalley, Leon H., 155

Smertenko, Clara M., article by, 457

Smertenko, Johan J., papers by, 315, 319,
563

Smith. General, division under, 301, 303;
brigade commanded by, 306, 307

Smith, Alfred C, 153

Smith, Earl, 155

Smith. Frank S., 144, 155

Smith, Frederick A., paper by, 557

Smith, Grace Partridge, articles by, 315,
319. 448, 458

Smith. H. P., article by, 458

Smith, Heman Hale articles by, 136, 314,
315, 557; reference to, 153; research
work of. 468

Smith, Hugh M., paper by, 442

624 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Smith, Mrs. Ida B., 153

Smith, Joseph, Official Statements of, 136,
315, 557

Smith, Justin H.,' volumes by, 312

Smith, Lewis Worthington, publications by,
319, 563

Smith, Mrs. Lewis Worthington, article by,
143

Smith, Robert, and the Navy. 149

Smith, Ruby Cumb}', articles by, 149. 326.
465

Smith, Russell, office of, 156

Smith, Vida E., paper by, 557

Smith, Walter Wayne, article by, 557

Smith, William, article bj-, 443

Smith College Studies in History, contents
of, 310

Smithsonian Institution, Iowa antiquities in,
369

Smylie. Lome F., 153

Smyth, F. R., paper by, 136

Snake, killing of. 297, 298

Snake Creek, 303, 305, 307, 308

Snovcr, H. J., 329

Snure. John, articles by, 138

Snyder, Rudolph, 575

Social and Political Ideals of the English-
Speaking Peoples, 325

Socinl Criticism, Recent Tendencies in, 448,
454

Social Customs and Usages in Missouri Dur-
ing the Last Century, 570

Social Program in Iowa, The Need for a
Constructive, 561

Social Reform in Missouri During the Last
Century, 570

Social Sciences, Journal of the National In-
stitute of, contents of volume of, 552

Social Studies, Recent Tendencies in the,
445

Social Welfare in Iowa, The Problem of Or-
ganization for, 456

Social Work and Socialized Research, 453

Socialism, Plain Bill Jones Learns Some-
thing of, 559

Socialism, State, An Experiment of the
Fathers in, 325

Socialism and the Working Class, 452

Socialized Recitation, The, 445

Sociology, The Principles of, 563

Solar instruments, making of, 296

"Soldier vote", appeals to, 335

Soldirr Vote in Iowa in the Election of
18S8, The, by DONALD L. McMurry. 335

Soldier Vote in loxa in the Election of
1S18, The, 466, 561

Soldiers, roster of, 8, 9, 59; influence of, in
elections in Iowa, 335-356; parades of,
336, 337; reunions of, 337; organizations

of, 337; number of, in Iowa, 337, 338;
need of pensions for, 340, 342, 350;
preference for, 353; election of, 354; pay
of, 416; land settlements for, 444

Soldiers, Wounded, Distribution of School
Training of, 316

Soldiers' Orphans' Home, laws relative to.
501

Soles, A Mender of, 138

Some Materials for the Study of Iowa Arch-
eology, by Charles R. Keyes, 357

Some Significant Aspects of the Agrarian
Revolution in the United States, by LouiS
Bernard Schmidt, 371

Somers, A. N., article by, 446

Something Wrong With Philip, 450

Sons of Veterans, influence of, 338

Sonl Child, The, 318

South, products of, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101,
102, 103, 104, 105 ; list of States includ-
ed in, 97; consumption of wheat in, 105,
106; consumption of corn in, 106; sym-
pathy of, with West, 112; trade with,
122, 123

South Africa, exports to, 384

South America, exports to, 384

South Atlantic Quarterly, The, contents of,
1.^2, 310. 311, 443

South Atlantic States, list of, 375; exports
of grain to, 383; wheat growing in, 412

South Carolina, Reconstruction and Educa-
tion in, 132, 311

South Dakota, wheat growing in, 409, 410,
411: reference to, 428; code of, 490

South Hall, medical school in, 127

"Southern brigadiers", reference to, 347

Southern election frauds, 353

South's Labor Problem, The, 310

Southwell, W. B., sketch of life of, 322

Southwestern Historical Quarterly, The, con-
tents of, 149, 326, 465, 553, 569

Spain, exports of wheat to, 39

Spain in the West Series, contents of vol-
umes ill, 135

Sparish-American War, service of National
Guard in, 91-93, 413, 416, 417

Sparta (Wisconsin), camp near, 431

Spaulding, Forrest B., article by, 458

Spauldinj:, Mrs. H. W., 329

Spearheads, 364

Special assessment laws, revision of, 486,
487

Special charter cities, status of, 177-179;
powers of. 179, 180; elections in, 180,
184; officers in, 130-255; organization of
councils in. 191-197: powers of councils
in, 197-233; judiciary in, 255-262; list
of, 267-270; laws relative to, 503, 504,
505, 518

INDEX

625

Special charters, cities incorporated by, 163-
270; first, in Iowa, 169, 170; number of,
173, 174, 265, 266; prohibition of, 173,

262; method of securing, 174-176
Special counsel, service of Caleb A. Rob-
bins as, 487
Specitl elections, vacancies filled by, 93
Special legislation, history of, in Iowa, 163-

270; prohibition of, 168, 169
Special Libraries, contents of, 133
Special Libraries Association, Proceedings

of the Tenth Annual Convention of the,

13.i
Special liens, bill concerning, 520
Special Municipal Charters in Iowa, 183S-

ISfiS, by GKORGt F. Robeson, 163
Special Municipal Legislation in Iowa, 554
Special session, dispute over, 524-526
Speck, Frank G., monograph by, 442
Speni;er. Clarence I., 328
Spencer, F. A., 328
Spikcr, Charles J., 573
Spirit Lake, article about, 320 ; camp at,

428, 429; skeletons found at, 565
Spirit Lake Massacre, reference to, 139,

143, 274, 289
"Splint", disease known as, 273, 274
Sport, mention of, 277, 278, 288
"Spring Hill", Oldham County, Ky., 465
Springer, Mrs. Elizabeth, 154
Springfield (Illinois), center of wheat pro-
duction located near, 406, 407
Springtown, The Theatrical Sensation of,

316
Squier and Davis, report of, 360, 365
Squires, Vernon P., paper by, 136
Stafford, H. W., 572
Stage lines, early, 146
Standish, Myles : Military Commander and

Brave Defender of the Plymouth Colony,

554
Stanley, Claude M., speech bj', 157
Stansbury, John E., 155
Stantcn, Edgar \V., sketch of life of, 566,

576
Starch, Daniel, articles by, 142
Starch Writing Scale, Revision of the, 142
Starr, Frederick, archeological work of, 357

358, 359, 360
State Agricultural College Cadets, 27
State Board of Audit, 491
State Board of Education, 491
State capitol, site for, 566
State Constitutions, Suffrage Provisions in,

133
State Fair, National Guard companies at,

437; first, 566
State government, proposed reorganization

of. 479

State Government, Political Geography and,
-141

State Governments, Administrative Consoli-
dation in. 130
State Guard, change of name of, 28
State Historical Society of Iowa, The, activ-
ities of, 153, 328, 467, 572; interest of,
in archeology, 359; purposes of, 359: ap-
pointment of curators of, 467; election of
president of,. 572

State History: Its Importance; How to In-
terat People In It; How to Preserve It,
570

State History Conferences, Proceedings of,
570

State Library, copies of Compiled Code
given to, 506

State Line Democrat, facts about, 322

State Normal School, 491

State officials, copies of Compiled Code given
to, 506

State Parks in Iowa, 456

State Teachers' Association, aid of, in re-
vision of school laws, 514

State Teachers' College, 491

State University of Iowa, founding of med-
ical college of, 125; appropriations for,
125. 126; history of, 322; Indian duel on
cariipus of, 322; provisions in code relat-
ing to, 501

State War History Orgsnizations, National
Association of, meeting of, 467

States, incorporation of cities by, 167, 168,
169; classification of, into divisions, 375

Statutes, publication of, 531-533

Steam Nat'igation in Nexu England, Some
Account of, 151, 461, 568

Steamboat Rock, naming of, 321

Steamboating, 146, 159, 566

Steamboatinij on the Upper Mississippi Af-
ter the Civil TFar; .4. Mississippi Mag-
nate. 464

Steamboats, use of, in trade, 111

Steartiboats and Their Captains on Southern
and Western Waters, 325, 465

Steamships, introduction of, 381

Stearijs, Wallace Nelson, paper bv, 446

Stehbins, Henry A., Autobiography of, 315

Steckel, Otto, 575

Stefaiisson. VilhjSlmur, article by, 142

Steiner, Bernard C, article by, 462

Steiner, Edward A., publications by, 142,
315, 320

Stephens, E. W.. paper bv, 325

Stephenson, Mary A., article by, 465

Stevci.s, Walter B.. papers by, 570, 571,
572; office of, 572

Stevens, William Bacon, paper by, 324

Stevenson, Adlai, reference to, 350

626 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Stevewson, Jesse F., 328

Stevenson, Russell A., articles by, 155, 320

Stewart, George B., 155

Stewart, Olive, 572

Stiles, N. L., 572

Stimulation, 317

Stiness, Henry W., publication edited by,

138
Stock, L. P., article by, 134
Stock, reference to, in index, 539 .
Stockman, Mrs. Dora, article by, 326
Stockton, J. L., paper by, 311
Stone, William Milo, recommendation of,

concerning militia, 5; adjutant general

appointed by, 11, 26
Stoner, Dayton, book by, 563
Stony Lonesome, 303, 304, 306
Storey, William M., 329
Storm Lake, naming of, 282; mention of,

230: anniversary of, 565
Strain, Frances B., story by, 315, 320
Street car strike. National Guard called out

for, 421
Street commissioners, appointment of, 188,

200; election of, 250; term of. 250; qual-
ifications of, 250; compensation of, 250;

bond of. 250; oath of, 250; duties of,

250. 251
Streets, improvement of, 229, 230; paving

of, 232 ; power of cities over, 264
Strong, Frank, letter of, 135
Students' Army Training Corps, discussion

of, 131
Stule, Thomas Jefierson, sketch of life of,

323
,Suhmarine, The, 454
Subsistence, provision for, 47
Substantive law, changes in, 517
Substitutes, exclusion of, from camps, 73,

74
Suffrage in the United States, A History

of, 141
^Suffrage Provisions in State Constitutions,

133, 141
■Sugar Is Scarce and High, Why, 320
■Sullivan, James, office of, 467
Suite, Benjamin, article by, 568
Summary of special charter cities, 265-267
Summer School of 1920, The, 557, 559
Sumner, Charles, 574
Super, Charles W., article by, 554
Supplement of 1902, editing of, 487; index

for, 538
Supplement of 1907, index for, 538
Supplement of 1913, compilation of, 477;

supervision of printing of, 485 ; law from,

490; reference to, 499
Supplemental Supplement of 1915, laws in,

477, 478; compilation of, 478; type used

in, 482, 483; editor of, 485; law from,

490; reference to, 499; index for, 538,

539
Supplements to the code, compilation of,

477, 478
Supreme Court, portrait presented to, 471;

code commission expenses authorized by,

522 ; reference to, in index, 539
Supreme Court, Chief Justice of, persons

recommended by, for code commission,

480, 484
Supreme Court Reporter, service of, on code

commission, 480
Surgeon, Observations of a Contract, 149
Surgeon General, expenses of, 425
Surgeons, titles of, 419; appointment of,

427
Surveying, description of, 271-300; con-
tracts for 293
Surveyor, U. S. Deputy, duty of, 294, 295
Surveyor General (Iowa), party sent out

by, 271; measures kept by, 294
Suspension Bridge, grain trade at, 120
Sutlers, criticism of, 417, 418, 426
Sutton, G. E., 328
Swatty, 316
Swem, Jessie. 574
Swift, F. J., 469
Swift, Lindsay, article by, 148
Swine, keeping of, prohibited, 228
Sylvester, Mrs. Reuel Hull, article by, 142
Synod of Iowa, Minutes of the Thirty-eighth

Annual Meeting of the, 137
Synonyms, use of, 542
Syracuse History, A Bibliography of, 567

Tablets, 357, 365

Tabor Cadets, 27

Tactical Division Plan, 437

Taft, William Howard, article by, 553

Tales from the House in the Valley, 555

Tama, Indian pow-wow at, 575

Tama County, Indians in, 576; meeting in,
576

Tama County Activities in the Women's
Committee C. N. D., A Report of, 137

Tama Indians, reference to, 565

Target practice, 66, 68, 80, 81

Target range, need of, 415

Tariff, emphasis on, 353, 354

Taxation, power of city council over, 213,
229, 232; limitation on, 264; code sec-
tions relative to, 502 ; revision of laws
concerning, 514, 518

Taxes, levy of, 184; powers of city councils
over, 197, 202-209; collection of, 248,
240

Taylor, A. Hoyt, paper by, 446

Taylor, Alonzo Englebert, articles by, 142,

INDEX

627

B20, 564
Taylor, Mrs. Elmer E., report published by,

137
Taylor, Griffith, paper bj', 309
Taylor, John W., 465

Teachers' Organizations Go and Be Profes-
sional, How Far Can?, 458
Teal, Joseph N., article by, 150
Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, Diplomacy of the

United States and Mexico Regarding the,

1848-1S60, 464
Telegraph, importance of, 381
Telephones, importance of, 381
Terrlpcrance Movement and Legislation in

Indiana, 570
Tenement houses, regulation of, 220
Tennessee, wheat growing in, 399
Tennessee, Some Early Archeological Finds

in, 569
Tennessee, Why the First Settlers of. Were

from Virginia, 569, 570
Tennessee Historical Committee, plans of,

327
Tennessee Historical Magazine, contents of,

151. 462, 569, 570
Tennessee Scotch-Irish Ancestry, 569
Tents, provision for, 51
Texan Jurisdiction in Nevj Mexico Under the

United States, 1848-1350, The Question

of, 569
Texas Municipalities, contents of, 313
Texas Revolution, James W. Fannin, Jr., in

the, 320
Thanksgiving in Illinois, The First Official,

325
Thatcher, Dr., 128

Thayer, William R., address by, 150
Thayer's Brigade, 306
Theater, The Open Air, 453
Theatres, licenses for, 224, 225
Their Abudance, 317
Thielmann, F. D., 573
Third Infantry, National Guard, meeting of

officers of, 34; organization of, 42, 438;

companies of, 62, 68, 83, 87; practice

march of, 77; encampment of, 81, 82,

439; change in designation of, 92; war

history of, 131
"Thirty-Eighters, The Last of the", 144
Thirty-second Division, history of, 157
Thirty-fifth Iowa Infantry, reunion of, 574
Thirty-sixth General Assembly, militia law

of, 437, 438
Thirty-seventh General Assembly, laws of,

477, 478
Thirty-eighth General Assembly, laws of,

477; code commission created by, 479,

480; request of, for special session, 525,

526

Thirty-ninth General Assembly, prospects of

code revision by, 526-531
Thoma, Leo D., 155
Thomas, A. O., office of, 470
Thompson, Mr., Wallace accompanied by,

306, 303
Thompson, David, and Beginnings in Idaho,

568
Thompson, P. M., biographical sketch of,

144
Thompson, Roe P., 155
Thompson, Thomas H., 469
Thompson, Wm. P., 575
Thompson's David, Journeys in Idaho, 571
Thompson's Battery, 306
THorasen, Peter Henrik, article by, 458
Thone, Frank, piiblications by, 138, 458
Thrall, Mrs. Frank B., 328
Three Men and a Press, 562
Three Months From Now, 562
Thrift, William H., permanent camp ground

favored by, 424; report of, 426
Thrift, The New American, 310
Thrift, The Relation of, to Nation Building,

316
Thurman, Allen G., 353
Tighe, B. C. B., article by, 445
lildiin, Samuel J., and the Revival of the

Democratic Party, 310
Tillie Cutt Loose, 449
Tillotson, H. R., 329
Timber Culture Law, effect of, 374
Tincknell, G. F., 469
Tipton, Robert, 155
Tipton, charter granted to, 173, 269;

amendment of charter of, 232
Titles, list of. 494, 495; changes in, 495,

496; arrangement of, 497, 498; revision

of, 511, 512
Tittinser, A. J., article by, 311
Titns. W. A., articles by, 149, 325, 463,

569
Toledo (Ohio), grain trade at, 114, 116,

117
Tomlinson, Mrs. I. H., 469
Tompkins, Daniel D., 465
Tompkins, Florence Cooney, article by, 151
Tompkins, Raymond S., book, by, 131
Torgerson, Samuel, paper by, 136
Toronto, University of, volumes issued by,

132, 310
Totem and Taboo: An Ethnologic Psycho-
analysis, 444
Townsend, G. L., address by, 152
Townships, origin of laws concerning, 164
Trabue, Alice Elizabeth, article by, 465
Trade and Industrial Education for Girls

and Women, 315, 316
Trail, A Forgotten, 149

628 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Trail, The Forbidden, 142

Training School, the Paroled Boy and the
Public, The, 453

Trans Mississippi Northwest, Historical Ac-
tivities in the, 1917-1919, 141, 151

Transits, making of, 296

Transportation, provision for, 47, 52; in-
crease in facilities for, 96, 379-381, 402,
403; need of, 398

Transportation Act of 1920, The, 554

Transportation in Missouri, A Century of,
570

Trappists in KentucTcy, History of the, 325

Traxler, Charles J., papers by, 448, 458

Treasurer (city), election of, 185, 188, 239;
compensation of, 186, 240; bond of, 187,
190: term of, 239: qualifications of, 239;
oath of. 239, 240; duties of, 240-243

Treaty-Making Power, List of References on
the, 442

Tremaudan, A. H. de, article by, 568

Trespassing animals, change in law relative
to, 518

Trevp.rthen, Stanley, address by, 157

Trewin, .Tames H., article by, 136 ; appoint-
ment of, on code commission, 484, bio-
graphical sketch of, 486, 487; interest of,
in codification of laws, 486, 487; plan of
code commission explained by, 510; work
of. on school laws, 514

Trimble, Alec, oflBce of, 157

Tripler's Manual, enlistment provisions in,
415

Trolley Lines, 318

Troops, pay of, 416

Truax, Laurence I., 469

Trueblood, Franklin D., 572

Trumpp, Gretchen C, 572

Trustees of the State University of Iowa,
list of, 126; reference to, 128, 129

Tudor"?, cities incorporated by, 165

Turkey River, fort on, 284; archeological
reiics near, 364

Tuttle, J. M., speech by, 343, 350; criti-
cisms of, 344

$1200 a Year, 559

Twenty-second General Assembly, number
of soldiers in, 348

Twenty-sixth General Assembly, code revi-
sion in, 527, 528

Twenty-ninth General Assembly, legislation
by, concerning National Guard, 419

Twenty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry,
306

Twenty-fifth Iowa Infantry, reunion of, 156

Twine-binder, effect of. 407

Two Hundred Percent American, 319

Two Wars: One Issue, 455

Tylor, Charles, reminiscence by, 553

T}T)hoid fever, deaths from, 93

Ullraan, B. L., papers by, 448, 458
Underground Railway, reference to, 565
Uniform conditional sales act, analysis of,

484
Uniform laws on conditional sales and

fraudulent sales, 520
Uniform limited partnership act, 517, 520
Uniforms, recommendations concerning, 36,

3 7 ; State to provide, 44 ; allowance for,

47, 60; requirement of, 48, 49, 50, 52;

issue of, 56. 62; disparity in, 71
Union soldiers, preference for, 348, 349
United Brethren Church, reference to, 557
United Mine "Workers, advice of, asked by

code commission, 513, 514
United States, wheat produced in, 100, 103,

104, 105; production of corn in, 101,

103, 104, 107; war activities of, 131;

piiblic domain of, 372, 373, 374, 375;

policy of land settlement for, 444
United fltates, A History of the, from Haye*

to McKinley, 1877-1896, 130
United States, Effects of the War on Money,

Credit, and Banking in France and the,

132
United States, Price Fixing in the, during

the War, 134
United States, Wealth Distribution in the,

453
United States Cavalry Association, publica-
tion of, 311
United States in the World War, The, 445
United States Steel Corporation, To the

Presidents of the Constituent Companies

of the, 451
United States versus The American Indian,

The, 555
University Battalion, 27, 34
Z'niversity Ideals, 134
University of Iowa (see State University of

Iowa)
University of Iowa, Some Episodes in the

Hiftory of the Founding of the Medical

College of the State, by John P. Irish,

125
University Pastor, A Day in the Life of a,

457
University President, The Office of the, 446
Unto the Least of These, 318
Uphr.m, Cyril Bryce, reference to. 160, 467,

4 73; article by. 564
Upham. CvEiii Bryce, Historical Survey of

the Militia in Iowa, 1865-1898, 3
Upham, CiTJiL Bryce, Historical Survey of

the Militia in Iowa, 1898-1916, 413
Upham, "Warren, volume bj', 464
Upham, William Phineas, 568

INDEX

629

Upper Iowa River, mounds near, 363, 364
Urick, A. L., articles by, 458
Utes, murder by, 290

Van Alstine Bill, defeat of, 479

Van Buren County Veteran Association, re-
union of, 156

Vance. C. D., 572

Vanderblue, Homer B., article by, 132

Van der Zee, Jacob, research work of, 468:
index to code prepared by, 484, 507, 534;
reference to, 578

Van der Zee, Jacob, A. Review of the
Work of the Iowa Code Commission, 477

Van dbr Zee, Jacob, Indexing the Com-
piled Code, 534

Van Evera, Geo. M., 328

Van Laer, A. J. P., articles by, 465, 466

Van Pelt, Hugh G., book by, 458

Fan TwiUer, Letters of, 465

Vane from Nippon, A, 319

Vennema, Ame, article by, 464

Verendrye?, Chevalier de la, Who Was the,
568

Verlie, Emil .Joseph, volume by, 555

Vermont, Early Poets of, 567

Vermont Historical Society, Proceedings of
the, contents of, 567

Verses, Old Fashioned, 140

Veterinarian, 416

Vicksburg, Iowa's part at, 460

Victory, On the Trail of — "La Division
Marocaine Donne", 315, 316

Viles, Jonas, paper by, 570

Villages, Native, and Village Sites East of
the Mississippi, 309

Vincent, Earl W., 153

Vinton, mounds near, 367

Vinton Zouaves, facts concerning, 16

Virginia, wheat growing in, 399, 400, 401,
402, 405

Virgi7iia, Why the First Settlers of Tennes-
see Were from, 569, 570

Virginia Gleaning.^ in England, 569

Virginia in 1681-82, 569

Viroinia Magazine of History and Bi-
ography, The, contents of, 569

Virginians Who Have Died in the War for
Liherty, 569

Virginia's Historical Laboratory, 312

Vision, The, 563

Vizcaino, Sebastian : Exploration of Cali-
fornia, 465

Vocational Education as a Factor in Com-
mniiity Building, 449

Voices, Unwelcome, 556

Volnnteerf?, call for, 91, 92

Vnnrhces, Daniel Wolsey, 464

Vorhes, Isaac, 576

Voters, qualifications of, in special charter
cities, 183

Voting, the History of Cumulative, and Mi-
nority Representation in Illinois, 1870-
1919, 313

Voyage of the Hope: 1790 179il, The, 462

Wabasha, band led by, 274, 275; messenger
sent by, 290

Wade, Martin J., publications by, 142, 314,
320

Wage Adjustment, An Experiment in, 313

Wage System, Primary, 454

Wagons, licenses for, 226

Wahrer, C. F;, 155

Wait, Mrs. William Henry, article by, 464

Walker, C. C, article by, 564

Wall-cr, Marietta — Distinguished Women,
557

Walkj-r, William M., 329

Wall, A. J., article by, 568

Wallace, Arthur T., 328

Wallace, Henry, data concerning, 137

Wallace, Henry, Tributes to, 137

Wallace, Henry A., book by, 458

Wallace, John P., 155

Wallace, Lew., sketch of life of, 301; auto-
biography of, 301, 305; episode in mili-
tary career of, 301-308

Wallace, General Lew., at Shiloh : How He
Was Convinced of an Error After Forty
Tears, by, J. W. Kick, 301

Wallace, W. H. L., bridge rebuilt by, 308

Wallace, W. S., article by, 443

Wallace's Bridge, 303, 305, 308

Walleser, .Joseph, article by, 458

Walmsley, James E., article by, 151

Wanlass, William L., monograph by, 443

Wannamaker, Olin D., article by, 132

Wanted: An Interpreter of Iowa, 556

Wapello (chief), burial place of, 144

Wapello, charter granted to, 172, 269, 270;
provision in charter of, 231; reference to,
505

Wapello County, war record of, 315, 556

War, Effect of the, on Money, Credit and
Banking in France and the United States,
132

War. The Burdens of Preparedness and, 443

War, The Cost of the, and How It was Met,
132

War, The German Press and the, 134

War, The Public Schools and the, 136

War Activities of the State, Various Second-
ary, 136

War and of Reconstruction, Problems of,
volume in series of, 444

War and the Industrial Revolution, The,
442

630 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

"War Department, catalogue issued by, 442;

volume published by, 552
War Experiences of a University Student as

a Doughboy, 136
War History in Iowa, The Writing of, 140

153
War History Organizations, National Associ-
ation of State, conference of, 152
War History Work in Minnesota, 148
War Legislation of the Sixty-Fifth Congress,

Summary of, 134
War material, preservation of, 153
War Profits and Excess Profits Taxes, 442
"War risk insurance, reference to, 444
War Service Records, State, The Collection

of, 150
War Work of the American Bed Cross of

Michigan, 326
Wars, Two: One Issue, 448
Ward, Charles Frederick, article by, 458
Ward, Duren J. H., archeological work of,

359, 360, 366; mounds listed by, 367
Ward, Henry W., book by, 557
Wardle, H. Newell, paper by, 555
Wards, powers of city councils over, 199,

200
Ware, Edith E., paper by, 445
Warner, Frank, 328
Warner, H. W., publication by, 142
Warren, Katherine, article by, 133
Warrington, Mrs. Chas. H., 469
Warwick, Noble, appointment of, as ad-

jiitant general, 41
Washington, George, Land Speculator, 463
Washington, militia camp at, 59; charter
granted to, 173, 269; failure of special
charter of, 176
Washington (D. C), meeting at, 467; ar-
chives at, 467
Washington, wheat growing in, 410, 411
Washington, Pioneer and Historical Socie-
ties of, 462
Washington Academy of Sciences, Journal of

the, contents of, 136
Washington County, war record of, 315, 556
Washington Five and Eight O'Clocks, 309
Washington Geographic Names, Origin of,

462, 571
Washington Historical Quarterly, The, con-
tents of, 462, 571
Washington Manuscripts, A List of the, from

the Tear 1592 to 1775, 309
Wassam, C. W., 155. 458
Water power, bills relating to, 519, 520
Water Transportation in Missouri, Ineffi-
ciency of — A. Geographical Factor in the
Development of Railroads, 150
Waterbury, E. W., 155
Waterloo, militia encampment at, 53 ; meet-

ing of library association at, 137; settle-
ment of, 293 ; reunion of old settlers at,
575

Waterman, Chas. M., nomination of, for
code commission, 484

Waterman, T. T., monograph by, 555

Watkins, .4.1bert, article by, 147; address by,
152

Watkins, Gordon S., article by, 312

Watkins. Mrs. T. W., 153

Watts, T. M., 573

Wauchope, George A., address by, 325

Waukegan (Wisconsin), grain trade at, 116

Waverly, militia camp at, 69

Way, Royal B., article by, 151

Wayne County, Artillery Grove located in,
144

We Must Put on the Brakes at Once, 455

Wealth Distribution in the United States,
453

Weaver, H. O., 467

Weaving, 452

Webster, Major, mention of, 274, 285, 289,
290

Webster. Charles, booklet prepared by, 314

Webster, Clement L., archeological work by,
358

Webster City, moiinds near, 366

Webster County, war record of, 315, 556

Wedding, A Pioneer, 570

Weeks, Frank G., 155, 565

Wehrhan, Nelson W., 155

Weider, Callie, 574

Weitjel, William, volume by, 312

Weights and measures, regulation of, 226

Weitz, Mrs. Frederick W., 469

Weld, Laenas G., biographical sketch of,
145. 153, 150

Welfare, Individual and Family, 317

Welfare Organizations, The Work of the,
136

Welland Canal, construction of, 108

Weller, C. H., article by, 458

Welhier, J. W., 573

Wells, Leonard H., 155

Wells, regulation of, 220

Wennerstrum, C. F., 329

■\;\'enstrand, Oscar, 328

West, trade with, 95, 96, 97, 122, 123 ; list
of States included in, 97: production of
wheat in, 100, 103 ; production of corn
in, 101, 103, 104: amount of cereals pro-
duced in, 102, 103, 104: amount of oats
produced in, 103 : consumption of wheat
in, 105, 107; sympathy of, with South,
112

West 4mana, mounds near, 367

West Bend, Iowa, Grotto, The, 557

West Indies, exports to, 384

INDEX

631

West North Central States, wheat growing
in, 411, 412

West Okoboji Lake, mound near, 366

West South Central States, wheat growing
in, 412

West Virginia, strike in, 31

Western-Leander-Clark College, 18o6-1911,
557

Western Railroad, completion of, 119, 123

Western Reserve and the Fugitive Slave
Law, The, 461

Western Reserve Historiral Society, Collec-
tiuns of the, contents of, 461

Western Travel, 1800-1820, 151

Westward Movement of the Wheat Growing
Industry in the United States, The, by
Louis B. Schmidt, 396

Wharfmaster, election of, 185

Wheat, amount of trade in, 99, 100, 110;
production of, 100, 102, 103, 104, 396,
397. 399, 400, 401, 405, 406, 408, 409,
410, 412; exportation of, 104, 105, 107,
112, 116, 120, 384, 385, 397, 399; con-
sumption of, 105, 106, 107; receipts of,
100, 113; trade in, 115, 116, 117, 118;
cost of transporting, 383, 398

Wheat Grovnng Industry in the United
States, The Westward Movement of the,
by Lons B. ScHsriDT, 396

Wheaton, Colonel, report of, concerning mi-
litia encampment, 74

Wheeier, Everett P., article by, 134

Wheeling (West Virginia), railroad at, 119

Wheelock, Mrs. Mary E., 155

When the Father of Waters Goes on a Ram-
page, 442

White, Colonel Isaac, Memoir of, 149

White, Edward J., article by, 570

White, George Fauntleroy, article by, 149

White, Pliny H., paper by, 567

White, Wm. P., article by, 462, 463

White, William W., rank of, 27

"White", striking of, from militia law, 10,
11

White Beans for Hanging, 562

White River Agency, 290

Whitney, Nathaniel R., article b.v, 320

Whitney, Ulysses G., annotations by, 482,
524; service of, on code commission, 484;
biographical sketch of. 485, 486; code
edited by, 499; minutes kept by, 512

Whitley's Digest, 485, 486

Why Don't They Settle Down, 141

Whyte, William F., article by, 149

Wick, B. L., sketch written by, 137

Wickware, Francis G., volume edited by,
4-14

Wier, Jeanne E., 572

Wildey, H. Leslie, 572

Williams, Caroline Ransom, article by, 461
Williams, George W., article by, 459
Williams, Henry S., paper by, 443
Williams, Mabel Clare, article by, 320
Williams, Sam'l C, paper by, 569
Williams, William, mention of, 274
Williams', Major WHliam, Journal of a Trip

to Iowa in 1849, 447
Willi.'.-ion, Rev. Seth, The Diary of the, 148
Willo-.ighby, Charles C, paper by, 133
Willoughby, William Franklin, volume by,

444
Willsie, Honore, book by, 142
Wilson, Arlen J., article by, 459
Wilson, Ben H., 328

Wilson, Charles Bundy, paper by, 315, 320
Wilson, Foster W., 469
Wilson, James, sketch of life of, 565, 577
Wilson, James F., opposition of, to return of

battle-flags, 345 ; qualifications of, 347
Wilson, L. J., site for State capitol selected

by, 566
Wilson, Mr., and the Campaign, 553
Wilson, Starr G., 468
Wilson. William, article by, 321
Wilson's Creek, reminiscences of battle of,

565
Wilyum Da Kaiser, 561
Wine o' the Winds, 448
Wingate, Blanche, 469, 470
Winnehago Indian, The Autobiography of a,

446
Winnipeg and Seattle, 140
Winter of 1873, account of, 321
Winterset, charter granted to, 173, 269;
veto of special charter bill for, 175; nam-
ing of, 321: meeting at, 466, 470
"Winterset Heroine of Civil War Times, A",

46P
Wisconsin, cooperation with militia of, 73 ;
part of, in World War, 157; laws derived
from, 164; wheat growing in, 400, 401,
402, 405, 406. 408, 410, 411
Wisconsin Territory, cities incorporated by
law of, 163-270; special charters granted
by, 169, 170, 171, 251, 252, 265; laws
derived from, 170, 171
Wisconsin, A Journal of Life in, One Hun-
dred Tears Ago, 325
Wisconsin, A Physician in Pioneer, 325
Wisconsin, Early Life in Southern, 463
Wisconsin, Historic Spots in, 149, 325, 463,

569
Wisconsin, Some Menomini Place Names in,

135
Wisconsin, The Story of, 1634-1848, 149,

325, 463
Wisconsin Archaeologist, The, contents of,
135, 446, 555

632 IOWA JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND POLITICS

Wisconsin Domesday Book, The, 569
Wisconsin Magazine of History, The, con-
teuts of, 149, 325, 463, 569

Wisconsin State Historical Society, proceed-
ingR of annual meeting of, 568; meeting
of. 571

Wisconsin War History Commission, publi-
cations of, 157

Wissler, Clark, articles by, 444, 553

Witherow, C. E., 329

Within the Year After, 558

Witte, Max E., article by, 459

Witter, David R., 154

Wittke. Carl, article by, 324

Woblenberg, Carl J., 329

Wolf, Blair, paper by, 466; office of, 466

Wolf, chase of, 298, 299

Wolves of the Sea, 562

Woman Suffrage in Missouri, History of,
465

Woman's Relief Corps, influence of, 338

Women, objection to, at militia camps, 417
418

Women in the Law, 138

Women of the Sixties, 151

Women Vote, How, 1 34

Women's Clubs, Biennial Convention of, 557

Wood, Captain, Wallace accompanied by,
305, 306

Wood, Harriet A., article by, 136

Wood, Leonard, article by, 554

Wood, Norman B., article by, 326

Woodbury, Margaret, monograph by, 310

Woodford County, History of, 325, 465, 571

Woodruff, Clinton Rogers, paper by, 313

Woodruff, J. A., article by, 459

Woodruff, M. D., sketch of life of, 566

Woodson, C. G., article by, 310

Woolson, State Senator, speech by, 337

Work, Monroe N., article by, 310

Workers, How ISOO, Keep Happy, 557, 559

Workmen's compensation, bill concerning,
513. 520

Workmen's Compensation Service Bureau,
The Library of the National, 133

Work's, John, Journal of a Trip from Fort
Colville to Fort Vancouver and Return in
1828, 571

World, Our Place in the, 132

World, What's the. Coming to?, 453

World History, A Course in, 134

World Peace, Essential Conditions of Per-
manent, 326

World War, the Italian phase of, 131; ar-
ticles relating to, 132; North Dakota's
part in, 136; Iowa's part in, 153; Wis-
consin's part in, 157; work of Young
Women's Christian Association in, 309;

lowans who received military honors in,

32 J : history of, 467; program in honor

of soldiers of, 575
World War, Direct and Indirect Costs of the

Great, 133
World War, New Light on the Origins of

the, 567
World War, Procurement of Quartermaster

Supplies During the, 445
World War, Some Economic Effects of the,

570
World War, The Fuel Problems in Iowa

During the, 334
World War, The United States in the, 445
World War Records, The Preservation of

North Carolina's, 570
World's Fair, Iowa National Guard at, 81
World's Horned Heads, 140
Worst Boys in Town, The, 560
Worth County, Indian battle ground in, 321
Wright, General, 67, 85
Wright, Craig T., 329
Wright, Henry H., end of term of, 91
Wright, Quincy, 133
Wright County, war history of, 156
Wright's, Captain Job, Company of Willett's

Levies at BalUton in 1783, 465
Writing, Encouragement of, 138
Wrong, George M., article by, 310
Wyatt. Edith Franklin, article by, 564
Wyland. G. C, 155
Wyllie, Robert E., article by, 132

Yale Review, The, contents of, 130, 309, 553

Yale Talks. 139

Yenerich, C. O., 572

You and I, 315

Young, F. G., articles by, 313, 463

Young, N. C, paper by, 136

Young, William S., solar instruments made
by, 296

"Y" War Work, The University Man in,
446

Young Men's Christian Association, criti-
cism of, 417, 418; objections to, in camps,
426

Y. M.C. A. Secretary in Russia, Experiences
of a, 445

Young Women's Christian Association, book
by, 309

Yunian Tribes of the Lov:er Colorado, 555

Yurok Geography, 555

Zei,!:ler, Sanford, Jr., 328

Zellei-, E. R., reference to, 466

Zimmerman, Hy. J., 469

Zouaves, guns issued to, 15

Zwierlein, Frederick J., article by, 461, 462

THE STATE HISTOEICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

ESTABUSHEJ) BT liAW IN TEUB YltAB 1857

iNooapoRATBD : 1887 and 1892

Lo<:'\t?;d at Iowa City lev a

FORMER PRESIDENTS

JAME3 W. GEIMES, First Preeideni

R^U.PH P.

LOWJ^.

T?nP.F.ET HUTCHINSON .TOST AH Ti. Pt<TKAT?-T)

J. KIBI

4JI

K: M. J. MOBSMAN PETER A. DEY

H. LBB

B'' WILLIAM G. HAMMOND ETJCLIB SANDERS

PEXN CT.AR'gE

^ ; *ma;;e G. WRIGHT

MARVIN
PAUL A.

BEJ^

H. DEY
KOEAB.

OFFICERS

NTBNDENT

. , . President

rjAMIN F. SHAMBAUGH. SUPEBl

, . .Treasurer

BOARD OP CURATORS

Elecied

&y' the Society Appointed hy the Governor

Abthxjb J

Cox

S. A. Swisher A. F. Allen

John M.

LiNDLT

Marvin H

DEY

Charles M. Dutcher J. P. Cbuikshank

John T.

Moppit

Henrt G.

"^Valker

Geo. E. Qrieb Charles J. Fulton

W. F. Moore |

Hf.xry Albekt

Mop.TON C. ^vraiTMA John M. Grimm

Chas. E.

Pickett

0. Coast H. 0.

Weaver

MESIBERSHIP

Any porson may become a member of The State Historical SocfiETY op
Iowa ui)on election by the Board of Curators and the payment of an entrance fee

Membership in this Society may be retained after the first year upon the
payment of $3.00 annually.

Members of the Society shall be entitled to receive the quarterly and all other
publicatious of the Society d,uring the continuance of their membership.

Address all Comviut ideations to

The State Historical Society Iowa City Iowa

^f-«r

» _'\

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "The Iowa journal of history and politics"

See other formats